HANDBOUND
AT THE
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
Microsoft Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/cyclopediaofclasOOIittuoft
(23>
Ed&'O
■
CYCLOPEDIA OF
CLASSIFIED DATES
f
CYCLOPEDIA OF
CLASSIFIED DATES
WITH AN EXHAUSTIVE INDEX
sP
By CHARLES E. LITTLE
COMPILER OF BIBLICAL LIGHTS, AND
HISTORICAL LIGHTS AND SIDE-LIGHTS
FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS OF HISTORY, AND
FOR ALL PERSONS WHO DESIRE SPEEDY
ACCESS TO THE FACTS AND EVENTS, WHICH
RELATE TO THE HISTORIES OF THE VARI-
OUS COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, FROM THE
EARLIEST RECORDED DATES
FUNK & WAGNALL<
NEW YORK AND
1900
LONDON, \\V^\\\
II
Copyright 1899, by
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
[REGISTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL, LONDON]
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
'%
INTRODUCTION.
This book is designed for general use, as it possesses the essential features of a Universal
History, a Biographical Dictionary, a Geographical Gazetteer, and, besides these specific uses,
a general utility fitting it to become a companion to the Dictionary, both in the library of the
scholar, and in the homes and schools where young people are pursuing their studies.
It aims primarily to serve as a volume of historical annals for students and general readers,
who may desire immediate access to historical facts relating to the persons or events referred to
in any publication, or wish to obtain the historical setting of such facts, in the current of simul-
taneous events. It also aims to serve as a digest of the history of every country; and yet further
to show the trend of history almost at a glance, by noting the relative space allotted to each of
the several topics, under which events are classified.
The author has kept constantly in mind that accuracy of date and statement are of primary
importance in a book of dated facts. No other excellence can atone for inaccuracy, because this is
a fundamental feature. In pursuit of this purpose immense difficulties have been encountered,
yet neither labor nor expense have been considered too great to make the information here given
reliable. Many difficulties have been occasioned by the general terms so often used by authors in
describing events, which by the plan of this book must be made specific, and by the frequent
absence in one or several historical narratives of some of the essential facts which the plan of
this work requires, hence much laborious research has often been required to obtain only a small
part of a single item.
More serious impediments have been found in the disagreeing statements of various authors.
Some of these disagreements are quite surprising. Concerning such an important event as the
landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock, historians are wide apart, respecting both the date,
and the number of persons landing. The date celebrated in Plymouth, Mass., and that adopted by
many historians, is the 22d of December; others, with satisfactory evidence, accept December 21st
as the anniversary day. The error probably arises from an attempt made in the 18th century to
fix the New Style date, by adding eleven days to December 11th, Old Style, whereas only ten should
be added, as the landing occurred in the 17th century, when ten days were required to correct the
calendar. Respecting the number of colonists who came over on the Mayflower, some historians
give it as 100, others as 101, and yet others as 102 persons; the last being correct.
Another familiar event illustrates the confusion in historical narratives. The famous Captain
Wadsworth, who hid the charter of Connecticut in an ancient oak, is designated by some persons as
William, by others, and more properly, as Joseph Wadsworth. If Ave could be misled by the Rev.
Samuel Peters, the fabricator of the Blue Laws of Connecticut, we might conclude with him that
Captain Wadsworth's Christian name was Samuel, and that the famous tree was an elm.
Much confusion has been caused by the reluctance with which the Protestant countries accepted
the reformation of the Calendar, made by Gregory XIII. in the year 1582, nearly one hundred and
twenty years having elapsed before its adoption by the Protestant states of Germany, and one hun-
dred and seventy years before it was adopted by Great Britain. Hence the same event would have
a date ten or eleven days apart, according as it was given by a Catholic or a Protestant writer.
Readers are aware that the dates of very ancient history have only an uncertain value. The
fallibility of human testimony relating to simple events in modern times is well known ; but
when its evidence consists entirely in a current tradition, its unreliability is evident. Here the
commonly received chronology has been followed without indicating any suspicion of uncer-
tainty ; but when a point is reached in the history of a country, after which dates may be accepted
as authentic, the fact has been stated in the text.
•In the dates given to the earlier Biblical events, the order of Usher's Chronology has been fol-
lowed, for the lack of something better; but these dates are placed at the end instead of the begin-
ning of the item, and are enclosed in parentheses with the chronologist's name, to indicate uncer-
tainty. Differing authorities are often added in the same manner. When the chronology is com-
monly accepted by modern scholarship the dates are placed in the style followed throughout the book.
For the events of recent years which have not yet passed under the pen of the historian, the
best digests of daily news have been consulted, and the books noted, are those which have been
commended by the most scholarly reviews.
vi CYCLOPEDIA OP CLASSIFIED DATES.
Notable as well as important events have been included in this work. By notable is meant
such events 'as excited widespread interest at the time of their occurence, and are often ignored by
the historian; as the brief excitement respecting domestic silk-culture in some New England
States, and the burning of Barnum's Museum in New York. By utilizing this class of events, it
is hoped that these pages may in some sense reflect the current thought of each period.
Special attention is directed to features of the book which are believed to be worthy of par-
ticular mention. Besides the combination of the topical and chronological systems already men-
tioned, the vast assemblage of historical facts may be noted; also, the locality of events which has
been systematically indicated by a locality word; the simultaneous exhibit of concurrent events-;
the names of contemporaries under the heading Births and Deaths; the exhaustive Index, with
numerals referring to the column, as well as the page; and finally the free use of several kinds of
type, making it easy for the eye to search the pages.
Ancient Greece, Rome, and the Bible Lands have been treated with much care and fulness, in
order to meet the needs of students of Classical and Biblical history. The aid of experts has been
enlisted in the compiling of the Greek and Assyrian events. t
Obviously the value of a work of this kind depends in great measure on its adaptation for
practical use. It is believed that the arrangement and style of this book favors quick access to de-
sired information; the grouping of items under a common subject, the use of bold face type, and the
uniform use of a locality word, are all contributary to this end. But the most valuable feature is
the unique combination of the two common methods of arranging events, so that both the chrono-
logical and the topical orders may be seen at once, yet so that neither is impaired by the union.
Throughout the book it will be found that the two opposite pages, that come under the
eye, have dates relating to a common period; on these pages are all the events the book contains
for that period, relating to the country there named, except as shown by cross-references in the
Index, whenever events are common to two or more Countries; hence, there is no turning of pages
after a period sought for is found. Seven classifications of items may also be seen; these are made
by grouping them under comprehensive topics. Thus, without marring the important chronolog-
ical order, the reader has the advantage of knowing where to look for a fact, under its proper topic.
Thereby he avoids the loss of time involved* were one item to be selected from all the items on the
page, instead of selected from only one group. If he chooses, he may now discard all the other
classifications and read one topic continuously, from page to page, ^,nd thus obtain the record of a
nation's activity in a single department from the beginning. Yet at any time, he may find the
historical setting of an event amid the variety of concurrent events, all of which fall under his eye
at the same time, as the item which engages his attention. The seven topical classifications are
chiefly self-explanatory, yet additional explanation may aid the reader in all cases where subjects
may seem to have relation to two or more topical classifications.
Army and Navy includes the organization of military and naval expeditions; the equipment
and movements of armies; sieges; and the great battles of history, whether on land or sea, with
the strength of the forces engaged, the names of opposing commanders, and statistics of the
casualties. Special attention has been given to important conflicts which have occurred in recent
years, and an exceptionally full treatment is given to the Civil War in the United States. Here
also are grouped items relating to the launching and testing of war- vessels with their subsequent
movements, and the promotion of the higher officers of the army and navy.
Art includes such events as relate to the fine and industrial arts, their progress, increase;
fostering organizations; noted architecture; important engineering works; paintings; statuary; the
drama; music; and the founding and meetings of societies for the promotion of art. Science
includes discoveries; important inventions; the founding of scientific institutions; and organizations
for the advancement of science. Nature includes such notable phenomena as the appearance of
comets; eclipses; the occurrence of earthquakes; storms and various other meteorological events.
Births and Deaths includes the names of many thousands of persons who have taken prominent
part in the achievements of mankind; in addition, their vocation or official position is recorded.
Church includes all items relating to religious and ecclesiastical affairs; these are treated
without sectarian prejudice, partiality, or editorial comment. Facts are grouped which relate
to the beginnings and progress of all religions; especially the origin and development of Christian
bodies; the general councils of the Church; general assemblies; general conferences; yearly
meetings; and national and international gatherings; various philanthropic, educational, and
missionary organizations; young peoples' societies of many names; Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciations, and like organizations; reformations; revivals; heresies; disruptions; secessions; reunions;
the founding of religious orders; the consecration of the higher clergy, and the changes in the
CYCLOPEDIA OP CLASSIFIED DATES. Vll
papacy. Biblical events and the history of Palestine may be found under Turkey; events
relating to early Christianity are chiefly narrated under Italy ; here are also the names of all the
popes, in the order given by the Roman Almanac Gerarchia Cattolica.
Letters includes whatever relates to education and literature; such as the founding of institutions
of learning and libraries; pioneer and important newspapers; appearance of magazines, together with
popular and important books; the organization of educational societies; educational gatherings.
Society includes events which have their chief value as exhibitions of humanity in the social
relations, whether expressive of human brotherhood or of "man's inhumanity to man;" such as
notable benefactions for human weal; congresses and conferences for the betterment of human con-
ditions; the anti-slavery agitation; temperance reformation; organization of fraternal associations
and brotherhoods; founding of asylums, hospitals, institutions of mercy and reform; also crimes;
scandals; suicides; prize fights; lynchings; slavery; strikes, and all indications of social unrest.
Under State are grouped the events relating to the government, whether administrative, legis-
lative, or judicial; the founding and federation of states; political agitations; revolutions; arbitra-
tions; alliances; conventions; treaties; ministries; ambassadorships; the opening and the closing of
Parliament. In the United States it includes the organization of political parties and their national
conventions; national elections, with both the popular and electoral votes for presidents; the sessions
and acts of the Continental, Federal, and the United States Congresses; the speakers of the House
Of Representatives; cabinet, judiciary and diplomatic appointments; the inauguration of govern-
ors; and statistics of national currency, revenue, and expenditure.
Miscellaneous comprises all items not related to the seven classifications already mentioned;
such as affairs concerning commerce; railroads; steamship lines; races; accidents; wrecks; fires;
epidemics; panics; census returns, and many other subjects.
Two stars (**) preceding an item in the text indicate that the year-date has not been found;
three stars { * * * ) indicate an indefinite period.
The locality word, printed in italics at the beginning of an item, indicates the modern name of
the country to which it relates; when given of ancient times these localities may be only approx-
imately correct.
The space given to the Index and the evidence of the labor applied to about 300 pages of con-
densed references, indicate its estimated importance. A large volume for reference without
direct reference guides is like a city without a directory, the larger the city the greater the
confusion of the stranger. Here a stranger to the book may find an item sought by the use of
the Index, as quickly as the author. It has not been deemed advisable to burden the Index with
numerous cross-references to analogous subjects; the reader, however, may extend his information
by turning to the names of such as are closely related. As the references are arranged chronolog-
ically, the history of religious, reformatory, and other movements, as well as personal biographies
may be traced; also the histories of important cities and federated states. For further explana-
tions concerning the Index the reader is referred to page 1162, which immediately precedes it.
The labor expended on this work can hardly be estimated by the average reader. The work
was begun in 1890, and concluded in December, 1899 ; and from two to five persons have been
continuously employed in collecting materials, verifying dates, spellings, and statements, or in
critically revising copy and printer's proofs.
It is a real pleasure to publicly acknowledge the valuable services of those persons who have
shared the toil of the author. Sincere thanks are tendered to John D. Prince, Ph.D., Professor
of Semitic Languages and Comparative Philology in the New York University, for assistance
in revising "Babylon" and "Assyria;" to Horace C. Wait, B.A., late Principal of Hasbrouck
Institute, of Jersey City, for revising "Greece;" to William Clarke, B.A., author of
school-books, for assistance in the preparation of "Great Britain;" to Thomas Cambell-
Copeland, editor and statistician, for revising "France" and "Great Britain;" to Charles
E. Little, Jr., and William Clarke Jr., for assistance in research and compilation; to
Louis E. Van Norman, A.M., for assistance in matters relating to general literary form, and
in seeing the book through the press; and to Frank H. Vizetelly, editor and critic, for valued
suggestions on the plate-proofs and Index, and for assistance in securing general typographical
accuracy. Acknowledgments are due to several legations at Washington for courteous coopera-
tion in the revision of the proof-sheets of those portions of this work which relate specifically to
the countries that they represent.
Jersey City, N. J., Dec. 7, 1899. C. E. L.
^
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
These are Used Chiefly in Items under Births and Deaths and in the Index.
Acad.,
A.D.,
adj.,
ad m.,
adv.,
Afg.,
Afr.,
agr.,
Arg. Rep.,
Ala.,
Alas.,
Alex.,
Alf.,
Alg.,
Am.,
antiq.,
Arab.,
arehbp.,
Ariz.,
Ark.,
asso.,
Assyr.,
Atty.-Gen.,
au. orauth.
Aust.,
Austral.,
av.
b.,
B.,
Bait.,
Bapt.,
Belg.,
Benj.,
bp.,
brig.,
Br. or Brit.,
Bulg.,
Cal.,
Can.,
capt.,
Card.,
Cath.,
eel.,
ch.,
chanc,
Chas.,
ohron.,
el.,
Colo.,
Com.,
conf.,
Confed.,
Cong.,
Conn.,
•cons.,
<;onven.,
ct.,
-eye,
D.,
d.,
B.C.,
Del.,
Dem.,
Den.,
Depart.,
dio.,
Dis.,
dis.,
Dom. Rep.,
dram.,
E.,
Eben.,
Ecua.,
ed.,
Egy.,
Eliz.,
emp.,
ency.,
Eng.,
eng.,
engra.,
Epis.,
ethnol.,
Eur.,
Evan.,
Ezek.,
Fla.,
Academy.
Anno Domini,
adjutant,
admiral,
advocate.
Afgbanistan.
Africa.
( agriculture or
\ agricultural.
Argentine Republic.
Alabama.
Alaska.
Alexander.
Alfred.
Algeria.
America or American,
antiquary.
Arabia,
archbishop.
Arizona.
Arkansas,
association.
Assyria.
Attorney-General,
author.
Austria.
Australia,
avenue,
born.
Baron.
Baltimore.
Baptist.
Before Christ.
Belgium or Belgian.
Benjamin,
bishop,
brigadier.
Britisb.
Bulgarian or Bulgaria.
California.
Canada,
captain.
Cardinal.
Catholic.
( celebration or
( celebrates,
church,
chancellor.
Charles,
chronologist.
clergy.
Colorado.
Commodore,
conference.
( Confederacy or
( Confederate.
Congress.
Connecticut,
consecrated,
convention,
court,
cyclopedia.
Duke,
died.
( District of Columbia
| or Washington.
Delaware.
| Democrat or
\ Democratic.
Denmark.
Department,
diocese.
(of Christ), Disciples,
discoversor discoverer.
Dominican Republic,
dramatist.
Earl.
Ebenezer.
Ecuador,
editor.
Egypt.
Elizabeth,
emperor,
encyclopedia.
England,
engineer,
engraver.
Episcopal,
ethnologist.
Europe or European.
Evangelical.
Ezekiel.
Florida.
fnd.,
found or founded.
obs.,
observatory.
Fr.,
France or French.
Okla.,
Oklahoma.
ft.,
fort.
opd., opnd.,
opened.
Ga.,
Georgia.
Ore.,
Oregon.
G. A. R.,
( Grand Army
1 of the Republic.
ornith.,
ornithologist.
O. T.,
Old Testament.
G. B.,
Great Britain.
Pa.,
Pennsylvania.
Gen. Ass.,
General Assembly.
paint.,
Pal.,
painter.
genea.,
Geo.,
genealogist.
George.
Palestine.
Pari.,
Parliament.
geog.,
geol.,
geographer.
path.,
pathologist.
geologist.
P. E. I.,
Prince Edward Island.
geom.,
Ger.,
geometrician.
Pers.,
Persia.
German.
phil.,
philosopher.
Gr.,
Greek or Greece.
Phila.,
Philadelphia.
Guat.,
Guatemala.
philan.,
philanthropist.
H. C,
House of Commons.
philol.,
philologist.
Heb.,
Hebrew.
phys.,
P.M. G.,
physician.
H. L.,
House of Lords.
Post Master General.
Hoi.,
Holland.
Pol.,
Poland.
hort.,
horticulturist.
polit.,
politician.
hosp.,
hospital.
Port.,
Portugal.
Hung.,
Hungary.
PP-.
pages.
la.,
Iowa.
Pr., .
Prince.
Ice.,
Iceland.
Pres.,
President.
Ida.,
Idaho.
Pres., Presb
,, Presbyterian.
incorp.,
incorporated.
print.,
printer.
Ind.,
Indiana.
Prof.,
Professor.
inst.,
institute or instituted.
Prot.,
Protestant.
Int.,
Interior.
Prus.,
Prussia.
intro.,
introduced.
Q.,
Queen.
inv.,
Ire.,
inventor.
Ireland.
R. C. or
Rom. Cath.,
| Roman Catholic.
Is.,
Island or Islands.
Kef.,
Reformed.
I. Ter.,
Indian Territory.
Kef. Epis.,
Reformed Episcopal.
Jap.,
Japan.
Ref. Presb.,
Reformed Presbyterian
Jer.,
Jeremiah.
Rep.,
Republican.
jour.,
journalist.
Rev.,
revenue or Reverend.
Jos.,
Joseph.
R. I.,
Rhode Island.
Jr.,
Junior.
Robt.,
Robert.
Justice,
1 Justice of the
Rus.,
Russia.
I Supreme Court.
S.,
South.
k.,
killed.
Sam.,
Samuel.
K.,
King.
Sax.,
Saxons or Saxony.
Kan.,
Kansas.
S. C,
South Carolina.
Kath.,
Katharine.
schol.,
scholar.
Ky.,
Kentucky.
Scot.,
Scotland or Scottish.
L.,
Lord.
sculp.,
sculptor.
La.,
Louisiana.
S. Dak.,
South Dakota.
lexicog.,
lexicographer.
Sem.,
Seminary.
Lond.,
London.
Sen.,
Senator.
Luth.,
Lutheran.
serg.,
sergeant.
Maj.,
Major.
Sp.,
Spain.
Maj.-Gen.,
Major-General.
Sr.,
Senior.
Mar.,
Margaret.
states.,
statesman.
Mass.,
Massachusetts.
supt.,
superintendent.
math.,
mathematician.
surg.,
surgeon.
Matt.,
Matthew.
Swe.,
Sweden.
M. C,
Member of Congress.
Switz.,
Switzerland.
Md.,
Maryland.
Tenn.,
Tennessee.
Me.,
Maine.
Ter.,
Territory.
met.,
metaphysician.
Tex.,
Texas.
Meth. Epis.
Methodist Episcopal.
theo. ,
theologian.
Mex.,
Mexico,
manufacturing.
Thos.,
Thomas.
mfg.,
♦Tim.,
Timothy.
mfd.,
manufactured.
Tur.,
Turkey.
Mich.,
Michigan.
Tur. A.,
Turkey in Asia.
Minn.,
Minnesota.
Tur. E.,
Turkey in Europe.
Miss.,
Mississippi.
U. S.,
United States.
miss.,
missionary.
U. S. A.,
United States Army.
Mo.,
Missouri.
U. S. N.,
United States Navy.
Mont.,
Montana.
u. s. v.,
1 United States
M. P.,
Member of Parliament.
1 Volunteers.
N.,
North.
Unit.,
Unitarian.
nat.,
national.
Univ.,
( University or
Nath.,
Nathaniel.
| Universalist.
nav.,
navigator.
Va.,
Virginia.
N. B.,
New Brunswick.
Venez.,
Venezuela.
N. C,
North Carolina.
vol.,
volunteers.
N. Dak.,
North Dakota.
V. Pres.,
Vice-President.
Neb.,
Nebraska.
Vt.,
Vermont.
Neth.,
Netherland.
w.,
Wales.
Nev.,
Nevada.
Wash.,
Washington (State).
N. F..
N. H.,
Newfoundland.
New Hampshire.
Wash. City,
(often D. C.)
| Washington City.
N. J.,
New Jersey.
W. C. T. U.
( Woman's Christian
( Temperance Union.
nom.,
nominated.
Nor.,Norw
, Norway.
Wes. Meth.
Wesleyan Methodist.
N. S'.,
Nova Scotia.
Wis.,
Wisconsin.
N.T.,
New Testament.
Win.,
William.*
N. Y.,
New York.
W. Va.,
West Virginia.
0.,
Ohio.
Wyo.,
Wyoming.
Obad.,
Obadiah.
Zech.,
Zechariah.
Cyclopedia of Classified Dates.
ABYSSINIA.
329-1842.
c^
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN THE CYCLOPEDIA
OF CLASSIFIED DATES
* = day of month unknown.
* * = month and day of month unknown.
* * * = year, month, and day of month unknown.
+ = the event recorded did not terminate on the date
given.
± - proximity to the date given, the precise date
being unknown.
— preceding an entry denotes that the date is the
same as given in preceding entry.
Geographical Location of an event is indicated by
inserting immediately after the date the name
(in full or abbreviated) of state, province, county,
or city, in italic type. In recording events of
ancient history, the modern name of the country
is the one so indicated.
In certain lists of events, such for instance as guberna-
torial inaugurations, recorded under one date,
the additional date at the beginning of each
entry of the list indicates the termination of the
period (term of office, for instance) to which the
event relates.
-
liopia ; estimated area,
religion is Coptic. The
ncies.
flourished.
ITATE.
leb, or Elesbaan, ex-
dom into Arabia, and
t prosperity begins.
jssinians are driven out
j the Persians.
Jewish Princess Judith
hrone and most of the king-
'•* "Tig nearly all of the royal
ngdom is restored to
and Icon Irnlac reigns,
i supposed to be ruled by
peror sends Matthew, an
he King of Portugal to
tgainst the Turks.
; Portuguese are odious
nd driven out.
nperor sends Bermudez
again solicit aid against
3-alla tribes enter Abys-
South. [They gradually
ale country].
-e is broken up.
aperor dies, and his son
seds him.
h suspicion of foreign in-
oreigners are expelled .
ry is divided into four
. Major Harris, envoy
icludes a treaty of com-
j King of Shoa.
officers of the Portuguese navy, after
sailing around the African continent.
1520 * * Father Alvarez arrives from
Portugal, with other Jesuits.
1555 * * The Jesuits send out thirteen
missionaries.
1580 * * Bermudez, the Catholic pri-
mate, quarrels with the Emperor, who
refuses to publicly confess himself a
convert.
* * Bermudez is obliged to leave.
snoa anu compile me iuuuiuii; im;-
tionary, a geography, and prayer
book.
1840 * * The Amharic translation of the
Bible is revised by the British and
Foreign Bible Society.
1841 * * The Abuna appointed by the
government comes from the Church Mis-
sion School at Cairo.
1842 * * Missionary Krapf leaves Shoa
because of intrigues against Protestants.
1
iXLANEOUS.
de Covilham, with an
lition, enters the country.
;hes, palaces, and bridges
1 under the direction of
Father Paez.
1768 * * James Bruce, the traveler,
visits the country.
1770 Feb. 16. Bruce enters Gondar,
the capital, and visits the Emperor.
1773 * * Bruce makes his second visit.
1809 * * Henry Salt explores the country
by the order of the British government.
1818+ * * Lij Kassa (subsequently King
Theodore) born in Kuara.
ty
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
These are Used Chiefly in Items under Births and Deaths and in the Ixdex.
Acad.,
A.D.,
adj.,
adm.,
adv.,
Afg.,
Afr.,
agr.,
Arg. Rep.,
Ala.,
Alas.,
Alex.,
Alf.,
Alg.,
Am.,
antiq.,
Arab.,
archbp.,
Ariz.,
Ark.,
asso.,
Assyr.,
Atty.-Gen.,
au. orauth.
Aust.,
Austral.,
av.
b.,
B.,
Bait.,
Bapt.,
B.C.,
Belg.,
Benj.,
bp.,
brig.,
Br. or Brit.,
Bulg.,
Cal.,
Can.,
capt.,
Card.,
Cath.,
eel.,
«h.,
chanc,
Chas.,
•ohron.,
el.,
Colo.,
Com.,
conf.,
Confed.,
Cong.,
Conn.,
•cons.,
•conven.,
ct.,
Tr
•d.,
D. C.,
Del.,
Dem.,
Den.,
Depart.,
■dio.,
Dis.,
dis.,
Dom. Rep.,
dram.,
E.,
Eben.,
Ecua.,
ed.,
Egy.,
Eliz.,
emp.,
ency.,
Eng.,
eng.,
engra.,
Epis.,
ethnol.,
Eur.,
Evan.,
Ezek.,
Fla.,
Academy.
Anno Domini,
adjutant,
admiral.
advocate.
Afghanistan.
Africa.
( agriculture or
( agricultural.
Argentine Republic.
Alabama.
Alaska.
Alexander.
Alfred.
Algeria.
America or Ame
antiquary.
Arabia,
archbishop.
Arizona.
Arkansas,
association.
Assyria.
Attorney-Generi
author.
Austria.
Australia,
avenue,
born.
Baron.
Baltimore.
Baptist.
Before Christ.
Belgium or Belg
Benjamin,
bishop,
brigadier.
British.
Bulgarian or Bui
California.
Canada,
captain.
Cardinal.
Catholic.
( celebration or
( celebrates,
church,
chancellor.
Charles,
chronologist.
clergy.
Colorado.
Commodore,
conference.
( Confederacy or
( Confederate.
Congress.
Connecticut,
consecrated,
convention,
court,
cyclopedia.
Duke,
died.
( District of Colu
| or Washingtt
Delaware.
( Democrat or
\ Democratic.
Denmark.
Department,
diocese.
(of Christ), Discipl
discoversordiscov
Dominican Repub
dramatist.
Earl.
Ebenezer.
Ecuador,
editor.
Egypt.
Elizabeth,
emperor,
encyclopedia.
England,
engineer,
engraver.
Episcopal,
ethnologist.
Europe or European.
Evangelical.
Ezekiel.
Florida.
fnd.,
found or founded.
Fr.,
France or French.
ft.,
fort.
Ga.,
Georgia.
G. A. R.,
( Grand Army
1 of the Republic.
G. B.,
Great Britain.
Gen. Ass.,
General Assembly
genea.,
genealogist.
Geo.,
George.
geog.,
geol.,
geographer.
geologist.
geom.,
Ger..
geometrician.
German
obs.,
observatory.
Okla.,
Oklahoma.
opd., opnd.,
opened.
Ore.,
Oregon.
ornith.,
ornithologist.
O. T.,
Old Testament.
Pa.,
Pennsylvania.
paint.,
painter.
Pal.,
Palestine.
Pari.,
Parliament.
path.,
P. E. 1.,
pathologist.
Prince Edward Island
Pers.,
Persia.
Neth., Wtherland.
Nev., Nevada.
N. F.. Newfoundland.
N. H., New Hampshire.
N. J., New Jersey,
nom., nominated.
Nor.,Norw., Norway.
N. S'., Nova Scotia.
N.T., New Testament.
N. Y., New York.
O., Ohio.
Obad., Obadiah.
W.,
Wash.,
Wash. City,
(often D. C).
W. C. T. U.,
Wes. Meth.,
Wis.,
Wm.,
W. Va.,
Wyo.,
Zech.,
Vermont.
Wales.
Washington (State).
| Washington City.
f Woman's Christian
( Temperance Union.
Wesleyan Methodist.
Wisconsin^
William.
West Virginia.
Wyoming.
Zechariah.
Cyclopedia of Classified Dates.
ABYSSINIA.
329-1842.
Abyssinia is an extensive country of Northeastern Africa, and comprises a part of ancient Ethiopia ; estimated area,
190,000 square miles; estimated population, 5,000,000. The people are Indo-Caucasians ; the prevailing religion is Coptic. The
empire comprises the kingdoms of Tigre\ Lasta, Amhara, Gogam, and Shoa, with many outlying dependencies.
The early history is very uncertain. In the first and second centuries the kingdom of the Auxumitse flourished.
ARMY — NAVY.
562 * * Expedition of Chosroes, king
of Persia, against the Christian kingdom
in Arabia, founded by Abyssinians.
1520 * * A Portuguese fleet enters the
Bed Sea to aid the Abyssinians against
the Turks.
1528 * * Mohammed Gragn with armies
of Mohammedans overruns the coun-
try and drives the Emperor into the
mountains. [The country disturbed for
12 years.]
1539 * * Another Portuguese fleet un-
der Stephen de Gama arrives at Masso-
wah to fight the Turks.
1540 * * Christopher de Gama, brother
of the admiral, is joined by the natives,
and after some success is defeated and
executed by the Turks.
* * Mohammed Gragn is shot and his
army routed.
CHURCH.
329 * * The Abyssinians are converted
to Christianity by the Coptics.
346 * * Frumentius, bishop of Auxuma
(Axum), preaches in Abyssinia.
350 * * The Bible is translated into
Ethiopic, probably by Frumentius.
* * Saints are excessively honored, re-
ceiving almost divine reverence.
470 * * Many monks enter the country
and perpetuate monachism.
520 * * Christians are persecuted by
the king of the Homerites from the op-
posite side of the Red Sea.
1490 * * The Jesuits introduce Cathol-
icism.
* * * After being lost to the annals of the
world for a thousand years, the Abys-
sinian Christians are rediscovered by
officers of the Portuguese navy, after
sailing around the African continent.
1520 * * Father Alvarez arrives from
Portugal, with other Jesuits.
1555 * * The Jesuits send out thirteen
missionaries.
1580 * * Bermudez, the Catholic pri-
mate, quarrels with the Emperor, who
refuses to publicly confess himself a
convert.
* * Bermudez is obliged to leave.
1601 * * Father Paez arrives, and by
his skill and tact soon wins the favor of
the court.
1603 * * Another Jesuit mission estab-
lished, the former having been recalled
by a papal bull. [Twenty years of in-
trigue, civil war, and slaughter follow.]
1621 * * An ineffectual attempt is made
by the Jesuits to install a patriarch, and
the result is disastrous.
1624 Dec. * The Abyssinian church for-
mally submits to the See of Borne.
1625 * * Mendez succeeds Father Paez.
1633 * * Disheartened by failure, Mendez
abandons the country.
* * The Jesuits are expeUed after labor-
ing for a century and a half.
1750* *-54* *The Jesuits reestablish
themselves.
1826* *The first Protestants arrive;
Messrs. Gobat and Kugler, missionaries
of the Church Missionary Society, are
well received by the Ras of Tigre\
1828* *The Roman Catholic mission
renewed.
1830 * * Bishop Gobat is favorably re-
ceived at Gondar.
Missionary Isenberg succeeds Chris-
tian Kugler, deceased.
* * Missionaries Charles Henry Blum-
hardt and John Ludwig Krapf arrive.
1833 * * Bishop Gobat returns to Europe.
1834 * * Bishop Gobat returns to Tigre.
1836 * * 111 health compels Bishop Gobat
to return to Europe.
1838 * * The missionaries are expelled
through the opposition of the native
priests against all foreigners.
* * Missionaries Krapf and Isenberg go to
Shoa and compile the Amharic dic-
tionary, a geography, and prayer
book.
1840 * * The Amharic translation of the
Bible is revised by the British and
Foreign Bible Society.
1841 * * The Abuna appointed by the
government comes from the Church Mis-
sion School at Cairo.
1842 * * Missionary Krapf leaves Shoa
because of intrigues against Protestants.
1
STATE.
522 * * King Caleb, or FJlesbaan, ex-
tends his kingdom into Arabia, and
a period of great prosperity begins.
562 * * The Abyssinians are driven out
of Arabia by the Persians.
960 * * The Jewish Princess Judith
secures the throne and most of the king-
dom by murdering nearly all of the royal
family.
1268* *The kingdom is restored to
the former line, and Icon Imlac reigns.
* * * Abyssinia is supposed to be ruled by
Prester John.
1507 * * The Emperor sends Matthew, an
Armenian, to the King of Portugal to
request his aid against the Turks.
* * The intruding Portuguese are odious
to the people and driven out.
1535 * * The Emperor sends Bermudez
to Portugal to again solicit aid against
the Turks.
1550+ * * The Galla tribes enter Abys-
sinia from the South. [They gradually
overrun the whole country].
± * * The empire is broken up.
1633 * * The Emperor dies, and his son
Facilidas succeeds him.
1838 * * Through suspicion of foreign in-
terference, all foreigners are expelled.
* * * The country is divided into four
provinces.
1841 Nov. 16. Major Harris, envoy
from India, concludes a treaty of com-
merce with the King of Shoa.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1490 * * Pedro de Covilham, with an
exploring expedition, enters the country.
1605+ * * Churches, palaces, and bridges
are constructed under the direction of
Father Paez.
1768 * * James Bruce, the traveler,
visits the country.
1770 Feb. 16. Bruce enters Gondar,
the capital, and visits the Emperor.
1773 * * Bruce makes his second visit.
1809 * * Henry Salt explores the country
by the order of the British government.
1818+ * * Lij Kassa (subsequently King
Theodore) born in Kuara.
1849-1894.
ABYSSINIA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1855 Feb. * King Theodore routs the
governor of Tigre after defeating the
chief of God jam.
1860 * * Theodore's army numbers
from 100,000 to 150,000 fighting men.
* * Theodore terribly avenges the death
of two Englishmen, Plowden and Bell,
by the slaughter or mutilation of nearly
2,000 rebels.
1867 * * Theodore's army reduced to a
skeleton by rebellions and desertions.
Sept. 7, 8. -68 * * War with Eng-
land. A pioneer force under Sir Rob-
ert Napier sails from Bombay to rescue
the British captives from Theodore.
Oct. 21. A British force of more than
32,000 men lands at Zoulla, and begins
a journey of 400 miles into the moun-
tainous interior.
Oct. 26. Napier issues his proclamation
to the Abyssinians.
1868 Jan. 4. Arrives at Annesley Bay.
Apr. 2. He arrives below Magdala.
Apr. 10. Battle of Arogie ; 3,000 Abys-
sinians suddenly attack Napier, are re-
pulsed, and driven back in good order.
Apr. 11. Theodore sues for peace.
Honorable treatment is promised on
the surrender of the captives and the
promise of Theodore to submit to Queen
Victoria.
Lieutenant Prideaux conveys the let-
ter, which Theodore receives with scorn;
an insulting reply follows.
Apr. 12. Theodore sends an apology.
He surrenders the captives and makes
a present of 1,000 cows and 500 sheep ;
the released European artisans and fam-
ilies enter the British camp. Present
rejected ; Theodore in despair.
Apr. 13. Theodore attempts to escape.
Part of the Abyssinian army mutinies;
the British bombard and storm Mag-
dala ; Theodore is defeated and commits
suicide.
Apr. 17. Theodore being dead, his troops
are sent away, and the fortifications of
Magdala destroyed and the town burned.
May 2. The British force retires, after
rewarding Prince Kassai of Tigr6, their
valuable ally.
* * Report of animals used by the British
In the expedition : 45 elephants, 7,417
camels, 12,920 mules and ponies, 7,033
bullocks, 827 donkeys.
* * Report of British expense in the war,
$44,887,500.
1871 June 21. Civil War- between
Gobazye, the king of Amhara, and Kas-
sai, prince of Tigr£, who successfully
seeks independence.
1871 July 11. Gobazye defeated and
captured.
1875 * * -76 * * "War with Egypt. [Is-
mail Pasha makes a disastrous attempt
to conquer Abyssinian territory.]
* * The Khedive's army enters Abyssinia;
the natives retiring.
* * The Abyssinians surprise, defeat, and
massacre the Egyptians at Kherad Iska.
Oct. 16. The Abyssinians again defeat
the Egyptians in a desperate battle at
G-onda Gouddi.
1876 Feb. 19. After a three days' fight
the Egyptians defeat the Abyssinians.
1877 June 15±. Civil War. Mene-
lek, King of Shoa, is totally defeated by
King John.
1885 Sep. 23. Conflict at Kufeit near
Amadib between Arabs and Abyssinians.
1887* * War with Italy.
Jan. 18+. Abyssinians defeated in their
attack upon Massowah and the Italian
outposts.
Jan. 25, 26. Abyssinians under Ras Alu-
lu cut off about 500 Italians, proceeding
with supplies to Sahati, at Dagoli, near
Massowah.
Mar. 27, 28. Italians have skirmishes
with the Deber tribe.
Nov. 10. Abyssinians besiege Masso-
wah.
1888 Aug. * By native treachery the
Italians are defeated in a conflict at
Sanganeiti on the border, and four offi-
cers are killed.
1889 Jan. 23. King John prepares for
war with Menelek, King of Shoa.
Mar. 7. King John besieges Kassala,
Senoussis' army is marching on Khar-
tum.
Mar. 9. Civil War is declared against
King John by King Menelek of Shoa.
Mar. 10. King John attacks the der-
vishes in their stronghold at Netemmeh,
but is defeated and badly wounded.
Mar. 12. The dervishes make a sortie,
and rout King John's army, killing
the king and his officer, Ras Area, besides
many others.
Mar. 14. Menelek, proclaiming himself
Negus, marches upon Adowa.
June 6. Announcement made that Ital-
ian troops occupy the Keren district.
June 12. Italians capture and occupy
Senalfe.
Aug. 2 1 . Ras Alulu is defeated at God-
f elassi by the Italian General Baldessara.
Nov. 8. General Baldessara resigns.
Dervishes fight the Abyssinians.
Nov. 9. General Orero succeeds General
Baldessara in command of Italian troops.
Dec* Menelek's forces wholly defeat
the dervishes.
1890 Feb. 3. The Italian troops leave
Adowa and recross the Mareb.
Feb. 13. King Menelek defeats Ras
Alulu, severely wounding him.
Mar. 8. Menelek reported to have joined
forces with the Italians in preparation
for an advance on Adowa.
1891 Oct. 5. Ras Alulu and another
officer rout the forces of Debeb, an
aspirant to the Abyssinian throne.
1893 Dec. 22. The Italian troops de-
feat the dervishes near Massowah; sev-
eral hundred dervishes are killed, the
Italian loss being about one hundred.
1894 Dec. 19. Italian (native) troops
under Major Toselli defeat a party of
Arabs near Halai.
CHURCH.
1849* *The Roman Catholic mission-
aries are expelled.
1855 * * Bishop Gobat sends Protestant
missionaries Krapf and Fad to engage
in secular as well as spiritual work.
1858 * * The Society of Basle has six
missionaries at work.
1859 * * Negussie, King of Tigr6 and Si-
men, sends an embassy to Rome, to an-
nounce submission to the Roman Church.
* * The king gladly receives the vernacu-
lar Scriptures furnished by the London
Bible Society, and distributes them.
* * King Theodore again expels the
Jesuits from his kingdom.
1860 * * Dr. Stern is sent by the London
Society as a missionary to the Jews of
Abyssinia ; soon after, the Scotch So-
ciety sends Mr. Staiger on a similar mis-
sion.
1863 * * Missionary Stern and Mr. and
Mrs. Rosenthal arrive.
Oct. * Missionary Stern is beaten and im-
prisoned by King Theodore.
1864 Jan. * All the missionaries are
imprisoned for pretended insults.
* * * Maricha, a Protestant, becomes
chief minister of Prince Kassai of Tigr6,
and the country enjoys peace.
1869 * * The country is closed to mission-
ary work.
1871* * Catholic missionaries are pun-
ished for interference in politics.
1884 * * The Gospel of Mark in Ethi-
opic characters is published.
1887 * * Swedish missionaries, having
been expelled, return with the Italian
army.
1889 May 8. A treaty is made with
Italy permitting missionary work.
* * The Swedish Evangelical Society re-
ports mission stations at Arkibo, at
McKullo, and also at Djimma.
* * Balli in the Shoa district is occupied
by a missionary of the St. Chrischona
Pilgrim mission.
* * * [The native church is ruled by the
Abuna ; Christianity and Judaism are
strangely mixed; its spirit is savage.]
1891 Sept. 10. The new year begins.
Sept. 26. The anniversary of the find-
ing of the true cross is celebrated as
usual, it being the greatest feast of the
year.
* * [Male and female babes are circum-
cised when eight days old ; 260 regular
fast days are appointed for each year,
requiring abstinence from both eating
and drinking.]
* * Russia seeks a religious alliance
with the Negus, whereby the church shall
be brought under the jurisdiction of the
Holy Synod of St. Petersburg.
* * The clergy are reported as the only
educated people, and they hold all power
in their hands.
* * * In recent times the church is di-
vided respecting " the unction of Jesus
Christ," and two parties have excommu-
nicated each other.
SOCIETY.
* * * Blacksmiths are hereditary sor-
cerers.
* * * Matrimony is entered at the age of
12 years, girls having, their dowry in oxen.
ABYSSINIA.
1849-1894.
1868 Apr. 9. Theodore massacres
about 300 native captives.
* * Henry M. Stanley accompanies the
British expedition to Abyssinia as cor-
respondent of the New York Herald.
June 5. It is reported that trie Mahdists
in "Western Abyssinia have destroyed
whole flocks and herds, sold into slavery
thousands of Christians, while many
others have been butchered without
mercy, and hundreds of the noblest in-
habitants have been taken to Mecca and
sold for slaves, in violation of treaties.
1889 Oct. 7. Abyssinia agrees to help
suppress the slave-trade.
Dec. 1. Greeting of explorer Henry M.
Stanley at Massowah by newspaper cor-
respondents.
1890 Apr. 7. King Menelek asks Italy
to represent him in the Brussels anti-
slavery congress.
STATE.
1855 Feb. * Ras Ali is deposed by his
son-in-law, Lij Kassa [Theodore III.],
who takes the throne.
1862 Feb. 9. British Consul Cam-
eron arrives at Massowah.
Oct. 7. Consul Cameron is received by
Theodore, to whom he presents the
Queen's gifts and letter.
Oct. * He is dismissed with a letter to
the Queen of England desiring alliance
against the Turks. [No reply given.]
1863 Aug. * Consul Cameron returns.
Oct. * Missionary Stern beaten and
imprisoned for alleged intrusion upon
Theodore.
Nov. * Despatches are received from Eng-
land, but no reply to Theodore's letter.
1864 Jan. * Consul Cameron, his
suite, and missionaries Stern and Ro-
senthal are imprisoned for pretended
insults.
July 24. A British messenger, Hormuzd
Rassam, arrives at Massowah with a let-
ter from the Queen.
July * Rassam asks permission to present
the Queen's letter, and receives no reply.
1865 Aug. 12. Rassam is informed by
note that Consul Cameron is released,
and that he may come to the King.
Nov. 21. Hormuzd Rassam, Lieut. Prid-
eaux, and Dr. Blanc arrive at Metemeh.
1866 Jan. 25. The party reaches the
camp in Damot, and is well received.
Mar. 12. The captives are all released
and the mission progresses favorably.
Apr. 13. ± After starting for the coast,
the entire party is compelled to return,
and is placed in gentle confinement.
* * Theodore sends Mr. Flad to England
with a second letter to the Queen, ask-
ing for workmen and machinery.
July* The prisoners are put in chains
and severely treated.
Oct. 29. Mr. Flad arrives at Massowah
with the Queen's letter and workmen.
Dec. 19. ± Theodore receives the Queen's
letter, in which machinery and workmen
are promised when the English prisoners
are surrendered ; it has no effect.
1867 + Jan. * Rebellions against the
burdensome exactions of Theodore break
out ; his power is waning.
* * Shoa has shaken off the yoke of
Theodore, and Godjam has become vir-
tually independent. Tigre continues in
the hands of his enemies.
* * The peasantry leave the fertile
plains and escape to the mountains to
avoid the demands of Theodore's army.
Apr. 16. Lord Stanley's ultimatum
sent to Theodore, demanding the release
of the captives in three months. [It was
not received.]
May * Mr. Flad is received by Theodore,
and forced to join his family in prison.
July * The British government decides
to send an armed force into the coun-
try under Sir Robert Napier.
Sept. 9. A formal letter sent by the Brit-
ish government to Theodore. [It was
not received.]
Sept. * ± Tigr6 revolts against the rule
of the rebel chief "Wagsham Gobazye,
and becomes independent under Dejach
Kassai.
Nov. 11. The captives reported well.
Nov. 25. The Gallas reported to be in
rebellion against Theodore.
Nov. 26, 27. Eng. Parliament appro-
priates $10,000,000 for the prosecu-
tion of the war.
1868 * * A third ultimatum sent by
Napier; it was suppressed by Rassam as
endangering the lives of the captives,
he having received it through a rebel
chief.
Apr. 12. The captives and foreigners
are released. Terunish, Theodore's
queen, accompanies the British troops
in returning to her own country.
July 14. Eng. Theodore's son Alama-
you (aged 7) arrives at Plymouth.
1869 Jan. 26. Eng. Alamayou sails
for India to be educated.
July* Kassai punishes the Catholic
missionaries for partisanship, and en-
ters an alliance with Egypt.
1872 Jan. 12. Kassai is crowned
with much ceremony at Axum, as King
John II.
1879 Oct. * Colonel Charles George
Gordon, of the Egyptian service, con-
cludes a peace, granting a seaport to
Abyssinia.
1884 May 26. ± King John receives
Admiral Hewett from Suakin, and en-
ters a treaty respecting Massowah, etc.
Aug. 19. Two envoys from Abyssinia ar-
rive in England.
1885 Feb. 6. The Italian flag hoisted
by the side of the Egyptian at Massowah.
Dec. 2. The government of Massowah
assumed by the Italians.
1887 May 2. Proclamation issued by
Italy announcing war and blockade of
ports of Massowah and its dependencies.
Oct. 18. The Chief Kantibay submits to
the authority of Italy.
1888 May 8±. King John makes a
treaty placing the country under an
Italian protectorate.
July 1. Italy notifies the powers that she
has annexed Massowah.
Aug. 3 . The Italian protectorate is pro-
claimed at Zulla.
1889 Feb. 14. The Cossack expedi-
tion at Taljarah, on the Gulf of Aden,
organizes a large caravan with the in-
tention of proceeding to Ankolvar.
Mar. 12. King John killed; Menelek,
king of Shoa, proclaims himself Ne-
gus, and marches on Adowa.
Apr. 10. Dagiac Maugascia, the succes-
sor of King John, is his nephew.
± King Menelek ignores Maugas-
cia's claim and assumes authority.
± Many of the most important chiefs,
including Ras Michael, have recognized
Menelek as Negus.
* * The king despatches a mission of
twenty persons, including several im-
portant chiefs, to the King of Italy.
June 2. The Italians occupy and annex
Keren without resistance.
Aug. 5. Massaval and the whole of Abys-
sinia, except the Province of Tigr6, have
submitted to Menelek.
Oct. 14. Italian Government declares a
protectorate over Abyssinia.
Nov. 3. Menelek II. and Queen Taitri
are crowned at Aretoto.
Dec. 9. Menelek orders a suspension of
trade relations between his country and
Italy. "War is imminent.
Dec. * Menelek having overcome the reb-
els in the province of Tigr6, establishes
his reign over the whole of Abyssinia.
1890 Mar. 5. Menelek agrees to ac-
cept Italy's assistance in all negotia-
tions with foreign powers, and to give it
preference in all industrial and commer-
cial concessions.
Mar. 11. The Abyssinian territory ceded
to Italy extends to Mareb.
Apr. 7. Menelek asks a free passage
through Italian territory for arms to be
used in fighting the dervishes.
1891 Apr. * Russia sends an expedi-
tion of six or seven men to Abyssinia,
which purports to be " scientific," but
is, presumably, political.
Oct. 5. Debeb, an aspirant for power, is
routed by Ras Alulu.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1855 * * Theodore HI. is " the best shot,
the best spearman, the best runner, and
the best horseman in Abyssinia."
1868 Apr. 13. King Theodore commits
suicide. A48.
May 10. Queen Terunish, who accom-
panied the British, dies on the march to
the interior.
1879 Dec. 14. Eng. Prince Alamayou
dies at Leeds.
1890 Feb. 14. Reported death of Ras
Alulu from wounds. [False report.]
* * Population about 6,000,000, and much
superior in every respect to their Afri-
can neighbors.
979-1878.
AFGHANISTAN.
Afghanistan is an inland country of Asia, lying east of India, and having ill-defined boundaries. It is ruled by an absolute
sovereign called the Ameer. Kabul is the capital. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. Estimated area, 279,000 square
miles ; estimated population, 4,000,000.
ARMY.
1213 * * Ghenghis Khan with three ar-
mies overruns northern China. [1219.
Conquests in Western Asia.]
1358 * * Tamerlane begins his con-
quests. [1398. Enters India.] (See India.)
1504* *Baber takes Kabul. [1521. He
invades India. 1525. Again conquers
Kabul.]
1715 * * Afghans conquer Herat.
1731 * * Nadir Shah takes Herat.
1737 * * -38 * * Nadir Shah takes Ka-
bul and recovers Kandahar. He gains
the good will of the Afghans, and enrolls
many of them in his army.
1747 * * Ahmed Shah resolves to throw
off the Persian yoke; he seizes the
booty taken from India by Nadir.
1761 June 6. Ahmed Shah wins great
victory over Mahrattas at Panipat.
1823 * * The Afghans defeated by the
Sikhs at Naoshera.
1838* *The Persians, influenced by
Russia, lay siege to Herat, the key of
Afghanistan and India.
Dec. * Shuja Shah, with an army led
by British officers and paid by British
money, marches toward Sind.
1839 * * First war with the British.
Feb. 20. A British army passes the
Indus about 12,000 strong, and having
40,000 camp-followers, besides the new
levies of the Shah.
Mar. * The Bolan Pass is traversed ; most
of the baggage is lost.
Apr. 7. The Kojuk Pass is traversed.
Apr. 25. Kandahar, abandoned by
the Afghan princes, is entered by the
British under Sir John Keane.
July 22. Ghunzee, a great stronghold,
is taken by storm, and Dost Moham-
med's army disbands. The war ends.
1840 Nov. 3. Dost Mohammed sur-
renders to British, and is sent to India.
1841 Nov. * -42 Apr. * Famous de-
fense of Jelalabad, by Sir Robert Sale,
against the revolting Afghans.
Nov. 2. The Afghans, led by Akbar
Khan, revolt and expel the British
from Kabul ; 24 British are killed.
Nov. 3. The forts at Kabul close to the
British camp are occupied.
Nov. 5. General Elphinstone talks of
buying a free passage out of the country.
Nov. 9. The commissariat fort has its
garrison of 80 men overpowered, and is
taken by the Afghans. The British
menaced with starvation.
Nov. 15. The British force demor-
alized by the incapacity of its com-
mander, who negotiates for a cessation
of hostilities.
Dec. 23. Akbar Khan treacherously as-
sassinates Sir William Macnaghten
and others.
Dec. (?) * Shuja Shah assassinated.
1842 Jan. 1. The British capitulate.
They agree to pay the Afghans $950,000
in coin and sign bills for $700,000 more ;
to leave nearly all their artillery and
ammunition, and evacuate the country.
The chiefs promise safe conduct, pro-
visions, and baggage-cattle.
Jan. 6. The British, with 4,500 combat-
ants and 12,000 camp-followers, begin
their march for India.
* * Cold, snow, disease, and want, with
utter disorder, reduce their number.
Jan. 6-13. Annihilation of the Brit-
ish army.
Terrible massacre of about 3,849 sol-
diers and 12,000 camp-followers at Kkai-
bar Pass, by the Ghilzais. Dr. Brydone
and a few natives escape. [Later ninety-
five prisoners are recovered.]
Mar. * General Pollock is reenforced at
Peshawur and begins his march to re-
lieve the troops in Afghanistan, via the
Khaibar Pass.
July * Lord Ellenborough, Governor-gen-
eral of India, orders a general advance
on Kabul from Kandahar by General
Nott, and Jelalabad by General Pollock.
Aug. 20. General Pollock arrives at
Gundamuck.
Aug. 23. He defeats a body of Afghans.
Aug. 30. General Nott takes possession
of Ghuznee.
Sept. 6. General Nott defeats the Af-
ghans at Alydan.
Sept. 8. General Pollock carries the
Jugduluk Pass.
Sept. 13. He defeats the main body of
the Afghans at Tezeen.
Sept. 15. The British occupy Kabul,
and release Lady Sale and others.
Sept, 17. The two armies joined at
Kabul.
Sept. 29. General M'Caskill storms Is-
talif and destroys the town in revenging
the massacre of the garrison at Char-
ikar, and the harboring of the murderers
of Burnes.
* * Captain Cragie and a Sepoy garrison
brilliantly repulse the Afghans in an at-
tack on the fortress of Kala't-i-Ghilzai.
Dec. * British evacuate Afghanistan.
1850 * * Balkh reconquered by Afghans.
1856 Oct. 25. Persians take Herat.
1858 * * Dost Mohammed forms a regu-
lar army, containing 16 infantry regi-
ments (nominally) of 800 men, 3 of cav-
alry, of 300 men, and about 80 field
pieces, and a few heavy guns.
1863 May 26. Dost takes Herat from
Ahmed. Ahmed is a vassal of the Per-
sians, who are under the influence of
Russia; Herat is regarded as the "Key
of Didia."
1864 June 6. Shere Ali, the Ameer,
defeats his brother Azim and confeder-
ates at Kujhbaz.
June 14. Shere Ali enters Kandahar.
1866 Mar. 2. Kabul is surrendered
to A aim by Ibrahim, a son of the Ameer.
May 10. Shere Ah defeated at Sheik-
habad ; he flies for Kandahar.
1867 Jan. 17. Shere Ali defeated by
Azim and Abder-Rahman at Kujhbaz.
Sept. 17. Shere Ali is again defeated
and his general killed.
1868 Apr. * Azim's army defeated
and Yakoob, son of the Ameer, enters
Kandahar.
Sept. * Azim's army dissolved by deser-
tion.
Nov. * -Dec. * Shere Ali resists Abder-
Rahman.
1869 Jan. * Shere Ali routs Abder-
Rahman and Azim.
1870 May 6. Yakoob takes Herat
from his father.
1878 Sept. 22. A British mission with
an armed escort are threatened at a fort
in the Khaibar Pass, if they advance;
they retire.
* * -81 * * Second war with the
British.
Oct. * A religious war against the Brit-
ish is proposed by Shere Ali.
Nov. 21. The British army (34,730 na-
tives and 12,740 Europeans) advances.
Nov. 22. The British shell Ah Masjid,
and take 21 guns, losing 2 officers and 35
men.
Nov. 23. Dakka and Pisheen occupied.
Nov. 25. Kuram fort occupied.
Dec. 2. The British, under General Rob-
erts, defeat the Goorkhas at Peiwar
Pass, losing 2 officers and 80 men killed
and wounded.
Dec. 20. Jellalabad occupied.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1162 * * Genghis Khan, emperor and con-
queror, born.
1227 * * Genghis Khan dies in Mongolia.
1336 * * Tamerlane is born at Kesh.
1405 Feb. 17. Tamerlane dies at Atrar.
1483 Feb. 14. Baber, founder of dynasty
and conqueror, born.
1530 Dec. 26. Baber dies, A 48.
1715 * * Mir Wais, sovereign of Kandahar, d.
1724 * * Mahmud, son of Mir Wais, dies.
1747 * * Nadir Shah, sovereign, assassinated.
1773* * Ahmed Shah, Ameer, dies.
1793* * Timur Shah, Ameer, dies.
1798±* * Cost Mohammed, Ameer, born.
1829 * * Mohammed Shah dies.
1830 Abder-Rahman Khan, Ameer, born.
1842 * * Kamran, Ameer at Herat, dies.
1863 June 9. Dost Mohammed, Ameer,
dies, A ± 65.
1867 Oct. * Ufzel, rival Ameer, dies.
1869± Jan. * Azim, rival Ameer, dies.
1878 Aug. 17. Abdoola Jan, the Ameer's
heir, dies.
STATE.
979 * * Mahud, Sultan of Ghazni, ex-
tends his dominion^ by adding Trans-
oxiania, also Kabul and a part of India.
1350+ * * A native dynasty called Kurts
springs up in Western Afghanistan.
AFGHANISTAN.
979-1878.
1369 * * Tamerlane proclaimed sov-
ereign at Balkh.
1495 * * Baber enthroned at 12 years of
age.
1526 Apr. 21. By the victory of Pani-
pat, Kabul and Kandahar become a part
of the empire of Delhi, under the so-
called Mogul dynasty which Baber
founded.
1530+ * * Afghanistan divided be-
tween Persia and Hindustan.
1715 * * Herat taken by conquest.
1720* * The Afghans revolt.
1731 * * Herat is taken by Nadir Shah.
1737 * * Nadir Shah invades the coun-
try, and subdues and rules the Afghans.
1747 * * Nadir Shah assassinated.
* * -73 * * Ahmed Shah, an Afghan, be-
comes the successful ruler and warrior.
He resolves to throw off the Persian
yoke. Under his rule Afghanistan first
takes a place among the kingdoms of
the earth.
1748 * * He expels the Mogul governor
from Kabul and Peshawur, and overruns
the Punjab.
1749 * * Herat recovered by the Af-
1773 * * -93 * * Timur Shah (son) en-
throned; he becomes a tyrant.
1774 * * The seat of government is re-
moved from Kandahar to Kabul.
1793 * * Timur dies; his 23 sons struggle
for the crown, and Zaman gets it.
He conceives the idea of consolidating
the Mohammedan power of India.
1800 * * Zaman is dethroned, and his son,
Mahmoud Shah, succeeds as Ameer.
1803 * * Mahmoud is dethroned, and
Shuja Shah (his brother) succeeds him.
1808 * * Afghans lose Sind.
1809 * * Mahmoud is restored to be
Ameer by Fatteh Khan.
1816 * * The jealous Mahmoud brutally
tortures and murders Fatteh Khan.
1818 * * The Barakzai brothers drive
Mahmoud from Kabul, and he gains
Herat, where he becomes ruler.
1819 * * Afghans lose Kashmir.
1826 * * Dost Mohammed Khan, one
of the Barakzais, becomes Ameer.
1829* * Mohammed Shah dies, and Kam-
ran, his son, rules at Herat.
1837 * * Captain Alexander Burnes
sent to Dost Mohammed at Kabul as am-
bassador of the British government, to
offset the intrigues of Russia.
1838 * * Persians vainly attempt to wrest
Herat from the Afghans.
The British find the Ameer is not sub-
servient to their interests, and they at-
tempt to restore Shuja Shah, a pen-
sioner of India,to the throne; war follows.
1839 Aug. 6. Kabul opens its gates to
the British.
Aug. 7. Shuja Shah enthroned at the
capital; Mohammed a fugitive; the real
government in the hands of "William
Macnaghten, the British envoy.
Nov. * Akbar Khan attempts to re-
store his father by expelling the British.
1840 Nov. 3. Dost Mohammed, having
surrendered to the British, is sent to
India.
* * Penjdeh is assured to Afghanistan by
Lord Auckland.
* * -41 * * Insurrections succeed each
other.
1841 * * British occupation costs the In-
dian treasury $6,250,000 yearly.
Nov. 2. An insurrection against the
British breaks out in Kabul ; envoy
Burnes and others slain.
Dec. * Semi-anarchy follows the death
of the Ameer, who falls at the hands of
an assassin.
Dec. 23. At a conference with Dost's
son, Akbar Khan, this chief murders
Sir W. Macnaghten, the chief British
envoy, with his own hand.
1842 * * British power broken. Akbar
Khan rules in place of his father.
Jan. * The British enter a convention to
evacuate the country.
Jan. * The convention disregarded by the
Afghans and the army massacred.
* * Dr. Brydone is the only European
who reaches Jelalabad and he is wounded
and nearly dead.
Oct. 12. The British leave Kabul and
march for India.
Oct.+ * Dost Mohammed restored to
the throne.
1855 Jan. * Afghans and British make
a treaty of peace. Dost Mohammed
becomes an ally.
1856 Oct. 25. Persians seize Herat.
1857 July 27. Persians restore Herat.
* * The revenues of Dost Mohammed are
estimated at 4,000,000 rupees, or about
$2,000,000, exclusive of the revenue from
Herat, which .he does not hold.
1863 May 26. After ten months' siege
Dost Mohammed captures Herat from
Ahmed.
June 9. Shere AH (3d son) enthroned as
Ameer ; his 15 rival brothers oppose him.
1864 * * Unsuccessful insurrection of
the Ameer's brothers, Ufzul and Azim.
May 16. Azim a fugitive.
June 2. Ufzul acquiesces in the de-
mands of the British.
Aug. * Insurrection of Abder-Rahman ;
Ufzul in prison.
* * Shere Ali enters Kabul.
1866 * * Kabul has two rulers, the sen-
sual Ufzul and the cruel Azim.
1867 * * Azim rules alone, on the death
of Ufzul.
* * Shere Ali holds only Balkh and
Herat.
1868 Mar. * Azim quarrels with Ab-
der-Rahman, who deserts him.
July * Azim abandons Kabul.
Sept. 8. Shere Ali again occupies Kabul.
Nov. * -Dec. * The British help Shere
Ali with arms and money.
1869 Mar. 27. Shere Ali receives a
subsidy from the British.
1870 May 6. Yakoob, his son, rebels
and takes Herat.
1871 June* Feramoz Khan, Shere
Ali's general, assassinated.
July* Yakoob reconciled with his
father through British influence, and
made governor of Herat.
Sept. * Yakoob again rebels.
Oct. * Shere Ali makes new boundaries;
British pay him another subsidy.
1873 Dec. * Shere Ali names Abdoola
Jan, his youngest son, as his successor,
and thus angers Yakoob, his oldest son.
1874 Dec. * Yakoob confined by his
father.
1878 Aug. * Stolietoff , a Russian
envoy, signs a treaty ; Russia to be
the guardian of the Ameer.
Sept. * The Ameer dismisses the envoy
from the viceroy of India with presents,
and declines intercourse with the
British.
Sept. 22. A British mission with mili-
tary escort is stopped at the Khaibar
Pass ; they retire toward Peshawur.
Oct. 20. The British send an ultima-
tum to be answered before Nov. 20.
Nov. 19. The Ameer sends an evasive
reply.
Nov. 23. The viceroy of India issues a
proclamation to the Afghans.
Dec. 13. Shere Ah flees from Kabul ;
the Russian mission retires, and Ya-
koob Khan assumes authority.
Dec. 26. General Roberts annexes the
Kuram district to India by proclama-
tion.
MISCELLANEOUS.
997 * * Mahmoud patronizes literature.
1150+ * * Ghazni is one of the most
splendid cities of Asia.
1413* *-24* * History of the conquest
of Swat by Shakh Mali, written by a
chief of the Yusufzais and a leader in
the conquest.
nth Century * * Abdarrahman, the poet,
flourishes.
1750± * * Ahmed Shah writes poetry.
* * In a single night Ahmed Shah's army
loses 18,000 men from cold, near
Herat, while retreating from Persia.
1754 * * Modern Kandahar is founded.
1809 * * First visit of an English envoy
(Elphinstone).
1832 * * Visit of Lieut. Alex. Burnes from
England.
1837 * * The remaining population of de-
clining Farrah is carried off to Kandahar.
1841 * * Massacre at Kabul.
1842 * * Sir G. Pollock's expedition visits
Jelalabad and destroys the town walls.
1855 * * The Church Missionary Society
starts a mission for the Afghans at
Peshawur.
1857 * * -58 * * Major Lumsden's party
explores the Kurram Valley.
1857 Jan. * Sir John Lawrence has
an interview with Dost Mohammed at
Peshawur in the Punjab. [A treaty fa-
vorable to British influence is entered
into, promising arms and a subsidy ;
Maj. Lumsden enters Kandahar, and the
Indian mutiny follows.]
1879-1894.
AFGHANISTAN.
ARMY.
1879 Jan 6. Afghans leave Kandahar.
Jan 7. Roberts defeats the Mangals
near Matoon ; occupies Kandahar.
Feb. 16. The Alizais attack the British
and retire.
Apr. 2. Action near Futtehabad, 5,000
Khugianis defeated by the British.
June 8. The British retire.
Sept. 5. Mutiny at Herat and many of-
ficials killed.
Sept. 6. The British commence a march
toward Kabul.
Sept. 19. Natives defeated at Shutar-
gardan.
Sept. 24. General Baker at Kushi.
Sept. 28. Baker at Kabul.
Sept. 29. Baker occupies Dakka.
Oct. 2. The British repulse an attack at
Shutargardan.
Oct. 6. Battle of Char-asiab ; 70 killed
or wounded on the British side.
Oct. 8. The Afghans retire.
Oct. 12. Gen. Roberts occupies Kabul.
Oct. 14. Gen. Gough occupies Jelalabad.
Oct. * -Nov. * Many Afghan mutineers
tried, and 87 executed as murderers.
Dec. 1 1-14. Frequent fighting and heavy
losses.
Dec. 14. The British army concentrated
in the Sherpur cantonments.
Dec. 23. Roberts and Gough defeat
25,000 Afghans near the Sherpur
cantonments.
Dec. 24. The Afghans retire from Kabul.
Dec. 26. The British reoccupy Kabul.
Dec. 29. Colonel Norman repulses an at-
tack at Jagdalak.
1880 Jan. 10. Mohammed Jan seizes
Ghazni and holds it for Musa Khan.
Apr. 3. Mohammed Jan killed in battle.
Apr. 16. Pathans attack a camp at Du-
wai and kill the garrison.
Apr. 19. The Ghilzais in force attack
General Stewart at Ahmad Khel and
are repulsed.
Apr. 25. Col. Jenkins checks 4,000 Loga-
ris, till reenforced by Gen. Macpherson
at Char-asiab, then they are routed.
May 2. Gen. Sir Donald Stewart as-
sumes command at Kabul.
July 14+ . Shere Ali's troops at Kan-
dahar revolt and join Ayoob Khan, the
governor of Herat.
July 27. General J. Burrows attacks
Ayoob Khan, who has an intrenched
force of about 20,000 men at Mai wand,
on the river Helmud, with about 12,000
men, and is defeated with severe loss.
July 28. The British, about 4,000 strong,
hold the citadel at Kandahar.
Aug. 9. Ayoob at Kokaran.
General Sir F. Roberts starts from
Kabul to relieve General Burrows at
Kandahar.
Aug. 11. The British troops withdraw
from Kabul after an interview with
Abder-Rahman, the Ameer.
Aug. 16. Unsuccessful sortie by British
from Kandahar, 180 men and several
officers killed.
Aug. 25. Ayoob reenforced by the
Ghilzais, making an army of about
20,000 men.
Aug. 30. Ayoob retires from Kandahar.
Aug. 31. Roberts, with about 10,000 men,
arrives at Kandahar.
Sept. 1. Roberts defeats Ayoob at
Mazra and captures his camp.
1881 July 26. Ayoob defeats the Am-
eer's army at Karez-i-atta, Gholam
Hyder commanding it.
July 30. Ayoob occupies Kandahar.
Aug. 21. GholamHyderatKhelat-i-Ghil-
zai receives reenforcements from Kabul.
Sept. 22. Ayoob defeated at Old Kan-
dahar, chiefly by the desertion of his
troops ; he flees to Herat.
Sept. 30. The Ameer occupies Kanda-
har.
Oct. 2. Ayoob's adherents defeated.
Oct. 4. The Ameer enters Herat; Ayoob
flees to Persia.
1883 Apr. 27. ± The Shinwarris de-
feated by the Ameer.
1887 Apr. 19. The Ghilzais reported to
have defeated the Ameer's troops.
Apr. 25 ±. Again defeated at Khelat-i-
Ghilzai.
June 9. A mutiny of Ghilzais at Herat
is violently suppressed.
June 13-16. Reported defeat of the
Ghilzais by Gholam.
July 15. Disastrous defeat of the reb-
els at Mashakai reported.
July 26. Conflicting reports of victory at
Kotaldab by Gholam Khan.
Aug. 31. Hot fighting with the insur-
gents at Mashakai.
Sept. * Ayoob, having entered Afghan-
istan with a few followers, is driven out.
Sept. 7. The Ameer's troops fight the in-
surgents near Mukur ; their leader, Ja-
lander Khan, taken prisoner.
Sept. * -Oct. * Occasional fighting re-
ported.
Nov. 15. Another fight with the Insur-
gents reported ; 60 killed.
1888 May 9. The Afghans defeat the
Turcomans in a fight.
Sept. 29. Ishak Khan defeated by the
Ameer's troops at Tash Kurgan.
Sept. 30. Ishak again defeated at Mazari
Sherif.
1889 Jan. 19. Ishak Khan and follow-
ers, and Sultan Murad Khan with 3,000
families of Afghan Wynegs, cross the
frontier and enter the Bokharan service.
Feb. 3. The Shinwarris defeated by
the Ameer's troops under Gholam Hy-
der.
Feb. 12. Russian troops on a hurried
march to reenforce frontier posts. Gen-
eral Komaroff and ^Russian staff arrive
at Chardjin on the A\mu Darya.
Feb. 14. Komaroff, with a strong force
of Russians, arrives at Bokhara.
Feb. 22. Russian troops are ordered to
attack the Ameer if he approaches the
Russian frontier.
Feb. 27. The Ameer crosses the Rus-
sian frontier, committing cruelties.
Feb. 28. Reported that 18,000 Russian
troops are massed on the frontier.
Mar. 1. Afghans advancing from Herat,
and the Emir of Bokhara preparing to
attack them.
1890 Mar. 20. Reported that Ishak
Khan has a large force at Bokhara, and
is preparing to invade Afghanistan.
Aug. 7. Troops are sent to quell a revolt
among the Alehayaras in Kandahar.
1892 Apr. 29. Afghans rise against
soldiery between Herat and Bamian.
Aug. 4. The Afghans skirmish with both
Russians and Chinese on the Alichur
Pamir and take a number of Kirghiz
prisoners.
Aug. 11. More fighting reported between
the Afghans and Russians at Pamir.
Aug. 22. Afghan troops defeated by
Hazara tribesmen.
Aug. 30. The Ameer, Abder-Rahman
Khan, is preparing to resist a Russian
advance.
Aug. 31. The Ameer's troops capture-
Kamsan from the revolting Hazaras.
Sept. 2. Punjab infantry and cavalry,
with a mountain battery, to be sent to the
Wana Comul Valley, unless the Ameer
of Afghanistan recalls the agents dis-
turbing the peace on the Indian frontier.
Sept. 12. The Ameer is supporting the
mountain tribes in their resistance to
British authority.
A British force is on its way to the
Valley of the Indus to destroy the town
of Balo, in which Haskim Ah has been
harbored.
1894 * * The Ameer has a regular army
of 50,000 troops, and the tribal levies
are incorporated with these as irregular
auxiliaries, with the exception of the
horsemen who follow feudal chiefs.
* * An arsenal established at Kabul
manufactures powder.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1879 Feb. 20. Shere Ali dies (announced).
STATE.
1879 May 26. Treaty of Peace
signed with Yakoob Khan, son of the
deceased Ameer, at Gandamak.
The British to occupy certain territory,
have a resident at Kabul, and pay an
annual subsidy of $300,000 to the Ameer.
Ayoob the governor of Herat for his
brother.
Sept. 3, 4. Revolt of Afghans, who mas-
sacre British residents and their
guards.
Sept. 5. Mutiny in Herat; both mili-
tary and civil governors killed.
Oct. 14. Gen. Roberts proclaims martial
law and Gen. Hills and Gholab Hussein
Khan to be military governors.
Oct. * Yakoob Khan abdicates.
Oct. 30. Roberts announces the occupa-
tion of Kabul, etc.
Dec. * Mohammed Jan Wardak combines
tribes against the British.
Dec. 17. Musa Khan, son of Yakoob,
reported to be Ameer.
AFGHANISTAN.
1879-1894.
1880 Jan. 6. Gen. Roberts proclaims
an almost universal amnesty.
Mar. 21. The new Ameer, Musa Khan,
and the chiefs at Ghazni submit to the
British.
* * The British make Shere Ali, cousin of
the late Ameer, Governor of Kandahar.
July 22. The British proclaim Abder-
Rahman, Ameer at Kabul.
Dec. * Shere Ali resigns ; retires to India.
1881 Oct. * Abder-Rahman becomes
soie ruler.
1832 Feb. * Afzul Khan is chosen by
the Ameer as British resident at Kabul.
1883 June 21. Shinwarris accept peace.
July 21. The Ameer accepts a subsidy
from India.
1884 Apr. 2. The Ameer meets Lord
Dufferin, the viceroy, at Rawalpindi.
Aug. * The Ameer accepts the proposal
of the Afghan frontier commission.
1885 July * England and Russia dif-
fer respecting the Zulflkar Pass.
July * Strong Russian force posted at
Askabad.
July * The Penjdeh surrendered to
Russia.
Aug. 22. It is announced that the Rus-
sians give up their contention respecting
the Zulfikar Pass.
Sept. * The dispute between Russia and
England is closed by signing a Protocol
at London.
Nov. 12. First boundary pillar set by the
joint commission.
1886 Feb. 13. Russia occupies Penjdeh.
Sept. 6. Joint commission having con-
cluded its work is dissolved.
Oct. 30 ±. Revolt against taxation.
1887 July 8. Proclamation of peace,
amnesty, and remission of taxes for
two years issued by the Ameer.
July 13. Execution of Taimar Shah,
chief of the Herat mutineers.
July 20. The Afghan Frontier Com-
mission meet at St. Petersburg and set-
tle the boundary question.
Aug. 14. Ayoob Khan escapes from
Teheran ; he raises his standard against
the Ameer.
Aug. 29+. Rebellion reported at an end,
and several tribes return home.
Nov. 9. Reported that Ayoob Khan has
surrendered to the viceroy of India.
Nov. 13. Peace reported in Southern
Afghanistan.
Dec. 10. The Ameer issues an amnesty
proclamation.
1888 Sept. * Revolt of Ishak Khan,
the governor of Afghan-Turkestan.
1889 Feb. 13. The insurrectionary
leader, Ishak Khan, is treated with great
honor at Samarcand, Russia.
Feb. 20. The Ameer has appointed Gho-
lam Hyder Khan Governor of Afghan-
Turkestan.
Aug. 7. The Alehayaras in Kandahar re-
volt ; troops sent to quell disturbance.
1890 Aug. 6. The new Ameer sends an
embassy to Russia to conclude a com-
mercial treaty.
Summer. Abder- Rahman, the Ameer,
continues at Mezar, the chief place in
Afghan-Turkestan, for the purpose of
crushing hostilities and reorganizing
the administration.
* * The Ameer has given the Russians
important trade concessions which are
denied to the English.
* * The Ameer seeks to replace pillage
and violence with commerce and
peaceful industries.
Aug. 11. The Ameer arrives at Kabul
and is given an enthusiastic reception.
1891 Sept. 7. Reported arrest of Gen-
eral Alikhanoff , charged with being a
Russian spy.
* * The Russians send out an expedi-
tion for political purposes, which has a
strong Cossack support, and starting
from Osh, in the Russian province of
Ferghana, it enters the Pamir region,
and claims a great part of it.
1892 Apr. 11. The Ameer issues a State
paper to the "Noble Chiefs of Afghan-
istan," advising their adherence to
Great Britain rather than to Russia.
Apr. 15. The Ameer gains possession of
one of the two passes leading through
the Pamir country to India, the British
having possession of the other.
July 8. Reported that the Russians are
encroaching on Afghan territory on the
Murghab River and in the Pamirs.
[The Afghans make an effort to pro-
tect their frontier against the advances
of the Russians. (See Army.)
Aug. 9. The revolt of the Hazara tribes
grows more serious daily.
Aug. 14. Owing to increased complica-
tions the Ameer negotiates with the
rebels.
Aug. 23. Reported that the Ameer has
asked the Government of India to in-
tervene to prevent Russian aggression
in the Pamir country.
Sept. 12. The Ameer is said to be sup-
porting the mountain tribes in their re-
sistance to British authority.
Dec. 16. Sher Afzul Khan, murderer and
usurper, is driven from Chitral.
Dec. 22. The Ameer is recognized as
Suzerain of Chitral.
1893 Feb. 4. Overtures made for a con-
ference between Russia, England, and
China to consider the frontiers of Russia,
China, and Afghanistan.
Mar. 13. The Ameer declines to meet
Lord Roberts to confer concerning the
trouble among Indian frontier tribes.
Oct. 2. Arrival at Kabul of Sir Mortimer
Durand's Mission.
Nov. 15. The Ameer announces, at a
military review, that the frontier ques-
tion and other matters long pending be-
tween Afghanistan and India have been
satisfactorily adjusted.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1879 Sept. * Commencement of the
Quetta Railway.
Oct. 16. The British lose arms, ammuni-
tion, and about 20 men by an explosion.
* * The British use a portable heliograph
in their campaign.
* * The Ameer secures a regular sub-
sidy of about $25,000 a month from the
Indian treasury.
1880 Jan. * The joint Anglo-Russian
Boundary Commission complete the
boundary delimitation.
Oct. * The work on the Railway is stopped.
1884 Apr. * Work on the Railway is re-
sumed.
1885 Oct. 28. Opening of the Lower
Bolan Railway, connecting with India.
1887 Mar. 14. The rails are joined of
the Sibi and Quetta sections of the Sind-
Pishin Railroad via the Harrai route.
May* Russians, under General Ozan
Tora, occupy the town of Kerki, on the
left bank of the Oxus, between Bokhara
and Herat.
Aug. 14. Ayoob Khan, the cousin and
rival of Abder-Rahman, escapes from
Teheran, where he was kept interned
by the British.
1888 July * The opening of the rail-
road through Bokhara to Samarcand
is celebrated with festivities. General
Annenkoff, who directed its construc-
tion, is appointed its chief director for
two years.
Oct. * Ishak Khan a fugitive in Russian
territory.
Dec. 26. The Ameer barely escapes as-
sassination.
* * Railroad connection is completed to
the Caspian Sea, a distance of 900 miles.
1889 Feb. 16. Exportation of goods
resumed ; no obstacle against the impor-
tation of Russian goods.
Apr. 9. Tranquillity prevails along the
frontier.
Dec. 26. The Ameer is fired at by a sepoy
of the Herat Infantry, who is executed
on the spot.
* * The railroad is dependent upon the
supply of naphtha, the only fuel
available.
1890 * * Kabul supposed to have 100,000
inhabitants.
* * The tomb of Shah Ahmed at Ka-
bul is so sacred that the king may not
remove a criminal who has taken refuge
within its walls.
* * The Ameer demands a tax of from
10 to 30 per cent of the produce of the
land, according to the amount of irriga-
tion.
1891 * * The Ameer is endeavoring to
extend new manufactures.
1893 * * Manufactures are chiefly silk,
felts, carpets, and postins.
* * Exports consist chiefly of fruits and
nuts and large quantities of asafetida.
* * The population exceeds 4,000,000.
* * The Ghilzai, Durani, and other tribes
inhabit the central parts of the coun-
try ; the Tajiks cultivate the soil and
ply peaceful trades ; the Aimaks, Haza-
ras, and Uzbecks dwell in the northern
part of the country.
* * A large number of the Hazaras and
the Kizilbashis are Shiite Mohamme-
dans.
111B.C.-1866A.D.
ALGERIA.
Algeria is a country of Northern Africa, organized as a colonial possession of France, and divided into three departments,
Algiers, Oran, and Constantine ; capital, Algiers. The government is vested in a governor-general, appointed by France, and a
Superior Council ; the prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. Area (Algeria proper), 122,876 square miles ; population in 1801,
3,910,399.
ARMY — NAVY.
1 11 * * b. c. War between Rome and
Numidia begins. (See Italy.)
46 * * b. c. Juba, the last king of Nu-
midia, is killed at the battle of Thapsus.
42* * b. c. Suetonius suppresses a revolt
in Mauritania.
533 * * -35 * * A. D. Justinian's great
general, Belisarius, conducts the Bo-
mans successfully against the Yandals.
637 * * -709 * * The Saracens subdue
the country.
1248 * * William, Prince of Achaia, con-
quers the Moors.
1492 * * The Moors are driven out of
Spain into Algiers.
1505* * Ferdinand, King of Spain,
sends a powerful fleet under the Count
of Navarre against the country ; he soon
captures Oran, Bugia, and other towns.
1509 * * Algiers is taken by the Span-
iards.
•1516 * * The Turks aid in expelling the
Spaniards, under Horush Barbarossa.
1516* *-20* * Algiers is retaken by
Horush and Hadher-ed-Din Barbarossa,
and made the capital of a Mohammedan
state.
1518 * * The Spaniards capture Horush
Barbarossa and put him to death.
1541 Oct. 28+. The Spanish Emperor
Charles V. loses the greater part of a
fleet of 370 vessels and an army of 30,000
men, in an expedition against Algiers ;
Charles himself escapes with difficulty.
(See Miscellaneous.)
* * The Spaniards are driven out.
1616 * * The Algerine fleet consists of
40 sail, of ships of between 200 and 400
tons, and a flag-ship of 500 tons.
1617 * * A French fleet is sent against
the Algerines, and captures two ves-
sels.
1620 * * The English send out an un-
successful fleet under Sir Robert Mansel .
* * * The Venetians send out a fleet un-
der Admiral Capello, which captures 16
galleys.
1655 * * Cromwell sends Admiral Blake
with a fleet, which soon subdues the
Algerines.
1680 * * The French send out a fleet
under Vice-Admiral Duquesne, which
destroys 14 Algerine ships.
1683 May * Duquesne appears before
Algiers, and threatens to bombard the
town.
The pacific Bey is murdered, and also
all the French in the town. The French
Consul is fired at the French fleet from
the mouth of a mortar. Duquesne de-
stroys the fortifications, the shipping,
and the chief part of the town.
1792 * * The Spaniards surrender Oran.
1815 * * Commodore Decatur of the
United States navy encounters the
Algerine squadron, captures a frigate
and a brig, and forces the surrender of
American prisoners.
1816 Aug. 27. The city of Algiers is
successfully bombarded by the Brit-
ish fleet, under Lord Exmouth, who
also burns its fleet.
1817+ * * The Algerines more strongly
fortify their city than ever before.
1826 * * Algerine pirates openly seize
Italian vessels in the Mediterranean and
extend their incursions to the North Sea.
1830 * * "War with France. Caused by
insults given to ambassadors, and to
great restlessness in France.
May * The French prepare a fleet at
Toulon, for war on a large scale.
June 14. Rout of the Algerines after a
fierce attack in strong force.
July 4. The French begin the bombard-
ment of Algiers, and subdue the town.
July 5. Algiers surrendered to the
French under General Bourmont and
Admiral Duperre, after severe conflicts.
The French force consists of 37,000 in-
fantry, and 4,000 cavalry, and a good sup-
ply oi artillery ; Hussan Bey's army
numbers 60,000. The spoil consists of
12 ships, 1,500 bronze cannon, and nearly
§10,000,000 in specie.
* * General Clausel succeeds General
Bourmont.
1831 Feb. * General Berthezene is ap-
pointed commander-in-chief.
* * He makes unsuccessful attempts to
chastise the hostile tribes of the interior.
* * Revolt of the natives against the
tyranny of the French.
Oct. * The Kabyles capture Bona.
Nov. * General Savary, Due de Rovigo,
reenforces the French with 16,000 men.
He exasperates the natives by cruelty
and treachery.
1832 * * The Arab chief Abd-el-Ka-
der preaches a holy war, and collects
an army of 11,000 men.
May * He attacks the French at Oran,
and, after bravely fighting three days,
is repulsed with considerable loss.
1835 * * Jealousy inspires war with Abd-
el-Kader.
June 28. At the Makta River the French
are defeated with great slaughter.
The French under Marshal Clausel
with 11,000 men invade Mascara.
Dec. 5. The French take Mascara and
fire the city.
1836 Jan. * Marshal Clausel undertakes
an expedition against Tlemcen; he
captures and garrisons the town.
* * Abd-el-Kader defeats 3,000 men un-
der Count d'Arlanges on the Tafna.
July 6. General Bugeaud completely de-
feats the Arabs on the Sikak River.
Nov. * Marshal Clausel conducts an un-
successful expedition of 8,000 men
against the Bey of Constantine.
1837 May 30. Abd-el-Kader thor-
oughly defeated.
Oct. * A French army of 20,000 men
marches against the Bey of Constantine.
Oct. 12. The French storm and capture
Constantine, losing General Danre-
mont. General Valee succeeds him.
1839 Oct. * Boundary disputes and
intrusion lead to war.
* * Reenforcements of 20,000 men are sent
out from France.
Dec. * Abd-el-Kader suddenly attacks
the French in the plain of Metidja, and
routs them with great slaughter.
1840 * * The French garrison of 123
men defends Fort Masagran against
the attack of 12,000 to 15,000 Arabs,
for three days.
1841 * * General Bugeaud, with from
80,000 to 100,000 men, subdues
raiding Arabs by use of flying columns.
1842 Jan. * Tlemcen is taken by the
French.
Fort of Tafna captured and destroyed.
1843 * * Spring. The French under the
Duke of Aumale surprise Abd-el-
Kader ; they take several thousand
prisoners and much booty.
1844 Aug. 14. The Arabs from Mo-
rocco, under Abd-el-Kader, are defeat-
ed by General Bugeaud, on the river Isly.
1845 June 18. General Pelissier suf-
focates about 500 Arab men, women ,
and children in a cave after they re-
fused to surrender.
1847 Dec. 23. Abd-el-Kader finally
surrenders to Lamoriciere.
1849 * * General Pelissier marches
against several of the rebellious tribes
and subdues them.
1850 * * Several revolts are subdued.
1851 * * Kabyle insurrection subdued by
the French under General St. Arnaud,
after several sharp engagements.
1852 * * General Macmahon is sent
out against Kabylia.
* * General Pelissier takes Laghouat by
storm.
1854 * * An expedition subdues the
Arabs in the south.
1857 Oct. * General Randon subdues
the tribes of Great Kabylia, and the au-
thority of France is undisputed.
1859 Oct. 31. The Arab tribes rebel,
attack the French, and are defeated.
Nov. 6. They rebel again with like result.
1864 Apr. * The Arabs of the south rise
in formidable insurrection; rebellion
provoked by an insult.
June * After defeat the Arabs submit.
Oct. 2. Fresh revolts ; insurgents de-
feated by Jolivet.
1865 Oct. * Fresh insurrection in Oran;
subdued by Colonel de Colomb.
1866 Mar. 16. Another insurrection in
Oran is subdued by the same officer.
ALGERIA.
Ill B.C. -1866 AD.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
850+ * * Amobius. Rhetorician of Numidia.
354* * Augustine, Saint. (Numidian bishop
of Hippo), born.
4th Century. Donatus, Numidian schismatic.
430 * * Augustine. Saint, Numidian bishop,
A76.
1053 * * Abdallah-Ibn-Yasin, founder of
the empire of the Almoravides, dies.
1543 * * Barbarossa, Hadber, (Jreek-Alge-
rine pirate, dies.
1718 * * Baba-Ali, Dey of Algiers, dies.
1773 + * * Hussein or Houssein Pasha (Dey)
born.
1807 * * Abd-el-Kader (Emir) born.
1825 * * Allemand-Ijavigerie (Fr. Cardi-
nal) born in Bayonne.
1838 * * Hussein or Houssein Pasha, last
Dey of Algiers, dies, A ± 65.
1864 May 22. Marshal Pelissier, governor-
general, dies.
CHURCH.
1050+ * * Abdulla-ben Yazim forms the
prosperous sect of Moabites.
1540+ * * Pope Paul III. issues a buU
offering the remission of sins and the
crown of martyrdom to those lost in
fighting the Algerians.
1828 * * Abd-el-Kader makes his sec-
ond pilgrimage to Mecca, and receives
the title Hadji.
1832 * * Abd-el-Kader preaches a holy-
war.
SOCIETY.
1520± * * Thirty thousand Christian
slaves are employed in constructing a
mole in the harbor of Algiers. [Finished
in three years.]
* * The Algerine pirates are dreaded
and subsidized by all the commercial
nations.
1816 Aug.* Under British pressure the
Dey liberates 1,211 Christian slaves, and
promises that piracy, and the enslave-
ment of Christians shall cease forever.
1832 * * A Holy "War excitement pre-
vails.
1860 Sept. * Algiers is visited by the
French Emperor Napoleon TTT.
1865 May 3-June * Napoleon is wel-
comed with enthusiasm.
STATE.
46 * * B. c. A part of Mauritania (Alge-
ria) is conquered by the Romans.
45* * b. c. Mauritania becomes a Roman
province, with Sallust for proconsul.
42 * * b. C. Mauritania is divided into
two parts.
439 * * a. n. Mauritania is conquered
in part by the Vandals.
533 * * The Vandals are expeUed by
the Romans, and the territory is reunited
to the empire.
690+ * * The Saracens subdue this prov-
ince. [It becomes divided among many
petty chiefs, and relapses into barbar-
ism.]
935 + * * The town of Algiers is founded
by the Arabs near the site of ancient
Icosium.
1075± * * The sect called Moabites sub-
due rival chiefs and lay the foundation
of the dynasty of the Almoravides.
1147 * * -1231 * * The dynasty of the
Almohades follows.
1273 * * Change of dynasty; the country
is divided into small states.
1509 * * Spain acquires dominion.
1516 * * The Algerians revolt and seek
aid of the famous Turkish pirate, Horush
Barbarossa.
* * The invaders being expelled, Barba-
rossa murders the prince, Selim Cut-
smi, and mounts the throne.
* * He extends his dominions by force
and treachery.
* * Algiers becomes nominally a prov-
ince of Turkey.
1518 * * Hadher Barbarossa, as Pasha
of Algiers, succeeds his brother, who is
slain by the Spaniards.
± * * He solicits aid from Selim I., and
acknowledges his sovereignty.
± * * The Moors establish the pirati-
cal states of Algiers and Tunis.
* * * Viceroys, or pashas, appointed
by Turkey, continue to govern the coun-
try till the 17th century.
1600+ * * Turkey permits the janizaries
to choose their own dey or governor.
1609 * * Many Moors flock to Algiers
after their expulsion from Spain, and as
able sailors raise the power of the state.
1686* *The English conclude a favor-
able treaty with Algiers. [It is only par-
tially enforced for a long time.]
1705 * * The last Turkish pasha is ex-
pelled by Dey Ibrahim.
1710+ * * The office of pasha is united
with that of dey.
The janizaries control the appoint-
ment of chiefs, and they declare inde-
pendence of the Turks ; all regular
tribute is withdrawn.
1795 * * The Americans refuse any
longer to subsidize the Dey of Algiers.
1816 * * A new treaty with England is
made, and Christian slavery is abolished.
1818* * Hussein Bey succeeds to the
government.
1823 * * The French demand reparations
for insults to their consul and for out-
rages committed on French vessels, but
without success, and an army follows.
1830 July 5. The French depose the
Dey, and overthrow the barbarian gov-
ernment. The Dey retires to Naples.
* * General Bourmont is superseded by
General Clausel, who makes little effort
to conciliate the natives.
1833 * * The French ministry declares ils
purpose to retain the government and to
colonize the country, in opposition to its
agreement with England.
Mar. * General Avizard is appointed
interim Governor on the retirement of
Rovigo. [He dies soon after.]
* * General Voirol is nominated Gov-
ernor.
1834 * * Abd-el-Kader enters a treaty
acknowledging the supremacy of France,
and is recognized as the Emir of the
province of Mascara.
May 20. The French ministry announces
its intention to retain Algiers perma-
nently.
* * France is displeased with the treaty,
and General Desmichels, Governor of
Oran, is recalled.
July* General Drouet d'Erlon be-
comes Governor-general of the colony.
1835 * * Marshal Clausel supersedes
Count d'Erlon as Governor-general.
1837 May 30. The French sign a
treaty of peace with Abd-el-Kader on
the banks of the Tafna ; he recognizes
French supremacy.
Dec.+ * General Val6e is appointed
Governor-General of the colony.
1841 Feb. 22. General Bugeaud suc-
ceeds Vale"e.
1842 Feb.* Algeria annexed to
France, and the Emir declared a rebel.
1848 * * General Cavaignac appointed
Governor-general of the Colony.
Jan. 29. Abd-el-Kader is taken a pris-
oner to France, contrary to the agree-
ment of the French.
1852 * * Louis Napoleon releases him
from prison on the condition that he
retires to Asia Minor.
1857 * * French authority undisputed.
1858 * * The government entrusted to
Prince Napoleon as special minister.
[The special ministry is soon abolished.]
1860 Nov. * Marshal Pelissier, Duke
of Malakhoff, is appointed Governor-
general, with a council of thirty mem-
bers.
1863 Feb. * The emperor promises a
constitution, with a representative as-
sembly, securing the rights of the Arabs,
saying, " I am as much emperor of the
Arabs as of the French."
1864 May 22. Death of Marshal Pelis-
sier. Marshal Macmahon, Duke of
Magenta, succeeds him.
1865 July * More rights and privileges
are promised by the French to the na-
tives.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1520 * * Under Barbarossa, Algeria be-
comes famous for its pirates. [They
infest the seas till 1830.]
1541 Oct. 28. A fearful storm at-
tended by an earthquake nearly destroys
the fleet of the Spaniards in the port of
Algiers.
1670 * * The city of Tlemcen is destroyed
by fire.
1716 May* -June* Earthquakes de-
stroy 20,000 people.
1866 * * Population by census returns
2,921,146.
* * The crops are almost entirely de-
stroyed by locusts.
10
1867-1894.
ALGERIA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1867 Jan. * A new expedition subdues
the refractory Arabs of the south.
1868 Jan. * Si-Hamed leads a revolt
and is killed by the French ; his follow-
ers are routed.
1869 Jan. * Several large bodies of in-
surgents in the extreme south move
northward and surprise Tagguin.
Feb. 2. Colonel Sonis defeats about 4,000
Arabs, and routs them.
June * The insurrection is quelled.
1870 Aug. 15. Algeria proclaimed
in a state of siege.
1871 * * "Widespread insurrection of
the Arab and Kabyle tribes, prompted
by the weakened condition of France.
June 24. State of siege raised after the
fall of the Commune at Paris ; [a contri-
bution of $6,000,000 imposed upon the
rebels].
1879 June * Another insurrection ; it
is soon subdued.
1881 Apr.* Dispute between the
French government and Tunis respect-
ing the sheltering of insurgents. The
French land an army in Tunis.
June * Arab insurrection headed by Bou
Ameema.
July 13. Bou Ameema is said to be de-
feated by the French, and a fugitive.
Aug. 1. Reported preparation for a fresh
revolt ; a strong force marches against
Bou Ameema.
Aug. * Indecisive actions with the rebels.
1882 Apr. * A topographical expedi-
tion is attacked, and more than 40 per-
sons are reported killed.
1883 June * Announcement of the sub-
mission of revolting tribes.
1891 Dec. 23. The Amours tribe re-
bels against French authority, and fight-
ing begins.
* * Each of the three military depart-
ments in Algeria is under the direc-
tion of the commandant of the 19th
corps of the French army.
1892 * * An insufficient military expedi-
tion sent by the Sultan of Morocco to
punish the people of the oases for de-
claring their freedom from tribute and
their sympathy with France, fails in its
purpose.
1894 Jan. 25. Timbuctu occupied
by French Troops.
Feb. 9. Colonel Bonnier, commanding
the French force which took Timbuctu,
is killed by the Tuaregs, together with
seventy-eight officers and soldiers.
Aug. 28. The Tuaregs, after three days'
fighting, defeat the French troops at
Timbuctu, and compel them to retire.
DEATHS.
1883 * * Abd-el-Kader, Algerian chieftain,
A76.
1892 * * Allemand-Lavigrerie, Fr. Cardi-
nal, anti-slavery advocate, apb. Algiers, A67.
CHURCH.
1889 * * Algiers has synagogues, a hand-
some cathedral, and three other Catholic
churches, a Protestant chapel, six col-
leges, an Episcopal seminary, and bish-
op's palace.
* * The London Society for the Propa-
gation of the Gospel among the Jews
reports a mission station at Algiers.
S0CD2TY.
1870 * * Native Jews are admitted to
French citizenship.
1890 May 19. Arabs pillage a Jew's
store at Quelma, and are dispersed by
troops.
1893 * * The French colonists and officials
discourage any attempt to elevate the
natives, and persistently oppose the
proposition to establish schools.
STATE.
1871 * * A war contribution imposed on
the rebels by the French.
Oct. * The military rule abolished and a
civil government established, [which
brings peace and prosperity.]
1873 * * General Chanzy is appointed
governor.
1878 July * General Chanzy accused of
governing despotically ; his resignation
not accepted by Marshal Macmahon.
* * He is replaced by Albert Gr6vy.
1879 June * An insurrection, which is
soon quelled.
1881 Apr. * Dispute between Algeria
and Tunis respecting incursions of the
Kroumirs into Algerian territory.
May 12. The French force the Bey of
Tunis to cede territory and become
the vassal of France.
Nov. 6. Resignation of the governor, A.
Grevy, announced.
Nov. 26. * Louis Tirman appointed
governor.
1882 Dec. * Announcement of the an-
nexation of the province Mzab.
1883 * * The French government has
proposed to expropriate tribal lands of
the nomadic Arabs and a part of those
of the sheep-raising Kabyles of the
mountains, in order to advance coloniz-
ation by Europeans, whose presence will
give security to the French dominion.
1891 * * Governor-general Tirman re-
tires from office.
Apr. * Jules Camborn is appointed gov-
ernor-general.
(There are three departments, each of
which elects one senator in Algeria and
two deputies.)
1892 Jan. 23. The sherif of Wazen is
forcibly detained in Algeria by the
French.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1867 Jan. * Several villages destroyed
by an earthquake ; a prolonged drought
and famine follow.
* * The cholera destroys 50,000 persons.
1871 * * The French government grants
land and means to start in agriculture
to 10,500 refugees from Alsace-Lorraine.
1872 * * Population 2,146,225.
1875 * * Population 2,448,691.
1876 * * The most prosperous year of the
Colony.
1880 Mar. * M. Mouchot, by a mirror,
collects solar rays, and boils water,
drives an engine, etc.
1881 Oct. * Reported death of 61 per-
sons killed by a waterspout.
* * There are 2,328,636 persons engaged
in agriculture.
1883 * * A project for making the Sahara
desert an inland sea is entertained.
1884 * * Railroads completed, 993 miles.
1886 * * Population 3,910,399.
1887 * * Railroads completed, 1,290 miles.
* * A plague of grasshoppers damages
the growing crops.
1888 July* Another plague of lo-
custs.
* * Swarms of crickets devastate vegeta-
tion in many localities.
* * The first section of the Trans-Sahara
Railroad is opened.
1889 Jan. 5. The Governor orders the
expulsion from the country of two editors
of a Spanish newspaper published at
Oran.
1890 Jan. 22. The authorities forbid
pilgrimages to Mecca on account of the
prevalence of cholera in Arabia.
June 25. Cardinal Lavigerie favors a
Trans-Saharan railway.
Aug. 26. Fire rages in the Soukari's
forest ; two villages destroyed.
Sept. 26. Destructive storm and cyclone.
1891 Jan. 15. Three violent shocks of
earthquake occur.
Aug. 19. A forest fire destroys 35,000
acres of trees.
* * Population by last census returns,
3,636,967 in the civil departments, and in
the interior military departments, 487,765.
* * Locusts destroy the pastures.
* * There are 3,262,478 persons engaged in
agriculture, 187,000 of whom are Euro-
peans.
* * Value of imports, $52,609,645; ex-
ports, $45,494,950.
* * The Trans-Sahara Railroad, starting
from El Guerrah, has been carried
across the mountains up to the edge of
the Tuareg country, and extends from
oasis to oasis, to Biscara, 390 miles. It
is projected to Lake Chad, 1,887 miles.
1892 Aug. 2. A strong sirocco prevails.
* * Roads to the interior, with wells sunk
along them, have been established be-
tween the military posts.
* * Railroads completed cover 1,910 miles ;
telegraphs, 7,000 miles.
1893 * * The Trans - Sahara Railroad
reaches within 80 miles of the oasis of
Fignig.
1894 * * Fr. The annihilation of the
French advance column at Timbuctu
causes deep feeling in France.
AMERICA.
955 p,c. -1121 a.
11
America is a name applied to the Western Continent, and includes both North and South America and the adjacent islands.
Greatest length, 10,500i miles ; greatest breadth, 3,000± miles. Estimated area, 15,700,000 square miles ; estimated population in
1891, 121,713,000.
Explanatory Note. — The early history of each American country is given in fuller detail under its proper title, except that of the United
States, which appears under the title of America only until the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
Mexican, Central and South American dates are of uncertain value until the sixteenth century. All items relating to the Norsemen in
America can hardly be considered well-established historical records.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
4th Century b. c. The spherical shape
of the earth is taught by the Greeks.
4th Century a. d. The compass is used
by mariners on the Indian Ocean.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
945 ± Mtx. Nauhyotl, king, dies.
1007 Mass. (?) Sonorri, son of Thorflnn,
born in Vinland.
1054 i Peru. Manco Capac, founder of the
state, dies.
1070i Mex. Huemac Ateopanecatl, last Tol-
tec king, 'lies at Capultepec.
CHURCH.
999 * * Scan. Leif, son of Eric the Red,
becomes. a convert to Christianity [and
in the year 1000 takes Roman mission-
ary priests to Iceland, by whom many
are converted.]
1000+ * * Peru. Manco Capac (from
China?), accompanied by his wife, and
sister Mama Ocello, appears.
They announce themselves "children
of the sun," sent by deity to civilize the
people by teaching agriculture and the
arts, publishing laws, and by introdu-
cing religious rites. (Peruvian Annals.)
1056 * * Iceland. A bishop's see is
erected in the east and southwest.
1106 * * Iceland. A bishop's see of
175 parishes is erected in the north.
1121 * * Eric Gnupsson is appointed
«« bishop of Greenland and Vinland
in partibus infidelium," by Paschal II.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
635** Mex. The Chichimecs leave
Chicomoztoc in their progress toward
Mexico.
648 * * Mex. Toltecs invade Mexico.
8th Century. Greenland is visited by
Northmen.
860* * Iceland is discovered: Nad-
doddr, a Norse pirate, is driven to the
coast by adverse winds.
865 * * Iceland is visited by Floki, the
viking.
876 * * Greenland discovered : Gunn-
bjorn, a Norwegian, driven by adverse
winds beyond Iceland, views its coast.
985 4- * * Greenland. Eric Raude, with
a number of Icelanders, is said to have
spent three years in exploring the coun-
try. (Its name is suggested by its abun-
dant verdure.)
986* *America discovered: Her-
julfson, a Norse navigator, sailing from
Iceland, is caught in a storm and driven
southwestward to the coasts of New-
foundland and Labrador, but does not
land.
1000 * * New England is visited by
Leif Ericsson with a crew of about 35
Icelanders. He arrives at Labrador,
and explores the coast as far as Massa-
chusetts, where he remains more than a
year at Vinland.
1002* * Me. Thorwald, a brother of
Leif Ericsson, accompanied by his wife
and a crew of 30 men, visits Maine and
Massachusetts.
1003 Summer. Thorwald extends his
explorations to the southward.
1004 * * Mass. Leif explores the coast
northward [reaching the present site of
Boston], where he is slain by the na-
tives.
1005 * * New Eng. Thorstien, another
brother of Leif Ericsson, explores the
New England coast.
1006 * * Mass. — U. I. Thorflnn Karl-
sefne, with three ships, containing 1G0
men, and a number of women and cattle,
explores the coast of Massachusetts and
Rhode Island, and possibly sails as far
south as Virginia, but is driven away by
the natives.
1011 * * Mass. Freydis visits Vinland,
accompanied by 30 men.
* * Greenland. Helgi and Finnbogi,
with 35 men, sail from Greenland to
cut timber in Massachusetts. (?)
1012 * * Mass. (?) The Northmen, under
Thorwald, having murdered Helgi and
Finnbogi, with their followers, sail for
Greenland.
11th, 12th Centuries. The Arabs explore
the Atlantic, seeking to find its limits.
1116 (?)* * Mex. The Aztecs' migra-
tion from the north reaches Chico-
moztoc.
1120 (?) * * Mex. The Chichimecs, a
half-savage tribe, invade Mexico.
LETTERS.
* * * Mexican annals of a remote pe-
riod are recorded by picture-writing.
[Their value is uncertain.]
4th Century b. C. The story of the Island
of Atlantis is mentioned by Plato.
SOCIETY.
686 (?) * * Mex. The Toltecs evince an
advanced civilization in weaving,
building, jeweling, and making orna-
ments of feathers ; among them are as-
trologers, poets, sorcerers, philosophers,
and orators.
1011 Winter. Mm. (?) The North-
men's games cause dissension.
Thorwald, the husband of Freydis,
avenges an insult by the massacre of the
35 men and five women of a neighboring
expedition of the brothers Helgi and
Finnbogi.
* * Pern. Communism prevails in ag-
ricultural labor and products.
* * Mex. and Peru. The masses of the
people are serfs or slaves.
* * * Peru. Manco Capac, with his
wife, and sister Mama Ocello, arrives
from China (?), claiming to be sent by
deity to reclaim the tribes from savage
life; civilized society begins. [This
account is received with some incredu-
lity by scholars.]
STATE — SETTLEMENT.
955 * * b. c. Mexican history begins
[according to Brasseur de Bourbourg],
470± * * b. c. Peru. ThePiruadynasty
begins [as some allege].
4th to 7th Century a. d. Mex. The
Nahuas dwell in the Mexican plateau.
503 * * Mex. With the appearance of the
Toltecs on the tableland authentic his-
tory begins [according to Ixtlilxochitl].
(Clavigero, 596, Vetia, 697.)
686 ± * * Mex. The Toltec empire is
finally established. The Toltecs are the
true founders of civilization in this pert
of North America.
714 * * Antillia, or the Island of the
Seven Cities, is settled from Spain. (?)
830 * * Peru. Fall of the Pirua dy-
nasty. (?)
835 * * Greenland is inhabited. (?)
875 ± * * Iceland. The Icelandic com-
monwealth is founded by Norsemen,
under Ingolf, the son of Orn.
9th Century. The Irish visit Iceland.
895 (?) * * Mex. Topiltzin C e a c a 1 1
Quetzalcoatl, the most famous of the
Toltec sovereigns, founds a new seat of
government on the plain of Huitzilapan.
[LaPuebla?]
930 * * Iceland. First meeting of the
Althing, a general assembly secured by
the influence of TJlfljot, a leader among
the Icelanders.
983 * * -985 * * Greenland. Eric Raude
returns, and founds two settlements
on the west coast.
* * * Peru. Manco Capac arrives and
reforms the people. (13th Century,
Winsor.)
1007* * Can. Colonies are planted [in
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia], which
are soon abandoned.
1041 * * -47 (?) * * Mex. Irruption of
the Chichimecs-Teotenancas into the
valley of Mexico.
Uth Century. Mex. The fall of the
Toltec power.
Tho Toltecs, greatly reduced in num-
bers, leave Mexico and enter Central
America.
11th Century. JHex. After the fall of the
Toltec empire, a great migration cf
Northern tribes southward begins. [It
continues for three centuries.]
12 1121-1492, Oct. 12.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
13th Century. Mex. The ferocity of the
Aztecs causes their neighbors to band
together against them. Many forays and
bloody wars follow.
1415 * * Mex. The Tepanecs invade
the territory of the Tezcucans and are
invaded in turn.
1425 ± * * Mex. The Tepanecs subdue
the Tezcucans.
1433 ** Peru. Peruvians invade
Chile, conquering the southern part.
1450± * * Mex. Montezuma I. subdues
the country to the Gulf of Mexico.
1469 * * Mex. A military expedition
under Axayacatl moves down the Isth-
mus of Mexico as far as Tehuantepec.
He ravages the Totonac region, securing
immense plunder and many captives.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
12th Century. The Catalans and Basques
use the compass.
1267* * Enr/. The Opus Major by Roger
Bacon appears, teaching the sphericity
of the globe.
1306 * * It. Map of Marino Sanuto, the
beginning of Atlantic cartography, ap-
pears.
1367 * * -73 * * Pizigana's map of the
Atlantic appears.
1439 * * Valsequa's chart of the Atlantic
appears.
1436 * * Variation of the needle shown
on maps.
1446* * Mex. Earthenware pipes used
for conducting water to the capital from
Chapul tepee.
1470 * * Nicholas Donis's map appears —
the earliest engraved map in which
Greenland is shown.
1472 * * Mex. Art and culture center
in Tezcuco.
1484 * * Regimontanus adapts the astro-
labe for use on the sea.
I486* * Sp. The Laon Globe appears.
[Dated 1493.]
1486* * Sp. The project of Colum-
bus is referred by the king to Ferdinand
de Talavera, who summons astronomers
and cosmographers to confer with Co-
lumbus before a jury of ecclesiastics,
where his theories are overturned with
biblical texts and extracts from the great
divines.
1491 * * Talavera denounces the pro-
ject to the king as impracticable.
1492 * * Somewhere 200 leagues west of
the Canaries, lay on ancient maps the
Lost Island of the Seven Cities.
* * Columbus, after long study and
much conference with the best authori-
ties, concludes the globe to be only ten
or twelve thousand miles in circumfer-
ence ; he also overestimates the size of
the Asiatic continent.
Sept. 13. Columbus is startled to find
the needle moving westward and no
longer pointing to the pole.
Sept. 15. A meteor falls five lengths
from Columbus's ship.
* * Cuba. Columbus concludes that he
has reached Cipango. Afterward he
changes his mind, and decides it to be
the mainland of India.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1357 Mex. Techotl, ruler of the Chichl-
mecs, dies.
1435-56 It. Columbus, Christopher,
born. [1445 + Harrisse: 1456 Payne.J
1451 It. Vespucci. Amerigo, Mar. 9, b.
1466 Mex. Montezuma II., emperor, b.
1469 Mex. Montezuma I., emperor of the
Aztecs, dies.
1472 Mex. Nezahualcoytl, king of Tez-
cuco, dies.
1474 Sp. Casas, Bartolome de Las,
" The Apostle of the Indies," born.
1481 Mex. Axayacatl, emperor of the Az-
tecs, dies.
1486 (?) Mex. Tizoc, king of Tezcucans, d.
CHURCH.
1121 * * Greenland. Bishop Eric Gnups-
son goes in search of Vinland. (Massa-
chusetts and Rhode Island.)
1124 * * Greenland. Bishop Arnold is
consecrated.
1325 * * Mex. Mexicans adopt the prac-
tise of offering human sacrifices in
worship.
1450 * * Mex. Mexicans recognize a Su-
preme Creator, and also worship a
plurality of deities.
* * Mex. Fully 5000 priests are at-
tached to the principal temple of the
city of Mexico.
1487 * * Mex. Ahuizotl celebrates the
dedication of the great temple of Huitz-
ilopochtli by slaughtering 72,344 human
victims. (Probably an exaggeration.)
1489 Dec. * Sp. Columbus, learning
that the Sultan of Egypt has threatened
to raze the tomb of Christ, makes a vow
to devote the proceeds of his discovery
to the defense of the holy sepulcher.
1492 * * Sp. Juan Perez, prior of the
monastery of La Rabida, writes a letter
to Isabella, Queen of Castile, which se-
cures an interview for Columbus.
Columbus asks powers which the arch-
bishop declares " arrogant and presump-
tuous ; " therefore his mission fails.
Apr. 17. Through the influence of Perez
and others, Columbus is recalled to the
Spanish Court and receives his commis-
sion.
Columbus bears a letter to the grand
Khan of Cipango, whom he hopes to con-
vert to Christianity.
Before sailing, Columbus, with most of
his officers and crew, confesses to Juan
Perez, and receives the holy sacrament.
Oct. 12. W. I. The first procedure by
Europeans in the New "World is an
act of devotion to God, while over them
is unfurled a flag bearing a green cross.
The natives conclude that the gods have
come from their celestial abode.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1135 Apr. * Greenland visited by
Scandinavians, who sail as far north
as latitude 73*.
* *The Northmen visit an island in
Baffin's Bay, where they erect a mon-
ument. [Discovered in 1824.]
1153**Ger. Indians said to have been
cast upon the German coast.
1170 * * Welshmen under Madoc dis-
cover America. (?)
12th Century. Guatemala occupied by
the Quiches and Cakchi.
Peru supposed to have been visited by
Kublai Khan.
1347 * * The coasts of Labrador and New
England visited by Norwegian sailors,
who bring the last tidings concerning
Vinland.
1393(1394 ?) July * Greenland visited
by three ships under Nieolo Zeno, a
Venetian, who had sailed from the Faroe
Islands.
1396+ * * Greenland. Antonio, a broth-
er of Nicolo Zeno, explores the coasts. (?)
1424 * * Antillia first found on the maps.
1444 * * America. Biscayans said to
have discovered western land.
1463* *-64* * Newfoundland. Cor-
treal, a Portuguese navigator, said to
have visited the coast.
* * * Newfoundland visited by the
Dutch. (?)
1470+ * * Columbus concludes that
much of the world is still undiscovered,
and that Asia may be reached by sail-
ing westward.
1470* *-84* * Portugal visited by Co-
lumbus.
1474 * * Columbus explains his views to
Faola Toscanelli, a Florentine navi-
gator, from whom he receives hearty
encouragement.
1476 * * Skolno coasts along Labra-
dor. (?)
1477 Feb. * Iceland visited by Colum-
bus.
15th Century. Greenland ceases to com-
municate with Europe.
1480 * * -92 * * Sp. Columbus, impov-
erished and disheartened by many rejec-
tions, finds a sympathetic friend in
Isabella, Queen of Castile.
1484 * * Port. Columbus, having vain-
ly appealed to John II. for three ships
with provisions for one year, leaves the
Portuguese service.
Columbus, having been deceived by
John II., goes to Spain.
1485 * * It. Columbus lays his project
before the Genoese, who reject it.
± * * It. Columbus appeals to the Ve-
netians for aid without success.
* * ± Columbus sends proposals to
Henry VLT. of England, offering to
sail under the English flag. (1488?)
* * Fr. Columbus in the French pirati-
cal service.
+ * * Sp. Fernando de Talavera, the
confessor of Isabella, fearing hetero-
doxy in the ideas of , Columbus, pre-
vents his access to the king.
* * * Cardinal Mendoza, " the third
king of Spain," presents Columbus to
Ferdinand. (1485 or 148G.)
AMERICA.
1121-1492, Oct. 12. 13
I486 * * Sp. Columbus ente -s the Cas-
tilian service.
1488 * * -89 * * Cousin visits the South
American coast. (?)
1491 * * Sp. A clerical committee ap-
pointed by the King to investigate the
project of Columbus report adversely.
" The project in question is vain and
impossible, and not becoming great
princes to engage in, on such slender
grounds as had been adduced ; " a con-
clusion reached chiefly by controverting
Scripture texts.
1492 * * Sp. Columbus states his lofty
terms, and his proposal is declined by
the King.
He demands the office of admiral, with
the vice-royalty of the lands he may dis-
cover, and one-tenth of the gains to be
received from them : the King declines
the conditions.
Apr. 17. Sp. Columbus is recalled,
and articles of agreement are drawn and
signed at Santa F6.
Aug. 3. Friday. Sp. Columbus sails
from the port of Palos, with 119 men in
three ships. (90 men ?)
The Santa Maria, of 90 feet keel, is
decked over from stem to stern ; the
Pinta and Nina are undecked caravels.
Some of the crew are obtained by offer-
ing advanced pay and two months' ex-
emption from arrest after their return,
while others are secured by impressment.
Aug. 6. The Pinta loses her rudder.
Aug. 9. Canary Islands. The expedi-
tion puts in at Teneriff e to refit the Pinta.
Sept. 6. Columbus resumes his voyage.
Sept. 16. The expedition enters the
region of the trade winds.
" The air was so mild that it only
wanted the song of the nightingales to
make it like the month of April in An-
dalusia." (Columbus.)
Sept. * The vessels enter the Sargasso
Sea ; immense quantities of floating sea-
weed are observed.
Sept. 17. Columbus calms his alarmed
sailors with a fictitious explanation of
the variation of the compass.
Sept. 18. Many birds are seen, and they
awaken expectations of land.
Sept. 20. Two pelicans appear.
All are sure of the nearness of land.
The wind shifts to the southwest, and the
crews are glad that they will not ever be
urged forward by an east wind, against
which it would be impossible to return.
Sept. 23 . A storm prevails, and the crews
insist that Providence should be tempted
no further.
Sept. 25. Alonzo Pinzo, deceived by a
cloud, raises the false cry of " land ; "
" Gloria in excelsis " is sung.
Oct. 1. Columbus predicts his entrance
into an Asiatic port within forty days.
Oct. 7. Sailors on the Nina, under the
illusion of land in view, raise a flag and
fire a gun.
Oct. * The crew approach a condition of
mutiny, and despairingly threaten to
throw Columbus overboard.
Oct. 11. The Pinta fishes up a cane, a
log of wood, and a stick with a piece of
iron attached. The Nina sights a stake
covered with dog-roses ; " all of them
breathed and were glad."
Oct. 11. At 10 o'clock at night Columbus
perceives a distant light ; " no one sleeps
this night."
Oct. 12. W. I. Land discovered on
Friday at two o'clock in the morning.
Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor on board
the Nina, is the first to see it ; all the
vessels lay to, and the voyage of 36 days
is ended, (it is Guanahani, or Watling
Island, one of the Bahamas.)
LETTERS.
12th Century. Iceland has an intelligent
people and nourishes learning by many
schools, four of which have the character
of universities.
1195+ * * Mex. The Aztecs celebrate
the festival of tying up the ■ ■ bundle of
years," and begin a new cycle.
1215+ * * Iceland. The Heimskringla,
or Chronicle of Snorro Sturleson, [one
of the greatest historical books in the
world,] is written.
1264 * * Iceland has well- developed
literature, consisting of poems, his-
tories, and legends.
14th Century. ' Mex. The civil year of
365 days is divided into 18 months of 20
days, and 5 supplementary days, the
month into 4 weeks of 5 days each.
1442 * * Ger. Johann Paust opens the
first printing place ; the art of print-
ing facilitates the work of discovery
and exploration in the New "World.
SOCIETY.
1241 Sept. 22. Iceland. Snorro Stur-
leson, " the good," a warrior, states-
man, and poet, is murdered.
* * * Iceland. The people are remarkable
for their moral qualities.
1469 * * Mex. Axayacatl ascends the
throne, and follows the usual custom of
raiding the south country to get thou-
sands of prisoners whose sacrifice should
grace his coronation.
1480+ * * Mex. TheKingofTezcucohas
2,000 concubines in his palace.
1486 * * Mex. King Tizoc is assassi-
nated.
STATE.
12th Century. (?) Mex. The Aztecs mi-
grate from place to place.
1170 (?) * * Mex. The rude Chichimecs
enter Anahuac (Mexico).
1177± * * Mex. The Aztecs, or Mexi-
cans, arrive in Anahuac, leading a mi-
gratory and precarious life.
1184 (?) * * or 1186 (?) * * Mex. The
Aztecs establish themselves at Cha-
pultepec.
1240+ * * Peru. Rule of the Incas be-
gins with Manco Capac. (Or 1021+.)
1260+ * * Peru. Reign of Sinchi Rocca.
1262 * * Iceland loses its republican in-
dependence, and becomes subject to
Hakon, King of Norway.
1280+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Lloque
Yupanqui.
1300+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Mayta
Capac.
1325 * * Mex. The Aztecs, under the
reign of Tenuch, found the city of Ten-
ochtitlan (Mexico), probably at first only
a cluster of huts, on a low island in a
great lake. It is the earliest established
date in Mexican history.
1340± * * Peru. Reign of Inca Rocca.
1349 * * Greenland. The Eskimos ap-
pear.
1350 * * New Eng. A great plague,
which depopulates Iceland and Green-
land, also destroys the Norsemen in Vin-
land, thus cutting off communication
with the New World. (?)
* * Greenland. Hostile Eskimos dis-
tress the settlers.
* * * Mex. Toltecs convert the hunting
Chichimecs into an agricultural people.
* * * Peru. The Incas exercise a pater-
nal authority in government, which is,
in fact, a despotism.
These unwarlike kings have domin-
ion founded on policy, superstition, and
the arts.
1357 * * Mex. Techotl, a great Chichi-
mec ruler, dies and is succeeded by
Ixtlilxochitl.
1360+ * * Peru. Reign of the Inca Ya-
huar-Huaccac.
1380+ * * The commerce of Iceland
and Greenland being restricted by Den-
mark, these islands begin to decline.
* * Peru. Reign of Inca Uira-Cocha.
1400+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Pachacu-
tec Yupanqui.
1415 * * Mex. Invasion of the Tepanecs
in Tezcuco.
1418* * Greenland. Settlements of
Norsemen are destroyed by natives, and
the foreigners reduced to slavery.
1430+ ** Mex. TheAcolhua, Aztec, and
Tepanec Kings form a triple alliance.
(The Aztecs soon become predominant.)
1440* *-69* * Mex. Montezuma I.,
the soldier king, reigns.
* * Peru. Reign of Inca Tupac Capac.
1450 (?) * * Mex. The government be-
comes an elective monarchy.
1464 (?)* * Mex. Overthrow of the
empire of the Tutul-Xius. [The new
empire continues till the arrival of the
Spaniards.]
1469* * Mex. Axayacatl succeeds Mon-
tezuma I.
1472 (?)* * Mex. Nezahualcoyotl,
King of Tezcuco, dies, and is succeeded
by his son Nezahuapilli.
1481 * * Mex. Axayacatl dies, and is
succeeded by his brother Tizoc.
1492 Oct. 12. W.I. Columbus, vice-
roy of the New World, assumes authority
as its first European ruler.
A part of the expedition lands at sun-
rise.
Columbus, richly clad in official dress,
leads, and all, kneeling down, kiss the
ground and give thanks to God with tears
of joy. Columbus rises, draws his sword,
shakes out the royal banner, and takes
possession of the land for his sovereigns,
and names it San Salvador.
1492+ * * Peru. Huayna Capac begins
his reign. (Or 1483.)
14 1492, Oct. 14-1500, Dec. *
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1494 * * Mex. Military force is first
used in the New World to subdue the
outraged natives to the rule of Spain.
By a brilliant coup de main the cacique
Caonabo is captured and his people sub-
mit to the Spaniards ; not one of the 300
soldiers is lost.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
* * * Peru. Many of the useful arts,
as agriculture, architecture, pottery,
spinning, and navigation, are developed.
Peruvians know how to give hardness to
copper, for making edge tools, by melt-
ing it with tin.
* * * Central America. The Spaniards
find semi-civilized nations, wearing
woven clothes, and constructing works
of art, as temples, grottoes, and fortifi-
cations.
* * * Chileans practise weaving and
agriculture.
1493 Jan. * Haiti. Columbus completes
the first European structure in the
New World at San Domingo. It is a fort
made out of the timbers of the Santa
Maria, which has been wrecked by bad
steering.
* * * Peruvians far surpass the Mexi-
cans in both the practical and elegant
arts of life. They excel in masonry,
using hard chisels, and they ornament
their work with carvings.
1496 * * Haiti. Columbus discovers
gold mines, and concludes he is in the
Land of Ophir.
1497 * * Sebastian Cabot sails within
twenty degrees of the North Pole, while
seeking a northwest passage to the
Pacific.
CHURCH.
1493 Feb. * Terrified by a storm the
sailors, and probably Columbus also,
vow to attend mass in their shirts at
their first opportunity.
Feb. 18±. Azores. The sailors keep
the vow made in their distress, by going
to the church at Santa Maria.
* * Sp. Columbus presents nine Ameri-
can Indians for baptism.
May 3, 4. It. Pope Alexander VI. (a
Spaniard) issues bulls " out of our pure
liberality, certain knowledge, and pleni-
tude of Apostolic power," " and by vir-
tue of the authority of omnipotent God,"
granting to Spain all newly acquired
lands west of an imaginary line running
north and south 300 miles west of the
Azores ; Portugal receives dominion
east of this line. He divides the
world between two men.
Sept. * Sp. Columbus renews his vow to
rescue the Holy Sepulcher, and prom-
ises within the next seven years to equip
at his own expense a crusading army of
50,000 foot and 4,000 horse, and in five
years thereafter to follow this with a
second army of like dimensions.
Sept. 25. Sp. Christianity is formally
introduced. Twelve missionaries
sail for the New World.
* * Haiti. Religion consists of simple
fetishism and ancestor worship.
* * W. I. Bernardo Boyle is appointed
by the Pope to the office of Apostolic
Vicar for the Indies, probably the first
clergyman sent to America.
1498 * * Eng. Henry VTL, being a good
Catholic, is deterred from claiming the
benefits of Cabot's discoveries, because
of the Pope's inconsiderate grant to the
crowns of Castile and Leon in 1493.
1500 Apr. 26. Easter. Brazil. Cabral
takes possession for Portugal, and erects
an altar and plants a stone cross, and
calls the country the Land of the Holy
Cross.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1492 Oct. 14. Watling Island. Colum-
bus coasts along the shore northward.
Oct. 19. The Island Isabella is discov-
ered.
Oct. 28. Cuba is visited.
Oct. * — Jan. * Columbus discovers Ex-
uma, Bahia, and Santa Catalina.
Dec. 6. Haiti. He discovers Hispan-
iola [later called San Domingo and
Haiti].
Dec. 25. Haiti. "Wreck of the Santa
Maria.
1493 Jan. * Haiti. Columbus erects a
fort from the wreckage of the vessel, and
calls it La Navidad.
Jan. 4. Columbus sails for Spain in
the Nina.
Feb. 12. In a terrifying storm Columbus
places a record of the voyage in a cask,
and commits it to the deep.
Feb. 18. Azores. Columbus arrives at
Santa Maria.
The Portuguese governor disallows his
commission, and threatens to seize him.
Feb. 24. Azores. Columbus renews his
voyage.
Mar. 4. Port. The Nina, under stress of
weather, drops anchor near Lisbon. Ad-
miral Columbus is received with highest
honors by the King.
Mar. 15. Friday. Sp. Columbus com-
pletes his voyage amid great rejoi-
cings.
The gold, cotton, parrots, curious arms,
mysterious plants, strange birds and
beasts, and, above all, nine captured In-
dians, greatly interest the Court and the
people.
Sept. 25. Sp. Columbus's second voy-
age.
He sails from Cadiz with a fleet of sev-
enteen ships, carrying 1,500 people, with
animals and implements for starting a
colony. Many or his company are worth-
less adventurers.
Nov. 3-K Caribbee Islands. Discovery of
Dominica and several others of the
Windward Group ; also Porto Rico.
Nov. 4. W. I. Guadaloupe is discov-
ered.
Nov. 10. W. I. Antigua is discovered.
Nov. 22. Haiti. Columbus arrives at
La Navidad, finds the fort burned, and
learns that the colony has perished.
Dec. * Haiti. The city of Isabella, the
first settlement by Europeans in the
New World, is founded.
The fortune-seekers are disappointed
and censure Columbus ; they are igno-
rant, proud, contentious, and insubordi-
nate.
1494 May 3. W. I. Jamaica is dis-
covered.
June 12. Cuba. Columbus signs a doc-
ument, drawn by a notary, attesting the
discovery of continuous land — the coast
of Cuba.
June 13. W. I. Evangelista Island (Isle
of Pines) is discovered.
Sept. 29. Haiti. Columbus returns from
his voyage of discovery to Isabella, and
lies sick for five months.
* * -1507 * * Alleged improbable voyage
of Behaim to the South American coast.
1496 Mar. 5. Eng. Henry VII. signs
the commission of John Cabot, a Ve-
netian, to make discoveries and take
possession of lands for the English flag.
" No day in the history of the New World
was more important." (Ridpath.)
Mar. 10. Haiti. Columbus leaves in the
Nina for Spain to meet the malicious
charges of his enemies.
June 11. Sp. Columbus returns to
Cadiz, lands in great dejection, wearing
the costume of a Franciscan.
1497 May* Eng. John Cabot sails
from Bristol, on a voyage of discovery,
accompanied by his son Sebastian.
May 10. Sp. Amerigo Vespucci, an
educated Italian, sails on his first voy-
age, with Yanez Pinzon and Juan Diaz
de Solis, who visit the north coast of
Honduras, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and
the Bermudas. [Disputed.]
June 24. Can. First discovery of the
American continent, at Cape Breton
(or Labrador), by John Cabot ; he calls
it Prima Vista.
He raises two banners, one the flag
of the Kingdom of Great Britain, and
the other the flag of the Republic of
Venice. The private enterprise of John
Cabot and Sebastian, his son, leads to the
discovery of the American continent, and
its annexation to the British realm, the
prudent King not sharing the risk of the
voyage.
1498 Apr. * Sebastian Cabot sails on
his second voyage to the Atlantic coast
of North America.
He has five or six ships, 300 men, and
explores the coast line from the Gulf of
St. Lawrence to the Chesapeake Bay,
and probably as far as Cape Hatteras,
claiming all' the territory for England.
(Ridpath.)
May 30. Sp. Columbits sails on his
third voyage, from St. Lucar.
He has a fleet of six ships ; three bound
for San Domingo, and three others to
continue his discoveries.
July 31. W. I. Trinidad Island is dis-
covered by Columbus.
Aug. 1. Venez. Columbus beholds the
continent for the fis6t time, and mis-
takes it for an insignificant island; he
enters the mouth of the Orinoco River.
Aug. 30. Haiti. Columbus returns to
Isabella.
AMERICA.
1492, Oct. 14-1500, Dec. * 15
* * Eng. Thomas Bradley and Lance-
lot Thirkill sail for discoveries in the
" New Isle."
1499 * * Brazil is discovered by Vincent
I'inzon, a Spanish navigator, who fol-
lows the coast from 30° northwestward.
May 16. Sp. Vespucci sails on an
important voyage in the expedition of
Alonzo de Ojeda and Juan de La Cosa.
They coast from some point in North-
ern Brazil to Paria, and westward to
Maricabo and to Cape de La Vela. On
his return he gives an exciting report.
June * Guiana— Colombia. Ojeda discov-
ers Surinam, the Gulf of Venezuela, and
New Granada.
1500 Jan. * Brazil. Diego de Lepe ex-
plores the coast to about 10° south.
Feb. 28. Brazil. Discovery of the
Amazon River by Pinzon.
Apr. 24. Brazil. Pedro Alvarez Cabral,
a Portuguese, bound for India, is driven
by adverse winds from his track, and
anchors in Port Seguro. [He follows the
coast from about 12° to 16° 30' south.]
May 3. Brazil. Cabral discovers the
mouth of the Amazon, and names the
country Terra Sanctse Crucis.
* * Can. Labrador is visited by Gas-
paro Cortereal, a Portuguese, who also
explores the shores of Canada for 600
or 700 miles, and discovers and names
Conception Bay.
Oct. * -02 Sept. * Venez. Voyage of Rod-
rigo Bastidas and La Cosa, who trace the
Pearl Coast westward to Point Manza-
nilla.
Nov. 25. Sp. Columbus returns from
his third voyage.
LETTERS.
1493 Feb. * -Mar. * Columbus writes
the narrative of his discoveries.
* * * Mex. Books are made of long strips
or webs of cotton cloth, leaves of aloe
after preparation, and skins of animals ;
they are neatly joined, with pages folded
in a zigzag manner, and they are pro-
tected by covers of wood.
* * * The Aztec language is copious and
polished ; some of its words have twelve
or fifteen syllables.
The written language is essentially
picture-writing, with few symbols or
real hieroglyphs.
SOCIETY.
1492 Oct. * Cuba. Columbus finds the
natives enjoy the smoking of tobacco.
± * * The aborigines of America differ.
They speak from 400 to 500 different
languages, vary in size from the semi-
dwarf of the Arctic regions to the Pata-
gonian giants of the South, and embrace
a variety of shades of brown in their
color ; they cultivate the soil and pro-
duce maize, beans, pumpkins, and to-
bacco. The universal vice is indolence.
1493 Mar. * Sp. Columbus is made a
grandee.
May 4. Sp. Columbus receives a mag-
nificent scutcheon, having the royal
castle and lion of Castile and Leon
.blazoned in combination with the four
anchors of his old coat of arms.
* * W. I. Discords and mutinies pre-
vail among the fortune-seekers who
come to the New World.
1494 * * W. I. Columbus enslaves 500
Indians, and sends them to Spain to be
publicly sold.
1495 June 24. W.I. Five ship-loads
of Indians are embarked for Seville by
Columbus, to be sold as slaves.
1496 * * W. I. Bartholomew Columbus
ships 300 natives to Spain to be sold as
slaves.
[A third of the gentle Indians are said
to have perished within two or three
years after the arrival of the Spaniards.]
1499 June 20. Sp. Isabella, moved
with indignation at the enslavement of
Indians, procures the instant libera-
tion and speedy return of the last gang
brought into Spain.
* * Haiti. Indians are assigned to labor,
in support of certain Spaniards, by a
kind of villenage.
* * * North America. The Indians prac-
tise polygamy, treat their wives with
cruelty and their children with indiffer-
ence. The women raise maize, beans,
and pumpkins for the support of their
families.
* * * Chile. Chileans make a fermented
drink of maize, and drunkenness is a
common vice.
* * * Civilized nations of the Toltecan
family occupy Mexico, Peru, and Bogota.
* * * Civilization is found to follow
closely the chain of the Andes, and is
specially developed in Mexico and Peru,
the latter being the most highly civi-
lized empire in America.
* * * Mex. Beggars abound, and are
decimated by frequent famines.
Immutable custom regulates society,
and chains the wheels of progress.
Chicha, a fermented infusion of maize,
and pulque, made from the sap of the
great aloe plant, are intoxicants drunk
by the people ; public festivals are pro-
longed drinking bouts. To maintain the
occupations, one part of the population
abstains while the other part indulges.
The masses, are attached to the soil,
allotments of which are cultivated in
common by the slaves of nobles for their
own subsistence.
" The excessive use of pulque appears
to have occasioned the decay of the Tol-
tecs." (Payne.)
* * * Peru. An intoxicating beverage
is made from the quinoa bean.
The mass of the people are in a state of
mild servitude, under a kind of nobil-
ity, who are ruled by Incas.
Harems are maintained by the Incas.
" The excessive use of chicha appears
to have been nearly connected with the
ruin of the Peruvians." (Payne.)
1500 May * Haiti. Columbus is im-
prisoned and put in chains by Bobadilla,
who has been sent out to investigate his
conduct.
* * While returning to Spain, Villejo, cap-
tain of the caravel, proposes to remove
the chains. Columbus replies, "I will
wear them as a memento of the grati-
tude of princes."
STATE.
1493 Jan. 16. Haiti. Columbus leaves
43 men at the fort called Navidad (Isa-
bella), and sails for Spain.
May 3, 4. It. Bull of demarcation.
Pope Alexander VI. draws a line from
the North to the South Pole, 100 leagues
west of the Azores, and gives to Spain
the dominion of the lands westward, and
to Portugal those lying eastward, includ-
ing Western Africa.
* * -1527 * * Sp. Bishop Fonseca is
all-powerful in Indian affairs at the
Spanish court.
1494 Apr. 24. Haiti. Columbus leaves
his colony in the care of a council of
regency, under his brother Diego, with
Pedro de Margarite for captain-general,
while he pursues a voyage of discovery.
June 4-7. Sp. Convention at Torde-
sillas, which moves the meridian line,
dividing Spanish from Portuguese pos-
sessions, 370 leagues west of the Cape
Verde Islands.
1495 Oct. * W. I. Juan Aguado ar-
rives at Isabella, commissioned to
investigate the complaints against
Columbus' rule.
1496 * * Haiti. Columbus founds the
city of San Domingo.
May* Columbus again leaves Diego in
charge of the colony, and sails for Spain.
He fails as a planter of colonies and as a
ruler of men.
1497 June 24 4 . The discoveries of
John Cabot along the Atlantic coast
form the basis of English claims to the
territory of North America.
1498 Aug. 30. Haiti. Columbus is
compelled to compromise with Roldan,
who leads a revolt.
* * Fr. Louis XII. is enthroned.
1499 May 21. Haiti. Bobadilla, the
enemy of Columbus, is made governor
of the Spanish colony, and given charge
of all fortresses and arms.
1500 Aug. 23. Haiti. Bobadilla ar-
rives, and confusion and disaster follow.
[He entertains accusations agains Co-
lumbus of injustice, severity, and venal-
ity, and sends him and his two brothers
to Spain, wearing chains.]
Oct. * Haiti. Prosperity begins to favor
the colonists in the opening of success-
ful gold mines.
Indians are settled in villages and
Christianized ; Columbus estimates the
royal revenues may average 60,000,000
reals ($7,500,000) in three years. [The
new governor reverses the prosperity.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1492 Oct. * -Dec. * Haiti. Columbus
concludes that San Salvador is the Land
of Ophir, from whence Solomon ob-
tained his gold.
1495 * * W. I. Columbus still believes
that he has discovered the Indies ; hence
the islands are called the West Indies.
1498 Aug. * Venez. Columbus enters
the mouth of the Orinoco, and he ima-
gines it to be the great river Gihon,
having its rise in the Garden of Eden.
16 1500, Dec. 17-15ia
AMERICA.
ARMY -NAVY.
1503 * * Mex. Montezuma's expedi-
tion against the Tlascalans, to get vic-
tims for sacrifices, is disastrously de-
feated.
1509 * * Porto Rico is subjugated by
Ponce de Leon.
1511 * * Cuba is conquered by Diego
Velasquez.
CONQUEST OF MEXICO.
1519 Feb. 10. Cuba. Hernando Cor-
tez sails for the invasion of Mexico.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1508 * * -12 * * Sp. Amerigo Ves-
pucci renders important service to sci-
ence, in his position of royal pilot.
* * * Mex. The Spaniards find the na-
tives skilled in the arts.
Pyramids, temples, grottoes, bas-re-
liefs, and arabesques show their skill in
the fine arts ; roads, aqueducts, fortifi-
cations, and mining operations exhibit
their practical arts. Buildings with
vaulted roofs, obelisks covered with
mythical figures, pictorial and hiero-
graphical inscriptions, evince their intel-
ligence and skill.
* * * Mex. The calendar of the civil
year is composed of 365 days divided into
18 months of 20 days, and having five
supplementary days.
The Mexicans spin thread, weave
cloth, build stone houses, cultivate
maize, potatoes, plantains, and raise
cotton.
* * * Peruvians have admirable pub-
lic roads, one extending 1,500 miles ;
rivers are crossed by suspension bridges.
They excel other nations in navigation,
using sails on rafts, which they tack and
veer ; other races having only the canoe
and paddle.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1503 Mex. Ahuitzotl, Aztec king, dies.
1504 Sp. Isabella of Castile, patron of
Columbus, Nov. 12 dies.
1506 .s'/>. Columbus, Christopher, May
20, A61 + .
1512 It. Vespucci, Amerigo, navigator, d.
1515 Mex. Nezahualpilli, Aztec king, dies.
1516 Sp. Ferdinand V., king, dies.
Arg. Hep. Solis, Juan Diaz de, navigator,
dies.
1516 Peru. Manco Capac [2d], inca, born.
CHURCH.
1502 * * Sp. Bartolome" de Las Casas
sails with Columbus.
* * Haiti. Franciscans enter Hispan-
iola.
1503 * * It. Pius HI., later Julius II.,
is elected pope.
1508 * * Fr. North American Indians
are baptized in France.
1510 * * Haiti. Las Casas is ordained a
priest, probably the first ordination in
the New World.
* * Haiti. Dominican monks arrive,
and rebuke the avarice and cruelty of
the Spaniards.
1513 * * It. Leo X. is elected pope.
1514* * Haiti. Las Casas, "the pro-
tector of the Indians," is converted to
anti-slavery work by a Bible text. He
arrays the authority of the church
against oppression, after first freeing
his own slaves.
1517* * Ger. The Reformation under
Luther begins. [It ultimately affects
the religious development of North Am-
erica.]
1518 * * Mex. Numerous prisoners are
immolated in honor of the dedication of
the temple of Coatlan, the last slaughter
of this kind in Mexico.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1501 Mar. 19. Eng. Henry VII. grants
a patent to a company of discoverers.
[They probably reach America.]
May 14. Port. Vespucci sails on his
third voyage with Nuno Manuel (?)
along the coast of Brazil.
He recognizes the discoveries in the
New World as no part of India. [He
afterward publishes a narrative which
omits all reference to Columbus, and so
gives his name to the continent.]
* * Cortereal sails again, seeking a passage
to the East Indies, and is lost on the voy-
age.
* * Colombia. Bastidas visits the coasts
of New Granada.
1502 Jan. 1. Brazil. Vespucci dis-
covers the Bay of Rio de Janeiro.
May 9. Sp. Columbus, 57 years (?)
old, sails on his fourth voyage, with
four caravels and 150 men, seeking for a
western passage to Asia. [He coasts
from Cape Honduras eastward and south-
ward to the Gulf of Darien.]
May 10. Port. Gasparo Cortereal being
lost, his brother Miguel sails in search
of him [and never returns].
* * Haiti. Columbus is refused permis-
sion to refit his largest ship in his own
colony.
June 13. Columbus discovers Marti-
nique.
July * + Darien — Mex. Columbus dis-
covers various islands along the coast
of Honduras, and explores the coast of
Darien.
Aug. 14. Honduras. Columbus first
lands on the American Continent at
Punta de Cassinas [Cabo de Honduras] ;
he claims the country for Spain.
Oct. 5+. W. I. Columbus discovers Costa
Rica and later Nicaragua ; he also visits
the coast of New Granada [Colombia].
Nov. 2. Panama. Columbus discovers
and names Porto Bello.
* * Sp. Ojeda's second voyage to Terra
Firma (Brazil).
1503 May 10. W.I. Columbus discov-
ers the Tortugas Islands.
May * Port. Vespucci sails -with Gon-
calo Coelho from Lisbon, with six ships,
for the Brazilian coast, and meets with
disasters.
June 23. Jamaica. Columbus's vessel
runs aground in Santa Gloria (St. Ann's
Bay), [and waits more than a year for
relief.]
* * Brazil. Christovao Jaques coasts
southward to about 52* south on the
coast of Patagonia.
* * Colombia. Columbus discovers Darien.
1504 Sept. 12. Haiti. Columbus takes
final leave of the New World, and sails
for Spain.
Nov. 7. Sp. Columbus returns from
his last voyage.
* * Guiana. Vasco Nunez de Balboa lands
on the coast of Guiana.
* * Newfoundland visited by Breton
fishermen.
* * Sp. Juan de la Cosa sails on his
third voyage for South America in a
[successful] search for gold. [1507 and
1509. He sails again.J
1506 * * Can. The Gulf of St. Law-
rence is examined and sketcbed by
Jean Denys of Honfleur and Camart
of Rouen.
* * Mex. Yucatan is discovered by Juan
Diaz Solis and Vincent Yanez Pinzon,
of Portugal.
1507 * * -08 * * Panama. Las Casas and
Vespucci explore the Gulf of Darien.
1508 June 29. Brazil. Pinzon and
Solis sail from Portugal, and follow the
coast of South America to about 60°
south.
* * Pinzon said to have discovered the Rio
de la Plata.
* * Can. Thomas Aubert touches at
Newfoundland, and thence carries the
French flag up the St. Lawrence
River. He takes Indians with him on
his return to France.
* * Cuba circumnavigated by Ocampo,
and found to be an island.
* * Newfoundland is visited by the
Normans.
* * Sp. Sebastian Cabot enters the ser-
vice of Spain. [1516. He prepares to
sail to seek a northwest passage, but is
prevented by the king's death.]
1513 Mar. 3. Panama. Juan Ponce
de Leon sails from Porto Rico for the
fabled Fountain of Perpetual Youth.
Mar. 27. Fla. De Leon rediscovers
Florida, the land of flowers, and claims
it for Spain.
Apr. 8. Fla. De Leon lands [a few
miles north of St. Augustine].
Sept. 25. Panama. Vasco Nunez de
Balboa, having led an expedition of 290
men across the isthmus, discovers the
Pacific Ocean.
Sept. 29. Panama. Balboa wades into
the ocean, draws his sword, and takes
possession in the name of the King of
Spain.
1514* *-16* * Panama. Bartolome
Hurtado, Espinoza, and Herman Ponce
are sent to explore the Pacific coast;
they prepare the way for settlements in
Costa Rica.
1515 * * Uruguay. Solis again arrives.
1516 Jan. * Solis enters the La Plata
River, searching for a strait leadn.^
westward.
AMERICA.
1500, Dec. 17-151R 17
* * -17 * * Can. Alleged voyage of Cabot
to New France.
* * Fla. "Voyage of Diego Miruelo from
Spain to Florida.
1517 * * Yucatan rediscovered by Fer-
nando de Cordova, and the gulf coast
explored as far as Florida.
* * Panama. Balboa is beheaded for
treason, when about to lead an expedi-
tion to Peru.
1518 May * -June * Mex. The im-
portant expedition of Juan de Gri-
jalva discovers the east coast of Mexico
and visits Florida.
With 240 Spaniards he enters Mexico ;
the Aztecs first behold the white man,
and give him tidings of the great empire
of the Montezumas. Yucatan is visited
and named New Spain. He explores
the Gulf of Mexico, and returns with
masses of gold.
* * Can. Baron de Leri attempts to
plant a colony on Sable Island, but
only succeeds in introducing cattle.
LETTERS.
1500 * * Sp. Juan de la Cosca, a Bis-
cayan pilot, makes his remarkable map.
1504 * * Sp. Vespucci publishes an ac-
count of his voyage.
1507 * * Fr. Martin Waltzemuller from
Freiburg in Breisgau, professor at St.
Die in Lorraine, originates the name
America.
In _ his Introduction to Geography,
published at the college press, lie says :
" And the fourth part of the world hav-
ing been discovered by Amerigo, or
Americus, we may call it America."
1509 * * Enq. Sebastian Brant's Ship
of Fools is the first .English publication
to mention America.
1510 * * Sp. The learning and intelli-
gence of Spain admit there is a Fountain
of Perpetual Youth somewhere in the
Bahamas ; Ponce de Leon seeks for it.
16th Century. Mex. Dated records of
Mexican events are preserved, and by
many scholars received as the begin-
ning of accepted history.
SOCIETY.
1500 Dec. 17. Sp. Columbus ar-
rives as a prisoner in Spain.
Dec. * Columbus, richly dressed, is re-
ceived by their majesties ; the Queen is
moved to tears by his recital of suffer-
ings and wrongs. Great indignation
at his dishonorable treatment is aroused
throughout Spain.
* * Sp. Queen Isabella commands the
liberation of the enslaved Indians in
her European possessions.
1501 * * Haiti. A few negroes are im-
ported as slaves.
* * Can. Cortereal captures 57 Indians
and takes them to Portugal to be sold as
slaves.
1502 * * Can. Cortereal sails again for a
cargo of slaves. [Not returning the fol-
lowing year, his brother sai Is to find him ;
what became of the two slave-ships is an
unsolved mystery.]
1503 * * Haiti. There are so many Af-
rican slaves on the island that the gov-
ernor entreats for the restraint of the
traffic.
1504 * * Haiti. Hernando Cortez ar-
rives in San Domingo, 19 years of age,
and seeking adventures.
1506 May 20. Sp. Columbus dies in
neglect at Valladolid.
* * W.I. The more important islands
are colonized, and the natives murdered
or reduced to slavery.
1507 * * Mex. To mark the beginning of
a new cycle of years, fire is kindled for
the last time on a human breast by
Mexicans.
* * * Nicaragua suffers under five Span-
ish rulers.
"The first had been a murderer, the
second a murderer and a rebel, the
third murdered the second, the fourth
was a forger, and the fifth a murderer."
(Boyle.)
1508 * * Haiti. The. native Indians be-
ing too weak to labor in the Spanish gold .
mines, negroes are imported from
Africa.
Thus was " laid the foundation of a
traffic which continued to disgrace the
civilization of Europe for three centu-
ries." (Ency. Brit.)
1510 * * Haiti. The Spaniards revolt
against the Dominicans for calling
them no better than Mohammedans, be-
cause of their cruelty to the natives.
1511 * * Haiti. A royal ordinance en-
joins the direct transportation of slaves
from Guinea, as one negro can do the
work of four Indians.
1517 * * Cuba. The Spaniards fit up an
expedition of three ships for catching
slaves ; Cordova is in command.
STATE.
1500 Dec. * Sp. Great indignation
throughout Spain because of the treat-
ment given Columbus ; the Crown disap-
proves of the proceedings against him.
+ * * Mex. The Aztecs spread by force
of arms from the Pacific to the Gulf
of Mexico.
1502 Feb. 18. W.I. Nicolas de Ovan-
do succeeds to the governorship of the
colonies, and sails with a fleet of thirty
ships and 2,500 people from San
Lucar, Spain.
* * Mex. Ahuitzotl, the Aztec emperor,
dies, and Montezuma II. is elected.
* * W. I. Columbus ceases to be
viceroy.
± * * Costa Rica. Spanish adventurers ar-
rive. *
1503 Mar. * Bethlehem is abandoned.
Columbus resolves to leave 80 men at
the colony of Bethlehem, where gold was
found, and return to Spain for supplies ;
but needless quarrels with the natives
break up the settlement before he sails.
1504 June * Jamaica. After being re-
fused assistance from shipwreck, and
waiting one year, Columbus is at last
rescued by Ovando.
* * Brazil. The Portuguese, led by Amer-
igo Vespucci, establish a small colony
at All Saints. The name Brazil is fre-
quently given to South America.
* * W. I. Hernando Cortez comes to
the New World.
1509 * * Colombia. Alonzo de Ojeda at-
tempts to colonize New Andalusia and
conquer the natives ; he calls his colony
San Sebastian ; it is soon abandoned.
* * Haiti. Arrival of Diego Columbus as
governor of the Indies.
* * Eng. Henry VIH. is enthroned.
* * Panama. Arrival of Francisco Pi-
zarro.
* * W. I. Ponce de Leon is appointed
governor of Porto Bico.
1510* * Brazil. Diego Alvarez at Bahia.
* * Darien. The colony of Santa Ma-
ria del Darien is planted by Enciso ; it
is the first permanent settlement on
the continent of America.
* * Panama. Nombre de Dios is founded
by Nicuessa.
1511 * * Cuba. Diego Velasquez and Cor-
tez, with 300 Europeans, settle at Ba-
racoa. Velasquez subdues the Cubans.
* * Brazil. The Portuguese appear in Rio
de Janeiro Bay.
* * -17 * * Darien. The Spaniards hear
reports of the wealth of the Incas.
1512 Apr. 2. Sp. Ponce de Leon is
empowered to settle Bimeni, the great
unknown land to the north, which is re-
puted to have a fountain of youth.
* * Sp. Ferdinand V. is enthroned.
1513 * * Fla. Spain claims Florida by
the right of discovery made by Ponce de
Leon; England lays a claim to the
whole continent by the original discovery
of Cabot.
1514 * * W. I. Santiago becomes the
capital of Cuba.
Trinidad is settled.
1515 * * Brazil is colonized by the Portu-
guese; it is the first agricultural col-
ony.
* * Cuba. San Cristoval de la Havana,
on the south coast, is settled.
* * Fr. Francis I. is enthroned.
* * Mex. King Nezahualpilli dies.
1516* * Sp. Charles I. is enthroned.
Las Casas is made •• Universal Pro-
tector of the Indians."
1517 * * Panama. Nata is founded by
Spaniards.
Unfortunate Balboa is beheaded as
a traitor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1500 * * Sp. Columbus preserves his
fetters in his cabinet, and desires that
they may be buried with him.
1501 * * -02 * * Newfoundland. Portu-
guese fisheries are established.
1504 * * Can. Cape Breton fisheries are
visited by Bretons, Normans, and Basque
sailors.
1509 June * Domestic animals, in-
cluding fowls, are first sent to America.
1513 Mar 3. W. I. Ponce de Leon
sails with three ships from Porto Rico
for the Bahamas, to find the Fountain
of Youth.
18
1519-1529.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1519 Mar. 4. Mex. Cortez, -with 11
ships and 550 men, lands at Tabasco,
and begins the conquest of Mexico.
Apr. * Mex. Cortez negotiates with
Montezuma, who orders the invaders
to depart.
* * * Mex. Cortez is elected general
by the troops.
Cortez scuttles his vessels to cut off
retreat.
Aug. * Cortez leaves "Vera Cruz, and
marches for the city of Mexico with
450 men, beside his Tlascalan allies.
Sept. 18. Mex. Cortez enters the con-
quered city of Tlascala.
Nov. 8. Mex. Cortez arrives at the
city of Mexico, and is received with
great distinction.
Dec. * Mex. Cortez seizes Montezuma
in his own house for a hostage.
He compels the king to acknowledge
himself a vassal of the King of Spain,
and to agree to pay an annual tribute,
besides an immediate payment of a sum
amounting to $6,300,000.
1520* * Mex. Velasquez, the jealous
Governor of Cuba, sends Pamfllo de
Narvaez with a military force to chas-
tise Cortez.
May 26. Mex. Cortez, with about 220
men, surprises and captures Narvaez,
his rival, near Vera Cruz. He gains 10
or 12 cannon, 80 horses, and about 900
soldiers.
June 24. Mex. Cortez returns to the
capital, and enters the city without mo-
lestation.
June 30. Mex. The Mexicans revolt
and kill Montezuma, in indignation at
his capitulation.
July 1. Mex. The retreating Spaniards
are furiously attacked on one of the
causeways, while leaving the city, and
suffer terrible loss.
July 7. Mex. On the Plain of Otumba
Cortez decides the fate of Mexico by de-
feating the great army which had driven
his forces out.of the city, after a gallant
defense of 75 days.
Dec. * Cortez, reenforced and re-sup-
plied, assumes the aggressive, and
marches again into the interior.
Dec. 31. Mex. Cortez occupies Tescuco.
1521 * * Mex. Conquest of Iztapala-
pan.
Apr. 28. Mex. Cortez begins the siege
of Mexico.
May * -Aug. 13. Mex. Cortez, having
built and transported a fleet, launches
it on the Lake of Mexico [and takes
the city after a long siege].
Aug. * Mex. The empire of the Mon-
tezumas is overthrown, and its cap-
tured king, Guatemozin, executed, after
suffering torture.
Mexico submits to Cortez, who governs
it with unlimited power, as a province
of Spain.
* * Fla. The Caribbee Indians drive
Ponce de Leon and his men back to
their ships.
1523 * * Guatemala invaded by Pedro
de Alvarado, under orders of Cortez.
1524 * * Honduras. Cortez sends Chris-
toval de Olid, one of his captains, from
Mexico to assume authority.
* * Guatemala. Alvarado, the conqueror,
is also governor [for 17 years].
Oct. * Honduras entered by Cortez.
Nov. 14. Colombia. Francisco Pizarro
with 100 foot-soldiers and 67 horsemen,
sails from Panama for Peru. [He
makes observations, and returns.]
1525 * * S. C. The Indians of Chicora
drive off De Ayllon, the treacherous
slave-catcher.
* * _26 * * San Salvador is conquered
for Spain by Alvarado.
1526 Mar. 10. Peru. Almagro and
Luque sign a contract for the conquest
of Peru, Gaspar de Espinosa supplying
the funds. [It is an attempt at private
conquest].
May * Mex. Cortez returns to Mexico
in great splendor.
* * Colombia. Pizarro sails from Pan-
ama on his second expedition to Peru,
and lands most of his men at San Juan,
when Almagro returns for supplies.
1527+ ** Colombia. Pizarro makes his
third start from San Juan, and again
halts at the Island of Gallo and sends
back to Panama for supplies ; here the
Spaniards suffer incredible hardships.
* * Colombia. Pizarro makes his fourth
start from near the Island of Gallo, and
discovers Peru. He then returns to
Panama for reenforcements.
* * Mex. Conquest of Yucatan is begun.
1528 Apr. 12. Fla. Pamfllo de Nar-
vaez lands at Tampa Bay an army of
conquest.
It consists of 260 foot and 40 horsemen.
[Unparalleled sufferings and perils by
land and sea await them ; the four survi-
vors are Anally rescued at San Miguel on
the Pacific coast.]
* * Cuba. The buccaneers burn Havana.
* * Peru. Pizarro returns to Spain for
aid and volunteers, after the Governor
of Panama has refused them.
1529 July 26. Sp. Pizarro arranges
a capitulation with the Spanish crown
for the conquest of Peru.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1521+ * * Peril. The Spaniards discover
the potato.
1522 .Sept. 7. Sp. Magellan's ship
completes the circumnavigation of the
globe.
1524 Mar. * Verrazano, a Florentine,
is supposed to be the first to sail di-
rectly west in crossing the Atlantic.
* * The Cabots notice the immense shoals
of fish which throng the waters of New-
foundland.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1520 Mex. Montezuma II., last Aztec king,
dies.
1525 Peru. Capac, Huayna, inca, dies.
CHURCH.
1519 Mar.* Mex. The Mexicans believe
the Spaniards to be gods, and send to
Cortez human beings for sacrifice.
1521* * Venez. Las Casas prosecutes his
humanitarian work on the Pearl Coast.
* * The Dominicans are driven from the
Pearl Coast by natives who have been
exasperated by slave-catchers.
1522 * * Las Casas becomes a Dominican.
* * It. Adrian VI. is elected pope.
* * Mex. Franciscan missionaries ar-
rive.
1523 * * It. Clement VTXI. is elected
pope.
1526 * * Va. Dominican missionaries
arrive, and erect a chapel on the James
River. Antonio Montesino is the mis-
sionary preacher. They are the first re-
ligious teachers sent to this country.
* * Mex. Dominican missionaries ar-
rive.
* * * Chile. Chileans believe in a
supreme being, and good and bad
spirits, but have neither temples, idols,
nor religious rites. They believe in a
future state, hold vague traditions of a
deluge, and of persons saved on a high
mountain.
* * * Mex. Beligion is savage in spirit
and more degrading than that of the un-
civilized Indians, their deities being hid-
eous creatures to whom human sacrifices
are yearly offered in great numbers.
* * * Peru. The Incas are regarded as a
sacred race, possessing divinity derived
from the great deity, the sun. They are
supreme pontiffs as well as sovereigns.
The sun, moon, evening star, the spirit
of thunder, and the rainbow, are all wor-
shiped, and temples are erected in their
honor; sacrifices are chiefly the edible
fruits or grain, and are always bloodless.
1528 Apr. 16. U.S. Franciscan
monks accompany Pamfllo de Narvaez
in his conquest of Florida. [They perish
of starvation.]
* * Mex. Pedro de Musa, a lay-brother,
reports 200,000 converts in six years.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1519 Aug. 10. Sp. Fernando Magel-
lan, a Portuguese navigator, sails on
his eventful voyage. [He enters the
Plata River and later the Pacific Ocean.]
* * Fla. Alvarez de Pineda, seeking a
strait leading westward, coasts from
Cape Florida to the River Panuco in
Mexico.
Aug. * Pineda enters the mouth of the
Mississippi.
* * Yucatan. Cortez arrives on the
coast and proceeds to Mexico.
* * Panama. Espinoza coasts westward
on the Pacific as far as Cape Blanco
(Costa Rica).
* * Francis de Garay explores the Gulf
of Mexico.
1520 Oct. 21. Chile. Magellan en-
ters the Strait of Magellan.
Nov. 28. Chile Magellan enters the
Pacific Ocean.
AMERICA.
1519-1529.
19
* * 2f, Y. The Spaniards visit the
shores of New York, and leave the
Pompey stone. (?)
* * S. C. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon brings
an expedition consisting of two vessels
to American shores in search of Indians
to be taken as slaves.
A storm drives him northward, and he
enters St. Helena Sound (South Caro-
lina), and names the country Chicora,
and the river he calls the Jordan (Cam-
bahee).
1521 * * Fla. Ponce de Leon lands in
Florida the second time, is mortally
wounded by the Indians, and taken back
to Cuba, where he dies.
1522 Sept. 7. Sp. The circumnavi-
gation of the globe is completed by the
return of Magellan's ship.
* * Discovery of the Bermudas.
* * Nicaragua is regularly explored
by an expedition sent out from Panama,
under Gil Gonzalez Davila.
1524 Mar. * + Giovanni Verrazano,
a Florentine, sailing under the French
flag, explores the coast of North Caro-
lina, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey,
New York Bay, and onward to Acadia
(Nova Scotia).
The country between the 28th and
50th degrees of latitude he calls New
France. This voyage lays the basis of
the claims of France to this territory.
(He is the fourth Italian of great dis-
tinction in the discovery of the New
World, — Columbus, Vespucius, John
Cabot, and Verrazano.)
Apr. * ± Verrazano enters New York
Bay. (?)
Nov. 14. Panama. Francisco Pizarro
sails on an unsuccessful voyage for Peru,
reaching only one-third the distance.
* * R. I. Verrazano carefully inspects
the spacious harbor of Newport. (?)
1525 * * Estevan Gomez sails from Spain
and follows the east coast from Labra-
dor to Florida.
June 13. N. Y. Gomez discovers the
Saint Anthony (Hudson) River.
* * California discovered by Cortez
while seeking an eastward passage.
1526 * * Voyage of Sebastian Cabot
under the Spanish flag ; he explores the
country about Buenos Ayres, and enters
the La Plata and Parana Rivers.
* * Paraguay and Uruguay are explored.
* * N. F. Nicolas Don visits Newfound-
land.
* * Lucas Vasques de Ayllon, a Span-
iard, follows the Atlantic coast as far as
the Chesapeake Bay.
1527 * * John But, an Englishman,
coasts north to 53° north, and on his re-
turn visits Newfoundland, Cape Breton,
and the coast of Maine.
* * Pamfilo de Narvaez, a Spanish ad-
venturer, visits the coast of the upper
Gulf of Mexico.
* * Mex. Cortez despatches an explor-
ing fleet to the Pacific coast.
1528 Apr. 14+. Fla. Pamfilo de Nar-
vaez with four ships, carrying 400 men
and 80 horses, lands in Appalache Bay,
and thence explores westward ; four
persons survive many disasters, and
wandering 2,000 miles, they finally arrive
at Culiacan, Mexico.
May 1. Narvaez, with 300 men, of whom
40 are mounted, strikes for the interior.
Aug. * Narvaez reaches the shore (St.
Mark's Bay) without finding his ships.
* * Cabeza de Vaca, a surviving compan-
ion of Narvaez, crosses the mouth of the
Mississippi, and discovers fresh water.
* * Panama. Pizarro sails for Spain,
and reports his success.
LETTERS.
1519 July 10. Mex. Cortez writes his
first letter concerning his explorations.
1520 Oct. 30. Mex. Cortez writes a
second letter.
1522 * * Mex. Cortez writes a third
letter.
1524 * * Mex. Cortez writes a fourth
letter.
1526 Sept. * Mex. Cortez writes his
fifth letter.
1529 * * Mex. Earliest phonetic render-
ing of Mexican tongues.
SOCIETY.
1520**5. C. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon,
with six others, entices the natives of
Chicora aboard his ships, and when the
decks are crowded, sails for San Domin-
go, loaded with slaves ; one vessel sank
and most of the natives died en route.
* * S. C. De Ayllon returns for more
slaves, but is driven off by the natives.
* * * Chileans are a brave-spirited
people, without ferocity ; they are the
moRt manly and energetic of all Ameri-
cans.
STATE.
1519 Aug.* Panama. The seat of gov-
ernment is transferred by Pedro Arias
from Darien to Panama.
* * Cuba. The name Havana is given to
the capital.
* * Mex. The golden riches of Mex-
ico inflame the avarice of the Spaniards.
Cortez founds the colony of Vera
Cruz, and causes himself to be elected
its captain-general.
1520 June 30. Mex. Montezumall.,
the last of the Aztec kings, dies.
* * Venez. The first settlement is made
at Cumana by Spaniards.
1521 Aug. 13. Mex. By the capture
of the capital, Mexico becomes a Span-
ish province.
* * * Mex. The native government is
a perfect feudal monarchy, in which
the nobility and the priests monopolize
all the power.
The government has a system of cou-
riers for conveying intelligence, and a
kind of police for cleaning and watch-
ing the city.
The first visitors find no tame animals,
no roads, and no money for interchange
of commerce.
* * * Chile. The Spaniards find fifteen
independent tribes, who maintain them-
selves chiefly by agriculture.
* * * Peru. Government is a theoc-
racy and paternal in character ; it is
administered and tithes are collected by
officers placed over the people, who are
arranged in parties of ten families.
Others rule over five or ten tithings, and
others fifty or a hundred ; the Inca is
both pontiff and sovereign.
The Peruvians, having the least warlike
spirit, maintain the largest empire ; it
covers 2,500 miles of territory.
± * * Colombia. Hernandez de Cordova
is beheaded as a rebel by Pedro Arias,
the bloody governor of Panama.
* * Fla. Ponce de Leon, with two ships,
attempts to find a site for a colony, but
is driven away by the Indians.
* * Port. John III. is enthroned.
1522 * * Nicaragua. The city of Granada
is founded by Gil Gonzalez Davila.
1523 * * Peru. Huascar becomes Inca.
1524 July * Giovanni Verrazano claims
for France the coast from the latitude
of "Wilmington to Nova Scotia, and
calls it New France.
± * * S. C. Charles V. of Spain appoints
Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon governor of
Chicora, with a grant of territory as a
reward for his success in stealing slaves.
1525 Nov. * Peru. The great Inca,
Huayna Capac, the twelfth king in suc-
cession from Manco, dies.
* * Can. A [short - lived] Portuguese
colony is planted at Cape Breton Island.
1526 Mar. 10. Panama. Francisco
Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque formally
renew their compact to conquer Peru,
and divide the revenue between them-
selves.
May * Mex. Cortez returns from Yuca-
tan.
* * Fla. Charles V. appoints the un-
scrupulous Pamfilo de Narvaez gover-
nor of Florida, with the privilege of con-
quest.
* * Va. De Ayllon begins a settlement
called San Miguel, and is aided in the
work by negro slaves. [It is on the site
of Jamestown of 81 years later, and is
soon abandoned.]
1528* * Mex. Cortez goes to Spain,
where he is made Marquis del Valle de
Oajaca.
* * Venez. Germans settle at Caro, be-
tween St. Martha and Maracapana.
* * Paraguay. Sebastian Cabot arrives
and builds a fort called Santo Espiritu.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1519± * * Cuba. City of Havana is re-
moved [to its present site].
* * Panama is founded by Pedrarias.
[1521. It becomes a city.]
1524 * * The French prosecute the New-
foundland fisheries vigorously, while the
English continue to fish in the Icelandic
Seas.
May * Sp. An important congress is
held at Badajos.
1527 * * N. F. Normans and Bretons
20 1530-1541, Feb.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1530 * * Sp. Francisco Pizarro, with
his four brothers and a band of enthu-
siastic followers, sails for Panama en
route for Peru.
Dec. 28. Colombia. Pizarro makes his
fifth start from Panama for Peru, hav-
ing three vessels, about 200 men, and 50
horses.
CONQUEST OF PERU.
[Pizarro, with an army of 1,000 men,
conquers Peru In little more than a
year. " The easy conquest of this
country has not its parallel in history."]
1531 Jan. 14. Peru. Pizarro plunders
a town in the province of Caque. [Re-
enforced by 130 men, he proceeds to
build the town of San Miguel.]
* * * Peru. War between the Inca and
the usurper, Atahualpa ; the Inca is
taken prisoner.
1532 * * Peru. Pizarro again arrives
at Tumbez.
Sept. 25±. Peru. Pizarro, with two-
thirds of his army, starts for the interior.
Nov. 15. Peru. Pizarro, with his little
army, enters Caxamarca.
Nov. 16. Peru. Pizarro treacherously
captures the dominant Inca, Ata-
hualpa, and massacres a host of Indians,
without loss to his army of 177 men.
1533 Feb. * Peru. Pizarro's colleague,
Almagro, arrives with reenforce-
ments.
Spring. Peru. Francisco Pizarro, with
20 horsemen and half a dozen arquebus-
iers, makes a journey of 400 miles and
desecrates the famous temple of Pacha-
camac.
Aug. 29. Peru. After raising a ransom
valued at $17,500,000, Pizarro puts
Atahualpa, the captive Inca, to death.
* * Peru. Hernando Pizarro is sent
to Spain with the royal share of the
plunder.
Nov. 15. Peru. Pizarro, with 500 men,
enters the city of Cuzco, after a fierce
battle, and proclaims as Inca, Manco
Inca Yupanqui, the legitimate succes-
sor.
1534 * * Eucador. Alvarado marches
from Puerto Viego to Quito.
* * Peru. Spaniards occupy [Lima, the
capital city].
1535 * * Arg. Rep. Mendoza, having
founded Buenos Ayres, conquers the
adjacent country with a force of about
2,000 men.
Autumn. Peru. Unsuccessful inva-
sion of Chile by Almagro with 200
Spaniards and many Indian allies.
* * -36 * * Peru. Rebellion of the na-
tives against the Spaniards.
The Peruvian allies desert Almagro
and return ; the natives in many parts
of the country revolt and cut off com-
munication between Lima and Cuzco.
The Spaniards send to Panama, Guate-
mala, and Mexico for succor.
1536 * * 1537 * * Colombia. Spaniards
under Ximenes de Quesada conquer
New Granada.
Feb. * -Aug. * Peru. The Spaniards are
besieged in Cuzco by the Peruvians,
who make frequent and vigorous as-
saults.
Sept. * The Inca attacks Almagro in
the valley of Yucay, and is defeated with
much slaughter.
1537 Apr. 8. Peru. Almagro seizes
Cuzco as a rival of Pizarro, after having
returned from Chile. He places the
brothers Hernando and Gonzalo Pizar-
ro in confinement. [They soon escape.]
* * -48 * * Peru. Civil disturbance and
bloodshed among the Spaniards.
* * Peru. Decisive defeat of Manco
Capac by Rodrigo de Orgonez, Alma-
gro's lieutenant ; the natives retire to
the Andes.
1538 Apr. * Sp. Ferdinand de Soto
sails for the conquest of Florida with
a fleet of seven large and three small
vessels.
Apr. 26. Peru. Almagro is defeated in
the battle of Las Salinas by Pizarro.
The victorious army is commanded by
Hernando Pizarro, a brother of Fran-
cisco Pizarro.
July 10. Peru. Almagro executed by
Hernando Pizarro.
* * Cuba. French destroy Havana.
1539 May 18. Cuba. De Soto sails for
the conquest of unknown cities and the
discovery of mines of gold.
May 30. Fla. De Soto, with his selected
cavaliers, 900t strong, all gaily dressed
and bountifully furnished, lands at
Tampa Bay.
1540 Mar. * Peru. Valdivia marches
to Chile.
1540-41 * * Louisiana is conquered by
De Soto.
* * Can. Jacques Cartier erects the
fortress of Charlesburg.
Oct. 18. Ala. De Soto has a terrible
battle with the Mobile Indians. (See
Discovery — Exploration.)
* * -42 * * New Mex. Coronado with an
army visits the Zuni. (See Exploration.)
1541 Feb. * The Spaniards under De
Soto are attacked by the Indians and
lose 170 men and the remainder of their
baggage. (See Discovery— Exploration.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1530 * * Col. First information concern-
ing the Pueblo Indians.
1540± * * Venez. Indications of gold
are discovered at several points along
the coast.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1532 Peru. Altahualpa, usurper, executed.
1538 Peru. Almagro, Diego, invader, exe-
cuted.
1540 Sp. Mendoza, de Juan Oonzalez
(viceroy), born.
CHURCH.
1531** Can. Cartier consecrates New
France to Christianity hy the erection
of a great 'wooden cross oi xn eminence,
as if to signify a religious mission in his
discovery.
* * Eng. Henry VIII. declares the Eng-
lish Church independent of Rome ; he
is recognized as its head.
* * It. Pius HI. is elected pope.
1534 * * Peru. Pizarro converts a hea-
then temple into a Dominican monas-
tery at Cuzco.
1536 * * Haiti. Las Casas goes to Gua-
temala to protect the Indians.
1537 May 2. Guatemala. Las Casas is
prepared for his mission " in the land of
war." [He wins a complete and peace-
ful victory.]
* * It. The Pope issues a brief forbidding
the further enslavement of the Indians.
1539 * * Fla. Missionaries accompany
De Soto's expedition ; all perish.
* * Father Mark, a Spanish monk, at-
tempts to establish a mission to the Zuni
in the city of Cibola ; he plants a large
cross, but fails in his mission.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1530 * * Mex. An Indian slave tells the
Spaniards of the wonders of the seven
cities of Cibola, the land of the Buffa-
loes.
* * Venez. Ambrosio de Alfinger leads
an expedition into the interior, to find
the Eldorado.
1531 Jan. 1. Brazil. Martino Alfon-
zo de Sousa, a Portuguese adventurer,
discovers Rio de Janeiro, and examines
the coast southward.
* * Venez. Diego Ordaz seeks the fa-
bled Land of Wealth, by sailing up the
Orinoco.
1532 May * Cal. Hurtaldo de Men-
doza sails up the Pacific coast by order
of Cortez, with two vessels, both of which
are lost.
1533 * * Mex. Cortez builds two vessels,
and sends Diego Becarra on an explor-
ing expedition ; he discovers a part of
Lower California.
1534* *-38* * Venez. George of
Spires searches for the Eldorado.
June * -Aug. * Can. Jacques Cartier,
a French navigator, with 2 vessels and
61 men, surveys the coast of Newfound-
land, and enters the mouth of the St.
Lawrence, on the banks of which he
plants a cross surmounted with the lilies
of France.
1535 Oct. 3. Can. Cartier arrives at
Hochelaga (Montreal), having ex-
plored the great river to this point. In-
formation is received of the Great Lakes.
* * Cal. Grijalvas' expedition, equip-
ped by Cortez, discovers California.
1536 * * Can. Cartier explores the
upper St. Lawrence country, and takes
possession of it for France.
May * Mex. Cabeza de Vaca, and three
other survivors of the Narvaez expe-
dition, after nearly six years of captivity ,
approach the Pacific at San Miguel.
July 6. Fr. Cartier arrives at St. Malo.
1537 * * Mex. Cortez discovers the pe-
ninsula of California. (Or Cabrillo ia
1542.)
AMERICA.
1530-1541, Feb.
21
1538 * * Chile. Dom Pedro de Valdivia,
an officer of Pizarro, explores the west
coast of South America to 40* south.
1539 Mar. * -Aug. * Mex. A Spanish
expedition, under Fra Marcos, search-
ing for the seven cities, discovers the
Zunis.
May 30. Fla. Ferdinand de Soto,
with over 900 men, lands on the west
coast in search of gold.
The Spaniards hope to repeat the suc-
cess of Cortez in Mexico, and of Pizarro
in Peru.
Dec. 25. Ecuador. Gonzalo Pizarro
begins the exploration of the interior
forests [builds a vessel on the Napo
Kiver, and descends it. Part of the com-
pany sail 4,000 miles down the Ama-
zon to the sea.]
* * Peru. Alonzo de Camargo, a Span-
iard, completes the exploration of the
west coast of South America by sailing
from the Straits Of Magellan to Peru.
f * Mex. Francisco de Ulloa explores
the Gulf of California for Cortez.
1540 Mar. 3. Ga. De Soto resumes
his march for a country governed by a
woman and abounding in gold.
Apr. * Ga. De Soto arrives on the Oge-
chee Kiver.
* * Mex. Mendoza, the Spanish viceroy,
sends Francisco Vasquez Coronado
in search of the seven opulent cities
of Cibola, reported by the Indians. He
discovers the Grand Canon of the Col-
orado.
May 1. S. C. De Soto turns from near
the coast westward.
May 11. N. Mex. Coronado arrives at
Zuni.
Sept. 30. Ariz.-Cal. Hernando de
Alarcon sent out by Mendoza ; having
explored the coast of California as far as
36° north, he discovers and ascends the
Colorado River.
Oct. 18. Ala. De Soto fights a terrible
battle with the Mobile Indians.
In it 2,500 Indians are shot or burned ;
De Soto's loss is 18 killed and 150
wounded, besides 80 horses and nearly
all the baggage lost.
~Nov. 18. Ala. De Soto leaves the coast
and marches inland.
Dec. * Miss. De Soto arrives in the coun-
try of the Chickasaws (Northern Missis-
sippi).
The expedition crosses the Yazoo, and
winters in a deserted Indian village,
subsisting on plantations of ungathered
maize.
* * Can. Jacques Cartier's French
expedition of five ships explores the
St. Lawrence.
1541 Feb. * Miss. The Spaniards are
fiercely but vainly attacked by the Indi-
ans at night.
The small remainder of their baggage
is burned, so thev are henceforth com-
pelled to clothe themselves in skins and
mats of ivy.
Apr. 26. Miss. De Soto leaves winter
quarters and resumes his march.
May 6. Brazil. Francisco Orellana,
having crossed the Andes from Quito,
and sailed down the Napo and the Ama-
zon, he arrives at the sea, thus crossing
the continent.
LETTERS.
1531** Mexico has a printing-press.
Shagun, the Dominican, arrives.
SOCIETY.
1530 * * W.I. Las Casas goes to Spain
and obtains a decree from Charles V.
prohibiting the enslavement of Indians
in Peru and Chile.
1531 June 12. Mex. Zumarraga, the
first bishop, writes that 20,000 victims
perished at the annual saturnalia.
[Probably an exaggerated number.]
1534 * * Cuban officials apply to the
King of Spain for " 7,000 negroes, that
they might become inured to labor be-
fore the Indians ceased to exist."
* * * Peru. Pizarro employs great cru-
elty in extracting unbounded wealth
from the helpless natives, who are driven
to exhaustive labors in the mines.
1536 May 10. Can. Jacques Cartier
decoys nine Indian Chiefs on board
his vessel, and sails away for France.
1539 * * De Soto takes for his expedition
a dozen priests, that the festivals of
the church may be kept, and chams for
the captive Indians, and bloodhounds
to hunt those who attempt to escape.
1540 * * De Soto burns an Indian guide
for honestly confessing that he does not
know where there are any regions of gold.
* * * De Soto treats the Indians with
great barbarity.
He pillages their provisions, cuts off
the hands of captives, burns them at the
stake, suffers bloodhounds to tear them
to pieces, chains them together with iron
collars, and compels them to carry the
baggage of their tormentors.
STATE.
1530 * * Spain. Pizarro returns to
America.
July 15. Mex. Cortez arrives at Vera
Cruz.
* * Costa Rica. George de Alvarado sub-
dues the Indian tribes and founds a
colony.
* * Brazil is divided into captaincies by
the Portuguese, and is first perma-
nently occupied.
1531* * Brazil. A lfonzo de Sousa, a Por-
tuguese, founds San Vincente.
1532 * * Peru. The conquests of Pizarro
make Peru a Spanish province.
Atahualpa usurps the throne of the
Incas.
1533 * * Chile. The Peruvian domin-
ion ceases.
1534 Mar. 24. Peru. Pizarro allows
Manco, a son of Huayna Capac, and the
rightful heir, to be crowned Inca.
* * Spain. Don Pedro de Mendoza,
with the largest and wealthiest expedi-
tion that has ever left Europe, sails from
Cadiz, Spain, for the Plata River.
* * Mex. Cortez marches up the Pacific
coast, and settles Lower California.
1535 Jan. 6. Peru. Pizarro founds
the city of Lima.
Jan. * Chile. Almagro receives his com-
mission as governor of New Castile
(Chile).
Feb. 2. Arg. Pep. Mendoza founds
Buenos Ayres.
May 29. Fr. Jacques Cartier sails again
with three vessels to colonize New
France.
* * Peru. Arrival of Pedro de Valdivia,
Spain's first viceroy, in America.
1537 Aug. 15. Paraguay. Juan de
Ayolas founds Asuncion on the Para-
guay River.
Nov. 13. Peru— Chile. Pizarro and Al-
magro make a fruitless effort to settle
their disputed boundaries.
+ * * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres is burnt
by the Indians; the colony is broken up.
* * * Peru. Spanish adventurers arrive
by the ship-load, seize estates, despoil
temples, and make themselves odious
as masters.
* * Colombia. Spaniards under Quesada
subdue New Granada.
* *Cuba. Ferdinand de Soto becomes gov-
ernor.
1538 July* Peru. Hernando Pizarro
executes Diego Almagro for rebellion.
* * Colombia. Belalcazar is at Bogota.
1539 * * Ecuador. Gonzalo Pizarro ap-
pointed to command the province of
Quito. [He is absent on an exploring
expedition for two and a half years.]
* * Colombia. Federmann is at Bogota.
1540 * * Fr. Jean Francois de la
Roque, Sieur de Roberval, receives
from the king the empty title of " Lord
Lieutenant-General and viceroy of all
American countries discovered, either
by the French or English."
Mar. * Peru. Pedro de Valdivia leads an
expedition to Chile.
* * W.I. Cortez again returns to Spain.
* * Spain. Vaca de Castro is sent to in-
spect the cruel work of Pizarro in Peru.
1541 * * Chile. The conquests of Alma-
gro make Chile a Spanish province.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1533 June 17. Peru. The Incas' ran-
som is divided.
Pizarro receives 2,350 marks of silver
and 57,220 pieces of gold ; his brother
Hernando, 2,2t57 marks of silver and 31 ,080
pieces of gold; the church deducts as
tithes 90 marks of silver and 2,220 pieces
of gold.
1535+ * * Panama. It is estimated that
30,000 or 40,000 people perish in
transit across the Isthmus of Panama,
seeking the wealth of Peru.
* * * Peru. Tillable lands are divided
into three shares.
One share is consecrated to the service
of religion, the erection of temples, and
the maintenance of priests ; the sec-
ond is set apart for the support of the
government ; the third and largest share,
for the support of the people ; the divi-
sion is revised every year.
22 1541, May 22-1563.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1541 June 26. Peru. Francisco Pi-
zarro is assasinated by conspirators.
* * Chile. Don Pedro de Valdivia, with
Indian allies, conquers nearly all of
Chile, under orders of Pizarro.
1542 Sept. 16. Peru. Castro, the gov-
ernor, defeats the army of Almagro the
lad, In the battle of Chupas. [He be-
heads the boy at Cuzco.]
1543 Sept. 10. Mex. Arrival of 311
men, the remains of De Soto's expedi-
tion, at Panuco.
1546 Jan. 18. Peru. The viceroy Vela
is defeated and killed at the battle of
Anaquito by the Spanish rebels.
Nov. * Colombia. Pedro de la Gasca
gains possession of the fleet at Panama,
in the interest of the Spanish crown.
1547 Apr. * Colombia. Gasca sails from
Panama with a considerable force to
maintain royal authority in Peru.
Oct. 20. Peru. The loyal Spaniards
under Diego de Centeno are defeated in
a bloody battle near Lake Titicaca by
Pizarro.
1548 Apr. 9. Peru. Gasca defeats
the Spanish rebels ; Gonzalo Pizarro,
the brother of Francisco, is executed on
the field.
Apr. 12. Peru. Gasca enters Cuzco.
1549 * * Chile. The assaults of the
Araucanians imperil the very existence
of the Spaniards.
1550 * * Nicaragua. The Spanish col-
onists rebel against the mother country.
1554 May * Peru. Rebels under Fran-
cisco Hernandez Giron defeat the army
of the judges at Chuquingua.
Oct. 11. Peru. Giron is routed by the
army of the judges at Pucara.
Dec. 6. Peru. Giron is defeated and ex-
ecuted at Lima.
* * Cuba. The French again destroy
Havana.
1555 * * Cuba. Jacob Sores, the pirate,
plunders Havana.
1560 * * Brazil. The Portuguese destroy
the French settlement at Rio.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1549+ * * Brazil. Gold is discovered
at Bahia.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1541 Peru. Pizarro, Francisco, conqueror,
assassinated.
1542 La. De Soto, Ferdinand, adventurer,
dies.
1544 Peru. Manco Capac, inca, assassi-
nated, A21.
1547 Sp. Cortez, Hernando, conqueror
of Mexico, dies.
CHURCH.
1541 * * Dakota Indians come to worship
De Soto and his wobegone cavaliers as
children of the gods, but the Catholics
refuse their consent to such idolatry.
1542 * * -60 * * Paraguay. Christian
missions are established by the Fran-
ciscans, Armenta, Lebron, and Solano.
[The latter is canonized later as the
apostle of Paraguay.]
* * Peru. Loaysa becomes bishop of Lima.
1544 * * Guatemala. Las Casas be-
comes bishop of. Chiapa.
1545 * * Fla. Louis Cancer de Barbas-
tro, a Dominican Father, with three as-
sociates, lands at Tampa Bay, where two
of his associates are murdered.
1547 * * Gautemala. Las Casas resigns
his bishopric, and returns to Spain.
* * Mex. Archbishopric of Mexico and
New Spain created.
* * Paraguay. Bishopric of Paraguay
established.
1548 * * Brazil. Jews banished from
Portugal come to Brazil.
* * Peru. Loaysa is made archbishop.
1549 Apr. * Brazil. Six Jesuits arrive
at Bahia with colonists, and undertake
the moral culture of natives and colo-
nists.
1550 * * Fla. A number of Dominicans
make another attempt to establish a
mission, but are shipwrecked, and all
perish.
* * It. Julius III, is elected pope.
1551 * * Iceland. Protestantism intro-
duced.
1552 * * Brazil. The first bishop arrives,
and checks the vices of abandoned
priests.
1555 * * Brazil. First Protestant mis-
sion in the world.
The church of Geneva sends fourteen
missionaries to Brazil, who land on an
island in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro.
* * It. Marcellus II., later Paul TV.,
is elected pope.
* * Peru. Catholic priests are pro-
vided for the conquered natives.
1556+ * * Brazil. Vallegagnon, the
leader of the Protestant colony at Rio,
joins the Catholics and dissension fol-
lows.
* * _70 * * Fla. A French Jesuit
mission is planted on the coast (near
Augustine).
1558 * * Eng. Dissenters begin to be
persecuted by Henry for not admitting
his authority in spiritual matters. [And
later yet more severely during the reign
of Mary, an ardent Catholic — Puritan-
ism is developed.]
1559 * * Ala. Dominicans labor among
the Mobilians.
* * It. Pius IV. is elected pope.
1560+ * * Paraguay. The Jesuit mis-
sionaries, Salonio, Field, and Ortega, la-
bor with small success.
1562 * * Fr. Coligni, the high admiral,
proposes a refuge colony in America for
his brethren, the persecuted Huguenots.
May * S. C. The First Protestant set-
tlement in America is made by Hugue-
nots at Port Royal.
DISCOVERY —EXPLORATION.
1541 May * De Soto discovers the Mis-
sissippi River.
May 30. Miss. (?) Transports are built
for the horses, and the expedition
crosses the Mississippi River in search
of cities and gold.
May* Can. Cartier sails on a third
voyage, which is devoid of important
results.
* * Coronado's expedition reaches 40*
north, and turns back for Mexico.
* * Ark. De Soto's expedition crosses
the St. Francis River, and visits the Hot
Springs.
* * -42 * * I.T. De Soto passes the
winter on the banks of the Washita
River.
* * Venez. Philip Van Huten search-
es for the Eldorado.
1542 Spring. Mex. Return of Corona-
do's expedition from the land of the
Zunis.
May* La. The De Soto expedition,
greatly distressed, follows the Red River
to a point near Natchez.
May 21. La. De Soto dies, and is
buried in the waters of the Mississippi ;
Luis de Moscoso becomes leader.
* * La. The De Soto expedition turns
to the west, hoping to reach Mexico.
Dec. * La. The Spaniards return to the
Mississippi, above the Red River.
1543 July 2. La. The De Soto expe-
dition sails down the Mississippi in
vessels rudely built, aiming to reach the
Gulf of Mexico.
* * Ore. Juan Cabrillo and Bartolome
Ferelo, two Spaniards, explore the Pa-
cific coast as far as Oregon.
Sept. 10. Mex. The 311 survivors of
the De Soto expedition reach Pa-
nuco.
In 17 days they have sailed 500 miles to
the sea, and for 55 days have followed
the coast to the River of Palms. " Thus
ends the most marvellous expedition in
the history of our country." (Ridpath.)
1549 * * Fr. Roberval, the French col-
onizer, sails on a voyage of discovery,
with a great company of emigrants ;
their fate is unknown.
* * Venez. Pedro d' Ursua, a Portuguese,
seeks the Eldorado.
1553 May * Unfortunate expedition of
Sir Hugh Willoughby to the Arctic Seas,
seeking a northwest passage.
1560 * * Ga. The Spaniards arrive.
* * -61 * * Colombia. Pedro de Ursua
sails in search of the Empire of Orma-
guas, and Lope de Aguirre sails in search
of the Eldorado.
1562* * Fla. John Bibault, at the
head of a French expedition, discovers
the River of May (St. John).
LETTERS.
1551 * * Peru. The University of San
Marcos is established at Lima. [The
most ancient in the New World.]
* * Mex. A University is founded in
the City of Mexico. [It now remains,
but is nearly deserted.]
1554+ * * Brazil. The Jesuits establish
a college, named St. Paulo. [It greatly
benefits the rising state.]
AMERICA.
1541, May 22-1563. 23
SOCIETY.
1542 * * Sp. The "New Laws," for-
bidding the enslavement of the Indians
for any cause, are promulgated, chiefly-
through the influence of Las Casas.
1553 * * Cuba. Not an Indian is left.
Pestilence, cruelty, and suicide have
decimated them ; the remainder escaped
in boats to Florida.
1562 * * The English make their first
slave voyage to America ; John Haw-
kins brings 300 negroes, in three
ships, to the West Indies.
STATE.
1541 May 22. Can. Cartier sails from
St. Malo with five ships belonging to the
expedition of De la Roque ; visits the St.
Lawrence ; also founds the fortress at
Charlesbourg ; the colonists are chiefly
noblemen and amateurs.
On his arrival he builds a fort near the
present site of Quebec, to repel the hos-
tile natives.
June * Peru. Almagro the lad, a natural
son of Almagro, is proclaimed governor.
* * Chile. Santiago de Chile founded.
June 26. Peru. Pizarro is assassinated
at Lima.
1542 June * Can. Cartier returns with
his ships to France.
N. F. Sieur de Roberval builds a
fort, which is soon abandoned.
* *-43 * * Can. Roberval, with a fresh
colony, consisting chiefly of criminals,
passes the winter [near the present site
of Quebec], and then returns to France.
Sept. * Peru. Almagro the lad, being de-
feated in battle, is beheaded by Castro,
the royal judge at Cuzco.
* * Arg. Rep. A new colony reestablishes
Buenos Ayres.
* * Peru. The "New Laws" enacted
by Charles V. to restrain the oppression
of the natives. [Civil war follows.]
* * A court of chancery and royal
audiencia, with authority over Guate-
mala and Honduras, are established.
1543 Feb. 3. Arg. Rep. Hostile In-
dians again break up the settlement at
Buenos Ayres.
* * Peru. Blasco Nunez de Vela is sent
out as viceroy to enforce the " New
Laws."
1544 Sept. 3. Chile. "Valparaiso is
founded by Pedro de Valdivia.
* * Peru. Arrival of Vela as viceroy ; he
is charged to enforce the " New Laws,"
aiming at the abolition of slavery and
the protection of the natives.
Oct. 28. Peru. Gonzalo Pizarro rebels
against the violence of the viceroy and
the " New Laws."
1545 * * Bolivia. The mines of Potosi
are claimed by Spain.
Oct. 20. Peru. The ' • New Laws ' ' are
revoked.
* * -20 * * Venez. Spaniards found To-
cuyo.
1546 Jan. 18. Peru. Gonzalo, having
defeated and killed the viceroy in battle,
becomes the master of Peru.
July * Peru. Gonzalo enters Lima.
* * -49 * * Fla. Luis de Barbastro leads
a party of Dominican friars in an at-
tempt to form a settlement ; the Span-
iards are massacred by the Indians.
1547 June 13. Peru. After repealing
part of the " New Laws," Pedro de la
Gasca succeeds, as viceroy, in securing
pacification and organization.
* * Fr. Henry II. is enthroned.
* * Eng. Edward VT. is enthroned.
1548 Apr. 0. Peru. Gasca receives the
submission of Gonzalo Pizarro.
* * Brazil becomes important, and at-
tracts the attention of the mother state.
* * Eng. First act of Parliament relat-
ing to America is one concerning the
fisheries of Newfoundland.
* * Peru. The Spanish crown assumes
the government of the country.
1549 Apr. * Brazil. Thome de Souza
arrives at San Salvador (Bahia) to estab-
lisha city and as the first captain-general.
He brings 220 persons in the king's pay,
and 300 free colonists and 400 convicts.
* * Can. Roberval again attempts to
colonize Canada.
* * Brazil. The languishing Portuguese
colonies become prosperous by the dis-
covery of gold.
1550 Jan.* Pent. Gasca sails for Spain.
* * Cuba. The seat of Spanish govern-
ment in the West Indies is removed from
Santiago de Cuba to Havana.
* * Iceland. Bishop Jon Aaronson fails
to achieve the independence of Ice-
land, and is executed by the Danes.
All power is removed, and exercised by
a foreign government.
* * Peru is under the rule of the royal
audiencia.
* * Venez. The territory is erected in-
to the captain-generalcy of Caracas by
the Spaniards.
1551 Sept. 23. Peru. Don Antonio de
Mendoza, the second viceroy, arrives.
* * Peru. An insurrection against the
judges is led by Francisco Hernandez
Giron.
1552 * * Venez. Barquisimeto is founded.
1553 * * Brazil. Duarte da Costa arrives,
and assumes the captain-generalcy.
* * Peru. The Inca Sayri Tupac reigns.
1554 Dec. 6. Peru. Giron, the rebel,
is executed.
Mar. 30. Peru. Alonzo de Alvarado
enters Cuzco.
1555 July 6. Peru. The third viceroy,
DonAndrez Hurdato de Mendoza, enters
Lima. [He soon stamps out anarchy.]
* * Peru. The Inca Manco, with his family
and nobles, is put to death by the Span-
iards, and his son, Sayri Tupac, is his
successor.
* * Brazil. Coligni sends a Protestant
colony from France under Nicolas de
Villegagnon, in two ships, to the Bay of
Rio de Janeiro.
1556 * * Peru. Mendoza is the first vice-
roy to establish a secure government.
* * Sp. Philip II. is enthroned.
1557 * * Peru. Hurdato de Mendoza be-
comes viceroy in Chile.
* * Brazil. Large reenforcements of colo-
nists arrive from France and Geneva.
Villegagnon, having joined the Cath-
olics and become oppressive, many colo-
nists leave Rio and return to France.
* * Port. Sebastian is enthroned.
1558 * * Brazil. Mem de Sa is sent out
as captain-general by Portugal.
The Portuguese murder some of the
French colonists at Rio Janeiro.
Jan. 6. Peru. The Inca Sayri Tupac and
his people return from the mountains to
Lima.
* * Venez. The last Spanish expedition
to Carolina fails to settle.
* * Eng. Elizabeth is enthroned.
1559 Aug. 14. Mex. The expedition
of Don Tristan de Luna, with an army
of 1,500 men, and a colony including
women and children and many friars,
leaves Vera Cruz for the conquest and
settlement of Florida. [It is wrecked
on its coast.]
* * Arg. Rep. Mendoza crosses the Andes
from Chile, and founds Mendoza.
* * Fr. Francis LT. is enthroned.
* * Venez. The audiencia in Caracas.
1560* * Brazil. Coligni's Protestant
colony at Rio is entirely broken up
by the Portuguese.
* * Peru. Reign of the Inca Titu Cusi
Yupanqui.
* * Fr. Charles LX. is enthroned.
1561 * * Peru. The fourth viceroy, Cond6
de Nieva, arrives.
1562 Feb. 18. Fr. Admiral Coligni
despatches a squadron with colonists
under Jean Ribault, for Florida ; it is
his second [unsuccessful] attempt to
found a Huguenot colony.
May * S. C. Ribault forms a French set-
tlement at Port Royal ; Fort Charles is
erected.
July * S. C. Ribault leaves his colony,
and sails for France.
* * Chile. Rodrigo de Quiroza is governor.
* * Peru. The second Council of Lima is
formed.
* * Mex. Yucatan is separated from Mex-
ico.
1563 Spring. S. C. The French at Port
Royal become discouraged, and sail
for France in a rude brigantine of their
own construction. They are rescued
from famine by an English vessel.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1540 * * Honduras has large and flour-
ishing cities.
* * Costa Rica. The colony is renamed
New Carthage.
1549 * * Brazil. The discovery of gold
attracts emigrants to Bahia.
1555 * * Peru. Wheat is first reaped in
the valley of Canete by a lady named
Maria de Escobar.
24 1564, June 25-1598.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1565 Aug. 28. Fla. Pedro Menen-
dez, a ferocious Spaniard, arrives with an
expedition to extirpate the Huguenots
and colonize the country.
Sept. 4. S. C. The fleet of Menendez ap-
pears at Port Royal ; but he [retires for a
time and begins to build St. Augustine].
Sept. 10. S. C. The French sail from
Port Royal to capture St. Augustine.
[They are dispersed by a gale the next
day.]
Sept. 17. Fla. Menendez assumes the
offensive, and starts overland for Port
Royal with 500 men.
Sept. 20. S. C. Menendez storms Port
Carolina, and slaughters 142 men, wo-
men, and children who are taken with it.
Only a few persons are spared. " I do
this not as to Frenchmen, but as to
Lutherans."
Sept. 28. Fla. Menendez murders in
cold blood 200 of the French, who,
having been shipwrecked, vaiidy appeal
to his clemency.
Sept. 30±. S. C. Menendez finds another
party of 150 French, who surrender on
the promise of safety ; he then butchers
them. [Philip II. commends his zeal.]
* * Fla. Castle of St. Augustine con-
structed by the Spaniards.
1567 Apr. * Fla. Dominic de Gour-
gues appears on the St. Johns River
with three ships fitted out for ven-
geance against the murderers of the
French Colony. He successively sur-
prises three forts on the St. Johns
River, and hangs the leaders with this
inscription affixed : " Not Spaniards,
but liars and murderers."
1570 * * -88 * * Great struggle be-
tween England and Spain for naval
supremacy of the world.
1572* * Mex., etc. Francis Drake
makes his first marauding voyage to
South America, in which he attacks the
Spanish settlements at Nombre de Dios,
Carthagena, etc.
1585 * * Fla. The Spaniards are plun-
dered by the English under Drake.
1586 * * Brazil. The Spanish colony at
Bahia is plundered by the English
under Witherington.
* * W. I. Admiral Drake sacks Porto
Bello, Panama, St. Domingo, and Car-
thagena.
1588* * Eng. Greatstruggleof England
with the " Invincible Armada" —the
Roanoke colonists are overlooked and
perish.
1591 * * Brazil. The Spanish colony of
St. Vincent is burned by the English
under Cavendish.
1595 * * Brazil. James Lancaster, an
English buccaneer, captures Pernam-
buco from the Spaniards.
1595 * * Porto Rico repulses the attacks
of Admirals Drake and Hawkins.
* * Brazil. The Spanish colony of
Olinda is taken by Lancaster.
* * W. I. Sir Walter Raleigh takes
Trinidad from the Spaniards.
1598 * * Can. The Marquis de la
Roche obtains from the King of France
a commission to conquer New France.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1570 * * Chile. An earthquake de-
stroys 2,000 lives at Concepcion.
1577 May* Can. Martin Frobisher, an
English navigator, approaches Meta In-
cognita in the extreme northwest, and
thinks it a part of Asia.
1578i Spring. Eng. A " mineral man "
of London pronounces a stone brought
from Meta Incognita to be gold, and fif-
teen vessels sail with gold-seekers.
[They return with worthless cargoes.]
1585 * * N.C. The English colonists for
the first time see the corn, the sweet
potato, and the tobacco plant.
1586 June 9. Peru. A great earth-
quake at Lima.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1566 Sp. Casas, Bartolome, de Las
(Miss.), dies.
1568+ Mex. Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Al-
va, historian, born.
1578 Sp. Pizarro, Fernando, conqueror,
age 104±.
CHURCH.
1566 * * It. St. Pius V. is elected pope.
* * Peru. Arrival of the Jesuits.
* * Brazil. John Boles, a Huguenot mis-
sionary, is put to death by the Portu-
guese after an imprisonment of eight
years, in order to terrify his country-
men.
1571 * * Mex. The Inquisition estab-
lished.
1572 Aug. 24. Fr. Massacre of St.
Bartholomew. [It quickens the spirit
of emigration among the Huguenots.]
* * It. Gregory XII. is elected pope.
* * Mex. Jesuit missionaries arrive.
1573 Nov. 19. Peru. First auto da
fe at Lima.
* * U. S. The first successful mission
to the Indians is planted at St. Augus-
tine by Spanish Franciscans.
* * Mex. A gothic cathedral is built
on the sight of the ancient temple at
Mexico.
1574 * * Mex. First auto da. fe in
Mexico.
1578 * * Can. Master Wolfall, an Eng-
lishman, celebrates a communion on
the shores of Frobisher's Strait, the first
recorded in America.
1581 * * Peru. Archbishop Torebio
reaches Lima.
* *-1776* * Peru suffers from the In-
quisition. [59 Europeans are burned,
and 29 " autos" occur at Lima.]
1585 * * It. Sixtus V. is elected pope.
1586 * * Paraguay. Jesuits establish
their famous mission.
1590 * * It. Urban VTL, later Greg-
ory XIV., is elected pope.
1591 * * It. Innocent IX. is elected
pope.
1592 * * It. Clement VTLI. is elected
pope.
1597 * * U. S. Franciscan monks estab-
lish the second successful mission in
New Mexico.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1573 * * Va. Pedro Menendez Mar-
quez coasts northward from Florida,
and enters the Chesapeake Bay.
1576 June * -Aug. * Can. Martin Fro-
bisher sails from England on his first
voyage to find a northwest passage ;
he discovers Frobisher's Strait and
Meta Incognita.
1577 May* -Sept.* Can. Second voy-
age of Frobisher in the northwest ;
his ship is loaded with worthless sand,
which is supposed to be gold.
1578 May * -Sept. * Can. Third voy-
age of Frobisher, having a fleet of 16
sail and 100 colonists.
* * Unsuccessful voyage of Sir Hum-
phrey Gilbert. He takes possession of
Newfoundland for England, but plants
no colony.
1579 * * Cal. Sir Francis Drake traces
the western coast of America as far
north as New Albion (Oregon), seeking a
strait connecting the two oceans.
1580 * * N. Mex. Augustin Ruys,
a Spanish missionary, discovers New
Mexico.
1583 * * Newfoundland visited by Sir
Humphrey Gilbert.
1584 July 13. N.C. Sir Walter Ra-
leigh's expedition lands on the Island
of Wocokon, and takes possession, nam-
ing it Virginia after the Virgin Queen.
* * Can. Gasca discovers Davis's Strait.
John Davis explores Davis's Strait
to 66" 40', visits Gilbert Sound and Cum-
berland Strait.
1586 * * Can. Davis makes his second
voyage, and visits Labrador.
1587 * * Can. Davis discovers the Cum-
berland Islands, London coast, Lumley's
Inlet (Frobisher's Strait), on his third
voyage.
1592 * * Davis discovers the Falkland
Islands.
* * Can. Spaniards, under J una de
Fuca, visit the northwest coast of the
American Continent. (?)
1594 * * Willem Barentz explores
Nova Zembla.
1595 * * Guiana. Sir "Walter Raleigh
explores the coast, and ascends the Ori-
noco 400 miles from its mouth.
LETTERS.
1598 * * Peru. The University of San
Antonio Abad is founded at Cuzco.
SOCIETY.
1565 Sept. 20. Fla. Pedro Menendez
massacres the Huguenots on the
St. Johns River, sparing neither men,
women, nor children — except a few
reserved as slaves.
* * Fr. Great resentment against the
Spaniards because of the massacre of
the Huguenots in Florida.
AMERICA.
1564, June 25-1598.
25
1565 * * Fla. Part of the French colony
on the St. Johns River embark on a
piratical expedition against the Span-
iards.
1567 * * Fla. Dominic de Gourgues,
with 150 men, comes from France, and
avenges the Huguenots by hanging 200
Spaniards on trees.
STATE.
1564 June 25. Fla. A French expe-
dition, sent out by Coligni and led by
Rene de Laudonniere, arrives at the
mouth of the St. Johns River, and builds
Fort Carolina.
Dec. * Fla. Some of the French colonists
depart, ostensibly for France, but en-
gage in piracy against Spain.
* * -69 * * Peru. Lope Garcia de Castro
rules only as governor.
1565 Aug.* S.C. Sir John Hawkins,
the slave merchant, relieves the needs of
the colony at Port Royal.
Aug. 28. Fla. Jean Ribault arrives at
the French colony with 300 men and am-
ple supplies.
Fla. Pedro Menendez, the agent
of l'hilip II., arrives in Florida, with a
commission to exterminate the Prot-
estants and establish a colony.
Sept. 8. Fla. St. Augustine is founded
by Pedro Menendez.
It is the first permanent European
settlement in [the existing United
States of] North America. He comes
to conquer and colonize, and brings 2,500
persons with him. [The period of Span-
ish discovery and adventure in the New-
World practically ends.]
Sept. 20+. Fla. Menendez annihilates
the Huguenot colony on the St. Johns
River. (See Society.)
Arg. Rep. Spaniards cross from Peru
and found Tucuman.
* * Chile is under the royal audiencia.
1567 * * Brazil. The Portuguese, having
broken up the French settlement at Rio
de Janeiro, now found a colony there,
and name it San Salvador.
* * Can. The French, having failed
with two colonies, abandon the colo-
nization of the southern coast, and
turn northward. The Marquis de la
Roche obtains a commission to establish
a colony on the St. Lawrence. [A colony
of criminals is sent out and fails.]
* * Venez. Caracas is founded by the
Dutch.
* * Brazil. Sebastian is founded.
1568 May * S. C. Having driven out
the French, the Spaniards hold the
country.
* * Chile. The audiencia established at
Santiago.
1569 Nov. 26. Peru. Don Francisco
de Toledo enters Lima as viceroy.
1570 * * Arg. Rep. Spain cripples the
colonists by restricting navigation
and commerce.
* * * England and Spain contest the
maritime supremacy of the world.
1571* * Peru. Inca Tupac Amaru reigns.
The viceroy unjustly beheads Tupac
Amaru, the last of the Incas, on the
square of Cuzco.
1572 * * Brazil. An attempt is made to
divide the colony.
* * Va. The colony of Pedro Menendez
lands on the banks of the Potomac.
1573 * * Arg. Rep. Spaniards from Peru
found Cordova.
Don Juan de Garay leads an expedition
to found Santa F6.
* * Costa Rica. New Carthage receives its
third governor from Madrid, and the
colony is well established.
1574 * * Fr. Henry XXL is enthroned.
* * Brazil. The colony is divided.
1577 * * Brazil. Many of the Protestant
colonists return to France.
1578* * Greenland. Frobisher takes
possession of the west coast in the name
of Queen Elizabeth, and calls it West
England.
* * Brazil. Diego Laurenco da Veiga is
appointed governor-general of the flour-
ishing colonies.
Brazil becomes an appendage of
Spain, and is again united under one
government.
Nov. 19. Eng. Sir Humphrey Gilbert's
first expedition sails to found a colony
in America.
* * Port. Henry • ' the Cardinal " is en-
throned.
1579 May* Eng. Gilbert's unsuccess-
ful expedition returns from Newfound-
land.
1580 June 11. Arg. Rep. Another
Spanish expedition under Garay recolo-
nizes Buenos Ayres and prospers.
* * Guiana. The Dutch begin a settle-
ment on the coast.
* * Port. Anthony is enthroned.
* * -1640 * * Portugal and her colo-
nies are under the dominion of
Spain.
1581 * * Hoi. The republic of the United
Netherlands is established.
* * Peru. Don Martin Henriquez becomes
viceroy.
1582 * * New Mex. Santa F6 is visited
by De Espejio.
* * Peru. Second council of Lima.
1583 June * N. F. An expedition of
genuine colonists, led by Sir Hum-
phrey Gilbert, and patronized by Sir
Walter Raleigh, sails for America. [It
utterly fails.]
Aug. 5. Newfoundland. Gilbert lands at
St. Johns, and takes possession of the
island in the name of his queen.
Aug. 27. Gilbert's largest ship is wrecked
through carelessness, and 100 perish ; the
survivors return to England.
* * Chile. Sotomayor is governor.
1584 * * Sir Walter Raleigh receives
his first patent.
July 13. N. C. An exploring expedition
is sent out by Raleigh, which lands on
Roanoke Island, and takes possession
of the country in the name of the virgin
queen, and calls it Virginia.
1585 Apr. Eng. Raleigh sends out his
first colony of 1 10 persons under Gren-
ville. Many persons are eager to sail for
America.
June 26. N. C. Raleigh's colony ar-
rives at Roanoke Island and is left
in charge of Ralph Lane. It is the first
English settlement in the New World.
Aug. 25. N. C. Grenville sails for Eng-
land.
* * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres advances in
prosperity.
* * Guiana is visited by Raleigh.
1586 June 19. N. C. The English in
less than a year abandon the settlement
on Roanoke Island and leave with Sir
Francis Drake. They carry back tobac-
co and the potato. [A supply-ship ar-
rives a few days later and departs.]
July* .AT. C. Fifteen days later, Gren-
ville also arrives at Roanoke with sup-
plies, and leaves 15 men to hold possession
of the country. [Their fate is unknown.]
1587 July* N. C. Raleigh's second
colonizing expedition of 117 men and
women, under Captain John White, ar-
rives at Roanoke, but finding no colony
it returns.
* * Guiana. The Spaniards found St.
Thomas Island.
1589 Mar. 7. Eng. Raleigh sells his
proprietary rights to a company of
merchants.
* * Fr. Henry IV. is enthroned.
1590 Aug. 17. Gov. John White re-
turns to the Roanoke settlement, and
finds " it desert, tenantless, and silent."
* * Peru. Herdato de Mendoza is viceroy.
1592 * * Peru. Martin Gracia Onez de
Loyola is viceroy.
1594 * * Brazil. French Catholics estab-
lish a colony on the Island of Maranhao.
1595 * * Venez. Raleigh visits Guiana,
and ascends the Orinoco River 400 miles,
in quest of the El Dorado.
1597 * * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres is
firmly established.
1598 * * Can. The Marquis de la Roche
secures a patent for a colony in New
France (Nova Scotia) from Henry IV.
La Roche establishes a colony, chiefly
taken from the prisons of France, on
Sable Island.
* * Sp. Philip m. is enthroned.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1583 Sept. * Wreck of Sir Humphrey
Gilbert's ship ; all perish.
1584± * * Privateering and coloniza-
tion go hand in hand. Sir Richard
Grenville, on his return voyage, takes a
Spanish merchantman.
By a process scarcely differing from
piracy, and with little regard for the
law of nations, great wealth was speed-
ily acquired by many English adven-
turers.
1587. Aug. 18. JIT. C. Virginia Dare,
the first child of English parentage,
is born at Roanoke.
26
1600-1609.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1603 * * Uruguay. The Charruas Indi-
ans defeat the Spaniards in a pitched
battle.
1607 ** Va. John Smith is taken pris-
oner by the Indians, and condemned to
death ; but is set at liberty after a cap-
tivity of seven weeks.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
EXPLORATION.
1602 May 14. Mass. Arrival of Bar-
tholomew Gosnold, who is the first to
sail directly across the Atlantic, from
the Azores, instead of by the Canary Is-
land route.
May 15. Mass. Gosnold visits Cape
Cod.
* * Va. Voyage of Samuel Mace to Vir-
ginia.
* * W. I. Port Royal, Jamaica, is de-
stroyed by an earthquake.
1603 Apr. 10. Eng. Martin Pring
sails on a voyage of commerce and ex-
ploration to New England [where he
enters Plymouth Harbor].
* * Can. Samuel Champlain is commis-
sioned by a company of French mer-
chants of Rouen to explore the country
of the St. Lawrence, and establish a
trading-post.
1605 May 17+. Me. George "Wey-
mouth of England explores part of the
coast and some of the rivers.
1607 May* Eng. Henry Hudson
starts on his first voyage, instructed to
sail northwest and directly across the
pole.
May * Va. Newport and twenty others
return to Jamestown after exploring
the James River as far as the falls [near
Richmond].
* * Va. Jamestown colonists send an
expedition of six men up the Chicka-
hominy River expecting to find the
Pacific Ocean.
1608 July 21. Va. John Smith re-
turns to Jamestown from the first ex-
ploration of the Chesapeake Bay and its
tributaries.
July 24. Va. Smith sails on an ex-
ploring expedition for the Susque-
hanna River.
Sept. 7. Va. Smith returns to James-
town, having explored 3,000 miles of
coast.
* * Eng. Sir Henry Hudson makes a
second attempt to reach India by a
northwest passage.
* * Va. Capt. Newport sails up the
James River to find the Pacific Ocean.
1609 Apr. 4. Hoi. Sir Henry Hud-
son sails on his important third voyage,
under the auspices of the Dutch East
India Company. i
His vessel is a small yacht willed the
Halve, Moon, having a crew of 18 or 20
men ; the icebergs baffle his endeavors
in the north, and he follows the coast
southward.
July* JV. Y. Samuel Champlain, the
French navigator, enters the lake which
bears his name, and is the first white
man to set his foot on the soil of the
Empire State.
Aug. 28. N. J. Hudson anchors in
Delaware Bay. [Soon after he explores
the coast of New Jersey.]
Sept. 3. N. Y. Hudson anchors in the
Lower Bay of New York, behind Sandy
Hook, and is refreshed with green corn,
wild fruits, and oysters.
Sept. 5. N. J. Hudson lands.
Sept. 6. N. J. Hudson sounds the Nar-
rows, and passes through the Kill Van
Kull to Newark Bay.
Sept. 0. New York. Hudson passes
from the Lower Bay into the Narrows.
Sept. 11. N. Y. Hudson enters the
Great River of the north (Hudson).
Sept. 14. Hudson visits the Highlands.
Sept. 19. N. Y. The Halve Moon tarries
[at Kinderhook] while a small boat as-
cends the river [above Albany].
Sept. * Hudson abandons the pursuit of
a northwest passage via the Hudson
River.
* * Va. The colonists of Jamestown be-
gin the manufacture of glass beads,
for traffic with the Indians.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1600 Gorton, Samuel, pioneer, born.
Hopkins, Edward, governor, born.
Mason, John, captain, born.
1601 Coddington, William, founder of R. I.,
born.
1602 Stuyvesant. Peter, Gov. of N.Y., b.
1603 Bradstreet, Simon, Gov. of Mass., born.
± Fenwick, George, proprietor in Conn., b.
1604 Eliot. John, Apostle to Indians, born.
1606 Calvert, Leonard, Gov. of Md., born.
Winthrop, John, Gov. of Conn., born.
1607 Gosnold, Bartholomew, colonizer, d.
Harvard, John, founder, born.
1609 Clarke, John, Baptist founder, born.
Clap, Roger, author, born.
CHURCH.
1605 Aug. 19. Me. The English colo-
nists at St. George, an island [in the
Androscoggin River], all leave their
ships and go ashore, where they have
located their plantation, and listen to a
sermon by their preacher, after which
the laws of the colony are read.
* * Paraguay. A second band of Jesuit
missionaries — Cataldino, Mazeta, and
Lorenzana — begin a successful work.
* * It. Leo XI. and later Paul V. , pope.
1606 Apr. 10. Va. The charter is
issued ; it makes the Church of Eng-
land the religion of the colony, and all
the people taxable for its support ; the
aborigines are to be converted to Chris-
tianity if possible.
1607 June 21. Va. The Holy Sac-
rament is administered in a chapel
having sail-cloth for a covering, rails
for walls, and logs for benches ; Rev.
R. Hunt, minister at Jamestown.
* * Me. Rev. Richard Seymour accom-
panies a colony, for the service of the
Protestant Episcopal Church.
* * R. I. A Baptist Church (according
to some authorities) formed at Tiverton.
1608* * Eng. Rev. John Robinson
and other Puritans thrown into jail for
dissenting, when about to flee from Eng-
land.
* * Paraguay. Jesuits are zealous in
civilizing natives.
* * Hoi. Part of the fleeing Puritans
reach Holland.
1609* * Mass. "William Brewster is
chosen elder of the Plymouth colony,
and becomes a religious leader.
* * * Can. The Jesuit missionaries
commence the work of converting the
Indian tribes, and exhibit unparalleled
fortitude and great perseverance.
LETTERS.
1608 * * The True Relation., by Captain
John Smith, is printed in London.
* * Va. Smith sends to England his com-
pleted Map of the Chesapeake Bay.
SOCIETY.
1606 Apr. * The London Company is
required by a clause in its patent to
hold all property of its settlement in
common for the first five years.
1607* * Va. The colony at Jamestown
consists of 12 laborers, 10 or 12 mechan-
ics, and 48 gentlemen, and no women.
* * Va. Suspicion, dissension, and ras-
cality prevail among the colonists.
Dec. * Va. Capt. John Smith is taken
prisoner by the Indians, and sentenced
to die, but his life is spared by the in-
tercession of Pocahontas, daughter of
Powhatan.
1608* * Va. A conspiracy is formed to
kill John Smith, and abandon the colony.
* * Va. Gov. John Smith's first law :
" He who would not work should not
eat ; " the second, " Each man for six
days in the week should work six hours
each day."
Apr. * Va. Capt. Newport arrives with
a company of 34 gentlemen and an as-
sortment of gold hunters, adventur-
ers, and vagabonds.
1609* *-10 Winter. Va. Vicious-
ness and profligacy on the part of the
greater number of the colonists bring
about dearth ; only CO persons out of 490
survive till spring.
* * Va. Thirty colonists seize one of
the vessels and sail away as pirates ;
riot and idleness prevail, domestic ani-
mals are killed, and firearms traded
away.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
* * * The Cherokee, Catawba, and
Tuscarora Indians hold the Southern
mountain country, and approach within
about 100 miles of the Atlantic coast.
* * * The Dakotas are in the great West
and Northwest ; the Mobilians are in
the South.
* * * The Seminoles are in the Florida
peninsula ; the Shoshones between the
Rio Grande and lower Mississippi, and
in the Great Salt Lake region and north-
ward ; the Comanches are east of the
Rio Grande and near the Shoshones ;
AMERICA.
1600-1609.
27
the EUamaths are along the Pacific
slope south of the Columbia River ; the
Californians are south of the Kla-
maths ; and the Athapascans, between
the Colorado River and the Rocky
Mountains.
* * * North American Indian tribes are
governed by a chief and council who
are elective. Captive warriors are
treated with great cruelty; women,
boys, and girls are made slaves.
* * * The Huron family of Indian tribes
dwell north of Lake Erie and Lake
Ontario.
* * * The great Algonkian family rule
both forest and prairie, extending along
the Atlantic seaboard from the St. Law-
rence to Cape Hatteras, and along the
Ohio River westward to the Mississippi,
and northward to Lakes Superior and
Huron.
The powerful Iroquois Indian fam-
ily, including many tribes, extend south
of Lakes Erie and Ontario and the St.
Lawrence River for one or two hundred
miles, and to the east as far as Lake
Champlain.
1602 * * Arg. Rep. Spain permits col-
onists to export two ship-loads of pro-
duce each year with 50 per cent customs
duties.
* * Holl. The Dutch East India Com-
pany is foraned.
* * Mass. The first New England set-
tlement is made on an island in Buz-
zard's Bay, by Bartholomew Gosnold, for
the Association of London Merchants.
[It is short-lived.]
1603 Mar. 24. Eng. James I. en-
throned.
Apr. * Me. Martin Pring leads an Eng-
glish expedition to the coast. [It returns
after an absence of six months.]
Nov. * Sieur de Monts, a French Hu-
guenot, receives a grant of the country
from one degree north of Montreal to
the latitude of Philadelphia.
1605. Aug. 9. Me. An English colony
is planted at the mouth of the Sagada-
hoc (Androscoggin) River, on an island
called St. George.
Nov. 14. JV. S. De Monts establishes
the first French settlement in the
country at Port Royal (Annapolis) in
Acadia.
* * Maine is visited by an expedition
under George Weymouth.
* * N. S. Acadia is the only active set-
tlement except those in Central and
South America, after 100 years of explo-
ration.
1606 Apr. 10. Great Virginia. The
first charter is granted.
A great joint-stock company is formed
in England for the establishment of two
colonies in America. The London or
Virginia Company, having jurisdiction
from 34° to 38° north latitude, and the
Plymouth or North Virginia Company,
with headquarters at Plymouth, having
jurisdiction from 45° to 41°; and the in-
tervening territory (38° to 41°) to go to the
company establishing the first self-sus-
taining colony.
Aug. * Eng. The Plymouth Company
of " knights, gentlemen, and merchants "
sends out its pioneer ship for explo-
ration, and it is taken by the Spaniards.
Autumn. Eng. The second ship of the
Plymouth Company goes out, and re-
turns with glowing accounts.
Dec. 19. Eng. The London Company
of " noblemen, gentlemen, and mer-
chants " sends out three ships. A Su-
perior Council in England and an In-
ferior Council in America are to manage
its affairs.
* * * France claims all the territory
north of Florida by right of the dis-
coveries of Verrazano.
* * * England claims the territory from
the Cape Fear in North Carolina to New-
foundland, and westward indefinitely,
by the discoveries of John Cabot.
* * Mass. The French attempt to settle
Cape Cod, but are driven off by the In-
dians.
1607 May* Va. John Smith is placed
in confinement during the latter part of
the voyage to Virginia, on the absurd
charge of designing to murder the Coun-
cil, and make himself its monarch.
May 13. Fa. Commander Newport lands
105 colonists at Jamestown, on the
north bank of the James River, about
32 miles from its mouth.
Only 12 are laborers, and 10 or 12 are
mechanics, while 48 are gentlemen, and
there are no women.
* * -10 Spring. JST. S. Port Royal is de-
serted.
May * Va. The Inferior Council elect
Edward Wingfield the first governor.
* * Va. John Smith is at first jealously
excluded from his seat in the Council.
June 2. Va. Capt. Newport sails for
England, leaving the colonists in a
wretched condition.
Aug. 8. Me. The second English Col-
ony is planted.
George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert
plant 120 colonists in a fort at the mouth
of the Kennebec River. [It is abandoned
the next year.]
Aug. * Va. General sickness at James-
town ; only five men able to do sentinel
duty.
Sept. 10. Va. Gov. Wingfield and his
confederate, George Kendall, a mem-
ber of the governing council, are detected
in embezzling the stores of the colony.
[They are impeached and deprived of
office.]
Sept. 15. Va. One half of the colonists
have been swept away by disease.
Sept. * Va. John Ratcliffe is chosen
president of the council and governor
of the colony. [He is detected in an
attempt to abandon the colony, and is
deposed.]
Dec.** Va. Jamestown improves un-
der the management of John Smith ; by
strategy corn is secured from the Indians
for winter.
* * Va. Only two of the seven members
of the council remain, Martin and
Smith ; Martin elects Smith, not yet
30 years old, President of Virginia. [He
becomes the most noted man in the
early history of America.]
Winter. Va. Smith is held in captiv-
ity by the Indians.
1608 Jan. * Va. Smith returns from
captivity.
Apr. * Va. Newport returns to James-
town with a second company, con-
sisting of 120 emigrants, like the first,
" vagabond gentlemen," idlers, and gold-
hunters ; only 38 remain of the original
105 colonists.
Newport sails for England with a lot
of worthless earth, supposed to contain
gold.
July 3. Can. Champlain returns from
France to New France with a colony
sent out by De Monts, and lays the foun-
dation of Quebec.
* * Va. The colonists waste the planting
season in gold-seeking.
Autumn. Va. Arrival of 20 colonists
with Capt. Newport, which increases
the number to a total of 200 persons.
Sept. 10+. Va. John Smith is formally
elected President; he enforces law;
gold-hunting becomes unpopular, and
prosperity increases.
* * Va. Smith, Martin, and Newport
constitute the Inferior Council.
1609 May 23. Va. A second charter
is issued, having enlarged privileges.
King James revokes the constitution
without consulting the wishes of the
colonists, and grants the London Com-
pany a new charter, extending from
Cape Fear to Sandy Hook, and westward
to the Pacific.
May * Eng. Lord Delaware is elected
governor of Virginia for life.
He is the first one elected by the stock-
holders of the London Company ; Sir
George Somers is admiral ; Sir Thomas
Dale is high marshal; Sir Ferdinand
Wainman master of horse, etc.
June * Eng. Many noblemen with 20
women and children sail in a company
of 500 emigrants for Virginia.
One vessel is wrecked, and one run
ashore in the Bermudas, and seven ar-
rive in Jamestown. The governing
commissioners being stranded in Ber-
muda, John Smith continues in office,
and greets the worst emigrants yet sent
out.
Sept. 15. Va. Smith sails for England,
to recover his health.
Sept. * Va. Sir George Percy governs
Jamestown as Smith's delegate ; it con-
tains between 50 and 60 houses.
"Winter. Va. The 450 colonists suffer
hunger because of profligacy and ill
government.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1604 * * Eng. The Muscovy Company
sends the first English ship to Green-
land.
1605 * * Me. George Weymouth sails on
a trading expedition for furs to the-
coast of Maine.
* * Va. Captain John Smith is sick,
and so near to death that his comrades,
dig his grave.
28
1610-1620.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1613 Spring. Me. Captain Argall of
Jamestown pillages and burns the
French settlement at Mount Desert
Island, it being in the territory of the
London Company.
* * Can. Smith destroys every building
of a French colony at the mouth of the
St. Croix River.
* * Can. Smith burns the deserted ham-
let of Port Royal in Acadia (Nova
Scotia).
* * N. Y. Smith destroys the cabins of
the Dutch on Manhattan Island, and
compels them to acknowledge the sover-
eignty of James I. of England.
1614* * N. Y. The Dutch build a fort
on the southern extremity of Manhattan
Island.
* * N. Y. Fort Nassau is built by the
Dutch [near Albany].
1615 Oct. 10. N. Y. Battle between
Champlain and the Iroquois Indians in
western New York.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
EXPLORATION.
1610 * * Eng. Hudson sails on a north-
ern voyage of discovery, seeking a pas-
sage westward to the Indies.
* * Spring. Va. Smith introduces the
cultivation of maize, and plants 30 or
40 acres.
July 27. Sir Thomas Smythe discovers
Delaware Bay.
Aug. 2. Can. Hudson enters the straits
which bear his name, and thinks he dis-
covers the Pacific [Hudson Bay].
1612 * * Va. The colonists begin to
manufacture bricks.
* * Va. John Rolfe [the husband of
Pocahontas] begins the systematic cul-
tivation of tobacco.
1614 * * N. Y. Adriaen Block of New
Amsterdam builds the first colonial ship,
the Onrust (Restless).
* * Conn. Slock, in the Onrust, explores
Long Island Sound, and discovers the
Connecticut River.
June + * Captain John Smith explores
the New England coast, and gives it this
name.
1615 * * Can. Champlain visits Lake
Huron.
1616 * * Can. Bylot and Baffin are
sent in search of the northwest pas-
sage ; "Wolstenholme's Sound, Lancaster
Somid, and Baffin Bay are discovered.
1617 * * Guiana. Sir Walter Raleigh
explores the coast.
1618 * * Can. Baffin reaches the 78° of
latitude in the bay which bears his
name.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1610 ? Berkeley, Sir William, Gov. of Va., b.
? Newport, Christopher, commander, dies.
1611 Day, Stephen, first printer, born.
1613 Bradstreet, Anne, poet, born.
1613 Morton, Nathaniel, historian, born.
1614 Cheever, Ezekiel, teacher, born.
1616 Leverett, Sir John, Gov. of Mass. , born.
Mereloza, de Juan Gonzales, Mex. vicar, A 77.
1617 Pocahontas dies in Europe A22.
1618 West, Thomas Lord Delaware, Gov.
of Va., A41.
Powhatan, Indian chief, dies.
1620 Allouez, Claude Jean, Fr. Jesuit, born.
Dale, Sir Thomas, Gov. of Va., dies.
CHURCH.
1610 June * Va. A day given to reli-
gious services on the return of the
colonists to their homes. (See State.)
1611 June 10. Va. Many godly emi-
grants arrive ; they commence the labors
of the day by offering prayers in their
little church, and order and comfort
increase.
June 12. N. S. Two Jesuit mission-
aries arrive at Port Royal, but their
work among the Micmacs is frustrated
by the government.
* * Va. Gov. Dale requires -every man
and woman to give an account of his
faith to the minister for the test of
orthodoxy ; he orders them to be
whipped if they refuse, and to be
whipped daily till they acknowledge
their faith.
1614 * * Va. Pocahontas becomes the
first Christian convert, and is bap-
tized in the Episcopal church, under
the name of Rebecca.
1615 * * Can. Le Caron, a Franciscan,
carries the Roman Catholic religion to
the Indians of eastern Maine, and west-
ward to the Hurons.
1617 * * Eng. The refugee Puritans
in Holland apply to the London Com-
pany for permission to emigrate to their
territory in America, and their request
is granted.
1619 July* Va. The House of Bur-
gesses confirms the Church of Eng-
land as the Church of Virginia, and
intends that the first four ministers
shall each receive £200 a year, and all
persons whatsoever shall attend church
on the Sabbath, both forenoon and
afternoon.
* * Eng. Another request signed by the
greater part of the Puritans is sent to
the Company. [Dissensions in the Com-
pany delay success.]
* * N. S. Reformed Franciscans be-
gin mission work in Acadia.
1620 Dec. 21. Mass. Only the Plym-
outh people come over as separatists,
the other colonists remain in the
Church of England seeking to reform
her corruptions. The Congregational
service is introduced by the Pilgrims.
* * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres becomes a
bishopric by creation of Pope Paul V.
* * Eng. A company of London mer-
chants is formed that agrees to loan
money to the poor Puritans so they
may emigrate ; each is to give his ser-
vices for seven years to the company.
LETTERS.
1610 * * The True Repertory of the Wrack
and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates,
written at Jamestown by William Stra-
chey.
1613 * * Good News from Virginia, by
Alexander Whitaker, " The Apostle of
Virginia."
1614 * * Captain John Smith makes a
map of the New England coast and
country; names it New England.
1616* * Peru. The college of San
Carlos is founded.
1619 * * Va. An effort is made to estab-
lish a college at Henrico (Richmond).
An endowment of £1,500 and 10,000
acres of land is procured ; the massacre
of its friends defeats the project.
SOCIETY.
1611 June 21. Can. Henry Hudson,
his sons, and five others are sent adrift
by his mutinous crew, and perish in
Hudson Bay.
* * Va. The land hitherto held hi com-
mon is-now divided, and each of the 700
colonists receives three acres.
Sept. 1. Henry Hudson's mutinous crew
is picked up in a wretched condition.
1612 June 29. Eng. A lottery is
drawn in London for the benefit of
the Virginia plantations ; profit nearly
£30,000.
1613 * * Va. Pocahontas is stolen and
held for a ransom by the colonists. [In-
dian troubles follow.]
1614* * Va. Capt. Hunt, the deputy
governor, treacherously entices the In-
dian chief, Santo, with 27 others, on
board of his ship, and sails for Spain,
where he sells them into slavery.
Apr. * Va. Pocahontas is married to
John Rolfe, a worthy young Englishman.
[King James is scandalized that one not
of royal blood should marry a princess.]
1616 * * Pocahontas visits England
and is received at Court.
1619 * * Va. Laws are made against the
playing of dice and cards, drunken-
ness, and idleness; excess in apparel
is restrained by a tax.
* * Va. The colony is reenforced by the
arrival of 1,200 emigrants, including 100
felons sent by the king to be sold as
servants among the planters.
* * Eng. Bad management of the treas-
urer of the London Company.
About $400,000 have been spent and
only 600 men, chiefly rovers, are found
in the colony ; it is discovered that
women must be introduced to make
the enterprise succeed.
Aug. * Va. A Dutch man-of-war brings
20 African negroes to Jamestown, and
sells them to the colonists at auction,
thus introducing African slavery.
1620 Dec. 21. Mass. The "Pilgrim
Fathers " land at Plymouth Rock, and
their colony consists of 73 males, 29 fe-
males ; 34 adult males, 18 adult females ;
20 boys and 8 girls ; also 3 maid servants
and 19 men servants, etc. (Winsor.)
* * Eng. Ninety young women of good
breeding and modest manners are per-
suaded to emigrate to Virginia.
Men who become husbands pay 120 lbs.
of tobacco to repay the almost bankrupt
company the expense of the voyage.
AMERICA.
1610-1620.
29
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1610 May 24. Va. Capt.-gen. Gates
and about 150 others arrive from Ber-
muda, where they were shipwrecked.
J vine * Va. "The starving time."
Vice and famine have reduced the
colonists from 490 to only 60 ; they are dis-
heartened, and abandoning Jamestown,
set sail for the fishermen's fleet at New-
foundland.
June 10. Va. The departing colonists
meet a fleet of 3 vessels with reenforce-
ments and supplies, and then return to
Jamestown.
Lord Delaware, the acting governor,
brings peace, plenty, and prosperity to
Jamestoiwn.
New York. The first Dutch emi-
grants arrive at Manhattan.
* * Brazil. Jesuit settlements are
formed ; communism prevails.
* * Fr. Louis XTTT. enthroned.
* * Nicaragua. The foundation of Leon
[the future rival of Granada] is laid.
* * N. F. Mr. Gay, of Bristol, founds a
colony at Conception Bay.
± * * Paraguay. Jesuit settlements of
natives are begun ; civilization follows.
* * Va. Delaware returns to England for
his health.
1611 May 10. Va. Sir Thomas Dale
arrives in the Chesapeake with stores
and emigrants ; he assumes the govern-
ment as high marshal.
Aug. * Va. Sir Thomas Gates arrives
with 300 colonists, 12 cows, 20 goats, and
supplies ; he enters office as deputy
governor.
* * Va. Colonists receive individual al-
lotments of three acres of land.
1612 Mar. * Va. James I. grants a
third charter to the London Company.
It includes the Bermudas ; because of
the financial failure of the venture the
stockholders are given control, and with-
out intention, a democratic government
is encouraged.
* * Brazil. A French colony is founded
on the island of Marajo. [Maintained
six years.]
* * Eng. Sir Walter Raleigh, having
spent $200,000 to found a colony, without
success, gives up the undertaking.
* * Fr. The Protestants being in power,
the great CondS becomes viceroy of
the French empire in America.
* * New York. The Dutch send the Tiger
and the Fortune to trade with the Indians
on the Hudson River. Huts are erected
on Manhattan Island. (About 45
Broadway.)
1613 May * Me. Madame de Guerche-
ville, having secured DeMonts' patent
and a new one from the crown, for all
lands between Florida and the St. Law-
rence River, Port Royal excepted, sends
Saussage and two .Jesuits, who settle a
small colony on Mount Desert Island.
[It is soon broken up.]
* * Guiana. A colony of Dutchmen ar-
rives. \
* * New York. The Dutch establish a
trading-post on Manhattan Island.
* * Va. Captain Samuel Argall of
Jamestown breaks up the French settle-
ments in Maine and Acadia, also the
Dutch trading-station (?) at New Nether-
land.
1614 Oct. 11. N. Y. A charter is
granted by the States-General to the
New Netherland Company, includ-
ing territory from 40° north to 45° north,
with a monopoly of the fur trade for
three years.
* * Conn. Settlement of Connecticut.
The Dutch, led by Adriaen Block, ex-
plore the coast, also the chief river, and
build a fort [near Hartford].
* * Guiana. The States of Holland en-
courage settlements by offering mono-
polies for four years.
* * Mass. An expedition is sent to New
England by Sir Ferdinando Gorges
and the Earl of Southampton.
* * N. Y. The Dutch form a settlement
on Manhattan Island, also erect a fort ;
they build another [Fort Nassau] 150
miles up the river.
* * New York. Jean Vigne, the first white
child, born on Manhattan Island.
* * Va. Gov. Gates returns to England,
and leaves the government to Sir Thomas
Dale [for two years].
The cultivation of tobacco brings
prosperity to the colony ; the streets
of Jamestown are planted with it, and
it becomes the accepted currency.
1615 May± * New Eng. John Smith
vainly attempts to form a settlement.
* * Brazil. Belem is founded by Calderia.
* * Can. Champlain leads an expedition
to Lake Huron.
* * N. F. Captain Richard Whitborne
is sent to establish order among the
fishermen at Newfoundland.
* * Va. Private ownership of land
begins, each colonist receiving 50 acres
for himself and heirs.
1616 May * Va. Sir Thomas Dale re-
signs the governorship, and returns to
England, leaving George Yeardley as
deputy governor. Pocahontas goes to
England.
* * New Eng. Sir Ferdinando Gor-
ges makes persistent effort for the set-
tlement of New England.
1617 Jan. * Va. Captain Samuel Ar-
gall is elected deputy governor.
[Fraud, oppression, violence, greed,
and tyranny on the part of the govern-
ment check immigration, and the col-
ony becomes reduced to 600 persons.]
May 15. Va. Argall arrives in Jamestown.
* * N. J. The Dutch from New Am-
sterdam start a settlement at Bergen.
[The first in New Jersey.]
* * N. Y. Fort Nassau [Albany] is de-
stroyed by a flood.
1618 * * New Eng. Ferdinando Gorges
sends Captain Rocroft from England to
New England ; he spoils a French bark
on the way, and goes to Virginia, where
he is killed.
1619 Jan. 1. N. Y. Expiration of the
first New Netherland charter.
* * Va. Lord Delaware sails with sup-
plies, and dies on the voyage. Ope-
chancanough succeeds Powhatan.
Apr. 19. Va. Sir George Yeardley is
appointed deputy governor. [The col-
ony grows and prospers.]
* * Hoi. The Pilgrims get a patent from
the London (South Virginia) Company.
July* Va. Popular government in-
troduced.
Yeardley divides the plantation into
11 boroughs, and issues a proclamation
requesting the election of two citizens
from each to assist in the government.
July 30. Va. The House of Burgesses
meets at Jamestown, the first colonial
legislature in the New World.
It is an elective assembly for discus-
sion only, and has no power without the
approval of the London Company.
1620 July 22. Hoi. The Pilgrims de-
part from Delfshaven in the Speedwell,
having spent the preceding night in
prayer and religious conversation.
The Pilgrims purchase the Speedwell,
and hire the Mayflower.
Aug. 5. Eng. The Pilgrims set sail
from Southampton for Virginia in the
Mayflower of 180 tons burden, and the
Speedwell, 60 tons. [The Speedwell proves
leaky, and compels their return to Dart-
mouth.]
Aug. 20±. The repairs on the Speedwell
being completed, the Pilgrims reem-
bark. [The Speedwell proves unseawor-
thy, and they return to Plymouth.]
Sept. 6. Eng. The Pilgrims finally
leave Plymouth in the Mayflower,
and number 102 persons.
Nov. 3. Eng. The Plymouth Com-
pany reorganized.
King James incorporates forty of his
subjects as " the Council established at
Plymouth for the planting, ruling, or-
dering, and governing of New, England
in America.
Nov. 9. Mass. The Pilgrims come in
sight of Cape Cod after a voyage of 63
days.
Nov. 11. Mass. Pilgrims on the May-
flower sign an instrument of republican
government, and elect John Carver
governor. (Nov. 21, N. S.)
Being denied a patent by the king, they
proceed to discharge all the functions of
an organized state.
Dec. 11. Mass. The Pilgrim Fathers
disembark at Plymouth Rock, and
found a colony numbering 102 persons.
New Style, Dec. 21. (Winsor.)
Dec. 23. Mass. The Pilgrims begin
building a settlement at Plymouth.
* * Arg. Rep. The Spaniards erect a new
government for Buenos Ayr es — the
Rio de la Plata, with Buenos Ayres
for its capital ; cities and settlements
abound.
* * Paraguay is separated from Bue-
nos Ayres.
* * Mass. The whole body of the male
inhabitants constitute the legislature.
[Continuing thus for 18 years.]
* * Va. The 1,000 inhabitants receive an
accession of 1,200 more.
30 162 1, Mar. 21 - 1 6 2 9, Aug. 29. AM ER I C A.
ARMY— NAVY.
1621 * * Va. The settlers scour the
wilderness, burn Indian villages, and
kill some savages ; the remainder are
driven into the interior.
* * Mans. Capt. Miles Standish, with a
force of six men, explores the country to
learn the disposition and number of the
Indians.
Aug. 14. Mass. The Plymouth colony
sends 14 armed men to awe the
Indians.
1622 Mar. 22. Va. Indians attempt
to annihilate the settlements by an un-
expected attack, in which 347 colonists
•are killed, and 72 settlements destroyed.
•Only 1,(500 men survive in the 8 remain-
ing settlements.
1623 * * Mass. Miles Standish with
eight men goes to the rescue of Wey-
mouth, and defeats the Indians.
June ± * N. Y. The Dutch build Fort
Orange (Albany).
N. J. The Dutch build Fort Nassau
on the east shore of the Delaware [a
little below Philadelphia].
July* Va. Parties of settlers attack
the savages and drive them inland.
1624 July* Va. The Assembly orders
another attack on the Indians.
* * Brazil. The Dutch take Bahia with-
out a struggle.
1628* * Can. Champlain repulses
David Kirk in his attempt to capture
Quebec ; Port Boyal falls into the hands
.of the English.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1621 * * Va. Workmen skilled in mak-
ing iron arrive, bees are introduced,
and cotton is planted as an experiment.
1622 * * Va. First grist-mill erected.
Twenty-five shipwrights arrive.
1625 * * Mass. Plymouth has already
built a little vessel.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1621 Carver, John, Gov. of Plymouth col-
ony, A 31.
Mayhew, Thomas, clergyman of Mass., born.
Hubbard, William, clergyman of Mass., born.
1623 Laval-Montmorency, Kp. of Que-
bec, born.
1625 Cushman, Robert, of Plymouth colony,
A45. ? '
1627 Yeardley, Sir George, Gov. of Va., d.
CHURCH.
1621* * N. Y. Lutherans settle in New
Amsterdam.
* * It. Gregory XV., pope.
1623 * * Mass. Protestant Episcopal
service is first regularly established
here by Rev. William Morrell of Eng-
land.
* * N. H. The colonists are tolerant to-
ward all religious faiths.
* * It. Urban VTEI., pope.
* * N.Y. The Walloons are driven to
America by persecution.
* * Va. The General Assembly ordains
the suppression " of all teaching or
preaching, public or private," of all
non-Episcopal ministers, and the expul-
sion of non-conformists from the colony.
± * * Mass. The London Company vexes
the Plymouth colony by its efforts to
thrust on the Pilgrims a minister of the
Established Church; they had come
to the western wilderness to escape such
oppression.
1626 * * Can. Fathers Brebeuf and
Daniel, Recollects, begin work among
the Hurons.
* * New York. Public worship by the
Reformed Dutch at New Amsterdam
begins, in the absence of ministers, by
the weekly reading of the Scriptures
and the creeds in a room over a horse-
mill, by two men (Huyck and Krol) sent
over as " Comforters of the Sick."
1627 * * N. M. The Franciscan mis-
sionaries report 27 new missions, sev-
eral large churches, 10 convents, thou-
sands of Indians baptized, and over 8,000
converts to Christianity.
1628 Apr. 7. N.Y. Jonas Michaelius,
the first Dutch minister, arrives ; the
Reformed Dutch Church is organized
in New Amsterdam.
* * N. Y. The first Presbyterian
church in America is organized in New
Amsterdam.
July 20. Mass. The ballot first used
in America in the election of John Wil-
son as pastor and teacher at Salem after
a day of humiliation. The church or-
ganized.
1629 Aug. 6. Mass. Organization of
the second Congregational church at
Salem.
John and Samuel Brown set up
Episcopal worship in Salem : ap-
parently the first to resist the politico-
religious law of the colony.
LETTERS.
1622 * * Va. The Bishop of London
raises £1,000 toward a university for
this colony.
1624 * * General History of Virginia, by
Captain John Smith, is printed in
London.
1626 * * A Translation of Ovid, hy Sandys,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1621 Mar. 22. Va. Jamestown and
other settlements are saved from gen-
eral massacre by the warning given by
a converted red man, who reveals
the plot on the previous night.
Mar. * Mass. Massasoit, the great
sachem of the Wampanoags, is received
by the Plymouth colony with much
parade. A treaty of peace follows. [It
is faithfully kept for fifty years.]
May 12. The first marriage in the
Plymouth colony takes place between
Edward Winslow and Susanna White.
June 18. The first duel in New Eng-
land brings disgrace on the duelists.
It is fought by two servants with sword
and dagger, and both are wounded. The
authorities sentence them to lie 24 hours
with their heads and feet tied together.
* * Va. Sixty more young women
arrive ; 150 lbs. of tobacco are charged
each man who becomes a husband, to
pay expenses incurred in bringing his
bride to Virginia.
Aug. 21. Va. One widow and eleven
maids consigned to the colony from
London, to be sold for tobacco at the
rate of 120 lbs. of the best leaf for each.
1622 * * Mass. The English settlers at
Weymouth seek their subsistence by
defrauding the Indians, instead of
laboring in useful employment ; conflict
follows.
1625 June 9. N. Y. The first white
child born in Brooklyn.
1626* *N. Y. The Dutch introduce
negro slaves.
1628 * * N. Y. The Dutch on Manhat-
tan Island live in houses thatched with
straw' and having wooden chimneys,
while creaking windmills extend their
ungainly sails against the sky.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1621 Mar. 21. Mass. Massasoit visits
Plymouth, and makes a treaty.
The Pilgrims enter a treaty with the
Wampanoags. [It is kept inviolate for
50 years.]
Spring. Mass. Of the 102 Pilgrims, only
about 50 survive the winter.
June 1. Eng. John Pierce receives his
first patent for the Pilgrims.
June 3. N. Y. The States-General grant
to the Dutch "West India Company a
charter, with full powers over New Neth-
erland for 24 years.
July 24. Va. Sir Francis Wyatt, the
governor, brings a new constitution
for the colony.
It vests the government in a governor,
a council of state, and a general assem-
bly, for which two burgesses are to be
chosen by each town, hundred, and plan-
tation. The governor has the veto power,
and every enactment of the assembly re-
quires the company's sanction ; on the
other hand, the assembly may veto the
acts of the company.
Sept. 10. Can. Sir "William Alexan-
der obtains from the crown of Scotland
a patent for all Acadia, under the title
of Nova Scotia. [An unsuccessful at-
tempt is made at colonizing.]
Nov. 19. Mass. Another company of
emigrants arrives with scant provisions
for the winter.
Nov. * -Dec. * Va. First session of the
Assembly under the new constitution.
* * Mass. "William Bradford is elected
governor, on the decease of Carver.
Pestilence had swept away about one-
half of the Indians prior to the arrival
of the Pilgrims.
"Winter. Mass. Starvation threatens the
colonists, and they subsist on half ra-
tions for six months.
* * Mass. The supply vessel Fortune is
sent back from Plymouth, laden with
beaver skins and clapboards valued at
$2,500, the first returns from the colony.
* * N. F. Sir George Calvert plants
a colony in Newfoundland [and resides
there for several years].
AMERICA. 1621, Mar. 21-1629, Aug. 29. 31
* * Sp. Philip IV. enthroned.
* * Va. Jamestown exports 55,000 lbs.
of tobacco this year.
The cultivation of cotton is intro-
duced.
* * -22 * * Va. Great increase in im-
migration.
1622 Aug. 10. N.H. Sir Ferdinando
Gorges and John Mason obtain a pa-
tent for lands between the Merrimac
and Kennebec Rivers, called Laconia.
Settlements made on the sites of Dover
and Portsmouth.
Nov. 6. The king's proclamation prohib-
its " interloping and disorderly trading
to New England."
[This hastens the dissolution of the
Plymouth company.]
■* * Can. Samuel Champlain is gover-
nor of Canad i [including Michigan].
** * Eng. The London Company is bank-
rupt, and the numerous stockholders
are divided by dissensions.
* * Mass. English fishing vessels arrive
and sell food to the starving Pilgrims
at double price.
Emigrants sent out by Thomas Weston
of London begin a new settlement [near
Boston] called Weymouth.
* * Me. The first permanent settlement
in Maine is made at Saco. (Or in 1623.)
* * Spring. N. Y. The great "West In-
dia Company take possession of New
Netherland under their charter.
- * Fa. A massacre of a part of the
colonists reduces the plantations from
<S0 to less than eight.
The census shows a population of 2,500
people.
1623 Apr. * Eng. Lord Baltimore's
patent is granted. [Dies. Patent not
sealed.]
Apr. * The whole of Long Island is
granted to the Earl of Stirling.
Apr. * N. Y. Thirty families, called
"Walloons, arrive from Flanders ; they
seek civil and religious freedom, and to
escape the persecutions of their own
country.
June 25. Va. King James contends
with the London Company and en-
deavors to annul its charter.
June ± * N. Y. Eighteen of the emigrant
families of Walloons ascend the Hud-
con, and build Fort Orange (Albany).
* * N. J. Walloons, under Cornells Ja-
cobson May, ascend the South River
(Delaware) and build Fort Nassau [be-
low Camden].
* * Can. Scotch colonists sent out by
Sir William Alexander arrive in Nova
Scotia, but return when they find French
adventurers already established there.
July 20. New England is divided
among the original patentees.
* * Mass. Weymouth [near Boston] is
abandoned ; the majority of colonists re-
turn to England.
John Pierce's second patent issued on
his own account, making the Plymouth
people his tenants. [He sells it to the
Pilgrims for $2,500 — cost price $250.]
John Lyford and John Oldham
conspire against the welfare of the
colony, and both are banished.
The Pilgrims no longer labor in com-
mon, but receive allotments of land to
individuals for one year.
* * Me.-N. H. Settlements are made in
New Hampshire and Maine, including
Portsmouth and Dover.
1624* * Spring. Mass. Land is no
longer held in common ; every person
receives a little land in perpetual fee.
Edward Winslow returns from England,
bringing the Cape Ann patent.
Cattle are first brought to Plymouth
— three heifers and one bull.
June 16. Virginia becomes a royal
colony.
James I. arbitrarily annuls the liberal
charter of the London Company, after
it has spent $750,000 above its receipts,
and Virginia becomes a royal colony,
having Sir Francis Wyatt for governor,
with 12 councilors.
Dec. * New Eng. After four years of
labor and expense, only 180 persons
remain ; there is no hope of future
profit.
* * Brazil is invaded by the Dutch.
* * Mass. John White, a Puritan minis-
ter from Dorchester, England, plants a
small colony on Cape Cod.
The governor's power is restricted by
a council of five.
Cape Ann is settled by a few Puri-
tans. [Later the colony removes to
Naumkeag.]
* * N. Y. The Dutch ship New Nether-
land brings over a colony of 110 Wal-
loons of French origin, to the Hudson
River region. They bring farm-stock,
seed, and implements.
The Dutch begin civil govern-
ment; Captain Cornelius May is the
first governor, and his duties chiefly re-
late to the management of a trading-
post.
* * Va. About 2,000 colonists remain of
the 9,000 sent out.
1625 Mar. 27. Eng. Charles I. en-
throned.
May 13. Va. Charles I. issues a proc-
lamation inimical to the Jamestown
colony.
* * Mass. Mount Wollaston [near Bos-
ton] settled by Captain Wollaston.
* * New York. Sarah Rapaelje is born,
the first white girl born on Manhattan
Island.
Three ships and a yacht bring many
settlers from Holland and 100 cattle.
* * N. Y. William Verhulst is governor
of New Netherland. Walloons settle at
Fort Orange (Albany).
1626 Jan. * N. Y. The Dutch West
India Company appoint Peter Minuit
governor of New Netherland.
May 4. N. Y. Gov. Minuit arrives;
also four shiploads of colonists with
300 cattle ; population of New Amster-
dam two hundred.
* * Guiana. The French settle on the
Sinamary River.
May * New York. Minuit buys the en-
tire Manhattan Island, comprising
more than 20,000 acres, for $24 worth
of scarlet cloth, brass buttons, etc.
* * N. H. A feeble settlement is made on
the Piscataqua River (Dover).
* * Va. Sir George Yeardley, benefac-
tor of Virginia, reappointed governor.
1627 Aug. * Va. The King proposes a
royal monopoly of the tobacco trade.
* * Summer. Va. One thousand emi-
grants arrive.
Nov. * Mass. Eight of the Plymouth
colonists purchase the entire interest
of the London Company in the Plym-
outh colony for $9,000.
Nov. * Va. The colonists elect Francis
West to fill the vacancy in the gover-
norship. [He is soon excluded.]
* * Can. The colony of Quebec is
transferred to the company of 100 mer-
chants under Cardinal Richelieu.
* * Guiana. Dutch settlements are es-
tablished.
* * Mass. The Plymouth colony intro-
duce the use of wampum as currency.
* * Mass.-N. Y. The Dutch and the Puri-
tans are fast friends. Dutch embassy is
sent to Plymouth with expressions of
good will.
1628 Mar. 19. Mass. The founda-
tion of the Massachusetts colony is
laid by 6 Englishmen.
They purchase a belt of land ex-
tending from ocean to ocean, and from
3 miles north of the Merrimac River to
3 miles south of the River Charles and
the Massachusetts Bay.
Mar. * Va. The colonists assent to the
royal monopoly of the tobacco trade.
Sept. 16. Mass. Arrival of a colony at
Salem, led by John Endicott.
* * Mass. Endicott suppresses the settle-
ment at Wollaston.
* * New York Manhattan has a popu-
lation of 270 ; the fur trade flourishes.
* * Va. John Potts is governor.
1629 Mar. 4. Mass. Charles I. issues
a charter to the company which had
settled Salem, incorporating the pro-
prietors as the Governor and Company
of Massachusetts Bay in New Eng-
land ; M. Cradock governor. [Declines.]
June 6. N. Y. The Dutch West In-
dia Company created a charter of
privileges corporation.
Under it certain patroons may each
hold in fee simple, as do the hereditary
lords of Europe, a tract of land not
more than 16 miles long and 8 miles
wide, or other width determined by the
position.
June 30 ±. Mass. Two hundred addi-
tional immigrants arrive ; one-half go to
the Plymouth Colony and the other
half lay the foundation of Charles-
town, dividing the land into two-acre
lots, one for each settler. [More than
one-half die in a year.]
Aug. 29. Mass. The charter and gov-
ernment of the Massachusetts Company
is transferred to the colony by the
Company; John Winthrop is chosen
governor.
32 1629-1634, Oct
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1629 * * Can. Conquest of Quebec by
the English, who are led by three refu-
gee French Calvinists.
1630* * Brazil. The Dutch take Olinda.
1633 * * Conn. The Indians commit
their first act of violence in this col-
ony by murdering the crew of a trading
vessel on the Connecticut Kiver ; they
apologize, and sign a treaty of peace.
* * New York. Fort Amsterdam is be-
gun. [Number 4 Bowling Green.]
1634 Oct. * Conn. Plymouth colonists
ascend the Connecticut Kiver, and build
a fort at Windsor.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1629 * * Mass. The colonists at Salem
commence to make bricks.
1630 * * Peru. Destructive earthquake
at Lima.
1631 * * Can. Searching for the north-
west passage, Fox discovers Fox Chan-
nel ; touches Cape Peregrine. James,
on the same errand, discovers James's
Bay.
* * Mass. The little vessel Blessing of
the Bay is built.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1630 Johnson, (Lady) Arabella, Pilgrim, d.
1632 Smith. John, leader in Va., A53.
CHURCH.
1629 * * Mass. Gov. Endicott sends away
the Episcopal brothers Brown, who de-
sire services in their own house, as " fac-
tious and evil-conditioned."
1630 Feb. 22. Mass. Fast day
changed into a day of thanksgiving, be-
cause of the arrival of a ship from Eng-
land with provisions.
* * Conn. Presbyterian worship, con-
ducted by Richard Denton, pastor, com-
mences at Wetherstield.
* * Mass. John Winthrop, an Epis-
copalian, chooses affliction with the
Puritans.
. * * N. Y. A colony of Dutch establish
the Reformed Dutch worship at Fort
Orange (Albany).
1631 Feb. 5. Boston. Roger Wil-
liams arrives from England
Apr. 12. Mass. Williams becomes
teacher for the Salem church.
May 18. Mass. The General Court of
the Massachusetts Bay colony decrees,
" No man shall be admitted to the body
politic, but such as are members of some
of the churches within the limits " of the
colony.
Nov. 3. Boston. Rev. John Eliot ar-
rives.
* * Mass. Taxes are levied for the sup-
port of the gospel ; attendance at
church is required by law ; only church
members can be elected to offices of
trust ; intolerance and bigotry, the vice
of the age, is also the vice of the Pu-
ritans.
The Plymouth colony is more toler-
ant than the Massachusetts colony.
Roger Williams, a minister of Salem,
denounces the intolerant laws.
He is the " first in America or Europe
to proclaim the doctrine of full religious
toleration ; " he holds that the state
should leave matters of religious opinion
and worship to the conscience of the
individual, and confine government to
secular affairs.
1632 * * Can. The conversion of the
heathen is committed solely to the
Jesuits.
The missionaries are employed to
confirm the alliance made with the
Hurons, by establishing missions among
them.
* * Mass. The erection of the first
church in Soston is commenced.
1633 Mar. 25. Va. The services of
the Roman Catholic church are be-
gun on St. Clement's Island, on the
Potomac, by Revs. Andrew White and
John Altham.
Oct. * N. H. The first Congregational
minister preaches in the State.
* * Can. Jesuit missionaries resume
work in the St. Lawrence Valley.
* * Spring. N. Y. A second Dutch
minister arrives at New Amsterdam.
* * Md. The Society of Jesus begins its
labors.
* * N. Y. The records of the Re-
formed (Dutch) church begin.
The first church on Manhattan
Island is erected by the Dutch (on Pearl
Street, between Broad and Whitehall).
1634 Mar. 3. Md. The first colony of
200 Catholics arrives on the Potomac,
for the settlement of Maryland under
Lord Baltimore.
Mar. 25. Md. The English Catholic
families land from the two ships, the
Arc and the Dove.
Mar. 27. Md. Lord Baltimore, a Cath-
olic, plants the first colony, composed
of both Puritans and Catholics, but
chiefly Catholics, near the mouth of the
Potomac, and some are men of fortune.
* * * Mass. The opposition to the
Quakers rests on semi-political grounds
chiefly, because they annoy congrega-
tions in their worship.
May 24. Mass. Commencement of the
custom of preaching election-day ser-
mons, by Rev. John Cotton.
Sept. ± * Mass. Roger Williams be-
comes pastor of the Salem church.
LETTERS.
1630 * * The Golden Fleece, by Vaughn,
appears.
* * A Model of Christian Charity is writ-
ten by John Winthrop while on his
voyage to Massachusetts.
* * * The Puritans are an educated
people.
1633 * * New York. The Dutch estab-
lish a school at New Amsterdam.
SOCIETY.
1629 * * Brazil. Commencement of
raids into the interior to capture In-
dians for slavery ; the converted Indians
in Paraguay are not spared.
* * Eng. The Massachusetts colony in
London, directing Gov. Endicott, says: —
" We pray you endeavour, though there
be much strong water for sale, yet so to
order it as that the savage may not, for
our lucre sake, be induced to the exces-
sive use, or rather abuse of it ; and at
any time take care our people give no
ill example : and if any shall exceed in
the inordinate kind of drinking as to be-
come drunk, we hope you will take care
his punishment be made exemplary for
all others."
* * Paraguay. Spanish colonists raid the
Indian tribes of the interior, to secure
slaves, repeatedly attacking the Indian
settlements of the Jesuits.
* * -35 * * Va. Gov. John Hervey sides
with certain speculators and land mo-
nopolists in wronging the people.
1630 * * Brazil. The Dutch send an ex-
pedition to Africa to capture slaves
from a Portuguese settlement for the
colony at Olinda.
* * Mass. About 300 of the best kind
of Puritans families emigrate to New
England.
" Not adventurers, not vagabonds,
were these brave people, but virtuous,
well-educated, courageous men and
women, who, for conscience's sake, left
comfortable homes with no thought of
returning."
The court fixes the prices of labor;
mechanics to receive no more than 2s. a
day, under a penalty of 10s.
1631 * * Del. The entire colony of 30
persons at Lewiston is massacred by the
Indians in revenge of one murder.
* * Mass. Roger Williams arrives.
1633 * * Mass. One of the laws of the
colony directs that " No man shall sell
or (being in the course of trade) give any
strong water to any Indian."
* * * Brazil. Maurice, the Dutch gov-
ernor, promotes the amalgamation of
the natives and colonists by marriage.
The colony grants partial toleration.
It enacts that provision be made for
all refugees from religious persecution
on their arrival, except Jesuits and
priests ; blasphemy, idolatry, and witch-
craft are made punishable with death ;
immoralities are severely punished ;
money is not to be loaned for inter-
est ; extravagance in dress is a crime;
and the Bible is accepted as the ultimate
tribunal when the laws are defective.
* * Mich. The Iroquois Indians drive the
Hurons on St. Joseph's Island, where
many starve during the winter.
1634 * * Mass. Mrs. Hutchinson organ-
izes a meeting of women, they being
excluded from speaking in the weekly
meetings for social worship.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1629 Sept. 13. Mass. Nine sachems
come to Plymouth and offer their alle-
giance. (J. Endicott, acting governor.)
* * Can. Quebec and all Canada is sur-
rendered to the English.
* * Mass. The name of the Bay Colony is
changed from Naumkeag to Salem.
* * N. H. — Me. Mason and Gorges, the
proprietors of New Hampshire and
Maine, dissolve their union, and each
AMERICA.
1629-1634.
receives a new grant ; Mason from the
Merrimac to the Piscataway River,
Gorges from the latter to the Kennebec,
and it is called New Somersetshire.
* * N.J. Godyn and Blomaert, two Dutch
patroons, obtain a grant of the lower
part of New Jersey, bordering the Del-
aware Bay.
* * Va. Gov. John Harvey arrives at
Jamestown, bearing a commission from
Charles I. [His presence vexes the col-
onists for six years.]
Lord Baltimore visits Virginia, and
is promised citizenship if he will take an
oath, which his Catholic conscience for-
bids. He is not permitted to plant a
colony here.
* * Del. Samuel Godyn, a Dutch direc-
tor, purchases from the Indians all their
lands from Cape Henlopen to the mouth
of the Delaware.
1630 Midwinter. Mass. Two hundred
Puritans have perished from the
severity of the climate and their inferior
shelter.
Apr. 18. If. Y. Manors are created.
May * If. H. The province of Laconia
has its name changed to New Hamp-
shire. It is first settled.
June 12. Mass. John Winthrop arrives
at Salem with the charter of Massachu-
setts Colony. The government is re-
moved from England to America.
(John Winthrop is elected the first
governor of the Massachusetts Colony.)
He is a Christian patriot and states-
man, of the Episcopal religion, and of
republican principles. [He becomes the
controlling spirit of the colony.]
July 6. Mass. Fourteen vessels arrive
with 1,500 colonists for Massachusetts
Bay. [They found Watertown, Dor-
chester, and Roxbury.]
July * If. Y. The Council ratify the pur-
chase from the natives of all land be-
tween Cape Henlopen and the mouth of
the Delaware by Samuel Godyn.
Aug. 9. If. Y. Staten Island is pur-
chased from the Lndians by Michael
Pauw, a Dutch director. [They sell it
twice afterwards.]
Aug. 23. Mass. The first court of as-
sistants is held at Charlestown ; it settles
the price of mechanical labor : mechan-
ics are to receive no more than 2s. a
day, under a penalty of 10s. to giver
and taker.
Aug. * Mass. Trimountain (Boston) is
founded by John Winthrop and a few
leading families.
Sept. 17. Mass. The court of Charles-
town changes the name of the settle-
ment at Trimountain to Boston.
Oct. 19. Boston. The first General
Court in America is held; 110 freemen
in the colony.
Oct. * Mass. It is found impracticable
to transact public business by a primary
assembly of all freemen meeting four
times in a year ; a Board of Assistants
is appointed.
Nov. * If. J, Michael Pauw becomes the
patroon of Hoboken Hacking (Hoboken).
* * Guiana. The first settlement is made
at Surinam.
* * Brazil. The Dutch seize the coast,
and establish a colony at Olinda in Per-
nambuco ; Count Maurice comes, and
prosperity follows.
Regular government is established and
a supply of slaves provided.
* * Conn. The Council of Plymouth grant
to the Earl of Warwick the land 120 miles
southeast from the Narragansett River,
and extending from the Atlantic to the
Pacific [Not settled for five years.]
* * Mass. A third and last patent given
to the Plymouth Colony, grants lands
between the Cohasset River and the
Narragansett, and westward to the limits
of Pokenakut (or Sowamset).
The great emigration begins.
Over 1,000 persons brought over in
17 vessels, besides horses, cattle, and
goats, also necessaries for planting, fish-
ing, ana ship-building. Many persons
of importance are among the emigrants.
* * Me. Settlements are made on the
Saco by Bichard Vines and John
Oldham.
* * If. C. Charles I. grants Sir Robert
Heath a patent to Carolina, an im-
mense tract south of Virginia. [After
33 years of useless existence, it is re-
voked.]
* *N.S. St. Etienne, a Huguenot of La
Tour, buys the patent for Nova Scotia,
of Sir William Alexander, with a con-
dition requiring its continued subjection
to Scotland.
* * N. Y. Kiliaen van Rensselaer, one
of the colonial directors, appropriates
lands bought of the Indians, north and
south of Fort Orange (Albany), 24
miles along the river, and 48 miles in-
land. Dutch colonists settle Rensse-
laerwyck.
* * Va. Virginians are vexed with the
rash imposition of frequent fines, which
now become the perquisites of Governor
Harvey.
1631 Feb. 5. Mass. Arrival of the
Lyon from Bristol, laden with much
needed food.
Mar. 29. Conn. "Warwick transfers his
claim to Lord Say and Seal, Lord
Brooke, John Hampden, and others.
Spring. Del. De Vries, with 30 Dutch
colonists, lays the foundation of Lewis-
town, the oldest settlement in Delaware.
[All are massacred by Indians.]
May 5. N. J. The Dutch purchase Cape
May of the Indians.
Oct. 18. Mass. The Puritans limit the
suffrage to members of the church,
thus putting the government in the
hands of a minority, excluding from
their rights nearly three-fourths of the
people.
* * Mass. A fortified town is begun on
the Charles River, and called Newtown
(Cambridge).
* * Me. A division line is drawn by the
proprietors, Gorges and Mason, be-
tween Maine and New Hampshire,
separating the colonies.
* * Md. William Clayborne, with other
Virginians, makes the first settlement,
on Kent Island.
1632 Mar. 29. Fr. Treaty of St.
Germain between Prance and England ;
New France, Acadia, and Canada go to
the dominion of France ; all British in-
terests are surrendered.
June 20. Md. Cecil Calvert, second
Lord Baltimore, receives from Charles
I. the grant of a new province, which he
calls Maryland, in honor of the queen.
[The severing of their territory vexes
the Virginians, but they remonstrate in
vain.]
Oct. * Mass. Governor Winthrop and
Pastor Wilson, of the Massachusetts
Colony, visit the Plymouth settlement
to show good will.
* * Conn. Dutch traders visit the Con-
necticut.
* * Mass. The Connecticut valley be-
ing more fertile, emigration is urged
thither by Winthrop.
* * If. Y. Charles I. reasserts the title of
England to New Netherland, by " first
discovery, occupation, and possession."
1633 Jan. 8. Conn. The Dutch buy
land of the Indians on both sides of the
river.
Apr. * if. Y. Wouter van Twiller su-
persedes Minuet as governor.
Oct. * Conn. A trading-post is estab-
lished by the Pilgrims, and settlers lo-
cate at Windsor in disregard of the
claims of the Dutch.
Nov. 22. Md. Leonard Calvert,
brother of the second Lord Baltimore,
sails with a colony of 201 persons, chiefly
Roman Catholics and their servants.
* * Mass. Men who become eminent ar-
rive ; among them are John Haynes,
John Cotton, Thomas Hooker, and Sam-
uel Stone.
* * Mass. Charles I. becomes alarmed
at the growing popularity of the liberal
Massachusetts government. The Arch-
bishop of Canterbury is offended.
The governor's power is restricted
by a council which is now increased from
five to ten. (E. Winslow, governor.)
* * Pa. The Dutch buy lands on the
Schuylkill.
1634 Mar. 25. Md. Lord Baltimore's
first colony lands on St. Clement's
Island.
Apr. * Eng. Superintendency of the
colonies is removed from the privy
council to a special commission led by
the Archbishop of Canterbury.
May * Mass. The ballot is substituted
for a show of hands at a public election.
* * Mass. Thos. Prince, Gov. of Plym-
outh ; Thos. Dudley, of Mass. Bay.
* * Guiana. The French settle at Cay-
enne.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1630 * * Greenland. Eight men belong-
ing to the Muscovy Company are left
here by accident till the next season,
and yet survive their terrible sufferings.
34
1634-1639.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1635 Apr. 25. Md. Fight between the
armed boats of "William Clayborne
and the colonists.
* * Me. The French seize the Penobscot
trading-post established by Plymouth
colonists, who fail to retake it.
* * Conn. The English send over men,
ordnance, and ammunition, with $10,000
to build a fort at the mouth of the
Connecticut River (at Saybrook).
A colony led by the younger John
Winthrop drives the Dutch from the
mouth of the Connecticut River, settles
Saybrook, and builds a fort, under a pa-
tent given by Lord Say and Seal and
Lord Brooke.
1636 * * -37 * * Conn. The Indians com-
mit many ravages near Saybrook.
General alarm is felt.
THE PEQUOT WAR.
1636 July+i?./. The Indians of Block
Island plunder a trading-vessel and kill
its captain.
Sept. * -Oct. * Mass. Capt. Endicott
ravages the territory of the Pequots in
revenge.
1637 Apr. * Conn. Indians massacre
nine soldiers at Wethersfield.
* * Spring. Conn. The Pequots seek
the alliance of the Narragansetts, with
whom they had long been at enmity, but
are frustrated by Roger Williams.
May 10. Conn. The colonists in conven-
tion declare war against the Pequots.
May 26. Conn. Defeat of the Pe-
quots in their fort by a force of 80
men, commanded by Captain James
Mason, and aided by several hundred
doubtful Indian allies.
July 13. Conn. Complete overthrow of
the Pequots.
* * Md. The colonists have a bloody
skirmish with William Clayborne at
Kent Island, and dispossess him.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1635 Aug. 15. New Eng. Terrible
storm and great tide 20 feet high ; lives
and property destroyed.
1638 June 1. New Eng. An earth-
quake alarms the people.
* * N. T. The Dutch on Staten Island
are the first of the colonists to distil
brandy.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1634 Dongran, Thomas, Gov. of N.Y., horn.
1635 Mason, John, founder in N. H., dies.
1636 Oldham, John, colonizer, murdered.
1637 Andros, Edmund, Gov. of New. Eng.,b.
1638 Harvard, John, founder of Harvard
College, A31.
1639 Alarcon y Mendoza, de Don Jan,
Mex. poet, A39. ?
Church, Benjamin, soldier, born.
Mather, Increase, Pres. of Harvard, bAirn.
CHURCH.
1634 * * Can. The Jesuits, Brebeuf and
Daniel, join the barefoot Hurons on
their returning from Quebec to their
own country,
* * Mass. Irreligion, as well as her-
esy, punishable.
Mr. Lathrop and his flock, fleeing from
England, settle at Scituate.
Roger Williams writes a paper declar-
ing the grants of land by the King of
England are invalid until the natives
are justly recompensed.
* * Md. The colonists, with Father White
for their priest, worship in an immense
wigwam of the departed Indian chief,
which is the first English Catholic
church in America.
* * Fa. A band of non-conformists
are driven out because of their religious
opinion.
1635 Jan. 19. Mass. The governor
convenes the clergy to decide " whether
it be lawful for us to carry the cross
[of England] in our banners ? " They
divide, and defer their answer.
May * Mass. The clergy favor changing
the red cross of the English banner to
the red and white rose.
* * Mass. Roger "Williams and John
Smyth, a miller, are banished from
the colony because of heresy.
Arrival of Rev. Thomas Hooker, the
" Light of the Western Churches."
Mrs. Anne Hutchinson becomes the
champion of her sex against the clergy,
whom she charges with defrauding the
women of the gospel, also declaring that
they were no better than Pharisees ; she
advocates Antinomian doctrines.
1636 Mar. 30. Mass. The Council
sends a constable to Salem, to suppress
those who do not submit to the Estab-
lished Church.
* * Can. Fifteen Jesuit Missionaries
are among the Indians.
* * Bel. Swedes establish Lutheran
worship.
* * Mass. The first Congregational
organization at Cambridge formed.
1637 Aug. 30. Mass. The Synod of
New England meets for the first time
at Newtown, and Anne Hutchinson and
her friends are deemed unworthy of the
society of Christians, and are banished.
[They join the colony under Roger
Williams (Rhode Island).]
+ * * Mass. The Puritans and others are
annoyed by the erratic Samuel Gorton,
who is rated a heretic.
Rev. Francis Doughty, a Presbyte-
rian, is driven from Taunton because
he favors the baptism of the infants of
believers.
General Synod of the Congregational
church is held at Cambridge ; it con-
demns Antinomianism.
1638 May * R. I. A citizen of Provi-
dence is disfranchised for striking his
wife, disturbing her conscience, and
preventing her from attending church.
Dec. * JV. H. The First Congregational
church organized at Dover.
* * Can. Eminent French Catholics
endow a public hospital for Indians, and
three nuns are sent to serve it.
* * Del. First Episcopal service held
within the Swedish Fort Christina
(Wilmington).
Lutherans from Sweden bring a min-
ister with them, and settle on the Dela-
ware (Wilmington).
* * Mass. Arrival of John Davenport,
a clergyman, from London.
John Wheelwright is banished for
expressing sympathy with the teachings
of Anne Hutchinson.
* * New York. At New Amsterdam Dom-
inie Bogardus writes Van Twiller,
the incompetent governor, threatening
to give him " such a shake from the pul-
pit on the following Sunday as would
make him shudder."
1639 Mar.* R.I. The first Baptist
church in America formed at Provi-
dence. [Questioned by some.]
Mar. 16. R.I. Roger "Williams's
views of baptism change.
Having been baptized in infancy, he
meekly submits to be baptized again by
Ezekiel Holliman, a layman, and then
Williams baptizes Holliman " and some
ten more:" thus rejecting the doctrine
of infant baptism.
June * Conn. The leading men of New
Haven hold a convention in a barn, and
adopt the Bible as the constitution of
the State. None but church members
to have the rights of citizens. They
have no government for the first year.
* * Conn. Religious toleration enacted
in New Haven.
* * Md. The Assembly make the Roman
Catholic religion the church of the
State.
* * Mich. St. Mary's becomes the center
of mission work among the Hurons.
* * R. I. Roger Williams withdraws
from the Baptists because of their non-
apostolical succession.
LETTERS.
1635 * * Boston. Provision is made for
the establishment of a public schooL
* * Can. The foundation of a seminary
is laid in Quebec by the Jesuits.
1636 Oct. 28. Mass. The General
Court makes provision for the erec-
tion of a college.
The Colony Court " agreed to give £400
towards a schoole or collidge, whereof
£200 is to be paid the next yeare, and
£200 when the work is finished, and the
next court to appoint where, and what
building." The act doubles the taxes
for this year.
1637 * * Mass. A college is ordered to
be erected at " Newetowne."
1638 * * Mass. The name of the college
is changed from Cambridge to Har-
vard College, because of the bequest
of £779 17s. 2d., and his library, by
Rev. John Harvard ; the object being
"the education of the English and In-
dian youth of this country in knowledge
and godliness."
* * Boston. Stephen Day imports the
first font of types.
1639 * * Boston. Day sets up his print-
ing-press at Cambridge.
The first American almanac appears.
AMERICA.
1634-1639.
35
" An Almanac Calculated for New Eng-
land, by Mr. Pierce, Mariner." Stephen
Day, printer at Cambridge.
* * Can. An TTrsuline convent for the
education of girls established at Quebec.
SOCIETY.
1637 Nov. 2. Mass. Rev. John Har-
vard is made a freeman of the colony,
soon after his arrival.
* * Mass. Negro slaves are imported.
* * Mass. Ordinary-keepers are ordered
not to sell either sack or strong water
to the Indians.
* * Rhode Island colonists are protected
from the dangerous Pequot Indians by
the powerful Narragansetts.
1638 May 1. Eng. The King forbids
the sailing of 8 vessels, ready to depart
for America, and said to have John
Hampden, Oliver Cromwell, and
other noted Puritans on board.
* * Mass. One person in each of 11 named
towns is authorized to retail sack or
strong water.
1638* *N. Y. The Dutch on Staten
Island are the first colonists to distil
brandy.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1634 * * Eng. An anti-emigration
edict issued, without the effect desired.
* * Massachusetts changes its form of
government from a pure to a repre-
sentative democracy ; deputies chosen
by the people assume the powers of gov-
ernment, while the clergy oppose the
change.
The Massachusetts Company has some
20 or 30 villages, and nearly 4,000 English-
men have come over to dwell in them.
* * N.J. Sir Edmund Ployden obtains a
grant of the country on the Delaware
(New Jersey) from the king of Eng-
land, and calls it New Albion.
1635 Feb. * The hostility of the king
and church causes the Plymouth Coun-
cil for New England to surrender its
charter and rights in America, on con-
dition that the king disregard various
grants, and divide up the territory in
severalty among its members.
* * Mass. John Haynes, who arrived in
1633, is elected governor of the Massa-
chusetts Bay Colony.
* * Mass. William Bradford, who ar-
rived in 1620, is elected governor of the
Plymouth Colony.
Feb. 26. Md. The first general assem-
bly meets, and enacts laws.
Apr. * Md. Hostilities between Mary-
land and Virginia.
William Clayborne's pinnace is seized
by a party from St. Mary's. He refuses
to recognize the authority of Lord
Baltimore.
Oct. 8. Conn. John Winthrop, son of
the governor of Massachusetts, arrives
from England as governor of Connecti-
cut.
Oct. * New Eng. A colony of 60 persons
leaves Boston and settles in the valley
Of the Connecticut River ; Windsor,
Hartford, and Wethersfield are
founded ; many nearly perish for lack
of food.
Dec. * Va. Sir John Harvey re-ap-
pointed governor by King Charles I.
* * Va. The House of Burgesses depose
Governor Harvey, whom Charles I.
commissioned.
Because of his partisanship with un-
principled speculators, and they appoint
Captain John West in his place " until
the king's pleasure be known in the
matter." A majority of the councilors
favoring, the governor is constrained to
go to England for a trial.
* * Conn. A Puritan colony having ob-
tained a charter, drives the Dutch from
the mouth of the Connecticut and settle
Saybrook.
* * Guiana. A French colony established.
* * Mass. Roger Williams is banished
into the wilderness.
Political troubles in England stimu-
late emigration.
Three thousand emigrants arrive, and
Henry Vane, the younger, and Hugh
Peters, are among them.
Musket bullets are made lawful cur-
rency by enactment.
Twelve families of immigrants found
Concord, 16 miles from Boston.
* * New Eng. Selectmen are first ap-
pointed as the officers of townships.
* * N. F. Permission is given to the
French to cure and dry fish, for a
consideration.
* * Eng. A Quo Warranto issued
against the Massachusetts Company.
1636 Apr. * Mass. Springfield is
settled by William Pynchon and others
from Roxbury.
June * R. I. Roger Williams having
bought the land of the Indians, with
five others lays the foundation of the
city of Providence.
June * -July * Conn. Ministers Hooker
and Stone, with their congregations,
migrate from Newtown (Cambridge),
Massachusetts, and buy land of the In-
dians on the Connecticut River.
* * Can. Quebec has 100 inhabitants.
* * Mass. The General Fundamen-
tals, a code of laws, is established at
Plymouth.
An unsuccessful attempt is made to
rescind the charter [and again the next
year].
The [afterward distinguished] Henry
Vane, a young man of great talent and
much piety, is elected governor. Wins-
low is reelected governor of Plymouth.
* * N.J. New Albion (including New
Jersey) granted to Sir Edward Plowden,
the viceroy of Ireland.
1637 Spring. Mass. John Winthrop re-
elected governor. Also Wm. Bradford.
May 10. Conn. The first General Court
declares war against the Pequots.
July* Eng. Sir Ferdinando Gorges
appointed Governor of New England by
the king. [He did not leave England.]
Summer. N. Y. The Dutch Company
buy back the lands in Pavonia and
Staten Island. Price [$10,000].
Aug. * Mass. Henry Vane returns to
England.
* * Conn. Windsor, Wethersfield, and
Hartford become the colony of Con-
necticut.
1638 Mar. * Bel. Swedes settle in
Northern Delaware, after buying the
land of the Indians ; they call their col-
ony New Sweden, and greatly prosper.
Peter Minuet, governor.
Jan.* Md. An act of attainder is car-
ried against William Clayborne, as one
indicted for piracy and murder ; he flees
from justice to England.
Mar. 7. R. I. Civil government is es-
tablished at Newport by John Clarke,
M.D., and 17 others, who left Massa-
chusetts for religious freedom, the Jew-
ish Nation furnishing their model of
government.
Mar. 29. New York. William Kieft,
the governor, arrives at New Amster-
dam.
Mar. 30. Conn. A colony of Puritans,
led by Rev. John Davenport and The-
ophilus Eaton, sails from Boston, [and
settle New Haven.]
May 1. Charles I. restrains emigration
by detaining a squadron of eight vessels
abeut to sail from London, in which
John Hampden and Oliver Cromwell are
said to have embarked.
Nov. 24. Conn. New Haven is pur-
chased from the Indians.
* * Mass. Thomas Prince, governor.
* * N. Y. New Netherland is opened for
general trade and settlement.
* * R.I. William Coddington of Mas-
sachusetts, with Mrs. Anne Hutchin-
son and a few others, buys Rhode Is-
land, and then founds the colony of
Portsmouth [later Newport], and Cod-
dington is elected the first magistrate.
* * * Eng. Persecution hastens emigra-
tion to New England.
1639 Jan. 14. Conn. Civil govern-
ment organized.
Delegates from three towns, Windsor,
Hartford, and Wethersfield, draw up a
simple and liberal instrument at Hart-
ford. Saybrook and New Haven decline
to sign it.
Apr. * Va. Charles I. treats the colo-
nists with contempt ; he restores Gov-
ernor Harvey.
June 4. Mass. First General Assem-
bly of the deputies of each town in the
Plymouth Colony.
Aug. * Conn. The leading men of New
Haven adopt the Bible as the consti-
tution of the State ; they exclude from
rights of citizenship non-church mem-
bers. [They so administer the govern-
ment for twenty years.]
Nov. * Va. Sir Francis Wyatt reap-
pointed governor.
* * Conn. John Haynes chosen govern-
or of the Connecticut Colony, and The-
ophilus Eaton of the New Haven Col-
ony.
* * Mass. William Bradford is reelected
governor of Plymouth Colony.
36 1639-1646, Aug.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1640 * * N. Y. The Dutch, " the bloody
men," abuse the Indians, and war fol-
lows in New Netherland.
1641 * *N. Y. The Raritan Indiana
from New Jersey avenge their wrongs by
destroying the Dutch settlements on
Staten Island.
1642 * * -43 * * Maryland colonists con-
tend with the Susquehannock Indians.
1643 Feb. 25, 26. N. Y. Massacre
of friendly Indians by the Dutch, at
Pavonia, under orders of Gov. Kieft.
A war of revenge follows.
Sept. * N. Y. Anne Hutchinson and
nearly all her family are massacred [near
New Rochelle].
Sept. * N. Y. A temporary truce with
Indians on Long Island is secured by
Roger Williams.
* * Conn. Miantonomoh, chief of the
Narragansetts, is murdered with the ap-
proval of the colony.
1644 Feb.+ * N. Y. Captain John Un-
derbill of Long Island leads a force
which subdues the Delaware Indians
in New Jersey, and also the Indians of
Long Island and Connecticut.
Apr. 18+. Va. The Indians suddenly
attack the colonists, kill 300, and are
then chastised in turn.
Apr. * -46 * * Conn. Border warfare
with the Indians prevails.
1645 Aug. 30. N.Y. Treaty of peace
between the Dutch of New Amsterdam,
under William Kieft, and the Indians of
the vicinity.
New Eng. Treaty of peace between
the New England colonies and the Nar-
ragansett Indians.
* * Brazil. Insurrection against tyranny
led by Joao Fernandez Vieira.
Spring. -46 Aug. * Md. Rebellion of
William Clayborne and Captain Rich-
ard Ingle; the latter is practically a
pirate. (Or 1644.)
1646 Aug.* Md. Gov. Calvert organ-
izes a force, which makes a descent
on St. Mary's, and recovers the prov-
ince from the insurgents.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1642 * * N.Y. A stone tavern is built
in New Amsterdam.
* * Mass. Iron castings are first made
at the Sagus Iron Works.
* * Mass. Bostonians are the first colo-
nists to manufacture ropes.
1644 Feb. 4. Disappearance of a
strange comet of prodigious tail which
had distressed the people of New Eng-
land.
BIRTPS— DEATHS.
1 640 Hennepin, Louis, Fr. missionary, born.
1641 Minuit, Peter, Gov. of N. Y., A61+.
1642+ Bacon , Nathaniel, patriot of Va. , b.
1643 Hutchinson, Anne, rel. enthusiast, A52.
1644 Penn , 'William , founder of Q uakers, b,
1645 Joliet, Louis, explorer, born,
CHURCH.
Mar. 16. N. H. An investigating
1640
committee of the Boston church declares
the New church of Portsmouth irregu-
lar in taking the Lord's Supper with ex-
communicated persons.
Oct. 21. N. Y. John Young organizes
a Puritan church at Southold, Long
Island.
* * Can. The Sulpicians make Montreal
a rendezvous for converted Indians.
Charles Raymbault and Claude Pi-
cart labor in the Huron Missions, and
carry the gospel to the Indians of Mich-
igan.
* * Mass. Stevenson Reek is labeled for
his religious opinions, placed in the pil-
lory two hours, and fined $250.
* * N.Y. The Presbyterian church of
Southold, Long Island, formed.
1641 June 6. N.Y. The Director and
Council of New Netherland grant the
"free exercise of religion" to the
Church of England.
Oct. 4. Can. Two French Jesuits, Fa-
ther Charles Raymbault with Father
Isaac Jogues, are sent to convert the
Chippeways on the Great Lakes.
Starting from Sault St. Marie, for sev-
enteen days they sail westward, and on
landing, they are met by two thousand
Chippeways, who welcome them.
* * -44 * * Can. The missionaries re-
ceive no supplies, and their clothes fall
to pieces.
* * R. I. A church is formed at Newport.
* * Mass. Samuel Gorton, an Anti-
nomian, is driven out of Plymouth.
* * Va. The Episcopal Church is estab-
lished by law, and dissenting is declared
to be a crime.
1642 Aug. 16. Can. The site destined
for the city of Montreal is formally con-
secrated.
Aug.* N. Y. Father Jogues is cap-
tured and tormented by the Mohawks.
[The Indians make him their slave, yet
he opens a mission, in which he has 70
converts when rescued. In 1646, having
recovered from his wounds, he returns
to his converts.] (See 1646.)
Sept. * Mass. It is enacted that neither
freeman nor deputies of New Hampshire
are required to be church members.
Oct. 22. Can. Death of Charles Raym-
bault, the illustrious missionary to the
Indians.
* * Del. Swedes begin to preach to the
Delaware Indians.
* * Md. Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, in-
vites the Puritans of Massachusetts to
settle in his colony.
* * * Md. The administration is in the
hands of Catholics, while the very great
majority of the people are Protestants.
* * N. H. The Episcopal minister is
banished from Portsmouth by the Puri-
tans.
* * N. Y. Johannis Megapolensis be-
comes the first pastor of the Reformed
Dutch church at Fort Orange. [.$380.]
* * New York. A stone church is built
at New Amsterdam, on the Battery, by
the Dutch.
* * Va. The Act of Uniformity is made
very stringent.
1643 Feb. 28. Mass. Roger Scott is
tried by the Court " for common sleeping
at the public exercise on the Lord's Day,
and for striking him that waked him."
[He was severely whipped in December.]
Mar. * Va. The colony enacts that dis-
believers of the doctrine of the English
Episcopal church shall not be allowed
to teach, publicly or privately, or preach
the gospel in the colony, and non-con-
formists are to be banished.
* * Mass. The Protestant Episcopal
church begins its mission work in New
England, on the island of Martha's Vine-
yard ; Thomas May hew, Jr., becomes
pastor of the whites, and missionary to
the Indians.
* * N. Y. Ministers of the Reformed
Dutch church labor among the Mo-
hawk Indians.
Francis Doughty preaches in New
York — the first English Presbyterian.
Lady Deborah Moody, owner of 400
acres at Swampscott, is obliged to move
to Gravesend, Long Island, for denying
infant baptism.
* * II. I. The plantations at Providence,
and the English on the Piscataqua, are
rejected in forming the New England
confederacy, because of their heterodox
religion.
Freedom of worship is the chief objec-
tion raised against granting the request
of Rhode Island.
1644 Nov. 13. Mass. Thomas Painter
of Hingham is whipped for refusing to
have his child christened.
The General Court orders the banish-
ment of rejecters of infant baptism.
* * Can. Father Francis Joseph Bres-
sani, a French Jesuit, is captured and
tortured by the Iroquois, when en route
to the Hurons.
* * Can. The entire Island of Montreal
becomes the property of the Sulpicians
of Paris by royal grant.
* * It. Innocent X., pope.
* * Md. Clayborne and Ingle, having
overturned the government, ship Father
White and other Jesuits to England.
* * N. Y. German Lutherans arrive.
Richard Doughty becomes pastor
of Presbyterians at Hempstead, Long
Island.
* * R.I. The first Baptist church
formed at Providence.
A Baptist church formed at Newport.
1645 Sept. 6. N. Y. General thanks-
giving ordained by Gov. Kieft, through
New Amsterdam, for the restoration of
peace with the Indians.
Oct. 10. N. Y. The Director and Coun-
cil of New Netherland grant to Flushing
by charter the free exercise of religion.
± * * Mass. Hiaccomes is the first In-
dian convert engaged in New England
mission work.
AMERICA.
1639-1646, Aug. 37
1646 Feb.* Mass. Wm.Witterof Lynn
is arraigned before the Court for saying,
" They who stayed while a child is bap-
tized do worship the devil."
LETTERS.
1640* *Mass. The Bay State Psalm
Book is published at Cambridge ; it is the
first book published in America north
of Mexico.
* *-54* * Mass. Rev. Henry Dunster
is president of Harvard College.
1642 Oct. 9. Mass. First Commence-
ment at Harvard College.
1643 * * A Key into the Language of
America, by Roger Williams, appears.
* * _44 * * The Bloody Tenet, a treatise
against persecution, by Roger Williams,
appears.
1645 * * Mass. Every family in New
England is required to give either a
peck of corn or twelve pence, toward
the support of the college.
* * Massachusetts passes a law for the
establishment of public schools.
SOCIETY.
1640 * * Brazil. Numerous Southern
tribes are reduced to slavery by the
Portuguese.
1641 Sept. 1. N". J. Raritan Indians
murder colonists on Staten Island, in
retaliation of an attack by the Dutch
of New Amsterdam.
1642 ± * * Md. The kidnapping of
Indians is made a capital offense.
* * Md. Drunkenness is to be fined by
the payment of 100 lbs. of tobacco ; and
if the offender is a servant and unable
to pay, he is to be set in the bilboes and
compelled to fast for 24 hours, or be
imprisoned.
1643 Feb. 25. N. J. Indians who
seek protection from the Mohawks are
barbarously massacred by the Dutch
at Pavonia, opposite New Amsterdam ;
80 are killed, and great indignation is
expressed in New Amsterdam at the
heartless Governor Kief t.
* * Va. Puritans are held in contempt
in loyal Virginia, as disturbers of the
peace of England. (See State.)
1644 * * Pennsylvania abandons pro-
hibition.
"The Court, apprehending that it is
not fit to deprive the Indians of any
lawful comforts which God alloweth to
all men by the use of wine, orders that
it shall be lawful for all who are licensed
to retail wines, to sell also to Indians."
1645 Sept. 6. N. Y. Thanksgiving
Day observed, in gratitude for the close
of the Indian hostilities.
* * Boston. A party sails for Guinea to
secure a cargo of slaves.
* * Conn. Selling intoxicating liquors to
the Indians is prohibited, under a pen-
alty of 40 shillings to 5 pounds.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1639 * * Md. A regular representative
government is established.
* * New Eng. An ineffectual attempt is
made to unite the New England colonies.
* * JV. T. De Vries colonizes Staten
Island.
* * R. I. Newport is settled by colonists
from the other end of the island.
1640 July 7. R.I. Providence has a
government formed by 40 citizens after
their own model.
* * Brazil is restored to the possession
of the Portuguese by the Spaniards.
* * Conn. Edmund Hopkins is governor.
* * Del. Peter Hollander is governor.
* * Moss. Thos. Dudley is governor.
* * New England advances rapidly.
Nearly a million dollars have been
spent in development, and more than
fifty towns and villages are established ;
298 emigrant ships have anchored in
Massachusetts Bay, and 21,200 people
have joined the Puritan colonies.
* * N. Y. Increased emigration from
Holland. About forty families from
Lynn, Massachusetts, migrate, and found
Southampton on Long Island.
* * Port. John IV. enthroned.
1641 Mar. 16. R. I. William Codding-
ton's Israelite form of government hav-
ing failed, a new constitution is adopt-
ed at a public meeting of citizens ; civil
and religious liberty, justice and equal-
ity, are secured to all citizens. Here
the first declaration of democracy in
the New World was formulated.
Dec. * Mass. The Assembly of the Gen-
eral Court adopts a code of 100 laws,
called The Body of Liberties, as the
Constitution of the State.
* * Brazil makes a feeble attempt for in-
dependence.
* * Can. Maisonneuve becomes governor
of Montreal.
* * Richard Bellingham is governor
of the Mass. Bay Colony ; Peter Hol-
lander of the Swedes [in Pa.] ; and Sir
William Berkeley in Virginia.
* * Eng. Oppressive restriction of colo-
nial commerce ; colonial commodities
must be sold in English ports.
1642 Feb.* Va. Sir William Berke-
ley assumes office as governor ; [pros-
perity follows].
April 14. N. H. By the action of its
own people, New Hampshire is united
to Massachusetts ; it is the only colony
east of the Hudson not founded by the
Puritans. John Winthrop, governor.
* * Md. A company of Puritans, who
had been expelled from Virginia, settle
in Maryland, and become turbulent.
* * New Eng. About fifty towns and vil-
lages are reported.
Aug. 29. N. Y. The First Represen-
tative Assembly meets.
Governor. Kief t permits a meeting at
New Amsterdam of the heads of fam-
ilies, who choose 12 of their number to
investigate the affairs of the colony.
They soon pass from Indian difficulties
to governmental abuses, and they review
the despotic acts of the governor, [and
resist his control, so he dissolves the
Assembly.]
* * Va. The trade of the colony is crip-
pled, as England claims it for herself.
[The restrictions of commerce vex the
colonies until the Revolution.]
* * Conn. Geo. Wyllys is governor.
* * W. I. Tobago is settled by the Dutch.
1643 Jan. * By Act of Parliament the
Earl of Warwick is made Governor-
in-chief and Lord High-admiral of the
American colonies ; he has a council of
five peers and 12 commoners, and is to
have supreme power over governors and
officers.
Mar. 14. R. I. Roger Williams ob-
tains a patent from the Earl of War-
wick for the union of the towns of Prov-
idence, Newport, and Portsmouth, under
one charter (Rhode Island).
May 14. Fr. Louis XLV. enthroned.
May 19. New Eng. The first confed-
erated government in the New
World.
A measure for uniting the New Eng-
land colonies for mutual defense is
adopted; Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con-
necticut, and New Haven combine into
a loose confederacy called The United
Colonies of New England.
* * Conn. New Haven, Milford, Stamford,
and Guilford united in the Republic of
New Haven. [Later Southold on Long
Island and Branford are added.]
Sept. 7. New Eng. The commissioners
of the Confederacy open their first meet-
ing, and elect John Winthrop presi-
dent of the United Colonies of New
England.
* * _64 * * New Eng. Period of pros-
perity. [Civil War in England.]
* * Conn. John Haynes and Ed. Hopkins,
governors. {Del. J. Printz.)
* * Pa. The Swedes establish a colony
on the Delaware, within six miles of the
mouth of the Schuylkill.
1644 * * Conn. Saybrook is purchased
by George Fenwick, one of the proprie-
tors, and permanently annexed to Con-
necticut, and the union of eight towns
called by the latter name.
* * Mass. The colony divides its legis-
lative assembly into two bodies, the
legislature and the governor's council.
* * New York. A city hall is built in
New Amsterdam (Coenties Slip.)
* * R. I. Roger Williams returns with a
charter for Rhode Island.
1645 Aug. 30. N. Y. The Dutch of
New Amsterdam and the Iroquois In-
dians sign Articles of Peace.
* * Governors inaugurated : Wm. Brad-
ford of Plymouth ; Thos. Dudley of Mas-
sachusetts Bay ; Richard Kemp (Lieut.),
and later Sir Wm. Berkeley, of Virginia.
* * Mass. Boston offers 3,000 acres of
land as a bounty for setting up iron-
works, also a monopoly for 21 years.
* * Md. A rebellion, led by Clayborne
and Ingle, overthrows the government ;
the governor flees to Virginia.
* * N. Y. Only 100 persons left at
Manhattan, and 1,500 in the province.
1646 Aug. * Md. Governor Calvert
regains the government; a general
amnesty is granted.
* * Mass. Edward Winslow, governor of
Plymouth ; J. Endicott, Bay Colony.
38
1646-1654.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1646* *The Dutch are defeated at
Guarapari.
1647 Apr. * Md. Calvert . in person
reduces Kent Island.
1649 * * Can. The Huron Indians
are massacred at St. Ignatius by the
Iroquois.
* * Brazil. War between the Dutch and
Portuguese colonists ; the Brazil Com-
pany aids its people with a fleet.
1651 * * Del. The Dutch of New Am-
sterdam build and garrison Fort Casi-
mir on the Delaware River, five miles
below Fort Christiana, to menace the
Swedes, who are regarded as intruders.
1652 Mar. * Va. Parliament sends a
naval force to subdue the Virginians,
who favor Charles I.
1653 Sept. 19. New England colonies
declare war against the Niantick In-
dians.
* * New York. A wall is built across
Manhattan Island (Wall Street) for de-
fense against the Indians and the ex-
pected troops of Oliver Cromwell ; it
has breastwork, ditch, and palisades,
and extends 2,340 feet.
* * Rhode Island declares war against
New Netherland.
1654* * Md. A civil war between
Catholics and Protestants rages.
* * Del. The Swedes under Gov. Rising
drive the Dutch from Fort Casimir
(New Castle).
* * Brazil. The insurrection against the
Dutch is successful.
* * Can. Oliver Cromwell sends a
strong force against the French in
Nova Scotia.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1652 * * Mass. First iron forge set up
in Raynham, a town of the Plymouth
colony.
1654 Aug. 16. N. Y. The Onondaga
salt springs discovered by the Jesuits.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1647 Bogardus, Everardus, Dutch pastor in
N. J., dies.
Calvert, Leonard, Gov. of Md., A41.
Dudley, Joseph, Gov. of Mass., born.
Hooker, Thomas, founder of Conn., A61.
1648 P Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva, Mex.
historian, A80. 1
1649 Winthrop, John, Gov. of Mass., A63.
Yale, Elihu. patron of Yale, born.
1650+ Kidd, William, pirate, born.
1651 Cruz, Juana In6s de la, Mex. poet, b.
Phips, Sir William, Gov. of Mass., born.
1652 Cotton, John, Puritan minister, A66.
Sewall, Samuel, jurist, born.
Haynes, John, statesman, dies.
CHURCH.
1646 Aug. ± * Me. Father Gabriel
Dreuillettes descends the Kennebec
to its mouth, and builds a mission
chapel for the Indians.
Sept. * Mass. The Second General
Synod meets at Cambridge, and frames
a " Platform of church discipline gath-
ered out of the Word of God."
It approves the Westminster Assem-
bly's Confession of Faith, as slightly
modified by the Savoy Synod.
Oct. * N. Y. The Mohawks secure Fa-
ther Jogues as a prisoner, kill him, and
throw his body into the Mohawk River.
Oct. 28. Mass. John Eliot, " the Apos-
tle to the Indians," preaches his first ser-
mon to the Indians in a wigwam at No-
nantum — the first sermon ever preached
in North America in the native tongue.
* * Mass. Episcopalians in Boston peti-
tion for the use of the Prayer-Book.
It is enacted that the elders of the
church shall choose two persons yearly
to spread the gospel among the Indians.
Eliot begins his missionary work.
He gathers Christian Indians into
" praying Indian towns," governed by
native magistrates chosen by the people.
The first was located at Natick ; the sec-
ond, Pakemitt, at Stoughton ; the third,
Hassanamesit, at Grafton : the fourth,
Okommakamesit, at Marlborough; the
fifth, Wamesit, at Tewksbury ; the sixth,
Nashobah, at Littleton; and the seventh,
Magunkaquog, at Hopkinton.
1647 * * Can. The wilderness has al-
ready been visited by 42 Jesuit mission-
aries and 18 assistants.
* * R. I. A law is passed tolerating all
religious opinions, whether Christian
or infidel.
1648 July 4. Mich. Father Anthony
Daniel of St. Joseph's, with many Hu-
ron converts, is killed by the Mohawks.
* * Mass. A Synod of churches at Cam-
bridge completes the organization of
Congregationalism, and issues the
"Cambridge Platform."
* * N.J. Richard Stout and other Bap-
tists settle at Middletown, the govern-
ment being preeminent in granting reli-
gious liberty.
1649 Mar. 16. A thousand Iroquois
Indians surprise the mission town of St.
Ignatius, and only three persons escape
the general massacre.
Mar. * Fathers Jean de Brebeuf and
Gabriel Lallemand of St. Joseph's
Mission suffer terrible and fatal tortures
after the taking of St. Louis by the Iro-
quois.
* * Del. The Assembly decrees that no
person professing faith in Christ shall
be molested in his religion or its free
exercise.
* * Eng. Organization by Parliament of
the Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel in New England, through
the example and success of Eliot.
* * Mass. Thomas Cushman is chosen
elder.
The General Court lays the Cambridge
Platform before the congregations.
* * Md. The legislature declares for tol-
eration.
No person believing in the fundamental
doctrines of Christianity to be distressed
because of his opinions or practises, and
it is a finable offense to use opprobrious
epithets in religious controversy. The
province becomes known as the " Land
of the Sanctuary."
* * Va. Twenty churches are estab-
lished, the livings of the ministers being
worth on an average " at least £100."
1650 * * Mass. Many Indians on Mar-
tha's Vineyard abandon heathenism and
accept Christianity.
The opinion gains ground that all bap-
tized persons of upright and decorous
lives shall for all practical purposes be
considered members of the church. The
theory is stigmatized as the "Half-way
Covenant."
* * N. C. Presbyterians settle in this
province.
1651 July 13. Boston. John Spur is
expelled from the Boston church "be-
cause he ceased to commune with them,
on the belief that their baptism, singing
of psalms, and covenant were human
inventions."
Sept. 6. Boston. Obadiah Holmes is
whipped ; he receives 30 stripes for be-
ing a Baptist. While the blood is flow-
ing, he says, " You have struck me with
roses." [Thirteen persons afterwards
suffer for showing him sympathy, great
public indignation follows.]
* * Mass. John Clarke is persecuted for
holding Baptist doctrines. Absence
from preaching is punishable with a fine.
The Cambridge platform is adopted
by the congregations ; provides a plan
of Church discipline.
Thomas Mayhew reports 190 conver-
sions among the Indians of Martha's
Vineyard.
1652 Oct. * Mass. The first native
church in New England is organized,
having 282 members.
* * N. Y. A church is built at Flat-
bush, the first on Long Island.
* *-53* * R. I. A division occurs in
the Baptist church at Providence, a part
seceding on the question of the laying
on of hands.
1653* *N.C. Dissenting Presbyteri-
ans, oppressed by the collection of tithes
for the Church of England, leave Vir-
ginia, and settle on the Chowan River.
1654 Oct. * Md. The colony is dis-
tracted by the dissensions of the Cath-
olic and Protestant parties. The
Protestant party call an assembly at
Patuxent, and disfranchise the Cath-
olics, prohibit their worship, and de-
prive them of the protection of the laws
of their own province.
* * Del. A Dutch Reformed church
is established at New Amstel (New
Castle).
* * N. Y. Father Le Moyne joins the
Mohawks on the Mohawk River. A
mission is opened for the Indians of
Onondaga, and a chapel built by the
Roman Catholics.
A Reformed Dutch church is es-
tablished at Midwout (Flatbush), Long
Island.
LETTERS.
1647 * * Mass. It is enacted that every
town or district having fifty household-
ers should have a public school ; and
one hundred families should have a
grammar school.
* * The Simple Cobbler of Agawam, by
Nathaniel Ward, appears.
AMERICA.
1646-1654.
39
1650± * * The Poems of Anne Bradstreet
and Benjamin Thompson appear.
1651 Jan. 11. Mass. Mr. Experience
Mayhew opens the first school in New
England for the instruction of Indian
children.
1652 * * Experiments of Spiritual Life,
and Health and Their Preservatives, by
Roger Williams, appears.
* * Hireling Ministry and Bloody Tenet
Yet More Bloody, by Roger Williams,
appears.
1654* *-72* * Mass. Rev. Charles
Chauncy is President of Harvard Col-
lege.
SOCIETY.
1647 * * R. I. Drunkenness is forbid-
den under penalty of 5s., or 6 hours in
the stocks if unable to pay. Selling to
Indians is forbidden under penalty of
5 pounds.
1648 * * Boston. It is ordered " that only
one person be allowed to sell wine to
the Indians."
1649 * * Va. There are 6 public brew
houses, 4 windmills, together with 5
watermills to grind corn.
1650 * * Conn. No licensed dealer is
to suffer any one to be drunk or to
drink excessively (viz., above half a pint
at a time), or to tipple above the space of
half an hour, or at unreasonable times.
The penalty for drunkenness appear-
ing in speech or gesture only is 10s. ; for
excessive drinking, 3s. id. ; for tippling
over half an hour, 2s. 6d., for tippling
at unreasonable hours, or after nine
o'clock, 5s. Second offenses have a
double penalty.
± * * New York. Negro slaves brought
to New Amsterdam.
1652 May 18. R. I. The representa-
tives of Providence and Warwick pro-
hibit perpetual slavery, and limit
bondage to ten years.
1654 * * Mass. Licensed persons, allow-
ing tippling and excessive drinking, are
fined 20s.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1646* *Eng. Parliament frees colonial
merchandise from all duty for three
years, on condition that all productions
be carried in English vessels.
* * Mass. Gov. Winthrop is reelected.
* * N. Y. "Bruecklyn" (Brooklyn) re-
ceives a village charter.
1647 May 11. N. Y. Peter Stuyve-
sant assumes the governorship; he is
the last and greatest of the governors of
New Netherland. [In office 17 years.]
* * Md. Calvert, having recovered author-
ity, establishes Robert Vaughn, a Pro.
testant, as governor.
* * Mich. A settlement is made at Detroit
by the French.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
Md. Thomas Greene.
May * R. I. John Coggeshall governor
of Providence, Warwick, Portsmouth,
and Newport.
Governor Stuyvesant claims all the
region between Cape Henlopen and Cape
Cod. He restores prosperity to the col-
ony, which had been nearly ruined by
Kieft, his predecessor.
* * R. I. The first general assembly of
the province meets, and frames a code of
laws.
1648 Aug. * Md. Lord Baltimore dis-
misses the Catholic governor, Green, and
appoints a Protestant, William Stone,
in his place.
* * Conn. The settlement of New Lon-
don is commenced.
Rhode Island petitions to be admitted
into the confederacy of New England
Colonies, and is refused, after declining
to submit itself to the jurisdiction of
Plymouth. W. Coddington, governor.
Eng. THE COMMONWEALTH.
1649 Jan. 30. Charles I. is executed.
* * R. I. John Smith, governor. (Mass.
Bay. J. Endicott.)
* * Mass. A definite code of laws is
finally secured.
* * Md. The Assembly passes a law of
perfect toleration for all Christian
sects. Many exiled Puritans received
from Virginia and settle Annapolis.
* * Va. The Virginians reject Crom-
well, and proclaim Charles II. as right-
ful sovereign of the British realm.
The Northern Neck (between the Rap-
pahannock and the Potomac) is granted
to Lord Culpepper and a company of
Cavaliers, as a refuge for their partisans.
1650 June * Va. Berkeley receives a
new commission from the exiled
English king, Charles II.
Oct. 3. Eng. The Long Parliament as-
serts its supremacy over the colonies.
* * Eng. Foreign ships are forbidden
to trade with the rebellious (royalist)
colony of Virginia.
* * Md. The legislature is divided into
two houses.
To appease the Protestants their settle-
ment is erected into a separate county
— Anne Arundel. [Charles County is
erected later.]
* * Governors elected : Thomas Dudley
(Mass.) ; Nicholas Easton (R. I.).
* * N. Y. An amicable adjustment of
the boundary line between the Dutch
and New England colonies (near the
present line) is treated with contempt
by the English government.
1651 Oct. 9. Eng. Parliament passes
the first navigation act, forbidding
the importation of goods into England
except in English vessels. (It is aimed
against the Dutch, and designed to pun-
ish the royalists of Virginia.)
* *[U. S.] Governors elected :
* * Mass. Bay. John Endicott.
* * R. I. Sam. Gorton (Prov. and War).
* * Eng. Parliament appoints commis-
sioners to visit America and assume
control of the colonies bordering on the
Chesapeake. Stone, the deputy of Lord
Baltimore, is deposed by them.
* * The war between England and Hol-
land somewhat strains the relation be-
tween the English and Dutch colonies,
but no rupture occurs.
± * * JV. C. The first actual settlement
made near the mouth of the Chowan
River.
1652 Mar. 12. Va. The loyalists
surrender to Parliament when a war-
vessel appears with commissioners
from Cromwell. It is agreed that " the
People of Virginia" ought to have all
the liberties of the free-born people of
England.
Oct. 2. Eng. Roger Williams secures the
confirmation of the charter and the
union of Providence and Rhode Island.
* * Eng. Parliament assumes control of
Maryland, and nominally suspends the
government in Rhode Island.
* * Guiana. The English colony on the
Surinam River returns to Paramaribo.
* * Massachusetts purchases Maine
for $5,334.
A mint is erected, and silver coined
into shilling, sixpenny, and threepenny
pieces.
Jv". Y. Newtown and Flatbush on
Long Island are settled under Dutch
patents.
Va. Richard Bennett, a Puritan, is
elected governor. (R. I. John Smith.)
1653 * * N. C. Oppressed colonists
emigrate from Virginia, and settle on
the Chowan River. Governor Berkeley
assumes jurisdiction, and appoints Wil-
liam Drummond governor.
Feb. 2. New York. New Amsterdam
incorporated, and an elective munici-
pal government established.
Dec. 16. Eng. Oliver Cromwell be-
comes Lord Protector of the British
realm.
Dec. 10. N. Y. First General assembly
of the people, consisting of two deputies
from each village ; Stuyvesant is un-
willing to sanction it, but is unable to
prevent it.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
* * Bel. Johan C. Rising.
* * Mass. Richard Bellingham.
* * R. I. Roger Williams.
Feb. * Md. Governor Stone's proclama-
tion to make oath of fidelity to the pro-
prietary (a Catholic) is resisted.
July 15+. Md. Bennett and Clayborne,
the governor and secretary of Virginia,
come and take the government out of
the hands of Stone, and hold it for the
Lord Protector.
July ± * Md. William Fuller and nine
others are appointed commissioners
to execute government.
Oct. * Md. A factional assembly at
Patuxent acknowledges the authority
of Cromwell, but disfranchises the
whole Catholic party.
* * Brazil. The colonies unite under
the royal authority of Portugal.
* * Mass. Emigration nearly ceases
during the commonwealth ; many Puri-
tans return to assist in the struggle in
England.
40
1655-1662.
AMERICA.
ARMY - NAVY.
1655 Mar. 25. Md. The Catholic pro-
prietary attacks the Puritans at Provi-
dence, but is defeated and captured.
May 3. W.I. Jamaica is taken from
the Spaniards by the British under Ad-
miral Penn and troops under Venables.
Sept. 5. N. Y. Peter Stuyvesant with
600 men sails from New York against
the Swedes of Delaware, and subdues
them.
Sept. * N. Y. The Algonkian Indians
vainly rise in rebellion against the
Dutch at and near New Amsterdam.
[They sue for peace on the return of
Stuyvesant and his force from Dela-
ware.]
1661 * * Brazil. An uprising occurs
against the missionaries.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1659* * N. Y. Bricks made at New
Amsterdam ; previously they were im-
ported from Holland, and only used for
ovens and chimneys, etc.
1662 * * N. Y. A windmill is erected
at New Amsterdam.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1655 Winslow, Edward, Gov. of Mass.,
A 60.
Standish, Miles, Puritan soldier, A72. ?
1657 Cardillac, Antoine de la Motte, f 'dr, b.
Mayhew, Thomas, minister, A36.
Hopkins, Edward, Gov. of Conn., A57.
Fenwick, George, proprietor in Conn., A54.
1658 De Peyster, Abraham, mayor of N.Y.,b.
1658 Dunster, Henry, pres. of Harvard, d.
1660 Dyer, Mary, Quaker martyr, hanged.
Dustin, Hannah, heroine, born.
Mathews, Samuel, Gov. of Va., dies.
1661 Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, Sieur, foun-
der, born.
1663 Leverett, John, pres. of Harvard, b.
CHURCH.
1655 Nov. * N. Y. Father Chaumo-
not and Claude Dablon join the Onon-
daga Indians.
* * It. Alexander VII., pope.
* * Md. Several persons killed in a con-
flict between Catholics and Protestants.
* * New York. By special act of the Com-
pany at Amsterdam the Jews are per-
mitted to live in New Amsterdam,
provided they agree to support their
own poor.
1656 Feb. 1. New York. Tyranny of
the Dutch. The authorities of New
Netherland decree aU meetings illegal
except those of the Reformed divine
service.
Mar. 13. New York. Jews are permitted
to worship in their own houses at New
Amsterdam, but not publicly in syna-
gogues.
June 2. N. Y. Corner-stone of the
Dutch church laid in the center of
State Street at Albany.
Oct. 14. Mass. Act passed prohibiting
the immigration of Quakers, and ap-
pointing 20 lashes and imprisonment to
such as should arrive, and death to such
as return after transportation.
Nov. 8. N. Y. Baptists are perse-
cuted; Wm. Hallet of Flushing fined
$250 for permitting meetings to be held
in his house. [Afterwards banished for
non-payment.]
* * Can. Two French missionaries be-
gin work among the Ottawas by request
of the chiefs. One is mortally wounded
in an attack by the Iroquois, and both
are captured.
Father Mesnard goes to the Cayugas
and Father Chaumonot to theSenecas.
* * Mass. A day of solemn prayer and
fasting observed because of reports from
England concerning Quakers who would
destroy all churches and governments.
Two weeks later two female Quaker
missionaries arrive.
* * N. Y. Baptist converts are baptized
at Flushing.
* * E. I. Secession from the Baptist
church to form a Six-Principle Baptist
church.
1657 Apr. 7. Mass. Henry Dunster,
late president of Cambridge college, is
arraigned before the Court for refusing
to have his infant child baptized.
June 4. Mass. A Congregational minis-
ters' meeting at Boston adopts "the
Half -"Way Covenant."
It declares " that all persons of sober
life and correct sentiments, without
being examined as to a change of heart,
might profess religion or become mem-
bers of the church, and have their chil-
dren baptized, though they did not come
to the Lord's table."
* * Conn. John Eliot is the first to preach
the gospel to the Indians at Hartford,
in an assembly of Podunks.
The Podunk Indians were asked by
Eliot to accept Christ ; they answered
emphatically, "No," adding, the Eng-
lish had taken their lands, and would
now make them servants.
* * New Eng. The four united colonies
prohibit the landing of Quakers.
Persecution of the Quakers. "A
motley tribe — half fanatic, half insane,
and without definite purposes." (Ban-
croft.) The penalty for attending a
Quaker meeting is ten shillings, and
for speaking in such a meeting ten
pounds.
* * Mass. Faunce is chosen elder of the
colony.
* * New York. John E. Goetwater, a
Lutheran minister, arrives in New Am-
sterdam.
1658 Mar. 26. New York. The New
Netherland authorities annul the right
of Flushing to hold town or heretical
meetings, and require all to pay taxes
for the support of the minister, or lose
their goods and take themselves "out
of this government."
* * N. C. Presbyterians settle on the
I Chowan Biver. (See page 38.)
^ * New Eng. The commissioners of the
v 'four United Colonies advise the Court
of Massachusetts to execute Quakers
returning from banishment ; the law is
enacted by a majority of one vote.
* * R. I. A Jewish congregation is or-
ganized at Providence.
* * Va. Religious liberty is universal,
except for the Quakers, who are ban-
ished by law and their return proscribed
as a felony.
1659 * * Mass. Two Quakers executed
for returning from banishment.
1660 June 1. Mass. Mary Dyer, a
Quakeress returning from banishment,
is executed.
Aug. * Can. Father Rene Mesnard,
an aged man, responds to the request of
the Indians, and opens a mission near
Kneweenaw, where he is neglected, per-
secuted, and finally dies.
* * Mass. John Eliot forms a church of
converted Indians at Natick.
Prisons are full of Quakers ready
for martyrdom.
* * * Maryland is an asylum for the per-
secuted.
1661 Mar. 14. Mass. William Ledra,
a Quaker, is hanged by the Puritans.
* * Mass. The death penalty against the
Quakers is removed from the statute-
book.
John Eliot prints the New Testa-
ment in the Indian language.
* * Conn. Abraham Pierson begins
preaching to the Indians about Weth-
ersfield.
* * JR. I. First yearly meeting of Qua-
kers established.
1662 Apr. 4. Va. Many Quakers ar-
raigned before the Court as recusants.
Dec. * Va. Enactments passed to op-
press the Baptists.
* * Boston. A partial Synod approves
the Half-Way Covenant.
A few French Protestant refugees are
granted leave to reside in the colony.
Ejectment of non-conformist ministers.
* * Va. Stringent laws passed against
Quakers and all sectarians.
* * Va. The Royalists' General Assem-
bly provides for a church, parsonage,
and minister for every parish.
His salary to be £80, all to be raised
in tax levies. [The salary was after-
wards changed to 1,600 pounds of tobac-
co.] Absence from church for one Sun-
day punishable by fine of 50 pounds of
tobacco ; non-conformists to pay £20 for
a month's absence ; all non-Episcopal
ministers are forbidden to preach.
LETTERS.
1661* *-63 Dec* John Eliot com-
pletes his translation of the Old Testa-
ment into the Indian vernacular.
1662* * Mass. Two licensers of the press
are appointed.
* * The Day of Doom, by Michael Wiggles-
worth, appears.
SOCIETY.
1655 * * Md. Hostilities between Prot-
estants and Catholics.
1656 * * New Eng. Quakers are per-
secuted. (See Church.)
1657 * * Mass. Selling liquor to In-
dians is absolutely prohibited ; penalty
40s.
* * Mass. A return is made to the origi-
nal prohibitory law of 1639.
AMERICA.
1655-1662.
41
It is decreed that "All persons are
wholly prohibited to sell, truck, barter,
or give any strong liquors to any Indian,
directly or indirectly, whether known
by the name of rum, strong waters,
wine, strong beer, brandy, cider, or
perry, or any other strong liquor going
under any other name whatsoever."
1658 * * Md. Drunkenness is punished
by confinement in the stocks for 6 hours
or a fine of 100 lbs. of tobacco (half to
the informer) ; for a second offense, by
public whipping or a fine of 300 lbs. of
tobacco ; for the third offense the of-
fender is adjudged infamous, and dis-
franchised three years.
* * Va. One convicted of drunkenness
three times is accounted a common
drunkard.
1659 July 26. Can. Indians mas-
sacre more than one thousand people
at Montreal.
* * Conn. Any person found drunk at
any private house is to be fined 20s. and
the owner of the house 10s. Distillation
of corn or malt into liquor is prohibited.
1660 July 27. Boston. Two of the
fugitive judges of Charles I., Edward
"Whalley and "William Gof f e, are wel-
comed, and concealed from royal officers.
1662 June 20. Conn. Three women
condemned at Hartford as witches ;
one is hanged.
* * * Brazil. A hardy race of men is
produced at San Paulo, from the inter-
marriage of colonists with natives.
* * Mass. Adultery is punished with
death.
* * Va. It is enacted that offspring shall
follow the condition of the mother, mak-
ing the children of white men by
negro women slaves from birth.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1655 Jan. ± * Md. Deputy - governor
Stone vainly seeks to regain authority
by revolution.
* * Conn. Thomas Welles, governor.
(Mass. Bay. John Endicott.)
Sept. * N. Y. Gov. Stuyvesant compels
the Swedes of Delaware to acknowledge
the supremacy of New Netherland ; the
little State of New Sweden ceases
to exist, and the territory is annexed
to New Netherland.
* * Md. Conflict between the Puritans
and Roman Catholics.
* * Va. Edward Diggs elected gov-
ernor.
1656 July* Md. Josias Pendall, a
weak and impetuous man, commissioned
as Lord Baltimore's lieutenant. [The
council of ten holds him under arrest as
a dangerous person. There are two gov-
ernments for two years.]
Sept. 11. Conn. Stuyvesant concludes a
boundary treaty, limiting New Neth-
erland by Oyster Bay on Long Island,
and the neighborhood of Greenwich on
the mainland.
* * Conn. John Webster, governor. ( Va.
Samuel Matthews.)
* * Del. The city of Amsterdam pur-
chases the proprietary of Delaware
from the Brandywine to Bombay Hook,
and by purchase from the natives extends
its lands to Cape Henlopen. The Dutch
own from New England to Maryland.
* * Port. Alfonso VI. enthroned.
* * -58 * * N. Y. A short-lived French
colony in western New York.
* * * Va. Charles II., now in exile, is
invited to join the colony and be
"King of Virginia." This incident
suggested the title of "The Old Do-
minion."
1657* * [C. S.] Governors inaugu-
rated.
* * Conn. John Winthrop.
* * Plym. Thomas Prince.
* * R.I. Benedict Arnold. [1662-63.]
1658 Mar.* Md. The revolt is settled
by compromise, Fendall is acknowledged
governor, and the Protestant assemblies
accepted as valid ; a general amnesty is
announced.
Sept. 3. Eng. Richard Cromwell,
Lord Protector.
* * Conn. Settlement of Southerton
(Stonington) commenced.
* * N. J. Purchasers obtain a large grant
called Bergen, and the station becomes
a permanent settlement.
* * Conn. T. Welles and Francis New-
man, governors.
* * Va. Samuel Matthews elected gov-
ernor ; the legislature grants a fixed sal-
ary to the office [and repeals the act in
the following year].
1659* * Mass. Settlement of Nan-
tucket by Thomas Macy.
* * Conn. John Winthrop, governor. (Pa.
Alex. D'Hinoyossa (Dutch). [1663. He-
appointed. 1660. R. I. Wm. Brenton.])
1660 Mar. 12. Md. Popular sov-
eignty is exercised by the representa-
tives, who vote themselves a lawful as-
sembly, without dependence on any other
power in the province, thus ignoring the
rights of Lord Baltimore.
May 8. Eng. Charles II. enthroned
as sovereign over the British realm ;
" the worst monarch of modern times."
(Ridpath.) [He oppresses the commerce
of Virginia, and sneers at complaints.]
Nov. 10. Mass. It becomes well known
thatthemonarchyis restored in England.
Dec. 19. Mass. The General Court con-
vened, and addresses are prepared for
the king and parliament.
* *-70* * Eng. Enactment of naviga-
tion, trade, excise, and other laws
inimical to the colonies in America.
* * Costa Rica. Spaniards reappear, and
subdue the rebellious Indians again.
* * Mass. The government persecutes
the Quakers.
* * Md. Philip Calvert, governor. (R. I.
Wm. Brenton.)
* * N. F. The French found a colony at
Placentia Bay.
* * New Eng. Population, 38,000; Md.,
12,000.
Arrival of the English regicides.
* * Va. Sir 'William Berkeley is elect-
ed governor by the House of Burgesses.
He surpasses the tyranny of the king ;
Baptists and Quakers are persecuted ;
personal property is heavily taxed; large
estates are exempted ; the biennial elec-
tion of burgesses is abolished. [This
continues for 16 years.]
The people contend against a rising
aristocracy for the control of the polit-
ical life.
The population is estimated by Gov-
ernor Berkeley at "40,000, including
2,000 black slaves, 6,000 Christian ser-
vants, of whom about 1,500 are imported
yearly, principally English." The Chris-
tian servants are chiefly ex-convicts.
1661 Mar. 12. Va. The first session
of the royalist assembly marks a polit-
ical revolution. F. Moryson governor.
June 10. Mass. Foreboding collision
with the Crown, the General Court makes
a declaration of the natural and char-
tered rights of the colonists.
July 27. N. Y. Schenectady pur-
chased from the Indians.
Aug. 7. Mass. Charles H. is pro-
claimed.
Aug. * Conn. John Winthrop sent to
England to obtain a charter. Wm.
Leete, governor of New Haven.
* * Eng. By Act of Parliament, sugar,
tobacco, indigo, and other " enumerated
articles," are not to be shipped from
the colonies to any country but Eng-
land.
* *Mass. Penal laws against the Qua-
kers suspended by the king.
Indian wampum a legal tender in small
transactions. [Continued for 50 years.]
* * N. C. A company of New England
Puritans establishes a colony on Old-
town Creek.
* * New Eng. Warrants arrive for the
arrest of the regicides of Charles I., Ed-
ward Whalley, William Goff , and John
Dixwell, who have escaped to New Eng-
land, and are effectually concealed.
* * * Va. The loyal Virginians are
oppressed.
Charles II. treats Virginia as personal
property, and grants large tracts of both
tilled and wild lands to the most worth-
less profligates that court his favor, pro-
ducing great uncertainty and distress
among the planters. The planters also
suffer religious oppression. (See Church.)
1662 Apr. 23. Conn. A Liberal char-
ter for Connecticut is granted.
Charles II. signs the charter prepared
by the colonists without the alteration
of a word or letter. [It is character-
ized as the most liberal charter ever
granted by an English monarch ; for 14
years the younger Winthrop is annually
elected governor.]
* * Guiana. Charles H. grants the en-
tire English colony to Lord Willoughby.
* * Md. Charles Calvert (Lord Balti-
more) is confirmed in the government.
An Act is passed to establish a mint.
* * Va. The Royalist Legislature enacts
a permanent imposition on all ex-
ported tobacco, to provide a perpetual
revenue for royal officers, and make
them independent of colonial legislation.
The Assembly for 14 years denies to
the people the right of choosing their
own legislators, by assuming to be a
perpetual body.
42 1663-1669, Feb.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1663 June 7. N. Y. The Indians at-
tack the settlers at Esopus (Kingston)
on the Hudson, and are subdued after
killing C5 whites. Rondout is almost
annihilated by them about this time.
1664 * * Guiana. Cayenne is taken by
the French.
Sept. 8. New York. New Netherland
is taken.
A small English fleet takes New Am-
sterdam without a struggle ; Peter Stuy-
vesant proposes resistance, but is forced
by his council to sign the capitulation.
Sept. 24. If. Y. Fort Orange (Albany)
surrenders to the British.
Oct. 1. Del. The Swedish and Dutch
colonists on the Delaware submit to
the British, who thus complete their
conquest.
Dec. * If. Y. Truce with the Indians.
* * W. I. Buccaneers, led by [Sir]
Henry Morgan, begin their depredations
on the colonies of Spain.
1665 May * If. Y. Treaty of peace
entered with the Indians.
* * Fla. The town of St. Augustine is
captured and plundered by a company
of buccaneers under Capt. John Davis,
an Englishman.
* * Cuba. The wall around Havana is
commenced.
1666 Jan. 29. Fr. France declares
war against England.
Jan.+* Can. The French expedition of
Courcelles and Tracy goes against the
Mohawk Indians.
** Guiana. The Dutch take the English
settlement by storm, and a heavy ran-
som is exacted.
1667 * * Guiana. Surinam is taken by
the English.
* * Mass. Ravages are committed by
the Mohawks near Northampton.
1668 * * Can. Peace is made between
*h>3 French and Five Nations.
* * Maine yields to the authority of
Massachusetts by force of arms.
* * Panama. Morgan's 1,200 bucca-
neers take Porto Bello and immense
spoils.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1663 Feb. 5. Can. Severe earth-
quakes.
[They continue with short intermis-
sions for over 6 months, and change the
surface of the earth.]
1664 Nov. 17. NewEng. A bearded
comet becomes visible.
[It exhibits a tail when it departs.]
1666 Aug. 4. W. I. Terrific hurri-
cane ; Lord Francis Willoughby, with his
fleet of 15 sail, perishes in it.
1667 ± * * Painters ply their art making
portraits of dignitaries.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1663 Mather. Cotton, clergyman and au-
thor, born.
Bradford, William, printer in Pa., born.
1665 Endicott, John, Gov. of Mass., A76.
1667 Carr, Sir Robert, English officer, dies.
1668 Wilson, John, clergyman of Boston, d.
Day, Stephen, first printer in New Eng., A57.
CHURCH.
1663 Sept. * Va. Oppression of Sep-
aratists, who are fined for holding meet-
ings, and the more affluent are compelled
to pay the fines of the poor. Baptists
are proscribed, Quakers are fined, per-
secuted, and imprisoned.
* *Mass. The first Baptist Church
formed in Swansea.
John Eliot completes the printing of
the O. T. in the Indian language.
The King's commissioners vex the
Puritans by using the Episcopal ser-
vice in Boston. The Puritans observed
Saturday evening as part of the Sabbath,
the commissioners spend it in carousals.
1664 May* R.I. The Assembly estab-
lishes religious freedom.
* * Boston. Episcopalians petition for the
use of the Prayer-Book. (Second time.)
* *Mass. Rev. John Cotton preaches to
the Indians of Martha's Vineyard.
1665 Mar. 28. Boston. The first re-
corded meeting of Baptists (falsely
called Anabaptists).
Sept. * Can. Claude Allouez goes to
Montreal, intending to return to the
mission left vacant by the death of
Mesnard. He opens a mission on the
shores of Lake Superior.
* * R. I. The Seventh-day Baptists or-
ganize a church at Newport.
1666 June 14. At New Netherland
the Lutherans are permitted to worship
in their own houses.
* * N. Y. First church erected in
Brooklyn (site on Fulton Ave., near
Lawrence St.).
* *Mich. Allouez, the Jesuit, founds
the mission of St. Espiritu, south of Lake
Superior.
1667+ Aug.* Can. Father Lewis
Nicols goes to the Indians of the north-
west.
* * The Jesuit missions among the Iro-
quois reopened.
* * It. Clement LX., pope.
* * If. J. A Presbyterian church
formed in Newark under pastor Abra-
ham Pierson.
1668 Spring. Can. The celebrated
Father Marquette leaves Quebec, in
company with Father Le Boesme, to
join the Ottawa mission.
* * If. J. A Presbyterian church is
formed in Elizabeth.
1669 Feb. * New York. Jacob Fabri-
cius reaches New Amsterdam as the
pioneer preacher to the German Luther-
ans. He preaches in their own ver-
nacular.
LETTERS.
1663* * Mass. Eliot's Indian Bible is
the first one printed in America.
1664 * * Mass. Act passed prohibiting
printing-presses elsewhere than at Cam-
bridge.
1665 Sept. 5. Mass. The printing of
the New Testament in the Indian ver-
nacular is completed.
SOCIETY.
1664 * * Va. The Virginia assembly re-
strains the clergy. "Ministers shall not
give themselves to excess in drinking or
riot, spending their time idly by day or
night, in playing at dice, cards, and
other unlawful games."
1665 * * N. Y. Dealers required not to
sell beer above 2d. a quart, or any other
liquor above 12s. a gallon, under penalty
of 20s. a gallon, so sold. Selling liquor
to Indians is prohibited.
1668 * * N.J. Persons found drinking
after nine o'clock are apprehended
and punished at discretion; drunken-
ness is fined Is., 2s., and 2s. &d., for the
first, second, and third offenses respec-
tively.
* * Va. It is enacted that " The death
of a slave from extremity of correction
was not accounted a felony; since it
cannot be presumed that prepensed
malice should induce any man to de-
stroy his own estate." (Or 1667.)
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1663 Feb. 14. Can. The hundred as-
sociates surrender their charter, and
New France becomes a royal province.
Feb. * -July * If. Y. The Dutch West
India Company sells the whole country
on the Delaware to the city of Amster-
dam.
Mar. 24. Charles II. issues a patent to
Lord Clarendon, General Monk, and
six other noblemen who had assisted in
his restoration, to lands between the
St. Johns River and the 36th parallel of
latitude, extending from the Atlantic
to the Pacific, with jurisdiction over the
same ; it is called Carolina.
July 8. R. I. Charles II. renews the
charter of Rhode Island and Provi-
dence plantations, to the surprise and
joy of the colonists.
* * M. de Mesey becomes (Fr.) governor
of Mich. (Can.), and Alex. D'Hinoyossa
(Dutch) governor of Pennsylvania. [1664.
Robert Carr.governor of Pennsylvania.
1665. Richard Bellingham, of Massa-
chusetts Bay Colony, and M. de Cour-
celles (Fr.), of Mich. (Can.).]
* *N. C. The settlers at Puritan on the
Chowan River organize a civil gov-
ernment, and elect William Drummond
governor of the Albemarle Colony.
* * Conn. Whalley and Goffe, two of
the regicide judges who voted to put
Charles I. to death, flee to New Haven
and find protection from the officers
sent to arrest them.
* * Eng. An act is passed to monopolize
the colonial trade; European goods
for the colonies to pass through British
ports.
* •* N. J. A company of Long Island
Puritans obtain permission to settle
AMERICA.
1663-1669, Feb. 43
on the banks of the Raritan, but they
delay to migrate.
* * Miss. Mississippi is included in the
charter of South Carolina.
1664 Mar. 12. New York becomes
a Duchy.
Charles II., deeming the Dutch in New
Netherland usurpers, totally regardless
of prior grants, arbitrarily grants the
entire territory between the Connecticut
and Delaware Rivers to his brother, the
Duke of York ; he also gives him the
territory between the Kennebec and St.
Croix Rivers (Maine).
May 29. N. C. Sir John Yeamans
lands several hundred English colonists
at Cape Fear River in Clarendon.
May * Fr. Louis XIV. grants to a new
company of the "West Indies the mo-
nopoly of all French commerce in North
and South America, except the fisheries.
June 10. Va. The navigation acts en-
forced.
June 23. N. Y. The Duke of York sells
his claim to lands between the Dela-
ware and the Hudson (in part) to "Lord
Berkeley and Sir George Carteret ;
Sir George having been governor of the
island of Jersey, it is called New Jer-
sey ; and it becomes a proprietary state,
owned by the owners of Carolina. New
Jersey is separated from New York.
* * Eng. The king appoints four com-
missioners, Nicolls, Carr, Cartwright,
and Maverick, to hear complaints and
appeals in New England, and settle the
peace of the country.
July 23. Boston. The king's commis-
sioners arrive, and are opposed as hos-
tile to colonial liberties. [They leave
for New Netherland.]
* * N. Y. After much controversy with
Holland concerning the title of New
Netherland (New York), the English
proceed to settle the matter by taking
forcible possession.
Sept. 8. New York. New Netherland
ceases to exist. The Dutch surrender
New Amsterdam. (O. S. Aug. 29.)
Colonel Richard Nicolls assumes office
as English governor, and the name of
the city is changed to New York. [The
English government lasts nine years.]
Sept. 20. N. Y. Fort Orange sur-
renders to the English, and its name
changed to Albany.
Oct. 1. The Dutch and Swedes on the
Delaware capitulate to the English, and
for the first time every mile of the
American coast from the N.E. corner
of Maine to the southern limits of
Georgia is under the British flag.
Oct. 25. Mass. A remonstrance
against the royal menace of tyranny is
issued, and addressed to the king.
Oct. * N. J. A village* is begun, and
named Elizabethtown in honor of
Lady Carteret. (Philip Carteret, gov.)
Oct. 28. JV. J. Governor Nicolls ratifies
the sale of the Elizabethtown tract by
the Indians to Long Island Puritans,
while ignorant of the sale of New Jer-
sey by the Duke of York.
Dec. 1. Connecticut surrenders all claim
to Long Island, and obtains a favorable
boundary on the coast.
Dec. * New York has an estimated popu-
lation of 10,000.
* * Mass. Act passed prohibiting print-
ing-presses elsewhere than in Cam-
bridge.
* * N.J. Governor Nicolls grants an ex-
tensive tract of land on Newark Bay to
a company of Puritans.
Elizabethtown, Newark, Middletown,
and Shrewsbury begun by settlers from
New England and Long Island.
The lands of New Jersey are dis-
tributed to settlers for a quit-rent of a
half-penny an acre, payable in the year
1670.
* * N. Y. Governor Nicolls makes a
treaty with the Five Nations, they
ceding their land, and submitting to
the authority of Charles II.
First settlement [in Central New
York] made at Schenectady. (See 1661.)
* * W. I. The French occupy San Do-
mingo.
1665 Feb. 10. N. J. The earliest
constitution, " Concessions and Agree-
ments," is adopted. (See 1677, Mar. 3.)
Feb. 24. Mass. Deerfield is purchased
of the Indians. (R. Bellingham, gov.)
Feb. * N. J. The royalist proprietors
offer special inducements of a liberal
character to emigrants.
Apr. * N. J. William Goulding and
others receive a patent for a grant, ex-
tending from Sandy Hook to the mouth
of the Raritan. East New Jersey is
called Albania.
May 26. Mass. The royal commission-
ers depart. The General Court refuses
to recognize them, and they leave the
province in anger.
June 12. N. Y. City of New York is
incorporated by Governor Nicolls ; a
mayor, 5 aldermen, and a sheriff ap-
pointed. Thomas Willet is the first
mayor.
June * The Carolina grant is extended
northward to 36° 30', so as to include the
Chowan settlement [in North Carolina].
* * Arg. Rep. Spain relaxes her restric-
tions on commerce.
* * Can. Courcelles governor of New
France. Much emigration and rapid
growth.
* * Conn. Connecticut and New Haven
unite.
* * Conn. John Winthrop is elected gov-
ernor.
* * Maine is taken by royal authority
from Massachusetts, and restored to the
heirs of Gorges.
* * N. C. A little Puritan colony on
the Cape Fear River is broken up by
the Indians.
The same site is purchased, with 32
square miles of territory, by a company
of planters from Barbados, led by Sir
John Yeamans. Eight hundred people
settle along the river during the first
year.
* * New Hampshire is officially named.
* * N. J. The English plant a colony
under Philip Carteret, the first gover-
nor, with Elizabethtown for the capital ;
his administration not popular.
* * Sp. Charles II. enthroned.
* * N. Y. Governor Nicolls, the deputy
of the Duke of York, enacts a code
called the " Duke's Laws." (Feb. 28.)
* * _Q7 * *n. Y. The English oppress
the Dutch.
Representative government is denied ;
old titles to land are annulled, and new
titles are obtained at a cost which pro-
vides an immense revenue.
1666 May 21. N. J. An association
of Puritans from Connecticut sails up
the Passaic, and extinguishes the Indian
title to Newark, after holding a council
with them.
* * Governors chosen : William Bren-
ton (R. I.); Edward Diggs (Va.) for
the English Commonwealth.
* * Can. Robert Cavalier de la Salle ar-
rives from France.
* * Conn. Hartford, New Haven, New
London, and Fairfield are the four
counties, and each has its court.
* * N. J. Colonists from Connecticut
settle in Elizabethtown, Newark, and
in Hackensack.
* * New York. Thomas Delavall the
2d mayor.
* * W. I. Great depredations by buc-
caneers.
* * Guiana. Surinam occupied by the
English.
1667 May * JV.F. The governor, Fran-
cis Lovelace, an outrageous and incu-
rable tyrant ; the people groan under
excessive taxation.
July 31. Hoi. The Treaty of Breda,
between England, Holland, France, and
Denmark, provides the cession of (l)Nova
Scotia to France by England, (2) Antigua
Monserrat and St. Christopher to Eng-
land by France. England retains New
Netherland, and Holland Surinam.
* * N.C. The Clarendon colony is aban-
doned. Sam. Stephens, governor.
* * New York. Thomas Willet the 3d
mayor.
* * W.I. The Bahamas granted to the
proprietors of South Carolina.
1668 May 2. Fr. The treaty of Aix-
la-Chapelle ends the war between Eng-
land and Spain, and the colonists begin
to discuss the right of arbitrary govern-
ment.
May 26. N. J. The first legislative
assembly meets at Elizabethtown, and
assigns the punishment of death to
twelve offenses ; all penalties are made
severe.
* * Can. Sault Ste. Marie founded by
Father Marquette at the entrance of
Lake Superior.
* * Maine again put under the govern-
ment of Massachusetts, upon applica-
tion of some of its people.
* * Mass. Daniel Gookin and others
granted a tract eight miles square, to be
called Worcester.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1669 * * Ga. Spaniards still work the
gold mines.
44 1669, July-1675, July 8.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1669 * * Mohawk and Mohegan "War.
1670 * * Panama. Morgan reduces the
castle of San Lorenzo at Chagres.
1671 Feb. 24. Panama is burned by
Morgan's buccaneers.
Sept. 7,8. Mass. Great training-days
in Boston ; 1,200 men in the field.
1672 May 28. Mass. First declara-
tion of war in the colonies ; Boston
declares war against the Dutch.
* * Del. A force of Marylanders invades
Lewiston.
* -* Pa. The Susquehannock tribe is an-
nihilated by the resistless league of the
Five Nations.
* * S. C. Spaniards from St. Augustine
endeavor to drive away the settlers in
Carolina, but are repulsed.
* * W. I. The English take Tobago from
the Dutch.
1673 Feb. 21. Mass. Medfield is
surprised by Indians, principally Nar-
ragansetts. Eighteen men, women, and
children are killed, and half the town
is burnt.
July * Can. Fort Frontenac is built.
Va.-N. J. "War between England
and Holland; the Dutch ravage the
Virginia coast, and subdue New Jersey.
Aug. 8. New York is taken by the
Dutch without a shot being fired ; they
rename it New Orange.
1674 Feb. 9. New York. According to
the terms of peace between England
and Holland, the Dutch governor An-
thony Colve is to surrender the city
to the British.
Oct. 31. New York. The Dutch forces
evacuate the city.
* * Mass. An Indian plot is formed
against the colonies ; a friendly Indian
missionary reveals it and is murdered.
* * W.I. The Dutch retake Tobago
from the English.
* * Me. A Boston ship captures Castine.
1675 June 24-78 Apr. 12. New Eng.
King Philip's "War. Causes : Indian
jealousy of the growth of the English set-
tlements, and the almost complete alien-
ation of hunting-grounds by treaties.
June 24. Mass. King Philip's "War be-
gins at Swanzey, in the Plymouth
colony, where eight or nine English are
slain. Nearly all of the Indians of New
England from Maine to Connecticut
combine against the foreign invaders.
June 28. Mass. Plymouth colonists at-
tack King Philip, routing the Indians.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1669 * * Can. Robert de la Salle leaves
Montreal and begins his explorations.
Louis Joliet explores the Great Lakes.
1670 * * Mass. Bees are introduced.
1673 June 17. Wis. Jacques Mar-
quette and Louis Joliet discover the
Mississippi River at its confluence with
the Wisconsin.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1670 Davenport, John, Puritan clergyman,
A73.
1672 Bradstreet, Anne, poetess, A60.
Chauncy, jCharles, Pres. of Harvard Col-
lege, A 80.
Mason, John, conqueror of the Pequots, A72.
1673 Puendo, Padre, the great preacher of
Peru, dies.
1674 Logan, James, statesman, author, b.
CHURCH.
1669 Aug. 24. R. I. Roger Williams
writes of some who deny punishment
for sin in a future life.
* * Can. A mission for the Iroquois is
begun opposite Montreal by French
Jesuits.
Advent of Claudius Dablon, Superior
of the western missions.
A new mission is started on the south
shore of the Falls of St. Marie, under
Dablon. Marquette enters the mission
until now occupied by Allouez, at La-
pointe, and there spends the winter
studying with an Illinois captive the
dialect of his tribe. Allouez proceeds to
Green Bay, where he founds the mission
of St. Francis Xavier, and spends the
wintei and spring in ministering to the
needs of the Sacs and Foxes, the Potta-
wattomies, and the Winnebagos.
* * Boston. Secession from the First
Church.
The advocates of the Half- Way Cove-
nant organize themselves as the Third
Church of Boston (Old South Church),
and an edifice of wood is first erected.
* * Wis. The western shores of Lake
Michigan are visited by the Jesuits.
1670 Mar. * Carolina. Locke's consti-
tution is modified to tolerate every re-
ligion, and yet make the Church of
England the State church.
* * Can. Father Andre" is in charge of
the Ottawa tribes on islands and shores
of Lake Huron, and Father Druillettes
enters the work at Sault St. Marie.
* * It. Clement X., pope.
* * Mass. The first Indian church,
with native pastor, is organized on
Martha's Vineyard ; 3,000 native Chris-
tians on the island.
* * -73 * * Mass. Eliot organizes seven
other "praying-towns" among the
Indians.
The first Manchage (Oxford); the second
Chabanakongkoum, of Dudley; the third,
Maanexit, was the northeast part of
Woodstock ; the fourth, Quantisset, the
southeast part of Woodstock ; the fifth,
Wabquissit, the southwest part of Wood-
stock ; the sixth, Pakachoog, partly in
Worcester and partly in Ward ; and the
seventh, Waeuntug, is now Uxbridge.
* * S. C. Presbyterian and Independ-
ents jointly settle in this Province.
1671 June 4. Mich. Saint Lasson
holds a grand conference with many
Indian tribes at St. Mary's.
* * Can. Father Henry Nbuvel enters
the mission work at the Falls of St.
Marie.
Marquette establishes the mission of
St. Ignatius among the Hurons at Michil-
imackinac.
Dablon is recalled to Quebec to be-
come Superior of all the Canada mis-
sions.
± * * Carolina. Quaker preachers are
the first to visit the colonists.
* * New York. The German Luther-
ans erect a church.
* * R. I. Secession from the Baptist
church forms a Seventh-day Baptist
church.
* * Va. The colonists report 48 parishes,
and the ministers well paid.
1672 * * Can. Many of the Ottawas
settle at Marquette mission.
Father Allouez preaches to the Illi-
nois, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Miamis,
and Weas Indians.
A little church is organized and chapel
built at Sault St. Marie.
Allouez and Dablon visit Catholic
missions in Wisconsin and Illinois.
* * N.C. A Society of Friends settles
in Pequinians county, and is visited by
William Edmundson, who establishes
a quarterly meeting.
* * George Fox visits the Quakers of
America in all the settlements along the
coast.
1673 June* Louis Joliet and Jacques
Marquette, Jesuit missionaries, with
five other Frenchmen, leave Green Bay
and explore the Mississippi and cer-
tain tributaries, traveling 2,500 miles.
* * New York. The Dutch deprive the
German Lutherans of their only
church edifice.
* * Peru. Padre Puendo, the great
preacher, dies.
1674 * * Can. Bishop Laval becomes
the first Roman Catholic bishop of
Quebec, his see extending from Maine
to Louisiana.
* * Mass. Eliot reports two churches
and 1,150 church members in his Indian
" praying-town."
1675 June 24. Mass. This day ob-
served by fasting and prayer, in antici-
pation of an Indian war.
LETTERS.
1669 * * The New England Memorial is
published by Nathaniel Morton.
1671* * Va. Gov. Berkeley opposes edu-
cation.
" There are no free schools nor print-
ing, and I hope we shall not have these
hundred years ; for learning has brought
disobedience and heresy and sects into
the world, and printing has divulged
them, and libels against the best govern-
ment. God keep us from both."
1672 * * Mass. Harvard College receives
a valuable library by the bequest of
Theophilus Gale.
1674 * * Boston. John Foster is author-
ized to set up a printing-press.
SOCIETY.
1670 Apr. 20. Va. The importation
of convicted felons is prohibited.
* * Mass. The selectmen are required to
post drunkards' names in public
houses and prohibit sales to them, or
their frequenting such places.
* * Md. Importation of convicted felons
prohibited.
AMERICA.
1669, July-1675, July 8. 45
* * New York. Merchants of Manhattan
meet every Friday at noon on the bridge
over the Broad Street canal for barter.
* * Va. It is enacted that " all servants
not being Christians, imported into this
country by shipping, shall be slaves."
Under Gov. Berkeley the council lays
burdensome taxes on the poorer peo-
ple, and exempts the holders of large
estates.
1671 * * Carolina. Governor Sir John
Yeamans introduces slavery, by bring-
ing nearly 200 negroes from Barbados to
this colony. (1672. Winsor.)
* * Md. Act passed encouraging the im-
portation of slaves.
* * * W. I. Great depredations by buc-
caneers.
1672 * * Va. It is made lawful for " per-
sons pursuing fugitive colored slaves
to wound or even kill them."
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1669 July 21. S.C. The absurd Fun-
damental Constitutions drawn up by
John Locke are nominally operative.
May * R. I. Benedict Arnold, governor.
* * Guiana. The Dutch hold the entire
territory.
* * If. C. The first legislative assem-
bly meets at Albemarle, and organizes
a remarkably liberal government ; Sam-
uel Stevens governor.
* I _70 * * New York. Cornelia Steen-
wyck the 4th mayor.
* * Virginia is dismembered by lavish
grants.
1670 Feb. ± * S.C. An English col-
ony, led by Joseph West and William
Sayle, is planted on the Ashley River.
May 2. Can. The Hudson Bay Com-
pany is chartered.
* * If. J. The colonists refuse to pay
the quit-rent for their land, having
already paid for the same twice to other
claimants. (See N. J. 1664.)
* * If. Y. Eight towns on Long Island
protest against paying a tax of 10 per
cent on all imports and exports, on the
sole authority of the governor and coun-
cil. Protest burned.
Oct. * If. Y. Annual assemblies are
demanded, and the government refuses
to yield them.
Va. The right of suffrage is lim-
ited to freeholders and householders,
and the majority of the people are dis-
franchised.
* * Maine, east of the Penobscot, sur-
rendered to France.
* * S. C. The colonists ignore Locke's
Grand Model, and show a fine capacity
to govern themselves.
The Model made strange provisions
for a state in the wilderness, " where a
few colonists lived on venison and
potatoes, and paid their debts with
tobacco ; " it provided for " dukes, earls,
and marquises ; knights, lords, and
squires ; baronial courts, heraldic cere-
mony, and every sort of feudal non-
sense." (Ridpath.) [It was nominally
the law of the colony for about 25 years.]
Foundation of (old) Charlestown laid
by English settlers on the Ashley River.
* * Treaty of Madrid, between England
and Spain, settles boundaries of their
respective possessions in America on the
basis of possession.
1671 * * Can. The region of Lakes Hu-
ron and Superior taken for France.
Courcelles establishes a trading-post
on Lake Ontario.
Aug. 28. S. C. Joseph West is ap-
pointed governor by the proprietors.
[Also 1674.] [Dec. 26. Sir John Yea-
mans succeeds him. A revised copy of
the Model arrives.]
* * If. C. The colonists refuse to pay
royal taxes in any form, and seize the
records of the province, imprison the
governor's secretary, and boldly defy
his authority.
* * Massachusetts is •• almost on the
brink of renouncing any depend-
ence upon the Crown."
* * Maryland has a population of 20,000
people.
Act passed encouraging the impor-
tation of slaves.
* * New York. Thomas Delavall the 5th
mayor.
* * S. C. Dutch emigrants from New
York and others from Holland arrive.
* * Va. Population 40,000, including 2,000
slaves.
1672 Apr. 19. S. C. The colony de-
mands a new government for itself ; all
previous parliamentary conventions are
dissolved.
May 14. N. J. The anti-rent colonists
meet in assembly at Elizabethtown, and
depose Philip Carteret, the governor.
May 31. Mass. Union of the colonies
of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Ply-
mouth.
* * Can. Count de Frontenac, having
been appointed governor, arrives at
Quebec.
* * Del. Maryland colonists attempt to
absorb Lewistown by force.
* * Eng. Third Navigation Law. Par-
liament imposes customs upon the col-
onies, to be collected by the revenue
officers of the Crown.
* * New York. Matthias Nicolls the 6th
mayor.
* * R. I. Nicholas Easton, governor.
1673 Feb. 25. "Virginia is given away
by Charles II.
Charles II. changes his former grant of
Virginia, and leases the entire State for
thirty-one years to a pair of ignoble
gentlemen, Lord Culpepper and the Earl
of Arlington.
Mar. 18. N. J. John Fenwick, in trust
for Edward Byllinge, buys Berkeley's in-
terest in New Jersey for £1,000.
* * Mass. Josiah Winslow is governor of
Plymouth ; John Leverett of Mass. Bay.
May * N. J. The authority of Captain
Berry, Philip Carteret's deputy, is ac-
knowledged.
Aug. 8. N. Y. The Dutch recapture
and rule New York, also New Jersey,
which they name Achter Kol ; the au-
thority of Holland is restored [for
three months] from the Connecticut to
Maryland.
New Amsterdam is called New Orange,
and Anthony Clove is made governor.
* * Eng. Parliament excludes New Eng-
land merchants from competing with
English merchants in the Southern plan-
tations ; free traffic abolished.
* * New York. John Lawrence the 7th
mayor.
* * O. French Settlers establish them-
selves in Western Ohio.
1674 Feb. 9. New York. New Am-
sterdam is surrendered to the English
in making peace between England and
Holland, by the Treaty of Westminster.
June 29. N. Y. The Duke of York's
patent enlarged.
July 28, 29. N. J. Sir George Car-
teret receives a confirmatory grant from
the Duke of York.
July 31. N. J. Philip Carteret returns.
Sept. 21. Va. Agents are appointed to
remonstrate with the King against the
grant to Culpepper, and the invasion of
popular liberties.
Oct. 30. N. Y. Sir Edmund Andros
assumes the government. [Misrule and
arbitrary government follow.]
Nov. 10. N. Y. New York is restored
to the English authorities.
* * Guiana. The New Dutch West India
Company is founded ; Guiana conveyed
to it by charter.
The French Colony passes under the
control of the Crown after a series of
. failures through incompetence and mis-
management.
* * R. I. William Coddington is ap-
pointed governor. [1678. Reappointed.]
* * N. C. Population about 4,000 ; com-
merce is impeded by duties which yield
the proprietors $12,000 from New Eng-
land trade alone. G. Cartwright, pres.
* * N. Y. Gov. Andros advises the pro-
prietor, the Duke of York, to grant the
clamorous people the right of electing a
legislature.
The Duke replies that popular assem-
blies are seditious and dangerous ; that
they only foster discontent, and disturb
the peace of government ; and finally
that he did not see any use for them.
Treaty at Albany with Indians.
* * Va. The common people, made desper-
ate by taxes, make the first movement
for reform ; it is easily suppressed.
1675 May 13. Can. Louis IV. grants
La Salle a manor at Fort Frontenac
(Kingston).
July 8. Va. Lord Culpepper is ap-
pointed governor of Virginia for life.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1670+ * * N. Y. Gov. Lovelace orders
May races at Hempstead, Long Island.
1672 Dec. 10. A monthly post is
established between New York and
Boston.
* * Mass. The business of whale-fishery
is commenced at Nantucket.
1675 Mar. 21. Boston. The castle at
the entrance of the harbor is accident-
ally destroyed by fire.
46 1675, July 9-1680, May 10.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1675 July 14. Mass. Mendon is at-
tacked by Indians ; several persons
killed.
July 15. Mass. The Narragansetts en-
ter into a treaty of peace with, the col-
onists.
± The N ipmuck Indians become allies
of Philip.
July* Va. Indians pillage a plantation
in revenging a fraud, and are beaten or
killed by the settlers. General hos-
tilities follow.
Conn. Andros, with armed sloops,
attempts to establish his authority as
far as the Connecticut River.
Aug. 2. Mass. Captain Hutchinson
and 20 men are sent to win back the
Nipmucks ; they are waylaid and slain
at Brookfleld.
Aug. 25. Mass. Deerfield is attacked
by 180 Indians ; the colonists lose eleven
men, and the Indians twenty-six.
Sept. 1. Mass. The greater part of Deer-
field is burnt by the Indians ; Hadley
is attacked, but successfully defended
by William Goffe.
Sept. 18. Mass. Battle with Indians at
Bloody Brook; 700+Jndians surround
80 men, killing nearly all of them. Cap-
tain Mosley, by hard fighting, drives
them away from Deerfield.
Sept. * -Oct. * New Eng. The United
Colonies assume the burden of the war,
and raise 2,000 troops.
Oct. 5. Mass. Springfield is attacked
by the Indians, and saved by reenforce-
nients.
Oct. 19. Mass. Philip, with seven or
eight hundred Indians, attacks Hat-
field, but is driven off.
■Dec * Mass. The colonists, fearing the
Narragansetts, prepare to attack them,
although they have not sided with Philip
during the war.
Dec. 19. R. I. The numerous and pow-
erful Wampanoags are defeated in a
decisive battle near Narragansett Bay.
The New England army consists of 13
companies of infantry (1,500) and one of
cavalry; Indians lose 1,000 killed and
captured, colonists from 200 to 400 ; [the
widespread vengeance of the Indians
rests upon all white men alike ; burn-
ings and blood-shedding abound].
* * Va. Six hostile Indian chiefs present
themselves to treat for peace, and are put
to death ; a war for vengeance follows.
1676 Feb. 10. Mass. Indians attack
Lancaster, and nearly destroy it.
Feb. 24. Indians surprise Deerfield ;
many people are killed, and 50 buildings
burnt. (Feb. 21, Holmes.)
Feb. 25. Mass. "Weymouth is as-
saulted by Indians ; houses and barns
are burnt.
Mar. 14. Mass. Indians attack North-
ampton, but are repulsed after six per-
sons are killed.
Mar. 26. Mass. Marlborough de-
stroyed by the Indians.
Mar. 28. Mass. Behoboth is partly
burnt by Indians. [Mar. 29. Providence.]
Mar. * Va. Three hundred persons have
been killed by Indians in the last twelve
months.
Apr. 18. Mass. Sudbury is attacked
by the Narragansett Indians ; several
houses and barns are burnt ; the pursu-
ers are ambushed and slain.
Apr. 20. Va. Bebellion begins ; 500
men in arms, with Bacon as leader,
against the Indians. (See State.)
May 8. Mass. Bridgewater is attacked
by Indians ; 17 buildings are burnt.
May 11. Mass. Plymouth is assault-
ed ; 11 houses and 5 barns are burnt.
May 19. Mass. A camp of Indians near
Turner Falls is surprised and destroyed
by a company of volunteers.
May 30. Mass. Hatfield is burnt by
Indians.
June 2. Mass. Great battle with the
Indians near Mount Hope.
June 12. Mass. About 700 Indians at-
tack Hadley, and are driven off.
June * Mass. The Nipmucks submit to
the colonists and abandon the war.
Va. Nathaniel Bacon subdues the
Indians without permission from the
jealous governor.
Civil war. Bacon leads a rebellion
against the outrages of Gov. Berkeley.
July+ * Va. Indians massacre the
whites, and are punished by volunteer
expeditions.
July 3. R. I. Indian battle near Nar-
ragansett.
Aug. 12. Mass. The King Philip's
war ends with the death of Philip.
One-tenth of the private dwellings are
burnt, 600 men have been slain in battle,
many women and children massacred,
and nearly every family is in mourning.
The Indian race is nearly swept out of
New England. [The tribes of Maine and
New Hampshire continue hostilities un-
til 1678.]
Sept. * Va. Jamestown, the only town
in the colony, is burnt by its own citi-
zens as an act of patriotism.
Sept. 6. Me. A Massachusetts force sur-
prises and subdues the Indians at
Cocheco.
Oct. 1. Va. Bacon dies, and the rebel-
lion ends.
* * Me. A Dutch frigate captures
Castine.
* * W. I. The French take Trinidad
from the English.
Dec. 21. Guiana. The French attack
Cayenne.
1677 Sept. 9. Conn. Hatfield is at-
tacked by Indians ; 20 persons are killed
or captured.
1678 Apr. 12. Mass. A treaty of peace
is made with the Indians.
* * &qn Domingo. A negro insurrec-
tion arises.
1679 * * Colombia. Buccaneers attack
Porto Bello.
1680 Jan. * III. La Salle builds Fort
Crevecoeur in the Illinois country.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1676 Jan. 26. Laying of the keel of the
Griffin, the first vessel in the western
waters, built by La Salle, 6 miles west of
Niagara Falls.
1679 * * French exploration of the Great
Lakes and the Mississippi.
May * Can. The Griffin is launched on
Lake Erie.
Aug. 7. La Salle sails in the Griffin from
Niagara on his remarkable tour of dis-
covery through three of the Great Lakes.
Nov.± * A great comet becomes visible.
1680 Feb. 10. The great comet dis-
appears.
[It terrorized New England, while it
enabled Newton to ascertain the para-
bolic form of the trajectory of comets.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1675 Marquette, Jacques, explorer of
Miss. River, A38.
Dudley, Paul, colonial jurist, born.
1676 Bacon, Nathaniel, patriot of Va.,
"rebel," A34.
Calvert, Cecil, 2d Lord Baltimore, dies.
Clarke, John, founder of Bap. ch., A67.
Winthrop, John, Gov. of Conn., A70.
Berkeley, Sir William, Gov. of Va., A67.
Gorton, Samuel, pioneer settler R. 1., A77. ?
1678 Coddington, William, founder of R. I.,
A77.
Conant, Roger, settler in Mass., A 86.
Leverett, Sir John, Gov. of Mass., A63.
Wheelright, John, Puritan clergyman, A85.
Wolcott, Roger, Gov. of Conn., born.
CHURCH.
1675 * * Can. The Recollects are ac-
tive, and Hennepin is among them.
* * Del. The first Quaker meetings
are held.
* * Mass. Indians are abused.
Fifteen Christian Indians, who had
rendered the colonists most faithful
service as scouts, and are living peace-
fully in their own towns, are taken and
with their hands bound behind them,
are fastened together by ropes round
their necks, marched down to Boston,
and thrown into prison. [Finally they
are expelled and remove to Deer's Island,
where hunger, exposure, and disease
reduce their number.]
1676* * Can. Rivalry between the
Jesuits and other orders.
* * It. Innocent XI., pope.
1677 * * Mass. Laws passed for the pun-
ishment of persons attending a Quaker
meeting.
1678 * * N. Y. First record of Protes-
tant Episcopal services in New York.
1679 * * Boston. Charles II. causes the
first Episcopal church to be built.
* * _80 * * Boston. The Congregational
" Reformed Synod " approves the Savoy
confession.
* * Hoi. Labadists send Danckers and
Sluyter to New York.
SOCIETY.
1675 * * Mass. The colonists are terri-
fied by an impending.Indian war.
Superstition adds its terrors ; some
have seen an Indian bow drawn across
the heavens ; others see a scalp on the
face of the eclipsed moon ; others see
phantom horsemen gallop through the
air, or hear the whistling of bullets, etc.
AMERICA.
1675, July 9-1680, May 10. 47
Oppression of the Indians during
King Philip's War.
"The governor and council issue an
order disbanding all Christian Indians,
expelling them from white towns, im-
prisoning them within five of their own
towns, and forbidding them to leave
these towns on penalty of death. [Later
a reward of $100 was offered for every
Christian Indian killed, if found more
than one mile from his town.] Prevent-
ed from hunting, not allowed to gather
their crops, forbidden to work or buy
food in white towns, they are reduced to
freat suffering, and starvation seems to
ace them ; and yet they uttered no com-
plaint, but continued steadfast in the
faith." (Cyc. of Missions.)
1676 June * Va. The new reform As-
sembly absolutely prohibits the sale
of wines and ardent spirits, if not at
Jamestown, yet elsewhere through the
whole country.
* * Md. The importation of convicted
felons is prohibited.
1677 * * N.J. Selling liquor to Indi-
ans is a finable offense ; penalty, $100,
and this is doubled at each subsequent
offense, with 20 stripes if the offender is
unable to pay.
1678 * * N. Y. West Indian or Guinea
slaves are valued at about $150 at Man-
hattan.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1675 July 9. N. Y. A force under
Gov. Andros sails to the Connecticut
to claim the territory westward for
the Duke of York.
July 11. Conn. The Puritans at Say-
brooke intimidate Andros, and he re-
turns. Connecticut protests against the
invasion.
* * Md. Sir Charles Calvert becomes
proprietor by the death of Cecil, his
father, on November 30.
Nov. 6. N. J. Carteret resumes the
government from which he had been
expelled in East Jersey.
John Fenwick plants a colony at Sa-
lem. Commissioners rule W. Jersey.
* * New York. William Darvall the 8th
mayor.
1676 Apr. * Va. Bacon's rebellion
distracts the colony. Civil war is brought
on by the corruption, tyranny, and in-
efficiency of Governor Berkeley.
Virginians are divided into an aris-
tocratic and a people's party. [The lat-
ter is suppressed after the death of
Bacon, its leader. The rebellion cost
the colony £100,000.]
The particular causes of the rebellion
chiefly lay in the low pries of tobacco
and wrongs committed in exchanging
goods for it, with a dislike for proprie-
taries unknown to the charter and bur-
densome taxes occasioned thereby ; the
burdening of trade by parliamentary
restraints also excited opposition.
Apr. 19. Eng. Charles II. orders that
a liberal charter be prepared for Vir-
ginia, in response to protests. [May 31.
Order reversed.]
May 29. Va. Berkeley proclaims Bacon
a traitor.
* * R.I. Walter Clarke, governor.
June 24. Va. Meeting of the New As-
sembly that enacts the "Bacon
Laws," a series of reform measures.
Bacon appointed commander-in-chief
against the Indians.
Julyl. N.J. By a " quintipartite deed,"
New Jersey is divided into East and
"West Jersey ; the former is granted to
George Carteret, the latter to the Quaker
assignees of Byllinge.
July 4. Va. Completion of the reform
legislation of the new assembly, and
momentary joy of the colony. (Date by
New Style.) It is the first revolution.
July* Boston. Arrival of Edward
Bandolph as king's messenger, to coL
left evidence against Massachusetts.
Aug. 3. Va. A popular convention
meets at Middle Plantations (Williams-
burg), and votes to sustain Bacon against
the Indians, and if possible prevent civil
war.
Oct. 1. Va. Bacon suddenly sickens and
dies.
Nov. ± * Va. Thomas Hanford, a pa-
triot, is condemned and hanged by
Berkeley. He is the first native Amer-
ican to perish on the gallows, a martyr
to the right of the people to govern
themselves.
* * Can. La Salle returns as proprietor
of a large tract near Fort Frontenac.
* * Eng. The king commands the royal
governors to strictly enforce the navi-
gation laws, as well as those imposing
duties (1672) on colonial trade.
* * New York. Nicholas de Meyer the
9th mayor.
* * Va. The patriotic citizens of James-
town burn their own houses and the
entire town to ashes, rather than have
it the capital of a tyrant.
1677 Jan. 20. Va. The vindictive gov-
ernor Berkeley hangs the patriot, "Wil-
liam Drummond, three hours after
his trial.
Jan 31. Va. Arrival of royal commis-
sioners to investigate the causes of the
rebellion. [Sir H. Jeffreys, governor.]
* * Va. Disastrous consequences fol-
low the rebellion.
Berkeley hangs 22 of the leading pa-
triots, and distresses the people with
fines and confiscations ; speaking or
writing against the government is made
punishable by fine or whipping, when
thrice repeated, with death ; arbitrary,
tyrannical government ensues.
Mar. 3. N. J. The fundamental laws of
West New Jersey perfected and pub-
lished (Concessions and Agreements) —
democratic equality conspicuous ; social
government is established.
May. * Maine is bought by Massachu-
setts for £1,250, after the dispute with
the heirs of Ferdinando Gorges is de-
cided against them. It becomes a part
of their colony.
Aug. 25. Va. Lord Culpepper ob-
tains the control of the government, as
proprietor and governor.
* * N. C. An English collector of cus-
toms provokes an insurrection in the
district of Pasquotank, which over-
turns the government ; it is practically
an independent state [for two years].
President Miller is imprisoned, and John
Culpepper elected to his place.
* * New Eng. A postal system is in-
augurated, which substitutes the custom
of leaving letters at the Town House, to
be forwarded at the pleasure of persons
who visit that place.
* * N. H. The king secures a decision
from the judges that the revived Mason
claims had always been worthless.
* * Md. Thomas Notley, governor. (11. 1.
Benedict Arnold.) [1678. John Crans-
ton. Pa. . Sir Henry Chicheley.]
* * New York. S. van Cortlandt the 10th
mayor.
1678 Apr. 12. Mass. Governor Wins-
low makes peace with the Indians,
each English family to pay them a peck
of corn, annually, as quit-rent.
May 12. La Salle receives a grant for
the construction of forts, taking lands,
and holding a monopoly of trade in
the West.
June 10. Boston. Arrival of Edward
Bandolph, collector and surveyor of
customs, with specific instruction to en-
force the Navigation Act. The people
treat him as an enemy invading their
rights.
Oct. 10. N. Y. Governor Andros de-
mands that the ships of New Jersey
should pay tribute to New York.
* * N.J. Many Quakers arrive.
* * New York. Thomas Delavall the 11th
mayor. The city contains 343 houses.
1679 July 24. N. H. By a decree of
Charles II., New Hampshire is sepa-
rated from Massachusetts, and organ-
ized as a royal province, and Edward
Cranfield is its first governor.
* * N. C. Governor Miller escapes from
prison, goes to England, and seeks re-
dress. (N.J. Sam. Jennings, dep.gov.)
* * Mass. The British government as-
sails Massachusetts.
The General Court opposes the
king. (Simon Bradstreet, governor.)
It votes " that the acts of navigation
are an invasion of the rights and privi-
leges of the subjects of his majesty in
this colony, they not being represented
in Parliament."
* * New York. Francis Rombouts the
12th mayor.
1680 Mar. 16. N. H. The first Pro-
vincial Assembly convened at Ports-
mouth ; John Cutts the royal governor.
Apr. 30. JV. J. Gov. Philip Carteret
is arrested for interference with the
authority of the governor of the prov-
ince of New York, Sir Edmund Andros,
and is taken to New York City.
May 10. Va. Lord Culpepper arrives
and assumes the office of governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1676 Nov.* Boston. Forty-six dwell-
ings, a church, and other buildings are
burned.
1679 * * Boston. A great fire occurs ;
80 dwellings and 70 warehouses are
burned. Estimated loss £200,000.
48 1680, June-1685.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1680 * * Panama. Morgan's buccaneers
cross the isthmus, and take the city of
Santa Maria from the Spaniards.
1681 * * III. Fort St. Louis, on the Illi-
nois River, is founded by La Salle.
1682 f * * The Carolina colonists main-
tain war with the savages for a year, not
so much to punish as to capture them,
in order to sell them as slaves in the
West Indies.
* * Can. The French attack the Hudson
Bay Company's posts. »
1684 * * A long war begins between the
Five Nations and the French, chiefly on
the upper lakes.
The French Jesuits repeatedly fail to
persuade the Five Nations to break their
peace with the Dutch and English.
The French erect a fort at the Falls of
Niagara. Under De la Barre they in-
vade the country of the Iroquois, but the
mighty Mohawks and the brave Oneidas
drive them back with much slaughter.
1685 * * Nicaragua. Leon is sacked by
William Dampier.
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1680 * * Hennepin, a French priest,
with La Salle, discovers the Mississippi
River and the " Falls of Saint Anthony
of Padua."
1681 Feb. 6. La Salle is on the Mis-
sissippi.
Mar. 14. La Salle is near the Arkansas
River.
Aug. 17. First appearance of a comet
having a tail 15° long. [It, continues in
the view of New Englanders for several
weeks.]
1682 Apr. 9. La Salle reaches the
Mississippi River, and sets up a cross
and the arms of France, having de-
scended from the confluence of the Illi-
nois River to the Gulf of Mexico ; he
calls the great valley Louisiana. [One
of the most remarkable exploits in the
history of the country.]
1683 Nov. * Can. La Salle returns
from his explorations.
1685 Oct. 31. La Salle, with four
armed French vessels, leaves the Lavaca
River on the Gulf coast to find the Mis-
sissippi, without success.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1680 Bienville, de, Jean Baptiste Z,.,
Sieur, born.
Boylston, Zabdiel, physician, born.
1 682 Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier, de,
Jesuit, born.
Stuyvesant, Peter, Gov. of K. Y., A80.
1683 "Williams, Roger, founder in R. I.,
A84.
1685 Morton, Nathaniel, historian in New
Eng., A73.
CHURCH.
1680 * * Can. Father Hennepin is cap-
tured by the Sioux, and attempts mission
work among them, but without success.
* *The Society of Friends (Quakers)
begins to spread rapidly in America. „
* * N.J. Presbyterian church organ-
ized in Woodbridge and Fairfield.
* * S. C. The first Episcopal clergyman
is Rev. Atkin Williamson.
* * Boston. A Baptist church edifice
erected.
* * Va. Four of Cromwell's soldiers are
hanged by a mob for religious opinions
" as a warning to the remainder."
1681 June 28. N.J. First General
Yearly Meeting of the Quakers at
Burlington.
1682 Sept. 25. Me. The first Baptist
church in Maine organized at Kittery.
[Bitter opposition from the ".Standing
Order " follows.]
* * Boston. The quarrel between* the
First and Third churches ends.
* *-90* * N. J. Persecuted Quakers
and Presbyterians arrive in great
numbers.
Many Scotch Presbyterians arrive.
* * S.C. The first Baptist church is
formed in this colony at Charleston.
The Episcopal church is also estab-
lished there.
1683 Oct.* N. Y. The first General
Assembly of the royal province enacts
that no person should be in any wise dis-
tressed or persecuted who accepts the
general doctrines of religion.
* * Can. Mission of St. Francis de Sales
established at the Falls of the Chaudiere;
their work spreads into Maine.
* * Mich. French priests plant the cross
and the flag of France in the wilderness
in the present site of Detroit.
* * Boston. John Emblem of England
becomes pastor of the Baptist church.
* * Md. A Presbyterian church at
Rehoboth formed.
Francis Makemie, a Presbyterian,
sent out from Ireland, arrives. [A
new era in Presbyterianism follows.]
* * N. J. Many Covenanter Presby- Nov. * N. J. The West Jersey Assem-
* * N. Y. A Huguenot Presbyterian
church formed on Staten Island.
* *New Jersey becomes the refuge of
persecuted Scotch Presbyterians.
* * S. C. First Baptist church organ-
ized near Cooper River.
* * Va. Dr. James Blair is sent as the
commissary of the Bishop of London.
[The American Protestant Episco-
pal church is without a bishop 100 years.]
LETTERS.
1680 Oct. * Mass. The Court grants
the ferry between Boston and Charles-
town to Harvard College.
* * Mass. A new edition of Eliot's Bible
published.
1684 * * Va. The first printing - press
south of Boston is set up, and soon sup-
pressed by the governor.
1685 ** -1701 ** Mass. Increase
Mather is president of Harvard College.
* * Phila. "William Bradford sets up
the first printing-press in the colony,
and issues an almanac.
SOCIETY.
1680+ * * Carolina. Two opposing par-
ties contend, the Cavaliers and " Ill-
livers," having morals fashioned after
those of the profligate court of Charles,
and the Presbyterians, Quakers, and
Huguenots.
1681 Mar. 5. Pa. William Penn pro-
poses a commonwealth founded on free-
dom, without respect to color, race, or
religion, to subdue the savages by the
weapons of love and justice, and to es-
tablish a refuge for persecuted Quakers.
* * Pa. Penn writes the Swedes who have
already settled in Pennsylvania to be
of good cheer, keep their homes, make
their own laws, and fear no oppression.
terians arrive in East Jersey, whither
they flee from the persecutions in Scot-
land on the reestablishment of Episco-
pacy.
* * N. Y. A Huguenot Presbyterian
church established.
* * New York. A Catholic, Thomas Don-
gan, appointed governor of New York by
the Catholic Duke of York.
Jesuit Fathers arrive, and com-
mence the services of the Catholic
church.
* * Pa. Mennonites arrive at German-
town.
1684 July * Mass. Joseph Gatchell of
Marblehead is brought before the Gen-
eral Court for discoursing " that all men
should be saved."
* * Md. Francis Makemie organizes
the Presbyterian church at Snow Hill.
1685 * * Fr. Blind and bigoted Louis
XIV. of France, hoping to make Catholi-
cism universal, revokes the edict of
Nantes, which protected Protestants
in their worship ; he thus exiles 500,000
of the best people of France [many of
whom settle in America, chiefly in
(South) Carolina, during the following
years].
bly prohibits the sale of ardent spir-
its to red men, and permits criminals,
other than murderers, to be pardoned by
the persons injured.
* * Va. Six Susquehannock chieftains
sue for peace, and are foully murdered.
[This shameful atrocity leads to war.]
1682 * * Va. It is enacted that the con-
version of servants to the Christian faith
does not make them free.
1683** Pa. To prevent lawsuits, three
peacemakers are appointed for each
county.
1685 * * Pa. The yearly Meeting of
Friends, for Pennsylvania and New Jer-
sey, declares against intemperance.
" This meeting doth unanimously agree
and give as their judgment that it is not
consistent with the honor of truth, for
any that make profession thereof, to sell
rum or any strong liquors to the Indians,
because they use them not to modera-
tion, but to excess and drunkenness."
* * Va. Many persons implicated in the
Monmouth rebellion, in England, are
sent to this colony^ by Jeffries, as ser-
vants for a term of years.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1680 June * Va. A royal revenue
from a perpetual export duty on to-
AMERICA.
1680, June-1685. 49
bacco is voted by the Assembly ; and
thus the only check on the administra-
tion is dissolved.
Aug. * N. J. The Duke of York relin-
quishes every claim to the territory of
New Jersey.
* * III. La Salle is among the Illinois
Indians.
* * Maine organized as a province of
Massachusetts by the governor and Gen-
eral Court.
* * K. C. John Harvey, president. [John
Jenkins.] R. I. Peleg Sandford.
* * New Mex. Revolts begin.
* * -81 * * New York. William Dyer the
13th mayor.
* * S. C. The colony on the Ashley River
at (old) Charleston, move to [the present
site of] Charleston, and make it the
seat of government.
1681 * * Mass. T. Hinckley, governor of
Plymouth. (N. C. Henry Wilkinson.)
Mar. 4. Pennsylvania is granted to
William Perm (41° and 43° N.), who be-
comes the proprietor of a great state at
the cost of £16,000 sterling.
Mar. * N. J. The Duke of York confirms
Penn's purchase in New Jersey.
Mar. 14. Ark. La Salle, near the Ar-
kansas River, takes possession of the
country for France.
June 27 ±. Md. Lord Baltimore, by proc-
lamation, arbitrarily annuls the liberal
-elective franchise, and limits it to
freeholders possessing 50 acres, or free-
men having a visible estate of 40 pounds,
and making no distinction respecting
color.
July 11. Eng. Penn agrees to the
" Conditions and Concessions."
Three immigrant vessels are sent out
for Pennsylvania.
Nov. * N. J. The first General Sessions
of the province of West Jersey meets
at the call of Jennings, the deputy-gov-
ernor.
* * Md. The opposition to Lord Balti-
more as a feudal sovereign and a Catho-
lic increases. [In England he is accused
of favoring papists.]
* * Pa. The first colony arrives, and
settles above the confluence of the
Schuylkill and the Delaware.
1682 Feb. 1,2. N. J. William Penn
and eleven other Quakers buy the re-
mainder of New Jersey from the heirs
of Carteret.
Feb. * Mass. The General Court ap-
points Joseph Dudley and John Rich-
ards as its agents in defending its
charter before the king.
Mar. * N. Y. An attempt to levy cus-
toms without a colonial assembly is de-
feated by the grand jury, and trade
becomes free.
Apr. 9. La Salle, having descended the
St. Joseph, the Illinois, and the Missis-
sippi Rivers to the sea, takes possession
of the great valley for Louis XTV.,
and calls it Louisiana.
Apr. 25. Penn, by proclamation, pro-
poses that the colonists make their
own laws, and pledges not to interfere,
or leave it in the power of his successors
to do so, " that the will of no one man
may hinder the good of a whole coun-
try."
July 10. Phila. [Walnut Street] sur-
veyed by David Hammon.
Aug. 24. Del. The Duke of York
grants the territories beyond the
Delaware (Newcastle) to Penn.
Oct. 27. Pa. Penn.with 100 immigrants,
first lands at Newcastle. Within one
year 80 houses and cottages are built.
Dec. 4+. Pa. Penn holds a general con-
vention of colonists at Chester to or-
ganize the territory.
* * Can. Prontenac recalled to France.
* * III. First English settlement made
near the Mississippi River (near Alton).
* * N. H. The people revolt against
arbitrary government, and the governor
abandons the colony.
* * N.J. Perth Amboy founded.
Newark has about 100 families. Set-
tlements commenced on the Jersey shore
of the Delaware by 360 emigrants.
The Friends, having control of both
East and West Jersey, elect Kobert
Barclay, a Scotch Quaker, governor of
the province for life.
* *_87* * N. J. Period of Scotch emi-
gration, pressed by persecution.
* *-83* * New York. Cornells Steen-
wyck the 14th mayor.
* * Pa. Welsh immigrants arrive.
* * S. C. Jos. Morton is governor.
1683 Jan. * Pa. Penn buys out the
possessions of the Swedes near the
Schuylkill.
Feb. * Pa. Penn completes the laying
out of the city of Philadelphia by
blazing the trees.
Mar. 12. Phila. The first Assembly
is held. [Apr. 2. New charter given.]
* * Conn. R. Treat, gov. [N. J. Gawen
Lawrie. R. I. Wni. Coddington, Jr.]
May 23. Va. Appeals to the king, un-
der the value of one hundred pounds
sterling, prohibited.
June 23. Pa. Penn enters a treaty of
peace and friendship with the Indians
under an elm-tree at Shackamoxon
(Kensington). " The only treaty never
sworn to, and never broken." (Voltaire.)
July 26. Mass. A writ of quo war-
ranto issued against the charter by the
Crown.
The king will regulate the charter for
his service and their good, if submission
is made before prosecution. The colony
sends a letter of attorney to an agent in
England to act in their behalf.
Aug. 28. N. Y. Thomas Dongan ar-
rives, and succeeds Andros as governor.
Aug. * Va. Lord Howard of Effing-
ham is appointed governor.
Oct. 17. N. Y. First session of the
Assembly.
Representatives of the freeholders first
meet in an assembly of two houses, under
Dongan, the Roman Catholic governor.
[Oct. 30. It passes the Charter of Liber-
ties, enlarging rights, with toleration
for all Christians.]
Nov. 23. jy. Y. Partition line agreed
to between New York and Connecticut.
* * N. C. Seth Sothel is sent out as gov-
ernor ; he oppresses the people and de-
frauds the proprietors.
* * S. C. A company of dissenters
leaves England and settles in Charleston.
An Irish company settles in the same
province, on the Ashley River. The best
blood of Europe, English, Irish, Scotch,
and French, combines in these settle-
ments.
* * Pa. Germantown settled by about
20 families of Germans, chiefly Mennon-
ites.
* * Port. Peter H. enthroned.
* * Va. Arlington surrenders his interest
in Virginia to Culpepper.
* * * Va. Poverty, misgovernment,
and general distress prevail.
1684 June 21. Mass. On a suit of
scire facias, the English Court of Chan-
cery gives judgment against the colony,
declares its charter is forfeited, and
its liberties seized by the king.
July 25. Virginia becomes a royal
province. Lord Howard, governor.
Charles II. revokes the grant of Vir-
ginia to Lord Culpepper on the ground of
his dishonesty, frauds, and many vices.
Aug. 2. N. Y. The agent of Massachu-
setts, the governors of New York and
Virginia, and the sachems of the Iro-
quois Indians meet at Albany, and set-
tle on the terms of a lasting peace.
Aug.* Pa. Penn sails for England,
and appoints Thomas Lloyd president
in his absence ; five commissioners are
chosen to assist him.
Aug. * La. La Salle is sent from France
to settle a colony at the mouth of the
Mississippi ; [the entrance is missed, and
St. Louis is settled and abandoned.]
* * -88 * * Mass. The darkest period
in the history of this colony. The
mother country exasperates the colo-
nists by tyrannical government. Jos.
Dudley, president Massachusetts Bay.
* * New York. Gabriel Minvielle the 15th
mayor.
* * Philadelphia has about 2,000 inhab-
itants.
* * S.C. Lord Cardross, with ten families
of persecuted Presbyterians, arrives at
Port Royal. [Expelled by Spaniards.]
Rich. Kirk [Robert Quarry], governors.
* * N.J. Thos. Olive, gov. (West Jersey).
1685 Feb. 6. Eng. The Duke of York
enthroned as James II.
Apr. 20. Boston. James II. proclaimed.
July 2. Boston. A copy of the judgment
of the Court of Chancery received, and
the charter expires.
July * Tex. La Salle, with four French
ships, lands a colony on the coast ; the
country becomes a part of Louisiana.
Oct. 22. Fr. The edict of Nantes is
revoked, and emigration to America
quickened.
* * [U. S.] Governors appointed:
* * N.J. John Skeine (W. Jersey).
* * R. I. Henry Bull.
* * S. C. Joseph Norton,
50 1685-1691, June.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1686 * * N. Y. The French attack the
Senecas.
* * S. C. The Scotch colonists at Port
Royal are driven away by Spaniards,
who lay waste their plantation.
1687 June 13. Can. Denonville leaves
Montreal to attack the Senecas.
* * N. Y. The invading French under
Denonville are again driven back by
the Mohawks and Oneidas.
1688 June 17. Guiana. Mutiny of
soldiers in Dutch Guiana; the Gov-
ernor is killed.
* * Me. Fort Andros is built.
1689 * * -97 * * King William's "War
with the French, — a part of the gen-
eral war against Louis XIV.
June 25. France declares war against
England.
June 27. N. H. Indians are allies of
the French, and they surprise Dover;
23 persons are killed and 29 captured ;
the houses are burned, and the place
left desolate.
Aug. 4, 5. Can. The Iroquois attack
Lachine.
Aug. 25. Can. The Isle of Montreal is
surprised by 1,500 Iroquois, and its 200
inhabitants are massacred.
The war-like Iroquois spread terror
throughout Canada as far as Quebec,
until peace is finally made.
* * Can. Frontenac decides to make a
triple descent upon the English colonies.
* * -90 * * JV. H. Indians commit many
depredations.
1690 Feb. 8. N. Y. Surprise and mas-
sacre of the English at Schenectady
by 300 French and Indians ; 60 persons
are killed, 30 captives taken, and the
village is burned.
Mar. 27. N. H. The Indians surprise
and destroy Salmon Falls on the Pis-
cataqua River.
Apr. * Can. The English under Sir Wil-
liam Phips seize Port Royal (Annapo-
lis).
May 17. Me. The French and Indians
take and destroy Casco.
Aug. * N. Y. The land-attack on Can-
ada fails, through the division and
mutual criminations of Leisler and
Winthrop, after reaching Lake Cham-
plain.
Oct. 16. Can. A Massachusetts fleet of
32 vessels, under the incompetent Phips,
arrives before Quebec.
Oct. 21. Can. The invaders reembark
for Boston without making an attack.
Oct. * Can. Wreck of a part of the re-
turning New England fleet.
Nov. * The exhausted and debt-burdened
colonies content themselves with the
defense of their frontiers against the
French.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1686 Apr. 26. La Salle again starts to
ascend the Mississippi to Canada.
1687 Jan. 12. Tex. La Salle and 16
companions set out to walk from the
Texas coast to Canada. [He is assassi-
nated by one of his men.]
* * Peru. Terrible earthquake at Lima.
City of Callao also destroyed by an
earthquake followed by a tidal wave.
1690 * * Phila. Wm. Bradford estab-
lishes the first paper-mill in America
at Germantown.
* * S. C. Rice is first planted, the seed
being given by the captain of a vessel.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1686 Alden, John, Pilgrim settler, A88.
1687 La Salle, de, Kobert, Cavalier, ex-
plorer, A44.
Prince, Thomas, clergyman, born.
1688 Dickinson, Jonathan, clergyman, born.
Mayhew, John, missionary to Indians, dies.
Vincennes, Jean de, founder, horn.
1690 Allouez, Claude Jean, Jesuit Miss., A70.
Barclay, Robert, Scottish writer, A52.
Belssel, Johann Conrad, Ger.-Am. mystic, b.
Eliot, John, Apostle to the Indians, A86.
1681 Leisler, Jacob,usurper in N. Y., hanged.
CHURCH.
1686 * * Boston. Andros, the President
of New England, forcibly seizes the Old
South Church for Episcopal service.
* * New Eng. The Episcopal clergy-
man is the only person in all New Eng-
land who is authorized to unite persons
in marriage.
* * Mass. Episcopacy is fully intro-
duced by Governor Andros, and the
people required to furnish funds to build
a church for its service. A tax of the
same amount is levied upon each person,
poor or rich. Some towns refuse to pay it.
Huguenots arrive.
* * S.C. A Huguenot Presbyterian
church formed in Charleston.
1687 Mar. 27. Boston. The Old South
Meeting-house opened on Good Fri-
day, by Andros, for Episcopal service.
* * Boston. A Huguenot Presbyterian
church formed in Boston.
1688* * Boston. Governor Andros causes
the erection of King's Chapel.
Worship after the form of the Protes-
tant Episcopal Church becomes regular
and permanent among the Puritans.
* * Me. Mission work among the Abnaki
Indians is renewed by the Jesuits.
1689 * * It. Alexander VIII., pope.
* * N. J. A Baptist church is organized
at Piscataqua called "Anabaptist Town."
* * Pa. Presbyterians begin to arrive
from Scotland and the north of Ireland.
A Presbyterian church formed in Phil-
adelphia.
1690 May 20. Mass. John Eliot,
nearly 60 years a pastor and missionary
to the Indians, dies, aged 86.
* * hid. French priests establish a mis-
sion on the Wabash River at Vincennes
(Indiana).
* * Md. A Presbyterian organization is
formed in Upper Marlborough.
LETTERS.
1688 * * N. Y. Printing - presses are
forbidden in the province by royal
authority.
1690 Sept. 25. Boston.. The first
newspaper, called Public Occurrences,
issued ; the government suppresses it
after the first issue.
SOCIETY.
1691 May 16. N.Y. Governor Slough-
ter is made drunk by Royalists, who
thereby secure his signature to the death
warrants of the patriots Leisler and Mil-
borne.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1685* * Brazil. Insurrection at
Maranham.
* * Can. Denonville becomes governor.
* * -87 * * James II. makes strenuous
efforts to take away all the New Eng-
land charters.
He consolidates all the American colo-
nies from Maine to the Delaware, with
Sir Edmund Andros as temporary royal
governor.
* * N. Y. The Duchy of New York be-
comes a royal province.
* * New York. Nicholas Bayard the 16th
mayor.
* * S. C. Great numbers of persecuted
Huguenots arrive.
A collector of customs for the Crown
is established at Charleston.
* * Va. Despotism attempted by James
II. and resisted by the colonists.
* * * Rivalry between France and Great
Britain in America.
1686 April 27. N. Y. Governor Don-
gan grants a charter to the city of New
York. [It remains the basis of its muni-
cipal rights for 200 years.]
May 14. Mass. Joseph Dudley, a late
convert to kingly prerogative, is ap-
pointed the royal president of Massa-
chusetts by James II. [He is regarded
as the betrayer of his country's liberties.]
May 25. Mass. The charter govern-
ment is displaced.
July 22. N. Y. City of Albany incor-
porated.
Nov. 16. Eng. Treaty of neutrality
between England and France, for Amer-
ica.
Nov. * S. C. James CoUeton becomes
governor.
He foolishly attempts to establish
Philosopher Locke's absurd constitu-
tion, hence the colony rebels.
Dec. 19. New Eng. Sir Edmund An-
dros, vicegerent of New England and
the first royal governor, arrives at Bos-
ton ; two companies of soldiers are sent
to support his authority.
Connecticut and [S.] Carolina have
writs quo warranto issued against
them.
* * Eng. James II. resolves to reduce
aU colonies to a direct dependence on
the Crown.
* * Mass. Arrival of Huguenots.
* * N.J. Lord Neill Campbell is gover-
nor (E. Jersey), (ft. /. W. Clarke.)
* * N. Y. James II. abolishes the rep-
resentative assembly, and resumes ar-
bitrary and oppressive government.
AMERICA.
1685-1691, June. 51
* * -87 * * New York. S. van Cortlandt
the 17th mayor.
1687 * * Conn. — R. 1. Charters are re-
scinded in England.
Jan. 12. R. I. Andros dissolves the gov-
ernment, and breaks the seal.
Five citizens are appointed members
of his council, and a commission substi-
tutes representative government.
Oct. 31. Conn. Gov. Andros visits
Hartford to establish his authority.
He enters the Assembly, writes FINIS
at the bottom of the record, and demands
the immediate surrender of their liberal
charter ; Governor Treat pleads and ar-
gues till darkness falls, when Joseph
Wadsworth secretly takes the charter
away and hides it in' the famous oak, and
so saves the liberties of Connecticut.
Andros assumes the government.
* * Can. French diplomacy aims to per-
vade the West, and concerts an alliance
with all Indians to the Mississippi.
About 11,000 persons in New France,
one-twentieth of the population in the
English settlements.
* * Md. A writ quo warranto issued
against Maryland.
* * N. C. Gov. Colleton attempts to collect
quit-rents on cultivated fields and wild
lands, and arouses insubordination;
the secretary of the province is impris-
oned, the records seized, and the gov-
ernor and his patrons defied.
* * N.J. Daniel Coxe receives Byllynge's
interest in West Jersey. Coxe becomes
governor ; Andrew Hamilton is gover-
nor of East Jersey.
* * N. Y. Gov. Dongan is ordered, from
England, to protect the Five Nations
from the French.
1688* * New Eng. Continued tyr-
anny of Andros ; the colonists send an
agent to England to present their griev-
ances to the king.
* * New York is made a dependency of
New England by annexation to the vice-
royalty of Andros, its governor-general.
Apr. * N. J. Proprietors of East New
Jersey submit to Andros, the royal
usurper of authority.
July * New Eng. The seaboard from
the St. Croix to Maryland is under one
dominion, having Boston for its capital.
Aug. 11. Andros is made governor-gen-
eral of British America.
Oct. * N. J. The proprietors of West
New Jersey vote to surrender their
government to New England.
Nov. 5. Eng. "William of Orange
lands in Devonshire.
Dec. 11. Eng. James II. flees for France.
* * N. Y. Francis Nicholson appointed
lieutenant-governor. (Pa. John Black-
well, deputy. Va. Nathaniel Bacon.)
± * * Carolina. Many Huguenots, flee-
ing from the persecutions of Louis XIV.,
join this colony.
* * N.C. An insurrection against Seth
Sothel; the infamous governor is over-
thrown, disfranchised, and banished by
the colonists.
1689 Jan. 4. Eng. Col. Henry
Sloughter appointed governor of N. Y.
Feb. 13. Eng. William and Mary en-
throned.
Mar. 14. Mass. The king concedes the
recall of Governor Andros.
Apr. 4. Boston. The Revolution in
England known.
A messenger announces the invasion
of England by William III., and is
thrown into prison.
Apr. 18. Boston. Tidings received of
the accession of William and Mary,
the royal government is overthrown [and
the despotic Andros is sent to prison].
Apr. 20. Boston. The general court
again assembles, and Simon Bradstreet
is restored to power.
Apr. * Md. An armed force, led by John
Coode, is organized against the adher-
ents of Baltimore, in the interest of
William III.
Apr. * New York. A tumult of gladness
over the Revolution in England takes
place.
May 1. Rhode Island resumes its char-
ter privileges which Andros annulled.
May 9. Conn. James II. being dethroned
and Andros deposed, the old govern-
ment, under Treat, is resumed by the
colonists, under the charter so saga-
ciously preserved in the oak-tree.
May 26. Mass. News of the accession
of William and Mary received with
great joy.
May * N. Y. Bitter feud between fac-
tions in New York, each seeking to con-
trol the colony for or against William
and Mary.
June* -92 Aug.* N.J. Owing to many
conflicting claims of authority, there is
no recognized government ; the peo-
ple are vexed by a superfluity of rulers.
June 1. New York. The military com-
panies persuade Jacob Leisler, their
senior captain, to possess the fort and
assume the temporary government
for William HI.
June 5. Mass. The House of Repre-
sentatives meets, and refuses to act till
the old charter officers of 1686 assume
their power as of right.
June 8. N. Y. A committee of safety
of ten is appointed, and they attempt
to reorganize the government on liberal
principles.
Aug. 1. Md. John Coode, at the head
of "the Association in arms for the de-
fense of the Protestant religion," usurps
the government, forces the adherents
of Baltimore to capitulate, and consent
to exclude Catholics from office.
Aug. * N. Y. Lieut.-Gov. Nicholson
goes to Albany to escape the hostile peo-
ple, and denounces Leisler as a rebel.
Sept. * N. Y. Commissioners from New
England hold a conference with the
Mohawks at Albany.
Dec* N. Y. A royal letter received, com-
missioning Nicholson as governor.
* * N. C. Gov. Philip Ludwell conducts
an excellent administration [continuing
six years].
Huguenots arrive.
* * N. Y. New Rochelle is settled by
Huguenots.
* * -90 * * New York. Peter de la Noy,
the 18th mayor.
* * S. C. Governor Ludwell comes to
South Carolina, and attempts to en-
force the absurd constitution of
Locke, and confusion, approaching an-
archy, prevails.
Gov. Colleton pretends to fear danger
from Indians or Spaniards, and pro-
claims martial law, but can find no
force to execute it.
* * Conn. Robt. Treat, gov. (Mass. Thos.
Hinckley, Plymouth; Thos. Danforth,
acting governor Mass. Bay Colony.)
1690 Mayl. New York. First Amer-
ican Congress. A conference of colo-
nial governors, respecting the safety of
the colonies, is held.
They decide to attempt the conquest
of Canada, by a force descending Lake
Champlain, and another sailing from
Boston for Quebec.
Mar. 12. N. H. On the downfall of Gov.
Andros, the Assembly reannex the
province to Massachusetts.
* * Car. — Va. Many French Protestant
refugees migrate to America, and settle
chiefly in Carolina and Virginia.
* * Massachusetts issues paper money to
meet her war debt.
* * N. Y. Jacob Leisler is recognized
throughout the province as temporary
governor.
* * N.C. Governor Ludwell leaves the
colony, despairing of its government.
* * S.C. Gov. Colleton is impeached by
the colonists for arbitrary government
and banished.
Seth Sothel, the candidate of the
popular party, becomes their vexatious
governor [for two years].
+ * * Germany. The ravages of war in
their native land drive many Germans
to America; Germantown, near Phila-
delphia, is settled by them.
* * R. I. Henry Bull, governor. Later,
John Easton.
1691 Mar. 19. New York. The new
governor, Col. Sloughter, arrives from
England.
Captain Jacob Leisler resigns his
trust, and is immediately arrested on
the charge of treason.
Apr. 1. Pa. Delaware secedes from
Pennsylvania. Penn reluctantly con-
sents to the desire of the " lower coun-
ties" (Del.) to govern themselves. [They
are two years under Markham.]
May 16. New York. Leisler and Mil-
borne, his son-in-law, are hanged for
treason, by the authority of a drunkard,
Governor Sloughter. The act considered
judicial murder.
June 1. Md. King William revolution-
izes the government, and takes It as a
royal province ; Sir Lionel Copley is
sent out as governor.
[He establishes the Church of England,
and taxes the Catholics to maintain it.
He finally disfranchises the Catholics,
who established the colony.]
52 1691, Aug.-1697, Mar.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1691 * * Can. Major Schuyler makes a
raid on the French settlements on the
Sorel.
1692 * * -94 * * Me. Indian depreda-
tions occur.
Jan. 25. Me. The town of York is
surprised and nearly destroyed by the
French and Indians; about 75 people
are massacred, and as many taken into
captivity.
Feb. * Can. The French send a force
against the Mohawks.
Frontenac sends 300 French with In-
dians against the hunting parties of
Senecas in Upper Canada, and under-
takes to subdue the Five Nations.
Oct. 26. Conn. Gov. Fletcher is com-
missioned to take command of the mi-
litia of Connecticut ; but the Puritans
of Hartford successfully resist him, and
he returns to New York.
Nov. 26. Can. Port Royal (Annapolis)
surrenders to a French ship.
* * N. Y. Major Schuyler, of Albany,
makes great efforts to pacify the terri-
fied settlers, and protect them from the
Indians.
* * Me. Sir William Phips, the governor,
erects Fort William Henry at Pemaquid.
* * -1700 * * Mexico is reconquered
by Diego de Vergas.
* * Newfoundland. The English destroy
the French settlement.
1693 Jan. * -Feb. * N. Y. A strong
French force invades the country 6f the
Mohawks, bent on their extermination.
Feb. 6. N. Y. Mohawks are attacked
by the French and Indians ; 300 prison-
ers are taken.
Feb. * N. Y. Major Schuyler leaves
Albany with 200 men, pursues the
French, and liberates the captive Mo-
hawks.
Aug. 11. Me. The Abnaki Indians sue
for peace after a long and bloody war.
* * Can. Frontenac leads a French ex-
pedition against the Iroquois.
* * England resolves to conquer Can-
ada. A British fleet arrives at Boston.
1694 July 18. N. H. About 250 In-
dians attack a village on Oyster Biver ;
94 persons are killed or captured.
* * Can. Frontenac conducts his last
campaign against the Iroquois.
1696 * * Eng. King William gives Cap-
tain Kidd a commission and a galley of
30 guns to suppress piracy. [He turns
pirate himself.]
* * New England suffers from French
incursions.
June 26. N. H. Indians attack Ports-
mouth Plain ; 14 persons are killed.
* * Me. The French under Iberville and
Castin capture the fort at Pemaquid
(Bremen).
* * Fla. Spaniards build a fort at Pen-
sacola.
July 28. Can. The French under
Frontenac for the last time invade
northern New York. [They are defeated
by the colonists and their Iroquois allies.]
1697 Mar. 15. Mass. Indians attack
Haverhill; 40 persons are killed or
taken captive ; among the latter is
Hannah Dustin, the heroine, who kills
her sleeping captors. (See Society.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1692 June 7. W. I. Great earthquake
in Jamaica ; nine-tenths of Port Royal
buried under water ; 2,000 perish in the
convulsion, and 3,000 whites by a follow-
ing pestilence.
1693 * * S. C. The cultivation of rice
begins, and with it the prosperity of the
colony. (1694?; 1695?; 1698?)
1694 * * Can. A company of amateur
actors give a theatrical performance at
Quebec.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1692 Bravo, Lonardo, Mex. patriot, born.
Dinwiddie, Robert, Lieut.-gov. of Va., born.
1695 Tliips, Sir Wm., Gov. of Mass., A44.
1696 Johnson, Samuel, Pres. of Col. Coll., b.
Pepperell, Sir William, general, born.
Wentworth, Benning, Gov. of N. H., born.
CHURCH.
1691 * * It. Innocent XII., pope.
* * Md. The colony being made a Royal
Province, the Church of England is
established bylaw, and the Catholic col-
onists are taxed to maintain it.
* * Mass. A Baptist church is organ-
ized at Cohansey.
* * Va. Francis Makemie goes to Lon-
don, and appeals to the Presbyterian
ministers for missionaries ; [two young
men, John Hampton and George Mc-
Nish, are sent out.] (Briggs, 1704.)
1692 * * N. J. The " Scotch Meet-
ing-house," Presbyterian church, or-
ganized at Freehold.
* * N. Y. Governor Fletcher attempts
to force the Episcopal church on the
colonists; but the General Assembly de-
crees equality and toleration, and places
the Episcopal church on a level with
other churches, and permits vestrymen
to call non-Episcopal pastors. About
one-tenth of the population are Episco-
palians.
The provisions of the English Test Act
are enforced against Catholics.
* * Phila. First Presbyterian con-
gregation in Philadelphia meets in the
" Barbadoes Company's warehouse."
1693 * * Mass. The General Court pro-
vides for common schools and the sup-
port of Congregational ministers.
* * N. Y. The Assembly provides for the
settlement and support of ministers by
levying a tax on all the people.
Episcopacy is established by law.
* * S. C. The Baptist church is moved
from Cooper River to Charleston.
* * Va. The colonists establish a col-
lege (William and Mary) " to educate a
domestic succession of Church of Eng-
land ministers," as well as to teach the
children of Indians to read.
1694 Aug. * R. I. Jews first establish
public worship at Newport, and find
protection,
1695 Apr. 10. N. Y. The House de-
cides that non-Episcopal ministers
may be called in New York.
* * N. C. Churches are erected, and
provisions made for sustaining public
worship.
* * Phila. First record of Protestant
Episcopal services in Pennsylvania ; a
church is erected in Philadelphia.
1696 May 11. N. Y. The Reformed
Protestant Dutch church formed in
America incorporated.
* * Fla. Spaniards build a Roman Cath-
olic church at Pensacola.
* * New York. The first Jewish syn-
agogue in America is erected.
The first Trinity church (Prot. Epis.)
is built and endowed ; Rev. W. Vesey
pastor.
* * Phila. The nucleus of a Baptist
church appears in the persons of John
Farmer and wife from London.
1697 Feb. 6. New York. The first
Trinity church (Prot. Epis.) is opened
for worship.
LETTERS.
1692 * * Va. William and Mary Col-
lege (Prot. Epis.) chartered at Williams-
burg, through the efforts of Rev. James
Blair and Lieut.-gov. Nicholson.
* * Mass. The degree of D.D. is first
conferred by Harvard College ; it is
given to its president, Increase Mather.
* * Phila. A public high school, char-
tered by Penn, is established.
1693 Mar. 25. New York. Printing is
ordered to be introduced.
* * New York. "William Bradford moves
to New York, sets up the first printing-
press, and is appointed State-printer.
[He is called the " Father of Printing "
in the middle colonies.]
Aug. 23. New York. The first printing
is a proclamation by the governor.
* * Va. Rev. James Blair is appointed
the first president of William and Mary
College. [1729. Active.]
* * The Wanders of the Invisible World,
by Cotton Mather, appears.
SOCIETY.
* * * N. Y. The colony is protected from
French invasions and hostile Indians, for
many years, by the friendly Five Na-
tions.
1691* * -1715* *N.H. Land specu-
lators vex the people by buying ancient
claims to their lands, and trying to dis-
possess them or secure rents, but no
judgments are obtained in the courts.
1692 Feb. * Mass. The witchcraft
delusion breaks out at Danvers, a part
of Salem.
A niece of the minister is the subject,
and an old Indian servant, Tituba, the
victim, whose confession is obtained un-
der the rod.
Apr. 22. Mass. Edward Bishop, having
cured one of the afflicted by flogging
him, and proposed that others be cured
in the same way, is sent to prison for
expressing his opinion.
AMERICA.
1691, Aug.- 1697, Mar. 53
June 10. Mass. Bridget Bishop is
hanged for witchcraft at Salem.
June 30. Mass. The General Court con-
demns to death five women, all of
blameless lives, and all declaring them-
selves innocent of witchcraft.
July 19. Mass. Rebecca Nurse, a wo-
man of blameless life, is taken to church
in chains, and publicly excommunicated
as a witch ; [later she is hanged].
Aug. 3. Mass. The Court condemns six
others as witches.
* * Mass. The children of Martha Car-
ter witness against their mother, who is
accused of witchcraft ; the two sons re-
fuse to perjure themselves till tied neck
and heels, and the little daughter, seven
years old, is made a witness.
Aug. 19. Mass. Five witches (?)
hanged for witchcraft at Salem.
Aug. * Mass. The delusion affects the
higher classes, and a clergyman of the
highest respectability is executed.
* * Mass. Giles Cory, an octogenarian,
refuses to plead to the charge of witch-
craft, and is pressed to death.
Sept. 9. Mass. Six women condemned
for witchcraft.
Sept. 22. Mass. Two men and seven
women are executed at Salem for
witchcraft ; one is pressed to death for
standing mute.
Sept. 28. Mass. Eight persons are
hanged as witches.
* * Autumn. Mass. Twenty persons have
been put to death, fifty-five tortured, and
the jails are full of victims.
Oct. 18. Mass. Protest made by the
people of Andover to the General Court
against the witch tribunals.
Oct. * Mass. The delusion of witchcraft
is rapidly disappearing.
* * New York. The whipping-post, pil-
lory, and ducking-stool are set up.
* * -98 * * N. Y. Gov. Fletcher receives
large gifts from the pirates.
1693 Jan. * -Feb. * Mass. It becomes
difficult to convict accused witches.
* * Mass. Great popular indignation
against the prosecutors for witchcraft.
1695 * * Carolina. Gov. John Archdale
(a Quaker) protects the Indians from
the kidnapping colonists. Some native
Catholics are ransomed from slavery,
and sent to their homes in Florida.
1696 Apr. 1. John Briggs, the her-
mit, dies, aged 97.
His figure has become grotesque be-
cause of the numerous pieces of leather
nailed to his clothes ; one of his shoes
is made of about 1,000 pieces of leather.
Apr. * Eng. Capt. William Kidd, a
bold, successful American shipmaster,
is commissioned to suppress piracy. [He
becomes a pirate himself.]
1697 Jan. 14. Mass. Samuel Sewall
makes a public confession of his com-
plicity in the witchcraft trials.
Mar. * Mass. Hannah Dustin, her ser-
vant, and a boy kill ten of twelve Indians
while they sleep, and then escape from
captivity.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1691 Aug. * New York. Capt. Richard
Ingoldsby is acting governor; Governor
Sloughter deceased (July 23).
Summer. N. Y. The treaty with the
Iroquois Indians (Five Nations) is re-
newed at Albany.
Oct. 7. Eng. King William grants a
new and less liberal charter to Massa-
chusetts. [He permits Rhode Island and
Connecticut to resume their charters.]
* * Mass. Increase Mather is permitted
to nominate the first officers under the
new charter ; he proposes Sir William
Phipps for governor.
* *• New York. John Lawrence, 19th mayor.
1692 Jan. 26. Can. Acadia (Nova
Scotia) becomes a part of Massachusetts.
Feb. * Mass. The witchcraft frenzy
breaks out. (See Society.)
May 14. Mass. Gov. Phipps arrives
with the new charter. Phipps is also
governor of Plymouth Colony and the
provinces of Maine, Nova Scotia, and
the country north of the St. Lawrence ;
also, the Elizabeth Islands, Nantasket,
and Martha's Vineyard ; unites Plym-
outh with Massachusetts.
Aug. 13. N. H. The English govern-
ment separates New Hampshire from
Massachusetts the second time, not-
withstanding the protests of the people.
Sept. * New York. Benjamin Fletcher,
a man of bad passions and poor abilities,
arrives, and assumes office as governor.
Oct. 21. Pa. The British government
takes away Perm's proprietary rights
and transfers the government to Fletcher
of New York. [Penn is restored in 1694.]
Nov. 26. Can. Nova Scotia again un-
der the French flag.
* * Conn. The Crown claims the control
of the militia.
* * Md. Sir L. Copley, the first royal gover-
nor, assumes office. {N.J. A.Hamilton.)
* * New York. The assembly passes a
resolution against arbitrary govern-
ment, and claiming that the people are
a part of the governing power.
* * -95 * * New York. Abraham de Peys-
ter the 20th mayor.
* * S. C. The proprietaries reject all the
acts of the democratic legislature.
* * Rhode Island and Connecticut retain
their charters.
* * Va. [and Md.] Sir Edmund Andr os,
governor. (S. C. Philip Ludwell.)
1693 Apr. * Carolina. Proprietors at
length abandon the John Locke
scheme of government ; thus the paper
Empire of the West vanishes.
S. C. Thomas Smith appointed gov-
ernor. (N. C. Alex. Lillington, deputy.)
Apr. 26. Pa. Governor Fletcher again
unites Maryland to Pennsylvania, and
assumes authority.
Oct. 26. Conn. Gov. Fletcher of New
York goes to Hartford to assume com-
mand of the militia.
While reading his commission, Capt.
Wads worth orders the drums beaten,
and intimidates the royally commis-
sioned officer from intruding on an inde-
pendent people.
* * Delaware is placed under the rule of
the governor of New York.
1694 Mar. 26. Pa. Penn sends Mark-
ham to be his deputy-governor, who calls
an Assembly of the people to form for
themselves a liberal constitution.
Aug. 20. Pa. Penn is reinstated in
his province, which had been taken from
him and annexed to New York.
* * S. C. John Archdale, an upright
Quaker, is elected governor.
He mitigates the hostility existing be-
tween the profligate " Cavalier " party
and the Presbyterians, etc., who oppose
them.
* * Md. The capital is removed from St.
Mary's to [Annapolis] by the Protes-
tants.
1695 Apr. 12. N. Y. Votes of the As-
sembly first published.
Aug. 17. S. C. Gov. Archdale selects
for his council two men of the moderate
party to one High Churchman.
* * Colombia. A company for colonizing
Darien is formed.
* * Md. A public post is established,
and letters conveyed eight times a year
from the Potomac to Philadelphia.
* * N. Y. Lord Bellamont is appointed
governor. (See 1698.)
* * -98 * * New York. William Merritt
the 21st mayor.
1696 May* Eng. The affairs of the
plantations are permanantly entrusted
to the commissioners who form the Board
of Trade, and all questions of colonial
liberties and affairs are decided from the
standpoint of English commerce.
Summer. Me. By Iberville's capture of
Pemaquid (Bremen) the French fron-
tier is extended into the heart of Maine.
Nov. 7. Pa. Third frame of govern-
ment passed by Gov. Markham on a
purely democratic basis.
* * Fla. Spaniards build a fort, a church,
and a few houses at Pensacola.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-02 * * Md. Nathaniel Blackstone.
-97 * * II. I. Walter Clarke.
S. C. Joseph Blake.
MISCELLANEOUS.
* * * N. C. Carolina is noted for its pro-
duction of naval stores.
* * Va. For many years voluntary im-
migration almost ceases, there being
such restrictions on commerce as to
cause all forms of industry to languish.
1693 June 11. Mass. A terribly ma-
lignant disease is brought to Boston
by an English military expedition ; 3,100
out of 4,500 members die while crossing
from England.
* * Brazil. Gold mining commenced.
1695 * * A post route is established be-
tween the Potomac, through Annapolis
to Philadelphia, the mail-carrier to make
eight trips in a year for £50.
1696 * * New Eng. Population is about
one hundred thousand.
* * N. Y. Population of the city six
thousand.
54 1697, Sept.-1703.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1697 Sept. 20. The King William's
War ends by the peace of Ryswick.
Sept. 21. N. Y. An impending invasion
of the French into the province of New
York is averted by the peace of Ryswick.
* * Colombia. Cartagena is taken by buc-
caneers.
1699* * Miss. Biloxi is fortified by
the French.
1700* * S. C.± The Creek Indians
muster about 5,000 warriors.
1701 June * Mich. De la Motte Car-
dillac, with a Jesuit missionary and 100
French, is sent from Canada to occupy
Detroit.
1702 * *-13 * * Queen Anne's War,
between French and English; it is known
in Europe as the War of the Spanish
Succession.
Sept. * Fla. The colonists of Carolina,
led by Gov. Moore, send an unsuccessful
expedition against the Spaniards of
Florida for plunder.
* * III. The French vacate their post on
the Illinois.
1703 Apr. * N. Y. The Assembly
grants $7,500 to fortify the Narrows,
" and for no other use whatever." [The
money disappeared, and the Narrows
were neglected.]
June 20. Me. The Abnakis promise
peace.
Aug. 10. Me. Irruption of French
and Indians. [They desolate the coun-
try from Casco to Wells, and massacre
or enslave 150 persons.]
Aug. * Massachusetts is at war with the
Abnakis. [Frontier war for several
years.]
Dec. * S. C. Indian towns between the
Altamaha and Savannah are laid in ashes
because of the alliance of their people
with the Spaniards.
* * Ga. Colonel Moore invades the Apa-
lache country.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1699 * * U. S. The Mississippi River
is explored.
1701 * * Iberville makes his third voy-
age to the Gulf of Mexico.
Cal. Father Kino makes his explo-
rations in California.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1700* *
Faneuil, Peter, founder, born.
Joliet, Louis, explorer of the Miss., A55. ?
1701 * *
Bartram, John, botanist, born.
Hennepin, L., Flemish missionary, A61.
Kidd, William, pirate, hanged, A51.
Sanvolle, Le Moyne,colonial Gov. of La., A50.
1702* *
Fitch, James, divine and missionary, A80.
1703* *
Clap, Thomas, pres. of Yale, born.
l)e Lancey, James, Gov. of N.Y., born.
Edwards, Jonathan, clergyman, born.
Isla, Jos6 Francisco, de, Jesuit, born.
Pynchon, John, N. Eng. colonist, A 66.
Tennent, Gilbert, clergyman, born.
CHURCH.
1697* * Cal. The Spaniards having been
expelled by the ill-used natives, Upper
California is granted by Charles XI.
of Spain to the Jesuits.
* * Phila. John Watts immerses four
Baptists.
± * * ,5. C. All Christians except Cath-
olics are enfranchised.
1698 Dec. 13. Phila. The first Bap-
tist church formed in a storehouse;
Jedediah Andrews, minister.
* * Cal. The Spanish establish mission-
ary stations. Father Kino arrives.
* * Carolina. Two-thirds of the colo-
nists are Dissenters, yet they consent
that one minister of the Church of
England shall be maintained at public
expense.
1699* * Boston. Ellis Callender becomes
pastor of the Baptist church.
The Manifesto church is a protest
against Matherism.
* * Del. Consecration of Trinity Epis-
copal church near Wilmington.
* * R. I. A (first) Protestant Episco-
pal parish is formed at Newport.
* * S. C. Baptists at Charleston build
a brick church and parsonage.
* * Va. A Presbyterian church is or-
ganized, and Francis Makemie is li-
censed to preach.
1700 * * P. I. The Yearly Meeting is
established by the Friends, at Newport.
Nov. 23. It. Clement XI. pope.
* * Mass. The province enacts the ban-
ishment of all Roman Catholics and
Jesuits.
* *N . Y. Because of their hostile influ-
ence among the Indians, the Legislature
provides for the hanging of every
•* popish priest " who shall voluntarily
enter the province.
1701 * * Can. Jesuits try to live with
the Iroquois [remaining 8 years].
* * Eng. The Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
has for its object the conversion of the
Indians, but is diverted by politicians to
promote the Church of England in all
the American colonies.
* * If. Y. J. N. Kurtz is the first Lu-
theran minister ordained in this coun-
try.
* * Pa. Religious liberty is estab-
lished.
* * Phila. J. Andrews is ordained (?) and
installed pastor of the first Presby-
terian church in this city.
1702 * * Conn. The Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel sends Messrs.
Keith and Talbot as (Prot. Epis.) mis-
sionaries to New London.
* * Md. The Anglican Church is estab-
lished.
Catholics alone subject to intolerance ;
ho priest or bishop may seek to make a
proselyte or teach the young. Not one-
tenth of the people adhere to the es-
tablished church.
* * If. J. Liberty of conscience granted
to all, except the Papists.
The first Episcopal Church in New
Jersey is organized.
* * If. Y. Gov. Cornbury forges a clause
in his commission that he may foster
the Episcopal church.
1703 May 6. S. C. Orthodoxy pro-
tected by the menace of disfranchise-
ment and prisons.
* * Carolina. The first minister (Prot.
Epis.) arrives.
* * New York. The Lutherans rebuild
their church (southwest corner of Broad-
way and Rector Streets).
The " King's Farm " is granted to
Trinity Church by Queen Anne.
* * Va. A legal opinion is received from
London, that a minister is an incum-
bent for lif e, and cannot be removed by
his parishioners. Church revenue is paid
in tobacco.
LETTERS.
1700 * * Conn. Yale CoUege is com-
menced.
" I give these books for the founding of
a College in this colony." Words of ten
Congregational ministers, assembled at
the village of Branford, a few miles east
of Hartford, used in donating books
from their libraries, whereby Yale Col-
lege is founded.
* * New York. The first public library
is established in America.
* * Fa. The college of William and
Mary graduates its first class.
* * The Selling of Joseph, by Samuel Sew-
all, appears.
1701 * * Conn. Rev. Abraham Pierson
the first rector of Yale College.
Oct. 9. Conn. Yale CoUege receives
its charter, and is formally opened as a
school at Saybrook.
1702 * * Jacob Hemmingway the first
and only student of Yale until Septem-
ber, when seven others enter.
* * Mass. Magnalia Christi Americana,
by Cotton Mather, appears.
Apr. * N. J. Queen Anne prohibits the
keeping of a printing-press, and for-
bids the publication of any book or pam-
phlet without a license.
1703 * * New York. The rector and war-
dens of Trinity Church are directed to
take steps toward the erection of a col-
lege. [King's College (Columbia) was
the result.]
SOCIETY.
1697 * * New York. A night watch is
instituted.
1699* * New York. Capt. William
Kidd returns from a long piratical
voyage, bringing an immense booty.
[With great audacity he visits Boston,
is arrested, sent to England for trial, and
finally hanged.]
* * Pa. William Penn, accompanied
by his wife, returns to America, purpos-
ing to abide there. [1701 . He is recalled
to preserve his imperiled charter from
appropriation by the crown.]
1700 * * N. H. Innkeepers permitting
townspeople to remain in their houses
drinking on Saturday night or Sunday
AMERICA.
1697, Sept-1703. 55
are fined 5s. ; the same fine is to be paid
by the drinker.
* * Carolina. Pestilence and strong
drink have reduced the savages to a
small number ; out of a thousand war-
riors, but a dozen weak men remain.
* * Pa. Penn legislates for the sanctity
of marriage among negro slaves, and
also frees his own slaves.
1701 * * Boston instructs its representa-
tives " to encourage the bringing of
white servants, and to put a period to
negroes being slaves."
* * N. H. A fine of 5s. is imposed for
drunkenness.
STATE.
1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Byswick ;
France and England are each to restore
their recent conquests ; Acadia restored
to France.
* * Massachusetts and New Hamp-
shire recognize the authority of Bella-
mont, governor of New York, but Con-
necticut, and Rhode Island remain inde-
pendent. (N. J. Jer. Basse, governor.)
* * N. Y. On complaint of the Lords of
Trade, Bellamont is instructed to re-
strict the liberties of the courts and
assemblies in New York, and to increase
the prerogatives of the governor and
council ; a political struggle thenceforth
ensues.
* * S. C. The English remove all dis-
criminations against French emigrants.
* * Pa. Penn proposes an annual con-
gress of all the American provinces
with power to regulate commerce.
1698 Apr. 2. New York. The Earl of
Bellamont arrives with a commission
including New York, New Jersey, and
all New England except Connecticut
and Rhode Island.
Oct. * Conn. The Assembly divides, and
forms an Upper House.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-07 * * Conn. Fitz-John Winthrop.
R. I. Samuel Cranston.
-05 * * Va. Francis Nicholson.
* * -99 * * New York. Johannes de Pey-
ster the 22d mayor.
1699 Mar. 2. La. A French colony
enters the Mississippi, under Lemoine
d'Iberville.
May * Miss. Iberville erects a fort on
Biloxi Bay, and lays the foundation of
the State of Mississippi by the French.
Sept. 16. La. An English colony under
Bienville follows Iberville, but retires
on discovering the French.
Nov. 30. Pa. William Penn arrives.
* * Eng. Parliament oppresses manu-
factures.
It enacts that no wool or woolen
manufactures shall be shipped from
any of the colonies, under penalty of
forfeiture of ship and cases.
* * Me. France claims the coast from
Kennebec eastward, and the fisheries of
the north coast.
* * Mass. — N. H. Massachusetts and
New Hampshire are placed under Gov.
Bellamont. (May 20.)
* * [ IT. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-1700* * Mass. Richard Coote. [1700-
01, Wm. Stoughton.]
-01 * * N.J. Andrew Hamilton.
-05 **N.C. H. Walker (Pres.). [1700-
02, 19. S. C. James Moore.]
* *-1700* * New York. David Provoost
the 23d mayor.
1700 Jan. 17. Lemoine d'Iberville
takes possession of the Mississippi
Biver for France, and plants a colony
at Poverty Point. [It languishes.]
Mar. 30. Darien. The Scotch settle-
ments surrendered to the Spaniards.
June 7. Pa. The old constitution is
surrendered with the consent of the
assembly and governor's council.
Sept. 8. Can. A treaty made with the
Iroquois.
Nov. 1. Sp. Philip V. king.
* * La. Bienville reaches the Red River.
* * French missionaries occupy various
points on the Mississippi, and take pos-
session for France.
* * 01 * * New York. Isaac de Riemer
the 24th mayor.
* * Va. Huguenots arrive.
1701 May* Conn. It is decided that
the government meet alternately in
Hartford and New Haven.
June 24. Mich. Sieur de la Motte Ca-
dillac, with 100 men, makes the first per-
manent settlement in Michigan (De-
troit).
July 19. N. Y. Alleged treaty with the
Iroquois at Albany, surrendering beaver
grounds to the English.
Aug. 4. Can. The French make a treaty
with the Iroquois.
Sept. 2. N. Y. A Court of Chancery for
the State is organized.
Oct. 28. Philadelphia is first char-
tered by William Penn.
* * La. Bienville is in command of the
French settlements.
* *-02* * Mass. Government as-
sumed by the Council.
* * _02 * * New York. Thomas Noell the
25th mayor. John Nanfan, governor.
* * Pa. Andrew Hamilton and John
Evans are appointed deputy-governors
by Penn.
* * N. J. The Jerseys become a royal
province.
Lord Cornbury arrives.
1702 Jan.* Ala. The first settle-
ment in the state is made by the French
from Biloxi, on the western bank of the
Mobile River. (Mobile.)
Mar. 8. Eng. Queen Anne en-
throned.
Apr. 17. New Jersey a royal province.
The proprietors of East and West
Jersey surrender their rights to the
Crown. One government is formed and
called New Jersey ; by mutual agree-
ment all the various claimants surrender
the right of government, but retain
their rights to the soil.
May 3. -08* * N. Y. Lord Corn-
bury succeeds Bellamont as governor.
He unites in one government New
York and New Jersey. [The union con-
tinues thirty-six years with a single
executive, but two separate assemblies.]
May 28. Boston. News received of Queen
Anne's accession.
June 1. Boston. Queen Anne is pro-
claimed.
* *-15* * Mass. Joseph Dudley
governor.
Sept. 1. Carolina, by vote of the provin-
cial assembly, refuses an hereditary
nobility, or the dominion of wealth.
* * Carolina. The colony is burdened
with a debt of £6,000 by its unsuccessful
military expedition against the Span-
iards at St. Augustine. (The assembly
enacts the issuing of bills of credit.)
* * Del. — Pa. The two legislatures
convened apart [and never again re-
united],
* * Ind. Vincennes founded. The
French vacate their posts on the Il-
linois.
* * La. Only 30 French families have
been settled.
* * -03 * * New York. Philip French the
26th mayor.
1703* *[U.S.] Governors inaugu-
rated :
-04 * * Md. Thomas Trench.
-08 * * S. C. Sir Nathaniel Johnson. ■
* * Mass. Joseph Dudley, governor,
quarrels with the General Court over
the salaries of State officers.
* * N. J. The General Assembly meets
at Perth Amboy.
N. Y. Gov. Cornbury denies the
right of the assembly to ask questions
of the governor until the queen has
given them permission.
* * Pa. The province is set apart from
the territories ; Pennsylvania and Dela-
are have separate assemblies. Edward
Shippen (pres. of council).
MISCELLANEOUS.
1697 * * N.Y. The Common Council or-
ders the city to be lighted by lanterns
suspended from j>oles, which are to pro-
ject from every seventh house.
1699** Pa. The yellow fever appears
at Philadelphia, where it commits great
ravages.
1700* * Miss. A gold-seeking expedition
from Biloxi ascends to the Falls of
St. Anthony.
* * English imports from the North
American Colonies amount to $1,975,000.
* * Boston. Population about 7,000.
* * New York has about 750 dwellings,
4,500 whites, and 750 blacks.
* * About 300,000 negroes imported
into America by the English in the last
20 years.
1701 * * Population of the American col-
onies estimated at two hundred and
sixty-two thousand.
1702 * * New York. A pestilence is
brought from St. Thomas, and nearly
600 people (one in ten) die.
56
1703-1712.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1704 Mar. 1. Mass. Deerfield is sur-
prised and burnt.
It is the work of 200 French and 142
Indians under Hertel de Kouville ; 47
are slainl and 147 captives, among whom
is Eunice Williams, are taken through
the snow to Canada.
Dec. * S. C. Gov. James Moore leads a
f reebooting expedition of 50 whites and
1 ,000 Indians against the Indians south-
west of Savannah ; five important towns
are carried, and the English flag is borne
to the Gulf of Mexico. [The only crime
of the Indians is their willingness to be
taught agriculture and religion by the
Spaniards.]
1705 Dec. 14. Fla. Moore defeats the
Indians near St. Marks.
Dec. 15. Fla. Moore defeats the
Spanish commander on Apalachee Bay.
* * Mass. Prowling Indians terrorize the
country. Death hangs on the frontier.
* * Me. A war party burns the Indian
church and village at Norridgewock.
1706 * * S. C. A French expedition
from Havana, to enforce French claims
for the country, is repulsed at Charles-
ton by William Rhett and the Governor.
1707 * * Massachusetts attempts the
conquest of Acadia [Nova Scotia]
by a costly expedition.
May * Mass. Two regiments leave Nan-
tasket to attack the French at Port
Royal. [The attempt to bombard the
fort fails.]
1708* * Can. A war-council at Montreal
resolves to invade New England with
an expedition of Indians and 100 picked
Canadians led by French officers.
Aug. 30. N. H. The French and Indi-
ans surprise Haverhill, on the Merri-
mac, killing 40 and carrying away 100
prisoners.
* * Massachusetts offers a bounty for
Indian scalps.
1709* * Costa Rica. A second massacre
of the Spaniards is accomplished by
the Indians whom they had conquered.
* * The English colonies prepare to aid
a British fleet in the'conquest of Can-
ada ; the fleet fails to arrive.
1710* *N. Y.-N.J. The colonists of
New York and New Jersey raise 1,800
volunteers to aid in the conquest of
Canada.
Sept. * -Oct. * Conquest of Acadia
[Nova Scotia]
Sept. 18. Boston. A second expedition
against the French sails for Port Royal.
Oct. 16. N. S. Port Royal is taken by
a fleet from England aided by a colonial
army; its name changed to Annapolis
in honor of Queen Anne.
* * Brazil. One thousand French led by
Duclerc attack Rio, but are defeated
and captured.
1711 July 30. Boston. A large colo-
nial army and a British armament, un-
der Sir Hovenden Walker, sail to take
Quebec. [The wreck of 8 vessels de-
feats the expedition.]
Aug. 28. N. Y. A second expedition
leaves Albany to march against the
French. [It returns on hearing of the
failure of the first one.]
Sept. 12. Brazil. Another French squad-
ron with 6,000 troops, under Admiral
Duguay-Trouin, attack Rio and take
the town after a battle of 4 days.
Sept. * N. C. Capture and torture of
Surveyor Lawson by Indians.
Sept. 22. N. C. The Indian War.
The Tuscaroras and Cores massacre 130
persons between the Roanoke River and
Pamlico Sound.
Oct. 10. Brazil. To prevent the burning
of Rio by the French, the governor signs
a capitulation to pay 610,000 crusados,
500 cases of sugar, and to provision the
fleet.
1712 May* Mich. Detroit, the center
of New France, is besieged by the Fox
Indians, and delivered by its various
Indian allies.
Aug. * Truce between England and
France.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1704* *
Godfrey, Thomas, mathematician, born.
Hubbard, William, clergyman, A83.
Spangrenberg-. August G., founder of Mo-
ravians in Am., born.
1705 * *
Chauncy, Charles, clergyman, born.
Loudoun, John Campbell, Brit, gen., born.
Tennent. William, Presb. clergyman, b.
1706* *
Abercrombie, James, Brit, gen., born.
Jan. 17. Franklin, Benjamin, printer,
philosopher, statesman, born in Boston.
Iberville, d', P. Lemoine, Canadian com-
mander, A 45.
Oliver, Andrew, Lieut.-Gov. of Mass., born.
1707* *
Byles, Mather, clergyman, born.
Hopkins, Stephen, signer of Declaration, b.
1708* *
Cheever, Ezekiel, teacher, A93.
Laval-Montmorency, Francois Xavler, K. C.
Bp. of Que., A86.
1710* *
Cruger, John, Mayor of N.Y., born.
Hamilton, James, governor, born.
Lovell, John, educator, born.
Trumbull, Jonathan, statesman, born.
1711 * *
Bradstreet, John, general, born.
Gridley, Richard, general, born.
Hutchinson, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., born.
Wheelock, Eleazer, clergyman, born.
1712* *
± Bernard, Sir Francis, Gov. of N. J., born.
Ingraham, Benjamin, bishop, born.
Lawson, John, surveyor, dies.
± Pontiac, Ottawa Indian chief, born.
CHURCH.
1704 * * Md. An Act passed to prevent
the growth of Roman Catholicism.
Catholic priests prohibited from mak-
ing converts or teaching the young.
Children becoming Catholics forfeit
their share in the estate of their
parents.
* * N. C. The Church of England made
the established church, and officials
required to take an oath to sustain it.
* * N. Y. Protestants send Mr. Moore, a
missionary, to the Indians of New
York, who returns in one year dis-
couraged.
* * JR. I. A (Prot. Epis.) missionary is
sent to Newport.
* * S. C. The Church of England made
the established church and dissenters
disfranchised ; two-thirds of the people
are dissenters.
* * IT. J. First Episcopal church
erected in New Jersey at Burlington.
1705 * * Conn. The first Baptist church
in this state is organized in Groton.
± * * Fla. The Apalache Indians are
Spanish converts to Catholicism ; they
live in villages and construct churches.
* * Carolina. The first church is built.
* * Phila. First American Presbytery
organized, having 7 members present.
(Briggs, 1706.)
1706 Jan. 17. Boston. Benjamin
Franklin is born and baptized on the
same day, according to the Boston
register.
June 10. S. C. Parliament decides that
the disfranchising act, because of
religion, is contrary to the laws of Eng-
land.
Nov. 30. Carolina. The colonial Assem-
bly repeals the acts of intolerance,
after being declared null by royal au-
thority.
Dec. 29. N. J. First meeting of the
general Presbytery, of which record
now remains at Freehold.
John Boyd is the first Presbyterian
ordained in America.
+ * * Conn. Absentees from the law-
ful church are liable to a fine of 20s.
Meetings in private houses are forbid-
den. A fine of £10, with whipping for
each offense, is imposed on unlawful
ministers who administer the sacra-
ments.
Episcopacy is introduced.
The persons, families, and estates of
ministers are exempt from taxation.
* * Mich. The Jesuit mission at Mack-
inaw is abandoned.
1707 Jan. * New York. Two Presby-
terian ministers are arrested by Gover-
nor Cornbury for preaching without
his permission. (Or 1706.)
Mar. 22. Pa. Meeting of the general
Presbytery at Philadelphia.
Apr. * Conn. Organization of the parish
of Christ's Church (Prot. Epis.), Strat-
ford, the first in the state.
First Episcopal society is formed at
New Haven.
* New York. Francis Makemie is tried
and imprisoned by Lord Cornbury for
■ the crime of preaching to dissenters.
* * Phila. The Philadelphia Association
of Baptists formed, including delegates
from Pennepek, Middletown, Piscata-
way, Cohansey, and Welsh Tract.
1708 Dec. 9. Mass. John Higginson,
the first minister at Salem, dies.
Sept. 9. Conn. Congregational Synod
meets at Saybrook and forms the " Say-
brook Platform" of discipline. Pres-
byterians and Congregationalists unite
on it. [Oct. * General Court approves.]
The custom introduced of preaching
a sermon on the day appointed by law
for the election of civil rulers, proper
for the direction of the towns. [Later
it becomes a law.]
AMERICA.
1703-1712.
57
The General Assembly passes an act
removing the penalty from " sober dis-
senters " who do not worship with the
" standing order."
* * Del. The first Episcopal church in
Dover is erected.
1709 May 18. Conn. The General
Association of Congregational min-
isters organized ; the first state organ-
ization.
1710 June 14. New York. Gov. Hun-
ter arrives from England with 3,000
Palatines fleeing from persecution ; [a
Lutheran church is soon formed].
* * Can. The Jesuits have become the
protectors of the natives against the
colonists.
* * N. Car. The whole country has but
one clergyman; he is of the Church
of England.
* * * From New England to Carolina it
is commonly believed that baptism is
inconsistent with a state of slavery,
and that Christian slaves should be set
free.
* * Conn. A Baptist church is organized
at Waterford.
* * *Many forms of religion among
the colonists.
Calvinism predominates in New Eng-
land, Quakerism in Pennsylvania, Ro-
man Catholicism in Maryland, Florida,
and among the French along the St.
Lawrence, and Episcopalianism in South
Carolina, Virginia, and New York.
1711 May 25. N.J. Important coun-
cil of the Baptist church consigning
the record of past quarrels to "ob-
livion." Vote 42-26. [Prosperity fol-
lows.]
* * New York. Baptist preaching intro-
duced in the house of Nicholas Eyers,
by Valentine Wightman. (Or 1712.)
* * Eng. The Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel send Rev. Mr. Andrews to
the Indians of New York ; he arrives at
Albany.
* * N. C. The population is described by
royalists as made up of " Presbyterians,
Independents, Quakers, and other evil-
disposed persons." The proprietors de-
termine to establish the Church of
England ; the people resist.
* * S. C. It is enacted that baptism
does not entitle slaves to freedom.
LETTERS.
1704 Apr. 24. Boston. The News-Let-
ter, the first continuous American news-
paper, appears. (Continues till 1744.)
Edited, apparently, by John Campbell,
and printed on a half sheet, eight by
twelve inches in size.
1705 * * History of Virginia, by Robert
Beverly, appears.
* * Conn. The first printing-press in
this colony is set up at New London.
1710 * * Essays to do Good, by Cotton
Mather, appears.
* * New York. Trinity School estab-
lished in connection with the Anglican
church.
SOCIETY.
1705 * * Va. By the fifth colonial re-
vision of the code, a slave is declared
real estate and attached to the soil,
like a Russian serf.
1709* *New York has a regular
slave-market at the foot of Wall
Street.
1710± * * The popular belief that Chris-
tianity should enfranchise her con-
verts proves an obstacle to the " con-
version of these poor people."
1711 * * N.C. The colony is called the
" Sanctuary of Runaways," as it has
hardly any government.
1712* * N. C. John Lawson, surveyor-
general, is burned to death by Indians.
STATE.
1703 * * -07 * * New York. William
Peartree the 27th mayor.
* * Parliament condemns to the navy
every pitch-pine tree that is not with-
in an enclosure.
* * Rice and molasses are added to the
list of commodities which are only to
be sold in the English colonies.
* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-08 Md. John Seymour.
N. C. Robert Daniel (deputy).
[1705-08. Thomas Carey.]
1705 Dec* Fla. England gains anew
claim to the territory of northern
Florida by the conquests of James
Moore of South Carolina.
* * N. V. Anarchy prevails after the
death of the governor.
* * New Eng. Joseph Dudley, Gov-
ernor of Massachusetts and a native of
New England, takes the lead in the
conspiracy against its liberties.
* * -06 * * Va. Edward Nott, lieuten-
ant-governor.
1706 Nov. * S. C. Repeal of the law
which disfranchises dissenters.
* * _10 * * N. C. The royalists and pop-
ular party each has a governor and
legislature ; the former lacks popular
favor, and the latter lacks legal sanc-
tion.
* * Port. JohnV. king.
S. C. Governor Johnson becomes the
executive.
Invasion by the French and Span-
ish, who claim the country as a part of
Florida.
* *-10* * Va. Edmund Jennings
lieutenant-governor.
1707 Apr. 7. New York. Samuel Jen-
nings reads to Lord Cornbury a sharp
remonstrance, passed by the New
Jersey assembly, against his acceptance
of bribes and " his new methods of gov-
ernment."
Dec. 17. Conn. Rev. Gurdon Salton-
stall, of New London, is elected
governor.
* * N. C. A band of French Huguenots
settle here.
* * -10 * * New York. Ebenezer Wilson
the 28th mayor.
1708 June 26. N. Y. The act vacat-
ing extravagant grants of land in New
York confirmed.
Dec. 18. N.Y. Arrival of John Love-
lace, the new governor of the province.
(1708-1709.) New Jersey included.
* * Can. The French press forward
their great design of uniting the region
of the Great Lakes with the Valley of
the Mississippi by means of trading-
posts and missions.
* * N. Y. Governor Cornbury stub-
bornly curtails the liberties of the
colonists, and they stubbornly curtail
the revenue of the governor, and peti-
tion for his removal. He is dismissed
from office, and imprisoned for debt till
the death of his father, when he be-
comes a peer.
1709 Apr. * N. Y. The assembly meets,
and proceeds to contest the governor's
claim for a permanent revenue, and de-
cides on an annual revenue instead.
June 8. N. Y. Paper money is first
authorized and issued here.
* * _io * * N.C. William Grover, gov-
ernor. (1709. C. S. Edward Tynte.)
* * N.J. Paper money is first issued.
* * -io * * N. Y. Richard Ingoldsby,
governor. (1709. N. J.)
* * Pa. Charles Gookin becomes deputy-
governor. (-1713. Md. Edward Lloyd.)
1710 * * Eng. Parliament provides for
a post-office establishment in the col-
onies, with New York as the chief office.
* * _12 * * N. C. Edward Hyde, gov-
ernor. (-1711. S. C. Robert Gibbes.)
* * N.Y. GerardusBeekman governor.
* * _i9 * * N.Y. Robert Hunter, gov-
ernor. (1710. N. J.)
* *-22* * Va. Alexander Spotswood,
lieutenant-governor.
He builds iron furnaces, and fosters .
schools, trade, and peace. The colony
flourishes under his administration.
* *-ll* * New York. Jacobus van Cort-
landt the 29th mayor.
1711* * N. C. Thomas Carey, the
deputy-governor, being deposed, leads a
rebellion against the Assembly and Ed-
ward Hyde, the president of the Coun-
cil, and proclaims himself governor.
Governor Spotswood of Virginia sends
an armed force to aid Hyde, and Carey
flees. [He is sent to England for trial.]
* * -14 * * New York. Caleb Heathcote
is the 30th mayor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1710 Apr. 18. Eng. Four Indian
chiefs arrive in London, and are carried
in the royal coaches to their audience
with the queen.
± * * Brazil. Diamonds discovered.
1711 Oct. 2. Boston. Great fire ; lives
lost and 100 buildings destroyed.
1712 * * N. C. Yellow fever decimates
the colonists.
* * N. Y. Albany has a population of
four thousand.
58 1712-1721, Feb.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1712 * * Guiana. The French attack
the Dutch, and exact a contribution.
Jan. 28. XT, C. Above New Berne, S.
Carolinians under Col. Barnwell re-
venge a massacre of settlers on Sept.
22 f, by attacking the Tuscarora In-
dians, killing 300 and capturing 100.
1713 Mar. 20. N.C. Col. James Moore
of S. C. defeats the fortified Tuscaroras
on Cotentnea Creek [Snow Hill], killing
many and capturing 800. The tribe mi-
grates north, and joins the Iroquois Con-
federation as the Sixth Nation.
Mar. 31. Can. The Peace of Utrecht
ends the hostilities with Canada.
1715 Apr. 26. S. C. Massacre of the
English by the Yamasis begins, and
Charleston itself is in peril. [After kill-
ing 400 whites, and a struggle of two
years, they are finally driven into Flor-
ida by Gov. Craven.]
1718 ± * * W. I. The buccaneers are
suppressed by Wood Rogers, the gover-
nor of New Providence.
* * S. C. Pirates on the coast are *up-
pressed by the Governor.
1719 * * Me. Fort St. George is built.
* * Panama. The Indians destroy several
towns which the Catholic missionaries
had established.
* * "War between Prance and Spain.
1720* * N. S. The French begin the
defenses of Louisburg.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1715 * * N.J. John "Watson, born in
Scotland, commences painting por-
traits at Perth Amboy, and is the first
artist to attain celebrity in America.
* * Va. Commencement of the manu-
facture of pig-iron in Virginia.
1716 Feb. 8. Peru, is shaken by an
earthquake.
1717 Feb. 22. Boston. Snow is six feet
deep.
1720 * * Pa. S. Nutt erects a forge in
Coventry, and manufactures iron.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1713* *
Lewis, Francis, signer of Declaration, born.
1714* *
Acrelius, Israel, Swedish missionary, born.
Andros, Sir Edmund, Gov. of N. Eng., A77.
Henry, Matthew, author, AS2.
1715* *
Dongan, Thomas, Governor of New York,
A81.
Finley, Samuel, pres. Princeton coll., b.
Herkimer, Nicholas, general, born.
Johnson, Sir William, colonist, born.
Pomeroy, Seth, patriot, born.
Williams, Ephraim, founder, born.
1716* *
Boylston, Nicholas, philanthropist, born.
Livingston, Philip, signer of Declaration, b.
Patch, Elizabeth, the first female born in
Massachusetts, dies.
1717* *
Collins, John, Governor, born.
Cooke, Nicholas, deputy -governor, born.
Gardiner, Sylvester, physician, born.
1718* *
Brainerd, David, missionary, born.
Church, Benjamin, American officer, A79.
Hopkins. Esek. first commodore C. S. N.,
born.
Fenn. William, founder of Pa., A74.
Prideaux, John, soldier, born.
Putnam, Israel, general, patriot, born.
1719* *
Bellamy, Joseph, clergyman, writer, born.
Culpepper, Thomas, Lord, Gov. of Va., dies.
Phillips, John, philanthropist, born.
1720* *
Dudley, Joseph, Gov. of Mass., A73.
Gates, Thomas, Brit, gen., born.
Lennox, Charlotte, novelist, born.
Mayhew, Jonathan, clergyman, born.
Mercer, Hugh, soldier, born.
Woolrnan, John, Quaker preacher, born.
CHURCH.
1713 * * N. Y. About 150 families of
Lutherans settle in Schoharie County.
+ U. S. Large accessions of Dish Pres-
byterians, who are driven to America
by the Test Act.
1714 * * Va. First Baptist church in
this province formed at Burleigh.
1715 * * Md. It is enacted that bap-
tism does not entitle slaves to freedom.
Benedict Charles Calvert, the pro-
prietary, renounces his Catholic faith
to receive his inheritance.
* * N. Y. A third Reformed Dutch
church is built at Albany.
* * II. I. Roman Catholics are disfran-
chised.
1716 Sept. 22. Phila. Presbyterians
divide into three Presbyteries, and
thus constitute the first synod, called
the Synod of Philadelphia.
* * New York. "William Tennent ar-
rives [and leaves the Episcopal church
for the Presbyterian].
1717 Sept. 17. Phila. The Presby-
terian Synod first meets. It "founds
a fund for pious uses."
* * Can. French priests have flanked
the English colonies with more than GO
missions, between Montreal and New
Orleans on the great lakes and rivers.
* * La. French priests plant the cross
and the flag of France on the lower
Mississippi, at New Orleans.
* * Mass. Dr. Ebenezer Gay,of Hingham,
is [supposed to be] the first Unitarian
preacher in America.
* * Me. Flourishing Catholic mission
of Sebastian Rasles, on the Kennebec
River.
Massachusetts founds an anti-Catho-
lic mission among the Indians on the
Kennebec.
* * New York. A Presbyterian church
is organized in this city.
* * N. Y. Many more Lutherans come
over.
* * Tex. Franciscan missionaries begin
their labors among the Indians.
1718 May 21. Mass. Decrease Math-
er preaches the ordination sermon of
Elisha Callender, pastor of the Baptist
church ; subject, " Good Men United."
± * * -30 * * Pa. The German Baptists,
called Dunkers, come to this country.
1719 * * Scot. The Synod of Glasgow
and Ayr orders one-tenth of a collection
to be taken up in aid of Presbyterian
worship in New York City.
* * New York. The first Presbyterian
church in this city is built (Wall Street).
1720* * -23* * Greenland. Hans
Egede, a Danish missionary, founds a
mission at Good Hope.
* * N. H. Mrs. Rachel Scammon moves to
Statham, and is the first Baptist in the
colony.
* * N.J. T. J. Frelinghuysen preaches in
Raritan and vicinity.
May * Pa. "William Tennent removes
to Neshaminy, where he establishes
" Log College."
* * S. C. A Presbytery in connection
with the kirk is formed.
1721 Jan. 23. New York. Nicholas
Eyers, a brewer, is licensed to preach
to a Baptist flock by the authorities of
New Amsterdam.
LETTERS.
1714*'* W. I. The Codrington Col-
lege at Bridgetown, Barbados, is
founded by the Moravians.
1716 * * Conn. The College is moved
from Saybrook to New Haven, and
called Yale.
1717 * * Boston has its first auction sale
of books.
1718* * Mass. Psalterium Americanum,
by Cotton Mather, appears.
1719* * Boston. Mother Goose's Tales
are published.
The Boston Gazette is first published.
* * Phila. The American Weekly Messen-
ger (the third newspaper) is published
by Andrew Bradford.
* * -22 * * Conn. Rev. Timothy Cutler
is rector of Yale College.
SOCIETY.
17 12 * * New York. Negro plot to burn
the town; nineteen negroes convicted
and executed.
* * Pa. The legislature receives a peti-
tion for the " enlargement" of negro
slaves by law ; it replies that it is
" neither just nor convenient to set
them at liberty."
* * S. C. Special enactment denying that
baptism confers freedom to negroes.
1713 Mar. 31. By the 12th article of
the Treaty of Utrecht, an English com-
pany secures the exclusive right to
carry African slaves into American
ports ; this defeats the colonial legisla-
tures that seek to stop the slave-trade.
* * Pa. The introduction of negroes and
slaves is prohibited " as exciting the
suspicions and dissatisfaction of the
Indians."
* * Va. Gov. Spotswood writes to the
Board of Trade of London that "the
Indians never break with the English
without gross provocation from persons
trading with them."
1715 * * Md. Two fines are imposed :
(1) for carrying liquor to Indian towns,
5,000 lbs. of tobacco ;' (2) for selling over
one gallon of liquor a day to an Indian,
3,000 lbs.
Special enactment denying that bap-
tism confers freedom to negroes.
AMERICA.
1712-1721, Feb. 59
1719 * * La. Negroes arrive from
Guinea.
* * N. H. The names of drunkards are
posted in public houses ; the sale of
liquor to them is forbidden.
STATE.
1712 * * Guiana. The French compel
the Dutch in Surinam to pay a ran-
som to save their city.
Sept. 14. Fr. Antony Crozat is granted
a monopoly of trade and $10,000 an-
nually for settling the Southwest (Loui-
siana).
* * Mass. Province bills are made legal
tender.
* * North Carolina is the refuge of many
fugitives from justice, and has scarcely
any government.
* *-13* *N.C. Thos. Pollock, president.
* * S.C. Issue on interest of new bills for
£50,000. (1715. Chas. Craven, governor.)
1713 Mar. 31. Treaty of Utrecht, be-
tween Great Britain and France.
By this treaty Hudson Bay and Straits,
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and St.
■Christopher of the West Indies become
subject to Great Britain. The Five
Nations become subject to England with
Acadia. The French have certain re-
served rights on the "French shores"
of Newfoundland. Brazil is confirmed
to Portugal.
* * Mass. Rectification of the bound-
ary line by ceding 100,000 acres of land
to Connecticut.
Worcester settled.
* * Miss. A trading-post established at
Natchez.
* * N. Y. The Five Nations and the
Tuscaroras of Carolina send their sa-
chems to Albany to meet the governors
of New York, Pennsylvania, and Vir-
ginia.
A treaty is made with these six nations,
by which the valuable fur trade of the
Indians is to be diverted from the French
to the English.
The English establish a trading-post
at Oswego, with a garrison ; the French
have strong forts at Niagara and at
Crown Point on Lake Champlain.
1714 Aug. 1. Eng. George I. en-
throned.
* * Mass. Emission of £50,000 in bills, to
be let out at Ave per cent on safe mort-
gages of real estate, and to be paid back
in five annual instalments. [Not paid ;
more issues demanded.]
* * Md. Benedict Charles Calvert suc-
ceeds to his father's hereditary rights,
and he soon restores the authority of
the proprietary, after a suspension of
24 years.
John Hart rules for [the 5th] Lord
Baltimore.
* * _21 * * N. C. Chas. Eden, governor.
* * -19 * * New York. John Johnson the
31st mayor.
* * Tenn. A trading-post started on the
Tennessee River [at Nashville].
1715 Sept. 1. Fr. Louis XV. en-
throned.
* * N. C. Edonton founded.
* * Mass. The Council governs. Jo-
seph Dudley, royal governor.
* *-16* * Mass. "William Tailer, gov-
ernor.
1716* * Me. English settlements estab-
lished on the Kennebec.
* * Miss. Natchez is settled, and trade
with England begins.
* * Fr. Law's Mississippi scheme be-
gins in France.
* * Va. Gov. Spotswood crosses the
Blue Ridge and is the first to enter the
great valley beyond ; he opens a road,
and emigration soon follows to the Ohio
lands.
* * -23 * * Mass. Samuel Shute, gov-
ernor.
* * S. C. Robert Daniel, governor.
* * O. Route from the Miami River to
the "Wabash is opened.
* * The French are in the Ohio val-
ley.
1717 Sept. * Fr. The "Western Louisi-
ana Company obtains its grant. Dli-
nois is annexed.
* * La. Crogat transfers his interest in
this province to a chartered company,
headed by John Law, whose national
bank and Mississippi speculation (Law's
Bubble) involve the ruin of half the
French nobility.
Bienville appointed governor-gen-
eral.
* * Pa. Sir "William Keith becomes
governor [the last appointed by Penn
himself].
1718 May* Massachusetts imposes a
duty on English manufactures, and
makes a small discrimination in favor
of its commerce. [It is negatived by the
king]
July 30. Eng. William Penn dies.
Pa. The government is administered
for his three sons (minors) by deputies
[till the Revolution, when their claims
are purchased by the Commonwealth].
Aug. 25. La. Arrival of 800 French
emigrants at Dauphine Island. They
found New Orleans. Bienville is com-
mandant-general.
* * Colombia. New Granada becomes
a Spanish vice-royalty.
* * Ecuador. The province of Quito
is detached from Peru and annexed to
New Granada.
* * * Eng. Period of official corrup-
tion.
Offices in the colonies are used by men
in power to provide for their relatives,
dependents, and partisans, or sold out-
right for cash, or by setting apart a pro-
portion of the emoluments for the
patron.
* * Va. Parliament extends the post-
office establishment to Virginia.
* * O. French settlements made in
the Ohio Valley.
* * Tex. La Harpe arrives.
* * New Eng. Arrival of the Scotch-
Irish, who introduce potatoes.
* * La. Land grants are issued by the
Mississippi Company for settlements on
the Bay of St. Louis.
1719 July 31. N. Y. The chief com-
mand of the province comes to Peter
Schuyler, in the absence of Colonel
Hunter. [To 1720.]
Dec. 21. S. C. The government of Car-
olina is revolutionized.
James Moore, having been elected gov-
ernor by the people, is inaugurated with
military display, notwithstanding the
opposition of Governor Johnson in be-
half of the proprietors.
* * Eng. Parliament first prohibits the
manufacture of iron in the colonies.
The Mother Country enacts a law pro-
hibiting the working of iron or steel in
the colonies, and also declaring that no
sugar, tobacco, ginger, indigo, cotton,
fustic, or dyeing woods shall be trans-
ported to any other than English markets
under penalty of forfeiture, and requir-
ing all goods to be imported in English
vessels, and therefore from English
markets ; because " erecting any manu-
factories in the colonies tended to lessen
their dependence on Great Britain."
± * * England restricts American
manufactures.
"The inhabitants worked up their
wool and flax, and made a coarse cloth
for their own use. . . . Hatters were in
the marine towns. . . . Six furnaces
and nineteen forges were set up for
making iron."
* * La. Eleven French vessels arrive ;
500 negroes imported from Guinea.
* * -20 * * New York. Jacobus van Cort-
landt the 32d mayor.
* * S. C. Arthur Middleton, governor.
1720 * * Brazil. The district of Minas is
separated from San Paulo, having 5 prin-
cipal settlements with royal charters.
* * -26 * * Md. Chas. Calvert, governor.
* * Eng. Royal orders forbid the Eng-
lish colonies to issue paper money.
* *N.Y. William Burnet, governor [till
1728] ; trade between the French and In-
dians prohibited. New Jersey included.
» * -25 * * New York. Robert "Walters
the 33d mayor.
1721 Feb. ± * S.C. Francis Nichol-
son, governor of Carolina, arrives.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1713 Mar. * N. Y. A part of the de-
feated Tuscaroras leave Carolina, and
migrate to northern New York, and be-
come the sixth nation of the Iroquois
confederacy.
1714 * * Boston has a project for a bank
of credit.
* * -17 * * New Eng. Period of great
commercial activity. The trade with
the "West Indies is extensive.
1716 May 2. Fr. Law's bank estab-
lished in Paris.
1717 * * Carolina. Population has in-
creased but 600 in 41 years.
* * Fr. The Company of the "West
chartered, with John Law director.
* * New Eng. The whale-fishery is
begun.
1719 * * Mass. Colonists begin to use
tea.
1720** U.S. Clocks introduced
about this date, and substitute hour-
glasses.
60 1721, May-1730, Feb.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1721**5'. C. Gov. Nicholson confirms
peace with the Indians.
1722 July 25. New England declares
war against the Indians.
1723 Mar. 9. Me. An expedition
from Massachusetts burns an Abnaki
village on the Penobscot.
* * Miss. Second Natchez War.
1724 Aug. 23. Me. An expedition
from Massachusetts again burns Nor-
ridgewock, an Abnaki village on the
Penobscot.
* * La. France sends out 1,000 soldiers
to protect the colonists.
1725 Dec. 15. Me. The Eastern In-
dians sign a peace with the English.
* * Carolina is invaded by the Yamasis
of Florida.
* * LovewelFs fight occurs at Pegwacket.
* * O. The English are disturbed by the
French, who establish themselves on the
Ohio.
1726 * * The French retake Fort Denon-
ville near Niagara River.
* * N. Y. The French build Fort Niag-
ara [at Lewiston].
1729 * * Uruguay. The Spaniards com-
plete the conquest begun by the Portu-
guese at Montevideo, under General
Zarala.
Nov. 29. Miss. The Indians attack
the French settlement at Natchez ; 200
colonists slain, 150 children, 80 women,
and as many negroes taken into cap-
tivity; only 20 whites and 6 negroes
escape.
1730 Feb. 8. La. An expedition of
revenge captures nearly the whole tribe
of Natchezan Indians, that massacred
the French. [They are sent to St. Do-
mingo as slaves.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
1722+ * * li. I. Hemp -duck is first
manufactured.
* * W. I. Destructive cyclone at Ja-
maica. The town of Port Royal is over-
whelmed with an inundation of the sea.
1727 Oct. 29. New Eng. An alarming
earthquake occurs.
1729+ * * Brazil. Diamond mines discov-
ered in Seria Frio (1710) are announced.
* * Miss. First paper-mill is erected at
Charlestown.
* * Peru. A piece of gold weighing 90
marks is found near La Paz.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1721* *
Ashe, John, patriot, born.
De Kalb, Baron John, general, born.
Hopkins, Samuel, clergyman, born.
Pendleton, Edmund, judge, born.
Sherman, Roger, statesman, born.
Yale, Elihu, patron of Yale College, A73.
Zeisberger, David, missionary, born.
1722* *
Adams, Samuel, statesman, born.
Auchmuty, Samuel, loyalist, born.
Humphrey, Marshall, botanist, born.
Lowndes, Rawlins, statesman, born.
Witherspoon, John, clergyman, patriot, born.
1723* *
± Calef, Robert, anti-persecutionist, dies.
Cornbury, Lord Edward Hyde, Gov. of N.Y.,
dies.
Harnett, Cornelius, statesman, born.
Landon, Samuel, l'res. of Harvard, born.
Livingston, William, Gov. of N. J., poet, A67.
Mather, Increase, clergyman, author, A84.
Randolph, Peyton, first Pres. of Congress, b.
1724* *
Backus, Isaac, clergyman, born.
Carleton, Sir Guy, Gov. of Quebec, born.
Davies, Samuel, Pres. of Princeton, born.
Laurens, Henry, statesman, born.
Rivington, James, printer, born.
1725 * *
Cooper, Samuel, clergyman, born.
Cushing, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., born.
Hall, Lyman, statesman, born.
Mason, George, statesman, born.
Mixon, John, general, born.
Otis, James, patriot, born.
Prdvost, Augustine, major-general, born.
Thomas, John, general, born.
1726* *
Alexander, William, major-general, born.
Bass, Edward, P. E. bishop, born.
Folsom, N., brigadier-general, born.
Otterbein, Philip William, founder, born.
Prescott, William, colonel, born.
Wythe, George, jurist, born.
1727* *
Bowdoin, James, statesman, born.
Ellery, William, signer of Declaration, born.
Mcintosh, Lachlan, general, born.
Stiles, Ezra, Pres. of Yale College, born.
Ward, Artemas, general, born.
1728* *
De Peyster, Abraham, acting Gov. of N.Y.,
A70.
Gates, Horatio, general V. S. A., born.
Holyoke, Edward Augustus, physician, born.
Mather, Cotton, theologian, A65.
Stark. John, general, born.
Warren, Mercy, authoress, born.
1729* *
Bartlett, Josiah, signer of Declaration, born.
Buddington, William Ives, clergyman, A62.
Embury, Philip, Methodist preacher, born.
Franklin, William, Governor of N. J., born.
Howe, Sir William, Eng. general, born.
Seabury, Samuel, P. E. bishop, born.
Thomson, Charles, Sec. of Congress, born.
Williams, John, The Redeemed Captive, A85.
CHURCH.
1721 May 8. It. Innocent XIII. pope.
* * Mich. The Mackinaw mission is re-
opened.
1722 * * Conn. The Protestant Epis-
copal church has its effective begin-
ning at Stratford.
1723 * * Miss. The Jesuits are in the
Mississippi Valley, north of Natchez.
* * Conn. First Episcopal church in this
province built at Stratford, under Dr.
Johnson.
Sept. 20. Phila. The Synod of Philadel-
phia appoints a Committee of Confer-
ence with the ministers of Connecticut,
with regard to their affairs.
* * * Miss. The Natchez tribe of Indi-
ans worships the sun, and keeps an un-
dying fire in its great wigwam.
1724 May29./<. Benedict XIII. pope.
Aug. 23. Me. Father Sebastian Rasles,
the most noted Catholic missionary in
New England, is killed in battle, after a
service of thirty-seven years ; he dies
standing by the cross, at Norridgewock.
Sept. * New York. The first Baptist
church is organized, with Nicholas
Eyers pastor.
1725 Jan. 1. Greenland. Fred. Chris-
tian, the first convert of the Danish
missionaries, is baptized.
* * Mass. The ministers desire a synod
" to recover and establish the faith and
order of the gospel." [They are repri-
manded by the Bishop of London for
setting a bad precedent for dissenters.]
1726 * * R.I. The Baptists of Newport
vote to take " a weekly contribution for
the support of the ministry."
1727 May 19. Eng. The Bishop of
London declares that " Christianity and
the embracing of the gospel does not
make the least alteration in civil prop-
erty " (slaves).
* * La. Ursuline nuns established at
New Orleans.
* * N. C. Paul Palmer forms the Shiloh
Baptish church in Camden Corner.
* * Pa. Rev. George Michael "Weiss,
the pioneer minister of the German
Reformed church, arrives and organizes
the first church.
William Tennent, a Presbyterian, es-
tablishes the first theological school
in America, at Neshaminy ; it is com-
monly called "Log CoUege."
* * Phila. It is proposed in the Presby-
terian Synod to require all ministers to
subscribe to the confession of faith.
[New Englanders object.]
A great number of German Luther-
ans arrive.
1728 * * Greenland. Godthaab becomes
a Danish mission station.
1729* * Boston. The Old South
Church is erected [now standing],
* * Mass. The Baptists and Quakers ex-
empted from paying the parish minis-
terial taxes when it offends their con-
sciences.
* * N. C. A second Baptist church formed
at Meherrin, by Joseph Parker.
* * New York. Many Jews arrive and
settle in this city.
* * Phila. The Presbyterian Synod, by an
" Adopting Act," makes the Westmin-
ster Confession of Faith its standard.
* * R. I. General or Arminian Baptists
form an association at Newport.
LETTERS.
1721 Aug. 21. Boston. TheNew Eng-
land Courant is published by James
Franklin.
* * Mass. The Christian Philosopher, by
Cotton Mather, appears.
1723 Jan. * Boston. The legislature ap-
points a committee of inquiry respect-
ing the libels of the press, and James
Franklin is imprisoned.
The New England Courant is continued
with Benjamin Franklin, the younger
brother and apprentice to James, as
nominal publisher.
1725 Oct. 16. N. Y. The New York
Gazette, the first newspaper in the
city and the fifth newspaper established
in the colonies, issued by William Brad-
ford. [Continued till 1741.]
1726 * * -39 * * Conn. Rev. Elisha Wil-
liams rector of Yale College.
1727 * * The Maryland Gazette, the first
in this colony, issued at Annapolis.
1728 Feb. 13. Mum. Cotton Mather,
the most learned man in America, dies.
1729 * * Pa. Modern Chivalry, or the
Adventures of Captain Farrago, by
Brackenridge, appears.
AMERICA.
1721, May-1730, Feb. 61
* * Phila. The Pennsylvania Gazette,
with a circulation of ninety, is bought
by Benjamin Franklin.
1730 Apr. 22. New York. A public
library founded.
SOCIETY.
1721 * * Boston has an inoculation con-
troversy.
« * Va. Free negroes, mulattoes, and
Indians are disfranchised " for the
better government of negroes."
1723 * * New York. Benjamin Frank-
lin arrives in a penniless condition.
* * Phila. Benjamin Franklin, 17 years
of age, arrives and works at the prin-
ter's trade.
1724 * * Phila. Benjamin Franklin
sails for Europe to buy printer's ma-
- terials. •
[Dec. * He arrives in London, but is
disappointed in his expectations. 1726.
July 23. He sails for Philadelphia, in-
tending to become a merchant. Oct. 11.
He arrives.]
* * Va. Strong opposition to the slave
trade.
* * * Eng. The government opposes ef-
forts of colonists to suppress the slave
trade.
STATE.
1721 May * Mass. Dispute with the
governor. The House of .Representa-
tives declines to ask the governor to ap-
prove its choice of speaker, and it also
refuses grants of money till the governor
shall accept its acts, resolves, and elec-
tions.
June * La. News of John Law's flight
arrives.
Sept. * Eng. The Board of Trade presents
a plan for consolidating the government
of the American colonies, and getting a
revenue from them, which endangers
the charter governments.
Jeremiah Dummer defends the New
England charters.
* * La. Nearly 1,000 immigrants and
1,367 slaves arrive.
* * N. Y. The English hold a conference
with the Five Nations at Conestoga.
* * Portugal. The Brazil Company is
abolished by John V.
* * R. I. Notes issued for £40,000, inter-
est on which is payable in hemp and
flax.
* * S. C. Proprietary government is
overthrown.
* * Va. Free negroes are first disfran-
chised.
1722 July * Mass. The legislature de-
clares the Abnakis to be traitors and
robbers, and offers a bounty for scalps.
* * Chile. After a struggle of 180 years
the Chileans make a treaty with the
Spaniards, separating a part of the
country to form Spanish Chile.
* * La. German settlers remove from
Arkansas, and settle 20 miles above New
Orleans.
* * Md. Marylanders declare themselves
the inheritors of English common
law.
* * Mex. Don Juan de Acuna becomes
viceroy, and evinces ability and in-
tegrity.
* * N. C. Thomas Pollock, president of
council.
* * _24 * * N. C. William Reed, presi-
dent of council.
* * N. Y. The authorities of New York,
Pennsylvania, and Virginia hold a con-
ference with the Iroquois.
Burnet builds a trading-house at
Oswego.
* ♦ -26 * * Fa. Hugh Drysdale is lieu-
tenant-governor.
1723 Aug. * La. New Orleans made
the center of French authority in the
South.
* * Mass. Gov. Samuel Shute flees to
England to arraign the colony for in-
subordination.
* *-28* * Mass. William Dummer
governor. [1729-30. Again.]
* * Pa. Paper money amounting to
£45,000 has been issued in the last two
years.
Franklin assists in introducing paper
money. [Afterwards he perceives its
evil tendencies.]
*• * Va. The negro, mulatto, and Indian
are disfranchised.
1724 ** -41 ** Conn. Joseph Talcott
governor.
* * -25 * * N. C. George Burrington
governor.
±* * O. The Delawares migrate to
branches of the Ohio for convenience in
getting game.
* * Sp. Louis I. king.
Philip V. again king.
* * -31 * * Vt. French settlements
made.
* * Vt. Fort Dummer built, the first
English settlement.
1725 * * Mass. Western Massachusetts
is settled.
Dec. 15. Mass. Dummer makes a treaty
with the Indians.
* * The rivalry between France and
England for the possession of Oswego
and Niagara begins.
* *N. C. Sir Richard Everard gover-
nor. (S. C. Arthur Middleton.)
* * -26 * * New York. Johannes Jansen
the 34th mayor.
1726 * * Can. Beauharnois is appointed
governor. (To 1747.)
* * Mass. Gov. Shute receives an ex-
planatory charter from the Crown, giv-
ing him more power over the General
Court.
Treaty of peace made [and long kept]
with Eastern Indians.
* * N. Y. By treaty, the Senecas, Cayu-
gas, and Onondagas place their lands
under English protection, with that of
the Mohawks and Oneida Indians.
* * -35 * * New York. Robert Lurting
the 35th mayor.
+ * * England and France dispute re-
specting the boundaries along the
Lakes and St. Lawrence — the avenue
of western communication. The In-
dians surrender a strip six miles wide,
along the southern shore of Lake On-
tario, to the English.
* * Pa. Patrick Gordon governor.
* * _27 * * Va. Robert Carter is lieu-
tenan t-go vernor .
1727 July 11. Eng. George H. en-
throned.
July * Me. Further treaty made with
the Indians at Falmouth (Portsmouth).
* * N. Y. Oswego is founded as a for-
tress.
* * Va. Fredericksburg founded.
* * Governors inaugurated :
-30* * Md. Benedict L. Calvert.
-32 * * R. I. Joseph Jenckes.
-49 * * Va. William Gooch.
1728 * * Conn. England strives to alter
the laws of Connecticut.
The English law in regard to intestate
estates, favoring the eldest-born, is de-
clared in force by the English govern-
ment, and the colonial law annulled.
* * Eng. Sir William Keith proposes a
Stamp Act.
* * New Jersey colonists petition the
king to separate their colony from
New York; he refuses their request.
* * N. Y. Gov. Burnet is transferred to
Massachusetts to make way for John
Montgomerie, the groom of the chamber
of George II. while he was Prince of
Wales. (To 1731). Governor of N. J.
* * The Shawnees migrate to branches
of the Ohio.
1729 July 29. Carolina becomes a
royal government, the king having
bought a seven-eighths interest of the
proprietors for the sum of £17,500, with
£5,000 added for quit-rents.
Sept. * Carolina is divided into North
and South Carolina, and a governor ap-
pointed for North Carolina.
* * -30 * * Mass. William Dummer is
governor again.
* *R.I. George Berkeley arrives.
* * S. C. German Palatines arrive.
1730 Jan. 15. New York. Gov. Mont-
gomerie grants a new charter to the
city. It provides for the annual election
of aldermen and other local officers by
the people.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1721 * * Mass. A scourge of small-pox
attacks about 6,000 people in and near
Boston ; vaccination is introduced
and much opposed.
1722 * * Mass. Population is about
ninety-four thousand.
1724 * * Eng. English ship-carpenters
complain of the competition of Ameri-
cans.
1727 * * English imports from the
North American Colonies amount to
$2,870,000 ; exports, $2,685,000.
1730 * * Boston. SmaU - pox ravages
the town ; loss, 500 lives.
* * Port. The discovery of diamonds in
Brazil being announced, the govern-
ment declares them crown property.
62 1730, Aug. -1736.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1731* * N. Y. The French construct
Fort Frederick at Crown Point on the
west shore of Lake Champlain [and
make it a strong fortress], commanding
the natural waterway between the Hud-
son and the St. Lawrence rivers.
* * La. The last of the Natchez war-
riors are defeated by the French [near
Natchitoches].
1735 Apr.± * Ala. The French send
one expedition from the South and an-
other from the North against the brave
Chickasaws. [Both of them are de-
feated.]
1736 May 20. Miss. The Chicka-
saws defeat the French force from Illi-
nois under D'Artaguette, and burn him
and others at the stake.
May 29. Miss. The Chickasaws de-
feat a large body of French and their
Indian allies under Gov. Bienville.
1736 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe builds a
fort on the Savannah River at Augusta,
in anticipation of a Spanish war ; various
other forts are also erected. [In Eng-
land, Parliament appropriates §50,000
for expenses.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1731 May* Phila. Thomas Godfrey
obtains a patent for his reflecting
quadrant, used in taking altitudes of
the sun or stars.
* * Bishop Berkeley and his family are
painted by John Symbert.
1734 * * W. I. A destructive cyclone
visits Jamaica.
1736 Feb. 6. New England is shaken
by an earthquake.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1730* *
Cardillac, Antoine de la Motte, founder, d.
Fairfax, Bryan L., loyalist, born.
Hewes, Joseph, signer of Declaration, born.
Kodney, Caesar, patriot, born. ?
Ross, George, statesman, born.
Sewall, Samuel, jurist, A 78.
Steuben, Baron Frederick. I'rus. gen., b.
Stockton, Richard, signer of Declaration, b.
1731 * *
Banneker, Benjamin, negro mathematician,
born.
Clavigero, Francis X., Mexican historian, b.
Craik, James, physician, born.
Hollis, Thomas, benefactor of Harvard, A72.
Huntington, Samuel, signer of Declaration, b.
Landiver, Rafael, Jesuit poet, born.
Lee, Charles, general, born.
McDougall, Alexander, general, born.
Moultrie, William, general, born.
Treat, Robert, lawyer and patriot, born.
Williams, William, signer of Declaration, b.
1732* *
Abbott, Benjamiii.Metrodist preacher, born.
Abbott, Samuel, founder, born.
Blair, John, justieb, born in Va.
Carver, Jonathan, traveler, born.
Dickinson, John, political writer, born.
Dunmore, John Murray, governor, born.
Edes, Benjamin, journalist, born.
Erving, John, clergyman, born.
Johnson, Thomas, justice, born in Md.
Johnston, Samuel, governor , born.
Lee, Richard Henry, patriot, born.
Marion, Francis, patriot, barn.
Rittenhouse, David, astronomer, born.
Washing-ton, George, Father of his coun-
try, born. Feb. 22.
1733* *
Conway, Thomas, Count de, general, born.
dishing, William, justice, born in Mass.
Deane, Samuel, clergyman, born.
Duane, James, statesman, born.
Fellows, John, general, born.
Law, Richard, jurist, born.
Lincoln, Benjamin, general, born.
Whipple, Abraham, naval officer, born.
1734* *
Caldwell, James, patriot, I'res. el., born.
Floyd, William, patriot, born.
Goodrich, Elizur, clergyman, born.
Heck, Barbara, Methodist, born.
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, patriot, born.
Manly, John, naval commander, born.
McKean, Thomas, jurist, born.
Morris, Robert, statesman, born.
Saint Clair, Arthur, general, born.
Sumter, Thomas, general, sen. for S. C, born.
1735 * *
Oct. 19. Adams, John, 2d President, b.
Boone, Daniel, pioneer, born.
Carroll, John D., Archbp. of Baltimore, b.
Clayton, Aimer, general, born.
Cooper, Miles, l'res. of Columbia Coll., born.
Morgan, John, physician, born.
Revere, Paul, patriot, born.
Trumbull, Benjamin, historian, born.
Williamson, Hugh, physician, born.
1736* *
Clinton, James, general, born.
Henry, Patrick, orator, born.
Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, born.
Montgomery, Richard, general, born.
Morgan, Daniel, general, born.
Vincennes Sieur, de, Jean, Can. founder, A48.
Wentworth, Sir John, Gov. of N. H., born.
CHURCH.
1730 ** Boston. The Presbyterian
church is organized.
July 12. It. Clement XIII. pope.
* * Conn. — R. I. Thirteen Baptist
churches hold yearly meetings upon
the " Six Principles."
* * Me. The Jesuits send a missionary
from Quebec, and Norridgewock is re-
built.
1731 Dec. 13. W. I. The first Mora-
vian missionaries arrive at St. Thomas.
1732 Dec. 13. W.I. O'Leonard Dober
and Nitschman, Danish missionaries,
arrive at St. Thomas.
* * N. H. Its first Protestant Episcopal
church erected at Portsmouth.
* * Pa. Catholics come under the min-
istrations of English Jesuits.
* * W. I. Nassau becomes a mission sta-
tion of the Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel.
1733 May 20. Greenland. Moravian
missionaries first arrive.
May* Pa. The Seventh Day (German)
Baptists establish a monastic society at
Ephrata.
* * Ga. Lutherans settle at Ebenezer.
The Jews at Savannah organize.
* * Eng. The Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel sends Jonathan Barber, a
missionary, to the Mohicans.
* * Pa. The first German Lutheran
church in America is organized.
* * Phila. The only Roman Catholic
church north of Maryland, erected
before the Revolution, is built.
* * W. I. St. Croix becomes a mission
station of the Moravians.
1734 Oct. * Conn. Rev. John Sargent,
of Yale College, opens a mission station
among the Housatonics, receiving £500
annually from the Society for the Prop-
agation of the Gospel.
* * Ga. The German Lutherans settle
in Georgia, with Pastors Bolzius and
Gronau.
* * -35 * * Mass. The great awaken-
ing at Northampton, under the minis-
try of Jonathan Edwards.
1735 Oct. 14. Eng. The two Wes-
leys sail for America.
John Wesley, having declined a quiet
■ rectory, sets out with his brother Charles
for Georgia, to become missionaries to
the Indians. Charles Wesley is also to
be secretary to the governor.
* * John "Wesley observes the Mora-
vians.
A terrible storm convinces Wesley that
the German Moravians on board the ves-
sel have a fellowship with God, to which
he is a stranger.
* * Conn. A Baptist church is organized
at Wallingford.
* * Guinea. The first Moravian mission-
aries land at Surinam.
* * Mass. The General Assembly orders
a new meeting-house built for the Indi-
ans, which should be thirty feet wide
and forty feet long.
* *N. Y. The Church of England mis-
sion among the Mohawks reports marked
success.
* * Va. Lutherans settle Spottsylvania.
1736 * * Ga. The Wesleys change
their plan.
They abandon the project of establish-
ing missions among the Indians, and
engage in religious work among the col-
onists, hut they enforce the forms of
the church with a rigor and frequency of
repetition which soon tires the people,
and provokes resentment and persecu-
tion.
* * Ga. The Moravians begin mission-
work among the Indians.
A colony of pious men from Herrnhut
and neighborhood arrives, seeking that
religious liberty which was denied at
home. Some brethren resolved to go
with it, in order to preach the gospel to
the Creek, Chickasaw, and Cherokee
Indians.
The two "Wesleys become ascetics.
They deny themselves many of the
common conveniences of life, sleep on
the ground, eat only bread and water,
and John Wesley goes barefoot that he
may encourage the poor boys of his
school.
* * Conn. Mr. Sargent's church among
the Housatonics reports 52 members.
[Later two hundred and fifty.]
* * S. C. Ashley River Baptist church is
formed.
LETTERS.
1730 * * S. C. A printing-press set up
at Charleston.
1731 Jan. 8. The South Carolina Ga-
zette issued at Charleston.
* * Phila. Franklin establishes the first
circulating library in this city. The
Library Company and Loganian Library
founded.
1732 * * Phila. Benjamin Franklin's
Poor Richard' s Almanac, the first of any
note in the United States, appears.
1733 * * Nero York. iTohn Peter Zenger
issues the Weekly Journal, and criticizes
the arbitrary acts of the governor and
Assembly in imposing illegal taxes —
the first attempt to criticize political
measures in a newspaper.
AMERICA.
1730-Aug., 1736. 63
Great agitation respecting the free-
dom of the press.
The aristocratic party denies its right
to criticize the government ; the demo-
cratic party maintains that right.
* * Phila. Benjamin Franklin, at the
age of twenty-seven, begins the study of
the French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin
languages.
* * R. I. The first Rhode Island Gazette
appears at Newport. (Or Sept. 7, 1732.)
1734 Nov. 17. New York. Zenger
imprisoned for defending popular gov-
ernment in the Weekly Journal.
Zenger is the editor, and is put in
prison for criticizing the administra-
tion ; the people are clamorous for his
release. [He is acquitted shortly after.]
1735 * * Pa. The first newspaper in a
foreign tongue is issued in German, at
Germantown.
1736 Aug. 6. Va. The Virginia Ga-
zette appears at Williamsburg.
* * Mass. - Mr. Hollis of London pledges
to support twelve Indian scholars in the
Housatonic School at $100 per annum,
and Mr. Holden five more on the same
terms.
SOCIETY.
1732 * * Georgia Colony is planned as a
benevolent enterprise.
James Oglethorpe, a High Churchman,
a cavalier, a soldier, a member of Parlia-
ment, and an Oxford man, organizes this,
the last of thirteen colonies, in pure
benevolence as a refuge for the poor, es-
pecially for the thousands of poor debtors
who are thrown, annually, into the
prisons of England for no other offense
than impecuniosity.
Nov. 17. Eng. Oglethorpe sails with
120 poor people to plant a colony in
the wilderness of Georgia.
1733 Jan. 26. N.J. A negro is burnt
alive for an assault on a white woman.
May 21+. Ga. Oglethorpe secures a
general council with many Indian
chiefs ; this spreads his fame for justice
and goodness far and wide.
Tomo-chichi, chief of the Yamacraws,
meets his new neighbor, Gov. Ogle-
thorpe, and presents him with a buffalo
robe painted on the inside with the head
and feathers of an eagle. " Here is a
present for you," said the donor. " The
leathers are soft and signify love, the
buffalo skin is an emblem of protection,
therefore protect us." The request was
not lost on the philanthropist.
July 30. Boston. The first lodge of
Freemasons is opened.
* * Ga. On the second day after his ar-
rival, Governor Oglethorpe declares that
"the importation of ardent spirit is
illegal."
1734 * * Ga. The councilors of Georgia
prohibit the importation of rum into
the colony ; slavery is positively for-
bidden ; traffic with the Indians is regu-
lated by license.
* * Phila. The second Freemasons'
lodge in the colonies is opened.
1735 July * New York. Alexander
Hamilton, a noted lawyer of Philadel-
phia, argues for the acquittal of Editor
Zenger, who is charged with libel for
criticizing the government ; he gains
the verdict, and receives a gold box as a
testimonial from the citizens.
* * Eng. Parliament prohibits the im-
portation of liquors into Georgia.
Slaves run away to Florida, where the
Spaniards welcome them and give them
lands ; this irritates the colonists and
provokes war, as the authorities refuse
to surrender such slaves.
STATE.
1730 * * Brazil. The Government de-
clares diamond mines regalia.
**[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
June-July. Mass. William Tailer.
-41* * J. Belcher. Aug. 10. Arrives.
-35 * * S. C. Robert Johnson.
* * Ky. Settlers straggle into this country.
* * Md. Baltimore founded.
* * R. I. Wild issues of paper money.
1731 May 14. Conn. — N. Y. Final
settlement of the boundary line be-
tween New York and Connecticut.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-33* * Md. Samuel Ogle.
N. C. George Burnington.
-32 * *N.Y. Rip van Dam.
* * N. C. It is a royal province again.
1732 Apr. 10. La. The Mississippi
Company surrenders its unprofitable
charter to the French crown.
June 9. Eng. George II. grants [Geor-
gia] to James Edward Oglethorpe, the
philanthropist, " to be held in trust for
the poor ; " 40,000 hopeless debtors lie in
English prisons.
* * Eng. Parliament prohibits the in-
troduction from one colony into another
of hats and woolens of domestic man-
ufacture, and makes it illegal for hatters
to have more than two apprentices.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-33 * * Md. Charles Lord Baltimore.
-36* *N. Y. Wm. Crosby. Aug. 1.
Arrives.
-36 * * N.J. John Anderson (pres.).
-34 * * R. I. William Wanton.
* * Md. Tobacco is made a legal ten-
der at one penny a pound.
* * N. Y. Two parties struggle fcr
supremacy, the democratic party main-
tains the freedom of the press to criticize
the government, and the aristocratic
party, which opposes its freedom.
* * -33 * * R. I. Wm. Wanton gov-
ernor.
1733 Feb. 1. Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe
lays out the streets of his settlement
(Savannah) and lands his colony.
Feb. 12. Ga. The colony of Savannah
is begun.
He designs it as a home for the poor,
and a reformatory for prisoners ; 35
families, numbering about 150 persons,
settle here.
May 21 *. Ga. Oglethorpe holds an im-
portant council with the Indians.
* * Eng. Parliament passes the odious
Importation Act, laying exorbitant
duties on all the sugar, molasses, and
rum imported into the colonies. [This
excites resentment, and evasion, and
leads to revolution.]
* * La. Bienville returns from France
with a commission from the king as
governor.
* * Mass. The province of Massachu-
setts Bay petitions Parliament against
the grievance of a royal instruction to
support the Crown officers by a general
instead of an annual grant. [The peti-
tion is voted to be frivolous and ground-
less — a high insult.]
1734 Mar. * Ga. Germans found Eb-
enezer, above Savannah.
Nov. 17. New York. Zenger, printer
of the Weekly Journal, is arrested for
libeling Governor Crosby. [Ac-
quitted in 1735.] This is the first attack
upon freedom of speech.
* * [ V. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-41 * * Md. Samuel Ogle.
N. C. Nathaniel Rice (pres.).
-52 * * N. C. Gabriel Johnson.
-52 * * R.I. John Wanton.
* * Costa Rica. The port of Caldera is
opened, and prosperity revives.
* * Ga. Augusta founded.
1735 May * Ga. Nine Moravians, or
United Brethren, begin a settlement
south of Savannah.
* *-39* * New York. Paul Richards
36th mayor.
* * _37 * * S. C. T. Broughton, gov.
1736* * Ga. A party of 100 Scotch
Highlanders, with John M'Leod their
minister, arrive and [found Inverness on
the Altamaha].
Feb. 6. Ga. Governor Oglethorpe re-
turns from England, bringing 300 im-
migrants, including 25 Moravians and
the two Wesleys.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated.
-43 * * N. Y. George Clarke.
N. J. John Anderson (pres.).
-38 * * N. J. John Hamilton (pres.).
-38 * * Pa. James Logan (pres.).
* * Pa. Benjamin Franklin is chosen
clerk of the general assembly.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1731* * New York. First fire engines
introduced ; a department is organized.
* * Philadelphia has 12,500 population.
* * Rhode Island has about 18,000 inhab-
itants.
1732 * * N. Y. A stage route opened
from New York to Boston, a journey of
fourteen days.
* * S. C. Prevalence of yellow fever ;
business nearly suspended.
* * W. I. The yellow fever appears in
several islands of the West Indies.
* * New York province has a population
of about 65,000; Pennsylvania, about
30,000 ; and Virginia, about sixty thou-
sand.
1733 * * Maryland has a population of
thirty-six thousand.
1734 * * Can. Quebec and its suburbs
have 4,603 inhabitants.
1735 * * Boston has a population of
about sixteen thousand.
1736 * * Mass. A regular line of stages
runs from Boston to Newport.
64
1737-1744.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1737 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe returns
from England with a military commis-
sion and a British regiment of 600 men,
to protect the colony from the Spaniards.
1739 Oct. 23-48* * England is at
war with Spain to open the ports of
Spanish America to English merchants.
Nov. 22. Colombia. Admiral Edward
Vernon, with six English men-of-war,
takes Portobello from Spain.
1740 Jan. 4±. Ga. Governor Ogle-
thorpe with 1,200 troops and 1,000 Indi-
ans invades Florida as ordered from
England. [May 10. Takes Fort St. Di-
ego, near St. Augustine.]
Mar. * Ala. The French send another
expedition against the Chickasaws.
June * -July * F la. Oglethorpe leads a
strong expedition to capture St. Augus-
tine ; after a siege of five weeks he
withdraws.
Oct. * W. I. New England troops join
Admiral Vernon in an expedition sent to
break Spanish power in the West Indies.
Nov. * Ala. The Chickasaws promise
peace to the French.
1741 Mar. * Colombia. Admiral Ver-
non's expedition of 27,000 men against
Cartagena is frustrated by disease.
* * Cuba. The English colonies partici-
pate in an attack upon this island.
1742 July 5. Ga. A Spanish fleet
of 51 vessels, with 5,000± men, carries
the war northward into Georgia. [It
is foiled by the stratagem of Ogle-
thorpe and his small army ; the Span-
ish commander is dismissed from the
service.]
July 15. Ga. The Spaniards retire
from the attack on Savannah County.
July 18. Ga. The Spaniards attack
Fort "William and are repulsed.
1744* *-48* *King George's War
between Great Britain and France.
Mar. 15. France declares war against
Great Britain.
May * Me. A French force from Cape
Breton surprises the English garrison at
Canso and destroys the fort.
June 2. Boston receives information
that France has declared war against
England.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1741 * * Vitus Bering discovers north-
western America.
1742 * * Boston. Faneuil Hall is built
by Peter Faneuil, and presented to the
town.
* * Can. Middleton and Moore make
their discoveries in Hudson Bay.
* * Md. Copper- works are in operation.
1743 * * Pa. John Bartram engages in
botanical explorations.
* * Phila. Benjamin Franklin estab-
lishes the American Philosophical So-
ciety. [1753+ . Expires. 1769. Revived.]
* * S. C. The cultivation of indigo
begins.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1737* *
Allen. Ethan, colonel, born.
Carroll, Charles, patriot, born.
Copley, John Singleton, painter, horn.
Deane, Silas, diplomatist, born.
Hancock, John, statesman, born.
Heath, William, general, born.
Hopkinson, Francis, author, born.
Nicholson, James, commodore, born.
Paine, Thomas, author, born.
1738* *
Boardman, Richard, clergyman, born.
Hobart, John G., senator, born.
Nelson, Thomas, statesman, born.
Palmer, Ruf us, general, born.
Quincy, Edmund, jurist, born.
West, Benjamin, painter, born.
1739* *
Bartram, William, botanist, born.
Clinton, George, vice-president, Gov. of N.
Y., born.
Clymer, George, statesman, born.
Duche. Jacob, first chaplain of Cong., born.
Dupont, Pierre Samuel, economist, born.
Jarvis, Abraham, bishop, born.
Langdon, John, statesman, born.
Pickens, Andrew, general, born.
Rutledge, John, justice, born in S. C.
1740* *
Harrison, Benjamin, signer of Decl'n, b.
Lathrop, John, clergyman, born.
Lee, Arthur, statesman, born.
Meigs, Return Jonathan, officer, born.
O'Brien, Jeremiah, privateer, born.
Otis, Samuel A., senator, born.
Sullivan, John, general, born.
1741* *
Arnold, Benedict, gen., traitor, born. ■
Chase, Samuel, justice, born in Md.
Fitzsiminons, Thomas, patriot, born.
Kirkland, Samuel, founder, born.
Murray, John, clergyman, born.
Peabody, Nathaniel, general, born.
Peale, Charles Wilson, painter, born.
Perkins, Elislia, physician, born.
Reed, Joseph, patriot, born.
Warren, Joseph, patriot, born.
1742* *
Bard, Samuel, physician, born.
Bradford, Andrew, journalist, A55.
Brant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, born. ?
Cadwallader, John, general, born.
Clagget, J. Thomas, bishop, born.
Drayton, William Henry, statesman, born.
Greene, Nathaniel, general, born.
Hooper, William, patriot, born.
Hagar, Isaac, general, born.
Ieard, Ralph, statesman, born.
Middleton, Arthur, statesman, born.
Provoost, Samuel, bishop, born.
Robertson, James, pioneer, born.
Wilson, James, justice, born in Pa.
1743* *
Allen, Thomas, chaplain, born.
Blair, James, William and Mary College, d.
Dana, Francis, jurist, born.
Dexter, Timothy, eccentric citizen, born.
Elbert, Samuel, Governor of Ga., born.
Faneuil, Peter, donor of Faneuil Hall, A43.
Fitch, John, inventor, born.
Heckewelder, John, missionary, born.
Jackson, Jonathan, congressman, born.
Jefferson, Thomas, President, horn Apr. 2.
Porter, Andrew, general, born.
Rand, Isaac, physician, born.
Rumsey, James, inventor, born.
Warner, Seth, officer, born.
CHURCH.
1737 Sept. 23. N. Y. Hebrews dis-
franchised by the Legislature.
* * Ga. Charles Wesley leaves the colony
for England via Boston.
John Wesley sails for England later
in the year, having failed as a mission-
ary, and thoroughly cured of mysticism.
1738 Jan. * George Whitefield, pul-
pit orator and consecrated Methodist
evangelist, sails for Georgia on his first
visit to America. [He projects an or-
phan asylum, and soon returns to Eng-
land in its interests.]
May * Ga. Whitefield arrives, and es-
tablishes an asylum for orphans.
Sept. * S. C. Whitefield sails from
Charleston for England.
* * Greenland. Kajaruak, the first Eski-
mo convert, is awakened by the Moravian
preaching.
* * S.C. Peedee Baptist church formed.
1739 Sept. * Eng. George White-
field sails from England to visit Amer-
ica the second time.
[He lands in Philadelphia early in
November. He visits New York, preach-
ing thrice daily for a week ; goes to
Georgia and visits his Orphan House ;
visits most of the important cities,
preaching incessantly, and greatly hon-
ored by clergy and people, and power-
fully moving the masses of the people by
his zeal and eloquence. Twenty thou-
sand persons listen to his farewell ad-
dress on the Common in Boston ; he
raises much money for his Orphan
House.]
* * Mass. The meeting-house (and school
house), built by the Assembly for the
Indians, is first occupied.
* * Md. Baltimore has its first Protestant
Episcopal church.
* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod divided
into friends and foes of the revival
connected with Whitefield.
1740 Aug. 17. It. Benedict XIV.
pope.
* * Conn. Conversion of the Indian, Sam-
son Occum, afterward Indian mission-
ary.
* Mass. Arian views of Christ cher-
ished in New England.
* * N. Y. Henry Rauch, the first Mora-
vian missionary to the New York In-
dians, begins work at Shekosniko,
Missionary Henry Rauch is bitterly
opposed by the white people.
Their large income in trading with the
Indians is due to the ignorance of the
latter. In proportion to the success of
the mission, opposition increases. Mis-
sionaries and Christian Indians are ar-
rested upon absurd and false charges,
and the work of Rauch and his co-
laborers is obstructed in every possible
way.
* * Pa. The Moravians begin mission
work among the Indians at Bethlehem.
* * -47 * * Pa. Between these dates
Ludweek Hacker set up a Sabbath-
school at Ephrata, among the German
Seventh-day Baptists there. (Haydn.)
[The school-room was used as a hos-
pital after the battle of Brandywine,
(1777), thus breaking up the school.]
* * Phila. Friction in the Presby-
terian Synod ; cause, revivals.
* * S. C. George Whitefield is called
before the commissary to answer for
"certain articles," touching irregulari-
ties and breach of pledges made in
ordination.
1741 Jan. 16. S. C. Whitefield em-
harks at Charleston for England.
** Phila. Schism in the Presbyterian
Synod ; the New Brunswick Presbytery
is excluded. #
June 2. Phila. The Presbytery of New
Brunswick meets, with others who are
excluded from the synod, and organizes
the Presbytery of Londonderry. [A
synod is called for August, 1742.]
AMERICA.
1737-1744.
65
* * New Eng. Whitefield's revival.
Between thirty and forty thousand
persons have professed conversion dur-
ing the last two years, under the preach-
ing of Whitefield.
* * N.Y. The Church of England Mo-
hawk Mission reports 500 Indians in 2
towns, and 58 communicants.
* * Pa. Count Zinzendorf visits
America and preaches to the Moravians.
It is claimed that Dr. George de Benne-
ville first preaches Universalism in
America.
The Moravians found Bethlehem.
1742 Feb. 11. Pa. Count Zinzendorf
ordains two missionaries at Oly, to labor
among the Indians.
* * Conn. The General Assembly repeals
the law exempting "sober dissent-
ers" from worshiping with the "stand-
ing order."
Severe laws enacted against the
" New Lights," who favor a more
spiritual life in religion — bitter conten-
tion with the " Old Lights."
Harvard and Yale arrayed against
Whitefield ; the General Assembly
makes it illegal for any unsettled min-
ister to preach at all.
* * Md. The first Baptist church formed
at Chestnut Ridge, near Baltimore.
* * N. Y. A great revival prevails
among the Mohican and other Indian
tribes.
Aug. * Pa. The Presbytery of New Lon-
donderry holds its first meeting ; it con-
sists of members who were excl uded from
the Presbyterian Synod.
* * Pa. Arrival of Henry M. Muhlen-
berg, the founder of the Lutheran
church in America. A new epoch opens
for the Lutherans in his organizing work.
1743* * Boston. A second Baptist
church formed.
May 30. Phila. The Presbyterian Synod
meets, and rejects overtures of peace
from the Synod of New York.
* * N. Y. The Mohawk mission of the
Church of England reports only two or
three of the tribe unbaptized.
LETTERS.
1739 * * -66 * * Conn. Kev. Thomas
Clap is president of Yale College.
1741* * Phila. The American Magazine,
conducted by John Webbe, appears. It
is the earliest magazine in America ;
but two numbers issued.
The General Magazine and Historical
Chronicle, the first literary journal in
America, is issued by Benj. Franklin.
(Six numbers.)
1742 * * Pa. The first public library in
Pennsylvania is instituted by the effort
of Franklin.
1743 * * -47 * * Boston. The American
Magazine appears.
* * Boston. The Boston Weekly Museum
appears. (Four numbers.)
* * -45 * * Boston. The Christian History
appears.
* * Mass. The education of Housatonio
Indian girls is begun with poor success.
* * New York. The New York Gazette or
Weekly Post-Boy issued by Jas. Parker.
* * Pa. A German edition of the Bible is
published at Germantown.
SOCIETY.
1738 * * S.C. Desolating insurrection
of negroes, inspired by Spanish influ-
ence ; leaders are executed.
1740 * * S. C. Teaching negroes to
write is prohibited by law.
1741 * * New York. Negroes conspire
to murder their masters, and burn the
city ; a panic ensues, and a public fast
is observed.
Four whites and 18 negroes are sud-
denly hanged, 14 negroes are burned, 71
transported, and many imprisoned ; the
existence of a plot is doubted. [Later it
is proved that none existed.]
1743 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe closes
ten years of office with the colonists, not
having taken for himself an acre of
ground, nor even owned a house.
The poor colonists clamor for the
introduction of slaves; the prohibitory
laws are first evaded and then defied.
± * * Ga. Improvident English settlers
contend that rum is necessary to resist
the climate, and that none but slaves
can till the soil.
1744+ * * Fa. Mobs persecute the
Baptists here and elsewhere ; ministers
are frequently imprisoned for preaching.
STATE.
1737 * * La. A royal edict permits ten
years' freedom of commerce between
Louisiana and the West Indies.
Mar. * N. C. The Assembly imprisons
the king's officers for distraining rent ;
because of this it is dissolved, leaving
the colony without revenue and the
officers without pay.
* * _43 * * S. C. Wm. Bull, governor.
1738 * * Jamaica. The Maroons (run-
away slaves) are permitted to form set-
tlements in the north part of the island.
* * New Jersey becomes a separate
colony.
Colonists again petition for separation
from New York, and the king yields, and
appoints Lewis Morris governor.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-46 * * N.J. Lewis Morris.
-47* * Pa. George Thomas (deputy).
1739 * * Colombia. The new kingdom
of Granada is established under a
viceroy.
* * Me. A few Germans settle in Waldo-
borough.
**.44* * jVe W York. John Cruger
the 37th mayor.
1740 * * Ga. The Moravians are op-
posed to war, and emigrate as a body
to Pennsylvania, where they found Beth-
lehem and Nazareth.
* * _43 * * r. i. Richard Ward gover-
nor.
* * S. C. Act passed forbidding to
teach negroes how to write.
* * The jurisdiction of the French north
of Baton Rouge, in the Mississippi Val-
ley, is only in name ; its expensive colo-
nization is a failure.
* * Tennessee first explored.
* * * Period of colonial prosperity.
1741 * * Eng. Parliament interferes to
restrain the issue of paper currency
in the colonies.
* * New Hampshire is finally separated
from Massachusetts, and becomes the
only royal government in New England.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-50 * * Conn. Jonathan Law.
May 6-49 * * Mass. Wm. Shirley.
1742 * * Fa. Richmond is established
by legislative enactment.
* * Md. Thos. Bladen, governor.
1743* *[U. S.] Governors inaugu-
rated :
Sept. 22-53 * * N. Y. Gen. Clinton.
-44 * * R. I. W. Greene. [1746, 48-54.]
-55 * * S.C. James Glen.
Sept. 27. N. Y. Gov. Clinton's first offi-
cial act is to dissolve the Legislature,
and issue writs calling another.
1744 July 4±. Pa. Commissioners from
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia
meet envoys of the Iroquois at Lan-
caster, and for $2,000 purchase their
claim to the region between the Blue
Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains.
[Later the English claims extend to the
Mississippi.]
* * Eng. Parliament provides for the
government of the province of Quebec,
empowering the king to appoint a coun-
cil of administration.
* * O. The English seek to occupy the
Ohio Valley in competition with the
French. [The struggle continues for
thirty years.]
* * _47 * * js'eto York. Stephen Bayard
the 38th mayor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1738* * Paper currency depreciated ;
gold is at a premium.
One hundred English sovereigns are
worth £500 in New England notes, £160
or more in the notes of New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland,
£1,000 in notes of North Carolina or
£1,400 if offered in London.
1739 Aug. * G<j. Governor Oglethorpe,
with only three or four attendants, jour-
neys through the unbroken wilderness
for a month, suffering great hardships,
in order to meet Tomo Chichi and other
chiefs in a great council at the Indian
town of Choweta, 300 miles northwest of
Savannah.
* * W. I. The yellow fever rages.
1740 * * S. C . Great fire ; best build-
ings burned. [Parliament appropriates
$100,000 for the sufferers.]
1741 Mar. 18. New York. The chapel
and buildings in the fort are burned.
1743 * * Ga. Settlers not permitted to
hold their lands in fee simple previous
to this date.
6$ 1744-1751, Nov.
AMERICA.
ARMY— NAVY.
1745 June 17. N. S. Louisburg, the
chief stronghold of the French in
America, is taken by 4,000 colonists
from New England, led by William
Pepperell, a wealthy merchant of Maine,
aided by a few English vessels.
Nov. 16. N. Y. The French and In-
dians surprise the village of Saratoga.
* * Can. The projected conquest of Can-
ada by the united colonists is abandoned
on the arrival of a French fleet.
* * Boston becomes apprehensive of an
attack from D'Anville's fleet.
1746 Aug. 20. Mass. The French and
Indians take Fort Massachusetts ;
part of the prisoners are massacred.
1747 Feb. 4. N. S. Colonel Noble is
surprised at Grand Pre\
Jan. 31. N. S. Battle of Minas.
June * Can. Montreal is raided by the
British.
1748 June 26. Vt. A battle with In-
dians is fought at Marlborough ; the
Indians retire.
1749 * * Can. Fort Rouille' [Toronto]
is built.
1750 Apr. * Can. Bostilities occur in
Acadia [Nova Scotia] between French
and English respecting boundaries.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1745 * * Benjamin West, seven years
of age, executes his infant sister's por-
trait in black and red inks.
* * W. I. A theatrical representation
given by a company of amateur actors,
including the famous Moody, in the
Island of Jamaica.
1746 Oct. 28. Peru. An earthquake
destroys Lima and Callao.
Eighteen thousand persons are buried
in ruins ; every inhabitant but one, of
Callao, is destroyed by the earthquake
or the tidal wave attending it.
* * Pa. The first iron rolling and slit-
ting mill is erected in Thornbury.
* * Phila. Franklin experiments with
electricity.
1748 * * Phila. Franklin makes an ex-
hibition of electricity.
At a picnic he " killed a turkey by the
electric spark, and roasted it by an 'elec-
tric jack before a fire kindled by the
electric bottle."
1749 ** Boston. The King's Chapel is
built. (1689. First built.)
* * Phila. A company of amateurs at-
tempt to open a theater.
* * Aid. Eight furnaces and nine forges
are at work.
1750 Mar. 5. New York. Richard III.
is performed at a theater on Nassau
Street.
* * Boston. Otway's Orphan is acted at
the coffee-house in State Street. It is
the first theatrical performance in
the country, and is immediately pro-
hibited.
* * Mex. Ruins of Falenque" are first
discovered.
± * * Phila. Robert Feke paints por-
traits.
± * * Patience Wright models miniature
heads in relief, with wax.
± * * Deacon Shem Drowne makes some
elaborate weather-vanes.
1751 Nov. 21. W.I. Port-au-Prince,
St. Domingo, is ruined by an earthquake.
* * La. Sugar-cane is introduced.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1744* *
Adams, Abigail, writer, born.
Belknap, Jeremy, historian, born.
Bradstreet, John, major-general, dies.
Gerry. Elbridge, vice-president, born.
Mifflin, Thomas, general, born.
Parker, Samuel, bishop of Mass., born.
Quincy, Josiah, patriot, born.
Romeyn, Theodoric 1)., theologian, born.
Sevier, John, pioneer, born.
Sullivan, James, statesman, born.
1745 * *
Asbury, Francis, bishop, born.
Avery, Waightstill, lawyer, born.
Bache, Sarah, nurse, born.
Barry, John, naval officer, born.
Edwards, Jonathan, theologian, born.
Ellsworth, Oliver, chief-justice, b. in Conn.
Harrison, Robert H., justice, born in Md.
Hayne, Isaac, officer, born.
Jay, John, chief-justice, born in N.Y.
Kitteridge, Thomas, surgeon, born.
L'Ouverture, Toussaint, liberator, born.
Murray, Lindley, grammarian, born.
Paterson, "William, justice, born in K. J.
Patterson, Robert, senator, born.
Pickering, Timothy, statesman, born.
Rush, Benjamin, physician, born.
Kutgers, Henry, patriot, born.
"Wayne, Anthony, general, born.
1746* *
Allen, John, patriot, born.
Andrew, John, clergyman, born.
Benson, Egbert, judge, born.
Billings, William, composer, born.
Livingston, Robert R., statesman, born.
Muhlenberg, John P. G., general, born.
Neale, Leonard, bishop, born.
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth. states-
man, born.
1747* *
Brainerd, David, missionary, A29.
Coke, Thomas, bishop, born.
Dickinson, Jonathan, clergyman, A59.
Farrar, Timothy, judge, born.
Fitson, John, explorer, born.
Howell, David, judge, born.
Jones, John Paul, naval officer, born.
Moody, Samuel, minister, A71.
Shays, Daniel, insurrectionist, born.
1748* *
Deane, James, missionary, born.
Few, William, colonel, born.
Hicks, Elias, Friend preacher, born.
Martin, Luther, lawyer, born.
Moore, Benjamin, bishop, born.
Williams, Otho H., general, born.
1749* *
Backus, Charles, clergyman, born.
Baynan, William, surgeon, born.
Gansevoort, Peter, officer, born.
Godfrey, Thomas, mathematician, dies.
Griffin, Cyrus, statesman, born.
Ingersoll, Jared, jurist, born.
Lincoln, Levi, statesman, born.
Lynch, Thomas, Jr., signer of Declaration, b.
Palmer, Anthony, statesman, dies.
Ramsay, David, physician, born.
Rutledge, Edward, statesman, born.
Sargent, John, missionary, A49.
Stevens, John L., inventor, born.
Thomas, Isaiah, journalist, born.
1750* *
Biddle, Nicholas, navy, born.
Daboll, Nathan, teacher, born,
± Francisco, Miranda, Venezuelan, born.
Girard, Stephen, founder, born.
Iredell, James, justice, born in N. C.
Jasper, William, patriot, born.
Knox, Henry, general, born.
Lawrence, John, statesman, born.
Parsons, Theophilus, judge, born.
Pinckney, Thomas, general, born.
Taliaferro, Benjamin, officer, born.
Trumbull, John, poet, born.
CHURCH.
1744 * * N. Y. The governor opposes
the missionaries,
Influenced by white opposition, he
issues orders " that the several Moravian
and vagrant teachers among the Indians
of New York should desist from further
teaching and preaching to the Indians,
and depart the province." [These orders
were executed by the sheriff.]
Rev. David Brainerd is sent by the
Presbytery of New York a missionary to
the Indians.
* * Pa. The « « Old Side " or strict Pres-
byterians open an academy at New Lon-
don.
* * George Whitefield makes his third
evangelistic visit to America.
* * Va. Mobs of persecutors torment
the Baptists.
1745 May 25. Phila. Commissioners
from the Presbytery of New York de-
cline to accept the report of a Synodical
Commission appointed to remove differ-
ences'; it proposes to the Synod a mutual
agreement to erect another synod, to bo
called the Synod of New York.
Sept. 19. A r . J. The Presbyteries of New
York, New Brunswick, and New London-
derry unite at Elizabethtown and erect
the Synod of New York, thus dividing
the Presbyterian church.
The division is chiefly caused by differ-
ences in opinions respecting ministerial
education. The "Old Side" constitute
the Synod of Philadelphia; the "New
Side," the Synod of New York ; the
latter urge a more spiritual ministry.
1746 May 15. Phila. Fifty-six Bap-
tists form a Baptist church entirely in-
dependent of that at Pennepeck (Lower
Dublin).
* * N.J. The " New Side " Presbyterians
get a charter for the college of New
Jersey (Princeton College) ; first locate
it at Elizabethtown.
1747 * * Mass., etc. John Brainerd suc-
ceeds his brother as missionary to the
Indians.
* * Md. Controversy on baptism by
Samuel Finley and Abel Morgan
through the press.
Sept. 12. New York. A sub-governing
body, called the Coetus, is formed in
the Dutch Reformed church.
Sept. 29. Pa. The first Reformed Ger-
man Coetus is formed.
1748 Aug. 14. Phila. Convention
of Lutherans meets and organizes the
first Lutheran Synod in America ; J. N.
Kurtz is ordained for the ministry,
the first of this denomination in the
colonies.
1749 * * Boston. The corner-stone of the
[present] King's Chapel is laid. [1754,
Aug. 21. Reopened.]
* * N. Y. A new missionary resumes the
work among the Mohawks, which was
abandoned during the recent war.
1750 Jan. * Boston. Jonathan May-
hew preaches against tyranny and priest-
craft.
June 22. Mass. Contention drives Jon-
athan Edwards from his church at
Northampton, "the largest Protestant
society in the world " ; he becomes a
missionary to the Stockbridge Indians.
* * or 1755 * * N. H. The first Baptist
church is formed at Newtown (Newton).
AMERICA.
1744-1751, Nov.
67
LETTERS.
1744 * * Pa. Benjamin Franklin be-
comes the projector of the University
of Pennsylvania.
* * Franklin becomes the founder of the
American Philosophical Society.
1745 * * Boston. The American Monthly
Magazine is established by Jeremy
Gridley.
* * Md. The Maryland Gazette, the first
newspaper printed in this province, is
revived at Annapolis, the capital.
1746 Oct. 22. N. Y. Bill introduced
in the assembly to raise $11,250 by lot-
tery, for the erection of a college
(Columbia).
* * N. J. The (Presbyterian) Presbytery
of New York, in session at Elizabeth-
town, New Jersey, founds Nassau Hall
(Princeton).
* * -47 * * New York. The Evening Post
issued by Henry de Forrest.
* * A Treatise Concerning the Religious
Affections, by Jonathan Edwards,
appears.
1747 * * History of the First Discovery
and Settlement of Virginia, by William
Stith, appears.
* * Philosophic Solitude, by William Liv-
ingston, appears.
* * N. J. The College of New Jersey
(Princeton) is removed to Newark.
1748 Oct. 28. N. Y. Governor Clin-
ton signs the bill revising an act to
raise $9,000 by lottery, to build a col-
lege (Columbia).
* * S.C. The Library Society is organized.
1749 * * An Inquiry into the Qualifica-
tions for Full Communion in the Church,
by Jonathan Edwards, appears.
* * N. C. Printing is introduced.
* * Pa. The University of Pennsyl-
vania (non-sect.) is founded. (Or 1740.)
* * Va. [Washington and Lee Uni-
versity] (non-sect.) is founded as a school
at Greenville.
1750 * * Mass. Ninety Mohawks come
from New York, and put their children
in the Stockbridge Indian School.
SOCIETY.
1745 Feb. 2. W.I. A conspiracy of
negroes in Jamaica to murder their
masters, exposed by a negress to her mis-
tress. [Severely punished.]
1747 Nov. 17. Boston. The British
impress seamen. An indignant mob
expresses the public resentment against
Commander Knowles ; the governor
withdraws to Castle William.
1750 * * Boston. An amateur theatrical
play leads the legislature to prohibit
theatrical exhibitions in the province.
STATE.
1744 * * Virginia purchases of the Indi-
ans the right to extend settlements to the
Ohio, and build a fort [where Pittsburg
now stands].
* * Wis. Charles de Langlade becomes a
settler.
1745* *Md. Frederick City is founded.
* * R. I. Gideon "Wanton governor.
[1747.]
* * Va. Lord Halifax settles beyond the
mountains.
1746 * * Sp. Ferdinand VI., king.
**[U.S.] Governors inaugurated :
-51 * * Md. Samuel Ogle.
N. J. John Hamilton (pres.).
-47 * * N. J. John Reading.
1747 Nov. 17. Boston. Commander
Knowles impresses seamen, and his
officers are imprisoned by a mob until
the release of the men impressed.
* * _57 * * jy ew York. Edward Holland
the 39th mayor.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-57 * * N.J. Jonathan Belcher.
-48 * * Pa. Anthony Palmer (pres.).
1748 July* N. Y. A colonial con-
gress held at Albany is attended by
representatives of New England and of
the Six Nations.
Oct. 7. Fr. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
between England, France, and Spain,
by which each surrenders its conquests,
and Cape Breton is restored to the
French. [1749. May 10. It is proclaimed
at Boston.]
Oct. * N. Y. Gov. Clinton meets an as-
sembly at Albany, and demands a rev-
enue for the king. The assembly
insists on naming the incumbent of
each office, and is prorogued.
* * Persons in England and Virginia unite
to form the Ohio Company.
* * Pa. James Hamilton, governor.
* * W. I. Tobago is declared a neutral
island.
1749 Mar. 3. Eng. Under the pretext
of suppressing the flagrant evils of co-
lonial paper money, Walpole reports a
bill to overrule all charters, and to
make the orders by the king, or under
his authority, the highest law of
America.
June 5. N. S. The British government
sends emigrants to Nova Scotia at its
own expense; Halifax is founded.
Oct. 16. Massachusetts makes a treaty
with the eastern Indians.
* * Eng. A Stamp Act proposed.
* * Massachusetts becomes a hard money
colony.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-53 * * Mass. Spencer Phips.
-70 * * Va. Lord Albemarle, Thomas
Lee, and later, Lewis Bur-
well (acting).
* *New England is reimbursed by
England in specie for her outlay in the
Louisburg expedition, and thus enabled
to redeem her paper currency.
* * N. H. Disputes over the New Hamp-
shire grants [continuing for forty years].
* * * The struggle between the French
and English for possession of Ohio
Valley begins. The French are the
first occupants.
1750 * * The Ohio Company obtains a
grant of about 600,000,000 acres about
the Ohio River in territory claimed by
France. [War follows for eight years.]
* * Arg. Rep. Montevideo enjoys a pro-
vincial government separate from that
of Buenos Ayres.
* * Boston. Jonathan Mayhew makes
his bold utterances against England.
* * Eng. Parliament attempts to sup-
press the development of the colo-
nies, to prevent competition in similar
productions.
It forbids, under penalties, the main-
taining of iron-mills, slitting or rolling
mills, plaiting-forges, and especially the
manufacture of steel ; it also prohibits
the felling of pine-trees outside of cer-
tain enclosures.
* * Md.—Pa. Mason and Dixon are
appointed to survey the division line
between Maryland and Pennsylvania.
[It afterwards becomes the notable
boundary between freedom and slavery.]
* * N. Y. The colony grows slowly,
being outstripped by Massachusetts,
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.
* * N. S. Conflicting claims are made
by the French and English.
* * O. Christopher Gist, G. Crogan, and
A. Mentour are in the Ohio country.
The Shawnees enter the Ohio country.
* * Paraguay. The Jesuits resist the
transfer of a part of Paraguay to the
Spaniards, till they are subdued by com-
bined Spaniards and Portuguese troops.
It is in the interest of their missions.
* * Port. Joseph Immanuel king.
* * Va. George Washington, nineteen
years of age, is appointed surveyor-gen-
eral of the Northern District.
The Ohio Company send Christopher
Gist into the west on an exploring ex-
pedition.
* * - 54 * * Conn. Roger Wolcott is gov-
ernor.
1751 July* N. Y. A colonial con-
gress at Albany in which South Caro-
lina joins for the first time. Subject,
the protection of the colonies from the
French. Peace concluded between the
English colonies and the Six Nations.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1745 * * N.J. A census taken ; popu-
lation sixty-one thousand four hundred
and three.
* * W. I. The yellow fever rages.
1748 * * Md. The population is esti-
mated at 94,000 whites and 36,000 blacks ;
total, 130,000.
* * Colombia. Porto Bello is the great
commercial mart for the rich commerce
of Chile and Peru. [Now a small village
20 miles northeast of Colon.]
1750 * * New Eng. Popoulation about
three hundred and fifty-four thousand.
* * W. I. Fire consumes a part of Port
Royal, Jamaica.
* * Pennsylvania receives 5,317 emi-
grants.
* * Since 1607 there has been very little
emigration to the colonies to this date.
68 1751-1755, Sept. 8.
AMERICA.
ARMY - NAVY.
1751 * * Va. George "Washington, 19
years of age, is appointed Adjt.-Gen. for
the Northern District of Virginia.
1752 * * Pa. Virginians delay building
the fort at the forks of the Ohio.
* * 0. The French destroy the English
trading-post at Pickawillany.
1754 * * Lieut.-Col. "Washington, 22
years old, becomes colonel on the illness
of Col. Fry. [Without experience in war
he soon strikes the first blow in the final
struggle between the French and Eng-
lish for supremacy in the New World.]
Mar. * Pa. Thirty-three Virginians
forestall the French and build a stock-
ade in the West. [On the present site
of Pittsburg.]
Apr. 17. Pa. The French capture the
Virginians, erect a stronger fortress and
call it Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg).
May 28. Pa Near the Great Meadows
at the confluence of the Monongahela
and the Alleghany Rivers, "Washington
surprises and defeats a French force
under M. Jumonville, who is killed with
10 of his men ; 22 survivors are captured,
while only one Virginian is killed and
two or three wounded.
July 4. Pa. Col. George Washington
has his first defeat in the defense of
Fort Necessity (S. W. Pennsylvania),
where he capitulates to a superior force
of the French.
Aug. 27. JV. Y. The French and In-
dians break up all settlements at Hoo-
sick and Schaghticoke.
* * Me. Fort Halifax is built on the Ken-
nebec.
* * The English establish forts west of
the Alleghanies.
1755 Feb.* Va. Gen.Braddock.com-
mander of British forces, arrives from
Ireland.
OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.
* * -63 * * The French and Indian
War between England and France —
a part of the Seven Years' War in Eu-
rope. It is a struggle to acquire su-
premacy in the New World.
The French have Indians as their
allies.
Apr. ± * Three expeditions are planned
against the French in a council of colo-
nial governors : (1) against Fort Du
Quesne; (2) against Fort Niagara; (3)
against the fort at Crown Point.
May 20. N. S. Two thousand troops
sail from Boston to subdue the French
in Acadia. [In less than a month, with
a loss of only 20 men, the English take
the entire country.]
May 30. Va. Gen. Braddock advances
to drive the French intruders out of the
Ohio Valley.
June 8. The British fleet off Cape Race
attacks a part of a French fleet, and
captures two vessels. (June 10?).
June 7. Mil. Gen. Braddock sets out
on his disastrous march from Fort Cum-
berland.
June 16. JV. S. Fort Beau Sejour sur-
renders to Col. Monckton after a siege
of four days.
Fort Gaspereau surrenders to
Monckton.
June * Va. Braddock refuses the aid of
Indian scouts and frontier men, having
" experienced troops on whom he could
rely for all purposes."
June * -July * JV. Y. Fort Edward,
on the Hudson, is erected against the
French by General Phineas Lyman, with
about 6,000 troops ; they also fortify Ti-
conderoga.
July 7. Pa. Braddock's defeat.
Near Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg), Gen.
Braddock is surprised by a party of
French and Indians, his 1,200 troops are
routed, and he is mortally wounded.
The enemy consist of 220 French, led
by Beaujeu and Dumas, with 637 In-
dians ; of Braddock's 85 officers, 26 are
killed and 37 wounded, and 714 privates
killed or wounded. Colonel George
Washington saves the remnant of the
army ; he has two horses shot under
him, and, though his coat is shot
through, he escapes unscathed.
+ * * England and France struggle for
possession of the Ohio Valley and
Acadia.
* * Mass. Governor Shirley of Mas-
sach usetts is appointed commander-in-
chief of the British forces in America.
* * Summer. Pa. The disaster attend-
ing Braddock's expedition fills the colo-
nies with gloom and consternation;
it shakes the colonists' confidence in the
British soldiers.
Aug. 2. Pa. Col. Dunbar leaves a few
troops at Fort Cumberland, and retires
with the rest of his army to Philadelphia.
Aug. * JV. Y. Gen. William Johnson
erects a fort at the head of Lake George.
Aug. 30±. JV. Y. Gen. William John-
son with 3,400 men is sent to drive the
French from the Lake Cham plain region.
Sept. 5. JV. S. Exile of the Acadiana
announced.
The British, having subdued the
French in Acadia, proceed to banish
more than 4,000 hapless men, women,
and children among the British colonies,
and burn their property. " The history
of civilized nations furnishes no parallel
to this wanton and wicked destruction
of an inoffensive colony." (Ridpath.)
Sept. 8. JV. Y. Col. Ephraim Wil-
liams, with a thousand men, leaves Lake
George, and marches for the defense of
Fort Edward. He is soon surprised by
French and Indians under Baron Dies-
kau, and driven back. The English lose
among the killed Col. Williams and the
Indian Chief Hendrick.
The French follow the returning fu-
gitives to Lake George, where they are
repulsed by the New England militia.
American loss, 216 killed and 96 wound-
ed ; the French loss is greater.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1751+ * * Phila. David Rittenhouse
(19 years old) discovers the method of
fluxions.
1752 Sept. 25. Va. The first play
performed in America by a regular
company of comedians is acted.
The Merchant of Venice and Garrick's
Lethe are performed by William Hal-
lam's Company of English actors at Wil-
liamsburg, the capital city.
* * Phila. Benjamin Franklin makes
remarkable electrical discoveries.
Franklin brings electricity down from
a cloud, and proves that it is identical
with lightning.
± * * Lightning conductors are set up
for the protection of buildings by Ben-
jamin Franklin.
* * S. C. St. Michael's Church at
Charleston is built.
1753 Sept. 17. New York. The second
theater in this city is opened in Nassau
Street, by Hallam's Company, with
Steele's Conscious Lovers.
* * Phila. An Arctic expedition is sent
out under the instigation of Franklin.
* * Pa. Benjamin West paints the
Death of Socrates at Lancaster.
* * * It is commonly believed, even by
educated people, in the Old World, that
plants and animals degenerate in size
and quality when transplanted into the
New World.
1754 Apr. 15. Phila. The first thea-
ter is opened at the corner of Cedar and
Vernon Streets, with the Fair Penitent,
by Hallam's Company, at " the store-
house " of Wm. Plumstead.
1755 Apr. * Ecuador. An earthquake
destroys Quito.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1751 * *
Allen, Ira, founder, born.
Allen, Solomon, clergyman, born.
Barber, Francis, officer, born.
Cabot, George, agitator, born.
Dearborn. Henry, general, born.
Decatur, Stephen, commodore U. S. N., b
Dudley, Paul, jurist, dies.
Ledyard, John, traveler, born.
Madison. James. 4th President. born Mar. 16.
Phillips, Samuel, benefactor, born.
Red Jacket, Seneca Indian, born.
Smybert, John, painter, A67.
1752* *
Bleecker, Ann Eliza, poetess, born.
Bowdoin, James, diplomat, born.
Bradford, William, printer, A92.
Burton, Asa, clergyman, born.
Cbampe, John, soldier, born.
Chipman, Nathaniel, jurist, born.
Clarke, George Rogers, general, born.
Duval. Gabriel, justice, born in Md. ■
Dwlght. Timothy, Pres. of Yale Coll., b.
Freneau, Philip, poet, born.
Garrettson. Freeborn. Meth. cl., born.
Howard, John Eager, soldier, born.
Humphreys, David, soldier, born.
Linn, William, chaplain, born.
Logan, Benjamin, pioneer, born.
Morris. Gouverneur, statesman, born.
1753* *
Baldwin, Thomas, theologian, born.
Eustis, William, physician, born.
Harmar, Josiah, general, born.
Hull, William, general, born.
McCrea, Jane, killed by Indians, born.
Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson),
philosopher, born.
Warren, John, physician, born.
Wheatley, Phillis, negro poetess, born.
Wilkinson, Jemima, impostor, born.
1754* *
Barlow, Joel, poet-patriot, born.
Burbeck, Henry, army officer, born.
Ellicott,Andrew, astronomer, born.
Hampton. Wade, general, born.
Tallmadge, Benjamin, army officer, born.
Thatcher, James, physician, born.
CHURCH.
1751 * * Mass. Tuscarora and Oneida
Indians join the Christian Indians of
Stockbridge, and put their children in
the Indian schools.
AMERICA.
1751-1755, Sept. 8. 69
Jonathan Edwards becomes pastor
of the church at Stockbriilge, and mis-
sionary to the Stockbridge Indians.
Salary, £6 13s. Ad.
* * S. C. Charleston Baptist Association
formed.
1752 * * Can. Moravian missionaries
land in Labrador.
* * Pa. Arrival of Mr. Cuthbertson, a
Presbyterian (Reformed) minister sent
from Scotland.
Arrival of Philip William Otter-
bein (Ger.), founder of the United
Brethren in Christ.
1754* * N. Y. The Coetus of the Re-
formed Dutch church takes steps for
the formation of a Classis.
* * Jamaica. Moravian missionaries be-
gin labor among the natives.
* * Va. By the laws of this colony, every
settlement is to have " a house for the
worship of God " ; absence therefrom is
punishable with a fine ; traveling or
shooting on the Sabbath is interdicted.
* * W. I. Friedensthal becomes a mis-
sion station of the Moravians, at St.
Croix.
* * Catholic vs. Protestant.
The religious future of the New World
is in the issue of the French and Indian
war ; the success of the French signifies
the dominance of Catholicism ; of the
English, the supremacy of Protestantism .
LETTERS.
1751 * * N.J. Woodbridge has the first
printing-press in the province.
* * N. Y. The sum of £3,443 has been
raised to found King's College (Colum-
bia).
1752* * New York. The Independent Re-
flector issued by James Parker.
The Mercury issued by Hugh Gaine.
± * * Struggle in the legislature and
through the press to prevent the estab-
lishment of seminaries of learning
having connection with any religious
society; William Livingston leader.
1753 * * New York. The Pacquet issued
by William Wenman.
New York. Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson,
of Connecticut, is invited to the presi-
dency of King's (Columbia) College;
salary, £250.
* * R. I. The Athenaeum Library at
Providence is founded.
1754 July 17. New York. King's (Co-
lumbia) College, under the presidency
of Dr. Johnson, opens with a class of
ten students, in the vestry room of
Trinity Church.
Oct. 31. Neio York. A royal charter
for King's (Columbia) College (Prot.
Epis.) passes the seals.
Governors, the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, the principal clergy of Ave re--
ligious denominations in New York,
and twenty private gentlemen. Money
is raised in England, and Joseph Murray
gives $40,000 and his library.
The Society Library is founded.
SOCIETY.
1752 Feb. 2. Pennsylvania hospital
admits its first patient.
* * * New Eng. It becomes fashionable
as well as honorable to wear home-
spun, because of British oppression in
restricting manufactures and commerce.
Harvard students make it a point to
be graduated in homespun.
* * * Ga. The Colony is a financial
failure.
After nearly 20 years of benevolent ef-
fort and the expenditure of more than
§000,000 in Parliamentary grants, and
of private contributions amounting to
nearly $90,000, Georgia has only 1,700
whites, and 400 negroes, and a discoura-
ging future. The failure of the colony is
charged to its benevolent scheme, and
lack of wisdom in the proprietary regu-
lations.
1753 Oct. 31. Va. George Wash-
ington, a surveyor, 22 years old, with
four comrades and an interpreter, sets
out for the shores of Lake Erie, bearing
an important remonstrance from the
Governor of Virginia to the commander
of the French.
Dec. 16. Pa. Washington starts on
his return journey, in great peril from
Indians.
STATE.
1751* * B.C. Georgetown is laid out at
the head of navigation on the Potomac ;
it grows rapidly.
* * * America refuses to be ruled by ar-
bitrary instruction.
* * Eng. The colonies are regarded by
the mother country as depots for the
distribution of home products on a new
soil.
1752 Jan. 1. Eng. The calendar is
changed.
Parliament enacts that the beginning
of the new year shall be changed from
the 25th of March to January 1 in Eng-
land and her colonies. Eleven days to
be omitted after September 3d.
Mar. * Pa. A plan of American union
is proposed.
June 13. Virginia treats with the Indi-
ans at Logstown, and is permitted to
build a fort at the forks of the Ohio.
[Delayed.]
June 23. Ga. The trustees of this un-
successful colony surrender the char-
ter to the king, and it becomes a royal
province.
Sept. 3. Eng. New Style introduced.
The CALENDAR CHANGED ;
Sept. 3 changed to Sept. 14 in England
and her colonies.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-54 * * Ga. Capt. J. Reynolds (Prov.).
Md. Benjamin Tasker.
N. C. Nathaniel Rice (pres.).
-58 * * Va. Robert Dinwiddie.
1753 May ± * O. A large body of
French and Indian allies enter the val-
ley of the Ohio.
Oct. 10. N. Y. Sir Danvers Osborn
supersedes Governor Clinton.
Oct. 31. The English colonies are irri-
tated by the erection of French forts in
the interior, at their rear. George Wash-
ington commissioned by the governor of
Virginia to remonstrate.
Nov. 14. Va. Washington starts from
Williamsburg on his perilous journey
through the forest, to inquire the pur-
poses of the invading French at Fort Le
Bceuf [Pittsburg].
Dec. 12. N. Y. The Assembly passes
an act for the registry of mortgages,
to prevent fraud.
* * Connecticut colonizes lands in Penn-
sylvania.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-56 * * Mass. William Shirley.
-56 * * Md. Horatio Sharpe.
-54 * * N. C. Matthew Rowan (pres.).
Oct. 10. N. Y. Sir Danvers Osborne.
-55 * * N. Y. James de Lancey.
* * Pa. The first settlement in the Ohio
Valley is made by Virginians on the
banks of the Youghiogheny.
1754 Jan 16. Va. George Washing-
ton brings a letter from the French
commander refusing to vacate the terri-
tory held by the French in the West.
June 19. N. Y. Congress of seven
colonies at Albany ; a union for de-
fense is proposed.
July 4. N. Y. Benjamin Franklin
lays before the Congress at Albany a
plan for a federal constitution, aim-
ing to provide by union for a common
defense against French encroachment ;
it is adopted [but afterward rejected by
some of the colonies, and by the British
government].
Dec. * Boston. Gov. Shirley lays before
Franklin a scheme of colonial union,
which provides for a colonial congress
and British taxation.
* * Kentucky is settled by Col. Daniel
Boone of Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-66 * * Conn. Thomas Fitch.
-56 * * Ga. John Reynolds.
-63 * * N. C. Arthur Dobbs.
-55 * * Pa. Robert H. Morris (dep.).
* * Va. The French continue to en-
croach upon the territory of Virginia,
west of the Alleghanies.
1755 Apr. 14. Va. In a colonial con-
gress at Alexandria, Gen. Braddock
and five colonial governors recommend
taxation of America by Parliament.
July * Eng. Halifax proposes to ease
the mother country by taxing the colo-
nies.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1751 * * La. Sugar-cane is introduced.
* * Pa. Franklin estimates the popula-
tion of the colonies at " nearly a mil-
lion English souls," about 20,000 of them
to be native born.
* * Philadelphia has about 17,000 people,
including 6,000 negroes.
1752 * * Boston loses about 550 people by
a small-pox scourge. The population
is 17,574.
* * N. Y. The first house is erected in
[the city of Troy].
* * -54 * * Iceland. Great famine be-
cause of the failure of crops ; thousands
perish.
70 1755, Sept. 10-1759, July.
AMERICA.
ARMY— NAVY.
1755 Sept. 10. Can. Seven thousand
Acadians are forced to embark for
banishment. [Fisher's estimate, 7,000 ;
Winsor's, 4,000.]
Sept. * N. Y. Fort William Henry, a
useless wooden defense, is erected at
Lake George by Gen. Johnson.
Oct. 24. Gov. Shirley, commander of the
expedition against Fort Niagara, grows
weak-hearted, and abandons the move-
ment after learning of Braddock's defeat.
* * N. T. The French fortify Ticon-
deroga.
* * Va. Indian warfare on the fron-
tier [continuing several years].
1756 May 17. Eng. After fighting the
Frencn for two years, Great Britain
makes an open declaration of war.
June 9. France formally declares war
against Great Britain.
June 15. New York. Gen. Abercrom-
bie, the second in command under the
Earl of Loudoun, arrives with several
British regiments.
Forty German officers arrive to re-
cruit a loyal American regiment of 4,000
men.
June 27. N. Y. Abercrombie, at Al-
bany, billets his soldiers upon private
houses, and proceeds to while away the
summer.
June * Gov. Shirley resigns the com-
mand of the British troops in America.
Aug.± * Can. The Marquis Louis Joseph
Montcalm supersedes Baron Dies-
kau in command of the French.
Aug. 12. Can. Montcalm, with a mixed
force of over 5,000 men, and 30 pieces of
cannon, commences the siege of Fort
Ontario, on the Oswego River.
Aug. 13. N. Y. The garrison of Fort
Ontario retires to the old fort on the
opposite side of the river.
Aug. 14. N. Y. Surrender of Oswe-
go. Montcalm obtains an immense
amount of military stores, also 1,400 pris-
oners, and 134 cannon.
Sept. 8. Pa. Col. John Armstrong,
with 300 volunteers, surprises and de-
stroys the hostile Indians in Western
Pennsylvania, with a loss of only 16 men.
* * III. The French construct a system
of forts in the interior, westward, near
the Illinois River.
* * Rhode Island sends 50 privateers,
with 1,500 men, against the French.
* * Va. George "Washington drives the
the Indians out of the Valley of the
Shenandoah.
1757 Jan. * Can. General Stark goes
down Lake George with 70 rangers, and
turns the strong post of Carillon.
June 20. Can. Loudoun sails with a
splendid army for Halifax. [He is reen-
forced later by additional troops, mak-
ing 11,000 men and 16 men of war.]
Aug. 3. N. Y. The French and Indians
under Montcalm besiege Fort "Wil-
liam Henry; Col. Monroe sends to
Fort Edward 15 miles distant for aid, of
Gen. Webb, who has 4,000 men at com-
mand; he declines the request, and coun-
sels a surrender.
Aug. 4. Can. Gen. Loudoun is in-
formed that a large French fleet and a
garrison of 6,000 men await him at Louis-
burg, so he abandons the expedition
against it.
Aug. 9. N. Y. Col. Monroe with about
2,600 men surrenders Fort William
Henry to Gen. Montcalm who has
11,500 men ; the Indian allies, maddened
with rum, cruelly massacre the pris-
oners at Bloody Pond.
* * The French seem triumphant every-
where.
The campaigns of the last two years
have been disgraceful to the British
flag ; imbecility and cowardice in the
management is the cause. France pos-
sesses twenty times as much American
territory as England.
* * Eng. Lord Jeffrey Amherst is ap-
pointed commander of a division of
the British army in America ; James
Wolfe is his talented lieutenant.
1758 Jan.± * The imbecile Lord Lou-
doun is retired and Gen. Abercrombie
succeeds him in command of the
British army in America. Lord
Howe is next in rank.
Mar. * Rogers is defeated on Lake Cham-
plain.
Apr. 30. N. Y. German Flats are at-
tacked by the Indians.
May 28 -July 26. N. S. Successful
expedition of the British against
Louisburg.
Gen. Amherst, with nearly 12,000 men,
and Admiral Boscawen, with nearly 40
vessels, capture the fortress and destroy
the shipping.
June 8. N. S. General Amherst lands
his forces near Louisburg.
July 5. N. Y. Abercrombie and Lord
Howe embark on Lake George against
Ticonderoga and Crown Point, having
nearly 16,000 men and much artillery
with them.
July 6. N. Y. The French ambuscade
the British advance near Fort Ticon-
deroga ; Lord Howe, " the soul of the
army," is killed, and the soldiers are
dispirited, having no confidence in Aber-
crombie.
July 8. N. Y. Battle of Ticonderoga
won by the French.
The British attack the fort, which is
successfully defended by about one-
fourth their number. " In no battle of
the Revolution did the British have so
large a force engaged or meet so terrible
a loss."' (Ridpath.)
July 9. N. Y. Abercrombie retreats
from Ticonderoga to Fort George.
July 26. N. S. England takes Nova
Scotia.
After a siege of a few weeks Louisburg
capitulates to Gens. Wolfe and Amherst :
Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, ana
nearly 6,000 prisoners fall to the British.
July * Fort Stanwix is built.
Aug. 27. Can. The British, under Col.
Bradstreet, take Fort Frontenac
(Kingston), also 46 cannon, 9 vessels of
war, and a large military store.
Sept. 15. Pennsylvania troops and 800
Highlanders under Gen. Bouquet ap-
proach the French position at Fort Du
Quesne, are surprised and routed.
Nov. 24. Pa. The French abandon
and burn Fort Du Quesne at the
approach of Gens. Forbes, Washington,
and Armstrong, with 9,000 men.
Nov. 25. Pa. The English flag is raised
over the ruins, and the place is called
Pittsburg after the great Commoner.
* * Can. Montreal is surrounded by
walls.
1759 Jan.± * Va. "Washington (aged
26) resigns his command after the de-
parture of the French from Fort Du
Quesne.
Jan. 23. W. I. . The British attack
Guadeloupe.
Jan. * Eng. General Amherst (Lord
Jeffrey) is promoted to the chief com-
mand of the army in America ; par-
liament votes $60,000,000, to carry on the
war; William Pitt proposes to con-
quer all Canada.
June 21. Can. The English fleet ap-
proaches Quebec.
June 27. Can. Gen. Wolfe lands an
army of about 8,000 a few miles below
Quebec. A French force of 13,000 is in
the city.
June 30. Can. Wolfe takes possession
of Point Levi, where he proceeds to
erect batteries.
July 18. Can. Some of Wolfe's vessels
pass above Quebec.
July 25. Can. Fort Niagara capitu-
lates to the British under Sir William
Johnson after a bloody battle.
French communication between Can-
ada and Louisiana is forever broken off.
Gen. Prideaux is killed by the bursting
of a gun during the siege.
July 26. N. Y. The French garrison re-
treats from Fort Ticonderoga to Crown
Point at the approach of Gen. Amherst.
Summer. Pa. Stanwix builds Fort Pitt
near Du Quesne.
July 31. Can. "Wolfe is checked in
an impetuous assault on the French at
Quebec, in which he loses 400 men.
N. Y. The French abandon the
important fortress at Crown Point, and
surrender the valley of the Champlain
without a battle.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1755 Nov. 18. New England is shaken
by an earthquake.
* * Phila. Franklin makes experiments
in electricity with a kite.
Nov. 18. An earthquake extends from
New England to the West Indies.
1756 Feb. 14. N. Y. The Hudson
River is free from ice ; recruits sail from
New York for Albany.
* * Phila. Benjamin "West is estab-
lished as a portrait painter.
1758 * * Conn. The first paper-mill is
erected at Norwich.
* * New York. A sail-loft is used for the-
atrical purposes by a strolling company.
A new theater is built at Cruger's
wharf by Mr. Douglas.
AMERICA.
1755, Sept. 10-1759, July. 71
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1755* *
Adams, Hannah, authoress, born.
Bancroft, Aaron, theologian, born.
Kvans, Oliver, engineer, born.
Gray, Robert, discoverer, born.
Hale. Nathan, patriot, born.
Kenton, Simon, pioneer, born,
Kins. Ruius, statesman, born.
Marshall, John, chief justice, born in Va.
Moore. Alfred, justice, born in N. C.
Truxtun, Thomas, naval officer, born.
Williams, Ephraim, colonel, founder, A40.
1756* *
Burr, Aaron, slayer of Hamilton, born.
Dale, Richard, commodore, born.
Laurens, John, officer, born.
Lee, Henry, general, born.
Stuart, Gilbert Charles, painter, born.
Tilghman, William, jurist, born.
Trumbull, John, painter, born.
1757* *
Badger, Joseph, missionary, born.
Hamilton, Alexander, statesman, born.
Hammond, Samuel, statesman, born.
Lafayette, Marquis de, born in France,
Sept. 6.
Macon, Nathaniel, sen. for N. C. born.
Paine, Elijah, jurist, born.
Robbins, Ashur, statesman, born.
Wilkinson, James, general, born.
1758* *
Ames, Fisher, statesman, born.
Armstrong, John, author, born.
Edwards, Jonathan, theologian, A55.
Messerve, Nathaniel, colonel, patriot, A43.
Monroe, James, 5th President, born Apr.
88 in Va.
Paulding-, John, patriot, born.
Pinckney, Charles, statesman, born.
Prince, Thomas, historian, A71.
Webster, Noah, lexicographer, born.
Worcester, Noah, clergyman, born.
CHURCH.
1755 Sept. 30. N. Y. Assembling of
the Conferentie of the Reformed Dutch
in New York. [Much strife and fre-
quently some violence in the churches
on governmental questions.]
* * Can. In Nova Scotia 7,000 Catholic
Acadians are banished and scattered
for refusing to take the oath of suprem-
acy.
* * N. Y. The Presbytery organizes a
mission presbytery in Hanover County,
Virginia.
1756 Apr. 1. Jamaica. The first Mo-
ravian missionary lands at St. Johns.
Oct. 5. N. J. The Philadelphia Baptist
Association decides to raise money for
the establishment of a school at Hope-
well.
* * Mass. Isaac Backus becomes a Bap-
tist, and forms the first Baptist church
at Middleborough.
1757 Jan. 12. Jamaica. The first Mo-
ravian convert is baptized.
Sept. 10. N. J. G. Du Bois, the first
pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church
of Bergen, is installed.
1758 Jan. 11. Ga. The General As-
sembly, meeting at Savannah, legalizes
the Church of England as the church
of the province.
May 22. Pa. The two Presbyterian
Synods reunite after a separation of
thirteen years, and form " the Synod of
New York and Philadelphia" with 94
members.
* * Greenland. Lichtenfels becomes a
mission station of the Moravians.
* * St. Clement Xm, pope.
* * N. C. A Baptist Association formed.
* * O. Christian Frederic Post first opens
a Moravian mission in the Ohio country.
LETTERS.
1755 * * Mass. John Adams graduates
at Harvard.
* * Mass. An Inquiry into the Modern
Prevailing Notion respecting that Free-
dom of Will which is supposed to be
essential to Moral Agency, etc., by Jon-
athan Edwards, appears. [Or 1754.]
Dec. * N. C. Its first newspaper, the
North Carolina Gazette, is issued at
New Berne.
* * Conn. The first newspaper, the Con-
necticut Gazette, is issued at New Haven.
* * New York. Sir Charles Hurdy, the
new governor, subscribes $2,500 for the
founding of a college ; this settles the
controversy in favor of the church party.
1756 Aug. 23. New York. The corner-
stone of King's (Columbia) CoUege is
laid.
* * N. H. Its first newspaper, the New
Hampshire Gazette, is issued at Ports-
mouth.
1757 +. The Great Christian Doctrine of
Original Sin Defended, by Jonathan
Edwards, appears.
* * N.J. The CoUege of New Jersey-
is removed from Newark to Princeton.
* * Phila. The American Magazine ap-
pears.
1758 * * Boston. The New England
Magazine appears.
* * N.J. Jonathan Edwards is called
to the presidency of Princeton CoUege.
* * -66 * * N. J. North American Mag-
azine appears at Woodbridge.
SOCIETY.
1757 * * Ga. It is enacted that no liq-
uor Ucense shall be granted to any
joiner, bricklayer, plasterer, shipwright,
silversmith, goldsmith, shoemaker,
smith, tailor, tanner, cabinet maker, or
cooper, who should be capable of getting
a livelihood by honest labor and indus-
try.
1759 Jan. 6. Va. George "Washing-
ton marries Martha Custis.
STATE.
1755 Sept. 10. Can. The Acadians,
occupying territory claimed by England,
are forced to embark for transporta-
tion, leaving their homes behind them
for the English Crown.
* * America's first discontent arises
from duties levied upon goods imported
from foreign countries.
* * S. C. The governor induces the Cher-
okee Indians to cede a large territory
to Great Britain, and to agree to move
inland away from the British settle-
ments.
* * -63 * * The French and Indian
"War unites the colonies, and schools
them in the art of war.
* * Port. A second Brazil company is
chartered.
* * \_U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-57 * * N. Y. Sir Charles Hardy.
-56 * * R.I. Stephen Hopkins. [Also
in 1758, 1763, 1767.]
1756 May * Can. Montcalm arrives
in Quebec. [He becomes the greatest of
the governors.]
* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-57 * * Mass. Spencer Phips.
-58 * * Pa. W. Denny ; J. Hamilton,
deputy. [Also in 1759-62, 1777.]
-59 * * S. C. William H. Littleton.
* * -63 * * The colonists begin to discuss
the political questions involved in the
policy of the Home Government, and its
endeavor to interfere with their civil
rights and industries ; the people are
intensely aroused.
* * Tenn. The first settlement is made
on the Tennessee River (30 miles from
Knoxville).
1757 Jan. * Boston. A congress of
governors meets and agrees to raise
4,000 men against the French. Another
congress of Southern governors meets
at Philadelphia.
June * Eng. WiUiam Pitt enters the
Newcastle ministry, and soon recovers
British military prestige . in America.
[He rejects a stamp-tax.]
Pa. A controversy occurs between
the governor and the Assembly respect-
ing a scheme of taxation.
July 27. Benjamin Franklin again ar-
rives in London, as ambassador to the
king, from the colony of Pennsylvania.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-59 * * Del. Henry Ellis.
Apr.-Aug. Mass. The Council.
-60 * * Mass. Thomas Pownall.
-60 * * N. Y. James de Lancey.
N. J. John Reading (pres.).
R. 1. William Greene.
* * Mass. The General Court and Lord
Loudoun have a controversy respecting
the quartering of troops.
* * -66 * * New York. John Cruger the
40th mayor.
1758 Nov. 26. Thanksgiving Day is
observed by the colonists because the
French are driven out of Fort Duquesne,
and the valley of the Ohio and the great
West are opened for the advance of Eng-
lish settlers.
* * N. S. A constitution is granted to
this province.
* * Georgia is divided into eight parishes.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-58 * * N. J. Francis Bernard.
-61 * * R. I. Stephen Hopkins. [1767.]
-68 * * Va. Francis Fauquier ; John
Blair, lieutenant.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1755 * * New Eng. Population about
435,000.
1757 * * La. The French population is
about 10,000
* * New York City. Population about
12,000.
* * Philadelphia. Population about
13,000.
1758 * * Va. About 70,000 hogsheads
of tobacco exported.
72 1759, Aug. -1763.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1759 Aug. 4. Jf. Y. Crown Point is
occupied by 11,000 British under Gen.
Amherst on the retreat of the French.
Aug. 11. N. Y. The British embark at
Crown Point to follow the French, but
soon abandon the effort.
Sept. 13. Can. First battle on the
Plains of Abraham.
After a siege of 69 days, Quebec is as-
saulted and the French defeated. Gen.
James 'Wolfe falls with his third wound,
and the egually brave French general,
Montcalm, is mortallywounded. Great
Britain wins a vast empire by a single
battle, " one of the most momentous
victories in the annals of mankind."
(Bancroft.)
Sept. 18. Quebec capitulates to the
English.
Sept. 26. Tenn. Col. Montgomery, with
a force from Carolina, attacks the Chero-
kees [burning many of their towns].
Oct. * Va. Gov. Lyttleton, by perfidious
conduct and insolence, provokes a war
with the Cberokees.
* * Me. Fort Pownall is built on the
Penobscot.
1760 Mar. 3. S. C. Unsuccessful at-
tack of 300 Cherokees on Fort Ninety-
six.
Apr. 28. Can. The French (tempo-
rarily) defeat the English in a second
battle on the Plains of Abraham.
May 16. Can. English reenforcements
arrive, and the French retire from
Quebec.
June* Tenn. Carolinians, under Colonel
Montgomery, invade and ravage the
valley of the Tennessee, to punish the
Cherokees. They enrage the Indians
without subduing them.
July 1. S. C. Arrival of Montgomery
on his retreat from the Tennessee coun-
try.
Aug. 7. Tenn. The garrison of Fort
Loudoun capitulates to the Chero-
kees [and is foully massacred or taken
into captivity.]
ALL CANADA TAKEN BY THE
BRITISH.
Sept. 8. Montreal falls into the hands
of General Amherst, at the head of
three powerful armies.
Amherst approached the city from up
the river, while Murray ascended from
below, and Haviland marched from the
Lake Champlain region.
Nov. 29. Mich. Bel6tre surrenders at
Detroit.
1761 June 10 +. Tenn. The Chero-
kees are defeated by the British under
Lieut. Col. James Grant ; their town,
magazines, and cornfields destroyed.
Summer. Mich. The garrison of De-
troit barely escapes a conspiracy to
massacre the force by the Seneca and
"Wyandot Indians.
1762 Jan. 1. "War between England
and Spain.
* * N. B. The French gain [temporary]
possession of St. John.
June 6. Cuba. An English squadron of
32 men-of-war and 200 transports, with
* 20,000 men, under the command of the
Duke of Albemarle and Admiral Pocock,
appears off Havana.
July 30. Cuba. The Morro Castle is
tdken by storm.
Aug. 13. Cuba. The governor of Ha-
vana capitulates.
The English gain 9 ships of the line and
4 frigates, and 14,000 prisoners, besides
spoil valued at $10,000,000.
Autumn. Pontiac plans his conspiracy.
* * W. I. The English take Martinique,
St. Lucia, and St. Vincent.
The French West Indian Islands
surrender to an expedition of royal and
provincial troops.
1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris
closes the French and Indian War, one
of the most important and far-reaching
in its results.
May 7. -Nov. * Mich. Pontiac, chief of
the Ottawas, instigates a conspiracy.
It aims to surprise every English post
between the Alleghanies and the Missis-
sippi by a confederacy of all the tribes,
and thus exterminate the English in the
West ; an Indian maiden at Detroit ex-
poses and defeats the scheme at that
garrison.
May 16. O. The Wyandots take Fort
Sandusky, and butcher the garrison.
May 29. Mich. The Chippeways take
Fort Mackinaw, and murder nearly all
of its defenders.
May+ * Mich. Siege of Detroit.
July 15. All the English forts of the
West captured by the Indians except
Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit.
Sept. 3. Mich. Detroit is relieved from
a long siege, conducted by Pontiac, by a
vessel from Niagara.
Nov. * General Gage succeeds Am-
herst as commander-in-chief of the
British forces.
Dec. 14-27. Pa. The "Paxton Boys"
massacre the Conestogas, who were con-
verted Indians.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1760* * Mass. John Singleton Cop-
ley first paints.
* * Benjamin "West goes abroad to study
art.
* * Boy and Tame Squirrel is sent by John
Singleton Copley to the Royal Academy.
1761 Mar. 12. Mass. An earthquake
shocks this and adjoining states.
* * R. I. Performance of The Provoked
Husband at Newport. ,
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1759* *
Adair, John, general, born.
Barney, Joshua, commodore, born.
Cooper, Thomas, scientist, born.
Dallas, Alex. James, statesman, born.
Oilman, John, Gov. of N. H., born.
Pepperell, Sir William, general, A63. ?
Plumer, William, statesman, born.
Prideaux, John, officer, A41.
Read, Nathan, inventor, born.
Wolfe, James, general, dies.
1760* *
Carey, Matthew, philanthropist, born.
Dayton, Jonathan, patriot, born.
Dessalines, Jean Jacques, Haitian emp., b.
Duane, William, politician, born.
Duponceau, Peter S., lawyer, born.
Van Wort, Isaac, patriot, born.
Wolcott, Oliver, statesman, born.
1761* *
Al8op, Richard, poet, born.
Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier, mission-
ary, dies.
Davies, Samuel, pres. of Princeton Coll. A37.
Dexter, Samuel, statesman, born.
Gallatin, Albert, statesman, born.
Morse, Jedediah, geographer, born.
Murray, William Vans, statesman, born.
Preble, Ed-ward, commodore, born.
Spaulding, Solomon, Book of Mormon, born.
Wistar, Casper, physician, born.
1762* *
Abbot, Benjamin, teacher, born.
Earle, Pliny, inventor, born.
Giles, William Branch, statesman, born.
Moore, Richard Channing, bp. of Va., born.
"Washington, Bushrod, justice, born in Va.
1763* *
Astor, John Jacob, capitalist, born.
Breckinridge, James, congressman, born.
Delano, Amasa, traveler, born.
Holmes, Abiel, clergyman, born.
Kent, James, jurist, born.
Maclure, William, geologist, born.
CHURCH.
1759 * * N. Y. Samson Occum, an In-
dian convert, is ordained by the Suffolk
Presbytery.
1760 Aug. 10. New York. Arrival of
Philip Embury, the first Methodist
preacher in America.
* * Brazil. On the pretext of influencing
a native revolt the Jesuits are expelled
with great severity.
1761 * * New York. The American peo-
ple are alarmed at Episcopacy because
of its connection with politics, the clergy
of the Colony having, in concealed cor-
respondence, urged the Archbishop of
Canterbury to promote the abrogation
of provincial charters.
1762 June 10. New York. The [pres-
ent] First Baptist church is organized.
Dec. 9. Mass. Dr. Jonathan Mayhew
avows Universalism in a Thanksgiving
sermon.
1763 * * Can. First Baptist church
formed in [British America,] at New
Brunswick.
* * Fla. The Franciscan Mission in
Florida reports at this date 25 stations,
81 missionaries, and over 600 converts.
* * N. Y. The Synod of New York or-
ders a collection to be taken in all its
churches for the support of Indian
missions.
The Presbytery of Dutchess County is
organized.
* * Pa. The Christian Indians in Beth-
lehem and vicinity are persecuted by
the whites during the Pontiac War.
LETTERS.
1759* * Mass. Joseph Warren grad-
uates at Harvard.
1760 * * New England surpasses all
the other colonies in education.
" There was not to be found, in all
New England, an adult, born in the
country, who could not read and write."
(Ridpath.)
* * Virginia leads the Southern colonies
in diffusing education, and Maryland,
Carolina, and Georgia bring up the rear
of the column.
1761 * * -62 * * The American Chronicle
issued by Samuel Farley.
AMERICA.
1759, Aug. -1763. 73
* * Del. The first newspaper, the Wil-
mington Gazette, appears.
* * Mass. Speech of James Otis, the
orator, against the " writs of assistance."
1762 * * R. I. Providence has its first
newspaper, the Providence Gazette.
* * A Vindication of the Conduct of the
House of Representatives, by Patrick
Henry, appears.
* * Va. Thomas Jefferson graduates
at William and Mary College.
1763 Apr. 17. Ga. The Georgia Ga-
zette issued at Savannah on its first and
recently arrived printing-press.
* * Md. Frederick College (non-sect.)
organized.
* * New York. Rev. Myles Cooper he-
comes president of King's (Columbia)
College.
SOCIETY.
1760 * * Various social customs in the
colonies.
Manners and customs of the Puritans
prevail in New England; those of the
Dutch on the banks of the Hudson ;
those of the Quakers along the Dela-
ware ; those of the Huguenots along the
rivers of South Carolina.
* * * New Eng. Laws prohibit many
things.
Among them, the defrauding of credit-
ors, in order to live in luxury ; " drink-
ing of healths, as a bad habit ; " wearing
embroidered garments and laces, also
sleeves that do not reach the wrist, these
must not be more than an ell wide ; the
use of tobacco by such as are under 20
years of age, those who use it publicly are
fined sixpence ; all persons are restrained
from " swimming in the waters on the
Sabbath day, or unreasonably walking in
the fields or streets." Those' who refuse
to vote, or serve when elected to office,
are fined for want of patriotism.
Thomas Hutchinson is the most con-
spicuous man in New England. (Win-
sor).
* * * Pa. Laws prohibit " stage plays,
playing of cards, dice, May-games,
masques, and revels."
* * * Va. Rigorous laws regulate con-
duct.
Absence from church is punishable by
fine ; the wardens are sworn to report
cases of " drunkenness, swearing, and
other vices," offenders are liable to
punishment by fines, at the rate of " a
shilling an oath " for swearers ; minis-
ters are to abstain from excess of drink-
ing and riot, and are not to play cards
or dice.
* * * Car. Laws similar to the preceding
are enacted in the Carolinas.
1763 * * Ohio. The English introduce
the rum traffic (which the French had
prohibited) among the Indians along the
lakes and the Valley of the Ohio ; their
demoralization follows.
* * Guiana. A formidable insurrection
of negro slaves.
STATE.
1759 Sept. 18. Can. Ramezay is gov-
ernor at Quebec.
* * Sp. Charles m. king.
* * Massachusetts has self-imposed taxes.
* * Pa. James Hamilton governor.
1760 Sept. 8. Canada, having been sur-
rendered to General Amherst, is united
to Great Britain [ceded in 1763].
Oct. 25. Eng. George II. dies.
Nov. 20. Eng. George m. enthroned.
Dec. 27. Boston receives tidings of the
death of George II.
* * Eng. The king and aristocracy strug-
gle against the people.
* * Eng. Franklin denies that Ameri-
cans desire independence, or ever will,
except they suffer gross abuse.
* * Ga. This province issues $37,050 this
year in paper money.
* * Guiana. Peace is made with the Au-
kan negroes in Dutch Guiana.
* * Estimated population of the 13 colo-
nies, 1,695,000 people, of which number
310,000 were negroes.
* * English imports from the North Amer-
ican colonies amount to $3,805,000; ex-
ports, $13,060,000.
* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-75 * * Ga. James Wright.
June-Aug. Mass. Thos. Hutchinson.
[1769-74.]
-69 * * Mass. Sir Francis Bernard.
N. J. Thomas Boone.
-61 * * N. Y. Cadwallader Colden.
[1761-65; 1769-70.]
-61 * * S. C. William Bull. [1763-69.]
1761 Jan. 27. Mass. Joseph Hutch-
inson is appointed chief -justice.
[John Adams considered this date the
beginning of the American Revolu-
tion.]
Feb. * Boston. James Otis becomes the
champion of the colonies in opposing the
Acts of Trade before the subservient
Chief-Justice Hutchinson.
He produces a sensation throughout
the colonies by his masterly address,
showing the unconstitutionality of the
Parliamentary acts, and advocating the
rights of the colonies.
* * Eng. The British ministry endeavor
to strictly enforce the Importation
Act.
* * Mass. Disputes and bitterness pre-
vail over the arbitrary methods of col-
lecting customs.
Great excitement follows the unjust
and tyrannical action of the king's offi-
cers in Salem and Boston, who are given
" Writs of Assistance" for entering and
searching any place for goods suspected
of evading the import duty.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-62* *N. J. Josiah Hardy.
Oct. 26. N. Y. Robert Monckton.
1762 Nov. 1. Phila. Franklin again
returns from England.
Nov. 3. La. France, by a secret treaty,
cedes to Spain the whole of Louisi-
ana west of the Mississippi, and also the
island of New Orleans.
* * Guiana. Peace is made with the
Saramaccan negroes in Dutch Guiana.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
R. I. Sam. Ward. [1765. Reappointed.]
S. C. Thomas Boone.
1763 Jan. * Pa. The English govern-
ment orders Connecticut to cease colo-
nizing the Wyoming Valley.
Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris, between
Great Britain, France, Spain, and Por-
tugal.
The Mississippi becomes the western
boundary of Virginia ; Spain cedes Flor-
ida to Great Britain ; France cedes to
Spain all the vast territory of Louisiana
lying west of the Mississippi River, and
the isles of St. Pierre and Miquelon are
confirmed to her. England restores
Havana, receives Nova Scotia, Canada,
and Cape Breton. The French power
disappears from the New World.
* * -65 Apr. * Eng. George Gren-
ville prime minister.
Oct. 7. Eng. The king by a proclama-
tion defines the respective boundaries of
Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and
Granada, but the regions north of the
Great Lakes and west of the Alleghanies
remain Crown lands, closed to settlers.
Nov. 3. Treaty of Fontainebleau be-
tween England, France, and Spain.
Nov. 15. Pa. Charles Mason and Jere-
miah Dixon begin the running of
the •• Mason and Dixon line." [It
forms the southern boundary of the
free State of Pennsylvania in later
times.]
Dec. 28. N. Y. The governor issues a
proclamation claiming the territory
(Vermont) west of the Connecticut River
under the grants of Charles II. to the
Duke of York.
Dec. * Va. First collision in Virginia
between the prerogative of the king and
the authority of the Legislature occurs.
The king refuses to sign the law au-
thorizing debtors to pay their public
dues in money instead of tobacco — the
legalized currency. Patrick Henry
pleads the rights of the colonists, and
denies the king's right to make laws for
the colonies.
* * Brazil. The capital transferred
from Bahia to Rio Janeiro.
* * The English occupy all the posts es-
tablished by the French along the lakes
and the Ohio Valley.
* * It is believed that England intends to
tax the colonies to relieve her financial
burdens.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-75 * * N. C. William Franklin.
-72 * * Pa. John Penn. [1773-76.]
-64 * * R. I. Stephen Hopkins.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1759 * * Port. A third Brazil company
is fbrmed.
1760 Mar. 20. Boston. One-tenth of
the city destroyed by fire.
* * Cuba. Yellow fever first appears at
Havana. •
* * R. I. Newport has about 650 slaves.
1762 Oct. * Phila. The yellow fever
rages with unparalleled violence.
1763 * *N. Y. A ferry established be-
tween New York and Paulus Hook (Jer-
sey City).
74 1763-1768, June 10.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1764 June * Col. Bradstreet conducts a
campaign along the Great Lakes.
Aug. 5, 6. Battle of Bushy Run.
* * Major Loftus, with British troops,
ascends the Mississippi from New
Orleans.
Oct. * -Nov. * O. Col. Henry Bouquet
marches against the Ohio Indians.
1765 * * Fort Chartres is turned over to
English troops.
* * III. English troops first enter the
Illinois country.
1766 Mar. 5. Ulloa takes possession of
New Orleans for Spain.
* * Boston. The royal artillery arrives.
1767 * * Boston. Irritation caused by
the appearance of a man-of-war, the
Romney ; the colony having broken no
laws, and only appealed for redress.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1765 * * Thomas Godfrey writes Prince
of Parthia, the first play written by an
American.
1767 Aug. * W. I. About 16,000 perish
by an earthquake at Martinique.
* * New York. A theater is built in John
Street.
* * Pa. David Rittenhouse projects a
large orrery on a new and improved plan.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1764* *
Daggett, David, senator, born.
Eaton, William, soldier, born.
Emmet, Thomas, lawyer, born.
Livingston, Brockholst, V. S. Supreme Court,
born.
Livingston, Edward, statesman, born.
Mitchell, Samuel Latham, physician, born.
Perkins, Thomas, philanthropist, born.
Pinkney, William, lawyer, born.
Tennent, Gilbert, clergyman, dies.
Van Rensselaer, Stephen, statesman, born.
Ware, Henry, clergyman, born.
1765* *
Andrada, Sylvae, d', Brazilian statesman, b.
Backus, Azel, college president, born.
Fulton, Robert, engineer, born.
Gardiner, John S., clergyman, born,
Harper, Robert Goodloe, lawyer, born.
Meigs, Return Jonathan, Gov. of O., born.
Pitkin, Timothy, historian, born.
Smithson, James L. M., physicist, born.
Stanwix, John, general, dies.
Todd, Thomas, justice, born in Ky.
Whitney, Eli, inventor, born.
1766* *
Appleton, Samuel, philanthropist, born.
Barton, Benjamin Smith, naturalist, born.
Boylston, Zabdiel, physician, A86.
Dunlap, William, painter, born.
Finley, Samuel, pres. Princeton Coll., A51.
Irving, William, author, born.
Mayhew, Jonathan, clergyman, A46.
Perkins, Jacob, inventor, born.
Wilson, Alexander, ornithologist, born.
1767* *
Adams, John Q., 6th President, born in
Mass., July 11.
Bayard, James Asheton, statesman, born.
Black Hawk, Indian chief, born.
Brooks, Peter C, philanthropist, born.
Clap, Thomas, Pres. Yale Coll., A64.
George, Enoch, bishop, born.
Granger, Gideon, statesman, born.
Jackson. Andrew, general, statesman, 7th
President, born.
Thompson, Smith, justice, born in N.Y.
Wolcott, Roger, Gov. of Conn., A88.
CHURCH.
1764 Apr. 15. New York. The Re-
formed Dutch church has preaching in
English by an English pastor lately
called. (Much opposition to the lan-
guage follows.)
1765 May9.il/ass. The Baptist church
of Haverhill is constituted ; Hezekiah
Smith, pastor.
* * Boston. Samuel Stillman becomes
pastor of the Baptist Church. [He
preaches against the Stamp Act.]
* * Mich. Only two Jesuit missionaries
remain in the Northwest ; both are at
Mackinaw.
* * N. C. The Kehukee Baptist Associa-
tion is formed.
* * Tenn. Two Baptist churches formed
in East Tennessee.
* * S. G. Jews have a congregation at
Charleston.
* * Pa. (?) Lutherans start a private the-
ological Seminary.
* * W. I. Two Moravian missionaries are
sent to the Barbados.
1766 * * New York. Methodism is in-
troduced.
The first Methodist sermon in the New
World is preached by Philip Embury at
his residence in New York.
* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod unites
with the General (Cong'l) Associa-
tion of Connecticut to defeat the pro-
posed establishment of an Episcopal
church for the colonies, to be supported
by a common tax ; they also agree to
meet in annual conventions.
1767 * * New Eng. Some of the Baptist
churches are Seventh-day, some Ar-
minian, and a majority maintain the im-
position of hands on the immersed as a
divine ordinance.
* * New York. The Methodists worship
in a rigging-loft.
* * Pa. Capt. Thomas Webb introduces
Methodism into Philadelphia.
A general missionary collection is
ordered among Presbyterians by the
Synod, to maintain preaching on the
frontier.
* * Paraguay. The Jesuits are expelled.
* * It. I. Warren Baptist Association
formed.
* * W. I. Moravian mission work pros-
pers in Barbados.
* * Expulsion of the Jesuits from Span-
ish South America.
LETTERS.
1764 Mar. 24. Pa. The New Castle
Chronicle first issued.
Oct. 29. Conn. Hartford has its first
newspaper, the Connecticut Courant.
* * Can. The first newspaper in Que-
bec is issued, the Quebec Gazette, pub-
lished in two languages.
* * Mass. The Harvard Library is de-
stroyed by fire; about 6,000 books are
burned.
* * Phila. The first medical school in
America is founded.
* * R. I. Brown University (Baptist)
established at Warren.
* * Rights of British Colonies, by Otis,
appears.
1765 * * N.Y. Samson Ocum visits Eu-
rope, and secures $50,000 for his Indian
schools on Long Island.
1766 Nov. 10. N. J. The Reformed
Dutch obtain a charter for Queen's
(Rutgers) CoUege. (Unsatisfactory
and inoperative.)
* * Conn. Rev. Eleazer Wheelock estab-
lishes a school for training Indian boys
to be teachers of their own race.
* * _77 * *• conn. Rev. Naphtali Dag-
gett is president of Yale College.
* * New York. The Chronicle issued by
A. and J. Robertson.
The New York Journal, or General
Advertiser, issued by John Holt.
1767 Oct. * Conn. The Connecticut Jour-
nal and New Haven Post-Boy is issued.
SOCIETY.
1764 * * Mass. John Adams marries
Abigail Smith.
1765 * * Conn. Indignation of colo-
nists against the Stamp Act.
The Connecticut stamp-officer rode
into Hartford on his white horse to de-
posit his resignation, with a thousand
armed farmers riding after him, and
said he " felt like death on the pale
horse with all hell following him." —
Ency. Brit.
* * Eng. Parliament authorizes the min-
istry to send troops to enforce the Stamp
Act ; the colonies are to find ' * quar-
ters, fuel, cider or rum, candles, and
other necessaries " for them.
Merchants resolve to purchase no
more goods in England, and the people
pledge themselves to buy nothing of
English manufacture.
* * Stamp Act agitation prevails.
Muffled bells toll the funeral peal of
liberty in Boston and Philadelphia ; in
New York a copy of the Stamp Act is
carried through the streets, having a
death's-head nailed to it, and this in-
scription attached, The Folly of England
and the Ruin of America.
1766 Oct. * Boston. The Daniel Mal-
colm riot ; writ forcibly resisted.
1768 June 10. Boston. Riot against
the action of the commissioners of the
king's customs, in seizing the sloop Lib-
erty belonging to John Hancock.
STATE.
1763 * * -64 * * Eng. The ministry
seeks to enforce the Importation Act
by seizing and confiscating colonial ves-
sels in unlawful trade.
* * Guiana. A French company sends
out 12,000 colonists without provision
for their labor or support ; very many
suffer and perish.
* * Mass. Samuel Adams shows that ac-
cording to English common law the peo-
ple alone have the right of voting taxes
by their representatives ; and the colo-
nists have the full right of Englishmen.
1764 Mar. 10. Ejng. The House of
Commons adopts a resolution affirming
the propriety of charging certain stamp
duties on the American colonies. [The
report soon crosses the sea and produces
universal indignation.]
AMERICA.
1763-1768, June 10. 75
Apr. 6. Eng. Passage of Grenville's
Act, modifying the Sugar Act of 1732, to
take effect Sept. 30th.
May 24. Boston takes action against
taxation by Parliament.
Dec. 17. N. H. The governor issues a
proclamation declaring the claims of
New York to Vermont are obsolete.
Dec. * Eng. Franklin returns to Lon-
don.
* * Mass. Colonists resolve not to use
British manufactures.
" The Rights of British Colonists as-
serted and proved," by James Otis, aids
the movement for liberty.
* * Mo. The French settle the town of
St. Louis, making it a trading-post.
* * The enforcement of the Importation
Act nearly destroys the colonial trade
with the West Indies.
* * S. C. The Legislature offers large
bounties of land to settlers ; many im-
migrants arrive from Germany, France,
England, and Scotland, chiefly poor
people.
Oct. 27-71 July 1. -ZV". C. Wm. Tyron
is governor.
* *Fontleroy is sent by the French
government to observe the American
colonies.
1765 Feb. 6. Eng. George Grenville
introduces the resolutions for a
Stamp Act, and a favoring vote is
taken by the Committee of the House
of Commons. Vote 245 — 49.
Feb. 27. Eng. The Stamp Act passes
the House of Commons without a formal
division.
Mar. 8. Eng. The Lords pass the
Stamp Act without debate, protest,
amendment, division, or a single oppos-
ing vote.
Mar. 22. Eng. Commissioners, acting
on behalf of King George III., sign the
obnoxious Stamp Act, and it becomes
law.
After the first of November every
legal document is to be executed on
paper bearing an English stamp, each
sheet costing the colonist from three-
pence to six pounds sterling ; news-
papers, pamphlets, and almanacs to be
on paper stamped to the value of one
half-penny and increasing to fourpence ;
each advertisement two shillings.
Apr. * Eng. The Mutiny Act is ex-
tended to the English colonies.
May 30. Va. The right of taxation
denied.
Patrick Henry (29 years of age) makes
his famous fiery speech in the House of
Burgesses, and the assembly passes reso-
lutions in expression of colonial rights ;
its effect on the colonies- is electrical.
[New York and Massachusetts assem-
blies pass similar resolutions.]
June 6. Mass. The assembly issues a
call for a congress of deputies from
the several colonies to meet in New
York on October 7th.
July 13. -66 Aug. 2. Eng. The Buck-
ingham ministry.
* * Boston. The mob compels Andrew
Oliver, the stamp-agent, to resign, and
promise he will not aid in the distribu-
tion of the stamps. He is hanged in
effigy.
Aug. 26. Boston. The chief justice,
Joseph Hutchinson, is assailed, and his
house is sacked.
Oct. 7-25. N. Y. An Anti-Stamp Act
Congress meets in New York City.
Twenty-eight delegates are present
from nine colonies, New Hampshire,
Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia
being representatively absent, but quies-
cent. It promises loyalty, and sends a
petition to Parliament.
Oct. 19. New York. The Stamp Act
Congress, having drawn up petitions and
memorials to the King and Parliament,
adopts a "Declaration of Rights."
Oct. 31. New York. All the governors
of colonies, Rhode Island excepted, take
oath to execute the Stamp Act.
* * The "Sons of Liberty" are organ-
ized to oppose arbitrary government and
defend colonial rights. The right of
taxation by Parliament is much dis-
cussed.
* * Pa. Pittsburg is laid out and set-
tled.
Nov. 1. The Stamp Act comes into
force on this day and is universally con-
temned ; flags fly at half-mast, bells are
tolled, and business suspended.
In New York ten boxes of stamps are
forcibly seized and destroyed ; in Con-
necticut the stamp-officer is threatened
with hanging ; in Boston houses are de-
stroyed and the stamps given to the
winds and flames ; every stamp-officer
in America is obliged to resign or leave
the country.
Merchants of the principal cities en-
ter into engagements with each other
to import no more goods from Great
Britain till the Stamp Act shall be
repealed.
Nov. 7. Massachusetts appoints Dennis
Deberdt its agent in London.
* * French Guiana. Only 918 colonists
remain alive out of 12,000 sent out.
Nov. * R. I. Governor Ward refuses to
take an oath to sustain the Stamp Act ;
other governors acquiesce.
* *-69* * N. Y. Sir H.Moore, governor.
1766 Jan. 14. Eng. Pitt advocates the
repeal of the Stamp Act in Parliament.
He says, " I rejoice that the Americans
have resisted ; if they had submitted,
they would voluntarily have become
slaves. They have been driven to mad-
ness by injustice." (See p. 917.)
Jan. 28. Eng. Benj. Franklin is ex-
amined in the House of Commons
respecting the Stamp Act. He testifies
as to the temper of his countrymen.
Mar. 7. Eng. The Declaratory Act is
passed by Parliament, asserting that
" Parliament has power to bind the col-
onies in all cases whatsoever."
Mar. 18. Eng. The Stamp Act is re-
pealed ; great joy among the friends of
America ; bonfires, flags, and illumina-
tions in London. The act had brought
in no revenue.
May 6. Eng. Lord Howe and Gen.
Howe appointed commissioners for re-
storing peace in the British colonies.
* * News of the repeal occasions great
rejoicing in the colonies ; bells are rung
and bonfires lighted and importations
encouraged ; a great calm follows, while
another storm is brewing. (May 19.)
Aug. 10. New York. At night soldiers
cut down a citizen's flagstaff. Replaced.
Dec. * New York. Soldiers again cut
down the flagstaff. Great excitement
follows.
* *-76* * New York. Whitehead Hicks
the 41st mayor.
* * [ U. ,§.] Governors inaugurated :
-69 * * Conn. William Pitkins.
-66* *R.I. Samuel Ward.
-68 * * S. C. Charles Montague.
1767 June 20. Eng. Parliament en-
acts duties on tea, etc.
June 29. The irritation of the colo-
nies renewed.
Royal assent is given to an act impos-
ing colonial duties on imported glass,
paper, painters' colors, and tea ; it also
suspends the powers of the General
Assembly of New York until it votes
supplies for the King's troops in that
province. [The flames of resentment
burst out afresh.]
* * Mass. Non - importation associa-
tions again come into vigorous exist-
ence.
* * Eng. Custom House and Board of
Commissioners created for America.
Nov. 20. The Act taxing colonial im-
ports goes into effect.
Dec. 26. I'a.—Md. Mason and Dixon
complete their important survey as far
as a war-path, thirty-six miles from the
end of the line, where the Indians com-
pel them to stop.
Dec. * -70 Jan. * Eng. Duke of Graf-
ton prime minister. Hillsborough
succeeds Shelburne in the ministry as
colonial secretary.
1768 Feb. 11. Mass. The Assembly,
by a circular letter, calls upon other
colonies to unite in an effort to obtain
redress for grievances.
June * Eng. The ministry perempto-
rily orders the Assembly of Massachu-
setts to rescind its circular.
June 10. Boston. The commissioners
of customs seize John Hancock's sloop
Liberty, and the enraged citizens drive
them to the fort for safety.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1764 June 18. N. J. The lighthouse
at Sandy Hook first put in operation.
1765 Aug. 14. Boston. Consecration
of the Liberty-tree; copper-plate af-
fixed with the words, " The Tree of Lib-
erty. Aug. 14, 1765."
* * * The British Board of Trade has
checked all manufacturing enter-
prise, by means of restrictions which
make success impossible.
1766 * * N. Y.—Pa. An express wag-
on runs from New York to Philadelphia
in two days, and the enterprise is con-
sidered remarkable.
1767 * * The colonists again form non-
importation associations to destroy
the market for British goods ; importa-
tions of dutiable articles nearly cease.
76 1768, July-1772.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1768 Sept.* Boston. Two British re-
giments arrive, having been sent by
request of the royal officers in the
colony. (Sept. 28.)
Oct. * Mass. General Gage, commander-
in-chief, is sent from Halifax to subdue
" the insolent town of Boston."
He marches through the streets with
700 regulars liaving fixed bayonets ; the
people are enraged at the invasion.
* *_7l* * N.C. War of the Regulators.
1770 Mar. 5. Boston. "The Boston
Massacre." The citizens exasperate
Captain Prescott's company of soldiers,
and they fire, killing three citizens and
wounding eight.
Soon after several thousand colonists
appear under arms, and demand that
the governor withdraw the troops from
the city, and he is forced to yield.
1772 June 10. R. I. The armed ves-
sel, Gaspee, is grounded and burned
for enforcing customs.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1768 Oct. 5. Cuba. A great cyclone
strikes Havana; 4,048 houses and 1,000
lives are destroyed.
1769 July 3. N. Y. The first theatri-
cal performance at Albany is the play,
Venice Preserved.
* * Cal. San Francisco Bay is discov-
ered.
* * Eng. Samuel Hearne seeks a north-
west passage in the Arctic seas. [He is
absent 3 years.]
* * Ky. Daniel Boone explores the Ken-
tucky region.
* * Phila. The American Philosoph-
ical Society begins its publications.
1770 * * Conn. The first manufacture
of tinware in the colonies begins at
Berlin.
± * * W. Billings and others write music
for the singing-schools in New England.
± * * A portrait of Washington, in the uni-
form of a Virginia colonel, is painted by
C. W. Peale.
1771* * Boston. John Ramage paints
miniatures.
* * Matthew Prat paints the portrait of
Cadwallader Colden for the New York
Chamber of Commerce.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1768* *
Beissel, Johann, Conrad, mystic, A78.
Boyd, John Parker, general, born.
Dennie, Joseph, journalist, born.
Harris, Thaddeus, clergyman, born.
Jones, Jacob, naval officer, born.
Mason, Jeremiah, senator, born.
Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, born. ?
Wadsworth, James, philanthropist, born.
1769* *
Barron, James, commodore, born.
Brown, Nicholas, patron or Brown Univer-
sity, born.
Clinton. De Witt. Gov. of S, Y., born.
Cranch, William, jurist, born.
Hosack, David, author, born.
Mercer, Jesse, clergyman, born.
Messer, Asa, pres. of Brown Univ., born.
Miller, Samuel, clergyman, born.
Plessants, James, senator, born.
Pontiac, Ottawa chief, A57.
1770* *
Attucks, Crispus, Boston massacre, dies.
Blunt, Edmund March, writer, born.
Burgess, Tristam, jurist, born.
Caldas, Francisco Jos6, So. Am. savant, b.
Clarke, William, explorer, born.
Dinwiddie, Robert, Gov. of Va., A78.
Guess, George— Se-quoy-ah, Indian inventor
— born.
Hopkinson, Joseph, jurist, born.
Kirkland, John T., pres. Harvard Univ., b.
Mason, John Mitchell, clergyman, born.
Moore, Zeph. Swift, pres. of Williams Coll.,b.
Wentworth, Benning, Gov. of N. H., A74.
Whitefleld, George, revivalist, A56.
Zea, Francisco Antonia, statesman, born.
1771* *
Alden, Timothy, college president, born.
Ballou, Hosea, Universalist clergyman, b.
Boylston, Nicholas, benefactor, A55.
Brown, Charles Brockden, author, born.
Fessenden, Thomas Green, author, born.
Hopper, Isaac Tatem, philanthropist, b.
Irving, Peter, author, born.
Johnson, William, justice, born.
Morrow, Jeremiah, statesman, born.
1772* *
Alexander, Archibald, clergyman, born.
Appleton, Jesse, pres. of Bowdoin Coll., born.
Burrill, James, lawyer, born.
Caldwell, Charles, physician, born.
Chauncey, Isaac, navy, born.
Crawford, William Harris, statesman, born.
Dooly, John Mitchell, jurist, born.
Dowse, Thomas, book collector, born.
Finley, Robert, clergyman, born.
MacArthur, Duncan, Gov. of O., born.
Porter, Ebenezer, scholar, born.
Quincy, Josiah, statesman, born.
Wirt, William, orator, born.
Woolman, John, author, A53.
CHURCH.
1768 Aug. 17. N. J. John Wither-
spoon is inaugurated president of the
college of New Jersey.
Oct. 30. N. Y. John Street Methodist
church in New York is dedicated by
Philip Embury.
* * Phila. First organization of Metho-
dists ; meetings held in a sail-loft by a
class of 7 members.
* * Vt. The first Baptist church is
founded in Shaftsbury.
1769 May 19. It. Clement XIV.
pope.
* * Cal. Father Junipero Serra, a Fran-
ciscan monk, founds a mission at San
Diego. Many of his associates die dur-
ing the first months of hardship.
Jesuit missions are established in New
California.
* * Can. The Burgher Presbytery of
Truro, Nova Scotia, is formed.
* * Phila. First Methodist church (St.
George) obtained by purchase.
Arrival of Richard Boardman and
Joseph Pilmoor, Wesleyan Methodist
missionaries.
* * Va. Methodism is planted by Robert
Williams, a local preacher.
1770 Mar. 20. N Y. The Reformed
Dutch obtain a new charter for a col-
lege (Rutgers).
Sept. 30. N.J. John Murray, founder
of the Universalist church in America,
arrives from England, and preaches his
first sermon in America at Good Luck.
* * Cal. A mission station is founded at
Monterey on the Pacific coast, by Fran-
ciscan missionaries.
* * S. C. Presbytery of Orange is organ-
ized.
* * There are about 97 Baptist churches
in the 13 colonies.
1771 Feb. 27. R. I. The Six-Princi-
ple Baptists secede from the Baptist
church at Providence, because their
president (Manning) did not make impo-
sition of hands a bar to communion, and
probably because of his holding to sing-
ing in public worship, " which was highly
disgustful."
July 31. Mass. George III. disallows
and rejects the act of the colony in op-
pressing Baptists at Ashfield.
Oct. 15. New York. General conven-
tion of Reformed Dutch ministers
and laymen, to plan for union.
Oct. 27. Phila. Arrival of Francis As-
bury and Richard Wright, being sent by
John Wesley to preach Methodism in
America.
* * Labrador made a Moravian mission
station.
* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod approves
a scheme for the support of candidates
for the ministry.
* * W. I. Friedensberg, St. Croix, be-
comes a mission station of the Mora-
vians, who work among the slaves.
1772 May * N. Y. English Shakers
emigrate to America.
Oct. * New York. The General Conven-
tion of the Reformed Dutch church
meets and consummates the union of
the churches.
* * O. Moravians and their converts
removed from Pennsylvania, open an
Indian mission at Schonbrann, in the
Muskingum Valley.
* * New York. The Classis of Amsterdam
gives full approbation to the formation
of a Dutch Synod in America. (Jan. 14.)
* * Francis Asbury is temporarily ap-
pointed " general assistant in America,"
by John Wesley.
LETTERS.
1768 July 4. Boston. Dickinson's
Liberty Song is published.
* * N.J. John Witherspoon made
president of Princeton College.
* * Phila. Phonography suggested by
Franklin.
* * Circular Letter to Each Colonial Legis-
lature, by Adams and Otis, appears.
1769 * * The Croakers, by J. R. Drake,
appears.
* *N.H. Dartmouth College (Cong.)
founded at Hanover.
* * Phila. The American Magazine ap-
pears.
1770 May* R.I. The Baptist College
removed from Warren to Providence,
James Manning, president.
July * Mass. The Massachusetts Spy first
appears.
* * Peru. The College of San Carlos
established.
± * * Poems on Various Subjects, Religious
and Moral, by Phillis Wheatley, a ne-
gress, born in Africa appears.
AMERICA.
1768, July-1772. 77
1771 Nov. 3. N. Y. First newspaper
printed in Albany, the Albany Gazette.
* * N.J. James Madison graduates at
Princeton.
* * The Royal Spiritual Magazine issued.
1772 * * The Progress of Dullness, by
John Trumbull, appears.
SOCIETY.
1768 Sept. * Boston. The newly arrived
British officers are fretted with legal im-
pediments, and denounce " this country
where every man studies law."
1770 Feb. 22. Boston. A patriotic
crowd of men and boys resents the Con-
travention Act and is fired on by sol-
diers ; a Mr. Richardson 1 and Christo-
pher Snider, a boy 11 years old, are
killed ; the newspapers announce the
boy as the first martyr to American
liberty.
Mar. 5. Boston. " The Boston Massa-
cre." Three persons are killed and
eight wounded by the fire of the soldiers.
* * Md. Umbrellas first introduced,
having been landed at Baltimore, and
commonly scouted as evidences of effem-
inacy.
* * The Indians become civilized.
Themissionamong theOneidas is placed
under the care of the London Board of
Correspondence in Boston. With their
aid, a meeting-house, schoolhouse, saw-
mill, grist-mill, and blacksmith's shop
are erected. Drunkenness is almost un-
known, and the people become " sober,
regular, industrious, praying Indians."
1772 Jan. 1. Va. Thomas Jefferson
marries Martha Skelton.
* * Founding of the Improved Order of
Red Men.
STATE.
1768 July 8. Boston. Thirty Bostoni-
ans board a schooner seized by custom of-
ficers for having 30 hogsheads of molasses
on board ; they confine the officers, and
remove the molasses.
Sept. * Boston. The ministers of the col-
ony, in the King's name, require the As-
sembly to " express regrets," and
rescind their action, but it reaffirms the
former action in a circular letter by a
nearly unanimous vote.
Sept. 24. NY. A treaty entered into
by the English colonists with the Indians
at Fort Stanwix, defining a line between
the English colonies and the Indians
[later known as the " property line "].
Sept. 27-29. Mass. Convention of the
towns to consider the coming of the
troops.
Sept. * N. C. The '« Regulators " bind
themselves to resist the payment of
taxes, except such as were levied and
were to be applied according to law.
Oct. * Boston. Troops arrive to sustain
the officers.
The selectmen of Boston flatly refuse
to provide quarters for General Gage's
troops ; so they are quartered in the
State House.
* * Baron De Kalb is sent by Choiseul to
observe the spirit of the Americans.
* * Eng. The term American begins
to be used in connection with the sup-
porters of colonial privileges, who adopt
the name of " American Whigs."
* * La. A temporary French republic
established.
* * Tenn. Parties from North Carolina
settle in Tennessee.
* * Governors inaugurated :
-77 * * Mich. Guy Carleton.
-69 * * B.I. Josiah Lyndon.
Va. John Blair lieutenant-governor.
-70 * * Va. Norborne Berkeley, Lord
de Botetourt.
1769 Feb.* Eng. Parliament cen-
sures the people of Massachusetts, ap-
proves the use o*f force against them, and
urges the trial of leaders for treason in
the courts of England.
May* Ky. Daniel Boone and a party
of Virginians settle in Kentucky.
May 16. Va. The Assembly passes
resolutions " as bad as those of Massa-
chusetts."
May 17. Va. The Governor, Lord Bote-
tourt, dissolves the Assembly for pass-
ing obnoxious resolutions.
May 18. Virginia enters into the non-
importation agreement.
The members of the Assembly hold a
meeting in which Washington presents
the resolutions against importing Brit-
ish merchandise. The members make a
special covenant not to import any more
slaves, nor to purchase any that others
import.
July 15. Mass. Gov. Bernard pro-
rogues the General Court, because it
refuses to make provision for the support
of British soldiers, sent to take away
the liberties of the people.
* * Mass. Lieut.-Gov. Thomas Hutch-
inson assumes authority.
Aug. * N. Y. Bernard sails for England.
* * Cat. Spaniards occupy the coast.
Monterey is founded.
* * Ky. Daniel Boone makes explora-
tions beyond the mountains.
* * Mass. The General Court refuses to
do business while a guard is stationed
at the door, and adjourns to Cambridge.
* * Tenn. The Watauga Association
makes settlements.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-84 * * Conn. Jonathan Trumbull.
-74 * * Md. Robert Eden.
-74 * * R.I. Joseph Wanton.
1770 Jan.* Eng. Lord North be-
comes prime minister.
Jan. * New York. Soldiers cut down the
liberty pole and the people retaliate.
Mar. 5. Eng. The non-importation as-
sociations cripple the English colo-
nial trade.
All duties are now removed except
threepence a pound on tea, retained at
the express command of the King, who
said, " There should always be one tax,
at least, to keep up the right of taxing ; "
the non-importation agreement is soon
relaxed, except with regard to tea.
Mass. Public excitement is intensi-
fied throughout the colonies by the Bos-
ton Massacre. (See Army.)
Apr. * Eng. The Townshend Act re-
pealed, except that relating to the
duty on tea.
Aug. 21. New York. An equestrian
statue of George III. is erected in Bowl-
ing Green by loyalists.
Sept. 22. Boston. Covention of dele-
gates at Faneuil Hall, from 96 towns, to
consider the grievance of a standing
army.
* * -73 * * There is scarcely any gov-
ernment in the colonies, the royal gov-
ernment having practically gone to
pieces.
* * Boston. The King's soldiers cut down
a liberty pole which had stood in the park
for several years.
* * Eng. Edmund Burke becomes agent
for New York. [He continues for five
years.]
* * O. The Zane family settle on the Ohio,
near the mouth of Wheeling Creek.
* * Governors inaugurated :
-71 * * N. Y. John, Lord Dunmore.
-72 * * Va. William Nelson, lieutenant-
governor.
1771 Mar. 28. N. Y. A Mr. McDougal,
some time imprisoned as the author of
a newspaper article signed ' ■ A Son of
liberty," is discharged by the Supreme
Court.
* * Cuba. The port of Havana is no
longer monopolized by Seville and Cadiz,
but open to all nations for certain arti-
cles of trade.
* * N. C. The Regulators attempt to
overthrow the government and courts
by force.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
July 1. N. C. James Hasell (pres.).
Aug.* -76* *N.C. Josiah Martin.
-77 * * N. Y. William Tryon.
-72 * * Pa. Richard Penn.
1772 June 10. R. I. The Americans
burn the revenue schooner Gaspee in
Narragansett Bay.
Aug. 4. Eng. Dartmouth succeeds
Hillsborough in the Ministry.
Nov. 2. Boston. Town-meeting held ;
committees of correspondence ap-
pointed by the "Sons of Liberty" [out
of it grows the Colonial Congress],
Samuel Adams the leader.
* * Eng. Parliament orders that the
burners of the Gaspee be arrested, and
taken to England for trial.
* * Guiana. The revolt of the Maroons
at Surinam [lasts five years].
MISCELLANEOUS.
1768* * New York. The Chamber of
Commerce founded.
1770* * New York. The Chamber of
Commerce incorporated by Act of Legis-
lature.
Sept. 10. Boston. The governor delivers
Castle William over to the king's
troops.
1772 * * Mass.—R. I. A stage - coach
runs between Boston and Providence.
78 1772-1775, Mar. 8.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1774 * * Indian war ; caused by the
atrocities of the whites and by the mur-
der (Apr. 30) of the family of Logan.
Oct. 10. W. Va. Battle of Point Pleas-
ant, on the Ohio ; 1,500 Shawnees under
Chiefs Cornstalk and Logan are defeated
by 1,200 Virginians under Gen. A. Lewis,
who lose 75 killed and 140 wounded.
Sept. 5+ . Boston. Gen. Gage erects for-
tifications on " the Neck."
Dec. 13. Mass. The people take posses-
sion of the arsenal at Charlestown,
from which the powder had been re-
moved by Gen. Gage.
Dec. 13±. N. H. A company of men led
by John Sullivan [afterward major-
general] capture the fort at Ports-
mouth, and remove 100 barrels of pow-
der and some cannon.
1775 Jan.* Boston. Gage sends troops
to Marshfield.
* * R. I. At Newport the patriots seize
44 pieces of artillery and convey them
to Providence. (Dec. 6.)
Feb. 26. Mass. Gen. Gage orders 140
soldiers to go to Salem and seize the
military stores ; the militia under Col.
Pickering raise the drawbridge and
otherwise oppose the attempt.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1773 Dec. * Guatemala. An earth-
quake swallows up 80,000 inhabitants.
* * Phila. The first steam-engine built
in America is set up.
* * S. C. A theater is opened at Charles-
ton.
1774 Oct. 24. Phila. The Continental
Congress recommends a suspension of
all public amusements.
* * W. I. Port Royal, Jamaica, is de-
stroyed by a cyclone.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1773* *
Biglow, William, teacher and poet, born.
Bowditch, Nathaniel, mathematician, born.
Caldwell, Joseph, college president, born.
Clayton, John, physician and botanist, dies.
Day, Jeremiah, pres. of Yale Coll., born.
Harrison, "William Henry, 9th President,
born in Va. Feb. 9.
Hull, Isaac, commodore, born.
Nott, Eliphalet, pres. of Union Coll., born.
Paine, Robert Treat, Jr., author, born.
Randolph, John, statesman, born.
1774* *
Bainbridge, WiUiam, commodore, born.
Daviess, Joseph Hamilton, lawyer, born.
Griscom, John, educator, born.
Oliver, Andrew, Lieut.-Gov. of Mass., A68.
Tompkins, Daniel D., statesman, born.
Van Rensselaer, Solomon, general, born.
Wood, Leonard, clergyman, born.
CHURCH.
1773 July 14-16. Phila. The first
American conference of Methodist
preachers in session at St. George's
church ; American membership 1,160.
* * Md. The Catholics are left without
priests by the complete suppression of
the order of Jesuits, by Pope Clement
XIV.
* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod appoints
a committee on religious publications.
* * Eng. Mr. Wesley appoints Thos.
Rankin general superintendent of
Methodist societies in America.
1774 Mar. 10. The Presbytery of the
Reformed Presbyterian Church of
America is formed.
May 25. Phila. Second Methodist Con-
ference is held.
Aug. 16. New York. Ann Lee and nine
(Shaker) followers arrive in New York.
Sept. 7. Phila. Rev. J. Duche 1 , an as-
sistant minister of Christ's (Episcopal)
church, reads prayers and Psalm xxxv.
for the First Continental Congress,
in Carpenter's Hall. " It seems as if
heaven had ordained that psalm to be
read that morning." (John Adams.)
Nov. 29. Boston. The Old South
Meeting-house is used by the patriots
for the purpose of a town meeting, to
discuss the tea question, the Dartmouth
having arrived with a cargo of tea. Its
frequent use for such purposes, when
Faneuil Hall was not large enough for
the meeting, led the governor to desig-
nate this church as the " seed-bed of
rebellion."
* * Can. Religious liberty is granted to
Roman Catholics.
* * Eng. During the discussion of the
Boston Port Bill in Parliament, Ex-gov.
Johnston said : "■ If you ask an Amer-
ican who is his master, he will tell
you he has none ; nor any governor
but Jesus Christ."
* * Greenland. Lichtenan becomes a mis-
sion station of the Moravians.
* * N. Y. The English Shakers settle
near Albany.
* * Va. The first Baptist church in Vir-
ginia (Simpson Creek) is formed.
1775 Feb. 15. It. Pius VI. pope.
Feb. * Mass. The ministers of Salem
prevent an outbreak against General
Gage, who comes on Sunday to search
for powder.
LETTERS.
1774 * * Observations on the Boston Port
Bill, by Josiah Quincy, appears.
* * The Journal of John Woolman ap-
pears.
* * History of Redemption, by Jonathan
Edwards, appears.
* * -75 * * Boston. The Royal American
Magazine appears.
SOCIETY.
1773 Dec. 16. Boston. The Boston
Tea Party.
Seven thousand people assemble in
town-meeting ; Adams and Quincy ad-
dress them ; in the evening come about
fifty men disguised as Indians, who, with
war-whoops, lead the crowd to the
wharves, and then empty 342 chests of
taxed tea into the harbor.
1774 June 1. New Eng. The patriotic
colonists make this a day of fasting
and mourning, because of the Port Bill.
Sept. * Phila. Asserting the rights of
British America, Thomas Jefferson laid
before the Colonial Congress an anti-
slavery paper : —
" The abolition of domestic Slavery is
the greatest object of desire in these
Colonies, where it was unhappily intro-
duced in their infant State. But pre-
vious to the enfranchisement of the
slaves, it is necessary to exclude further
importations from Africa. Yet our re-
peated attempts to effect this have been
defeated by his majesty's negative."
* * Mass. The people of all the colonies
send money and provisions for the
poor of the proscribed town of Boston,
even the settlements beyond the Al-
leghanies remember them, and $150,000
are subscribed in London.
1775 Mar. 8. A citizen of Billerica is
tarred and feathered by the British ; the
Americans adopt it as the mode of pun-
ishing Tories.
STATE.
1772 * * Mass. Parliament enacts that
the salaries of the colonial governors and
judges shall be paid out of the colonial
revenues without authorization by the
General Assembly. [The Assembly soon
declares the act of Parliament void.]
* *N. C. — S. C. Settlement of the
boundary between North and South
Carolina.
* * Eng. The tea tax produces from the
American colonies a revenue of only
$400 a year, at an annual expense of
$1,500,000 for collection.
* * -76 * * Va. John, Lord Dunmore, gov-
ernor.
1773 Jan. * -Feb. * Mass. A contro-
versy exists between Governor Hutch-
inson and the General Court.
* * Mass. Ships loaded with tea arrive
at Charlestown.
The tea is landed, but its sale is forbid-
den ; at New York and Philadelphia the
ports are declared closed aud the ships
are forbidden to enter ; at Boston the
town authorities refuse to permit the
tea to be landed, although it is consigned
to Gov. Hutchinson and his friends.
* * The colonial assemblies meet, and be-
fore the governors can prorogue them,
appoint "committees of correspon-
dence," in order to secure unity of
action among the colonies.
Mar. * Va. Intercolonial committees of
correspondence established.
May * Eng. The ministry applies strata-
gem to dispose of the accumulated tea
of British merchants.
It removes the export tax, so that
with the import tax paid, tea can be
bought in Boston cheaper than in Lon-
don ; the Americans respond by order-
ing captains to take their cargoes back
to England.
June -July. Miss. About 400 English
families emigrate to the vicinity of
Natchez.
Dec. 16. Mass. The Boston Tea Party.
Destruction of tea in Boston Harbor by
citizens disguised as Indians ; 342 chests
of tea are emptiea into the sea. (See
Society.)
Dec. 25. New York. A tea ship is sent
back with her cargo.
The captain is escorted out of town
with banners flying and the band playing
AMERICA.
1772-1775, Mar. 8. 79
God Save the King. Eighteen chests of
tea concealed on board another ship are
thrown into the dock.
* * Cal. Presidios established in Upper
California.
* * Can. Celtic settlers arrive in Nova
Scotia.
* * Eng. Franklin is called before the
Privy Council.
* * Kentucky is settled by colonists led
by Daniel Boone.
* * Philadelphians denounce as an en-
emy to his country " whosoever shall
abet in unloading, receiving, or vending
the tea." Charleston and New York
adopt similar resolutions.
* * S. C. About 300 families of Germans
leave Maine, and settle in southwestern
■ South Carolina.
* * Governors inaugurated :
-82* * Cal. Felippede Neve (Spanish).
Mass. General Thomas Gage.
-75 * * Mass. A Provincial Congress
governs.
1774 Jan. 29. Eng. Franklin appears
before the Privy Council of George III.,
to present a petition from Massachu-
setts.
* * Conventions, to agitate the public
mind in favor of liberty, are held in all
the colonies.
Jan. 31. Eng. Parliament votes to dis-
miss Benjamin Franklin from his
office of postmaster-general in America
because of his patriotic sympathies.
Mar. 31. Eng. Parliament passes the
Boston Port Bill.
It closes that port to all commerce,
except food and fuel, and transfers
the seat of government to Salem, which
declines the honor, and refuses to profit
by the hand of tyranny. The bill is to
take effect on June 1.
Apr. 19. Eng. Edmund Burke makes
his famous speech on American taxa-
tion.
Apr. * Ky. Emigrants arrive ; Harrods-
burg is soon settled.
* * Eng. The Quebec Bill passes Parlia-
ment, which grants unusual concessions
to the Catholics of Canada, to secure
their fidelity.
May 13. Mass. Gov. Hutchinson is
superseded by Gen. Gage, who vainly
strives to repress the ferment of liberty
among the people.
May 17. Rhode Island proposes a
general congress.
May 20. Eng. Parliament subverts
the charter of Massachusetts by au-
thorizing the removal of certain persons,
charged with crime, beyond its limits
for trial.
* * The colonists are divided into two
parties ; the patriots, called Whigs, and
the Royalists, called Tories.
May 20. Fr. Louis XVI. en-
throned.
June 1. Mass. The Boston Port Bill
goes into operation, closing the har-
bor against commerce ; business is sus-
pended ; the day observed in many parts
with fasting and mourning. General
sympathy for Boston.
Boston. Ex-Gov. Hutchinson de-
parts.
June 17. -Boston. A Port Act meeting
is convened.
Aug. * -Sept. * Mass. County conven-
tions held to protest against the Parlia-
ment.
Aug. ± * S. C. Generous Carolinians
send Bostonians 200 barrels of rice and
promise 800 more, but urge them "not
to pay for an ounce of tea."
* * North Carolina raises by subscription
$1,000 for the relief of Boston.
able redress by forming an American
association pledged not to trade with
Great Britain, or the West Indies, nor
with those engaged in the slave-trade,
and not to buy British goods or tea;
a non-importation, non-consumption,
and non-exportation agreement is
adopted.
Nov. ± * Provincial legislatures pass
resolutions for obtaining military
stores and arming the inhabitants.
Nov. 5. Va. The militia assembled at
Fort Gower resolve to support their
countrymen rather than the tyranny of
their King.
Sept 5. Phila. The First Continental Dec. * The king, having prohibited the
Congress and second Colonial Con
gress meets in Carpenter's Hall ; 56 del-
egates represent 11 colonies. [Later,
68.] Peyton Randolph of Virginia, pres-
ident. [Oct. 22. Henry Middleton of
South Carolina.] Charles Thomson,
secretary.
Georgia, having a royalist governor,
has no delegate. Congress proceeds to as-
sume control of all military movements
in all the colonies ; it acknowledges the
authority of the king, but opposes the
Acts of Parliament. No delegate is in-
structed to ask for independence. [Sept.
6. Each colony is given one vote. Sept.
7. Rev. J. Duche 1 elected chaplain.
Sept. 10. Approval of Suffolk (Mass.)
Resolutions of Sept. 6, " No obedience is
due to any part of the recent Acts of
Parliament." Sept. 28. Rejects Joseph
Galloway's plan of union aiming at per-
petual dependence. Oct. 14. Adopts
Declaration of Rights. Oct. 20. The
American Association is formed by 52
members; it pledges itself for non-inter-
course with Great Britain until the of-
fensive Acts are repealed. Oct. 21. The
Address to the People of Great Britain,
prepared by John Jay, approved. A
memorial to the several Anglo-Ameri-
can Colonies adopted. Oct. 22. Letters
despatched to unrepresented colonies at
St. John's (now Prince Edward Island),
Nova Scotia, Georgia, East and West
Florida. Oct. 25. Petition to the king,
written by John Dickinson (Pa.), is or-
dered. Oct. 26. An Address to the Peo-
ple of Quebec, drawn by Dickinson,
adopted. Dissolved.]
Sept. 28. Mass. The royalist governor
dissolves the Assembly.
exportation of military stores to
America, patriots in Rhode Island take
about 40 cannon from the public battery ;
in New Hampshire they seize over 100
barrels of gunpowder lying in the fort
at Portsmouth.
* * Can. A legislative council is es-
tablished ; the laws made by the French
are confirmed, and the Catholics secured
in their religious freedom.
* * Connecticut issues paper money,
the first of the Revolution.
* * Ga. Several millions of acres of land
ceded to the King, by the Creek and
Cherokee Indians.
* * Ky. George R. Clark arrives.
* * Mass. A great commotion arises
against Gov. Hutchinson and Lieut.-gov.
Oliver, whose letters to the British
government against the liberties of
the colony become known. These offi-
cials propose the introduction of troops,
and one of them suggests the establish-
ment of a "patrician order." The
governor advises the abridgement of
" English liberties," as he doubted if
the people of a colony could enjoy all
the liberty of the parent State.
* * Spain permits free-trade with several
of her South American settlements.
* * Newspapers are divided, for and
against the government.
Oct. 5±. Mass. The Assembly meets 1775 * * En 9- Parliament is occupied
at Salem, notwithstanding the action of with American affairs.
Governor Gage in countermanding the Jan. 20. Eng. Chatham presents his
summons which convoked it.
[The members of the Assembly, having
adjourned to Concord, resolve them-
selves into a Provincial Congress,
with John Hancock, president, and Ben-
jamin Lincoln, secretary.]
Oct. * Mass.
The colonists are further
incensed by the arrival of British troops,
and by the measures adopted by General
Gage.
Oct. 26. Mass. The Provincial Congress
proceeds to organize the militia as
" minute-men," and collect stores and
ammunition for public defense.
Nov. 4. Congress, by its committee,
makes a Declaration of Rights.
It claims the right of participating
in the making of the laws of the land,
and in the ordering of the taxes ; of 1773 * * Conn
motion to Parliament for conciliation
with America.
Feb. 1. Mass. The second Provincial
Congress meets at Cambridge.
Feb. 10. Eng. Lord North introduces
a bill to restrain the trade and com-
merce of New England [which soon
after passes Parliament].
Feb. * Franklin is in London, conferring
with the Howes.
Mar. 5. New York. A town-meeting
favors a congress; hoop-poles from a
neighboring cooper's yard are used to
enforce a favoring vote.
having trial by jury in the vicinage ;
of holding public meetings ; of seeking
redress for grievances. It protests
against a standing army imposed with-
out its consent ; and against eleven
governmental acts violating colonial
rights and privileges. It proposes peace-
MISCELLANEOUS.
An old copper-mine at
Simsbury is used as a prison.
1774 * * Boston. The streets are first
lighted.
* * Conn. Only 1,363 Indians are reported
in this colony.
80 1775, Mar. 18-1775.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1775 Mar. 18. Mass. Gen. Gage seizes
13,425 musket cartridges and 3,000
lbs. of ball belonging to private Ameri-
cans and stored on Boston Neck.
He strengthens the fortifications on
Boston Neck, and accumulates mili-
tary stores.
Apr. 18. Boston. Gen. Gage issues
orders forbidding any one to leave the
town after dark.
Paul Revere rides to Concord to
arouse the patriots.
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.
Apr. 19. Mass. Lexington, the First
Battle of the War for American In-
dependence.
Gen. Gage secretly sends a regiment
of 800 men to Concord, 16 miles from
Boston, to destroy the military stores of
the colonists. They attack the patriots
at Lexington and partially succeed in
their mission, when they are in turn at-
tacked by the " minute-men," and driven
back to Boston. American loss 49 killed,
34 wounded, and five missing ; British
loss 273. " This is the world-renowned
battle of Concord, more eventful than
Agincourt and Blenheim."
Apr. 20. Mass. Gen. Putnam arrives
at Concord, having ridden his horse
about 100 miles in 18 hours.
Apr. 20 + -76, Mar. 17,1776.
SIEGE OF BOSTON.
Apr. 20. Boston under siege by about
20,000 Americans.
The isthmus connecting the town of
Boston with the main land is blockaded
and the siege of the city begins.
Va. Gov. Dunmore sends marines in
the night, to remove about 20 barrels
of gunpowder from the arsenal at Wil-
liamsburg, the capital ; some of the ex-
asperated inhabitants fly to arms.
Apr. 25. Md. Baltimoreans seize the
provincial magazines, containing 1,500
stand of arms, on receiving the war-news
from Lexington.
Apr. 27. Mass. Bostonians deliver up to
Gen. Gage a large quantity of guns, etc.
May 2. Va. Patrick Henry and 700
patriots force the governor to pay for
the powder removed from Williamsburg.
May 5. Mass. A naval skirmish takes
place at Martha's Vineyard.
May 10. N. Y. Surrender of Ticon-
deroga ; the gateway to Canada is
taken.
Ethan Allen of Vermont, with 83
" Green Mountain Boys," surprises the
garrison, and demands its surrender of
ommander Delaplace, " In the name
of the Great Jehovah and the Conti-
nental Congress." Thirty-eight prison-
ers and a fortress costing $40,000,000,
with 120 cannons and vast military stores
are taken by these extemporized troops
in ten minutes. [The military supplies
are soon hurried to the besiegers of Bos-
ton, where they are much needed.]
May 12. N. Y. Crown Point is taken
by Seth Warner without loss of life.
* * Eng. British officers resign their
commissions rather than fight the colo-
nists.
May 25. Boston. Gens. Howe, Clin-
ton, and Burgoyne arrive, and com-
mand an army of more than 10,000
disciplined soldiers.
May 27. Boston. Israel Putnam defeats
a few British raiders on Hog Island.
May * Boston. Artemas Ward com-
mander-in-chief of the American forces.
Conflicts occur in the harbor.
Phila. Congress adopts the army
before Boston as the Continental army.
* * A'. Y. Sir John Johnson flees from
the Mohawk Valley to Canada.
June 9. Mass. The American army
at Cambridge; officers 1,581, privates
6,063 ; total 7,644.
June 12. Me. The Margaretta seized at
Machias.
June 16. Mass. The Americans throw
up entrenchments near Bunker Hill
during the night, and command Boston
with their cannons.
June 17. Phila. Continental Congress
elects George Washington com-
mander-in-chief of the American
army ; he accepts the appointment, re-
fusing all compensation. (June 15?)
* * Massachusetts authorizes priva-
teering.
* * Rhode Island commissions two
cruisers, and sends Abraham Whipple
to Bermuda to seize powder.
Mass. Battle of Bunker Hill
(Breed's Hill).
About 3,000 British troops under Gen-
erals Howe and Pigot, aided by the fleet,
carry the entrenchments on the third
assault, the Americans having consumed
their ammunition. British loss, 1,054
killed and wounded; Americans lose
150 killed (among them the brave Gen.
Joseph Warren), 270 wounded, and 32
prisoners.
Charlestown is burnt by the British.
June 21. Phila. Washington leaves
to take command of the American army.
June * Kg. Daniel Boone builds his
fort.
July 2. Mass. Washington arrives at
Cambridge.
July 3. Jifass. Washington assumes
command of the army, consisting of
14,500 men.
July 27. Phila. Congress establishes a
hospital for 20,000 men.
July * Can. Col. Guy Johnson holds a
conference with the Indians at Mon-
treal. Many Indian chiefs agree to
support the King's cause, against the
colonists, but accomplish very little.
Boston. The army in three divisions
invests the city.
Aug. 21. A r . Y. Continental army un-
der Gen. Montgomery arrives at Port
Ticonderoga.
Aug. 26. Mass. The Americans open
their entrenchments on a hill near
Boston.
Aug. 30. Conn. Stonington is at-
tacked by the British.
Sept. 2. Mass. Washington begins to
commission war-vessels.
Sept. * A r . Y. Schuyler from Ticonde-
roga moves toward Canada, but yields
the command to Montgomery, who
captures Chambly.
* * Me. Benedict Arnold moves up the
Kennebec to invade Canada.
Sept. * -Dec. * Pa. Hostilities in the
Susquehanna country between the Con-
necticut and Pennsylvania settlers.
Sept. 25. Can. Col. Ethan Allen, with
83 men, attempts to take Montreal ; all
are made prisoners.
Sept.* S. C. Col. Moultrie, with the
militia, takes possession of Fort John-
son on St. James Island.
Oct. 7. B. I. British vessels sail into the
harbor of Bristol and fire upon the town ;
Newport is threatened with destruction.
Oct. 10. Boston. Lord William Howe
succeeds General Gage in command'
at Boston.
Oct. 13. The United States Navy
originated by an order of Congress for
the construction of 2 cruisers, mounting
respectively 10 and 14 guns.
Oct. 18. Me. Falmouth (Portland) is
burned by the British under Lieutenant
Mowatt.
Oct. * -Dec. * The American vessels,
Lynch and Franklin, cruise in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence.
Nov. 2. N. B. The garrison at St. John
surrenders to Americans under Gen-
eral Montgomery.
Nov. 9. Can. General Arnold, with
1,000 men, arrives before Quebec; they
are deterred from taking the city by the
want of boats.
Nov. 12. Can. The Americans under
Montgomery, having invaded Canada,
attempt to surprise the British and
take Montreal.
* * Ger. British efforts to secure Ger-
man mercenaries begin.
Nov. 22. Mass. Americans take Cobble
or Miller's Hill near Boston and for-
tify it.
Nov. 23. British despatch-bearer Con-
nelly captured near Hagerstown, while
on his way to Detroit, with papers of
great consequence.
Nov. 25. Phila. Congress declares Brit-
ish vessels open to capture by Amer-
icans, in retaliation for ordering the
attack on American seaport towns by
British vessels.
Nov. 29. An American privateer cap-
tures three British ships containing
military stores,
Nov. * Eng. Parliament votes to in-
crease the British army in America
to 40,000 men, requiring an addition of
25,000 men. British subjects decline to
enlist, and 17,000 Hessians are hired of
Brunswick and Hesse-Cassel, at $36 a
head.
Dec. 1. Can. Arnold and Montgom-
ery unite their forces on the St. Law-
rence.
Dec. 8. Can. The siege of Quebec
begins.
Dec. 9. Va. A slight action takes place
at Cedar Bridge.
AMERICA.
1775, Mar. 18-1775. 81
Dec. 10. British vessels destroy the
buildings on Canonicut Island.
Dec. 13. Phila. The germ of the navy
department. Congress first determines
to build a navy of 13 frigates.
Dec. 22. Phila. Congress appoints a
corps of naval officers, Esek Hopkins
commander, and John Paul Jones lieu-
tenant, naval affairs being in charge of
a " Marine Committee."
* * Boston. Admiral Shuldam relieves
Admiral Graves as commander of the
British fleet.
Dec. 30. Can. Gen. Montgomery de-
feated and killed before Quebec.
Gen. Arnold continues the fruitless
siege.
Dec. * Phila. Congress authorizes Wash-
ington to push the attack upon Boston,
to the destruction of the town if neces-
sary.
CHURCH.
1775 May 28. R. I. Dedication of a
new Baptist church at Providence ;
steeple 196 ft. high ; bell, 2,515 lbs. ;
cost, $35,000.
May 20. K. C. Presbyterians form the
Mecklenburgh Convention, which
anticipates the Declaration of Indepen-
dence made at Philadelphia.
May * Va. Baptist churches issue a
patriotic address.
LETTERS.
1775 May 10. New York. A mob com-
pels President Cooper of King's (Co-
lumbia) College to flee for his life
because of his Tory sentiments.
* * Nov. * New York. Rivington's Ga-
zetteer office is destroyed by Connecticut
marauders.
* * Eng. Appeals and addresses, or-
dered by the Colonial Congress, arrive in
England.
William Pitt commends the patriots.
" For myself I must avow, that, in all
my reading, — and I have read Thucyd-
ides, and I have studied and admired
the master states of the world, — for
solidity of reason, force of sagacity, and
wisdom of conclusion ? under a compli-
cation of difficult circumstances, no
nation or body of men can stand in
preference to the general congress at
Philadelphia. The histories of Greece
and Rome give us nothing equal to it,
and all attempts to impose servitude
upon such a mighty continental nation
must be in vain."
SOCIETY.
1775 Apr. 14. Phila. The first Aboli-
tion Society is formed, with Benjamin
Franklin as president, and Benjamin
Rush as secretary.
Apr. 19. The patriots' victory at the
battle of Lexington fires the country.
Public sentiment quickly changes from
loyalty to an almost universal desire to
separate from England.
May* Eng. The people are divided in
their allegiance.
English privilege and officialism are
with the kings ; the popular heart and
conscience are with the colonists, by a
great majority.
June 17. The Battle of Bunker Hill,
though a defeat, inspires the war
spirit in the colonies ; it is discovered
that British troops are not invincible.
* * Boston. The people suffer because of
the rigorous siege.
* * Boston. Dr. Benj. Church, director of
the hospital, is the first American traitor.
Nov. 4. Phila. The Continental Con-
gress directs that there should be issued
daily to each soldier a pint of milk and
a quart of spruce beer or cider.
STATE.
1775 Mar. * Eng. Franklin leaves Lon-
don.
Mar. * Mass. The movement develops
a struggle for liberty.
John Adams says, " That there are any
who pant after independence is the
greatest slander on the province." [A
sudden change soon follows.]
Apr. 3. N. Y. The Colonial Assembly
holds its last session, and adjourns.
Apr. 19. The political existence of the
United States dates from the Battle of
Lexington ; its legal existence from
the adoption of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence on July 4, 177C.
* * N. Y. Richmond and Queens Counties
side with the Tories, and send no dele-
gates to the Provincial Congress. The
wealth and influence of New York
City are hostile to the patriots.
Apr. 22. Mass. The Provincial Congress
resolves to raise an army of 30,000
men, of which the quota of Massachu-
setts will be 13,600.
May 5. Phila. Benjamin Franklin
returns from England after an absence
of more than ten years.
May 10. Phila. The Second Conti-
nental Congress opens in Independence
Hall. [Peyton Randolph, president;
Charles Thomson, secretary.] Colonies
represented, 13 ; delegates present, 55.
May 15. Phila. Congress resolves to
issue paper money as a substitute for
taxation.
* * Phila. Congress votes to establish a
line of posts from Maine to Georgia.
May 20. Phila. Articles of confed-
eration and perpetual union agreed
upon in the Congress.
iV. C. The colonists begin to speak
of the United Colonies of America:
at Charlotte the citizens assemble has-
tily to startle the country by adopting
the Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde-
pendence, [two months before that
written by Jefferson. Winsor = May 20 ;
some others = May 31].
May 24. Phila. John Hancock is
elected president of Congress.
June 7. Mass. The General Court con-
siders the creation of a naval force, and
authorizes privateers.
Its action is anticipated by the people
of Buzzard's Bay. [Jeremiah O'Brien
is made a naval captain, commanding
the prize sloop Margaretta.]
June 12. Mass. Gen. Gage by procla-
mation arrogantly offers pardon to all
" rebels " and " traitors " who may sur-
render, but excepts Samuel Adams and
John Hancock.
June 14. Phila. Congress votes to raise
an army of 20,000 men. [June 15. Wash-
ington elected commander.]
June 15. Phila. Congress makes a
last appeal to George III. for justice and
liberty. [July 8. Second petition.]
June 22. Phila. Congress resolves to
emit $2,000,000 in bills of credit.
July 6. Phila. Congress issues a man-
ifesto, justifying its resistance to
England.
July 26. Mil. The Maryland Convention
meets at Annapolis, and resolves to sup-
port the measures of Congress ; orders
$266,666 bills of credit struck, and
decides to raise 40 companies of min-
ute-men.
Phila. Congress first establishes a
post-office ; Benjamin Franklin, post-
master.
Summer. Franklin proposes a plan for
confederating the English colonies.
Aug. * Georgia joins the other colonies.
Summer. The King's authority is
overthrown in all the colonies ; the
governors either join the popular cause,
or are driven away by the people.
Aug 23. Eng. King George III. pro-
claims the existence of open rebellion
in the colonies, and calls on loyal per-
sons to give information against the dis-
loyal colonists.
* * Phila. Congress passes a Pension
Act.
Oct. 6. Phila. Congress urges the arrest
of Tories.
* * Phila. Congress appoints a Naval
Committee.
Oct. 13. Phila. Congress orders war-
vessels to be built.
Nov. * Can. Commissioners from Con-
gress go to Canada.
* * Phila. Bonvouloir sounds Congress
by direction of the French government.
Nov. 13. Massachusetts authorizes pri-
vate armed vessels to cruise.
Nov. 29. Phila. Congress first seeks ad-
mission into the family of nations by
appointing Franklin, Jay, and three
others, a committee to confer with
friends of the colonies " in Great Britain,
Ireland, and elsewhere."
**[[/. S.] Governors inaugurated :
Nov. * -78 * * R. I. Nicolas Cooke.
S. C. William Campbell.
Dec. 2. Phila. Congress votes to em-
ploy foreign engineers.
Dec. 21. Eng. Act of Parliament for
confiscating all American vessels
and impressing their crews into the
British navy.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1775 * * ( 'an. Quebec has 5,000 inhab-
itants.
Dec. 14. Boston. Gen. Howe orders
about 100 wooden buildings to be taken
down and used for fuel.
82 1775-1776, July 3.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1775 * * Both the English and Americans
seek the aid of the Indians.
1776 Jan. 1. Mass. The Union flag
is first unfurled in the camp at Cam-
bridge.
Va. Norfolk, the principal shipping
port of Virginia, is partly burned by
the Americans to deprive the British
of shelter, and in part by the British
Tories under Gov. Lord Dunmore, who
had been driven from office by the
patriots.
* * Washington commissions Samuel
Tucker as naval captain.
Jan. 20. Sir John Johnson is forced
by Gen. Schuyler to disband his High-
landers and Mohawks, and give his
parole not to fight the patriots.
Feb. 4. New York. The Americans
take possession; Gen. Charles Lee
enters the city and encamps in the
suburb on The Fields (City Hall Park).
Feb. * The first American fleet of armed
vessels begins its cruise.
The British seek to transfer the seat
of war to the southern colonies.
The American regular army num-
bers a little more than 14,000 men ; 6,000
Massachusetts militia are available.
Feb. 10. Mass. "Washington, at Charles-
town, writes: "Without men, without
arms, without ammunition, little is to
be done."
Feb. 27. N. C. Tories and Highlanders
under McDonald defeated at Moore's
Creek Bridge by the patriots, who
take the British general, 350 guns, 1,500
rifles, 13 wagons, 150 swords.
* * Mass. The cannons taken at Fort
Ticonderoga, having been hauled
thither on sleds, are placed along the
American line around Boston.
Mar. 2. Mass. Americans bombard
the British in Boston.
An action occurs at Morris Creek.
Mar. 3. 6a. Col. Bull and Americans
burn British ship Inverness, and 6 other
vessels laden for England, near Savan-
nah.
Mar. 4. W. I. Com. Esek Hopkins
takes New Providence from the Brit-
ish with its military stores.
Mar. 5. Mass. A detachment of Amer-
icans under Gen. Thomas takes posses-
sion of Dorchester Heights in the
night, thus beginning the long-expected
attempt to take Boston.
Boston. A severe storm delays the
storming of the American works by the
British, and the works are strengthened.
Mar. * Can. The Americans are ex-
pelled from Canada by Sir Guy Carle-
ton.
Mar. 17. Boston is evacuated by the
British under Howe without molesta-
tion, there being an informal agreement
that the city would not be burned if no
attack was made. [Eleven days re-
quired.]
Mar. 18. Boston. Washington enters
the city, and finds 250 cannon and 25,000
bushels of wheat.
Mar. 23. Philo.. Congress issues letters
of marque and reprisal against Eng-
land, and declares all British vessels to
be lawful prizes.
Mar. * -Apr. * Ger. The troops of
Hesse-Cassel are first mustered in by
the British.
Apr. 4. Mass. Washington leaves Cam-
bridge for New York.
Apr. 6. British ship Glasgow, 20 guns,
and her tender, under Captain Howe,
attack the brigantine Cabot, 30 guns,
Columbus, 28 guns, brig Annodirte, 6
guns, and sloop Providence, 12 guns,
under Commodore Hopkins, and escapes
with the loss of her tender.
* * Washington ceases to supervise naval
affairs.
Apr. 13. New York. "Washington and
the main'part of the army arrive from
Cambridge ; he has about 8,000 effective
men.
May 17. Boston. Capt.Mugford, having
captured the British ship Hope, with
1,500 barrels of powder, brings the prize
to port.
New York. Washington first learns
that 17,000 German troops have been
hired by the British, who are landing
in Canada.
May 19. Can. Gen. Benedict Arnold,
with 900 Americans, captures the British
post at the Cedars, releasing 500 Amer-
ican prisoners.
May 25. Phila. Congress resolves to
engage the Indians for military ser-
vice.
May * Can. The Americans are de-
feated at Three Rivers.
Gen. Thomas retreats from Quebec
in command of the Northern army.
June 2. Can. Gen. John Thomas dies
of smallpox.
June 4. S. C. The British fleet appears
off Charleston.
Gen. Lee arrives at Charleston, for
its defense, as Gen. Clinton arrives
to destroy it ; both parties proceed to
erect defenses.
June 15. Can. The British retake
Montreal from the Americans.
June * ± Can. Gen. Howe leaves Halifax,
and sails with his army for New York
Bay.
June 16. Can. The Americans abandon
the province of Canada.
June 17, 18. English transports bound
for Boston are captured by American
cruisers.
June 18. Canada is entirely evacu-
ated by the Americans, " defeated, dis-
contented, dispirited, diseased."
June 25. N. Y. Gen. Howe arrives
at Sandy Hook with his forces.
June 28. New York. Gen. Howe, with
the garrison of Boston, on board a
British fleet of 40 vessels, enters the
harbor.
June * Gen. Horatio Gates takes com-
mand of the Northern army of
Americans.
June 27 . The British under Gen. Clinton
and Sir Peter Parker bombard the fort
on Sullivan's Island for 10 hours and
retire ; British loss, 210 killed and
wounded ; Americans, 32. [The name
of the fort is changed to Fort Moultrie,
in honor of its commander.]
Incident of bravery: Sergeant Jasper
leaps outside the fort and seizes the
fallen flag, which he ties to a pole on
the parapet amid " iron hail."
June 30. N. Y. Gen. Howe lands a
strong British force on Staten Island,
where he is welcomed by the Tories.
* * Gen. Ward commissions Capt. Mug-
ford to cruise near Boston.
* * Paul Jones with the privateer Provi-
dence takes 16 prizes.
June * New York. Washington discovers
a Tory conspiracy, in which some of
the patriot soldiers are involved, and
one of the guard, Thomas Hickey, is
hanged "for mutiny, sedition, and
treachery." Tories take warning.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1775* * Boston. The Blockade of Boston
is written by General Burgoyne, and
performed in Boston by British officers.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1775* *
Anderson, Alexander, engraver, born.
Barbour. James, statesman, born,
Beecber. Lyman, theologian, born.
Bohler, Peter, Moravian bishop, A63.
Brown, Jacob, major-general, born.
Chase, Philander, bishop, born.
Eckford, Henry, shipbuilder, born.
Embury, Philip, first Meth. preacher, A46.
Hobart, John Henry, Trot.-Epis. bishop of
H.Y., author, born.
Lyman, Phineas, general, A59.
Milledoler, Philip, pres. of Rutgers Coll., b.
Montgomery, Richard, general, A39.
Morgan, William, abducted, born.
Quincy. Josiah, Jr.. patriot and orator, A31.
Randolph, Peyton, first American Con-
gress, A 52.
Spalding, Lyman, physician, born.
Warren, Joseph, gen., phys., patriot, A34.
CHURCH.
1775 ** Boston. The Old South
Church used as a riding-school for
Burgoyne's light-horse.
* * Conn. Discomfort in the churches.
Stoves are not yet introduced into Con-
necticut churches, though the climate is
more severe than in recent years, and
the communion bread freezes on the
tables, yet new-born infants are taken
to the churches to be baptized, accord-
ing to the custom.
* * Eng. The religious sympathies of the
dissenters especially favor the colonists.
* * New Eng. The Presbyterian Synod
of New England is formed (London-
derry, Salem, and Palmer).
* * Va. The General Association of Bap-
tists appoints 3 bishops ; one is elected
an apostle by ballot.
1776 May 4. if. I. The Baptists re-
pudiate all allegiance to George III.
* * All the colonies, with the exception of
Khode Island, New Jersey, and Pennsyl-
AMERICA.
1775-1776, July 3. 83
vania, have a church established by
law, or custom, as the rightful custo-
dian of the spiritual interests of the
people.
June * Francis Asbury, a distinguished
Methodist, is arrested and fined £5 for
preaching without first taking the oath
of loyalty.
LETTERS.
1775 Mar. 6. Boston. Joseph War-
ren repeats his massacre oration.
* * New York. Rev. Benjamin Moore
becomes president of King's (Columbia)
College.
The Constitutional Gazette issued by
John Anderson. (Dies the same year.)
* * Phila. The Pennsylvania Magazine
appears.
* * Va. Patrick Henry, the greatest
orator in America, makes his famous
patriotic speech before the House of
Burgesses.
McFingal, by John Trumbull, appears
in part.
1776 Jan. 8. Thomas Paine issues his
Common Sense, which is widely circu-
lated, and greatly aids the Revolution
by showing the importance and necessity
of seeking independence.
SOCIETY.
1776 Mar. 18. Boston. Washington
enters the city at the head of his army ;
the whole country is wild with de-
light. [Congress orders a gold medal
to be struck for General Washington.]
Apr. 6. Phila. Congress prohibits the
importation of slaves.
STATE.
1775 * * Governors inaugurated:
* * S. C. William Campbell governor,
later, John Rutledge, the first governor
under the Federal Constitution.
1776. Jan. 1. Mass. The flag of the
13 United Colonies is first raised ; it re-
tains the crosses of St. George and St.
Andrew on a blue ground, and adds red
and white stripes. It is first used by
Washington at Cambridge.
* * * New York. Gov. Tryon prudently
retires on board of a British man-of-war.
Jan. 2. Phila. Congress urges strenu-
ous measures against the Tories.
Jan. * Eng. Pitt makes a speech on
the Americans in Parliament.
Feb. 1. Eng. Gen. Howe is directed
not to use the King's name in the ex-
change of prisoners.
Peb. 17. Phila. Congress is obliged to
issue $4,000,000 additional bills of
Continental paper to meet the expenses
of the war.
Mar. 2. Phila. Congress appoints Silas
Deane, of Ct., commissioner to France.
Mar.* Phila. Congress commissions
Carroll, Franklin, and Chase to go
to Canada to effect a union.
Mar. 23. Phila. Congress authorizes
privateers to prey upon British com-
merce.
Mar. 14. Phila. Congress urges the dis-
arming of disaffected citizens.
Mar. * -June * U. S. Notable increase
of the spirit of independence.
Mar. 26. S. C. The General Assembly
adopts a Constitution for the govern-
ment of the Province. It is to continue
till October 21, " and no longer."
* * Phila. Congress issues instructions
to privateers.
Apr. 6. Congress declares American
ports open to the trade of all nations
except Great Britain, but prohibits the
slave-trade.
Apr. 22. North Carolina authorizes her
delegates to subscribe to a declaration
of independence.
Apr. * Phila. A finance committee,
the germ of the Treasury Department,
is appointed by Congress.
May 4. R. I. The Assembly repeals the
■ ■ Act for the more effectually securing
to his Majesty the allegiance of Rhode
Island and Providence plantations," and
provides that in legal papers, the name
and authority of the King shall be
omitted, and those of " the Governor
and Company of this Colony" be sub-
stituted.
May 10. Pa. The colonial charter is
overthrown.
Mass. The General Assembly calls
upon the people to assemble in town-
meetings, and instruct their represen-
tatives, " Whether, if the Honorable
Congress should, for the safety of said
Colonies, declare them independent
of the Kingdom of Great Britain, they,
the said inhabitants, will solemnly en-
gage, with their lives and fortunes,
to support them in the measure."
[Barnstable is the only town in the
Commonwealth that hesitates.]
May 15. Phila. Congress calls upon
the States to provide independent gov-
ernments, and totally suppress every
kind of authority under the Crown.
Va. The Convention instructs the
delegates of Virginia in Congress to
urge it " to declare the United Colo-
nies free and independent States,
absolved from allegiance to, or depend-
ence upon, the Crown or Parliament of
Great Britain."
May * Fr. — Sp. France and Spain se-
cretly resolve to aid the Americans
with money.
May 24. Phila. The Continental Con-
gress elects John Hancock of Massa-
chusetts as its president.
June 7. Phila. Congress changes its
demand, and asks for independence
instead of constitutional liberties.
Phila. Richard Henry Lee, in obe-
dience to the instructions of the Assem-
bly of Virginia, offers a resolution in
Congress " that the united colonies
are, and of right ought to be, free
and independent States." John
Adams of Massachusetts seconds the
motion , and a great debate follows. New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary-
land, and South Carolina are conserva-
tive, and hesitate to support such a
radical step. The resolution is post-
poned till July first.
June 10 and Aug. 11. Phila. Beau-
marchais, as agent, receives from the
French and Spanish governments mon-
eys, and conducts his business under the
style " Hortalez et Compagnie."
June 11. Phila. Congress appoints T.
Jefferson, John Adams, Benj. Franklin,
Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Living-
ston a committee to prepare a decla-
ration of independence.
June 12. Va. A Declaration of Bights
is adopted.
June * Va. Gov. Dunmore prudently re-
tires on board a British man-of-war.
June 20. Conn. The General Assembly
issues a declaration of independence
and absolution from all allegiance to the
King of Great Britain.
June * New York. Discovery of the
"Hickey Plot," to assassinate Wash-
ington.
* * Fr. Silas Deane reaches France as
the first agent of the United States.
* * Phila. The United States solicits
money of France.
* * Phila. Congress proposes a loan.
June 28. Phila. Congress. The reso-
lution of Independence drafted by
Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, having
been accepted by the committee, is re-
ported to the delegates.
July 1. Phila. Congress. Debate com-
mences on the resolution for Independ-
ence.
July 2. Phila. Congress. Delegates of
all the colonies adopt the resolution of
Independence except New York, whose
delegates have not been instructed to
take such an important step.
July 3. Phila. Congress debates the
Declaration of Independence with
great earnestness, but the discussion is
not completed.
Note — The Resolution of Independence, the
Important event, passes on the 2d of July.
The reasons for so doing are passed by Con-
gress two days later. John Adams predicted
the •' 3d day of July " would be long cele-
brated. •
MISCELLANEOUS.
* * * Wealth abounds in many South-
ern families ; it is chiefly produced by
growing tobacco, indigo, and rice.
1776 Jan. 1. Va. Norfolk is de-
stroyed by fire and the cannon balls of
the British ; loss, $1,500,000.
Spring. New York. Hydrant water in-
troduced ; reservoir on the east side of
Broad Street, near Pearl.
84 1776, July 4-1777, Jan. 1. AMERICA:
The United States of America is a federal republic, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, and occupying
most of the southern half of the Continent of North America. It comprises 45 States and three Territories, besides the District
of Columbia. Washington is the federal capital.
The government is a representative democracy. The Federal executive authority is vested in a President, elected for four
years, aided by a Cabinet having eight members ; the legislative authority, in a Congress having two houses, the Senate com-
prising two members for each State, and a House of Representatives having 356 members who are elected by the direct vote of
the people. Ratio of representation, one Representative to 173,901 of the population. The Senators are elected by the State Le-
gislatures ; the Representatives are elected for two years by the direct vote of the people of the different States. The Federal
authority is limited to national affairs. Each State has a Governor and a Legislature of two houses, having extensive inde-
pendent power reserved to it under the Federal Constitution, for controlling its local affairs. The Federal judiciary system is
distinct from that of the States ; the highest court being the Supreme Court of the United States. All religions are tolerated,
and English is the common language. Area, 3,025,600 square miles ; including Alaska, 3,557,000. Population, 1890, 62,622,250.
ARMY — NAVY.
1776 July 5. Conn. New Haven is
plundered and pillaged by the British.
July 12. JV. Y. Sir William Howe lands
9,000 British soldiers on Staten Island.
July 15-Oct. 11. S. C. War with the
Cherokee Indians. Their settlements
are destroyed, and they are driven be-
yond the mountains by a force under
Col. Andrew Williamson.
July * JV. Y. General Sullivan is driven
from Canada by the British ; he rests at
Crown Point.
Aug. 1. JV. Y. Sir Henry Clinton's
army arrives from Charleston, South
Carolina.
Aug. 8. Northern army under Washing-
ton reports 10,514 fit for duty ; 3,668 sick ;
2,946 on command ; 97 on furlough; total,
17,225.
Lieut. Paul Jones receives a captain's
commission. [Nov. 2. R. I. He sails in
command of the ship Alfred, having 30
guns and 300 men, and the sloop Provi-
dence, having 12 guns and 70 men. He
soon breaks up the fishery at Cape
Breton.]
Aug. 14. JV. Y. Lords Dunmore and
Campbell and Sir Peter Parker, after
taking from the Virginians about 1,000
negroes, join Lord Howe on Staten
Island, making his entire force about
35,000 men.
Aug. 20. JV. Y. Gen. Sullivan suc-
ceeds Gen. Greene in command of the
Americans on Long Island. [Aug. 24.
He is succeeded by Gen. Putnam.]
Aug. 22. JV. Y. Gen. Howe lands 10,000
British soldiers on Long Island near
the Narrows. (The British fleet num-
bers 437 vessels.)
Aug. 27. JV. Y. Battle of Long Island.
Disastrous defeat of 5,000 Americans
by 16,000 British and Hessians in Brook-
lyn [Greenwood Cemetery]. The Amer-
icans under Putnam, Sullivan, and Stir-
ling lose 2,000 killed and taken prisoners,
including three generals captured ; Brit-
ish loss, about 400 men.
Aug. 28. JV. Y. The British on Long
Island make no assault on the Amer-
ican lines, but prepare for a regular
siege ; the Americans are reenforced.
* * * Successive disasters fall to the
Americans.
Aug. 30. JV. Y. Washington, favored
by a dense fog, secretly retreats during
the night from Brooklyn to New York.
Sept. * Phila. Congress establishes uni-
forms for the army and navy.
JV. Y. Great numbers of the militia
desert after the defeat on Long Island ;
Washington's army is reduced to less
than 20,000 men.
Sept. 14. JV. Y. The British enter
New York City, and the Americans
retire to Harlem. Washington narrowly
escapes capture in his reluctant retreat.
Sept. 16. JV Y. The British make an un-
successful attack at Harlem Heights,
near New York, losing 20 killed and 100
wounded.
Sept. 22. JV. Y. Captain Nathan Hale
is captured while reconnoitering the
British force on Long Island ; he is de-
nied the attendance of a clergyman, and
speedily hanged by Sir William Howe ;
his letters to his mother and friends are
destroyed.
* * New York. Oliver de Lancey raises
a royalist corps.
Sept.f * JV. Y. The two armies watch
each other for several weeks.
Oct. 10. Phila. Congress creates cap-
tains in the navy, which comprises 26
vessels carrying 536 guns.
Oct. 11-13. Brig.-Gen. Benedict Ar-
nold, in command of a small fleet on
Lake Champlain, heroically fights a su-
perior force under Sir Guy Carleton,
Governor of Canada ; the enemy retires,
but afterward returns and defeats Ar-
nold, who runs some of his vessels ashore
and fires them, while others escape.
[Oct. 14. JV. Y, Carleton occupies Crown
Point.]
Arnold destroys the buildings at
Crown Point [and retreats to Fort
Ticonderoga],
Oct. 23. New York. Manhattan Island
is abandoned by the Americans, while
Gen. Howe attempts to gain their rear.
Oct. 28. N. Y. Gen. Howe defeats
Washington at the Battle of "White
Plains, near New York ; losses, about
400 men on each side.
Oct. * N. Y. Finding Ticonderoga
strengthened by Gen. Gates, Carleton
retires to Canada, and postpones the
proposed division of the colonies by con-
necting with Howe at New York.
* * Capt. Lambert Wickes, of the Re-
prisal, takes Dr. Franklin to Europe ;
Wickes is the first American to cruise
m European waters,
* * Esek Hopkins, commander-in-chief
of the navy, captures the English ship-
of-war Glasgow. [1777. Jan. 2. Dis-
missed the service for neglect.]
Nov. 4. N. Y. Washington withdraws
to North Castle, about five miles distant.
Nov. * JV. I'. The two armies watch each
other.
Nov. * JV. J. Washington crosses the
Hudson to Fort Lee, near New York, on
the west bank ; he leaves 7,000 men with
Gen. Charles Lee.
Nov. 16. JV. Y. The British under Howe
attack Fort "Washington, and Col.
Magaw capitulates after a stubborn re-
sistance ; the British take more than
2,000 prisoners.
Nov. 18. N. Y. Gen. Cornwallis, with
6,000 British soldiers, crosses the Hudson
to attack Fort Lee in New Jersey.
Nov. 20. JV. J. Washington, hastily
abandoning his artillery, withdraws
with his little army of 3,000 men to
Hackensack. [Nov. * He retreats to
Newark, New Brunswick, and Prince-
ton.]
Nov. * Gen. Charles Lee is virtually in-
subordinate, and refuses to cooperate
with and reenforce Washington.
Nov. 30. JV. J. Washington's army oc-
cupies Trenton.
Dec. 2-4. JV. J. Gen. Lee crosses the
Hudson at Haverstraw. [Dec. 11. He
finally reaches Morristown.]
Dec. 8. Pa. "Washington, having re-
treated across the State of New Jersey,
crosses the Delaware into Pennsylva-
nia ; he destroys all the boats within 70
miles, and is not pursued farther.
/,'. /. The British take Khode
Island, and blockade its ports ; Provi-
dence and Canonicut Islands are also
subdued. [Held for 3 years.]
* * * The militia, especially that of New
Jersey, refuses to take the field in be-
half of a ruined enterprise.
Dec. 13. JV. J. A squad of British cav-
alry captures Gen. Lee at Basking
Ridge. [Taken to New York.]
Dec. 14. JV. J. The British go into win-
ter quarters.
Dec. * JV. J. Gen. Schuyler, with part
of the army from'Lake Champlain, re-
enforces "Washington at Morristown,
augmenting his force to 6,000 men.
Dec. 20. Pa. Gen. Sullivan with Lee's
army arrives at headquarters.
UNITED STATES. 1776, July 4-1777, Jan. 1. 85
ARMY — NAVY.
Dec. 25. The tide of fortune turns in
favor of the Americans. Washington
reerosses the Delaware in the night
amid the floating ice with 2,400 men.
Dec. 26. N. J. Battle of Trenton.
Washington surprises and surrounds
the 1,500 British at Trenton under Col.
Rahl ; he captures 1,000 Hessians, losing
only two men. [This victory rouses the
nation from despondency.]
Dec. 27. N. J. The British abandon all
their posts on the Delaware River.
Dec. * Robert Rogers recruits the
Queen's Hangers [afterward led by
John Graves, Lord Simcoe].
* * Eng. John the Painter fires the Eng-
lish dockyards.
* * Marshal Broglie makes movements to
supersede Washington.
1777 Jan. 1. N.J. Col. Reed, with
six horsemen, makes a dash near Prince-
ton, captures 12 dragoons, and brings
them to the American camp at Trenton.
BIRTHS — DEATHS
1776* *
Bates, Joshua, cl., college president, born.
Boyer, Jean Pierre, Haiti, born.
Cheves, Langdon, statesman, born.
Eaton, Amos, naturalist, born.
Hale, Capt. Nathan, patriot, A21.
Morris, Thomas, statesman, born.
Murdock, James, theologian, born.
Thomas, John, general, A51.
Troost, Gerard, chemist, born.
Vanderlyn, John, painter, born.
CHURCH.
1776* * Boston. The churches suffer ;
the British have used one church as a
riding-school, three as barracks, and one
for firewood.
* * Cal. Catholic missionaries settle at
Verba Buena [San Francisco].
* * Del. All the Methodist preachers
sent by Mr. Wesley return to England,
except Francis Asbury.
LETTERS.
1776 Dec. 3. N. J. First issue of the
New Jersey Gazette at Burlington ; it is
the first newspaper in the State.
* * The American Crisis, by Thomas Paine,
appears.
* * * New York. Rivinglon's Gazetteer,
the most influential Tory journal in the
country.
* * New York. John Englishman in De-
fence of the English Constitution, issued
(f or.thr ee»months) by Parker and Wym an .
* * The New York Pacquet and the Ameri-
can Advertizer issued by Samuel Loudon .
The Committee of Safety take King's
(Columbia) College for a military hos-
pital.
* * Phila. The Declaration of Inde-
pendence is drafted by Thomas Jeffer-
son.
* * P.. I. Dialogue against Slavery, by
Samuel Hopkins, appears.
* * Va. James Monroe graduates at Wil-
liam and Mary College.
Hampden-Sidney College (non-
sect.) is organized.
SOCIETY.
1776 Sept. * Phila. Alexander Ham-
ilton, 20 years of age, attracts the atten-
tion and wins the long friendship of
Washington by his skill in planning
the defenses of Fort Washington, New
York.
Sept. -Dec. General despondency
prevails because of the military disas-
ters and the loss of hope.
Nov. 18. Phila. Congress approves of
a lottery bill to defray military ex-
penses.
* * Phila. Robert Morris offers his
princely fortune for the support of the
distressed army.
* * Slavery exists in every one of the
colonies that enters the struggle for lib-
erty.
* * Washington issues orders forbidding
" all playing at cards or other games of
chance " in the army.
STATE.
1776 July 4. Phila. Continental Con-
gress : At 2 o'clock in the afternoon the
Declaration of American Indepen-
dence is adopted by the delegates of
13 colonies.
" Resolved that these united colonies
are and of right ought to be, free and
independent States ; that they are ab-
soh ed from all allegiance to the British
crown ; and that all political connection
between them and the State of Great
Britain is and ought to be totally dis-
solved." [Aug. 2. Signed by the last
delegate.]
July * The colonists accept the Declara-
tion with great enthusiasm ; they ex-
press their delight with bonfires, bells,
and speeches ; the New Yorkers (July 9)
pull down the leaden statue of George
III. and cast it into bullets.
July 8. Phila. The Declaration of In-
dependence is read from the steps of
the State House, and to the American
army
July 9. N. Y. The Provincial Congress
assembles at White Plains and formally
takes the name of the Representatives
of New York, and proclaims its adhe-
sion to the Declaration of Independence.
[July 10. New York is declared an in-
dependent State.]
July 12. Phila. Dickinson's proposed
plan for confederation is presented to
Congress.
July 14. Gen. Washington refuses to re-
ceive a letter from Adm. Lord Howe,
addressed to «* George Washington,
Esq." (And later another to " George
Washington, etc., etc., etc." He finally
accepts one properly addressed.)
Aug. 23. New York. Sir William Howe
issues a proclamation of pardon to
all who return to the allegiance of the
King.
Sept. 5. Phila. A report on treason
is made to Congress.
Sept. 9. Phila. The Colonies are first
called the United States of America,
by Congress.
Sept. 11. N. Y. Adm. Howe, having so-
licited a conference respecting rec-
onciliation, meets John Adams, Benj.
Franklin, and Edward Rutledge, at a
house on Staten Island opposite Amboy ;
the Americans disdain submission.
Dec. * Kentucky is made a county of
Virginia. [1791. Feb.* Separated.]
Oct. 13. Phila. Congress lays the foun-
dation of the American navy by ap-
pointing a committee to build 13 frigates.
Nov. 2. Phila. Congress establishes a
cannon-foundry.
Nov. * Phila. Congress appoints Ar-
thur Lee and Benjamin Franklin am-
bassadors to negotiate a treaty with
France. [Dec. 7. They arrive at Nantes,
France.]
Nov. 30. JV. Y. Adm. Lord and Gen.
Sir William Howe issue a proclamation
of pardon.
It calls upon all insurgents to lay down
their arms, and offers pardon for 60 days.
[Many persons, especially the wealthy
people, comply ; among whom are two
delegates of the Continental Congress,
and the president of the New Jersey
Convention which approved the Decla-
ration of Independence. For 10 days
after its issue from 200 to 300 come daily
to take the oath.]
* * Phila. Congress orders that persons
refusing to take Continental money be
arrested.
Dec. 12. Phila. Owing to the proximity
of the British army, the Continental
Congress adjourns to Baltimore.
Dec. 20. Md. Third session of the
Colonial Congress at Baltimore.
[Dec. 27. It clothes Washington with
dictatorial powers to direct all mili
tary operations for six months.]
* *-84* * New York. David Matthews
(Tory), the 42d mayor.
* * The hiring of Hessian troops to sub-
jugate the colonists causes disloyalty
to become rampant.
* * Governors inaugurated :
-77 * * Del. John McKinley.
Ga. Archibald Bullock (acting).
-79 * * N. C. Richard Caswell.
-89 * * N.J. Wm. Livingston.
-77* * Pa. Benj. Franklin (Committee
of Safety).
-79 * * Va. Patrick Henry.
* * IT. S. The States adopt new consti-
tutions. (July 2, N. J. ; July 5, Va. ;
July 15, Pa. ; Aug. 14, Md. ; Sept. 20, Del.;
Dec. 18, N. C.) [1777, Feb. 5, Ga. ; Apr.
20 ; 1778, Mar. 19, S. C. ; 1780, Mar. 2,
Mass.]
1777 Jan. 1. Md. Congress authorizes
Franklin to negotiate a treaty with
Spain.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1776 Sept. 21. New York. Trinity
Church and 492 buildings are de-
stroyed by fire after the evacuation.
86 1777, Jan. 2- Oct. 16.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1777 Jan. 3. N.J. Battle of Princeton.
Washington again surprises and defeats
a part of Cornwallis's army and takes
several hundred prisoners. British loss,
100 slain, 300 prisoners ; American loss,
very slight, includes Gen. Mercer.
Jan. * The army is in very bad con-
dition, owing to the lack of money, the
paper currency having little value.
Jan. 5. N. J. Washington withdraws
his troops to a strong position at Morris-
town, the right wing under Putnam is
at Princeton, and his left wing under
Gen. Heath in the Highlands on the
Hudson.
The militia rises in arms and vexes the
British, until their lines are contracted
about New Brunswick and Amboy.
[Washington's headquarters continue
here during nearly all of the remainder
of the war.]
* * Fr. The first vessels leave France
with, supplies for the American army.
Jan. 7. — May 28. N. J. Washington's
force is encamped at Morristown.
Jan. 7. N. J. British troops evacuate
Elizabethtown ; Gen. Maxwell attacks
their rear, takes 70 prisoners and a
schooner loaded with baggage.
Feb. 6. Great Britain grants letters
of marque and reprisal against the
United States.
Feb. 13. Fr. Franklin and Deane en-
gage Du Portail and other engineers.
Feb. 18. N. J. Col. Neilson, with a
party of American militia, defeats
British troops under Major Stockton,
kills 4 and captures the commander and
59 men.
Feb. 19. Baltimore. Congress commis-
sions five major-generals.
They are Stirling, St. Clair, Mifflin,
Stephen, and Lincoln. (Benedict Arnold
is overlooked.) Eighteen brigadier-gen-
erals are also commissioned. They in-
* elude Glover, George Clinton, Woodford,
Muhlenberg (Ger. Lutheran clergyman),
Hand, Anthony Wayne, and Conway,
the Irish adventurer.
* * R . I. The entire American fleet
under Adm. Hopkins is blockaded at
Providence.
Feb. 27. S. C. The militia defeats a
large force of American royalists, and
captures much ammunition and other
military stores.
Mar. 23. N. Y. British, under Bird,
land at Peekskill to seize military
stores ; some are burned by Gen. Mc-
Dougall, who retires. The British secure
much provision, forage, and burn valu-
able property.
Mar. 29. New York. Gen. Charles Lee
writes treasonable negotiations for Gen.
Howe. [Discovered after his death.]
May 6. Can. Gen. Burgoyne arrives
at Quebec to take command of the
British forces in Canada.
He proposes to cut the colonies in two
by an expedition moving through Lake
Champlain and down the Hudson River.
Mar. * Fr. Three ship-loads of mili-
tary supplies sail for America. [Only
one escapes the British cruisers, and it
brings great relief to the army at Mor-
ristown, in April.]
* * Spring. Capt. Conyngham is sent out
by Silas Deane from Dunkirk, to prey
on British commerce.
Apr. 13. N. J. The British under Corn-
wallis surprise Gen. Lincoln with 500
Americans at Boundbrook ; he retreats
with the loss of 60 men.
Apr. 15. Ky. Indians attack Boones-
boro ; 4 of Col. Boone's men are killed.
Phila. Congress resolves to abolish
distinctions between troops, as " Cong-
ress' Own Regiment," " Washington's
Life Guards."
Apr. 17. Capt. John Barry captures the
British vessel Edward, the first Amer-
ican prize.
Apr. * N. J. Washington's force is in-
creased to about 7,000 men.
Apr. 25. 8. C. Marquis de Lafayette,
but 19 years old, with 11 officers, lands at
Charleston, having raised a corps at his
own expense, this forms one of the prom-
inent events of the war.
27. Conn. Gen. Tryon, with 2,000
British soldiers, makes a raid on Dan-
bury and burns 18 houses and military
stores ; the patriotic militia attacks their
flank and rear while they retreat to the
coast.
Spring. N.H. A vessel arrives at Ports-
mouth from France with more than
11,000 stand of arms and 1,000 barrels
of gunpowder; 10,000 stand of arms are
received at another port.
May 22. Phila. Gen. Schuyler is con-
firmed in the command of the Northern
army.
May 24. N. Y. Col. Meigs, with 200 Con-
necticut militia-men, surprises the Brit-
ish post at Sag Harbor, Long Island,
and captures 90 prisoners, a gun-ship,
10 loaded transports and vast military
stores, and all without the loss of a single
man. [Congress afterward voted the gal-
lant colonel a sword.]
May* Benedict Arnold commissioned
major-general and presented by Con-
gress with a horse richly caparisoned;
he is yet below the 5 other major-
generals.
May 28. N. J. Washington removes his
headquarters to the heights of Middle-
brook.
* * Capt. John Manley sails on a cruise.
* * Captain Johnson of the Lexington
cruises in European waters.
June 1. N. Y. Burgoyne, the suc-
cessor of Sir Guy Carleton, invades
Northern New York with an army
from Canada.
June 19. N. J. Sir Win. Howe, hav-
ing received large reenforcements and
supplies, establishes his headquarters
at New Brunswick, about ten miles
from Washington's army.
±N. Y. Burgoyne lands at CrownPoint.
June 20+ . N. Y. Howe makes various
attempts, but fails to draw Washington
apart from his strong position into a
general engagement.
June * N. Y. Burgoyne meets the chiefs
of the Six Nations in council and induces
400 of their warriors to join his army.
June * N. Y. Burgoyne, by proclamation,
calls on the patriots to submit, or to be
ravaged by his Indian allies.
June 25. N.J. Cornwallis being reen-
forced by Howe, maneuvers for position,
but dares not attack Washington at
Boundbrook.
June 30. N. Y. After six months' ma-
neuvering and little fighting, the Brit-
ish abandon New Jersey, and encamp
on Staten Island. [The national spirits
revive, and the British are dismayed at
the unexpected turn of affairs.]
July 4. Kg. Boonesboro attacked by
Indians.
July 5. N. Y. Gen. St. Clair and 3,000
Americans abandon Fort Ticonder-
oga in the night, and retreat through
Vermont toward Fort Edward.
July 6. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne takes
possession of Ticonderoga, with about
7,000 troops and 7,000 Indians.
Burgoyne captures a large quantity
of military stores near "Whitehall.
July 7. N. Y. The Americans burn Fort
Ann.
Vt. Burgoyne defeats the Americans
under St. Clair at Hubbardton, while
on their retreat.
July 8. N. Y. Battle of Fort Ann;
Americans under Livingston defeated ;
they retire to Fort Edward, losing 128
cannons, and stores.
July 10. R. I. A British general cap-
tured.
Col. William Barton of Providence by
stratagem surprises and captures Gen.
Prescott while in bed at a farmhouse
near Newport. [The Americans after-
ward exchanged him for Gen. Lee.]
July 12. N. Y. Gen. St. Clair arrives
at Fort Edward, having in late re-
verses lost nearly 200 pieces of artillery
and large quantities of military stores.
July 19. Ky. About 200 Indians besiege
Logan's Fort ; 16 men repel them.
* * Pa. Leading Quakers are arrested
and sent South.
July 23. Gen. Howe leaves a garrison
at Staten Island and takes 18,000 men to
sea in transports ; destination unknown
to Americans.
July 24. N. J. Washington marches
South. [Lafayette, DeKalb, and Pu-
laski soon join his army.]
July 27. N. Y. Jane McCrea is slain.
The Indian allies of the British toma-
hawk her while she is being conveyed
to her lover in the camp at Fort Edward.
[Public horror intensifies the hatred of
British oppression.]
July 30. Burgoyne arrives at Fort
Edward, recently deserted by the Amer-
icans under Gen. Schuyler (an unsuc-
cessful commander), who retire to
Saratoga.
N.J. Washington crosses the Del-
aware to Germantown with his army.
July 31. Lafayette, 20 years old, made
Major-General in the army by Con-
gress (without command).
UNITED STATES.
1777, Jan. 2- Oct. 16. 87
Aug. 3-23. N. Y. Barry St. Ledger, with
a British force, attacks Fort Stanwix.
Aug. 3. N. Y. Battle of Fort Schuy-
ler on the Mohawk River (Fort Stanwix).
The garrison of 600 Continentals, under
Cols. Gansevoort and Willet, successfully
resists 1,800 Tories, Canadians, and In-
dians under Gen. St. Ledger and Indian
Chief Brant.
Phila. Congress accepts the service
of Count Pulaski of Poland ; his fel-
low country man, Thaddeus Kosciusko,
21 years of age, is already serving with
General Schuyler.
Aug. 6. N. Y. Battle of Oriskany.
Gen. Herkimer is defeated and mortally
wounded in an ambuscade while march-
ing to the relief of Fort Schuyler with
the militia of the vicinity.
Aug. 10. N. Y. Burgoyne sends a de-
tachment under Col. Baum to seize the
provisions and military stores at Ben-
nington, Vermont.
Aug. 15. N.Y. Gen. Burgoyne leaves
Fort Edward.
Aug. 16. Vt. Battle of Bennington.
Col. John Stark, with the militia,
defeats the British force under Col.
Baum, which loses 200 killed and 700
prisoners ; American loss, 14 killed and
40 wounded. [The country is fired with
enthusiasm.]
Aug. 17. N. Y. Gen. Schuyler is re-
enforced ; he now has 13,000 men.
Aug. 19. Gen. Schuyler is super-
seded by Gen. Gates in the Northern
Department.
Aug. 22. N. Y. Gen. Sullivan and Col.
Ogden raid the British on Staten
Island, capture 130 prisoners, a few
officers, destroy stores, etc.
Gen. Benedict Arnold marches to
the relief of Fort Schuyler. St. Ledger
and his panic-stricken army leave in
haste with tents standing.
Aug. 24. Phila. Washington's army
passes through Philadelphia for the
Chesapeake.
Aug. 25. Md. Gen. Howe, with 16,000
men, enters the Chesapeake Bay, lands
at Head of Elk, and, advancing in two
columns, threatens Philadelphia.
Sept. 1. W. Va. An attack is made on
Fort William Henry (Wheeling).
Sept. 8. N. Y. The Northern army, 6,000
strong, under Gen. Gates, establishes
a fortified camp at Bemis Heights,
near Stillwater, in Saratoga county.
Sept. 9. N. Y. Col. Brown, with a de-
tachment of men, seizes the posts at the
outlet of Lake George, and a fleet of
bateaux laden with provisions for Bur-
goyne.
Sept. 11. Pa. Battle of Brandywine.
Washington is severely defeated by
superior numbers under Howe, aided by
Cornwallis and Knyphausen ; American
loss, 1,000; British loss, 584. Lafayette
is wounded in this, his first American
battle. Alexander Hamilton is aide to
Washington.
* * Gen. Arnold is quarrelsome, and de-
nied a command under Gen. Gates.
Sept. 12. Phila. Washington reenters
with the remnant of his army.
A". Y. Gen. Gates, with the Northern
Army, encamps at the mouth of the
Mohawk River.
Sept. 13. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne crosses
the Hudson and encamps on the heights
and plains of Saratoga.
Sept. 18. N. Y. Burgoyne advances
within two miles of Gen. Gates's camp.
N. Y. Americans under Col. Brown
seize the British posts at the outlet of
Lake George and at Ticonderoga, taking
293 prisoners and releasing 100 Amer-
icans ; they cut off Burgoyne's re-
treat.
Sept. 19. Pa. The Americans cross
the Schuylkill and encamp on the
eastern bank.
N. Y. Battle of Stillwater (Sar-
atoga).
Burgoyne attacks Gates ; the action is
indecisive ; the British hold the field
with a loss of 600 men, and the Amer-
icans retire with a loss of 319. The
British are distressed for supplies, and
the army is put on half-rations.
Sept. 20. + N. Y. Burgoyne fortifies his
camp.
Pa. Gen. Wayne, with 1,500 Amer-
icans, surprised at Paoli, or Truduffin,
by the British ; loss 300.
Sept. 23. Pa. Howe crosses the
Schuylkill with the entire British army.
Sept. 24. A fight at Diamond Island.
Sept. 25. Pa. The British encamp at
German town.
Sept. 27. Phila. The British under Howe
enter the capital of the Republic,
"the rebel city," while the main army
remains at Germantown.
Oct. 3. New York. Gen. Clinton em-
barks his troops to ascend the Hudson
so as to cooperate with Burgoyne.
Oct. 4. Phila. Battle of German-
town. Washington, with 1,100 men,
suddenly falls on the British under
Howe, is successful at first, but soon
retreats ; British loss 535 ; American
loss 152 killed and 521 wounded.
Oct. 6. N. Y. Sir Henry Clinton cap-
tures Forts Clinton and Montgomery
on the Hudson, from Gov. George Clin-
ton supported by the New York militia.
Oct. 7. N. Y. Battle of Saratoga (Still-
water).
Terrible conflict at Bemis Heights, in
which Gen. Benedict Arnold fights (with-
out authority) with great bravery, and
is the inspiring spirit of battle. The
British general, Fraser, is mortally
wounded. Burgoyne is again defeated.
Oct. 8. N. Y. Burgoyne encamps on
heights one mile from his late battle-
field.
Oct. 9. N. Y. Burgoyne retreats to
Saratoga, where he finds the Americans
entrenched.
Oct. 10. N. Y. Burgoyne's army re-
turns to its former camp, which it pro-
ceeds to strengthen, and waits for Sir
Henry Clinton and much needed sup-
plies.
Oct. 13. N. Y. Burgoyne's retreat being
cut off and provisions nearly exhausted,
he proposes a cessation of hostilities,
and rejects the demand for an uncon-
ditional surrender.
The British wantonly burn the village
of Kingston.
Oct. 16. N. Y. British loss in Bur-
goyne's army, since July 6, in killed,
wounded, and desertions, nearly 3,000
men.
SOCIETY.
1777 Mar. 7. N.H. James Aitken, con-
victed of arson, is hanged on a gallows
60 feet high at Portsmouth.
July 27. N. Y. Murder of Jane Mc-
Crea at Fort Edward by Indians.
STATE.
1777 Jan. 5. Fr, Franklin arrives in
Paris as ambassador, seeking to negoti-
ate a treaty.
Franklin's wisdom and sagacity, united
with great simplicity, captivate the gay
court of Louis XVI. [The American Am-
bassadors are lionized ; after Burgoyne's
surrender a treaty is made.]
Jan. * Md. Congress pays the army in
paper money having but little value.
* * Md. Congress advises the States to
cease the issue of paper money.
Jan. 15. Vt. The people of the New
Hampshire grants make a declaration of
independence, and call their territory
Vermont.
Feb. * Eng. Parliament votes supplies
and men for the prosecution of the war.
Mar. 4. Baltimore, Md. The Conti-
nental Congress adjourns.
Phila. The Fourth session of the
Continental Congress.
Mar. 29. New York. Gen. Charles Lee,
a prisoner and traitor, writes " Mr. Lee's
Plan," of destroying the " Congress gov-
ernment."
Apr. 17. Phila. Congress appoints a
Committee on Foreign Affairs.
June 14. Phila. Congress adopts a
flag ; 13 stripes alternate red and white ;
13 stars, white on a blue canton, which
replace the crosses of St. George and
St. Andrew.
June 26. Ger. A rthur Lee's State papers
are stolen in Berlin.
Lee suspects the British envoy, states
his suspicions to the minister, and his
papers are secretly returned.
Aug. 25. Pa. Sir William Howe again
by proclamation offers pardon to those
rebels who submit. (Aug. 27?)
Sept. 18. Phila. Congress ad journs to
Lancaster because of the approach of
the British.
Sept. 27. Pa. Fifth session of the
Continental Congress at Lancaster.
It immediately adjourns to York.
Sept. 30. Pa. Sixth session of the
Continental Congress at York. [Its
session continues until the British evac-
uate Philadelphia.]
Oct. * Jacob Duch^ attempts to seduce
Washington from the American cause.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1777 Oct. * U. S. The Continental
bills advance 20 per cent in value after
the surrender of Burgoyne.
1777, Oct. 17- 1778, Nov. 3.
ARMY -NAVY.
1777 Oct. 17. N.T. Gen. Burgoyne
surrenders his army to Gen. Gate8 at
Saratoga.
Rnnrovne surrenders his army on con-
$000.'his native land,
carrying honorable scars, and a sword
given by Congress. [Feb. 11. Arrives.]
Jan. 9. Ga. Fort Sunbury on St. Cath-
erine's Sound, below Savannah, is cap-
tured by Gen. Prevost with British
troops from Florida.
Jan. 29. Ga. Two thousand British
under Col. Campbell take Augusta.
Feb. 3. First organized mutiny in the
American service occurs on board the
United States frigate Alliance, bound
to France with Lafayette on board.
S. C. Gen. Moultrie defeats 200 Brit-
ish at Port Royal, and drives them off
the Island.
Feb. 14. Ga. Col. Pickens, with a
force of Carolina militia, annihilates a
force of Tories west of Broad River,
killing Col. Boyd, their commander, and
70 men, hanging five of the ringleaders
for treason ; this secures western Georgia
to the patriots.
Feb. * Charges are made against Gen.
Arnold. (See Dec. * 1779.)
Feb. 25. Ind. Col. G. R. Clark cap-
tures Gov. Hamilton, and reoccupies
Vincennes.
* * Ky. St. Vincent, with stores, taken
by Americans under Col. Clark; 79 Brit-
ish captured.
* * S.C. Capt. Anderson defeats the
Tories in Carolina.
Mar. * Conn. Gov. Tryon of New York,
with 1,500 regulars and Tories, goes to
Horse Neck to destroy the salt-works.
Israel Putnam and the militia resist,
but are flanked and defeated ; Gen.
Putnam makes his famous ride down
the steep declivity.
Gov. Tryon burns the village of West
Greenwich.
Mar 3. Ga. Gen. Ashe, with about 60
Continental troops and 1,500 militia, is
surrounded and utterly defeated by a
British force at Brier Creek below
Augusta; he loses 150 killed and 160
prisoners. Georgia is now entirely
subjugated.
Mar. 19. Phila. Gen. Arnold resigns
his command.
Apr. 5. Mass. Refugees plunder Nan-
tucket and carry off with them two
loaded brigs and several other vessels.
Apr. 18 -24. N. Y. Gen. Van Shaick
destroys the Onondaga towns, killing
12 Indians and capturing thirty-four.
Apr. 23. S. C. Gen. Lincoln, with 5,000
men, attempts to enter Georgia via
Augusta.
Apr. * Tenn. An expedition is sent
against the Tennessee Indians.
* * Arnold opens treasonable corre-
spondence with Clinton, commander-
in-chief of the British forces.
Spring. British incursions are made in
the Chesapeake.
May 8 -June 16. Spain declares war
against Great Britain.
May 12. S. C. Gen. Prevost demands
the surrender of Charleston ; being re-
fused by Gen. Moultrie [he soon retires
at the approach of Gen. Lincoln].
May 14+. Va. Portsmouth and Nor-
folk are taken by 2,500 British under
Gen. Matthews ; stores, houses, and ves-
sels are burned with many small towns
in the vicinity.
May * Va. The British burn the navy-
yard at Gosport, destroying 130 mer-
chant ships and several war-vessels on
the stocks.
May 31. N. Y. Stony Point is aban-
doned at the approach of the British
under Gen. Clinton.
June 1. N. Y. Stony Point is used to
subdue Verplanck's Point on the oppo-
site side ; both forts are soon strongly
fortified and garrisoned by the British.
* * Naval war between England and
France.
June 20. S. C. Americans are repulsed
in an attack on the British at Stono
Ferry.
* * Me. The British occupy Castine.
July 5. Conn. Gov. Tryon of New York,
with 2,600 Hessians and Tories, sails for
New Haven, and takes the town.
July 7. Conn. Fairfield is plundered
and burnt by 2,500 British under Gov.
Tryon.
July 11. Conn. The British under Tryon
plunder and burn Norwalk.
July 15. 8 p. m. N. Y. Stony Point
retaken.
Gen. Wayne, having raised a force of
light infantry, suddenly assaults Stony
Point on the Hudson, and with a loss of
15 killed and 8.'i wounded, he captures
the garrison (515) and its vast stores ; he
destroys the fort ; 63 of the British are
killed in the attack. [Congress votes
Gen. Wayne a gold medal.]
July 19. N. Y. Americans fortify
"West Point.
Boston. The New England fleet de-
stroyed.
An expedition of 24 transports and 20
armed transports and privateers leaves
to subdue the British at Penobscot,
Maine.
N. Y. Indians under Brant attack
Minnisink settlements.
July 25. Me. After a useless delay at
Penobscot [the vessels of the New Eng-
land fleet are all taken or destroyed by
the British ; the men escape].
July 31. N. Y. Sullivan begins his
march through the Indian country.
Aug. 19. N.J. "Light Horse Harry"
(Lee), with a company of militia, sur-
prises the garrison at Paulus Hook
(Jersey City), takes 150 prisoners, with
the loss of only two men. [Congress
votes him a gold medal.]
Aug. 22 +. N. Y. Military expedition,
under Col. Brodhead, into the Indian
country ; about 50,000 bushels of corn
burned in 8 Indians towns.
Aug. 29 +. N. Y.—Pa. The expedition
under Gens. Sullivan and James Clinton
defeats the Tories and Indians at Tioga,
and the whole country, including 40 In-
dian villages, is wasted by the patriots
in retaliatory massacres.
Sept. 3. Ga. The French fleet under
D'Estaing arrives on the Savannah
River. He captures a British fleet.
Sept. 10. N. Y. The Indian village of
Canandaigua burnt.
Sept. 15. N. Y. Sullivan begins his re-
turn march from the Indian country.
Sept. ± * Ga. Gen. Lincoln marches on
Augusta, but retires before determined
resistance.
Sept. 23. Naval battle with the Ser-
apis.
Paul Jones with the Bonhomme Rich-
ard has a battle off the coast of Scotland
with the British frigate Serapis, carry-
ing 44 guns ; the battle lasts one and a
half hours. The vessels are lashed to-
gether, and at last the Serapis surren-
ders, and the Bonhomme Richard sinks ;
the companion of the Serapis is also
taken; out of 375 Americans, 300 were
either killed or wounded.
Ga. The siege of Gen. Prevost's
army begins at Savannah.
Sept. * -Oct. * S. C. ■ Prevost makes
an unsuccessful attempt to capture
Charleston.
Sept. 27 ±. Ga. The French fleet and a
part of the southern army besiege
Savannah.
Sept. * The Spaniards capture British
posts on the Lower Mississippi.
Oct. 4. Hoi. Paul Jones enters Texel,
North Holland, in the Serapis.
Oct. 11-25. R. I.' Sir H. Clinton with-
draws the British forces from Rhode
Island, in anticipation of the arrival of
a French fleet, leaving his heavy guns
and large military stores behind him.
UNITED STATES. 1778, Nov. 11-1780, Apr. 18. 91
Oct. 9. Ga. The Americans and French
together attempt the reduction of Sa-
vannah; their assault is repulsed by
the British, and Count Pulaski is mor-
tally wounded.
[The fleet now sails for the West In-
dies ; great excitement through the coun-
try because of the inefficient cooperation
of the French fleet.]
Oct. 25. N. J. "Washington goes into
winter quarters near Morristown.
Dec* Phila. Benedict Arnold is tried
by court martial on various charges,
chiefly for tyranny and mercenary cor-
ruption. (See Jan. 26, 1780.)
Great discouragement prevails in
the colonies, the French alliance hav-
ing brought little help to America ; the
credit of Congress is almost worthless,
the treasury bankrupt, and the army
chiefly fed with unkept promises, while
freedom is yet out of sight.
Dec. 26. New York. Gen. Clinton, with
8,500 men, sails for Savannah, leaving
a powerful garrison under Knyphausen.
* * Fort Mcintosh is built.
* * The British winter in New York.
1780 * * The British are successful in
the South.
Jan. 10. Gen. Charles Lee is dismissed
from the army for insolence.
Jan. 26. Phila. The court martial ac-
quits Benedict Arnold of criminal
intent, but condemns him to be repri-
manded by Washington.
Feb. 2. N. C. A skirmish occurs at
Cowan's Ford.
Feb. 11. S. C. The British, under Sir
Henry Clinton, land on St. John's Island,
about 30 miles from Charleston, and
begin their attack.
* * Military operations are nearly sus-
pended at the North during this year,
owing largely to the destitution of Wash-
ington's army.
Mar. * The British propose to subjugate
the entire South .beginning at Charleston .
Mar. 14. Ala. Spaniards take Mo-
bile. Capt. Darnford, with the British
garrison of 284 regulars and 51 armed
Indians, capitulates to Don Bernardo de
Galvez.
Apr. * Lafayette returns to America,
and brings good news — arms, clothing,
and an army are on the way from France.
Apr. 9. S. C. Charleston is invaded by
British land and naval forces under Sir
Henry Clinton.
Apr. 12-20. S. C. The British fire on
the batteries at Charleston.
Apr. 14. S. C. Tarleton surprises and
defeats the American cavalry at Monk's
Corner, capturing a large quantity of
arms, clothing, and ammunition.
Apr. 18. S. C. Lord Cornwallis arrives
at Charleston with 3,000 fresh troops.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1779* * New York. Stereotyping is in-
troduced by Mr. Colden. (?) See p. 121.
1780 Jan. 29. Phila. This is the
coldest day in 25 years.
Feb. 22. Phila. Ice is 17 inches
thick ; an ox is roasted on the river.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1778* *
Allston, Joseph, Gov. of S. C, born.
Bangs, Nathan, clergyman, born.
Biddle, Nicholas, naval commander, A28.
Buel, Jesse, journalist, born.
Gaston. William, jurist, born.
Gruber, Jacob, clergyman, born.
Hammond, Jabez D., judge, born.
Kingsley, James Luce, scholar, born.
Ladd, William, peace advocate, born.
Livingston, Philip, signer of Decl'n, A 62.
Peale, Rembrandt, painter, born.
Ritchie, Thomas, journalist, born.
Stewart, Charles, rear-admiral, born.
Tallmadgre, James, jurist and statesman, b.
Warren, John Collins, anatomist, born.
1779* *
Allston, Washington, painter, born.
Baldwin, Henry, justice, born in Pa.
Bernard, Sir Francis, Gov. of N. H., A65.
Bowen, Nathaniel, bishop, born.
Brownell, Thomas Church, college pres., b.
Brute, Simon W. G., bishop, born.
Decatur, Stephen, Jr., commodore, born.
Drayton. William Henry, patriot, A37.
Farrar, John, mathematician, born.
Hartshorne, Joseph, physician, born.
Humphrey, Heman, Pres. of Amherst, born.
Jasper, William, brave soldier, A29.,
Jay, William, philanthropist, born.
Lynch, Thomas, Jr., signer of Decl'n, A30.
Moore, Clement Clarke, poet, born.
Parrish, Joseph, physician, born.
Paulding, James Kirke, novelist, born.
Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, general, b.
Poindexter, George, statesman, born.
Poinsett, Joel Roberts, statesman, born.
Ross, George, statesman, A49.
Sergeant, John, jurist, born.
Silliman, Benjamin, physicist, born.
Story, Joseph, justice, born in Mass.
Tudor, William, author, born.
Watson, John Fanning, author, born.
Wheelock, Eleazer, pres. of Dartmouth, A68.
CHURCH.
1778 * * Massachusetts relaxes her
severity against the Baptists.
1779 May 18. Va. On the question of
ordinance, more than one-half of the
Methodist preachers secede tempo-
rarily, and hold a separate conference
at Fluvanna.
LETTERS.
1778* * Yankee Doodle sung by the
troops.
SOCIETY.
1779 * * Vt. Drunkenness is liable to
a penalty of $2, if noticeable in speech,
gesture, or behavior.
Apr. * Md. The Methodist Conference
at Baltimore proposes to disown " all
persons who should engage in the prac-
tise of distilling grain into liquor."
STATE.
1778 Nov. * New Jersey signs the Ar-
ticles of Confederation.
* * Eng. Complications with France, and
approaching hostility of Spain and Hol-
land, with paucity of military results,
alarm the British government.
Dec. 10. Phila. John Jay, of New
York, is elected president of Congress.
Dec. 15. Maryland refuses to vote for
the Confederation until the rights for
the lands in the Northwest are settled.
Dec. * Holland. C. W. F. Dumas be-
comes agent for the United States.
* * Governors inaugurated :
Pa. Joseph Reed, President of the
Supreme Executive Council.
-86 * * B.I. Wm. Greene, Jr.
-89 * * Vt. Thomas Chittenden.
1779 Jan. 2. Phila. Congress calls for
a contribution from the States of six
millions annually for 18 years, to form a
sinking fund.
Feb. * -Mar. * Phila. Congress for-
mulates its conditions of peace with
Great Britain.
Mar. 3. Ga. By the utter defeat of the
Americans at Brier Creek, the royal
government is soon reestablished.
Mar. * -July * Phila. A struggle in
Congress over the fishing demands of
France. Common rights maintained.
Apr. * Spain by a secret treaty makes
common cause with France against
Great Britain.
Apr. * Massachusetts passes a Conspir-
acy Act against the Tories.
June * Eng. Joseph Galloway is ex-
amined before Parliament.
Aug. 17. La. Independence of the
United States declared at New Orleans
with beating of drums, etc.
Sept. 27. John Adams is appointed
commissioner to negotiate a treaty with
Great Britain.
Sept. 28. John Jay is chosen commis-
sioner to Spain.
Sept. * Phila. Luzerne arrives as min-
ister from France.
* * Pa. Extension westward of Mason
and Dixon's line.
* * Eng. Controversy in Parliament over
the generalship of Sir William Howe
and of General Burgoyne. [It continues
more than two years.]
* * Va. The seat of government is re-
moved from "Williamsburg to Rich-
mond.
* * Governors inaugurated :
N. C. Abner Nast.
-81 * * Va. Thomas Jefferson.
1780 Feb. 19. New York cedes her
right in Western lands to the United
States. [1781. Mar. * Congress accepts.]
Feb. 28-Mar. 10. Russia issues a dec-
laration of armed neutrality.
Mar. 1. Bank of Philadelphia chartered.
Spring. Ky. IiouisviUe settled by
about 600 people.
Mar. 18. Phila. Congress resolves to
call in by taxes all the Continental
money and burn it, and to issue
$10,000,000 new money, redeemable
in specie within six years.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1778 * * * The British and Tories flood
the country with counterfeit money.
* * * Business is paralyzed for want of
currency, and the distress is extreme
and widespread.
92 1780, Apr. 24.-1781, Mar. 2. AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1780 May 6. S. C. Fort Moultrie sur-
renders to the British.
May 9. S. C. The British begin to can-
nonade Charleston.
May 11. JV. J. Lafayette rejoins "Wash-
ington, after an absence of 15 months,
and announces the approach of French
succor.
May 12. S. C. Charleston is taken.
Gen. Lincoln with an army of 3,000
men capitulates to Sir Henry Clinton
with 5,000 British soldiers, and Charles-
ton is surrendered after a siege in which
the fortifications were beaten down by
200 cannons ; 6,000 Americans become
prisoners of war.
May * S. C. Clinton sends off three ex-
peditions ; one to intercept approaching
reenf or cements under Col. Buford, one
toward Augusta, and the third toward
Camden.
May 21. If. Y. Johnstown is burned by
Tories.
May * S. C. The British take Ninety-
Six, an American post 150 miles north-
west of Charleston.
May 25. If. J. Two regiments of Wash-
ington's troops mutiny ; they are soon
persuaded to return to duty.
May 26. Mo. The Spaniards at St.
Louis are attacked by the English.
May 29. S. C. Col. Buford with 400
Americans is pursued by Col. Tarleton
and massacred at Waxhaw Creek,
while negotiations for surrender are
pending.
May* Failure of the English plans to
capture posts on the Mississippi.
June 5. If. J. Knyphausen leads an
expedition into New Jersey, visiting
Elizabethtown and burning Connecti-
cut Farms. He is harassed by the mili-
tia and makes an inglorious retreat.
S. C. The Americans being subdued,
Gen. Clinton, with a large part of his
troops, embarks for the North.
June 13. Phila. Gen. Gates, the most
popular American general, is ordered
by Congress to take command of the
army in the South.
June * Fort Jefferson, on the Mississippi
below the Ohio, is built.
June 23. N. J. Gen. Greene defeats the
British at Springfield.
July 10. R. I. A French fleet arrives
at Newport, bringing the Count de
Rochambeau and 6,000 soldiers to aid
the Americans. [They soon join "Wash-
ington in New Jersey. The British
fleet blockades the French vessels at
Newport.] (Winsor, July 12.)
July 21. Va. Gen. "Wayne has a skirmish
at Bull's Ferry.
July 25. Gen. Horatio Gates takes
command of the Southern army.
July 30. S. C. Col. Sumter attempts
to surprise a British post at Rocky
Mount, but a Tory apprises the com-
mander and Sumter is repulsed.
Aug. 1. If. Y. Indians burn the village
of Canajoharie.
Aug. 3. If. Y. Maj.-gen. Benedict
Arnold, by his own request, takes
command of the fortress at West Point,
on the Hudson ; it contains the most
valuable collection of military stores in
America.
Aug. 6. S. C. Col. Sumter attacks a
large detachment of British regulars
and Tories at Hanging Rock, and then
retires. Here Andrew Jackson, not
14 years of age, begins his career as a
soldier.
Aug. 15. S. C. By coincidence, Gen.
Gates and Lord Cornwallis set out in
the night to surprise each other, at
Sanders' Creek.
Aug. 16. S. C. Nearly 3,000 Americans
defeated in the battle of Sanders'
Creek near Camden. Gates loses all
his artillery, ammunition, wagons, and
much of the baggage. Here Baron De
Kalb is mortally wounded, and 1,000 men
are killed or taken prisoners. [It is one
of the worst defeats suffered by any
American army-1 British loss 325.
Aug. 18. S. C. Col. Sumter's force is
dispersed by Col. Tarleton at Fishing-
Creek; Gen. Marion retreats toward
North Carolina.
Autumn and Winter. S. C.—Ga. An
audacious partizan warfare is success-
fully conducted in the South by the
famous Col. Thomas Sumter and Col.
Francis Marion, great leaders of the
militia.
Sept. 8. If. C. The British at the South
advancing northward enter North Caro-
lina.
Sept. 21. If. Y. Maj. Andre" lands in
the night from the British sloop-of-war
Vulture, and proceeds to meet Arnold.
Treason of Maj .-Gen. Arnold.
About midnight, Benedict Arnold
meets Maj. John Andr6, two miles be-
low Haverstraw, on the Hudson, to per-
fect the scheme of treason. Arnold
bargains to betray his country for
$50,000 and a commission as brigadier
in the British army ; he surrenders to
the British descriptive papers of the
fortress and directions for approach.
Sept. 23. If. Y. Maj. Andre\ the
British spy, is arrested near Tarrytown
by John Paulding, David "Williams, and
Isaac "Wirt, who refuse his bribes.
Sept. 26. If. Y. Benedict Arnold flees
to the British sloop-of-war Vulture, and
is taken to New York.
Sept. * Conn. Washington and Roeham-
heau confer at Hartford.
Sept. 26. If. C. The British on their
northward march enter Charlotte ; the
Americans falling back without a battle.
Sept. 29. If. Y. A court martial at
Tappan, consisting of six major-generals
and eight brigadiers, finds Maj. Andre"
guilty and condemns him to death.
Oct. 2. If. Y. Maj. Andre" is hanged
as a spy at Tappan.
Oct. 7. N. C. Battle of King's Moun-
tain.
Col. Ferguson with 1,100 regulars and
Tories is defeated on the top of King's
Mountain by 1,000 militia men under
Col. Campbell. Ferguson and 300 men
are killed, 800 are taken prisoners, and
10 Tories are hanged. [Drooping pa-
triotism begins to revive.]
Oct. 14. Gen. Nathaniel Greene, next
to Washington the ablest of the Ameri-
can omcers, supersedes Gen. Gates in
the South.
Oct. 16. Vt. Royalton is attacked by
300 Indians ; many houses are burned.
Oct. * If. Y. The Americans raid Staten
Island.
Nov. 18. If. C. An action occurs at Fish
Dam Ford.
Nov. 20. If. C. Col. Sumter defeats Col.
Tarleton at Blackstocks.
Dec. 2. Gen. Nathaniel Greene assumes
command of the Southern army.
* *If.C. Col. John Sevier conducts an
expedition against the Indians west of
North Carolina.
Dec. * If. Y. Indians make attacks
along the Mohawk River and through
the Champlain country.
**If.J. Washington enters winter
quarters at Totowa and Preakness.
1781 Jan. 1. N. J. Revolt in the
army.
Washington's army is in a desperate
condition — no food, no pay, no clothing.
The whole Pennsylvania line, 1,300
strong, mutiny, and leaving their camp
at Morristown, they start for Philadel-
phia to lay their complaints before
Congress.
Jan 3 ±. Va. Benedict Arnold is ap-
pointed Brig.-Gen. in the British army.
[He conducts a ravaging expedition into
Virginia, along the James River.]
Jan. * N. J. Emissaries from Gen. Clin-
ton meet the mutinous Pennsylvanians
at Princeton with bribes to desert the
service, which are indignantly declined,
and the agents delivered to be hanged
as spies. [Concessions from Congress
quiet the mutiny.]
Jan. 5. Va. Benedict Arnold, with
1,600 British troops, burns the stores
near Richmond.
* * N.J. The New Jersey brigade
mutinies at Pompton.
It is quelled by force ; 12 of the prin-
cipal mutineers are compelled to snoot
the two ringleaders. [The insurrections
have a good effect on Congress.]
Jan. 17. S. C. Battle of Cowpens.
Gen. Morgan, with 1,000 men, utterly
defeats Gen. Tarleton with 1,100 British
troops. Losses, British, 300 killed and
wounded, more than 500 made prisoners ;
Americans, 12 killed, 60 wounded.
Jan. * S. C. The great military race
begins by Gen. Greene ordering both
divisions of his army to fall back — re-
treating northward from the approach
of Lord Cornwallis's advance.
Jan. 28. S. C. Gen. Morgan's division
crosses the Catawba River to the north-
ern banks ; Cornwallis arrives late in
the day on the opposite side, but floods
of rain during the night compel his de-
lay for many days, before crossing.
Jan. 31. If. C. Gen. Greene takes
command of Morgan's army.
Jan. *-Mar. * Midi. The Spaniards in-
vade Michigan.
UNITED STATES. 1780, Apr. 24-1781, Mar. 2. 93
Feb. 1. N. C. Lieut.-Col. Wm. Davidson
is defeated and killed at Cowan's Ford,
on the Catawba, by Lord Cornwallis,
whose horse is killed under him.
Feb. 7. N. C. Gen. Greene arrives at
(iuilford Court House, and there joins
the remainder of his army.
Feb. 15. N. C. Greene, with great tact,
completes his retreat by crossing the
Dan into Virginia, narrowly escaping his
pursuers, but abandoning to them the
entire State of North Carolina.
Feb. 21, 22. N. C. Greene re-crosses
the Dan ; he sends Lieut.-Col. Lee after
a troop of Tarleton's dragoons under
Capt. Miller.
Feb. 23. N. C. Greene's rear guard is
attacked by the van of the British while
crossing the Yadkin.
Feb. 25. N. C. Col. Pyle and a body of
royalists defeated near Haw River by
Pickens and Lee, without losing a man.
Mar. 2. N. C. Cols. Lee and Pickens,
with their cavalry, cut to pieces three
or four hundred mounted Tories enlisted
by Tarleton.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1780 May 19. New Eng. The dark
day occasioned by a thin cloud, or
vapor.
* * Boston. The American Academy of
Arts and Sciences founded.
* * N. H. The first American glass-fac-
tory is erected in Temple township.
* * New Eng. The making of wrought
iron nails is an important home indus-
try during the winter months, and in
stormy weather, among the thrifty, in-
dustrious rural people.
1781* *John Trumbull paints the
Death of Montgomery.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1780* »
Anderson, Isaac, pioneer clergyman, born.
Andre, John, Brit, major and spy, banged.
Audubon, John James, ornithologist, born.
Binney, Horace, statesman, born.
Carver, Jonathan, traveler, A48.
Channing. "William Ellery, clergyman, b.
Chapman, Nathaniel, physician, born.
Cleaveland, Parker, mineralogist, born.
De Kalb, John, Baron, gen., k. at Camden,
A 59.
Duane, William John, Sec. of Treasury, b.
Dudley, Charles Edward, senator, born.
Duer, William Alexander, jurist, born.
Keatherstonaugh, George William, geologist,
born.
Ferguson, Patrick, major in army, dies.
Forsyth, John, statesman, born.
Hertding, Elijah, bishop, born.
Hitchcock, Peter, jurist, born.
Hutchinson, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., A69.
Key, Francis Scott, poet, born.
Logan, Indian chief, dies.
McKinley, John, justice, born in Ala.
Mussey, Reuben Diamond, surgeon, born.
Porter, David, commodore, born.
Rush, Richard, diplomatist, born.
Schweinitz, von, Lewis David, botanist, b.
Stuart, Moses, theologian, born.
1781* *
Abercrombie, James, general, A75.
* Ashe, John, patriot, A 60.
Berrien-, John McPherson, senator, born.
Brown, John A., financier, born.
Greene, Christopher, col., dies.
Hare, Robert, physicist, born.
Harnett, Cornelius, statesman, A58.
Hayne, Isaac, officer, A36.
Ilolley, Horace, clergyman, bom.
Lawrence, James, naval officer, born.
Leigh, Benjamin, statesman, born.
J.iller, William, Advent preacher, bom.
Stockton, Richard, signer of Declaration, A51.
CHURCH.
1780 Apr. 24. Md. The Methodist
preachers of the North hold a Conference
at Baltimore.
May 8. Fa. The separated Methodist
bodies unite in the Conference held at
Manakintown, in Powhatan county.
The southern seceders bring slavery
as asocial institution among Methodists.
* * Mass. First Universalist church
formed, in Gloucester.
* * Miss. First Baptist church in Missis-
sippi formed near Natchez.
* * N.H. The Freewill Baptists organ-
ize their first society, at Dover.
* * N.J. The independent Presbytery of
Morris County is formed.
* *Pa.—Va. Christ's Church, Phila-
delphia, is the only Protestant Episcopal
church left in the State after the war ;
28 Episcopal clergymen remain in Vir-
ginia ; 91 (loyalists) leave the State.
STATE.
1780 May 11. Lafayette brings "Wash-
ington the appointment of lieutenant-
general in the army of France and vice-
admiral in its navy, in order to remove
vexing questions of etiquette from the
minds of French officers in American
service.
May * Ky. The Legislature of Virginia
incorporates the town of Louisville.
Summer. S. C. By the capture of
Charleston and other , American ports,
royal authority is re-established
over the territory of South Carolina,
but not over the people.
Aug. 2. Boston. The Massachusetts
Constitutional Convention meets.
Oct. 5. Phila. The United States ac-
cedes to the armed neutrality at sea.
Oct. 7-20. New York. Benedict Ar-
nold issues an address and proclamation
from the British headquarters.
* Francis Asbury becomes the de facto Oct. 10. Conn. The State offers its
Superintendent of Methodism in Amer-
ica, the war having detached Methodists
from Wesley.
* * -1800 * * Great revival of religion
among the colored people.
SOCIETY.
western lands to the Federal Union
with [unsatisfactory] conditions.
Oct. 25. Mass. John Hancock is
chosen first governor under the New
Constitution.
* * Henry Laurens, U. S. minister to
The Netherlands, is captured at sea by
the British.
Dec. * The Hollanders sympathize with
the Americans ; they declare war
against England.
* * Massachusetts adopts a constitution
with a bill of rights, which abolishes
slavery.
Phila. Congress appoints
Francis Dana minister to Russia.
* * New York. A Board of Associated
Loyalists is formed to aid the British.
1781 Jan. * "Virginia offers to condi-
tionally give up its lands northwest of
the Ohio. (See Mar. 1, 1784.)
Women organize the Feb 2Q phUa Congres8 appo , ntB
Robert Morris Superintendent of Fi-
nance.
Mar. 1. N. Y. The delegates of New
York facilitate the completion of the
Union by the transfer to the Federal
Congress of the vague claims of that
State to western territory.
Maryland, the last of the 13 States,
signs the Articles of Confederation.
The Confederation is accepted by
all the States as a loose union of inde-
pendent commonwealths.
Phila. The old Congress of the
Revolution closes.
Mar. 2. Phila. The new Congress of
the Confederation opens.
1780 Apr. * Md. The Methodist Confer-
ence at Baltimore proposes to disown
"all persons who should engage in
distilling."
The first measures are taken for extir-
pating slavery among Methodists by
declaring " That slavery is contrary
to the laws of God, man, and nature, Dec. 18
and hurtful to society, contrary to the
dictates of conscience and pure religion,
and doing that which we would not
others should do to us and ours."
* * Gloom settles over the country.
The treason of Benedict Arnold intensi-
fies the general depression.
June 13. Phila
" American Daughters of Liberty,
an association to provide clothing for
the suffering soldiers.
June 17. Phila. A bank is opened for
supplying the army with provisions,
and $945,000 subscribed.
Sept. 23. N. Y. Maj. Andre", a British
spy, is arrested near Tarrytown.
Oct. 2. N. Y. Maj. Andre) is hanged
as a spy at Tappan.
* * Pennsylvania abolishes slavery.
* * Massachusetts adopts a constitution
which abolishes slavery.
* * The mothers of America send sup-
plies of food and clothing to the camps
of the patriots.
* * Va. James Monroe marries Eliza
Kortright.
* * S. C. Negroes in great numbers
desert their masters and flee to the
British.
1781 Feb. * Lafayette's force of 1,200
men is in a state of extreme destitution.
Congress has neither money nor credit ;
Lafayette purchases a full outfit from
his private purse.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1780 July * U. S. Continental cur-
rency notes are worth two cents on
a doUar. " It takes a wagon load of
currency to buy a wagon load of provis-
ions."
Aug. * 0. Two block-houses are built on
the Ohio River (Cincinnati) by Ameri-
can troops.
94 1781, Mar. 6-1783, Mar.
AMERICA
ARMY -NAVY.
1781 Mar. 6. 2f. C. The British are
worsted in an engagement at Reedy
Fort Creek.
Mar. 8. Va. Washington sends Lafay-
ette with 1,200 men [and the French fleet
from Bhode Island] to Virginia to cap-
ture Benedict Arnold.
Mar. 15. If. C. Battle at Guilford
Court House (Greensborough).
Gen. Greene is attacked by Lord Corn-
wallis ; American force, 4,400, mostly
raw militia ; British force, 2,400, chiefly
veteran soldiers. Losses ; American,
2,309 killed, wounded, and missing;
British, over 532 men. The Americans
retire in good order after a bloody bat-
tle, with Cornwallis unable to pursue.
Mar. 16. Va. The British Admiral Ar-
buthnot compels the French fleet to
return to Rhode Island.
Mar. 18. 2f. C. Cornwallis retreats
from Guilford Court House, leaving
the wounded Americans and 70 wounded
British.
Mar. 25. Va. A British force of 2,000
men under Gen. Phillips reenforces
Arnold.
The British under Phillips spare the
buildings at Mount Vernon on con-
dition that supplies are furnished.
Mar. 30. The mutiny on board the
United States frigate Alliance is fully
disclosed on her return from France to
Boston.
Apr. 7. N.C. Cornwallis at Wilmington.
Apr. * Va. Steuben is active in Vir-
ginia.
Apr. 18. S. C. The British evacuate
Charleston after firing buildings, and
leave their badly wounded behind them.
Gen. Greene approaches Camden.
Apr. 23. 8. C. Col. Lee takes Fort
Watson from the British.
Apr. 25. S. C. Battle at Hobkirk's
Hill, near Camden ; Lord Bawdon de-
feats Gen. Greene, who saves his artil-
lery and carries off his wounded.
jr a . The British under Arnold and
Phillips take Petersburg, burn 400
hogsheads of tobacco, a ship, and several
small craft.
Apr.+ N. H. The first American man-
of-war is built at Portsmouth, under
the superintendence of Paul Jones ; it is
a line-of-battle ship and named America.
Apr. 25. Va. Lord Cornwallis under-
takes the conquest of Virginia; La-
fayette undertakes its defense.
May 8. Count De Barras arrives from
France, and announces that 20 ships of
the fine are coming in a few months.
May 9. Fla. The Spaniards take Pen-
sacola.
May 10. S. C. The British under Lord
Bawdon evacuate Camden and retire
beyond the Santee.
May 11. N. Y. Ogdensburg surren-
ders to Americans under Gen. Sumter.
May 13. Va. On the death of Gen. Phil-
lips, Benedict Arnold becomes com-
mander-in-chief of the British forces
in Virginia for 7 days— the summit of
the traitor's glory !
May 14. ± S. C. The British posts at
Fort Granby, Orangeburg, and Fort
Motte successively fall into the hands
of the Americans under Col. Leo.
* * Ga. Augusta is besieged.
May 20. Va. Cornwallis arrives at
Petersburg, and joins the forces lately
commanded by Gen. Phillips.
May 21. Conn. Washington and
Gen. Jean Rochambeau confer at
Wethersfield.
June 5. Ga. Americans capture Au-
gusta.
June 21. Va. Cornwallis evacuates
Richmond.
June 19. S. C. After maintaining the
siege of Ninety-Six for 27 days, Gen.
Greene is obliged to retire on the ap-
proach of an army under Lord Rawdon.
July 4. Va. Williamsburg is evacu-
ated by Cornwallis.
July* S. C. Gen. Greene is forced to
retire to the mountains.
July 6. Va. Lafayette orders an attack
on Cornwallis ; Gen. Wayne makes an
assault and retires in good order.
V. Y. After 11 months of inactivity
at Newport, R.I., the French army
joins Washington on the Hudson.
July* Cornwallis refuses to serve with
Maj.-Gen. Benedict Arnold in Virginia;
Arnold is sent North.
Aug. 1. Va. The British forces are
concentrated at Yorktown and Glou-
cester, and entrench.
Aug. 4. S. C. Col. Isaac Hayne, a
patriot soldier, is hanged by the British
at Charleston.
Aug. 14. -V. Y. Washington decides to
transfer his army from New York to
Virginia.
Aug. 28. R. I. De Barras, commanding
the French fleet at Newport, suddenly
puts to sea, steering toward Chesapeake
Bay.
Aug. 30. Va. Count De Grasse ar-
rives in the Chesapeake Bay, from the
West Indies, with a French fleet of 28
sail-of-the-line.
± A". Y. The British Adm. Graves is re-
enforced by nearly 20 ships-of-the-line,
from the West Indies.
Sept. 5. Va. Adm. Graves arrives in
the Chesapeake, and a fight of two hours
ensues, off the Capes.
Sept. 6-10. De Grasse maneuvers four
days, as if for battle, i..nd thus secures a
passage for the approaching fleet under
De Barras to enter the bay, where they
unite to blockade Cornwallis.
Sept. 6. Conn. An expedition under
Benedict Arnold burns New London,
his native town, after capturing Fort
Griswold, and killing most of the garri-
son after they have surrendered.
Sept. 7. Va. Lafayette, with 8,000 men,
cuts off Cornwallis from retreating into
North Carolina.
Sept. 8. S. C. Battle of Eutaw
Springs, the last important conflict
in the South.
Gen. Greene attacks the British, now
under Col. Stuart, and one of the fiercest
battles of the war ensues. British loss,
nearly 700 killed and wounded, and 500
prisoners ; American loss, 550 men. By
this battle the British power is broken
i n the South. [Though defeated in every
battle, Greene finally drives the British
out of the country.]
Sept. 14. Va. Washington arrives at
Williamsburg and assumes command.
Sept. 28. Va. The siege of Yorktown
begins.
The Army of the North, under Wash-
ington, 9,000 strong, and the French
army under Rochambeau, 7,000 strong,
arrive at Yorktown.
Oct. 19. Va. Lord Cornwallis sur-
renders his army of 7,247 men, besides
840 seamen, at Yorktown ; this victory
practically concludes the War of
Independence.
Oct. 20. N. Y. The Mohawk Valley is
invaded by Indians.
New York. Clinton sails to reenforce
Cornwallis in Virginia with 7,000 men.
Oct. * Ga. Col. Andrew Pickens invades
the Cherokee country.
Nov. 13. Phila. John Moody is hanged
as a British spy.
Dec. * The British in the South are
confined to the cities of Charleston and
Savannah.
* * George R. Clark fails in his plans for
the capture of Detroit.
1782 Feb.* New York. Benjamin
Thompson (Count Rumford) is an officer
of the King's Dragoons, but takes no
part in the war.
Mar. * O. Col. Williamson massacres
90 inoffensive Indians, — men, women,
and children, on the Muskingum, —to
take vengeance on suspected murderers.
Mar. 24. N. J. A blockhouse on Toms
River is captured by royalists, and its
commander summarily executed with-
out trial.
Apr. * -V. Y. Washington's headquarters
is located at Newburgh, on the Hudson.
May* -June* Col. William Crawford
leads an expedition against the Wyan-
dot Indians.
May* New York. Sir Guy Carleton
arrives, and relieves Gen. Clinton of
his command.
June 6. O. An expedition against the
remnant of the Christian Indians from
western Pennsylvania is ambushed and
defeated, with the loss of many prisoners.
July 11. Ga. Savannah is evacuated
by the British.
Aug. 15. Ky. Indians attack Bryant's
Station, and are repulsed.
Aug. 27. S. C. The last battle of the
Revolution is fought on the Combahee,
near Charleston ; the younger Laurens
is killed — much lamented.
Nov. 5. A*. II. The America, a 74-gun
ship, is launched at Portsmouth ; it is
the first line-of-battle ship.
Nov. * O. George R. Clark conducts an
expedition against the Miami Indians.
Nov. 30. Paris. A preliminary treaty
of peace with Great Britain is signed.
Dec. 14. S. C. The British evacuate
Charleston.
UNITED STATES. 1781, Mar. 6-1783, Mar. 95
1783 Feb. 4. Final cessation of hos-
tilities with Great Britain.
Feb. * If. Y. Col. Marinus Willett at-
tempts to surprise the British at Os-
wego on Lake Erie, because they retain
the post after the treaty.
Mar. * If. Y. A plausible address is pri-
vately circulated in camp at Newburg,
proposing the intimidation of Con-
gress for the redress of soldiers' griev-
ances.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1782 * * Phila. Oliver Evans patents a
steam-wagon.
* * Phila. The manufacture of fustians
and jeans begins.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1782* *
Benton, Thomas Hart, senator for Mo., b.
Bond, Thomas E., editor, born.
Calhoun, John Caldwell, Sec. of State,
senator for S. C, born.
Cass, Lewis, Sec. of State, sen. for Mich., b.
Darlington, William, botanist, born.
Duer, John, jurist, born.
Elliott, Jesse Duncan, commodore, born.
Fraser, Charles, painter, born.
Grimshaw, William, author, born.
Guthrie, Samuel, chemist, born.
Ingersoll, Charles Jared, author, born.
Laurens, John, officer, A26.
Lee, Charles, general, A51.
Lincoln, Levi, governor of Mass., born.
Longworth, Nicholas, horticulturist, born.
Loudoun, John Campbell, earl of, gen., A77.
Macomb, Alexander, general, born.
Ripley, Eleazer Wheelock, general, born.
Warrington, Lewis, naval officer, born.
Webster, Daniel, sen. for Mass., Sec. of
State, born in K. H.
CHURCH.
1781 Apr. 24. Md. The United
Methodist preachers of the North and
the South meet in Conference at Balti-
more.
June* Ky. The first Baptist church is
organized at Elizabethtown.
* * Phila. Elhanan Winchester, a Bap-
tist minister, joins the Universalists.
1782 Mar. * O. Moravian converts
are massacred. Over ninety inoffensive
Christian Indians, men and women, of
the Moravian missions, are gathered by
the whites into two slaughter-pens, and
butchered in cold blood.
Apr. 17. Va. The Methodist preachers
hold a Conference at Ellis's Chapel,
Sussex County.
May 21. Md. The Methodist preachers
hold a Conference at Baltimore.
Sept. 12. New Eng. The Presbyterian
Synod of New England, being very
weak, dissolves.
Oct. 13. The Reformed Presbytery is
disorganized by its union with the Pres-
bytery of the Associate Church. [Dis-
satisfaction follows, and there are three
organizations instead of one.]
Nov. 1. Phila. «« The Synod of the
Associate Reformed Church" is or-
ganized by the union of two Associate
Presbyteries with the Reformed Pres-
bytery.
* * Pa. Dr. "William "White [afterward
bishop] recommends the bishopless Epis-
copalians to adopt temporarily a Pres-
byterian form of government.
LETTERS.
1781 * * Vt. First issue of the Vermont
Gazette or Green Mountain Post-Boy at
Westminster, the first newspaper in
the State.
1782 * * Md. "Washington College
(non-sect.) organized at Chestertown.
* * McFinyal, by John Trumbull, ap-
pears complete.
* * Phila. The first English Bible pub-
lished in America appears.
June 8. N. Y. First issue of the Brook-
lyn Hall Super-Extra Gazette, the first
paper in the city.
SOCIETY.
1781 Oct. 23. Phila. A messenger from
Washington arrives at the capital city,
bringing tidings of the victory at
Yorktown; the night watchmen call
the hour and often add, " and Corn-
wallis is taken.'"
* * Eng. The fictitious story of the Blue
Laws of Connecticut is published by
Rev. Samuel Peters, a Tory refugee.
* * U. S. The people pursue the avoca-
tions of peace, except in the vicinity of
military conflict, for some time before
the close of the war ; independence is
practically a fact except near the camps
of the enemy.
STATE,
1781 Apr. 19. Massachusetts cedes
her claims to western lands to the
Union.
May 26. Phila. Congress resolves to
establish the Bank of North America.
May 9. Fla. Pensacola is taken by the
Spaniards.
* * Phila. Robert Morris is appointed
treasurer by Congress.
He and his friends pledge their private
fortunes for the payment of the future
obligations of Congress, and so improve
the credit of the Government.
June 15. Phila. Congress appoints five
commissioners to conclude a treaty
with Great Britain, — John Adams, Ben-
jamin Franklin, John Jay, Henry Lau-
rens, and Thomas Jefferson.
* *An Austro-Russian offer of media-
tion between the United States and
Great Britain is made.
July 9. Phila. Congress ratifies the
Articles of Confederation.
Aug. 10. Phila. R.R.Livingston is made
the first Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
Oct. 24. Phila. Congress assembles
and listens to Washington's despatch
announcing the victory at Yorktown ;
the weeping and exulting members, with
many citizens, go to the Dutch church,
where thanks are rendered to Almighty
God.
* * Eng. The capture of a second army
(Cornwallis's) by the Americans makes
the war unpopular in England.
Dec. 31. Phila. Congress charters the
Bank of North America.
1782 Jan. * Eng. An Act of Parlia-
ment is passed to enable George I II.
to make peace with the United States.
Mar. 4. Eng. The House of Commons
favors peace.
Gen. Conway's motion approved, say-
ing " the House would consider as ene--
mies to his Majesty and the country, all
those who should advise or attempt the
further prosecution of offensive war on
the American continent."
Mar. 20. Eng. Resignation of the hos-
tile ministry of Lord North, and acces-
sion of that of the Marquis of Rock-
ingham.
Apr. 6. Eng. Lord Shelburne sends
Oswald to Franklin.
Apr. 19. HoUand acknowledges the In-
dependence of the United States, and
receives John Adams as its minister.
Apr. 23. Eng. The British Ministry de-
cide to send separate negotiators to
Yergennes and to Franklin.
May 4-7. Fr. Oswald and Grenville are
in Paris.
May 23. Eng. The Ministry agree to
propose American Independence.
May * Neio York. Sir Guy Carleton
arrives, empowered to make proposi-
tions of peace. He proposes the cessa-
tion of hostilities to Washington.
June 20. Phila. Congress adopts the
great seal of the United States.
June 23. Fr. John Jay arrives in
Paris.
Julyl+. Eng. The Earl of Shel-
burne's Administration follows that of
Rockingham.
Sept. 13. Phila. Congress agrees to ac-
cept the offer of Virginia's western
lands.
Oct. 8. John Adams concludes a treaty
with Holland.
Oct. 26. Fr. John Adams reaches
Paris.
Oct. 29. Phila. Congress accepts the
lands ceded to it by New York.
Nov. 20. Va. Delegates are authorized
to complete the transfer of western
lands to Congress.
Nov. 30. Paris. Adams, Franklin, Jay,
and Laurens sign a preliminary treaty
of peace with Great Britain.
Dec. * Loyalists leave the Atlantic
ports in large numbers.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-90 * * Cal. Pedro Fajes (Spanish).
Pa. John Dickinson is president of
the Supreme Executive Council.
1783 Jan. 20. Fr. England on one
hand, and France, the ally of America
and Spain on the other, being desirous
of peace, suspend hostilities, and sign
preliminary articles at Versailles.
Feb. 5. Sweden acknowledges the Inde-
pendence of the United States.
Feb. 16. Pelatiah Webster makes a prop-
osition to remodel the Government.
Feb. 25. Denmark acknowledges the
Independence of the United States.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1782 Jan. 7. Phila. The Bank of
North America opens for business.
Jan. * U. S. The war debt at the close
of the struggle is $42,000,000.
96 1783, Mar. 24-1785, Sept. 14. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1783 Apr. 11. Phila. Congress pro-
claims the cessation of arms.
Apr. 19. Cessation of hostilities is
proclaimed in the American army, just
8 years from the commencement of the
war. Troops engaged, — regulars, 130,-
711; militia and volunteers, 164,080; total,
309,781. Great Britian sent to America,
during the war, 112,584 soldiers and 22,000
seamen. Estimated loss of life to the
Americans, 70,000 men, vast numbers of
whom died on prison-ships ; 11,000 alone
on the prison-ship Jersey. Estimated
cost of the war to the Americans, .$135,-
000,000 in specie.
June 2 . Washington furloughs the sol-
diers of the war.
June 8. Washington announces his in-
tended resignation, as commander of
the army, to the governors of the vari-
ous States.
June 21. Phila. About 300 American
troops with fixed bayonets surround
the house in which Congress is sitting,
and demand a redress of grievances.
Oct. 18. Princeton, N. J. Congress is-
sues a proclamation that the army will
be disbanded from and after Nov. 3.
Nov. 2. Washington issues his farewell
address to the army.
Nov. 3. N. Y. The army disbands.
Nov. 25. Neto York. The British evac-
uate the city and Washington enters.
Dec. 4. New York. Washington takes
leave of the officers of the army.
Dec. 23. Annapolis, Md. Washington
surrenders his commission to Con-
gress.
Dec. * Ga. Chief M'Gillivray leads the
Creeks in the Oconee "War.
* * Maj.-Gen. Henry Knox is appoint-
ed (second) to command the army.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1784 * * Franklin is appointed by the
French Academy one of a commission to
investigate mesmerism.
Sept. * James Rumsey experiments in
steam navigation on the Potomac.
1785 Mar. 11. Phila. The Southwaik
Theater is opened by Hallam's Com-
pany.
* * Pa. John Fitch makes experiments
in steam navigation on the Delaware.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1783* *
Alexander, William, general, A57.
Barber, Francis, officer in the war, A 32.
Barbour, Philip P., justice, born in Va.
Riddle, James, commodore U. S. N., born.
Churchill, Sylvester, general, born.
Cooper, Samuel, patriot, A58.
Dorsey, John Syng, surgeon, born.
Greenieaf, Simon, author, born.
Irving, Washington, author, born.
Macdonoug-h, Thomas, commodore, born.
Osborn, Sellick, journalist, born.
Otis, James, orator, A58.
Keid, Samuel Chester, naval officer, born.
Rodney, Csesar, signer of Declaration, A53.
Sully, Thomas, painter, born.
1784* *
Allen, William Henry, naval officer, born.
Allen, William, writer, born.
Buckminster, Joseph S., clergyman, born.
Cobb, Thomas W., senator for Ga., born.
Dewey, Chester, naturalist, born.
Onmmere, John, mathematician, born.
Hale, Nathan, journalist, born.
Hoffman, David, author, born.
Le Conte, John, naturalist, born.
Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, A48.
Long, Stephen H., engineer, born.
Morris, Charles, commodore, born.
Morton, llareus, <;ov. of Mass., born.
Ratinesque, Constantine S., botanist, born.
Stevenson, Andrew, statesman, born.
Taylor, Zachary, 12th President, born.
Walsh, Robert, journalist, born.
Warner, Seth, general V. 8. A., A41.
Wool, John E., general, born.
Worcester, Joseph Emerson, lexicogra-
pher, born.
1785* *
Appleton, Daniel, publisher, born.
Reman, Nathaniel S., clergyman, born.
Cartwright, Peter, pioneer preacher, born.
Daniel, Peter, V., justice, born in Va.
Drake, Daniel, physician, born.
Dudley, Renjamin Winslow, surgeon, born.
Espy, James P., meteorologist, born.
± Finn, Henry J., actor. ?
Gadsden, Christopher E., bishop, born.
Havens, Nathaniel Appleton, philanthropist,
born.
Hopkins, Stephen, signer of Declaration, A78.
McLean. John, justice, born in Ohio.
Merrill, Joseph A., clergyman, born.
Morgan, Abel, clergyman, A72.
Mott, Valentine, surgeon, born.
Noah, Mordecai M., journalist, born.
Perry, Oliver Hazzard, commodore, born.
Pierpont, John, poet, born.
Reed, Joseph, statesman, A44.
Beaton, William W., journalist, born.
Spring, Gardiner, clergyman, born.
Tally, William, physician, born.
Wheaton, Henry, publicist, born.
Woodworth, Samuel, poet, born.
CHURCH.
1783 Mar. 25. Conn. The Episcopal
ministers of Connecticut meet at Wood-
bury, and elect Samuel Seabury
bishop.
May 7. Va. A Methodist Conference
opens at Ellis's Chapel, in Sussex county.
May 27. Md. A second Methodist Con-
ference opens in Baltimore.
May* Md. The Methodist Conference
at Baltimore forbids members to " man-
ufacture, sell, or drink intoxicating
liquors."
Nov. 26. New York. Dr. Rodgers re-
turns, and begins to restore the Pres-
byterian churches ; they having been
badly used and some of them partly
destroyed during the war.
* * Boston. James Freeman of King's
Chapel changes the Book of Common
Prayer to harmonize with Unitarianism.
* * Conn. A Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese is organized.
* * Ky. David Rice establishes Presby-
terian worship in Kentucky.
* * Md. A Protestant Episcopal Diocese
is organized.
<* * Methodism, which has hitherto been
almost entirely confined to the country
south of New Jersey, begins to advance
northward.
1784 Apr. 17. N. Y. Alaw is passed
enacting religious equa^ty.
Apr. 30. Va. A Methodist Conference
opens at Ellis's Chapel, in Sussex County.
May 24+. Pa. The appointment of a
Standing Committee of the Episco-
pal church is the first step in the forma-
tion of a union of the Episcopal churches
of America.
May 25. Md. A second Methodist Con-
ference opens in Baltimore.
Sept. 2. Eng. Thomas Coke is conse-
crated a bishop for the Methodists of
America.
Sept. 7. N. Y. Ann Lee, " Elect Lady "
of the Shakers, dies near Albany.
Oct. 6. New York. First Protestant
Episcopal Convention; 15 clergymen
are present.
Nov. 3. New York. Thomas Coke ar-
rives, the first Protestant bishop in
the New World.
Nov. 14. Scot. Preparatory steps are
taken for the organization of the Prot-
estant Episcopal Church of America.
Dr. Samuel Seabury is consecrated
first American bishop at Aberdeen, by
three non-juring bishops — Kilgour,
Petre, and Skinner.
Dec. 24 +. Md. Organization of the
Methodist Episcopal Church at the
" Christmas Conference " held in Lovely
Lane Chapel, Baltimore.
Sixty preachers are present ; Bishop
Thomas Coke presides ; Francis Asbury
is elected " superintendent " (bishop),
after having been ordained deacon and
elder ; John Wesley's authority over the
American churches ends. Total preach-
ers, 83 ; total members, 14,000.
Methodist preachers are first author-
ized to administer the sacraments by
the Conference at Baltimore.
Origination of the Chartered Fund for
Needy (Methodist) Ministers.
Dec. 27. Md. Francis Asbury is or-
dained bishop of the Methodist Episco-
pal Church.
* * Cal. Nine missions have already been
founded along the Pacific coast.
* * Mass. A Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese is organized.
* * Md. Dr. John CarroU of Baltimore
appointed (Roman Catholic) Prefect
Apostolic of the United States.
* * Me. A Jesuit missionary arrives at
Oldtown, to work among the Abnakis.
* * Pa. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of Pennsylvania is organized.
* * About 35,000 Baptists are reported in
the 13 colonies.
* * Eng. Two young men from America
are refused ordination, unless they take
the oath of uniformity ; Franklin ad-
vises them to act as though England
and Ireland were sunk in the sea.
1785 Jan. 2. Md. Close of the first
Methodist General Conference at Balti-
more.
June 22. N. Y. First Convention of the
Episcopal Diocese of New York.
June * Arrival in America of Bishop
Seabury of the Protestant Episcopal
Church.
Aug. 3. Bishop Seabury (Protestant
Episcopal) ordains (four deacons) for the
first time in America.
LETTERS.
1783 * * Conn. The American Spelling
Book, by Noah Webster, is published.
* * Pa. Dickinson College (Meth.-Epis.)
is founded at Carlisle.
1784 Mar. 24. Boston. The Massa-
chusetts Sentinel and the Bcpubllcan
Journal first issued.
1
UNITED STATES. 1783, Mar. 24-1785, Sept. 14. 97
* * The Massachusetts Magazine is first
published [and continues to be issued
till 1795].
* * New York. The regents of a state
university are appointed, who demand
what property belongs to King's Col-
lege and change Its name to Colum-
bia.
* * Phila. The first American daily-
newspaper is issued, The Pennsyl-
vania Packet or the General Advertiser,
formerly a weekly.
* * Notes on Virginia, by Thomas Jef-
ferson, appears in Paris.
SOCIETY.
1783 Apr. * The Society of the Cin-
cinnati is established, chiefly by Gen-
eral Knox ; it is restricted to officers of
the regular army, who have served in
the Revolutionary War.
1784 Dec. * Md. The extraordinary
session of the Methodist Conference at
Baltimore declares, that members who
" buy and sell slaves," if " they buy
with no other design than to hold them
as slaves, and have been previously
warned, shall be expelled, and be per-
mitted to sell on no consideration."
* * Conn. The Legislature enacts a law
for the gradual abolition of slavery.
* * There is a strong feeling against the
Society of the Cincinnati.
* * Lafayette travels through the States.
STATE.
1783 Mar. 24. Spain acknowledges the
Independence of the United States.
Apr. 3. Treaty of amity and peace
for 15 years is concluded by Franklin
between Sweden and the United States.
Apr. 11. Phila. Congress proclaims
the cessation of arms on land and sea.
Apr. 18. Phila. Congress appeals to
the States for power to levy duties, and
for other taxation by which to raise
annually for the expenses of the Gov-
ernment $2,500,000. [The States with-
hold consent.]
June 18. Washington issues his last
circular to the States.
June 21. Phila. Congress, insulted
by an uncontrollable mutiny of unpaid
soldiers, adjourns to Princeton.
June 30. Princeton, N. J. The 8th
session of the Continental Congress
opens under the Confederation.
July * Russia recognizes the Indepen-
dence of the United States.
Sept. 3. Paris. A definitive treaty with
Great Britain is signed.
The treaty (1) recognizes the Indepen-
dence and establishes the boundaries
of the United States; (2) secures the
right of fishery on the Grand Banks, etc. ;
(3) binds the payment of good outstand-
ing debts ; (4) provides that Congress shall
recommend the restoration of confis-
cated estates ; (5) provides open naviga-
tion of the Mississippi River to both
parties.
Florida is ceded to Spain by Great
Britain, by the Treaty of Paris.
Oct. 18. Phila. Congress directs that
the army shall be disbanded on Nov. 3.
(Winsor, Nov. 2.)
Oct. 20. Virginia agrees to the terms of
Congress, and cedes its claim to terri-
tory north of the Ohio.
* * Boston. The Supreme Court de-
clares that the statement, " All men are
born free and equal," in the Massachu-
setts Bill of Rights, is a bar to slave-
holding in that State.
Nov. 4. Princeton. Congress adjourns.
Nov. 26. Annapolis, Md.' The 9th ses-
sion of the Continental Congress
opens ; it is under the Confederation.
Nov. * Md. Congress makes repeated
and urgent attempts to get a quorum
to ratify the treaty of peace with Great
Britain.
Dec. 23. Annapolis, Md. Washington
is introduced to Congress ; he deliv-
ers a fitting address, and resigns his
commission.
* * Many American Tories accompany
the retiring British armies to England.
* * The public debt of the United States
is about $42,000,000; $8,000,000 of this
amount is owed abroad.
1784 Jan. 14. Annapolis, Md. Con-
gress ratifies the treaty with Great
Britain. Vote, 20-10.
Feb. 20. Annapolis, Md. Congress ap-
points Robert Morris Superintendent
of Finance.
Mar. 1. Annapolis, Md. A part of Vir-
ginia's western lands is transferred
to the Federal Union. They lie north-
west of the Ohio. Congress accepts the
transfer.
Mar. 24. Massachusetts resolves to ex-
pel dangerous aliens.
Apr. 9. Eng. George m. ratifies the
definitive treaty. (See Sept. 3, 1783.)
Apr. 23. Annapolis, Md. Congress con-
siders a plan for Federal division of the
vast, unoccupied northwest territory.
A preliminary plan of adjusting the
question of unoccupied territory is pre-
sented by a committee, of which Thomas
Jefferson is chairman ; it provides for
the erection of seventeen oddly named
States north and south of the Ohio, and
for the exclusion of slavery after the year
1800. [Seven States disapprove and the
plan is dropped.]
May 12. Annapolis, Md. Congress
authorizes Franklin, Adams, and Jef-
ferson to make treaties of commerce.
June 3. Annapolis, Md. Congress ad-
journs.
June * North Carolina cedes her west-
ern lands to the Federal Government.
[In November it annuls the cession.]
Oct. 22. N. Y. At Fort Stanwix the
Indians surrender their lands west of
Pennsylvania.
Nov. 1. Trenton, N. J. The 10th ses-
sion of the Continental Congress
opens.
Dec. * Tenn. Revolt in western North
Carolina against the Government ; the
settlers secede and form a State which
they call Frankland or Franklin [till
the State Government interposes].
* * -89 * * New York. James Duane is
the 43d mayor.
* * The territory north and west of the
Ohio is provided with a temporary gov-
ernment by Act of Congress.
Dec. 24. Trenton, N. J. Congress
adjourns.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-87 * *N.C. Richard Caswell.
-86 * * Va. Patrick Henry.
1785 Jan. 11. New York. The 11th
session of the Continental Congress
opens.
Jan. 21. A treaty is made with the "Wyan-
dots at Fort Mcintosh.
Feb. 25. New York. John Adams is ap-
pointed the first minister to England.
Mar. 10. New York. Thomas Jeffer-
son is commissioned minister to France.
Mar. 17. Meeting of the boundary com-
missioners of Maryland and Virginia.
[The Annapolis Convention of 1786 is its
successor.]
Apr. 18. Phila. Congress votes to ac-
cept the offer of western land by
Massachusetts.
The territory lies west of New York,
and extends to the Mississippi River.
Apr. 19. N. Y. The State executes a
deed renewing the grant of its western
lands to the Federal Government.
Massachusetts cedes her western ter-
ritory to the Federal Government.
May 20. New York. Congress passes its
first act relative to western lands.
May 31. Mass. Gov. James Bowdoin
attempts to start a movement to revise
the articles of Confederation.
June 1. Eng. John Adams, first Ameri-
can ambassador to England, is presented
to King George III.
July 6. New York. Congress establishes
the standard of the American dollar.
Sept. 10. A treaty of amity and com-
merce is entered with Prussia.
Sept. 14. Phila. Franklin again
returns.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1783 June 27. Eng. Parliament votes
half-pay to loyalist officers of
America.
July 2. Eng. An order in council ut-
terly forbids American ships to engage
in the British West-Indian trade.
1784* * Boston. The Empress of China
sails as the first American ship bound
for China.
The second bank in the United States
is established.
* * Pa. Pittsburg is laid out in town
lots.
* * Conn. Incorporation of Hartford, New
Haven, New London, Norwich, and Mid-
dletown as cities.
* * Eng. Eight bags of cotton from an
American ship are seized at Liverpool,
on the ground that America could not
produce so much cotton.
* * O. Washington inspects the Ohio
Valley, preliminary to the forming of
the Potomac Company.
98 1785, Sept. 14-1787, Nov.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1785 * * O. Fort Harmar is built.
* * The Algerine pirates seize American
vessels.
1786 Dec. 25. Mass. Shays's Rebel-
lion.
A thousand men, under the leadership
of Daniel Shays, force the Supreme
Court to adjourn, to prevent its issuing
writs for the collection of debts.
1787 Jan. 25 +. Mass. Shays's rebel-
lion is suppressed by the State militia
under Gen. Lincoln at Springfield ; 3
killed.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1785 Nov. 19. New York. The John-
street Theater is opened by the " Old
American Company" with The Gamester.
* * Jean Antoine Houdon comes from
Paris to America to execute the statue
of Washington.
1786 Apr. 16. New York. Contrast, by
Royal Taylor, is performed by the " Old
American Company " at the John-street
Theater. "The first play written in
America by an American and performed
by a professional company." (Ency.
Brit.)
Aug. * The first playhouse in Baltimore
is opened. (Or 1773.)
* * Conn. John Trumbull paints The
Battle of Bunker Hill.
* * Joseph Wright paints the portrait
of John Jay.
* * S. C. A theater is built in Charleston.
1787 * * Mass. The first cotton-mill is
put in operation at Beverly. [Very im-
perfect and soon closed.]
* * N. Y. The manufacture of salt at
Syracuse begins.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1786* *
Barton, William P. C, botanist, born.
Biddle, Nicholas, financier, born.
Breckenridge, Henry M., jurist, born.
Cadwallader, John, officer in the war, A44.
Cambreleng, Churchill C, politician, born.
Catron, John, justice, born in Tenn.
Cogswell, Joseph Green, scholar, born.
Crockett, David, pioneer, born.
D wight, Sereno E., clergyman, born.
England, John, R. C. Bishop of Charleston,
born in Cork.
Gales, Joseph, journalist, born.
Gardiner, Sylvester, physician, A79.
Grayson, William, politician, born.
Greene, Nathaniel, general, A44.
Greenleaf, Benjamin, author, born.
Grimkie, Thomas Smith, philanthropist, b.
King, William Rufus, statesman, born.
Lawrence, Amos, philanthropist, born.
MacLane, Lewis, statesman, born.
Marcy, William D. , statesman, born.
McDougall, Alexander, general, A55.
Norton, Andrews, theologian, born.
Nuttall, Thomas, naturalist, born.
Porter, Alexander, statesman, born.
Rush, James, physician, born.
Sargent, Lucius Manlius, writer, born.
Scott, Winfleld, general, born.
Tappan, Arthur, philanthropist, born.
Vaux, Robert, philanthropist, born.
Verplanck, Gulian Crommelin, author, born.
1787* *
Andrews, Ethan Allen, philologist, born.
Bedel, Timothy, patriot, dies.
Bouvier, John, jurist, writer, born.
Chauncy, Charles, clergyman, dies.
Crittenden, John Jordan, statesman, b.
Dana, Richard Henry, poet, born.
Davis, John, statesman, born.
Durand, Cyrus, engraver, born.
Erelinghuysen, Theodore, statesman, b.
Gallaudet, Thomas H., teacher of deaf mutes,
born.
Gould, Benjamin Apthorp, educator, born.
Hensen, Josiah, Uncle Tom, born.
Mac Vicar, John, professor, born.
Middleton, Arthur, patriot, A44.
Muhlenberg. Henry M., founder of Am.
Lutheran ch., A76.
Say, Thomas, naturalist, born.
Southard, Samuel L., senator for N.Y., b.
Williams, Kleazer, clergyman, born.
Williard, Emma H., educator, born.
CHURCH.
1785 Sept. 14. Mass. The first Con-
vention of Universalist ministers and
parishes in America is held at Oxford.
Sept. 27. Phila. The first General
Convention of the Protestant-Epis-
copal Church is held ; Bishop Seabury
and his clergy decline to attend ; 16 cler-
gymen and 26 laymen are present.
Oct. 7. Phila. The Protestant Episco-
pal Convention adjourns.
* * Boston. An organ is set up in the
First Church, introducing instrumental
music in the Congregational Church.
Organic Unitarianism begins in
this city.
James Freeman, " lay reader " of
King's (Epis.) Chapel (Stone Chapel),
secures an alteration in the liturgy
eliminating Trinitarianism, and the con-
gregation secedes from the Protestant
Episcopal Church.
* * Mass. Free-Communion Baptists or-
ganize the Groton Conference.
± * *. Me. John Cheverus of Boston
makes an annual missionary visit to
the Abnakis and other Indians. A
church is erected among them.
± * * Me. Mr. Ciquard of St. Sulpice, Bal-
timore, is sent as a Jesuit missionary to
the Abnakis and other Indians.
* * Md. The first Baptist church in Bal-
timore is formed.
* * N. Y. The Lutheran Synod (min-
isterium) is formed.
The first Shaker house of worship
erected at New Lebanon.
* * S. C. A Protestant Episcopal Con-
vention is held at Charleston.
* * Va. The first Protestant Episco-
pal Convention in Virginia is held
after the war ; meets at Richmond.
The Abingdon Presbytery is formed.
* *The Synod of the Presbyterian
Church draws up a plan of govern-
ment and discipline, and also takes
steps to revise the standards.
* * Organization of Protestant Episcopal
dioceses in New York, Virginia, South
Carolina, and New Jersey.
1786* * Del. Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of Delaware is organized.
An adjourned meeting of the (Protes-
tant Episcopal) General Convention
is held at Wilmington.
* * Ky. The Presbytery of Transylvania
is formed.
* * New York. Erection of the first
Roman Catholic church (St. Peter's).
Rev. John Stanford arrives in Amer-
ica, and soon publishes and circulates
tracts as formerly in England.
Sept. 14. Phila. Meeting of the Sec-
ond General Convention (Protestant
Episcopal) ; 10 clergymen and 11 laymen
present.
* * S. C. Organization of the ** Associ-
ated Churches" (Protestant Episco-
pal) of South Carolina.
* * Va. David Griffith is elected bishop
by the Protestant Episcopal Convention.
A Sunday-school is taught in Hano-
ver County.
1787 Feb. 4. Eng. Bishop White
of Pennsylvania and Bishop Provoost
of New York are consecrated in Lam-
beth Chapel ; bishops of Bath and Wells
and of Peterborough giving the apos-
tolic succession to the American Church.
Apr. * New York. The American Epis-
copal Church separates from the
Church of England.
The Protestant Episcopal Church of
the United States has its organization
as a natidnal Church made complete by
the arrival of Bishops White and Pro-
vost ; it is no longer attached to the
diocese of London.
May 1 +. Md. A General Conference
of Methodist preachers is held at
Baltimore, called by Bishop Coke ; few
of the Southern preachers attend, as
they had not authorized the call. The
Book of Discipline is revised.
Sept. 17. V. S. Separation of Church
and State is established by the Federal
Constitution.
"No religious tests shall ever be re-
quired as a qualification to any office or
public trust under the United States."
(Art. vi. § 3.)
Oct. 7. Pa. The Lutherans deplore the
death of their founder, Henry M.
Muhlenberg.
* * N. Y. The Shakers first gather into
a community at New Lebanon.
The Reformed Dutch Church
adopts domestic mission work.
* * U. S. The Presbyterian General
Synod sends down the Report on Gov-
ernment and Discipline to the presbyte-
ries and churches for consideration.
* * Va. The Separate and Regular Bap-
tists unite to form " the United Bap-
tist Churches of Christ."
LETTERS.
1785 * * Ga. The University of Geor-
gia (non-sect.) organized.
* * Me. The Falmouth Gazette, the first
newspaper in Maine, is issued.
* * New York. The Manumission Society
establishes free schools for the poor
colored children of the city.
The Daily Advertiser is first issued by
Francis Childs and Company ; the first
daily in tne city.
* * N. Y. Schenectady Academy, the pio-
neer of Union College, is founded.
* * Phila. The Philadelphia Directory is
published ; the first city directory in the
Union.
* * Tenn. The University of Nashville
(non-sect.) organized^ Nashville as the
Davidson Academy. [It becomes Cum-
berland College in 1806.]
* * Sketches of American Policy, by Noah
Webster, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1785, Sept. 27-1787, Nov. 99
* * Conquest of Canaan, by Timothy
Dwlght, appears.
1786 * * Pa. The Pittsburg Gazette, the
first newspaper west of the Alleghanies,
is issued.
* * .89 * * Phila. The Columbian Maga-
zine appears.
* * The Anarchiad papers, by Trumbull,
Hopkins, Barlow, and Humphreys, ap-
pear in the New Haven Gazette.
1787 Apr. 13. N. Y. The Board of
Regents of the University of the State
is established.
May 21. New York. Samuel Johnson
is elected President of Columbia Col-
lege.
Sept. 17. Bel. Cokesbury College,
the first literary institution of the Meth-
odists in America, is opened at Abing-
don. •
* * Ky. First issue of the Lexington Ga-
zette — the first paper in Kentucky.
SOCIETY.
1785 * * New York. The Manumission
Society, John Jay president, is formed
to secure the freedom of slaves.
The gradual abolition of slavery is
determined by the State.
* * Pa. Benjamin Rush puts forth his
famous tract, An Inquiry into the Effects
of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Mind
and Body, which creates a profound sen-
sation.
1786 * * Massachusetts. The (undenomi-
national) Charity Society is organized.
* * Neto York. The Tammany Society
is organized. (See 1788.)
1787 July 13. New York. The Federal
Government perpetually prohibits sla-
very in the territory north of the Ohio,
— the first territory coming under its
control.
STATE.
1785 Nov. 4. New York. Congress ad-
journs.
Nov. 7. New York. The 12th session
of the Continental Congress opens.
Nov. 30. Eng. John Adams, the Amer-
ican Minister to St. James, demands
the surrender of the frontier posts to
the United States.
* * Ga. Treaty with the Creeks at Gal-
phinton.
* * Noah Webster publishes a project for
an American policy.
* * U. 8. Governors inaugurated :
-96 * * Conn. Samuel Huntington.
-88 * * " State of Franklin," (Tennes-
see) John Sevier.
-87 * * Mass. James Bowdoin.
-86 * * Mich. Henry Hamilton.
Pa. Benjamin Franklin is president
of the Supreme Executive Council.
1786 Jan. 16. A treaty is made with
the Chickasaws at Hopewell.
Jan. 21. Virginia invites the States to
a general conference for forming a less
restricted Constitution.
Jan. 31. A treaty is made with the
Shawnees.
May 11. Connecticut again offers to
cede a part of its western lands.
May 26. Phila. Congress declares its
willingness to receive the Connecticut
lands in the West.
July 16. A treaty of peace is entered
with the Emperor of Morocco.
Sept. 11. Md. A convention of some
of the States is held at Annapolis to
regulate commerce on the Chesapeake
Bay ; five States send delegates to it. [It
is the germ of the Constitutional Con-
vention.]
Sept. 14. Conn. The deed for western
lands is given to Congress. The lands
lie east of the Mississippi, between lati-
tude 41° and 41° 2', and west of a meridian
120 miles west of the [present] western
limit of Pennsylvania.
Nov. 3. New York. The Congress of the
Confederation adjourns.
Nov. 6. New York The 13th session
of the Continental Congress opens.
Dec. 16. Massachusetts yields the juris-
diction over her lands in New York to
that State.
Dec. 25 ±. Mass. Shays's rebellion
arises in the western part of the State ;
caused by financial complications. The
insurrection infects New Hampshire.
(See Army.)
* * Ga. A treaty is made with the Creeks
at Shoulderbone.
* * Massachusetts sells the " Phelps and
Gorham Purchase," in New York, —
6,000,000 acres for 31,000,000.
* * Portugal orders her fleet in the
Mediterranean to protect American
vessels from pirates.
* * Requisitions of Congress on the
States for the last four years amount
to $10,000,000; receipts one-fourth of
that amount.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-96 * * Mich. Lord Dorchester.
-90 * * R.I. John Collins.
-88 * * Va. Edmund Randolph.
1787 Apr. 13. New York. General St.
Clair makes his report to Congress on
the British infraction of the treaty on
the northwestern frontier.
May 14. Phila. A National Consti-
tutional Convention for framing (in
part) a less restricted Constitution as-
sembles, [and "Washington is unani-
mously elected its President. It does
not begin its work till May 25. All of
the States (9) except Rhode Island are
represented before its close.]
May 29. Phila. Edmund Randolph
moves the Convention to set aside the
Articles of Confederation and adopt a
new Constitution ; a committee is ap-
pointed.
July 5. Phila. New York retires
from the Convention.
July 13. New York. Passage of the
Ordinance of 1787 by the Congress of
the Confederation.
It is unanimously passed " for the
government of the territory to the
northwest of the Ohio ; " it contains an
" unalterable " article, forbidding sla-
very or involuntary servitude. The or-
dinance was drawn up by Nathan Dane,
a member of Congress from Massachu-
setts.
Congress adopts St. Clair's report of
Apr. 13th.
July 18. New York. Congress ratifies
the treaty with Morocco.
July * Phila. It is rumored that the
Federal Convention in secret session
considers the advisability of offering to a
foreign prince the Crown of America.
July 24. Phila. The Committee on the
details of the Federal Constitution be-
gins work.
Aug. 6. Phila. A draft of a Federal
Constitution, in twenty-three articles,
is reported to the Convention.
It permits the slave trade for twenty
years, and concedes that three-fifths of
the slaves shall be counted in the appor-
tionment of Congressional representa-
tives, and that fugitive slaves shall be
returned to their masters. These con-
cessions are made to secure union.
Aug. 9. South Carolina cedes her west-
ern lands to the Federal Government.
Aug. 19. S. C. The delegates in Con-
gress execute a deed to Congress for the
western lands of the State. [They
partly comprise the area of Tennessee.]
A Federal Democratic Govern-
ment is established.
Sept. 17. Phila. The Federal Consti-
tution is signed by the Convention ; the
Articles of Confederation are set aside,
and the Constitution is to be submitted
to Congress. The Convention adjourns.
* * U. S. The first political agitation
occurs. Federalists favor and Republi-
cans or Anti-Federalists oppose the ap- ,
proval of the Constitution by the States.
Sept. 28. New York. The Congress of
the Confederation sends the new Con-
stitution to the several States for their
action.
* * N. C. The attempt to form the State
of Franklin, in the western lands,
collapses.
Oct. 5. New York. Congress recalls
Minister Adams from London.
Oct. 30. New York. The Continental
Congress adjourns.
Nov. 5. New York. The 14th and last
session of the old Continental Con-
gress opens.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1785 * * Pa. Harrisburg is laid out
in town lots.
* * The regular exportation of cotton
begins ; one bag is sent from Charleston
to Liverpool, 12 from Philadelphia, and
one from New York.
* ♦ The Lombardy poplar is introduced.
1786 Mar. 6. Boston. The Ohio Com-
pany is formed by Putnam, Cutler, and
others.
Apr. 24. Boston. About 100 houses are
burned.
1787 Sept. 30. Departure of the first
American vessel making a voyage
around the world.
100
1787, Dec-1789.
AMERICA:
ARMY -NAVY.
1787 Dec. * Ga. The Creeks are de-
feated at Jack's Creek.
1788 Sept. * U. S. Lieut.-Col. Josiah
Harmar is general-in-chief by brevet.
1789 * * The maximum strength of the
army is one regiment of infantry, one
battery of artillery, — 840 men.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1788 Apr. 12. Phila. The first pow-
er-loom is set up.
* * New York. The first dentist's office
is established by John Greenwood.
* * II. I. A company is formed in Provi-
dence for the manufacture of "home-
spun cloth."
1789 * * Conn. The Sortie of the Garri-
son from Gibraltar is exhibited by John
Trumbull at the Royal Academy.
± * * William Rush executes ideal figures
and portrait busts in wood and clay.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1788* *
Blake, John L., clergyman, born.
Blanchard, Thomas, inventor, born.
Boyden, Seth, inventor, born.
Byles, Mather, wit and divine, A82.
Campbell, Alexander, founder, born.
Cushing, Thomas, statesman, A60.
Elbert, Samuel, Gov. of Ga., A 55.
Gadsden, James, statesman, born.
Grayson, William J., senator for S. C, born.
Hill, Isaac, senator, editor, born.
Judson, Adoniram, missionary, born.
Lovell, John, schoolmaster, A78.
Bobbins, Boyal, historian, born.
Stevens, Robert Livingston, born.
Totten, Joseph G., military engineer, born.
1789 * *
Allen, Ethan, colonel in Revolution, A52.
Bond, William Cranch, astronomer, born.
Clay, Clement C, ex-senator, born.
Comstock, John Lee, author, born.
Cooper, James Fenlmore, novelist, born.
Deans, Silas, diplomatist, A52.
Emory, John, bishop, born in Md.
Farmer, John, genealogist, born.
Felt, Joseph Barlow, historian, born.
Francis, John Wakefield, physician, born.
Gould, Hannah Flagg, poet, born.
Hillhouse, James Abraham, poet, born.
Kearny, Lawrence, commodore, born.
Kendall, Amos, statesman, born.
Ledyard, John, traveler, A38.
Lundy, Benjamin, abolitionist, born.
Meade, William, bishop of Va., born.
Nelson, Thomas, patriot, A51.
Petigru, James Lewis, lawyer, born.
Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, novelist, b.
Sparks, Jared, hisorian, born.
St. Leger, Barry, Brit, colonel, A52.
Winslow, Miron, missionary, born.
Woodbury, Levi, justice, born in N. H.
CHURCH.
1788 May 28. Phila. The Presby-
terian Synod meets.
It adopts the amended Report on Gov-
ernment and Discipline and the amended
Confession of Faith as the constitution
of the Church.
May 29. Phila. The "Westminster
Larger and Shorter Catechisms and
the Directory for Worship are ap-
proved as a part of the constitution of
the Presbyterian Church.
Four Synods comprise the Presbyte-
rian Church : New York, Philadelphia,
Virginia, and the Carolinas.
* * Boston. Mass is first celebrated
in New England, and the first Roman
Catholic Church is erected.
1789 May 21. Phila. The General
Synod meets and resolves itself into the
first General Assembly of the Pres-
byterian Church.
The Synod resolves to send mission-
aries to the frontiers.
* * The Confession of Faith and the Cate-
chisms issued by the Presbyterian Synod
of New York and New Jersey.
* * Phila. The "Book Concern" of the
Methodist Episcopal Church is estab-
lished. Capital, $600.
* * U. S. The several Annual Confer-
ences concur in the formation of a
Methodist Council, of bishop and pre-
siding elders.
July 28. Phila. Meeting of the Gen-
eral Convention of the Protestant
Episcopal Church, Bishop White pre-
siding.
Bishops White and Seabury constitute
the House of Bishops.
Aug. 8. Phila. The General Convention
decides on a constitution for the Prot-
estant Episcopal Church in America.
Sept. 25. U. S. The Constitution of the
United States is amended by Congress
to prohibit an established religion or
interference with freedom in the
exercise of religion. (See Dec. 15, 1791.)
Oct. 2. Phila. Union of the several
dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal
Church in one Convention.
Oct. 16. Phila. The Book of Prayer is
Americanized and formally ratified by
the (Protestant Episcopal) Convention.
* *Md. The See of Baltimore is erected,
[and John CarroU created its first
bishop] ; the diocese includes the entire
Republic.
* * Va. David Griffith relinquishes the
bishopric of Virginia, as the Church
fails to pay the expenses of consecration
in England.
* * Va. The General Committee of the
Baptist churches resolves against
slavery.
" Resolved, That slavery is a violent
deprivation of the rights of nature, and
inconsistent with republican govern-
ment, and therefore (we) recommend it
to our brethren to make use of every
measure to extirpate this horrid evil
from the land, and pray Almighty God
that our honorable Legislature may have
it in their power to proclaim the great
jubilee."
LETTERS.
1787 * * New York. The Independent
Journal is issued.
The New York Journal is sold to
Thomas Greenleaf, and the name
changed to the Argus or Greenleaf s
New Daily Advertizer.
Columbia CoUege is incorporated.
The New York Magazine and Literary
Repository issued. [Stopped 1792.]
* *-88* * New York. A series of eighty-
five papers, entitle 1 the Federalist, by
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and
James Madison, appear.
* * Phila. The American Museum is pub-
lished by Matthew Carey. [Stopped 1792.]
College of Physicians is established.
* * Pa. Franklin College (Lutheran) is
established by the legislature in recog-
nition of services and virtues of Ger-
mans.
* * Power of Religion on the Mind, by Lind-
ley Murray, appears.
* * The Vision of Columbus, by Joel Bar-
low, appears.
1788* *A Dissertation concerning the
True Nature of Christian Virtue, by
Jonathan Edwards, appears.
1789 July 28. Pa. The Pittsburg Ga-
zette is published.
* * -96 * * Boston. The Massachusetts
Magazine appears.
** * D.C. The Georgetown Academy
(College) (Rom. Cath.) is organized.
* * Md. St. John's College (non-sect.)
is organized at Annapolis.
* * New York. United States Gazette is
issued by John Fenno.
* * A Dissertation Concerning the End for
which God created the World, by Jona-
than Edwards, appears.
* * Dissertations on the English Language,
by Noah Webster, appears.
SOCIETY.
1788 Jan. 1. Phila. The Quakers
emancipate their slaves.
May 13. New York. First meeting of
the Tammany Society, having a Grand
Sachem (chosen from thirteen sachems),
a Sagamore, and a Wiskinskie ; " found-
ed on principles of patriotism, and hav-
ing for its motives charity and brotherly
love."
June 8. Eng. On motion of William
Pitt, Parliament votes $6,700,000 for the
benefit of loyalists in America.
July 26. New York. A mob favorable
to the Federal Constitution destroys the
Anti-Federal printing-office of Thomas
Greenleaf.
1789 * * The slave trade, no longer a
Spanish monopoly, becomes free, and
rapidly increases.
* * Conn. A number of farmers of Litch-
field County combine, to do their agri-
cultural work without recourse to
spirituous liquors.
STATE.
1787 Dec. 7. Delaware is the first
State to ratify the Federation Con-
stitution, with a unanimous vote in a
State Convention. (Fiske, Dec. 6.)
Dec. 12. Pennsylvania is the second
to ratify the Constitution. Vote, 46 to
23.
Dec. 18. New Jersey ratifies the Con-
stitution with a unanimous vote.
* * New York. The Congress of tho
Confederation decides to make Philadel-
phia the Capital for ten years, r.nd
then to select a site on the Potomac.
UNITED STATES.
1787, Dec. -1789. 101
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-93 * * Mass. John Hancock.
-89 * * N. C. Samuel Johnston.
1788 Jan. 2. Georgia, the 4th State,
ratines the Constitution by a unanimous
vote.
Jan. 9. Connecticut, the 5th State,
ratines the Constitution. Vote, 128 to
40.
Feb. 6. Massachusetts, the 6th State,
ratines the Constitution. Vote, 187 to
168.
Apr. 28. Maryland, the 7th State, rati-
fies the Constitution. Vote, 63 to 12.
May 23. South Carolina, the 8th State,
ratifies the Constitution. Vote, 149 to
73.
June 17. y. Y. A Convention meets
at Poughkeepsie to consider the Federal
Constitution.
June 21. New Hampshire, the 9th
State, ratifies the Constitution. Vote,
57 to 46 ; two-thirds of the States favoring
the Federal Constitution, it becomes
valid.
June 25. Virginia, the 10th State, rati-
fies the Constitution. Vote, 89 to 79.
June 26. New York, the 11th State,
ratifies the Constitution and adds pro-
posed amendments. Vote, 30 to 27.
(Bryant, June 25.)
July 14. New York. The old Congress
ratines the Constitution framed by
the Convention of the States.
July 15. Georgia cedes her -western
lands to the Federal Government.
Sept. 13. New York. Congress makes
New York the Capital City.
The old Continental Congress appoints
the first Wednesday in January for Fed-
eral elections in the several States.
Nov. 1. New York. The last Conti-
nental Congress dies of inanition,
its records cease [and for six months
there is no National Government].
* * New York makes a treaty with the
Onondagas.
* * A Consular Convention is held be-
tween France and the United States.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
* *-1802 * * O. Ter. Arthur St. Clair.
Pa. Thomas Mifflin is president of the
Supreme Executive Council.
-91 * * Va. Beverly Randolph
* * Iowa is first settled.
1789 Jan. * St. Clair makes treaties
with the Indians at Fort Harmar.
Jan. 7. U.S. Wednesday, the first Na-
tional election is held.
Feb. 4. U. S. The electoral votes are
cast by the electors.
Feb. 26. N. Y. The Cayuga Indians
sell their lands to the State.
Mar. 4. U. S. The Constitution goes
into force as the law of the land.
New York. The First Federal Con-
gress assembles in the hall at the corner
of Wall and Broad Streets.
Mar. 30. New York. After a delay of
many days Congress secures a quorum
(30 members present), and proceeds to
organize the House. F. A. MUhlenburg
of Pa. is elected the first Speaker.
(Moore, House, Apr. 1 ; Senate, Apr. 6.)
Apr. 6. New York. George Washing-
ton of Va. is chosen President by the
electors.
The electoral vote is counted : George
Washington, 69 ; John Adams, 34 ; John
Jay, 9 ; R. H. Harrison, 6 ; John Rut-
ledge^; John Hancock, 4; George Clin-
ton, 3 ; Samuel Huntington, 2 ; John
Milton, 2 ; James Armstrong, Benjamin
Lincoln, and Edward Telfair, each one
vote. Each elector votes for two candi-
dates. The person receiving the next
largest vote is declared Vice-President.
New York. The Senate organizes.
John Langdon of N. H. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
Apr. 21. New York. John Adams of
Mass. is seated in the Senate as Vice-
President.
First Administration ; Federalist.
Apr. 30. New York. George "Wash-
ington of Va. is inaugurated, the first
President. John Adams of Mass. is
Vice-President, he being the next in the
number of votes.
July 4. New York. President Washing-
ton approves the first Tariff Act —
a declaration of financial independence ;
the duties average about 8^ per cent.
Aug. 7. New York. Congress organizes
the War Department.
Sept. 10. New York. Congress orders
the organization of three executive
Departments.
* * New York. A President's Cabinet
is formed.
Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State ;
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the
Treasury ; Henry Knox, Secretary of
War; Edmund Randolph, Attorney-
General.
Sept. 15. New York. The Depart-
ment of State is made the depository
of the archives of the United States.
Sept. * Netv York. A National judi-
ciary is established.
Justices appointed to the Supreme
Court of the United States : John Jay
of N. Y. Chief Justice ; John Blair of
Va. ; William Cushing of Mass. ; Rob-
ert H. Harrison of Md. ; John Rutledge
of S. C. ; James Wilson of Pa.
Sept. 25. New York. Congress passes
12 Constitutional Amendment Bills.
[Ten are soon approved by three-fourths
of the States.]
1st Amendment of the Constitution :
" Congress shall make no law respecting
an establishment of religion, or pro-
hibiting the free exercise thereof, or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of
the press, or the rights of the people
peaceably to assemble and to petition
the Government for the redress of
grievances."
2d Amendment, respecting the right
to bear arms.
3d Amendment, forbidding the quar-
tering of soldiers on the people.
4th Amendment, respecting searches
and seizures of persons, property, etc.
5th Amendment, respecting indict-
ment, martial law, legal process, and
eminent domain.
6th Amendment, providing for privi-
leges of accused persons and speedy
trials.
7th Amendment, guaranteeing jury
trial for anything over $20 in common
law suits.
8th Amendment, respecting bail, fines,
cruelty, and unusual punishment.
9th Amendment, declaring that the
enumeration of rights in the Constitu-
tion does not impair other rights.
10th Amendment, respecting State
rights.
Sept. 29. New York. Congress estab-
lishes a regular army.
1st Congress : the first session closes.
Nov. 21. North Carolina, the 12th
State, accepts the Constitution. Vote,
193 to 75.
Dec. 22. North Carolina cedes its
western lands to Congress. [They
partly comprise the area of Tennessee.]
It makes the condition that no regula-
tion of Congress shall tend to the
emancipation of slaves in this terri-
tory.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-96 * * Del. Joshua Clayton.
-90 * * Oa. George Walton.
-92 * * N. C. Alex. Martin.
-94 * * N.J. Wm. Livingston.
-92 * * S. C. Thos. Pinckney.
-90 * * Ft. Moses Robinson.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1788 Mar. 21. La. Seven-eighths of
New Orleans is burned to ashes.
Apr. 7. O. Commencement of Mari-
etta, the first permanent settlement, by
the Ohio Company.
* * New York. Questions of official cere-
mony and etiquette vex the Govern-
ment.
Adams desires much ceremony; Jef-
ferson will have none ; Hamilton advises
simple formality ; Washington coincides.
* * U. S. The National debt exceeds
$80,000,000.
July 4. Phila. Magnificent and varied
celebration of National Indepen-
dence.
In recognition of the Federal Union,
the new Constitution is personified by a
lofty ornamental car, in the form of an
eagle, drawn by six horses ; the Chief-
Justice and two of his associates are
seated within it, bearing the Constitu-
tion upon a staff.
Oct. 15. New York. Washington sets
out in his carriage to make a tour of the
Northern States.
Oct. 24. Boston. Washington arrives.
* * Indiana is first settled.
1789 Jan. * O. Cincinnati is laid out.
Mar. 4. New York. Citizens celebrate
the assembling of Congress by the
ringing of bells and firing of cannon, at
early morn, at noon, and at sunset.
* * Tenn. Knoxville is settled. [Named
in honor of Gen. Knox.]
102 1789-1792, Nov.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1790 Sept. 19.-1795 Aug. 3. North-
western Indian wars; 8,983 men en-
gaged ; cause, the Indians claim the
territory.
Oct. * O. "War with the Miami In-
dians in the Ohio Valley ; Gen. Harmar
is defeated.
* * New York. Castle William (Castle
Garden) is erected.
* * U. S. The army consists of 1,316
men for service on the Indian frontier.
1791 U. S. Maj.-Gen. Arthur St.
Clair is appointed (fourth) commander
of the army.
June 1. O. Kickapoo Indians are sur-
prised on the Wabash ; many are killed
and taken prisoners.
Sept. 9. O. Gen. St. Clair, with 2,000
men, sets out to subdue the Miami con-
federacy.
Nov. 4. O. Gen. St. Clair is surprised
and routed by the Indians on the Wa-
bash, losing half his men.
* * General Knox formulates a plan for
organizing the militia.
1792 Apr. 11. U.S. Maj.-Gen. An-
thony Wayne is appointed (fifth) com-
mander of the army.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1790 June 5. Pa. The steamboat con-
structed by John Fitch makes a trip from
Philadelphia to Trenton and return. It
is propelled by 12 oars.
Dec. * R. I. Samuel Slater, an English-
man, starts the first successful Amer-
ican cotton-factory at Pawtucket, near
Providence.
± * * Phila. A statue of Washington [now
in Independence Hall] is executed by
William Rush.
1791 * * Ky. The first American fur-
nace is erected by Government troops
on Slate Creek.
* * La. The first dramatic representation
in New Orleans is presented.
* * Pa. Accidental discovery of An-
thracite coal in Carbon and other
counties.
Broom-corn brooms are first made in
America.
Giuseppe Ceracchi executes busts of
Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and
others.
David Rittenhouse succeeds Benja-
min Franklin as president of the Amer-
ican Philosophical Society.
1792 May 7. Ore. Capt. Robert Gray,
of the merchant ship Columbia, discovers
and enters the Columbia River.
Aug. 16. Boston. The first theater is
opened in the hew Exhibition Room ;
to evade the law, the first play is called
the Moral Lecture of Douglas (p. 104).
* * -94 * * Ore. George Vancouver, of
England, explores the Pacific coast.
* * John Trumbull paints a Portrait of
Washington.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1790* *
Armstrong, Robert, general in Fla. war, b.
Bachman, John, naturalist, born.
Bartlett, John Sherren, editor, born.
Bellamy, Joseph, clergyman, writer, A71.
Bowdoin, James, philosopher, statesman,
A 63.
Capers, William, Meth. Epis. bishop, South, b.
Durfee, Job, jurist, M. C. for R. I., born.
Force, Peter, historian, born in N. J.
Franklin. Benjamin, printer, philosopher,
patriot, and statesman, A84.
Gibbs, Josiah Willard, philologist, born.
Goodrich, Chauncey Allen, clergyman, au-
thor, born.
Gray, Francis Culley, lawyer, scholar, born.
Grayson, William, soldier of Revolution, d.
Harper, William, senator for S. C, born.
Hooper,William, lawyer and patriot of N. C,
A 48.
Livingston, William, Gov. of N. J., M. C,
A 67.
Longstreet, Augustus B., Meth. Epis. clergy-
man of S. C M born.
Putnam. Israel, general in Revolution, A72.
Shubrick, William Branford, admiral, born.
Turner, Samuel Hulbeart, Prot. Epis. clergy-
man, professor, born.
Twiggs, David Emanuel, Secessionist gen., b.
Tyler. John, 10th president, born in Va.
1791 * *
Beck, Theodric Romeyn, physician, born.
Blair, Francis Preston, journalist, born.
Buchanan, James, 15th president, born In
Pa., Apr. 22.
Bullions, Peter, author, born.
Burden, Henry, manufacturer, born.
Butler, Richard, major-general, killed by In-
dians.
Cooper, Peter, philanthropist, born in New
York.
Hall, Lyman, statesman, A90.
Harrison, Benjamin, general, signer of
Decl., ex-governor, A51. ?
Hayne, Robert Young, orator, born.
Hopkinson, Francis, author, signer of Dec-
laration, A54.
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, artist, in-
ventor, born.
Olmsted, Denison, natural philosopher, b.
Pond, Enoch, theologian, born.
Sigrourney, Lydia Huntley, poet, born.
Sprague, Charles, poet, born.
Ticknor, George, scholar, writer, born.
Treadwell, Daniel, mechanician, born.
1792* *
Ainslie, Hew, poet, born.
Astor, William B., capitalist, born.
Birney. James Gillespie, statesman, aboli-
tionist, born.
Collamer, Jacob, senator for Vt., born.
Cruger, John, mayor of New York, A82.
Dallas, George Mifflin, statesman, born.
De Kay, James Ellsworth, naturalist, born.
Everett, Alexander Hill, diplomatist, b.
Fairbanks, Erastus, Gov. of Vt., born.
Finney. Charles Grandison, college presi-
dent, born.
Fisk, Pliny, missionary, born.
Fisk, Wilbur, pres. of Wesleyan Univ., born.
Harding, Chester, painter, born.
Jones, John Paul, naval officer, A 45.
Laurens, Henry, statesman, A68.
Lawrence, Abbott, benefactor, born.
Lea, Isaac, naturalist, born.
Mason, (leorge, statesman, A67.
Mason, Lowell, musical composer, born.
Nelson, Samuel, justice, born in N. Y.
Payne, John Howard, actor, born.
Ren wick, James, physicist, born.
Richards, William, missionary, born.
Rumsey, James, inventor, A 49.
Sartwell, Henry Parker, botanist, born.
Smith, Seba, author, born.
Spangenburg, August, founder, A88.
Stevens, Thaddeus, senator for Pa., born.
Stone, William Leete, journalist, born.
Vassar, Matthew, philanthropist, born.
CHURCH.
1790 Sept. 19. Va. James Madison
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop at Lambeth, England.
Oct. 1. U.S. The modified Prayer-Book
comes into use in all Protestant Episco-
pal churches.
Nov. 18. R.I. Organization of the (Prot-
estant Episcopal) Diocese of Rhode Is-
land.
* * New York. The second Methodist
church in this city is formed.
* * Pa. Jacob Albright begins his work
of reform among the German Christians
of Eastern Pennsylvania. [The Evan-
gelical Association is developed later.]
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets ; Robert
Smith, moderator.
* * Vt. The (Protestant Episcopal) Dio-
cese of Vermont is organized, and the
first Episcopal Convention in Ver-
mont is held.
* * The Methodist Council becomes un-
popular and holds its last session.
* * The Methodist Conference omits the
words " buying and selling " from John
Wesley's rules on intemperance.
* * The Methodist Conferences order the
organization of Sunday-schools for
the instruction of " poor children, white
and black." Sessions to be from 6 to 10
A. M., and 2 to 6 P. M.
1791 Sept. 14. Mass. The presbytery
of Salem is dissolved.
* * Md. First legislation in the Catholic
Church by the Synod of Baltimore.
* * N. Y. The New York Baptist Associ-
ation is formed.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets ; John
Woodhull, moderator.
* * Pa. Lutherans receive a grant of
5,000 acres of land from the Legislature.
1792 Sept. 11. New York. The (Prot-
estant Episcopal) Convention meets.
Sept. 17. Md. Consecration of Thos. J.
Claggett (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
for Maryland.
Nov. 1-15. Md. The First Regular
General Conference of the Methodist
Episcopal Church is held at Baltimore.
LETTERS.
1790 May 31. First Copyright Act
in the United States passed, chiefly
through the influence of Noah Webster
[the lexicographer].
* * N. Y. A proposition in the Assembly
to establish public schools is hardly
noticed.
* * -97 * * New York Magazine appears.
* * Va. William Henry Harrison
graduates at Hampden-Sidney College.
1791 Oct. 24. Md. First issue of the
Baltimore Daily Repository.
* * Conn. The First Geography is pub-
lished by Jedediah Morse.
* * Md. St. Mary's Seminary (Rom.
Cath.) founded at Baltimore.
* * Vt. University of Vermont (non-
sect.) founded at Burlington.
SOCIETY.
1789 * * Washington makes a tour of
the Northern States, and is greeted with
great enthusiasm.
1790 Apr. 30. New York. Congress en-
acts that every soldier shall have half
a gill of rum, brandy, or whisky daily.
UNITED STATES.
1789-1792, Nov. 103
Dec. 29. New York. Presentation of the
" Memorial of the College of Physicians
to the Senate of the United States Con-
gress," deprecating the use of ardent
spirits, and recommending the imposi-
tion of high duties upon their impor-
tation.
* * Phila. The Pennsylvania Anti-
Slavery Society (Benjamin Franklin
Pres.) petitions Congress " to devise
means for removing the inconsistency of
slavery from the American people."
* * New York. A bill is introduced in
Congress for taxing distilled liquors.
* * Slavery is already prohibited in
six of the States.
* * U. S. Total number of slaves,
697,897.
1791 July 4. George Buchanan makes
his address on slavery.
STATE.
1789 * * New York. Jefferson and Ham-
ilton representing opposite parties in
the Cabinet, Washington is vexed by
many disagreements.
1790 Jan. 4. New York. The 1st
Congress: 2d session opens. Presi-
dent Washington orally addresses the
two Houses assembled to hear him.
Mar. 25. Eng. The plan of the British
Government for compensating Ameri-
can loyalists for losses is suspended.
Apr. 2. North Carolina finally cedes
its western lands. (See 1789.)
New York. Congress accepts the
lands ceded by North Carolina.
% * * Kentucky is organized as a Territory.
May 29. Rhode Island, the 13th State,
and the last of all, approves the Federal
Constitution. Vote, 34 to 32.
June * S. C. Meeting of State Conven-
tion to frame a new Constitution.
* * New York. Congress is urged to as-
sume the debts of the several States
incurred in the prosecution of the Revo-
lutionary War. ($18,271,786.)
Southern members oppose and North-
ern members favor the plan. [The mat-
ter is finally settled by a compromise ;
the Northern members consenting to the
location of the Capital on the Potomac
River.]
July 10. New York. Congress resolves
to hold its sessions in Philadelphia
for ten years, and thereafter on the
Potomac. Vote, 32-29.
July 16. New York. Congress passes an
act locating the future seat of Govern-
ment in the District of Columbia.
Sixty square miles of territory are ceded
to the United States by Maryland and
Virginia.
Aug. 4. New York. Congress finally
passes the bill for funding the debts
of the States, which it has assumed,
thus putting the finances of the country
on a firm basis.
Kentucky applies for admission into
the Union.
Aug. 7. N. Y. The Creek Indian
chiefs sign a treaty in the Hall of
Representatives, in which the territory
south and west of the Oconee is solemn-
ly guaranteed to them, they resigning
lands north and east of that river.
Aug. 12. New York. The 1st Con-
gress : the second session closes.
Sept. 2. Pa. A new State Constitution
is adopted.
* * U.S. Philadelphia the Capital City.
The seat of the Federal Government
is removed from New York.
Dec. 6. Phila. The 1st Congress : the
third session opens.
* * U. S. James Iredell of N. C. is
made Justice of the Supreme Court.
The Federal Revenue is $4,000,000 ;
the expenditure of the Government,
including interest on the public debt,
is $1,000,000.
* * Vt. The jurisdiction of New York
in the Province of Vermont is purchased
by the latter for $30,000.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-92 * * Cal. Jos6 A. Roman (Spanish).
-93 * * Ga. Edward Telfair.
Pa. Thomas Mifflin.
-05 * * P. I. Arthur Fenner.
Tenn. Ter. Wm. Blount.
-97 * * Vt. Thomas Chittenden.
1791 Jan. 1. The National debt is
$75,463,476.
Jan. 10. Vermont adopts the Federal
Constitution.
Feb. 25. Phila. The Bill to establish a
National Bank becomes a law ; it is
generally favored by Northern members,
and generally opposed by those from the
South.
Mar. 3. The District of Columbia is
fully organized.
Mar. 4. Vermont is admitted into the
Union as the 14th State.
Phila. The 1st Congress ends.
June 7. Phila. The Bank of the United
States is instituted ; capital $10,000,000 ;
it is opposed by Jefferson and the Anti-
Federal party.
Aug. * Phila. George Hammond, the
first minister from Great Britain, is re-
ceived.
Oct. 24. Phila. The 2d Congress
opens.
Oct. * Phila. Congress ; Senate : John
Langdon of N. H. is reelected President
pro tempore. House : Jonathan Trum-
bull of Conn, is elected Speaker.
* * Phila. Thomas Johnson of Md. is
appointed Justice of the Supreme Court.
Dec. 15. U. S. The first ten Amend-
ments of the Constitution come in force.
Dec. * U. S. Thomas Pinckney of
S. C. is appointed minister to England.
* * O. Gen. St. Clair appointed governor
of the Northwestern Territory, with in-
structions to drive out the Indians.
* * -94 * * Va. Henry Lee governor.
1792 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$77,227,924.66.
Mar. 1. Phila. Congress provides by
enactment for the Presidential suc-
cession in certain contingencies.
In case of inability of the Vice-Presi-
dent, the office devolves on the president
pro tempore of the Senate ; and if he
cannot assume the office it goes to the
Speaker of theHouse of Representatives.
Apr. 2. Phila. The National Mint is
established.
Apr. 17. Phila. Congress; Senate:
R. H. Lee of Va. is elected President
pro tempore.
May 8. Phila. The 2d Congress : the
first session closes.
June 1. Kentucky is admitted into the
Union as the 15th State.
June 4. Ky. The first legislature
meets ; Isaac Shelby governor.
June * Rumors circulate of a conspiracy
to change the Government into a mon-
archy.
June * N. Y. Chief Justice John Jay
(Federalist) is elected Governor of New
York over George Clinton by about 400
votes.
Clinton's friends in the canvassing
committee throw out three counties on
technicalities, and award the office to
him.
Nov. 5. Phila. The 2d Congress:
second session opens. Senate ; John
Langdon of N. H. is elected President
pro tempore.
* * U. S. Second Presidential elec-
tion ; Washington is unanimously re-
elected President, and John Adams
is reelected Vice-President. The Anti-
Federalists, now called Republicans, are
led by Jefferson, the Federalists by
Hamilton and Adams.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1789 * * New York. It is proposed to lay
out a park bordering the drainage canal
(Canal Street), but the project is aban-
doned because of the remoteness of the
locality.
1790 * * U. S. The first census is ta-
ken. Philadelphia has a population of
43,000; New York, 33,000; Boston, 18,000 ;
Baltimore, 13,000; the whole country,
3,929,214, including 697,681 slaves.
* * U. S. The center of population is 23
miles east of Baltimore.
July 17. N. Y. The first bank of Al-
bany begins to discount.
Aug. 1. New York. The yellow fever
rages.
Dec. 20. Phila. The Bank of the
United States commences to discount.
Its notes are payable in specie, and re-
ceivable in all payments to the United
States.
* * D. C. The city of "Washington is
founded.
* * Mass. First American whaling ship
for the Pacific sails from Nantucket.
* * N.C. An Act of Legislature is passed
for laying out the town of Raleigh.
* * New York. The first bank in this city-
is established — The Bank of New York.
1792 June 4. .V. Y. The survey of a
route from Pennsylvania through the
Genesee country is completed.
June 11. N. H. The first bank in this
State begins discounting at Portsmouth.
104
1792-1794.
AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1792 * * The army consists of 5,120 men.
1793 * * 0. Gen. Wayne (" Mad An-
thony ") leads 3,000 men against the
Indians.
Dec. * O. Fort Greenville is built by
Gen. Wayne.
* * The war between Portugal and Algiers
closes, and American vessels are again
seized by the pirates.
1794 Mar. 27. Phila. Congress
authorizes the construction of 6 frigates,
3 of them to be of the very heavy class,
thus beginning the navy.
* * O. Fort Kecovery is built by Gen.
Wayne.
Aug. 20. O. Gen. "Wayne defeats the
Miami Indians at the Maumee Rapids,
and then desolates their country.
* * 0. Fort Defiance is built.
May 7. D. C. Congress establishes a
combined corps of engineers and artil-
lery, with a military school for cadets.
Sept.* - Nov. + * Pa. The Whisky
Rebellion.
Washington sends a force of militia
into western Pennsylvania to put down
the Whisky Rebellion, the distillers hav-
ing refused to pay the Government tax
and fired on its officers.
* * Gen. Wayne is victorious in breaking
the Miami confederacy.
* * U. S. The maximum strength of the
army is 3,629.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1792 * * D.C. The Federal Commis-
sioners advertise in the newspapers of
all the principal cities for designs for
a Federal Capitol building and a
President's House.
* * 6a. The cotton-gin is invented by
Eli Whitney, a Connecticut school-
teacher residing in Georgia.
[It gives an immense impetus to the
cultivation of cotton, and adds many
millions of wealth to the South : it has
given direction to the politics and history
of the country.]
* * Dr. S. U. Johnston is painted by Gil-
bert Stuart.
1793 Jan. 9. Phila. The first balloon
ascension in America is made by Fran-
cois Blanchard, in the presence of
Washington.
Sept. 18. D. C. The corner-stone, at
the southeast corner of the Capitol at
Washington, is laid by Washington in
connection with Masonic ceremonies.
* * C. W. Peale paints a portrait of
Washington.
* * Conn. Eli Terry of Plymouth is the
first to manufacture clocks as a busi-
ness.
* * R.I. Samuel Slater of North Provi-
dence erects the first mill for the manu-
facture of cotton-yarns.
* * Wash. Alexander Mackenzie, trav-
eling overland, touches the coast above
the Columbia River.
1794 Feb. 4. Boston's first theater
building is opened, and called the Fed-
eral-street Theater. (See 1775, 1792.)
Feb. 17. Phila. A new theater is opened
in Chestnut Street by Wignel.
* * Mass. Newburyport has the first fac-
tory for the manufacture of woolen
goods.
* * N. Y. Samuel Morey builds a stern-
wheel steamboat, which runs from
Hartford to New York.
* * R. I. Cotton sewing - thread is
manufactured at Pawtucket.
* *"From this time forward the United
States had two stock [theatrical] com-
panies of extraordinary merit, surpassed
only by the companies at the three patent
houses in London." (Ency. Brit.)
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1793* *
Kates. Edward, statesman, born.
Bedell, Gregory Townsend, clergyman, be rn.
Butler, William O., statesman, born.
Carey, Henry Charles, political economist, b.
Chase, Irah, clergyman, born.
Colburn, Warren, mathematician, born.
Cox, Samuel Hanson, clergyman, born.
Doughty, Thomas, painter, born.
Foresti, Felice, educator, born.
Frothingham, Nathaniel L., clergyman, b.
Goodrich. Samuel Oriswold, author, born.
Guthrie, James, statesman, born.
Hall, James, author, born.
Hancock, John, statesman, AS6.
Hitchcock, Edward, pres. of Amherst Coll., b.
Houston, Sam, general, born.
Wanly, John, naval officer, A59.
McKeever, Isaac, commodore, born.
Mitchell, Elisha, chemist, born.
Mott, Ijucretia, philanthropist, born.
Neal, John, poet, born.
Phelps, Alinira Hart L., teacher, born.
Rives, William Cabell, statesman, born.
Schoolcraft, Henry Kowe, ethnologist, born.
Sherman, Koger, statesman, A72.
Slidell, John, lawyer, born.
1794* *
Andrew, James Osgood, bishop, born.
Angell, Joseph Kinnicut, lawyer, born.
Armstrong, James, general, dies.
Ashmun, Jehudi, philanthropist, born.
Beck, John Brodhead, physician, born.
Belknap, William G., general, born.
Bryant, William Cullen, poet, born.
Butler, John, Tory leader, dies.
Chase, Carlton, bishop, born.
Corwin, Thomas, statesman, born.
Dempster, John, educator, born.
Dewey, Orville, clergyman, born.
Everett, Edward, orator, born.
Graham, Sylvester, reformer, born.
Grier. Robert C justice, born in Pa.
Holbrook, John Edwards, naturalist, born.
Kearney, Stephen Watts, general, born.
Lewitt, Joshua, journalist, born.
Lee, Richard H., senator for Va., A62.
Marsh, James, theologian, born.
Meriam, Eben, meteorologist, born.
Morris, Thomas A., bishop, born.
Paine, Martyn, physician, born.
Perry, Matthew Calbraith, commodore, b.
Preston, William C. senator, born.
Robinson, Edward, scholar, born.
Stueben, Baron Frederick William A.,
general, A64.
Tappan, William Bingham, poet, born.
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, capitalist, born.
Walker, James, pres. of Harvard Coll., born.
Ware, Henry, Jr., clergyman, born.
Witherspoon, John, clergyman, A72.
Worth, William J., general, born.
CHURCH.
1792 Nov. * Md. The Baltimore Confer-
ence of the Methodist Episcopal Church
is organized.
* * N. H. First Annual Meeting of the
Free-will Baptists.
* * N.Y. The Reformed Dutch Church
publish their Standards of Doctrine,
etc., in English.
The Associated Presbytery of the Pres-
byterian Church is formed for West-
chester.
* * Pa. The General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church meets at Carlisle ;
John King, moderator.
It enters into correspondence with the
General Association of Churches of Con-
necticut by the appointment of a Stand-
ing Committee, and both agree to be
represented in each other's annual meet-
ing, by three commissioners.
* * Va. James O'Kelley secedes from
the Methodist Episcopal Church, and
forms the Republican Methodist Church.
1793 Oct. * N. Y. The Synod of the
Beformed Dutch Church adopts the
volume containing (in English) the Stand-
ards, Liturgy, Rules, etc., and it becomes
the Constitution of the Church.
* * La. The Boman Catholic Arch-
diocese of New Orleans is established.
* * Louisiana and the Floridas are
placed under separate Roman Catholic
bishops."
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets ; James
Latta, moderator.
Delegates from the General Association
of Connecticut take seats in the (Presby-
terian) General Assembly.
* * R. I. Samuel Slater establishes the
first Sunday-school in New England.
* * Vt. Edward Bass is elected Protes-
tant Episcopal Bishop of Vermont at the
annual Convention.
* * The Associated Northern Presbytery
of the Presbyterian Church is formed.
1794* *New York. The Beformed
Dutch General Synod is organized.
LETTERS.
1792** D.C. Georgetown CoUege
(Rom. Cath.) is founded ; controlled by
the Society of Jesus.
* * N. Y. Dr. Samuel Latham Mitchill
gives the first course of chemical lec-
tures ever listened to in the United
States.
1793 Nov. 9. O. First issue of the
Sentinel of the Northwestern Territory,
at Cincinnati, the earliest Western news-
paper.
* * Mass. WiHiams CoUege (non-sect.)
incorporated at Williamstown. [1 ma
founded by bequest of Col. Ephraim
Williams, who died in 1755.]
* * Tenn. First printing-press set up
in Tennessee, at Knoxville, and the
Knoxville Gazette issued.
* * N. H. Farmer's Museum appears at
Walpole.
* * New York. The Minerva [which is
soon changed to the Commercial Adver-
tiser] is issued by Noah Webster.
* * Mass. The essays under the signature
of Marcellus, by John Quincy Adams,
appear.
* * System of Doctrines contained in Divine
Revelation Explained and Defended, by
Samuel Hopkins, appears.
1794 Sept. 5. Boston Prices-Current
and Marine Intelligencer, Commercial
and Mercantile, appears.
UNITED STATES.
1792-1794.
105
SOCIETY.
1792 * * Washington makes a tour of
the Southern States, and is enthusias-
tically welcomed.
* * Viscount Chateaubriand visits the
United States.
1793 * * Phila. Congress gives sum-
mary power to slave-masters, or their
agents, to seize and return fugitive
slaves which have fled to other States.
* * Phila. William Cobbett, the En-
glish political writer, edits a paper in this
city.
1794 Feb. 4. Mass. The Legislature,
having repealed the law against the-
atrical amusements, the Federal-street
Theater opens.
STATE.
1792 Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue
$208,942.
* * Ind. A treaty is made with the In-
dians at Vincennes.
* * Phila. Congress fixes the postage
rate on letters at 6J cents for 30 miles,
and the rate to increase with the dis-
tance beyond that limit.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-94* * Cal. JoseJ.deArrillaga(Span.).
-96 * * Ky. Isaac Shelby.
-95 * .* N.C. Richard D. Spaight.
-94* *N. H. Josiah Bartlett.
-94 * * S. C. Arnoldus Vanderhorst.
* * Connecticut conveys 500,000 acres of
" Western Reserve lands " [in Ohio] to
certain citizens, as compensation for
property destroyed by fire and pillage
during the Revolution.
1793 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$80,352,634.
Feb. 13. Phila. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
For President : George Washington,
Federalist, 132 votes; John Adams, Fed-
eralist, 77 ; George Clinton of N. Y., Re-
publican, 50 ; Thomas Jefferson of Va.,
Republican, 4; Aaron Burr of N. Y.,
Republican, one vote. Vacancies, 3.
Feb. * Phila. Congress passes the Fu-
gitive Slave Act, for the rendition of
slaves to owners when found in other
States or Territories. Vote, House, 48-7 ;
Senate, no opposition. [It becomes a
dead letter till 1850.]
Mar. 2. Phila. The 2d Congress : the
second session closes.
Mar. 4. Phila. George Washington
of Va., the first President, enters his
second term ; John Adams of Mass.
is Vice-President.
Mar. 9. Phila. Congress passes the act
organizing the militia ; all male white
citizens between the ages of 18 and 45 to
be enrolled.
Apr. 8. S. C. Edmond C. Genet, min-
ister of France, arrives at Charleston.
France having declared war against
Great Britain, Genet proceeds to fit out
privateers, etc.
Apr. 22. Phila. Washington issues a
proclamation of neutrality in the war
between France and England [Genet ap-
peals from the President to the people].
May 9. France orders the seizure of
neutral vessels carrying supplies to an
enemy's port.
May 16. Phila. Genet is received with
great enthusiasm.
May 17. Phila. Genet, as minister
from France, presents his papers to the
President. (McMaster, May 18.)
July * Phila. The President asks France
to recall Genet because of his audacity
in attempting tocontrol theGovernment.
Nov. 6. Eng. George III. issues secret
instructions to British privateers to
seize all neutral vessels found trading
in the French West Indies. [Americans
lose many millions of dollars, and the
war spirit prevails among the people.]
Dec. 2. Phila. The 3d Congress
opens.
Dec. * Phila. Congress ; Senate : Ralph
Izard of S. C. is elected President pro
tempore. House : F. A. Muhlenburg
of Pa. is elected Speaker.
Dec. 31. Phila. Jefferson resigns as
Secretary of State because, the Govern-
ment adopts the- policy of neutrality in-
stead of aiding France against England.
U. S. Internal revenue $337,705.
* * U. S. Jefferson's followers become
known as Republicans, and Hamil-
ton's followers as Federalists.
* * U. S. The first Republican party
appears.
* * U. S. William Paterson of N. J.
is appointed Justice of the United States
Supreme Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-96 * * Ga. George Matthews.
-97 * * Mass. Samuel Adams.
1794 Jan. 1. U.S. Total National debt
$78,427,404, with $26,000,000 applicable to
the sinking fund.
Jan. 2. Phila. Congress resolves to
buy peace with Algiers.
Jan. 13. Phila. Congress adds two
more stars to the Federal flag.
Jan. * Phila. Edmund Randolph suc-
ceeds Jefferson as Secretary of State.
Feb. 3. Phila. Congress: the House
favors Madison's bill, asserting the
policy of discriminating duties on the
products of nations not in treaty with
the United States. Vote, 51^6.
Feb. 20. Phila. Congress : The Sen-
ate ceases to sit with closed doors.
Mar. 5 . U.S. Ratification of the 1 1th
Amendment to the Constitution re-
specting the judicial power of the
United States as against the States, as-
serting the non-suability of the States.
Mar. 6. Phila. Congress passes an
embargo law for a period of sixty
days.
Mar. 27. Phila. Congress provides for
a navy. (See Army — Navy.)
Apr. 19. Phila. Congress; Senate:
John Jay is confirmed as special envoy
to England.
May* The Treaty of Paris being unexe-
cuted, and certain military posts still
held by the British, American seamen
impressed, trading vessels captured, and
other irritating grievances existing,
Chief Justice Jay goes to England to
secure redress and negotiate a treaty
of amity, commerce, and navigation.
May 27. Phila. Washington recalls
Gouverneur Morris from France and
appoints James Monroe as minister.
June 9. Phila. The 3d Congress :
the first session closes.
Sept. * Pa. A whisky insurrection
breaks out in western Pennsylvania,
because of the tax laid on whisky for
revenue. (See Army, and Society.)
Nov. 3. Phila. The 3d Congress:
second session opens. [The Senate lacks
a quorum, and delays opening for two
weeks.]
Nov. 19. Jay's Treaty concluded.
It provides for the delivery of the
posts on the northern frontier (Treaty
of Paris) before June, 1796; for a com-
mission to define the " St. Croix " River ;
for commissioners to determine com-
pensation due to British subjects and
American citizens, in certain cases; for
the regulation of trade, the extradition
of criminals, etc. [It is received by the
country with great displeasure.]
* * Phila. Congress passes the Neu-
trality Act.
It makes it a misdemeanor for Ameri-
cans to augment any hostile force that
may be directed against any nation with
which the United States is at peace.
* * Irritation is caused by the continued
occupation of western forts on Lake
Erie by the British, contrary to treaty
agreement.
* * A despatch is received from Fauchet,
the French envoy, which is supposed to
compromise Edmund Randolph, Secre-
tary of State, in an intrigue attended
with bribery. [Later disproved.]
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $274,089.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-00 * * Cal. Diego de Borica (Span.).
-01 * * N.J. Richard Howell.
-05 * * N. H. John T. Gilman.
N. J. Wm. Paterson.
-96 * * S. C. Wm. Moultrie.
-96 * * Va. Robert Brooke.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1793 July* Phila. The yellow fever
again spreads devastation, carrying off
several thousand persons.
1794 Dec. 24. Mass. South Hadley
canal is opened.
* * O. Dayton is laid out in lots, which
are disposed of by lottery.
* * Phila. Incorporation of the Insur-
ance Company of North America,
also the Insurance Company of Penn-
sylvania.
* * Pa. The first turnpike road is con-
structed by a company, extending 62
miles, and connecting Lancaster with
Philadelphia.
106 1794-1797, June.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1796 July 14. N. Y. British troops
evacuate Oswego, and Americans
occupy the post.
Dec. 15. U.S. Ma j. -Gen. James Wil-
kinson appointed (sixth) commander of
the army.
1797 Mar. 10. Fr. The Directory
order the French men-of-war to prey
upon American commerce, aiming to
force Americans to join France
against England.
* * U. S. A provisional army is raised ;
Washington is lieutenant-general.
* * The frigate Constitution islaunched
at Boston, and the Constellation at Bal-
timore.
May * The United States begins to send
a fleet to sea against France.
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1795 Aug. * Conn. A theater is opened
in Hartford by Hodgkinson and a part
of the " Old American Company."
* * The portrait of Washington is painted
by Gilbert C. Stuart.
1796 Dec. 9. Phila. T. C. Cooper first
appears in America as Macbeth.
* * Mass. Newburyport has a factory for
printing calico.
* * Martha Washington is painted by Gil-
bert C. Stuart.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1795 * *
Baldwin, Matthias William, manufacturer, b.
Bartlett, Josiah, patriot, A 66.
Bennett, James Gordon, founder, born.
Bonneville, Benjamin L. E., traveler, born.
Bradford, William, U. S. attorney, A40.
Brooks, Maria, poetess, born.
Dana, Samuel L., agricultural chemist, born.
Drake, Joseph Kodinan, poet, born.
Giddings, Joshua Reed, statesman, born.
Hall, Hiland, jurist, born.
Harper, James, publisher, born.
Harris, Thaddeus William, entomologist, b.
Hopkins, Johns, philanthropist, born.
Kennedy, John Pendleton, novelist, born.
Maffltt, John Newland, Meth. preacher, b.
Marion, Francis, general, A63.
Barker, Joel, jurist, born.
Peabody. George, philanthropist, born.
Percival, James Gates, poet, born.
Phillips, John, founder, A 76.
Polk. James K., 11th president, born.
Prescott, William, col. at Bunker Hill, A69.
Robertson, Jacob, clergyman, born.
Stevens, Edwin Augustus, inventor, born.
Stiles, Ezra, college president, A 68.
Sullivan, John, general, A55.
Thompson, Daniel Peirce, novelist, born.
1796* *
Abbott, Benjamin, clergyman, A64.
Anderson, Rufus, clergyman, born.
Ballou. Hosea, college president, born.
Bascom, Henry B., bishop, born.
Beaumont, William, physiologist, born.
Brainard, John G. C, poet, born.
Briggs, George N., gov. of Mass., born.
Bush, (Jeorge, author, born.
Catlin, George, artist, born.
Clayton, John Middleton, statesman, born.
Durand, Asher Brown, painter, born.
Harlan, Richard, naturalist, born.
Huntington, Samuel, signer of Decl'n, A65.
Ingham, Charles C, painter, born.
Johnson, Reverdy, statesman, born in Md.
Lick, James, philanthropist, born.
Mann, Horace, educationist, born.
Muhlenberg, William A., poet, born.
Palfrey, John Gorham, historian, born.
Prescott, William Hicklinp. historian, b.
Rives, John C, journalist, born.
Seabury, Samuel, first Prot. Epis. bp., A67.
Sumner, Edwin Vose, general, born.
Wayland, Francis, philosopher, born.
Wayne, Anthony, gen. of Revolution, A51.
1797* ♦
Anthon, Charles, scholar, born,
Baraga, Frederick, bishop, born.
Barnard, Daniel Dewy, diplomatist, born.
Bell, John, senator for Tenn., born.
Chickering, Jonas, piano-maker, born.
Colton, Walter, writer, born.
De Lancey,William Heathcote, bishop, born.
Dowler, Bennet, physician, born.
Emerson, George P>., educationist, born.
Hale, Benjamin, educator, born.
Hamline, Leonidas Lent, bishop, born.
Henry, Joseph, physicist, born.
Hodge, Charles, theologian, born.
Huger, Isaac, general, A.V>.
Hughes, John, archbishop, born.
Kenrick, Francis Patrick, prelate, born.
Langdon, Samuel, college president, A74.
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, army officer, A63.
Lyon, Mary, founder, born.
May, Samuel Joseph, clergyman, born.
Olin, Stephen, Meth. Epis. clergyman, b.
Paulding, Hiram, naval officer, born.
Smith, Gerrit, philanthropist, born.
Ware, William, author, born.
Weed, Thurlow, journalist, born.
Winebrenner, John, clergyman, born.
Wood, George, 15., physician and author, b.
CHURCH.
1794 * * N. Y. The minutes of the Gen-
eral Synod of the Reformed Dutch
Church are first written in English.
The Sands-street Methodist Episcopal
church is organized in Brooklyn, the
first in this city.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets;
Alex. McWhorter, moderator.
It is agreed that commissioners visit-
ing either the General Assembly (Presby-
terian) or the Association of Connecticut,
(Congregational) be allowed to vote.
* * Vt. The lands belonging to the
Church of England and the Society for
the Propagation of the Gospel are se-
questered and applied to the school
fund.
1795 Sept. 13. S. C. Consecration of
Robert Smith (Protestant Episcopal)
Bishop for South Carolina.
* * Mass. Hosea Ballou avows Unita-
rian views of God and Christ.
* * N. Y. Shakers sign a written cove-
nant, making a full consecration to God
of life, services, and treasure.
* * Pa. The General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church meets at Car-
lisle ; John McKnight, moderator.
* * Phila. A special General Conven-
tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church
meets.
* * The Society of (Orthodox) Friends
begins mission-work among the Indians.
1796 May 15. Boston. The first Metho-
dist church is opened.
June 21. The Vermont (Congrega-
tional) Convention is organized.
I 3ct. 20. Mdj The Second General
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal
church meets at Baltimore ; Bishop Coke
and 120 preachers present.
Oct.* The New England and Philadel-
phia (Methodist Episcopal) Conferences
formed.
Dec. 6. O. The first Congregational
church in Ohio formed.
* * III. The first Baptist church in Illi-
nois formed at New Design.
* * Mass. Unitarian doctrines spread
among the Congregationalists.
The ** New York Missionary Soci-
ety" is organized, principally by Pres-
byterians.
* * New York. The first colored Metho-
dist church in this city is formed.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets ; Robert
Davidson, moderator.
1797 May 7. Mass. Consecration of
Edward Bass (Protestant Episcopal)
Bishop for Massachusetts.
June * New York. The General Synod
of the Reformed Church meets ; Dirck
Romeyn, president.
LETTERS.
1794 * * Greenfield Hill, by Timothy
Dwight, appears.
* * La. First issue of the Moniteur, the
first paper published west of the Mis-
sissippi.
* * Me. Bowdoin CoHege (Cong.),
founded at Brunswick.
* * Tenn. Greenville and Tusculum
CoUege (non-sect.) organized.
1795 Apr. 9. N. Y. The legislature
passes an enactment for the encourage-
ment of common schools.
* * Conn. The reserve lands of the State
are sold for $1,200,000; this sum is
appropriated for the support of schools
in the State.
* * N. C. University of North Caro-
lina (non-sect.) is organized at Chapel
Hill.
* * N. Y. Union CoUege (non-sect.) is
organized at Schenectady.
* * -1817 * * Conn. Rev. Timothy
Dwight is President of Yale College.
* * N. Y. The assembly appropriates
$50,000 annually for five years for the
establishment of public schools.
* * Grammar of the English Language, by
Lindley Murray, appears.
* * Essays of Camillus, by Alexander
Hamilton, appears.
1796 June 11. D. C. The Washington
Gazette first issued.
Oct. 6. Mass. The Polar Star and
Boston Daily Advertiser first issued.
* * Phila. The Literary Magazine and
American Register, by C. Brockden
Brown, is published. [Continues till
1810.]
1797 May 3. N. Y. Union College
holds its first commencement for con-
ferring degrees in the arts and sciences.
SOCIETY.
1794 Sept.*- Nov.* Pa. The Whis-
ky Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.
Occasioned by an excise tax of 11 cents
per gallon on spirits distilled from for-
eign materials, and 9 cents when distilled
from domestic materials. It cost the
Federal Government $1,500,000 to quell
it, or 32 per cent of the average annual
cost of the Government.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church adds the following
note to the Catechism,
UNITED STATES.
1794-1797, June. 107
" ' Stealers of men are those who bring off
slaves or freemen, and keep, sell, or buy
them.' To steal a freeman, says Urotius, is
the highest kind of theft. In other instances
we steal only human property, but when we
steal or retain men in slavery, we seize those
who, in common with ourselves, are consti-
tuted by the original grant lords of the
earth."
U. S. The President is authorized by
Congress to increase the quantity of
liquor to a gill, for troops on the fron-
tiers.
The Quakers present to Congress the
first anti-slavery petition.
* * Tenth. Andrew Jackson marries
Rachel Robards.
* * In the navy, a half -pint of spirits, or
a quart of beer, constitutes part of a
daily ration, by order of Congress.
* * Va. James Madison marries Dolly
Todd.
1795 * * Phila. A uniform ration of
half a gill of liquor is ordered by Con-
gress for each soldier.
* * O. William Henry Harrison mar-
ries Anna Symmes.
1796 * * U. S. Washington continues
his ascendency over the minds of the
people, securing in favor of his measures
the votes of those elected to oppose them.
Jefferson writes, " Congress has ad-
journed. . . . One man outweighs them
all in influence over the people, who
support his judgment against their own
and that of their representatives. Re-
publicanism resigns the vessel to its
pilot."
STATE.
1795 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of Na-
tional debt $80,747,587.
Feb. 20. Phila. Congress; Senate:
Henry Tazewell of Va. is elected
President pro tempore.
Mar. 4. Phila. The 3d Congress:
the second session closes.
June 8. Phila. Congress: the Senate
convenes in special session to consider
the Jay Treaty.
June 24. Phila. Congress; Senate:
The Jay treaty is ratified. (Article
XII. excepted.)
June* +. U. S. Very great excite-
ment arises over the treaty with Eng-
land.
Aug. 3. O. Gen. Wayne makes a treaty
with 11,000 Indian warriors, at Fort
Greenville on the Miami.
Sept. 5. Phila. David Humphries makes
a shameful treaty of peace (like that
of other nations) with the dey of Algiers,
by which the pirate ships are bought
off by the payment of an annual tribute
of $24,000 in stores.
Sept. 9. Connecticut alienates the re-
mainder of the "Western Reserve"
for the sum of $1,200,000.
Oct. * Jay's Treaty is finally ratified by
both countries.
Oct. 27. Treaty of San Lorenzo.
Between the United States and Spain
by Charles C. Pinckney, settling the
boundary between Louisiana and the
United States, and securing the free
navigation of the Mississippi.
Dec. 7. Phila. The 4th Congress
opens.
Dec* Phila. Congress; House: Jona-
than Dayton of N. J. is elected Speaker.
Dec. 10. Phila. Timothy Pickering
of Mass. becomes Secretary of State.
Doc. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $337,755.
* * The Yazoo land grants occasion a con-
troversy [continuing till 1814].
* * The Indians begin to cede land to the
United States.
* * Mich. The British plot to buy up the
lower peninsula of Michigan is disclosed.
* * John Rutledge of S. C. is appointed
Chief Justice of the United States Su-
preme Court.
* *-98* *N.C. Samuel Ashe, governor.
1796 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the
National debt $83,762,172.
Jan. 4. Phila. Congress receives the
message of Washington.
Jan. 14. Tennessee adopts a Constitu-
tion.
Feb. 6. Vermont adopts a Constitution.
Mar. 1. Phila. Proclamation of the
ratification of the Jay Treaty.
Apr. 20. Phila. Congress: The House
agrees to sustain Jay's Treaty. Vote,
51-48.
Apr. 28. Phila. Congress; House:
Speech by Fisher Ames, Federal
leader, in support of Jay's Treaty.
Money is at last voted to execute it.
May 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Samuel Livermore of N. H. is elected
President pro tempore.
June 1. Tennessee is admitted into
the Union as the sixteenth State.
Phila. The 4th Congress : first ses-
sion closes.
June * A treaty with the Creek Indians
is made by the Government at Colraine.
July 12. Redemption of 94 American
prisoners from the Algerines, by the
United States consul.
July 14. O. The Connecticut Western
Reserve is first occupied.
* * The Government makes a treaty with
the Cherokees at Holston.
Sept. 17. Phila. Washington, having
declined a third term in the presidency,
issues his farewell address to the
country, and proposes to retire to pri-
vate life.
Sept. * Phila. C. C. Pinckney of S. C.
succeeds Monroe as minister to France.
* * Third Presidential Election. John
Adams of Mass. is the candidate for
the Federal party and those opposed to
close relations with France, and Thomas
Jefferson of Va. for the Anti-Federalists
or Republicans.
Nov. * Tenn. Andrew Jackson is
elected to the House of Representatives.
Dec. 5. Phila. The 4th Congress:
the second session opens.
* * Mass. Disunion sentiments are as-
serted.
* * Phila. The custom arises of holding
Congressional Caucuses to nominate
candidates for the Presidency.
Dec. 7. Phila. Congress : Washing-
ton meets both Houses for the last time
as President.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $475,289.
* * U. S. Oliver Ellsworth of Conn, is
appointed Chief Justice, and Samuel
Chase of Md. a Justice of the Supreme
Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-98 * * Conn. Oliver Wolcott.
-97 * * Del. Gunning Bedford.
-98 * * Ga. Jared Irwin.
-1804* * Ky. James Garrard.
-1800 * * Mich. Arthur St. Clair (of
N. W. Ter.).
-01* * XT. Y. John Jay.
-98 * * S. C. Chas. Pinckney.
-01 * * Tenn. John Sevier.
-99 * * Va. James Wood.
1797 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the
National debt $82,064,479.
Feb. 8. Phila. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
For President : John Adams, Federal-
ist, 71 ; Thomas Jefferson, Republican,
68; Thomas Pinckney, Federalist, 59:
Aaron Burr, Republican, 30 ; Samuel
Adams, Republican, 15 ; Oliver Ells-
worth, Independent, 11; George Clinton,
Republican, 7 ; John Jay, Federalist, 5 ;
James Iredell, Federalist, 3 ; George
Washington, John Henry, and S. John-
son, all Federalists, two votes each ;
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Federal-
ist, one vote.
Feb. 16. Phila. Congress ; Senate :
William Bingham of Pa. is re-
elected President pro tempore.
Mar. 8. Phila. The 4th Congress
ends.
Second Administration; Federalist.
Mar. 4. Phila. John Adams of Mass.
is inaugurated the second President,
in the third term of the presidency.
Thomas Jefferson of Va. is Vice-Presi-
dent. The cabinet is continued.
Mar. 10. N. Y. The capital is changed
from New York to Albany.
May 6. Phila. Congress ; House : Jon-
athan Dayton of N. J. is reelected
Speaker.
May 15. Phila. The 5th Congress
opens in special session to consider
relations with France.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1795 Feb. 28. N. Y. About 500 emi-
grants' sleighs pass through Albany
on their way to the Genesee country,
the Genesee Valley being the Far West.
* * New York. Yellow fever rages, and
700 deaths occur.
* * U.S. Exports for 1795, $47,000,000.
1796 Feb. 4. American ship Sedgley
rescues 160 men from the sinking British
ship Aurora.
June 20. S. C. Three hundred houses
are burned at Charleston.
Nov. 25. Ga. Fire; 350 houses are
burned at Savannah ; loss, $1,000,000.
* * O. Chillicothe is founded.
* * O. Many settlers emigrate to Ohio ;
Cleveland is founded.
108 1 797, July-1800, June 15.
AMERICA
ARMY - NAVY.
1798 Apr. 30. Phila. The Navy De-
partment is formally created, and Ben-
jamin Stoddert of Md. is appointed its
first secretary. [Cabot declined.]
May * Va. Harper's Ferry is selected
for a Government armory and manu-
factory.
July 7. U.S. Washington is appointed
lieutenant-general of the armies of the
United States. [Enthusiastic prepara-
tions are made for war with France.]
July 9 -1800 Sept. 30. The third
war. A quasi-war with France ; 4,593
men including naval forces are enrolled.
It commences without a declaration by
either Government.
Dec. 29. Commanders of American ves-
sels are ordered to resist by force the
mustering and searching of their vessels,
and then to strike colors and surrender
to superior forces only.
* * U. S. George Washington is ap-
pointed the first general (seventh) in com-
mand of the army.
* * U. S. The navy consists of 42 vessels
carrying 950 guns. The marine corps is
created by Congress.
1799 Feb. 9. W. I. The frigate Con-
stellation, Commodore Truxtun, of 38
guns, captures the French frigate V In-
surgent* oi 48 guns and more than 400
seamen, after a battle of one hour ; loss,
1 killed and 2 wounded ; French loss 29
killed and 44 wounded.
1800 Feb. 1. Commodore Truxtun
has a severe battle with the French
man-of-war Vengeance, which escapes
defeat by sailing away in the darkness ;
the flag of the Union -wins renown.
[The war proceeds no farther.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1797 * * New York. Chancellor Living-
ston builds a steamer on the Hudson.
* * Cast-iron plows are introduced, su-
perseding those with mold-boards of
wood.
1798 Jan. * New York. The Park Thea-
ter is built.
* * Mass. Hats and bonnets are first
manufactured from straw braid at Ded-
ham.
1799* * Conn. The Connecticut Acad-
emy of Arts and Sciences is founded.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1798* *
Alcott, William Andrews, educationist, b.
Barber, John Warner, historian, born.
Barnes, Albert, commentator, born.
Beck, Lewis C, naturalist, born.
Belknap, Jeremy, historian, A54.
Borden, Simeon, engineer, born.
Butler, Pierce M., Gov. of S. C, born.
Champe, John, soldier, A46. ?
Crawford, George, Gov. of Ga., born.
Davies, Charles, mathematician, born.
Dix, John Adams, general, Gov.of N.Y., b.
Drake, Samuel Gardner, historian, born.
Duche\ Jacob, chaplain, A59.
Dunglison, Robley, medical writer, b. in Eng.
Evans, Thomas, Friend, born.
Fitch. John, inventor, A55.
Hickok, Laurens Perseus, metaphysician, b.
Mason, James Murray, statesman, born.
Morris, Lewis, signer of Declaration, A72.
Noyes, George Rapall, biblical scholar, born.
Olney, Jesse, geographer, born.
Read, George, signer of Declaration, A 65.
Roe, Azel Stevens, novelist, born.
Russell, William, elocutionist, born.
Stewart, Charles S., author, born.
Stringham, Silas Horton, rear-admiral, born.
Summerfleld, John. Metli. Epis. clergyman
and orator, born.
Wilson, James, signer of Declaration, A56.
1799* *
Alcott, Amos Bronson, philosopher, born.
Buckland, Cyrus, inventor, born.
Cameron, Simon, senator for Pa., born.
Caswell, Alexis, pres. of Brown Univ., born.
Choate. Rufus, senator for Mass., advocate,
born.
Colquitt, Walter T., senator for Ga., born.
Doane, George Washington, bishop, born.
Edmonds, John W., jurist, born.
Henry. Patrick, orator and patriot of Va.,
June 6, A63.
Hollins, George N., naval officer, born.
Iredell, James, jurist, A48.
Knapp, Jacob, revivalist, born.
Lathrop, John H., college president, born.
Lewis, Samuel, philanthropist, born.
Lowell, John, founder, born.
Mason, Francis, missionary, born.
Mellen, Grenville, poet, born.
Meredith, William Morris, statesman, born.
Morton, Samuel G., naturalist, born.
Poey, Felepe, scholar, scientist, b. in Cuba.
Quitman, John Anthony, general, born.
Rutledge, Francis H., bishop, born.
Sands, Robert Charles, author, born.
Saxton, Joseph, mechanician, born.
Upham, Thomas Cogswell, metaphysician, b.
Walker, Amasa, economist, born.
Washing-ton, George. 1st President, Fa-
ther of his Country, Dec. 14, A67.
1800* * , .
Acrelius, Israel, Swedish missionary, A 86.
Allen, David O., Cong, missionary, born.
Bancroft, George, historian, b. Mass., Oct. 3.
Beecher, Catherine, writer, born in N. Y.
Billings, William, musical composer, A54.
Bogardus, James, inventor, born in N. Y.
Bowman, Samuel, Asst. P. E. bp. of Pa.,
born in Pa.
Breckinridge, Robert J., Pres. clergyman,
born in Ky.
Brown, John, abolitionist, born in Conn.
Durbin, John P., M. E. clergyman, orator,
born in Ky.
Fillmore. Millard. 13th President, born in
N. Y. Jan. 7.
Foote, Henry Stuart, sen. for Miss., b. Va.
Goodyear. Charles, inventor (rubber), born
in Conn.
Hackett, James Henry, actor, born in N. Y.
Hallock, Gerard, journalist, born in Mass.
Harney, William Selby, general, b. in Tenn.
Hentz, Caroline Lee, novelist, born in Mass.
Hering, Constantine, physician, author, born
in Ger.
Lawrence, Wm. Beach, jurist, born in N. Y.
Lee, Eliza B., miscellaneous writer, b. in N.H.
Lee, Luther, theologian, anti-slavery advo-
cate, born in N. Y.
Lenox, James, founder of library, b. in N.Y.
Lieber, Francis, political philos., b. in Ger.
Lowndes, Rawlins, lawyer, statesman, A78.
Mifflin, Thomas, major-general in Revolution,
A56. Pa. ._-...
Neckere, Leo R. de, R. C. bishop of N. 0., b.
in Belg.
Owen, Robert Dale, spiritualist, b. in Scot.
Parker, Willard, surgeon, born in N. H.
Potter. Alonzo, Prot. Epis. bishop of Pa.,
born inH. Y. .»-..-.
Rutledge, Edward, statesman of S. C-, A 51.
Rutledge, John, Gov. of S. C, M. C, A61.
Todd, John, Cong, clergyman, author, born
inVt.
Tyng, Stephen H.. Epis. clergyman, au-
thor, born in Mass.
Wade, Benj. F., senator for O., b. in Mass.
Ward, Artemas, general, in Mass., A73.
Whitmore, Thomas, clergyman, author, b.
Williams, Otho H., general, dies.
CHURCH.
1797 Sept. 18. Conn. Consecration of
Abraham Jarvis (Protestant Episcopal)
Bishop of Connecticut.
* * New York. The third Methodist
church in this city is formed in Duane
Street.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets; Wm.
M. Tennant, moderator.
* * Organization of the "Northern
Missionary Society" by various
Christians.
1798 * * Cal. Eighteen missions are es-
tablished in Upper California.
* * Ind. Baptists form the Charlestown
church in Indiana.
Autumn. Mass. Hosea Ballou an-
nounces his new views respecting Christ
and the atonement, and this event marks
a new departure in Universalist
theology.
* * N. Y. Lyman Beecher is ordained
pastor of the Congregational church of
East Hampton, Long Island, with a sal-
ary of $300 a year.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets; John
B. Smith, moderator.
+ * * Period of spiritual depression in
Presbyterian and other churches; in-
fidelity, irreligion, and immorality
abound.
* * New Eng. Founding of the Mission-
ary Society of Connecticut, and the
Berkshire and Columbia Missionary
Society.
* * Pa. No Episcopal Convention is held
in Philadelphia because of the prevalent
yellow fever.
* * Phila. The Keformed Presbytery
of North America is constituted.
1799 June 11. Bichard Allen, the first
clergyman among the colored people, is
ordained by the Methodists.
Phila. A special (Protestant Epis-
copal) Convention held.
* * Mass. Organization of the Massa-
chusetts Missionary Society.
* * Middle States. Great revivals pre-
vail among the Presbyterians, who hold
the first camp-meeting in America, on
the Red River, in Kentucky.
* * Va. The General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church meets at Winches-
ter ; S. S. Smith, moderator.
1800 Mar. 13. It. Pius "VTI. is elected
pope.
May 6-20. Md. The Third General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal)
meets in Baltimore.
May 18. Md. Richard Whatcoat is
elected bishop of the Methodist Episco-
pal Church.
May * N. Y. The New York (Methodist
Episcopal) Conference is formed.
LETTERS.
1797 * * Conn. Lyman Beecher gradu-
ates from the theological school of Yale
College.
* * New York. The Medical Repository is
first issued; conducted by Dr. S. L.
Mitchill.
The Commercial Advertiser (formerly
the Minerva) is published; Noah Web-
ster, first editor.
* * Phila. American Universal Magazine
appears.
The United States Magazine appears.
The Methodist Magazine appears.
±* * Wieland's Oberon, translated by
John Quincy Adams, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1797, July-1800, June 15. 109
1798* * Phita. "Hail Columbia" is
written by Judge Joseph Hopkinson.
* * Ky. Transylvania College is founded
at Lexington.
* * Wieland, by C. B. Brown, appears.
* * Laocoon, by Fisher Ames, appears.
1799 June 26. N. Y. The first news-
paper in Brooklyn is issued.
* * -1800 * * New York. The Monthly
Magazine and American Review appears.
* * U. S. The licentiousness of the
press, chiefly directed by adventurers
from Great Britain, provokes Congress
to issue the unpopular sedition laws
restraining its liberty.
* * Ormond, by C. B. Brown, appears.
* * The Ladies' Magazine appears.
SOCIETY.
1797 Oct. ± * N. H. Daniel Webster
enters Dartmouth College.
* * Mass. John Quincy Adams mar-
ries Louisa Catherine Johnson.
1799 Mar. 28. N. Y. The legislature
passes a law for the gradual abolition
of slavery. Every child born of a slave
after July 4 shall be free.
Dec. 14. Washington dies at Mount
Vernon after a sickness of only one day ;
universal sorrow prevails.
[The civilized world honors the great
dead with appropriate ceremonies. Bo-
naparte announces to his legions, the
death and virtues of " the warrior, the
legislator, and the citizen without re-
proach."]
STATE.
1797 July 6. Phila. Congress; Sen-
ate: William Bradford of R. I. is
elected President pro tempore.
July 10. Phila. The 5th Congress:
first session closes.
Oct. * Connecticut authorizes the re-
lease to the United States of her juris-
diction over lands immediately westward
of Pennsylvania.
Oct. * Fr. John Adams's new Commis-
sion meets in Paris, and the Directory
makes an indirect demand for a
bribe.
The Commission consists of Minister
Pinckney, and two others as special
ambassadors of peace to France. The
Directory refuses to receive them unless
they will enter an alliance against Great
Britain and pledge the payment of a
quarter of a million of dollars ; Pinck-
ney replies, '* Millions for defense, but not
a cent for tribute ! " 'They are ordered
out of the country. [X, Y, and Z des-
patches to the American envoys.]
* * John Q. Adams is sent to Prussia as
minister.
Nov. 13. The 5th Congress: second
session opens.
Nov. 22. Phila. Congress ; Senate :
Jacob Bead of S. C. is elected President
pro tempore.
Dec. 31. U.S. Diternal revenue $575,491.
* * Tenn. Andrew Jackson is elected a
Senator.
[He attends the Senate a year without
making a speech or casting a vote ; he
then resigns and goes home.]
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-98 * * Del. Daniel Rogers.
-99 * * Mass. Increase Sumner.
-07 * * Vt. Isaac Tichenor.
1798 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the
National debt $79,228,529.
Jan. 5. Phila. Congress : the House
appropriates $12,000 to pay Kosciusko.
Mar. * Phila. Congress organizes the
Mississippi Territory.
Apr. 20. Phila. Congress; House:
George Dent of Pa. is elected Speaker.
(Also, on May 28.)
Apr. 27. Phila. Congress orders the
fitting out of cruisers for war.
Apr. 30. U. S. The navy department
of the Government is separated from the
war department and organized.
* * Phila. George Cabot appointed
Secretary of the Navy, but declines.
June 18. Phila. Congress amends the
naturalization laws so as to require
a residence of 14 years to become a
citizen.
June 25. Phila. Congress passes the
Act concerning aliens.
June 27. Phila. Congress ; Senate :
Theodore Sedgwick of Mass. is elected
President pro tempore.
July 6. Phila. Congress .passes the
Act concerning alien enemies.
July 7. Phila. Congress declares the
French treaties annulled.
July 14. Phila. Provoked by the vio-
lence of the French sympathizers, Con-
gress passes the last of the Alien and
Sedition Laws. The latter is called the
gag law.
July 16. Phila. The 5th Congress :
the second session closes.
* * Phila. Congress suspends inter-
course with France.
Oct. 17. Me. The St. Croix River is iden-
tified by commissioners as the northeast
boundary of theUnited States.
U. S. The Federalists lose their pop-
ularity in passing the Alien law for the
expulsion of odious foreigners by the
President, and a Sedition law restrict-
ing freedom of speech and the press.
Nov. 10. Ky. Passage of the Ken-
tucky resolutions asserting the right
of each State to determine the extent of
National authority.
Dec. 3. Phila. The 5th Congress : the
third session opens.
Dec. 6. Phila. Congress; Senate: John
Laurence of N. Y. is elected President
pro tempore.
Dec. 21. Va. Passage of the Virginia
resolutions denouncing the action of
Congress for the "infraction of the
Constitution " by passing the Alien and
Sedition laws.
Dec. 31. U.S. Daternal revenue $644,357.
* * A British committee discovers that
the source of the Mississippi is at least
one degree south of the 49th parallel ; the
boundary line claimed by Great Britain.
* * Miss. Spain finally evacuates the
Yazoo country.
* * U. S. Bushrod Washington of Va.
is appointed Justice of the Supreme
Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-06 * * Conn. Jonathan Trumbull.
-01 * * Del. Richard Bassett.
-01 * * Ga. James Jackson.
-02 * * Miss. Ter. Winthrop Sargent.
-99 * * N. C. Wm. R. Davie.
-00 * * S. C. Edward Rutledge.
1799 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the
National debt $78,408,669.
Mar. 1. Phila. Senate ; James Boss of
Pa. is elected President pro tempore.
Mar. 4. Phila. The 5th Congress ends.
Mar. 30. Fr. John Q. Adams serves on
a second embassy to France; he is
received by Napoleon I.
Spring. Pa. John Fries leads an insur-
rection against the window tax.
Sept. 30. Fr. A convention is con-
cluded with France by which the treaty
of 1788 is annulled, and the United States
assumes the claims of its citizens for
French spoliations.
* * Ind. The Territory of Indiana is
erected.
* * U. S. Movements are organized both
for and against legislation to secure in-
ternal improvements.
Dec. 2. Phila. The 6th Congress
opens.
Phila. Congress; Senate: Samuel
Livermore of N. H. is elected President
pro tempore. House : Theodore Sedg-
wick of Mass. is elected Speaker.
John Randolph of Va. enters Con-
gress. .
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $779,136.
* * Pa. The Legislature locates the capi-
tal at Lancaster.
* * U. S. Alfred Moore of N. C. is ap-
pointed Justice of the Supreme Court.
* * France welcomes minister Van Mur-
ray.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-00 * * Mass. Moses Gill.
-02 * * N. C. Benj. Williams.
Pa. Thomas M'Kean.
-02 * * Va. James Monroe.
1800 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$82,976,294.
May 14. Phila. Congress ; Senate :
Uriah Tracy of Conn, is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
The 6th Congress ; the first session
closes.
May 30. The transfer of the last cession
of Connecticut lands to the United
States is completed. The State retains
her claim to the soil of " The Western
Reserve " in Ohio.
June 15. D. C. The National Capi-
tal is transferred to Washington.
The north wing of the Capitol is ready
for use, and the public offices are
moved thence from Philadelphia.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1797 Oct. * U. S. The yellow fever
again appears.
1798 Sept. * The yellow fever rages ;
3,645 persons die in Philadelphia, and
2,086 in New York.
1799 Dec. 18. Va. Burial of Wash-
ington.
110 1800-1803, June 29.
ARMY — NAVY.
1800 * * Brig.-Gen. James Wilkinson
is appointed (8th) commander of the
army.
THE FOURTH WAR.
1801 June 10 -05 June 4. War with
Tripoli.
It is occasioned by the Bey of Tripoli,
who demanded of Capt. Bainbridge the
use of the U. S. frigate George Washing-
ton to convey an ambassador to Con-
stantinople. He was obliged to comply
or submit to destruction by the guns of
the Castle of Tripoli ; 3,330 men are en-
rolled.
* * N. Y. Congress establishes a U. S.
navy yard at Brooklyn.
* * On the accession of Pres. Jefferson
the navy is reduced.
1802 Mar. 16. N. Y. The Govern-
ment establishes a military academy
at West Point. (Lossing, 1801.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1800 * * Mary Kies takes out a patent
for straw-weaving, with silk or thread,
the first patent issued to a woman in
this country.
1801 * * Pa. The compound blowpipe
is invented by Professor Robert Hare
of Philadelphia.
1802 * * Mass. Sheet copper first man-
ufactured at Boston.
* * Phila. A Museum of Natural History
is opened by E. W. IJeale.
* * French Soldier Telling a Story is
painted by Washington Allston.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1801 * *
Allston, Robert F. W., Gov. of S. C, born
in S. C.
Arnold, Benedict, traitor, dies in Eng. A60.
Bacon, Joel S., clergyman, born in N. Y.
Boardraan, George Dana, missionary, born
in Me.
Church, Pharcellus, Bapt. clergyman, born
in N. Y.
Coan, Titus, missionary, born in Hawaii.
Cole, Thomas, painter, born in Eng.
Deane, James, physician, born In Mass.
Eastburn, Manton, Prot. Epis. bishop of
Mass., born in Eng.
Edwards, Jonathan, Cong, theologian,
metaphysician, A56.
Farragut, David Glascoe, admiral V. S. N.,
born in Tenn.
Francis, Joseph, inventor of life-boat, born.
Harper, Joseph Wesley, publisher, born.
Howe, Samuel G., philanthropist, b. in Mass.
Inman, Henry, painter, born in N. Y.
Janney, Samuel M., author, born in Va.
Kirkland, Carolina Matilda, author, born In
N.Y.
Lane, Joseph, senator for Ore., born in Ind.
Marsh. George P., philologist, diplomatist,
born in Vt.
Marshall Humphrey, botanist, A79.
Means, Alexander, prof. Emery College,
born in N. C.
Russ, John D., inventor of phonetic alpha-
bet, born in Mass.
Seward, ■William H., Secretary of State,
born in N.Y., May 16.
Woolsey, Theodore Dwight, scholar, born in
N. Y.
Young, Brigham. Mormon leader, b. in Vt.
1802* *
Bacon, Leonard, lecturer in Yale, editor,
born in Mich.
Bela, B. Edward, author, born.
Botts, John Minor, M. C. for Va., b. in Va.
Bushnell, Horace, Cong. theol.,b. in Conn.
Child, Lydia Maria, philanthropist, born
in Mass.
Cleveland, Charles Dexter, author,b. in Mass.
Conant, Thomas Jefferson, biblical scholar,
born in Vt.
Dix. Dorothea Lynda, philanthropist, born
in Mass.
Fitzpatrick, Benj., senator for Ala., b. in Ala.
AMERICA
Furness, William Henry, religious writer,
born in Mass.
Hopkins. Esek, first commander of the
navy, A 84.
Hopkins, Mark, Pres. of Williams College,
born in Mass.
Hunter, David, general U. S. A., b. in D. C.
Kavanaugh, Hubbard H., Meth. Epis., South,
bp., born, in Ire.
Kirk, Edward Norris, clergyman, author,
born in 0.
Leggett, William, author, born in N.Y.
Logan, Benj., western pioneer, A50.
Lovejoy, Elijah, abolitionist, born in Me.
Morgan, Daniel, general of the Revol'n, A66.
Morris, George P., poet, born in Pa.
Phillips, Samuel, benefactor, A51.
Plumer, William, Pres. clergyman, author,
born in Pa.
Prentice, George Dennison, journalist,
humorist, b. in Conn.
Kipley, George, journalist, writer, b. in Mass.
Rogers, James Blvthe, chemist, born in Pa.
Sears, Barnas, Bapt. clergyman, scholar,
born in Mass.
Soule, Pierre, senator for La., diplomatist,
born in Fr.
Stowe, Calvin Ellis,Cong. clergyman, author,
born in Mass.
LTpham, Charles Wentworth, Unit, clergy-
man, born in N. B.
"Washington, Martha, widow of George
Washington, A70.
Webb, James Watson, journalist, b. in N.Y.
Wells, Gideon, Sec. of Navy, born in Conn.
1803* *
Abbott, Jacob, author, born in Me.
Adams, Samuel, senator for Mass., patriot,
. A81.
Backus, Charles, Cong, clergyman, A54.
Barry, John, commodore, born in Ire., A58.
Bass, Edward, Prot. Epis. bp. of Mass., A77.
Beecher, Edward, Cong, clergyman, b. N. Y.
Binney, Amos, naturalist, born in Mass.
Bird, Robert M., author, born in Del.
Bonaparte, Chas. L. J. L., ornithologist, born
in Fr.
Brownson, Orestes Augustus, R. C. theo-
logian, editor, born in Vt.
Calvert, George Henry, author, born In Md.
Clifford, Nathan, U. S. S. Court, b. in Me.
Coit, Thomas Winthrop, Prot. Epis. theolo-
gian, born in Conn.
Dupont, Samuel Francis, admiral, b. in N. J.
Edes, Benjamin, journalist, patriot, A71.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, philosopher, au-
thor, born in Mass.
Ericsson, John, designer of Monitor, born
in Sweden.
Field, Richard S., senator, born.
Galloway, Joseph, lawyer, loyalist of Phila.,
A 74.
Grinell, Moses H., collector for N.Y., A74.
Hopkins, Samuel, Congregational clergy-
man, founder of school of theology, A82.
Johnston, Albert Sidney, Confederate
major-general, born in Ky.
Leveret, Frederick P., scholar, b. in Mass.
Mackenzie, Alex. S., naval officer, author,
born in N.Y.
Memminger, Charles G., politician, b. in Ger.
Morrill, Anson P., Gov., M. C. for Me., born
in Me.
Nevin, John Williamson, theologian, b. in Pa.
Norris, John <;., scholar, born in Eng.
Pendleton, Edmund, patriot, judge, A82.
Rusk, Thomas J. senator for Tex., b. in S. C.
Stewart, Alex. T., merchant of N.Y., born
in Ireland.
Weir, Robert Walter, painter, born in N.Y.
CHURCH.
1800 June* .V. Y. The General Synod
of the Reformed Church meets at Al-
bany ; S. Ira Condict, president.
* * Mass. The Boston Female Society, for
Missionary Purposes, is organized. (Bap-
tist and Congregational.)
The highest court of the State decides
that a Catholic must pay taxes for the
support of a Protestant minister.
* * Great revivals continue among the
Presbyterians in the West.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; Joseph Clark,
moderator.
The first Roman Catholic Church
is erected.
* * Md. The United Brethren in
Christ organize.
* * The Pacific Coast (Roman Catholic)
Missions become wealthy to an almost
incredible degree.
* * Pa. The Evangelical (Methodist) As-
sociation organizes under Jacob Al-
bright.
* * U. S. Communicants in churches
364,872, about one in 14 of the popu-
lation.
1801 Sept. 8. N. J. The General
Convention (Protestant Episcopal)
meets at Trenton.
Sept. 11. New York. Consecration of
Benj. Moore (Protestant Episcopal), as-
sistant bishop.
* * N. Y. The New York Missionary
Society starts a mission among the Sen-
eca Indians.
* * The Mennonites open a mission among
the Cherokees.
* * Mass. The Boston Female Society
(Congregational) for Promoting the Dif-
fusion of Christian Knowledge is or-
ganized.
The Plymouth Congregational
Church declares itself Unitarian in
faith. (Mayflower Church of 1620.)
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Nathaniel Irwin,
moderator.
The Assembly and the Connecticut
General Association of Congregational-
ists adopt a formal Plan of Union.
[Abrogated in 1852 by Congregation-
alists.]
1802 Aug. 25. N. H. First meeting
of the Episcopal Diocesan Convention,
at Concord.
* * Kg. The (Presbyterian) Synod of Ken-
tucky is formed.
* * Mass. Dr. Jedediah Morse publishes
tracts and circulates them in Maine,
Kentucky, and Tennessee.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Azel Roe, moder-
ator. It organizes the Standing Com-
mittee on Missions.
1803 June 29. Mass. The General
Association (Congregational) is organ-
ized.
June* N. Y. The General Synod of
the Reformed Church meets at Pough-
keepsie ; John H. Livingstone, presi-
dent.
LETTERS.
1800 * * D. C. The Library of Con-
gress is founded [1,000,000 ± vols.].
* * Arthur Mervyn, by C. B. Brown, ap-
pears.
* * Hasty Pudding, by Joel Barlow, ap-
pears.
* * Nero York. James Cheetham buys
Greenleaf's New York Journal and
Patriotic Register, and changes its name
to the American Watchman.
* * New York. James Cheetham buys
The Argus or Greenleaf's New Daily
Advertiser, and changes its name to The
American Citizen.
UNITED STATES.
1800-1803, June 29. Ill
* * New York. Dr. Wharton is elected
President of Columbia College.
* * Vt. Middlebury College (non-sect.)
is founded at Middlebury.
1801 Nov. 16. New York. The Even-
ing Post, Federal in politics, is first
issued.
* * D. C. The Intelligencer is first issued.
* * New York. Bishop Benjamin Moore
becomes President of Columbia
College.
* * S. C. The South Carolina College
(non-sect.) is organized at Columbia.
* * Phila. The Portfolio is published
monthly by Jos. Dennie.
* * Clara Howard, by C. B. Brown, ap-
pears.
* * U. S. The total number of news-
papers published is 200 ; this includes
17 dailies,
* * -02 * * The Monthly Magazine is car-
ried on as the American Review and
Literary Journal.
1802 * *N. Y. The "West Point Mili-
tary Academy is organized.
* * Me. The Bowdoin College Library
is founded [40,000 vols.].
* * Pa. The Washington and Jeffer-
son College (non-sect.) is organized.
* * Tenn. The first newspaper published
in the Mississippi Valley is called the
Natchez Gazette.
* * The Practical Navigator, by Nathaniel
Bowditch, appears.
SOCIETY.
1800 * * Conn. — R. I. Only 400 Indians
remain in Connecticut and 500 Narra-
gansetts in Rhode Island.
1801 Nov. 22. Boston. The pillory is
used for the last time.
* * D. C. Congress withdraws the option
of a quart of beer, in the navy ration,
instead of half a pint of spirits.
1802 * * D. C. Congress enacts that the
President take steps to prevent the
traffic in liquor with the Indians.
* * N. Y. De Witt Clinton exchanges
five shots with John Swartwout in a
duel.
STATE.
1800 Oct. 18. La. The treaty of Hde-
fonso is signed ; Spain again cedes the
Territory of Louisiana to France.
* * V. S. The 4th presidential elec-
tion. Anti-Federalists are elected.
Nov. 17. B.C. The 6th Congress :
the second session opens.
Nov. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate:
John B. Howard of Md. is elected
President pro tempore.
Dec. 19. D. C. John Jay of N.Y. is
appointed Chief Justice, but declines.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue
$809,396.
* * U.S. Governors inaugurated :
-14 * * Cal. Jos<5 J. de Arrillaga
(Span.).
-11 * * [Indiana Ter.]. Wm, H. Harri-
son.
-07 * * Mass. Caleb Strong.
[Mich. Ter.]. Wm. H. Harrison.
-05 * * [Mich. Ter.]. Wm. H. Harrison.
-02 * * S. C. John Drayton.
1801 Jan. 1. U. S. The National
debt $83,038,050.
Feb. 11. D. C. The electoral vote is
counted. Vote for President : Thomas
Jefferson of Va. (Republican), 73
Aaron Burr of N. Y. (Republican), 73
John Adams of Mass. (Federalist), 65
Charles C. Pinckney of S. C. (Feder-
alist), 64; John Jay of N. Y. (Feder-
alist), one.
Feb. 17. D. C The House of Represen-
tatives breaks the tie between Jeffer-
son and Burr on the thirty-sixth ballot,
which elects Jefferson, he having ten
States and Burr only four. Burr, having
the next largest number, is elected Vice-
President.
Feb. 22. Congress; Senate: James
Hillhouse of Conn, is elected President
pro tempore.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 6th Congress ends.
Fourth Administration: Democrat-
ic-Republican.
Thomas Jefferson of Va. is inaugu-
rated the third President, in the fourth
term of the presidency. Aaron Burr
of N. Y. is Vice-President.
Jefferson introduces the system of
excluding from the President's cabinet
persons who are in opposition to his
party.
Cabinet : James Madison of Va.
(State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas.),
Henry Dearborn of Mass. (War),
Kobert Smith of Md. (Navy), Levi Lin-
coln of Mass. (Attorney-General), and
Gideon Granger of Conn. (Postmaster-
General).
Mar. 30. N. Y. Jail liberties are es-
tablished for the first time.
June 10. Tripoli declares war against
the United States. (Winsor, May 14.)
Dec. 7. B.C. The 7th Congress opens.
Dec. * D. C. Congress ; House : Na-
thaniel Macon of N. C. is elected
Speaker.
Dec. 7. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Abra-
ham Baldwin of Ga. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue
$1,048,033.
* * D. C. John Marshall of Va. is ap-
pointed Chief Justice of the U. S.
Supreme Court.
* * New York. Edward Livingston is
elected the 45th mayor.
* * U.S. Governors inaugurated:
-02 * * Del. James Sykes.
Ga. David Emanuel.
-02 * * Ga. Josiah Tattnall.
-04 * * N. Y. George Clinton.
1802 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$86,712,632.
Mar. 16. D. C. Congress establishes a
military academy at West Point,
New York.
Apr. 6. D. C. Congress abolishes the
internal revenue system on the rec-
ommendation of Jefferson.
Apr. 24. Georgia cedes its western
territory (Alabama and Mississippi) to
the United States on condition that slav-
ery shall never be prohibited.
May 3. D. C. The 7th Congress : the
first session closes.
Nov. 29. Ohio, the 17th State, comes
into the Union by authority of Congress.
Population 75,000. (See Feb. 19, '03.)
Dec. 6. D. C. The 7th Congress : the
. second session opens.
Dec. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Stephen R. Bradley of Vt. is elected
President pro tempore.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue
$621,898.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-05 * * Del. David Hall.
-06 * * Ga. John Milledge.
-05 * * Miss. Wm. C. C. Claybourne.
-05 * * N. C. James Turner.
-03 * * O. Charles W. Bird (Territory).
-04 * * S. C. James B. Richardson.
-05 * * Va. John Page.
1803 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$77,054,686.
Feb. 19. Ohio is admitted by the act
of Congress conceding the stipulations
of the Ohio convention, relative to
school lands. (See 1802.)
Feb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Stephen K. Bradley of Vt. is reelected
President pro tempore. [Also on Mar. 2.]
Mar. 4. D. C. The 7th Congress ends.
Apr. 30. The Louisiana purchase is
made, doubling theoriginalnational area.
The vast Territory of Louisiana, ex-
tending from the Gulf of Mexico to Can-
ada, and from the Mississippi to the
Rocky Mountains, is purchased of France
without authority, by Pres. Jefferson,
for $15,000,000. less than $12 a square
mile. "Napoleon's fear of English con-
quest and occupation facilitated the
sale at a low price. Some people declare
this purchase to be fatal to the Consti-
tution.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1800* * Boston. Aqueduct water is
first introduced from Jamaica pond.
* * Md. More than 1,000 deaths from
yellow fever occur in Baltimore.
* * U. S. There are 903 post-offices.
* * People begin to talk of " the West,"
meaning western New York, Ohio, or
Kentucky ; emigration becomes active.
* * U. S. Second census: 16 States, 4,306,-
464 white and 1,002,037 colored population
(108,435 free colored, 893,602 slaves); total
population, 6,308,483. Increase, 35.11 per
cent. Center of population 18 miles west
of Baltimore ; westward movement in 10
years, 41 miles.
* * Population of large cities : New
York, 60,000 ; Philadelphia, about 40,-
000 ; Boston, 24,937 ; Baltimore, 23,971 ;
Charleston, 18,712 ; Providence, 7,614 ;
Washington, 3,210.
1801 June 27. Philadelphia is first
supplied with aqueduct water.
* *jy. Y. Buffalo is laid out.
1802 * * Phila. The yellow fever re-
appears.
112 1803, Sept. -1806, June 16. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1803 . Oct. 31. Commodore Preble
is sent against the Moors.
He loses the frigate Philadelphia by
running on a reef ; the officers are made
prisoners and the crew (300 men) en-
slayed.
* * The gunboat system is inaugurated
in the navy.
1804 Feb. 16. Tripoli. Lieut. Stephen
Decatur burns the captured United
States frigate Philadelphia, in the har-
bor of Tripoli, with the loss of one man, x
in an action lasting fifteen minutes.
July * Tripoli. Preble blockades the
port, and begins the siege of Tripoli
[which lasts till the following spring].
Aug. 3. Africa. Preble captures sev-
eral gunboats.
1805 Mar. 5 +. Africa. Gen. "William
Eaton forms an alliance with Hamet,
in Egypt, and hastens to Derna.
Apr. 27. Tripoli. Aided by the navy,
Eaton carries the town of Tripoli.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1803 * * N.H. The first cotton-mill in
this State is opened at New Ipswich.
* * New York. The City Hall is begun.
1804 Sept. 8. Ga. Savannah is greatly
damaged by a storm.
* * New York. The Academy of the
Fine Arts and a Botanical Garden are
established.
+ * * The Murder of Jane McCrea by the
Indians is painted by John Vanderlyn.
* * Capt. Meriwether Lewis and Capt. Wil-
liam Clarke, with 35 men, are sent by the
Government to explore a path to the Pa-
cific Ocean ; they leave the falls of the
Missouri, and cross overland to the Ore-
gon country on the Pacific coast, losing
only one man.
* * Robert Fulton invents a submarine
torpedo.
1805 * * Mass. A Botanical Garden
and Chair of Natural History are es-
tablished at Harvard.
± * * Ariadne is painted by John Van-
derlyn.
1806 * * Captains Lewis and Clarke re-
turn from their exploring expedition
across the continent to the Pacific.
June 16. A total eclipse of the sun is
observed.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1804* *
Abeel, David, author, missionary, b. in N. J.
Alexander, James W., Pres. cl., b. in Va.
Clark, Alvan, telescope-maker, b. in Mass.
Colburn, Zerah, mathematical prodigy, born
in Vt.
Dow, Neal, prohibitionist, born in Me.
Eaton, George W., Bap. clergyman, profes-
sor, born in Pa.
Farnham, Thomas Jeff., traveler, b. in Vt.
Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, abolitionist, born in
Mass.
Graham, William A., gov., sen. for N. C. sec.
of navy, b. in N. C.
Hamilton. Alex., general, lawyer, leader of
Federalists, sec. of treas., July 12, A 47.
Havemeyer, William F., mayor, b. in N.Y.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, author, b. in Mass.
Heck, Barbara, fouu. of Am. Methodism, A70.
Henry. Caleb S., Prot. Epis. clergyman, pro-
fessor, born in Mass.
Holdich, Joseph, M. E. cl., b. in Eng.
Izard, Ralph, senator for S. C., A62.
Lennox, Charlotte, novelist, A84.
Miles, Dixon H., general T T . 8. A., b. in Ind.
Nicholson, James, commodore 17. S. N., A67.
O'Conor. Charles, lawyer, horn in N.Y.
Osceola, Seminole chief, born in Fla.
Parker, Samuel, Prot. Epis. bp. of Mass., A60.
Parrott, Robert Parker, inventor, b. in N. H.
Peabody, Eliza P., educator, b. in Mass.
Pierce, Franklin, 14th President, b. in N. H.
Priestley, Joseph, chemist, A71.
Redfteld, Isaac Fletcher, jurist, born in Vt.
Richmond, Dean, financier, born in Vt.
Rogers, Win. Barton, physicist, born in Pa.
Romeyn, Theo. D., theologian of N.Y., A60.
Schuyler, Philip, general of Revol'n, A71.
Shepard, Charles C, mineralogist, b. in R. I.
Swayne, Noah II., I*. 8. justice, born in O.
Walter, Thomas Ustick, architect, b. in Pa.
Walton, George, signer of Declaration, A 64.
Wright. Elizur, publicist, born in Conn.
1805 * *
Abbott, John Stevens, historian, born in Me.
Allan, John, patriot of Revolution, A59.
Anderson, Robert, general U. 8. A., born.
Bailey, Theodoras, admiral, born in N.Y.
Bartlett, John Russell, author, born in R. I.
Bethune, Geo. W., Ref'd Dutch clergyman,
poet, born in N.Y.
Blake, William Ruf us, actor, born in N. S.
Dodge, William E., philanthropist of N.Y.,
born in Conn.
Dorr, Thomas Wilson, rebel leader, b. in R. I.
Field, David Dudley, jurist, born in Conn.
Flagg, Wilson, naturalist, born in Mass.
Gadsden, Christopher, (iov. of S. C, A79.
Gayarre, Chas. E. A., historian, born in La.
Goldsborough, Lewis M., admiral, b. in D. C.
Gould, Augustus A., naturalist, b. in N. H.
Greenough, Horatio, sculptor, born in Mass.
Gross, Samuel D., surgeon, born in Pa.
Hedge, Fred. Henry,Unit. clergyman, author,
born in Mass.
Heintzelman, Samuel P., general U. S. A.,
born in Pa.
Jackson, Chas. Thomas, physicist, b. in Mass.
Moultrie, William, general of Revol'n, A71.
Palmer, William Pitt, author, born in Mass.
Powers, Hiram, sculptor, born in Vt.
Pownall, Thomas, statesman, A62.
Rantoul, Robert J., senator for Mass., born
in Mass.
Smith, Joseph, founder of Mormonism,
born in Vt.
Stephens, John L., traveler, author, b. in N. J.
Tappan, Henry Philip, clergyman, professor,
author, born in N.Y.
Walker, Sears C, mathematician,b. in Mass.
Wittingham, Wm. R., P. E. bp. of Md., born.
1806* *
Adams, Nehemiah, Cong, clergyman of
Boston, born in Mass.
Aiken, William, Gov. of 8. C, born in S. C.
Alexander, Stephen, astronomer, b. in N.Y.
Ames, Edward R., Meth. Epis. bp. b. in O.
Bache, Alexander D., philosopher, b. in Pa.
Backus, Isaac, historian, Bapt. cl., A82.
Hanneker, Benj., negro mathematician, A75.
Brace, Julia, deaf, blind mute, b. in Conn.
Fessenden, Wm. Pitt, senator for Me., b.
in N. H.
Foote, Andrew Hull, rear-admiral U. S. N.,
born in Conn.
Forrest, Edwin, actor, born in Pa.
Gates, Horatio, major-gen. of Revol'n, A78.
Gray, Robert, discoverer Cplumbia Riv.,A51.
Grigsby, Hugh Rlair, scholar, born.
Hale, John Parker, sen. for N. H., b. in N. H.
Harper, Fletcher, publisher, born in N.Y.
Hart, Solomon Alexander, artist, born.
Haven, Samuel F., archeologist, b. in Mass.
Hayes, Augustus Allen, chemist, b. in Vt.
Hoffman, Charles Fenno, author, b. in N.Y.
Hooker, Worthington, physician, author, b.
in Mass.
Hudson, Erasmus D., surgeon, lecturer, born
in Conn.
Hughes, Robert Ball, sculptor, born.
King, Preston, senator for N.Y., b. in N.Y.
Knox, Henry, general of Revolution, states-
man, A56.
Maury, Matthew Fontaine, hydrographer
U. S. N., born in Va.
Mcintosh, Lachlan, general of Revol'n, A 79.
Morris, Robert, financier of Revol'n, A72.
Packer, Asa, philanthropist, born in Conn.
Patterson, Robert M., senator, A61.
Polk, Leonidas, Prot. Epis. bp., Confederate
general, born in N. C.
Rauch, Frederick Aug., theologian, b. Ger.
Robinson, Horatio N., mathematician, born
in N.Y.
Roebling, John Angus., engineer Brooklyn
bridge, born in Ger.
Simms, Wm. (Jilmore, novelist, born in
S. C.
Willis, Nath. Parker, poet, journalist, born
in Me.
Wise, Henry A., gov. of Va., Confederate
general, born in Va.
Wythe, George, signer of Declaration, A 80.
CHURCH.
1803 Mass. Sept. * The Massachusetts
Society for Promoting Christian Knowl-
edge is founded by Dr. Morse and others.
* * Ky. A bitter controversy rages
among Presbyterians respecting re-
vivals.
* * N, C. Lutherans form a Synod.
* * N. H. The General Convention
(Universalist) at Winchester adopts a
Profession of Belief called the "Win-
chester Confession.
* * N. Y. The Presbyterian Synod of Al-
bany is formed.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; James Hall, mod-
erator.
* * Great revivals prevail among the
Presbyterians.
1804 May 6-23. Md. The Fourth
General Conference (Methodist Epis-
copal) meets at Baltimore ; the non-
limit plan is changed to one for a lim-
ited pastorate of two years.
May* New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; J. H. Livingstone,
president.
Sept. 14. Mass. Samuel Parker (Protes-
tant Episcopal) is consecrated a bishop.
* * Cal. Nineteen Dominican Missions
have been established.
They occupy the entire coast-line" from
San Francisco to San Diego, and are
separated from one another only by an
easy day's journey ; 20,000 Indians are
connected with these stations, and lead
industrious lives.
* * New York. The General Conven-
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.
** Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; James F. Arm-
strong, moderator.
* * Sunday-schools begin to be estab-
lished in various parts of the country ;
they increase rapidly.
1805 * * Ky. A Committee of the Pres-
byterian Synod witholds its authority
from the licentiates of the Cumberland
Presbytery, because of their unsound-
ness in doctrine, and illiteracy. [A great
controversy follows.]
* * Mass. Henry Ware, a Unitarian, is
made professor in Harvard against much
opposition.
* * Miss. The first Baptist church in this.
State, the Tywappity, is formed.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) meets; J. Richards, moderator.
1806 June* N. Y. The General
Synod (Reformed) meets at Albany ;
J. V. C. Romeyn, president.
LETTERS.
1803 * * Letters of a British Spy, by
William Wirt, appears.
* * -11 * * Boston. The Monthly Anthol-
ogy appears.
UNITED STATES. 1803, Sept. -1806, June 16. 113
* * or 05 * * Phila. The Literary Maga-
zine and American Register is issued by
Charles Brockden Brown.
1804 May 9. Va. The Richmond In-
quirer is first issued.
Dec. 10. New York. The New York
Historical Society is instituted.
* * 0. The Ohio University (non-sect.)
is organized at Athens.
* * -05 * * Mass. The Literary Miscel-
lany appears at Cambridge.
* * Jane Talbot, by C. B. Brown, appears.
* * Md. St. Charles College (Rom.
Cath.) is founded at Elliott's Mills.
* * The New York Historical Society Li-
brary is founded [75,000 vols.].
1805 * * S. C. The Monthly Register ap-
pears at Charleston.
* * History of the American Revolution, by
Mercy Warren, appears.
SOCIETY.
1803 Dec. * New York has its first
labor strike.
A number of sailors demand a rise
from $10 to $14 a month, and march
about the city compelling other sailors
to join them, till the leaders are jailed
by constables.
1804 Feb. 15. N. J. The Legislature
passes an act for the gradual abolition
of slavery.
All born after the next 4th of July to
be free ; male children to be free at 25,
and females at 21 years of age.
July 11. N. J. Vice-President Aaron
Burr challenges Alexander Hamil-
ton to fight a duel.
Hamilton appears, but refuses to fire ;
Burr deliberately fires and mortally
wounds him : cause, Hamilton's sup-
posed interference with Burr's election
to the governorship of New York.
July 17. Boston. Daniel Webster of
New Hampshire, 22 years of age, arrives
and pursues his legal studies.
* * D. C. Congress provides that an
equivalent of malt liquors or wine
may be substituted for spirits at such
seasons of the year as, in the opinion of
the President, it may be advisable to
make the change, in order to promote
the health of the soldiers.
* * Abolition Societies begin to dwindle
as the value of the cotton-gin becomes
known ; slavery is advocated as a posi-
tive good.
1805* *N.J. At Allentown, The
"Sober Society" is founded.
* * New York. The tailors form the first
organization having the character of a
trade- union.
STATE.
1803 Oct. 17. D. C. The 8th Con-
gress: the first session opens. It as-
sembles to act on the treaty with
France, by which Louisiana is ceded.
Congress ; Senate : John Brown of
Ky. is elected President pro tempore.
House : Nathaniel Macon of N. C. is
re-elected Speaker.
Dec. 12. D. C. Congress submits the
12th amendment to the Constitution
to be ratified by the States ; it relates
to the election of President, and reme-
dies a defect in the electoral system.
Dec. 20. La. The United States takes
possession of Louisiana.
* *New York. De "Witt Clinton, the
46th mayor, is elected.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-07 * * O. Edward Tiffin.
-09 * * Tenn. John Sevier.
1804 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$86,427,120.
Jan. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate:
John Brown of Ky. is reelected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
Mar. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Jesse Franklin of N. C. is elected
President pro tempore.
Mar. 27. D. C. The 8th Congress :
the first session closes.
Sept. 25. D. C. The 12th amendment
to the Constitution being ratified, is de-
clared in force ; it relieves each of the
State electors from voting for two candi-
dates for President, as required previous
to this date.
Nov. 5. D. C. The 8th Congress : the
second session opens.
* * U. S. The fifth Presidential elec-
tion ; Jefferson reelected.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue
$50,941.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-08 * * Ky. Christopher Greenup.
-12 * * La. (Ter.). Win. C. C. Claiborne.
-07 * * N. V. Morgan Lewis.
-06 * * S.C. Paul Hamilton.
* * "William Johnson of S. C. is ap-
pointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme
Court.
1805 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$82,312,150.
Jan. 11. Congress: Michigan Terri-
tory is formed from a portion of Indiana.
Jan. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: Jo-
seph Anderson of Tenn. is elected
President pro tempore. [Also, on Feb.
28th and Mar. 2d.]
Feb. 13. D C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President: Thomas Jefferson
of Va. (Republican), 162 ; Charles C.
Pinckney of S. C. (Federalist), 14. For
Vice-President: George Clinton of N.Y.
(Republican), 162 ; Rufus King of N.Y.
(Federalist), 14.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 8th Congress ends.
Thomas Jefferson of Va., the 3d
President, enters his 2d term in the 5th
term of the Presidency. George Clin-
ton of N. Y. is Vice-President.
Cabinet changes : Jacob Crownin-
shield of Mass. becomes Secretary of
the Navy, and Bobert Smith of Md.,
[followed by John Breckinridge of
Ky.], becomes Attorney-General.
Mar. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate,
sitting as a High Court, fails to impeach
Samuel Chase, a Justice of the U. S.
Supreme Court. (Moore, Mar. 1.)
June 4. A treaty of peace is concluded
with Tripoli, and no more tribute is
paid to pirates.
Dec. 2. D. C. The 9th Congress
opens.
Congress ; Senate : Samuel Smith
of Md. is again elected President pro
tempore. House : Nathaniel Macon of
N. C. is reelected Speaker.
Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue $21,747.
* * The Anti-Federalists change their
name from Republicans to Democrats.
* * England revives an old edict for-
bidding neutrals from trading with
France and her dependencies, or other
nations with which England may be at
war, aiming to crush the prosperous
American commerce.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-08 * * Del. Nathaniel Mitchell.
-13* * Mich. (Ter.). William Hull.
-09 * * Miss. Robert Williams.
-07 * * N. C. Nathaniel Alexander.
-09 * * N.H. John Langdon.
R. I. Paul Mumford.
-06* * R. I. Henry Smith.
-08 * * Va. Wm. H. Cabell.
1806 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$75,723,270.
Mar. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Samuel Smith of Md. is reelected
President pro tempore.
Apr. 15. B.C. Congress prohibits the
importation of specific articles of Brit-
ish growth or manufacture, the act to
take effect the 11th of November.
Apr. 21. B.C. The 9th Congress:
the first session closes.
Apr. * The British ship Leander is or-
dered out of American waters after
firing on an American sloop and killing
John Pierce, the owner.
Apr. * Tenn. Colonel Aaron Burr is
detected in a treasonable conspiracy.
May 16. Eng. Orders in Council are
issued.
The British Ministry declares the
whole coast of Europe, from the Elbe to
Brest, to be under blockade — thus, ac-
cording to its theory, excluding Amer-
ican commerce, while not invested by
British fleets. (" Paper blockade.")
MISCELLANEOUS.
1803 * * 0. The Miami Exporting Com-
pany opens the first bank in Cincinnati.
1804 July 4. Pa. A weekly mail-
stage commences to run between Pitts-
burg and Philadelphia.
* * Chicago. Fort Dearborn is erected.
* * Mass. The Middlesex Canal, the
first in the Union, is completed. It con-
nects Boston harbor with the Concord
River.
1805 June 1. Mich. Detroit is de-
stroyed by Are.
June 4. Tripoli. The American pris-
oners at Tripoli are liberated.
* * Boston. Frederick Tudor begins the
ice-trade of America, by shipping a
cargo of 130 tons to Martinique.
* * New York. Yellow fever prevails.
* * Phila. The first dry-goods com-
mission-house in this country opens for
the sale of the cotton yarns and threads
manufactured in Rhode Island.
114 1806, Nov. 21-1809, Mar. 4.
AMERICA
ARMY — WAVY.
1807 June 22. The British man-of-war
Leopard demands the right to search
the United States frigate Chesapeake for
deserters, and, being refused, attacks
and captures the ship and carries away
four men as deserters, three of whom
are American citizens.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1807 * * The Pennsylvania Academy
of Fine Arts is established.
Aug. 11 (?) +. N. Y. Robert Fulton's
steamboat, the Clermont, sails from New
York to Albany on her first trip ; 150
miles in 33 hours. (Engine made by
Boulton and Watt, of England.)
Dec. 14. Conn. An extraordinary and
brilliant meteor is seen ; it explodes
three times.
1808 * * Marius Sitting Among the Ruins
of Carthage, painted by Vanderlyn, re-
ceives the gold medal at the Paris Ex-
hibition.
* * N. J. The steamboat Phoenix, built
by John Stevens, makes the first ocean
trip from Hoboken to Philadelphia.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1807* *
Abbot, Gorham D., educator, born in Me.
Adams, Charles Francis, minister to Eng.;
arbitrator of Alabama claims, b. in Mass.
Adams,William, Pres. clergyman, b. in Conn.
Agassiz, Louis John R., teacher, natural-
ist, born May 28, in Switz.
Alden, Joseph, educationist, born in N.Y..
Bailey, Gamaliel, journalist, born in N. J.
Brant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, A65.
Buford, Nap. B., brig.-gen., engineer, b. Ky.
Casey, Silas, brevet maj.-gen., born in R. I.
Cheever, George B., Cong, cl., b. in Me.
Dayton,Wm. Lewis, senator for N.Y., b. N. J.
Ellsworth, Oliver, chief justice, A62.
Fay, Theodore Sedgwick, author, b. in N.Y.
Felton, Cornelius Conway, author, 1'res. of
Harvard University, b. in Mass.
Floyd, John B., Sec. of War, b. in Va.
Forbes, John M., Prot. Epis. clergyman, b.
Guyot, Arnold H., geographical writer, born
in Switz.
Hammond, James H., senator for S. C, born
in S. C.
Herbert, Henry William, author, b. in Eng.
Hildreth, Richard, historian, born in Mass.
Holt, Joseph, secretary of war, born in Ky.
Janes, Edmund Storer, M. E. bp., b. in Mass.
Lee, Alfred, P. E. bp. of Col., U.S.A., Del.,
b. in Mass.
Lee, Robert Edward, col. U.S.A., Confed-
erate general, born in Va., Jan. 19.
Long-fellow, Henry Wadsworth, poet, b.
in Me., Feb. 27.
Malbone, Edward G., miniature painter, A30.
McMichael, Morton, editor, orator, b. in N. J.
Mount, William Sidney, painter, b. in N.Y.
Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel, gen., A61.
Neal, Joseph Clay, humorist, born in N. H.
Owen, David Dale, geologist, born in Scot.
Packer, Wm. F., journalist, Gov. of Pa.,
born in Pa,
Palmer, Phoebe, evangelist, born in N.Y.
Parker, Amasa J., lawyer, born in Conn.
Pickens, Francis W., Gov., senator for S. C,
born in S. C.
Preble, Edward, commodore U. S. N., A46.
Ridgely, James L., lawyer, O. F., b. in Md.
Ruschenberger, Wm. S. W., author, b. in N. J.
Schaeffer, Charles Fred., Luth. clergyman,
born in Pa.
Stillman, Samuel, Bapt. clergyman, A70.
"Whittier, John Greenleaf, poet, born in
Mass., Dec. 17-
Woods, Leonard, Jr., president of Bowdoin
College, born in Mass.
1808* *
Alexander, Nath., Gov. of N. C, officer in
Revolution, A52.
Ames, Fisher, M. C. for Mass., orator,
July 4, A58.
Bache, Sarah, nurse in Am. Revol'n, A64.
Bartine, David W., M. E. clergyman,orator,b.
Beardsley, E. Edwards, P. E. clergyman, b.
in Conn.
Chase, Salmon P., chief justice, b. in N. H.
Craven, Thomas T., rear-admiral, b. in D. C.
Davidson, Lucretia Maria, poet, b. in N.Y.
Davis, Jefferson, see. of war., sen. for Miss.,
Pres. of Confed. States, b. June 3, in Ky.
Decatur, Stephen, Sr., naval officer, A 57.
Dickinson, John, M. C. for Del., A76.
Evans, Fred Wm., Shaker elder, b. in Eng.
Fasquelle, Jean Louis, author, born.
Fish, Hamilton. Gov. of N.Y., secretary of
state, born in N.Y.
Gage, Francis D., orator, born in 0.
Gallagher, William D., poet, born in Pa.
Hackett, Horatio Batch, biblical scholar,
born in Mass.
Henderson, James P., sen. for Tex., b. N. C.
Hillard, George S., author, journalist, b. Me.
Hilliard, Henry W., lawyer, born in N. C.
Johnson, Andrew, 17th President, senator
for Tenn., born Dec. 29, in N. C.
Kirkland, Samuel, founder of Hamilton Col-
lege, A 64.
Lee, Leroy M., M. E. clergyman, theologian,
born in Va.
Linn,William, chaplain in Revol'n army, A56.
Palmer, Ray, Cong, clergyman, hymnolo-
gist, born in R. I.
Park, Edwards A., clergyman, author, critic,
born in R. I. /
Patterson, John, general, A64.
Prentiss, Seargent Smith, M. C. for Miss.,
born in Me.
Reed, Henry, scholar, author, born in Pa.
Rockwell, James O., poet, born in Conn.
Rogers, Henry Darwin, geologist, b. in Pa.
Sartin, John, engraver, born in London.
Strong, William, justice S. Court, b. in Pa.
Sullivan, James, Gov. of Mass, writer, A64.
Van Rensselaer, Cortland, Pres. clergyman,
born in N.Y.
Washington, Samuel Atler, writer, born.
Zeisberger, David, Moravian missionary, A87.
CHURCH.
1806* *Ky. The Presbytery of Ken-
tucky is dissolved by the Synod, because
of the lack of ministerial learning and
sound doctrine.
* * Mass. The American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Mis-
sions germinates.
At a gathering of four students of
Williams College, under the lee of a
haystack, where they take refuge from
a thunder-storm, Samuel J. Mills pro-
poses that they attempt to send the gos-
pel to the heathen, and says, " We can
do it if we will."
The Massachusetts Evangelic . Mis-
sionary Society is instituted.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; Samuel Miller,
moderator.
1807 Sept.* N. Y. The General
Synod (Reformed) meets at Harlem ;
J. V. C. Romeyn, president.
* * Conn. The Connecticut Religious
Tract Society is organized at New
Haven by Timothy Dwight and others.
* * The Lake Baptist Missionary Society
is formed.
* * The Society of Friends opens a mission
among the Brotherton Indians.
* * Mass. The Baptist Missionary So-
ciety is formed.
* * N. T. The Associated Saratoga Pres-
bytery is formed.
The first Baptist mission to the In-
dians is opened among the Tuscaroras.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; A. Alexa^er,
moderator.
1808 May 6-26. Md. The General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is
held in Baltimore.
A delegated General Conference is
provided for ; restrictive rules adopted ;
Wm. McKendree ordained bishop.
Sept. 28. Mass. Andover Theological
Seminary (Congregational) is opened.
Oct. 2. Ala. The first Baptist church is
organized (Flint River).
* * Ky. The Roman Catholic diocese of
Louisville is established.
* * Mass. Organization of the Baptist
Female Mite Society at Beverly.
* * Md. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets in Balti-
more ; it consents to the organization
of the Western country into a separate
diocese.
* * New York. The Methodist Publishing
House is removed from Philadelphia to
New York.
* * N. Y. The first church edifice in
Williamsburg is built by the Methodists.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Philip Miledoler,
moderator.
Thomas Campbell of Ireland be-
comes pastor of the Seceders (Disciples
of Christ).
* * Va. The Accomack Baptist Associa-
tion is formed.
* * Roman Catholic Sees are erected at
New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and
Bardstown.
LETTERS.
1806* * Mass. John Quincy Adams
becomes professor of belles-lettres in
Harvard University.
* * N. Y. The Young Misses' Magazine
appears in Brooklyn.
* * Phila. The American Register ap-
pears.
±* * The Foresters, by Alexander Wilson,
appears.
1807* * Mass. The Andover Theologi-
cal Seminary (Cong.) is organized.
* * Tenn. The University of Tennes-
see (non-sect.) is organized at Knoxville.
It has previously been known as Blount
College.
* * The Salmagundi papers, by "Washing-
ton Irving and J. K. Paulding, appear.
* * New York. The Ladies' Weekly
Miscellany appears.
* * Mass. The Theological Seminary
Library is founded at Andover [43,000
vols.].
The Boston Athenaeum Library is
founded [149,910 vols.]. (Whitcombe,
1806.)
* * Md. Mount St. Mary's College
(Rom. Cath.) is founded at Emmittsburg.
1808 July* Mo. First issue of the
Missouri Gazette at St. Louis ; the first
newspaper in this city.
* * The Columbiad, by Joel Barlow, ap-
pears.
* * The first volume of Ornithology, by
Alexander Wilson, appears.
SOCIETY.
1807 * * N. Y. Martin Van Buren mar-
ries Hannah Hoes.
1808 Jan. 1. U. S. The importation
of slaves is prohibited by Act of
Congress after this date.
UNITED STATES. 1806, Nov. 21-1809, Mar. 4. 115
Apr. 30. N. Y. Organization of the
First Temperance Society, "The
Union Temperance Society of Moreau
and Northumberland," by Billy J. Clark,
in Saratoga county.
It declares that " no member shall
drink rum, gin, whisky, wine, or any
distilled spirits, or compositions of the
same or any of them, except by advice
of a physician, or in case of actual dis-
ease, also excepting at public dinners,
under the penalty of 25 cents, provided
that this article shall not infringe on
any religious rite ; no member shall be
intoxicated under penalty of 50 cents,"
and that " no member shall offer any of
the above liquors to any person to drink
thereof under the penalty of 25 cents for
each offense."
STATE.
1806 Nov. 21. Fr. Napoleon retali-
ates by issuing the Berlin Decree,
and declares all the British Islands
blockaded. [Both the French and En-
glish capture American vessels.]
Dec. 1. D. C. The 9th Congress : the
second session opens.
* * D. C. Congress grants pensions to
disabled soldiers and sailors.
Dec. 31. Monroe and Pinckney procure
a treaty with Great Britain regarding
the protection of the rights of neutrals.
[It is suppressed by the President.]
* *D.C. Brockholst Livingston of New
York is appointed Justice of the U. S.
Supreme Court.
* * England persists in searching
American vessels for deserters, and
impressing American seamen.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-09 * * Ga. Jared Irwin.
-08 * * Mass. James Sullivan.
-07 * * B. I. Isaac Wilbur.
-08 * * S. C. Chas. Pinckney.
1807 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$69,218,398.
Jan. 7. Eng. Orders in Council are
issued.
England forbids all coast trade with
France. [Many American vessels are
seized.]
Jan. 22. D. C. Congress is officially
informed of Aaron Burr's conspiracy.
Feb. * Tenn. Aaron Burr is arrested
on the charge of treason, having ar-
ranged for the invasion of Mexico, to
detach the Western and Southern States
f -','in the Union, and to set up a western
empire. [No overt act is proven.]
Mar. 2. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Sam-
uel Smith of Md. is elected President
pro tempore.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 9th Congress ends.
June 22. The British man-of-war Leop-
ard fires upon the frigate Chesapeake, be-
cause of the refusal to deliver up four
men claimed as deserters ; after three
men are killed, the frigate's colors are
struck. »
July 2. D. C. Jefferson, by proclama-
tion, forbids all intercourse with Brit-
ish ships-of-war, and orders all that are
in American waters to withdraw.
Oct. 26. D. C. The 10th Congress
opens.
Congress; House: Joseph B. Var-
num of Mass. is elected Speaker.
* * Controversy between England and
the United States respecting the rights
of neutrals; England claims the right
to search American ships, and to take
naturalized American citizens.
Nov. 11. Eng. Orders in Council is-
sued, which vex American commerce, by
prohibiting all trade with France or her
allies.
Dec. 17. Fr. The Milan Decree is-
sued by Napoleon supplements the Ber-
lin Decree, and extinguishes the most
profitable portion of the commerce of
the United States.
Dec. 22. D. C. Congress passes the
Second Embargo Act.
This [celebrated and much ridiculed]
Act detains all American vessels in
American ports, and cuts off commercial
intercourse with England and France, to
compel their recognition of the rights of
neutrals. [The Americans fail to starve
their enemies.]
* * New York. Marinus Willett is elected
the 47th mayor.
* * Thomas Todd of Ky. is appointed
Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
La. (Ter.). Meriwether Lewis.
-08 * * N.C. Benjamin Williams.
-17* * N. Y. Daniel D. Tompkins.
-08 * * 0. Thomas Kirker.
-11 * * It. I. James Fenner.
-08 * * Vt. Israel Smith.
1808 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$65,196,317.
D. C. Congress prohibits the impor-
tation of slaves after this date.
Jan. 8. D. C. Congress requires coast-
ing and fishing vessels to give bonds to
reland their cargoes in the United
States (Embargo Act).
Feb. 4. N. Y. The first legislative pro-
ceedings relative to the canals appear.
Mar. 12. D. C. Congress subjects ves-
sels and boats of all kinds, and land car-
riages, to the Embargo.
Mar. 17. D. C. Rupture of the nego-
tiations between the British minister
and the Government.
Apr. 16. D. C. Congress : Senate ; Sam-
uel Smith of Md. is reelected President
pro tempore.
Apr. 17. France, by the Bayonne
Decree, directs the seizure of all Ameri-
can vessels in French ports.
Apr. 25. D. C. Congress forbids for-
eign vessels to engage in the coasting
trade, and requires all others to come
under stringent rules.
The 10th Congress: the first session
closes.
May 30. D. C. The new House of
Representatives is first occupied.
Aug. 9. D. C. Jefferson suspends in-
tercourse with Great Britain because of
the non-ratification of the British treaty.
* * «« Free Trade and Sailors' Bights "
is a political war-cry of the times.
* * Va. Jefferson declines the nomi-
nation for a third term in the presidency.
Nov. 7. D.C. The 10th Congress:
the second session opens.
* * New Englanders talk of rebellion,
as their ships are rotting at their docks
because of the Embargo.
Dec. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate: Ste-
phen R. Bradley of Vt. is elected
President pro tempore.
* * U.S. Sixth Presidential election;
Democratic-Republicans are elected.
The national election sweeps away the
Administration majority in Congress
(84 to 30), and prepares the way for the
repeal of the Embargo Act.
* * -10 * * New York. DeWitt Clinton
is elected the 48th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-11 * * Del. George Truett.
-12* *Ky. Charles Scott.
-09 * * Mass. Levi Lincoln.
-10 * *N. C. David Stone.
-10 * * 0. Samuel Huntington.
Pa. Simon Snyder.
-10 * * S. C. John Drayton.
-11 * * Va. John Tyler.
-09 * * Vt. Isaac Tichenor.
1809 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$57,023,192.
Jan. 9. Congress proceeds to drastic
measures ; attempting to avoid the Em-
bargo Act forfeits the vessel or carriage,
and involves a fine of four times the
value of the merchandise, one-half of it
to go to the informer.
Jan. 30. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John
Milledge of Ga. is elected President
pro tempore.
Feb. 3. Illinois Territory (Illinois and
Wisconsin) is formed.
Feb. 8. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : James Madison
of Va. (Eepublican), 122 ; Charles C.
Pinckney of S. C. (Federalist), 47;
George Clinton of N. Y. (Republican),
6. Vote for Vice-President: George
Clinton (Republican), 113 ; Euf us King
of N. Y. (Federalist), 47 ; John Langdon
of N. H., 9 ; James Madison of Va., 3 ;
James Monroe of Va., 3 ; vacancy, 1.
Feb. 27. D. C. Congress ; The Em-
bargo Act of 1807 is repealed, to take
effect Mar. 15th.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 10th Congress ends.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1806* * Pa. Coal is first mined in the
United States, at Mauch Chunk.
* * N. Y. A log cabin is erected on the
present site of Rochester.
* * Commerce, which had become very
prosperous during the French and En-
glish wars, suffers greatly by the unan-
nounced blockades which override the
rights of neutrals.
* * The principal maritime towns suf-
fer because of the restrictions of com-
merce, and their citizens send numerous
petitions to the President and to Con-
gress, praying for the removal of the
Embargo.
1808 May 28. N. Y. Solemn re-
burial of the bones of Revolutionary
prisoners in a vault at Wallabout.
116 1809, Mar. 4-1811, Nov. 18.
AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1811 Jan. 9. La. The entire militia
of New Orleans is called out to suppress
a negro insurrection.
Apr. 6. Va. French privateer Revanche
1 1 u Cerf is burnt at Norfolk, by 15 men
in 2 boats, about 2 a.m.
May 16. Va. The British sloop-of-war
Little Belt fires a shot at the United
States frigate President; the latter
retaliates with a broadside that kills
10 and wounds 30 men. [This action
creates great excitement throughout
the country.]
Sept. + * Ind. The Shawanese In-
dians make incursions among the set-
tlers, whom they outrage and murder.
Nov. 7. Ind. Battle of Tippecanoe;
the Indians conspire to surprise Gov.
William H. Harrison at Burnet Creek,
and are effectively subdued after a ter-
rific battle.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1809 Nov. 21. New York. George F.
Cook first appears in America in Richard
III., at the Park Theater.
± * * Boston. Sails are made from cotton
duck.
1810 Dec. 31. Boston. Mrs. Duff first
appears in America as Juliet.
* * Boston. The Park Street Church
is erected.
1811 ** New York. Steamboat Paragon
is built.
Sept. 17. Va. A beautiful annular
eclipse of the sun is observed at
Richmond.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1809* *
Albright, Jacob, foun. Evang. Ass'n, A49.
Alexander, Joseph Addison, theologian, ori-
entalist, born in Pa.
Arthur, Timothy S., author, born in N.Y.
Bailey, Silas, pres. Granville coll., 0., born
in Mass.
Baldwin, John Denison, author, b. in Conn.
Barnard, Fred. A. P., instructor, b. in Mass.
Bartlett, Wm. H. C, scientific writer, b. Pa.
Benjamin, Park, poet, born in Guiana.
Bledsoe, Albert T., Confed. officer, b. in Ky.
Buckley, Samuel Botsford, botanist, b. N.Y.
Burgess, George, P. E. bp. of Me., b. in K. I.
Burns, Francis, M. E. missionary bp., b. N.Y.
Carson, Christopher, (Kit Carson), b. in Ky.
Chapman, Alvan W., botanist, b. in Mass.
Curry, Daniel, M. E. cl., editor, born in N.Y.
Curtis, Benj. Bobbins, justices. Ct.,b. Mass.
Dahlgren, John Adolf, rear-admiral, b. in Pa.
Edwards, Tryon, Cong, clergyman, writer,
born in Conn.
Fowler, Orson Squire, phrenologist, b. N.Y.
Gibbes, Robert W., phy., author, b. in S. C.
Giles, Henry, essayist, born in Ireland.
Gliddon, George R., Egyptologist, b. in Eng.
Glisson, Oliver S., rear-admiral, born in O.
Greene, William, Gov. of R. I., dies.
Griffiths, John "Willis, architect, b. in N.Y.
Hamlin, Hannibal, Vice-President, sen-
ator for Me., born in Me.
Haswell, Charles Haynes, engineer, b. N.Y.
Heyward, Thomas, patriot of S. C, A63.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, poet, b. in Mass.
Houghton, Douglas, naturalist, b. in N.Y.
Hunter, Robert M. T., senator for Va., b. Va.
Ingraham, Joseph H., author, born in Me.
Johnston, Joseph E., Confed. gen., b. in Va.
Johnson, Oliver, editor, abolitionist, born.
Jones, James C, Gov. Tenn., sen., b. in Tenn.
Kendrick, Asahel C, scholar, author, b. in Vt.
Kirkbride, Thos. S., phy. to insane, b. in Pa.
Lewis, Meriwether, explorer, A55.
Lincoln, Abraham, 16th President, b. Feb.
12, near Hodgensville, Hardin Co., Ky.
Little, George, Capt. in Revol'n army, AS5.
Little, R. M., pres. Ins. Co., b. Mass.
Mackenzie, Robt. S., Brit. Am. journalist, b.
Mayer, Branz, lawyer, hist'l writer, b. in Md.
McCormick, Cryus H., inventor of reapers,
born in Va.
McGill, John D., R. C. bp. of Va., b. in Pa.
Mitchel, Ormsby M., astronomer, gen., b. Ky.
Paine, Thomas, patriot, writer, A72.
Pike, Albert, poet, born in Mass.
Price, Sterling, Gov., M. C. for Mo., b. in Va.
Semmes, Raphael, Confederate naval officer,
born in Md.
Schenck, Robert C.,M. C. for O., gen., b. in O.
Thompson, Cephas Giovanni, artist, b. Mass.
Trumbull, Jonathan, Gov., sen. for Conn.,
A69.
Winthrop, Robt. C, M. C, senator for Mass.,
born in Mass.
1810* *
Aldridge, Ira, colored actor, born in Md.
Allen, Thomas, chaplain, A77.
Backus, Jay S., sec. Bapt. Home Miss. So., b.
Barnum, Phineas T. , showman, b. in Conn.
Black, Jeremiah S., jurist, secretary of
state, born in Pa.
Brooks, James, journalist, politician, b. Me.
Brougham, John, actor, born in Ireland.
Brown, Charles Brockden, novelist, A39.
Burritt, Elihu, linguist, writer, b. in Conn.
Clark, Willis Gaylord, poet, author, b. N.Y.
Clarke, James Freeman, Unit, clergyman,
author, born in N. H.
Clay, Cassius M., minister to Rus., b. in Ky.
Cooper, James, lawyer, born in Md.
Crosby, Alpheus, educationist, born in N. H.
Doggett, David S., bp. M. E. Ch. South, b.
Du Bois, Wm. Ewing, numismatist, b. in Pa.
Ellet, Charles, Jr., engineer, born in Pa.
Fuller, Sarah Margaret, author, b. in Mass.
Garland, Landon C, educator, mathemati-
cal writer, born in Va.
Gray, Asa, botanist, born in N.Y.
Green, Samuel S., educator, born.
Griffin, Cyrus, statesman, judge, A61.
Hart, Joel T., sculptor, born in Ky.
Hart, John S., educationist, author, b. in
Mass.
Humphreys, Andrew A., general, b. in Pa.
Jackson, Jonathan, of Mass, A67.
Langstroth, L., inventor of beehive, dies.
Lawrance, John, jurist, statesman, A60.
Lincoln, Benj., maj.-gen. in Revolution, A77.
Loomis, Justin R., educator, author, b. N.Y.
Lord, John, historical lecturer, b. in N. H.
Macanally, David Rice, M. E. clergyman, ed-
itor, born in Tenn.
Magoon, Elias L., Bapt, clergyman, author,
born in N. H.
McCloskey, John, first American cardinal,
born Mar. 20, in N.Y.
McKay, Donald, shipbuilder, born.
Morrill, Justin S., senator for Vt., b. in Vt.
Notman, John, architect, born in Scot.
Palmer, James S., rear-admiral, b. in N. J.
Parker, Theodore, Unit, cl., b. in Mass.
Potter, Hazard Arnold, physician, b. in N.Y.
Putnam, Mary Lowell, author, b. in Mass.
Riggs, Elias, missionary, linguist, b. in N. J.
Sears, Edmund H., Unit, clergyman, author,
born in Mass.
Seymour, Horatio, Gov. of N. Y., b. in N. Y.
Sharswood, George, jurist, born in Pa.
Skene, Philip, Brit, officer in Am., A85.
Spalding 1 , Martin John. R. C. archbishop,
born in Ky.
Toombs, Rob., sen. for Ga., Confed. sec. state,
b. Ga.
Trautwine, John Cresson, engineer, b. in Pa.
Turner, Wm. Wadden, philologist, b. in Eng.
Tyler, William Seymour, scholar, b. in Va.
Van Buren, John, politician, born in N.Y.
Washington, Wm. A., officer in Revol'n, A58.
Wood, Alphonso, botanist, born in N. H.
1811* *
Asboth, Alex. S., brig.-gen., b. in Hungary.
Bailey, Jacob Witman, scientist, b. in Mass.
Baker, Edward Dickinson, senator for Cal.,
born in Eng.
Barnard, Henry, educator, b. in Conn.
Boggs, Charles S., rear-admiral, b. in N.J.
Bouvier, Hannah M., writer on astronomy, b.
Bowen, Francis, prof., author, b. in Mass.
Campbell, John A., justice, born in Ga.
Chase, Samuel, jurist of Md., A70.
Crawford, Nathaniel M., Bapt. cl., b. Ga.
Dana, Francis, jurist of Mass., A 68.
Daviess, Joseph H., att'y-gen. of Ky., A37.
Draper, John William, chemist, b. in Eng.
Eaton, William, soldier, consul, A 47.
Emory, William H., major-general, b. in Md.
Foster, Abbie K., reformer, born in Mass.
Gilliss, James M., astronomer, born in D. C.
Greeley, Horace, editor, b. Feb. 3, in N. H.
Greene, George Washington, author, b. R. I.
Hall, James, geologist, born in Mass.
Hunt, Ward, justice, S. Ct., b. in N.Y.
James, Henry, philosophical writer, b. N.Y.
Jenkins, Thornton A., U. S. navy, b. in Va.
Johnson, James, Gov. of Ga., born in N.C.
Kennedy, Anthony, senator for Va., b. in Md.
Kip, William I., P. E. tp. of Cal., b. in N.Y.
Lapham, Increase A., scientist, born in N.Y.
Loomis, Elias, physicist, math'n, b. in Conn.
Low, Abiel A., philanthropist, b. in Mass.
Murdoch, James Edward, actor, born in Pa
Noyes, John H., communist of Oneida, b. Vt.
Page, Wm., painter, born in N.Y.
Paine, Robert Treat, Jr., author, A38.
Parton, Sara P. Willis, (Fanny Fern), b.
in Me.
Peabody, Andrew P., prof., cl., b. Mass.
Peck, Jesse Truesdell, M. E. bp., b. in N.Y.
Phillips, "Wendell, orator, reformer, born
Nov. 29, in Mass.
Pierce, George Foster, M. E. bp., b. in Ga.
Porter, Noah, psychologist, b. in Conn.
Pratt, Orson, Mormon leader, born in N.Y.
Simpson, Matthew, M. E. bp., orator, born
June 20, in O.
Stowe, Harriet Eliza [Beecher], author,
born in Conn.
Street, Alfred Billings, poet, born in N.Y.
Sumner, Charles, senator for Mass., orator,
born in Mass.
Thomas, Jos., physician, biographer, b. N.Y.
Williams, Wm., signer of Declaration, A80.
Winslow, John A., rear-admiral, b. in N. C.
CHURCH.
1809 May 3. R. I. The Rhode Island
Congregational Conference is organized.
June 8. N. H. The General Association
(Congregational) of New Hampshire is
organganized.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; Nicolas Lansing,
president.
Autumn. Mass. Samuel J. Mills be-
comes interested in the natives of the
Pacific Islands by the simple story of
Henry Obookiah, a native boy. (He
becomes one of the founders of the
American Missionary Society.)
* * New York. English is first exclu-
sively used in the Lutheran Church.
* * N. Y. Organization of the New York
Bible and Common Prayer-Book So-
ciety of the Episcopal Church.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Drury Lacy, mod-
erator.
The first Synod of the Reformed Pres-
byterians is formed.
* * Pa. The first (?) church Sunday-school
is formed at Pittsburg ; the transfer of
Sunday-schools to church control be-
gins, and schools rapidly increase.
* * Vt. The General Association of "Ver-
mont Congregationalists is allowed del-
egates in the (Presbyterian) General
Assembly.
1810 Feb.* Ky. The Cumberland
Presbyterian Church is finally organ-
ized, as a separate church, because of
the high educational standard de-
manded for the Presbyterian ministry.
June 29. Mass. The plan for the or-
ganization of the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions is
devised by Samuel Spring and Samuel
Worcester, and is adopted by the Gen-
eral Association of Congregational
Churches, at Bradford.
Sept. 5. Conn. The American Board
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
is formally constituted at Farmington.
Sept. 10. Pa. The Brush Run (Disciples>
church is organized.
* * Conn. Lyman Beecher is installed
pastor of the Congregational church at
Litchfield. [He remains 16 years.]
UNITED STATES. 1809, Mar. 4-1811, Nov. 18. 117
* * Mass. A remarkable missionary move-
ment begins.
Four students of Andover Theological
Seminary — Messrs. Mills, Judson, New-
ell, and Nott — meet a number of minis-
ters in the parlors of Professor Stuart, to
receive a reply to their request to be sent
with the Gospel to the heathen. The an-
swer is, " Go in the name of the Lord,
and we will help you."
* * New Eng. Congregational churches
are disrupted by the withdrawal of
Unitarians.
* * N. H. The General Association of
Congregationalists is allowed delegates
in the (Presbyterian) General Assembly.
* * New York. The Protestant Episco-
pal Tract Society is organized.
* * N. Y. Genesee Conference of the
Methodist Episcopal Church is formed.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; John B. Romeyn,
moderator.
* * Regulations and rules are adopted
by the Roman Catholic bishops.
1811 May 29. JV. Y. John Henry Ho-
bart (Protestant Episcopal) assistant
bishop of New York, and A. V. Gris-
wold, presiding bishop of the Easton
diocese, are consecrated.
LETTERS.
1809 Apr. 4. Pa. The Legislature di-
rects that the poor be sent to the most
convenient school, and their tuition
be paid.
* * A History of New York by Diedrich
Knickerbocker, by Washington Irving,
appears.
* * Solomon Spaulding writes a religious
romance, The Manuscript Found (The
Book of Mormon).
1810 * * N.J. Queen's College (Rut-
gers) and the (Reformed) Theological
professorate are united ; Dr. Livingston
is professor and president.
* * -11 * * Phila. The Mirror of Taste
appears.
SOCIETY.
1810 Jan. 15. New York. Masquerades
and masked balls are prohibited.
Jan. 17. Phila. Masquerades and
masked balls are prohibited.
* * V. S. A total of 1,191,363 slaves is
reported.
* * La. Zachary Taylor marries Mar-
garet Smith.
STATE.
Fourth Administration. Democratic-
Republican.
1809 Mar. 4. D. C. James Madison
of Va. is inaugurated the fourth Presi-
dent in the sixth term of the Presidency,
and George Clinton of N. Y. continues
Vice-President.
Cabinet: Robert Smith of Md.
(State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas.),
"William Eustis of Mass. (War), Paul
Hamilton of S. C. (Navy), Gideon
Granger of Conn. (Postmaster-General),
Caesar A. Rodney of Del. (Attorney-
General),
Mar. 15. U. S. The Embargo is re-
moved, but commercial intercourse
with England and France interdicted.
Mar. * Fr. Napoleon ignores his prom-
ise to the Americans by again en-
forcing the obnoxious decrees, and
declares that " the decrees of Berlin and
Milan were fundamental laws of the
Empire." By a diplomatic fiction he
has succeeded in his purpose to array
the United States and Great Britain
against each other in mutual hostility.
Apr. 23. D. C. David M. Erskine, Brit-
ish minister, pledges the Court to re-
peal the anti-neutral decrees by June 10.
Trade will then be resumed between
the United States and Great Britain.
[The announcement of the agreement
is received with great joy by the country,
as an assurance of peace.]
May 22. B.C. The 11th Congress
meets in extra session [and continues
the controversy with Great Britain].
May * B. C. Congress ; House : Joseph
B. Varnum of Mass. is elected Speaker.
June 26. B. C. Congress ; Senate : An-
drew Gregg of Pa. is elected President
pro tempore.
June 28. B. C. 1 1th Congress : the first
session closes.
Sept. * Gov. "William Henry Harrison
meets the Indians of the Northwest, and
buys the title to 3,000,000 acres of land.
Nov. 8. B. C. The President denies
the British minister farther inter-
course with the Cabinet, because his
pledges have been disavowed by the
British Government. Erskine's func-
tions cease.
Nov. 27. B.C. The 11th Congress:
the second session opens.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-11 * * Conn. John Treadwell.
-13 * * Ga David B. Mitchell.
-18* * III. {Ter.) Ninian Edwards.
-10 * * Mass. Christopher Gore.
-17 * * Miss. David Holmes.
-10 * * N. H. Jeremiah Smith.
15 * * Tenn. Win. Blount.
-13 * * Vt. Jonas Galusha.
* * Indiana is constituted a Territory.
1810 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$53,173,217.52.
Feb. 28. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
John Gaillard of S. C. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore. [Reelected Apr. 17.]
Mar. 23. Fr. The Rambouillet Decree
is issued.
Napoleon decrees that all American
vessels entering French ports shall be
seized and condemned.
May 1. B. C. Congress passes the
Macon's No. 2 Act, pledging to pro-
hibit American trade with the other
country if either France or England
shall revoke its offensive edicts.
The 11th Congress: the second ses-
sion closes.
July 13. N. Y. The British minister,
Augustus J. Foster, is burned in effigy
before the door of his lodgings in
Albany.
July 19. Oer. The king of Prussia, by
decree, forbids American vessels enter-
ing his ports.
Aug. 5. France revokes some of its
edicts — revocation to take effect Nov.
1 — as to American vessels.
Nov. 2. B. C. President Madison pro-
claims all restrictions removed from
the commerce of France.
Dec. 3. B. C. The 11th Congress:
the third session opens.
* *-H* * New York. Jacob Radcliff is
elected the 49th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-12 * * Mass. Elbridge Gerry.
-11* *N.C. Benj. Smith.
-12 * * N.U. John Langdon.
-12 * * O. Jonathan Meigs.
-12 * * S.C. Henry Middleton.
1811 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$48,005,587.
Feb. 2. B. C. The President announces
the revival of the Non-importation
Act against Great Britain.
Feb. 23. B. C. Congress; Senate:
John Pope of Ky. is elected President
pro tempore.
Mar. 4. B.C. The 11th Congress ends.
Apr. 8. N. Y. The first law is passed
respecting the Erie Canal.
July 3. Fla. The Government resolves
to occupy "West Florida, against the re-
monstrance of the British Government.
Nov. 4. B.C. The 12th Congress opens.
Nov. * B. C. Congress ; House : Henry
Clay of Ky. is chosen Speaker ; he with
John C. Calhoun of S. C. and Wil-
liam H. Crawford of Ga. leads the
two Houses.
The majority force Madison to declare
war against Great Britain as a condition
of his reelection. New England is re-
luctant to engage in war.
Nov. 18. Differences are settled respect-
ing the attack on the frigate Chesa-
peake; Great Britain makes reparation.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1809 June 28. Vt. The first steam-
boat appears on Lake Champlain.
1810 June * U. S. Third Census ; 17
States: 5,863,073 white ; 1,377,808 colored
population (186,446 free colored, 1,191,363
slaves); total population, 7,239,822. In-
crease, 36.38 per cent. Center of popula-
tion, 40 miles northwest of Washington ;
westward movement in 10 years, 36 miles.
Oct. 6. Pa. A mill near Philadelphia
makes the first cotton print goods
printed from cylinders (superseding
block-printing).
* * D. C. The first agricultural exhi-
bition is held at Georgetown.
* * Ore. Astoria is founded by the Pa-
cific Fur Company, John Jacob Astor
president.
* * Rags are first imported to supply 180
paper-mills.
1811 May 19. New York. A great
fire consumes 100 buildings.
Oct. 29. Pa. The first steamboat on
Western waters leaves Pittsburg for New
Orleans.
118 1811, Dec. 16-1812.
AMERICA
ARMY -NAVY.
1812 Jan. 27. Maj.-Gen. Henry
Dearborn is appointed (9th) com-
mander of the army.
Apr. 11. Va. Four British barges
are taken in Hampton Roads by the
U. S. frigate Constellation and revenue
cutter Jefferson; 80 prisoners.
Apr. 25. Capt. Cothell of the privateer
schooner Surprise, 10 guns, captures
the British brig Kutons, 12 guns, laden
with coffee, and brings her into port.
THE FIFTH WAR.
June 18-1815 Feb, 17. The War of
1812, with Great Britain.
[Two generals win renown : Gen. Wil-
liam Henry Harrison, as commander of
the army in Canada, and Gen. Andrew
Jackson as a fighter of Indians in the
South and later as the hero at New
Orleans. Men enrolled, 85,000 regulars,
471,622 militia and volunteers.]
July 2. The American embargo expires
by its own limitation ; Capt. David Porter
of the U. S. ship Essex sails on a cruise
against the British ; motto on his flag,
"Free Trade and Sailors' Bights."
July 12. "William Hull, governor of
Michigan, crosses the Detroit River with
1,500 men to capture Fort Maiden,
but fails through incompetence.
July 17. Mich. The important Ameri-
can post at Mackinaw is surprised
and surrendered to the British.
Aug. 5. Mich. Maj. Thomas B. Van
Home, with 200 Americans, is de-
feated in a skirmish with 600 Indians
and British at Brownstown.
Aug. 7. Mich. Gen. Hull returns from
Canada without attempting anything.
Aug. 9. Mich. The British, with In-
dians (900) under Tecumseh, are defeated
by Col. Miller (600) at Maguaga, near
Brownstown.
Aug. 13. The Essex, Capt. David Porter,
in a fight of eight minutes, forces the
British sloop Alert to strike her flag.
Aug. 15. III. The Indians treacher-
ously turn on the retreating garrison
and refugees, near Fort Dearborn
(Chicago), and murder 52 persons, in-
cluding 12 children ; the women and
other prisoners are distributed among
the savages.
Aug. 16. Mich. Gen. Hull, with 2,500
Americans, surrenders Detroit to Gen.
Brock with 1 ,300 British. [The surrender
is made without firing a gun, and is
characterized as the most shameful of
any in the history of the country ; and
a court-martial decides that Hull is a
patriot and yet a coward.]
Aug. 19. A naval battle and great
American victory occurs off the coast of
Massachusetts.
Captain Dacres surrenders the British
ship-of-war Guerriere to Capt. Isaac Hull
of the frigate Constitution, after receiv-
ing a terrific broadside. Losses : British,
15 killed and 63 wounded ; American, 7
killed and 7 wounded.
Oct. 4. N. Y. A British force under
Lieut.-Col. Lethbridge embarks in 25
boats and two gunboats, to capture
Ogdensburg ; they are driven back by
Gen. Brown without effecting a landing.
Oct. 8. Capt. Elliott captures two British
frigates on Lake Erie.
Oct. 13. Can. British batteries at
Queenstown are captured by the
Americans ; retaken through disgraceful
conduct of the New York militia, who
refuse to leave the State ; 2,200 Ameri-
cans under Van Rensselaer surrender to
2,500 British under Brock ; American
loss, 99 killed, 900 wounded.
Oct. 18. Naval battle off the coast of
Virginia.
Capt. Jacob Jones, in the sloop-of-war
Wasp, 18 guns, after an engagement
lasting three-quarters of an hour, takes
Capt. Whinyates with the British brig
Frolic of 22 guns ; immediately after the
capture, the British seventy-four gun
ship Poictiers arrives and captures the
Wasp and the wreck of the Frolic.
Oct. 25. Naval battle west of the Ca-
nary Isles ; Commodore Decatur, with the
frigate United States, of 44 guns, attacks
the British frigate Macedonia, of 49
guns, and after fighting two hours the
latter surrenders, with a loss of 100
killed and wounded.
Nov. 23. N. Y. The Northern army,
under Gen. Dearborn, goes into winter
quarters at Plattsburg, Burlington, and
Greenbush.
Dec. 12. Capt. Porter, with the ship
Essex, captures the British packet
Nocton, having on board $55,000 in specie.
Dec. 29. Naval Battle off the coast of
Brazil.
Commodore Bainbridge, with the Con-
stitution, captures the British frigate
Java after a battle of 2 hours, in which
200 men are killed or wounded, and
every mast is torn out.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1811 Dec. 16. An earthquake is felt
from Pittsburg and Ohio to Savannah.
* * Mass. Manufacture of chemicals
is begun in New England at Salem.
1812 Feb. 7. Phila. An earthquake
at Philadelphia and elsewhere for 30
seconds.
* * New York. The City Hall is com-
pleted.
y English workmen commence the
manufacture of pins with imported
machines ; price one dollar a paper.
The steamboat Richmond is built.
* * Pa. The first rolling-mill at Pitts-
burg is erected.
* * Phila. The Academy of Natural
Sciences is organized.
* * The Dead Man Revived by Touch of
Elisha's Bones is painted by Washing-
ton Allston.
* * Mass. The first cotton-mill at Fall
River is in operation.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1813* *
Abbot, Samuel, founder of Andover Semi-
nary, A80.
Alexander, John Henry, scientist, b. in Md.
Appleton, Thomas Gold, author, b. in Mass.
Andre ws, Stephen P., lawyer ,writer, b. Mass.
Ball, Eph'm, inventor of " Buckeye " mower,
born in O.
Bannister, Henry, theological professor, b.
Barlow, Joel, statesman, poet, A 56.
Buckminster, Joseph, Cong, clergyman, A61.
Clark, Davis Wasgatt, M. E. bp., b. in Me.
Clark, Thomas March, P. E. bp. of R. 1., b.
in Mass.
Clinton, George, 4th Vice-Pres. of U. S., A73.
Clinton, James, gen. in Revol'n War, A76.
Elliott, Charles L., portrait painter, b. N.Y.
Flint, Austin, physician, medical writer,
born in Mass.
Florena, Thomas B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Gammel, William, author, born in Mass.
Gansevoort, Peter, officer in Revolution, A63.
Gardner, August K., physician, b. in Mass.
Gilder, William H., el., editor, b. in Phila.
Haldeman, Samuel S., naturalist, philolo-
gist, born in Pa.
Hawks, Cicero S., P. E. bp. of Mo., b. N. C.
Hill, Joshua, senator for Ga., born in S. C.
Hoe, Richard M., inventor of printing-
press, born in N.Y.
Klngsley, Calvin, M. E. bp., born in N.Y.
Marshall, Humphrey, Confed. gen., M. C. for
Ky., born in Ky.
Mayo, Wm. Starbuck, novelist, physician,
born in N.Y.
Osgood, Frances Sargent, poet, b. in Mass.
Perkins, Geo. Roberts, mathematician, born
in N.Y.
Prime, Sam. Irenaeus, N.Y. Observer, born
in N.Y.
Reynolds, Wm. M., P. E. clergyman, author,
born in Pa.
Rogers, John, rear-admiral U. S. N., born.
Sargent, Epes, author, born in Mass.
Stephens, Alex. H., Confed. Vice-Pres.;
sen. for Ga., b. in Ga.
Trail, Russell Thacher, hydropathist, born in
Conn.
Warren, Wm., Jr., comedian, born in Pa.
Waters, Horace, philanthropist, born.
Williams, Sam. Wells, Chinese scholar, born
in N.Y.
Wilson, Henry, Vice-Pres.; senator for
Mass., born in N. H., Feb. 26.
CHURCH.
1811 * * Boston. The Evangelical
Tract Society is organized.
* * Conn. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets in New
Haven ; only two bishops present.
* * The Protestant Episcopal Church
in America is declared to be the church
formerly known as the Church of Eng-
land in America.
* * Mass. Organization of the " Salem
Female Cent Society " (Baptist).
* * Mass. The General Association of
Congregationalists is allowed delegates
to the Presbyterian General Assembly.
* * N. Y. The Beligious Tract Society
is organized at Albany.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Eliphalet Nott,
moderator.
1812 Feb. 6. Mass. Messrs. Judson,
Hall, Newell, Nott, and Rice are or-
dained at Salem for service in foreign
missions (Congregationalist).
Feb. 19. Mass. Messrs. Judson and
NeweU, with their wives, sail from Sa-
lem for Calcutta ; Bombay being selected
as the first mission of the American
Board.
Feb. 22. Phila. Messrs. Hall, Bice,
and Nott, with Mrs. Nott, sail for Cal-
cutta as missionaries.
May 1-22. New York. The sixth (first
delegated) General Conference (Meth-
odist Episcopal) meets.
June 2. Pa. Thomas and Alexander
Campbell (Disciples of Christ) are im-
mersed by a Baptist minister.
UNITED STATES.
1811, Dec. 16-1812. 119
June* Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Andrew Flinn,
moderator.
June 12. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) approves the suggestion of the
American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions respecting the organi-
zation for cooperation of a similar board
by the Presbyterian Church.
June 17. India. Missionaries Judson
and Newell and their wives arrive at
Calcutta.
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Albany ; Jacob Sickles,
president.
Oct. 15. S. C. Consecration of Theo.
Dehon (Protestant Episcopal) bishop for
South Carolina.
* * Conn. Organization of the Female
Foreign Missionary Society of New
Haven. (Contributes $177.09 to the
American Board.)
* * La. The first Baptist church is organ-
ized in Louisiana on Bayou Chico.
* * N.J. Princeton is selected by the
Presbyterians as the location for a theo-
logical school ; a board of directors is
chosen, and Dr. Archibald Alexander
is elected professor.
LETTERS.
1811* * Mass. The Amherst College
Library is founded [47,000 vols.].
* * New York. Rev. William Harris is
elected president of Columbia College.
* * New York. The Literary Miscellany
appears.
* * Phila. Select Views of Literature ap-
pears.
* * -13 * * The American Review of His-
tory and Politics appears.
1812 * * Mass. The General Repertory
and Review, the first American quar-
terly, is issued at Cambridge, by An-
drews Norton.
The American Antiquarian Society
Library is founded at Worcester
[85,000 vols.].
* * N.J. The Presbyterian Theological
Seminary Library is founded at Prince-
ton [50,000 vols.].
* * N. Y. Hamilton College (Pres.) is
organized at Clinton.
The U. S. Military Academy Library
is founded at West Point [30,000 vols.].
* * Phila. The Library of the Academy
of Natural Science is founded [35,000
vols.].
* * Judgment : A Vision, by Hillhouse, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
1812 May* New York. The (Meth.
Epis.) General Conference votes down
the resolution, " That no stationed or
local preacher shall retail spirituous
or malt liquors, without forfeiting his
ministerial character among us."
July 27. Md. A mob in Baltimore at-
tacks some of the anti-war party and
is repulsed; 2 are killed and others
wounded. [Later it attacks the jail and
kills General Lingan and eleven others.]
Nov. * N. H. Daniel "Webster enters
political life as representative in Con-
gress from his native State.
* * U. S. A. A gill of rum, whisky, or
brandy is made a part of the regular
daily ration of each soldier.
STATE.
1811 * * D. C. Congress authorizes an
additional army of 25,000 men.
* * New York. De "Witt Clinton, is
elected the 50th mayor.
* * D. C. Joseph Story of Mass. and
Gabriel Duval of Md. are appointed
Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court.
* * D. C. Congress has its first agita-
tion over the admission of a slave State
on the application of Louisiana.
It results in the plan of a twin-birth
of States, one free and the other slave,
after the admission of Louisiana [which
enters the Union alone].
* * Phila. The charter of the First
National Sank expires. It fails of
renewal by the casting vote of the Presi-
dent of the Senate.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-13 * * Conn. Roger Griswold.
-14* * Bel. Joseph Haslett.
-13 * * Ind. Ter. John Gibson.
-14 * * N. C. Wm. Hawkins.
-17 * * R.I. William Jones.
Va. James Monroe.
-12 * * Va. George W. Smith.
* * Ore. Astoria is settled as a trading-
post.
1812 Jan. 1. U.S. The National debt
$45,209,737.
Feb. 2. John Henry, an Irish-American,
exposes a conspiracy of the British
Ministry and the Governor of Canada to
sow discontent in New England, with a
view to its secession and union with
Canada, for which Henry was promised
$5,000 per annum.
Mar. 9. D. C. Congress : The British
plot to dismember the Union is dis-
closed. Its exposure solidifies public
sentiment against the English ; Henry
receives $50,000 public money for disclos-
ing it, and immediately sails for France.
Mar. 24. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
"William H. Crawford of Ga. is elected
President pro tempore.
Apr. 4. D. C. A third Embargo Act
is passed by Congress.
It is a retaliatory measure, caused by
the impressment of 6,000 American sea-
men, and it lays an embargo for 90 days
on all British vessels within the juris-
diction of the United States.
Apr. 30. D. C. Congress admits Loui-
siana into the Union as the 18th State.
June 1. D. C. Congress receives a war
message from the President.
June 18. B.C. Congress declares
war against England and votes to raise
an army of 35,000 men. Vote — Senate,
19-13 ; House, 79-49.
June 19. D. C. The President pro-
claims war against Great Britain ;
25,000 enlistments for the regular army,
50,000 volunteers, and 100,000 militia are
called for.
Causes of the war: impressment of
American seamen, seizure of Americans
on the high seas while sailing under
their country's flag ; offensive action of
British cruisers; Orders in Council
affecting the rights of neutrals, etc.
* * Massachusetts, Connecticut, and
Rhode Island oppose the war, refuse
to furnish the levies of troops, and
threaten to secede.
June 23. Eng. The British Government
repeals its Orders in Council, but it is
too late to stop the war.
June 30. Algeria. The Dey of Algiers
is forced to sign a treaty of peace, re-
leasing all American prisoners and relin-
quishing all claim to tribute.
July 6. D. C. The 12th Congress : the
first session closes.
July * The Dey of Algiers believes the
Americans unable to defend themselves
against Great Britain, so commences a
piratical warfare on their shipping,
and also extorts a large sum of money
from Mr. Lear, the American consul, as
the price of his freedom.
Nov. 2. D. C. The 12th Congress : the
second session opens.
* * Seventh Presidential election. The
Democrat-Republicans defeat the Feder-
alists and reelect Madison.
Dec. 26. Great Britain proclaims the
blockade of the Chesapeake and the
Delaware.
* * Pa. The State capital is removed
from Lancaster to Harrisburg.
* * U. S, Governors inaugurated :
-16 * * Ky. Isaac Shelby.
-16 * * la. Wm. C. C. Clayborne.
-16* * Mass. Caleb Strong.
-13 * * N. H. William Plumer.
N. J. Joseph Bloomfield.
-13 * * N.J. Aaron Ogden.
-14 * * S. C Joseph Alston.
-14 * * Va. James Barbour.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1811 Dec. 26. Va. A theater at
Richmond, containing about 600 people,
burns, and 75 lives are lost.
Dec. 31. Mass. At Newburyport 200
buildings burn; loss, $600,000.
* * New York. Five steamboats are now
running between New York and Albany,
and one between New York, and New
Brunswick, N. J. (Philadelphia route).
* * N. Y. A ferry-boat propelled by
steam runs between New York and Ho-
boken ; the first in the country.
* * N. Y. The mails pass through Long
Island weekly.
1812 * * U. S. The naval victories of
Americans over the greatest of naval
powers raise intense excitement.
* * N. Y. The first house in Rochester is
erected.
* * O. Columbus is laid out and made
the capital of the State.
120
1812-1813.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1812 * * Five naval duels occur during
this year, in which the American frig-
ates either capture or sink their British
adversaries.
* * During the year American privateers
capture over 300 British vessels.
1813 Jan. 18. Mich. Frenchtown is
taken from an invading force of British
and Indians by Americans under Gen.
Winchester, who encamp in the town.
Jan. 22. Mich. The British (1,500) under
Gen. Proctor retake Frenchtown, and
Gen. Winchester and his 800 troops are
made prisoners of war ; 2G0 wounded
Americans are massacred by the Indians.
Jan. * The army of the West is com-
manded by Gen. W. H. Harrison ; the
army of the Center, near Niagara River,
by Gen. Dearborn, and the army of
the North, near Lake Champlain, by
Gen. Hampton.
Feb. 1. The American privateer schooner
Hazzard, of 3 guns and 38 men, captures
the British merchant ship Albion, of 12
guns and 15 men.
Feb. 4. Va. The frigate Constellation is
chased into Norfolk by a British squad-
ron.
Feb. 5. The British Admiral Warren
declares Chesapeake Bay to be in a
state of blockade.
Feb. 7. Can. Capt. Forsyth, with 200
volunteers, crosses from Morristown to
Elizabeth, and surprises the British ;
he takes 52 prisoners, 140 muskets, with
ammunition, and liberates from jail 16
British deserters.
Feb. 22. N. Y. Ogdensburg is taken
by the British under Col. McDonell.
Feb. 23. The Albion is recaptured by
the British cutter Caledonia, of 8 guns
and 38 men.
Feb. 24. The sloop-of-war Hornet, com-
manded by Capt. Lawrence, attacks and
in 15 minutes defeats the British man-
of-war Peacock ; the latter soon sinks.
Feb. 26. The Hazard captures the
British frigate Albion and the cutter
Caledonia.
Mar. 10. The schooner Adeline sinks the
British schooner Lottery in Chesapeake
Bay.
Mar. 11. The privateer schooner General
Armstrong, 18 guns, escapes from a Brit-
ish frigate, 24 guns, off Surinam River,
with the loss of 6 killed and 16 wounded.
Mar. 14. British vessels blockade the
Delaware River.
Mar. 16. Del. Capt. Beresford, of the
British ship Poictiers, 74 guns, at Lewis-
ton, demands 25 oxen, vegetables, etc. ;
he threatens to destroy the town ; the
people refuse his demand.
Mar. 26. N. Y. American batteries at
Black Bock silence the lower battery of
the British.
Mar. 30 ±. Miss. Gen. Andrew Jack-
son's army of 2,070 men disbands, by
order of the Government.
Apr. 3. Md. Action near Urbana, on the
Chesapeake, between 17 British barges
and 4 American vessels ; one of the latter
is taken by the British.
Apr. 6. Del. Lewiston is bombarded
for about 20 hours, with little damage,
by the British frigate Belvidere.
Apr. 9. Mass. The frigate Chesapeake
returns from her cruise to Boston, hav-
ing captured two British brigs, one ship,
one American brig with a British license,
and a schooner.
Apr. 16. Md. Part of the British squad-
ron anchors off Patapsco River, in sight
of Baltimore.
Apr. 20. O. The advance of the British
and Indians appears at Fort Meigs.
Apr. 27. Can. Americans (1,700), under
Gen. Pike, assault and capture York
(Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada,
with property valued at $500,000. Brit-
ish force under Sheaffe, 1,500 ; American
loss, 300.
Apr. 28. The American privateer York-
town captures the British brig Avery,
with a valuable cargo, and brings her
into port.
Apr. 29. British ships Montezuma and
Policy, each 10 guns, and Georgiana, 6
guns and 4 swivels, capture the frigate
Essex near Albemarle Island.
British Admiral Cockburn burns the
storehouses of Frenchtown on the Ches-
apeake Bay ; he also burns two ships
and plunders private houses.
May 1-5. O. Gen. "W. H. Harrison is
besieged at Fort Meigs by 2,000 British
and savages under Gen. Proctor and
Chief Tecumseh ; Gen. Henry Clay,
with 1,200 Kentuckians, reenforces Har-
rison. American loss, 800.
May 3. Md. Havre de Grace is burned
by the British under Admiral Cockburn.
May 9. O. Proctor abandons the siege
of Fort Meigs after the desertion of his
Indian allies.
May 27. Can. Fort George, near the
Niagara River, is taken from Gen. Vin-
cent by the Americans under Gen. Dear-
born ; loss, 72 killed and wounded.
A British squadron appears before
Sackett's Harbor.
May 29. N. Y. The British (1,000) under
Sir George Prevost are repulsed in an
attack on Sackett's Harbor by (1,000)
Americans under Gen. Jacob Brown,
who lose 100 killed and wounded ; Brit-
ish loss, 260 killed and wounded.
May 30. The privateer Yankee captures
the British brig Thames. (Cargo sold
for $180,000.)
June 1. Naval battle eastward of Cape
Ann.
The British frigate Shannon, Capt.
Broke, defeats and captures the frigate
Chesapeake, Capt. Lawrence, who dies
crying, " Don't give up the ship 1 " The
action lasts only fifteen minutes.
June 6. Can. At Burlington Heights the
Americans under Gen. Winder repulse an
attack of the British under Gen. Vincent.
July 8. Can. Outposts of Americans at
Fort George are attacked by British
and Indians ; cruelties of the Indians
lead to the employment of Indians by
Americans in retaliation.
July 17. Can. British and Indians at-
tack an outwork at Fort George and are
repulsed.
July 21. O. Gen. Proctor, with about
4,000 troops, again besieges Fort Meigs
[for a few days and retires].
THE SIXTH WAR.
July 27 -1814 Aug. 9. War with
Creek Indians concurrent with the
fifth war. 13,781 men enrolled.
July 31. A 7 . Y. Plattsburg is taken
by the British without opposition.
Aug. 2. O. Gen. Proctor (1,300) assaults
Fort Stephenson on the Lower San-
dusky River; he is repulsed by Col.
George Croghan (100) and retires.
Aug. 14. The American brig Argus, after
a successful cruise, is captured by the
British brig Pelican of about equal force.
Aug. 30. 'Ala. The Creek Indians sur-
prise Fort Minis, north of Mobile; a
massacre follows.
Sept. 5. The British brig Boxer surren-
ders to the American brig Enterprise,
after an engagement of forty minutes,
off the coast of Maine ; the commanders
of both vessels fall, and are buried side
by side.
Sept. 10. Naval Battle and American
victory on Lake Erie, near Put-in-Bay.
Commodore O. H. Perry, who had
never seen a naval battle, with an Amer-
ican fleet of nine vessels, carrying 54
guns, captures the British fleet of 6
vessels, carrying 63 guns, under Com-
modore Barclay. Tins battle gives the
Americans control of the lake.
Sept. 27. Gen. W. H. Harrison in-
vades Canada from Detroit.
Oct. 5. Can. Gen. Harrison, with 2,500
Americans, defeats Gen. Proctor with
2,000 British, on the River Thames ,
Tecumseh, the Shawnee chief, is slain.
American loss 50 killed and wounded.
Nov. 3. Ala. Gen. Coffee, with 900
men, surrounds a body of Indians at
Tallushatches and kills about 200 of
them.
Nov. 5. Can. A force of 7,000 Americans
embarks at French Creek and de-
scends the St. Lawrence River to take
Montreal.
Nov. 8. Ala. Battle of Talladega;
Creek Indians are defeated by Gen.
Jackson.
Nov. 11. Can. Severe skirmish at Wil-
liamsburg ; the Americans, led by Gen-
eral Brown, lose 300, and the British 200
men.
An indecisive action at Chrystler's
Field ; 1,50Q Americans under John P.
Boyd, engage 2,000 British under Morri-
son ; reenforcements not arriving, the
expedition against Montreal is aban-
doned ; 200 Americans are killed or
wounded.
Nov. 29. Ala. Battle of Autosse ; the
Creeks defeated by Gen. A. Jackson, the
hero of this war.
Dec. 12. Can. On the approach of the
British, Gen. McClure abandons Fort
George after burning Newark.
UNITED STATES.
1812-1813.
121
Dec. 19. N. 1'. The British take pos-
session of Fort Niagara, and proceed
to retaliate for the burning of Newark,
by burning Youngstown, Lewiston,
Manchester, and the Indian Tuscarora
village.
Dee. 30. N. T. The British burn Black
Rock and Buffalo.
• * Depredations of British marines and
soldiers in the Chesapeake and Delaware
Lewiston is bombarded.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1813 * * New York. The first stereo-
typing is done. (See p. 91.)
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1813* »
Allen, William Henry, naval officer, A29.
Bartol, Cyrus Augustus, Unit, clergyman,
born in Me.
Beecher, Henry Ward, Cong, clergyman,
orator, born in Conn. June 24.
Blair, Montgomery, P.M.G., b. in Ky.
Bradley, Joseph P., U. S. Ct., born in N. J.
Cassin, John, ornithologist, born in Pa.
Clymer, George, M. C. for Pa., A74.
Cranch, Christopher P., artist, poet, b. in Va.
Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, born in N.Y.
Dana. James Dwight, geologist, b. in N. Y.
Douglas, Stephen Arnold, Sen. for 111.,
born in Vt.
Dwight, John S., musical critic, b. in Mass.
Franklin, William, Gov. of N. J., A84.
Fremont, John Charles, explorer, general
U. S. A., born in Ga.
Giles, Chauncey, Swedenborgian clergyman,
born in Mass.
Hamilton, Frank, surgeon, born in Vt.
Harmar, Josiah, general U. S. A., A60.
Healy, George Peter Alex., painter.b. Mass.
Jarvis, Abraham, P. E. bp. of Conn., A74.
Lawrence, James, naval captain, A 32.
Livingston, Robt. R., minister to Fr., jurist,
A66:
Lossingr, Benson J., historian, b. in N.Y.
Otterbein, Philip Wm., Ger. Am. f'der of
Church of United Brethren in Christ, A87.
Parsons, Theophilus, jurist of Mass., A 63.
Peters, Christian Henry F., astronomer, born
in Ger.
Pike, Zebulon M., brig.-gen., explorer, A34.
Porter, Andrew, general U. S. A., A70.
Porter. David Dixon, admiral, b. in Pa.
Randolph, Edmund, Gov. of Va., A60.
Sedgwick, John, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Conn.
Sedgwick, Theo., Gov. of Conn., M. C,
speaker, A 67.
Stephens, Anna Sophia, author, b. in Conn.
Stillg, Alfred, phys., medical writer, b. in Pa.
Tecumseb, Chief of the Shawnees, A43. (?)
Thurman, Allen G., sen. for O., b. W. Va.
Trumbull, Lyman, sen. for 111., b. in Conn.
Tuckerman", Henry Theo., art-critic, born
in Mass.
Whiting, William, lawyer, born in Mass.
Wilson, Alex., Scottish ornithologist in Am.,
A47.
CHURCH.
1812 * * N. Y. The Presbyterian Synod
of Geneva is formed.
* * New York. The New York Tract
Society is organized.
* * Pa. A religious romance, written in
imitation of Scripture style, by Rev.
Solomon Spaulding appears in a print-
ing-office at Pittsburg. Book of Mor-
mon (?)
* * The Ohio (Methodist Episcopal) Con-
ference is formed.
* * The Baptists commence their mis-
sionary work by forwarding to the
English Baptist Society $4,650 in aid of
the translation of the Scriptures into
the languages of India.
* * The Methodist Episcopal Church
begins home mission •work ; Bishop
Asbury solicits funds for it.
1813 June* The Union American
Methodist Episcopal Church is organ-
ized.
Oct. * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; James S. Cannon,
president.
* * The first legacy for missions is granted
to the American Board.
The sum of $345.83 out of an estate of
$500, left by Sally Thomas of Cornish,
a domestic, whose highest wages were 50
cents a week.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; Samuel Batchford,
moderator.
* * The Presbyterian synods of North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
are formed.
LETTERS.
1812 * * The Diverting History of John
Bull and Brother Jonathan, by J. K.
Paulding, appears.
* * Boston. The Christian Disciple ap-
pears.
1813 Jan. 13. N. Y. First issue of
the Albany Argus.
Mar. 3. Boston. First issue of the Bos-
ton Daily Advertiser, the first success-
ful daily paper in this city.
* * Me. A charter is obtained for the
Maine Literary and Theological Institu-
tion by Baptists.
* * Phila. The Analytical Magazine ap-
pears.
* * Demetria is written by Hillhouse.
* * Six additional volumes of Ornithology ,
by Wilson, appear.
* * Grammar of the Hebrew Language,
without Points, by Moses Stuart, appears.
* * Sylphs of the Seasons, by "Washington
Allston, appears.
SOCIETY.
1812 Jan. 9. N. J. A society is formed
at Trenton for organizing a colony of
colored people.
Aug. * Ala. The Creek Indians mas-
sacre 400 persons at Fort Minis ; not
"a woman or child is spared.
* * Mich. The British Gen. Proctor leaves
the wounded Americans at Frenchtown
to the merciless brutalities of the In-
dians, who use the scalp-knife, toma-
hawk, and the torch to destroy many;
others are taken into captivity.
* * Va. John Tyler marries Letitia
Christian.
STATE.
1813 Jan. 1. l T . S. National debt
$55,962,827.
Feb. 6. D. C. The Government orders
all alien enemies to report themselves
to the marshals of the districts in which
they reside.
Feb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the
Electoral vote.
Vote for President: James Madison,
of Va. (Republican), 128 ; De Witt Clin-
ton, of N. Y. (Federalist), 89. For Vice-
President : Elbridge Gerry of Mass.
(Republican), 131 ; Tared Ingersoll of Pa.
(Federalist), 86. Vacancy, 1.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 12th Congress ends.
Second term of the 4th Adminis-
tration ; Democratic-Republican.
James Madison of Va., the 4th
President, enters his second term —
the seventh term of the Presidency ; El-
bridge Gerry of Mass. is Vice-Presi-
dent. '
Cabinet : James Monroe of Va.
(State), Albert GaUatin of Pa. (Treas-
ury), John Armstrong of Pa. (War),
■William Jones of Pa. (Navy), also
William Pinkney of Md. Attorney-
General for a time [and later Richard
Rush of Pa.].
Mar. 20. Great Britain proclaims the
whole Atlantic Coast under a block-
ade, with the exception of the New
England (anti-war, Federal) States.
May 24. D. C. The 13th Congress
opens.
Va. Thomas Jefferson writes indig-
nantly of English outrages.
" They have impressed two nephews
of General Washington returning from
Europe, and put them as common sea-
men under the ordinary discipline of
their ships-of-war."
Aug. 2. D. C. The 13th Congress:
the first session closes.
Dec. 6. D. C. The 13th Congress:
the second session opens.
* * D. C. Congress ; Senate : Joseph B.
Varnum of Mass. is again elected
President pro tempore.
Dec. 19. D. C. Congress passes an
Embargo Act (the fourth) against all
exports whatever.
* * D. C. Congress establishes a system
of internal revenue from direct tax
and excise.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-18 * * Conn. John Cotton Smith.
-15 * * Ga. Peter Early.
-16* * Did. (Ter.). Thomas Posey.
-31 * * Mich. (Ter.). Lewis Cass.
-16 * * N. H. John T. Gilman.
-15. * * N. J. Wm. S. Pennington.
-15 * * Vt. Martin Chittenden.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1812 * * Pa. Nine wagons loaded with
anthracite coal are hauled 106 miles to
Philadelphia ; two loads are sold at cost
of transportation, and seven given away,
and the sale is denounced as a fraud.
* * The first steamboat navigates the
Ohio.
* * Phila. A steam-ferry first connects
Philadelphia and Camden.
* * New Eng. The large foreign com-
merce of the Eastern States is whoUy
destroyed.
1813 May 10. N. Y. A steam-ferry
first connects Brooklyn and New York.
Nov. 22. N. H. A great fire occurs at
Portsmouth ; over 300 buildings are con-
sumed.
* * Ore. Astoria is sold to the North
West Company.
122 1814, Jan. 1-1815, Apr. 6.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1814 Jan. 22. Ala. Battle of Emuc-
fau; the Creeks are defeated by Gen.
Jackson.
Feb. 5. 0. Seventeen British, officers are
put in close confinement at Chillicoth©
by way of retaliation.
Feb. 13+. Gen. Wilkinson burns his
boats in Salmon Kiver, and breaks up
cantonment at French Mills ; Gen.
Brown goes to Sackett's Harbor, and
Gen. Macomb, with the Army of the
North, marches for Plattsburg through
snow three feet deep.
Feb. 21. N. Y. Col. Scott and 2,000 Brit-
ish arrive at French Mills, burn the
arsenal at Malone, and pillage the town.
Mar. 4. The British are defeated at
Longwood, about 100 miles from De-
troit, losing 80 men ; American loss, 8
men.
Mar. 27. Ala. Gen. Jackson defeats
the Creek Indians at Horse-shoe ; Jack-
son's loss 91 killed, Indian loss 800.
Mar. 28. British ship Phoebe and sloop-of-
war Cherub, in all 81 guns and 500 men,
capture in the neutral port of Valparaiso
the United States frigate Essex, 52 guns,
255 men, Capt. Porter.
Mar. * N. Y. The Army of the North
leaves Plattsburg and invades Canada.
Mar. 30. Can. Gen. Wilkinson, with
4,000 Americans, is repulsed at La Colle
Mills by Gen. Hancock with 2,000 British
and falls back on Plattsburg ; American
loss, 13 killed and 123 wounded ; British,
13 killed, 45 wounded.
Apr. 7. Conn. Saybrooke is surprised
by a force of 200 British marines, who
burn the shipping, spike the cannon,
and safely retreat to their ships.
Apr. 14. Europe. Napoleon having ab-
dicated, the British are free to rein-
force their armies in America : they
aim at the 'conquest of Louisiana.
Apr. 21. Com. Bainbridge, sloop Frolic,
is taken by the British frigate Orpheus.
Apr. 29. The sloop-of-war Peacock, 20
guns, 160 men, captures the British brig
Epervier, 18 guns and 128 men, with
$118,000 on board.
May * Wis. Prairie du Chien is taken
by an American force of 200 men.
June 28. Near the British Channel the
sloop Wasp, Capt. Blakely, captures the
British brig Reindeer, Capt. Manners.
July 3. Can. Gens. Brown, Winfield
Scott and Ripley cross the Niagara
Kiver, and 200 British at Fort Erie sur-
render without a battle.
July 5. Can. Battle of Chippewa.
The Americans under Gen. Brown de-
feat the British under Gen. Kiall, in a
battle south of the Chippewa River.
Losses : American, 338 ; British, 500.
July 11. Me. A British fleet takes East-
port.
July 20. The privateer General Arm-
strong arrives at New York, having
captured 11 British vessels.
* * Can. Large reinforcements arrive for
the British. Many of these are veterans
who served under Wellington in Spain.
July 25. Can. Battle of Lundy's
Lane, fought at night, near Niagara.
[Both sides claim the victory.]
Gen. Brown (2,600) defeats the British
(4,500) under Gen. Drummond. Gens.
Brown and Scott are wounded. Losses :
British, 878, Americans, 858.
Aug. 4. Can. Gen. Drummond, with a
British force, besieges Gen. Gaines at
Fort Erie.
Mich. Col. Crogan assaults the for-
tifications of Mackinaw, in the North-
west, and is repulsed.
Aug. 9+. Conn. The British, under Com-
modore Hardy, bombard Stonington,
and make several ineffectual attempts
to land.
Aug. 15. Can. The British unsuccess-
fully assault Fort Erie, and lose nearly
1,000 men ; American loss, 84.
Aug. 19. Md. A British fleet in the
Chesapeake ascends the Pawtuxet, for an
advance on "Washington. Gen. Boss
lands 5,000 British soldiers at Benedict.
Aug. 24. Md. Battle of Bladensburg,
six miles from Washington.
Gen. Winder is defeated ; the British
march on Washington and burn the
Capitol, and all the public buildings,
except the Patent Office and the jail.
Aug. 29. Va. Alexandria is ransomed
from burning by the payment of 21 ships,
16,000 barrels flour, and 1,000 hogsheads
of tobacco.
Aug. * Fla. The Spaniards permit a
British fleet to use Pensacola, to fit
out an expedition against Fort Boyer, at
the entrance of Mobile Bay.
Sept. 6. N. Y. Gen. Macomb retires
with the Army of the North from Platts-
burg to the south bank of the Saranac
River.
Sept. 9. XT. Y. Bold attack on the Brit-
ish near Plattsburg, by Capt. McGlassin
and 50 Americans.
Sept. 11. N.Y. An important land and
naval battle at Plattsburg.
The British, under Gen. Prevost and
Admiral Downie, are defeated by Gen.
Macomb and Admiral McDonough ; the
British retreat with a loss of 1,500.
Sept. 12. Md. The British attack Bal-
timore ; the British Gen. Ross is killed,
and the Americans under Gen. Smith
fall back.
Sept. 13. Md. The British squadron
bombards Fort McHenry, near Balti-
more, from sunrise till near midnight.
Sept. 14. Md. The British abandon the
expedition against Baltimore, after mak-
ing demonstrations of attack.
Sept. 15. Ala. The British attack Fort
Boyer, commanding the entrance to
Mobile Bay, and are repulsed.
Sept. 17. Can. The British retire from
the siege of Fort Erie, after a success-
ful sortie by the Americans, and the ap-
proach of reinforcements.
Oct. 29. New York. The first steam
frigate, the Fulton, is launched.
Nov. 5. Caw. The Americans evacuate
and destroy Fort Erie, and retire to the
American side of the Niagara River ; this
ends the war in that region.
Nov. 6. Fla. Gen. Jackson, without
authority, at the head of 3,000 men,
appears before the Spanish town of
Pensacola to drive out the British, who
blow up the fort, and in their seven
vessels retire from the Bay. This neu-
tral (?) port is no longer a British port
of outfit.
Dec. 2. La. Gen. Jackson arrives at
New Orleans and takes command.
Dec. 10. La. The British fleet enters
Lake Borgne, and defeats a small squad-
ron under Lieut. Jones, but suffers
severely in killed and wounded.
Dec. 14. La. The British capture a
small American fleet ; this gives them
the command of the route to New
Orleans, but they fail to use their
opportunity.
Dec. 15. La. Gen. Jackson declares
martial law in New Orleans.
Dec. 23. La Gen. Jackson attacks
with success the British camp of 2,400
men, nine miles below New Orleans,
but falls back to his intrenchments,
within 4 miles of the city. Loss on each
side, about 200.
Dec. 24. Belgium. The war ends — on
paper — by the signing of the treaty of
Peace at Ghent. (See State.)
Dec. 28. La. The British, under Sir E.
Pakenham, attack Gen. Jackson, and
are repulsed.
1815 Jan. 1. La. The British again
attack Gen. Jackson, and are signally
beaten.
Jan. 4. La. Gen. Jackson is reinforced
by 2,250 Kentuckians, mostly unarmed.
Jan. 6. La. The English are reinforced
at New Orleans, and have an army vari-
ously estimated from 8,000 to 14,000.
Jan. 8. La. Battle of New Orleans.
The British make a desperate attack on
Gen. Jackson, who is protected by
breastworks of cotton bales.
They are repulsed, with small loss
to the Americans — 8 killed and 13
wounded ; British loss about 700 killed
and 1,400 wounded. Sir E. Pakenham,
their commanding general, and Gen.
Gibbs, second in command, both lose
their lives, and Gen. Keane is disabled.
Jan. 15. The British ship Endymion
captures the American frigate President.
Jan. 18. La. The British retire from
New Orleans.
* * Commodore Decatur captures an
Algerian frigate and brig, and sailing
into the Bay of Tunis, forcea the Dey
to surrender American prisoners and re-
linquish all claims to American tribute.
Feb. 5. The privateer brig George Little,
8 guns, 58 men, is captured by the British
ship Granicus.
Feb. 11. Ala. Col. Lawrence, with 375
men, surrenders Fort Boyer, Mobile,
to 5,000 British, with a large fleet, under
Gen. Lambert.
UNITED STATES. 1814, Jan. 1-1815, Apr. 6. 123
Feb. 20. Naval Battle off Cape St.
Vincent.
The frigate Constitution, after a severe
fight, captures the British brigs Cyane,
36 guns, and the Levant, 18 guns.
Mar. 4. The privateer brig Aspasia, 3
guns, 25 men, is captured by the British
brig Volontaire.
Mar. 8. The British ship Tiber, Capt.
Dacres, captures the privateer Leo, Capt.
Hemes, with seven guns and 93 men.
Mar. 19. U. S. Military operations on
land entirely cease.
Mar. 24. Naval battle off the coast of
Brazil.
In 22 minutes the brig Hornet, 16 guns,
Capt. Biddle, captures the British brig
Penguin, 18 guns and a 12-pound car-
ronade, having 132 men under Capt.
Dickinson ; British loss, 14 killed, 28
wounded ; American loss, one killed, 11
wounded.
Apr. 6. Eng. American prisoners in
Dartmoor prison are fired upon by
their guard, and many of them killed
and wounded ; [the Prince-regent cen-
sures the officers.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1814 * * Boston. The Linnuean Society-
is organized. [Disbanded.]
>*;* *Mass. The first power cotton-mill in
the United States is erected at Waltham.
* * N. Y.— Conn. Carriages are first
manufactured at Albany and New
Haven.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1814* *
Adams, Chas. Baker, naturalist, b. in Mass.
Allen, Ira, one of the founders of Vt., A63.
Bailey, James Roosevelt, B.C. archbishop,
born Aug. 23 in N.Y.
Baynan,Wm., surgeon, anatomist of Va., A 65.
Bellows, Henry "Whitney, Unit, clergy-
man, born in Mass.
Bigelow, Erastus B., inventor, b. in Mass.
Brown, Henry Kirk, sculptor, born in Mass.
Chapin, Edwin H., Univ. cl., orator, b. N.Y.
Clemens, Jeremiah, sen. for Ala., b. in Ala.
Coke, Thomas, first M. E. bp., A 67.
Colt, Samuel, inventor of revolver, b. Conn.
Colton, Gardner Q., physician, dentist, b.Vt.
Craik, James, physician, surgeon, A83.
Davenport, Edward L., actor, born in Mass.
Deane, Samuel, Cong, clergyman, poet, A71.
Donaldson, James L., maj.-gen., b. in Md.
Ellis, Geo. Edw., Unit, clergyman, writer,
b. in Mass.
Everts, Wm. W., Bapt. cl., author, b. in N.Y.
Gay, Sydney Howard, author, born in Mass.
Gerry, Elbridge, patriot, Vice-Pr. U. S., A70.
Gilman, Nicholas, senator for N. H., A52.
Gregg, Maxey, Confed. Brig.-Gen., b. in S. C.
Harris, Samuel, Cong, clergyman, b. in Me.
Headley, Joel T., historical writer, b. in N.Y.
Heath, William, maj.-gen. in Revol'n, A77.
Hooker, Joseph, gen. U. S. A.,b. in Mass.
Howe, Sir William, gen. at Bunker Hill, A85.
Hudson, Henry Norman, essayist, b. in Vt.
Kirkwood, Daniel, mathematician, b. in Md.
Lang, Louis, painter, born in Ger.
Lapham, Eldridge G., M. C. for N. Y., b. N.Y.
Maynard, Horace, P. M. general, b. in Mass.
McClintock, John, M. E. clergyman, author,
born in Ire.
Meek, Alexander B., editor, born in S. C.
Mell, Patrick Hues, Bapt. clergyman, b. Ga.
Miller, Morris S., brig.-gen. U. S. Vol., b.
Miner, Alonzo A., cl., educator, b. in N. H.
Motley. John Lothrop, historian, b. Mass.
Otis, Samuel A., senator for Mass., A74.
Paine, Robert T., lawyer, signer of Declara-
tion of Independence, A83.
Prime, Edward D. G., N. Y.Observer, b. N.Y.
Robertson, James, pioneer in Tenn., A72.
Robinson, Wm. E., journalist, editor, b. Ire.
Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, count,
Brit, officer, philosopher, A61.
Stanton, Edwin McMasters, sec. of war,
born in 0.
Thompson, Jerome, painter, born in Mass.
Tilden. Samuel J., Gov. of N. Y., lawyer,
born in N.Y.
Wilmot, David, sen. for Pa., born in Pa.
Wyman, Jeffries, anatomist, prof., b. Mass.
Yancey,William L.', M. C. for Ala., b. in S. C.
CHURCH.
1814 Apr. 11. New York. A woman's
missionary society is organized in the
Fayette Street Baptist Church.
May 18. Va. B. C. Moore is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop.
Phila. An assembly of 26 ministers
and 7 laymen, representing 11 different
States and the District of Columbia, or-
ganizes the Triennial Convention of
the Baptist Church, in the interest of
foreign mission work.
June * New York. The General Synod
of the Reformed Church meets ; John
N. Bradford, president.
Sept. 1. Md. James Kemp is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) suffragan
bishop.
* * Phila. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Samuel Inglis,
moderator.
* * O. — Tenn. The Presbyterian synods
of Ohio and Tennessee are formed.
* * The National Foreign Missionary
Society (Baptist) is organized.
LETTERS.
1814 Aug. 24. B.C. The British burn
the National Library at Washington.
* * New York. The New York Weekly
Museum appears.
Sept. 13. Md. Francis S. Key composes
the Star-spangled Banner, during the
bombardment of Fort McHenry, near
Baltimore, while detained on board a
British ship.
* * The first religious newspaper, The
Recorder, is issued at Chillicothe, Ohio.
SOCIETY.
1815 Jan. 23. La. Thanksgiving
Day is observed in New Orleans for
General Jackson's victory.
Apr. 6. Eng. Massacre of 64 Ameri-
cans at Dartmoor Prison.
STATE.
1814 Jan. 1. U.S. National debt
$81,487,846.
Jan. 19. B. C. Congress ; House :
Langdon Cheves of S. C. is elected
Speaker. [Be-elected Nov. 25.]
Apr. 14. Congress repeals the Em-
bargo Act of December, 1813.
Apr. 18. I). C. Congress; Senate:
John GaiUard of S. C. is elected
President pro tempore.
The 13th Congress: the second ses-
sion closes.
Aug. 22. Mass. The people of Nan-
tucket declare themselves neutral and
under the protection of England.
Aug. 24. B. C. The President and
Cabinet flee from Washington at
the approach of the British.
Sept. 19. B.C. The 13th Congress:
the third session opens.
Dec. 15. Conn. Delegates assemble
from the New England States and orga-
nize the Hartford Convention as an
anti-war movement, and also to oppose
the administration of President Madison.
It urges certain amendments to the
Constitution and a denning of the power
of the General Government over State
troops, but accomplishes nothing. [The
Democrats allege that it is a disloyal
assembly. Its chief effect is the ruin
of the Federal party, which called it ;
no political preferments await its mem-
bers in after years.]
Dec. 24. Belgium. Peace comes by the
Treaty of Ghent, which is negotiated
by John Q. Adams, Albert Gallatin,
Henry Clay, James A. Bayard, and
Jonathan Russell.
The treaty provides for commissions to
run boundaries, which previous treaties
had provided for, but it settles none of
the questions which brought on the
war ; [yet its effect was essentially that
desired by the Americans.]
* * B.C. Congress orders the first war-
tax, on hats, caps, umbrellas, leather
boots, plate, beer, ale, playing-cards,
harness, household furniture, and gold
and silver watches.
* * B.C. Henry Clay is the leader of
the new Democracy ; the Federalist
party has been nearly annihilated by its
unpopular conduct during the war.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $1,662,084.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
Cal. Jose Arguello (Spanish).
-17 * * Bel. Daniel Rodney.
-17 * * N.C. William Miller.
O. Othniel Looker.
-18 * * O. Thomas Worthington.
-16 * * S. C. David R. Williams.
-16 * * Va. Wilson C. Nicolas.
1815 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$99,833,660.
Jan. 12. U.S. A National fast-day is
observed.
Jan. 15. B. C. President Madison ve-
toes the bills to recharter the National
Bank.
Feb. 18. B. C. Congress: the Senate
ratifies the Treaty of Ghent.
Mar. 4. B.C. The 13th Congress ends.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1814 Feb. 1. New rates of postage.
Letters, for 40 miles, 12 cents; between 4f>
and 90 miles, 15 cents ; between 90 and
150 miles, 18| cents ; between 150 and 300
miles, 25 cents ; between 300 and 500
miles, 30 cents ; over 500 miles, 37i cents ;
double letters at double price.
Apr. * La. New Orleans banks suspend
specie payments.
Aug. * Philadelphia banks suspend
specie payments. (Also banks in D. C.)
Sept.* U.S. Nearly all other banks in
the country suspend.
Dec. * The National debt is increased
by the war of 1812 to
124 1815, Apr. 13- 1817 * *.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
THE SEVENTH WAR.
1815 May 19. New York. An expe-
dition, consisting of nine vessels, under
Commodore Decatur, sails for Algiers
to punish piracies, war having been de-
clared by the United States.
June 17. Decatur, after a fight of 20
minutes, captures the principal Al-
gerine frigate off Gibraltar.
June 18. Hostilities cease between the
United States and England.
June 19. Decatur captures another
Algerine vessel.
June 28. Algeria. The American squad-
ron arrives in the Bay of Algiers.
June 30. Algiers. The Americans dic-
tate terms of peace.
June * D. C. Maj.-Gen. Jacob Brown
is appointed (10th) commander of the
army.
1816 May 8. The Washington is the
first ship-of-the-line ; she puts to sea and
carries 74 guns.
THE EIGHTH WAR.
1817 Nov. 20 — 18 Oct. 21. The
Seminole Indian War.
[Troops engaged : 1,000 regulars, 6,911
militia and volunteers ; total, 7,911 men.
Georgia and Alabama are the seat of the
war.]
Dec. 26. Gen. Andrew Jackson is or-
dered to take the field against the
Seminole and Creek Indians.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1815 ** Boston,. The Handel and
Haydn Society is founded.
* * Mary Brush takes out a patent for a
corset, the second patent issued to a
woman.
* * Pa. Iron-workers have begun to use
anthracite coal, but their cold blast
causes a failure.
y 1816* *-17* * Pa. The first rolling-
mill to puddle iron and roll iron bars is
built on Redstone Creek.
Apr. 30.* Phila. A spot on the sun
is visible to the naked eye for several
days.
1817 Jan. 7. S. C. Two shocks of
earthquake occur at Charleston.
* * Ky. The Kentucky River overflows,
causing damage to the extent of a million
dollars.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1815* *
Anthony, Henry B., Gov., sen. for R. I., born
in R. I.
Alsop, Richard, poet, linguist, A74.
Appleton, John, lawyer, born in Mass.
Barnard, John G.,mil. eng. U. 8. A.,b. Mass.
Barton, Benjamin Smith, phys., botanist,
A 49.
Bayard, James Assheton, sen. for Del., A 48.
Beecher, Charles, Cong, clergyman, writer,
born in Conn.
Bonham, Milledge L., Confed. Gen., b. S. C.
Bradford, Alex. Warfleld, jurist, b. in N.Y.
Brady, James T., lawyer of N.Y., b. in N.Y.
Brooks, Erastus, journalist, politician, b. Me.
Budington, Wm. Ives, Cong, cl., b. in Conn.
Campbell, Jabez P., Afr. M. E. bp., b. in Del.
Carroll, John D., first R. C. bp., A80.
Cobb, Howell, M.C. for Ga., sec. treas.,b.Ga.
Copley, John 8., painter, A78.
Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., lawyer, b. in Mass.
Davis, David. V. S. S. Ct., born in 111.
Doolittle, Jas. R., senator for Wis., b. in N.Y.
Downing, Andrew J., ruralist economist,
born in N.Y.
Dumont, Ebenezer, brig.-gen.,M. C. forlnd.,
born in Ind.
Farnham, Eliza W., philanthropist, b. N.Y.
Flagg, Edmund, journalist, author, b. in Me.
Foster, John Wells, geologist, born in Mass.
Fry, William H., editor, born in Pa.
Fulton. Robert steamboat-builder, A50.
Griswold, Stanley, senator, A52.
Halleck, Henry W., maj.-gen., military
writer, born in N.Y.
Hurlbut, Stephen A., maj.-gen., b. in S. C.
Kearny, Philip, maj.-gen., born in N.Y.
Lester, Chas. E., author, born in Conn.
Lyman, Theodore B., P. E. bp. of N. C, born
in Mass.
Meade, George O., maj.-gen., commander
of the Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg,
born in Spain.
Mills, Clarke, sculptor, born in N.Y.
Murray, John, founder of Universalist
Church in America, A74.
Nadal, B. IL, M. E. clergyman, b. in Md.
Nixon, John, general in Revolution, A90.
Pakenham, Sir Edward, Brit, gen., A 37.
Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, writer, b. in Mass.
Poland, Luke P., senator for Vt., b. in Vt.
Provoost, Samuel P. E. bp. of N.Y., A73.
Ramsay, Alex., sec. of war, Gov. of Minn., b.
Ramsay, David, physician, historian, A66.
Robinson, Ezekiel G., Bapt. cl., b. in Mass.
Rodman, Thomas J., brig.-gen., inventor,
born in Ind.
Sevier, John, gov. of Tenn., A71.
Shubrick, John T., naval officer, A37.
± Van Amburg, Isaac, showman, b. in N.Y.
Warren, John C, physician, A62.
Wells, Horace, anesthetics, born in Vt.
1816* *
Allibone, Samuel Austin, author, b. in Pa.
Alston, Joseph, (Jov. of S. C, A38.
Asbury, Francis, first Meth. bp., A71.
Backus, Azel, Pres. of Hamilton Coll., A51.
Ranks, Nathaniel P., general, M. C. for
Mass., speaker, b. in Mass.
Belmont, August, financier, born in Ger.
Brantly, Wm. T., Bapt. clergyman, b. S. C.
Crane, Win. C, Bapt. cl., writer, b. in Va.
Cushman. Charlotte S. , actress, b. in Mass.
Dexter, Samuel, jurist, A55.
Donaldson, Edward, commodore IT. S. N., b.
Duyckinck, Evert Augustus, writer, b. N.Y.
Early, Jubal A. , Confederate gen., b. in Va.
Field, Stephen J., associate justice U. S.,
born in Conn.
Gerstacker, Fried., novelist, traveler, b. Ger.
Godwin, Parke, author, born in N.Y.
Haven, Joseph, Cong, cl., philo., b. in Mass.
Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood, jurist, statesman,
born in Mass.
Hooper, Lucy, poetess, born in Mass.
Howe, Timothy O., U. S. senator, b. in Me.
Huntington, Daniel, painter, born in N.Y.
Jacobus, Melancthon W., Pres. theologian,
author, born in N. J.
Johnston, Samuel, Gov. of N. C, A89.
Kernan, Francis, senator for N.Y., b. in N.Y.
Kimball, Richard Burleigh,author, b. in N. H.
Lear, Tobias, sec. to Washington, A66.
Leutze, Emanuel, painter, born in Ger.
Lowell, Robert T. S., P. E. cl., b. in Mass.
Meigs, Montgomery C, Q. M. gen., b. in Ga.
Miller, Samuel F., justice S. Ct., born in Ky.
Moore, Benjamin, P. E. bp. of N.Y., A68.
Morris, Gouverneur, statesman, A64.
Proctor, Joseph, actor, born in Mass.
Robinson, Stuart, Pres. clergyman, b. in Ire.
Sawyer, Philetus, senator for Wis., b. in Vt.
Saxe, John Godfrey, poet, born in Vt.
Silliman, Benj., Jr., physicist, born in Conn.
Spalding, Solomon, clergyman, reputed au-
thor of Book of Mormon, A55.
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, reformer, born
in N.Y.
Strother, David Hunter, artist, writer, b. Va.
Thorn; «, George Henry, major-gen., born
in Va., July 31.
Waite, Morrison R., chief justice S. Ct., born
in Conn.
Wilson, William Dexter, scholar, b. in N. H.
CHURCH.
1815 June.* N. Y. The General
Synod of the Reformed Church meets
at Albany, John Schureman, president.
[At New York in Sept., Jacob Brodhead,
president.]
Nov. 19. N. J. John Croes is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop.
* * Ind. The Harmonists, having emi-
grated from Wurtemberg, found New
Harmony. They hold their property in
common, and consider marriage a civil
contract.
* * Ga. The American Board sends Cyrus
Kingsbury as missionary to the Chero-
kee Indians.
* * Mass. Open rupture and hot con-
troversy separate Trinitarian and Uni-
tarian Congregationalists.
* * Mass. A legacy from Mrs. Norris of
Salem is realized to the American Board
— $30,000, the largest yet received.
* * N. Y. The Episcopalians begin mis-
sion work among the Oneida Indians.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; William Neill,
moderator.
1816 Mar. 24. Va. Bishop Francis
Asbury, the organizer of American
Methodism, preaches his last sermon, at
Richmond.
Apr. 14. La. The first Protestant Epis-
copal church is opened at New Orleans.
May 1-24. Md. The General Confer-
ence (Methodist Episcopal) is held at
Baltimore.
Enoch George and Robert R. Morris
are ordained bishops ; the Mississippi
Conference is formed.
May 8. New York. The American
Bible Society is organized in the Re-
formed Dutch church, in Garden Street.
June.* New York. The General
Synod of the Reformed Church meets ;
Jacob Brodhead, president.
Oct. * The Bangor Theological Sem-
inary (Congregational) is opened.
* * Episcopalians form a Common
Prayer-Book and a Tract Society.
* * The Reformed Dutch Church practi-
cally co-operates with the American
Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions.
* * Boston. The Unitarian Society for
the Promotion of Theological Edu-
cation is organized.
The Divinity School of Harvard is
established by Unitarians.
The Boston Society for the Moral
and Religious Instruction of the
Poor is organized.
* * New York. The first religious meet-
ing in behalf of sailors is held at the
corner of Front Street and Old Slip.
* * N. Y. Lutherans establish a theo-
logical seminary at Hartwick.
* * Cyrus Kingsbury, the first missionary
of the American Board to the Indians,
is sent to the Cherokees.
* * O. The Female Charitable Society
of Tallmadge contributes $20 to the
American Board, the first received from
west of the Alleghanies, save one dollar
from a pastor's pocket.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; James Blythe,
moderator. It organizes the Board of
Missions.
UNITED STATES. 1815, Apr. 13-1817 * *. 125
* * Tract societies are organized in Phila-
delphia, Baltimore, and Hartford.
* * Richard Allen is elected bishop of the
African Methodist Episcopal Church.
1817 Mar. 14. New York. The Ma-
rine Bible Society for supplying
sailors with Bibles is organized.
Apr. 2. N. C. The (Protestant Episco-
pal) Diocese of North Carolina is orga-
nized.
LETTERS.
1815 * * Pa. Allegheny College (Meth.
Epis.) is organized at Meadville.
* * The North American Review is issued.
* * Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse, by
Mrs. Sigourney, appears.
* * Md. The Portico appears at Balti-
more.
1816 * * N. J. Queen's College (Rutgers
Reformed) suspends work [till 1825].
* * Pa. The Pennsylvania State library
is founded at Harrisburg. [53,000 vols.]
* * O. The Appeal is issued. (See Society.)
1817 * * Boston. The Methodist Maga-
zine appears ; it is the first Methodist
periodical.
* *Ohio State Library is founded at
Columbus. [51,439 vols.]
Apr. 7. Conn. An institution for deaf
mutes is opened at Hartford by T. H.
Gallaudet, with seven pupils.
Apr. 21. New York. The New York
State Library is established.
Sept. 24. N. Y. Thirteen Baptists meet
in Hamilton and lay the foundation of
[the present] Madison University.
SOCIETY.
1815 Aug. * Neio York. The first
Peace Society in the world is founded.
* * D. C. Congress enacts that any one
establishing a still in the Indian country
shall be fined $500 and forfeit the still.
1816* * New York. Authorities forbid
chimney-sweeps to cry their trade in
the streets.
* * O. The Appeal is started at St. Clairs-
ville, to champion the anti- slavery
cause.
1817 Jan. 19. N. J. Riot and rebel-
lion is engaged in by Princeton students.
Feb. 25 . Isaac Roget, a merchant in high
standing, with others, is convicted of
loading the lost schooner Ocean with 97
boxes of stone, in an effort to defraud the
insurance companies of $58,000.
* * Ky. Abraham Lincoln, nine years
of age, removes with his parents to In-
diana, crossing the Ohio on a raft.
Dec. 28. D. C. An American Colo-
nization Society is formed at Washing-
ton ; object, to return negroes to Africa ;
Henry Clay is its prime mover.
STATE.
1815 Apr. 13. N.Y. Bill for the con-
struction of the Erie Canal, from
Albany on the Hudson to Lake Erie,
passes the Assembly. Vote, 84-15.
June 30. Algiers. Commodore Deca-
tur negotiates a treaty.
The Dey renounces all claims to tribute
for the protection of American com-
merce from pirates, and yields the right
to enslave prisoners of war.
July 3. Eng. A commercial treaty
between the United States and England
is signed at London.
Dec. 4. The 14th Congress opens.
Congress ; House : Henry Clay of
Ky. is elected Speaker.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $4,678,059.
* * New York. John Ferguson is elected
the 51st mayor.
* *-18* * New York. Jacob Radcliff
is elected the 52d mayor.
* * V. S. Governors inaugurated :
Cal. Pablo V. de Sola (Span.).
-17 * * Ga. David B. Mitchell.
-17 * * N.J. Mahlon Dickerson.
-21 * * Tenn. Joseph M'Minn.
-20 * * Ft. Jonas Galusha.
1816 Jan. 1. U. s. National debt
$127,334,933.
Apr. 10. D. C. Congress charters a
second national bank for twenty
years, with a capital of $35,000,000.
Apr. 27. D. C. Congress imposes a
Robert G. Harper of Md., 3. Vacan-
cies, 4.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 14th Congress ends.
Fifth Administration ; Democratic-
Republican.
Mar. 4. D. C. James Monroe of Va.
is inaugurated the fifth President, in the
eighth term of the presidency. Daniel
D. Tompkins of N. Y. is Vice-President.
The Capitol having been burned by
the British, the inauguration ceremonies
take place in Congress Hall.
Cabinet : John Q. Adams of Mass.
(State), Wm. H. Crawford of Ga.
(Treas.), John C. Calhoun of S. C.
(War), Benj. "W. Crowninshield of
Mass. <2STavy), and "Wm. Wirt of Va.
(Atty.-Gen.).
* * U.S. The Democratic-Republican
party is dominant. " Era of good feel-
ing " in politics ; party distinctions are
nearly obliterated.
May 31+. I). C. President Monroe per-
sonally inspects the military posts.
Dec. 1. D. C. The 15th Congress
opens.
protective tariff of about 25 per cent ■ Dec - 10 - D.C. Congress admits Missis-
on imported cotton and woolen goods,
and specific duties on iron. The South
opposes, and the North favors it. Vote :
Senate, 25-7 ; House, 88-54.
Apr. 30. D. C. The 14th Congress :
the first session closes.
Sept. * The Government makes a treaty
with the Choctaw and Cherokee Indians.
Nov. (?)* U.S. Eighth Presidential
election. Democrat-Republicans defeat
the Federalists and elect James Monroe.
Dec. 2. D. C. The 14th Congress:
the second session opens.
Dec. 11. D.C. Congress admits Indi-
ana into the Union as the 19th State.
* * New Eng. The necessity of protec-
tion for manufacturing industries
draws New England toward the Repub-
lican party.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal Revenue $5,124,-
708.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-22 * * Ind. Jonathan Jennings.
Ky. George Madison.
-20 * * Ky. Gabriel Slaughter.
-20 * * La. Jacques Villere.
-23 * * Mass. John Brooks.
-19 * * N. H. William Plumer.
-18 * * S. C. Andrew Pickens.
-19 * * Va. James P. Preston.
1817 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$123,491,965.
Phila. The New Bank of the United
States opens at Carpenter's Hall.
* * U. S. The policy of internal im-
provements is approved by the Repub-
licans and opposed by the Democrats.
Feb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : James Monroe
of Va. (Dem.-Rep.), 183 ; RufusKingof
N. Y. (Federalist), 34. Vote for Vice-
President: Daniel D. Tompkins of
N. Y. (Republican), 183 ; John E. How-
ard of Md. (Federalist), 22 ; James Ross Aug. 2. Mo.
of Pa., 5; John Marshall of Va., 4; at St. Louis.
sippi into the Union as the 20th State,
after dividing the Territory ; the eastern
portion is called the Territory of Ala-
bama.
Dec. 23. D. C. Congress abolishes the
internal taxes. [They are next levied in
1861, to meet the expenses of another
war.]
Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue
$2,678,100.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-20* * Del. John Clarke.
-19 * * Ga. William Rabun.
-20 * *N.C. John Branch.
-29 * * N.J. Isaac H. Williamson.
-22 * * N. Y. De Witt Clinton.
Pa. Wm. Findlay.
-21 * * R.I. Nehemiah R. Knight.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1815 * * O. Cincinnati has a popula-
tion of 11,600.
* * Pa. The Fairmount "Water- works
for supplying Philadelphia are com-
pleted. [The present system was com-
pleted in 1827.]
1816 * * Md. Baltimore is the first
city lighted by gas.
Nov. 25. Phila. A theater is lighted
by gas.
Dec. 2. U. S. The first savings-bank
is opened at Philadelphia.
* * New York. More than 7,000 immi-
grants arrive this year.
* * N. Y.—Pa. Travelers pass from New
York to Philadelphia between sunrise
and sunset.
1817 Mar. 4. Phila. The rechartered
National Bank goes into operation,
and business, long languishing, now re-
vives.
July 4. N. Y. The construction of the
Erie Canal is commenced by breaking
ground near Rome.
A steamboat first arrives
126 1817**-1819**.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1818 Apr. * Florida the refuge of the
Creeks, is invaded by Gen. Jackson,
without express authority.
[Congress refused to censure him, and
Spain accepted money for Florida, rather
than spend it in a doubtful defense.]
Apr. 7. Fla. Gen. Jackson captures St.
Marks, a Spanish post.
Apr. 30. Fla. He hangs Alexander
Arbuthnot and an Englishman named
Robert C. Ambrister, for inciting the
Creeks to war.
May 24. Fla. He takes Pensacola from
the Spaniards.
May 27. Fla. He reduces the Spanish
fortress of the Barancas [and sends the
authorities and troops to Havana].
May* Ga. — Ala. Gen. Jackson subdues
the Seminole Indians. [Cost of the war,
$40,000,000.]
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1817 * * John Trumbull receives a com-
mission from Congress for four historical
pictures : Declaration of Independence ;
Surrender of Burgoyne; Surrender of
Cornwallis ; Resignation of Washington.
1818 Aug. 13. Mass. Gelatinous mat-
ter falls near Amherst soon after the
passage of a brilliant meteor.
* * Boston. Handel's Messiah is produced.
* * Adams and Dodge are said to have in-
vented a sewing-machine.
* * Boston. The Creation, by Haydn, is
produced.
* * Mo. N. M. Ludlow gives the first
dramatic performance in St. Louis.
* * N. J. Seth Boyden, by an experiment
at Newark, produces the first patent
leather made in this country.
* * N. Y. A large part of Table Rock, at
Niagara Falls, gives way and drops.
* * New York. The Lyceum of Natural
History is inaugurated.
* * Pa. An unsuccessful attempt is made
at Mauch Chunk to use anthracite coal
in making iron.
* * Phila. The Academy of Natural
Science is founded.
Jacob Perkins invents engraving on
soft steel, which, when hardened, will
multiply copper plates indefinitely.
1819 May 26. Ga. The steamship
Savannah, of 350 tons, sails from Savan-
nah for Liverpool, arriving June 20 : the
first steamship to cross the Atlantic.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1817* *
Barnes, Joseph, brig. -gen., surgeon, b. in Pa.
Bedell, Gregory T., P. E. bp. of O., b. N.Y.
Bigelow, John, author, editor, born in N.Y.
Bowman, Thomas, M. E. bishop, b. in Pa.
Bras?, Braxton, Confed. gen., b. in N. C.
Byford, Wm. Heath, physician, born in O.
Carnochan, John M., surgeon, born in Ga.
Champney, Benjamin, painter, b. in N. H.
Dallas, Alex. James, sec. of treas., A58.
Davis, Henry Winter, M. C. for Md., b. Md.
Douglass, Fred'k, orator, b. a slave in Md.
Dupont, Pierre Sam., of Del., economist, A78.
Dwight, Timothy, Pres. of Yale Col., A65.
EweU, Richard S., Confed. lieut.-gen., b. D.C.
Fairchild, James H., Presb. cl., b. in Mass.
Fields, James Thomas, editor, b. N. H.
Finley,Robert,Presb.clergyman of N. J., A45.
Forney, John Weiss, journalist, b. in Pa.
Freling-huysen, Frederick T., senator for
N. J., sec. of state, born in N. J.
Goug-h, John B., temperance orator, b. Eng.
Green, Seth, flsh culturist, born in N.Y.
Hager, David Albert, geologist, born in Vt.
Hale, Horatio, ethnologist, born in N. H.
Harbaugh, Henry, author, born in Pa.
Harris, Wm. L., . E. bishop, born in O.
Hitchcock, Roswell Dwight, prof., b. in Me.
Hollister, Gideon Hiram, author, born.
Huntington, Samuel, judge, A42.
Jones, Wm. A., librarian, born in N.Y.
Judson, Emily (Fanny Forester), b. in N.Y.
Lincoln, John L., educator, born in Mass.
McKean, Thomas, patriot, jurist, A83.
Meek, Fielding B., paleontologist, b. in Ind.
Neale, Leonard, R. C. bp. of Baltimore, A71.
Odenheimer, Wm. H., P. E. bp. of N. J., b. Pa.
Palmer, Erastus Dow, sculptor, b. in N.Y.
Palmer, John McCauley, sen. for 111., b. Ky.
Pickens, Andrew, Revolutionary gen., A78.
Pierrepont, Edwards, att'y-gen.. b. in Conn.
Ricketts, James B., gen. U. S. A., b. in N.Y.
Riddle, George R., senator for Md., b. in Del.
Robinson, John C., major-general, b. in N. Y.
Rothermel, Peter F., painter, born in Pa.
Saulsbury, Eli, senator for Del., b. in Del.
Thoreau, Henry D., naturalist, b. in Mass.
Wallace, Horace Binney, lawyer, b. in Pa.
1818* *
Adams, Abigail, writer, wife of Pres., A74.
Ag-new, D. Hayes, phys., surgeon, b. Pa.
Andrew, John Albion, gov. of Mass., b. Me.
Baker, Harriette N. Woods, author, b. Mass.
Barney, Joshua, commodore IT. S. N., A59.
Barry, William F., brevet maj.-gen., b. N.Y.
Beauregard, Pierre Gustave T., Confed-
erate general, born In La.
Blackwell, Lucy Stone, woman suffragist,
born in Mass.
Boutwell, Geo. Sewall, M. C. for Mass., sec.
of treas., born in Mass.
Browne, J. Ross, writer, born in Ire.
Buell, Don Carlos, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. O.
Burr, Enoch Fitch, Cong, cl., b. in Conn.
Butler, Benjamin Franklin, lawyer, M.C.,
general, born in N. H.
Clarke, Geo. Rogers, gen., frontiersman, A66.
Corbit, Wm. P., M. E. clergyman, b. in Pa.
Coxe,ArthurC.,P.E. bp. of N. Y., poet, b. N.J.
Cozzens, Fred. S., writer, born in N.Y.
Cuffee, Paul, philanthropist, A59.
Daboll, Nathan,teacher, mathematician, A68.
Davis, Noah, jurist of N.Y., born in N. H.
Denver, James W., Gov. of Kan., b. In Va.
Dorsey, John Syng, surgeon, A 35.
± Eastman, Mary H., author, born in Va.
Ellet, Elizabeth F., author, born in N.Y.
Evarts, Wm. Maxwell, lawyer, sec. of
state, born in Mass.
Fay, Jonas, surgeon, A81.
Fullerton, Wm., lawyer, jurist, born.
Gatling, Richard J., inventor of gun, b. N. C.
Gorgas, Josiah, vice-chancellor, born in Pa.
Green, Norvin, pres. of tel. co., born in Ind.
Hampton, Wade, Confed. lieut.-gen., senator
for S. C, gov., born in S. C.
Hardee, Wm. J., Confed. gen., born in Ga.
Harris, Caleb F., book collector, b. in R. I.
Harris, I sham G., sen. for Tenn., b. in Tenn.
Hartshome, Edward, phys. of Phila., b. Pa.
Hill, Thomas, Unit, cl., pres. of Harvard
University, born in N. J.
Horsford, Eben Norton, chemist, b. in N.Y.
Humphreys, David, soldier, poet, A65.
Irwin, Jared, Gov. of Ga., A68.
James, Horace, Cong, clergyman, born.
Jarves, James J., traveler, author, b. Mass.
Kensett, John F., painter, born in Conn.
LeClear, Thomas, portrait painter, b. in N.Y.
LeConte, John, physicist, born in Ga.
Lee, Henry, general, M. C., A62.
Lee, Henry, Confed. gen. b.
Loring, William W., Confed., Egyptian gen-
eral, born in N.C.
MacDowell, Irvin, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. in O.
Mathews, William, author, born in Me.
Milledge, John, gov., founder of Georgia
University, A 61.
Mitchell, Maria, astronomer, b. in Mass.
Morgan, Lewis H., ethnologist, b. in N. J.
O'Brien, Jeremiah, privateer in Revol'n, A78.
Ord, Edward O. C, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Md.
Paulding, John, a captor of Andre, A60.
Pope, Chas. A., surgeon of Mo., b. in Ala.
Prentiss, Elizabeth, religious writer, b. in Me.
Reid, Mayne, Capt., novelist, born in Ire.
Renwick, James, architect, born in N.Y.
Revere, Paul, engraver, patriot of Mass., A83.
Rice, Alex. H., statesman, scholar, b. Mass.
Richardson, Israel B., major-gen., b. in Vt.
Robinson, Wm. S., editor, writer, b. in Ind.
Saint Clair, Arthur, general U. S. A., A84.
Shaw, Henry W. (Josh Billings), humorist,
writer, born in Mass.
Smith, John L., mineral., chemist, b. in S. C.
Stevens, Isaac Ingalls, maj.-gen., b. in Mass.
Wistar, Caspar, physician, anatomist, A57.
Worden, John L., com. U. S. N., b. N. Y.
CHURCH.
1817 June * N. Y. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets at Albany ; C. D.
Westbrook, president. [At Kingston in
Oct.]
* * Conn. The American Board organizes
a foreign mission school at New
Haven, with five Hawaiian lads, among
others, as its first pupils.
* * Missions are established among the
Choctaw Indians by the American
Board.
* * N.J. The Theological School Build-
ing at Princeton is opened.
* * New Yorkj The General Conven-
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.
* * Phila. The Philadelphia Sunday
and Adult School Union is orga-
nized.
The Baptist Triennial Meeting as-
sembles.
The American Baptist Mission Union
modifies its constitution so as to include
domestic mission work.
The General Assembly (Presby-
terian) meets ; James Coe, moderator.
* * Tenn. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Tennessee is organized.
1818 Jan. * O. The (Protestant Epis-
copal) Diocese of Ohio is organized.
June 5. New York. The Society for
Promoting the Gospel among Sea-
men in the port of New York is orga-
nized.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; Wm. Mc.Murray,
president. [In August it meets again at
Albany ; J. M. Bradford, president.]
Sept. 23. Boston. The American Board
appoints Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons the
first American missionaries to the Orient.
Oct. 8. S. C. Nathaniel Bowen is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of South Carolina.
* * N. C. The Baptists begin work among
the Cherokees. The General Conference
sends a missionary to the Miamis, Kicka-
poos, Pottawattamies, and Shawanoes.
* * Pa. The "Woman's Missionary So-
ciety (Presbyterian) is formed in Derry.
* * The Cumberland Presbyterian Church
sends evangelists among the Chickasaws.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; J. J. Janeway,
moderator. It forms the Board of
Missions. Dr. Ashbel Green's paper
against slavery is passed.
1819 Feb. 11. O. Philander Chase,
the first western bishop (Protestant
Episcopal), is consecrated.
Apr. 5. New York. The Missionary
Society of the Methodist Episcopal
Church is organized at the preachers'
meeting.
July 5. New York. A woman's Mis-
sionary Society is formed in the Wes-
leyan Seminary, on Forsyth Street.
* * O. The Joint Synod (Evangelical Lu-
theran) of Ohio is organized.
Oct. 23. Hiram Bingham, Asa Thurston,
and others of the American Board sail
UNITED STATES.
1817**-1819**. 127
for the Sandwich Islands to open a
mission.
Oct. 27. Conn. T. C. Brownell is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) presiding
bishop for Connecticut.
LETTERS.
1817 * * Conn. The Hartford Times is
first issued.
Rev. Jeremiah Day is President of
Yale College [till 1846].
* * Mass. The Divinity School (Unit.)
of Harvard University is established.
* * New York. The General Theological
Seminary (Prot. Epis.) is organized.
* * The American Monthly Magazine ap-
pears.
* * Phila. The American Register ap-
pears.
* * Thanatopsis, by W. C. Bryant,
appears.
* * Keep Cool, by John Neal, appears.
* * Life and Character of Patrick Henry,
by William Wirt, appears.
1818* * Boston. Christian Examiner
is issued quarterly by Channing, Dewey,
Ware, and others.
* * N. Y. The New York State library
is founded at Albany. [128,529 vols.]
* * The American Journal of Science and
Arts, a quarterly, by Benjamin Silliman,
is issued.
* * Early European Friends of America,
by Julian C. Verplanck, appears.
* * The Battle of Niagara, by John Neal,
appears.
* * The Methodist Magazine [later the
Methodist Quarterly Beview] appears.
* * The Backwoodsman, by J. K. Paulding,
appears.
* * Theology Explained and Defended in
One Hundred and Seventy-three Sermons,
by Timothy Dwight, appears.
1819 Apr. 2. Md. The American
Farmer is first issued at Baltimore ; it is
the first agricultural paper in the
country.
May * Baptists begin the publication of
the weekly Christian Watchman.
* *Ky. Center College (Pres.) is or-
ganized at Danville.
SOCIETY.
1818 * * U. S. Great agitation of the
slavery question is occasioned by the
petition of Missouri for admission to
the Union as a slave State.
* * In order to counteract the habitual
use of ardent spirits among the people,
Secretary Calhoun prohibits the use of
liquor altogether in the U. S. Army.
1819 Apr. 26. Md. The first society
of Odd Fellows in the United States is
instituted as Washington Lodge No. 1.
* * Ga. Expulsion of the Cherokees.
Greedy white men want their land,
and a great body of Indians are " per-
suaded " to go over the Mississippi. The
Cherokees, the Creeks, the Choctaws,
and the Chickasaws are " greatly agi-
tated and distressed " at the prospect of
a removal from lands guaranteed to them
by treaty with the United States.
* * Ind. Abraham Lincoln (nearly 11
years old) mourns the death of his
mother.
* * New York. Hatters form a union.
STATE.
1818 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$103,466,633.
Mar. 18. U. S. Congress grants pen-
sions to veterans of the war of the
Revolution who are in needy circum-
stances.
Mar. 31. B. C. Congress; Senate:
John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected
President pro tempore.
Apr. 4. B. C. Congress adopts the
United States flag ; it has 13 stars on a
blue canton, and 13 stripes alternate red
and white — one for each original State.
Apr. 20. B. C. The 15th Congress : the
first session closes.
Sept. 1. N.Y. Auburn prison is opened.
Oct. 20. A Convention is signed with
Great Britain respecting boundaries
and the fisheries.
The 49th parallel of north latitude
shall be established as the boundary
line between United States and British
America in the west, and the joint occu-
pation of Oregon shall take place for
ten years. The convention of 1815 is
renewed.
Nov. 16. B. C. The 16th Congress:
the second session opens.
Dec. 3. B.C. Congress admits Illinois
as the 21st State.
Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue
$955,270.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-27 * * Conn. Oliver Wolcott.
-22 * * III. Shadrach Bond.
-25 * * Ind. William Hendricks.
-22 * * O. Ethan A. Brown.
-20 * * S. C. John Geddes.
* *-21* * New York. Cadwallader D.
Colden is elected the 53d mayor.
1819 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$95,529,648.
Feb. 13. B.C. Congress ; House : vig-
orous resistance is made to a bill in-
troduced to organize the Territory of
Missouri into a State. Of the 22 States,
11 are free and 11 are slave States.
James Tallmadge of N. Y. moves the
bill be so amended as to forbid the
further introduction of slaves, and
grant freedom to the offspring of
slaves at 25 years of age. [Passed, Feb.
16. Vote, 87-76. It is defeated in the
Senate. Vote, 31-7.]
Feb. 15. B. C. Congress; Senate:
James Barbour of Va. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
Feb. 22. B. C. Treaty with Spain.
Spain surrenders all claim to West Flor-
ida, and cedes East Florida. The United
States surrenders all claim to Texas, and
agrees to pay an indemnity of $5,000,000
to satisfy the claims of American citi-
zens against Spain.
Mar. 4. B.C. The 15th Congress
ends.
Mar. * B. C. President Monroe approves
the act of Congress, by which all Afri-
cans recaptured from slavers shall be
returned to Africa, and cared for.
June 19. Maine is separated from Mass.
Dec. 6. B. C. The 16th Congress
opens. House : Henry Clay of Ky. is
reelected Speaker. Vote, 147-8.
Dec. 14. B.C. Alabama is admitted into
the Union as the 22d State.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue
$229,593.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-20 * * Ala. Wm. W. Bibb.
-25 * * Ark. (Ter.) James Miller.
Ga. Matthew Talbot.
-23 * * Ga. John Clarke.
-21 * * Miss. George Poindexter.
-23 * * N. H. Samuel Bell.
-22 * * Va. Thomas M. Randolph.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1817 * * Ala. Montgomery is founded.
* * N. Y. The Black Ball Line (the
first line of packets) of 4 ships is estab-
lished, to run to Liverpool.
* * Vermont has its first bank at Wind-
sor, and receives a bonus from the insti-
tution.
* * U. S. Flour sells at $10 to $15 a
barrel.
The country is flooded with foreign
goods at low prices, which ruin many
manufacturing establishments fostered
by high prices during the war.
1818 Mar. 19. Bel. A powder-mill
explodes near Wilmington ; 35 persons
are killed.
May 28. N.Y. The Walk4n-the- Water,
the first steamboat on Lake Erie, is
launched at Black Rock.
July 8. New York. Gen. Montgom-
ery's remains are removed from
Canada, and deposited with military
honors in the mural tomb in St. Paul's
churchyard.
Aug. 23. N. Y. The first steamboat
trip on Lake Erie begins at Buffalo.
* * B. C. The center foundation of the
Capitol at Washington is laid.
* * Md. The first savings-bank at Bal-
timore is established.
i * * Shoe-pegs are introduced.
1819 Oct. 24. N. Y. The Erie Canal
is opened from Utica to Rome.
Nov. 24. N. Y. The Champlain Ca-
nal is declared to be navigable.
Dec. * Ind. Fifteen families are settled
at Indianapolis.
* * Ky. John J. Crittenden resigns his
seat in the Federal Senate, at $900 a
year, " to get bread for his family."
* * N. C. A great fire occurs at Wil-
mington; loss over $1,000,000.
* *N.J. Forest fires near Springfield
buvn 3,000 acres of timber.
* * Yellow fever prevails in Southern
cities; in New Orleans there are 1,200
deaths; many more occur in Mobile,
Savannah, Charleston, and Baltimore.
* * The first national financial crisis
occurs.
It is occasioned by extravagant spec-
ulations following the reorganization
of the National Bank; $2,000,000 are
withdrawn from the bank, beyond its
securities; the bank barely escapes
insolvency.
128
1819
1821
AMERICA
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1820 Nov. 29. New York. Edmund
Kean first appears in America in Richard
III. at the Anthony Street Theater.
* * Vt. Carpenters' steel squares are first
manufactured, at Bennington.
* * Jeremiah is painted hy "Washington
Allston.
±* * John Frazee executes husts in
marble.
±* * Hezekiah Augur practises the art of
sculpture.
* * India-rubber shoes are first seen in
America.
1821 Jan.* N. Y. The Hudson
River is frozen over, and loaded sleighs
cross on the ice from Cortlandt Street to
Jersey City.
July 13. Va. Junius Brutus Booth
first appears in America in Richard III.
at Richmond.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1819* *
Abbott, Ezra, scholar, born in Me.
Alexander, Barton L., brig.-gen., born.
Appleton, Jesse, Cong, clergyman, President
of Bowdoin, A 47.
Armitage, Thomas, Rapt, cl., born in Eng.
Ball, Thomas, sculptor, born in Mass.
Barker, Fordyce, physician, born in Me.
Blackman, George Curtis, surgeon, b. Conn.
Brannan, John M., major-general, b. in I). C.
Canby, Edward K. S., brig.-gen., b. in Ky.
Crane, Jonathan T., M. E. cl., b. in N. J.
Dana, Chas. Anderson. N. Y. Sun, b. N. H.
English, Thomas Dunn, Ben Bolt, b. in Pa.
Evans, Oliver, inventor of engines, A 64., Md.
Fenton, Reuben E., senator, Gov. of N. Y.,
born in N.Y.
Field, Cyrus West, merchant of N. Y.,
promoter of Atlantic cable, b. Mass.
Fishburn, William, maj.-gen. of Revol'n, A59.
Geary, John W., brig.-gen., Gov. of Pa.,b. Pa.
Getty, Geo. W., maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. D. C.
Greenough, Richard S., sculptor, b. in Mass.
Hecker, Isaac Thomas, Paulist, b. in N.Y.
Hendricks, Thomas A., Vice-Pres., sen.
for Ind., b. in O.
Hinman, Clark T., founder of N. W. Univer-
sity, born in N.Y.
Holland, Josiah Gilbert, poet, b. in Mass.
Howe, Elias, inv. sewing-machine, b. Mass.
Howe, Julia Ward, poet, born in N.Y.
Hudson, Frederick, journalist, b. in Mass.
Huntington, Frederick I>., P. E. bp. of Cen-
tral N. Y., born in Mass.
Jeffries, John, physician, aeronaut, A74. ?
Johnson, Wm. Sam., M. C. for Conn., F. R.
S., A 92.
Kedney, John Steinfort, P. E. cl., b. in N. J.
Keener, John Christian, M. E. S. bp., b. Md.
Langdon, John, senator for N. H., gov., A80.
Lanman, Charles, author, painter, b. Mich.
Lesley, John Peter, geologist, born in Pa.
Lowell. James Russell, poet, professor in
Harvard,minister to England, born in Mass.
Lyon, Nathaniel, general, born in Conn.
Melville, Herman, novelist, born in N.Y.
Morton, Wm. Thomas Green, dentist, phy-
sician, discoverer of the use of ether as an
anesthetic, born in Mass.
Mowatt, Anna Cora (Ritchie), actor, b. Fr.
Painter, Gamaliel, jurist, founder of Middle-
bury College, Vt., A 66.
Parsons, Thomas Wm., poet, b. in Boston.
Perry, Oliver Hazard, com.U. S. navy, A34.
Rodgers, Christopher R. P., rear-admiral,
born in N.Y.
Rosecrans, William S., brig.-gen. U. S. A.,
born in 0.
Schaff, Philip, Swiss-Am. Pres. cl., b. Switz.
South worth, Emma 1). E., novelist, b. D. C.
Story, Wm. Wetmore, sculptor, poet, born
in Mass.
Thompson, Joseph P., Cong. cl.,au.,b. in Pa.
Van Santvoord, George, lawyer, au.,b. N. J.
Warner, Susan (Elizabeth Wetherel), au-
thor, born in N.Y.
"Wheeler, Wm,A,19th Vice-Pres., b. in N.Y.
Whipple, Edwin Percy, essayist, critic, born
in Mass.
"Whitman. Walt, poet, born in N.Y.
Whitney, Josiah Dwight, geologist, b. Mass.
Wilkinson, Jemima, religious impostor, A66.
Williamson, Hugh, physician, scholar, A84.
1820* *
Anthony, Susan B., woman's rights' advo-
cate, born in Mass.
Blatchford, Samuel, U. 8. S. Ct., b. in Ga.
Boone, Dan., explorer, colonizer of Ky.,A85.
Brigham, Charles H., Cong, clergyman, edu-
cator, born in Mass.
Bristed, Charles A., author, born in N.Y.
Broderick, David C, sen. for Ga., b. D. C.
Brooks, William T. H., brig.-gen. vol., b. O.
Brownell, Henry Howard, author, b. in R. I.
Burrill, James, atty.-gen. of R. I., A48.
Cary, Alice, poet, born in 0.
Chauvenet, Wm., mathematician, b. in Pa.
Crawford, Martin J., diplomat, b. In Ga.
Davie, Wm. Richardson, Gov. of N. C, A64.
De Bow, James D. B., statistician, b. S. C.
Deems, Charles F., Meth. Epis. South clergy-
man, author, born in Md.
Decatur, Stephen, Jr., Com. U. S. N.,
killed in a duel, A41.
De Vere, Maximilian Scheie, philologist, es-
sayist, born in Sweden.
Devens, Charles, jurist, born in Mass.
Doubleday, Abner,gen. of vol., col. U. S. A.,
born in N.Y.
Drake, Joseph Rodman, poet, A25.
Eads, James B., engineer, born in Ind.
Ellicott, Andrew, astronomer, A66.
Foster, Randolph S., M. E. bishop, b. in 0.
Gaston, William, Gov. of Mass., b. in Conn.
Gayler, Chas., journalist, dramatist, b. N.Y.
Greatorex, Eliza, artist, born in Ire.
Hall, Chas. H., clergyman, born in Ga.
Harlan, James, senator for la., born in 111.
Haven, Erastus, M. E. bishop, b. in Boston.
Hewit, Augustine Francis, clergyman, Paul-
ist, born in Conn.
Holmes, George F., educator, b. in Guiana.
Hopkins, John H., P. E. clergyman, b. Ire.
Houghton, George F., jurist, born in Vt.
Hoyt, Benjamin T., educator, born in Mass.
Kane, Elisha Kent, explorer, born in Phila.
Keene, Laura, actress, born in Eng.
Ketchum, Winthrop W., judge, born in Pa.
Le Vert, Octavia W., author, born in Ga.
Lincoln, Levi, M. C. for Mass., A71.
Lorflt, Campbell, chemist, author, b. in Mo.
Nesmith, Jas. W., senator for Ore., b. Can.
Poore, Benjamin Perley, journalist, b. Mass.
Pursh, Frederick, botanist, A 46.
Raymond, Henry Jarvis, journalist, b. N.Y.
Reynolds, John Fulton, gen. U. S. A., b. Pa.
Root, George F., musical composer, b. Mass.
Rousseau, Lovell II., brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ky.
Shedd, Wm. G. T., Pres. cl., au., b. in Mass".
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 15th Gen-
eral of U. S. A., born in 0.
Trumbull, Benj., Cong, cl., historian, A85.
Vallandigham, Clement L.,M. C. forO., b. 0.
Wells, Samuel Roberts, phrenologist, b. Ct.
Wentworth, Sir John, Gov. of N. H., A83.
West, Benjamin, painter in Eng., A82.
Wharton, Francis, jurist, P. E. clergyman,
born in Phila.
CHURCH.
1819 * * Md. Dr. William Ellery Chan-
ning preaches at Baltimore, and gives
what is called the Unitarian Declara-
tion of Independence, and becomes
the leader of his church.
* * The Hamilton Baptist Missionary
Society sends a missionary to the
Oneidas.
The Ohio Conference (Methodist Epis-
copal) appoints James B. Finley superin-
tendent of its Indian mission among the
Wyandots.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; "James Holt Kice,
moderator.
1820 May 1-27. Md. The General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal)
meets in Baltimore.
May 3. Me. The Protestant Episcopal
diocese of Maine is organized.
June 4. New York. The first mariners'
church in the United States is dedi-
cated, in Roosevelt Street.
June* New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; James S. Cameron,
president. [In Oct. it meets at Al-
bany.]
Oct. 22. Lutherans form a General
Synod, with 150 ministers and 35,000
communicants.
* * Md. — Va. Each of these States orga-
nizes a Lutheran Synod.
* * New York. The African Methodist
Episcopal Zion Church is organized.
Methodists are divided respecting the
Episcopacy, and Methodist Protestant
Churches are formed.
* * Phila. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets. It orga-
nizes the Domestic and Foreign Mis-
sionary Society.
The General Assembly (Presby-
terian) meets ; John McDowell, mod-
erator.
Presbyterians enter a Plan of Corre-
spondence with the Reformed Church.
The Baptist Triennial Meeting is
held. The Meeting decides to again
restrict its Baptist mission work to
foreign fields.
* * S. C. The Roman Catholic Diocese
of Charleston is established.
* *The United Synod, South (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) of Tennessee, is orga-
nized.
* * A mission is established among the
Choctaws by the American Board.
* * The United Foreign Missionary Soci-
ety commences work among the Osage
Indians.
* *The Southern General Synod of
Lutherans organizes.
* * U. S. Methodists are agitated con-
cerning the election of presiding:
elders.
1821 June 3. New York. The Bethel
Union is organized. [It soon expires.]
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Albany ; S. S. Wood-
hull, president.
LETTERS.
1819 * * N. Y. Auburn Theological Sem-
inary (Pres.) is established.
* * Pa. The "Western University of
Pennsylvania (non-sect.), at Pittsburg,
is organized.
* * Term. Maryville CoUege (Pres.) is
founded.
* * The Presbyterian Board of Education
begins its work.
* * Fanny, by Fitz-Greene Halleck, ap-
pears.
* * Voyage to South America, by Henry
M. Brackenridge, appears.
* * The Sketch Book, by "Washington
Lrving, appears.
* * The American Flag, by J. R. Drake,
appears.
* * View of the Lead Mines of Missouri, by
Henry R. Schoolcraft, appears.
* * The State Triumvirate: A Political
Tale, by Verplanck, appears.
* * Percy's Masque, by James A. Hill-
house, appears.
UNITED STATES.
1819**-1821**. 129
1820 Mayl. N. Y. The Hamilton Lit-
erary and Theological Institution (Bapt.)
is opened.
* * Ark. The Arkansas Gazette, at Ar-
kansas Village, is first issued.
* * Me. Colby University (Bapt.) is
founded at Waterville.
* * N. Y. The Colgate University
(Bapt.) is organized at Hamilton as the
Madison University.
* * Mass. Jacob Bigelow and others start
the American Pharmacopeia.
The Literary and Scientific Repository
appears. [Expires in 1821.]
The Apprentice Library is founded.
[63,000 vols.]
The Mercantile Library Association's
Library is founded. [207,128 vols.]
* * Precaution, by James Fenimore
Cooper, appears.
* * Judith, Esther and Other Poems, by
Maria Brooks, appears.
* * -44 * * The Ladies 1 Companion ap-
pears.
1821 Apr. 20. Boston. The Christian
Register (Unit.) is issued.
SOCIETY.
1820 Mar. 22. Commodore Barron
kills Commodore Decatur in a duel.
May 5. D. C. Congress recognizes the
slave-trade to be piracy, and prohibits
citizens from engaging in it under pen-
alty of death.
± * * Miss. A lottery is established at
Natchez, to build a church.
* * U. S. Total slaves, 2,009,031.
+ * * Webster, Calhoun, and Clay with
masterly eloquence denounce agitators
■who constantly declare the iniquity of
the slave system.
1821 * * Africa. Liberia is secured for
the colonization scheme of the American
Colonization Society, and a new town is
commenced, called Monrovia.
* * Me. The selectmen are required to
post up, in all places where liquor is
sold, the names of all persons reported
to be drunkards or tipplers.
STATE.
1820 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$91,015,560.
Jan. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate : John
Gaillard of S. C. is elected President
pro tempore.
Feb. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Missouri Compromise Bill passes.
Vote, 24-20.
Mar. 2. D. C. Congress ; House : The
Missouri Compromise Bill passes.
It admits Missouri as a slave State, but
forever prohibits slavery from the bal-
ance of the territory west of the Missis-
sippi, north of 36° 30' north latitude — the
latitude of the southern border of Mis-
souri. Vote : House, 134-42.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress admits Maine
into the Union as the 23d State, to take
effect Mar. 15.
Congress limits the tenure of office
of Governmental appointees to four
years, or the pleasure of the Govern-
ment.
May 15. D. C. The 16th Congress:
the first session closes.
Oct. 20. Spain ratifies the treaty ceding
Florida.
Nov. 13. D.C. The 16th Congress:
the second session opens.
Nov. 14. D. C. Congress ; House : John
W. Taylor of N. Y. is elected Speaker.
Nov. ?* U.S. Ninth Presidential Elec-
tion ; Democratic-Republicans elected.
Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue
$106,260.
* * U. S. The Missouri Compromise
quells the slavery agitation for a
time, and it is deemed settled forever.
* * U. S. Old issues in politics are
abandoned ; the new issues are protec-
tion for manufactures, internal improve-
ments by the General Government, and
the recognition of the South American
republics.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-21 * * Ala. Thomas Bibb.
-21* * Del. Jacob Stout.
-24* *Ky. John Adair.
-22 * * La. Thos. B. Robertson.
-21* * Me. William King.
-24 * * Mo. Alexander M'Nair.
-21 * * N.C. Jesse Franklin.
* * Pa. Joseph Heister.
-22 * * 8. C. Thomas Bennett.
-23 * * Ft. Richard Skinner.
1821 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$89,987,427.
Feb. 14. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President, James Monroe of
Va., Republican, 231 ; John Q. Adams of
Mass., Opposition, 1. For Vice-Presi-
dent, Daniel D. Tompkins of N. Y., Re-
publican, 218 : Richard Stockton of N. J.,
8 : Daniel Rodney of Del., 4 ; Robert G.
Harper of Md. , 1 ; Richard Rush of Pa., 1 .
Vacancies, 3.
Feb. 26. I). C. Congress : The House
votes to admit Missouri conditionally.
Vote, 87-81.
Feb. 27. D.C. Congress: The Senate
votes to admit Missouri conditionally.
Vote, 26-15.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 16th Congress ends.
The 2d term of the fifth adminis-
tration ; Democratic-Republican.
Mar. 4. D. C. James Monroe of Va.,
the fifth President, enters his second
term, in the ninth term of the presi-
dency. Daniel D. Tompkins of N. Y.
is Vice-President.
Cabinet: John Q,. Adams of Mass.
(State), Wm, H. Crawford of Ga.
(Treas.), John C. Calhoun of S. C.
(War), Smith Thompson of N. Y.
(Navy), "Wm. "Wirt of Va. (Atty.-Gen.).
July 1. Spain is constrained to sur-
render Florida to the United States.
Aug. 10. D.C. The President proclaims
Missouri admitted into the Union as
the 24th State, amid a tempest of po-
litical excitement, occasioned by the
existence of slavery therein.
Dec. 3. D. C. The 17th Congress
opens.
Congress; House: Philip P. Bar-
bour of Va. is elected Speaker.
* -24 * * New York. Stephen Allen Is
elected the 54th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-25 * * Ala. Israel Pickens.
-22 * * Del. John Collins.
-22* *Fla.(Ter.). Andrew Jackson.
-22 * * Me. W. D. Williamson.
-25 * * Miss. Walter Leake.
-24 * * N.C. Gabriel Holmes.
-24 * * R. I. William C. Gibbs.
-27 * * Tenn. William Carroll.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1820 Jan. 11. Ga. One-half of Sa-
vannah is burned ; loss, $4,000,000.
June* U.S. Fourth census: States, 23;
whites, 7,862,166; colored, 1,771,656 (free
colored 233,634, slaves 1,538,022) ; total
population, 9,033,822. Increase, 33.06
per cent. Center of population 16 miles
north of Woodstock, Md. ; westward
movement in 10 years, 50 miles.
June 20. N. Y. A Great fire occurs
in Troy ; 120 of the best buildings are
burned ; loss nearly $1,000,000.
June * The first steamship line be-
tween New York and New Orleans com-
mences its trips.
July 1. N. Y. Toll is first collected on
the Erie Canal.
July* The first steamboat on Lake
Michigan arrives at Green Bay, with 200
passengers and a large cargo.
* * Summer. Ga. About 700 people die
of yellow fever in Savannah ; 343
houses are left vacant by fugitive
owners.
Dec. * Phila. Anthracite coal begins
to find a market ; 365 tons are sold dur-
ing the year.
± * * Conn. The whale fishery business
commences at New London.
* * Tenn. — Ark. Memphis is laid out;
also Little Rock.
* * Flour has fallen from $10 and $17 a
barrel in 1817, to $5 or $6 a barrel ; many
manufactories are closed, and workmen
are idle.
* * Md.— W. Va. Completion of the great
National road from Cumberland to
Wheeling, costing $1,700,000 and 14 years
of labor (connecting the Ohio River with
the seaports ; it was originally intended
to continue to the Mississippi).
* * U.S. Immigrants and other aliens in
1820, 8,385.
1821 Aug. 10. N. Y. The remains of
Major Andre" are exhumed, and placed
on board of a British frigate for inter-
ment in Westminster Abbey.
Dec. * Phila. Sales are made of 1,073
tons of anthracite coal during the
year.
* * Mass. Lowell is founded by the
Merrimac Manufacturing Company.
* * Tex. Colonization from the United
States begins.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1821, 9,127.
130 1821 * *-182 4, May 22.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1822 * * A small naval force subdues the
pirates of the Cuban coast, capturing
more than 20 vessels.
1824 * * W. I. Commodore David
Porter subdues the pirates.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1821 * * Christ Ejected is painted by
William Dunlap.
* * Portrait of Thomas Jefferson is painted
by Thomas Sully.
1822 * * Charles Mathews, the actor,
first appears in America.
* * Mass. The first cotton mill is
erected.
1823 June* New York. The first
steam-power printing-press is set up ;
its first work is an abridgment of Mur-
ray's Grammar.
* * O. The manufacture of wine is
commenced in Cincinnati.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1821 * *
Adler, Georg J., prof., author, born in Ger.
Allen, Solomon, Cong, cl., major in Kev., A70.
Arnold, Samuel Green, historian, b. in K. I.
Augur, Christopher C, maj.-gen., b. in N.Y.
Avery, Waitstill, atty.-gen. of Conn., A76.
Balch, Geo. B., com. U. S. N., b. in Tenn.
Bankhead, John P., officer U. S. N, b. S. C.
Bard, Samuel, physician, A79.
Beaumont, John G., naval officer, b. in Pa.
Blackwell, Elizabeth, first woman in IT. S.
made M. D., born in Eng.
Blair, Francis P., Jr., sen. for Mo., b. in Ky.
Boudinot, Elias, patriot, philanthropist, A81.
Breckinridge, John C, Confed. general, 14th
Vice-President, born in Ky.
Calhoun, Edmund R., officer U. S. N, born.
Chester, Joseph L., antiquary, born in Conn.
Coffin, Charles Carleton, author, b. in N. H.
Cooke, Jay, financier, born in 0.
Coppee, Henry, officer U. S. N., editor, au-
thor, Pres. Lehigh Univ., born in Ga.
De Peyster, John W., military critic, b. N.Y.
Dexter, Henry Martyn, Cong, cl., b. in Mass.
Diaz, Abby Morton, author, born in Mass.
Dawson, Henry Barton, historian, b. in Eng.
Eliot, Samuel, educator, b. Boston.
Febiger, John, capt. U. S. N., born in Pa.
Floyd, Win., gen., sec of \var,Cont.Cong.,A87.
Forrest, Nathan B., Confed. gen., b. Tenn.
<;arnett, Robert Sehlen, Confed. gen., b.Va.
Hadley, James, philologist, prof, of Greek;
born in N.Y.
Hall, Charles F., Arctic explorer, b. in N. II.
Harris, Tucker, physician, A74.
Haven, Gilbert, M. E. bishop, born in Mass.
Hill, Daniel H., Confed. lieut.-gen., b. in S. C.
Irving, William, author, A 55.
Jordan, Thomas, Confed. brig.-gen., b. inVa.
Kneeland, Samuel, phys., naturalist, b. Mass.
Leslie, Frank (Henry Carter), publisher,
born in England.
Lilly, William, M. C. for N.Y., born in N. Y.
IiOngstreet, James, U. S. A., Confed. maj.-
gen., b. in S. C.
Macleod, Xavier Donald, mis. writer, b. N.Y.
O'Neill, Charles, M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Parker, Foxhall, com. U. S. N., born in N.Y.
Phelps, Austin, Cong, clergyman, b. Mass.
Richardson, Win. A., jurist, author, b. Mass.
Short, Charles, scholar, born in Mass.
Spalding, Lyman, physician, author, A46.
Squier, Ephraim G., archaeologist, b. in N.Y.
Storrs. Richard Salter, Cong, clergyman
of Brooklyn, horn in Mass.
Taliaferro, Benj., Revolutionary officer, A71.
Trumbull, James Hammond, philol.,b. Conn.
Wayman, Alex.W., bp. Af. M. E. Ch., b. Md.
Welby, Amelia B., poet, born in Md.
White, Richard (Jrant, author, born in N.Y.
Youmans, Edward L., chemist, ed., b. N.Y.
1822* *
Adams, Wm. Taylor (Oliver Optic), writer,
born in Mass.
Bancroft, John Chandler, diplomatist, born.
Bartholomew, Edward S., sculptor, b. Conn.
Burlingame, Anson, diplomatist, b. in N.Y.
Cummins, George David, Reformed Epis.
bishop, born in Del.
Dana, Napoleon J. T., maj.-gen. vols., b. Me.
Darley, Felix 0. C, artist, born in Phila.
Durant, Henry Fowle, philan., born in N. H.
Dwight, Theo. W., prof, of law, ed., b. N.Y.
Field, Henry Martyn, Cong. cl.,au., b. Mass.
Fowler, Jos. Smith, sen. for 111., born in 0.
Fuller, George, artist, born in Mass.
Frothingham, Octavius B., L'nit. cl.,b. Mass.
Galaudet, T., P. E. cl. (deaf mutes), born.
Garrard, J., soldier in Rev., Gov. of Ky., A73.
liarrettson, Freeborn, M. E. clergyman, A70.
Gibbs, Oliver Wolcott, chemist, b. in N.Y.
Girard, Charles, naturalist, born in Fr.
Granger, Gideon, P. M. (Jen. U. S., A55.
Grant. Ulysses Simpson, 14th Gen. of U. S.
A., 18th President of U. 8., b. in O., Apr. 27.
Hale, Edward Everett, Unit, clergyman,
author, born in Mass.
Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, brig.-gen.
vols., Gov.O., 19th President of U. S., b. O.
Hewitt, Abram S., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y.
Holman, William S., M. C. for Ind., b. Ind.
Hough, Franklin Benj., writer, b. in N.Y.
Ingersoll, Jared, jurist, of Pa., A73.
Johnson, Samuel, Unit, clergyman, b. Mass.
Johnston, Rich'd M., author, educator, b. Ga.
Judd, Orange, agricultural editor, b. in N.Y.
Kane, Thomas L., lawyer, born in Pa.
Kasson, John Adams, M. C. lor la., b. in Vt.
Lyon, Caleb, M. C. for N.Y., born in N.Y.
Mitchell, Donald Grant, author, b. in Conn.
Olmsted, Fred. L., landscape gardener, b. Ct.
Orr, James L., M. C. for S. C, gov., b. S. C.
Osgood, David, Cong, cl., Federalist, A75.
Parton, James, biographer, born in Eng.
Phelps, William Franklin, educator, b. N.Y.
Pinkney, WUliam, sen. for Md., atty.-gen.,
minister to Eng., A58.
Pope, John, brig.-gen. U. S. A., b. in Ky.
Porter, Fitz John, general, born in N. H.
Porter, Moses, U. S. officer, A 47.
Pugh, George E., sen. for O., born in O.
Rand, Isaac, physician, A79.
Read, Thomas Buchanan, poet, b. in Pa.
Runkle, John I)., astronomer, born.
Stark, John, general in Revolution, A94.
Stewart, John, Apostle to the Wyandots, d.
Strong, James, scholar, author, b. in N.Y.
Taylor, Benjamin Franklin, poet, b. in N. Y.
Truxtun, Thomas, com. U. S. N., A67.
Van Dyke, H. J., Pres. clergyman, o. in Pa.
Vasey, George, botanist, born in Eng.
1823* *
Alger, William Rounseville,Unit. cl., b. Mass.
Badger, Oscar C, officer U. S. N., b. Conn.
Baird, Spencer Fullerton, naturalist, b. Pa.
Bartram, William, botanist, A84.
Beers, W. H., pres. of Insurance Co., born.
Bergh, Henry, philan., f'der of Society for
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, b. N.Y.
Bloomfleld, Jos., Revolutionary officer, A57.
Boker, George Henry, poet, born in Pa.
Bozman, John Leeds, historian, jurist, A66.
± Buckner, Simon B., U. S. A., Confed. gen.,
born in Ky.
Chadbourne, Paul Ansel, educator, b. Me.
Clinton, Jos. J., Af. M. E. bishop, b. Phila.
Collyer, Robert, Unit, clergyman, b. in Eng.
Craven, Braxton, Pres. Trinity College, N.
C, born in N. C.
Colfax, Schuyler, M. C. for Ind., Speaker,
17th Vice-Pres., b. N. Y.
Cropsey, Jasper Frank, artist, born in N.Y.
Davidson, Margaret Miller, poetess, b. N.Y.
Deane, James, missionary to Indians, A75.
Delano, Capt. Amasa, traveler, ABO.
Dent, John Herbert, capt. U. S. N., A41.
Derby, George H., U. S. N., born.
Dod, Daniel, mechanical engineer, A35.
Duyckinck, George Long, writer, b. in N.Y.
Eddy, Thomas M., M. E. cl., editor, b. in O.
Elliott, Ezekiel B., scientist, born in N. Y.
Ferry, Orris Sanford, sen. for Conn., brig.-
gen. volunteers, born in Conn.
Francis, John B., sen. for R. I., gov., A39.
Franklin, William B., U. S. A., maj.-gen. U. S.
vol., born in Pa.
Gifford, Sanford Robinson, painter, b. N.Y.
Gilmore, James Roberts, author, b. in Mass.
Hardin, Martin D., U. S. senator, A43.
Harris, Thomas Lake, Spiritualist, b. Eng.
Hart, William, landscape painter, b. in Scot.
Hart8horne, Henry, physician, born in Pa.
Hawkins, W. G., P. E. clergyman, b. in Md.
Heckewelder, John, Moravian mis'ry, A80.
Heilprin, Michael, scholar, born in Poland.
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, au., b. Mass.
Hill, Benjamin H., sen. for Ga., born in Ga.
Houghton, Henry Oscar, publisher, b. in Vt.
Hubbard, Joseph S., astronomer, b. in Conn.
Hunton, Eppa, sen. for Va., born in Va.
Joy, Chas. A., chemist, born in N.Y.
Krauth, Chas. P., Luth. cl., author, b. Va.
Lay, Henry C, miss, of Southwest, b. Va.
Le Conte, Joseph, naturalist, born in Ga.
Leidy, Joseph, naturalist, born in Phila.
Lewis, Dio, physician, lecturer, b. in N.Y.
Lippincott, Sarah J., author, born in N.Y.
Mayo, Amory Dwight, Unit, cl., au., b. Mass.
Medill, Joseph, editor, born in Can.
Meiggs, R. J., sen. for O., governor, A59.
Milburn, William Henry, Meth. Epis. clergy-
man, chaplain, born in Pa.
Morton, Oliver Perry, sen. for Ind., governor,
born in Ind.
Moore, Zephaniah Swift, scholar, A53.
Newton, John, military engineer, b. in Va.
Patterson, James W., sen. for N. 11., b. N. H.
Parkman, Francis, historian, b. at Boston.
Peabody, Nathaniel, gen., A 82.
Perkins, Charles Callahan, art critic, b. Mass.
Roger, W. C, jurist, born.
Seiss, Joseph A., Luth. clergyman, b. in Md.
Sherman, John, sen. for O., sec. of treas.,
born in O.
Sickles, Daniel E., gen. of vols., M. C. for
N. Y., born in N. Y.
Tweed, Wm. M., "Tammany Boss," em-
bezzler, born in N. Y.
Van Dorn, Earl, Confed. gen., born in Miss.
Wood, Thomas Waterman, painter, b. in Vt.
Wright, Horatio G., maj.-gen. of vols., b. Ct.
CHURCH.
1821 * * Md. The first General Synod
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Fred-
erick.
* * The Methodists begin work among the
Creeks.
* * N. Y. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Genesee is formed.
* * O. The Protestant Episcopal Diocese
of Cincinnati is established.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; Wm. Hill,
moderator.
A special meeting is held of the
(Protestant Episcopal) General Con-
vention.
* * S. C. The Synod of this State com-
mences mission work among the Chick-
asaws.
* * The American Board has 250 contrib-
uting societies ; many of them composed
exclusively of women.
* * The mission for the Seneca and Tusca-
rora Indians is transferred to the United
Foreign Missionary Society.
* * Va. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Richmond is established.
1822 June * New York. The General
Synod (Reformed) meets ; Philip Mille-
doler, president.
* * Mich. Baptists begin work among
the Ottawas.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; O.Jennings,
moderator.
* * The union of the Presbyterians and
Reformed Church is effected.
* * The Society of Friends engages in
mission work among the Onondagaa.
* * The Methodists begin work among the
Cherokees.
* * The Western Missionary Society
commences work among the Maumees,
or Ottawas.
* * O. The Wyandot mission-house is
completed, schools prosper, and over
200 Indians are converts.
* * The United Domestic Missionary
Society (undenominational) is founded.
* * D. C. The Triennial Meeting of
Baptists is held in Washington.
1823 Feb. 24. Ga. The Protestant
Episcopal Diocese of Georgia is orga-
nized.
UNITED STATES. 1821 * *-1824, May 22. 131
Feb. * If. I". The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Albany ; P. Milledoler,
president. [And again in June, Jesse
Fonda, president.]
May 22. N. C. John S. Ravenscroft
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop.
Sept. 28. It. Leo XH. is elected pope.
* * Md. The Jews form a congregation.
The second General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) meets at Frederick.
* * N. Y. Joseph Smith [The Mormon]
announces a vision at Palmyra of the
Angel Moroni.
* *The New England Tract Society
changes its name to the American
Tract Society.
* * N. J. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
is organized.
* *The United Domestic Missionary
Society commences work among the
Mackinaws.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; John Chester,
moderator.
A Presbyterian Society for the Sup-
port of Heathen Youth is organized.
[Existed until 1874.]
* * The General Convention (Protes-
tant Episcopal) meets.
* * Baptist missionaries commence work
among the Creeks.
* * Mrs. Judson having returned to
America, stirs the churches to mission-
ary zeal. [Her influence is felt for 40
years.]
1824 Feb. 20. The American Bap-
tist Publication Society is formed.
[Receipts the first year, $373.]
LETTERS.
1821 * * D. C. Columbian University
(non-sect,), of Washington, is organized.
* * Ky. Gonzago College (Rom. Cath.)
is organized.
The Kentucky State Library is
founded at Frankfort. [33,900 vols.]
* * Mass. Amherst College (Cong.) is
founded.
* * N. Y. Auburn Theological Seminary
(Presb.) is opened.
* * Phila. Atkinson's Casket appears.
The Saturday Magazine appears.
The Mercantile Library Company Li-
brary is founded. [152,741 vols.]
* * The Spy, by Cooper, appears.
* * The Dying Raven, by Richard H.
Dana, appears.
■* * Travels in New England and New
York, by Timothy Dwight, appears.
* * The Ages, by W. C. Bryant, appears.
* * The Idle Man, by R. H. Dana, appears.
1822 * * New York. The Albion is issued.
The Literary Review is established.
* * Phila. The Museum of Foreign Litera-
ture appears. [Expires in 1839.]
* * Va. The Virginia State Library is
founded at Richmond. [44,000 vols.]
* * Bee's Cyclopedia is republished in the
United States.
* * A New England Tale, by Catherine
M. Sedgwick, appears.
* * The Aborigines of America, by Lydia
H. Sigourney, appears.
* * Prometheus, by J. G. Percival, appears.
* * Seventy-six, by John Neal, appears.
* * Logan, by John Neal, appears.
* * Bracebridge Hall, by Washington
Irving, appears.
* * Conn. Trinity College (Prot. Epis.)
is organized at Hartford.
1823 * * New York. The New York Mir-
ror appears.
May 17. The New York Observer is
founded by Sidney E. and Richard C.
Morse, and the first number issued.
* * Alexander Campbell establishes the
Christian Baptist.
* * The Pioneers and The Pilot, by
Cooper, appear.
± * * Marco Bozzaris,by Halleck, appears.
1824 Mar. 2. Boston. The Boston
Courier is first issued.
SOCIETY.
1821 * * S.C. The city council of
Charleston prohibits the opening of
night or Sunday-schools for the in-
struction of negro slaves.
* * U. S. The anti-slavery agitation
becomes violent. [It continues, with
more' or less vehemence, to vex the
nation for forty years, till " every yoke
is broken " by the bloody hand of war.]
1822+ * * W. I. Piracy in the West
Indies having become common, a fleet
sent to break it up captures more than
twenty vessels.
STATE.
1822 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$93,546,676.
Feb. 1. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John
Gaillard of S. C. is reelected President
pro tempore.
Mar. 28. D. C. Congress ; the House
passes a bill to recognize the inde-
pendence of the Spanish provinces in
South America. Vote ; 167-1.
Mar. 30. D. C. Congress provides for
a territorial government in Florida.
Mar. * D. C. President Monroe gives ut-
terance to the famous Monroe Doc-
trine. (See Dec. 2, 1823.)
May 4. D. C. The President communi-
cates to Congress his objections to na-
tional appropriations for internal im-
provements. [It arrests public attention
and legislative action.]
May 8. B.C. The 17th Congress:
the first session closes.
Dec. 2. I). C. Congress : the second
session opens.
* * D.C. Congress recognizes the South
American Republics.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-23 * * Cal. Pablo V. de Sola (Mex.).
-23 * * Del. Caleb Rodney.
-34* * Fla. (Ter.) William P. Duval.
-26 * * III. Edward Coles.
-25 * * Ind. William Hendricks.
-24 * * La. H. S. Thibodeaux.
-24 * * N. Y. Joseph Yates.
O. Allen Trimble.
-26 * * O. Jeremiah Morrow.
-24* * S. C. John L. Wilson.
-25 * * Va. James Pleasants.
1823 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$90,875,877.
Feb. 19. D. C. Congress; Senate:.
John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected
President pro tempore.
Feb. * Tex. Mexico grants Stephen F.
Austin of Va,, founder of Texas, a grant
of territory for a colony.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 17th Congress
ends.
Dec. 1. D. C. The 18th Congress
opens.
Congress ; House : Henry Clay of
Ky. is again elected Speaker.
Dec. 2. D. C. Declaration of the
Monroe doctrine.
It is enunciated by the President in his
message to Congress, " That the Ameri-
can Continents, by the free and inde-
pendent position which they have as-
sumed and maintained, are henceforth
not to be considered as subjects for future
colonization by any European power;"
he also declares that the extension of the
system of the Holy Alliance to these con-
tinents would not be regarded " in any
other light than as the manifestation
of an unfriendly disposition toward the
United States."
* * D. C. Smith Thompson of N. T.
is appointed Justice of the U. S. Su-
preme Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-25 * * Cal. Luis Arguello (Mexican).
-24 * * Del. Joseph Haslett.
-27 * * Ga. George M. Troup.
-25 * * Mass. W r m. Eustis.
-24 * * N. H. Levi Woodbury.
Pa. John Andrew Shulze.
-26 * * Vt. C. P. Van Ness.
1824 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$90,269,777.
Jan. 9. D. C. Congress ; House : a
protective tariff bill is introduced. It
is opposed by the South and New Eng-
land.
May 22. D. C. Congress enacts a
new tariff which is more highly pro-
tective than the old law. Average rate
37 per cent. It has a slender majority
in its favor ; only five in the House and
four in the Senate.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1822 * * Autumn. The first regular
steamer sails between New York and
Norfolk, Va.
* * Boston becomes an incorporated city.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1822, 6,911.
1823 Oct. 8. N. Y. The first boat
passes from Rochester to Albany through
the Erie Canal.
± * * Boston. Gas is used. The first
mayor under the city charter is elected.
* * Miss. Natchez is scourged with yel-
low fever; most of the citizens flee.
* * N. Y. The first three-story brick
house in Brooklyn is erected ; the
houses are first numbered, and some of
the streets paved ; population about 7,000.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1823, 6,354.
132 1824, Apr. 19-1826, Jan. 3.
AMERICA
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1824 * * Wis. The Colorado Beetle
(potato-bug) is first found in Wisconsin ;
it is described by Thomas Say, and named
Doryphora decemlineata.
' * * Mass. The manufacture of flannel
by water-power is commenced at Ames-
bury.
1825 June 17. Mass. The venerable
Marquis de Lafayette lays the corner-
stone of Bunker Hill Monument;
Daniel Webster delivers the oration.
Nov. 29. New York. Rossini's II Bar-
bier is produced by the Manuel Garcia
Company, including Maria Felicita Ma-
libran. The first genuine Italian opera
in America.
* * New York. Dr. Gram, educated in
Denmark, introduces the homeo-
pathic practice of medicine.
* * Phila. Queen' s-ware is first manu-
factured.
* * U.S. Anthracite coal is used in
dwellings and factories.
* * Va. A small observatory is erected
by Thomas Jefferson for the University
of Virginia.
* * U. S. A bottle containing acid and
cotton surmounted with phosphorized
pine sticks substitutes the tinder-box,
flint, and steel, in starting a fire.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1824* *
Ashby, Turner, Confed. gen., born in Va.
Baird, Absalom, maj.-gen. vols., born in Pa.
Baker, William Mumford, author, b. in D. C.
Beard, William H., animal painter, b. in O.
Bee, Bernard E., Confed. gen., b. in S. C.
Beecher, Thomas K., Cong, cl., born In Conn.
Bonner, Robert, journalist of N. Y., b. Ire.
Bradford, Joseph M., naval officer, b. Tenn.
Broome, John L., officer U. S. N., b. in N. Y.
Burnside, Ambrose E., maj.-gen. of vols.,
sen. for K.I., gov., born in Ind.
Cary, Phoebe, poet, born in 0. ?
Colquitt, Alfred H., sen. for Ga., b. in Ga.
Cooley, Thomas M., jurist, b. in N. Y.
Cox, Samuel Sullivan, M. C. for N.Y., b. O.
Curtis, George William, author, editor
J/arper's Weekly, born in R. I.
Dayton, Jonathan, Revl'n. patriot, A64.
Doremus, Robert Ogden, chemist, b. N.Y.
Duncan, William C, Bap. cl., editor, b. N.Y.
Flemming, William, M. C, A70.
Fry, Benj. St. James, M. E. cl., b. in Tenn.
Gould, Benjamin A., Jr., astronomer, born
in Mass.
Graham, Chas. K., officer U. S. N., b. N.Y.
Grow, Galusha Aaron, M.C. for Pa., Speaker,
born in Conn.
Hancock, Winfleld Scott, maj.-gen. U. S.
A., born in Pa.
Haven, Harriet M., reformer, born.
Howell, David, judge, A77.
Hunt, William Morris, painter, born in Vt.
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, " Stonewall,"
U. S. A., Confed. lieut.-gen., b. Va., Jan. 21.
Jeffers, William, U. S. N., born.
Johnson, Eastman, painter, born in Me.
King, Thomas Starr, Unit, cl., born in N. Y.
Leland, Charles G., essayist, humorist, b. Pa.
Lewis, Estelle Anna B., author, born in Md.
Littlejohn, Abram N., P. E. bp. b. N.Y.
Matthews, Stanley, U. S. S. Ct., born in 0.
Morgan, John T., sen. for Ala., born in Tenn.
Ogden, John, founder Fisk Univ., born.
Oglesby, Richard J., gov., sen. for 111., gen.,
born in Ky.
Palmer, Tunis, army officer, born.
Pleasonton, Alfred, brig.-gen. vol., b. D. C.
Putnam, Rufus, gen., pioneer of 0., A86.
Quintard, Chas. T., P. E. bishop, b. Conn.
Rodney, Caesar A., atty.-gen., of Pa., A42.
Randall, Charles S.,M. C. for Mass., born in
Mass.
Seelye, Julius Hawley, educator, b. Conn.
Shea, John D. Gilmary, scholar, b. N.Y.City.
Sigel, Franz, brig.-gen. of vols., b. in Ger.
Stanford, Leland, sen. for Cal., b. in N.Y.
Thompson, Chas., pres. of Congress, A9S.
Walker, William, filibuster, b. in Tenn.
Whitney, Adeline 1). Train, au., b. in Mass.
Wight, Orlando Williams, author, b. N.Y.
Winchell, Alexander, geologist, b. in N.Y.
Woods, William B., U. S. S. Ct., b. in Ga.
1825 * *
Akers, Benj. Paul, sculptor, born in Me.
Andrews, Edward Gayer, M. E. bp., b. N.Y.
Baldwin, Thomas, Bapt. cl. in Boston, A72.
Belden, James J., M. C. for N.Y., b. in N.Y.
Berg, Albert W., composer, organist, born.
Birney, David Bell, maj.-gen. of vols., b. Ala.
Blackwell, Antoinette Brown, Congrega-
tional preacher, philanthropist, b. in N.Y.
Bliss, Willard, physician, born.
Boyd, Andrew K. H., P. E. cl., born in Scot.
Bristow, Geo. F., composer, musician, b. N. Y.
Brooks, John, Gov. of Mass., A73.
Butler, Wm. Allen, poet, born in N.Y.
Child, Francis James, scholar, b. in Boston.
Cook, John, brig.-gen. vols., born in 111.
Curry, Jabez L. M., Bapt. clergyman, b. Ga.
Dalton, John Call, physiologist, b. in Mass.
Davidson, Lucretia Maria, poetess, A 17.
Eustis, William, physician, M. C, Gov. of
Mass., sec. of war, minister, A72.
Dorr, Julia C. R., author, born in S. C.
Fanning, David, Tory leader in Rev., A69.
Fiske, Pliny, missionary in Palestine, A 33.
Fischer, Geo. Jackson, physician, surgeon, b.
Gear, John H., M. C, born in N.Y.
George, Wm. S., journalist, editor, born.
Gillmore, Quincy A., gen., engineer, b. in 0.
Gordon, Geo. Henry, brig.-gen. vols., b. Mass.
Gordon, Granger, maj.-gen. vols., b. in N.Y.
Green, William Henry, Pres. cl., b. in N. J.
Guernsey, Alfred Hudson, editor, b. in Vt.
Haight, Henry Huntley, jurist, born in N. Y.
Harper, Robert F., lawyer, statesman, A60.
Hill, Ambrose P., U. S. A., Confed. maj.-
gen., born in Va.
Houk, George W., M. C. for 0., born in Pa.
Hull, William, gen. in war of 1812, A 62.
Hunt, Thomas Sterry, chemist, b. in Conn.
Inness, George, landscape painter, b. N.Y.
Jewell, Marshall, Gov. of Conn., b. in N. H.
Lamar, Lucius Q. C., U. S. S. Ct., b. in Miss.
Lea, Henry C, author, born in Pa.
Le Conte, John L., entomologist, b. in N.Y.
Livingston, John H., father of Reformed
Dutch Church in Am., A79.
Macdonough, Thos., com. U. S. N., A42.
March, Francis Andrew, philologist, b. Mass,
Merrill, Stephen M., M. E. bishop, b. in O.
Palmer, John Williamson, editor, b. in Md.
Parker, Edward G., journalist, au., b. Mass.
Pickett, Geo. E., U.S.A., Confed. gen.,b. Va.
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, maj.-gen.,
minister to Fr., A79.
Porcher, Francis Peyre, physician, b. S. C.
Preston, Thos. Scott, R. C. primate, b. Conn.
Prime, William C, editor, born in N.Y.
Karey, John S., horse-tamer, born in O.
Reno, Jesse L., general, born in W. Va.
Requier, Augustus J., jurist, poet, b. S. C.
Rinehart, William H., sculptor, born in Md.
Rogers, Randolph, sculptor, born in N.Y.
Schweinitz, Edmund Alex, de, Moravian
bishop, born in Pa.
Shays, Daniel, rebel of Mass., A85.
Stevens, Moses T., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass.
Stoddard, Richard Henry, poet, b. in Mass.
Summerfleld, John, M. E. cl., orator, A27.
Taylor, Bayard, traveler, poet, born in Pa.
Thomas, Cyrus, entomologist, born in Tenn.
Tompkins, Daniel D., statesman, M. C. for
N.Y., 6th Vice-Pres., governor, A51.
Underwood, Francis Henry, author, b. Mass.
Weems, Mason L., author, born in Va.
Whitney, Eli, inventor of cotton gin, A60.
Wilkinson, James, general U. S. A., A 68.
CHURCH.
1824 May 1-28. Md. The General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is
held in Baltimore ; reports from the An-
nual Conferences condemn the plan for
electing presiding elders.
It establishes the Upper, Middle, and
Cherokee Missions.
It organizes the Maine, Illinois, Pitts-
burg, and Holston Conferences, and or-
dains as bishops Joshua Soule and
Elijah Hedding.
May 21. Md. A Convention of Metho-
dist Reformers is held at Baltimore.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; Thomas DeWitt,
president.
* * N. Y. The Baptists work among the
Tuscaroras and Tonawandas of western
New York.
* * Phila. The American Sunday-
school Union is organized.
* * The General Assembly (Presby-
terian) meets ; Ashbel Green, moderator.
* * S. C. The United Synod, South
(Evangelical Lutheran), of South Caro-
lina, is organized.
1825 Feb. * N. Y. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets at Albany ; T. DeWitt,
president. [Also, at New Brunswick, in
June, Jacob Broadhead, president, and
again in Sept.]
May 24. Boston. The American Uni-
tarian Association is formed.
* * There are 95 Unitarians and 310 Con-
gregational churches.
May 25. Boston. The Unitarian Mis-
sionary Association is founded.
* * Md. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) meets at Frederick.
* * N. Y. The Universalist State Con-
vention is organized.
* * New York. The [present] American
Tract Society is organized.
* * 0. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of
the Western Reserve is formed.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; S. N. Rowan, mod-
erator.
* * Pa. A Protestant Episcopal bishop is
first seen west of the Alleghanies.
The Reformed (German) Church estab-
lishes a theological school at Carlisle.
* * Wis. The Episcopalians open an Da-
dian mission at Green Bay.
LETTERS.
1824 * * Boston. The Christian Exam-
iner is issued.
* * New York. The Atlantic Magazine is
issued [and afterwards changed to the
New York Monthly Beview],
* * N. Y. The Rensselaer Polytechnic In-
stitute (non-sect.) is organized at Troy.
* * O. The Miami University (non-
sect.) is organized at Oxford.
* * Va. The Union Theological Seminary
(Presb.) is established.
* * The Mutual Bights (Meth. Protestant)
is issued.
* * John Bull in America, by Paulding,
appears.
* * Tales of a Traveller, by Irving,
appears.
* * Beflections on the Politics of Ancient
Greece, by George Bancroft, appears.
* * Uses and Various Evidences of Be-
vealed Beligion, by Verplanck, appears.
1825* * Conn. The Connecticut Histori
cal Society Library is founded at Hart-
ford. [20,000 vols.]
* * La. The Centenary CoUege
(Meth. Epis.) is established.
* * Mass. Newton Theological Institute
(Bapt.) is founded at Newton Centre.
* * N. J. Queen's College (Reformed)
is revived, and called Rutgers College.
UNITED STATES. 1824, Apr. 19-1826, Jan. 3. 133
* * New York. The Sunday Courier is is-
sued. It is the first Sunday newspaper.
* * N. Y. Hobart Free College (Prot.
Epis.) is founded at Geneva.
* * O. Franklin College (non-sect.), at
New Athens, is organized.
Kenyon College (Prot. Epis.) is orga-
nized at Gambier.
* * Va. The University of Virginia
(non-sect.) is organized. Its Library
[48,000 vols.] is founded.
* * The Biblical Repertory and Princeton
Review, founded by Hodge, appears.
* * The Religious Messenger (Meth. Epis.)
is issued. [Later merged into the Chris-
tian Advocate.]
* * George Guess (or Sequoyah), a half-
breed Cherokee about 50 years old, in-
vents the Cherokee alphabet.
* * Zophiel'e; or the Bride of Seven, by
Maria Brooks, appears.
* * The Southern Literary Gazette appears.
* * Hadad, by Hillhouse, appears.
* * -26 * * Observations on Cornine, a
Neto Alkaloid, by Samuel G. Morton,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1824 Aug. 15. New York. Lafay-
ette, aged and gray, revisits America
by invitation of Congress ; and as the
nation's guest, he is received with tre-
mendous enthusiasm [in all his tour of
5,000 miles through the States].
* * Ind. Robert Dale Owen of Scotland
establishes a philanthropic settlement,
called New Harmony, at his own ex-
pense.
* * Tenn. James K. Polk marries Sarah
Childress.
1825 Sept. 8. D. C. Gen. Lafayette,
" the Nation's guest," bids farewell to
America, and sails from Washington for
France in an American frigate.
Nov. 29. N. Y. The completion of the
Erie and Champlain canals is cele-
brated.
Dec. 22. D. C. Congress votes Lafay-
ette $200,000 and 24,000 acres of fertile
land in Florida, as a. reward for services
and remuneration of expenses, incurred
during the Revolution.
* * Ind. Abraham Lincoln, sixteen
years old, is working a ferry on the
Ohio for six dollars a month.
* * New York. The Sunday Courier is
issued, but soon suspends for lack of
patronage.
* * U. S. "Working people begin to dis-
cuss the questions of shorter hours,
higher wages, and greater safety.
* * _30 * * The Columbia Charitable As-
sociation of Shipwrights and Calkers
organizes.
1826 Jan. 3. New York. Veterans or-
ganize the Society of the "War of
1812.
STATE.
1824 Apr. 19. D. C. Congress:
House : The "A.B. Plot" culminates.
Charges are presented against William
H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury
and candidate for the presidency, which
reflect on his integrity; they are made
by Ninian Edwards, ex-senator for Illi-
nois, but not sustained.
May 21. D. C. Congress; Senate:
John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected
President pro tempore.
May 27. I). C. The 18th Congress:
the first session closes.
* * D. C. President Monroe declines to
be a candidate for reelection.
Dec. 10. Congress; House: Henry
Clay welcomes Lafayette in an address.
* * U. S. Great public excitement pre-
vails in the election, owing to the number
(4) of candidates ; Adams in the East,
Crawford in the South, Jackson and
Clay in the West.
* * U. S. The custom of making nomi-
nations for President and Vice-Presi-
dent by caucuses of members of
Congress becomes unpopular, and is
abandoned.
Nov. (?) * U. S. The 10th Presidential
election; coalition candidates are
elected. Popular vote for President :
Andrew Jackson (Dem.-Rep.) of Tenn.,
155,872; John Q,. Adams (Opposition)
of Mass., 105,321 ; Henry Clay (Rep.) of
Ky., 46,587; "William H. Crawford
(Rep.) of Ga., 44,282.
Tenn. James K. Polk of Tenn. is
first elected to Congress, aged 29. [He
is reelected continuously for 14 years.]
Dec. 6. D.C. The 18th Congress: the
second session opens.
Dec. 22. D. C. Congress votes Lafay-
ette remuneration. (See Society.)
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-27 * * Del. Samuel Paynter.
-28 * * Ky. Joseph Desha.
-28 * * La. Henry Johnson.
-26 * * Mo. Frederick Bates.
-27 * *N. C. Hutchins G. Burton.
-27 * * N.H. David L. Morrill.
-28* * N. Y. De Witt Clinton.
-31 * * R. I. James C. Fenner.
-26 * * S. C. Richard J. Manning.
1825 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$83,788,432.
Jan. 11. D. C. Congress: the senate
ratifies a boundary treaty with Russia.
It establishes the boundary line at 54° 40'.
Feb. 12. Ga.-Ala. A treaty is made
with the Indians.
* * D. C. President Adams recommends
internal improvements, but Congress
does not approve.
Feb. 9. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : Andrew Jackson
of Tenn., 99 ; John Q. Adams of Mass., 84 ;
Henry Clay of Ky.. 37 ; Wm. H. Craw-
ford of Ga., 41. Vote for Vice-Presi-
dent: John C. Calhoun (Dem.-Rep.) of
S. C, 182 ; Nathan Sanford of N. Y.,30;
Nathaniel Macon of N. C, 24: Andrew
Jackson of Tenn. (Rep.), 13 ; Martin Van
Buren of N. Y. (Rep.), 3; Henry Clay
of Ky. (Rep.), 2.
No candidate having a majority of the
total electoral vote (261), the House of
Representatives elects Adams on the
first ballot, by the votes of 13 States.
Vote of the House of Representatives :
Jackson, 99 ; Adams, 84 ; Crawford, 41 ;
Clay, 37; Calhoun 82, and 78 for all
others.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 18th Congress
ends.
Sixth Administration ; Coalition.
Mar. 4. D. C. John Quincy Adams of
Mass. is inaugurated the 6th President,
in the 10th term of the presidency. John
C. Calhoun of S. C. is Vice-President.
Cabinet : Henry Clay of Ky. (State),
Richard Rush of Pa. (Treas.), James
Barbour of Va. (War), Samuel L.
Southard of N. J. (Navy), William
Wirt of Va. (Atty.-Gen.), John Mc-
Lean of O. (P. M.-Gen.).
Mar. 9. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John
Gaillard of S. C. is elected President
pro tempore.
Dec. 5. D. C. The 19th Congress
opens.
Dec. * House : John W. Taylor of N. Y.
is elected Speaker.
* * Ga. A Controversy concerning
Creek (Indian) lands in Georgia oc-
curs ; the State ignores the Federal au-
thority ; the Indians sell their lands, and
remove to the West.
* * A treaty of commerce is made with the
Republic of Colombia.
* * The opponents of President Jackson's
administration become known as
Whigs, and their number increases
rapidly.
* * -26 * * New York. William Paulding,
the 55th mayor, is elected.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-29 * * Ala. John Murphy.
-29* *Ark.(Ter.) George Izzard.
-31 * * Cal. J. M. de Echeandia (Mex.).
-31 * * Ind. James B. Ray.
Mass. Marcus Morton.
-34 * * Mass. Levi Lincoln.
-27 * * Miss. David Holmes.
-27 * * Va. John Tyler.
1826 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$81,054,059.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1824 * * N. Y. Steam ferries are first
run between New York and Brooklyn.
* * New York. Anthracite coal is first
used.
* * Summer. La. The yellow fever
rages in New Orleans.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1824, 7,912.
1825 Oct. 26. N. Y. The great Erie
Canal, 363 miles long, is completed,
chiefly through the influence of De Witt
Clinton. It costs $7,500,000, and connects
the Great Lakes with the seaboard at
New York. The Champlain Canal is
also completed.
Nov. 2. N. Y. The opening of the
Erie Canal is celebrated with great
ceremony by the city of Albany.
Nov. 4. Neio York. The first boat via
the Erie Canal arrives.
* * N. J. The Morris Canal, to connect
Newark and Phillipsburg, is commenced.
* * N. Y. The State treasurer has paid
nearly $90,000 in the last ten years for
the extermination of wolves.
134 1826, Jan. 10.-1828, July 4. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1828 May 24. Maj.-Gen. Alexander
Macomb is appointed (11th) commander
of the army.
July 1. 2T. Y. Jefferson Davis, 20 years
of age, graduates at "West Point Military
Academy.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1826 June 23. New York. Edwin
Forrest appears as Othello at the Park
Theater.
Oct. 2. New York. W. C. Macready
first appears in America as Virginius at
the Park Theater.
* * Conn. The manufacture of axes
and other edge-tools is commenced at
Hartford.
* * Mass. The manufacture of palm-leaf
hats commences.
* * New York. The Academy of Design
is founded.
* * N. J. Thomas Seir Cummings of
Hackensack is elected member of the
National Academy of Design.
* * Pa. The manufacture of school-
slates is commenced in this country.
* * Patrick Lyon, the Blacksmith, is
painted by John Neagle.
* * James H. Hackett, a merchant, turns
to the stage, and becomes the foremost of
American comedians.
1827 * * Md. The manufacture of fire-
brick is commenced at Baltimore.
* * D. C. The Capitol at Washington is
completed.
* * Portrait of Jared Sparks is painted by
Gilbert Stuart.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1826* *
Adams, John, of Mass., diplomatist, 2d
Pres. of U. S., dies July 4, A91.
Abbot, Joel, M. C. for Ga., A60.
Blake, William 1'., mineralogist, b. in N.Y.
Bond, George Phillips, astronomer, b. Mass.
Bowles, Samuel, journalist, born in Mass.
Brace, Charles L., author, philan., b. Conn.
Braden, John, coll. pres. Nashville, b. N.Y.
Brown, Benj. Gratz, editor, teacher, born.
Buford, John, U. S. N., born in Ky.
Church, Frederick Edwin, landscape
painter, born in Conn.
Crosby, Howard, Pres. clergyman, Greek
scholar, born in N.Y.
Dale, Richard, commodore, A70.
Daniels, Charles, M. C, born in N.Y.
Dashiel, Robert L., M. E. cl., born in Md.
Davis, Andrew J., clairvoyant, writer on
spiritualism, born in N.Y.
Davis, John, M. C, born in 111.
De Forest, John William, author, b. Conn.
Ewer, Ferdinand Cartwright, P. E. clergy-
man, author, born in Mass.
Foster, Stephen C, ballad composer, b. Pa.
George, James Z., sen. for Miss., born in Ga.
± Gibbon, John, maj.-gen. of vols., b. in Pa.
Gregg, John I., brev. brig.-gen., born in Pa.
Hall, Gordon, first Am. miss, in Bombay, A44.
Hawley, Joseph K., sen. for Conn, born N. C.
Hoar, George F., U. S. sen. for Mass., b. Mass.
Jefferson, Thomas, of Ya., minister to Fr.,
sec. of state, 3d Pres., dies July 4, A 83.
Larcom, Lucy, author, poet, born in Mass.
Logan, John A., maj.-gen. vols., sen. for
111., candidate for Vice-Pres.,b. 111., Feb. 9.
Long, Armistead L., Confed. gen., b. in Va.
MacClellan, Georpre Brinton, Gen. of U. S.
A., Dem. candidate for Pres., Gov. of N. J.,
born in Pa., Dec. 3.
Mahone, Win., Confed. gen., sen. for Va., b.
in Va.
Macconnel, John L., novelist, born in 111.
Martin, Luther, lawyer, A78.
Mehan, Thomas, botanist, born in Eng.
Morgan, John H., Confed. guerrilla, b. Ky.
Morgan, William, mechanic, abducted, A51.
Morse, Jedidiah, geographer, A6A.
Murray, Lindley, grammarian, A81.
Negley, James S., maj.-gen. vols., b. in Pa.
Newman, John P., M. E. bishop, b. in N.Y.
Oakes, James, brev. brig.-gen., born in Pa.
Orton, William, pres. W. U. Tel. Co., b. N. Y.
Osborn, Selleck, editor, litterateur, A43.
Paine, Halbert E., soldier, born in 0.
Penny, Virginia, writer, born in Ky.
Quackenbos, George Payn, educator, b. N.Y.
Kansoin, Matt. W., Confed.-gen., sen. for
N. C, b. in N. C.
Robinson, Lucius B., Gov. of N.Y., b. N.Y.
Seney, George I., philanthropist, b. N.Y.
Stockbridge, Francis B., sen. for Mich., born
in Me.
1827* *
Addison, David, author, born.
Atkinson, Edward, writer, born in Mass.
Bascom, John, author, M. E. cl., b. in N.Y.
Bates, Samuel Penniman, historian, b. Mass.
Betts, Beverly R., P. E. clergyman, b. N.Y.
Boyce, Jas. P., Bap. cl., theologian, b. S. C.
Bradford, William, painter, born in Mass.
Hroadus, J. A., Bap. theol. prof., born in Va.
Cattell, Win. C, Pres. Lafayette, b. N. J.
Cooke, Josiah Parsons, chemist, b. in Mass.
Cooke, Rose Terry, writer, poet, b. in Conn.
Corcoran, Michael, brig.-gen., born in Ire.
Cummins, Maria S., novelist, born in Mass.
Dix, Morgan, P. E. clergyman, b. N.Y. City.
Dooly, John Mitchell, wit, jurist, A55. 1
Emmit, Thomas A., lawyer of N.Y., A63.
Ferry, Thomas W., U. S. sen., born in Mich.
Fink, Albert, engineer, born in Ger.
Fisher, George Park, prof, in Yale, b. Mass.
Fry, James B., general, born in 111.
Gaillard, Edwin S., phys., educator, b. S. C.
Hendricken, Thos. F., R. C. bishop, b. Ire.
Holcombe, Win. F., surgeon, prof., b. Mass.
Holley, Horace, Unit, clergyman, A46.
Howard, John E., gen., sen. for Md., gov., A75.
Hurlbut, Wm. Henry, journalist, b. in S. C.
King. Rufus, M. Cont'l Cong, from Me.,
sen. for N.Y., minister to Eng., A72.
Latham, Milton S., statesman, born in O.
Murphy, John McLeod, naval engineer, born.
Newhall, Fales H., prof. Wesleyan Univ., b.
Palmer, Frank W., editor, born in Ind.
Parke, John G., mag.-gen. of vols., b. in Pa.
Payson, Edward, Cong, clergyman, A44.
Peale, Chas. Wilson, painter, naturalist, A86.
Pickens, Israel, senator, dies.
Pike, Mary H. Greene, author, born in Me.
Piatt, Orville H., senator for Conn., born.
Pratt, Daniel J., scholar, writer, b. in N.Y.
Rains, J., Confed. gen., born.
Robeson, George M., sec. of navy, b. in N. J.
Rosecrans, Sylvester H., R. C. bishop, b. O.
Schennerhorn, Simon J., M. C.,born in N.Y.
Slocum, Henry Warner, maj.-gen. vols., law-
yer, born in N. Y.
Stewart, William M., sen. for. Nev., b. N.Y.
Terry, Alfred Howe,brig.-gen. vols., b. Conn.
Tilghman, Win., jurist, A71.
Trowbridge, John Townsend, novelist, born.
Venable, Charles S., mathematician, b. Va.
Voorhees, Daniel W., sen. for Ind., born in O.
■Whitney, William Dwight, comparative
philologist, born in Mas 
TVNews
OpenLibrary