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■
CYCLOPEDIA OF
CLASSIFIED DATES
f
CYCLOPEDIA OF
CLASSIFIED DATES
WITH AN EXHAUSTIVE INDEX
sP
By CHARLES E. LITTLE
COMPILER OF BIBLICAL LIGHTS, AND
HISTORICAL LIGHTS AND SIDE-LIGHTS
FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS OF HISTORY, AND
FOR ALL PERSONS WHO DESIRE SPEEDY
ACCESS TO THE FACTS AND EVENTS, WHICH
RELATE TO THE HISTORIES OF THE VARI-
OUS COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, FROM THE
EARLIEST RECORDED DATES
0
FUNK & WAGNALL<
NEW YORK AND
1900
LONDON, \\V^\\\
0
II
Copyright 1899, by
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
[REGISTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL, LONDON]
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
'%
INTRODUCTION.
This book is designed for general use, as it possesses the essential features of a Universal
History, a Biographical Dictionary, a Geographical Gazetteer, and, besides these specific uses,
a general utility fitting it to become a companion to the Dictionary, both in the library of the
scholar, and in the homes and schools where young people are pursuing their studies.
It aims primarily to serve as a volume of historical annals for students and general readers,
who may desire immediate access to historical facts relating to the persons or events referred to
in any publication, or wish to obtain the historical setting of such facts, in the current of simul-
taneous events. It also aims to serve as a digest of the history of every country; and yet further
to show the trend of history almost at a glance, by noting the relative space allotted to each of
the several topics, under which events are classified.
The author has kept constantly in mind that accuracy of date and statement are of primary
importance in a book of dated facts. No other excellence can atone for inaccuracy, because this is
a fundamental feature. In pursuit of this purpose immense difficulties have been encountered,
yet neither labor nor expense have been considered too great to make the information here given
reliable. Many difficulties have been occasioned by the general terms so often used by authors in
describing events, which by the plan of this book must be made specific, and by the frequent
absence in one or several historical narratives of some of the essential facts which the plan of
this work requires, hence much laborious research has often been required to obtain only a small
part of a single item.
More serious impediments have been found in the disagreeing statements of various authors.
Some of these disagreements are quite surprising. Concerning such an important event as the
landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock, historians are wide apart, respecting both the date,
and the number of persons landing. The date celebrated in Plymouth, Mass., and that adopted by
many historians, is the 22d of December; others, with satisfactory evidence, accept December 21st
as the anniversary day. The error probably arises from an attempt made in the 18th century to
fix the New Style date, by adding eleven days to December 11th, Old Style, whereas only ten should
be added, as the landing occurred in the 17th century, when ten days were required to correct the
calendar. Respecting the number of colonists who came over on the Mayflower, some historians
give it as 100, others as 101, and yet others as 102 persons; the last being correct.
Another familiar event illustrates the confusion in historical narratives. The famous Captain
Wadsworth, who hid the charter of Connecticut in an ancient oak, is designated by some persons as
William, by others, and more properly, as Joseph Wadsworth. If Ave could be misled by the Rev.
Samuel Peters, the fabricator of the Blue Laws of Connecticut, we might conclude with him that
Captain Wadsworth's Christian name was Samuel, and that the famous tree was an elm.
Much confusion has been caused by the reluctance with which the Protestant countries accepted
the reformation of the Calendar, made by Gregory XIII. in the year 1582, nearly one hundred and
twenty years having elapsed before its adoption by the Protestant states of Germany, and one hun-
dred and seventy years before it was adopted by Great Britain. Hence the same event would have
a date ten or eleven days apart, according as it was given by a Catholic or a Protestant writer.
Readers are aware that the dates of very ancient history have only an uncertain value. The
fallibility of human testimony relating to simple events in modern times is well known ; but
when its evidence consists entirely in a current tradition, its unreliability is evident. Here the
commonly received chronology has been followed without indicating any suspicion of uncer-
tainty ; but when a point is reached in the history of a country, after which dates may be accepted
as authentic, the fact has been stated in the text.
•In the dates given to the earlier Biblical events, the order of Usher's Chronology has been fol-
lowed, for the lack of something better; but these dates are placed at the end instead of the begin-
ning of the item, and are enclosed in parentheses with the chronologist's name, to indicate uncer-
tainty. Differing authorities are often added in the same manner. When the chronology is com-
monly accepted by modern scholarship the dates are placed in the style followed throughout the book.
For the events of recent years which have not yet passed under the pen of the historian, the
best digests of daily news have been consulted, and the books noted, are those which have been
commended by the most scholarly reviews.
vi CYCLOPEDIA OP CLASSIFIED DATES.
Notable as well as important events have been included in this work. By notable is meant
such events 'as excited widespread interest at the time of their occurence, and are often ignored by
the historian; as the brief excitement respecting domestic silk-culture in some New England
States, and the burning of Barnum's Museum in New York. By utilizing this class of events, it
is hoped that these pages may in some sense reflect the current thought of each period.
Special attention is directed to features of the book which are believed to be worthy of par-
ticular mention. Besides the combination of the topical and chronological systems already men-
tioned, the vast assemblage of historical facts may be noted; also, the locality of events which has
been systematically indicated by a locality word; the simultaneous exhibit of concurrent events-;
the names of contemporaries under the heading Births and Deaths; the exhaustive Index, with
numerals referring to the column, as well as the page; and finally the free use of several kinds of
type, making it easy for the eye to search the pages.
Ancient Greece, Rome, and the Bible Lands have been treated with much care and fulness, in
order to meet the needs of students of Classical and Biblical history. The aid of experts has been
enlisted in the compiling of the Greek and Assyrian events. t
Obviously the value of a work of this kind depends in great measure on its adaptation for
practical use. It is believed that the arrangement and style of this book favors quick access to de-
sired information; the grouping of items under a common subject, the use of bold face type, and the
uniform use of a locality word, are all contributary to this end. But the most valuable feature is
the unique combination of the two common methods of arranging events, so that both the chrono-
logical and the topical orders may be seen at once, yet so that neither is impaired by the union.
Throughout the book it will be found that the two opposite pages, that come under the
eye, have dates relating to a common period; on these pages are all the events the book contains
for that period, relating to the country there named, except as shown by cross-references in the
Index, whenever events are common to two or more Countries; hence, there is no turning of pages
after a period sought for is found. Seven classifications of items may also be seen; these are made
by grouping them under comprehensive topics. Thus, without marring the important chronolog-
ical order, the reader has the advantage of knowing where to look for a fact, under its proper topic.
Thereby he avoids the loss of time involved* were one item to be selected from all the items on the
page, instead of selected from only one group. If he chooses, he may now discard all the other
classifications and read one topic continuously, from page to page, ^,nd thus obtain the record of a
nation's activity in a single department from the beginning. Yet at any time, he may find the
historical setting of an event amid the variety of concurrent events, all of which fall under his eye
at the same time, as the item which engages his attention. The seven topical classifications are
chiefly self-explanatory, yet additional explanation may aid the reader in all cases where subjects
may seem to have relation to two or more topical classifications.
Army and Navy includes the organization of military and naval expeditions; the equipment
and movements of armies; sieges; and the great battles of history, whether on land or sea, with
the strength of the forces engaged, the names of opposing commanders, and statistics of the
casualties. Special attention has been given to important conflicts which have occurred in recent
years, and an exceptionally full treatment is given to the Civil War in the United States. Here
also are grouped items relating to the launching and testing of war- vessels with their subsequent
movements, and the promotion of the higher officers of the army and navy.
Art includes such events as relate to the fine and industrial arts, their progress, increase;
fostering organizations; noted architecture; important engineering works; paintings; statuary; the
drama; music; and the founding and meetings of societies for the promotion of art. Science
includes discoveries; important inventions; the founding of scientific institutions; and organizations
for the advancement of science. Nature includes such notable phenomena as the appearance of
comets; eclipses; the occurrence of earthquakes; storms and various other meteorological events.
Births and Deaths includes the names of many thousands of persons who have taken prominent
part in the achievements of mankind; in addition, their vocation or official position is recorded.
Church includes all items relating to religious and ecclesiastical affairs; these are treated
without sectarian prejudice, partiality, or editorial comment. Facts are grouped which relate
to the beginnings and progress of all religions; especially the origin and development of Christian
bodies; the general councils of the Church; general assemblies; general conferences; yearly
meetings; and national and international gatherings; various philanthropic, educational, and
missionary organizations; young peoples' societies of many names; Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciations, and like organizations; reformations; revivals; heresies; disruptions; secessions; reunions;
the founding of religious orders; the consecration of the higher clergy, and the changes in the
CYCLOPEDIA OP CLASSIFIED DATES. Vll
papacy. Biblical events and the history of Palestine may be found under Turkey; events
relating to early Christianity are chiefly narrated under Italy ; here are also the names of all the
popes, in the order given by the Roman Almanac Gerarchia Cattolica.
Letters includes whatever relates to education and literature; such as the founding of institutions
of learning and libraries; pioneer and important newspapers; appearance of magazines, together with
popular and important books; the organization of educational societies; educational gatherings.
Society includes events which have their chief value as exhibitions of humanity in the social
relations, whether expressive of human brotherhood or of "man's inhumanity to man;" such as
notable benefactions for human weal; congresses and conferences for the betterment of human con-
ditions; the anti-slavery agitation; temperance reformation; organization of fraternal associations
and brotherhoods; founding of asylums, hospitals, institutions of mercy and reform; also crimes;
scandals; suicides; prize fights; lynchings; slavery; strikes, and all indications of social unrest.
Under State are grouped the events relating to the government, whether administrative, legis-
lative, or judicial; the founding and federation of states; political agitations; revolutions; arbitra-
tions; alliances; conventions; treaties; ministries; ambassadorships; the opening and the closing of
Parliament. In the United States it includes the organization of political parties and their national
conventions; national elections, with both the popular and electoral votes for presidents; the sessions
and acts of the Continental, Federal, and the United States Congresses; the speakers of the House
Of Representatives; cabinet, judiciary and diplomatic appointments; the inauguration of govern-
ors; and statistics of national currency, revenue, and expenditure.
Miscellaneous comprises all items not related to the seven classifications already mentioned;
such as affairs concerning commerce; railroads; steamship lines; races; accidents; wrecks; fires;
epidemics; panics; census returns, and many other subjects.
Two stars (**) preceding an item in the text indicate that the year-date has not been found;
three stars { * * * ) indicate an indefinite period.
The locality word, printed in italics at the beginning of an item, indicates the modern name of
the country to which it relates; when given of ancient times these localities may be only approx-
imately correct.
The space given to the Index and the evidence of the labor applied to about 300 pages of con-
densed references, indicate its estimated importance. A large volume for reference without
direct reference guides is like a city without a directory, the larger the city the greater the
confusion of the stranger. Here a stranger to the book may find an item sought by the use of
the Index, as quickly as the author. It has not been deemed advisable to burden the Index with
numerous cross-references to analogous subjects; the reader, however, may extend his information
by turning to the names of such as are closely related. As the references are arranged chronolog-
ically, the history of religious, reformatory, and other movements, as well as personal biographies
may be traced; also the histories of important cities and federated states. For further explana-
tions concerning the Index the reader is referred to page 1162, which immediately precedes it.
The labor expended on this work can hardly be estimated by the average reader. The work
was begun in 1890, and concluded in December, 1899 ; and from two to five persons have been
continuously employed in collecting materials, verifying dates, spellings, and statements, or in
critically revising copy and printer's proofs.
It is a real pleasure to publicly acknowledge the valuable services of those persons who have
shared the toil of the author. Sincere thanks are tendered to John D. Prince, Ph.D., Professor
of Semitic Languages and Comparative Philology in the New York University, for assistance
in revising "Babylon" and "Assyria;" to Horace C. Wait, B.A., late Principal of Hasbrouck
Institute, of Jersey City, for revising "Greece;" to William Clarke, B.A., author of
school-books, for assistance in the preparation of "Great Britain;" to Thomas Cambell-
Copeland, editor and statistician, for revising "France" and "Great Britain;" to Charles
E. Little, Jr., and William Clarke Jr., for assistance in research and compilation; to
Louis E. Van Norman, A.M., for assistance in matters relating to general literary form, and
in seeing the book through the press; and to Frank H. Vizetelly, editor and critic, for valued
suggestions on the plate-proofs and Index, and for assistance in securing general typographical
accuracy. Acknowledgments are due to several legations at Washington for courteous coopera-
tion in the revision of the proof-sheets of those portions of this work which relate specifically to
the countries that they represent.
Jersey City, N. J., Dec. 7, 1899. C. E. L.
^
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
These are Used Chiefly in Items under Births and Deaths and in the Index.
Acad.,
A.D.,
adj.,
ad m.,
adv.,
Afg.,
Afr.,
agr.,
Arg. Rep.,
Ala.,
Alas.,
Alex.,
Alf.,
Alg.,
Am.,
antiq.,
Arab.,
arehbp.,
Ariz.,
Ark.,
asso.,
Assyr.,
Atty.-Gen.,
au. orauth.
Aust.,
Austral.,
av.
b.,
B.,
Bait.,
Bapt.,
Belg.,
Benj.,
bp.,
brig.,
Br. or Brit.,
Bulg.,
Cal.,
Can.,
capt.,
Card.,
Cath.,
eel.,
ch.,
chanc,
Chas.,
ohron.,
el.,
Colo.,
Com.,
conf.,
Confed.,
Cong.,
Conn.,
•cons.,
<;onven.,
ct.,
-eye,
D.,
d.,
B.C.,
Del.,
Dem.,
Den.,
Depart.,
dio.,
Dis.,
dis.,
Dom. Rep.,
dram.,
E.,
Eben.,
Ecua.,
ed.,
Egy.,
Eliz.,
emp.,
ency.,
Eng.,
eng.,
engra.,
Epis.,
ethnol.,
Eur.,
Evan.,
Ezek.,
Fla.,
Academy.
Anno Domini,
adjutant,
admiral,
advocate.
Afgbanistan.
Africa.
( agriculture or
\ agricultural.
Argentine Republic.
Alabama.
Alaska.
Alexander.
Alfred.
Algeria.
America or American,
antiquary.
Arabia,
archbishop.
Arizona.
Arkansas,
association.
Assyria.
Attorney-General,
author.
Austria.
Australia,
avenue,
born.
Baron.
Baltimore.
Baptist.
Before Christ.
Belgium or Belgian.
Benjamin,
bishop,
brigadier.
Britisb.
Bulgarian or Bulgaria.
California.
Canada,
captain.
Cardinal.
Catholic.
( celebration or
( celebrates,
church,
chancellor.
Charles,
chronologist.
clergy.
Colorado.
Commodore,
conference.
( Confederacy or
( Confederate.
Congress.
Connecticut,
consecrated,
convention,
court,
cyclopedia.
Duke,
died.
( District of Columbia
| or Washington.
Delaware.
| Democrat or
\ Democratic.
Denmark.
Department,
diocese.
(of Christ), Disciples,
discoversor discoverer.
Dominican Republic,
dramatist.
Earl.
Ebenezer.
Ecuador,
editor.
Egypt.
Elizabeth,
emperor,
encyclopedia.
England,
engineer,
engraver.
Episcopal,
ethnologist.
Europe or European.
Evangelical.
Ezekiel.
Florida.
fnd.,
found or founded.
obs.,
observatory.
Fr.,
France or French.
Okla.,
Oklahoma.
ft.,
fort.
opd., opnd.,
opened.
Ga.,
Georgia.
Ore.,
Oregon.
G. A. R.,
( Grand Army
1 of the Republic.
ornith.,
ornithologist.
O. T.,
Old Testament.
G. B.,
Great Britain.
Pa.,
Pennsylvania.
Gen. Ass.,
General Assembly.
paint.,
Pal.,
painter.
genea.,
Geo.,
genealogist.
George.
Palestine.
Pari.,
Parliament.
geog.,
geol.,
geographer.
path.,
pathologist.
geologist.
P. E. I.,
Prince Edward Island.
geom.,
Ger.,
geometrician.
Pers.,
Persia.
German.
phil.,
philosopher.
Gr.,
Greek or Greece.
Phila.,
Philadelphia.
Guat.,
Guatemala.
philan.,
philanthropist.
H. C,
House of Commons.
philol.,
philologist.
Heb.,
Hebrew.
phys.,
P.M. G.,
physician.
H. L.,
House of Lords.
Post Master General.
Hoi.,
Holland.
Pol.,
Poland.
hort.,
horticulturist.
polit.,
politician.
hosp.,
hospital.
Port.,
Portugal.
Hung.,
Hungary.
PP-.
pages.
la.,
Iowa.
Pr., .
Prince.
Ice.,
Iceland.
Pres.,
President.
Ida.,
Idaho.
Pres., Presb
,, Presbyterian.
incorp.,
incorporated.
print.,
printer.
Ind.,
Indiana.
Prof.,
Professor.
inst.,
institute or instituted.
Prot.,
Protestant.
Int.,
Interior.
Prus.,
Prussia.
intro.,
introduced.
Q.,
Queen.
inv.,
Ire.,
inventor.
Ireland.
R. C. or
Rom. Cath.,
| Roman Catholic.
Is.,
Island or Islands.
Kef.,
Reformed.
I. Ter.,
Indian Territory.
Kef. Epis.,
Reformed Episcopal.
Jap.,
Japan.
Ref. Presb.,
Reformed Presbyterian
Jer.,
Jeremiah.
Rep.,
Republican.
jour.,
journalist.
Rev.,
revenue or Reverend.
Jos.,
Joseph.
R. I.,
Rhode Island.
Jr.,
Junior.
Robt.,
Robert.
Justice,
1 Justice of the
Rus.,
Russia.
I Supreme Court.
S.,
South.
k.,
killed.
Sam.,
Samuel.
K.,
King.
Sax.,
Saxons or Saxony.
Kan.,
Kansas.
S. C,
South Carolina.
Kath.,
Katharine.
schol.,
scholar.
Ky.,
Kentucky.
Scot.,
Scotland or Scottish.
L.,
Lord.
sculp.,
sculptor.
La.,
Louisiana.
S. Dak.,
South Dakota.
lexicog.,
lexicographer.
Sem.,
Seminary.
Lond.,
London.
Sen.,
Senator.
Luth.,
Lutheran.
serg.,
sergeant.
Maj.,
Major.
Sp.,
Spain.
Maj.-Gen.,
Major-General.
Sr.,
Senior.
Mar.,
Margaret.
states.,
statesman.
Mass.,
Massachusetts.
supt.,
superintendent.
math.,
mathematician.
surg.,
surgeon.
Matt.,
Matthew.
Swe.,
Sweden.
M. C,
Member of Congress.
Switz.,
Switzerland.
Md.,
Maryland.
Tenn.,
Tennessee.
Me.,
Maine.
Ter.,
Territory.
met.,
metaphysician.
Tex.,
Texas.
Meth. Epis.
Methodist Episcopal.
theo. ,
theologian.
Mex.,
Mexico,
manufacturing.
Thos.,
Thomas.
mfg.,
♦Tim.,
Timothy.
mfd.,
manufactured.
Tur.,
Turkey.
Mich.,
Michigan.
Tur. A.,
Turkey in Asia.
Minn.,
Minnesota.
Tur. E.,
Turkey in Europe.
Miss.,
Mississippi.
U. S.,
United States.
miss.,
missionary.
U. S. A.,
United States Army.
Mo.,
Missouri.
U. S. N.,
United States Navy.
Mont.,
Montana.
u. s. v.,
1 United States
M. P.,
Member of Parliament.
1 Volunteers.
N.,
North.
Unit.,
Unitarian.
nat.,
national.
Univ.,
( University or
Nath.,
Nathaniel.
| Universalist.
nav.,
navigator.
Va.,
Virginia.
N. B.,
New Brunswick.
Venez.,
Venezuela.
N. C,
North Carolina.
vol.,
volunteers.
N. Dak.,
North Dakota.
V. Pres.,
Vice-President.
Neb.,
Nebraska.
Vt.,
Vermont.
Neth.,
Netherland.
w.,
Wales.
Nev.,
Nevada.
Wash.,
Washington (State).
N. F..
N. H.,
Newfoundland.
New Hampshire.
Wash. City,
(often D. C.)
| Washington City.
N. J.,
New Jersey.
W. C. T. U.
( Woman's Christian
( Temperance Union.
nom.,
nominated.
Nor.,Norw
, Norway.
Wes. Meth.
Wesleyan Methodist.
N. S'.,
Nova Scotia.
Wis.,
Wisconsin.
N.T.,
New Testament.
Win.,
William.*
N. Y.,
New York.
W. Va.,
West Virginia.
0.,
Ohio.
Wyo.,
Wyoming.
Obad.,
Obadiah.
Zech.,
Zechariah.
Cyclopedia of Classified Dates.
ABYSSINIA.
329-1842.
c^
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN THE CYCLOPEDIA
OF CLASSIFIED DATES
* = day of month unknown.
* * = month and day of month unknown.
* * * = year, month, and day of month unknown.
+ = the event recorded did not terminate on the date
given.
± - proximity to the date given, the precise date
being unknown.
— preceding an entry denotes that the date is the
same as given in preceding entry.
Geographical Location of an event is indicated by
inserting immediately after the date the name
(in full or abbreviated) of state, province, county,
or city, in italic type. In recording events of
ancient history, the modern name of the country
is the one so indicated.
In certain lists of events, such for instance as guberna-
torial inaugurations, recorded under one date,
the additional date at the beginning of each
entry of the list indicates the termination of the
period (term of office, for instance) to which the
event relates.
-
liopia ; estimated area,
religion is Coptic. The
ncies.
flourished.
ITATE.
leb, or Elesbaan, ex-
dom into Arabia, and
t prosperity begins.
jssinians are driven out
j the Persians.
Jewish Princess Judith
hrone and most of the king-
'•* "Tig nearly all of the royal
ngdom is restored to
and Icon Irnlac reigns,
i supposed to be ruled by
peror sends Matthew, an
he King of Portugal to
tgainst the Turks.
; Portuguese are odious
nd driven out.
nperor sends Bermudez
again solicit aid against
3-alla tribes enter Abys-
South. [They gradually
ale country].
-e is broken up.
aperor dies, and his son
seds him.
h suspicion of foreign in-
oreigners are expelled .
ry is divided into four
. Major Harris, envoy
icludes a treaty of com-
j King of Shoa.
officers of the Portuguese navy, after
sailing around the African continent.
1520 * * Father Alvarez arrives from
Portugal, with other Jesuits.
1555 * * The Jesuits send out thirteen
missionaries.
1580 * * Bermudez, the Catholic pri-
mate, quarrels with the Emperor, who
refuses to publicly confess himself a
convert.
* * Bermudez is obliged to leave.
snoa anu compile me iuuuiuii; im;-
tionary, a geography, and prayer
book.
1840 * * The Amharic translation of the
Bible is revised by the British and
Foreign Bible Society.
1841 * * The Abuna appointed by the
government comes from the Church Mis-
sion School at Cairo.
1842 * * Missionary Krapf leaves Shoa
because of intrigues against Protestants.
1
iXLANEOUS.
de Covilham, with an
lition, enters the country.
;hes, palaces, and bridges
1 under the direction of
Father Paez.
1768 * * James Bruce, the traveler,
visits the country.
1770 Feb. 16. Bruce enters Gondar,
the capital, and visits the Emperor.
1773 * * Bruce makes his second visit.
1809 * * Henry Salt explores the country
by the order of the British government.
1818+ * * Lij Kassa (subsequently King
Theodore) born in Kuara.
ty
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
These are Used Chiefly in Items under Births and Deaths and in the Ixdex.
Acad.,
A.D.,
adj.,
adm.,
adv.,
Afg.,
Afr.,
agr.,
Arg. Rep.,
Ala.,
Alas.,
Alex.,
Alf.,
Alg.,
Am.,
antiq.,
Arab.,
archbp.,
Ariz.,
Ark.,
asso.,
Assyr.,
Atty.-Gen.,
au. orauth.
Aust.,
Austral.,
av.
b.,
B.,
Bait.,
Bapt.,
B.C.,
Belg.,
Benj.,
bp.,
brig.,
Br. or Brit.,
Bulg.,
Cal.,
Can.,
capt.,
Card.,
Cath.,
eel.,
«h.,
chanc,
Chas.,
•ohron.,
el.,
Colo.,
Com.,
conf.,
Confed.,
Cong.,
Conn.,
•cons.,
•conven.,
ct.,
Tr
•d.,
D. C.,
Del.,
Dem.,
Den.,
Depart.,
■dio.,
Dis.,
dis.,
Dom. Rep.,
dram.,
E.,
Eben.,
Ecua.,
ed.,
Egy.,
Eliz.,
emp.,
ency.,
Eng.,
eng.,
engra.,
Epis.,
ethnol.,
Eur.,
Evan.,
Ezek.,
Fla.,
Academy.
Anno Domini,
adjutant,
admiral.
advocate.
Afghanistan.
Africa.
( agriculture or
( agricultural.
Argentine Republic.
Alabama.
Alaska.
Alexander.
Alfred.
Algeria.
America or Ame
antiquary.
Arabia,
archbishop.
Arizona.
Arkansas,
association.
Assyria.
Attorney-Generi
author.
Austria.
Australia,
avenue,
born.
Baron.
Baltimore.
Baptist.
Before Christ.
Belgium or Belg
Benjamin,
bishop,
brigadier.
British.
Bulgarian or Bui
California.
Canada,
captain.
Cardinal.
Catholic.
( celebration or
( celebrates,
church,
chancellor.
Charles,
chronologist.
clergy.
Colorado.
Commodore,
conference.
( Confederacy or
( Confederate.
Congress.
Connecticut,
consecrated,
convention,
court,
cyclopedia.
Duke,
died.
( District of Colu
| or Washingtt
Delaware.
( Democrat or
\ Democratic.
Denmark.
Department,
diocese.
(of Christ), Discipl
discoversordiscov
Dominican Repub
dramatist.
Earl.
Ebenezer.
Ecuador,
editor.
Egypt.
Elizabeth,
emperor,
encyclopedia.
England,
engineer,
engraver.
Episcopal,
ethnologist.
Europe or European.
Evangelical.
Ezekiel.
Florida.
fnd.,
found or founded.
Fr.,
France or French.
ft.,
fort.
Ga.,
Georgia.
G. A. R.,
( Grand Army
1 of the Republic.
G. B.,
Great Britain.
Gen. Ass.,
General Assembly
genea.,
genealogist.
Geo.,
George.
geog.,
geol.,
geographer.
geologist.
geom.,
Ger..
geometrician.
German
obs.,
observatory.
Okla.,
Oklahoma.
opd., opnd.,
opened.
Ore.,
Oregon.
ornith.,
ornithologist.
O. T.,
Old Testament.
Pa.,
Pennsylvania.
paint.,
painter.
Pal.,
Palestine.
Pari.,
Parliament.
path.,
P. E. 1.,
pathologist.
Prince Edward Island
Pers.,
Persia.
Neth., Wtherland.
Nev., Nevada.
N. F.. Newfoundland.
N. H., New Hampshire.
N. J., New Jersey,
nom., nominated.
Nor.,Norw., Norway.
N. S'., Nova Scotia.
N.T., New Testament.
N. Y., New York.
O., Ohio.
Obad., Obadiah.
W.,
Wash.,
Wash. City,
(often D. C).
W. C. T. U.,
Wes. Meth.,
Wis.,
Wm.,
W. Va.,
Wyo.,
Zech.,
Vermont.
Wales.
Washington (State).
| Washington City.
f Woman's Christian
( Temperance Union.
Wesleyan Methodist.
Wisconsin^
William.
West Virginia.
Wyoming.
Zechariah.
Cyclopedia of Classified Dates.
ABYSSINIA.
329-1842.
Abyssinia is an extensive country of Northeastern Africa, and comprises a part of ancient Ethiopia ; estimated area,
190,000 square miles; estimated population, 5,000,000. The people are Indo-Caucasians ; the prevailing religion is Coptic. The
empire comprises the kingdoms of Tigre\ Lasta, Amhara, Gogam, and Shoa, with many outlying dependencies.
The early history is very uncertain. In the first and second centuries the kingdom of the Auxumitse flourished.
ARMY — NAVY.
562 * * Expedition of Chosroes, king
of Persia, against the Christian kingdom
in Arabia, founded by Abyssinians.
1520 * * A Portuguese fleet enters the
Bed Sea to aid the Abyssinians against
the Turks.
1528 * * Mohammed Gragn with armies
of Mohammedans overruns the coun-
try and drives the Emperor into the
mountains. [The country disturbed for
12 years.]
1539 * * Another Portuguese fleet un-
der Stephen de Gama arrives at Masso-
wah to fight the Turks.
1540 * * Christopher de Gama, brother
of the admiral, is joined by the natives,
and after some success is defeated and
executed by the Turks.
* * Mohammed Gragn is shot and his
army routed.
CHURCH.
329 * * The Abyssinians are converted
to Christianity by the Coptics.
346 * * Frumentius, bishop of Auxuma
(Axum), preaches in Abyssinia.
350 * * The Bible is translated into
Ethiopic, probably by Frumentius.
* * Saints are excessively honored, re-
ceiving almost divine reverence.
470 * * Many monks enter the country
and perpetuate monachism.
520 * * Christians are persecuted by
the king of the Homerites from the op-
posite side of the Red Sea.
1490 * * The Jesuits introduce Cathol-
icism.
* * * After being lost to the annals of the
world for a thousand years, the Abys-
sinian Christians are rediscovered by
officers of the Portuguese navy, after
sailing around the African continent.
1520 * * Father Alvarez arrives from
Portugal, with other Jesuits.
1555 * * The Jesuits send out thirteen
missionaries.
1580 * * Bermudez, the Catholic pri-
mate, quarrels with the Emperor, who
refuses to publicly confess himself a
convert.
* * Bermudez is obliged to leave.
1601 * * Father Paez arrives, and by
his skill and tact soon wins the favor of
the court.
1603 * * Another Jesuit mission estab-
lished, the former having been recalled
by a papal bull. [Twenty years of in-
trigue, civil war, and slaughter follow.]
1621 * * An ineffectual attempt is made
by the Jesuits to install a patriarch, and
the result is disastrous.
1624 Dec. * The Abyssinian church for-
mally submits to the See of Borne.
1625 * * Mendez succeeds Father Paez.
1633 * * Disheartened by failure, Mendez
abandons the country.
* * The Jesuits are expeUed after labor-
ing for a century and a half.
1750* *-54* *The Jesuits reestablish
themselves.
1826* *The first Protestants arrive;
Messrs. Gobat and Kugler, missionaries
of the Church Missionary Society, are
well received by the Ras of Tigre\
1828* *The Roman Catholic mission
renewed.
1830 * * Bishop Gobat is favorably re-
ceived at Gondar.
Missionary Isenberg succeeds Chris-
tian Kugler, deceased.
* * Missionaries Charles Henry Blum-
hardt and John Ludwig Krapf arrive.
1833 * * Bishop Gobat returns to Europe.
1834 * * Bishop Gobat returns to Tigre.
1836 * * 111 health compels Bishop Gobat
to return to Europe.
1838 * * The missionaries are expelled
through the opposition of the native
priests against all foreigners.
* * Missionaries Krapf and Isenberg go to
Shoa and compile the Amharic dic-
tionary, a geography, and prayer
book.
1840 * * The Amharic translation of the
Bible is revised by the British and
Foreign Bible Society.
1841 * * The Abuna appointed by the
government comes from the Church Mis-
sion School at Cairo.
1842 * * Missionary Krapf leaves Shoa
because of intrigues against Protestants.
1
STATE.
522 * * King Caleb, or FJlesbaan, ex-
tends his kingdom into Arabia, and
a period of great prosperity begins.
562 * * The Abyssinians are driven out
of Arabia by the Persians.
960 * * The Jewish Princess Judith
secures the throne and most of the king-
dom by murdering nearly all of the royal
family.
1268* *The kingdom is restored to
the former line, and Icon Imlac reigns.
* * * Abyssinia is supposed to be ruled by
Prester John.
1507 * * The Emperor sends Matthew, an
Armenian, to the King of Portugal to
request his aid against the Turks.
* * The intruding Portuguese are odious
to the people and driven out.
1535 * * The Emperor sends Bermudez
to Portugal to again solicit aid against
the Turks.
1550+ * * The Galla tribes enter Abys-
sinia from the South. [They gradually
overrun the whole country].
± * * The empire is broken up.
1633 * * The Emperor dies, and his son
Facilidas succeeds him.
1838 * * Through suspicion of foreign in-
terference, all foreigners are expelled.
* * * The country is divided into four
provinces.
1841 Nov. 16. Major Harris, envoy
from India, concludes a treaty of com-
merce with the King of Shoa.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1490 * * Pedro de Covilham, with an
exploring expedition, enters the country.
1605+ * * Churches, palaces, and bridges
are constructed under the direction of
Father Paez.
1768 * * James Bruce, the traveler,
visits the country.
1770 Feb. 16. Bruce enters Gondar,
the capital, and visits the Emperor.
1773 * * Bruce makes his second visit.
1809 * * Henry Salt explores the country
by the order of the British government.
1818+ * * Lij Kassa (subsequently King
Theodore) born in Kuara.
1849-1894.
ABYSSINIA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1855 Feb. * King Theodore routs the
governor of Tigre after defeating the
chief of God jam.
1860 * * Theodore's army numbers
from 100,000 to 150,000 fighting men.
* * Theodore terribly avenges the death
of two Englishmen, Plowden and Bell,
by the slaughter or mutilation of nearly
2,000 rebels.
1867 * * Theodore's army reduced to a
skeleton by rebellions and desertions.
Sept. 7, 8. -68 * * War with Eng-
land. A pioneer force under Sir Rob-
ert Napier sails from Bombay to rescue
the British captives from Theodore.
Oct. 21. A British force of more than
32,000 men lands at Zoulla, and begins
a journey of 400 miles into the moun-
tainous interior.
Oct. 26. Napier issues his proclamation
to the Abyssinians.
1868 Jan. 4. Arrives at Annesley Bay.
Apr. 2. He arrives below Magdala.
Apr. 10. Battle of Arogie ; 3,000 Abys-
sinians suddenly attack Napier, are re-
pulsed, and driven back in good order.
Apr. 11. Theodore sues for peace.
Honorable treatment is promised on
the surrender of the captives and the
promise of Theodore to submit to Queen
Victoria.
Lieutenant Prideaux conveys the let-
ter, which Theodore receives with scorn;
an insulting reply follows.
Apr. 12. Theodore sends an apology.
He surrenders the captives and makes
a present of 1,000 cows and 500 sheep ;
the released European artisans and fam-
ilies enter the British camp. Present
rejected ; Theodore in despair.
Apr. 13. Theodore attempts to escape.
Part of the Abyssinian army mutinies;
the British bombard and storm Mag-
dala ; Theodore is defeated and commits
suicide.
Apr. 17. Theodore being dead, his troops
are sent away, and the fortifications of
Magdala destroyed and the town burned.
May 2. The British force retires, after
rewarding Prince Kassai of Tigr6, their
valuable ally.
* * Report of animals used by the British
In the expedition : 45 elephants, 7,417
camels, 12,920 mules and ponies, 7,033
bullocks, 827 donkeys.
* * Report of British expense in the war,
$44,887,500.
1871 June 21. Civil War- between
Gobazye, the king of Amhara, and Kas-
sai, prince of Tigr£, who successfully
seeks independence.
1871 July 11. Gobazye defeated and
captured.
1875 * * -76 * * "War with Egypt. [Is-
mail Pasha makes a disastrous attempt
to conquer Abyssinian territory.]
* * The Khedive's army enters Abyssinia;
the natives retiring.
* * The Abyssinians surprise, defeat, and
massacre the Egyptians at Kherad Iska.
Oct. 16. The Abyssinians again defeat
the Egyptians in a desperate battle at
G-onda Gouddi.
1876 Feb. 19. After a three days' fight
the Egyptians defeat the Abyssinians.
1877 June 15±. Civil War. Mene-
lek, King of Shoa, is totally defeated by
King John.
1885 Sep. 23. Conflict at Kufeit near
Amadib between Arabs and Abyssinians.
1887* * War with Italy.
Jan. 18+. Abyssinians defeated in their
attack upon Massowah and the Italian
outposts.
Jan. 25, 26. Abyssinians under Ras Alu-
lu cut off about 500 Italians, proceeding
with supplies to Sahati, at Dagoli, near
Massowah.
Mar. 27, 28. Italians have skirmishes
with the Deber tribe.
Nov. 10. Abyssinians besiege Masso-
wah.
1888 Aug. * By native treachery the
Italians are defeated in a conflict at
Sanganeiti on the border, and four offi-
cers are killed.
1889 Jan. 23. King John prepares for
war with Menelek, King of Shoa.
Mar. 7. King John besieges Kassala,
Senoussis' army is marching on Khar-
tum.
Mar. 9. Civil War is declared against
King John by King Menelek of Shoa.
Mar. 10. King John attacks the der-
vishes in their stronghold at Netemmeh,
but is defeated and badly wounded.
Mar. 12. The dervishes make a sortie,
and rout King John's army, killing
the king and his officer, Ras Area, besides
many others.
Mar. 14. Menelek, proclaiming himself
Negus, marches upon Adowa.
June 6. Announcement made that Ital-
ian troops occupy the Keren district.
June 12. Italians capture and occupy
Senalfe.
Aug. 2 1 . Ras Alulu is defeated at God-
f elassi by the Italian General Baldessara.
Nov. 8. General Baldessara resigns.
Dervishes fight the Abyssinians.
Nov. 9. General Orero succeeds General
Baldessara in command of Italian troops.
Dec* Menelek's forces wholly defeat
the dervishes.
1890 Feb. 3. The Italian troops leave
Adowa and recross the Mareb.
Feb. 13. King Menelek defeats Ras
Alulu, severely wounding him.
Mar. 8. Menelek reported to have joined
forces with the Italians in preparation
for an advance on Adowa.
1891 Oct. 5. Ras Alulu and another
officer rout the forces of Debeb, an
aspirant to the Abyssinian throne.
1893 Dec. 22. The Italian troops de-
feat the dervishes near Massowah; sev-
eral hundred dervishes are killed, the
Italian loss being about one hundred.
1894 Dec. 19. Italian (native) troops
under Major Toselli defeat a party of
Arabs near Halai.
CHURCH.
1849* *The Roman Catholic mission-
aries are expelled.
1855 * * Bishop Gobat sends Protestant
missionaries Krapf and Fad to engage
in secular as well as spiritual work.
1858 * * The Society of Basle has six
missionaries at work.
1859 * * Negussie, King of Tigr6 and Si-
men, sends an embassy to Rome, to an-
nounce submission to the Roman Church.
* * The king gladly receives the vernacu-
lar Scriptures furnished by the London
Bible Society, and distributes them.
* * King Theodore again expels the
Jesuits from his kingdom.
1860 * * Dr. Stern is sent by the London
Society as a missionary to the Jews of
Abyssinia ; soon after, the Scotch So-
ciety sends Mr. Staiger on a similar mis-
sion.
1863 * * Missionary Stern and Mr. and
Mrs. Rosenthal arrive.
Oct. * Missionary Stern is beaten and im-
prisoned by King Theodore.
1864 Jan. * All the missionaries are
imprisoned for pretended insults.
* * * Maricha, a Protestant, becomes
chief minister of Prince Kassai of Tigr6,
and the country enjoys peace.
1869 * * The country is closed to mission-
ary work.
1871* * Catholic missionaries are pun-
ished for interference in politics.
1884 * * The Gospel of Mark in Ethi-
opic characters is published.
1887 * * Swedish missionaries, having
been expelled, return with the Italian
army.
1889 May 8. A treaty is made with
Italy permitting missionary work.
* * The Swedish Evangelical Society re-
ports mission stations at Arkibo, at
McKullo, and also at Djimma.
* * Balli in the Shoa district is occupied
by a missionary of the St. Chrischona
Pilgrim mission.
* * * [The native church is ruled by the
Abuna ; Christianity and Judaism are
strangely mixed; its spirit is savage.]
1891 Sept. 10. The new year begins.
Sept. 26. The anniversary of the find-
ing of the true cross is celebrated as
usual, it being the greatest feast of the
year.
* * [Male and female babes are circum-
cised when eight days old ; 260 regular
fast days are appointed for each year,
requiring abstinence from both eating
and drinking.]
* * Russia seeks a religious alliance
with the Negus, whereby the church shall
be brought under the jurisdiction of the
Holy Synod of St. Petersburg.
* * The clergy are reported as the only
educated people, and they hold all power
in their hands.
* * * In recent times the church is di-
vided respecting " the unction of Jesus
Christ," and two parties have excommu-
nicated each other.
SOCIETY.
* * * Blacksmiths are hereditary sor-
cerers.
* * * Matrimony is entered at the age of
12 years, girls having, their dowry in oxen.
ABYSSINIA.
1849-1894.
1868 Apr. 9. Theodore massacres
about 300 native captives.
* * Henry M. Stanley accompanies the
British expedition to Abyssinia as cor-
respondent of the New York Herald.
June 5. It is reported that trie Mahdists
in "Western Abyssinia have destroyed
whole flocks and herds, sold into slavery
thousands of Christians, while many
others have been butchered without
mercy, and hundreds of the noblest in-
habitants have been taken to Mecca and
sold for slaves, in violation of treaties.
1889 Oct. 7. Abyssinia agrees to help
suppress the slave-trade.
Dec. 1. Greeting of explorer Henry M.
Stanley at Massowah by newspaper cor-
respondents.
1890 Apr. 7. King Menelek asks Italy
to represent him in the Brussels anti-
slavery congress.
STATE.
1855 Feb. * Ras Ali is deposed by his
son-in-law, Lij Kassa [Theodore III.],
who takes the throne.
1862 Feb. 9. British Consul Cam-
eron arrives at Massowah.
Oct. 7. Consul Cameron is received by
Theodore, to whom he presents the
Queen's gifts and letter.
Oct. * He is dismissed with a letter to
the Queen of England desiring alliance
against the Turks. [No reply given.]
1863 Aug. * Consul Cameron returns.
Oct. * Missionary Stern beaten and
imprisoned for alleged intrusion upon
Theodore.
Nov. * Despatches are received from Eng-
land, but no reply to Theodore's letter.
1864 Jan. * Consul Cameron, his
suite, and missionaries Stern and Ro-
senthal are imprisoned for pretended
insults.
July 24. A British messenger, Hormuzd
Rassam, arrives at Massowah with a let-
ter from the Queen.
July * Rassam asks permission to present
the Queen's letter, and receives no reply.
1865 Aug. 12. Rassam is informed by
note that Consul Cameron is released,
and that he may come to the King.
Nov. 21. Hormuzd Rassam, Lieut. Prid-
eaux, and Dr. Blanc arrive at Metemeh.
1866 Jan. 25. The party reaches the
camp in Damot, and is well received.
Mar. 12. The captives are all released
and the mission progresses favorably.
Apr. 13. ± After starting for the coast,
the entire party is compelled to return,
and is placed in gentle confinement.
* * Theodore sends Mr. Flad to England
with a second letter to the Queen, ask-
ing for workmen and machinery.
July* The prisoners are put in chains
and severely treated.
Oct. 29. Mr. Flad arrives at Massowah
with the Queen's letter and workmen.
Dec. 19. ± Theodore receives the Queen's
letter, in which machinery and workmen
are promised when the English prisoners
are surrendered ; it has no effect.
1867 + Jan. * Rebellions against the
burdensome exactions of Theodore break
out ; his power is waning.
* * Shoa has shaken off the yoke of
Theodore, and Godjam has become vir-
tually independent. Tigre continues in
the hands of his enemies.
* * The peasantry leave the fertile
plains and escape to the mountains to
avoid the demands of Theodore's army.
Apr. 16. Lord Stanley's ultimatum
sent to Theodore, demanding the release
of the captives in three months. [It was
not received.]
May * Mr. Flad is received by Theodore,
and forced to join his family in prison.
July * The British government decides
to send an armed force into the coun-
try under Sir Robert Napier.
Sept. 9. A formal letter sent by the Brit-
ish government to Theodore. [It was
not received.]
Sept. * ± Tigr6 revolts against the rule
of the rebel chief "Wagsham Gobazye,
and becomes independent under Dejach
Kassai.
Nov. 11. The captives reported well.
Nov. 25. The Gallas reported to be in
rebellion against Theodore.
Nov. 26, 27. Eng. Parliament appro-
priates $10,000,000 for the prosecu-
tion of the war.
1868 * * A third ultimatum sent by
Napier; it was suppressed by Rassam as
endangering the lives of the captives,
he having received it through a rebel
chief.
Apr. 12. The captives and foreigners
are released. Terunish, Theodore's
queen, accompanies the British troops
in returning to her own country.
July 14. Eng. Theodore's son Alama-
you (aged 7) arrives at Plymouth.
1869 Jan. 26. Eng. Alamayou sails
for India to be educated.
July* Kassai punishes the Catholic
missionaries for partisanship, and en-
ters an alliance with Egypt.
1872 Jan. 12. Kassai is crowned
with much ceremony at Axum, as King
John II.
1879 Oct. * Colonel Charles George
Gordon, of the Egyptian service, con-
cludes a peace, granting a seaport to
Abyssinia.
1884 May 26. ± King John receives
Admiral Hewett from Suakin, and en-
ters a treaty respecting Massowah, etc.
Aug. 19. Two envoys from Abyssinia ar-
rive in England.
1885 Feb. 6. The Italian flag hoisted
by the side of the Egyptian at Massowah.
Dec. 2. The government of Massowah
assumed by the Italians.
1887 May 2. Proclamation issued by
Italy announcing war and blockade of
ports of Massowah and its dependencies.
Oct. 18. The Chief Kantibay submits to
the authority of Italy.
1888 May 8±. King John makes a
treaty placing the country under an
Italian protectorate.
July 1. Italy notifies the powers that she
has annexed Massowah.
Aug. 3 . The Italian protectorate is pro-
claimed at Zulla.
1889 Feb. 14. The Cossack expedi-
tion at Taljarah, on the Gulf of Aden,
organizes a large caravan with the in-
tention of proceeding to Ankolvar.
Mar. 12. King John killed; Menelek,
king of Shoa, proclaims himself Ne-
gus, and marches on Adowa.
Apr. 10. Dagiac Maugascia, the succes-
sor of King John, is his nephew.
± King Menelek ignores Maugas-
cia's claim and assumes authority.
± Many of the most important chiefs,
including Ras Michael, have recognized
Menelek as Negus.
* * The king despatches a mission of
twenty persons, including several im-
portant chiefs, to the King of Italy.
June 2. The Italians occupy and annex
Keren without resistance.
Aug. 5. Massaval and the whole of Abys-
sinia, except the Province of Tigr6, have
submitted to Menelek.
Oct. 14. Italian Government declares a
protectorate over Abyssinia.
Nov. 3. Menelek II. and Queen Taitri
are crowned at Aretoto.
Dec. 9. Menelek orders a suspension of
trade relations between his country and
Italy. "War is imminent.
Dec. * Menelek having overcome the reb-
els in the province of Tigr6, establishes
his reign over the whole of Abyssinia.
1890 Mar. 5. Menelek agrees to ac-
cept Italy's assistance in all negotia-
tions with foreign powers, and to give it
preference in all industrial and commer-
cial concessions.
Mar. 11. The Abyssinian territory ceded
to Italy extends to Mareb.
Apr. 7. Menelek asks a free passage
through Italian territory for arms to be
used in fighting the dervishes.
1891 Apr. * Russia sends an expedi-
tion of six or seven men to Abyssinia,
which purports to be " scientific," but
is, presumably, political.
Oct. 5. Debeb, an aspirant for power, is
routed by Ras Alulu.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1855 * * Theodore HI. is " the best shot,
the best spearman, the best runner, and
the best horseman in Abyssinia."
1868 Apr. 13. King Theodore commits
suicide. A48.
May 10. Queen Terunish, who accom-
panied the British, dies on the march to
the interior.
1879 Dec. 14. Eng. Prince Alamayou
dies at Leeds.
1890 Feb. 14. Reported death of Ras
Alulu from wounds. [False report.]
* * Population about 6,000,000, and much
superior in every respect to their Afri-
can neighbors.
979-1878.
AFGHANISTAN.
Afghanistan is an inland country of Asia, lying east of India, and having ill-defined boundaries. It is ruled by an absolute
sovereign called the Ameer. Kabul is the capital. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. Estimated area, 279,000 square
miles ; estimated population, 4,000,000.
ARMY.
1213 * * Ghenghis Khan with three ar-
mies overruns northern China. [1219.
Conquests in Western Asia.]
1358 * * Tamerlane begins his con-
quests. [1398. Enters India.] (See India.)
1504* *Baber takes Kabul. [1521. He
invades India. 1525. Again conquers
Kabul.]
1715 * * Afghans conquer Herat.
1731 * * Nadir Shah takes Herat.
1737 * * -38 * * Nadir Shah takes Ka-
bul and recovers Kandahar. He gains
the good will of the Afghans, and enrolls
many of them in his army.
1747 * * Ahmed Shah resolves to throw
off the Persian yoke; he seizes the
booty taken from India by Nadir.
1761 June 6. Ahmed Shah wins great
victory over Mahrattas at Panipat.
1823 * * The Afghans defeated by the
Sikhs at Naoshera.
1838* *The Persians, influenced by
Russia, lay siege to Herat, the key of
Afghanistan and India.
Dec. * Shuja Shah, with an army led
by British officers and paid by British
money, marches toward Sind.
1839 * * First war with the British.
Feb. 20. A British army passes the
Indus about 12,000 strong, and having
40,000 camp-followers, besides the new
levies of the Shah.
Mar. * The Bolan Pass is traversed ; most
of the baggage is lost.
Apr. 7. The Kojuk Pass is traversed.
Apr. 25. Kandahar, abandoned by
the Afghan princes, is entered by the
British under Sir John Keane.
July 22. Ghunzee, a great stronghold,
is taken by storm, and Dost Moham-
med's army disbands. The war ends.
1840 Nov. 3. Dost Mohammed sur-
renders to British, and is sent to India.
1841 Nov. * -42 Apr. * Famous de-
fense of Jelalabad, by Sir Robert Sale,
against the revolting Afghans.
Nov. 2. The Afghans, led by Akbar
Khan, revolt and expel the British
from Kabul ; 24 British are killed.
Nov. 3. The forts at Kabul close to the
British camp are occupied.
Nov. 5. General Elphinstone talks of
buying a free passage out of the country.
Nov. 9. The commissariat fort has its
garrison of 80 men overpowered, and is
taken by the Afghans. The British
menaced with starvation.
Nov. 15. The British force demor-
alized by the incapacity of its com-
mander, who negotiates for a cessation
of hostilities.
Dec. 23. Akbar Khan treacherously as-
sassinates Sir William Macnaghten
and others.
Dec. (?) * Shuja Shah assassinated.
1842 Jan. 1. The British capitulate.
They agree to pay the Afghans $950,000
in coin and sign bills for $700,000 more ;
to leave nearly all their artillery and
ammunition, and evacuate the country.
The chiefs promise safe conduct, pro-
visions, and baggage-cattle.
Jan. 6. The British, with 4,500 combat-
ants and 12,000 camp-followers, begin
their march for India.
* * Cold, snow, disease, and want, with
utter disorder, reduce their number.
Jan. 6-13. Annihilation of the Brit-
ish army.
Terrible massacre of about 3,849 sol-
diers and 12,000 camp-followers at Kkai-
bar Pass, by the Ghilzais. Dr. Brydone
and a few natives escape. [Later ninety-
five prisoners are recovered.]
Mar. * General Pollock is reenforced at
Peshawur and begins his march to re-
lieve the troops in Afghanistan, via the
Khaibar Pass.
July * Lord Ellenborough, Governor-gen-
eral of India, orders a general advance
on Kabul from Kandahar by General
Nott, and Jelalabad by General Pollock.
Aug. 20. General Pollock arrives at
Gundamuck.
Aug. 23. He defeats a body of Afghans.
Aug. 30. General Nott takes possession
of Ghuznee.
Sept. 6. General Nott defeats the Af-
ghans at Alydan.
Sept. 8. General Pollock carries the
Jugduluk Pass.
Sept. 13. He defeats the main body of
the Afghans at Tezeen.
Sept. 15. The British occupy Kabul,
and release Lady Sale and others.
Sept, 17. The two armies joined at
Kabul.
Sept. 29. General M'Caskill storms Is-
talif and destroys the town in revenging
the massacre of the garrison at Char-
ikar, and the harboring of the murderers
of Burnes.
* * Captain Cragie and a Sepoy garrison
brilliantly repulse the Afghans in an at-
tack on the fortress of Kala't-i-Ghilzai.
Dec. * British evacuate Afghanistan.
1850 * * Balkh reconquered by Afghans.
1856 Oct. 25. Persians take Herat.
1858 * * Dost Mohammed forms a regu-
lar army, containing 16 infantry regi-
ments (nominally) of 800 men, 3 of cav-
alry, of 300 men, and about 80 field
pieces, and a few heavy guns.
1863 May 26. Dost takes Herat from
Ahmed. Ahmed is a vassal of the Per-
sians, who are under the influence of
Russia; Herat is regarded as the "Key
of Didia."
1864 June 6. Shere Ali, the Ameer,
defeats his brother Azim and confeder-
ates at Kujhbaz.
June 14. Shere Ali enters Kandahar.
1866 Mar. 2. Kabul is surrendered
to A aim by Ibrahim, a son of the Ameer.
May 10. Shere Ah defeated at Sheik-
habad ; he flies for Kandahar.
1867 Jan. 17. Shere Ali defeated by
Azim and Abder-Rahman at Kujhbaz.
Sept. 17. Shere Ali is again defeated
and his general killed.
1868 Apr. * Azim's army defeated
and Yakoob, son of the Ameer, enters
Kandahar.
Sept. * Azim's army dissolved by deser-
tion.
Nov. * -Dec. * Shere Ali resists Abder-
Rahman.
1869 Jan. * Shere Ali routs Abder-
Rahman and Azim.
1870 May 6. Yakoob takes Herat
from his father.
1878 Sept. 22. A British mission with
an armed escort are threatened at a fort
in the Khaibar Pass, if they advance;
they retire.
* * -81 * * Second war with the
British.
Oct. * A religious war against the Brit-
ish is proposed by Shere Ali.
Nov. 21. The British army (34,730 na-
tives and 12,740 Europeans) advances.
Nov. 22. The British shell Ah Masjid,
and take 21 guns, losing 2 officers and 35
men.
Nov. 23. Dakka and Pisheen occupied.
Nov. 25. Kuram fort occupied.
Dec. 2. The British, under General Rob-
erts, defeat the Goorkhas at Peiwar
Pass, losing 2 officers and 80 men killed
and wounded.
Dec. 20. Jellalabad occupied.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1162 * * Genghis Khan, emperor and con-
queror, born.
1227 * * Genghis Khan dies in Mongolia.
1336 * * Tamerlane is born at Kesh.
1405 Feb. 17. Tamerlane dies at Atrar.
1483 Feb. 14. Baber, founder of dynasty
and conqueror, born.
1530 Dec. 26. Baber dies, A 48.
1715 * * Mir Wais, sovereign of Kandahar, d.
1724 * * Mahmud, son of Mir Wais, dies.
1747 * * Nadir Shah, sovereign, assassinated.
1773* * Ahmed Shah, Ameer, dies.
1793* * Timur Shah, Ameer, dies.
1798±* * Cost Mohammed, Ameer, born.
1829 * * Mohammed Shah dies.
1830 Abder-Rahman Khan, Ameer, born.
1842 * * Kamran, Ameer at Herat, dies.
1863 June 9. Dost Mohammed, Ameer,
dies, A ± 65.
1867 Oct. * Ufzel, rival Ameer, dies.
1869± Jan. * Azim, rival Ameer, dies.
1878 Aug. 17. Abdoola Jan, the Ameer's
heir, dies.
STATE.
979 * * Mahud, Sultan of Ghazni, ex-
tends his dominion^ by adding Trans-
oxiania, also Kabul and a part of India.
1350+ * * A native dynasty called Kurts
springs up in Western Afghanistan.
AFGHANISTAN.
979-1878.
1369 * * Tamerlane proclaimed sov-
ereign at Balkh.
1495 * * Baber enthroned at 12 years of
age.
1526 Apr. 21. By the victory of Pani-
pat, Kabul and Kandahar become a part
of the empire of Delhi, under the so-
called Mogul dynasty which Baber
founded.
1530+ * * Afghanistan divided be-
tween Persia and Hindustan.
1715 * * Herat taken by conquest.
1720* * The Afghans revolt.
1731 * * Herat is taken by Nadir Shah.
1737 * * Nadir Shah invades the coun-
try, and subdues and rules the Afghans.
1747 * * Nadir Shah assassinated.
* * -73 * * Ahmed Shah, an Afghan, be-
comes the successful ruler and warrior.
He resolves to throw off the Persian
yoke. Under his rule Afghanistan first
takes a place among the kingdoms of
the earth.
1748 * * He expels the Mogul governor
from Kabul and Peshawur, and overruns
the Punjab.
1749 * * Herat recovered by the Af-
1773 * * -93 * * Timur Shah (son) en-
throned; he becomes a tyrant.
1774 * * The seat of government is re-
moved from Kandahar to Kabul.
1793 * * Timur dies; his 23 sons struggle
for the crown, and Zaman gets it.
He conceives the idea of consolidating
the Mohammedan power of India.
1800 * * Zaman is dethroned, and his son,
Mahmoud Shah, succeeds as Ameer.
1803 * * Mahmoud is dethroned, and
Shuja Shah (his brother) succeeds him.
1808 * * Afghans lose Sind.
1809 * * Mahmoud is restored to be
Ameer by Fatteh Khan.
1816 * * The jealous Mahmoud brutally
tortures and murders Fatteh Khan.
1818 * * The Barakzai brothers drive
Mahmoud from Kabul, and he gains
Herat, where he becomes ruler.
1819 * * Afghans lose Kashmir.
1826 * * Dost Mohammed Khan, one
of the Barakzais, becomes Ameer.
1829* * Mohammed Shah dies, and Kam-
ran, his son, rules at Herat.
1837 * * Captain Alexander Burnes
sent to Dost Mohammed at Kabul as am-
bassador of the British government, to
offset the intrigues of Russia.
1838 * * Persians vainly attempt to wrest
Herat from the Afghans.
The British find the Ameer is not sub-
servient to their interests, and they at-
tempt to restore Shuja Shah, a pen-
sioner of India,to the throne; war follows.
1839 Aug. 6. Kabul opens its gates to
the British.
Aug. 7. Shuja Shah enthroned at the
capital; Mohammed a fugitive; the real
government in the hands of "William
Macnaghten, the British envoy.
Nov. * Akbar Khan attempts to re-
store his father by expelling the British.
1840 Nov. 3. Dost Mohammed, having
surrendered to the British, is sent to
India.
* * Penjdeh is assured to Afghanistan by
Lord Auckland.
* * -41 * * Insurrections succeed each
other.
1841 * * British occupation costs the In-
dian treasury $6,250,000 yearly.
Nov. 2. An insurrection against the
British breaks out in Kabul ; envoy
Burnes and others slain.
Dec. * Semi-anarchy follows the death
of the Ameer, who falls at the hands of
an assassin.
Dec. 23. At a conference with Dost's
son, Akbar Khan, this chief murders
Sir W. Macnaghten, the chief British
envoy, with his own hand.
1842 * * British power broken. Akbar
Khan rules in place of his father.
Jan. * The British enter a convention to
evacuate the country.
Jan. * The convention disregarded by the
Afghans and the army massacred.
* * Dr. Brydone is the only European
who reaches Jelalabad and he is wounded
and nearly dead.
Oct. 12. The British leave Kabul and
march for India.
Oct.+ * Dost Mohammed restored to
the throne.
1855 Jan. * Afghans and British make
a treaty of peace. Dost Mohammed
becomes an ally.
1856 Oct. 25. Persians seize Herat.
1857 July 27. Persians restore Herat.
* * The revenues of Dost Mohammed are
estimated at 4,000,000 rupees, or about
$2,000,000, exclusive of the revenue from
Herat, which .he does not hold.
1863 May 26. After ten months' siege
Dost Mohammed captures Herat from
Ahmed.
June 9. Shere AH (3d son) enthroned as
Ameer ; his 15 rival brothers oppose him.
1864 * * Unsuccessful insurrection of
the Ameer's brothers, Ufzul and Azim.
May 16. Azim a fugitive.
June 2. Ufzul acquiesces in the de-
mands of the British.
Aug. * Insurrection of Abder-Rahman ;
Ufzul in prison.
* * Shere Ali enters Kabul.
1866 * * Kabul has two rulers, the sen-
sual Ufzul and the cruel Azim.
1867 * * Azim rules alone, on the death
of Ufzul.
* * Shere Ali holds only Balkh and
Herat.
1868 Mar. * Azim quarrels with Ab-
der-Rahman, who deserts him.
July * Azim abandons Kabul.
Sept. 8. Shere Ali again occupies Kabul.
Nov. * -Dec. * The British help Shere
Ali with arms and money.
1869 Mar. 27. Shere Ali receives a
subsidy from the British.
1870 May 6. Yakoob, his son, rebels
and takes Herat.
1871 June* Feramoz Khan, Shere
Ali's general, assassinated.
July* Yakoob reconciled with his
father through British influence, and
made governor of Herat.
Sept. * Yakoob again rebels.
Oct. * Shere Ali makes new boundaries;
British pay him another subsidy.
1873 Dec. * Shere Ali names Abdoola
Jan, his youngest son, as his successor,
and thus angers Yakoob, his oldest son.
1874 Dec. * Yakoob confined by his
father.
1878 Aug. * Stolietoff , a Russian
envoy, signs a treaty ; Russia to be
the guardian of the Ameer.
Sept. * The Ameer dismisses the envoy
from the viceroy of India with presents,
and declines intercourse with the
British.
Sept. 22. A British mission with mili-
tary escort is stopped at the Khaibar
Pass ; they retire toward Peshawur.
Oct. 20. The British send an ultima-
tum to be answered before Nov. 20.
Nov. 19. The Ameer sends an evasive
reply.
Nov. 23. The viceroy of India issues a
proclamation to the Afghans.
Dec. 13. Shere Ah flees from Kabul ;
the Russian mission retires, and Ya-
koob Khan assumes authority.
Dec. 26. General Roberts annexes the
Kuram district to India by proclama-
tion.
MISCELLANEOUS.
997 * * Mahmoud patronizes literature.
1150+ * * Ghazni is one of the most
splendid cities of Asia.
1413* *-24* * History of the conquest
of Swat by Shakh Mali, written by a
chief of the Yusufzais and a leader in
the conquest.
nth Century * * Abdarrahman, the poet,
flourishes.
1750± * * Ahmed Shah writes poetry.
* * In a single night Ahmed Shah's army
loses 18,000 men from cold, near
Herat, while retreating from Persia.
1754 * * Modern Kandahar is founded.
1809 * * First visit of an English envoy
(Elphinstone).
1832 * * Visit of Lieut. Alex. Burnes from
England.
1837 * * The remaining population of de-
clining Farrah is carried off to Kandahar.
1841 * * Massacre at Kabul.
1842 * * Sir G. Pollock's expedition visits
Jelalabad and destroys the town walls.
1855 * * The Church Missionary Society
starts a mission for the Afghans at
Peshawur.
1857 * * -58 * * Major Lumsden's party
explores the Kurram Valley.
1857 Jan. * Sir John Lawrence has
an interview with Dost Mohammed at
Peshawur in the Punjab. [A treaty fa-
vorable to British influence is entered
into, promising arms and a subsidy ;
Maj. Lumsden enters Kandahar, and the
Indian mutiny follows.]
1879-1894.
AFGHANISTAN.
ARMY.
1879 Jan 6. Afghans leave Kandahar.
Jan 7. Roberts defeats the Mangals
near Matoon ; occupies Kandahar.
Feb. 16. The Alizais attack the British
and retire.
Apr. 2. Action near Futtehabad, 5,000
Khugianis defeated by the British.
June 8. The British retire.
Sept. 5. Mutiny at Herat and many of-
ficials killed.
Sept. 6. The British commence a march
toward Kabul.
Sept. 19. Natives defeated at Shutar-
gardan.
Sept. 24. General Baker at Kushi.
Sept. 28. Baker at Kabul.
Sept. 29. Baker occupies Dakka.
Oct. 2. The British repulse an attack at
Shutargardan.
Oct. 6. Battle of Char-asiab ; 70 killed
or wounded on the British side.
Oct. 8. The Afghans retire.
Oct. 12. Gen. Roberts occupies Kabul.
Oct. 14. Gen. Gough occupies Jelalabad.
Oct. * -Nov. * Many Afghan mutineers
tried, and 87 executed as murderers.
Dec. 1 1-14. Frequent fighting and heavy
losses.
Dec. 14. The British army concentrated
in the Sherpur cantonments.
Dec. 23. Roberts and Gough defeat
25,000 Afghans near the Sherpur
cantonments.
Dec. 24. The Afghans retire from Kabul.
Dec. 26. The British reoccupy Kabul.
Dec. 29. Colonel Norman repulses an at-
tack at Jagdalak.
1880 Jan. 10. Mohammed Jan seizes
Ghazni and holds it for Musa Khan.
Apr. 3. Mohammed Jan killed in battle.
Apr. 16. Pathans attack a camp at Du-
wai and kill the garrison.
Apr. 19. The Ghilzais in force attack
General Stewart at Ahmad Khel and
are repulsed.
Apr. 25. Col. Jenkins checks 4,000 Loga-
ris, till reenforced by Gen. Macpherson
at Char-asiab, then they are routed.
May 2. Gen. Sir Donald Stewart as-
sumes command at Kabul.
July 14+ . Shere Ali's troops at Kan-
dahar revolt and join Ayoob Khan, the
governor of Herat.
July 27. General J. Burrows attacks
Ayoob Khan, who has an intrenched
force of about 20,000 men at Mai wand,
on the river Helmud, with about 12,000
men, and is defeated with severe loss.
July 28. The British, about 4,000 strong,
hold the citadel at Kandahar.
Aug. 9. Ayoob at Kokaran.
General Sir F. Roberts starts from
Kabul to relieve General Burrows at
Kandahar.
Aug. 11. The British troops withdraw
from Kabul after an interview with
Abder-Rahman, the Ameer.
Aug. 16. Unsuccessful sortie by British
from Kandahar, 180 men and several
officers killed.
Aug. 25. Ayoob reenforced by the
Ghilzais, making an army of about
20,000 men.
Aug. 30. Ayoob retires from Kandahar.
Aug. 31. Roberts, with about 10,000 men,
arrives at Kandahar.
Sept. 1. Roberts defeats Ayoob at
Mazra and captures his camp.
1881 July 26. Ayoob defeats the Am-
eer's army at Karez-i-atta, Gholam
Hyder commanding it.
July 30. Ayoob occupies Kandahar.
Aug. 21. GholamHyderatKhelat-i-Ghil-
zai receives reenforcements from Kabul.
Sept. 22. Ayoob defeated at Old Kan-
dahar, chiefly by the desertion of his
troops ; he flees to Herat.
Sept. 30. The Ameer occupies Kanda-
har.
Oct. 2. Ayoob's adherents defeated.
Oct. 4. The Ameer enters Herat; Ayoob
flees to Persia.
1883 Apr. 27. ± The Shinwarris de-
feated by the Ameer.
1887 Apr. 19. The Ghilzais reported to
have defeated the Ameer's troops.
Apr. 25 ±. Again defeated at Khelat-i-
Ghilzai.
June 9. A mutiny of Ghilzais at Herat
is violently suppressed.
June 13-16. Reported defeat of the
Ghilzais by Gholam.
July 15. Disastrous defeat of the reb-
els at Mashakai reported.
July 26. Conflicting reports of victory at
Kotaldab by Gholam Khan.
Aug. 31. Hot fighting with the insur-
gents at Mashakai.
Sept. * Ayoob, having entered Afghan-
istan with a few followers, is driven out.
Sept. 7. The Ameer's troops fight the in-
surgents near Mukur ; their leader, Ja-
lander Khan, taken prisoner.
Sept. * -Oct. * Occasional fighting re-
ported.
Nov. 15. Another fight with the Insur-
gents reported ; 60 killed.
1888 May 9. The Afghans defeat the
Turcomans in a fight.
Sept. 29. Ishak Khan defeated by the
Ameer's troops at Tash Kurgan.
Sept. 30. Ishak again defeated at Mazari
Sherif.
1889 Jan. 19. Ishak Khan and follow-
ers, and Sultan Murad Khan with 3,000
families of Afghan Wynegs, cross the
frontier and enter the Bokharan service.
Feb. 3. The Shinwarris defeated by
the Ameer's troops under Gholam Hy-
der.
Feb. 12. Russian troops on a hurried
march to reenforce frontier posts. Gen-
eral Komaroff and ^Russian staff arrive
at Chardjin on the A\mu Darya.
Feb. 14. Komaroff, with a strong force
of Russians, arrives at Bokhara.
Feb. 22. Russian troops are ordered to
attack the Ameer if he approaches the
Russian frontier.
Feb. 27. The Ameer crosses the Rus-
sian frontier, committing cruelties.
Feb. 28. Reported that 18,000 Russian
troops are massed on the frontier.
Mar. 1. Afghans advancing from Herat,
and the Emir of Bokhara preparing to
attack them.
1890 Mar. 20. Reported that Ishak
Khan has a large force at Bokhara, and
is preparing to invade Afghanistan.
Aug. 7. Troops are sent to quell a revolt
among the Alehayaras in Kandahar.
1892 Apr. 29. Afghans rise against
soldiery between Herat and Bamian.
Aug. 4. The Afghans skirmish with both
Russians and Chinese on the Alichur
Pamir and take a number of Kirghiz
prisoners.
Aug. 11. More fighting reported between
the Afghans and Russians at Pamir.
Aug. 22. Afghan troops defeated by
Hazara tribesmen.
Aug. 30. The Ameer, Abder-Rahman
Khan, is preparing to resist a Russian
advance.
Aug. 31. The Ameer's troops capture-
Kamsan from the revolting Hazaras.
Sept. 2. Punjab infantry and cavalry,
with a mountain battery, to be sent to the
Wana Comul Valley, unless the Ameer
of Afghanistan recalls the agents dis-
turbing the peace on the Indian frontier.
Sept. 12. The Ameer is supporting the
mountain tribes in their resistance to
British authority.
A British force is on its way to the
Valley of the Indus to destroy the town
of Balo, in which Haskim Ah has been
harbored.
1894 * * The Ameer has a regular army
of 50,000 troops, and the tribal levies
are incorporated with these as irregular
auxiliaries, with the exception of the
horsemen who follow feudal chiefs.
* * An arsenal established at Kabul
manufactures powder.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1879 Feb. 20. Shere Ali dies (announced).
STATE.
1879 May 26. Treaty of Peace
signed with Yakoob Khan, son of the
deceased Ameer, at Gandamak.
The British to occupy certain territory,
have a resident at Kabul, and pay an
annual subsidy of $300,000 to the Ameer.
Ayoob the governor of Herat for his
brother.
Sept. 3, 4. Revolt of Afghans, who mas-
sacre British residents and their
guards.
Sept. 5. Mutiny in Herat; both mili-
tary and civil governors killed.
Oct. 14. Gen. Roberts proclaims martial
law and Gen. Hills and Gholab Hussein
Khan to be military governors.
Oct. * Yakoob Khan abdicates.
Oct. 30. Roberts announces the occupa-
tion of Kabul, etc.
Dec. * Mohammed Jan Wardak combines
tribes against the British.
Dec. 17. Musa Khan, son of Yakoob,
reported to be Ameer.
AFGHANISTAN.
1879-1894.
1880 Jan. 6. Gen. Roberts proclaims
an almost universal amnesty.
Mar. 21. The new Ameer, Musa Khan,
and the chiefs at Ghazni submit to the
British.
* * The British make Shere Ali, cousin of
the late Ameer, Governor of Kandahar.
July 22. The British proclaim Abder-
Rahman, Ameer at Kabul.
Dec. * Shere Ali resigns ; retires to India.
1881 Oct. * Abder-Rahman becomes
soie ruler.
1832 Feb. * Afzul Khan is chosen by
the Ameer as British resident at Kabul.
1883 June 21. Shinwarris accept peace.
July 21. The Ameer accepts a subsidy
from India.
1884 Apr. 2. The Ameer meets Lord
Dufferin, the viceroy, at Rawalpindi.
Aug. * The Ameer accepts the proposal
of the Afghan frontier commission.
1885 July * England and Russia dif-
fer respecting the Zulflkar Pass.
July * Strong Russian force posted at
Askabad.
July * The Penjdeh surrendered to
Russia.
Aug. 22. It is announced that the Rus-
sians give up their contention respecting
the Zulfikar Pass.
Sept. * The dispute between Russia and
England is closed by signing a Protocol
at London.
Nov. 12. First boundary pillar set by the
joint commission.
1886 Feb. 13. Russia occupies Penjdeh.
Sept. 6. Joint commission having con-
cluded its work is dissolved.
Oct. 30 ±. Revolt against taxation.
1887 July 8. Proclamation of peace,
amnesty, and remission of taxes for
two years issued by the Ameer.
July 13. Execution of Taimar Shah,
chief of the Herat mutineers.
July 20. The Afghan Frontier Com-
mission meet at St. Petersburg and set-
tle the boundary question.
Aug. 14. Ayoob Khan escapes from
Teheran ; he raises his standard against
the Ameer.
Aug. 29+. Rebellion reported at an end,
and several tribes return home.
Nov. 9. Reported that Ayoob Khan has
surrendered to the viceroy of India.
Nov. 13. Peace reported in Southern
Afghanistan.
Dec. 10. The Ameer issues an amnesty
proclamation.
1888 Sept. * Revolt of Ishak Khan,
the governor of Afghan-Turkestan.
1889 Feb. 13. The insurrectionary
leader, Ishak Khan, is treated with great
honor at Samarcand, Russia.
Feb. 20. The Ameer has appointed Gho-
lam Hyder Khan Governor of Afghan-
Turkestan.
Aug. 7. The Alehayaras in Kandahar re-
volt ; troops sent to quell disturbance.
1890 Aug. 6. The new Ameer sends an
embassy to Russia to conclude a com-
mercial treaty.
Summer. Abder- Rahman, the Ameer,
continues at Mezar, the chief place in
Afghan-Turkestan, for the purpose of
crushing hostilities and reorganizing
the administration.
* * The Ameer has given the Russians
important trade concessions which are
denied to the English.
* * The Ameer seeks to replace pillage
and violence with commerce and
peaceful industries.
Aug. 11. The Ameer arrives at Kabul
and is given an enthusiastic reception.
1891 Sept. 7. Reported arrest of Gen-
eral Alikhanoff , charged with being a
Russian spy.
* * The Russians send out an expedi-
tion for political purposes, which has a
strong Cossack support, and starting
from Osh, in the Russian province of
Ferghana, it enters the Pamir region,
and claims a great part of it.
1892 Apr. 11. The Ameer issues a State
paper to the "Noble Chiefs of Afghan-
istan," advising their adherence to
Great Britain rather than to Russia.
Apr. 15. The Ameer gains possession of
one of the two passes leading through
the Pamir country to India, the British
having possession of the other.
July 8. Reported that the Russians are
encroaching on Afghan territory on the
Murghab River and in the Pamirs.
[The Afghans make an effort to pro-
tect their frontier against the advances
of the Russians. (See Army.)
Aug. 9. The revolt of the Hazara tribes
grows more serious daily.
Aug. 14. Owing to increased complica-
tions the Ameer negotiates with the
rebels.
Aug. 23. Reported that the Ameer has
asked the Government of India to in-
tervene to prevent Russian aggression
in the Pamir country.
Sept. 12. The Ameer is said to be sup-
porting the mountain tribes in their re-
sistance to British authority.
Dec. 16. Sher Afzul Khan, murderer and
usurper, is driven from Chitral.
Dec. 22. The Ameer is recognized as
Suzerain of Chitral.
1893 Feb. 4. Overtures made for a con-
ference between Russia, England, and
China to consider the frontiers of Russia,
China, and Afghanistan.
Mar. 13. The Ameer declines to meet
Lord Roberts to confer concerning the
trouble among Indian frontier tribes.
Oct. 2. Arrival at Kabul of Sir Mortimer
Durand's Mission.
Nov. 15. The Ameer announces, at a
military review, that the frontier ques-
tion and other matters long pending be-
tween Afghanistan and India have been
satisfactorily adjusted.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1879 Sept. * Commencement of the
Quetta Railway.
Oct. 16. The British lose arms, ammuni-
tion, and about 20 men by an explosion.
* * The British use a portable heliograph
in their campaign.
* * The Ameer secures a regular sub-
sidy of about $25,000 a month from the
Indian treasury.
1880 Jan. * The joint Anglo-Russian
Boundary Commission complete the
boundary delimitation.
Oct. * The work on the Railway is stopped.
1884 Apr. * Work on the Railway is re-
sumed.
1885 Oct. 28. Opening of the Lower
Bolan Railway, connecting with India.
1887 Mar. 14. The rails are joined of
the Sibi and Quetta sections of the Sind-
Pishin Railroad via the Harrai route.
May* Russians, under General Ozan
Tora, occupy the town of Kerki, on the
left bank of the Oxus, between Bokhara
and Herat.
Aug. 14. Ayoob Khan, the cousin and
rival of Abder-Rahman, escapes from
Teheran, where he was kept interned
by the British.
1888 July * The opening of the rail-
road through Bokhara to Samarcand
is celebrated with festivities. General
Annenkoff, who directed its construc-
tion, is appointed its chief director for
two years.
Oct. * Ishak Khan a fugitive in Russian
territory.
Dec. 26. The Ameer barely escapes as-
sassination.
* * Railroad connection is completed to
the Caspian Sea, a distance of 900 miles.
1889 Feb. 16. Exportation of goods
resumed ; no obstacle against the impor-
tation of Russian goods.
Apr. 9. Tranquillity prevails along the
frontier.
Dec. 26. The Ameer is fired at by a sepoy
of the Herat Infantry, who is executed
on the spot.
* * The railroad is dependent upon the
supply of naphtha, the only fuel
available.
1890 * * Kabul supposed to have 100,000
inhabitants.
* * The tomb of Shah Ahmed at Ka-
bul is so sacred that the king may not
remove a criminal who has taken refuge
within its walls.
* * The Ameer demands a tax of from
10 to 30 per cent of the produce of the
land, according to the amount of irriga-
tion.
1891 * * The Ameer is endeavoring to
extend new manufactures.
1893 * * Manufactures are chiefly silk,
felts, carpets, and postins.
* * Exports consist chiefly of fruits and
nuts and large quantities of asafetida.
* * The population exceeds 4,000,000.
* * The Ghilzai, Durani, and other tribes
inhabit the central parts of the coun-
try ; the Tajiks cultivate the soil and
ply peaceful trades ; the Aimaks, Haza-
ras, and Uzbecks dwell in the northern
part of the country.
* * A large number of the Hazaras and
the Kizilbashis are Shiite Mohamme-
dans.
111B.C.-1866A.D.
ALGERIA.
Algeria is a country of Northern Africa, organized as a colonial possession of France, and divided into three departments,
Algiers, Oran, and Constantine ; capital, Algiers. The government is vested in a governor-general, appointed by France, and a
Superior Council ; the prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. Area (Algeria proper), 122,876 square miles ; population in 1801,
3,910,399.
ARMY — NAVY.
1 11 * * b. c. War between Rome and
Numidia begins. (See Italy.)
46 * * b. c. Juba, the last king of Nu-
midia, is killed at the battle of Thapsus.
42* * b. c. Suetonius suppresses a revolt
in Mauritania.
533 * * -35 * * A. D. Justinian's great
general, Belisarius, conducts the Bo-
mans successfully against the Yandals.
637 * * -709 * * The Saracens subdue
the country.
1248 * * William, Prince of Achaia, con-
quers the Moors.
1492 * * The Moors are driven out of
Spain into Algiers.
1505* * Ferdinand, King of Spain,
sends a powerful fleet under the Count
of Navarre against the country ; he soon
captures Oran, Bugia, and other towns.
1509 * * Algiers is taken by the Span-
iards.
•1516 * * The Turks aid in expelling the
Spaniards, under Horush Barbarossa.
1516* *-20* * Algiers is retaken by
Horush and Hadher-ed-Din Barbarossa,
and made the capital of a Mohammedan
state.
1518 * * The Spaniards capture Horush
Barbarossa and put him to death.
1541 Oct. 28+. The Spanish Emperor
Charles V. loses the greater part of a
fleet of 370 vessels and an army of 30,000
men, in an expedition against Algiers ;
Charles himself escapes with difficulty.
(See Miscellaneous.)
* * The Spaniards are driven out.
1616 * * The Algerine fleet consists of
40 sail, of ships of between 200 and 400
tons, and a flag-ship of 500 tons.
1617 * * A French fleet is sent against
the Algerines, and captures two ves-
sels.
1620 * * The English send out an un-
successful fleet under Sir Robert Mansel .
* * * The Venetians send out a fleet un-
der Admiral Capello, which captures 16
galleys.
1655 * * Cromwell sends Admiral Blake
with a fleet, which soon subdues the
Algerines.
1680 * * The French send out a fleet
under Vice-Admiral Duquesne, which
destroys 14 Algerine ships.
1683 May * Duquesne appears before
Algiers, and threatens to bombard the
town.
The pacific Bey is murdered, and also
all the French in the town. The French
Consul is fired at the French fleet from
the mouth of a mortar. Duquesne de-
stroys the fortifications, the shipping,
and the chief part of the town.
1792 * * The Spaniards surrender Oran.
1815 * * Commodore Decatur of the
United States navy encounters the
Algerine squadron, captures a frigate
and a brig, and forces the surrender of
American prisoners.
1816 Aug. 27. The city of Algiers is
successfully bombarded by the Brit-
ish fleet, under Lord Exmouth, who
also burns its fleet.
1817+ * * The Algerines more strongly
fortify their city than ever before.
1826 * * Algerine pirates openly seize
Italian vessels in the Mediterranean and
extend their incursions to the North Sea.
1830 * * "War with France. Caused by
insults given to ambassadors, and to
great restlessness in France.
May * The French prepare a fleet at
Toulon, for war on a large scale.
June 14. Rout of the Algerines after a
fierce attack in strong force.
July 4. The French begin the bombard-
ment of Algiers, and subdue the town.
July 5. Algiers surrendered to the
French under General Bourmont and
Admiral Duperre, after severe conflicts.
The French force consists of 37,000 in-
fantry, and 4,000 cavalry, and a good sup-
ply oi artillery ; Hussan Bey's army
numbers 60,000. The spoil consists of
12 ships, 1,500 bronze cannon, and nearly
§10,000,000 in specie.
* * General Clausel succeeds General
Bourmont.
1831 Feb. * General Berthezene is ap-
pointed commander-in-chief.
* * He makes unsuccessful attempts to
chastise the hostile tribes of the interior.
* * Revolt of the natives against the
tyranny of the French.
Oct. * The Kabyles capture Bona.
Nov. * General Savary, Due de Rovigo,
reenforces the French with 16,000 men.
He exasperates the natives by cruelty
and treachery.
1832 * * The Arab chief Abd-el-Ka-
der preaches a holy war, and collects
an army of 11,000 men.
May * He attacks the French at Oran,
and, after bravely fighting three days,
is repulsed with considerable loss.
1835 * * Jealousy inspires war with Abd-
el-Kader.
June 28. At the Makta River the French
are defeated with great slaughter.
The French under Marshal Clausel
with 11,000 men invade Mascara.
Dec. 5. The French take Mascara and
fire the city.
1836 Jan. * Marshal Clausel undertakes
an expedition against Tlemcen; he
captures and garrisons the town.
* * Abd-el-Kader defeats 3,000 men un-
der Count d'Arlanges on the Tafna.
July 6. General Bugeaud completely de-
feats the Arabs on the Sikak River.
Nov. * Marshal Clausel conducts an un-
successful expedition of 8,000 men
against the Bey of Constantine.
1837 May 30. Abd-el-Kader thor-
oughly defeated.
Oct. * A French army of 20,000 men
marches against the Bey of Constantine.
Oct. 12. The French storm and capture
Constantine, losing General Danre-
mont. General Valee succeeds him.
1839 Oct. * Boundary disputes and
intrusion lead to war.
* * Reenforcements of 20,000 men are sent
out from France.
Dec. * Abd-el-Kader suddenly attacks
the French in the plain of Metidja, and
routs them with great slaughter.
1840 * * The French garrison of 123
men defends Fort Masagran against
the attack of 12,000 to 15,000 Arabs,
for three days.
1841 * * General Bugeaud, with from
80,000 to 100,000 men, subdues
raiding Arabs by use of flying columns.
1842 Jan. * Tlemcen is taken by the
French.
Fort of Tafna captured and destroyed.
1843 * * Spring. The French under the
Duke of Aumale surprise Abd-el-
Kader ; they take several thousand
prisoners and much booty.
1844 Aug. 14. The Arabs from Mo-
rocco, under Abd-el-Kader, are defeat-
ed by General Bugeaud, on the river Isly.
1845 June 18. General Pelissier suf-
focates about 500 Arab men, women ,
and children in a cave after they re-
fused to surrender.
1847 Dec. 23. Abd-el-Kader finally
surrenders to Lamoriciere.
1849 * * General Pelissier marches
against several of the rebellious tribes
and subdues them.
1850 * * Several revolts are subdued.
1851 * * Kabyle insurrection subdued by
the French under General St. Arnaud,
after several sharp engagements.
1852 * * General Macmahon is sent
out against Kabylia.
* * General Pelissier takes Laghouat by
storm.
1854 * * An expedition subdues the
Arabs in the south.
1857 Oct. * General Randon subdues
the tribes of Great Kabylia, and the au-
thority of France is undisputed.
1859 Oct. 31. The Arab tribes rebel,
attack the French, and are defeated.
Nov. 6. They rebel again with like result.
1864 Apr. * The Arabs of the south rise
in formidable insurrection; rebellion
provoked by an insult.
June * After defeat the Arabs submit.
Oct. 2. Fresh revolts ; insurgents de-
feated by Jolivet.
1865 Oct. * Fresh insurrection in Oran;
subdued by Colonel de Colomb.
1866 Mar. 16. Another insurrection in
Oran is subdued by the same officer.
ALGERIA.
Ill B.C. -1866 AD.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
850+ * * Amobius. Rhetorician of Numidia.
354* * Augustine, Saint. (Numidian bishop
of Hippo), born.
4th Century. Donatus, Numidian schismatic.
430 * * Augustine. Saint, Numidian bishop,
A76.
1053 * * Abdallah-Ibn-Yasin, founder of
the empire of the Almoravides, dies.
1543 * * Barbarossa, Hadber, (Jreek-Alge-
rine pirate, dies.
1718 * * Baba-Ali, Dey of Algiers, dies.
1773 + * * Hussein or Houssein Pasha (Dey)
born.
1807 * * Abd-el-Kader (Emir) born.
1825 * * Allemand-Ijavigerie (Fr. Cardi-
nal) born in Bayonne.
1838 * * Hussein or Houssein Pasha, last
Dey of Algiers, dies, A ± 65.
1864 May 22. Marshal Pelissier, governor-
general, dies.
CHURCH.
1050+ * * Abdulla-ben Yazim forms the
prosperous sect of Moabites.
1540+ * * Pope Paul III. issues a buU
offering the remission of sins and the
crown of martyrdom to those lost in
fighting the Algerians.
1828 * * Abd-el-Kader makes his sec-
ond pilgrimage to Mecca, and receives
the title Hadji.
1832 * * Abd-el-Kader preaches a holy-
war.
SOCIETY.
1520± * * Thirty thousand Christian
slaves are employed in constructing a
mole in the harbor of Algiers. [Finished
in three years.]
* * The Algerine pirates are dreaded
and subsidized by all the commercial
nations.
1816 Aug.* Under British pressure the
Dey liberates 1,211 Christian slaves, and
promises that piracy, and the enslave-
ment of Christians shall cease forever.
1832 * * A Holy "War excitement pre-
vails.
1860 Sept. * Algiers is visited by the
French Emperor Napoleon TTT.
1865 May 3-June * Napoleon is wel-
comed with enthusiasm.
STATE.
46 * * B. c. A part of Mauritania (Alge-
ria) is conquered by the Romans.
45* * b. c. Mauritania becomes a Roman
province, with Sallust for proconsul.
42 * * b. C. Mauritania is divided into
two parts.
439 * * a. n. Mauritania is conquered
in part by the Vandals.
533 * * The Vandals are expeUed by
the Romans, and the territory is reunited
to the empire.
690+ * * The Saracens subdue this prov-
ince. [It becomes divided among many
petty chiefs, and relapses into barbar-
ism.]
935 + * * The town of Algiers is founded
by the Arabs near the site of ancient
Icosium.
1075± * * The sect called Moabites sub-
due rival chiefs and lay the foundation
of the dynasty of the Almoravides.
1147 * * -1231 * * The dynasty of the
Almohades follows.
1273 * * Change of dynasty; the country
is divided into small states.
1509 * * Spain acquires dominion.
1516 * * The Algerians revolt and seek
aid of the famous Turkish pirate, Horush
Barbarossa.
* * The invaders being expelled, Barba-
rossa murders the prince, Selim Cut-
smi, and mounts the throne.
* * He extends his dominions by force
and treachery.
* * Algiers becomes nominally a prov-
ince of Turkey.
1518 * * Hadher Barbarossa, as Pasha
of Algiers, succeeds his brother, who is
slain by the Spaniards.
± * * He solicits aid from Selim I., and
acknowledges his sovereignty.
± * * The Moors establish the pirati-
cal states of Algiers and Tunis.
* * * Viceroys, or pashas, appointed
by Turkey, continue to govern the coun-
try till the 17th century.
1600+ * * Turkey permits the janizaries
to choose their own dey or governor.
1609 * * Many Moors flock to Algiers
after their expulsion from Spain, and as
able sailors raise the power of the state.
1686* *The English conclude a favor-
able treaty with Algiers. [It is only par-
tially enforced for a long time.]
1705 * * The last Turkish pasha is ex-
pelled by Dey Ibrahim.
1710+ * * The office of pasha is united
with that of dey.
The janizaries control the appoint-
ment of chiefs, and they declare inde-
pendence of the Turks ; all regular
tribute is withdrawn.
1795 * * The Americans refuse any
longer to subsidize the Dey of Algiers.
1816 * * A new treaty with England is
made, and Christian slavery is abolished.
1818* * Hussein Bey succeeds to the
government.
1823 * * The French demand reparations
for insults to their consul and for out-
rages committed on French vessels, but
without success, and an army follows.
1830 July 5. The French depose the
Dey, and overthrow the barbarian gov-
ernment. The Dey retires to Naples.
* * General Bourmont is superseded by
General Clausel, who makes little effort
to conciliate the natives.
1833 * * The French ministry declares ils
purpose to retain the government and to
colonize the country, in opposition to its
agreement with England.
Mar. * General Avizard is appointed
interim Governor on the retirement of
Rovigo. [He dies soon after.]
* * General Voirol is nominated Gov-
ernor.
1834 * * Abd-el-Kader enters a treaty
acknowledging the supremacy of France,
and is recognized as the Emir of the
province of Mascara.
May 20. The French ministry announces
its intention to retain Algiers perma-
nently.
* * France is displeased with the treaty,
and General Desmichels, Governor of
Oran, is recalled.
July* General Drouet d'Erlon be-
comes Governor-general of the colony.
1835 * * Marshal Clausel supersedes
Count d'Erlon as Governor-general.
1837 May 30. The French sign a
treaty of peace with Abd-el-Kader on
the banks of the Tafna ; he recognizes
French supremacy.
Dec.+ * General Val6e is appointed
Governor-General of the colony.
1841 Feb. 22. General Bugeaud suc-
ceeds Vale"e.
1842 Feb.* Algeria annexed to
France, and the Emir declared a rebel.
1848 * * General Cavaignac appointed
Governor-general of the Colony.
Jan. 29. Abd-el-Kader is taken a pris-
oner to France, contrary to the agree-
ment of the French.
1852 * * Louis Napoleon releases him
from prison on the condition that he
retires to Asia Minor.
1857 * * French authority undisputed.
1858 * * The government entrusted to
Prince Napoleon as special minister.
[The special ministry is soon abolished.]
1860 Nov. * Marshal Pelissier, Duke
of Malakhoff, is appointed Governor-
general, with a council of thirty mem-
bers.
1863 Feb. * The emperor promises a
constitution, with a representative as-
sembly, securing the rights of the Arabs,
saying, " I am as much emperor of the
Arabs as of the French."
1864 May 22. Death of Marshal Pelis-
sier. Marshal Macmahon, Duke of
Magenta, succeeds him.
1865 July * More rights and privileges
are promised by the French to the na-
tives.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1520 * * Under Barbarossa, Algeria be-
comes famous for its pirates. [They
infest the seas till 1830.]
1541 Oct. 28. A fearful storm at-
tended by an earthquake nearly destroys
the fleet of the Spaniards in the port of
Algiers.
1670 * * The city of Tlemcen is destroyed
by fire.
1716 May* -June* Earthquakes de-
stroy 20,000 people.
1866 * * Population by census returns
2,921,146.
* * The crops are almost entirely de-
stroyed by locusts.
10
1867-1894.
ALGERIA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1867 Jan. * A new expedition subdues
the refractory Arabs of the south.
1868 Jan. * Si-Hamed leads a revolt
and is killed by the French ; his follow-
ers are routed.
1869 Jan. * Several large bodies of in-
surgents in the extreme south move
northward and surprise Tagguin.
Feb. 2. Colonel Sonis defeats about 4,000
Arabs, and routs them.
June * The insurrection is quelled.
1870 Aug. 15. Algeria proclaimed
in a state of siege.
1871 * * "Widespread insurrection of
the Arab and Kabyle tribes, prompted
by the weakened condition of France.
June 24. State of siege raised after the
fall of the Commune at Paris ; [a contri-
bution of $6,000,000 imposed upon the
rebels].
1879 June * Another insurrection ; it
is soon subdued.
1881 Apr.* Dispute between the
French government and Tunis respect-
ing the sheltering of insurgents. The
French land an army in Tunis.
June * Arab insurrection headed by Bou
Ameema.
July 13. Bou Ameema is said to be de-
feated by the French, and a fugitive.
Aug. 1. Reported preparation for a fresh
revolt ; a strong force marches against
Bou Ameema.
Aug. * Indecisive actions with the rebels.
1882 Apr. * A topographical expedi-
tion is attacked, and more than 40 per-
sons are reported killed.
1883 June * Announcement of the sub-
mission of revolting tribes.
1891 Dec. 23. The Amours tribe re-
bels against French authority, and fight-
ing begins.
* * Each of the three military depart-
ments in Algeria is under the direc-
tion of the commandant of the 19th
corps of the French army.
1892 * * An insufficient military expedi-
tion sent by the Sultan of Morocco to
punish the people of the oases for de-
claring their freedom from tribute and
their sympathy with France, fails in its
purpose.
1894 Jan. 25. Timbuctu occupied
by French Troops.
Feb. 9. Colonel Bonnier, commanding
the French force which took Timbuctu,
is killed by the Tuaregs, together with
seventy-eight officers and soldiers.
Aug. 28. The Tuaregs, after three days'
fighting, defeat the French troops at
Timbuctu, and compel them to retire.
DEATHS.
1883 * * Abd-el-Kader, Algerian chieftain,
A76.
1892 * * Allemand-Lavigrerie, Fr. Cardi-
nal, anti-slavery advocate, apb. Algiers, A67.
CHURCH.
1889 * * Algiers has synagogues, a hand-
some cathedral, and three other Catholic
churches, a Protestant chapel, six col-
leges, an Episcopal seminary, and bish-
op's palace.
* * The London Society for the Propa-
gation of the Gospel among the Jews
reports a mission station at Algiers.
S0CD2TY.
1870 * * Native Jews are admitted to
French citizenship.
1890 May 19. Arabs pillage a Jew's
store at Quelma, and are dispersed by
troops.
1893 * * The French colonists and officials
discourage any attempt to elevate the
natives, and persistently oppose the
proposition to establish schools.
STATE.
1871 * * A war contribution imposed on
the rebels by the French.
Oct. * The military rule abolished and a
civil government established, [which
brings peace and prosperity.]
1873 * * General Chanzy is appointed
governor.
1878 July * General Chanzy accused of
governing despotically ; his resignation
not accepted by Marshal Macmahon.
* * He is replaced by Albert Gr6vy.
1879 June * An insurrection, which is
soon quelled.
1881 Apr. * Dispute between Algeria
and Tunis respecting incursions of the
Kroumirs into Algerian territory.
May 12. The French force the Bey of
Tunis to cede territory and become
the vassal of France.
Nov. 6. Resignation of the governor, A.
Grevy, announced.
Nov. 26. * Louis Tirman appointed
governor.
1882 Dec. * Announcement of the an-
nexation of the province Mzab.
1883 * * The French government has
proposed to expropriate tribal lands of
the nomadic Arabs and a part of those
of the sheep-raising Kabyles of the
mountains, in order to advance coloniz-
ation by Europeans, whose presence will
give security to the French dominion.
1891 * * Governor-general Tirman re-
tires from office.
Apr. * Jules Camborn is appointed gov-
ernor-general.
(There are three departments, each of
which elects one senator in Algeria and
two deputies.)
1892 Jan. 23. The sherif of Wazen is
forcibly detained in Algeria by the
French.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1867 Jan. * Several villages destroyed
by an earthquake ; a prolonged drought
and famine follow.
* * The cholera destroys 50,000 persons.
1871 * * The French government grants
land and means to start in agriculture
to 10,500 refugees from Alsace-Lorraine.
1872 * * Population 2,146,225.
1875 * * Population 2,448,691.
1876 * * The most prosperous year of the
Colony.
1880 Mar. * M. Mouchot, by a mirror,
collects solar rays, and boils water,
drives an engine, etc.
1881 Oct. * Reported death of 61 per-
sons killed by a waterspout.
* * There are 2,328,636 persons engaged
in agriculture.
1883 * * A project for making the Sahara
desert an inland sea is entertained.
1884 * * Railroads completed, 993 miles.
1886 * * Population 3,910,399.
1887 * * Railroads completed, 1,290 miles.
* * A plague of grasshoppers damages
the growing crops.
1888 July* Another plague of lo-
custs.
* * Swarms of crickets devastate vegeta-
tion in many localities.
* * The first section of the Trans-Sahara
Railroad is opened.
1889 Jan. 5. The Governor orders the
expulsion from the country of two editors
of a Spanish newspaper published at
Oran.
1890 Jan. 22. The authorities forbid
pilgrimages to Mecca on account of the
prevalence of cholera in Arabia.
June 25. Cardinal Lavigerie favors a
Trans-Saharan railway.
Aug. 26. Fire rages in the Soukari's
forest ; two villages destroyed.
Sept. 26. Destructive storm and cyclone.
1891 Jan. 15. Three violent shocks of
earthquake occur.
Aug. 19. A forest fire destroys 35,000
acres of trees.
* * Population by last census returns,
3,636,967 in the civil departments, and in
the interior military departments, 487,765.
* * Locusts destroy the pastures.
* * There are 3,262,478 persons engaged in
agriculture, 187,000 of whom are Euro-
peans.
* * Value of imports, $52,609,645; ex-
ports, $45,494,950.
* * The Trans-Sahara Railroad, starting
from El Guerrah, has been carried
across the mountains up to the edge of
the Tuareg country, and extends from
oasis to oasis, to Biscara, 390 miles. It
is projected to Lake Chad, 1,887 miles.
1892 Aug. 2. A strong sirocco prevails.
* * Roads to the interior, with wells sunk
along them, have been established be-
tween the military posts.
* * Railroads completed cover 1,910 miles ;
telegraphs, 7,000 miles.
1893 * * The Trans - Sahara Railroad
reaches within 80 miles of the oasis of
Fignig.
1894 * * Fr. The annihilation of the
French advance column at Timbuctu
causes deep feeling in France.
AMERICA.
955 p,c. -1121 a.
11
America is a name applied to the Western Continent, and includes both North and South America and the adjacent islands.
Greatest length, 10,500i miles ; greatest breadth, 3,000± miles. Estimated area, 15,700,000 square miles ; estimated population in
1891, 121,713,000.
Explanatory Note. — The early history of each American country is given in fuller detail under its proper title, except that of the United
States, which appears under the title of America only until the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
Mexican, Central and South American dates are of uncertain value until the sixteenth century. All items relating to the Norsemen in
America can hardly be considered well-established historical records.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
4th Century b. c. The spherical shape
of the earth is taught by the Greeks.
4th Century a. d. The compass is used
by mariners on the Indian Ocean.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
945 ± Mtx. Nauhyotl, king, dies.
1007 Mass. (?) Sonorri, son of Thorflnn,
born in Vinland.
1054 i Peru. Manco Capac, founder of the
state, dies.
1070i Mex. Huemac Ateopanecatl, last Tol-
tec king, 'lies at Capultepec.
CHURCH.
999 * * Scan. Leif, son of Eric the Red,
becomes. a convert to Christianity [and
in the year 1000 takes Roman mission-
ary priests to Iceland, by whom many
are converted.]
1000+ * * Peru. Manco Capac (from
China?), accompanied by his wife, and
sister Mama Ocello, appears.
They announce themselves "children
of the sun," sent by deity to civilize the
people by teaching agriculture and the
arts, publishing laws, and by introdu-
cing religious rites. (Peruvian Annals.)
1056 * * Iceland. A bishop's see is
erected in the east and southwest.
1106 * * Iceland. A bishop's see of
175 parishes is erected in the north.
1121 * * Eric Gnupsson is appointed
«« bishop of Greenland and Vinland
in partibus infidelium," by Paschal II.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
635** Mex. The Chichimecs leave
Chicomoztoc in their progress toward
Mexico.
648 * * Mex. Toltecs invade Mexico.
8th Century. Greenland is visited by
Northmen.
860* * Iceland is discovered: Nad-
doddr, a Norse pirate, is driven to the
coast by adverse winds.
865 * * Iceland is visited by Floki, the
viking.
876 * * Greenland discovered : Gunn-
bjorn, a Norwegian, driven by adverse
winds beyond Iceland, views its coast.
985 4- * * Greenland. Eric Raude, with
a number of Icelanders, is said to have
spent three years in exploring the coun-
try. (Its name is suggested by its abun-
dant verdure.)
986* *America discovered: Her-
julfson, a Norse navigator, sailing from
Iceland, is caught in a storm and driven
southwestward to the coasts of New-
foundland and Labrador, but does not
land.
1000 * * New England is visited by
Leif Ericsson with a crew of about 35
Icelanders. He arrives at Labrador,
and explores the coast as far as Massa-
chusetts, where he remains more than a
year at Vinland.
1002* * Me. Thorwald, a brother of
Leif Ericsson, accompanied by his wife
and a crew of 30 men, visits Maine and
Massachusetts.
1003 Summer. Thorwald extends his
explorations to the southward.
1004 * * Mass. Leif explores the coast
northward [reaching the present site of
Boston], where he is slain by the na-
tives.
1005 * * New Eng. Thorstien, another
brother of Leif Ericsson, explores the
New England coast.
1006 * * Mass. — U. I. Thorflnn Karl-
sefne, with three ships, containing 1G0
men, and a number of women and cattle,
explores the coast of Massachusetts and
Rhode Island, and possibly sails as far
south as Virginia, but is driven away by
the natives.
1011 * * Mass. Freydis visits Vinland,
accompanied by 30 men.
* * Greenland. Helgi and Finnbogi,
with 35 men, sail from Greenland to
cut timber in Massachusetts. (?)
1012 * * Mass. (?) The Northmen, under
Thorwald, having murdered Helgi and
Finnbogi, with their followers, sail for
Greenland.
11th, 12th Centuries. The Arabs explore
the Atlantic, seeking to find its limits.
1116 (?)* * Mex. The Aztecs' migra-
tion from the north reaches Chico-
moztoc.
1120 (?) * * Mex. The Chichimecs, a
half-savage tribe, invade Mexico.
LETTERS.
* * * Mexican annals of a remote pe-
riod are recorded by picture-writing.
[Their value is uncertain.]
4th Century b. C. The story of the Island
of Atlantis is mentioned by Plato.
SOCIETY.
686 (?) * * Mex. The Toltecs evince an
advanced civilization in weaving,
building, jeweling, and making orna-
ments of feathers ; among them are as-
trologers, poets, sorcerers, philosophers,
and orators.
1011 Winter. Mm. (?) The North-
men's games cause dissension.
Thorwald, the husband of Freydis,
avenges an insult by the massacre of the
35 men and five women of a neighboring
expedition of the brothers Helgi and
Finnbogi.
* * Pern. Communism prevails in ag-
ricultural labor and products.
* * Mex. and Peru. The masses of the
people are serfs or slaves.
* * * Peru. Manco Capac, with his
wife, and sister Mama Ocello, arrives
from China (?), claiming to be sent by
deity to reclaim the tribes from savage
life; civilized society begins. [This
account is received with some incredu-
lity by scholars.]
STATE — SETTLEMENT.
955 * * b. c. Mexican history begins
[according to Brasseur de Bourbourg],
470± * * b. c. Peru. ThePiruadynasty
begins [as some allege].
4th to 7th Century a. d. Mex. The
Nahuas dwell in the Mexican plateau.
503 * * Mex. With the appearance of the
Toltecs on the tableland authentic his-
tory begins [according to Ixtlilxochitl].
(Clavigero, 596, Vetia, 697.)
686 ± * * Mex. The Toltec empire is
finally established. The Toltecs are the
true founders of civilization in this pert
of North America.
714 * * Antillia, or the Island of the
Seven Cities, is settled from Spain. (?)
830 * * Peru. Fall of the Pirua dy-
nasty. (?)
835 * * Greenland is inhabited. (?)
875 ± * * Iceland. The Icelandic com-
monwealth is founded by Norsemen,
under Ingolf, the son of Orn.
9th Century. The Irish visit Iceland.
895 (?) * * Mex. Topiltzin C e a c a 1 1
Quetzalcoatl, the most famous of the
Toltec sovereigns, founds a new seat of
government on the plain of Huitzilapan.
[LaPuebla?]
930 * * Iceland. First meeting of the
Althing, a general assembly secured by
the influence of TJlfljot, a leader among
the Icelanders.
983 * * -985 * * Greenland. Eric Raude
returns, and founds two settlements
on the west coast.
* * * Peru. Manco Capac arrives and
reforms the people. (13th Century,
Winsor.)
1007* * Can. Colonies are planted [in
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia], which
are soon abandoned.
1041 * * -47 (?) * * Mex. Irruption of
the Chichimecs-Teotenancas into the
valley of Mexico.
Uth Century. Mex. The fall of the
Toltec power.
Tho Toltecs, greatly reduced in num-
bers, leave Mexico and enter Central
America.
11th Century. JHex. After the fall of the
Toltec empire, a great migration cf
Northern tribes southward begins. [It
continues for three centuries.]
12 1121-1492, Oct. 12.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
13th Century. Mex. The ferocity of the
Aztecs causes their neighbors to band
together against them. Many forays and
bloody wars follow.
1415 * * Mex. The Tepanecs invade
the territory of the Tezcucans and are
invaded in turn.
1425 ± * * Mex. The Tepanecs subdue
the Tezcucans.
1433 ** Peru. Peruvians invade
Chile, conquering the southern part.
1450± * * Mex. Montezuma I. subdues
the country to the Gulf of Mexico.
1469 * * Mex. A military expedition
under Axayacatl moves down the Isth-
mus of Mexico as far as Tehuantepec.
He ravages the Totonac region, securing
immense plunder and many captives.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
12th Century. The Catalans and Basques
use the compass.
1267* * Enr/. The Opus Major by Roger
Bacon appears, teaching the sphericity
of the globe.
1306 * * It. Map of Marino Sanuto, the
beginning of Atlantic cartography, ap-
pears.
1367 * * -73 * * Pizigana's map of the
Atlantic appears.
1439 * * Valsequa's chart of the Atlantic
appears.
1436 * * Variation of the needle shown
on maps.
1446* * Mex. Earthenware pipes used
for conducting water to the capital from
Chapul tepee.
1470 * * Nicholas Donis's map appears —
the earliest engraved map in which
Greenland is shown.
1472 * * Mex. Art and culture center
in Tezcuco.
1484 * * Regimontanus adapts the astro-
labe for use on the sea.
I486* * Sp. The Laon Globe appears.
[Dated 1493.]
1486* * Sp. The project of Colum-
bus is referred by the king to Ferdinand
de Talavera, who summons astronomers
and cosmographers to confer with Co-
lumbus before a jury of ecclesiastics,
where his theories are overturned with
biblical texts and extracts from the great
divines.
1491 * * Talavera denounces the pro-
ject to the king as impracticable.
1492 * * Somewhere 200 leagues west of
the Canaries, lay on ancient maps the
Lost Island of the Seven Cities.
* * Columbus, after long study and
much conference with the best authori-
ties, concludes the globe to be only ten
or twelve thousand miles in circumfer-
ence ; he also overestimates the size of
the Asiatic continent.
Sept. 13. Columbus is startled to find
the needle moving westward and no
longer pointing to the pole.
Sept. 15. A meteor falls five lengths
from Columbus's ship.
* * Cuba. Columbus concludes that he
has reached Cipango. Afterward he
changes his mind, and decides it to be
the mainland of India.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1357 Mex. Techotl, ruler of the Chichl-
mecs, dies.
1435-56 It. Columbus, Christopher,
born. [1445 + Harrisse: 1456 Payne.J
1451 It. Vespucci. Amerigo, Mar. 9, b.
1466 Mex. Montezuma II., emperor, b.
1469 Mex. Montezuma I., emperor of the
Aztecs, dies.
1472 Mex. Nezahualcoytl, king of Tez-
cuco, dies.
1474 Sp. Casas, Bartolome de Las,
" The Apostle of the Indies," born.
1481 Mex. Axayacatl, emperor of the Az-
tecs, dies.
1486 (?) Mex. Tizoc, king of Tezcucans, d.
CHURCH.
1121 * * Greenland. Bishop Eric Gnups-
son goes in search of Vinland. (Massa-
chusetts and Rhode Island.)
1124 * * Greenland. Bishop Arnold is
consecrated.
1325 * * Mex. Mexicans adopt the prac-
tise of offering human sacrifices in
worship.
1450 * * Mex. Mexicans recognize a Su-
preme Creator, and also worship a
plurality of deities.
* * Mex. Fully 5000 priests are at-
tached to the principal temple of the
city of Mexico.
1487 * * Mex. Ahuizotl celebrates the
dedication of the great temple of Huitz-
ilopochtli by slaughtering 72,344 human
victims. (Probably an exaggeration.)
1489 Dec. * Sp. Columbus, learning
that the Sultan of Egypt has threatened
to raze the tomb of Christ, makes a vow
to devote the proceeds of his discovery
to the defense of the holy sepulcher.
1492 * * Sp. Juan Perez, prior of the
monastery of La Rabida, writes a letter
to Isabella, Queen of Castile, which se-
cures an interview for Columbus.
Columbus asks powers which the arch-
bishop declares " arrogant and presump-
tuous ; " therefore his mission fails.
Apr. 17. Through the influence of Perez
and others, Columbus is recalled to the
Spanish Court and receives his commis-
sion.
Columbus bears a letter to the grand
Khan of Cipango, whom he hopes to con-
vert to Christianity.
Before sailing, Columbus, with most of
his officers and crew, confesses to Juan
Perez, and receives the holy sacrament.
Oct. 12. W. I. The first procedure by
Europeans in the New "World is an
act of devotion to God, while over them
is unfurled a flag bearing a green cross.
The natives conclude that the gods have
come from their celestial abode.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1135 Apr. * Greenland visited by
Scandinavians, who sail as far north
as latitude 73*.
* *The Northmen visit an island in
Baffin's Bay, where they erect a mon-
ument. [Discovered in 1824.]
1153**Ger. Indians said to have been
cast upon the German coast.
1170 * * Welshmen under Madoc dis-
cover America. (?)
12th Century. Guatemala occupied by
the Quiches and Cakchi.
Peru supposed to have been visited by
Kublai Khan.
1347 * * The coasts of Labrador and New
England visited by Norwegian sailors,
who bring the last tidings concerning
Vinland.
1393(1394 ?) July * Greenland visited
by three ships under Nieolo Zeno, a
Venetian, who had sailed from the Faroe
Islands.
1396+ * * Greenland. Antonio, a broth-
er of Nicolo Zeno, explores the coasts. (?)
1424 * * Antillia first found on the maps.
1444 * * America. Biscayans said to
have discovered western land.
1463* *-64* * Newfoundland. Cor-
treal, a Portuguese navigator, said to
have visited the coast.
* * * Newfoundland visited by the
Dutch. (?)
1470+ * * Columbus concludes that
much of the world is still undiscovered,
and that Asia may be reached by sail-
ing westward.
1470* *-84* * Portugal visited by Co-
lumbus.
1474 * * Columbus explains his views to
Faola Toscanelli, a Florentine navi-
gator, from whom he receives hearty
encouragement.
1476 * * Skolno coasts along Labra-
dor. (?)
1477 Feb. * Iceland visited by Colum-
bus.
15th Century. Greenland ceases to com-
municate with Europe.
1480 * * -92 * * Sp. Columbus, impov-
erished and disheartened by many rejec-
tions, finds a sympathetic friend in
Isabella, Queen of Castile.
1484 * * Port. Columbus, having vain-
ly appealed to John II. for three ships
with provisions for one year, leaves the
Portuguese service.
Columbus, having been deceived by
John II., goes to Spain.
1485 * * It. Columbus lays his project
before the Genoese, who reject it.
± * * It. Columbus appeals to the Ve-
netians for aid without success.
* * ± Columbus sends proposals to
Henry VLT. of England, offering to
sail under the English flag. (1488?)
* * Fr. Columbus in the French pirati-
cal service.
+ * * Sp. Fernando de Talavera, the
confessor of Isabella, fearing hetero-
doxy in the ideas of , Columbus, pre-
vents his access to the king.
* * * Cardinal Mendoza, " the third
king of Spain," presents Columbus to
Ferdinand. (1485 or 148G.)
AMERICA.
1121-1492, Oct. 12. 13
I486 * * Sp. Columbus ente -s the Cas-
tilian service.
1488 * * -89 * * Cousin visits the South
American coast. (?)
1491 * * Sp. A clerical committee ap-
pointed by the King to investigate the
project of Columbus report adversely.
" The project in question is vain and
impossible, and not becoming great
princes to engage in, on such slender
grounds as had been adduced ; " a con-
clusion reached chiefly by controverting
Scripture texts.
1492 * * Sp. Columbus states his lofty
terms, and his proposal is declined by
the King.
He demands the office of admiral, with
the vice-royalty of the lands he may dis-
cover, and one-tenth of the gains to be
received from them : the King declines
the conditions.
Apr. 17. Sp. Columbus is recalled,
and articles of agreement are drawn and
signed at Santa F6.
Aug. 3. Friday. Sp. Columbus sails
from the port of Palos, with 119 men in
three ships. (90 men ?)
The Santa Maria, of 90 feet keel, is
decked over from stem to stern ; the
Pinta and Nina are undecked caravels.
Some of the crew are obtained by offer-
ing advanced pay and two months' ex-
emption from arrest after their return,
while others are secured by impressment.
Aug. 6. The Pinta loses her rudder.
Aug. 9. Canary Islands. The expedi-
tion puts in at Teneriff e to refit the Pinta.
Sept. 6. Columbus resumes his voyage.
Sept. 16. The expedition enters the
region of the trade winds.
" The air was so mild that it only
wanted the song of the nightingales to
make it like the month of April in An-
dalusia." (Columbus.)
Sept. * The vessels enter the Sargasso
Sea ; immense quantities of floating sea-
weed are observed.
Sept. 17. Columbus calms his alarmed
sailors with a fictitious explanation of
the variation of the compass.
Sept. 18. Many birds are seen, and they
awaken expectations of land.
Sept. 20. Two pelicans appear.
All are sure of the nearness of land.
The wind shifts to the southwest, and the
crews are glad that they will not ever be
urged forward by an east wind, against
which it would be impossible to return.
Sept. 23 . A storm prevails, and the crews
insist that Providence should be tempted
no further.
Sept. 25. Alonzo Pinzo, deceived by a
cloud, raises the false cry of " land ; "
" Gloria in excelsis " is sung.
Oct. 1. Columbus predicts his entrance
into an Asiatic port within forty days.
Oct. 7. Sailors on the Nina, under the
illusion of land in view, raise a flag and
fire a gun.
Oct. * The crew approach a condition of
mutiny, and despairingly threaten to
throw Columbus overboard.
Oct. 11. The Pinta fishes up a cane, a
log of wood, and a stick with a piece of
iron attached. The Nina sights a stake
covered with dog-roses ; " all of them
breathed and were glad."
Oct. 11. At 10 o'clock at night Columbus
perceives a distant light ; " no one sleeps
this night."
Oct. 12. W. I. Land discovered on
Friday at two o'clock in the morning.
Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor on board
the Nina, is the first to see it ; all the
vessels lay to, and the voyage of 36 days
is ended, (it is Guanahani, or Watling
Island, one of the Bahamas.)
LETTERS.
12th Century. Iceland has an intelligent
people and nourishes learning by many
schools, four of which have the character
of universities.
1195+ * * Mex. The Aztecs celebrate
the festival of tying up the ■ ■ bundle of
years," and begin a new cycle.
1215+ * * Iceland. The Heimskringla,
or Chronicle of Snorro Sturleson, [one
of the greatest historical books in the
world,] is written.
1264 * * Iceland has well- developed
literature, consisting of poems, his-
tories, and legends.
14th Century. ' Mex. The civil year of
365 days is divided into 18 months of 20
days, and 5 supplementary days, the
month into 4 weeks of 5 days each.
1442 * * Ger. Johann Paust opens the
first printing place ; the art of print-
ing facilitates the work of discovery
and exploration in the New "World.
SOCIETY.
1241 Sept. 22. Iceland. Snorro Stur-
leson, " the good," a warrior, states-
man, and poet, is murdered.
* * * Iceland. The people are remarkable
for their moral qualities.
1469 * * Mex. Axayacatl ascends the
throne, and follows the usual custom of
raiding the south country to get thou-
sands of prisoners whose sacrifice should
grace his coronation.
1480+ * * Mex. TheKingofTezcucohas
2,000 concubines in his palace.
1486 * * Mex. King Tizoc is assassi-
nated.
STATE.
12th Century. (?) Mex. The Aztecs mi-
grate from place to place.
1170 (?) * * Mex. The rude Chichimecs
enter Anahuac (Mexico).
1177± * * Mex. The Aztecs, or Mexi-
cans, arrive in Anahuac, leading a mi-
gratory and precarious life.
1184 (?) * * or 1186 (?) * * Mex. The
Aztecs establish themselves at Cha-
pultepec.
1240+ * * Peru. Rule of the Incas be-
gins with Manco Capac. (Or 1021+.)
1260+ * * Peru. Reign of Sinchi Rocca.
1262 * * Iceland loses its republican in-
dependence, and becomes subject to
Hakon, King of Norway.
1280+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Lloque
Yupanqui.
1300+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Mayta
Capac.
1325 * * Mex. The Aztecs, under the
reign of Tenuch, found the city of Ten-
ochtitlan (Mexico), probably at first only
a cluster of huts, on a low island in a
great lake. It is the earliest established
date in Mexican history.
1340± * * Peru. Reign of Inca Rocca.
1349 * * Greenland. The Eskimos ap-
pear.
1350 * * New Eng. A great plague,
which depopulates Iceland and Green-
land, also destroys the Norsemen in Vin-
land, thus cutting off communication
with the New World. (?)
* * Greenland. Hostile Eskimos dis-
tress the settlers.
* * * Mex. Toltecs convert the hunting
Chichimecs into an agricultural people.
* * * Peru. The Incas exercise a pater-
nal authority in government, which is,
in fact, a despotism.
These unwarlike kings have domin-
ion founded on policy, superstition, and
the arts.
1357 * * Mex. Techotl, a great Chichi-
mec ruler, dies and is succeeded by
Ixtlilxochitl.
1360+ * * Peru. Reign of the Inca Ya-
huar-Huaccac.
1380+ * * The commerce of Iceland
and Greenland being restricted by Den-
mark, these islands begin to decline.
* * Peru. Reign of Inca Uira-Cocha.
1400+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Pachacu-
tec Yupanqui.
1415 * * Mex. Invasion of the Tepanecs
in Tezcuco.
1418* * Greenland. Settlements of
Norsemen are destroyed by natives, and
the foreigners reduced to slavery.
1430+ ** Mex. TheAcolhua, Aztec, and
Tepanec Kings form a triple alliance.
(The Aztecs soon become predominant.)
1440* *-69* * Mex. Montezuma I.,
the soldier king, reigns.
* * Peru. Reign of Inca Tupac Capac.
1450 (?) * * Mex. The government be-
comes an elective monarchy.
1464 (?)* * Mex. Overthrow of the
empire of the Tutul-Xius. [The new
empire continues till the arrival of the
Spaniards.]
1469* * Mex. Axayacatl succeeds Mon-
tezuma I.
1472 (?)* * Mex. Nezahualcoyotl,
King of Tezcuco, dies, and is succeeded
by his son Nezahuapilli.
1481 * * Mex. Axayacatl dies, and is
succeeded by his brother Tizoc.
1492 Oct. 12. W.I. Columbus, vice-
roy of the New World, assumes authority
as its first European ruler.
A part of the expedition lands at sun-
rise.
Columbus, richly clad in official dress,
leads, and all, kneeling down, kiss the
ground and give thanks to God with tears
of joy. Columbus rises, draws his sword,
shakes out the royal banner, and takes
possession of the land for his sovereigns,
and names it San Salvador.
1492+ * * Peru. Huayna Capac begins
his reign. (Or 1483.)
14 1492, Oct. 14-1500, Dec. *
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1494 * * Mex. Military force is first
used in the New World to subdue the
outraged natives to the rule of Spain.
By a brilliant coup de main the cacique
Caonabo is captured and his people sub-
mit to the Spaniards ; not one of the 300
soldiers is lost.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
* * * Peru. Many of the useful arts,
as agriculture, architecture, pottery,
spinning, and navigation, are developed.
Peruvians know how to give hardness to
copper, for making edge tools, by melt-
ing it with tin.
* * * Central America. The Spaniards
find semi-civilized nations, wearing
woven clothes, and constructing works
of art, as temples, grottoes, and fortifi-
cations.
* * * Chileans practise weaving and
agriculture.
1493 Jan. * Haiti. Columbus completes
the first European structure in the
New World at San Domingo. It is a fort
made out of the timbers of the Santa
Maria, which has been wrecked by bad
steering.
* * * Peruvians far surpass the Mexi-
cans in both the practical and elegant
arts of life. They excel in masonry,
using hard chisels, and they ornament
their work with carvings.
1496 * * Haiti. Columbus discovers
gold mines, and concludes he is in the
Land of Ophir.
1497 * * Sebastian Cabot sails within
twenty degrees of the North Pole, while
seeking a northwest passage to the
Pacific.
CHURCH.
1493 Feb. * Terrified by a storm the
sailors, and probably Columbus also,
vow to attend mass in their shirts at
their first opportunity.
Feb. 18±. Azores. The sailors keep
the vow made in their distress, by going
to the church at Santa Maria.
* * Sp. Columbus presents nine Ameri-
can Indians for baptism.
May 3, 4. It. Pope Alexander VI. (a
Spaniard) issues bulls " out of our pure
liberality, certain knowledge, and pleni-
tude of Apostolic power," " and by vir-
tue of the authority of omnipotent God,"
granting to Spain all newly acquired
lands west of an imaginary line running
north and south 300 miles west of the
Azores ; Portugal receives dominion
east of this line. He divides the
world between two men.
Sept. * Sp. Columbus renews his vow to
rescue the Holy Sepulcher, and prom-
ises within the next seven years to equip
at his own expense a crusading army of
50,000 foot and 4,000 horse, and in five
years thereafter to follow this with a
second army of like dimensions.
Sept. 25. Sp. Christianity is formally
introduced. Twelve missionaries
sail for the New World.
* * Haiti. Religion consists of simple
fetishism and ancestor worship.
* * W. I. Bernardo Boyle is appointed
by the Pope to the office of Apostolic
Vicar for the Indies, probably the first
clergyman sent to America.
1498 * * Eng. Henry VTL, being a good
Catholic, is deterred from claiming the
benefits of Cabot's discoveries, because
of the Pope's inconsiderate grant to the
crowns of Castile and Leon in 1493.
1500 Apr. 26. Easter. Brazil. Cabral
takes possession for Portugal, and erects
an altar and plants a stone cross, and
calls the country the Land of the Holy
Cross.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1492 Oct. 14. Watling Island. Colum-
bus coasts along the shore northward.
Oct. 19. The Island Isabella is discov-
ered.
Oct. 28. Cuba is visited.
Oct. * — Jan. * Columbus discovers Ex-
uma, Bahia, and Santa Catalina.
Dec. 6. Haiti. He discovers Hispan-
iola [later called San Domingo and
Haiti].
Dec. 25. Haiti. "Wreck of the Santa
Maria.
1493 Jan. * Haiti. Columbus erects a
fort from the wreckage of the vessel, and
calls it La Navidad.
Jan. 4. Columbus sails for Spain in
the Nina.
Feb. 12. In a terrifying storm Columbus
places a record of the voyage in a cask,
and commits it to the deep.
Feb. 18. Azores. Columbus arrives at
Santa Maria.
The Portuguese governor disallows his
commission, and threatens to seize him.
Feb. 24. Azores. Columbus renews his
voyage.
Mar. 4. Port. The Nina, under stress of
weather, drops anchor near Lisbon. Ad-
miral Columbus is received with highest
honors by the King.
Mar. 15. Friday. Sp. Columbus com-
pletes his voyage amid great rejoi-
cings.
The gold, cotton, parrots, curious arms,
mysterious plants, strange birds and
beasts, and, above all, nine captured In-
dians, greatly interest the Court and the
people.
Sept. 25. Sp. Columbus's second voy-
age.
He sails from Cadiz with a fleet of sev-
enteen ships, carrying 1,500 people, with
animals and implements for starting a
colony. Many or his company are worth-
less adventurers.
Nov. 3-K Caribbee Islands. Discovery of
Dominica and several others of the
Windward Group ; also Porto Rico.
Nov. 4. W. I. Guadaloupe is discov-
ered.
Nov. 10. W. I. Antigua is discovered.
Nov. 22. Haiti. Columbus arrives at
La Navidad, finds the fort burned, and
learns that the colony has perished.
Dec. * Haiti. The city of Isabella, the
first settlement by Europeans in the
New World, is founded.
The fortune-seekers are disappointed
and censure Columbus ; they are igno-
rant, proud, contentious, and insubordi-
nate.
1494 May 3. W. I. Jamaica is dis-
covered.
June 12. Cuba. Columbus signs a doc-
ument, drawn by a notary, attesting the
discovery of continuous land — the coast
of Cuba.
June 13. W. I. Evangelista Island (Isle
of Pines) is discovered.
Sept. 29. Haiti. Columbus returns from
his voyage of discovery to Isabella, and
lies sick for five months.
* * -1507 * * Alleged improbable voyage
of Behaim to the South American coast.
1496 Mar. 5. Eng. Henry VII. signs
the commission of John Cabot, a Ve-
netian, to make discoveries and take
possession of lands for the English flag.
" No day in the history of the New World
was more important." (Ridpath.)
Mar. 10. Haiti. Columbus leaves in the
Nina for Spain to meet the malicious
charges of his enemies.
June 11. Sp. Columbus returns to
Cadiz, lands in great dejection, wearing
the costume of a Franciscan.
1497 May* Eng. John Cabot sails
from Bristol, on a voyage of discovery,
accompanied by his son Sebastian.
May 10. Sp. Amerigo Vespucci, an
educated Italian, sails on his first voy-
age, with Yanez Pinzon and Juan Diaz
de Solis, who visit the north coast of
Honduras, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and
the Bermudas. [Disputed.]
June 24. Can. First discovery of the
American continent, at Cape Breton
(or Labrador), by John Cabot ; he calls
it Prima Vista.
He raises two banners, one the flag
of the Kingdom of Great Britain, and
the other the flag of the Republic of
Venice. The private enterprise of John
Cabot and Sebastian, his son, leads to the
discovery of the American continent, and
its annexation to the British realm, the
prudent King not sharing the risk of the
voyage.
1498 Apr. * Sebastian Cabot sails on
his second voyage to the Atlantic coast
of North America.
He has five or six ships, 300 men, and
explores the coast line from the Gulf of
St. Lawrence to the Chesapeake Bay,
and probably as far as Cape Hatteras,
claiming all' the territory for England.
(Ridpath.)
May 30. Sp. Columbits sails on his
third voyage, from St. Lucar.
He has a fleet of six ships ; three bound
for San Domingo, and three others to
continue his discoveries.
July 31. W. I. Trinidad Island is dis-
covered by Columbus.
Aug. 1. Venez. Columbus beholds the
continent for the fis6t time, and mis-
takes it for an insignificant island; he
enters the mouth of the Orinoco River.
Aug. 30. Haiti. Columbus returns to
Isabella.
AMERICA.
1492, Oct. 14-1500, Dec. * 15
* * Eng. Thomas Bradley and Lance-
lot Thirkill sail for discoveries in the
" New Isle."
1499 * * Brazil is discovered by Vincent
I'inzon, a Spanish navigator, who fol-
lows the coast from 30° northwestward.
May 16. Sp. Vespucci sails on an
important voyage in the expedition of
Alonzo de Ojeda and Juan de La Cosa.
They coast from some point in North-
ern Brazil to Paria, and westward to
Maricabo and to Cape de La Vela. On
his return he gives an exciting report.
June * Guiana— Colombia. Ojeda discov-
ers Surinam, the Gulf of Venezuela, and
New Granada.
1500 Jan. * Brazil. Diego de Lepe ex-
plores the coast to about 10° south.
Feb. 28. Brazil. Discovery of the
Amazon River by Pinzon.
Apr. 24. Brazil. Pedro Alvarez Cabral,
a Portuguese, bound for India, is driven
by adverse winds from his track, and
anchors in Port Seguro. [He follows the
coast from about 12° to 16° 30' south.]
May 3. Brazil. Cabral discovers the
mouth of the Amazon, and names the
country Terra Sanctse Crucis.
* * Can. Labrador is visited by Gas-
paro Cortereal, a Portuguese, who also
explores the shores of Canada for 600
or 700 miles, and discovers and names
Conception Bay.
Oct. * -02 Sept. * Venez. Voyage of Rod-
rigo Bastidas and La Cosa, who trace the
Pearl Coast westward to Point Manza-
nilla.
Nov. 25. Sp. Columbus returns from
his third voyage.
LETTERS.
1493 Feb. * -Mar. * Columbus writes
the narrative of his discoveries.
* * * Mex. Books are made of long strips
or webs of cotton cloth, leaves of aloe
after preparation, and skins of animals ;
they are neatly joined, with pages folded
in a zigzag manner, and they are pro-
tected by covers of wood.
* * * The Aztec language is copious and
polished ; some of its words have twelve
or fifteen syllables.
The written language is essentially
picture-writing, with few symbols or
real hieroglyphs.
SOCIETY.
1492 Oct. * Cuba. Columbus finds the
natives enjoy the smoking of tobacco.
± * * The aborigines of America differ.
They speak from 400 to 500 different
languages, vary in size from the semi-
dwarf of the Arctic regions to the Pata-
gonian giants of the South, and embrace
a variety of shades of brown in their
color ; they cultivate the soil and pro-
duce maize, beans, pumpkins, and to-
bacco. The universal vice is indolence.
1493 Mar. * Sp. Columbus is made a
grandee.
May 4. Sp. Columbus receives a mag-
nificent scutcheon, having the royal
castle and lion of Castile and Leon
.blazoned in combination with the four
anchors of his old coat of arms.
* * W. I. Discords and mutinies pre-
vail among the fortune-seekers who
come to the New World.
1494 * * W. I. Columbus enslaves 500
Indians, and sends them to Spain to be
publicly sold.
1495 June 24. W.I. Five ship-loads
of Indians are embarked for Seville by
Columbus, to be sold as slaves.
1496 * * W. I. Bartholomew Columbus
ships 300 natives to Spain to be sold as
slaves.
[A third of the gentle Indians are said
to have perished within two or three
years after the arrival of the Spaniards.]
1499 June 20. Sp. Isabella, moved
with indignation at the enslavement of
Indians, procures the instant libera-
tion and speedy return of the last gang
brought into Spain.
* * Haiti. Indians are assigned to labor,
in support of certain Spaniards, by a
kind of villenage.
* * * North America. The Indians prac-
tise polygamy, treat their wives with
cruelty and their children with indiffer-
ence. The women raise maize, beans,
and pumpkins for the support of their
families.
* * * Chile. Chileans make a fermented
drink of maize, and drunkenness is a
common vice.
* * * Civilized nations of the Toltecan
family occupy Mexico, Peru, and Bogota.
* * * Civilization is found to follow
closely the chain of the Andes, and is
specially developed in Mexico and Peru,
the latter being the most highly civi-
lized empire in America.
* * * Mex. Beggars abound, and are
decimated by frequent famines.
Immutable custom regulates society,
and chains the wheels of progress.
Chicha, a fermented infusion of maize,
and pulque, made from the sap of the
great aloe plant, are intoxicants drunk
by the people ; public festivals are pro-
longed drinking bouts. To maintain the
occupations, one part of the population
abstains while the other part indulges.
The masses, are attached to the soil,
allotments of which are cultivated in
common by the slaves of nobles for their
own subsistence.
" The excessive use of pulque appears
to have occasioned the decay of the Tol-
tecs." (Payne.)
* * * Peru. An intoxicating beverage
is made from the quinoa bean.
The mass of the people are in a state of
mild servitude, under a kind of nobil-
ity, who are ruled by Incas.
Harems are maintained by the Incas.
" The excessive use of chicha appears
to have been nearly connected with the
ruin of the Peruvians." (Payne.)
1500 May * Haiti. Columbus is im-
prisoned and put in chains by Bobadilla,
who has been sent out to investigate his
conduct.
* * While returning to Spain, Villejo, cap-
tain of the caravel, proposes to remove
the chains. Columbus replies, "I will
wear them as a memento of the grati-
tude of princes."
STATE.
1493 Jan. 16. Haiti. Columbus leaves
43 men at the fort called Navidad (Isa-
bella), and sails for Spain.
May 3, 4. It. Bull of demarcation.
Pope Alexander VI. draws a line from
the North to the South Pole, 100 leagues
west of the Azores, and gives to Spain
the dominion of the lands westward, and
to Portugal those lying eastward, includ-
ing Western Africa.
* * -1527 * * Sp. Bishop Fonseca is
all-powerful in Indian affairs at the
Spanish court.
1494 Apr. 24. Haiti. Columbus leaves
his colony in the care of a council of
regency, under his brother Diego, with
Pedro de Margarite for captain-general,
while he pursues a voyage of discovery.
June 4-7. Sp. Convention at Torde-
sillas, which moves the meridian line,
dividing Spanish from Portuguese pos-
sessions, 370 leagues west of the Cape
Verde Islands.
1495 Oct. * W. I. Juan Aguado ar-
rives at Isabella, commissioned to
investigate the complaints against
Columbus' rule.
1496 * * Haiti. Columbus founds the
city of San Domingo.
May* Columbus again leaves Diego in
charge of the colony, and sails for Spain.
He fails as a planter of colonies and as a
ruler of men.
1497 June 24 4 . The discoveries of
John Cabot along the Atlantic coast
form the basis of English claims to the
territory of North America.
1498 Aug. 30. Haiti. Columbus is
compelled to compromise with Roldan,
who leads a revolt.
* * Fr. Louis XII. is enthroned.
1499 May 21. Haiti. Bobadilla, the
enemy of Columbus, is made governor
of the Spanish colony, and given charge
of all fortresses and arms.
1500 Aug. 23. Haiti. Bobadilla ar-
rives, and confusion and disaster follow.
[He entertains accusations agains Co-
lumbus of injustice, severity, and venal-
ity, and sends him and his two brothers
to Spain, wearing chains.]
Oct. * Haiti. Prosperity begins to favor
the colonists in the opening of success-
ful gold mines.
Indians are settled in villages and
Christianized ; Columbus estimates the
royal revenues may average 60,000,000
reals ($7,500,000) in three years. [The
new governor reverses the prosperity.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1492 Oct. * -Dec. * Haiti. Columbus
concludes that San Salvador is the Land
of Ophir, from whence Solomon ob-
tained his gold.
1495 * * W. I. Columbus still believes
that he has discovered the Indies ; hence
the islands are called the West Indies.
1498 Aug. * Venez. Columbus enters
the mouth of the Orinoco, and he ima-
gines it to be the great river Gihon,
having its rise in the Garden of Eden.
16 1500, Dec. 17-15ia
AMERICA.
ARMY -NAVY.
1503 * * Mex. Montezuma's expedi-
tion against the Tlascalans, to get vic-
tims for sacrifices, is disastrously de-
feated.
1509 * * Porto Rico is subjugated by
Ponce de Leon.
1511 * * Cuba is conquered by Diego
Velasquez.
CONQUEST OF MEXICO.
1519 Feb. 10. Cuba. Hernando Cor-
tez sails for the invasion of Mexico.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1508 * * -12 * * Sp. Amerigo Ves-
pucci renders important service to sci-
ence, in his position of royal pilot.
* * * Mex. The Spaniards find the na-
tives skilled in the arts.
Pyramids, temples, grottoes, bas-re-
liefs, and arabesques show their skill in
the fine arts ; roads, aqueducts, fortifi-
cations, and mining operations exhibit
their practical arts. Buildings with
vaulted roofs, obelisks covered with
mythical figures, pictorial and hiero-
graphical inscriptions, evince their intel-
ligence and skill.
* * * Mex. The calendar of the civil
year is composed of 365 days divided into
18 months of 20 days, and having five
supplementary days.
The Mexicans spin thread, weave
cloth, build stone houses, cultivate
maize, potatoes, plantains, and raise
cotton.
* * * Peruvians have admirable pub-
lic roads, one extending 1,500 miles ;
rivers are crossed by suspension bridges.
They excel other nations in navigation,
using sails on rafts, which they tack and
veer ; other races having only the canoe
and paddle.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1503 Mex. Ahuitzotl, Aztec king, dies.
1504 Sp. Isabella of Castile, patron of
Columbus, Nov. 12 dies.
1506 .s'/>. Columbus, Christopher, May
20, A61 + .
1512 It. Vespucci, Amerigo, navigator, d.
1515 Mex. Nezahualpilli, Aztec king, dies.
1516 Sp. Ferdinand V., king, dies.
Arg. Hep. Solis, Juan Diaz de, navigator,
dies.
1516 Peru. Manco Capac [2d], inca, born.
CHURCH.
1502 * * Sp. Bartolome" de Las Casas
sails with Columbus.
* * Haiti. Franciscans enter Hispan-
iola.
1503 * * It. Pius HI., later Julius II.,
is elected pope.
1508 * * Fr. North American Indians
are baptized in France.
1510 * * Haiti. Las Casas is ordained a
priest, probably the first ordination in
the New World.
* * Haiti. Dominican monks arrive,
and rebuke the avarice and cruelty of
the Spaniards.
1513 * * It. Leo X. is elected pope.
1514* * Haiti. Las Casas, "the pro-
tector of the Indians," is converted to
anti-slavery work by a Bible text. He
arrays the authority of the church
against oppression, after first freeing
his own slaves.
1517* * Ger. The Reformation under
Luther begins. [It ultimately affects
the religious development of North Am-
erica.]
1518 * * Mex. Numerous prisoners are
immolated in honor of the dedication of
the temple of Coatlan, the last slaughter
of this kind in Mexico.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1501 Mar. 19. Eng. Henry VII. grants
a patent to a company of discoverers.
[They probably reach America.]
May 14. Port. Vespucci sails on his
third voyage with Nuno Manuel (?)
along the coast of Brazil.
He recognizes the discoveries in the
New World as no part of India. [He
afterward publishes a narrative which
omits all reference to Columbus, and so
gives his name to the continent.]
* * Cortereal sails again, seeking a passage
to the East Indies, and is lost on the voy-
age.
* * Colombia. Bastidas visits the coasts
of New Granada.
1502 Jan. 1. Brazil. Vespucci dis-
covers the Bay of Rio de Janeiro.
May 9. Sp. Columbus, 57 years (?)
old, sails on his fourth voyage, with
four caravels and 150 men, seeking for a
western passage to Asia. [He coasts
from Cape Honduras eastward and south-
ward to the Gulf of Darien.]
May 10. Port. Gasparo Cortereal being
lost, his brother Miguel sails in search
of him [and never returns].
* * Haiti. Columbus is refused permis-
sion to refit his largest ship in his own
colony.
June 13. Columbus discovers Marti-
nique.
July * + Darien — Mex. Columbus dis-
covers various islands along the coast
of Honduras, and explores the coast of
Darien.
Aug. 14. Honduras. Columbus first
lands on the American Continent at
Punta de Cassinas [Cabo de Honduras] ;
he claims the country for Spain.
Oct. 5+. W. I. Columbus discovers Costa
Rica and later Nicaragua ; he also visits
the coast of New Granada [Colombia].
Nov. 2. Panama. Columbus discovers
and names Porto Bello.
* * Sp. Ojeda's second voyage to Terra
Firma (Brazil).
1503 May 10. W.I. Columbus discov-
ers the Tortugas Islands.
May * Port. Vespucci sails -with Gon-
calo Coelho from Lisbon, with six ships,
for the Brazilian coast, and meets with
disasters.
June 23. Jamaica. Columbus's vessel
runs aground in Santa Gloria (St. Ann's
Bay), [and waits more than a year for
relief.]
* * Brazil. Christovao Jaques coasts
southward to about 52* south on the
coast of Patagonia.
* * Colombia. Columbus discovers Darien.
1504 Sept. 12. Haiti. Columbus takes
final leave of the New World, and sails
for Spain.
Nov. 7. Sp. Columbus returns from
his last voyage.
* * Guiana. Vasco Nunez de Balboa lands
on the coast of Guiana.
* * Newfoundland visited by Breton
fishermen.
* * Sp. Juan de la Cosa sails on his
third voyage for South America in a
[successful] search for gold. [1507 and
1509. He sails again.J
1506 * * Can. The Gulf of St. Law-
rence is examined and sketcbed by
Jean Denys of Honfleur and Camart
of Rouen.
* * Mex. Yucatan is discovered by Juan
Diaz Solis and Vincent Yanez Pinzon,
of Portugal.
1507 * * -08 * * Panama. Las Casas and
Vespucci explore the Gulf of Darien.
1508 June 29. Brazil. Pinzon and
Solis sail from Portugal, and follow the
coast of South America to about 60°
south.
* * Pinzon said to have discovered the Rio
de la Plata.
* * Can. Thomas Aubert touches at
Newfoundland, and thence carries the
French flag up the St. Lawrence
River. He takes Indians with him on
his return to France.
* * Cuba circumnavigated by Ocampo,
and found to be an island.
* * Newfoundland is visited by the
Normans.
* * Sp. Sebastian Cabot enters the ser-
vice of Spain. [1516. He prepares to
sail to seek a northwest passage, but is
prevented by the king's death.]
1513 Mar. 3. Panama. Juan Ponce
de Leon sails from Porto Rico for the
fabled Fountain of Perpetual Youth.
Mar. 27. Fla. De Leon rediscovers
Florida, the land of flowers, and claims
it for Spain.
Apr. 8. Fla. De Leon lands [a few
miles north of St. Augustine].
Sept. 25. Panama. Vasco Nunez de
Balboa, having led an expedition of 290
men across the isthmus, discovers the
Pacific Ocean.
Sept. 29. Panama. Balboa wades into
the ocean, draws his sword, and takes
possession in the name of the King of
Spain.
1514* *-16* * Panama. Bartolome
Hurtado, Espinoza, and Herman Ponce
are sent to explore the Pacific coast;
they prepare the way for settlements in
Costa Rica.
1515 * * Uruguay. Solis again arrives.
1516 Jan. * Solis enters the La Plata
River, searching for a strait leadn.^
westward.
AMERICA.
1500, Dec. 17-151R 17
* * -17 * * Can. Alleged voyage of Cabot
to New France.
* * Fla. "Voyage of Diego Miruelo from
Spain to Florida.
1517 * * Yucatan rediscovered by Fer-
nando de Cordova, and the gulf coast
explored as far as Florida.
* * Panama. Balboa is beheaded for
treason, when about to lead an expedi-
tion to Peru.
1518 May * -June * Mex. The im-
portant expedition of Juan de Gri-
jalva discovers the east coast of Mexico
and visits Florida.
With 240 Spaniards he enters Mexico ;
the Aztecs first behold the white man,
and give him tidings of the great empire
of the Montezumas. Yucatan is visited
and named New Spain. He explores
the Gulf of Mexico, and returns with
masses of gold.
* * Can. Baron de Leri attempts to
plant a colony on Sable Island, but
only succeeds in introducing cattle.
LETTERS.
1500 * * Sp. Juan de la Cosca, a Bis-
cayan pilot, makes his remarkable map.
1504 * * Sp. Vespucci publishes an ac-
count of his voyage.
1507 * * Fr. Martin Waltzemuller from
Freiburg in Breisgau, professor at St.
Die in Lorraine, originates the name
America.
In _ his Introduction to Geography,
published at the college press, lie says :
" And the fourth part of the world hav-
ing been discovered by Amerigo, or
Americus, we may call it America."
1509 * * Enq. Sebastian Brant's Ship
of Fools is the first .English publication
to mention America.
1510 * * Sp. The learning and intelli-
gence of Spain admit there is a Fountain
of Perpetual Youth somewhere in the
Bahamas ; Ponce de Leon seeks for it.
16th Century. Mex. Dated records of
Mexican events are preserved, and by
many scholars received as the begin-
ning of accepted history.
SOCIETY.
1500 Dec. 17. Sp. Columbus ar-
rives as a prisoner in Spain.
Dec. * Columbus, richly dressed, is re-
ceived by their majesties ; the Queen is
moved to tears by his recital of suffer-
ings and wrongs. Great indignation
at his dishonorable treatment is aroused
throughout Spain.
* * Sp. Queen Isabella commands the
liberation of the enslaved Indians in
her European possessions.
1501 * * Haiti. A few negroes are im-
ported as slaves.
* * Can. Cortereal captures 57 Indians
and takes them to Portugal to be sold as
slaves.
1502 * * Can. Cortereal sails again for a
cargo of slaves. [Not returning the fol-
lowing year, his brother sai Is to find him ;
what became of the two slave-ships is an
unsolved mystery.]
1503 * * Haiti. There are so many Af-
rican slaves on the island that the gov-
ernor entreats for the restraint of the
traffic.
1504 * * Haiti. Hernando Cortez ar-
rives in San Domingo, 19 years of age,
and seeking adventures.
1506 May 20. Sp. Columbus dies in
neglect at Valladolid.
* * W.I. The more important islands
are colonized, and the natives murdered
or reduced to slavery.
1507 * * Mex. To mark the beginning of
a new cycle of years, fire is kindled for
the last time on a human breast by
Mexicans.
* * * Nicaragua suffers under five Span-
ish rulers.
"The first had been a murderer, the
second a murderer and a rebel, the
third murdered the second, the fourth
was a forger, and the fifth a murderer."
(Boyle.)
1508 * * Haiti. The. native Indians be-
ing too weak to labor in the Spanish gold .
mines, negroes are imported from
Africa.
Thus was " laid the foundation of a
traffic which continued to disgrace the
civilization of Europe for three centu-
ries." (Ency. Brit.)
1510 * * Haiti. The Spaniards revolt
against the Dominicans for calling
them no better than Mohammedans, be-
cause of their cruelty to the natives.
1511 * * Haiti. A royal ordinance en-
joins the direct transportation of slaves
from Guinea, as one negro can do the
work of four Indians.
1517 * * Cuba. The Spaniards fit up an
expedition of three ships for catching
slaves ; Cordova is in command.
STATE.
1500 Dec. * Sp. Great indignation
throughout Spain because of the treat-
ment given Columbus ; the Crown disap-
proves of the proceedings against him.
+ * * Mex. The Aztecs spread by force
of arms from the Pacific to the Gulf
of Mexico.
1502 Feb. 18. W.I. Nicolas de Ovan-
do succeeds to the governorship of the
colonies, and sails with a fleet of thirty
ships and 2,500 people from San
Lucar, Spain.
* * Mex. Ahuitzotl, the Aztec emperor,
dies, and Montezuma II. is elected.
* * W. I. Columbus ceases to be
viceroy.
± * * Costa Rica. Spanish adventurers ar-
rive. *
1503 Mar. * Bethlehem is abandoned.
Columbus resolves to leave 80 men at
the colony of Bethlehem, where gold was
found, and return to Spain for supplies ;
but needless quarrels with the natives
break up the settlement before he sails.
1504 June * Jamaica. After being re-
fused assistance from shipwreck, and
waiting one year, Columbus is at last
rescued by Ovando.
* * Brazil. The Portuguese, led by Amer-
igo Vespucci, establish a small colony
at All Saints. The name Brazil is fre-
quently given to South America.
* * W. I. Hernando Cortez comes to
the New World.
1509 * * Colombia. Alonzo de Ojeda at-
tempts to colonize New Andalusia and
conquer the natives ; he calls his colony
San Sebastian ; it is soon abandoned.
* * Haiti. Arrival of Diego Columbus as
governor of the Indies.
* * Eng. Henry VIH. is enthroned.
* * Panama. Arrival of Francisco Pi-
zarro.
* * W. I. Ponce de Leon is appointed
governor of Porto Bico.
1510* * Brazil. Diego Alvarez at Bahia.
* * Darien. The colony of Santa Ma-
ria del Darien is planted by Enciso ; it
is the first permanent settlement on
the continent of America.
* * Panama. Nombre de Dios is founded
by Nicuessa.
1511 * * Cuba. Diego Velasquez and Cor-
tez, with 300 Europeans, settle at Ba-
racoa. Velasquez subdues the Cubans.
* * Brazil. The Portuguese appear in Rio
de Janeiro Bay.
* * -17 * * Darien. The Spaniards hear
reports of the wealth of the Incas.
1512 Apr. 2. Sp. Ponce de Leon is
empowered to settle Bimeni, the great
unknown land to the north, which is re-
puted to have a fountain of youth.
* * Sp. Ferdinand V. is enthroned.
1513 * * Fla. Spain claims Florida by
the right of discovery made by Ponce de
Leon; England lays a claim to the
whole continent by the original discovery
of Cabot.
1514 * * W. I. Santiago becomes the
capital of Cuba.
Trinidad is settled.
1515 * * Brazil is colonized by the Portu-
guese; it is the first agricultural col-
ony.
* * Cuba. San Cristoval de la Havana,
on the south coast, is settled.
* * Fr. Francis I. is enthroned.
* * Mex. King Nezahualpilli dies.
1516* * Sp. Charles I. is enthroned.
Las Casas is made •• Universal Pro-
tector of the Indians."
1517 * * Panama. Nata is founded by
Spaniards.
Unfortunate Balboa is beheaded as
a traitor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1500 * * Sp. Columbus preserves his
fetters in his cabinet, and desires that
they may be buried with him.
1501 * * -02 * * Newfoundland. Portu-
guese fisheries are established.
1504 * * Can. Cape Breton fisheries are
visited by Bretons, Normans, and Basque
sailors.
1509 June * Domestic animals, in-
cluding fowls, are first sent to America.
1513 Mar 3. W. I. Ponce de Leon
sails with three ships from Porto Rico
for the Bahamas, to find the Fountain
of Youth.
18
1519-1529.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1519 Mar. 4. Mex. Cortez, -with 11
ships and 550 men, lands at Tabasco,
and begins the conquest of Mexico.
Apr. * Mex. Cortez negotiates with
Montezuma, who orders the invaders
to depart.
* * * Mex. Cortez is elected general
by the troops.
Cortez scuttles his vessels to cut off
retreat.
Aug. * Cortez leaves "Vera Cruz, and
marches for the city of Mexico with
450 men, beside his Tlascalan allies.
Sept. 18. Mex. Cortez enters the con-
quered city of Tlascala.
Nov. 8. Mex. Cortez arrives at the
city of Mexico, and is received with
great distinction.
Dec. * Mex. Cortez seizes Montezuma
in his own house for a hostage.
He compels the king to acknowledge
himself a vassal of the King of Spain,
and to agree to pay an annual tribute,
besides an immediate payment of a sum
amounting to $6,300,000.
1520* * Mex. Velasquez, the jealous
Governor of Cuba, sends Pamfllo de
Narvaez with a military force to chas-
tise Cortez.
May 26. Mex. Cortez, with about 220
men, surprises and captures Narvaez,
his rival, near Vera Cruz. He gains 10
or 12 cannon, 80 horses, and about 900
soldiers.
June 24. Mex. Cortez returns to the
capital, and enters the city without mo-
lestation.
June 30. Mex. The Mexicans revolt
and kill Montezuma, in indignation at
his capitulation.
July 1. Mex. The retreating Spaniards
are furiously attacked on one of the
causeways, while leaving the city, and
suffer terrible loss.
July 7. Mex. On the Plain of Otumba
Cortez decides the fate of Mexico by de-
feating the great army which had driven
his forces out.of the city, after a gallant
defense of 75 days.
Dec. * Cortez, reenforced and re-sup-
plied, assumes the aggressive, and
marches again into the interior.
Dec. 31. Mex. Cortez occupies Tescuco.
1521 * * Mex. Conquest of Iztapala-
pan.
Apr. 28. Mex. Cortez begins the siege
of Mexico.
May * -Aug. 13. Mex. Cortez, having
built and transported a fleet, launches
it on the Lake of Mexico [and takes
the city after a long siege].
Aug. * Mex. The empire of the Mon-
tezumas is overthrown, and its cap-
tured king, Guatemozin, executed, after
suffering torture.
Mexico submits to Cortez, who governs
it with unlimited power, as a province
of Spain.
* * Fla. The Caribbee Indians drive
Ponce de Leon and his men back to
their ships.
1523 * * Guatemala invaded by Pedro
de Alvarado, under orders of Cortez.
1524 * * Honduras. Cortez sends Chris-
toval de Olid, one of his captains, from
Mexico to assume authority.
* * Guatemala. Alvarado, the conqueror,
is also governor [for 17 years].
Oct. * Honduras entered by Cortez.
Nov. 14. Colombia. Francisco Pizarro
with 100 foot-soldiers and 67 horsemen,
sails from Panama for Peru. [He
makes observations, and returns.]
1525 * * S. C. The Indians of Chicora
drive off De Ayllon, the treacherous
slave-catcher.
* * _26 * * San Salvador is conquered
for Spain by Alvarado.
1526 Mar. 10. Peru. Almagro and
Luque sign a contract for the conquest
of Peru, Gaspar de Espinosa supplying
the funds. [It is an attempt at private
conquest].
May * Mex. Cortez returns to Mexico
in great splendor.
* * Colombia. Pizarro sails from Pan-
ama on his second expedition to Peru,
and lands most of his men at San Juan,
when Almagro returns for supplies.
1527+ ** Colombia. Pizarro makes his
third start from San Juan, and again
halts at the Island of Gallo and sends
back to Panama for supplies ; here the
Spaniards suffer incredible hardships.
* * Colombia. Pizarro makes his fourth
start from near the Island of Gallo, and
discovers Peru. He then returns to
Panama for reenforcements.
* * Mex. Conquest of Yucatan is begun.
1528 Apr. 12. Fla. Pamfllo de Nar-
vaez lands at Tampa Bay an army of
conquest.
It consists of 260 foot and 40 horsemen.
[Unparalleled sufferings and perils by
land and sea await them ; the four survi-
vors are Anally rescued at San Miguel on
the Pacific coast.]
* * Cuba. The buccaneers burn Havana.
* * Peru. Pizarro returns to Spain for
aid and volunteers, after the Governor
of Panama has refused them.
1529 July 26. Sp. Pizarro arranges
a capitulation with the Spanish crown
for the conquest of Peru.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1521+ * * Peril. The Spaniards discover
the potato.
1522 .Sept. 7. Sp. Magellan's ship
completes the circumnavigation of the
globe.
1524 Mar. * Verrazano, a Florentine,
is supposed to be the first to sail di-
rectly west in crossing the Atlantic.
* * The Cabots notice the immense shoals
of fish which throng the waters of New-
foundland.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1520 Mex. Montezuma II., last Aztec king,
dies.
1525 Peru. Capac, Huayna, inca, dies.
CHURCH.
1519 Mar.* Mex. The Mexicans believe
the Spaniards to be gods, and send to
Cortez human beings for sacrifice.
1521* * Venez. Las Casas prosecutes his
humanitarian work on the Pearl Coast.
* * The Dominicans are driven from the
Pearl Coast by natives who have been
exasperated by slave-catchers.
1522 * * Las Casas becomes a Dominican.
* * It. Adrian VI. is elected pope.
* * Mex. Franciscan missionaries ar-
rive.
1523 * * It. Clement VTXI. is elected
pope.
1526 * * Va. Dominican missionaries
arrive, and erect a chapel on the James
River. Antonio Montesino is the mis-
sionary preacher. They are the first re-
ligious teachers sent to this country.
* * Mex. Dominican missionaries ar-
rive.
* * * Chile. Chileans believe in a
supreme being, and good and bad
spirits, but have neither temples, idols,
nor religious rites. They believe in a
future state, hold vague traditions of a
deluge, and of persons saved on a high
mountain.
* * * Mex. Beligion is savage in spirit
and more degrading than that of the un-
civilized Indians, their deities being hid-
eous creatures to whom human sacrifices
are yearly offered in great numbers.
* * * Peru. The Incas are regarded as a
sacred race, possessing divinity derived
from the great deity, the sun. They are
supreme pontiffs as well as sovereigns.
The sun, moon, evening star, the spirit
of thunder, and the rainbow, are all wor-
shiped, and temples are erected in their
honor; sacrifices are chiefly the edible
fruits or grain, and are always bloodless.
1528 Apr. 16. U.S. Franciscan
monks accompany Pamfllo de Narvaez
in his conquest of Florida. [They perish
of starvation.]
* * Mex. Pedro de Musa, a lay-brother,
reports 200,000 converts in six years.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1519 Aug. 10. Sp. Fernando Magel-
lan, a Portuguese navigator, sails on
his eventful voyage. [He enters the
Plata River and later the Pacific Ocean.]
* * Fla. Alvarez de Pineda, seeking a
strait leading westward, coasts from
Cape Florida to the River Panuco in
Mexico.
Aug. * Pineda enters the mouth of the
Mississippi.
* * Yucatan. Cortez arrives on the
coast and proceeds to Mexico.
* * Panama. Espinoza coasts westward
on the Pacific as far as Cape Blanco
(Costa Rica).
* * Francis de Garay explores the Gulf
of Mexico.
1520 Oct. 21. Chile. Magellan en-
ters the Strait of Magellan.
Nov. 28. Chile Magellan enters the
Pacific Ocean.
AMERICA.
1519-1529.
19
* * 2f, Y. The Spaniards visit the
shores of New York, and leave the
Pompey stone. (?)
* * S. C. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon brings
an expedition consisting of two vessels
to American shores in search of Indians
to be taken as slaves.
A storm drives him northward, and he
enters St. Helena Sound (South Caro-
lina), and names the country Chicora,
and the river he calls the Jordan (Cam-
bahee).
1521 * * Fla. Ponce de Leon lands in
Florida the second time, is mortally
wounded by the Indians, and taken back
to Cuba, where he dies.
1522 Sept. 7. Sp. The circumnavi-
gation of the globe is completed by the
return of Magellan's ship.
* * Discovery of the Bermudas.
* * Nicaragua is regularly explored
by an expedition sent out from Panama,
under Gil Gonzalez Davila.
1524 Mar. * + Giovanni Verrazano,
a Florentine, sailing under the French
flag, explores the coast of North Caro-
lina, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey,
New York Bay, and onward to Acadia
(Nova Scotia).
The country between the 28th and
50th degrees of latitude he calls New
France. This voyage lays the basis of
the claims of France to this territory.
(He is the fourth Italian of great dis-
tinction in the discovery of the New
World, — Columbus, Vespucius, John
Cabot, and Verrazano.)
Apr. * ± Verrazano enters New York
Bay. (?)
Nov. 14. Panama. Francisco Pizarro
sails on an unsuccessful voyage for Peru,
reaching only one-third the distance.
* * R. I. Verrazano carefully inspects
the spacious harbor of Newport. (?)
1525 * * Estevan Gomez sails from Spain
and follows the east coast from Labra-
dor to Florida.
June 13. N. Y. Gomez discovers the
Saint Anthony (Hudson) River.
* * California discovered by Cortez
while seeking an eastward passage.
1526 * * Voyage of Sebastian Cabot
under the Spanish flag ; he explores the
country about Buenos Ayres, and enters
the La Plata and Parana Rivers.
* * Paraguay and Uruguay are explored.
* * N. F. Nicolas Don visits Newfound-
land.
* * Lucas Vasques de Ayllon, a Span-
iard, follows the Atlantic coast as far as
the Chesapeake Bay.
1527 * * John But, an Englishman,
coasts north to 53° north, and on his re-
turn visits Newfoundland, Cape Breton,
and the coast of Maine.
* * Pamfilo de Narvaez, a Spanish ad-
venturer, visits the coast of the upper
Gulf of Mexico.
* * Mex. Cortez despatches an explor-
ing fleet to the Pacific coast.
1528 Apr. 14+. Fla. Pamfilo de Nar-
vaez with four ships, carrying 400 men
and 80 horses, lands in Appalache Bay,
and thence explores westward ; four
persons survive many disasters, and
wandering 2,000 miles, they finally arrive
at Culiacan, Mexico.
May 1. Narvaez, with 300 men, of whom
40 are mounted, strikes for the interior.
Aug. * Narvaez reaches the shore (St.
Mark's Bay) without finding his ships.
* * Cabeza de Vaca, a surviving compan-
ion of Narvaez, crosses the mouth of the
Mississippi, and discovers fresh water.
* * Panama. Pizarro sails for Spain,
and reports his success.
LETTERS.
1519 July 10. Mex. Cortez writes his
first letter concerning his explorations.
1520 Oct. 30. Mex. Cortez writes a
second letter.
1522 * * Mex. Cortez writes a third
letter.
1524 * * Mex. Cortez writes a fourth
letter.
1526 Sept. * Mex. Cortez writes his
fifth letter.
1529 * * Mex. Earliest phonetic render-
ing of Mexican tongues.
SOCIETY.
1520**5. C. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon,
with six others, entices the natives of
Chicora aboard his ships, and when the
decks are crowded, sails for San Domin-
go, loaded with slaves ; one vessel sank
and most of the natives died en route.
* * S. C. De Ayllon returns for more
slaves, but is driven off by the natives.
* * * Chileans are a brave-spirited
people, without ferocity ; they are the
moRt manly and energetic of all Ameri-
cans.
STATE.
1519 Aug.* Panama. The seat of gov-
ernment is transferred by Pedro Arias
from Darien to Panama.
* * Cuba. The name Havana is given to
the capital.
* * Mex. The golden riches of Mex-
ico inflame the avarice of the Spaniards.
Cortez founds the colony of Vera
Cruz, and causes himself to be elected
its captain-general.
1520 June 30. Mex. Montezumall.,
the last of the Aztec kings, dies.
* * Venez. The first settlement is made
at Cumana by Spaniards.
1521 Aug. 13. Mex. By the capture
of the capital, Mexico becomes a Span-
ish province.
* * * Mex. The native government is
a perfect feudal monarchy, in which
the nobility and the priests monopolize
all the power.
The government has a system of cou-
riers for conveying intelligence, and a
kind of police for cleaning and watch-
ing the city.
The first visitors find no tame animals,
no roads, and no money for interchange
of commerce.
* * * Chile. The Spaniards find fifteen
independent tribes, who maintain them-
selves chiefly by agriculture.
* * * Peru. Government is a theoc-
racy and paternal in character ; it is
administered and tithes are collected by
officers placed over the people, who are
arranged in parties of ten families.
Others rule over five or ten tithings, and
others fifty or a hundred ; the Inca is
both pontiff and sovereign.
The Peruvians, having the least warlike
spirit, maintain the largest empire ; it
covers 2,500 miles of territory.
± * * Colombia. Hernandez de Cordova
is beheaded as a rebel by Pedro Arias,
the bloody governor of Panama.
* * Fla. Ponce de Leon, with two ships,
attempts to find a site for a colony, but
is driven away by the Indians.
* * Port. John III. is enthroned.
1522 * * Nicaragua. The city of Granada
is founded by Gil Gonzalez Davila.
1523 * * Peru. Huascar becomes Inca.
1524 July * Giovanni Verrazano claims
for France the coast from the latitude
of "Wilmington to Nova Scotia, and
calls it New France.
± * * S. C. Charles V. of Spain appoints
Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon governor of
Chicora, with a grant of territory as a
reward for his success in stealing slaves.
1525 Nov. * Peru. The great Inca,
Huayna Capac, the twelfth king in suc-
cession from Manco, dies.
* * Can. A [short - lived] Portuguese
colony is planted at Cape Breton Island.
1526 Mar. 10. Panama. Francisco
Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque formally
renew their compact to conquer Peru,
and divide the revenue between them-
selves.
May * Mex. Cortez returns from Yuca-
tan.
* * Fla. Charles V. appoints the un-
scrupulous Pamfilo de Narvaez gover-
nor of Florida, with the privilege of con-
quest.
* * Va. De Ayllon begins a settlement
called San Miguel, and is aided in the
work by negro slaves. [It is on the site
of Jamestown of 81 years later, and is
soon abandoned.]
1528* * Mex. Cortez goes to Spain,
where he is made Marquis del Valle de
Oajaca.
* * Venez. Germans settle at Caro, be-
tween St. Martha and Maracapana.
* * Paraguay. Sebastian Cabot arrives
and builds a fort called Santo Espiritu.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1519± * * Cuba. City of Havana is re-
moved [to its present site].
* * Panama is founded by Pedrarias.
[1521. It becomes a city.]
1524 * * The French prosecute the New-
foundland fisheries vigorously, while the
English continue to fish in the Icelandic
Seas.
May * Sp. An important congress is
held at Badajos.
1527 * * N. F. Normans and Bretons
20 1530-1541, Feb.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1530 * * Sp. Francisco Pizarro, with
his four brothers and a band of enthu-
siastic followers, sails for Panama en
route for Peru.
Dec. 28. Colombia. Pizarro makes his
fifth start from Panama for Peru, hav-
ing three vessels, about 200 men, and 50
horses.
CONQUEST OF PERU.
[Pizarro, with an army of 1,000 men,
conquers Peru In little more than a
year. " The easy conquest of this
country has not its parallel in history."]
1531 Jan. 14. Peru. Pizarro plunders
a town in the province of Caque. [Re-
enforced by 130 men, he proceeds to
build the town of San Miguel.]
* * * Peru. War between the Inca and
the usurper, Atahualpa ; the Inca is
taken prisoner.
1532 * * Peru. Pizarro again arrives
at Tumbez.
Sept. 25±. Peru. Pizarro, with two-
thirds of his army, starts for the interior.
Nov. 15. Peru. Pizarro, with his little
army, enters Caxamarca.
Nov. 16. Peru. Pizarro treacherously
captures the dominant Inca, Ata-
hualpa, and massacres a host of Indians,
without loss to his army of 177 men.
1533 Feb. * Peru. Pizarro's colleague,
Almagro, arrives with reenforce-
ments.
Spring. Peru. Francisco Pizarro, with
20 horsemen and half a dozen arquebus-
iers, makes a journey of 400 miles and
desecrates the famous temple of Pacha-
camac.
Aug. 29. Peru. After raising a ransom
valued at $17,500,000, Pizarro puts
Atahualpa, the captive Inca, to death.
* * Peru. Hernando Pizarro is sent
to Spain with the royal share of the
plunder.
Nov. 15. Peru. Pizarro, with 500 men,
enters the city of Cuzco, after a fierce
battle, and proclaims as Inca, Manco
Inca Yupanqui, the legitimate succes-
sor.
1534 * * Eucador. Alvarado marches
from Puerto Viego to Quito.
* * Peru. Spaniards occupy [Lima, the
capital city].
1535 * * Arg. Rep. Mendoza, having
founded Buenos Ayres, conquers the
adjacent country with a force of about
2,000 men.
Autumn. Peru. Unsuccessful inva-
sion of Chile by Almagro with 200
Spaniards and many Indian allies.
* * -36 * * Peru. Rebellion of the na-
tives against the Spaniards.
The Peruvian allies desert Almagro
and return ; the natives in many parts
of the country revolt and cut off com-
munication between Lima and Cuzco.
The Spaniards send to Panama, Guate-
mala, and Mexico for succor.
1536 * * 1537 * * Colombia. Spaniards
under Ximenes de Quesada conquer
New Granada.
Feb. * -Aug. * Peru. The Spaniards are
besieged in Cuzco by the Peruvians,
who make frequent and vigorous as-
saults.
Sept. * The Inca attacks Almagro in
the valley of Yucay, and is defeated with
much slaughter.
1537 Apr. 8. Peru. Almagro seizes
Cuzco as a rival of Pizarro, after having
returned from Chile. He places the
brothers Hernando and Gonzalo Pizar-
ro in confinement. [They soon escape.]
* * -48 * * Peru. Civil disturbance and
bloodshed among the Spaniards.
* * Peru. Decisive defeat of Manco
Capac by Rodrigo de Orgonez, Alma-
gro's lieutenant ; the natives retire to
the Andes.
1538 Apr. * Sp. Ferdinand de Soto
sails for the conquest of Florida with
a fleet of seven large and three small
vessels.
Apr. 26. Peru. Almagro is defeated in
the battle of Las Salinas by Pizarro.
The victorious army is commanded by
Hernando Pizarro, a brother of Fran-
cisco Pizarro.
July 10. Peru. Almagro executed by
Hernando Pizarro.
* * Cuba. French destroy Havana.
1539 May 18. Cuba. De Soto sails for
the conquest of unknown cities and the
discovery of mines of gold.
May 30. Fla. De Soto, with his selected
cavaliers, 900t strong, all gaily dressed
and bountifully furnished, lands at
Tampa Bay.
1540 Mar. * Peru. Valdivia marches
to Chile.
1540-41 * * Louisiana is conquered by
De Soto.
* * Can. Jacques Cartier erects the
fortress of Charlesburg.
Oct. 18. Ala. De Soto has a terrible
battle with the Mobile Indians. (See
Discovery — Exploration.)
* * -42 * * New Mex. Coronado with an
army visits the Zuni. (See Exploration.)
1541 Feb. * The Spaniards under De
Soto are attacked by the Indians and
lose 170 men and the remainder of their
baggage. (See Discovery— Exploration.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1530 * * Col. First information concern-
ing the Pueblo Indians.
1540± * * Venez. Indications of gold
are discovered at several points along
the coast.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1532 Peru. Altahualpa, usurper, executed.
1538 Peru. Almagro, Diego, invader, exe-
cuted.
1540 Sp. Mendoza, de Juan Oonzalez
(viceroy), born.
CHURCH.
1531** Can. Cartier consecrates New
France to Christianity hy the erection
of a great 'wooden cross oi xn eminence,
as if to signify a religious mission in his
discovery.
* * Eng. Henry VIII. declares the Eng-
lish Church independent of Rome ; he
is recognized as its head.
* * It. Pius HI. is elected pope.
1534 * * Peru. Pizarro converts a hea-
then temple into a Dominican monas-
tery at Cuzco.
1536 * * Haiti. Las Casas goes to Gua-
temala to protect the Indians.
1537 May 2. Guatemala. Las Casas is
prepared for his mission " in the land of
war." [He wins a complete and peace-
ful victory.]
* * It. The Pope issues a brief forbidding
the further enslavement of the Indians.
1539 * * Fla. Missionaries accompany
De Soto's expedition ; all perish.
* * Father Mark, a Spanish monk, at-
tempts to establish a mission to the Zuni
in the city of Cibola ; he plants a large
cross, but fails in his mission.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1530 * * Mex. An Indian slave tells the
Spaniards of the wonders of the seven
cities of Cibola, the land of the Buffa-
loes.
* * Venez. Ambrosio de Alfinger leads
an expedition into the interior, to find
the Eldorado.
1531 Jan. 1. Brazil. Martino Alfon-
zo de Sousa, a Portuguese adventurer,
discovers Rio de Janeiro, and examines
the coast southward.
* * Venez. Diego Ordaz seeks the fa-
bled Land of Wealth, by sailing up the
Orinoco.
1532 May * Cal. Hurtaldo de Men-
doza sails up the Pacific coast by order
of Cortez, with two vessels, both of which
are lost.
1533 * * Mex. Cortez builds two vessels,
and sends Diego Becarra on an explor-
ing expedition ; he discovers a part of
Lower California.
1534* *-38* * Venez. George of
Spires searches for the Eldorado.
June * -Aug. * Can. Jacques Cartier,
a French navigator, with 2 vessels and
61 men, surveys the coast of Newfound-
land, and enters the mouth of the St.
Lawrence, on the banks of which he
plants a cross surmounted with the lilies
of France.
1535 Oct. 3. Can. Cartier arrives at
Hochelaga (Montreal), having ex-
plored the great river to this point. In-
formation is received of the Great Lakes.
* * Cal. Grijalvas' expedition, equip-
ped by Cortez, discovers California.
1536 * * Can. Cartier explores the
upper St. Lawrence country, and takes
possession of it for France.
May * Mex. Cabeza de Vaca, and three
other survivors of the Narvaez expe-
dition, after nearly six years of captivity ,
approach the Pacific at San Miguel.
July 6. Fr. Cartier arrives at St. Malo.
1537 * * Mex. Cortez discovers the pe-
ninsula of California. (Or Cabrillo ia
1542.)
AMERICA.
1530-1541, Feb.
21
1538 * * Chile. Dom Pedro de Valdivia,
an officer of Pizarro, explores the west
coast of South America to 40* south.
1539 Mar. * -Aug. * Mex. A Spanish
expedition, under Fra Marcos, search-
ing for the seven cities, discovers the
Zunis.
May 30. Fla. Ferdinand de Soto,
with over 900 men, lands on the west
coast in search of gold.
The Spaniards hope to repeat the suc-
cess of Cortez in Mexico, and of Pizarro
in Peru.
Dec. 25. Ecuador. Gonzalo Pizarro
begins the exploration of the interior
forests [builds a vessel on the Napo
Kiver, and descends it. Part of the com-
pany sail 4,000 miles down the Ama-
zon to the sea.]
* * Peru. Alonzo de Camargo, a Span-
iard, completes the exploration of the
west coast of South America by sailing
from the Straits Of Magellan to Peru.
f * Mex. Francisco de Ulloa explores
the Gulf of California for Cortez.
1540 Mar. 3. Ga. De Soto resumes
his march for a country governed by a
woman and abounding in gold.
Apr. * Ga. De Soto arrives on the Oge-
chee Kiver.
* * Mex. Mendoza, the Spanish viceroy,
sends Francisco Vasquez Coronado
in search of the seven opulent cities
of Cibola, reported by the Indians. He
discovers the Grand Canon of the Col-
orado.
May 1. S. C. De Soto turns from near
the coast westward.
May 11. N. Mex. Coronado arrives at
Zuni.
Sept. 30. Ariz.-Cal. Hernando de
Alarcon sent out by Mendoza ; having
explored the coast of California as far as
36° north, he discovers and ascends the
Colorado River.
Oct. 18. Ala. De Soto fights a terrible
battle with the Mobile Indians.
In it 2,500 Indians are shot or burned ;
De Soto's loss is 18 killed and 150
wounded, besides 80 horses and nearly
all the baggage lost.
~Nov. 18. Ala. De Soto leaves the coast
and marches inland.
Dec. * Miss. De Soto arrives in the coun-
try of the Chickasaws (Northern Missis-
sippi).
The expedition crosses the Yazoo, and
winters in a deserted Indian village,
subsisting on plantations of ungathered
maize.
* * Can. Jacques Cartier's French
expedition of five ships explores the
St. Lawrence.
1541 Feb. * Miss. The Spaniards are
fiercely but vainly attacked by the Indi-
ans at night.
The small remainder of their baggage
is burned, so thev are henceforth com-
pelled to clothe themselves in skins and
mats of ivy.
Apr. 26. Miss. De Soto leaves winter
quarters and resumes his march.
May 6. Brazil. Francisco Orellana,
having crossed the Andes from Quito,
and sailed down the Napo and the Ama-
zon, he arrives at the sea, thus crossing
the continent.
LETTERS.
1531** Mexico has a printing-press.
Shagun, the Dominican, arrives.
SOCIETY.
1530 * * W.I. Las Casas goes to Spain
and obtains a decree from Charles V.
prohibiting the enslavement of Indians
in Peru and Chile.
1531 June 12. Mex. Zumarraga, the
first bishop, writes that 20,000 victims
perished at the annual saturnalia.
[Probably an exaggerated number.]
1534 * * Cuban officials apply to the
King of Spain for " 7,000 negroes, that
they might become inured to labor be-
fore the Indians ceased to exist."
* * * Peru. Pizarro employs great cru-
elty in extracting unbounded wealth
from the helpless natives, who are driven
to exhaustive labors in the mines.
1536 May 10. Can. Jacques Cartier
decoys nine Indian Chiefs on board
his vessel, and sails away for France.
1539 * * De Soto takes for his expedition
a dozen priests, that the festivals of
the church may be kept, and chams for
the captive Indians, and bloodhounds
to hunt those who attempt to escape.
1540 * * De Soto burns an Indian guide
for honestly confessing that he does not
know where there are any regions of gold.
* * * De Soto treats the Indians with
great barbarity.
He pillages their provisions, cuts off
the hands of captives, burns them at the
stake, suffers bloodhounds to tear them
to pieces, chains them together with iron
collars, and compels them to carry the
baggage of their tormentors.
STATE.
1530 * * Spain. Pizarro returns to
America.
July 15. Mex. Cortez arrives at Vera
Cruz.
* * Costa Rica. George de Alvarado sub-
dues the Indian tribes and founds a
colony.
* * Brazil is divided into captaincies by
the Portuguese, and is first perma-
nently occupied.
1531* * Brazil. A lfonzo de Sousa, a Por-
tuguese, founds San Vincente.
1532 * * Peru. The conquests of Pizarro
make Peru a Spanish province.
Atahualpa usurps the throne of the
Incas.
1533 * * Chile. The Peruvian domin-
ion ceases.
1534 Mar. 24. Peru. Pizarro allows
Manco, a son of Huayna Capac, and the
rightful heir, to be crowned Inca.
* * Spain. Don Pedro de Mendoza,
with the largest and wealthiest expedi-
tion that has ever left Europe, sails from
Cadiz, Spain, for the Plata River.
* * Mex. Cortez marches up the Pacific
coast, and settles Lower California.
1535 Jan. 6. Peru. Pizarro founds
the city of Lima.
Jan. * Chile. Almagro receives his com-
mission as governor of New Castile
(Chile).
Feb. 2. Arg. Pep. Mendoza founds
Buenos Ayres.
May 29. Fr. Jacques Cartier sails again
with three vessels to colonize New
France.
* * Peru. Arrival of Pedro de Valdivia,
Spain's first viceroy, in America.
1537 Aug. 15. Paraguay. Juan de
Ayolas founds Asuncion on the Para-
guay River.
Nov. 13. Peru— Chile. Pizarro and Al-
magro make a fruitless effort to settle
their disputed boundaries.
+ * * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres is burnt
by the Indians; the colony is broken up.
* * * Peru. Spanish adventurers arrive
by the ship-load, seize estates, despoil
temples, and make themselves odious
as masters.
* * Colombia. Spaniards under Quesada
subdue New Granada.
* *Cuba. Ferdinand de Soto becomes gov-
ernor.
1538 July* Peru. Hernando Pizarro
executes Diego Almagro for rebellion.
* * Colombia. Belalcazar is at Bogota.
1539 * * Ecuador. Gonzalo Pizarro ap-
pointed to command the province of
Quito. [He is absent on an exploring
expedition for two and a half years.]
* * Colombia. Federmann is at Bogota.
1540 * * Fr. Jean Francois de la
Roque, Sieur de Roberval, receives
from the king the empty title of " Lord
Lieutenant-General and viceroy of all
American countries discovered, either
by the French or English."
Mar. * Peru. Pedro de Valdivia leads an
expedition to Chile.
* * W.I. Cortez again returns to Spain.
* * Spain. Vaca de Castro is sent to in-
spect the cruel work of Pizarro in Peru.
1541 * * Chile. The conquests of Alma-
gro make Chile a Spanish province.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1533 June 17. Peru. The Incas' ran-
som is divided.
Pizarro receives 2,350 marks of silver
and 57,220 pieces of gold ; his brother
Hernando, 2,2t57 marks of silver and 31 ,080
pieces of gold; the church deducts as
tithes 90 marks of silver and 2,220 pieces
of gold.
1535+ * * Panama. It is estimated that
30,000 or 40,000 people perish in
transit across the Isthmus of Panama,
seeking the wealth of Peru.
* * * Peru. Tillable lands are divided
into three shares.
One share is consecrated to the service
of religion, the erection of temples, and
the maintenance of priests ; the sec-
ond is set apart for the support of the
government ; the third and largest share,
for the support of the people ; the divi-
sion is revised every year.
22 1541, May 22-1563.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1541 June 26. Peru. Francisco Pi-
zarro is assasinated by conspirators.
* * Chile. Don Pedro de Valdivia, with
Indian allies, conquers nearly all of
Chile, under orders of Pizarro.
1542 Sept. 16. Peru. Castro, the gov-
ernor, defeats the army of Almagro the
lad, In the battle of Chupas. [He be-
heads the boy at Cuzco.]
1543 Sept. 10. Mex. Arrival of 311
men, the remains of De Soto's expedi-
tion, at Panuco.
1546 Jan. 18. Peru. The viceroy Vela
is defeated and killed at the battle of
Anaquito by the Spanish rebels.
Nov. * Colombia. Pedro de la Gasca
gains possession of the fleet at Panama,
in the interest of the Spanish crown.
1547 Apr. * Colombia. Gasca sails from
Panama with a considerable force to
maintain royal authority in Peru.
Oct. 20. Peru. The loyal Spaniards
under Diego de Centeno are defeated in
a bloody battle near Lake Titicaca by
Pizarro.
1548 Apr. 9. Peru. Gasca defeats
the Spanish rebels ; Gonzalo Pizarro,
the brother of Francisco, is executed on
the field.
Apr. 12. Peru. Gasca enters Cuzco.
1549 * * Chile. The assaults of the
Araucanians imperil the very existence
of the Spaniards.
1550 * * Nicaragua. The Spanish col-
onists rebel against the mother country.
1554 May * Peru. Rebels under Fran-
cisco Hernandez Giron defeat the army
of the judges at Chuquingua.
Oct. 11. Peru. Giron is routed by the
army of the judges at Pucara.
Dec. 6. Peru. Giron is defeated and ex-
ecuted at Lima.
* * Cuba. The French again destroy
Havana.
1555 * * Cuba. Jacob Sores, the pirate,
plunders Havana.
1560 * * Brazil. The Portuguese destroy
the French settlement at Rio.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1549+ * * Brazil. Gold is discovered
at Bahia.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1541 Peru. Pizarro, Francisco, conqueror,
assassinated.
1542 La. De Soto, Ferdinand, adventurer,
dies.
1544 Peru. Manco Capac, inca, assassi-
nated, A21.
1547 Sp. Cortez, Hernando, conqueror
of Mexico, dies.
CHURCH.
1541 * * Dakota Indians come to worship
De Soto and his wobegone cavaliers as
children of the gods, but the Catholics
refuse their consent to such idolatry.
1542 * * -60 * * Paraguay. Christian
missions are established by the Fran-
ciscans, Armenta, Lebron, and Solano.
[The latter is canonized later as the
apostle of Paraguay.]
* * Peru. Loaysa becomes bishop of Lima.
1544 * * Guatemala. Las Casas be-
comes bishop of. Chiapa.
1545 * * Fla. Louis Cancer de Barbas-
tro, a Dominican Father, with three as-
sociates, lands at Tampa Bay, where two
of his associates are murdered.
1547 * * Gautemala. Las Casas resigns
his bishopric, and returns to Spain.
* * Mex. Archbishopric of Mexico and
New Spain created.
* * Paraguay. Bishopric of Paraguay
established.
1548 * * Brazil. Jews banished from
Portugal come to Brazil.
* * Peru. Loaysa is made archbishop.
1549 Apr. * Brazil. Six Jesuits arrive
at Bahia with colonists, and undertake
the moral culture of natives and colo-
nists.
1550 * * Fla. A number of Dominicans
make another attempt to establish a
mission, but are shipwrecked, and all
perish.
* * It. Julius III, is elected pope.
1551 * * Iceland. Protestantism intro-
duced.
1552 * * Brazil. The first bishop arrives,
and checks the vices of abandoned
priests.
1555 * * Brazil. First Protestant mis-
sion in the world.
The church of Geneva sends fourteen
missionaries to Brazil, who land on an
island in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro.
* * It. Marcellus II., later Paul TV.,
is elected pope.
* * Peru. Catholic priests are pro-
vided for the conquered natives.
1556+ * * Brazil. Vallegagnon, the
leader of the Protestant colony at Rio,
joins the Catholics and dissension fol-
lows.
* * _70 * * Fla. A French Jesuit
mission is planted on the coast (near
Augustine).
1558 * * Eng. Dissenters begin to be
persecuted by Henry for not admitting
his authority in spiritual matters. [And
later yet more severely during the reign
of Mary, an ardent Catholic — Puritan-
ism is developed.]
1559 * * Ala. Dominicans labor among
the Mobilians.
* * It. Pius IV. is elected pope.
1560+ * * Paraguay. The Jesuit mis-
sionaries, Salonio, Field, and Ortega, la-
bor with small success.
1562 * * Fr. Coligni, the high admiral,
proposes a refuge colony in America for
his brethren, the persecuted Huguenots.
May * S. C. The First Protestant set-
tlement in America is made by Hugue-
nots at Port Royal.
DISCOVERY —EXPLORATION.
1541 May * De Soto discovers the Mis-
sissippi River.
May 30. Miss. (?) Transports are built
for the horses, and the expedition
crosses the Mississippi River in search
of cities and gold.
May* Can. Cartier sails on a third
voyage, which is devoid of important
results.
* * Coronado's expedition reaches 40*
north, and turns back for Mexico.
* * Ark. De Soto's expedition crosses
the St. Francis River, and visits the Hot
Springs.
* * -42 * * I.T. De Soto passes the
winter on the banks of the Washita
River.
* * Venez. Philip Van Huten search-
es for the Eldorado.
1542 Spring. Mex. Return of Corona-
do's expedition from the land of the
Zunis.
May* La. The De Soto expedition,
greatly distressed, follows the Red River
to a point near Natchez.
May 21. La. De Soto dies, and is
buried in the waters of the Mississippi ;
Luis de Moscoso becomes leader.
* * La. The De Soto expedition turns
to the west, hoping to reach Mexico.
Dec. * La. The Spaniards return to the
Mississippi, above the Red River.
1543 July 2. La. The De Soto expe-
dition sails down the Mississippi in
vessels rudely built, aiming to reach the
Gulf of Mexico.
* * Ore. Juan Cabrillo and Bartolome
Ferelo, two Spaniards, explore the Pa-
cific coast as far as Oregon.
Sept. 10. Mex. The 311 survivors of
the De Soto expedition reach Pa-
nuco.
In 17 days they have sailed 500 miles to
the sea, and for 55 days have followed
the coast to the River of Palms. " Thus
ends the most marvellous expedition in
the history of our country." (Ridpath.)
1549 * * Fr. Roberval, the French col-
onizer, sails on a voyage of discovery,
with a great company of emigrants ;
their fate is unknown.
* * Venez. Pedro d' Ursua, a Portuguese,
seeks the Eldorado.
1553 May * Unfortunate expedition of
Sir Hugh Willoughby to the Arctic Seas,
seeking a northwest passage.
1560 * * Ga. The Spaniards arrive.
* * -61 * * Colombia. Pedro de Ursua
sails in search of the Empire of Orma-
guas, and Lope de Aguirre sails in search
of the Eldorado.
1562* * Fla. John Bibault, at the
head of a French expedition, discovers
the River of May (St. John).
LETTERS.
1551 * * Peru. The University of San
Marcos is established at Lima. [The
most ancient in the New World.]
* * Mex. A University is founded in
the City of Mexico. [It now remains,
but is nearly deserted.]
1554+ * * Brazil. The Jesuits establish
a college, named St. Paulo. [It greatly
benefits the rising state.]
AMERICA.
1541, May 22-1563. 23
SOCIETY.
1542 * * Sp. The "New Laws," for-
bidding the enslavement of the Indians
for any cause, are promulgated, chiefly-
through the influence of Las Casas.
1553 * * Cuba. Not an Indian is left.
Pestilence, cruelty, and suicide have
decimated them ; the remainder escaped
in boats to Florida.
1562 * * The English make their first
slave voyage to America ; John Haw-
kins brings 300 negroes, in three
ships, to the West Indies.
STATE.
1541 May 22. Can. Cartier sails from
St. Malo with five ships belonging to the
expedition of De la Roque ; visits the St.
Lawrence ; also founds the fortress at
Charlesbourg ; the colonists are chiefly
noblemen and amateurs.
On his arrival he builds a fort near the
present site of Quebec, to repel the hos-
tile natives.
June * Peru. Almagro the lad, a natural
son of Almagro, is proclaimed governor.
* * Chile. Santiago de Chile founded.
June 26. Peru. Pizarro is assassinated
at Lima.
1542 June * Can. Cartier returns with
his ships to France.
N. F. Sieur de Roberval builds a
fort, which is soon abandoned.
* *-43 * * Can. Roberval, with a fresh
colony, consisting chiefly of criminals,
passes the winter [near the present site
of Quebec], and then returns to France.
Sept. * Peru. Almagro the lad, being de-
feated in battle, is beheaded by Castro,
the royal judge at Cuzco.
* * Arg. Rep. A new colony reestablishes
Buenos Ayres.
* * Peru. The "New Laws" enacted
by Charles V. to restrain the oppression
of the natives. [Civil war follows.]
* * A court of chancery and royal
audiencia, with authority over Guate-
mala and Honduras, are established.
1543 Feb. 3. Arg. Rep. Hostile In-
dians again break up the settlement at
Buenos Ayres.
* * Peru. Blasco Nunez de Vela is sent
out as viceroy to enforce the " New
Laws."
1544 Sept. 3. Chile. "Valparaiso is
founded by Pedro de Valdivia.
* * Peru. Arrival of Vela as viceroy ; he
is charged to enforce the " New Laws,"
aiming at the abolition of slavery and
the protection of the natives.
Oct. 28. Peru. Gonzalo Pizarro rebels
against the violence of the viceroy and
the " New Laws."
1545 * * Bolivia. The mines of Potosi
are claimed by Spain.
Oct. 20. Peru. The ' • New Laws ' ' are
revoked.
* * -20 * * Venez. Spaniards found To-
cuyo.
1546 Jan. 18. Peru. Gonzalo, having
defeated and killed the viceroy in battle,
becomes the master of Peru.
July * Peru. Gonzalo enters Lima.
* * -49 * * Fla. Luis de Barbastro leads
a party of Dominican friars in an at-
tempt to form a settlement ; the Span-
iards are massacred by the Indians.
1547 June 13. Peru. After repealing
part of the " New Laws," Pedro de la
Gasca succeeds, as viceroy, in securing
pacification and organization.
* * Fr. Henry II. is enthroned.
* * Eng. Edward VT. is enthroned.
1548 Apr. 0. Peru. Gasca receives the
submission of Gonzalo Pizarro.
* * Brazil becomes important, and at-
tracts the attention of the mother state.
* * Eng. First act of Parliament relat-
ing to America is one concerning the
fisheries of Newfoundland.
* * Peru. The Spanish crown assumes
the government of the country.
1549 Apr. * Brazil. Thome de Souza
arrives at San Salvador (Bahia) to estab-
lisha city and as the first captain-general.
He brings 220 persons in the king's pay,
and 300 free colonists and 400 convicts.
* * Can. Roberval again attempts to
colonize Canada.
* * Brazil. The languishing Portuguese
colonies become prosperous by the dis-
covery of gold.
1550 Jan.* Pent. Gasca sails for Spain.
* * Cuba. The seat of Spanish govern-
ment in the West Indies is removed from
Santiago de Cuba to Havana.
* * Iceland. Bishop Jon Aaronson fails
to achieve the independence of Ice-
land, and is executed by the Danes.
All power is removed, and exercised by
a foreign government.
* * Peru is under the rule of the royal
audiencia.
* * Venez. The territory is erected in-
to the captain-generalcy of Caracas by
the Spaniards.
1551 Sept. 23. Peru. Don Antonio de
Mendoza, the second viceroy, arrives.
* * Peru. An insurrection against the
judges is led by Francisco Hernandez
Giron.
1552 * * Venez. Barquisimeto is founded.
1553 * * Brazil. Duarte da Costa arrives,
and assumes the captain-generalcy.
* * Peru. The Inca Sayri Tupac reigns.
1554 Dec. 6. Peru. Giron, the rebel,
is executed.
Mar. 30. Peru. Alonzo de Alvarado
enters Cuzco.
1555 July 6. Peru. The third viceroy,
DonAndrez Hurdato de Mendoza, enters
Lima. [He soon stamps out anarchy.]
* * Peru. The Inca Manco, with his family
and nobles, is put to death by the Span-
iards, and his son, Sayri Tupac, is his
successor.
* * Brazil. Coligni sends a Protestant
colony from France under Nicolas de
Villegagnon, in two ships, to the Bay of
Rio de Janeiro.
1556 * * Peru. Mendoza is the first vice-
roy to establish a secure government.
* * Sp. Philip II. is enthroned.
1557 * * Peru. Hurdato de Mendoza be-
comes viceroy in Chile.
* * Brazil. Large reenforcements of colo-
nists arrive from France and Geneva.
Villegagnon, having joined the Cath-
olics and become oppressive, many colo-
nists leave Rio and return to France.
* * Port. Sebastian is enthroned.
1558 * * Brazil. Mem de Sa is sent out
as captain-general by Portugal.
The Portuguese murder some of the
French colonists at Rio Janeiro.
Jan. 6. Peru. The Inca Sayri Tupac and
his people return from the mountains to
Lima.
* * Venez. The last Spanish expedition
to Carolina fails to settle.
* * Eng. Elizabeth is enthroned.
1559 Aug. 14. Mex. The expedition
of Don Tristan de Luna, with an army
of 1,500 men, and a colony including
women and children and many friars,
leaves Vera Cruz for the conquest and
settlement of Florida. [It is wrecked
on its coast.]
* * Arg. Rep. Mendoza crosses the Andes
from Chile, and founds Mendoza.
* * Fr. Francis LT. is enthroned.
* * Venez. The audiencia in Caracas.
1560* * Brazil. Coligni's Protestant
colony at Rio is entirely broken up
by the Portuguese.
* * Peru. Reign of the Inca Titu Cusi
Yupanqui.
* * Fr. Charles LX. is enthroned.
1561 * * Peru. The fourth viceroy, Cond6
de Nieva, arrives.
1562 Feb. 18. Fr. Admiral Coligni
despatches a squadron with colonists
under Jean Ribault, for Florida ; it is
his second [unsuccessful] attempt to
found a Huguenot colony.
May * S. C. Ribault forms a French set-
tlement at Port Royal ; Fort Charles is
erected.
July * S. C. Ribault leaves his colony,
and sails for France.
* * Chile. Rodrigo de Quiroza is governor.
* * Peru. The second Council of Lima is
formed.
* * Mex. Yucatan is separated from Mex-
ico.
1563 Spring. S. C. The French at Port
Royal become discouraged, and sail
for France in a rude brigantine of their
own construction. They are rescued
from famine by an English vessel.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1540 * * Honduras has large and flour-
ishing cities.
* * Costa Rica. The colony is renamed
New Carthage.
1549 * * Brazil. The discovery of gold
attracts emigrants to Bahia.
1555 * * Peru. Wheat is first reaped in
the valley of Canete by a lady named
Maria de Escobar.
24 1564, June 25-1598.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1565 Aug. 28. Fla. Pedro Menen-
dez, a ferocious Spaniard, arrives with an
expedition to extirpate the Huguenots
and colonize the country.
Sept. 4. S. C. The fleet of Menendez ap-
pears at Port Royal ; but he [retires for a
time and begins to build St. Augustine].
Sept. 10. S. C. The French sail from
Port Royal to capture St. Augustine.
[They are dispersed by a gale the next
day.]
Sept. 17. Fla. Menendez assumes the
offensive, and starts overland for Port
Royal with 500 men.
Sept. 20. S. C. Menendez storms Port
Carolina, and slaughters 142 men, wo-
men, and children who are taken with it.
Only a few persons are spared. " I do
this not as to Frenchmen, but as to
Lutherans."
Sept. 28. Fla. Menendez murders in
cold blood 200 of the French, who,
having been shipwrecked, vaiidy appeal
to his clemency.
Sept. 30±. S. C. Menendez finds another
party of 150 French, who surrender on
the promise of safety ; he then butchers
them. [Philip II. commends his zeal.]
* * Fla. Castle of St. Augustine con-
structed by the Spaniards.
1567 Apr. * Fla. Dominic de Gour-
gues appears on the St. Johns River
with three ships fitted out for ven-
geance against the murderers of the
French Colony. He successively sur-
prises three forts on the St. Johns
River, and hangs the leaders with this
inscription affixed : " Not Spaniards,
but liars and murderers."
1570 * * -88 * * Great struggle be-
tween England and Spain for naval
supremacy of the world.
1572* * Mex., etc. Francis Drake
makes his first marauding voyage to
South America, in which he attacks the
Spanish settlements at Nombre de Dios,
Carthagena, etc.
1585 * * Fla. The Spaniards are plun-
dered by the English under Drake.
1586 * * Brazil. The Spanish colony at
Bahia is plundered by the English
under Witherington.
* * W. I. Admiral Drake sacks Porto
Bello, Panama, St. Domingo, and Car-
thagena.
1588* * Eng. Greatstruggleof England
with the " Invincible Armada" —the
Roanoke colonists are overlooked and
perish.
1591 * * Brazil. The Spanish colony of
St. Vincent is burned by the English
under Cavendish.
1595 * * Brazil. James Lancaster, an
English buccaneer, captures Pernam-
buco from the Spaniards.
1595 * * Porto Rico repulses the attacks
of Admirals Drake and Hawkins.
* * Brazil. The Spanish colony of
Olinda is taken by Lancaster.
* * W. I. Sir Walter Raleigh takes
Trinidad from the Spaniards.
1598 * * Can. The Marquis de la
Roche obtains from the King of France
a commission to conquer New France.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1570 * * Chile. An earthquake de-
stroys 2,000 lives at Concepcion.
1577 May* Can. Martin Frobisher, an
English navigator, approaches Meta In-
cognita in the extreme northwest, and
thinks it a part of Asia.
1578i Spring. Eng. A " mineral man "
of London pronounces a stone brought
from Meta Incognita to be gold, and fif-
teen vessels sail with gold-seekers.
[They return with worthless cargoes.]
1585 * * N.C. The English colonists for
the first time see the corn, the sweet
potato, and the tobacco plant.
1586 June 9. Peru. A great earth-
quake at Lima.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1566 Sp. Casas, Bartolome, de Las
(Miss.), dies.
1568+ Mex. Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Al-
va, historian, born.
1578 Sp. Pizarro, Fernando, conqueror,
age 104±.
CHURCH.
1566 * * It. St. Pius V. is elected pope.
* * Peru. Arrival of the Jesuits.
* * Brazil. John Boles, a Huguenot mis-
sionary, is put to death by the Portu-
guese after an imprisonment of eight
years, in order to terrify his country-
men.
1571 * * Mex. The Inquisition estab-
lished.
1572 Aug. 24. Fr. Massacre of St.
Bartholomew. [It quickens the spirit
of emigration among the Huguenots.]
* * It. Gregory XII. is elected pope.
* * Mex. Jesuit missionaries arrive.
1573 Nov. 19. Peru. First auto da
fe at Lima.
* * U. S. The first successful mission
to the Indians is planted at St. Augus-
tine by Spanish Franciscans.
* * Mex. A gothic cathedral is built
on the sight of the ancient temple at
Mexico.
1574 * * Mex. First auto da. fe in
Mexico.
1578 * * Can. Master Wolfall, an Eng-
lishman, celebrates a communion on
the shores of Frobisher's Strait, the first
recorded in America.
1581 * * Peru. Archbishop Torebio
reaches Lima.
* *-1776* * Peru suffers from the In-
quisition. [59 Europeans are burned,
and 29 " autos" occur at Lima.]
1585 * * It. Sixtus V. is elected pope.
1586 * * Paraguay. Jesuits establish
their famous mission.
1590 * * It. Urban VTL, later Greg-
ory XIV., is elected pope.
1591 * * It. Innocent IX. is elected
pope.
1592 * * It. Clement VTLI. is elected
pope.
1597 * * U. S. Franciscan monks estab-
lish the second successful mission in
New Mexico.
DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION.
1573 * * Va. Pedro Menendez Mar-
quez coasts northward from Florida,
and enters the Chesapeake Bay.
1576 June * -Aug. * Can. Martin Fro-
bisher sails from England on his first
voyage to find a northwest passage ;
he discovers Frobisher's Strait and
Meta Incognita.
1577 May* -Sept.* Can. Second voy-
age of Frobisher in the northwest ;
his ship is loaded with worthless sand,
which is supposed to be gold.
1578 May * -Sept. * Can. Third voy-
age of Frobisher, having a fleet of 16
sail and 100 colonists.
* * Unsuccessful voyage of Sir Hum-
phrey Gilbert. He takes possession of
Newfoundland for England, but plants
no colony.
1579 * * Cal. Sir Francis Drake traces
the western coast of America as far
north as New Albion (Oregon), seeking a
strait connecting the two oceans.
1580 * * N. Mex. Augustin Ruys,
a Spanish missionary, discovers New
Mexico.
1583 * * Newfoundland visited by Sir
Humphrey Gilbert.
1584 July 13. N.C. Sir Walter Ra-
leigh's expedition lands on the Island
of Wocokon, and takes possession, nam-
ing it Virginia after the Virgin Queen.
* * Can. Gasca discovers Davis's Strait.
John Davis explores Davis's Strait
to 66" 40', visits Gilbert Sound and Cum-
berland Strait.
1586 * * Can. Davis makes his second
voyage, and visits Labrador.
1587 * * Can. Davis discovers the Cum-
berland Islands, London coast, Lumley's
Inlet (Frobisher's Strait), on his third
voyage.
1592 * * Davis discovers the Falkland
Islands.
* * Can. Spaniards, under J una de
Fuca, visit the northwest coast of the
American Continent. (?)
1594 * * Willem Barentz explores
Nova Zembla.
1595 * * Guiana. Sir "Walter Raleigh
explores the coast, and ascends the Ori-
noco 400 miles from its mouth.
LETTERS.
1598 * * Peru. The University of San
Antonio Abad is founded at Cuzco.
SOCIETY.
1565 Sept. 20. Fla. Pedro Menendez
massacres the Huguenots on the
St. Johns River, sparing neither men,
women, nor children — except a few
reserved as slaves.
* * Fr. Great resentment against the
Spaniards because of the massacre of
the Huguenots in Florida.
AMERICA.
1564, June 25-1598.
25
1565 * * Fla. Part of the French colony
on the St. Johns River embark on a
piratical expedition against the Span-
iards.
1567 * * Fla. Dominic de Gourgues,
with 150 men, comes from France, and
avenges the Huguenots by hanging 200
Spaniards on trees.
STATE.
1564 June 25. Fla. A French expe-
dition, sent out by Coligni and led by
Rene de Laudonniere, arrives at the
mouth of the St. Johns River, and builds
Fort Carolina.
Dec. * Fla. Some of the French colonists
depart, ostensibly for France, but en-
gage in piracy against Spain.
* * -69 * * Peru. Lope Garcia de Castro
rules only as governor.
1565 Aug.* S.C. Sir John Hawkins,
the slave merchant, relieves the needs of
the colony at Port Royal.
Aug. 28. Fla. Jean Ribault arrives at
the French colony with 300 men and am-
ple supplies.
Fla. Pedro Menendez, the agent
of l'hilip II., arrives in Florida, with a
commission to exterminate the Prot-
estants and establish a colony.
Sept. 8. Fla. St. Augustine is founded
by Pedro Menendez.
It is the first permanent European
settlement in [the existing United
States of] North America. He comes
to conquer and colonize, and brings 2,500
persons with him. [The period of Span-
ish discovery and adventure in the New-
World practically ends.]
Sept. 20+. Fla. Menendez annihilates
the Huguenot colony on the St. Johns
River. (See Society.)
Arg. Rep. Spaniards cross from Peru
and found Tucuman.
* * Chile is under the royal audiencia.
1567 * * Brazil. The Portuguese, having
broken up the French settlement at Rio
de Janeiro, now found a colony there,
and name it San Salvador.
* * Can. The French, having failed
with two colonies, abandon the colo-
nization of the southern coast, and
turn northward. The Marquis de la
Roche obtains a commission to establish
a colony on the St. Lawrence. [A colony
of criminals is sent out and fails.]
* * Venez. Caracas is founded by the
Dutch.
* * Brazil. Sebastian is founded.
1568 May * S. C. Having driven out
the French, the Spaniards hold the
country.
* * Chile. The audiencia established at
Santiago.
1569 Nov. 26. Peru. Don Francisco
de Toledo enters Lima as viceroy.
1570 * * Arg. Rep. Spain cripples the
colonists by restricting navigation
and commerce.
* * * England and Spain contest the
maritime supremacy of the world.
1571* * Peru. Inca Tupac Amaru reigns.
The viceroy unjustly beheads Tupac
Amaru, the last of the Incas, on the
square of Cuzco.
1572 * * Brazil. An attempt is made to
divide the colony.
* * Va. The colony of Pedro Menendez
lands on the banks of the Potomac.
1573 * * Arg. Rep. Spaniards from Peru
found Cordova.
Don Juan de Garay leads an expedition
to found Santa F6.
* * Costa Rica. New Carthage receives its
third governor from Madrid, and the
colony is well established.
1574 * * Fr. Henry XXL is enthroned.
* * Brazil. The colony is divided.
1577 * * Brazil. Many of the Protestant
colonists return to France.
1578* * Greenland. Frobisher takes
possession of the west coast in the name
of Queen Elizabeth, and calls it West
England.
* * Brazil. Diego Laurenco da Veiga is
appointed governor-general of the flour-
ishing colonies.
Brazil becomes an appendage of
Spain, and is again united under one
government.
Nov. 19. Eng. Sir Humphrey Gilbert's
first expedition sails to found a colony
in America.
* * Port. Henry • ' the Cardinal " is en-
throned.
1579 May* Eng. Gilbert's unsuccess-
ful expedition returns from Newfound-
land.
1580 June 11. Arg. Rep. Another
Spanish expedition under Garay recolo-
nizes Buenos Ayres and prospers.
* * Guiana. The Dutch begin a settle-
ment on the coast.
* * Port. Anthony is enthroned.
* * -1640 * * Portugal and her colo-
nies are under the dominion of
Spain.
1581 * * Hoi. The republic of the United
Netherlands is established.
* * Peru. Don Martin Henriquez becomes
viceroy.
1582 * * New Mex. Santa F6 is visited
by De Espejio.
* * Peru. Second council of Lima.
1583 June * N. F. An expedition of
genuine colonists, led by Sir Hum-
phrey Gilbert, and patronized by Sir
Walter Raleigh, sails for America. [It
utterly fails.]
Aug. 5. Newfoundland. Gilbert lands at
St. Johns, and takes possession of the
island in the name of his queen.
Aug. 27. Gilbert's largest ship is wrecked
through carelessness, and 100 perish ; the
survivors return to England.
* * Chile. Sotomayor is governor.
1584 * * Sir Walter Raleigh receives
his first patent.
July 13. N. C. An exploring expedition
is sent out by Raleigh, which lands on
Roanoke Island, and takes possession
of the country in the name of the virgin
queen, and calls it Virginia.
1585 Apr. Eng. Raleigh sends out his
first colony of 1 10 persons under Gren-
ville. Many persons are eager to sail for
America.
June 26. N. C. Raleigh's colony ar-
rives at Roanoke Island and is left
in charge of Ralph Lane. It is the first
English settlement in the New World.
Aug. 25. N. C. Grenville sails for Eng-
land.
* * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres advances in
prosperity.
* * Guiana is visited by Raleigh.
1586 June 19. N. C. The English in
less than a year abandon the settlement
on Roanoke Island and leave with Sir
Francis Drake. They carry back tobac-
co and the potato. [A supply-ship ar-
rives a few days later and departs.]
July* .AT. C. Fifteen days later, Gren-
ville also arrives at Roanoke with sup-
plies, and leaves 15 men to hold possession
of the country. [Their fate is unknown.]
1587 July* N. C. Raleigh's second
colonizing expedition of 117 men and
women, under Captain John White, ar-
rives at Roanoke, but finding no colony
it returns.
* * Guiana. The Spaniards found St.
Thomas Island.
1589 Mar. 7. Eng. Raleigh sells his
proprietary rights to a company of
merchants.
* * Fr. Henry IV. is enthroned.
1590 Aug. 17. Gov. John White re-
turns to the Roanoke settlement, and
finds " it desert, tenantless, and silent."
* * Peru. Herdato de Mendoza is viceroy.
1592 * * Peru. Martin Gracia Onez de
Loyola is viceroy.
1594 * * Brazil. French Catholics estab-
lish a colony on the Island of Maranhao.
1595 * * Venez. Raleigh visits Guiana,
and ascends the Orinoco River 400 miles,
in quest of the El Dorado.
1597 * * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres is
firmly established.
1598 * * Can. The Marquis de la Roche
secures a patent for a colony in New
France (Nova Scotia) from Henry IV.
La Roche establishes a colony, chiefly
taken from the prisons of France, on
Sable Island.
* * Sp. Philip m. is enthroned.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1583 Sept. * Wreck of Sir Humphrey
Gilbert's ship ; all perish.
1584± * * Privateering and coloniza-
tion go hand in hand. Sir Richard
Grenville, on his return voyage, takes a
Spanish merchantman.
By a process scarcely differing from
piracy, and with little regard for the
law of nations, great wealth was speed-
ily acquired by many English adven-
turers.
1587. Aug. 18. JIT. C. Virginia Dare,
the first child of English parentage,
is born at Roanoke.
26
1600-1609.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1603 * * Uruguay. The Charruas Indi-
ans defeat the Spaniards in a pitched
battle.
1607 ** Va. John Smith is taken pris-
oner by the Indians, and condemned to
death ; but is set at liberty after a cap-
tivity of seven weeks.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
EXPLORATION.
1602 May 14. Mass. Arrival of Bar-
tholomew Gosnold, who is the first to
sail directly across the Atlantic, from
the Azores, instead of by the Canary Is-
land route.
May 15. Mass. Gosnold visits Cape
Cod.
* * Va. Voyage of Samuel Mace to Vir-
ginia.
* * W. I. Port Royal, Jamaica, is de-
stroyed by an earthquake.
1603 Apr. 10. Eng. Martin Pring
sails on a voyage of commerce and ex-
ploration to New England [where he
enters Plymouth Harbor].
* * Can. Samuel Champlain is commis-
sioned by a company of French mer-
chants of Rouen to explore the country
of the St. Lawrence, and establish a
trading-post.
1605 May 17+. Me. George "Wey-
mouth of England explores part of the
coast and some of the rivers.
1607 May* Eng. Henry Hudson
starts on his first voyage, instructed to
sail northwest and directly across the
pole.
May * Va. Newport and twenty others
return to Jamestown after exploring
the James River as far as the falls [near
Richmond].
* * Va. Jamestown colonists send an
expedition of six men up the Chicka-
hominy River expecting to find the
Pacific Ocean.
1608 July 21. Va. John Smith re-
turns to Jamestown from the first ex-
ploration of the Chesapeake Bay and its
tributaries.
July 24. Va. Smith sails on an ex-
ploring expedition for the Susque-
hanna River.
Sept. 7. Va. Smith returns to James-
town, having explored 3,000 miles of
coast.
* * Eng. Sir Henry Hudson makes a
second attempt to reach India by a
northwest passage.
* * Va. Capt. Newport sails up the
James River to find the Pacific Ocean.
1609 Apr. 4. Hoi. Sir Henry Hud-
son sails on his important third voyage,
under the auspices of the Dutch East
India Company. i
His vessel is a small yacht willed the
Halve, Moon, having a crew of 18 or 20
men ; the icebergs baffle his endeavors
in the north, and he follows the coast
southward.
July* JV. Y. Samuel Champlain, the
French navigator, enters the lake which
bears his name, and is the first white
man to set his foot on the soil of the
Empire State.
Aug. 28. N. J. Hudson anchors in
Delaware Bay. [Soon after he explores
the coast of New Jersey.]
Sept. 3. N. Y. Hudson anchors in the
Lower Bay of New York, behind Sandy
Hook, and is refreshed with green corn,
wild fruits, and oysters.
Sept. 5. N. J. Hudson lands.
Sept. 6. N. J. Hudson sounds the Nar-
rows, and passes through the Kill Van
Kull to Newark Bay.
Sept. 0. New York. Hudson passes
from the Lower Bay into the Narrows.
Sept. 11. N. Y. Hudson enters the
Great River of the north (Hudson).
Sept. 14. Hudson visits the Highlands.
Sept. 19. N. Y. The Halve Moon tarries
[at Kinderhook] while a small boat as-
cends the river [above Albany].
Sept. * Hudson abandons the pursuit of
a northwest passage via the Hudson
River.
* * Va. The colonists of Jamestown be-
gin the manufacture of glass beads,
for traffic with the Indians.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1600 Gorton, Samuel, pioneer, born.
Hopkins, Edward, governor, born.
Mason, John, captain, born.
1601 Coddington, William, founder of R. I.,
born.
1602 Stuyvesant. Peter, Gov. of N.Y., b.
1603 Bradstreet, Simon, Gov. of Mass., born.
± Fenwick, George, proprietor in Conn., b.
1604 Eliot. John, Apostle to Indians, born.
1606 Calvert, Leonard, Gov. of Md., born.
Winthrop, John, Gov. of Conn., born.
1607 Gosnold, Bartholomew, colonizer, d.
Harvard, John, founder, born.
1609 Clarke, John, Baptist founder, born.
Clap, Roger, author, born.
CHURCH.
1605 Aug. 19. Me. The English colo-
nists at St. George, an island [in the
Androscoggin River], all leave their
ships and go ashore, where they have
located their plantation, and listen to a
sermon by their preacher, after which
the laws of the colony are read.
* * Paraguay. A second band of Jesuit
missionaries — Cataldino, Mazeta, and
Lorenzana — begin a successful work.
* * It. Leo XI. and later Paul V. , pope.
1606 Apr. 10. Va. The charter is
issued ; it makes the Church of Eng-
land the religion of the colony, and all
the people taxable for its support ; the
aborigines are to be converted to Chris-
tianity if possible.
1607 June 21. Va. The Holy Sac-
rament is administered in a chapel
having sail-cloth for a covering, rails
for walls, and logs for benches ; Rev.
R. Hunt, minister at Jamestown.
* * Me. Rev. Richard Seymour accom-
panies a colony, for the service of the
Protestant Episcopal Church.
* * R. I. A Baptist Church (according
to some authorities) formed at Tiverton.
1608* * Eng. Rev. John Robinson
and other Puritans thrown into jail for
dissenting, when about to flee from Eng-
land.
* * Paraguay. Jesuits are zealous in
civilizing natives.
* * Hoi. Part of the fleeing Puritans
reach Holland.
1609* * Mass. "William Brewster is
chosen elder of the Plymouth colony,
and becomes a religious leader.
* * * Can. The Jesuit missionaries
commence the work of converting the
Indian tribes, and exhibit unparalleled
fortitude and great perseverance.
LETTERS.
1608 * * The True Relation., by Captain
John Smith, is printed in London.
* * Va. Smith sends to England his com-
pleted Map of the Chesapeake Bay.
SOCIETY.
1606 Apr. * The London Company is
required by a clause in its patent to
hold all property of its settlement in
common for the first five years.
1607* * Va. The colony at Jamestown
consists of 12 laborers, 10 or 12 mechan-
ics, and 48 gentlemen, and no women.
* * Va. Suspicion, dissension, and ras-
cality prevail among the colonists.
Dec. * Va. Capt. John Smith is taken
prisoner by the Indians, and sentenced
to die, but his life is spared by the in-
tercession of Pocahontas, daughter of
Powhatan.
1608* * Va. A conspiracy is formed to
kill John Smith, and abandon the colony.
* * Va. Gov. John Smith's first law :
" He who would not work should not
eat ; " the second, " Each man for six
days in the week should work six hours
each day."
Apr. * Va. Capt. Newport arrives with
a company of 34 gentlemen and an as-
sortment of gold hunters, adventur-
ers, and vagabonds.
1609* *-10 Winter. Va. Vicious-
ness and profligacy on the part of the
greater number of the colonists bring
about dearth ; only CO persons out of 490
survive till spring.
* * Va. Thirty colonists seize one of
the vessels and sail away as pirates ;
riot and idleness prevail, domestic ani-
mals are killed, and firearms traded
away.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
* * * The Cherokee, Catawba, and
Tuscarora Indians hold the Southern
mountain country, and approach within
about 100 miles of the Atlantic coast.
* * * The Dakotas are in the great West
and Northwest ; the Mobilians are in
the South.
* * * The Seminoles are in the Florida
peninsula ; the Shoshones between the
Rio Grande and lower Mississippi, and
in the Great Salt Lake region and north-
ward ; the Comanches are east of the
Rio Grande and near the Shoshones ;
AMERICA.
1600-1609.
27
the EUamaths are along the Pacific
slope south of the Columbia River ; the
Californians are south of the Kla-
maths ; and the Athapascans, between
the Colorado River and the Rocky
Mountains.
* * * North American Indian tribes are
governed by a chief and council who
are elective. Captive warriors are
treated with great cruelty; women,
boys, and girls are made slaves.
* * * The Huron family of Indian tribes
dwell north of Lake Erie and Lake
Ontario.
* * * The great Algonkian family rule
both forest and prairie, extending along
the Atlantic seaboard from the St. Law-
rence to Cape Hatteras, and along the
Ohio River westward to the Mississippi,
and northward to Lakes Superior and
Huron.
The powerful Iroquois Indian fam-
ily, including many tribes, extend south
of Lakes Erie and Ontario and the St.
Lawrence River for one or two hundred
miles, and to the east as far as Lake
Champlain.
1602 * * Arg. Rep. Spain permits col-
onists to export two ship-loads of pro-
duce each year with 50 per cent customs
duties.
* * Holl. The Dutch East India Com-
pany is foraned.
* * Mass. The first New England set-
tlement is made on an island in Buz-
zard's Bay, by Bartholomew Gosnold, for
the Association of London Merchants.
[It is short-lived.]
1603 Mar. 24. Eng. James I. en-
throned.
Apr. * Me. Martin Pring leads an Eng-
glish expedition to the coast. [It returns
after an absence of six months.]
Nov. * Sieur de Monts, a French Hu-
guenot, receives a grant of the country
from one degree north of Montreal to
the latitude of Philadelphia.
1605. Aug. 9. Me. An English colony
is planted at the mouth of the Sagada-
hoc (Androscoggin) River, on an island
called St. George.
Nov. 14. JV. S. De Monts establishes
the first French settlement in the
country at Port Royal (Annapolis) in
Acadia.
* * Maine is visited by an expedition
under George Weymouth.
* * N. S. Acadia is the only active set-
tlement except those in Central and
South America, after 100 years of explo-
ration.
1606 Apr. 10. Great Virginia. The
first charter is granted.
A great joint-stock company is formed
in England for the establishment of two
colonies in America. The London or
Virginia Company, having jurisdiction
from 34° to 38° north latitude, and the
Plymouth or North Virginia Company,
with headquarters at Plymouth, having
jurisdiction from 45° to 41°; and the in-
tervening territory (38° to 41°) to go to the
company establishing the first self-sus-
taining colony.
Aug. * Eng. The Plymouth Company
of " knights, gentlemen, and merchants "
sends out its pioneer ship for explo-
ration, and it is taken by the Spaniards.
Autumn. Eng. The second ship of the
Plymouth Company goes out, and re-
turns with glowing accounts.
Dec. 19. Eng. The London Company
of " noblemen, gentlemen, and mer-
chants " sends out three ships. A Su-
perior Council in England and an In-
ferior Council in America are to manage
its affairs.
* * * France claims all the territory
north of Florida by right of the dis-
coveries of Verrazano.
* * * England claims the territory from
the Cape Fear in North Carolina to New-
foundland, and westward indefinitely,
by the discoveries of John Cabot.
* * Mass. The French attempt to settle
Cape Cod, but are driven off by the In-
dians.
1607 May* Va. John Smith is placed
in confinement during the latter part of
the voyage to Virginia, on the absurd
charge of designing to murder the Coun-
cil, and make himself its monarch.
May 13. Fa. Commander Newport lands
105 colonists at Jamestown, on the
north bank of the James River, about
32 miles from its mouth.
Only 12 are laborers, and 10 or 12 are
mechanics, while 48 are gentlemen, and
there are no women.
* * -10 Spring. JST. S. Port Royal is de-
serted.
May * Va. The Inferior Council elect
Edward Wingfield the first governor.
* * Va. John Smith is at first jealously
excluded from his seat in the Council.
June 2. Va. Capt. Newport sails for
England, leaving the colonists in a
wretched condition.
Aug. 8. Me. The second English Col-
ony is planted.
George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert
plant 120 colonists in a fort at the mouth
of the Kennebec River. [It is abandoned
the next year.]
Aug. * Va. General sickness at James-
town ; only five men able to do sentinel
duty.
Sept. 10. Va. Gov. Wingfield and his
confederate, George Kendall, a mem-
ber of the governing council, are detected
in embezzling the stores of the colony.
[They are impeached and deprived of
office.]
Sept. 15. Va. One half of the colonists
have been swept away by disease.
Sept. * Va. John Ratcliffe is chosen
president of the council and governor
of the colony. [He is detected in an
attempt to abandon the colony, and is
deposed.]
Dec.** Va. Jamestown improves un-
der the management of John Smith ; by
strategy corn is secured from the Indians
for winter.
* * Va. Only two of the seven members
of the council remain, Martin and
Smith ; Martin elects Smith, not yet
30 years old, President of Virginia. [He
becomes the most noted man in the
early history of America.]
Winter. Va. Smith is held in captiv-
ity by the Indians.
1608 Jan. * Va. Smith returns from
captivity.
Apr. * Va. Newport returns to James-
town with a second company, con-
sisting of 120 emigrants, like the first,
" vagabond gentlemen," idlers, and gold-
hunters ; only 38 remain of the original
105 colonists.
Newport sails for England with a lot
of worthless earth, supposed to contain
gold.
July 3. Can. Champlain returns from
France to New France with a colony
sent out by De Monts, and lays the foun-
dation of Quebec.
* * Va. The colonists waste the planting
season in gold-seeking.
Autumn. Va. Arrival of 20 colonists
with Capt. Newport, which increases
the number to a total of 200 persons.
Sept. 10+. Va. John Smith is formally
elected President; he enforces law;
gold-hunting becomes unpopular, and
prosperity increases.
* * Va. Smith, Martin, and Newport
constitute the Inferior Council.
1609 May 23. Va. A second charter
is issued, having enlarged privileges.
King James revokes the constitution
without consulting the wishes of the
colonists, and grants the London Com-
pany a new charter, extending from
Cape Fear to Sandy Hook, and westward
to the Pacific.
May * Eng. Lord Delaware is elected
governor of Virginia for life.
He is the first one elected by the stock-
holders of the London Company ; Sir
George Somers is admiral ; Sir Thomas
Dale is high marshal; Sir Ferdinand
Wainman master of horse, etc.
June * Eng. Many noblemen with 20
women and children sail in a company
of 500 emigrants for Virginia.
One vessel is wrecked, and one run
ashore in the Bermudas, and seven ar-
rive in Jamestown. The governing
commissioners being stranded in Ber-
muda, John Smith continues in office,
and greets the worst emigrants yet sent
out.
Sept. 15. Va. Smith sails for England,
to recover his health.
Sept. * Va. Sir George Percy governs
Jamestown as Smith's delegate ; it con-
tains between 50 and 60 houses.
"Winter. Va. The 450 colonists suffer
hunger because of profligacy and ill
government.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1604 * * Eng. The Muscovy Company
sends the first English ship to Green-
land.
1605 * * Me. George Weymouth sails on
a trading expedition for furs to the-
coast of Maine.
* * Va. Captain John Smith is sick,
and so near to death that his comrades,
dig his grave.
28
1610-1620.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1613 Spring. Me. Captain Argall of
Jamestown pillages and burns the
French settlement at Mount Desert
Island, it being in the territory of the
London Company.
* * Can. Smith destroys every building
of a French colony at the mouth of the
St. Croix River.
* * Can. Smith burns the deserted ham-
let of Port Royal in Acadia (Nova
Scotia).
* * N. Y. Smith destroys the cabins of
the Dutch on Manhattan Island, and
compels them to acknowledge the sover-
eignty of James I. of England.
1614* * N. Y. The Dutch build a fort
on the southern extremity of Manhattan
Island.
* * N. Y. Fort Nassau is built by the
Dutch [near Albany].
1615 Oct. 10. N. Y. Battle between
Champlain and the Iroquois Indians in
western New York.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
EXPLORATION.
1610 * * Eng. Hudson sails on a north-
ern voyage of discovery, seeking a pas-
sage westward to the Indies.
* * Spring. Va. Smith introduces the
cultivation of maize, and plants 30 or
40 acres.
July 27. Sir Thomas Smythe discovers
Delaware Bay.
Aug. 2. Can. Hudson enters the straits
which bear his name, and thinks he dis-
covers the Pacific [Hudson Bay].
1612 * * Va. The colonists begin to
manufacture bricks.
* * Va. John Rolfe [the husband of
Pocahontas] begins the systematic cul-
tivation of tobacco.
1614 * * N. Y. Adriaen Block of New
Amsterdam builds the first colonial ship,
the Onrust (Restless).
* * Conn. Slock, in the Onrust, explores
Long Island Sound, and discovers the
Connecticut River.
June + * Captain John Smith explores
the New England coast, and gives it this
name.
1615 * * Can. Champlain visits Lake
Huron.
1616 * * Can. Bylot and Baffin are
sent in search of the northwest pas-
sage ; "Wolstenholme's Sound, Lancaster
Somid, and Baffin Bay are discovered.
1617 * * Guiana. Sir Walter Raleigh
explores the coast.
1618 * * Can. Baffin reaches the 78° of
latitude in the bay which bears his
name.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1610 ? Berkeley, Sir William, Gov. of Va., b.
? Newport, Christopher, commander, dies.
1611 Day, Stephen, first printer, born.
1613 Bradstreet, Anne, poet, born.
1613 Morton, Nathaniel, historian, born.
1614 Cheever, Ezekiel, teacher, born.
1616 Leverett, Sir John, Gov. of Mass. , born.
Mereloza, de Juan Gonzales, Mex. vicar, A 77.
1617 Pocahontas dies in Europe A22.
1618 West, Thomas Lord Delaware, Gov.
of Va., A41.
Powhatan, Indian chief, dies.
1620 Allouez, Claude Jean, Fr. Jesuit, born.
Dale, Sir Thomas, Gov. of Va., dies.
CHURCH.
1610 June * Va. A day given to reli-
gious services on the return of the
colonists to their homes. (See State.)
1611 June 10. Va. Many godly emi-
grants arrive ; they commence the labors
of the day by offering prayers in their
little church, and order and comfort
increase.
June 12. N. S. Two Jesuit mission-
aries arrive at Port Royal, but their
work among the Micmacs is frustrated
by the government.
* * Va. Gov. Dale requires -every man
and woman to give an account of his
faith to the minister for the test of
orthodoxy ; he orders them to be
whipped if they refuse, and to be
whipped daily till they acknowledge
their faith.
1614 * * Va. Pocahontas becomes the
first Christian convert, and is bap-
tized in the Episcopal church, under
the name of Rebecca.
1615 * * Can. Le Caron, a Franciscan,
carries the Roman Catholic religion to
the Indians of eastern Maine, and west-
ward to the Hurons.
1617 * * Eng. The refugee Puritans
in Holland apply to the London Com-
pany for permission to emigrate to their
territory in America, and their request
is granted.
1619 July* Va. The House of Bur-
gesses confirms the Church of Eng-
land as the Church of Virginia, and
intends that the first four ministers
shall each receive £200 a year, and all
persons whatsoever shall attend church
on the Sabbath, both forenoon and
afternoon.
* * Eng. Another request signed by the
greater part of the Puritans is sent to
the Company. [Dissensions in the Com-
pany delay success.]
* * N. S. Reformed Franciscans be-
gin mission work in Acadia.
1620 Dec. 21. Mass. Only the Plym-
outh people come over as separatists,
the other colonists remain in the
Church of England seeking to reform
her corruptions. The Congregational
service is introduced by the Pilgrims.
* * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres becomes a
bishopric by creation of Pope Paul V.
* * Eng. A company of London mer-
chants is formed that agrees to loan
money to the poor Puritans so they
may emigrate ; each is to give his ser-
vices for seven years to the company.
LETTERS.
1610 * * The True Repertory of the Wrack
and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates,
written at Jamestown by William Stra-
chey.
1613 * * Good News from Virginia, by
Alexander Whitaker, " The Apostle of
Virginia."
1614 * * Captain John Smith makes a
map of the New England coast and
country; names it New England.
1616* * Peru. The college of San
Carlos is founded.
1619 * * Va. An effort is made to estab-
lish a college at Henrico (Richmond).
An endowment of £1,500 and 10,000
acres of land is procured ; the massacre
of its friends defeats the project.
SOCIETY.
1611 June 21. Can. Henry Hudson,
his sons, and five others are sent adrift
by his mutinous crew, and perish in
Hudson Bay.
* * Va. The land hitherto held hi com-
mon is-now divided, and each of the 700
colonists receives three acres.
Sept. 1. Henry Hudson's mutinous crew
is picked up in a wretched condition.
1612 June 29. Eng. A lottery is
drawn in London for the benefit of
the Virginia plantations ; profit nearly
£30,000.
1613 * * Va. Pocahontas is stolen and
held for a ransom by the colonists. [In-
dian troubles follow.]
1614* * Va. Capt. Hunt, the deputy
governor, treacherously entices the In-
dian chief, Santo, with 27 others, on
board of his ship, and sails for Spain,
where he sells them into slavery.
Apr. * Va. Pocahontas is married to
John Rolfe, a worthy young Englishman.
[King James is scandalized that one not
of royal blood should marry a princess.]
1616 * * Pocahontas visits England
and is received at Court.
1619 * * Va. Laws are made against the
playing of dice and cards, drunken-
ness, and idleness; excess in apparel
is restrained by a tax.
* * Va. The colony is reenforced by the
arrival of 1,200 emigrants, including 100
felons sent by the king to be sold as
servants among the planters.
* * Eng. Bad management of the treas-
urer of the London Company.
About $400,000 have been spent and
only 600 men, chiefly rovers, are found
in the colony ; it is discovered that
women must be introduced to make
the enterprise succeed.
Aug. * Va. A Dutch man-of-war brings
20 African negroes to Jamestown, and
sells them to the colonists at auction,
thus introducing African slavery.
1620 Dec. 21. Mass. The "Pilgrim
Fathers " land at Plymouth Rock, and
their colony consists of 73 males, 29 fe-
males ; 34 adult males, 18 adult females ;
20 boys and 8 girls ; also 3 maid servants
and 19 men servants, etc. (Winsor.)
* * Eng. Ninety young women of good
breeding and modest manners are per-
suaded to emigrate to Virginia.
Men who become husbands pay 120 lbs.
of tobacco to repay the almost bankrupt
company the expense of the voyage.
AMERICA.
1610-1620.
29
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1610 May 24. Va. Capt.-gen. Gates
and about 150 others arrive from Ber-
muda, where they were shipwrecked.
J vine * Va. "The starving time."
Vice and famine have reduced the
colonists from 490 to only 60 ; they are dis-
heartened, and abandoning Jamestown,
set sail for the fishermen's fleet at New-
foundland.
June 10. Va. The departing colonists
meet a fleet of 3 vessels with reenforce-
ments and supplies, and then return to
Jamestown.
Lord Delaware, the acting governor,
brings peace, plenty, and prosperity to
Jamestoiwn.
New York. The first Dutch emi-
grants arrive at Manhattan.
* * Brazil. Jesuit settlements are
formed ; communism prevails.
* * Fr. Louis XTTT. enthroned.
* * Nicaragua. The foundation of Leon
[the future rival of Granada] is laid.
* * N. F. Mr. Gay, of Bristol, founds a
colony at Conception Bay.
± * * Paraguay. Jesuit settlements of
natives are begun ; civilization follows.
* * Va. Delaware returns to England for
his health.
1611 May 10. Va. Sir Thomas Dale
arrives in the Chesapeake with stores
and emigrants ; he assumes the govern-
ment as high marshal.
Aug. * Va. Sir Thomas Gates arrives
with 300 colonists, 12 cows, 20 goats, and
supplies ; he enters office as deputy
governor.
* * Va. Colonists receive individual al-
lotments of three acres of land.
1612 Mar. * Va. James I. grants a
third charter to the London Company.
It includes the Bermudas ; because of
the financial failure of the venture the
stockholders are given control, and with-
out intention, a democratic government
is encouraged.
* * Brazil. A French colony is founded
on the island of Marajo. [Maintained
six years.]
* * Eng. Sir Walter Raleigh, having
spent $200,000 to found a colony, without
success, gives up the undertaking.
* * Fr. The Protestants being in power,
the great CondS becomes viceroy of
the French empire in America.
* * New York. The Dutch send the Tiger
and the Fortune to trade with the Indians
on the Hudson River. Huts are erected
on Manhattan Island. (About 45
Broadway.)
1613 May * Me. Madame de Guerche-
ville, having secured DeMonts' patent
and a new one from the crown, for all
lands between Florida and the St. Law-
rence River, Port Royal excepted, sends
Saussage and two .Jesuits, who settle a
small colony on Mount Desert Island.
[It is soon broken up.]
* * Guiana. A colony of Dutchmen ar-
rives. \
* * New York. The Dutch establish a
trading-post on Manhattan Island.
* * Va. Captain Samuel Argall of
Jamestown breaks up the French settle-
ments in Maine and Acadia, also the
Dutch trading-station (?) at New Nether-
land.
1614 Oct. 11. N. Y. A charter is
granted by the States-General to the
New Netherland Company, includ-
ing territory from 40° north to 45° north,
with a monopoly of the fur trade for
three years.
* * Conn. Settlement of Connecticut.
The Dutch, led by Adriaen Block, ex-
plore the coast, also the chief river, and
build a fort [near Hartford].
* * Guiana. The States of Holland en-
courage settlements by offering mono-
polies for four years.
* * Mass. An expedition is sent to New
England by Sir Ferdinando Gorges
and the Earl of Southampton.
* * N. Y. The Dutch form a settlement
on Manhattan Island, also erect a fort ;
they build another [Fort Nassau] 150
miles up the river.
* * New York. Jean Vigne, the first white
child, born on Manhattan Island.
* * Va. Gov. Gates returns to England,
and leaves the government to Sir Thomas
Dale [for two years].
The cultivation of tobacco brings
prosperity to the colony ; the streets
of Jamestown are planted with it, and
it becomes the accepted currency.
1615 May± * New Eng. John Smith
vainly attempts to form a settlement.
* * Brazil. Belem is founded by Calderia.
* * Can. Champlain leads an expedition
to Lake Huron.
* * N. F. Captain Richard Whitborne
is sent to establish order among the
fishermen at Newfoundland.
* * Va. Private ownership of land
begins, each colonist receiving 50 acres
for himself and heirs.
1616 May * Va. Sir Thomas Dale re-
signs the governorship, and returns to
England, leaving George Yeardley as
deputy governor. Pocahontas goes to
England.
* * New Eng. Sir Ferdinando Gor-
ges makes persistent effort for the set-
tlement of New England.
1617 Jan. * Va. Captain Samuel Ar-
gall is elected deputy governor.
[Fraud, oppression, violence, greed,
and tyranny on the part of the govern-
ment check immigration, and the col-
ony becomes reduced to 600 persons.]
May 15. Va. Argall arrives in Jamestown.
* * N. J. The Dutch from New Am-
sterdam start a settlement at Bergen.
[The first in New Jersey.]
* * N. Y. Fort Nassau [Albany] is de-
stroyed by a flood.
1618 * * New Eng. Ferdinando Gorges
sends Captain Rocroft from England to
New England ; he spoils a French bark
on the way, and goes to Virginia, where
he is killed.
1619 Jan. 1. N. Y. Expiration of the
first New Netherland charter.
* * Va. Lord Delaware sails with sup-
plies, and dies on the voyage. Ope-
chancanough succeeds Powhatan.
Apr. 19. Va. Sir George Yeardley is
appointed deputy governor. [The col-
ony grows and prospers.]
* * Hoi. The Pilgrims get a patent from
the London (South Virginia) Company.
July* Va. Popular government in-
troduced.
Yeardley divides the plantation into
11 boroughs, and issues a proclamation
requesting the election of two citizens
from each to assist in the government.
July 30. Va. The House of Burgesses
meets at Jamestown, the first colonial
legislature in the New World.
It is an elective assembly for discus-
sion only, and has no power without the
approval of the London Company.
1620 July 22. Hoi. The Pilgrims de-
part from Delfshaven in the Speedwell,
having spent the preceding night in
prayer and religious conversation.
The Pilgrims purchase the Speedwell,
and hire the Mayflower.
Aug. 5. Eng. The Pilgrims set sail
from Southampton for Virginia in the
Mayflower of 180 tons burden, and the
Speedwell, 60 tons. [The Speedwell proves
leaky, and compels their return to Dart-
mouth.]
Aug. 20±. The repairs on the Speedwell
being completed, the Pilgrims reem-
bark. [The Speedwell proves unseawor-
thy, and they return to Plymouth.]
Sept. 6. Eng. The Pilgrims finally
leave Plymouth in the Mayflower,
and number 102 persons.
Nov. 3. Eng. The Plymouth Com-
pany reorganized.
King James incorporates forty of his
subjects as " the Council established at
Plymouth for the planting, ruling, or-
dering, and governing of New, England
in America.
Nov. 9. Mass. The Pilgrims come in
sight of Cape Cod after a voyage of 63
days.
Nov. 11. Mass. Pilgrims on the May-
flower sign an instrument of republican
government, and elect John Carver
governor. (Nov. 21, N. S.)
Being denied a patent by the king, they
proceed to discharge all the functions of
an organized state.
Dec. 11. Mass. The Pilgrim Fathers
disembark at Plymouth Rock, and
found a colony numbering 102 persons.
New Style, Dec. 21. (Winsor.)
Dec. 23. Mass. The Pilgrims begin
building a settlement at Plymouth.
* * Arg. Rep. The Spaniards erect a new
government for Buenos Ayr es — the
Rio de la Plata, with Buenos Ayres
for its capital ; cities and settlements
abound.
* * Paraguay is separated from Bue-
nos Ayres.
* * Mass. The whole body of the male
inhabitants constitute the legislature.
[Continuing thus for 18 years.]
* * Va. The 1,000 inhabitants receive an
accession of 1,200 more.
30 162 1, Mar. 21 - 1 6 2 9, Aug. 29. AM ER I C A.
ARMY— NAVY.
1621 * * Va. The settlers scour the
wilderness, burn Indian villages, and
kill some savages ; the remainder are
driven into the interior.
* * Mans. Capt. Miles Standish, with a
force of six men, explores the country to
learn the disposition and number of the
Indians.
Aug. 14. Mass. The Plymouth colony
sends 14 armed men to awe the
Indians.
1622 Mar. 22. Va. Indians attempt
to annihilate the settlements by an un-
expected attack, in which 347 colonists
•are killed, and 72 settlements destroyed.
•Only 1,(500 men survive in the 8 remain-
ing settlements.
1623 * * Mass. Miles Standish with
eight men goes to the rescue of Wey-
mouth, and defeats the Indians.
June ± * N. Y. The Dutch build Fort
Orange (Albany).
N. J. The Dutch build Fort Nassau
on the east shore of the Delaware [a
little below Philadelphia].
July* Va. Parties of settlers attack
the savages and drive them inland.
1624 July* Va. The Assembly orders
another attack on the Indians.
* * Brazil. The Dutch take Bahia with-
out a struggle.
1628* * Can. Champlain repulses
David Kirk in his attempt to capture
Quebec ; Port Boyal falls into the hands
.of the English.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1621 * * Va. Workmen skilled in mak-
ing iron arrive, bees are introduced,
and cotton is planted as an experiment.
1622 * * Va. First grist-mill erected.
Twenty-five shipwrights arrive.
1625 * * Mass. Plymouth has already
built a little vessel.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1621 Carver, John, Gov. of Plymouth col-
ony, A 31.
Mayhew, Thomas, clergyman of Mass., born.
Hubbard, William, clergyman of Mass., born.
1623 Laval-Montmorency, Kp. of Que-
bec, born.
1625 Cushman, Robert, of Plymouth colony,
A45. ? '
1627 Yeardley, Sir George, Gov. of Va., d.
CHURCH.
1621* * N. Y. Lutherans settle in New
Amsterdam.
* * It. Gregory XV., pope.
1623 * * Mass. Protestant Episcopal
service is first regularly established
here by Rev. William Morrell of Eng-
land.
* * N. H. The colonists are tolerant to-
ward all religious faiths.
* * It. Urban VTEI., pope.
* * N.Y. The Walloons are driven to
America by persecution.
* * Va. The General Assembly ordains
the suppression " of all teaching or
preaching, public or private," of all
non-Episcopal ministers, and the expul-
sion of non-conformists from the colony.
± * * Mass. The London Company vexes
the Plymouth colony by its efforts to
thrust on the Pilgrims a minister of the
Established Church; they had come
to the western wilderness to escape such
oppression.
1626 * * Can. Fathers Brebeuf and
Daniel, Recollects, begin work among
the Hurons.
* * New York. Public worship by the
Reformed Dutch at New Amsterdam
begins, in the absence of ministers, by
the weekly reading of the Scriptures
and the creeds in a room over a horse-
mill, by two men (Huyck and Krol) sent
over as " Comforters of the Sick."
1627 * * N. M. The Franciscan mis-
sionaries report 27 new missions, sev-
eral large churches, 10 convents, thou-
sands of Indians baptized, and over 8,000
converts to Christianity.
1628 Apr. 7. N.Y. Jonas Michaelius,
the first Dutch minister, arrives ; the
Reformed Dutch Church is organized
in New Amsterdam.
* * N. Y. The first Presbyterian
church in America is organized in New
Amsterdam.
July 20. Mass. The ballot first used
in America in the election of John Wil-
son as pastor and teacher at Salem after
a day of humiliation. The church or-
ganized.
1629 Aug. 6. Mass. Organization of
the second Congregational church at
Salem.
John and Samuel Brown set up
Episcopal worship in Salem : ap-
parently the first to resist the politico-
religious law of the colony.
LETTERS.
1622 * * Va. The Bishop of London
raises £1,000 toward a university for
this colony.
1624 * * General History of Virginia, by
Captain John Smith, is printed in
London.
1626 * * A Translation of Ovid, hy Sandys,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1621 Mar. 22. Va. Jamestown and
other settlements are saved from gen-
eral massacre by the warning given by
a converted red man, who reveals
the plot on the previous night.
Mar. * Mass. Massasoit, the great
sachem of the Wampanoags, is received
by the Plymouth colony with much
parade. A treaty of peace follows. [It
is faithfully kept for fifty years.]
May 12. The first marriage in the
Plymouth colony takes place between
Edward Winslow and Susanna White.
June 18. The first duel in New Eng-
land brings disgrace on the duelists.
It is fought by two servants with sword
and dagger, and both are wounded. The
authorities sentence them to lie 24 hours
with their heads and feet tied together.
* * Va. Sixty more young women
arrive ; 150 lbs. of tobacco are charged
each man who becomes a husband, to
pay expenses incurred in bringing his
bride to Virginia.
Aug. 21. Va. One widow and eleven
maids consigned to the colony from
London, to be sold for tobacco at the
rate of 120 lbs. of the best leaf for each.
1622 * * Mass. The English settlers at
Weymouth seek their subsistence by
defrauding the Indians, instead of
laboring in useful employment ; conflict
follows.
1625 June 9. N. Y. The first white
child born in Brooklyn.
1626* *N. Y. The Dutch introduce
negro slaves.
1628 * * N. Y. The Dutch on Manhat-
tan Island live in houses thatched with
straw' and having wooden chimneys,
while creaking windmills extend their
ungainly sails against the sky.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1621 Mar. 21. Mass. Massasoit visits
Plymouth, and makes a treaty.
The Pilgrims enter a treaty with the
Wampanoags. [It is kept inviolate for
50 years.]
Spring. Mass. Of the 102 Pilgrims, only
about 50 survive the winter.
June 1. Eng. John Pierce receives his
first patent for the Pilgrims.
June 3. N. Y. The States-General grant
to the Dutch "West India Company a
charter, with full powers over New Neth-
erland for 24 years.
July 24. Va. Sir Francis Wyatt, the
governor, brings a new constitution
for the colony.
It vests the government in a governor,
a council of state, and a general assem-
bly, for which two burgesses are to be
chosen by each town, hundred, and plan-
tation. The governor has the veto power,
and every enactment of the assembly re-
quires the company's sanction ; on the
other hand, the assembly may veto the
acts of the company.
Sept. 10. Can. Sir "William Alexan-
der obtains from the crown of Scotland
a patent for all Acadia, under the title
of Nova Scotia. [An unsuccessful at-
tempt is made at colonizing.]
Nov. 19. Mass. Another company of
emigrants arrives with scant provisions
for the winter.
Nov. * -Dec. * Va. First session of the
Assembly under the new constitution.
* * Mass. "William Bradford is elected
governor, on the decease of Carver.
Pestilence had swept away about one-
half of the Indians prior to the arrival
of the Pilgrims.
"Winter. Mass. Starvation threatens the
colonists, and they subsist on half ra-
tions for six months.
* * Mass. The supply vessel Fortune is
sent back from Plymouth, laden with
beaver skins and clapboards valued at
$2,500, the first returns from the colony.
* * N. F. Sir George Calvert plants
a colony in Newfoundland [and resides
there for several years].
AMERICA. 1621, Mar. 21-1629, Aug. 29. 31
* * Sp. Philip IV. enthroned.
* * Va. Jamestown exports 55,000 lbs.
of tobacco this year.
The cultivation of cotton is intro-
duced.
* * -22 * * Va. Great increase in im-
migration.
1622 Aug. 10. N.H. Sir Ferdinando
Gorges and John Mason obtain a pa-
tent for lands between the Merrimac
and Kennebec Rivers, called Laconia.
Settlements made on the sites of Dover
and Portsmouth.
Nov. 6. The king's proclamation prohib-
its " interloping and disorderly trading
to New England."
[This hastens the dissolution of the
Plymouth company.]
■* * Can. Samuel Champlain is gover-
nor of Canad i [including Michigan].
** * Eng. The London Company is bank-
rupt, and the numerous stockholders
are divided by dissensions.
* * Mass. English fishing vessels arrive
and sell food to the starving Pilgrims
at double price.
Emigrants sent out by Thomas Weston
of London begin a new settlement [near
Boston] called Weymouth.
* * Me. The first permanent settlement
in Maine is made at Saco. (Or in 1623.)
* * Spring. N. Y. The great "West In-
dia Company take possession of New
Netherland under their charter.
- * Fa. A massacre of a part of the
colonists reduces the plantations from
<S0 to less than eight.
The census shows a population of 2,500
people.
1623 Apr. * Eng. Lord Baltimore's
patent is granted. [Dies. Patent not
sealed.]
Apr. * The whole of Long Island is
granted to the Earl of Stirling.
Apr. * N. Y. Thirty families, called
"Walloons, arrive from Flanders ; they
seek civil and religious freedom, and to
escape the persecutions of their own
country.
June 25. Va. King James contends
with the London Company and en-
deavors to annul its charter.
June ± * N. Y. Eighteen of the emigrant
families of Walloons ascend the Hud-
con, and build Fort Orange (Albany).
* * N. J. Walloons, under Cornells Ja-
cobson May, ascend the South River
(Delaware) and build Fort Nassau [be-
low Camden].
* * Can. Scotch colonists sent out by
Sir William Alexander arrive in Nova
Scotia, but return when they find French
adventurers already established there.
July 20. New England is divided
among the original patentees.
* * Mass. Weymouth [near Boston] is
abandoned ; the majority of colonists re-
turn to England.
John Pierce's second patent issued on
his own account, making the Plymouth
people his tenants. [He sells it to the
Pilgrims for $2,500 — cost price $250.]
John Lyford and John Oldham
conspire against the welfare of the
colony, and both are banished.
The Pilgrims no longer labor in com-
mon, but receive allotments of land to
individuals for one year.
* * Me.-N. H. Settlements are made in
New Hampshire and Maine, including
Portsmouth and Dover.
1624* * Spring. Mass. Land is no
longer held in common ; every person
receives a little land in perpetual fee.
Edward Winslow returns from England,
bringing the Cape Ann patent.
Cattle are first brought to Plymouth
— three heifers and one bull.
June 16. Virginia becomes a royal
colony.
James I. arbitrarily annuls the liberal
charter of the London Company, after
it has spent $750,000 above its receipts,
and Virginia becomes a royal colony,
having Sir Francis Wyatt for governor,
with 12 councilors.
Dec. * New Eng. After four years of
labor and expense, only 180 persons
remain ; there is no hope of future
profit.
* * Brazil is invaded by the Dutch.
* * Mass. John White, a Puritan minis-
ter from Dorchester, England, plants a
small colony on Cape Cod.
The governor's power is restricted by
a council of five.
Cape Ann is settled by a few Puri-
tans. [Later the colony removes to
Naumkeag.]
* * N. Y. The Dutch ship New Nether-
land brings over a colony of 110 Wal-
loons of French origin, to the Hudson
River region. They bring farm-stock,
seed, and implements.
The Dutch begin civil govern-
ment; Captain Cornelius May is the
first governor, and his duties chiefly re-
late to the management of a trading-
post.
* * Va. About 2,000 colonists remain of
the 9,000 sent out.
1625 Mar. 27. Eng. Charles I. en-
throned.
May 13. Va. Charles I. issues a proc-
lamation inimical to the Jamestown
colony.
* * Mass. Mount Wollaston [near Bos-
ton] settled by Captain Wollaston.
* * New York. Sarah Rapaelje is born,
the first white girl born on Manhattan
Island.
Three ships and a yacht bring many
settlers from Holland and 100 cattle.
* * N. Y. William Verhulst is governor
of New Netherland. Walloons settle at
Fort Orange (Albany).
1626 Jan. * N. Y. The Dutch West
India Company appoint Peter Minuit
governor of New Netherland.
May 4. N. Y. Gov. Minuit arrives;
also four shiploads of colonists with
300 cattle ; population of New Amster-
dam two hundred.
* * Guiana. The French settle on the
Sinamary River.
May * New York. Minuit buys the en-
tire Manhattan Island, comprising
more than 20,000 acres, for $24 worth
of scarlet cloth, brass buttons, etc.
* * N. H. A feeble settlement is made on
the Piscataqua River (Dover).
* * Va. Sir George Yeardley, benefac-
tor of Virginia, reappointed governor.
1627 Aug. * Va. The King proposes a
royal monopoly of the tobacco trade.
* * Summer. Va. One thousand emi-
grants arrive.
Nov. * Mass. Eight of the Plymouth
colonists purchase the entire interest
of the London Company in the Plym-
outh colony for $9,000.
Nov. * Va. The colonists elect Francis
West to fill the vacancy in the gover-
norship. [He is soon excluded.]
* * Can. The colony of Quebec is
transferred to the company of 100 mer-
chants under Cardinal Richelieu.
* * Guiana. Dutch settlements are es-
tablished.
* * Mass. The Plymouth colony intro-
duce the use of wampum as currency.
* * Mass.-N. Y. The Dutch and the Puri-
tans are fast friends. Dutch embassy is
sent to Plymouth with expressions of
good will.
1628 Mar. 19. Mass. The founda-
tion of the Massachusetts colony is
laid by 6 Englishmen.
They purchase a belt of land ex-
tending from ocean to ocean, and from
3 miles north of the Merrimac River to
3 miles south of the River Charles and
the Massachusetts Bay.
Mar. * Va. The colonists assent to the
royal monopoly of the tobacco trade.
Sept. 16. Mass. Arrival of a colony at
Salem, led by John Endicott.
* * Mass. Endicott suppresses the settle-
ment at Wollaston.
* * New York Manhattan has a popu-
lation of 270 ; the fur trade flourishes.
* * Va. John Potts is governor.
1629 Mar. 4. Mass. Charles I. issues
a charter to the company which had
settled Salem, incorporating the pro-
prietors as the Governor and Company
of Massachusetts Bay in New Eng-
land ; M. Cradock governor. [Declines.]
June 6. N. Y. The Dutch West In-
dia Company created a charter of
privileges corporation.
Under it certain patroons may each
hold in fee simple, as do the hereditary
lords of Europe, a tract of land not
more than 16 miles long and 8 miles
wide, or other width determined by the
position.
June 30 ±. Mass. Two hundred addi-
tional immigrants arrive ; one-half go to
the Plymouth Colony and the other
half lay the foundation of Charles-
town, dividing the land into two-acre
lots, one for each settler. [More than
one-half die in a year.]
Aug. 29. Mass. The charter and gov-
ernment of the Massachusetts Company
is transferred to the colony by the
Company; John Winthrop is chosen
governor.
32 1629-1634, Oct
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1629 * * Can. Conquest of Quebec by
the English, who are led by three refu-
gee French Calvinists.
1630* * Brazil. The Dutch take Olinda.
1633 * * Conn. The Indians commit
their first act of violence in this col-
ony by murdering the crew of a trading
vessel on the Connecticut Kiver ; they
apologize, and sign a treaty of peace.
* * New York. Fort Amsterdam is be-
gun. [Number 4 Bowling Green.]
1634 Oct. * Conn. Plymouth colonists
ascend the Connecticut Kiver, and build
a fort at Windsor.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1629 * * Mass. The colonists at Salem
commence to make bricks.
1630 * * Peru. Destructive earthquake
at Lima.
1631 * * Can. Searching for the north-
west passage, Fox discovers Fox Chan-
nel ; touches Cape Peregrine. James,
on the same errand, discovers James's
Bay.
* * Mass. The little vessel Blessing of
the Bay is built.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1630 Johnson, (Lady) Arabella, Pilgrim, d.
1632 Smith. John, leader in Va., A53.
CHURCH.
1629 * * Mass. Gov. Endicott sends away
the Episcopal brothers Brown, who de-
sire services in their own house, as " fac-
tious and evil-conditioned."
1630 Feb. 22. Mass. Fast day
changed into a day of thanksgiving, be-
cause of the arrival of a ship from Eng-
land with provisions.
* * Conn. Presbyterian worship, con-
ducted by Richard Denton, pastor, com-
mences at Wetherstield.
* * Mass. John Winthrop, an Epis-
copalian, chooses affliction with the
Puritans.
. * * N. Y. A colony of Dutch establish
the Reformed Dutch worship at Fort
Orange (Albany).
1631 Feb. 5. Boston. Roger Wil-
liams arrives from England
Apr. 12. Mass. Williams becomes
teacher for the Salem church.
May 18. Mass. The General Court of
the Massachusetts Bay colony decrees,
" No man shall be admitted to the body
politic, but such as are members of some
of the churches within the limits " of the
colony.
Nov. 3. Boston. Rev. John Eliot ar-
rives.
* * Mass. Taxes are levied for the sup-
port of the gospel ; attendance at
church is required by law ; only church
members can be elected to offices of
trust ; intolerance and bigotry, the vice
of the age, is also the vice of the Pu-
ritans.
The Plymouth colony is more toler-
ant than the Massachusetts colony.
Roger Williams, a minister of Salem,
denounces the intolerant laws.
He is the " first in America or Europe
to proclaim the doctrine of full religious
toleration ; " he holds that the state
should leave matters of religious opinion
and worship to the conscience of the
individual, and confine government to
secular affairs.
1632 * * Can. The conversion of the
heathen is committed solely to the
Jesuits.
The missionaries are employed to
confirm the alliance made with the
Hurons, by establishing missions among
them.
* * Mass. The erection of the first
church in Soston is commenced.
1633 Mar. 25. Va. The services of
the Roman Catholic church are be-
gun on St. Clement's Island, on the
Potomac, by Revs. Andrew White and
John Altham.
Oct. * N. H. The first Congregational
minister preaches in the State.
* * Can. Jesuit missionaries resume
work in the St. Lawrence Valley.
* * Spring. N. Y. A second Dutch
minister arrives at New Amsterdam.
* * Md. The Society of Jesus begins its
labors.
* * N. Y. The records of the Re-
formed (Dutch) church begin.
The first church on Manhattan
Island is erected by the Dutch (on Pearl
Street, between Broad and Whitehall).
1634 Mar. 3. Md. The first colony of
200 Catholics arrives on the Potomac,
for the settlement of Maryland under
Lord Baltimore.
Mar. 25. Md. The English Catholic
families land from the two ships, the
Arc and the Dove.
Mar. 27. Md. Lord Baltimore, a Cath-
olic, plants the first colony, composed
of both Puritans and Catholics, but
chiefly Catholics, near the mouth of the
Potomac, and some are men of fortune.
* * * Mass. The opposition to the
Quakers rests on semi-political grounds
chiefly, because they annoy congrega-
tions in their worship.
May 24. Mass. Commencement of the
custom of preaching election-day ser-
mons, by Rev. John Cotton.
Sept. ± * Mass. Roger Williams be-
comes pastor of the Salem church.
LETTERS.
1630 * * The Golden Fleece, by Vaughn,
appears.
* * A Model of Christian Charity is writ-
ten by John Winthrop while on his
voyage to Massachusetts.
* * * The Puritans are an educated
people.
1633 * * New York. The Dutch estab-
lish a school at New Amsterdam.
SOCIETY.
1629 * * Brazil. Commencement of
raids into the interior to capture In-
dians for slavery ; the converted Indians
in Paraguay are not spared.
* * Eng. The Massachusetts colony in
London, directing Gov. Endicott, says: —
" We pray you endeavour, though there
be much strong water for sale, yet so to
order it as that the savage may not, for
our lucre sake, be induced to the exces-
sive use, or rather abuse of it ; and at
any time take care our people give no
ill example : and if any shall exceed in
the inordinate kind of drinking as to be-
come drunk, we hope you will take care
his punishment be made exemplary for
all others."
* * Paraguay. Spanish colonists raid the
Indian tribes of the interior, to secure
slaves, repeatedly attacking the Indian
settlements of the Jesuits.
* * -35 * * Va. Gov. John Hervey sides
with certain speculators and land mo-
nopolists in wronging the people.
1630 * * Brazil. The Dutch send an ex-
pedition to Africa to capture slaves
from a Portuguese settlement for the
colony at Olinda.
* * Mass. About 300 of the best kind
of Puritans families emigrate to New
England.
" Not adventurers, not vagabonds,
were these brave people, but virtuous,
well-educated, courageous men and
women, who, for conscience's sake, left
comfortable homes with no thought of
returning."
The court fixes the prices of labor;
mechanics to receive no more than 2s. a
day, under a penalty of 10s.
1631 * * Del. The entire colony of 30
persons at Lewiston is massacred by the
Indians in revenge of one murder.
* * Mass. Roger Williams arrives.
1633 * * Mass. One of the laws of the
colony directs that " No man shall sell
or (being in the course of trade) give any
strong water to any Indian."
* * * Brazil. Maurice, the Dutch gov-
ernor, promotes the amalgamation of
the natives and colonists by marriage.
The colony grants partial toleration.
It enacts that provision be made for
all refugees from religious persecution
on their arrival, except Jesuits and
priests ; blasphemy, idolatry, and witch-
craft are made punishable with death ;
immoralities are severely punished ;
money is not to be loaned for inter-
est ; extravagance in dress is a crime;
and the Bible is accepted as the ultimate
tribunal when the laws are defective.
* * Mich. The Iroquois Indians drive the
Hurons on St. Joseph's Island, where
many starve during the winter.
1634 * * Mass. Mrs. Hutchinson organ-
izes a meeting of women, they being
excluded from speaking in the weekly
meetings for social worship.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1629 Sept. 13. Mass. Nine sachems
come to Plymouth and offer their alle-
giance. (J. Endicott, acting governor.)
* * Can. Quebec and all Canada is sur-
rendered to the English.
* * Mass. The name of the Bay Colony is
changed from Naumkeag to Salem.
* * N. H. — Me. Mason and Gorges, the
proprietors of New Hampshire and
Maine, dissolve their union, and each
AMERICA.
1629-1634.
receives a new grant ; Mason from the
Merrimac to the Piscataway River,
Gorges from the latter to the Kennebec,
and it is called New Somersetshire.
* * N.J. Godyn and Blomaert, two Dutch
patroons, obtain a grant of the lower
part of New Jersey, bordering the Del-
aware Bay.
* * Va. Gov. John Harvey arrives at
Jamestown, bearing a commission from
Charles I. [His presence vexes the col-
onists for six years.]
Lord Baltimore visits Virginia, and
is promised citizenship if he will take an
oath, which his Catholic conscience for-
bids. He is not permitted to plant a
colony here.
* * Del. Samuel Godyn, a Dutch direc-
tor, purchases from the Indians all their
lands from Cape Henlopen to the mouth
of the Delaware.
1630 Midwinter. Mass. Two hundred
Puritans have perished from the
severity of the climate and their inferior
shelter.
Apr. 18. If. Y. Manors are created.
May * If. H. The province of Laconia
has its name changed to New Hamp-
shire. It is first settled.
June 12. Mass. John Winthrop arrives
at Salem with the charter of Massachu-
setts Colony. The government is re-
moved from England to America.
(John Winthrop is elected the first
governor of the Massachusetts Colony.)
He is a Christian patriot and states-
man, of the Episcopal religion, and of
republican principles. [He becomes the
controlling spirit of the colony.]
July 6. Mass. Fourteen vessels arrive
with 1,500 colonists for Massachusetts
Bay. [They found Watertown, Dor-
chester, and Roxbury.]
July * If. Y. The Council ratify the pur-
chase from the natives of all land be-
tween Cape Henlopen and the mouth of
the Delaware by Samuel Godyn.
Aug. 9. If. Y. Staten Island is pur-
chased from the Lndians by Michael
Pauw, a Dutch director. [They sell it
twice afterwards.]
Aug. 23. Mass. The first court of as-
sistants is held at Charlestown ; it settles
the price of mechanical labor : mechan-
ics are to receive no more than 2s. a
day, under a penalty of 10s. to giver
and taker.
Aug. * Mass. Trimountain (Boston) is
founded by John Winthrop and a few
leading families.
Sept. 17. Mass. The court of Charles-
town changes the name of the settle-
ment at Trimountain to Boston.
Oct. 19. Boston. The first General
Court in America is held; 110 freemen
in the colony.
Oct. * Mass. It is found impracticable
to transact public business by a primary
assembly of all freemen meeting four
times in a year ; a Board of Assistants
is appointed.
Nov. * If. J, Michael Pauw becomes the
patroon of Hoboken Hacking (Hoboken).
* * Guiana. The first settlement is made
at Surinam.
* * Brazil. The Dutch seize the coast,
and establish a colony at Olinda in Per-
nambuco ; Count Maurice comes, and
prosperity follows.
Regular government is established and
a supply of slaves provided.
* * Conn. The Council of Plymouth grant
to the Earl of Warwick the land 120 miles
southeast from the Narragansett River,
and extending from the Atlantic to the
Pacific [Not settled for five years.]
* * Mass. A third and last patent given
to the Plymouth Colony, grants lands
between the Cohasset River and the
Narragansett, and westward to the limits
of Pokenakut (or Sowamset).
The great emigration begins.
Over 1,000 persons brought over in
17 vessels, besides horses, cattle, and
goats, also necessaries for planting, fish-
ing, ana ship-building. Many persons
of importance are among the emigrants.
* * Me. Settlements are made on the
Saco by Bichard Vines and John
Oldham.
* * If. C. Charles I. grants Sir Robert
Heath a patent to Carolina, an im-
mense tract south of Virginia. [After
33 years of useless existence, it is re-
voked.]
* *N.S. St. Etienne, a Huguenot of La
Tour, buys the patent for Nova Scotia,
of Sir William Alexander, with a con-
dition requiring its continued subjection
to Scotland.
* * N. Y. Kiliaen van Rensselaer, one
of the colonial directors, appropriates
lands bought of the Indians, north and
south of Fort Orange (Albany), 24
miles along the river, and 48 miles in-
land. Dutch colonists settle Rensse-
laerwyck.
* * Va. Virginians are vexed with the
rash imposition of frequent fines, which
now become the perquisites of Governor
Harvey.
1631 Feb. 5. Mass. Arrival of the
Lyon from Bristol, laden with much
needed food.
Mar. 29. Conn. "Warwick transfers his
claim to Lord Say and Seal, Lord
Brooke, John Hampden, and others.
Spring. Del. De Vries, with 30 Dutch
colonists, lays the foundation of Lewis-
town, the oldest settlement in Delaware.
[All are massacred by Indians.]
May 5. N. J. The Dutch purchase Cape
May of the Indians.
Oct. 18. Mass. The Puritans limit the
suffrage to members of the church,
thus putting the government in the
hands of a minority, excluding from
their rights nearly three-fourths of the
people.
* * Mass. A fortified town is begun on
the Charles River, and called Newtown
(Cambridge).
* * Me. A division line is drawn by the
proprietors, Gorges and Mason, be-
tween Maine and New Hampshire,
separating the colonies.
* * Md. William Clayborne, with other
Virginians, makes the first settlement,
on Kent Island.
1632 Mar. 29. Fr. Treaty of St.
Germain between Prance and England ;
New France, Acadia, and Canada go to
the dominion of France ; all British in-
terests are surrendered.
June 20. Md. Cecil Calvert, second
Lord Baltimore, receives from Charles
I. the grant of a new province, which he
calls Maryland, in honor of the queen.
[The severing of their territory vexes
the Virginians, but they remonstrate in
vain.]
Oct. * Mass. Governor Winthrop and
Pastor Wilson, of the Massachusetts
Colony, visit the Plymouth settlement
to show good will.
* * Conn. Dutch traders visit the Con-
necticut.
* * Mass. The Connecticut valley be-
ing more fertile, emigration is urged
thither by Winthrop.
* * If. Y. Charles I. reasserts the title of
England to New Netherland, by " first
discovery, occupation, and possession."
1633 Jan. 8. Conn. The Dutch buy
land of the Indians on both sides of the
river.
Apr. * if. Y. Wouter van Twiller su-
persedes Minuet as governor.
Oct. * Conn. A trading-post is estab-
lished by the Pilgrims, and settlers lo-
cate at Windsor in disregard of the
claims of the Dutch.
Nov. 22. Md. Leonard Calvert,
brother of the second Lord Baltimore,
sails with a colony of 201 persons, chiefly
Roman Catholics and their servants.
* * Mass. Men who become eminent ar-
rive ; among them are John Haynes,
John Cotton, Thomas Hooker, and Sam-
uel Stone.
* * Mass. Charles I. becomes alarmed
at the growing popularity of the liberal
Massachusetts government. The Arch-
bishop of Canterbury is offended.
The governor's power is restricted
by a council which is now increased from
five to ten. (E. Winslow, governor.)
* * Pa. The Dutch buy lands on the
Schuylkill.
1634 Mar. 25. Md. Lord Baltimore's
first colony lands on St. Clement's
Island.
Apr. * Eng. Superintendency of the
colonies is removed from the privy
council to a special commission led by
the Archbishop of Canterbury.
May * Mass. The ballot is substituted
for a show of hands at a public election.
* * Mass. Thos. Prince, Gov. of Plym-
outh ; Thos. Dudley, of Mass. Bay.
* * Guiana. The French settle at Cay-
enne.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1630 * * Greenland. Eight men belong-
ing to the Muscovy Company are left
here by accident till the next season,
and yet survive their terrible sufferings.
34
1634-1639.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1635 Apr. 25. Md. Fight between the
armed boats of "William Clayborne
and the colonists.
* * Me. The French seize the Penobscot
trading-post established by Plymouth
colonists, who fail to retake it.
* * Conn. The English send over men,
ordnance, and ammunition, with $10,000
to build a fort at the mouth of the
Connecticut River (at Saybrook).
A colony led by the younger John
Winthrop drives the Dutch from the
mouth of the Connecticut River, settles
Saybrook, and builds a fort, under a pa-
tent given by Lord Say and Seal and
Lord Brooke.
1636 * * -37 * * Conn. The Indians com-
mit many ravages near Saybrook.
General alarm is felt.
THE PEQUOT WAR.
1636 July+i?./. The Indians of Block
Island plunder a trading-vessel and kill
its captain.
Sept. * -Oct. * Mass. Capt. Endicott
ravages the territory of the Pequots in
revenge.
1637 Apr. * Conn. Indians massacre
nine soldiers at Wethersfield.
* * Spring. Conn. The Pequots seek
the alliance of the Narragansetts, with
whom they had long been at enmity, but
are frustrated by Roger Williams.
May 10. Conn. The colonists in conven-
tion declare war against the Pequots.
May 26. Conn. Defeat of the Pe-
quots in their fort by a force of 80
men, commanded by Captain James
Mason, and aided by several hundred
doubtful Indian allies.
July 13. Conn. Complete overthrow of
the Pequots.
* * Md. The colonists have a bloody
skirmish with William Clayborne at
Kent Island, and dispossess him.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1635 Aug. 15. New Eng. Terrible
storm and great tide 20 feet high ; lives
and property destroyed.
1638 June 1. New Eng. An earth-
quake alarms the people.
* * N. T. The Dutch on Staten Island
are the first of the colonists to distil
brandy.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1634 Dongran, Thomas, Gov. of N.Y., horn.
1635 Mason, John, founder in N. H., dies.
1636 Oldham, John, colonizer, murdered.
1637 Andros, Edmund, Gov. of New. Eng.,b.
1638 Harvard, John, founder of Harvard
College, A31.
1639 Alarcon y Mendoza, de Don Jan,
Mex. poet, A39. ?
Church, Benjamin, soldier, born.
Mather, Increase, Pres. of Harvard, bAirn.
CHURCH.
1634 * * Can. The Jesuits, Brebeuf and
Daniel, join the barefoot Hurons on
their returning from Quebec to their
own country,
* * Mass. Irreligion, as well as her-
esy, punishable.
Mr. Lathrop and his flock, fleeing from
England, settle at Scituate.
Roger Williams writes a paper declar-
ing the grants of land by the King of
England are invalid until the natives
are justly recompensed.
* * Md. The colonists, with Father White
for their priest, worship in an immense
wigwam of the departed Indian chief,
which is the first English Catholic
church in America.
* * Fa. A band of non-conformists
are driven out because of their religious
opinion.
1635 Jan. 19. Mass. The governor
convenes the clergy to decide " whether
it be lawful for us to carry the cross
[of England] in our banners ? " They
divide, and defer their answer.
May * Mass. The clergy favor changing
the red cross of the English banner to
the red and white rose.
* * Mass. Roger "Williams and John
Smyth, a miller, are banished from
the colony because of heresy.
Arrival of Rev. Thomas Hooker, the
" Light of the Western Churches."
Mrs. Anne Hutchinson becomes the
champion of her sex against the clergy,
whom she charges with defrauding the
women of the gospel, also declaring that
they were no better than Pharisees ; she
advocates Antinomian doctrines.
1636 Mar. 30. Mass. The Council
sends a constable to Salem, to suppress
those who do not submit to the Estab-
lished Church.
* * Can. Fifteen Jesuit Missionaries
are among the Indians.
* * Bel. Swedes establish Lutheran
worship.
* * Mass. The first Congregational
organization at Cambridge formed.
1637 Aug. 30. Mass. The Synod of
New England meets for the first time
at Newtown, and Anne Hutchinson and
her friends are deemed unworthy of the
society of Christians, and are banished.
[They join the colony under Roger
Williams (Rhode Island).]
+ * * Mass. The Puritans and others are
annoyed by the erratic Samuel Gorton,
who is rated a heretic.
Rev. Francis Doughty, a Presbyte-
rian, is driven from Taunton because
he favors the baptism of the infants of
believers.
General Synod of the Congregational
church is held at Cambridge ; it con-
demns Antinomianism.
1638 May * R. I. A citizen of Provi-
dence is disfranchised for striking his
wife, disturbing her conscience, and
preventing her from attending church.
Dec. * JV. H. The First Congregational
church organized at Dover.
* * Can. Eminent French Catholics
endow a public hospital for Indians, and
three nuns are sent to serve it.
* * Del. First Episcopal service held
within the Swedish Fort Christina
(Wilmington).
Lutherans from Sweden bring a min-
ister with them, and settle on the Dela-
ware (Wilmington).
* * Mass. Arrival of John Davenport,
a clergyman, from London.
John Wheelwright is banished for
expressing sympathy with the teachings
of Anne Hutchinson.
* * New York. At New Amsterdam Dom-
inie Bogardus writes Van Twiller,
the incompetent governor, threatening
to give him " such a shake from the pul-
pit on the following Sunday as would
make him shudder."
1639 Mar.* R.I. The first Baptist
church in America formed at Provi-
dence. [Questioned by some.]
Mar. 16. R.I. Roger "Williams's
views of baptism change.
Having been baptized in infancy, he
meekly submits to be baptized again by
Ezekiel Holliman, a layman, and then
Williams baptizes Holliman " and some
ten more:" thus rejecting the doctrine
of infant baptism.
June * Conn. The leading men of New
Haven hold a convention in a barn, and
adopt the Bible as the constitution of
the State. None but church members
to have the rights of citizens. They
have no government for the first year.
* * Conn. Religious toleration enacted
in New Haven.
* * Md. The Assembly make the Roman
Catholic religion the church of the
State.
* * Mich. St. Mary's becomes the center
of mission work among the Hurons.
* * R. I. Roger Williams withdraws
from the Baptists because of their non-
apostolical succession.
LETTERS.
1635 * * Boston. Provision is made for
the establishment of a public schooL
* * Can. The foundation of a seminary
is laid in Quebec by the Jesuits.
1636 Oct. 28. Mass. The General
Court makes provision for the erec-
tion of a college.
The Colony Court " agreed to give £400
towards a schoole or collidge, whereof
£200 is to be paid the next yeare, and
£200 when the work is finished, and the
next court to appoint where, and what
building." The act doubles the taxes
for this year.
1637 * * Mass. A college is ordered to
be erected at " Newetowne."
1638 * * Mass. The name of the college
is changed from Cambridge to Har-
vard College, because of the bequest
of £779 17s. 2d., and his library, by
Rev. John Harvard ; the object being
"the education of the English and In-
dian youth of this country in knowledge
and godliness."
* * Boston. Stephen Day imports the
first font of types.
1639 * * Boston. Day sets up his print-
ing-press at Cambridge.
The first American almanac appears.
AMERICA.
1634-1639.
35
" An Almanac Calculated for New Eng-
land, by Mr. Pierce, Mariner." Stephen
Day, printer at Cambridge.
* * Can. An TTrsuline convent for the
education of girls established at Quebec.
SOCIETY.
1637 Nov. 2. Mass. Rev. John Har-
vard is made a freeman of the colony,
soon after his arrival.
* * Mass. Negro slaves are imported.
* * Mass. Ordinary-keepers are ordered
not to sell either sack or strong water
to the Indians.
* * Rhode Island colonists are protected
from the dangerous Pequot Indians by
the powerful Narragansetts.
1638 May 1. Eng. The King forbids
the sailing of 8 vessels, ready to depart
for America, and said to have John
Hampden, Oliver Cromwell, and
other noted Puritans on board.
* * Mass. One person in each of 11 named
towns is authorized to retail sack or
strong water.
1638* *N. Y. The Dutch on Staten
Island are the first colonists to distil
brandy.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1634 * * Eng. An anti-emigration
edict issued, without the effect desired.
* * Massachusetts changes its form of
government from a pure to a repre-
sentative democracy ; deputies chosen
by the people assume the powers of gov-
ernment, while the clergy oppose the
change.
The Massachusetts Company has some
20 or 30 villages, and nearly 4,000 English-
men have come over to dwell in them.
* * N.J. Sir Edmund Ployden obtains a
grant of the country on the Delaware
(New Jersey) from the king of Eng-
land, and calls it New Albion.
1635 Feb. * The hostility of the king
and church causes the Plymouth Coun-
cil for New England to surrender its
charter and rights in America, on con-
dition that the king disregard various
grants, and divide up the territory in
severalty among its members.
* * Mass. John Haynes, who arrived in
1633, is elected governor of the Massa-
chusetts Bay Colony.
* * Mass. William Bradford, who ar-
rived in 1620, is elected governor of the
Plymouth Colony.
Feb. 26. Md. The first general assem-
bly meets, and enacts laws.
Apr. * Md. Hostilities between Mary-
land and Virginia.
William Clayborne's pinnace is seized
by a party from St. Mary's. He refuses
to recognize the authority of Lord
Baltimore.
Oct. 8. Conn. John Winthrop, son of
the governor of Massachusetts, arrives
from England as governor of Connecti-
cut.
Oct. * New Eng. A colony of 60 persons
leaves Boston and settles in the valley
Of the Connecticut River ; Windsor,
Hartford, and Wethersfield are
founded ; many nearly perish for lack
of food.
Dec. * Va. Sir John Harvey re-ap-
pointed governor by King Charles I.
* * Va. The House of Burgesses depose
Governor Harvey, whom Charles I.
commissioned.
Because of his partisanship with un-
principled speculators, and they appoint
Captain John West in his place " until
the king's pleasure be known in the
matter." A majority of the councilors
favoring, the governor is constrained to
go to England for a trial.
* * Conn. A Puritan colony having ob-
tained a charter, drives the Dutch from
the mouth of the Connecticut and settle
Saybrook.
* * Guiana. A French colony established.
* * Mass. Roger Williams is banished
into the wilderness.
Political troubles in England stimu-
late emigration.
Three thousand emigrants arrive, and
Henry Vane, the younger, and Hugh
Peters, are among them.
Musket bullets are made lawful cur-
rency by enactment.
Twelve families of immigrants found
Concord, 16 miles from Boston.
* * New Eng. Selectmen are first ap-
pointed as the officers of townships.
* * N. F. Permission is given to the
French to cure and dry fish, for a
consideration.
* * Eng. A Quo Warranto issued
against the Massachusetts Company.
1636 Apr. * Mass. Springfield is
settled by William Pynchon and others
from Roxbury.
June * R. I. Roger Williams having
bought the land of the Indians, with
five others lays the foundation of the
city of Providence.
June * -July * Conn. Ministers Hooker
and Stone, with their congregations,
migrate from Newtown (Cambridge),
Massachusetts, and buy land of the In-
dians on the Connecticut River.
* * Can. Quebec has 100 inhabitants.
* * Mass. The General Fundamen-
tals, a code of laws, is established at
Plymouth.
An unsuccessful attempt is made to
rescind the charter [and again the next
year].
The [afterward distinguished] Henry
Vane, a young man of great talent and
much piety, is elected governor. Wins-
low is reelected governor of Plymouth.
* * N.J. New Albion (including New
Jersey) granted to Sir Edward Plowden,
the viceroy of Ireland.
1637 Spring. Mass. John Winthrop re-
elected governor. Also Wm. Bradford.
May 10. Conn. The first General Court
declares war against the Pequots.
July* Eng. Sir Ferdinando Gorges
appointed Governor of New England by
the king. [He did not leave England.]
Summer. N. Y. The Dutch Company
buy back the lands in Pavonia and
Staten Island. Price [$10,000].
Aug. * Mass. Henry Vane returns to
England.
* * Conn. Windsor, Wethersfield, and
Hartford become the colony of Con-
necticut.
1638 Mar. * Bel. Swedes settle in
Northern Delaware, after buying the
land of the Indians ; they call their col-
ony New Sweden, and greatly prosper.
Peter Minuet, governor.
Jan.* Md. An act of attainder is car-
ried against William Clayborne, as one
indicted for piracy and murder ; he flees
from justice to England.
Mar. 7. R. I. Civil government is es-
tablished at Newport by John Clarke,
M.D., and 17 others, who left Massa-
chusetts for religious freedom, the Jew-
ish Nation furnishing their model of
government.
Mar. 29. New York. William Kieft,
the governor, arrives at New Amster-
dam.
Mar. 30. Conn. A colony of Puritans,
led by Rev. John Davenport and The-
ophilus Eaton, sails from Boston, [and
settle New Haven.]
May 1. Charles I. restrains emigration
by detaining a squadron of eight vessels
abeut to sail from London, in which
John Hampden and Oliver Cromwell are
said to have embarked.
Nov. 24. Conn. New Haven is pur-
chased from the Indians.
* * Mass. Thomas Prince, governor.
* * N. Y. New Netherland is opened for
general trade and settlement.
* * R.I. William Coddington of Mas-
sachusetts, with Mrs. Anne Hutchin-
son and a few others, buys Rhode Is-
land, and then founds the colony of
Portsmouth [later Newport], and Cod-
dington is elected the first magistrate.
* * * Eng. Persecution hastens emigra-
tion to New England.
1639 Jan. 14. Conn. Civil govern-
ment organized.
Delegates from three towns, Windsor,
Hartford, and Wethersfield, draw up a
simple and liberal instrument at Hart-
ford. Saybrook and New Haven decline
to sign it.
Apr. * Va. Charles I. treats the colo-
nists with contempt ; he restores Gov-
ernor Harvey.
June 4. Mass. First General Assem-
bly of the deputies of each town in the
Plymouth Colony.
Aug. * Conn. The leading men of New
Haven adopt the Bible as the consti-
tution of the State ; they exclude from
rights of citizenship non-church mem-
bers. [They so administer the govern-
ment for twenty years.]
Nov. * Va. Sir Francis Wyatt reap-
pointed governor.
* * Conn. John Haynes chosen govern-
or of the Connecticut Colony, and The-
ophilus Eaton of the New Haven Col-
ony.
* * Mass. William Bradford is reelected
governor of Plymouth Colony.
36 1639-1646, Aug.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1640 * * N. Y. The Dutch, " the bloody
men," abuse the Indians, and war fol-
lows in New Netherland.
1641 * *N. Y. The Raritan Indiana
from New Jersey avenge their wrongs by
destroying the Dutch settlements on
Staten Island.
1642 * * -43 * * Maryland colonists con-
tend with the Susquehannock Indians.
1643 Feb. 25, 26. N. Y. Massacre
of friendly Indians by the Dutch, at
Pavonia, under orders of Gov. Kieft.
A war of revenge follows.
Sept. * N. Y. Anne Hutchinson and
nearly all her family are massacred [near
New Rochelle].
Sept. * N. Y. A temporary truce with
Indians on Long Island is secured by
Roger Williams.
* * Conn. Miantonomoh, chief of the
Narragansetts, is murdered with the ap-
proval of the colony.
1644 Feb.+ * N. Y. Captain John Un-
derbill of Long Island leads a force
which subdues the Delaware Indians
in New Jersey, and also the Indians of
Long Island and Connecticut.
Apr. 18+. Va. The Indians suddenly
attack the colonists, kill 300, and are
then chastised in turn.
Apr. * -46 * * Conn. Border warfare
with the Indians prevails.
1645 Aug. 30. N.Y. Treaty of peace
between the Dutch of New Amsterdam,
under William Kieft, and the Indians of
the vicinity.
New Eng. Treaty of peace between
the New England colonies and the Nar-
ragansett Indians.
* * Brazil. Insurrection against tyranny
led by Joao Fernandez Vieira.
Spring. -46 Aug. * Md. Rebellion of
William Clayborne and Captain Rich-
ard Ingle; the latter is practically a
pirate. (Or 1644.)
1646 Aug.* Md. Gov. Calvert organ-
izes a force, which makes a descent
on St. Mary's, and recovers the prov-
ince from the insurgents.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1642 * * N.Y. A stone tavern is built
in New Amsterdam.
* * Mass. Iron castings are first made
at the Sagus Iron Works.
* * Mass. Bostonians are the first colo-
nists to manufacture ropes.
1644 Feb. 4. Disappearance of a
strange comet of prodigious tail which
had distressed the people of New Eng-
land.
BIRTPS— DEATHS.
1 640 Hennepin, Louis, Fr. missionary, born.
1641 Minuit, Peter, Gov. of N. Y., A61+.
1642+ Bacon , Nathaniel, patriot of Va. , b.
1643 Hutchinson, Anne, rel. enthusiast, A52.
1644 Penn , 'William , founder of Q uakers, b,
1645 Joliet, Louis, explorer, born,
CHURCH.
Mar. 16. N. H. An investigating
1640
committee of the Boston church declares
the New church of Portsmouth irregu-
lar in taking the Lord's Supper with ex-
communicated persons.
Oct. 21. N. Y. John Young organizes
a Puritan church at Southold, Long
Island.
* * Can. The Sulpicians make Montreal
a rendezvous for converted Indians.
Charles Raymbault and Claude Pi-
cart labor in the Huron Missions, and
carry the gospel to the Indians of Mich-
igan.
* * Mass. Stevenson Reek is labeled for
his religious opinions, placed in the pil-
lory two hours, and fined $250.
* * N.Y. The Presbyterian church of
Southold, Long Island, formed.
1641 June 6. N.Y. The Director and
Council of New Netherland grant the
"free exercise of religion" to the
Church of England.
Oct. 4. Can. Two French Jesuits, Fa-
ther Charles Raymbault with Father
Isaac Jogues, are sent to convert the
Chippeways on the Great Lakes.
Starting from Sault St. Marie, for sev-
enteen days they sail westward, and on
landing, they are met by two thousand
Chippeways, who welcome them.
* * -44 * * Can. The missionaries re-
ceive no supplies, and their clothes fall
to pieces.
* * R. I. A church is formed at Newport.
* * Mass. Samuel Gorton, an Anti-
nomian, is driven out of Plymouth.
* * Va. The Episcopal Church is estab-
lished by law, and dissenting is declared
to be a crime.
1642 Aug. 16. Can. The site destined
for the city of Montreal is formally con-
secrated.
Aug.* N. Y. Father Jogues is cap-
tured and tormented by the Mohawks.
[The Indians make him their slave, yet
he opens a mission, in which he has 70
converts when rescued. In 1646, having
recovered from his wounds, he returns
to his converts.] (See 1646.)
Sept. * Mass. It is enacted that neither
freeman nor deputies of New Hampshire
are required to be church members.
Oct. 22. Can. Death of Charles Raym-
bault, the illustrious missionary to the
Indians.
* * Del. Swedes begin to preach to the
Delaware Indians.
* * Md. Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, in-
vites the Puritans of Massachusetts to
settle in his colony.
* * * Md. The administration is in the
hands of Catholics, while the very great
majority of the people are Protestants.
* * N. H. The Episcopal minister is
banished from Portsmouth by the Puri-
tans.
* * N. Y. Johannis Megapolensis be-
comes the first pastor of the Reformed
Dutch church at Fort Orange. [.$380.]
* * New York. A stone church is built
at New Amsterdam, on the Battery, by
the Dutch.
* * Va. The Act of Uniformity is made
very stringent.
1643 Feb. 28. Mass. Roger Scott is
tried by the Court " for common sleeping
at the public exercise on the Lord's Day,
and for striking him that waked him."
[He was severely whipped in December.]
Mar. * Va. The colony enacts that dis-
believers of the doctrine of the English
Episcopal church shall not be allowed
to teach, publicly or privately, or preach
the gospel in the colony, and non-con-
formists are to be banished.
* * Mass. The Protestant Episcopal
church begins its mission work in New
England, on the island of Martha's Vine-
yard; Thomas May hew, Jr., becomes
pastor of the whites, and missionary to
the Indians.
* * N. Y. Ministers of the Reformed
Dutch church labor among the Mo-
hawk Indians.
Francis Doughty preaches in New
York — the first English Presbyterian.
Lady Deborah Moody, owner of 400
acres at Swampscott, is obliged to move
to Gravesend, Long Island, for denying
infant baptism.
* * II. I. The plantations at Providence,
and the English on the Piscataqua, are
rejected in forming the New England
confederacy, because of their heterodox
religion.
Freedom of worship is the chief objec-
tion raised against granting the request
of Rhode Island.
1644 Nov. 13. Mass. Thomas Painter
of Hingham is whipped for refusing to
have his child christened.
The General Court orders the banish-
ment of rejecters of infant baptism.
* * Can. Father Francis Joseph Bres-
sani, a French Jesuit, is captured and
tortured by the Iroquois, when en route
to the Hurons.
* * Can. The entire Island of Montreal
becomes the property of the Sulpicians
of Paris by royal grant.
* * It. Innocent X., pope.
* * Md. Clayborne and Ingle, having
overturned the government, ship Father
White and other Jesuits to England.
* * N. Y. German Lutherans arrive.
Richard Doughty becomes pastor
of Presbyterians at Hempstead, Long
Island.
* * R.I. The first Baptist church
formed at Providence.
A Baptist church formed at Newport.
1645 Sept. 6. N. Y. General thanks-
giving ordained by Gov. Kieft, through
New Amsterdam, for the restoration of
peace with the Indians.
Oct. 10. N. Y. The Director and Coun-
cil of New Netherland grant to Flushing
by charter the free exercise of religion.
± * * Mass. Hiaccomes is the first In-
dian convert engaged in New England
mission work.
AMERICA.
1639-1646, Aug. 37
1646 Feb.* Mass. Wm.Witterof Lynn
is arraigned before the Court for saying,
" They who stayed while a child is bap-
tized do worship the devil."
LETTERS.
1640* *Mass. The Bay State Psalm
Book is published at Cambridge ; it is the
first book published in America north
of Mexico.
* *-54* * Mass. Rev. Henry Dunster
is president of Harvard College.
1642 Oct. 9. Mass. First Commence-
ment at Harvard College.
1643 * * A Key into the Language of
America, by Roger Williams, appears.
* * _44 * * The Bloody Tenet, a treatise
against persecution, by Roger Williams,
appears.
1645 * * Mass. Every family in New
England is required to give either a
peck of corn or twelve pence, toward
the support of the college.
* * Massachusetts passes a law for the
establishment of public schools.
SOCIETY.
1640 * * Brazil. Numerous Southern
tribes are reduced to slavery by the
Portuguese.
1641 Sept. 1. N". J. Raritan Indians
murder colonists on Staten Island, in
retaliation of an attack by the Dutch
of New Amsterdam.
1642 ± * * Md. The kidnapping of
Indians is made a capital offense.
* * Md. Drunkenness is to be fined by
the payment of 100 lbs. of tobacco ; and
if the offender is a servant and unable
to pay, he is to be set in the bilboes and
compelled to fast for 24 hours, or be
imprisoned.
1643 Feb. 25. N. J. Indians who
seek protection from the Mohawks are
barbarously massacred by the Dutch
at Pavonia, opposite New Amsterdam ;
80 are killed, and great indignation is
expressed in New Amsterdam at the
heartless Governor Kief t.
* * Va. Puritans are held in contempt
in loyal Virginia, as disturbers of the
peace of England. (See State.)
1644 * * Pennsylvania abandons pro-
hibition.
"The Court, apprehending that it is
not fit to deprive the Indians of any
lawful comforts which God alloweth to
all men by the use of wine, orders that
it shall be lawful for all who are licensed
to retail wines, to sell also to Indians."
1645 Sept. 6. N. Y. Thanksgiving
Day observed, in gratitude for the close
of the Indian hostilities.
* * Boston. A party sails for Guinea to
secure a cargo of slaves.
* * Conn. Selling intoxicating liquors to
the Indians is prohibited, under a pen-
alty of 40 shillings to 5 pounds.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1639 * * Md. A regular representative
government is established.
* * New Eng. An ineffectual attempt is
made to unite the New England colonies.
* * JV. T. De Vries colonizes Staten
Island.
* * R. I. Newport is settled by colonists
from the other end of the island.
1640 July 7. R.I. Providence has a
government formed by 40 citizens after
their own model.
* * Brazil is restored to the possession
of the Portuguese by the Spaniards.
* * Conn. Edmund Hopkins is governor.
* * Del. Peter Hollander is governor.
* * Moss. Thos. Dudley is governor.
* * New England advances rapidly.
Nearly a million dollars have been
spent in development, and more than
fifty towns and villages are established ;
298 emigrant ships have anchored in
Massachusetts Bay, and 21,200 people
have joined the Puritan colonies.
* * N. Y. Increased emigration from
Holland. About forty families from
Lynn, Massachusetts, migrate, and found
Southampton on Long Island.
* * Port. John IV. enthroned.
1641 Mar. 16. R. I. William Codding-
ton's Israelite form of government hav-
ing failed, a new constitution is adopt-
ed at a public meeting of citizens ; civil
and religious liberty, justice and equal-
ity, are secured to all citizens. Here
the first declaration of democracy in
the New World was formulated.
Dec. * Mass. The Assembly of the Gen-
eral Court adopts a code of 100 laws,
called The Body of Liberties, as the
Constitution of the State.
* * Brazil makes a feeble attempt for in-
dependence.
* * Can. Maisonneuve becomes governor
of Montreal.
* * Richard Bellingham is governor
of the Mass. Bay Colony ; Peter Hol-
lander of the Swedes [in Pa.] ; and Sir
William Berkeley in Virginia.
* * Eng. Oppressive restriction of colo-
nial commerce ; colonial commodities
must be sold in English ports.
1642 Feb.* Va. Sir William Berke-
ley assumes office as governor ; [pros-
perity follows].
April 14. N. H. By the action of its
own people, New Hampshire is united
to Massachusetts ; it is the only colony
east of the Hudson not founded by the
Puritans. John Winthrop, governor.
* * Md. A company of Puritans, who
had been expelled from Virginia, settle
in Maryland, and become turbulent.
* * New Eng. About fifty towns and vil-
lages are reported.
Aug. 29. N. Y. The First Represen-
tative Assembly meets.
Governor. Kief t permits a meeting at
New Amsterdam of the heads of fam-
ilies, who choose 12 of their number to
investigate the affairs of the colony.
They soon pass from Indian difficulties
to governmental abuses, and they review
the despotic acts of the governor, [and
resist his control, so he dissolves the
Assembly.]
* * Va. The trade of the colony is crip-
pled, as England claims it for herself.
[The restrictions of commerce vex the
colonies until the Revolution.]
* * Conn. Geo. Wyllys is governor.
* * W. I. Tobago is settled by the Dutch.
1643 Jan. * By Act of Parliament the
Earl of Warwick is made Governor-
in-chief and Lord High-admiral of the
American colonies ; he has a council of
five peers and 12 commoners, and is to
have supreme power over governors and
officers.
Mar. 14. R. I. Roger Williams ob-
tains a patent from the Earl of War-
wick for the union of the towns of Prov-
idence, Newport, and Portsmouth, under
one charter (Rhode Island).
May 14. Fr. Louis XLV. enthroned.
May 19. New Eng. The first confed-
erated government in the New
World.
A measure for uniting the New Eng-
land colonies for mutual defense is
adopted; Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con-
necticut, and New Haven combine into
a loose confederacy called The United
Colonies of New England.
* * Conn. New Haven, Milford, Stamford,
and Guilford united in the Republic of
New Haven. [Later Southold on Long
Island and Branford are added.]
Sept. 7. New Eng. The commissioners
of the Confederacy open their first meet-
ing, and elect John Winthrop presi-
dent of the United Colonies of New
England.
* * _64 * * New Eng. Period of pros-
perity. [Civil War in England.]
* * Conn. John Haynes and Ed. Hopkins,
governors. {Del. J. Printz.)
* * Pa. The Swedes establish a colony
on the Delaware, within six miles of the
mouth of the Schuylkill.
1644 * * Conn. Saybrook is purchased
by George Fenwick, one of the proprie-
tors, and permanently annexed to Con-
necticut, and the union of eight towns
called by the latter name.
* * Mass. The colony divides its legis-
lative assembly into two bodies, the
legislature and the governor's council.
* * New York. A city hall is built in
New Amsterdam (Coenties Slip.)
* * R. I. Roger Williams returns with a
charter for Rhode Island.
1645 Aug. 30. N. Y. The Dutch of
New Amsterdam and the Iroquois In-
dians sign Articles of Peace.
* * Governors inaugurated : Wm. Brad-
ford of Plymouth ; Thos. Dudley of Mas-
sachusetts Bay ; Richard Kemp (Lieut.),
and later Sir Wm. Berkeley, of Virginia.
* * Mass. Boston offers 3,000 acres of
land as a bounty for setting up iron-
works, also a monopoly for 21 years.
* * Md. A rebellion, led by Clayborne
and Ingle, overthrows the government ;
the governor flees to Virginia.
* * N. Y. Only 100 persons left at
Manhattan, and 1,500 in the province.
1646 Aug. * Md. Governor Calvert
regains the government; a general
amnesty is granted.
* * Mass. Edward Winslow, governor of
Plymouth ; J. Endicott, Bay Colony.
38
1646-1654.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1646* *The Dutch are defeated at
Guarapari.
1647 Apr. * Md. Calvert . in person
reduces Kent Island.
1649 * * Can. The Huron Indians
are massacred at St. Ignatius by the
Iroquois.
* * Brazil. War between the Dutch and
Portuguese colonists ; the Brazil Com-
pany aids its people with a fleet.
1651 * * Del. The Dutch of New Am-
sterdam build and garrison Fort Casi-
mir on the Delaware River, five miles
below Fort Christiana, to menace the
Swedes, who are regarded as intruders.
1652 Mar. * Va. Parliament sends a
naval force to subdue the Virginians,
who favor Charles I.
1653 Sept. 19. New England colonies
declare war against the Niantick In-
dians.
* * New York. A wall is built across
Manhattan Island (Wall Street) for de-
fense against the Indians and the ex-
pected troops of Oliver Cromwell ; it
has breastwork, ditch, and palisades,
and extends 2,340 feet.
* * Rhode Island declares war against
New Netherland.
1654* * Md. A civil war between
Catholics and Protestants rages.
* * Del. The Swedes under Gov. Rising
drive the Dutch from Fort Casimir
(New Castle).
* * Brazil. The insurrection against the
Dutch is successful.
* * Can. Oliver Cromwell sends a
strong force against the French in
Nova Scotia.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1652 * * Mass. First iron forge set up
in Raynham, a town of the Plymouth
colony.
1654 Aug. 16. N. Y. The Onondaga
salt springs discovered by the Jesuits.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1647 Bogardus, Everardus, Dutch pastor in
N. J., dies.
Calvert, Leonard, Gov. of Md., A41.
Dudley, Joseph, Gov. of Mass., born.
Hooker, Thomas, founder of Conn., A61.
1648 P Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva, Mex.
historian, A80. 1
1649 Winthrop, John, Gov. of Mass., A63.
Yale, Elihu. patron of Yale, born.
1650+ Kidd, William, pirate, born.
1651 Cruz, Juana In6s de la, Mex. poet, b.
Phips, Sir William, Gov. of Mass., born.
1652 Cotton, John, Puritan minister, A66.
Sewall, Samuel, jurist, born.
Haynes, John, statesman, dies.
CHURCH.
1646 Aug. ± * Me. Father Gabriel
Dreuillettes descends the Kennebec
to its mouth, and builds a mission
chapel for the Indians.
Sept. * Mass. The Second General
Synod meets at Cambridge, and frames
a " Platform of church discipline gath-
ered out of the Word of God."
It approves the Westminster Assem-
bly's Confession of Faith, as slightly
modified by the Savoy Synod.
Oct. * N. Y. The Mohawks secure Fa-
ther Jogues as a prisoner, kill him, and
throw his body into the Mohawk River.
Oct. 28. Mass. John Eliot, " the Apos-
tle to the Indians," preaches his first ser-
mon to the Indians in a wigwam at No-
nantum — the first sermon ever preached
in North America in the native tongue.
* * Mass. Episcopalians in Boston peti-
tion for the use of the Prayer-Book.
It is enacted that the elders of the
church shall choose two persons yearly
to spread the gospel among the Indians.
Eliot begins his missionary work.
He gathers Christian Indians into
" praying Indian towns," governed by
native magistrates chosen by the people.
The first was located at Natick ; the sec-
ond, Pakemitt, at Stoughton ; the third,
Hassanamesit, at Grafton : the fourth,
Okommakamesit, at Marlborough; the
fifth, Wamesit, at Tewksbury ; the sixth,
Nashobah, at Littleton; and the seventh,
Magunkaquog, at Hopkinton.
1647 * * Can. The wilderness has al-
ready been visited by 42 Jesuit mission-
aries and 18 assistants.
* * R. I. A law is passed tolerating all
religious opinions, whether Christian
or infidel.
1648 July 4. Mich. Father Anthony
Daniel of St. Joseph's, with many Hu-
ron converts, is killed by the Mohawks.
* * Mass. A Synod of churches at Cam-
bridge completes the organization of
Congregationalism, and issues the
"Cambridge Platform."
* * N.J. Richard Stout and other Bap-
tists settle at Middletown, the govern-
ment being preeminent in granting reli-
gious liberty.
1649 Mar. 16. A thousand Iroquois
Indians surprise the mission town of St.
Ignatius, and only three persons escape
the general massacre.
Mar. * Fathers Jean de Brebeuf and
Gabriel Lallemand of St. Joseph's
Mission suffer terrible and fatal tortures
after the taking of St. Louis by the Iro-
quois.
* * Del. The Assembly decrees that no
person professing faith in Christ shall
be molested in his religion or its free
exercise.
* * Eng. Organization by Parliament of
the Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel in New England, through
the example and success of Eliot.
* * Mass. Thomas Cushman is chosen
elder.
The General Court lays the Cambridge
Platform before the congregations.
* * Md. The legislature declares for tol-
eration.
No person believing in the fundamental
doctrines of Christianity to be distressed
because of his opinions or practises, and
it is a finable offense to use opprobrious
epithets in religious controversy. The
province becomes known as the " Land
of the Sanctuary."
* * Va. Twenty churches are estab-
lished, the livings of the ministers being
worth on an average " at least £100."
1650 * * Mass. Many Indians on Mar-
tha's Vineyard abandon heathenism and
accept Christianity.
The opinion gains ground that all bap-
tized persons of upright and decorous
lives shall for all practical purposes be
considered members of the church. The
theory is stigmatized as the "Half-way
Covenant."
* * N. C. Presbyterians settle in this
province.
1651 July 13. Boston. John Spur is
expelled from the Boston church "be-
cause he ceased to commune with them,
on the belief that their baptism, singing
of psalms, and covenant were human
inventions."
Sept. 6. Boston. Obadiah Holmes is
whipped ; he receives 30 stripes for be-
ing a Baptist. While the blood is flow-
ing, he says, " You have struck me with
roses." [Thirteen persons afterwards
suffer for showing him sympathy, great
public indignation follows.]
* * Mass. John Clarke is persecuted for
holding Baptist doctrines. Absence
from preaching is punishable with a fine.
The Cambridge platform is adopted
by the congregations ; provides a plan
of Church discipline.
Thomas Mayhew reports 190 conver-
sions among the Indians of Martha's
Vineyard.
1652 Oct. * Mass. The first native
church in New England is organized,
having 282 members.
* * N. Y. A church is built at Flat-
bush, the first on Long Island.
* *-53* * R. I. A division occurs in
the Baptist church at Providence, a part
seceding on the question of the laying
on of hands.
1653* *N.C. Dissenting Presbyteri-
ans, oppressed by the collection of tithes
for the Church of England, leave Vir-
ginia, and settle on the Chowan River.
1654 Oct. * Md. The colony is dis-
tracted by the dissensions of the Cath-
olic and Protestant parties. The
Protestant party call an assembly at
Patuxent, and disfranchise the Cath-
olics, prohibit their worship, and de-
prive them of the protection of the laws
of their own province.
* * Del. A Dutch Reformed church
is established at New Amstel (New
Castle).
* * N. Y. Father Le Moyne joins the
Mohawks on the Mohawk River. A
mission is opened for the Indians of
Onondaga, and a chapel built by the
Roman Catholics.
A Reformed Dutch church is es-
tablished at Midwout (Flatbush), Long
Island.
LETTERS.
1647 * * Mass. It is enacted that every
town or district having fifty household-
ers should have a public school ; and
one hundred families should have a
grammar school.
* * The Simple Cobbler of Agawam, by
Nathaniel Ward, appears.
AMERICA.
1646-1654.
39
1650± * * The Poems of Anne Bradstreet
and Benjamin Thompson appear.
1651 Jan. 11. Mass. Mr. Experience
Mayhew opens the first school in New
England for the instruction of Indian
children.
1652 * * Experiments of Spiritual Life,
and Health and Their Preservatives, by
Roger Williams, appears.
* * Hireling Ministry and Bloody Tenet
Yet More Bloody, by Roger Williams,
appears.
1654* *-72* * Mass. Rev. Charles
Chauncy is President of Harvard Col-
lege.
SOCIETY.
1647 * * R. I. Drunkenness is forbid-
den under penalty of 5s., or 6 hours in
the stocks if unable to pay. Selling to
Indians is forbidden under penalty of
5 pounds.
1648 * * Boston. It is ordered " that only
one person be allowed to sell wine to
the Indians."
1649 * * Va. There are 6 public brew
houses, 4 windmills, together with 5
watermills to grind corn.
1650 * * Conn. No licensed dealer is
to suffer any one to be drunk or to
drink excessively (viz., above half a pint
at a time), or to tipple above the space of
half an hour, or at unreasonable times.
The penalty for drunkenness appear-
ing in speech or gesture only is 10s. ; for
excessive drinking, 3s. id. ; for tippling
over half an hour, 2s. 6d., for tippling
at unreasonable hours, or after nine
o'clock, 5s. Second offenses have a
double penalty.
± * * New York. Negro slaves brought
to New Amsterdam.
1652 May 18. R. I. The representa-
tives of Providence and Warwick pro-
hibit perpetual slavery, and limit
bondage to ten years.
1654 * * Mass. Licensed persons, allow-
ing tippling and excessive drinking, are
fined 20s.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1646* *Eng. Parliament frees colonial
merchandise from all duty for three
years, on condition that all productions
be carried in English vessels.
* * Mass. Gov. Winthrop is reelected.
* * N. Y. "Bruecklyn" (Brooklyn) re-
ceives a village charter.
1647 May 11. N. Y. Peter Stuyve-
sant assumes the governorship; he is
the last and greatest of the governors of
New Netherland. [In office 17 years.]
* * Md. Calvert, having recovered author-
ity, establishes Robert Vaughn, a Pro.
testant, as governor.
* * Mich. A settlement is made at Detroit
by the French.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
Md. Thomas Greene.
May * R. I. John Coggeshall governor
of Providence, Warwick, Portsmouth,
and Newport.
Governor Stuyvesant claims all the
region between Cape Henlopen and Cape
Cod. He restores prosperity to the col-
ony, which had been nearly ruined by
Kieft, his predecessor.
* * R. I. The first general assembly of
the province meets, and frames a code of
laws.
1648 Aug. * Md. Lord Baltimore dis-
misses the Catholic governor, Green, and
appoints a Protestant, William Stone,
in his place.
* * Conn. The settlement of New Lon-
don is commenced.
Rhode Island petitions to be admitted
into the confederacy of New England
Colonies, and is refused, after declining
to submit itself to the jurisdiction of
Plymouth. W. Coddington, governor.
Eng. THE COMMONWEALTH.
1649 Jan. 30. Charles I. is executed.
* * R. I. John Smith, governor. (Mass.
Bay. J. Endicott.)
* * Mass. A definite code of laws is
finally secured.
* * Md. The Assembly passes a law of
perfect toleration for all Christian
sects. Many exiled Puritans received
from Virginia and settle Annapolis.
* * Va. The Virginians reject Crom-
well, and proclaim Charles II. as right-
ful sovereign of the British realm.
The Northern Neck (between the Rap-
pahannock and the Potomac) is granted
to Lord Culpepper and a company of
Cavaliers, as a refuge for their partisans.
1650 June * Va. Berkeley receives a
new commission from the exiled
English king, Charles II.
Oct. 3. Eng. The Long Parliament as-
serts its supremacy over the colonies.
* * Eng. Foreign ships are forbidden
to trade with the rebellious (royalist)
colony of Virginia.
* * Md. The legislature is divided into
two houses.
To appease the Protestants their settle-
ment is erected into a separate county
— Anne Arundel. [Charles County is
erected later.]
* * Governors elected : Thomas Dudley
(Mass.) ; Nicholas Easton (R. I.).
* * N. Y. An amicable adjustment of
the boundary line between the Dutch
and New England colonies (near the
present line) is treated with contempt
by the English government.
1651 Oct. 9. Eng. Parliament passes
the first navigation act, forbidding
the importation of goods into England
except in English vessels. (It is aimed
against the Dutch, and designed to pun-
ish the royalists of Virginia.)
* *[U. S.] Governors elected :
* * Mass. Bay. John Endicott.
* * R. I. Sam. Gorton (Prov. and War).
* * Eng. Parliament appoints commis-
sioners to visit America and assume
control of the colonies bordering on the
Chesapeake. Stone, the deputy of Lord
Baltimore, is deposed by them.
* * The war between England and Hol-
land somewhat strains the relation be-
tween the English and Dutch colonies,
but no rupture occurs.
± * * JV. C. The first actual settlement
made near the mouth of the Chowan
River.
1652 Mar. 12. Va. The loyalists
surrender to Parliament when a war-
vessel appears with commissioners
from Cromwell. It is agreed that " the
People of Virginia" ought to have all
the liberties of the free-born people of
England.
Oct. 2. Eng. Roger Williams secures the
confirmation of the charter and the
union of Providence and Rhode Island.
* * Eng. Parliament assumes control of
Maryland, and nominally suspends the
government in Rhode Island.
* * Guiana. The English colony on the
Surinam River returns to Paramaribo.
* * Massachusetts purchases Maine
for $5,334.
A mint is erected, and silver coined
into shilling, sixpenny, and threepenny
pieces.
Jv". Y. Newtown and Flatbush on
Long Island are settled under Dutch
patents.
Va. Richard Bennett, a Puritan, is
elected governor. (R. I. John Smith.)
1653 * * N. C. Oppressed colonists
emigrate from Virginia, and settle on
the Chowan River. Governor Berkeley
assumes jurisdiction, and appoints Wil-
liam Drummond governor.
Feb. 2. New York. New Amsterdam
incorporated, and an elective munici-
pal government established.
Dec. 16. Eng. Oliver Cromwell be-
comes Lord Protector of the British
realm.
Dec. 10. N. Y. First General assembly
of the people, consisting of two deputies
from each village ; Stuyvesant is un-
willing to sanction it, but is unable to
prevent it.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
* * Bel. Johan C. Rising.
* * Mass. Richard Bellingham.
* * R. I. Roger Williams.
Feb. * Md. Governor Stone's proclama-
tion to make oath of fidelity to the pro-
prietary (a Catholic) is resisted.
July 15+. Md. Bennett and Clayborne,
the governor and secretary of Virginia,
come and take the government out of
the hands of Stone, and hold it for the
Lord Protector.
July ± * Md. William Fuller and nine
others are appointed commissioners
to execute government.
Oct. * Md. A factional assembly at
Patuxent acknowledges the authority
of Cromwell, but disfranchises the
whole Catholic party.
* * Brazil. The colonies unite under
the royal authority of Portugal.
* * Mass. Emigration nearly ceases
during the commonwealth ; many Puri-
tans return to assist in the struggle in
England.
40
1655-1662.
AMERICA.
ARMY - NAVY.
1655 Mar. 25. Md. The Catholic pro-
prietary attacks the Puritans at Provi-
dence, but is defeated and captured.
May 3. W.I. Jamaica is taken from
the Spaniards by the British under Ad-
miral Penn and troops under Venables.
Sept. 5. N. Y. Peter Stuyvesant with
600 men sails from New York against
the Swedes of Delaware, and subdues
them.
Sept. * N. Y. The Algonkian Indians
vainly rise in rebellion against the
Dutch at and near New Amsterdam.
[They sue for peace on the return of
Stuyvesant and his force from Dela-
ware.]
1661 * * Brazil. An uprising occurs
against the missionaries.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1659* * N. Y. Bricks made at New
Amsterdam ; previously they were im-
ported from Holland, and only used for
ovens and chimneys, etc.
1662 * * N. Y. A windmill is erected
at New Amsterdam.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1655 Winslow, Edward, Gov. of Mass.,
A 60.
Standish, Miles, Puritan soldier, A72. ?
1657 Cardillac, Antoine de la Motte, f 'dr, b.
Mayhew, Thomas, minister, A36.
Hopkins, Edward, Gov. of Conn., A57.
Fenwick, George, proprietor in Conn., A54.
1658 De Peyster, Abraham, mayor of N.Y.,b.
1658 Dunster, Henry, pres. of Harvard, d.
1660 Dyer, Mary, Quaker martyr, hanged.
Dustin, Hannah, heroine, born.
Mathews, Samuel, Gov. of Va., dies.
1661 Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, Sieur, foun-
der, born.
1663 Leverett, John, pres. of Harvard, b.
CHURCH.
1655 Nov. * N. Y. Father Chaumo-
not and Claude Dablon join the Onon-
daga Indians.
* * It. Alexander VII., pope.
* * Md. Several persons killed in a con-
flict between Catholics and Protestants.
* * New York. By special act of the Com-
pany at Amsterdam the Jews are per-
mitted to live in New Amsterdam,
provided they agree to support their
own poor.
1656 Feb. 1. New York. Tyranny of
the Dutch. The authorities of New
Netherland decree aU meetings illegal
except those of the Reformed divine
service.
Mar. 13. New York. Jews are permitted
to worship in their own houses at New
Amsterdam, but not publicly in syna-
gogues.
June 2. N. Y. Corner-stone of the
Dutch church laid in the center of
State Street at Albany.
Oct. 14. Mass. Act passed prohibiting
the immigration of Quakers, and ap-
pointing 20 lashes and imprisonment to
such as should arrive, and death to such
as return after transportation.
Nov. 8. N. Y. Baptists are perse-
cuted; Wm. Hallet of Flushing fined
$250 for permitting meetings to be held
in his house. [Afterwards banished for
non-payment.]
* * Can. Two French missionaries be-
gin work among the Ottawas by request
of the chiefs. One is mortally wounded
in an attack by the Iroquois, and both
are captured.
Father Mesnard goes to the Cayugas
and Father Chaumonot to theSenecas.
* * Mass. A day of solemn prayer and
fasting observed because of reports from
England concerning Quakers who would
destroy all churches and governments.
Two weeks later two female Quaker
missionaries arrive.
* * N. Y. Baptist converts are baptized
at Flushing.
* * E. I. Secession from the Baptist
church to form a Six-Principle Baptist
church.
1657 Apr. 7. Mass. Henry Dunster,
late president of Cambridge college, is
arraigned before the Court for refusing
to have his infant child baptized.
June 4. Mass. A Congregational minis-
ters' meeting at Boston adopts "the
Half -"Way Covenant."
It declares " that all persons of sober
life and correct sentiments, without
being examined as to a change of heart,
might profess religion or become mem-
bers of the church, and have their chil-
dren baptized, though they did not come
to the Lord's table."
* * Conn. John Eliot is the first to preach
the gospel to the Indians at Hartford,
in an assembly of Podunks.
The Podunk Indians were asked by
Eliot to accept Christ ; they answered
emphatically, "No," adding, the Eng-
lish had taken their lands, and would
now make them servants.
* * New Eng. The four united colonies
prohibit the landing of Quakers.
Persecution of the Quakers. "A
motley tribe — half fanatic, half insane,
and without definite purposes." (Ban-
croft.) The penalty for attending a
Quaker meeting is ten shillings, and
for speaking in such a meeting ten
pounds.
* * Mass. Faunce is chosen elder of the
colony.
* * New York. John E. Goetwater, a
Lutheran minister, arrives in New Am-
sterdam.
1658 Mar. 26. New York. The New
Netherland authorities annul the right
of Flushing to hold town or heretical
meetings, and require all to pay taxes
for the support of the minister, or lose
their goods and take themselves "out
of this government."
* * N. C. Presbyterians settle on the
I Chowan Biver. (See page 38.)
^ * New Eng. The commissioners of the
v'four United Colonies advise the Court
of Massachusetts to execute Quakers
returning from banishment ; the law is
enacted by a majority of one vote.
* * R. I. A Jewish congregation is or-
ganized at Providence.
* * Va. Religious liberty is universal,
except for the Quakers, who are ban-
ished by law and their return proscribed
as a felony.
1659 * * Mass. Two Quakers executed
for returning from banishment.
1660 June 1. Mass. Mary Dyer, a
Quakeress returning from banishment,
is executed.
Aug. * Can. Father Rene Mesnard,
an aged man, responds to the request of
the Indians, and opens a mission near
Kneweenaw, where he is neglected, per-
secuted, and finally dies.
* * Mass. John Eliot forms a church of
converted Indians at Natick.
Prisons are full of Quakers ready
for martyrdom.
* * * Maryland is an asylum for the per-
secuted.
1661 Mar. 14. Mass. William Ledra,
a Quaker, is hanged by the Puritans.
* * Mass. The death penalty against the
Quakers is removed from the statute-
book.
John Eliot prints the New Testa-
ment in the Indian language.
* * Conn. Abraham Pierson begins
preaching to the Indians about Weth-
ersfield.
* * JR. I. First yearly meeting of Qua-
kers established.
1662 Apr. 4. Va. Many Quakers ar-
raigned before the Court as recusants.
Dec. * Va. Enactments passed to op-
press the Baptists.
* * Boston. A partial Synod approves
the Half-Way Covenant.
A few French Protestant refugees are
granted leave to reside in the colony.
Ejectment of non-conformist ministers.
* * Va. Stringent laws passed against
Quakers and all sectarians.
* * Va. The Royalists' General Assem-
bly provides for a church, parsonage,
and minister for every parish.
His salary to be £80, all to be raised
in tax levies. [The salary was after-
wards changed to 1,600 pounds of tobac-
co.] Absence from church for one Sun-
day punishable by fine of 50 pounds of
tobacco ; non-conformists to pay £20 for
a month's absence ; all non-Episcopal
ministers are forbidden to preach.
LETTERS.
1661* *-63 Dec* John Eliot com-
pletes his translation of the Old Testa-
ment into the Indian vernacular.
1662* * Mass. Two licensers of the press
are appointed.
* * The Day of Doom, by Michael Wiggles-
worth, appears.
SOCIETY.
1655 * * Md. Hostilities between Prot-
estants and Catholics.
1656 * * New Eng. Quakers are per-
secuted. (See Church.)
1657 * * Mass. Selling liquor to In-
dians is absolutely prohibited ; penalty
40s.
* * Mass. A return is made to the origi-
nal prohibitory law of 1639.
AMERICA.
1655-1662.
41
It is decreed that "All persons are
wholly prohibited to sell, truck, barter,
or give any strong liquors to any Indian,
directly or indirectly, whether known
by the name of rum, strong waters,
wine, strong beer, brandy, cider, or
perry, or any other strong liquor going
under any other name whatsoever."
1658 * * Md. Drunkenness is punished
by confinement in the stocks for 6 hours
or a fine of 100 lbs. of tobacco (half to
the informer) ; for a second offense, by
public whipping or a fine of 300 lbs. of
tobacco ; for the third offense the of-
fender is adjudged infamous, and dis-
franchised three years.
* * Va. One convicted of drunkenness
three times is accounted a common
drunkard.
1659 July 26. Can. Indians mas-
sacre more than one thousand people
at Montreal.
* * Conn. Any person found drunk at
any private house is to be fined 20s. and
the owner of the house 10s. Distillation
of corn or malt into liquor is prohibited.
1660 July 27. Boston. Two of the
fugitive judges of Charles I., Edward
"Whalley and "William Gof f e, are wel-
comed, and concealed from royal officers.
1662 June 20. Conn. Three women
condemned at Hartford as witches ;
one is hanged.
* * * Brazil. A hardy race of men is
produced at San Paulo, from the inter-
marriage of colonists with natives.
* * Mass. Adultery is punished with
death.
* * Va. It is enacted that offspring shall
follow the condition of the mother, mak-
ing the children of white men by
negro women slaves from birth.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1655 Jan. ± * Md. Deputy - governor
Stone vainly seeks to regain authority
by revolution.
* * Conn. Thomas Welles, governor.
(Mass. Bay. John Endicott.)
Sept. * N. Y. Gov. Stuyvesant compels
the Swedes of Delaware to acknowledge
the supremacy of New Netherland ; the
little State of New Sweden ceases
to exist, and the territory is annexed
to New Netherland.
* * Md. Conflict between the Puritans
and Roman Catholics.
* * Va. Edward Diggs elected gov-
ernor.
1656 July* Md. Josias Pendall, a
weak and impetuous man, commissioned
as Lord Baltimore's lieutenant. [The
council of ten holds him under arrest as
a dangerous person. There are two gov-
ernments for two years.]
Sept. 11. Conn. Stuyvesant concludes a
boundary treaty, limiting New Neth-
erland by Oyster Bay on Long Island,
and the neighborhood of Greenwich on
the mainland.
* * Conn. John Webster, governor. ( Va.
Samuel Matthews.)
* * Del. The city of Amsterdam pur-
chases the proprietary of Delaware
from the Brandywine to Bombay Hook,
and by purchase from the natives extends
its lands to Cape Henlopen. The Dutch
own from New England to Maryland.
* * Port. Alfonso VI. enthroned.
* * -58 * * N. Y. A short-lived French
colony in western New York.
* * * Va. Charles II., now in exile, is
invited to join the colony and be
"King of Virginia." This incident
suggested the title of "The Old Do-
minion."
1657* * [C. S.] Governors inaugu-
rated.
* * Conn. John Winthrop.
* * Plym. Thomas Prince.
* * R.I. Benedict Arnold. [1662-63.]
1658 Mar.* Md. The revolt is settled
by compromise, Fendall is acknowledged
governor, and the Protestant assemblies
accepted as valid ; a general amnesty is
announced.
Sept. 3. Eng. Richard Cromwell,
Lord Protector.
* * Conn. Settlement of Southerton
(Stonington) commenced.
* * N. J. Purchasers obtain a large grant
called Bergen, and the station becomes
a permanent settlement.
* * Conn. T. Welles and Francis New-
man, governors.
* * Va. Samuel Matthews elected gov-
ernor ; the legislature grants a fixed sal-
ary to the office [and repeals the act in
the following year].
1659* * Mass. Settlement of Nan-
tucket by Thomas Macy.
* * Conn. John Winthrop, governor. (Pa.
Alex. D'Hinoyossa (Dutch). [1663. He-
appointed. 1660. R. I. Wm. Brenton.])
1660 Mar. 12. Md. Popular sov-
eignty is exercised by the representa-
tives, who vote themselves a lawful as-
sembly, without dependence on any other
power in the province, thus ignoring the
rights of Lord Baltimore.
May 8. Eng. Charles II. enthroned
as sovereign over the British realm ;
" the worst monarch of modern times."
(Ridpath.) [He oppresses the commerce
of Virginia, and sneers at complaints.]
Nov. 10. Mass. It becomes well known
thatthemonarchyis restored in England.
Dec. 19. Mass. The General Court con-
vened, and addresses are prepared for
the king and parliament.
* *-70* * Eng. Enactment of naviga-
tion, trade, excise, and other laws
inimical to the colonies in America.
* * Costa Rica. Spaniards reappear, and
subdue the rebellious Indians again.
* * Mass. The government persecutes
the Quakers.
* * Md. Philip Calvert, governor. (R. I.
Wm. Brenton.)
* * N. F. The French found a colony at
Placentia Bay.
* * New Eng. Population, 38,000; Md.,
12,000.
Arrival of the English regicides.
* * Va. Sir 'William Berkeley is elect-
ed governor by the House of Burgesses.
He surpasses the tyranny of the king ;
Baptists and Quakers are persecuted ;
personal property is heavily taxed; large
estates are exempted ; the biennial elec-
tion of burgesses is abolished. [This
continues for 16 years.]
The people contend against a rising
aristocracy for the control of the polit-
ical life.
The population is estimated by Gov-
ernor Berkeley at "40,000, including
2,000 black slaves, 6,000 Christian ser-
vants, of whom about 1,500 are imported
yearly, principally English." The Chris-
tian servants are chiefly ex-convicts.
1661 Mar. 12. Va. The first session
of the royalist assembly marks a polit-
ical revolution. F. Moryson governor.
June 10. Mass. Foreboding collision
with the Crown, the General Court makes
a declaration of the natural and char-
tered rights of the colonists.
July 27. N. Y. Schenectady pur-
chased from the Indians.
Aug. 7. Mass. Charles H. is pro-
claimed.
Aug. * Conn. John Winthrop sent to
England to obtain a charter. Wm.
Leete, governor of New Haven.
* * Eng. By Act of Parliament, sugar,
tobacco, indigo, and other " enumerated
articles," are not to be shipped from
the colonies to any country but Eng-
land.
* *Mass. Penal laws against the Qua-
kers suspended by the king.
Indian wampum a legal tender in small
transactions. [Continued for 50 years.]
* * N. C. A company of New England
Puritans establishes a colony on Old-
town Creek.
* * New Eng. Warrants arrive for the
arrest of the regicides of Charles I., Ed-
ward Whalley, William Goff , and John
Dixwell, who have escaped to New Eng-
land, and are effectually concealed.
* * * Va. The loyal Virginians are
oppressed.
Charles II. treats Virginia as personal
property, and grants large tracts of both
tilled and wild lands to the most worth-
less profligates that court his favor, pro-
ducing great uncertainty and distress
among the planters. The planters also
suffer religious oppression. (See Church.)
1662 Apr. 23. Conn. A Liberal char-
ter for Connecticut is granted.
Charles II. signs the charter prepared
by the colonists without the alteration
of a word or letter. [It is character-
ized as the most liberal charter ever
granted by an English monarch ; for 14
years the younger Winthrop is annually
elected governor.]
* * Guiana. Charles H. grants the en-
tire English colony to Lord Willoughby.
* * Md. Charles Calvert (Lord Balti-
more) is confirmed in the government.
An Act is passed to establish a mint.
* * Va. The Royalist Legislature enacts
a permanent imposition on all ex-
ported tobacco, to provide a perpetual
revenue for royal officers, and make
them independent of colonial legislation.
The Assembly for 14 years denies to
the people the right of choosing their
own legislators, by assuming to be a
perpetual body.
42 1663-1669, Feb.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1663 June 7. N. Y. The Indians at-
tack the settlers at Esopus (Kingston)
on the Hudson, and are subdued after
killing C5 whites. Rondout is almost
annihilated by them about this time.
1664 * * Guiana. Cayenne is taken by
the French.
Sept. 8. New York. New Netherland
is taken.
A small English fleet takes New Am-
sterdam without a struggle ; Peter Stuy-
vesant proposes resistance, but is forced
by his council to sign the capitulation.
Sept. 24. If. Y. Fort Orange (Albany)
surrenders to the British.
Oct. 1. Del. The Swedish and Dutch
colonists on the Delaware submit to
the British, who thus complete their
conquest.
Dec. * If. Y. Truce with the Indians.
* * W. I. Buccaneers, led by [Sir]
Henry Morgan, begin their depredations
on the colonies of Spain.
1665 May * If. Y. Treaty of peace
entered with the Indians.
* * Fla. The town of St. Augustine is
captured and plundered by a company
of buccaneers under Capt. John Davis,
an Englishman.
* * Cuba. The wall around Havana is
commenced.
1666 Jan. 29. Fr. France declares
war against England.
Jan.+* Can. The French expedition of
Courcelles and Tracy goes against the
Mohawk Indians.
** Guiana. The Dutch take the English
settlement by storm, and a heavy ran-
som is exacted.
1667 * * Guiana. Surinam is taken by
the English.
* * Mass. Ravages are committed by
the Mohawks near Northampton.
1668 * * Can. Peace is made between
*h>3 French and Five Nations.
* * Maine yields to the authority of
Massachusetts by force of arms.
* * Panama. Morgan's 1,200 bucca-
neers take Porto Bello and immense
spoils.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1663 Feb. 5. Can. Severe earth-
quakes.
[They continue with short intermis-
sions for over 6 months, and change the
surface of the earth.]
1664 Nov. 17. NewEng. A bearded
comet becomes visible.
[It exhibits a tail when it departs.]
1666 Aug. 4. W. I. Terrific hurri-
cane ; Lord Francis Willoughby, with his
fleet of 15 sail, perishes in it.
1667 ± * * Painters ply their art making
portraits of dignitaries.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1663 Mather. Cotton, clergyman and au-
thor, born.
Bradford, William, printer in Pa., born.
1665 Endicott, John, Gov. of Mass., A76.
1667 Carr, Sir Robert, English officer, dies.
1668 Wilson, John, clergyman of Boston, d.
Day, Stephen, first printer in New Eng., A57.
CHURCH.
1663 Sept. * Va. Oppression of Sep-
aratists, who are fined for holding meet-
ings, and the more affluent are compelled
to pay the fines of the poor. Baptists
are proscribed, Quakers are fined, per-
secuted, and imprisoned.
* *Mass. The first Baptist Church
formed in Swansea.
John Eliot completes the printing of
the O. T. in the Indian language.
The King's commissioners vex the
Puritans by using the Episcopal ser-
vice in Boston. The Puritans observed
Saturday evening as part of the Sabbath,
the commissioners spend it in carousals.
1664 May* R.I. The Assembly estab-
lishes religious freedom.
* * Boston. Episcopalians petition for the
use of the Prayer-Book. (Second time.)
* *Mass. Rev. John Cotton preaches to
the Indians of Martha's Vineyard.
1665 Mar. 28. Boston. The first re-
corded meeting of Baptists (falsely
called Anabaptists).
Sept. * Can. Claude Allouez goes to
Montreal, intending to return to the
mission left vacant by the death of
Mesnard. He opens a mission on the
shores of Lake Superior.
* * R. I. The Seventh-day Baptists or-
ganize a church at Newport.
1666 June 14. At New Netherland
the Lutherans are permitted to worship
in their own houses.
* * N. Y. First church erected in
Brooklyn (site on Fulton Ave., near
Lawrence St.).
* *Mich. Allouez, the Jesuit, founds
the mission of St. Espiritu, south of Lake
Superior.
1667+ Aug.* Can. Father Lewis
Nicols goes to the Indians of the north-
west.
* * The Jesuit missions among the Iro-
quois reopened.
* * It. Clement LX., pope.
* * If. J. A Presbyterian church
formed in Newark under pastor Abra-
ham Pierson.
1668 Spring. Can. The celebrated
Father Marquette leaves Quebec, in
company with Father Le Boesme, to
join the Ottawa mission.
* * If. J. A Presbyterian church is
formed in Elizabeth.
1669 Feb. * New York. Jacob Fabri-
cius reaches New Amsterdam as the
pioneer preacher to the German Luther-
ans. He preaches in their own ver-
nacular.
LETTERS.
1663* * Mass. Eliot's Indian Bible is
the first one printed in America.
1664 * * Mass. Act passed prohibiting
printing-presses elsewhere than at Cam-
bridge.
1665 Sept. 5. Mass. The printing of
the New Testament in the Indian ver-
nacular is completed.
SOCIETY.
1664 * * Va. The Virginia assembly re-
strains the clergy. "Ministers shall not
give themselves to excess in drinking or
riot, spending their time idly by day or
night, in playing at dice, cards, and
other unlawful games."
1665 * * N. Y. Dealers required not to
sell beer above 2d. a quart, or any other
liquor above 12s. a gallon, under penalty
of 20s. a gallon, so sold. Selling liquor
to Indians is prohibited.
1668 * * N.J. Persons found drinking
after nine o'clock are apprehended
and punished at discretion; drunken-
ness is fined Is., 2s., and 2s. &d., for the
first, second, and third offenses respec-
tively.
* * Va. It is enacted that " The death
of a slave from extremity of correction
was not accounted a felony; since it
cannot be presumed that prepensed
malice should induce any man to de-
stroy his own estate." (Or 1667.)
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1663 Feb. 14. Can. The hundred as-
sociates surrender their charter, and
New France becomes a royal province.
Feb. * -July * If. Y. The Dutch West
India Company sells the whole country
on the Delaware to the city of Amster-
dam.
Mar. 24. Charles II. issues a patent to
Lord Clarendon, General Monk, and
six other noblemen who had assisted in
his restoration, to lands between the
St. Johns River and the 36th parallel of
latitude, extending from the Atlantic
to the Pacific, with jurisdiction over the
same ; it is called Carolina.
July 8. R. I. Charles II. renews the
charter of Rhode Island and Provi-
dence plantations, to the surprise and
joy of the colonists.
* * M. de Mesey becomes (Fr.) governor
of Mich. (Can.), and Alex. D'Hinoyossa
(Dutch) governor of Pennsylvania. [1664.
Robert Carr.governor of Pennsylvania.
1665. Richard Bellingham, of Massa-
chusetts Bay Colony, and M. de Cour-
celles (Fr.), of Mich. (Can.).]
* *N. C. The settlers at Puritan on the
Chowan River organize a civil gov-
ernment, and elect William Drummond
governor of the Albemarle Colony.
* * Conn. Whalley and Goffe, two of
the regicide judges who voted to put
Charles I. to death, flee to New Haven
and find protection from the officers
sent to arrest them.
* * Eng. An act is passed to monopolize
the colonial trade; European goods
for the colonies to pass through British
ports.
* •* N. J. A company of Long Island
Puritans obtain permission to settle
AMERICA.
1663-1669, Feb. 43
on the banks of the Raritan, but they
delay to migrate.
* * Miss. Mississippi is included in the
charter of South Carolina.
1664 Mar. 12. New York becomes
a Duchy.
Charles II., deeming the Dutch in New
Netherland usurpers, totally regardless
of prior grants, arbitrarily grants the
entire territory between the Connecticut
and Delaware Rivers to his brother, the
Duke of York ; he also gives him the
territory between the Kennebec and St.
Croix Rivers (Maine).
May 29. N. C. Sir John Yeamans
lands several hundred English colonists
at Cape Fear River in Clarendon.
May * Fr. Louis XIV. grants to a new
company of the "West Indies the mo-
nopoly of all French commerce in North
and South America, except the fisheries.
June 10. Va. The navigation acts en-
forced.
June 23. N. Y. The Duke of York sells
his claim to lands between the Dela-
ware and the Hudson (in part) to "Lord
Berkeley and Sir George Carteret ;
Sir George having been governor of the
island of Jersey, it is called New Jer-
sey ; and it becomes a proprietary state,
owned by the owners of Carolina. New
Jersey is separated from New York.
* * Eng. The king appoints four com-
missioners, Nicolls, Carr, Cartwright,
and Maverick, to hear complaints and
appeals in New England, and settle the
peace of the country.
July 23. Boston. The king's commis-
sioners arrive, and are opposed as hos-
tile to colonial liberties. [They leave
for New Netherland.]
* * N. Y. After much controversy with
Holland concerning the title of New
Netherland (New York), the English
proceed to settle the matter by taking
forcible possession.
Sept. 8. New York. New Netherland
ceases to exist. The Dutch surrender
New Amsterdam. (O. S. Aug. 29.)
Colonel Richard Nicolls assumes office
as English governor, and the name of
the city is changed to New York. [The
English government lasts nine years.]
Sept. 20. N. Y. Fort Orange sur-
renders to the English, and its name
changed to Albany.
Oct. 1. The Dutch and Swedes on the
Delaware capitulate to the English, and
for the first time every mile of the
American coast from the N.E. corner
of Maine to the southern limits of
Georgia is under the British flag.
Oct. 25. Mass. A remonstrance
against the royal menace of tyranny is
issued, and addressed to the king.
Oct. * N. J. A village* is begun, and
named Elizabethtown in honor of
Lady Carteret. (Philip Carteret, gov.)
Oct. 28. JV. J. Governor Nicolls ratifies
the sale of the Elizabethtown tract by
the Indians to Long Island Puritans,
while ignorant of the sale of New Jer-
sey by the Duke of York.
Dec. 1. Connecticut surrenders all claim
to Long Island, and obtains a favorable
boundary on the coast.
Dec. * New York has an estimated popu-
lation of 10,000.
* * Mass. Act passed prohibiting print-
ing-presses elsewhere than in Cam-
bridge.
* * N.J. Governor Nicolls grants an ex-
tensive tract of land on Newark Bay to
a company of Puritans.
Elizabethtown, Newark, Middletown,
and Shrewsbury begun by settlers from
New England and Long Island.
The lands of New Jersey are dis-
tributed to settlers for a quit-rent of a
half-penny an acre, payable in the year
1670.
* * N. Y. Governor Nicolls makes a
treaty with the Five Nations, they
ceding their land, and submitting to
the authority of Charles II.
First settlement [in Central New
York] made at Schenectady. (See 1661.)
* * W. I. The French occupy San Do-
mingo.
1665 Feb. 10. N. J. The earliest
constitution, " Concessions and Agree-
ments," is adopted. (See 1677, Mar. 3.)
Feb. 24. Mass. Deerfield is purchased
of the Indians. (R. Bellingham, gov.)
Feb. * N. J. The royalist proprietors
offer special inducements of a liberal
character to emigrants.
Apr. * N. J. William Goulding and
others receive a patent for a grant, ex-
tending from Sandy Hook to the mouth
of the Raritan. East New Jersey is
called Albania.
May 26. Mass. The royal commission-
ers depart. The General Court refuses
to recognize them, and they leave the
province in anger.
June 12. N. Y. City of New York is
incorporated by Governor Nicolls ; a
mayor, 5 aldermen, and a sheriff ap-
pointed. Thomas Willet is the first
mayor.
June * The Carolina grant is extended
northward to 36° 30', so as to include the
Chowan settlement [in North Carolina].
* * Arg. Rep. Spain relaxes her restric-
tions on commerce.
* * Can. Courcelles governor of New
France. Much emigration and rapid
growth.
* * Conn. Connecticut and New Haven
unite.
* * Conn. John Winthrop is elected gov-
ernor.
* * Maine is taken by royal authority
from Massachusetts, and restored to the
heirs of Gorges.
* * N. C. A little Puritan colony on
the Cape Fear River is broken up by
the Indians.
The same site is purchased, with 32
square miles of territory, by a company
of planters from Barbados, led by Sir
John Yeamans. Eight hundred people
settle along the river during the first
year.
* * New Hampshire is officially named.
* * N. J. The English plant a colony
under Philip Carteret, the first gover-
nor, with Elizabethtown for the capital ;
his administration not popular.
* * Sp. Charles II. enthroned.
* * N. Y. Governor Nicolls, the deputy
of the Duke of York, enacts a code
called the " Duke's Laws." (Feb. 28.)
* * _Q7 * *n. Y. The English oppress
the Dutch.
Representative government is denied ;
old titles to land are annulled, and new
titles are obtained at a cost which pro-
vides an immense revenue.
1666 May 21. N. J. An association
of Puritans from Connecticut sails up
the Passaic, and extinguishes the Indian
title to Newark, after holding a council
with them.
* * Governors chosen : William Bren-
ton (R. I.); Edward Diggs (Va.) for
the English Commonwealth.
* * Can. Robert Cavalier de la Salle ar-
rives from France.
* * Conn. Hartford, New Haven, New
London, and Fairfield are the four
counties, and each has its court.
* * N. J. Colonists from Connecticut
settle in Elizabethtown, Newark, and
in Hackensack.
* * New York. Thomas Delavall the
2d mayor.
* * W. I. Great depredations by buc-
caneers.
* * Guiana. Surinam occupied by the
English.
1667 May * JV.F. The governor, Fran-
cis Lovelace, an outrageous and incu-
rable tyrant ; the people groan under
excessive taxation.
July 31. Hoi. The Treaty of Breda,
between England, Holland, France, and
Denmark, provides the cession of (l)Nova
Scotia to France by England, (2) Antigua
Monserrat and St. Christopher to Eng-
land by France. England retains New
Netherland, and Holland Surinam.
* * N.C. The Clarendon colony is aban-
doned. Sam. Stephens, governor.
* * New York. Thomas Willet the 3d
mayor.
* * W.I. The Bahamas granted to the
proprietors of South Carolina.
1668 May 2. Fr. The treaty of Aix-
la-Chapelle ends the war between Eng-
land and Spain, and the colonists begin
to discuss the right of arbitrary govern-
ment.
May 26. N. J. The first legislative
assembly meets at Elizabethtown, and
assigns the punishment of death to
twelve offenses ; all penalties are made
severe.
* * Can. Sault Ste. Marie founded by
Father Marquette at the entrance of
Lake Superior.
* * Maine again put under the govern-
ment of Massachusetts, upon applica-
tion of some of its people.
* * Mass. Daniel Gookin and others
granted a tract eight miles square, to be
called Worcester.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1669 * * Ga. Spaniards still work the
gold mines.
44 1669, July-1675, July 8.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1669 * * Mohawk and Mohegan "War.
1670 * * Panama. Morgan reduces the
castle of San Lorenzo at Chagres.
1671 Feb. 24. Panama is burned by
Morgan's buccaneers.
Sept. 7,8. Mass. Great training-days
in Boston ; 1,200 men in the field.
1672 May 28. Mass. First declara-
tion of war in the colonies ; Boston
declares war against the Dutch.
* * Del. A force of Marylanders invades
Lewiston.
* -* Pa. The Susquehannock tribe is an-
nihilated by the resistless league of the
Five Nations.
* * S. C. Spaniards from St. Augustine
endeavor to drive away the settlers in
Carolina, but are repulsed.
* * W. I. The English take Tobago from
the Dutch.
1673 Feb. 21. Mass. Medfield is
surprised by Indians, principally Nar-
ragansetts. Eighteen men, women, and
children are killed, and half the town
is burnt.
July * Can. Fort Frontenac is built.
Va.-N. J. "War between England
and Holland; the Dutch ravage the
Virginia coast, and subdue New Jersey.
Aug. 8. New York is taken by the
Dutch without a shot being fired ; they
rename it New Orange.
1674 Feb. 9. New York. According to
the terms of peace between England
and Holland, the Dutch governor An-
thony Colve is to surrender the city
to the British.
Oct. 31. New York. The Dutch forces
evacuate the city.
* * Mass. An Indian plot is formed
against the colonies ; a friendly Indian
missionary reveals it and is murdered.
* * W.I. The Dutch retake Tobago
from the English.
* * Me. A Boston ship captures Castine.
1675 June 24-78 Apr. 12. New Eng.
King Philip's "War. Causes : Indian
jealousy of the growth of the English set-
tlements, and the almost complete alien-
ation of hunting-grounds by treaties.
June 24. Mass. King Philip's "War be-
gins at Swanzey, in the Plymouth
colony, where eight or nine English are
slain. Nearly all of the Indians of New
England from Maine to Connecticut
combine against the foreign invaders.
June 28. Mass. Plymouth colonists at-
tack King Philip, routing the Indians.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1669 * * Can. Robert de la Salle leaves
Montreal and begins his explorations.
Louis Joliet explores the Great Lakes.
1670 * * Mass. Bees are introduced.
1673 June 17. Wis. Jacques Mar-
quette and Louis Joliet discover the
Mississippi River at its confluence with
the Wisconsin.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1670 Davenport, John, Puritan clergyman,
A73.
1672 Bradstreet, Anne, poetess, A60.
Chauncy, jCharles, Pres. of Harvard Col-
lege, A 80.
Mason, John, conqueror of the Pequots, A72.
1673 Puendo, Padre, the great preacher of
Peru, dies.
1674 Logan, James, statesman, author, b.
CHURCH.
1669 Aug. 24. R. I. Roger Williams
writes of some who deny punishment
for sin in a future life.
* * Can. A mission for the Iroquois is
begun opposite Montreal by French
Jesuits.
Advent of Claudius Dablon, Superior
of the western missions.
A new mission is started on the south
shore of the Falls of St. Marie, under
Dablon. Marquette enters the mission
until now occupied by Allouez, at La-
pointe, and there spends the winter
studying with an Illinois captive the
dialect of his tribe. Allouez proceeds to
Green Bay, where he founds the mission
of St. Francis Xavier, and spends the
wintei and spring in ministering to the
needs of the Sacs and Foxes, the Potta-
wattomies, and the Winnebagos.
* * Boston. Secession from the First
Church.
The advocates of the Half- Way Cove-
nant organize themselves as the Third
Church of Boston (Old South Church),
and an edifice of wood is first erected.
* * Wis. The western shores of Lake
Michigan are visited by the Jesuits.
1670 Mar. * Carolina. Locke's consti-
tution is modified to tolerate every re-
ligion, and yet make the Church of
England the State church.
* * Can. Father Andre" is in charge of
the Ottawa tribes on islands and shores
of Lake Huron, and Father Druillettes
enters the work at Sault St. Marie.
* * It. Clement X., pope.
* * Mass. The first Indian church,
with native pastor, is organized on
Martha's Vineyard ; 3,000 native Chris-
tians on the island.
* * -73 * * Mass. Eliot organizes seven
other "praying-towns" among the
Indians.
The first Manchage (Oxford); the second
Chabanakongkoum, of Dudley; the third,
Maanexit, was the northeast part of
Woodstock ; the fourth, Quantisset, the
southeast part of Woodstock ; the fifth,
Wabquissit, the southwest part of Wood-
stock ; the sixth, Pakachoog, partly in
Worcester and partly in Ward ; and the
seventh, Waeuntug, is now Uxbridge.
* * S. C. Presbyterian and Independ-
ents jointly settle in this Province.
1671 June 4. Mich. Saint Lasson
holds a grand conference with many
Indian tribes at St. Mary's.
* * Can. Father Henry Nbuvel enters
the mission work at the Falls of St.
Marie.
Marquette establishes the mission of
St. Ignatius among the Hurons at Michil-
imackinac.
Dablon is recalled to Quebec to be-
come Superior of all the Canada mis-
sions.
± * * Carolina. Quaker preachers are
the first to visit the colonists.
* * New York. The German Luther-
ans erect a church.
* * R. I. Secession from the Baptist
church forms a Seventh-day Baptist
church.
* * Va. The colonists report 48 parishes,
and the ministers well paid.
1672 * * Can. Many of the Ottawas
settle at Marquette mission.
Father Allouez preaches to the Illi-
nois, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Miamis,
and Weas Indians.
A little church is organized and chapel
built at Sault St. Marie.
Allouez and Dablon visit Catholic
missions in Wisconsin and Illinois.
* * N.C. A Society of Friends settles
in Pequinians county, and is visited by
William Edmundson, who establishes
a quarterly meeting.
* * George Fox visits the Quakers of
America in all the settlements along the
coast.
1673 June* Louis Joliet and Jacques
Marquette, Jesuit missionaries, with
five other Frenchmen, leave Green Bay
and explore the Mississippi and cer-
tain tributaries, traveling 2,500 miles.
* * New York. The Dutch deprive the
German Lutherans of their only
church edifice.
* * Peru. Padre Puendo, the great
preacher, dies.
1674 * * Can. Bishop Laval becomes
the first Roman Catholic bishop of
Quebec, his see extending from Maine
to Louisiana.
* * Mass. Eliot reports two churches
and 1,150 church members in his Indian
" praying-town."
1675 June 24. Mass. This day ob-
served by fasting and prayer, in antici-
pation of an Indian war.
LETTERS.
1669 * * The New England Memorial is
published by Nathaniel Morton.
1671* * Va. Gov. Berkeley opposes edu-
cation.
" There are no free schools nor print-
ing, and I hope we shall not have these
hundred years ; for learning has brought
disobedience and heresy and sects into
the world, and printing has divulged
them, and libels against the best govern-
ment. God keep us from both."
1672 * * Mass. Harvard College receives
a valuable library by the bequest of
Theophilus Gale.
1674 * * Boston. John Foster is author-
ized to set up a printing-press.
SOCIETY.
1670 Apr. 20. Va. The importation
of convicted felons is prohibited.
* * Mass. The selectmen are required to
post drunkards' names in public
houses and prohibit sales to them, or
their frequenting such places.
* * Md. Importation of convicted felons
prohibited.
AMERICA.
1669, July-1675, July 8. 45
* * New York. Merchants of Manhattan
meet every Friday at noon on the bridge
over the Broad Street canal for barter.
* * Va. It is enacted that " all servants
not being Christians, imported into this
country by shipping, shall be slaves."
Under Gov. Berkeley the council lays
burdensome taxes on the poorer peo-
ple, and exempts the holders of large
estates.
1671 * * Carolina. Governor Sir John
Yeamans introduces slavery, by bring-
ing nearly 200 negroes from Barbados to
this colony. (1672. Winsor.)
* * Md. Act passed encouraging the im-
portation of slaves.
* * * W. I. Great depredations by buc-
caneers.
1672 * * Va. It is made lawful for " per-
sons pursuing fugitive colored slaves
to wound or even kill them."
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1669 July 21. S.C. The absurd Fun-
damental Constitutions drawn up by
John Locke are nominally operative.
May * R. I. Benedict Arnold, governor.
* * Guiana. The Dutch hold the entire
territory.
* * If. C. The first legislative assem-
bly meets at Albemarle, and organizes
a remarkably liberal government ; Sam-
uel Stevens governor.
* I _70 * * New York. Cornelia Steen-
wyck the 4th mayor.
* * Virginia is dismembered by lavish
grants.
1670 Feb. ± * S.C. An English col-
ony, led by Joseph West and William
Sayle, is planted on the Ashley River.
May 2. Can. The Hudson Bay Com-
pany is chartered.
* * If. J. The colonists refuse to pay
the quit-rent for their land, having
already paid for the same twice to other
claimants. (See N. J. 1664.)
* * If. Y. Eight towns on Long Island
protest against paying a tax of 10 per
cent on all imports and exports, on the
sole authority of the governor and coun-
cil. Protest burned.
Oct. * If. Y. Annual assemblies are
demanded, and the government refuses
to yield them.
Va. The right of suffrage is lim-
ited to freeholders and householders,
and the majority of the people are dis-
franchised.
* * Maine, east of the Penobscot, sur-
rendered to France.
* * S. C. The colonists ignore Locke's
Grand Model, and show a fine capacity
to govern themselves.
The Model made strange provisions
for a state in the wilderness, " where a
few colonists lived on venison and
potatoes, and paid their debts with
tobacco ; " it provided for " dukes, earls,
and marquises ; knights, lords, and
squires ; baronial courts, heraldic cere-
mony, and every sort of feudal non-
sense." (Ridpath.) [It was nominally
the law of the colony for about 25 years.]
Foundation of (old) Charlestown laid
by English settlers on the Ashley River.
* * Treaty of Madrid, between England
and Spain, settles boundaries of their
respective possessions in America on the
basis of possession.
1671 * * Can. The region of Lakes Hu-
ron and Superior taken for France.
Courcelles establishes a trading-post
on Lake Ontario.
Aug. 28. S. C. Joseph West is ap-
pointed governor by the proprietors.
[Also 1674.] [Dec. 26. Sir John Yea-
mans succeeds him. A revised copy of
the Model arrives.]
* * If. C. The colonists refuse to pay
royal taxes in any form, and seize the
records of the province, imprison the
governor's secretary, and boldly defy
his authority.
* * Massachusetts is •• almost on the
brink of renouncing any depend-
ence upon the Crown."
* * Maryland has a population of 20,000
people.
Act passed encouraging the impor-
tation of slaves.
* * New York. Thomas Delavall the 5th
mayor.
* * S. C. Dutch emigrants from New
York and others from Holland arrive.
* * Va. Population 40,000, including 2,000
slaves.
1672 Apr. 19. S. C. The colony de-
mands a new government for itself ; all
previous parliamentary conventions are
dissolved.
May 14. N. J. The anti-rent colonists
meet in assembly at Elizabethtown, and
depose Philip Carteret, the governor.
May 31. Mass. Union of the colonies
of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Ply-
mouth.
* * Can. Count de Frontenac, having
been appointed governor, arrives at
Quebec.
* * Del. Maryland colonists attempt to
absorb Lewistown by force.
* * Eng. Third Navigation Law. Par-
liament imposes customs upon the col-
onies, to be collected by the revenue
officers of the Crown.
* * New York. Matthias Nicolls the 6th
mayor.
* * R. I. Nicholas Easton, governor.
1673 Feb. 25. "Virginia is given away
by Charles II.
Charles II. changes his former grant of
Virginia, and leases the entire State for
thirty-one years to a pair of ignoble
gentlemen, Lord Culpepper and the Earl
of Arlington.
Mar. 18. N. J. John Fenwick, in trust
for Edward Byllinge, buys Berkeley's in-
terest in New Jersey for £1,000.
* * Mass. Josiah Winslow is governor of
Plymouth ; John Leverett of Mass. Bay.
May * N. J. The authority of Captain
Berry, Philip Carteret's deputy, is ac-
knowledged.
Aug. 8. N. Y. The Dutch recapture
and rule New York, also New Jersey,
which they name Achter Kol ; the au-
thority of Holland is restored [for
three months] from the Connecticut to
Maryland.
New Amsterdam is called New Orange,
and Anthony Clove is made governor.
* * Eng. Parliament excludes New Eng-
land merchants from competing with
English merchants in the Southern plan-
tations ; free traffic abolished.
* * New York. John Lawrence the 7th
mayor.
* * O. French Settlers establish them-
selves in Western Ohio.
1674 Feb. 9. New York. New Am-
sterdam is surrendered to the English
in making peace between England and
Holland, by the Treaty of Westminster.
June 29. N. Y. The Duke of York's
patent enlarged.
July 28, 29. N. J. Sir George Car-
teret receives a confirmatory grant from
the Duke of York.
July 31. N. J. Philip Carteret returns.
Sept. 21. Va. Agents are appointed to
remonstrate with the King against the
grant to Culpepper, and the invasion of
popular liberties.
Oct. 30. N. Y. Sir Edmund Andros
assumes the government. [Misrule and
arbitrary government follow.]
Nov. 10. N. Y. New York is restored
to the English authorities.
* * Guiana. The New Dutch West India
Company is founded ; Guiana conveyed
to it by charter.
The French Colony passes under the
control of the Crown after a series of
. failures through incompetence and mis-
management.
* * R. I. William Coddington is ap-
pointed governor. [1678. Reappointed.]
* * N. C. Population about 4,000 ; com-
merce is impeded by duties which yield
the proprietors $12,000 from New Eng-
land trade alone. G. Cartwright, pres.
* * N. Y. Gov. Andros advises the pro-
prietor, the Duke of York, to grant the
clamorous people the right of electing a
legislature.
The Duke replies that popular assem-
blies are seditious and dangerous ; that
they only foster discontent, and disturb
the peace of government ; and finally
that he did not see any use for them.
Treaty at Albany with Indians.
* * Va. The common people, made desper-
ate by taxes, make the first movement
for reform ; it is easily suppressed.
1675 May 13. Can. Louis IV. grants
La Salle a manor at Fort Frontenac
(Kingston).
July 8. Va. Lord Culpepper is ap-
pointed governor of Virginia for life.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1670+ * * N. Y. Gov. Lovelace orders
May races at Hempstead, Long Island.
1672 Dec. 10. A monthly post is
established between New York and
Boston.
* * Mass. The business of whale-fishery
is commenced at Nantucket.
1675 Mar. 21. Boston. The castle at
the entrance of the harbor is accident-
ally destroyed by fire.
46 1675, July 9-1680, May 10.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1675 July 14. Mass. Mendon is at-
tacked by Indians ; several persons
killed.
July 15. Mass. The Narragansetts en-
ter into a treaty of peace with, the col-
onists.
± The N ipmuck Indians become allies
of Philip.
July* Va. Indians pillage a plantation
in revenging a fraud, and are beaten or
killed by the settlers. General hos-
tilities follow.
Conn. Andros, with armed sloops,
attempts to establish his authority as
far as the Connecticut River.
Aug. 2. Mass. Captain Hutchinson
and 20 men are sent to win back the
Nipmucks ; they are waylaid and slain
at Brookfleld.
Aug. 25. Mass. Deerfield is attacked
by 180 Indians ; the colonists lose eleven
men, and the Indians twenty-six.
Sept. 1. Mass. The greater part of Deer-
field is burnt by the Indians ; Hadley
is attacked, but successfully defended
by William Goffe.
Sept. 18. Mass. Battle with Indians at
Bloody Brook; 700+Jndians surround
80 men, killing nearly all of them. Cap-
tain Mosley, by hard fighting, drives
them away from Deerfield.
Sept. * -Oct. * New Eng. The United
Colonies assume the burden of the war,
and raise 2,000 troops.
Oct. 5. Mass. Springfield is attacked
by the Indians, and saved by reenforce-
nients.
Oct. 19. Mass. Philip, with seven or
eight hundred Indians, attacks Hat-
field, but is driven off.
■Dec * Mass. The colonists, fearing the
Narragansetts, prepare to attack them,
although they have not sided with Philip
during the war.
Dec. 19. R. I. The numerous and pow-
erful Wampanoags are defeated in a
decisive battle near Narragansett Bay.
The New England army consists of 13
companies of infantry (1,500) and one of
cavalry; Indians lose 1,000 killed and
captured, colonists from 200 to 400 ; [the
widespread vengeance of the Indians
rests upon all white men alike ; burn-
ings and blood-shedding abound].
* * Va. Six hostile Indian chiefs present
themselves to treat for peace, and are put
to death ; a war for vengeance follows.
1676 Feb. 10. Mass. Indians attack
Lancaster, and nearly destroy it.
Feb. 24. Indians surprise Deerfield ;
many people are killed, and 50 buildings
burnt. (Feb. 21, Holmes.)
Feb. 25. Mass. "Weymouth is as-
saulted by Indians ; houses and barns
are burnt.
Mar. 14. Mass. Indians attack North-
ampton, but are repulsed after six per-
sons are killed.
Mar. 26. Mass. Marlborough de-
stroyed by the Indians.
Mar. 28. Mass. Behoboth is partly
burnt by Indians. [Mar. 29. Providence.]
Mar. * Va. Three hundred persons have
been killed by Indians in the last twelve
months.
Apr. 18. Mass. Sudbury is attacked
by the Narragansett Indians ; several
houses and barns are burnt ; the pursu-
ers are ambushed and slain.
Apr. 20. Va. Bebellion begins ; 500
men in arms, with Bacon as leader,
against the Indians. (See State.)
May 8. Mass. Bridgewater is attacked
by Indians ; 17 buildings are burnt.
May 11. Mass. Plymouth is assault-
ed ; 11 houses and 5 barns are burnt.
May 19. Mass. A camp of Indians near
Turner Falls is surprised and destroyed
by a company of volunteers.
May 30. Mass. Hatfield is burnt by
Indians.
June 2. Mass. Great battle with the
Indians near Mount Hope.
June 12. Mass. About 700 Indians at-
tack Hadley, and are driven off.
June * Mass. The Nipmucks submit to
the colonists and abandon the war.
Va. Nathaniel Bacon subdues the
Indians without permission from the
jealous governor.
Civil war. Bacon leads a rebellion
against the outrages of Gov. Berkeley.
July+ * Va. Indians massacre the
whites, and are punished by volunteer
expeditions.
July 3. R. I. Indian battle near Nar-
ragansett.
Aug. 12. Mass. The King Philip's
war ends with the death of Philip.
One-tenth of the private dwellings are
burnt, 600 men have been slain in battle,
many women and children massacred,
and nearly every family is in mourning.
The Indian race is nearly swept out of
New England. [The tribes of Maine and
New Hampshire continue hostilities un-
til 1678.]
Sept. * Va. Jamestown, the only town
in the colony, is burnt by its own citi-
zens as an act of patriotism.
Sept. 6. Me. A Massachusetts force sur-
prises and subdues the Indians at
Cocheco.
Oct. 1. Va. Bacon dies, and the rebel-
lion ends.
* * Me. A Dutch frigate captures
Castine.
* * W. I. The French take Trinidad
from the English.
Dec. 21. Guiana. The French attack
Cayenne.
1677 Sept. 9. Conn. Hatfield is at-
tacked by Indians ; 20 persons are killed
or captured.
1678 Apr. 12. Mass. A treaty of peace
is made with the Indians.
* * &qn Domingo. A negro insurrec-
tion arises.
1679 * * Colombia. Buccaneers attack
Porto Bello.
1680 Jan. * III. La Salle builds Fort
Crevecoeur in the Illinois country.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1676 Jan. 26. Laying of the keel of the
Griffin, the first vessel in the western
waters, built by La Salle, 6 miles west of
Niagara Falls.
1679 * * French exploration of the Great
Lakes and the Mississippi.
May * Can. The Griffin is launched on
Lake Erie.
Aug. 7. La Salle sails in the Griffin from
Niagara on his remarkable tour of dis-
covery through three of the Great Lakes.
Nov.± * A great comet becomes visible.
1680 Feb. 10. The great comet dis-
appears.
[It terrorized New England, while it
enabled Newton to ascertain the para-
bolic form of the trajectory of comets.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1675 Marquette, Jacques, explorer of
Miss. River, A38.
Dudley, Paul, colonial jurist, born.
1676 Bacon, Nathaniel, patriot of Va.,
"rebel," A34.
Calvert, Cecil, 2d Lord Baltimore, dies.
Clarke, John, founder of Bap. ch., A67.
Winthrop, John, Gov. of Conn., A70.
Berkeley, Sir William, Gov. of Va., A67.
Gorton, Samuel, pioneer settler R. 1., A77. ?
1678 Coddington, William, founder of R. I.,
A77.
Conant, Roger, settler in Mass., A 86.
Leverett, Sir John, Gov. of Mass., A63.
Wheelright, John, Puritan clergyman, A85.
Wolcott, Roger, Gov. of Conn., born.
CHURCH.
1675 * * Can. The Recollects are ac-
tive, and Hennepin is among them.
* * Del. The first Quaker meetings
are held.
* * Mass. Indians are abused.
Fifteen Christian Indians, who had
rendered the colonists most faithful
service as scouts, and are living peace-
fully in their own towns, are taken and
with their hands bound behind them,
are fastened together by ropes round
their necks, marched down to Boston,
and thrown into prison. [Finally they
are expelled and remove to Deer's Island,
where hunger, exposure, and disease
reduce their number.]
1676* * Can. Rivalry between the
Jesuits and other orders.
* * It. Innocent XI., pope.
1677 * * Mass. Laws passed for the pun-
ishment of persons attending a Quaker
meeting.
1678 * * N. Y. First record of Protes-
tant Episcopal services in New York.
1679 * * Boston. Charles II. causes the
first Episcopal church to be built.
* * _80 * * Boston. The Congregational
" Reformed Synod " approves the Savoy
confession.
* * Hoi. Labadists send Danckers and
Sluyter to New York.
SOCIETY.
1675 * * Mass. The colonists are terri-
fied by an impending.Indian war.
Superstition adds its terrors ; some
have seen an Indian bow drawn across
the heavens ; others see a scalp on the
face of the eclipsed moon ; others see
phantom horsemen gallop through the
air, or hear the whistling of bullets, etc.
AMERICA.
1675, July 9-1680, May 10. 47
Oppression of the Indians during
King Philip's War.
"The governor and council issue an
order disbanding all Christian Indians,
expelling them from white towns, im-
prisoning them within five of their own
towns, and forbidding them to leave
these towns on penalty of death. [Later
a reward of $100 was offered for every
Christian Indian killed, if found more
than one mile from his town.] Prevent-
ed from hunting, not allowed to gather
their crops, forbidden to work or buy
food in white towns, they are reduced to
freat suffering, and starvation seems to
ace them ; and yet they uttered no com-
plaint, but continued steadfast in the
faith." (Cyc. of Missions.)
1676 June * Va. The new reform As-
sembly absolutely prohibits the sale
of wines and ardent spirits, if not at
Jamestown, yet elsewhere through the
whole country.
* * Md. The importation of convicted
felons is prohibited.
1677 * * N.J. Selling liquor to Indi-
ans is a finable offense ; penalty, $100,
and this is doubled at each subsequent
offense, with 20 stripes if the offender is
unable to pay.
1678 * * N. Y. West Indian or Guinea
slaves are valued at about $150 at Man-
hattan.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1675 July 9. N. Y. A force under
Gov. Andros sails to the Connecticut
to claim the territory westward for
the Duke of York.
July 11. Conn. The Puritans at Say-
brooke intimidate Andros, and he re-
turns. Connecticut protests against the
invasion.
* * Md. Sir Charles Calvert becomes
proprietor by the death of Cecil, his
father, on November 30.
Nov. 6. N. J. Carteret resumes the
government from which he had been
expelled in East Jersey.
John Fenwick plants a colony at Sa-
lem. Commissioners rule W. Jersey.
* * New York. William Darvall the 8th
mayor.
1676 Apr. * Va. Bacon's rebellion
distracts the colony. Civil war is brought
on by the corruption, tyranny, and in-
efficiency of Governor Berkeley.
Virginians are divided into an aris-
tocratic and a people's party. [The lat-
ter is suppressed after the death of
Bacon, its leader. The rebellion cost
the colony £100,000.]
The particular causes of the rebellion
chiefly lay in the low pries of tobacco
and wrongs committed in exchanging
goods for it, with a dislike for proprie-
taries unknown to the charter and bur-
densome taxes occasioned thereby ; the
burdening of trade by parliamentary
restraints also excited opposition.
Apr. 19. Eng. Charles II. orders that
a liberal charter be prepared for Vir-
ginia, in response to protests. [May 31.
Order reversed.]
May 29. Va. Berkeley proclaims Bacon
a traitor.
* * R.I. Walter Clarke, governor.
June 24. Va. Meeting of the New As-
sembly that enacts the "Bacon
Laws," a series of reform measures.
Bacon appointed commander-in-chief
against the Indians.
Julyl. N.J. By a " quintipartite deed,"
New Jersey is divided into East and
"West Jersey ; the former is granted to
George Carteret, the latter to the Quaker
assignees of Byllinge.
July 4. Va. Completion of the reform
legislation of the new assembly, and
momentary joy of the colony. (Date by
New Style.) It is the first revolution.
July* Boston. Arrival of Edward
Bandolph as king's messenger, to coL
left evidence against Massachusetts.
Aug. 3. Va. A popular convention
meets at Middle Plantations (Williams-
burg), and votes to sustain Bacon against
the Indians, and if possible prevent civil
war.
Oct. 1. Va. Bacon suddenly sickens and
dies.
Nov. ± * Va. Thomas Hanford, a pa-
triot, is condemned and hanged by
Berkeley. He is the first native Amer-
ican to perish on the gallows, a martyr
to the right of the people to govern
themselves.
* * Can. La Salle returns as proprietor
of a large tract near Fort Frontenac.
* * Eng. The king commands the royal
governors to strictly enforce the navi-
gation laws, as well as those imposing
duties (1672) on colonial trade.
* * New York. Nicholas de Meyer the
9th mayor.
* * Va. The patriotic citizens of James-
town burn their own houses and the
entire town to ashes, rather than have
it the capital of a tyrant.
1677 Jan. 20. Va. The vindictive gov-
ernor Berkeley hangs the patriot, "Wil-
liam Drummond, three hours after
his trial.
Jan 31. Va. Arrival of royal commis-
sioners to investigate the causes of the
rebellion. [Sir H. Jeffreys, governor.]
* * Va. Disastrous consequences fol-
low the rebellion.
Berkeley hangs 22 of the leading pa-
triots, and distresses the people with
fines and confiscations ; speaking or
writing against the government is made
punishable by fine or whipping, when
thrice repeated, with death ; arbitrary,
tyrannical government ensues.
Mar. 3. N. J. The fundamental laws of
West New Jersey perfected and pub-
lished (Concessions and Agreements) —
democratic equality conspicuous ; social
government is established.
May. * Maine is bought by Massachu-
setts for £1,250, after the dispute with
the heirs of Ferdinando Gorges is de-
cided against them. It becomes a part
of their colony.
Aug. 25. Va. Lord Culpepper ob-
tains the control of the government, as
proprietor and governor.
* * N. C. An English collector of cus-
toms provokes an insurrection in the
district of Pasquotank, which over-
turns the government ; it is practically
an independent state [for two years].
President Miller is imprisoned, and John
Culpepper elected to his place.
* * New Eng. A postal system is in-
augurated, which substitutes the custom
of leaving letters at the Town House, to
be forwarded at the pleasure of persons
who visit that place.
* * N. H. The king secures a decision
from the judges that the revived Mason
claims had always been worthless.
* * Md. Thomas Notley, governor. (11. 1.
Benedict Arnold.) [1678. John Crans-
ton. Pa. . Sir Henry Chicheley.]
* * New York. S. van Cortlandt the 10th
mayor.
1678 Apr. 12. Mass. Governor Wins-
low makes peace with the Indians,
each English family to pay them a peck
of corn, annually, as quit-rent.
May 12. La Salle receives a grant for
the construction of forts, taking lands,
and holding a monopoly of trade in
the West.
June 10. Boston. Arrival of Edward
Bandolph, collector and surveyor of
customs, with specific instruction to en-
force the Navigation Act. The people
treat him as an enemy invading their
rights.
Oct. 10. N. Y. Governor Andros de-
mands that the ships of New Jersey
should pay tribute to New York.
* * N.J. Many Quakers arrive.
* * New York. Thomas Delavall the 11th
mayor. The city contains 343 houses.
1679 July 24. N. H. By a decree of
Charles II., New Hampshire is sepa-
rated from Massachusetts, and organ-
ized as a royal province, and Edward
Cranfield is its first governor.
* * N. C. Governor Miller escapes from
prison, goes to England, and seeks re-
dress. (N.J. Sam. Jennings, dep.gov.)
* * Mass. The British government as-
sails Massachusetts.
The General Court opposes the
king. (Simon Bradstreet, governor.)
It votes " that the acts of navigation
are an invasion of the rights and privi-
leges of the subjects of his majesty in
this colony, they not being represented
in Parliament."
* * New York. Francis Rombouts the
12th mayor.
1680 Mar. 16. N. H. The first Pro-
vincial Assembly convened at Ports-
mouth ; John Cutts the royal governor.
Apr. 30. JV. J. Gov. Philip Carteret
is arrested for interference with the
authority of the governor of the prov-
ince of New York, Sir Edmund Andros,
and is taken to New York City.
May 10. Va. Lord Culpepper arrives
and assumes the office of governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1676 Nov.* Boston. Forty-six dwell-
ings, a church, and other buildings are
burned.
1679 * * Boston. A great fire occurs ;
80 dwellings and 70 warehouses are
burned. Estimated loss £200,000.
48 1680, June-1685.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1680 * * Panama. Morgan's buccaneers
cross the isthmus, and take the city of
Santa Maria from the Spaniards.
1681 * * III. Fort St. Louis, on the Illi-
nois River, is founded by La Salle.
1682 f * * The Carolina colonists main-
tain war with the savages for a year, not
so much to punish as to capture them,
in order to sell them as slaves in the
West Indies.
* * Can. The French attack the Hudson
Bay Company's posts. »
1684 * * A long war begins between the
Five Nations and the French, chiefly on
the upper lakes.
The French Jesuits repeatedly fail to
persuade the Five Nations to break their
peace with the Dutch and English.
The French erect a fort at the Falls of
Niagara. Under De la Barre they in-
vade the country of the Iroquois, but the
mighty Mohawks and the brave Oneidas
drive them back with much slaughter.
1685 * * Nicaragua. Leon is sacked by
William Dampier.
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1680 * * Hennepin, a French priest,
with La Salle, discovers the Mississippi
River and the " Falls of Saint Anthony
of Padua."
1681 Feb. 6. La Salle is on the Mis-
sissippi.
Mar. 14. La Salle is near the Arkansas
River.
Aug. 17. First appearance of a comet
having a tail 15° long. [It, continues in
the view of New Englanders for several
weeks.]
1682 Apr. 9. La Salle reaches the
Mississippi River, and sets up a cross
and the arms of France, having de-
scended from the confluence of the Illi-
nois River to the Gulf of Mexico ; he
calls the great valley Louisiana. [One
of the most remarkable exploits in the
history of the country.]
1683 Nov. * Can. La Salle returns
from his explorations.
1685 Oct. 31. La Salle, with four
armed French vessels, leaves the Lavaca
River on the Gulf coast to find the Mis-
sissippi, without success.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1680 Bienville, de, Jean Baptiste Z,.,
Sieur, born.
Boylston, Zabdiel, physician, born.
1 682 Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier, de,
Jesuit, born.
Stuyvesant, Peter, Gov. of K. Y., A80.
1683 "Williams, Roger, founder in R. I.,
A84.
1685 Morton, Nathaniel, historian in New
Eng., A73.
CHURCH.
1680 * * Can. Father Hennepin is cap-
tured by the Sioux, and attempts mission
work among them, but without success.
* *The Society of Friends (Quakers)
begins to spread rapidly in America. „
* * N.J. Presbyterian church organ-
ized in Woodbridge and Fairfield.
* * S. C. The first Episcopal clergyman
is Rev. Atkin Williamson.
* * Boston. A Baptist church edifice
erected.
* * Va. Four of Cromwell's soldiers are
hanged by a mob for religious opinions
" as a warning to the remainder."
1681 June 28. N.J. First General
Yearly Meeting of the Quakers at
Burlington.
1682 Sept. 25. Me. The first Baptist
church in Maine organized at Kittery.
[Bitter opposition from the ".Standing
Order " follows.]
* * Boston. The quarrel between* the
First and Third churches ends.
* *-90* * N. J. Persecuted Quakers
and Presbyterians arrive in great
numbers.
Many Scotch Presbyterians arrive.
* * S.C. The first Baptist church is
formed in this colony at Charleston.
The Episcopal church is also estab-
lished there.
1683 Oct.* N. Y. The first General
Assembly of the royal province enacts
that no person should be in any wise dis-
tressed or persecuted who accepts the
general doctrines of religion.
* * Can. Mission of St. Francis de Sales
established at the Falls of the Chaudiere;
their work spreads into Maine.
* * Mich. French priests plant the cross
and the flag of France in the wilderness
in the present site of Detroit.
* * Boston. John Emblem of England
becomes pastor of the Baptist church.
* * Md. A Presbyterian church at
Rehoboth formed.
Francis Makemie, a Presbyterian,
sent out from Ireland, arrives. [A
new era in Presbyterianism follows.]
* * N. J. Many Covenanter Presby- Nov. * N. J. The West Jersey Assem-
* * N. Y. A Huguenot Presbyterian
church formed on Staten Island.
* *New Jersey becomes the refuge of
persecuted Scotch Presbyterians.
* * S. C. First Baptist church organ-
ized near Cooper River.
* * Va. Dr. James Blair is sent as the
commissary of the Bishop of London.
[The American Protestant Episco-
pal church is without a bishop 100 years.]
LETTERS.
1680 Oct. * Mass. The Court grants
the ferry between Boston and Charles-
town to Harvard College.
* * Mass. A new edition of Eliot's Bible
published.
1684 * * Va. The first printing - press
south of Boston is set up, and soon sup-
pressed by the governor.
1685 ** -1701 ** Mass. Increase
Mather is president of Harvard College.
* * Phila. "William Bradford sets up
the first printing-press in the colony,
and issues an almanac.
SOCIETY.
1680+ * * Carolina. Two opposing par-
ties contend, the Cavaliers and " Ill-
livers," having morals fashioned after
those of the profligate court of Charles,
and the Presbyterians, Quakers, and
Huguenots.
1681 Mar. 5. Pa. William Penn pro-
poses a commonwealth founded on free-
dom, without respect to color, race, or
religion, to subdue the savages by the
weapons of love and justice, and to es-
tablish a refuge for persecuted Quakers.
* * Pa. Penn writes the Swedes who have
already settled in Pennsylvania to be
of good cheer, keep their homes, make
their own laws, and fear no oppression.
terians arrive in East Jersey, whither
they flee from the persecutions in Scot-
land on the reestablishment of Episco-
pacy.
* * N. Y. A Huguenot Presbyterian
church established.
* * New York. A Catholic, Thomas Don-
gan, appointed governor of New York by
the Catholic Duke of York.
Jesuit Fathers arrive, and com-
mence the services of the Catholic
church.
* * Pa. Mennonites arrive at German-
town.
1684 July * Mass. Joseph Gatchell of
Marblehead is brought before the Gen-
eral Court for discoursing " that all men
should be saved."
* * Md. Francis Makemie organizes
the Presbyterian church at Snow Hill.
1685 * * Fr. Blind and bigoted Louis
XIV. of France, hoping to make Catholi-
cism universal, revokes the edict of
Nantes, which protected Protestants
in their worship ; he thus exiles 500,000
of the best people of France [many of
whom settle in America, chiefly in
(South) Carolina, during the following
years].
bly prohibits the sale of ardent spir-
its to red men, and permits criminals,
other than murderers, to be pardoned by
the persons injured.
* * Va. Six Susquehannock chieftains
sue for peace, and are foully murdered.
[This shameful atrocity leads to war.]
1682 * * Va. It is enacted that the con-
version of servants to the Christian faith
does not make them free.
1683** Pa. To prevent lawsuits, three
peacemakers are appointed for each
county.
1685 * * Pa. The yearly Meeting of
Friends, for Pennsylvania and New Jer-
sey, declares against intemperance.
" This meeting doth unanimously agree
and give as their judgment that it is not
consistent with the honor of truth, for
any that make profession thereof, to sell
rum or any strong liquors to the Indians,
because they use them not to modera-
tion, but to excess and drunkenness."
* * Va. Many persons implicated in the
Monmouth rebellion, in England, are
sent to this colony^ by Jeffries, as ser-
vants for a term of years.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1680 June * Va. A royal revenue
from a perpetual export duty on to-
AMERICA.
1680, June-1685. 49
bacco is voted by the Assembly ; and
thus the only check on the administra-
tion is dissolved.
Aug. * N. J. The Duke of York relin-
quishes every claim to the territory of
New Jersey.
* * III. La Salle is among the Illinois
Indians.
* * Maine organized as a province of
Massachusetts by the governor and Gen-
eral Court.
* * K. C. John Harvey, president. [John
Jenkins.] R. I. Peleg Sandford.
* * New Mex. Revolts begin.
* * -81 * * New York. William Dyer the
13th mayor.
* * S. C. The colony on the Ashley River
at (old) Charleston, move to [the present
site of] Charleston, and make it the
seat of government.
1681 * * Mass. T. Hinckley, governor of
Plymouth. (N. C. Henry Wilkinson.)
Mar. 4. Pennsylvania is granted to
William Perm (41° and 43° N.), who be-
comes the proprietor of a great state at
the cost of £16,000 sterling.
Mar. * N. J. The Duke of York confirms
Penn's purchase in New Jersey.
Mar. 14. Ark. La Salle, near the Ar-
kansas River, takes possession of the
country for France.
June 27 ±. Md. Lord Baltimore, by proc-
lamation, arbitrarily annuls the liberal
-elective franchise, and limits it to
freeholders possessing 50 acres, or free-
men having a visible estate of 40 pounds,
and making no distinction respecting
color.
July 11. Eng. Penn agrees to the
" Conditions and Concessions."
Three immigrant vessels are sent out
for Pennsylvania.
Nov. * N. J. The first General Sessions
of the province of West Jersey meets
at the call of Jennings, the deputy-gov-
ernor.
* * Md. The opposition to Lord Balti-
more as a feudal sovereign and a Catho-
lic increases. [In England he is accused
of favoring papists.]
* * Pa. The first colony arrives, and
settles above the confluence of the
Schuylkill and the Delaware.
1682 Feb. 1,2. N. J. William Penn
and eleven other Quakers buy the re-
mainder of New Jersey from the heirs
of Carteret.
Feb. * Mass. The General Court ap-
points Joseph Dudley and John Rich-
ards as its agents in defending its
charter before the king.
Mar. * N. Y. An attempt to levy cus-
toms without a colonial assembly is de-
feated by the grand jury, and trade
becomes free.
Apr. 9. La Salle, having descended the
St. Joseph, the Illinois, and the Missis-
sippi Rivers to the sea, takes possession
of the great valley for Louis XTV.,
and calls it Louisiana.
Apr. 25. Penn, by proclamation, pro-
poses that the colonists make their
own laws, and pledges not to interfere,
or leave it in the power of his successors
to do so, " that the will of no one man
may hinder the good of a whole coun-
try."
July 10. Phila. [Walnut Street] sur-
veyed by David Hammon.
Aug. 24. Del. The Duke of York
grants the territories beyond the
Delaware (Newcastle) to Penn.
Oct. 27. Pa. Penn.with 100 immigrants,
first lands at Newcastle. Within one
year 80 houses and cottages are built.
Dec. 4+. Pa. Penn holds a general con-
vention of colonists at Chester to or-
ganize the territory.
* * Can. Prontenac recalled to France.
* * III. First English settlement made
near the Mississippi River (near Alton).
* * N. H. The people revolt against
arbitrary government, and the governor
abandons the colony.
* * N.J. Perth Amboy founded.
Newark has about 100 families. Set-
tlements commenced on the Jersey shore
of the Delaware by 360 emigrants.
The Friends, having control of both
East and West Jersey, elect Kobert
Barclay, a Scotch Quaker, governor of
the province for life.
* *_87* * N. J. Period of Scotch emi-
gration, pressed by persecution.
* *-83* * New York. Cornells Steen-
wyck the 14th mayor.
* * Pa. Welsh immigrants arrive.
* * S. C. Jos. Morton is governor.
1683 Jan. * Pa. Penn buys out the
possessions of the Swedes near the
Schuylkill.
Feb. * Pa. Penn completes the laying
out of the city of Philadelphia by
blazing the trees.
Mar. 12. Phila. The first Assembly
is held. [Apr. 2. New charter given.]
* * Conn. R. Treat, gov. [N. J. Gawen
Lawrie. R. I. Wni. Coddington, Jr.]
May 23. Va. Appeals to the king, un-
der the value of one hundred pounds
sterling, prohibited.
June 23. Pa. Penn enters a treaty of
peace and friendship with the Indians
under an elm-tree at Shackamoxon
(Kensington). " The only treaty never
sworn to, and never broken." (Voltaire.)
July 26. Mass. A writ of quo war-
ranto issued against the charter by the
Crown.
The king will regulate the charter for
his service and their good, if submission
is made before prosecution. The colony
sends a letter of attorney to an agent in
England to act in their behalf.
Aug. 28. N. Y. Thomas Dongan ar-
rives, and succeeds Andros as governor.
Aug. * Va. Lord Howard of Effing-
ham is appointed governor.
Oct. 17. N. Y. First session of the
Assembly.
Representatives of the freeholders first
meet in an assembly of two houses, under
Dongan, the Roman Catholic governor.
[Oct. 30. It passes the Charter of Liber-
ties, enlarging rights, with toleration
for all Christians.]
Nov. 23. jy. Y. Partition line agreed
to between New York and Connecticut.
* * N. C. Seth Sothel is sent out as gov-
ernor ; he oppresses the people and de-
frauds the proprietors.
* * S. C. A company of dissenters
leaves England and settles in Charleston.
An Irish company settles in the same
province, on the Ashley River. The best
blood of Europe, English, Irish, Scotch,
and French, combines in these settle-
ments.
* * Pa. Germantown settled by about
20 families of Germans, chiefly Mennon-
ites.
* * Port. Peter H. enthroned.
* * Va. Arlington surrenders his interest
in Virginia to Culpepper.
* * * Va. Poverty, misgovernment,
and general distress prevail.
1684 June 21. Mass. On a suit of
scire facias, the English Court of Chan-
cery gives judgment against the colony,
declares its charter is forfeited, and
its liberties seized by the king.
July 25. Virginia becomes a royal
province. Lord Howard, governor.
Charles II. revokes the grant of Vir-
ginia to Lord Culpepper on the ground of
his dishonesty, frauds, and many vices.
Aug. 2. N. Y. The agent of Massachu-
setts, the governors of New York and
Virginia, and the sachems of the Iro-
quois Indians meet at Albany, and set-
tle on the terms of a lasting peace.
Aug.* Pa. Penn sails for England,
and appoints Thomas Lloyd president
in his absence ; five commissioners are
chosen to assist him.
Aug. * La. La Salle is sent from France
to settle a colony at the mouth of the
Mississippi ; [the entrance is missed, and
St. Louis is settled and abandoned.]
* * -88 * * Mass. The darkest period
in the history of this colony. The
mother country exasperates the colo-
nists by tyrannical government. Jos.
Dudley, president Massachusetts Bay.
* * New York. Gabriel Minvielle the 15th
mayor.
* * Philadelphia has about 2,000 inhab-
itants.
* * S.C. Lord Cardross, with ten families
of persecuted Presbyterians, arrives at
Port Royal. [Expelled by Spaniards.]
Rich. Kirk [Robert Quarry], governors.
* * N.J. Thos. Olive, gov. (West Jersey).
1685 Feb. 6. Eng. The Duke of York
enthroned as James II.
Apr. 20. Boston. James II. proclaimed.
July 2. Boston. A copy of the judgment
of the Court of Chancery received, and
the charter expires.
July * Tex. La Salle, with four French
ships, lands a colony on the coast ; the
country becomes a part of Louisiana.
Oct. 22. Fr. The edict of Nantes is
revoked, and emigration to America
quickened.
* * [U. S.] Governors appointed:
* * N.J. John Skeine (W. Jersey).
* * R. I. Henry Bull.
* * S. C. Joseph Norton,
50 1685-1691, June.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1686 * * N. Y. The French attack the
Senecas.
* * S. C. The Scotch colonists at Port
Royal are driven away by Spaniards,
who lay waste their plantation.
1687 June 13. Can. Denonville leaves
Montreal to attack the Senecas.
* * N. Y. The invading French under
Denonville are again driven back by
the Mohawks and Oneidas.
1688 June 17. Guiana. Mutiny of
soldiers in Dutch Guiana; the Gov-
ernor is killed.
* * Me. Fort Andros is built.
1689 * * -97 * * King William's "War
with the French, — a part of the gen-
eral war against Louis XIV.
June 25. France declares war against
England.
June 27. N. H. Indians are allies of
the French, and they surprise Dover;
23 persons are killed and 29 captured ;
the houses are burned, and the place
left desolate.
Aug. 4, 5. Can. The Iroquois attack
Lachine.
Aug. 25. Can. The Isle of Montreal is
surprised by 1,500 Iroquois, and its 200
inhabitants are massacred.
The war-like Iroquois spread terror
throughout Canada as far as Quebec,
until peace is finally made.
* * Can. Frontenac decides to make a
triple descent upon the English colonies.
* * -90 * * JV. H. Indians commit many
depredations.
1690 Feb. 8. N. Y. Surprise and mas-
sacre of the English at Schenectady
by 300 French and Indians ; 60 persons
are killed, 30 captives taken, and the
village is burned.
Mar. 27. N. H. The Indians surprise
and destroy Salmon Falls on the Pis-
cataqua River.
Apr. * Can. The English under Sir Wil-
liam Phips seize Port Royal (Annapo-
lis).
May 17. Me. The French and Indians
take and destroy Casco.
Aug. * N. Y. The land-attack on Can-
ada fails, through the division and
mutual criminations of Leisler and
Winthrop, after reaching Lake Cham-
plain.
Oct. 16. Can. A Massachusetts fleet of
32 vessels, under the incompetent Phips,
arrives before Quebec.
Oct. 21. Can. The invaders reembark
for Boston without making an attack.
Oct. * Can. Wreck of a part of the re-
turning New England fleet.
Nov. * The exhausted and debt-burdened
colonies content themselves with the
defense of their frontiers against the
French.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1686 Apr. 26. La Salle again starts to
ascend the Mississippi to Canada.
1687 Jan. 12. Tex. La Salle and 16
companions set out to walk from the
Texas coast to Canada. [He is assassi-
nated by one of his men.]
* * Peru. Terrible earthquake at Lima.
City of Callao also destroyed by an
earthquake followed by a tidal wave.
1690 * * Phila. Wm. Bradford estab-
lishes the first paper-mill in America
at Germantown.
* * S. C. Rice is first planted, the seed
being given by the captain of a vessel.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1686 Alden, John, Pilgrim settler, A88.
1687 La Salle, de, Kobert, Cavalier, ex-
plorer, A44.
Prince, Thomas, clergyman, born.
1688 Dickinson, Jonathan, clergyman, born.
Mayhew, John, missionary to Indians, dies.
Vincennes, Jean de, founder, horn.
1690 Allouez, Claude Jean, Jesuit Miss., A70.
Barclay, Robert, Scottish writer, A52.
Belssel, Johann Conrad, Ger.-Am. mystic, b.
Eliot, John, Apostle to the Indians, A86.
1681 Leisler, Jacob,usurper in N. Y., hanged.
CHURCH.
1686 * * Boston. Andros, the President
of New England, forcibly seizes the Old
South Church for Episcopal service.
* * New Eng. The Episcopal clergy-
man is the only person in all New Eng-
land who is authorized to unite persons
in marriage.
* * Mass. Episcopacy is fully intro-
duced by Governor Andros, and the
people required to furnish funds to build
a church for its service. A tax of the
same amount is levied upon each person,
poor or rich. Some towns refuse to pay it.
Huguenots arrive.
* * S.C. A Huguenot Presbyterian
church formed in Charleston.
1687 Mar. 27. Boston. The Old South
Meeting-house opened on Good Fri-
day, by Andros, for Episcopal service.
* * Boston. A Huguenot Presbyterian
church formed in Boston.
1688* * Boston. Governor Andros causes
the erection of King's Chapel.
Worship after the form of the Protes-
tant Episcopal Church becomes regular
and permanent among the Puritans.
* * Me. Mission work among the Abnaki
Indians is renewed by the Jesuits.
1689 * * It. Alexander VIII., pope.
* * N. J. A Baptist church is organized
at Piscataqua called "Anabaptist Town."
* * Pa. Presbyterians begin to arrive
from Scotland and the north of Ireland.
A Presbyterian church formed in Phil-
adelphia.
1690 May 20. Mass. John Eliot,
nearly 60 years a pastor and missionary
to the Indians, dies, aged 86.
* * hid. French priests establish a mis-
sion on the Wabash River at Vincennes
(Indiana).
* * Md. A Presbyterian organization is
formed in Upper Marlborough.
LETTERS.
1688 * * N. Y. Printing - presses are
forbidden in the province by royal
authority.
1690 Sept. 25. Boston.. The first
newspaper, called Public Occurrences,
issued ; the government suppresses it
after the first issue.
SOCIETY.
1691 May 16. N.Y. Governor Slough-
ter is made drunk by Royalists, who
thereby secure his signature to the death
warrants of the patriots Leisler and Mil-
borne.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1685* * Brazil. Insurrection at
Maranham.
* * Can. Denonville becomes governor.
* * -87 * * James II. makes strenuous
efforts to take away all the New Eng-
land charters.
He consolidates all the American colo-
nies from Maine to the Delaware, with
Sir Edmund Andros as temporary royal
governor.
* * N. Y. The Duchy of New York be-
comes a royal province.
* * New York. Nicholas Bayard the 16th
mayor.
* * S. C. Great numbers of persecuted
Huguenots arrive.
A collector of customs for the Crown
is established at Charleston.
* * Va. Despotism attempted by James
II. and resisted by the colonists.
* * * Rivalry between France and Great
Britain in America.
1686 April 27. N. Y. Governor Don-
gan grants a charter to the city of New
York. [It remains the basis of its muni-
cipal rights for 200 years.]
May 14. Mass. Joseph Dudley, a late
convert to kingly prerogative, is ap-
pointed the royal president of Massa-
chusetts by James II. [He is regarded
as the betrayer of his country's liberties.]
May 25. Mass. The charter govern-
ment is displaced.
July 22. N. Y. City of Albany incor-
porated.
Nov. 16. Eng. Treaty of neutrality
between England and France, for Amer-
ica.
Nov. * S. C. James CoUeton becomes
governor.
He foolishly attempts to establish
Philosopher Locke's absurd constitu-
tion, hence the colony rebels.
Dec. 19. New Eng. Sir Edmund An-
dros, vicegerent of New England and
the first royal governor, arrives at Bos-
ton ; two companies of soldiers are sent
to support his authority.
Connecticut and [S.] Carolina have
writs quo warranto issued against
them.
* * Eng. James II. resolves to reduce
aU colonies to a direct dependence on
the Crown.
* * Mass. Arrival of Huguenots.
* * N.J. Lord Neill Campbell is gover-
nor (E. Jersey), (ft. /. W. Clarke.)
* * N. Y. James II. abolishes the rep-
resentative assembly, and resumes ar-
bitrary and oppressive government.
AMERICA.
1685-1691, June. 51
* * -87 * * New York. S. van Cortlandt
the 17th mayor.
1687 * * Conn. — R. 1. Charters are re-
scinded in England.
Jan. 12. R. I. Andros dissolves the gov-
ernment, and breaks the seal.
Five citizens are appointed members
of his council, and a commission substi-
tutes representative government.
Oct. 31. Conn. Gov. Andros visits
Hartford to establish his authority.
He enters the Assembly, writes FINIS
at the bottom of the record, and demands
the immediate surrender of their liberal
charter ; Governor Treat pleads and ar-
gues till darkness falls, when Joseph
Wadsworth secretly takes the charter
away and hides it in' the famous oak, and
so saves the liberties of Connecticut.
Andros assumes the government.
* * Can. French diplomacy aims to per-
vade the West, and concerts an alliance
with all Indians to the Mississippi.
About 11,000 persons in New France,
one-twentieth of the population in the
English settlements.
* * Md. A writ quo warranto issued
against Maryland.
* * N. C. Gov. Colleton attempts to collect
quit-rents on cultivated fields and wild
lands, and arouses insubordination;
the secretary of the province is impris-
oned, the records seized, and the gov-
ernor and his patrons defied.
* * N.J. Daniel Coxe receives Byllynge's
interest in West Jersey. Coxe becomes
governor ; Andrew Hamilton is gover-
nor of East Jersey.
* * N. Y. Gov. Dongan is ordered, from
England, to protect the Five Nations
from the French.
1688* * New Eng. Continued tyr-
anny of Andros ; the colonists send an
agent to England to present their griev-
ances to the king.
* * New York is made a dependency of
New England by annexation to the vice-
royalty of Andros, its governor-general.
Apr. * N. J. Proprietors of East New
Jersey submit to Andros, the royal
usurper of authority.
July * New Eng. The seaboard from
the St. Croix to Maryland is under one
dominion, having Boston for its capital.
Aug. 11. Andros is made governor-gen-
eral of British America.
Oct. * N. J. The proprietors of West
New Jersey vote to surrender their
government to New England.
Nov. 5. Eng. "William of Orange
lands in Devonshire.
Dec. 11. Eng. James II. flees for France.
* * N. Y. Francis Nicholson appointed
lieutenant-governor. (Pa. John Black-
well, deputy. Va. Nathaniel Bacon.)
± * * Carolina. Many Huguenots, flee-
ing from the persecutions of Louis XIV.,
join this colony.
* * N.C. An insurrection against Seth
Sothel; the infamous governor is over-
thrown, disfranchised, and banished by
the colonists.
1689 Jan. 4. Eng. Col. Henry
Sloughter appointed governor of N. Y.
Feb. 13. Eng. William and Mary en-
throned.
Mar. 14. Mass. The king concedes the
recall of Governor Andros.
Apr. 4. Boston. The Revolution in
England known.
A messenger announces the invasion
of England by William III., and is
thrown into prison.
Apr. 18. Boston. Tidings received of
the accession of William and Mary,
the royal government is overthrown [and
the despotic Andros is sent to prison].
Apr. 20. Boston. The general court
again assembles, and Simon Bradstreet
is restored to power.
Apr. * Md. An armed force, led by John
Coode, is organized against the adher-
ents of Baltimore, in the interest of
William III.
Apr. * New York. A tumult of gladness
over the Revolution in England takes
place.
May 1. Rhode Island resumes its char-
ter privileges which Andros annulled.
May 9. Conn. James II. being dethroned
and Andros deposed, the old govern-
ment, under Treat, is resumed by the
colonists, under the charter so saga-
ciously preserved in the oak-tree.
May 26. Mass. News of the accession
of William and Mary received with
great joy.
May * N. Y. Bitter feud between fac-
tions in New York, each seeking to con-
trol the colony for or against William
and Mary.
June* -92 Aug.* N.J. Owing to many
conflicting claims of authority, there is
no recognized government ; the peo-
ple are vexed by a superfluity of rulers.
June 1. New York. The military com-
panies persuade Jacob Leisler, their
senior captain, to possess the fort and
assume the temporary government
for William HI.
June 5. Mass. The House of Repre-
sentatives meets, and refuses to act till
the old charter officers of 1686 assume
their power as of right.
June 8. N. Y. A committee of safety
of ten is appointed, and they attempt
to reorganize the government on liberal
principles.
Aug. 1. Md. John Coode, at the head
of "the Association in arms for the de-
fense of the Protestant religion," usurps
the government, forces the adherents
of Baltimore to capitulate, and consent
to exclude Catholics from office.
Aug. * N. Y. Lieut.-Gov. Nicholson
goes to Albany to escape the hostile peo-
ple, and denounces Leisler as a rebel.
Sept. * N. Y. Commissioners from New
England hold a conference with the
Mohawks at Albany.
Dec* N. Y. A royal letter received, com-
missioning Nicholson as governor.
* * N. C. Gov. Philip Ludwell conducts
an excellent administration [continuing
six years].
Huguenots arrive.
* * N. Y. New Rochelle is settled by
Huguenots.
* * -90 * * New York. Peter de la Noy,
the 18th mayor.
* * S. C. Governor Ludwell comes to
South Carolina, and attempts to en-
force the absurd constitution of
Locke, and confusion, approaching an-
archy, prevails.
Gov. Colleton pretends to fear danger
from Indians or Spaniards, and pro-
claims martial law, but can find no
force to execute it.
* * Conn. Robt. Treat, gov. (Mass. Thos.
Hinckley, Plymouth; Thos. Danforth,
acting governor Mass. Bay Colony.)
1690 Mayl. New York. First Amer-
ican Congress. A conference of colo-
nial governors, respecting the safety of
the colonies, is held.
They decide to attempt the conquest
of Canada, by a force descending Lake
Champlain, and another sailing from
Boston for Quebec.
Mar. 12. N. H. On the downfall of Gov.
Andros, the Assembly reannex the
province to Massachusetts.
* * Car. — Va. Many French Protestant
refugees migrate to America, and settle
chiefly in Carolina and Virginia.
* * Massachusetts issues paper money to
meet her war debt.
* * N. Y. Jacob Leisler is recognized
throughout the province as temporary
governor.
* * N.C. Governor Ludwell leaves the
colony, despairing of its government.
* * S.C. Gov. Colleton is impeached by
the colonists for arbitrary government
and banished.
Seth Sothel, the candidate of the
popular party, becomes their vexatious
governor [for two years].
+ * * Germany. The ravages of war in
their native land drive many Germans
to America; Germantown, near Phila-
delphia, is settled by them.
* * R. I. Henry Bull, governor. Later,
John Easton.
1691 Mar. 19. New York. The new
governor, Col. Sloughter, arrives from
England.
Captain Jacob Leisler resigns his
trust, and is immediately arrested on
the charge of treason.
Apr. 1. Pa. Delaware secedes from
Pennsylvania. Penn reluctantly con-
sents to the desire of the " lower coun-
ties" (Del.) to govern themselves. [They
are two years under Markham.]
May 16. New York. Leisler and Mil-
borne, his son-in-law, are hanged for
treason, by the authority of a drunkard,
Governor Sloughter. The act considered
judicial murder.
June 1. Md. King William revolution-
izes the government, and takes It as a
royal province ; Sir Lionel Copley is
sent out as governor.
[He establishes the Church of England,
and taxes the Catholics to maintain it.
He finally disfranchises the Catholics,
who established the colony.]
52 1691, Aug.-1697, Mar.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1691 * * Can. Major Schuyler makes a
raid on the French settlements on the
Sorel.
1692 * * -94 * * Me. Indian depreda-
tions occur.
Jan. 25. Me. The town of York is
surprised and nearly destroyed by the
French and Indians; about 75 people
are massacred, and as many taken into
captivity.
Feb. * Can. The French send a force
against the Mohawks.
Frontenac sends 300 French with In-
dians against the hunting parties of
Senecas in Upper Canada, and under-
takes to subdue the Five Nations.
Oct. 26. Conn. Gov. Fletcher is com-
missioned to take command of the mi-
litia of Connecticut ; but the Puritans
of Hartford successfully resist him, and
he returns to New York.
Nov. 26. Can. Port Royal (Annapolis)
surrenders to a French ship.
* * N. Y. Major Schuyler, of Albany,
makes great efforts to pacify the terri-
fied settlers, and protect them from the
Indians.
* * Me. Sir William Phips, the governor,
erects Fort William Henry at Pemaquid.
* * -1700 * * Mexico is reconquered
by Diego de Vergas.
* * Newfoundland. The English destroy
the French settlement.
1693 Jan. * -Feb. * N. Y. A strong
French force invades the country 6f the
Mohawks, bent on their extermination.
Feb. 6. N. Y. Mohawks are attacked
by the French and Indians ; 300 prison-
ers are taken.
Feb. * N. Y. Major Schuyler leaves
Albany with 200 men, pursues the
French, and liberates the captive Mo-
hawks.
Aug. 11. Me. The Abnaki Indians sue
for peace after a long and bloody war.
* * Can. Frontenac leads a French ex-
pedition against the Iroquois.
* * England resolves to conquer Can-
ada. A British fleet arrives at Boston.
1694 July 18. N. H. About 250 In-
dians attack a village on Oyster Biver ;
94 persons are killed or captured.
* * Can. Frontenac conducts his last
campaign against the Iroquois.
1696 * * Eng. King William gives Cap-
tain Kidd a commission and a galley of
30 guns to suppress piracy. [He turns
pirate himself.]
* * New England suffers from French
incursions.
June 26. N. H. Indians attack Ports-
mouth Plain ; 14 persons are killed.
* * Me. The French under Iberville and
Castin capture the fort at Pemaquid
(Bremen).
* * Fla. Spaniards build a fort at Pen-
sacola.
July 28. Can. The French under
Frontenac for the last time invade
northern New York. [They are defeated
by the colonists and their Iroquois allies.]
1697 Mar. 15. Mass. Indians attack
Haverhill; 40 persons are killed or
taken captive ; among the latter is
Hannah Dustin, the heroine, who kills
her sleeping captors. (See Society.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1692 June 7. W. I. Great earthquake
in Jamaica ; nine-tenths of Port Royal
buried under water ; 2,000 perish in the
convulsion, and 3,000 whites by a follow-
ing pestilence.
1693 * * S. C. The cultivation of rice
begins, and with it the prosperity of the
colony. (1694?; 1695?; 1698?)
1694 * * Can. A company of amateur
actors give a theatrical performance at
Quebec.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1692 Bravo, Lonardo, Mex. patriot, born.
Dinwiddie, Robert, Lieut.-gov. of Va., born.
1695 Tliips, Sir Wm., Gov. of Mass., A44.
1696 Johnson, Samuel, Pres. of Col. Coll., b.
Pepperell, Sir William, general, born.
Wentworth, Benning, Gov. of N. H., born.
CHURCH.
1691 * * It. Innocent XII., pope.
* * Md. The colony being made a Royal
Province, the Church of England is
established bylaw, and the Catholic col-
onists are taxed to maintain it.
* * Mass. A Baptist church is organ-
ized at Cohansey.
* * Va. Francis Makemie goes to Lon-
don, and appeals to the Presbyterian
ministers for missionaries ; [two young
men, John Hampton and George Mc-
Nish, are sent out.] (Briggs, 1704.)
1692 * * N. J. The " Scotch Meet-
ing-house," Presbyterian church, or-
ganized at Freehold.
* * N. Y. Governor Fletcher attempts
to force the Episcopal church on the
colonists; but the General Assembly de-
crees equality and toleration, and places
the Episcopal church on a level with
other churches, and permits vestrymen
to call non-Episcopal pastors. About
one-tenth of the population are Episco-
palians.
The provisions of the English Test Act
are enforced against Catholics.
* * Phila. First Presbyterian con-
gregation in Philadelphia meets in the
" Barbadoes Company's warehouse."
1693 * * Mass. The General Court pro-
vides for common schools and the sup-
port of Congregational ministers.
* * N. Y. The Assembly provides for the
settlement and support of ministers by
levying a tax on all the people.
Episcopacy is established by law.
* * S. C. The Baptist church is moved
from Cooper River to Charleston.
* * Va. The colonists establish a col-
lege (William and Mary) " to educate a
domestic succession of Church of Eng-
land ministers," as well as to teach the
children of Indians to read.
1694 Aug. * R. I. Jews first establish
public worship at Newport, and find
protection,
1695 Apr. 10. N. Y. The House de-
cides that non-Episcopal ministers
may be called in New York.
* * N. C. Churches are erected, and
provisions made for sustaining public
worship.
* * Phila. First record of Protestant
Episcopal services in Pennsylvania ; a
church is erected in Philadelphia.
1696 May 11. N. Y. The Reformed
Protestant Dutch church formed in
America incorporated.
* * Fla. Spaniards build a Roman Cath-
olic church at Pensacola.
* * New York. The first Jewish syn-
agogue in America is erected.
The first Trinity church (Prot. Epis.)
is built and endowed ; Rev. W. Vesey
pastor.
* * Phila. The nucleus of a Baptist
church appears in the persons of John
Farmer and wife from London.
1697 Feb. 6. New York. The first
Trinity church (Prot. Epis.) is opened
for worship.
LETTERS.
1692 * * Va. William and Mary Col-
lege (Prot. Epis.) chartered at Williams-
burg, through the efforts of Rev. James
Blair and Lieut.-gov. Nicholson.
* * Mass. The degree of D.D. is first
conferred by Harvard College ; it is
given to its president, Increase Mather.
* * Phila. A public high school, char-
tered by Penn, is established.
1693 Mar. 25. New York. Printing is
ordered to be introduced.
* * New York. "William Bradford moves
to New York, sets up the first printing-
press, and is appointed State-printer.
[He is called the " Father of Printing "
in the middle colonies.]
Aug. 23. New York. The first printing
is a proclamation by the governor.
* * Va. Rev. James Blair is appointed
the first president of William and Mary
College. [1729. Active.]
* * The Wanders of the Invisible World,
by Cotton Mather, appears.
SOCIETY.
* * * N. Y. The colony is protected from
French invasions and hostile Indians, for
many years, by the friendly Five Na-
tions.
1691* * -1715* *N.H. Land specu-
lators vex the people by buying ancient
claims to their lands, and trying to dis-
possess them or secure rents, but no
judgments are obtained in the courts.
1692 Feb. * Mass. The witchcraft
delusion breaks out at Danvers, a part
of Salem.
A niece of the minister is the subject,
and an old Indian servant, Tituba, the
victim, whose confession is obtained un-
der the rod.
Apr. 22. Mass. Edward Bishop, having
cured one of the afflicted by flogging
him, and proposed that others be cured
in the same way, is sent to prison for
expressing his opinion.
AMERICA.
1691, Aug.- 1697, Mar. 53
June 10. Mass. Bridget Bishop is
hanged for witchcraft at Salem.
June 30. Mass. The General Court con-
demns to death five women, all of
blameless lives, and all declaring them-
selves innocent of witchcraft.
July 19. Mass. Rebecca Nurse, a wo-
man of blameless life, is taken to church
in chains, and publicly excommunicated
as a witch ; [later she is hanged].
Aug. 3. Mass. The Court condemns six
others as witches.
* * Mass. The children of Martha Car-
ter witness against their mother, who is
accused of witchcraft ; the two sons re-
fuse to perjure themselves till tied neck
and heels, and the little daughter, seven
years old, is made a witness.
Aug. 19. Mass. Five witches (?)
hanged for witchcraft at Salem.
Aug. * Mass. The delusion affects the
higher classes, and a clergyman of the
highest respectability is executed.
* * Mass. Giles Cory, an octogenarian,
refuses to plead to the charge of witch-
craft, and is pressed to death.
Sept. 9. Mass. Six women condemned
for witchcraft.
Sept. 22. Mass. Two men and seven
women are executed at Salem for
witchcraft ; one is pressed to death for
standing mute.
Sept. 28. Mass. Eight persons are
hanged as witches.
* * Autumn. Mass. Twenty persons have
been put to death, fifty-five tortured, and
the jails are full of victims.
Oct. 18. Mass. Protest made by the
people of Andover to the General Court
against the witch tribunals.
Oct. * Mass. The delusion of witchcraft
is rapidly disappearing.
* * New York. The whipping-post, pil-
lory, and ducking-stool are set up.
* * -98 * * N. Y. Gov. Fletcher receives
large gifts from the pirates.
1693 Jan. * -Feb. * Mass. It becomes
difficult to convict accused witches.
* * Mass. Great popular indignation
against the prosecutors for witchcraft.
1695 * * Carolina. Gov. John Archdale
(a Quaker) protects the Indians from
the kidnapping colonists. Some native
Catholics are ransomed from slavery,
and sent to their homes in Florida.
1696 Apr. 1. John Briggs, the her-
mit, dies, aged 97.
His figure has become grotesque be-
cause of the numerous pieces of leather
nailed to his clothes ; one of his shoes
is made of about 1,000 pieces of leather.
Apr. * Eng. Capt. William Kidd, a
bold, successful American shipmaster,
is commissioned to suppress piracy. [He
becomes a pirate himself.]
1697 Jan. 14. Mass. Samuel Sewall
makes a public confession of his com-
plicity in the witchcraft trials.
Mar. * Mass. Hannah Dustin, her ser-
vant, and a boy kill ten of twelve Indians
while they sleep, and then escape from
captivity.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1691 Aug. * New York. Capt. Richard
Ingoldsby is acting governor; Governor
Sloughter deceased (July 23).
Summer. N. Y. The treaty with the
Iroquois Indians (Five Nations) is re-
newed at Albany.
Oct. 7. Eng. King William grants a
new and less liberal charter to Massa-
chusetts. [He permits Rhode Island and
Connecticut to resume their charters.]
* * Mass. Increase Mather is permitted
to nominate the first officers under the
new charter ; he proposes Sir William
Phipps for governor.
* *• New York. John Lawrence, 19th mayor.
1692 Jan. 26. Can. Acadia (Nova
Scotia) becomes a part of Massachusetts.
Feb. * Mass. The witchcraft frenzy
breaks out. (See Society.)
May 14. Mass. Gov. Phipps arrives
with the new charter. Phipps is also
governor of Plymouth Colony and the
provinces of Maine, Nova Scotia, and
the country north of the St. Lawrence ;
also, the Elizabeth Islands, Nantasket,
and Martha's Vineyard ; unites Plym-
outh with Massachusetts.
Aug. 13. N. H. The English govern-
ment separates New Hampshire from
Massachusetts the second time, not-
withstanding the protests of the people.
Sept. * New York. Benjamin Fletcher,
a man of bad passions and poor abilities,
arrives, and assumes office as governor.
Oct. 21. Pa. The British government
takes away Perm's proprietary rights
and transfers the government to Fletcher
of New York. [Penn is restored in 1694.]
Nov. 26. Can. Nova Scotia again un-
der the French flag.
* * Conn. The Crown claims the control
of the militia.
* * Md. Sir L. Copley, the first royal gover-
nor, assumes office. {N.J. A.Hamilton.)
* * New York. The assembly passes a
resolution against arbitrary govern-
ment, and claiming that the people are
a part of the governing power.
* * -95 * * New York. Abraham de Peys-
ter the 20th mayor.
* * S. C. The proprietaries reject all the
acts of the democratic legislature.
* * Rhode Island and Connecticut retain
their charters.
* * Va. [and Md.] Sir Edmund Andr os,
governor. (S. C. Philip Ludwell.)
1693 Apr. * Carolina. Proprietors at
length abandon the John Locke
scheme of government ; thus the paper
Empire of the West vanishes.
S. C. Thomas Smith appointed gov-
ernor. (N. C. Alex. Lillington, deputy.)
Apr. 26. Pa. Governor Fletcher again
unites Maryland to Pennsylvania, and
assumes authority.
Oct. 26. Conn. Gov. Fletcher of New
York goes to Hartford to assume com-
mand of the militia.
While reading his commission, Capt.
Wads worth orders the drums beaten,
and intimidates the royally commis-
sioned officer from intruding on an inde-
pendent people.
* * Delaware is placed under the rule of
the governor of New York.
1694 Mar. 26. Pa. Penn sends Mark-
ham to be his deputy-governor, who calls
an Assembly of the people to form for
themselves a liberal constitution.
Aug. 20. Pa. Penn is reinstated in
his province, which had been taken from
him and annexed to New York.
* * S. C. John Archdale, an upright
Quaker, is elected governor.
He mitigates the hostility existing be-
tween the profligate " Cavalier " party
and the Presbyterians, etc., who oppose
them.
* * Md. The capital is removed from St.
Mary's to [Annapolis] by the Protes-
tants.
1695 Apr. 12. N. Y. Votes of the As-
sembly first published.
Aug. 17. S. C. Gov. Archdale selects
for his council two men of the moderate
party to one High Churchman.
* * Colombia. A company for colonizing
Darien is formed.
* * Md. A public post is established,
and letters conveyed eight times a year
from the Potomac to Philadelphia.
* * N. Y. Lord Bellamont is appointed
governor. (See 1698.)
* * -98 * * New York. William Merritt
the 21st mayor.
1696 May* Eng. The affairs of the
plantations are permanantly entrusted
to the commissioners who form the Board
of Trade, and all questions of colonial
liberties and affairs are decided from the
standpoint of English commerce.
Summer. Me. By Iberville's capture of
Pemaquid (Bremen) the French fron-
tier is extended into the heart of Maine.
Nov. 7. Pa. Third frame of govern-
ment passed by Gov. Markham on a
purely democratic basis.
* * Fla. Spaniards build a fort, a church,
and a few houses at Pensacola.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-02 * * Md. Nathaniel Blackstone.
-97 * * II. I. Walter Clarke.
S. C. Joseph Blake.
MISCELLANEOUS.
* * * N. C. Carolina is noted for its pro-
duction of naval stores.
* * Va. For many years voluntary im-
migration almost ceases, there being
such restrictions on commerce as to
cause all forms of industry to languish.
1693 June 11. Mass. A terribly ma-
lignant disease is brought to Boston
by an English military expedition ; 3,100
out of 4,500 members die while crossing
from England.
* * Brazil. Gold mining commenced.
1695 * * A post route is established be-
tween the Potomac, through Annapolis
to Philadelphia, the mail-carrier to make
eight trips in a year for £50.
1696 * * New Eng. Population is about
one hundred thousand.
* * N. Y. Population of the city six
thousand.
54 1697, Sept.-1703.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1697 Sept. 20. The King William's
War ends by the peace of Ryswick.
Sept. 21. N. Y. An impending invasion
of the French into the province of New
York is averted by the peace of Ryswick.
* * Colombia. Cartagena is taken by buc-
caneers.
1699* * Miss. Biloxi is fortified by
the French.
1700* * S. C.± The Creek Indians
muster about 5,000 warriors.
1701 June * Mich. De la Motte Car-
dillac, with a Jesuit missionary and 100
French, is sent from Canada to occupy
Detroit.
1702 * *-13 * * Queen Anne's War,
between French and English; it is known
in Europe as the War of the Spanish
Succession.
Sept. * Fla. The colonists of Carolina,
led by Gov. Moore, send an unsuccessful
expedition against the Spaniards of
Florida for plunder.
* * III. The French vacate their post on
the Illinois.
1703 Apr. * N. Y. The Assembly
grants $7,500 to fortify the Narrows,
" and for no other use whatever." [The
money disappeared, and the Narrows
were neglected.]
June 20. Me. The Abnakis promise
peace.
Aug. 10. Me. Irruption of French
and Indians. [They desolate the coun-
try from Casco to Wells, and massacre
or enslave 150 persons.]
Aug. * Massachusetts is at war with the
Abnakis. [Frontier war for several
years.]
Dec. * S. C. Indian towns between the
Altamaha and Savannah are laid in ashes
because of the alliance of their people
with the Spaniards.
* * Ga. Colonel Moore invades the Apa-
lache country.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1699 * * U. S. The Mississippi River
is explored.
1701 * * Iberville makes his third voy-
age to the Gulf of Mexico.
Cal. Father Kino makes his explo-
rations in California.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1700* *
Faneuil, Peter, founder, born.
Joliet, Louis, explorer of the Miss., A55. ?
1701 * *
Bartram, John, botanist, born.
Hennepin, L., Flemish missionary, A61.
Kidd, William, pirate, hanged, A51.
Sanvolle, Le Moyne,colonial Gov. of La., A50.
1702* *
Fitch, James, divine and missionary, A80.
1703* *
Clap, Thomas, pres. of Yale, born.
l)e Lancey, James, Gov. of N.Y., born.
Edwards, Jonathan, clergyman, born.
Isla, Jos6 Francisco, de, Jesuit, born.
Pynchon, John, N. Eng. colonist, A 66.
Tennent, Gilbert, clergyman, born.
CHURCH.
1697* * Cal. The Spaniards having been
expelled by the ill-used natives, Upper
California is granted by Charles XI.
of Spain to the Jesuits.
* * Phila. John Watts immerses four
Baptists.
± * * ,5. C. All Christians except Cath-
olics are enfranchised.
1698 Dec. 13. Phila. The first Bap-
tist church formed in a storehouse;
Jedediah Andrews, minister.
* * Cal. The Spanish establish mission-
ary stations. Father Kino arrives.
* * Carolina. Two-thirds of the colo-
nists are Dissenters, yet they consent
that one minister of the Church of
England shall be maintained at public
expense.
1699* * Boston. Ellis Callender becomes
pastor of the Baptist church.
The Manifesto church is a protest
against Matherism.
* * Del. Consecration of Trinity Epis-
copal church near Wilmington.
* * R. I. A (first) Protestant Episco-
pal parish is formed at Newport.
* * S. C. Baptists at Charleston build
a brick church and parsonage.
* * Va. A Presbyterian church is or-
ganized, and Francis Makemie is li-
censed to preach.
1700 * * P. I. The Yearly Meeting is
established by the Friends, at Newport.
Nov. 23. It. Clement XI. pope.
* * Mass. The province enacts the ban-
ishment of all Roman Catholics and
Jesuits.
* *N . Y. Because of their hostile influ-
ence among the Indians, the Legislature
provides for the hanging of every
•* popish priest " who shall voluntarily
enter the province.
1701 * * Can. Jesuits try to live with
the Iroquois [remaining 8 years].
* * Eng. The Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
has for its object the conversion of the
Indians, but is diverted by politicians to
promote the Church of England in all
the American colonies.
* * If. Y. J. N. Kurtz is the first Lu-
theran minister ordained in this coun-
try.
* * Pa. Religious liberty is estab-
lished.
* * Phila. J. Andrews is ordained (?) and
installed pastor of the first Presby-
terian church in this city.
1702 * * Conn. The Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel sends Messrs.
Keith and Talbot as (Prot. Epis.) mis-
sionaries to New London.
* * Md. The Anglican Church is estab-
lished.
Catholics alone subject to intolerance ;
ho priest or bishop may seek to make a
proselyte or teach the young. Not one-
tenth of the people adhere to the es-
tablished church.
* * If. J. Liberty of conscience granted
to all, except the Papists.
The first Episcopal Church in New
Jersey is organized.
* * If. Y. Gov. Cornbury forges a clause
in his commission that he may foster
the Episcopal church.
1703 May 6. S. C. Orthodoxy pro-
tected by the menace of disfranchise-
ment and prisons.
* * Carolina. The first minister (Prot.
Epis.) arrives.
* * New York. The Lutherans rebuild
their church (southwest corner of Broad-
way and Rector Streets).
The " King's Farm " is granted to
Trinity Church by Queen Anne.
* * Va. A legal opinion is received from
London, that a minister is an incum-
bent for lif e, and cannot be removed by
his parishioners. Church revenue is paid
in tobacco.
LETTERS.
1700 * * Conn. Yale CoUege is com-
menced.
" I give these books for the founding of
a College in this colony." Words of ten
Congregational ministers, assembled at
the village of Branford, a few miles east
of Hartford, used in donating books
from their libraries, whereby Yale Col-
lege is founded.
* * New York. The first public library
is established in America.
* * Fa. The college of William and
Mary graduates its first class.
* * The Selling of Joseph, by Samuel Sew-
all, appears.
1701 * * Conn. Rev. Abraham Pierson
the first rector of Yale College.
Oct. 9. Conn. Yale CoUege receives
its charter, and is formally opened as a
school at Saybrook.
1702 * * Jacob Hemmingway the first
and only student of Yale until Septem-
ber, when seven others enter.
* * Mass. Magnalia Christi Americana,
by Cotton Mather, appears.
Apr. * N. J. Queen Anne prohibits the
keeping of a printing-press, and for-
bids the publication of any book or pam-
phlet without a license.
1703 * * New York. The rector and war-
dens of Trinity Church are directed to
take steps toward the erection of a col-
lege. [King's College (Columbia) was
the result.]
SOCIETY.
1697 * * New York. A night watch is
instituted.
1699* * New York. Capt. William
Kidd returns from a long piratical
voyage, bringing an immense booty.
[With great audacity he visits Boston,
is arrested, sent to England for trial, and
finally hanged.]
* * Pa. William Penn, accompanied
by his wife, returns to America, purpos-
ing to abide there. [1701 . He is recalled
to preserve his imperiled charter from
appropriation by the crown.]
1700 * * N. H. Innkeepers permitting
townspeople to remain in their houses
drinking on Saturday night or Sunday
AMERICA.
1697, Sept-1703. 55
are fined 5s. ; the same fine is to be paid
by the drinker.
* * Carolina. Pestilence and strong
drink have reduced the savages to a
small number ; out of a thousand war-
riors, but a dozen weak men remain.
* * Pa. Penn legislates for the sanctity
of marriage among negro slaves, and
also frees his own slaves.
1701 * * Boston instructs its representa-
tives " to encourage the bringing of
white servants, and to put a period to
negroes being slaves."
* * N. H. A fine of 5s. is imposed for
drunkenness.
STATE.
1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Byswick ;
France and England are each to restore
their recent conquests ; Acadia restored
to France.
* * Massachusetts and New Hamp-
shire recognize the authority of Bella-
mont, governor of New York, but Con-
necticut, and Rhode Island remain inde-
pendent. (N. J. Jer. Basse, governor.)
* * N. Y. On complaint of the Lords of
Trade, Bellamont is instructed to re-
strict the liberties of the courts and
assemblies in New York, and to increase
the prerogatives of the governor and
council ; a political struggle thenceforth
ensues.
* * S. C. The English remove all dis-
criminations against French emigrants.
* * Pa. Penn proposes an annual con-
gress of all the American provinces
with power to regulate commerce.
1698 Apr. 2. New York. The Earl of
Bellamont arrives with a commission
including New York, New Jersey, and
all New England except Connecticut
and Rhode Island.
Oct. * Conn. The Assembly divides, and
forms an Upper House.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-07 * * Conn. Fitz-John Winthrop.
R. I. Samuel Cranston.
-05 * * Va. Francis Nicholson.
* * -99 * * New York. Johannes de Pey-
ster the 22d mayor.
1699 Mar. 2. La. A French colony
enters the Mississippi, under Lemoine
d'Iberville.
May * Miss. Iberville erects a fort on
Biloxi Bay, and lays the foundation of
the State of Mississippi by the French.
Sept. 16. La. An English colony under
Bienville follows Iberville, but retires
on discovering the French.
Nov. 30. Pa. William Penn arrives.
* * Eng. Parliament oppresses manu-
factures.
It enacts that no wool or woolen
manufactures shall be shipped from
any of the colonies, under penalty of
forfeiture of ship and cases.
* * Me. France claims the coast from
Kennebec eastward, and the fisheries of
the north coast.
* * Mass. — N. H. Massachusetts and
New Hampshire are placed under Gov.
Bellamont. (May 20.)
* * [ IT. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-1700* * Mass. Richard Coote. [1700-
01, Wm. Stoughton.]
-01 * * N.J. Andrew Hamilton.
-05 **N.C. H. Walker (Pres.). [1700-
02, 19. S. C. James Moore.]
* *-1700* * New York. David Provoost
the 23d mayor.
1700 Jan. 17. Lemoine d'Iberville
takes possession of the Mississippi
Biver for France, and plants a colony
at Poverty Point. [It languishes.]
Mar. 30. Darien. The Scotch settle-
ments surrendered to the Spaniards.
June 7. Pa. The old constitution is
surrendered with the consent of the
assembly and governor's council.
Sept. 8. Can. A treaty made with the
Iroquois.
Nov. 1. Sp. Philip V. king.
* * La. Bienville reaches the Red River.
* * French missionaries occupy various
points on the Mississippi, and take pos-
session for France.
* * 01 * * New York. Isaac de Riemer
the 24th mayor.
* * Va. Huguenots arrive.
1701 May* Conn. It is decided that
the government meet alternately in
Hartford and New Haven.
June 24. Mich. Sieur de la Motte Ca-
dillac, with 100 men, makes the first per-
manent settlement in Michigan (De-
troit).
July 19. N. Y. Alleged treaty with the
Iroquois at Albany, surrendering beaver
grounds to the English.
Aug. 4. Can. The French make a treaty
with the Iroquois.
Sept. 2. N. Y. A Court of Chancery for
the State is organized.
Oct. 28. Philadelphia is first char-
tered by William Penn.
* * La. Bienville is in command of the
French settlements.
* *-02* * Mass. Government as-
sumed by the Council.
* * _02 * * New York. Thomas Noell the
25th mayor. John Nanfan, governor.
* * Pa. Andrew Hamilton and John
Evans are appointed deputy-governors
by Penn.
* * N. J. The Jerseys become a royal
province.
Lord Cornbury arrives.
1702 Jan.* Ala. The first settle-
ment in the state is made by the French
from Biloxi, on the western bank of the
Mobile River. (Mobile.)
Mar. 8. Eng. Queen Anne en-
throned.
Apr. 17. New Jersey a royal province.
The proprietors of East and West
Jersey surrender their rights to the
Crown. One government is formed and
called New Jersey ; by mutual agree-
ment all the various claimants surrender
the right of government, but retain
their rights to the soil.
May 3. -08* * N. Y. Lord Corn-
bury succeeds Bellamont as governor.
He unites in one government New
York and New Jersey. [The union con-
tinues thirty-six years with a single
executive, but two separate assemblies.]
May 28. Boston. News received of Queen
Anne's accession.
June 1. Boston. Queen Anne is pro-
claimed.
* *-15* * Mass. Joseph Dudley
governor.
Sept. 1. Carolina, by vote of the provin-
cial assembly, refuses an hereditary
nobility, or the dominion of wealth.
* * Carolina. The colony is burdened
with a debt of £6,000 by its unsuccessful
military expedition against the Span-
iards at St. Augustine. (The assembly
enacts the issuing of bills of credit.)
* * Del. — Pa. The two legislatures
convened apart [and never again re-
united],
* * Ind. Vincennes founded. The
French vacate their posts on the Il-
linois.
* * La. Only 30 French families have
been settled.
* * -03 * * New York. Philip French the
26th mayor.
1703* *[U.S.] Governors inaugu-
rated :
-04 * * Md. Thomas Trench.
-08 * * S. C. Sir Nathaniel Johnson. ■
* * Mass. Joseph Dudley, governor,
quarrels with the General Court over
the salaries of State officers.
* * N. J. The General Assembly meets
at Perth Amboy.
N. Y. Gov. Cornbury denies the
right of the assembly to ask questions
of the governor until the queen has
given them permission.
* * Pa. The province is set apart from
the territories ; Pennsylvania and Dela-
are have separate assemblies. Edward
Shippen (pres. of council).
MISCELLANEOUS.
1697 * * N.Y. The Common Council or-
ders the city to be lighted by lanterns
suspended from j>oles, which are to pro-
ject from every seventh house.
1699** Pa. The yellow fever appears
at Philadelphia, where it commits great
ravages.
1700* * Miss. A gold-seeking expedition
from Biloxi ascends to the Falls of
St. Anthony.
* * English imports from the North
American Colonies amount to $1,975,000.
* * Boston. Population about 7,000.
* * New York has about 750 dwellings,
4,500 whites, and 750 blacks.
* * About 300,000 negroes imported
into America by the English in the last
20 years.
1701 * * Population of the American col-
onies estimated at two hundred and
sixty-two thousand.
1702 * * New York. A pestilence is
brought from St. Thomas, and nearly
600 people (one in ten) die.
56
1703-1712.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1704 Mar. 1. Mass. Deerfield is sur-
prised and burnt.
It is the work of 200 French and 142
Indians under Hertel de Kouville ; 47
are slainl and 147 captives, among whom
is Eunice Williams, are taken through
the snow to Canada.
Dec. * S. C. Gov. James Moore leads a
f reebooting expedition of 50 whites and
1 ,000 Indians against the Indians south-
west of Savannah ; five important towns
are carried, and the English flag is borne
to the Gulf of Mexico. [The only crime
of the Indians is their willingness to be
taught agriculture and religion by the
Spaniards.]
1705 Dec. 14. Fla. Moore defeats the
Indians near St. Marks.
Dec. 15. Fla. Moore defeats the
Spanish commander on Apalachee Bay.
* * Mass. Prowling Indians terrorize the
country. Death hangs on the frontier.
* * Me. A war party burns the Indian
church and village at Norridgewock.
1706 * * S. C. A French expedition
from Havana, to enforce French claims
for the country, is repulsed at Charles-
ton by William Rhett and the Governor.
1707 * * Massachusetts attempts the
conquest of Acadia [Nova Scotia]
by a costly expedition.
May * Mass. Two regiments leave Nan-
tasket to attack the French at Port
Royal. [The attempt to bombard the
fort fails.]
1708* * Can. A war-council at Montreal
resolves to invade New England with
an expedition of Indians and 100 picked
Canadians led by French officers.
Aug. 30. N. H. The French and Indi-
ans surprise Haverhill, on the Merri-
mac, killing 40 and carrying away 100
prisoners.
* * Massachusetts offers a bounty for
Indian scalps.
1709* * Costa Rica. A second massacre
of the Spaniards is accomplished by
the Indians whom they had conquered.
* * The English colonies prepare to aid
a British fleet in the'conquest of Can-
ada ; the fleet fails to arrive.
1710* *N. Y.-N.J. The colonists of
New York and New Jersey raise 1,800
volunteers to aid in the conquest of
Canada.
Sept. * -Oct. * Conquest of Acadia
[Nova Scotia]
Sept. 18. Boston. A second expedition
against the French sails for Port Royal.
Oct. 16. N. S. Port Royal is taken by
a fleet from England aided by a colonial
army; its name changed to Annapolis
in honor of Queen Anne.
* * Brazil. One thousand French led by
Duclerc attack Rio, but are defeated
and captured.
1711 July 30. Boston. A large colo-
nial army and a British armament, un-
der Sir Hovenden Walker, sail to take
Quebec. [The wreck of 8 vessels de-
feats the expedition.]
Aug. 28. N. Y. A second expedition
leaves Albany to march against the
French. [It returns on hearing of the
failure of the first one.]
Sept. 12. Brazil. Another French squad-
ron with 6,000 troops, under Admiral
Duguay-Trouin, attack Rio and take
the town after a battle of 4 days.
Sept. * N. C. Capture and torture of
Surveyor Lawson by Indians.
Sept. 22. N. C. The Indian War.
The Tuscaroras and Cores massacre 130
persons between the Roanoke River and
Pamlico Sound.
Oct. 10. Brazil. To prevent the burning
of Rio by the French, the governor signs
a capitulation to pay 610,000 crusados,
500 cases of sugar, and to provision the
fleet.
1712 May* Mich. Detroit, the center
of New France, is besieged by the Fox
Indians, and delivered by its various
Indian allies.
Aug. * Truce between England and
France.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1704* *
Godfrey, Thomas, mathematician, born.
Hubbard, William, clergyman, A83.
Spangrenberg-. August G., founder of Mo-
ravians in Am., born.
1705 * *
Chauncy, Charles, clergyman, born.
Loudoun, John Campbell, Brit, gen., born.
Tennent. William, Presb. clergyman, b.
1706* *
Abercrombie, James, Brit, gen., born.
Jan. 17. Franklin, Benjamin, printer,
philosopher, statesman, born in Boston.
Iberville, d', P. Lemoine, Canadian com-
mander, A 45.
Oliver, Andrew, Lieut.-Gov. of Mass., born.
1707* *
Byles, Mather, clergyman, born.
Hopkins, Stephen, signer of Declaration, b.
1708* *
Cheever, Ezekiel, teacher, A93.
Laval-Montmorency, Francois Xavler, K. C.
Bp. of Que., A86.
1710* *
Cruger, John, Mayor of N.Y., born.
Hamilton, James, governor, born.
Lovell, John, educator, born.
Trumbull, Jonathan, statesman, born.
1711 * *
Bradstreet, John, general, born.
Gridley, Richard, general, born.
Hutchinson, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., born.
Wheelock, Eleazer, clergyman, born.
1712* *
± Bernard, Sir Francis, Gov. of N. J., born.
Ingraham, Benjamin, bishop, born.
Lawson, John, surveyor, dies.
± Pontiac, Ottawa Indian chief, born.
CHURCH.
1704 * * Md. An Act passed to prevent
the growth of Roman Catholicism.
Catholic priests prohibited from mak-
ing converts or teaching the young.
Children becoming Catholics forfeit
their share in the estate of their
parents.
* * N. C. The Church of England made
the established church, and officials
required to take an oath to sustain it.
* * N. Y. Protestants send Mr. Moore, a
missionary, to the Indians of New
York, who returns in one year dis-
couraged.
* * JR. I. A (Prot. Epis.) missionary is
sent to Newport.
* * S. C. The Church of England made
the established church and dissenters
disfranchised ; two-thirds of the people
are dissenters.
* * IT. J. First Episcopal church
erected in New Jersey at Burlington.
1705 * * Conn. The first Baptist church
in this state is organized in Groton.
± * * Fla. The Apalache Indians are
Spanish converts to Catholicism ; they
live in villages and construct churches.
* * Carolina. The first church is built.
* * Phila. First American Presbytery
organized, having 7 members present.
(Briggs, 1706.)
1706 Jan. 17. Boston. Benjamin
Franklin is born and baptized on the
same day, according to the Boston
register.
June 10. S. C. Parliament decides that
the disfranchising act, because of
religion, is contrary to the laws of Eng-
land.
Nov. 30. Carolina. The colonial Assem-
bly repeals the acts of intolerance,
after being declared null by royal au-
thority.
Dec. 29. N. J. First meeting of the
general Presbytery, of which record
now remains at Freehold.
John Boyd is the first Presbyterian
ordained in America.
+ * * Conn. Absentees from the law-
ful church are liable to a fine of 20s.
Meetings in private houses are forbid-
den. A fine of £10, with whipping for
each offense, is imposed on unlawful
ministers who administer the sacra-
ments.
Episcopacy is introduced.
The persons, families, and estates of
ministers are exempt from taxation.
* * Mich. The Jesuit mission at Mack-
inaw is abandoned.
1707 Jan. * New York. Two Presby-
terian ministers are arrested by Gover-
nor Cornbury for preaching without
his permission. (Or 1706.)
Mar. 22. Pa. Meeting of the general
Presbytery at Philadelphia.
Apr. * Conn. Organization of the parish
of Christ's Church (Prot. Epis.), Strat-
ford, the first in the state.
First Episcopal society is formed at
New Haven.
* New York. Francis Makemie is tried
and imprisoned by Lord Cornbury for
■ the crime of preaching to dissenters.
* * Phila. The Philadelphia Association
of Baptists formed, including delegates
from Pennepek, Middletown, Piscata-
way, Cohansey, and Welsh Tract.
1708 Dec. 9. Mass. John Higginson,
the first minister at Salem, dies.
Sept. 9. Conn. Congregational Synod
meets at Saybrook and forms the " Say-
brook Platform" of discipline. Pres-
byterians and Congregationalists unite
on it. [Oct. * General Court approves.]
The custom introduced of preaching
a sermon on the day appointed by law
for the election of civil rulers, proper
for the direction of the towns. [Later
it becomes a law.]
AMERICA.
1703-1712.
57
The General Assembly passes an act
removing the penalty from " sober dis-
senters " who do not worship with the
" standing order."
* * Del. The first Episcopal church in
Dover is erected.
1709 May 18. Conn. The General
Association of Congregational min-
isters organized ; the first state organ-
ization.
1710 June 14. New York. Gov. Hun-
ter arrives from England with 3,000
Palatines fleeing from persecution ; [a
Lutheran church is soon formed].
* * Can. The Jesuits have become the
protectors of the natives against the
colonists.
* * N. Car. The whole country has but
one clergyman; he is of the Church
of England.
* * * From New England to Carolina it
is commonly believed that baptism is
inconsistent with a state of slavery,
and that Christian slaves should be set
free.
* * Conn. A Baptist church is organized
at Waterford.
* * *Many forms of religion among
the colonists.
Calvinism predominates in New Eng-
land, Quakerism in Pennsylvania, Ro-
man Catholicism in Maryland, Florida,
and among the French along the St.
Lawrence, and Episcopalianism in South
Carolina, Virginia, and New York.
1711 May 25. N.J. Important coun-
cil of the Baptist church consigning
the record of past quarrels to "ob-
livion." Vote 42-26. [Prosperity fol-
lows.]
* * New York. Baptist preaching intro-
duced in the house of Nicholas Eyers,
by Valentine Wightman. (Or 1712.)
* * Eng. The Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel send Rev. Mr. Andrews to
the Indians of New York ; he arrives at
Albany.
* * N. C. The population is described by
royalists as made up of " Presbyterians,
Independents, Quakers, and other evil-
disposed persons." The proprietors de-
termine to establish the Church of
England ; the people resist.
* * S. C. It is enacted that baptism
does not entitle slaves to freedom.
LETTERS.
1704 Apr. 24. Boston. The News-Let-
ter, the first continuous American news-
paper, appears. (Continues till 1744.)
Edited, apparently, by John Campbell,
and printed on a half sheet, eight by
twelve inches in size.
1705 * * History of Virginia, by Robert
Beverly, appears.
* * Conn. The first printing-press in
this colony is set up at New London.
1710 * * Essays to do Good, by Cotton
Mather, appears.
* * New York. Trinity School estab-
lished in connection with the Anglican
church.
SOCIETY.
1705 * * Va. By the fifth colonial re-
vision of the code, a slave is declared
real estate and attached to the soil,
like a Russian serf.
1709* *New York has a regular
slave-market at the foot of Wall
Street.
1710± * * The popular belief that Chris-
tianity should enfranchise her con-
verts proves an obstacle to the " con-
version of these poor people."
1711 * * N.C. The colony is called the
" Sanctuary of Runaways," as it has
hardly any government.
1712* * N. C. John Lawson, surveyor-
general, is burned to death by Indians.
STATE.
1703 * * -07 * * New York. William
Peartree the 27th mayor.
* * Parliament condemns to the navy
every pitch-pine tree that is not with-
in an enclosure.
* * Rice and molasses are added to the
list of commodities which are only to
be sold in the English colonies.
* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-08 Md. John Seymour.
N. C. Robert Daniel (deputy).
[1705-08. Thomas Carey.]
1705 Dec* Fla. England gains anew
claim to the territory of northern
Florida by the conquests of James
Moore of South Carolina.
* * N. V. Anarchy prevails after the
death of the governor.
* * New Eng. Joseph Dudley, Gov-
ernor of Massachusetts and a native of
New England, takes the lead in the
conspiracy against its liberties.
* * -06 * * Va. Edward Nott, lieuten-
ant-governor.
1706 Nov. * S. C. Repeal of the law
which disfranchises dissenters.
* * _10 * * N. C. The royalists and pop-
ular party each has a governor and
legislature ; the former lacks popular
favor, and the latter lacks legal sanc-
tion.
* * Port. JohnV. king.
S. C. Governor Johnson becomes the
executive.
Invasion by the French and Span-
ish, who claim the country as a part of
Florida.
* *-10* * Va. Edmund Jennings
lieutenant-governor.
1707 Apr. 7. New York. Samuel Jen-
nings reads to Lord Cornbury a sharp
remonstrance, passed by the New
Jersey assembly, against his acceptance
of bribes and " his new methods of gov-
ernment."
Dec. 17. Conn. Rev. Gurdon Salton-
stall, of New London, is elected
governor.
* * N. C. A band of French Huguenots
settle here.
* * -10 * * New York. Ebenezer Wilson
the 28th mayor.
1708 June 26. N. Y. The act vacat-
ing extravagant grants of land in New
York confirmed.
Dec. 18. N.Y. Arrival of John Love-
lace, the new governor of the province.
(1708-1709.) New Jersey included.
* * Can. The French press forward
their great design of uniting the region
of the Great Lakes with the Valley of
the Mississippi by means of trading-
posts and missions.
* * N. Y. Governor Cornbury stub-
bornly curtails the liberties of the
colonists, and they stubbornly curtail
the revenue of the governor, and peti-
tion for his removal. He is dismissed
from office, and imprisoned for debt till
the death of his father, when he be-
comes a peer.
1709 Apr. * N. Y. The assembly meets,
and proceeds to contest the governor's
claim for a permanent revenue, and de-
cides on an annual revenue instead.
June 8. N. Y. Paper money is first
authorized and issued here.
* * _io * * N.C. William Grover, gov-
ernor. (1709. C. S. Edward Tynte.)
* * N.J. Paper money is first issued.
* * -io * * N. Y. Richard Ingoldsby,
governor. (1709. N. J.)
* * Pa. Charles Gookin becomes deputy-
governor. (-1713. Md. Edward Lloyd.)
1710 * * Eng. Parliament provides for
a post-office establishment in the col-
onies, with New York as the chief office.
* * _12 * * N. C. Edward Hyde, gov-
ernor. (-1711. S. C. Robert Gibbes.)
* * N.Y. GerardusBeekman governor.
* * _i9 * * N.Y. Robert Hunter, gov-
ernor. (1710. N. J.)
* *-22* * Va. Alexander Spotswood,
lieutenant-governor.
He builds iron furnaces, and fosters .
schools, trade, and peace. The colony
flourishes under his administration.
* *-ll* * New York. Jacobus van Cort-
landt the 29th mayor.
1711* * N. C. Thomas Carey, the
deputy-governor, being deposed, leads a
rebellion against the Assembly and Ed-
ward Hyde, the president of the Coun-
cil, and proclaims himself governor.
Governor Spotswood of Virginia sends
an armed force to aid Hyde, and Carey
flees. [He is sent to England for trial.]
* * -14 * * New York. Caleb Heathcote
is the 30th mayor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1710 Apr. 18. Eng. Four Indian
chiefs arrive in London, and are carried
in the royal coaches to their audience
with the queen.
± * * Brazil. Diamonds discovered.
1711 Oct. 2. Boston. Great fire ; lives
lost and 100 buildings destroyed.
1712 * * N. C. Yellow fever decimates
the colonists.
* * N. Y. Albany has a population of
four thousand.
58 1712-1721, Feb.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1712 * * Guiana. The French attack
the Dutch, and exact a contribution.
Jan. 28. XT, C. Above New Berne, S.
Carolinians under Col. Barnwell re-
venge a massacre of settlers on Sept.
22 f, by attacking the Tuscarora In-
dians, killing 300 and capturing 100.
1713 Mar. 20. N.C. Col. James Moore
of S. C. defeats the fortified Tuscaroras
on Cotentnea Creek [Snow Hill], killing
many and capturing 800. The tribe mi-
grates north, and joins the Iroquois Con-
federation as the Sixth Nation.
Mar. 31. Can. The Peace of Utrecht
ends the hostilities with Canada.
1715 Apr. 26. S. C. Massacre of the
English by the Yamasis begins, and
Charleston itself is in peril. [After kill-
ing 400 whites, and a struggle of two
years, they are finally driven into Flor-
ida by Gov. Craven.]
1718 ± * * W. I. The buccaneers are
suppressed by Wood Rogers, the gover-
nor of New Providence.
* * S. C. Pirates on the coast are *up-
pressed by the Governor.
1719 * * Me. Fort St. George is built.
* * Panama. The Indians destroy several
towns which the Catholic missionaries
had established.
* * "War between Prance and Spain.
1720* * N. S. The French begin the
defenses of Louisburg.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
EXPLORATION.
1715 * * N.J. John "Watson, born in
Scotland, commences painting por-
traits at Perth Amboy, and is the first
artist to attain celebrity in America.
* * Va. Commencement of the manu-
facture of pig-iron in Virginia.
1716 Feb. 8. Peru, is shaken by an
earthquake.
1717 Feb. 22. Boston. Snow is six feet
deep.
1720 * * Pa. S. Nutt erects a forge in
Coventry, and manufactures iron.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1713* *
Lewis, Francis, signer of Declaration, born.
1714* *
Acrelius, Israel, Swedish missionary, born.
Andros, Sir Edmund, Gov. of N. Eng., A77.
Henry, Matthew, author, AS2.
1715* *
Dongan, Thomas, Governor of New York,
A81.
Finley, Samuel, pres. Princeton coll., b.
Herkimer, Nicholas, general, born.
Johnson, Sir William, colonist, born.
Pomeroy, Seth, patriot, born.
Williams, Ephraim, founder, born.
1716* *
Boylston, Nicholas, philanthropist, born.
Livingston, Philip, signer of Declaration, b.
Patch, Elizabeth, the first female born in
Massachusetts, dies.
1717* *
Collins, John, Governor, born.
Cooke, Nicholas, deputy -governor, born.
Gardiner, Sylvester, physician, born.
1718* *
Brainerd, David, missionary, born.
Church, Benjamin, American officer, A79.
Hopkins. Esek. first commodore C. S. N.,
born.
Fenn. William, founder of Pa., A74.
Prideaux, John, soldier, born.
Putnam, Israel, general, patriot, born.
1719* *
Bellamy, Joseph, clergyman, writer, born.
Culpepper, Thomas, Lord, Gov. of Va., dies.
Phillips, John, philanthropist, born.
1720* *
Dudley, Joseph, Gov. of Mass., A73.
Gates, Thomas, Brit, gen., born.
Lennox, Charlotte, novelist, born.
Mayhew, Jonathan, clergyman, born.
Mercer, Hugh, soldier, born.
Woolrnan, John, Quaker preacher, born.
CHURCH.
1713 * * N. Y. About 150 families of
Lutherans settle in Schoharie County.
+ U. S. Large accessions of Dish Pres-
byterians, who are driven to America
by the Test Act.
1714 * * Va. First Baptist church in
this province formed at Burleigh.
1715 * * Md. It is enacted that bap-
tism does not entitle slaves to freedom.
Benedict Charles Calvert, the pro-
prietary, renounces his Catholic faith
to receive his inheritance.
* * N. Y. A third Reformed Dutch
church is built at Albany.
* * II. I. Roman Catholics are disfran-
chised.
1716 Sept. 22. Phila. Presbyterians
divide into three Presbyteries, and
thus constitute the first synod, called
the Synod of Philadelphia.
* * New York. "William Tennent ar-
rives [and leaves the Episcopal church
for the Presbyterian].
1717 Sept. 17. Phila. The Presby-
terian Synod first meets. It "founds
a fund for pious uses."
* * Can. French priests have flanked
the English colonies with more than GO
missions, between Montreal and New
Orleans on the great lakes and rivers.
* * La. French priests plant the cross
and the flag of France on the lower
Mississippi, at New Orleans.
* * Mass. Dr. Ebenezer Gay,of Hingham,
is [supposed to be] the first Unitarian
preacher in America.
* * Me. Flourishing Catholic mission
of Sebastian Rasles, on the Kennebec
River.
Massachusetts founds an anti-Catho-
lic mission among the Indians on the
Kennebec.
* * New York. A Presbyterian church
is organized in this city.
* * N. Y. Many more Lutherans come
over.
* * Tex. Franciscan missionaries begin
their labors among the Indians.
1718 May 21. Mass. Decrease Math-
er preaches the ordination sermon of
Elisha Callender, pastor of the Baptist
church ; subject, " Good Men United."
± * * -30 * * Pa. The German Baptists,
called Dunkers, come to this country.
1719 * * Scot. The Synod of Glasgow
and Ayr orders one-tenth of a collection
to be taken up in aid of Presbyterian
worship in New York City.
* * New York. The first Presbyterian
church in this city is built (Wall Street).
1720* * -23* * Greenland. Hans
Egede, a Danish missionary, founds a
mission at Good Hope.
* * N. H. Mrs. Rachel Scammon moves to
Statham, and is the first Baptist in the
colony.
* * N.J. T. J. Frelinghuysen preaches in
Raritan and vicinity.
May * Pa. "William Tennent removes
to Neshaminy, where he establishes
" Log College."
* * S. C. A Presbytery in connection
with the kirk is formed.
1721 Jan. 23. New York. Nicholas
Eyers, a brewer, is licensed to preach
to a Baptist flock by the authorities of
New Amsterdam.
LETTERS.
1714*'* W. I. The Codrington Col-
lege at Bridgetown, Barbados, is
founded by the Moravians.
1716 * * Conn. The College is moved
from Saybrook to New Haven, and
called Yale.
1717 * * Boston has its first auction sale
of books.
1718* * Mass. Psalterium Americanum,
by Cotton Mather, appears.
1719* * Boston. Mother Goose's Tales
are published.
The Boston Gazette is first published.
* * Phila. The American Weekly Messen-
ger (the third newspaper) is published
by Andrew Bradford.
* * -22 * * Conn. Rev. Timothy Cutler
is rector of Yale College.
SOCIETY.
17 12 * * New York. Negro plot to burn
the town; nineteen negroes convicted
and executed.
* * Pa. The legislature receives a peti-
tion for the " enlargement" of negro
slaves by law ; it replies that it is
" neither just nor convenient to set
them at liberty."
* * S. C. Special enactment denying that
baptism confers freedom to negroes.
1713 Mar. 31. By the 12th article of
the Treaty of Utrecht, an English com-
pany secures the exclusive right to
carry African slaves into American
ports ; this defeats the colonial legisla-
tures that seek to stop the slave-trade.
* * Pa. The introduction of negroes and
slaves is prohibited " as exciting the
suspicions and dissatisfaction of the
Indians."
* * Va. Gov. Spotswood writes to the
Board of Trade of London that "the
Indians never break with the English
without gross provocation from persons
trading with them."
1715 * * Md. Two fines are imposed :
(1) for carrying liquor to Indian towns,
5,000 lbs. of tobacco ;' (2) for selling over
one gallon of liquor a day to an Indian,
3,000 lbs.
Special enactment denying that bap-
tism confers freedom to negroes.
AMERICA.
1712-1721, Feb. 59
1719 * * La. Negroes arrive from
Guinea.
* * N. H. The names of drunkards are
posted in public houses ; the sale of
liquor to them is forbidden.
STATE.
1712 * * Guiana. The French compel
the Dutch in Surinam to pay a ran-
som to save their city.
Sept. 14. Fr. Antony Crozat is granted
a monopoly of trade and $10,000 an-
nually for settling the Southwest (Loui-
siana).
* * Mass. Province bills are made legal
tender.
* * North Carolina is the refuge of many
fugitives from justice, and has scarcely
any government.
* *-13* *N.C. Thos. Pollock, president.
* * S.C. Issue on interest of new bills for
£50,000. (1715. Chas. Craven, governor.)
1713 Mar. 31. Treaty of Utrecht, be-
tween Great Britain and France.
By this treaty Hudson Bay and Straits,
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and St.
■Christopher of the West Indies become
subject to Great Britain. The Five
Nations become subject to England with
Acadia. The French have certain re-
served rights on the "French shores"
of Newfoundland. Brazil is confirmed
to Portugal.
* * Mass. Rectification of the bound-
ary line by ceding 100,000 acres of land
to Connecticut.
Worcester settled.
* * Miss. A trading-post established at
Natchez.
* * N. Y. The Five Nations and the
Tuscaroras of Carolina send their sa-
chems to Albany to meet the governors
of New York, Pennsylvania, and Vir-
ginia.
A treaty is made with these six nations,
by which the valuable fur trade of the
Indians is to be diverted from the French
to the English.
The English establish a trading-post
at Oswego, with a garrison ; the French
have strong forts at Niagara and at
Crown Point on Lake Champlain.
1714 Aug. 1. Eng. George I. en-
throned.
* * Mass. Emission of £50,000 in bills, to
be let out at Ave per cent on safe mort-
gages of real estate, and to be paid back
in five annual instalments. [Not paid ;
more issues demanded.]
* * Md. Benedict Charles Calvert suc-
ceeds to his father's hereditary rights,
and he soon restores the authority of
the proprietary, after a suspension of
24 years.
John Hart rules for [the 5th] Lord
Baltimore.
* * _21 * * N. C. Chas. Eden, governor.
* * -19 * * New York. John Johnson the
31st mayor.
* * Tenn. A trading-post started on the
Tennessee River [at Nashville].
1715 Sept. 1. Fr. Louis XV. en-
throned.
* * N. C. Edonton founded.
* * Mass. The Council governs. Jo-
seph Dudley, royal governor.
* *-16* * Mass. "William Tailer, gov-
ernor.
1716* * Me. English settlements estab-
lished on the Kennebec.
* * Miss. Natchez is settled, and trade
with England begins.
* * Fr. Law's Mississippi scheme be-
gins in France.
* * Va. Gov. Spotswood crosses the
Blue Ridge and is the first to enter the
great valley beyond ; he opens a road,
and emigration soon follows to the Ohio
lands.
* * -23 * * Mass. Samuel Shute, gov-
ernor.
* * S. C. Robert Daniel, governor.
* * O. Route from the Miami River to
the "Wabash is opened.
* * The French are in the Ohio val-
ley.
1717 Sept. * Fr. The "Western Louisi-
ana Company obtains its grant. Dli-
nois is annexed.
* * La. Crogat transfers his interest in
this province to a chartered company,
headed by John Law, whose national
bank and Mississippi speculation (Law's
Bubble) involve the ruin of half the
French nobility.
Bienville appointed governor-gen-
eral.
* * Pa. Sir "William Keith becomes
governor [the last appointed by Penn
himself].
1718 May* Massachusetts imposes a
duty on English manufactures, and
makes a small discrimination in favor
of its commerce. [It is negatived by the
king]
July 30. Eng. William Penn dies.
Pa. The government is administered
for his three sons (minors) by deputies
[till the Revolution, when their claims
are purchased by the Commonwealth].
Aug. 25. La. Arrival of 800 French
emigrants at Dauphine Island. They
found New Orleans. Bienville is com-
mandant-general.
* * Colombia. New Granada becomes
a Spanish vice-royalty.
* * Ecuador. The province of Quito
is detached from Peru and annexed to
New Granada.
* * * Eng. Period of official corrup-
tion.
Offices in the colonies are used by men
in power to provide for their relatives,
dependents, and partisans, or sold out-
right for cash, or by setting apart a pro-
portion of the emoluments for the
patron.
* * Va. Parliament extends the post-
office establishment to Virginia.
* * O. French settlements made in
the Ohio Valley.
* * Tex. La Harpe arrives.
* * New Eng. Arrival of the Scotch-
Irish, who introduce potatoes.
* * La. Land grants are issued by the
Mississippi Company for settlements on
the Bay of St. Louis.
1719 July 31. N. Y. The chief com-
mand of the province comes to Peter
Schuyler, in the absence of Colonel
Hunter. [To 1720.]
Dec. 21. S. C. The government of Car-
olina is revolutionized.
James Moore, having been elected gov-
ernor by the people, is inaugurated with
military display, notwithstanding the
opposition of Governor Johnson in be-
half of the proprietors.
* * Eng. Parliament first prohibits the
manufacture of iron in the colonies.
The Mother Country enacts a law pro-
hibiting the working of iron or steel in
the colonies, and also declaring that no
sugar, tobacco, ginger, indigo, cotton,
fustic, or dyeing woods shall be trans-
ported to any other than English markets
under penalty of forfeiture, and requir-
ing all goods to be imported in English
vessels, and therefore from English
markets ; because " erecting any manu-
factories in the colonies tended to lessen
their dependence on Great Britain."
± * * England restricts American
manufactures.
"The inhabitants worked up their
wool and flax, and made a coarse cloth
for their own use. . . . Hatters were in
the marine towns. . . . Six furnaces
and nineteen forges were set up for
making iron."
* * La. Eleven French vessels arrive ;
500 negroes imported from Guinea.
* * -20 * * New York. Jacobus van Cort-
landt the 32d mayor.
* * S. C. Arthur Middleton, governor.
1720 * * Brazil. The district of Minas is
separated from San Paulo, having 5 prin-
cipal settlements with royal charters.
* * -26 * * Md. Chas. Calvert, governor.
* * Eng. Royal orders forbid the Eng-
lish colonies to issue paper money.
* *N.Y. William Burnet, governor [till
1728] ; trade between the French and In-
dians prohibited. New Jersey included.
» * -25 * * New York. Robert "Walters
the 33d mayor.
1721 Feb. ± * S.C. Francis Nichol-
son, governor of Carolina, arrives.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1713 Mar. * N. Y. A part of the de-
feated Tuscaroras leave Carolina, and
migrate to northern New York, and be-
come the sixth nation of the Iroquois
confederacy.
1714 * * Boston has a project for a bank
of credit.
* * -17 * * New Eng. Period of great
commercial activity. The trade with
the "West Indies is extensive.
1716 May 2. Fr. Law's bank estab-
lished in Paris.
1717 * * Carolina. Population has in-
creased but 600 in 41 years.
* * Fr. The Company of the "West
chartered, with John Law director.
* * New Eng. The whale-fishery is
begun.
1719 * * Mass. Colonists begin to use
tea.
1720** U.S. Clocks introduced
about this date, and substitute hour-
glasses.
60 1721, May-1730, Feb.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1721**5'. C. Gov. Nicholson confirms
peace with the Indians.
1722 July 25. New England declares
war against the Indians.
1723 Mar. 9. Me. An expedition
from Massachusetts burns an Abnaki
village on the Penobscot.
* * Miss. Second Natchez War.
1724 Aug. 23. Me. An expedition
from Massachusetts again burns Nor-
ridgewock, an Abnaki village on the
Penobscot.
* * La. France sends out 1,000 soldiers
to protect the colonists.
1725 Dec. 15. Me. The Eastern In-
dians sign a peace with the English.
* * Carolina is invaded by the Yamasis
of Florida.
* * LovewelFs fight occurs at Pegwacket.
* * O. The English are disturbed by the
French, who establish themselves on the
Ohio.
1726 * * The French retake Fort Denon-
ville near Niagara River.
* * N. Y. The French build Fort Niag-
ara [at Lewiston].
1729 * * Uruguay. The Spaniards com-
plete the conquest begun by the Portu-
guese at Montevideo, under General
Zarala.
Nov. 29. Miss. The Indians attack
the French settlement at Natchez ; 200
colonists slain, 150 children, 80 women,
and as many negroes taken into cap-
tivity; only 20 whites and 6 negroes
escape.
1730 Feb. 8. La. An expedition of
revenge captures nearly the whole tribe
of Natchezan Indians, that massacred
the French. [They are sent to St. Do-
mingo as slaves.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
1722+ * * li. I. Hemp -duck is first
manufactured.
* * W. I. Destructive cyclone at Ja-
maica. The town of Port Royal is over-
whelmed with an inundation of the sea.
1727 Oct. 29. New Eng. An alarming
earthquake occurs.
1729+ * * Brazil. Diamond mines discov-
ered in Seria Frio (1710) are announced.
* * Miss. First paper-mill is erected at
Charlestown.
* * Peru. A piece of gold weighing 90
marks is found near La Paz.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1721* *
Ashe, John, patriot, born.
De Kalb, Baron John, general, born.
Hopkins, Samuel, clergyman, born.
Pendleton, Edmund, judge, born.
Sherman, Roger, statesman, born.
Yale, Elihu, patron of Yale College, A73.
Zeisberger, David, missionary, born.
1722* *
Adams, Samuel, statesman, born.
Auchmuty, Samuel, loyalist, born.
Humphrey, Marshall, botanist, born.
Lowndes, Rawlins, statesman, born.
Witherspoon, John, clergyman, patriot, born.
1723* *
± Calef, Robert, anti-persecutionist, dies.
Cornbury, Lord Edward Hyde, Gov. of N.Y.,
dies.
Harnett, Cornelius, statesman, born.
Landon, Samuel, l'res. of Harvard, born.
Livingston, William, Gov. of N. J., poet, A67.
Mather, Increase, clergyman, author, A84.
Randolph, Peyton, first Pres. of Congress, b.
1724* *
Backus, Isaac, clergyman, born.
Carleton, Sir Guy, Gov. of Quebec, born.
Davies, Samuel, Pres. of Princeton, born.
Laurens, Henry, statesman, born.
Rivington, James, printer, born.
1725 * *
Cooper, Samuel, clergyman, born.
Cushing, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., born.
Hall, Lyman, statesman, born.
Mason, George, statesman, born.
Mixon, John, general, born.
Otis, James, patriot, born.
Prdvost, Augustine, major-general, born.
Thomas, John, general, born.
1726* *
Alexander, William, major-general, born.
Bass, Edward, P. E. bishop, born.
Folsom, N., brigadier-general, born.
Otterbein, Philip William, founder, born.
Prescott, William, colonel, born.
Wythe, George, jurist, born.
1727* *
Bowdoin, James, statesman, born.
Ellery, William, signer of Declaration, born.
Mcintosh, Lachlan, general, born.
Stiles, Ezra, Pres. of Yale College, born.
Ward, Artemas, general, born.
1728* *
De Peyster, Abraham, acting Gov. of N.Y.,
A70.
Gates, Horatio, general V. S. A., born.
Holyoke, Edward Augustus, physician, born.
Mather, Cotton, theologian, A65.
Stark. John, general, born.
Warren, Mercy, authoress, born.
1729* *
Bartlett, Josiah, signer of Declaration, born.
Buddington, William Ives, clergyman, A62.
Embury, Philip, Methodist preacher, born.
Franklin, William, Governor of N. J., born.
Howe, Sir William, Eng. general, born.
Seabury, Samuel, P. E. bishop, born.
Thomson, Charles, Sec. of Congress, born.
Williams, John, The Redeemed Captive, A85.
CHURCH.
1721 May 8. It. Innocent XIII. pope.
* * Mich. The Mackinaw mission is re-
opened.
1722 * * Conn. The Protestant Epis-
copal church has its effective begin-
ning at Stratford.
1723 * * Miss. The Jesuits are in the
Mississippi Valley, north of Natchez.
* * Conn. First Episcopal church in this
province built at Stratford, under Dr.
Johnson.
Sept. 20. Phila. The Synod of Philadel-
phia appoints a Committee of Confer-
ence with the ministers of Connecticut,
with regard to their affairs.
* * * Miss. The Natchez tribe of Indi-
ans worships the sun, and keeps an un-
dying fire in its great wigwam.
1724 May29./<. Benedict XIII. pope.
Aug. 23. Me. Father Sebastian Rasles,
the most noted Catholic missionary in
New England, is killed in battle, after a
service of thirty-seven years ; he dies
standing by the cross, at Norridgewock.
Sept. * New York. The first Baptist
church is organized, with Nicholas
Eyers pastor.
1725 Jan. 1. Greenland. Fred. Chris-
tian, the first convert of the Danish
missionaries, is baptized.
* * Mass. The ministers desire a synod
" to recover and establish the faith and
order of the gospel." [They are repri-
manded by the Bishop of London for
setting a bad precedent for dissenters.]
1726 * * R.I. The Baptists of Newport
vote to take " a weekly contribution for
the support of the ministry."
1727 May 19. Eng. The Bishop of
London declares that " Christianity and
the embracing of the gospel does not
make the least alteration in civil prop-
erty " (slaves).
* * La. Ursuline nuns established at
New Orleans.
* * N. C. Paul Palmer forms the Shiloh
Baptish church in Camden Corner.
* * Pa. Rev. George Michael "Weiss,
the pioneer minister of the German
Reformed church, arrives and organizes
the first church.
William Tennent, a Presbyterian, es-
tablishes the first theological school
in America, at Neshaminy ; it is com-
monly called "Log CoUege."
* * Phila. It is proposed in the Presby-
terian Synod to require all ministers to
subscribe to the confession of faith.
[New Englanders object.]
A great number of German Luther-
ans arrive.
1728 * * Greenland. Godthaab becomes
a Danish mission station.
1729* * Boston. The Old South
Church is erected [now standing],
* * Mass. The Baptists and Quakers ex-
empted from paying the parish minis-
terial taxes when it offends their con-
sciences.
* * N. C. A second Baptist church formed
at Meherrin, by Joseph Parker.
* * New York. Many Jews arrive and
settle in this city.
* * Phila. The Presbyterian Synod, by an
" Adopting Act," makes the Westmin-
ster Confession of Faith its standard.
* * R. I. General or Arminian Baptists
form an association at Newport.
LETTERS.
1721 Aug. 21. Boston. TheNew Eng-
land Courant is published by James
Franklin.
* * Mass. The Christian Philosopher, by
Cotton Mather, appears.
1723 Jan. * Boston. The legislature ap-
points a committee of inquiry respect-
ing the libels of the press, and James
Franklin is imprisoned.
The New England Courant is continued
with Benjamin Franklin, the younger
brother and apprentice to James, as
nominal publisher.
1725 Oct. 16. N. Y. The New York
Gazette, the first newspaper in the
city and the fifth newspaper established
in the colonies, issued by William Brad-
ford. [Continued till 1741.]
1726 * * -39 * * Conn. Rev. Elisha Wil-
liams rector of Yale College.
1727 * * The Maryland Gazette, the first
in this colony, issued at Annapolis.
1728 Feb. 13. Mum. Cotton Mather,
the most learned man in America, dies.
1729 * * Pa. Modern Chivalry, or the
Adventures of Captain Farrago, by
Brackenridge, appears.
AMERICA.
1721, May-1730, Feb. 61
* * Phila. The Pennsylvania Gazette,
with a circulation of ninety, is bought
by Benjamin Franklin.
1730 Apr. 22. New York. A public
library founded.
SOCIETY.
1721 * * Boston has an inoculation con-
troversy.
« * Va. Free negroes, mulattoes, and
Indians are disfranchised " for the
better government of negroes."
1723 * * New York. Benjamin Frank-
lin arrives in a penniless condition.
* * Phila. Benjamin Franklin, 17 years
of age, arrives and works at the prin-
ter's trade.
1724 * * Phila. Benjamin Franklin
sails for Europe to buy printer's ma-
- terials. •
[Dec. * He arrives in London, but is
disappointed in his expectations. 1726.
July 23. He sails for Philadelphia, in-
tending to become a merchant. Oct. 11.
He arrives.]
* * Va. Strong opposition to the slave
trade.
* * * Eng. The government opposes ef-
forts of colonists to suppress the slave
trade.
STATE.
1721 May * Mass. Dispute with the
governor. The House of .Representa-
tives declines to ask the governor to ap-
prove its choice of speaker, and it also
refuses grants of money till the governor
shall accept its acts, resolves, and elec-
tions.
June * La. News of John Law's flight
arrives.
Sept. * Eng. The Board of Trade presents
a plan for consolidating the government
of the American colonies, and getting a
revenue from them, which endangers
the charter governments.
Jeremiah Dummer defends the New
England charters.
* * La. Nearly 1,000 immigrants and
1,367 slaves arrive.
* * N. Y. The English hold a conference
with the Five Nations at Conestoga.
* * Portugal. The Brazil Company is
abolished by John V.
* * R. I. Notes issued for £40,000, inter-
est on which is payable in hemp and
flax.
* * S. C. Proprietary government is
overthrown.
* * Va. Free negroes are first disfran-
chised.
1722 July * Mass. The legislature de-
clares the Abnakis to be traitors and
robbers, and offers a bounty for scalps.
* * Chile. After a struggle of 180 years
the Chileans make a treaty with the
Spaniards, separating a part of the
country to form Spanish Chile.
* * La. German settlers remove from
Arkansas, and settle 20 miles above New
Orleans.
* * Md. Marylanders declare themselves
the inheritors of English common
law.
* * Mex. Don Juan de Acuna becomes
viceroy, and evinces ability and in-
tegrity.
* * N. C. Thomas Pollock, president of
council.
* * _24 * * N. C. William Reed, presi-
dent of council.
* * N. Y. The authorities of New York,
Pennsylvania, and Virginia hold a con-
ference with the Iroquois.
Burnet builds a trading-house at
Oswego.
* ♦ -26 * * Fa. Hugh Drysdale is lieu-
tenant-governor.
1723 Aug. * La. New Orleans made
the center of French authority in the
South.
* * Mass. Gov. Samuel Shute flees to
England to arraign the colony for in-
subordination.
* *-28* * Mass. William Dummer
governor. [1729-30. Again.]
* * Pa. Paper money amounting to
£45,000 has been issued in the last two
years.
Franklin assists in introducing paper
money. [Afterwards he perceives its
evil tendencies.]
*• * Va. The negro, mulatto, and Indian
are disfranchised.
1724 ** -41 ** Conn. Joseph Talcott
governor.
* * -25 * * N. C. George Burrington
governor.
±* * O. The Delawares migrate to
branches of the Ohio for convenience in
getting game.
* * Sp. Louis I. king.
Philip V. again king.
* * -31 * * Vt. French settlements
made.
* * Vt. Fort Dummer built, the first
English settlement.
1725 * * Mass. Western Massachusetts
is settled.
Dec. 15. Mass. Dummer makes a treaty
with the Indians.
* * The rivalry between France and
England for the possession of Oswego
and Niagara begins.
* *N. C. Sir Richard Everard gover-
nor. (S. C. Arthur Middleton.)
* * -26 * * New York. Johannes Jansen
the 34th mayor.
1726 * * Can. Beauharnois is appointed
governor. (To 1747.)
* * Mass. Gov. Shute receives an ex-
planatory charter from the Crown, giv-
ing him more power over the General
Court.
Treaty of peace made [and long kept]
with Eastern Indians.
* * N. Y. By treaty, the Senecas, Cayu-
gas, and Onondagas place their lands
under English protection, with that of
the Mohawks and Oneida Indians.
* * -35 * * New York. Robert Lurting
the 35th mayor.
+ * * England and France dispute re-
specting the boundaries along the
Lakes and St. Lawrence — the avenue
of western communication. The In-
dians surrender a strip six miles wide,
along the southern shore of Lake On-
tario, to the English.
* * Pa. Patrick Gordon governor.
* * _27 * * Va. Robert Carter is lieu-
tenan t-go vernor .
1727 July 11. Eng. George H. en-
throned.
July * Me. Further treaty made with
the Indians at Falmouth (Portsmouth).
* * N. Y. Oswego is founded as a for-
tress.
* * Va. Fredericksburg founded.
* * Governors inaugurated :
-30* * Md. Benedict L. Calvert.
-32 * * R. I. Joseph Jenckes.
-49 * * Va. William Gooch.
1728 * * Conn. England strives to alter
the laws of Connecticut.
The English law in regard to intestate
estates, favoring the eldest-born, is de-
clared in force by the English govern-
ment, and the colonial law annulled.
* * Eng. Sir William Keith proposes a
Stamp Act.
* * New Jersey colonists petition the
king to separate their colony from
New York; he refuses their request.
* * N. Y. Gov. Burnet is transferred to
Massachusetts to make way for John
Montgomerie, the groom of the chamber
of George II. while he was Prince of
Wales. (To 1731). Governor of N. J.
* * The Shawnees migrate to branches
of the Ohio.
1729 July 29. Carolina becomes a
royal government, the king having
bought a seven-eighths interest of the
proprietors for the sum of £17,500, with
£5,000 added for quit-rents.
Sept. * Carolina is divided into North
and South Carolina, and a governor ap-
pointed for North Carolina.
* * -30 * * Mass. William Dummer is
governor again.
* *R.I. George Berkeley arrives.
* * S. C. German Palatines arrive.
1730 Jan. 15. New York. Gov. Mont-
gomerie grants a new charter to the
city. It provides for the annual election
of aldermen and other local officers by
the people.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1721 * * Mass. A scourge of small-pox
attacks about 6,000 people in and near
Boston ; vaccination is introduced
and much opposed.
1722 * * Mass. Population is about
ninety-four thousand.
1724 * * Eng. English ship-carpenters
complain of the competition of Ameri-
cans.
1727 * * English imports from the
North American Colonies amount to
$2,870,000 ; exports, $2,685,000.
1730 * * Boston. SmaU - pox ravages
the town ; loss, 500 lives.
* * Port. The discovery of diamonds in
Brazil being announced, the govern-
ment declares them crown property.
62 1730, Aug. -1736.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1731* * N. Y. The French construct
Fort Frederick at Crown Point on the
west shore of Lake Champlain [and
make it a strong fortress], commanding
the natural waterway between the Hud-
son and the St. Lawrence rivers.
* * La. The last of the Natchez war-
riors are defeated by the French [near
Natchitoches].
1735 Apr.± * Ala. The French send
one expedition from the South and an-
other from the North against the brave
Chickasaws. [Both of them are de-
feated.]
1736 May 20. Miss. The Chicka-
saws defeat the French force from Illi-
nois under D'Artaguette, and burn him
and others at the stake.
May 29. Miss. The Chickasaws de-
feat a large body of French and their
Indian allies under Gov. Bienville.
1736 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe builds a
fort on the Savannah River at Augusta,
in anticipation of a Spanish war ; various
other forts are also erected. [In Eng-
land, Parliament appropriates §50,000
for expenses.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1731 May* Phila. Thomas Godfrey
obtains a patent for his reflecting
quadrant, used in taking altitudes of
the sun or stars.
* * Bishop Berkeley and his family are
painted by John Symbert.
1734 * * W. I. A destructive cyclone
visits Jamaica.
1736 Feb. 6. New England is shaken
by an earthquake.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1730* *
Cardillac, Antoine de la Motte, founder, d.
Fairfax, Bryan L., loyalist, born.
Hewes, Joseph, signer of Declaration, born.
Kodney, Caesar, patriot, born. ?
Ross, George, statesman, born.
Sewall, Samuel, jurist, A 78.
Steuben, Baron Frederick. I'rus. gen., b.
Stockton, Richard, signer of Declaration, b.
1731 * *
Banneker, Benjamin, negro mathematician,
born.
Clavigero, Francis X., Mexican historian, b.
Craik, James, physician, born.
Hollis, Thomas, benefactor of Harvard, A72.
Huntington, Samuel, signer of Declaration, b.
Landiver, Rafael, Jesuit poet, born.
Lee, Charles, general, born.
McDougall, Alexander, general, born.
Moultrie, William, general, born.
Treat, Robert, lawyer and patriot, born.
Williams, William, signer of Declaration, b.
1732* *
Abbott, Benjamiii.Metrodist preacher, born.
Abbott, Samuel, founder, born.
Blair, John, justieb, born in Va.
Carver, Jonathan, traveler, born.
Dickinson, John, political writer, born.
Dunmore, John Murray, governor, born.
Edes, Benjamin, journalist, born.
Erving, John, clergyman, born.
Johnson, Thomas, justice, born in Md.
Johnston, Samuel, governor , born.
Lee, Richard Henry, patriot, born.
Marion, Francis, patriot, barn.
Rittenhouse, David, astronomer, born.
Washing-ton, George, Father of his coun-
try, born. Feb. 22.
1733* *
Conway, Thomas, Count de, general, born.
dishing, William, justice, born in Mass.
Deane, Samuel, clergyman, born.
Duane, James, statesman, born.
Fellows, John, general, born.
Law, Richard, jurist, born.
Lincoln, Benjamin, general, born.
Whipple, Abraham, naval officer, born.
1734* *
Caldwell, James, patriot, I'res. el., born.
Floyd, William, patriot, born.
Goodrich, Elizur, clergyman, born.
Heck, Barbara, Methodist, born.
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, patriot, born.
Manly, John, naval commander, born.
McKean, Thomas, jurist, born.
Morris, Robert, statesman, born.
Saint Clair, Arthur, general, born.
Sumter, Thomas, general, sen. for S. C, born.
1735 * *
Oct. 19. Adams, John, 2d President, b.
Boone, Daniel, pioneer, born.
Carroll, John D., Archbp. of Baltimore, b.
Clayton, Aimer, general, born.
Cooper, Miles, l'res. of Columbia Coll., born.
Morgan, John, physician, born.
Revere, Paul, patriot, born.
Trumbull, Benjamin, historian, born.
Williamson, Hugh, physician, born.
1736* *
Clinton, James, general, born.
Henry, Patrick, orator, born.
Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, born.
Montgomery, Richard, general, born.
Morgan, Daniel, general, born.
Vincennes Sieur, de, Jean, Can. founder, A48.
Wentworth, Sir John, Gov. of N. H., born.
CHURCH.
1730 ** Boston. The Presbyterian
church is organized.
July 12. It. Clement XIII. pope.
* * Conn. — R. I. Thirteen Baptist
churches hold yearly meetings upon
the " Six Principles."
* * Me. The Jesuits send a missionary
from Quebec, and Norridgewock is re-
built.
1731 Dec. 13. W. I. The first Mora-
vian missionaries arrive at St. Thomas.
1732 Dec. 13. W.I. O'Leonard Dober
and Nitschman, Danish missionaries,
arrive at St. Thomas.
* * N. H. Its first Protestant Episcopal
church erected at Portsmouth.
* * Pa. Catholics come under the min-
istrations of English Jesuits.
* * W. I. Nassau becomes a mission sta-
tion of the Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel.
1733 May 20. Greenland. Moravian
missionaries first arrive.
May* Pa. The Seventh Day (German)
Baptists establish a monastic society at
Ephrata.
* * Ga. Lutherans settle at Ebenezer.
The Jews at Savannah organize.
* * Eng. The Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel sends Jonathan Barber, a
missionary, to the Mohicans.
* * Pa. The first German Lutheran
church in America is organized.
* * Phila. The only Roman Catholic
church north of Maryland, erected
before the Revolution, is built.
* * W. I. St. Croix becomes a mission
station of the Moravians.
1734 Oct. * Conn. Rev. John Sargent,
of Yale College, opens a mission station
among the Housatonics, receiving £500
annually from the Society for the Prop-
agation of the Gospel.
* * Ga. The German Lutherans settle
in Georgia, with Pastors Bolzius and
Gronau.
* * -35 * * Mass. The great awaken-
ing at Northampton, under the minis-
try of Jonathan Edwards.
1735 Oct. 14. Eng. The two Wes-
leys sail for America.
John Wesley, having declined a quiet
■ rectory, sets out with his brother Charles
for Georgia, to become missionaries to
the Indians. Charles Wesley is also to
be secretary to the governor.
* * John "Wesley observes the Mora-
vians.
A terrible storm convinces Wesley that
the German Moravians on board the ves-
sel have a fellowship with God, to which
he is a stranger.
* * Conn. A Baptist church is organized
at Wallingford.
* * Guinea. The first Moravian mission-
aries land at Surinam.
* * Mass. The General Assembly orders
a new meeting-house built for the Indi-
ans, which should be thirty feet wide
and forty feet long.
* *N. Y. The Church of England mis-
sion among the Mohawks reports marked
success.
* * Va. Lutherans settle Spottsylvania.
1736 * * Ga. The Wesleys change
their plan.
They abandon the project of establish-
ing missions among the Indians, and
engage in religious work among the col-
onists, hut they enforce the forms of
the church with a rigor and frequency of
repetition which soon tires the people,
and provokes resentment and persecu-
tion.
* * Ga. The Moravians begin mission-
work among the Indians.
A colony of pious men from Herrnhut
and neighborhood arrives, seeking that
religious liberty which was denied at
home. Some brethren resolved to go
with it, in order to preach the gospel to
the Creek, Chickasaw, and Cherokee
Indians.
The two "Wesleys become ascetics.
They deny themselves many of the
common conveniences of life, sleep on
the ground, eat only bread and water,
and John Wesley goes barefoot that he
may encourage the poor boys of his
school.
* * Conn. Mr. Sargent's church among
the Housatonics reports 52 members.
[Later two hundred and fifty.]
* * S. C. Ashley River Baptist church is
formed.
LETTERS.
1730 * * S. C. A printing-press set up
at Charleston.
1731 Jan. 8. The South Carolina Ga-
zette issued at Charleston.
* * Phila. Franklin establishes the first
circulating library in this city. The
Library Company and Loganian Library
founded.
1732 * * Phila. Benjamin Franklin's
Poor Richard' s Almanac, the first of any
note in the United States, appears.
1733 * * Nero York. iTohn Peter Zenger
issues the Weekly Journal, and criticizes
the arbitrary acts of the governor and
Assembly in imposing illegal taxes —
the first attempt to criticize political
measures in a newspaper.
AMERICA.
1730-Aug., 1736. 63
Great agitation respecting the free-
dom of the press.
The aristocratic party denies its right
to criticize the government ; the demo-
cratic party maintains that right.
* * Phila. Benjamin Franklin, at the
age of twenty-seven, begins the study of
the French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin
languages.
* * R. I. The first Rhode Island Gazette
appears at Newport. (Or Sept. 7, 1732.)
1734 Nov. 17. New York. Zenger
imprisoned for defending popular gov-
ernment in the Weekly Journal.
Zenger is the editor, and is put in
prison for criticizing the administra-
tion ; the people are clamorous for his
release. [He is acquitted shortly after.]
1735 * * Pa. The first newspaper in a
foreign tongue is issued in German, at
Germantown.
1736 Aug. 6. Va. The Virginia Ga-
zette appears at Williamsburg.
* * Mass. - Mr. Hollis of London pledges
to support twelve Indian scholars in the
Housatonic School at $100 per annum,
and Mr. Holden five more on the same
terms.
SOCIETY.
1732 * * Georgia Colony is planned as a
benevolent enterprise.
James Oglethorpe, a High Churchman,
a cavalier, a soldier, a member of Parlia-
ment, and an Oxford man, organizes this,
the last of thirteen colonies, in pure
benevolence as a refuge for the poor, es-
pecially for the thousands of poor debtors
who are thrown, annually, into the
prisons of England for no other offense
than impecuniosity.
Nov. 17. Eng. Oglethorpe sails with
120 poor people to plant a colony in
the wilderness of Georgia.
1733 Jan. 26. N.J. A negro is burnt
alive for an assault on a white woman.
May 21+. Ga. Oglethorpe secures a
general council with many Indian
chiefs ; this spreads his fame for justice
and goodness far and wide.
Tomo-chichi, chief of the Yamacraws,
meets his new neighbor, Gov. Ogle-
thorpe, and presents him with a buffalo
robe painted on the inside with the head
and feathers of an eagle. " Here is a
present for you," said the donor. " The
leathers are soft and signify love, the
buffalo skin is an emblem of protection,
therefore protect us." The request was
not lost on the philanthropist.
July 30. Boston. The first lodge of
Freemasons is opened.
* * Ga. On the second day after his ar-
rival, Governor Oglethorpe declares that
"the importation of ardent spirit is
illegal."
1734 * * Ga. The councilors of Georgia
prohibit the importation of rum into
the colony ; slavery is positively for-
bidden ; traffic with the Indians is regu-
lated by license.
* * Phila. The second Freemasons'
lodge in the colonies is opened.
1735 July * New York. Alexander
Hamilton, a noted lawyer of Philadel-
phia, argues for the acquittal of Editor
Zenger, who is charged with libel for
criticizing the government ; he gains
the verdict, and receives a gold box as a
testimonial from the citizens.
* * Eng. Parliament prohibits the im-
portation of liquors into Georgia.
Slaves run away to Florida, where the
Spaniards welcome them and give them
lands ; this irritates the colonists and
provokes war, as the authorities refuse
to surrender such slaves.
STATE.
1730 * * Brazil. The Government de-
clares diamond mines regalia.
**[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
June-July. Mass. William Tailer.
-41* * J. Belcher. Aug. 10. Arrives.
-35 * * S. C. Robert Johnson.
* * Ky. Settlers straggle into this country.
* * Md. Baltimore founded.
* * R. I. Wild issues of paper money.
1731 May 14. Conn. — N. Y. Final
settlement of the boundary line be-
tween New York and Connecticut.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-33* * Md. Samuel Ogle.
N. C. George Burnington.
-32 * *N.Y. Rip van Dam.
* * N. C. It is a royal province again.
1732 Apr. 10. La. The Mississippi
Company surrenders its unprofitable
charter to the French crown.
June 9. Eng. George II. grants [Geor-
gia] to James Edward Oglethorpe, the
philanthropist, " to be held in trust for
the poor ; " 40,000 hopeless debtors lie in
English prisons.
* * Eng. Parliament prohibits the in-
troduction from one colony into another
of hats and woolens of domestic man-
ufacture, and makes it illegal for hatters
to have more than two apprentices.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-33 * * Md. Charles Lord Baltimore.
-36* *N. Y. Wm. Crosby. Aug. 1.
Arrives.
-36 * * N.J. John Anderson (pres.).
-34 * * R. I. William Wanton.
* * Md. Tobacco is made a legal ten-
der at one penny a pound.
* * N. Y. Two parties struggle fcr
supremacy, the democratic party main-
tains the freedom of the press to criticize
the government, and the aristocratic
party, which opposes its freedom.
* * -33 * * R. I. Wm. Wanton gov-
ernor.
1733 Feb. 1. Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe
lays out the streets of his settlement
(Savannah) and lands his colony.
Feb. 12. Ga. The colony of Savannah
is begun.
He designs it as a home for the poor,
and a reformatory for prisoners ; 35
families, numbering about 150 persons,
settle here.
May 21 *. Ga. Oglethorpe holds an im-
portant council with the Indians.
* * Eng. Parliament passes the odious
Importation Act, laying exorbitant
duties on all the sugar, molasses, and
rum imported into the colonies. [This
excites resentment, and evasion, and
leads to revolution.]
* * La. Bienville returns from France
with a commission from the king as
governor.
* * Mass. The province of Massachu-
setts Bay petitions Parliament against
the grievance of a royal instruction to
support the Crown officers by a general
instead of an annual grant. [The peti-
tion is voted to be frivolous and ground-
less — a high insult.]
1734 Mar. * Ga. Germans found Eb-
enezer, above Savannah.
Nov. 17. New York. Zenger, printer
of the Weekly Journal, is arrested for
libeling Governor Crosby. [Ac-
quitted in 1735.] This is the first attack
upon freedom of speech.
* * [ V. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-41 * * Md. Samuel Ogle.
N. C. Nathaniel Rice (pres.).
-52 * * N. C. Gabriel Johnson.
-52 * * R.I. John Wanton.
* * Costa Rica. The port of Caldera is
opened, and prosperity revives.
* * Ga. Augusta founded.
1735 May * Ga. Nine Moravians, or
United Brethren, begin a settlement
south of Savannah.
* *-39* * New York. Paul Richards
36th mayor.
* * _37 * * S. C. T. Broughton, gov.
1736* * Ga. A party of 100 Scotch
Highlanders, with John M'Leod their
minister, arrive and [found Inverness on
the Altamaha].
Feb. 6. Ga. Governor Oglethorpe re-
turns from England, bringing 300 im-
migrants, including 25 Moravians and
the two Wesleys.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated.
-43 * * N. Y. George Clarke.
N. J. John Anderson (pres.).
-38 * * N. J. John Hamilton (pres.).
-38 * * Pa. James Logan (pres.).
* * Pa. Benjamin Franklin is chosen
clerk of the general assembly.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1731* * New York. First fire engines
introduced ; a department is organized.
* * Philadelphia has 12,500 population.
* * Rhode Island has about 18,000 inhab-
itants.
1732 * * N. Y. A stage route opened
from New York to Boston, a journey of
fourteen days.
* * S. C. Prevalence of yellow fever ;
business nearly suspended.
* * W. I. The yellow fever appears in
several islands of the West Indies.
* * New York province has a population
of about 65,000; Pennsylvania, about
30,000 ; and Virginia, about sixty thou-
sand.
1733 * * Maryland has a population of
thirty-six thousand.
1734 * * Can. Quebec and its suburbs
have 4,603 inhabitants.
1735 * * Boston has a population of
about sixteen thousand.
1736 * * Mass. A regular line of stages
runs from Boston to Newport.
64
1737-1744.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1737 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe returns
from England with a military commis-
sion and a British regiment of 600 men,
to protect the colony from the Spaniards.
1739 Oct. 23-48* * England is at
war with Spain to open the ports of
Spanish America to English merchants.
Nov. 22. Colombia. Admiral Edward
Vernon, with six English men-of-war,
takes Portobello from Spain.
1740 Jan. 4±. Ga. Governor Ogle-
thorpe with 1,200 troops and 1,000 Indi-
ans invades Florida as ordered from
England. [May 10. Takes Fort St. Di-
ego, near St. Augustine.]
Mar. * Ala. The French send another
expedition against the Chickasaws.
June * -July * F la. Oglethorpe leads a
strong expedition to capture St. Augus-
tine ; after a siege of five weeks he
withdraws.
Oct. * W. I. New England troops join
Admiral Vernon in an expedition sent to
break Spanish power in the West Indies.
Nov. * Ala. The Chickasaws promise
peace to the French.
1741 Mar. * Colombia. Admiral Ver-
non's expedition of 27,000 men against
Cartagena is frustrated by disease.
* * Cuba. The English colonies partici-
pate in an attack upon this island.
1742 July 5. Ga. A Spanish fleet
of 51 vessels, with 5,000± men, carries
the war northward into Georgia. [It
is foiled by the stratagem of Ogle-
thorpe and his small army ; the Span-
ish commander is dismissed from the
service.]
July 15. Ga. The Spaniards retire
from the attack on Savannah County.
July 18. Ga. The Spaniards attack
Fort "William and are repulsed.
1744* *-48* *King George's War
between Great Britain and France.
Mar. 15. France declares war against
Great Britain.
May * Me. A French force from Cape
Breton surprises the English garrison at
Canso and destroys the fort.
June 2. Boston receives information
that France has declared war against
England.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1741 * * Vitus Bering discovers north-
western America.
1742 * * Boston. Faneuil Hall is built
by Peter Faneuil, and presented to the
town.
* * Can. Middleton and Moore make
their discoveries in Hudson Bay.
* * Md. Copper- works are in operation.
1743 * * Pa. John Bartram engages in
botanical explorations.
* * Phila. Benjamin Franklin estab-
lishes the American Philosophical So-
ciety. [1753+ . Expires. 1769. Revived.]
* * S. C. The cultivation of indigo
begins.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1737* *
Allen. Ethan, colonel, born.
Carroll, Charles, patriot, born.
Copley, John Singleton, painter, horn.
Deane, Silas, diplomatist, born.
Hancock, John, statesman, born.
Heath, William, general, born.
Hopkinson, Francis, author, born.
Nicholson, James, commodore, born.
Paine, Thomas, author, born.
1738* *
Boardman, Richard, clergyman, born.
Hobart, John G., senator, born.
Nelson, Thomas, statesman, born.
Palmer, Ruf us, general, born.
Quincy, Edmund, jurist, born.
West, Benjamin, painter, born.
1739* *
Bartram, William, botanist, born.
Clinton, George, vice-president, Gov. of N.
Y., born.
Clymer, George, statesman, born.
Duche. Jacob, first chaplain of Cong., born.
Dupont, Pierre Samuel, economist, born.
Jarvis, Abraham, bishop, born.
Langdon, John, statesman, born.
Pickens, Andrew, general, born.
Rutledge, John, justice, born in S. C.
1740* *
Harrison, Benjamin, signer of Decl'n, b.
Lathrop, John, clergyman, born.
Lee, Arthur, statesman, born.
Meigs, Return Jonathan, officer, born.
O'Brien, Jeremiah, privateer, born.
Otis, Samuel A., senator, born.
Sullivan, John, general, born.
1741* *
Arnold, Benedict, gen., traitor, born. ■
Chase, Samuel, justice, born in Md.
Fitzsiminons, Thomas, patriot, born.
Kirkland, Samuel, founder, born.
Murray, John, clergyman, born.
Peabody, Nathaniel, general, born.
Peale, Charles Wilson, painter, born.
Perkins, Elislia, physician, born.
Reed, Joseph, patriot, born.
Warren, Joseph, patriot, born.
1742* *
Bard, Samuel, physician, born.
Bradford, Andrew, journalist, A55.
Brant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, born. ?
Cadwallader, John, general, born.
Clagget, J. Thomas, bishop, born.
Drayton, William Henry, statesman, born.
Greene, Nathaniel, general, born.
Hooper, William, patriot, born.
Hagar, Isaac, general, born.
Ieard, Ralph, statesman, born.
Middleton, Arthur, statesman, born.
Provoost, Samuel, bishop, born.
Robertson, James, pioneer, born.
Wilson, James, justice, born in Pa.
1743* *
Allen, Thomas, chaplain, born.
Blair, James, William and Mary College, d.
Dana, Francis, jurist, born.
Dexter, Timothy, eccentric citizen, born.
Elbert, Samuel, Governor of Ga., born.
Faneuil, Peter, donor of Faneuil Hall, A43.
Fitch, John, inventor, born.
Heckewelder, John, missionary, born.
Jackson, Jonathan, congressman, born.
Jefferson, Thomas, President, horn Apr. 2.
Porter, Andrew, general, born.
Rand, Isaac, physician, born.
Rumsey, James, inventor, born.
Warner, Seth, officer, born.
CHURCH.
1737 Sept. 23. N. Y. Hebrews dis-
franchised by the Legislature.
* * Ga. Charles Wesley leaves the colony
for England via Boston.
John Wesley sails for England later
in the year, having failed as a mission-
ary, and thoroughly cured of mysticism.
1738 Jan. * George Whitefield, pul-
pit orator and consecrated Methodist
evangelist, sails for Georgia on his first
visit to America. [He projects an or-
phan asylum, and soon returns to Eng-
land in its interests.]
May * Ga. Whitefield arrives, and es-
tablishes an asylum for orphans.
Sept. * S. C. Whitefield sails from
Charleston for England.
* * Greenland. Kajaruak, the first Eski-
mo convert, is awakened by the Moravian
preaching.
* * S.C. Peedee Baptist church formed.
1739 Sept. * Eng. George White-
field sails from England to visit Amer-
ica the second time.
[He lands in Philadelphia early in
November. He visits New York, preach-
ing thrice daily for a week ; goes to
Georgia and visits his Orphan House ;
visits most of the important cities,
preaching incessantly, and greatly hon-
ored by clergy and people, and power-
fully moving the masses of the people by
his zeal and eloquence. Twenty thou-
sand persons listen to his farewell ad-
dress on the Common in Boston ; he
raises much money for his Orphan
House.]
* * Mass. The meeting-house (and school
house), built by the Assembly for the
Indians, is first occupied.
* * Md. Baltimore has its first Protestant
Episcopal church.
* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod divided
into friends and foes of the revival
connected with Whitefield.
1740 Aug. 17. It. Benedict XIV.
pope.
* * Conn. Conversion of the Indian, Sam-
son Occum, afterward Indian mission-
ary.
* Mass. Arian views of Christ cher-
ished in New England.
* * N. Y. Henry Rauch, the first Mora-
vian missionary to the New York In-
dians, begins work at Shekosniko,
Missionary Henry Rauch is bitterly
opposed by the white people.
Their large income in trading with the
Indians is due to the ignorance of the
latter. In proportion to the success of
the mission, opposition increases. Mis-
sionaries and Christian Indians are ar-
rested upon absurd and false charges,
and the work of Rauch and his co-
laborers is obstructed in every possible
way.
* * Pa. The Moravians begin mission
work among the Indians at Bethlehem.
* * -47 * * Pa. Between these dates
Ludweek Hacker set up a Sabbath-
school at Ephrata, among the German
Seventh-day Baptists there. (Haydn.)
[The school-room was used as a hos-
pital after the battle of Brandywine,
(1777), thus breaking up the school.]
* * Phila. Friction in the Presby-
terian Synod ; cause, revivals.
* * S. C. George Whitefield is called
before the commissary to answer for
"certain articles," touching irregulari-
ties and breach of pledges made in
ordination.
1741 Jan. 16. S. C. Whitefield em-
harks at Charleston for England.
** Phila. Schism in the Presbyterian
Synod ; the New Brunswick Presbytery
is excluded. #
June 2. Phila. The Presbytery of New
Brunswick meets, with others who are
excluded from the synod, and organizes
the Presbytery of Londonderry. [A
synod is called for August, 1742.]
AMERICA.
1737-1744.
65
* * New Eng. Whitefield's revival.
Between thirty and forty thousand
persons have professed conversion dur-
ing the last two years, under the preach-
ing of Whitefield.
* * N.Y. The Church of England Mo-
hawk Mission reports 500 Indians in 2
towns, and 58 communicants.
* * Pa. Count Zinzendorf visits
America and preaches to the Moravians.
It is claimed that Dr. George de Benne-
ville first preaches Universalism in
America.
The Moravians found Bethlehem.
1742 Feb. 11. Pa. Count Zinzendorf
ordains two missionaries at Oly, to labor
among the Indians.
* * Conn. The General Assembly repeals
the law exempting "sober dissent-
ers" from worshiping with the "stand-
ing order."
Severe laws enacted against the
" New Lights," who favor a more
spiritual life in religion — bitter conten-
tion with the " Old Lights."
Harvard and Yale arrayed against
Whitefield ; the General Assembly
makes it illegal for any unsettled min-
ister to preach at all.
* * Md. The first Baptist church formed
at Chestnut Ridge, near Baltimore.
* * N. Y. A great revival prevails
among the Mohican and other Indian
tribes.
Aug. * Pa. The Presbytery of New Lon-
donderry holds its first meeting ; it con-
sists of members who were excl uded from
the Presbyterian Synod.
* * Pa. Arrival of Henry M. Muhlen-
berg, the founder of the Lutheran
church in America. A new epoch opens
for the Lutherans in his organizing work.
1743* * Boston. A second Baptist
church formed.
May 30. Phila. The Presbyterian Synod
meets, and rejects overtures of peace
from the Synod of New York.
* * N. Y. The Mohawk mission of the
Church of England reports only two or
three of the tribe unbaptized.
LETTERS.
1739 * * -66 * * Conn. Kev. Thomas
Clap is president of Yale College.
1741* * Phila. The American Magazine,
conducted by John Webbe, appears. It
is the earliest magazine in America ;
but two numbers issued.
The General Magazine and Historical
Chronicle, the first literary journal in
America, is issued by Benj. Franklin.
(Six numbers.)
1742 * * Pa. The first public library in
Pennsylvania is instituted by the effort
of Franklin.
1743 * * -47 * * Boston. The American
Magazine appears.
* * Boston. The Boston Weekly Museum
appears. (Four numbers.)
* * -45 * * Boston. The Christian History
appears.
* * Mass. The education of Housatonio
Indian girls is begun with poor success.
* * New York. The New York Gazette or
Weekly Post-Boy issued by Jas. Parker.
* * Pa. A German edition of the Bible is
published at Germantown.
SOCIETY.
1738 * * S.C. Desolating insurrection
of negroes, inspired by Spanish influ-
ence ; leaders are executed.
1740 * * S. C. Teaching negroes to
write is prohibited by law.
1741 * * New York. Negroes conspire
to murder their masters, and burn the
city ; a panic ensues, and a public fast
is observed.
Four whites and 18 negroes are sud-
denly hanged, 14 negroes are burned, 71
transported, and many imprisoned ; the
existence of a plot is doubted. [Later it
is proved that none existed.]
1743 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe closes
ten years of office with the colonists, not
having taken for himself an acre of
ground, nor even owned a house.
The poor colonists clamor for the
introduction of slaves; the prohibitory
laws are first evaded and then defied.
± * * Ga. Improvident English settlers
contend that rum is necessary to resist
the climate, and that none but slaves
can till the soil.
1744+ * * Fa. Mobs persecute the
Baptists here and elsewhere ; ministers
are frequently imprisoned for preaching.
STATE.
1737 * * La. A royal edict permits ten
years' freedom of commerce between
Louisiana and the West Indies.
Mar. * N. C. The Assembly imprisons
the king's officers for distraining rent ;
because of this it is dissolved, leaving
the colony without revenue and the
officers without pay.
* * _43 * * S. C. Wm. Bull, governor.
1738 * * Jamaica. The Maroons (run-
away slaves) are permitted to form set-
tlements in the north part of the island.
* * New Jersey becomes a separate
colony.
Colonists again petition for separation
from New York, and the king yields, and
appoints Lewis Morris governor.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-46 * * N.J. Lewis Morris.
-47* * Pa. George Thomas (deputy).
1739 * * Colombia. The new kingdom
of Granada is established under a
viceroy.
* * Me. A few Germans settle in Waldo-
borough.
**.44* * jVeW York. John Cruger
the 37th mayor.
1740 * * Ga. The Moravians are op-
posed to war, and emigrate as a body
to Pennsylvania, where they found Beth-
lehem and Nazareth.
* * _43 * * r. i. Richard Ward gover-
nor.
* * S. C. Act passed forbidding to
teach negroes how to write.
* * The jurisdiction of the French north
of Baton Rouge, in the Mississippi Val-
ley, is only in name ; its expensive colo-
nization is a failure.
* * Tennessee first explored.
* * * Period of colonial prosperity.
1741 * * Eng. Parliament interferes to
restrain the issue of paper currency
in the colonies.
* * New Hampshire is finally separated
from Massachusetts, and becomes the
only royal government in New England.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-50 * * Conn. Jonathan Law.
May 6-49 * * Mass. Wm. Shirley.
1742 * * Fa. Richmond is established
by legislative enactment.
* * Md. Thos. Bladen, governor.
1743* *[U. S.] Governors inaugu-
rated :
Sept. 22-53 * * N. Y. Gen. Clinton.
-44 * * R. I. W. Greene. [1746, 48-54.]
-55 * * S.C. James Glen.
Sept. 27. N. Y. Gov. Clinton's first offi-
cial act is to dissolve the Legislature,
and issue writs calling another.
1744 July 4±. Pa. Commissioners from
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia
meet envoys of the Iroquois at Lan-
caster, and for $2,000 purchase their
claim to the region between the Blue
Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains.
[Later the English claims extend to the
Mississippi.]
* * Eng. Parliament provides for the
government of the province of Quebec,
empowering the king to appoint a coun-
cil of administration.
* * O. The English seek to occupy the
Ohio Valley in competition with the
French. [The struggle continues for
thirty years.]
* * _47 * * js'eto York. Stephen Bayard
the 38th mayor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1738* * Paper currency depreciated ;
gold is at a premium.
One hundred English sovereigns are
worth £500 in New England notes, £160
or more in the notes of New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland,
£1,000 in notes of North Carolina or
£1,400 if offered in London.
1739 Aug. * G<j. Governor Oglethorpe,
with only three or four attendants, jour-
neys through the unbroken wilderness
for a month, suffering great hardships,
in order to meet Tomo Chichi and other
chiefs in a great council at the Indian
town of Choweta, 300 miles northwest of
Savannah.
* * W. I. The yellow fever rages.
1740 * * S. C . Great fire ; best build-
ings burned. [Parliament appropriates
$100,000 for the sufferers.]
1741 Mar. 18. New York. The chapel
and buildings in the fort are burned.
1743 * * Ga. Settlers not permitted to
hold their lands in fee simple previous
to this date.
6$ 1744-1751, Nov.
AMERICA.
ARMY— NAVY.
1745 June 17. N. S. Louisburg, the
chief stronghold of the French in
America, is taken by 4,000 colonists
from New England, led by William
Pepperell, a wealthy merchant of Maine,
aided by a few English vessels.
Nov. 16. N. Y. The French and In-
dians surprise the village of Saratoga.
* * Can. The projected conquest of Can-
ada by the united colonists is abandoned
on the arrival of a French fleet.
* * Boston becomes apprehensive of an
attack from D'Anville's fleet.
1746 Aug. 20. Mass. The French and
Indians take Fort Massachusetts ;
part of the prisoners are massacred.
1747 Feb. 4. N. S. Colonel Noble is
surprised at Grand Pre\
Jan. 31. N. S. Battle of Minas.
June * Can. Montreal is raided by the
British.
1748 June 26. Vt. A battle with In-
dians is fought at Marlborough ; the
Indians retire.
1749 * * Can. Fort Rouille' [Toronto]
is built.
1750 Apr. * Can. Bostilities occur in
Acadia [Nova Scotia] between French
and English respecting boundaries.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1745 * * Benjamin West, seven years
of age, executes his infant sister's por-
trait in black and red inks.
* * W. I. A theatrical representation
given by a company of amateur actors,
including the famous Moody, in the
Island of Jamaica.
1746 Oct. 28. Peru. An earthquake
destroys Lima and Callao.
Eighteen thousand persons are buried
in ruins ; every inhabitant but one, of
Callao, is destroyed by the earthquake
or the tidal wave attending it.
* * Pa. The first iron rolling and slit-
ting mill is erected in Thornbury.
* * Phila. Franklin experiments with
electricity.
1748 * * Phila. Franklin makes an ex-
hibition of electricity.
At a picnic he " killed a turkey by the
electric spark, and roasted it by an 'elec-
tric jack before a fire kindled by the
electric bottle."
1749 ** Boston. The King's Chapel is
built. (1689. First built.)
* * Phila. A company of amateurs at-
tempt to open a theater.
* * Aid. Eight furnaces and nine forges
are at work.
1750 Mar. 5. New York. Richard III.
is performed at a theater on Nassau
Street.
* * Boston. Otway's Orphan is acted at
the coffee-house in State Street. It is
the first theatrical performance in
the country, and is immediately pro-
hibited.
* * Mex. Ruins of Falenque" are first
discovered.
± * * Phila. Robert Feke paints por-
traits.
± * * Patience Wright models miniature
heads in relief, with wax.
± * * Deacon Shem Drowne makes some
elaborate weather-vanes.
1751 Nov. 21. W.I. Port-au-Prince,
St. Domingo, is ruined by an earthquake.
* * La. Sugar-cane is introduced.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1744* *
Adams, Abigail, writer, born.
Belknap, Jeremy, historian, born.
Bradstreet, John, major-general, dies.
Gerry. Elbridge, vice-president, born.
Mifflin, Thomas, general, born.
Parker, Samuel, bishop of Mass., born.
Quincy, Josiah, patriot, born.
Romeyn, Theodoric 1)., theologian, born.
Sevier, John, pioneer, born.
Sullivan, James, statesman, born.
1745 * *
Asbury, Francis, bishop, born.
Avery, Waightstill, lawyer, born.
Bache, Sarah, nurse, born.
Barry, John, naval officer, born.
Edwards, Jonathan, theologian, born.
Ellsworth, Oliver, chief-justice, b. in Conn.
Harrison, Robert H., justice, born in Md.
Hayne, Isaac, officer, born.
Jay, John, chief-justice, born in N.Y.
Kitteridge, Thomas, surgeon, born.
L'Ouverture, Toussaint, liberator, born.
Murray, Lindley, grammarian, born.
Paterson, "William, justice, born in K. J.
Patterson, Robert, senator, born.
Pickering, Timothy, statesman, born.
Rush, Benjamin, physician, born.
Kutgers, Henry, patriot, born.
"Wayne, Anthony, general, born.
1746* *
Allen, John, patriot, born.
Andrew, John, clergyman, born.
Benson, Egbert, judge, born.
Billings, William, composer, born.
Livingston, Robert R., statesman, born.
Muhlenberg, John P. G., general, born.
Neale, Leonard, bishop, born.
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth. states-
man, born.
1747* *
Brainerd, David, missionary, A29.
Coke, Thomas, bishop, born.
Dickinson, Jonathan, clergyman, A59.
Farrar, Timothy, judge, born.
Fitson, John, explorer, born.
Howell, David, judge, born.
Jones, John Paul, naval officer, born.
Moody, Samuel, minister, A71.
Shays, Daniel, insurrectionist, born.
1748* *
Deane, James, missionary, born.
Few, William, colonel, born.
Hicks, Elias, Friend preacher, born.
Martin, Luther, lawyer, born.
Moore, Benjamin, bishop, born.
Williams, Otho H., general, born.
1749* *
Backus, Charles, clergyman, born.
Baynan, William, surgeon, born.
Gansevoort, Peter, officer, born.
Godfrey, Thomas, mathematician, dies.
Griffin, Cyrus, statesman, born.
Ingersoll, Jared, jurist, born.
Lincoln, Levi, statesman, born.
Lynch, Thomas, Jr., signer of Declaration, b.
Palmer, Anthony, statesman, dies.
Ramsay, David, physician, born.
Rutledge, Edward, statesman, born.
Sargent, John, missionary, A49.
Stevens, John L., inventor, born.
Thomas, Isaiah, journalist, born.
1750* *
Biddle, Nicholas, navy, born.
Daboll, Nathan, teacher, born,
± Francisco, Miranda, Venezuelan, born.
Girard, Stephen, founder, born.
Iredell, James, justice, born in N. C.
Jasper, William, patriot, born.
Knox, Henry, general, born.
Lawrence, John, statesman, born.
Parsons, Theophilus, judge, born.
Pinckney, Thomas, general, born.
Taliaferro, Benjamin, officer, born.
Trumbull, John, poet, born.
CHURCH.
1744 * * N. Y. The governor opposes
the missionaries,
Influenced by white opposition, he
issues orders " that the several Moravian
and vagrant teachers among the Indians
of New York should desist from further
teaching and preaching to the Indians,
and depart the province." [These orders
were executed by the sheriff.]
Rev. David Brainerd is sent by the
Presbytery of New York a missionary to
the Indians.
* * Pa. The « « Old Side " or strict Pres-
byterians open an academy at New Lon-
don.
* * George Whitefield makes his third
evangelistic visit to America.
* * Va. Mobs of persecutors torment
the Baptists.
1745 May 25. Phila. Commissioners
from the Presbytery of New York de-
cline to accept the report of a Synodical
Commission appointed to remove differ-
ences'; it proposes to the Synod a mutual
agreement to erect another synod, to bo
called the Synod of New York.
Sept. 19. Ar. J. The Presbyteries of New
York, New Brunswick, and New London-
derry unite at Elizabethtown and erect
the Synod of New York, thus dividing
the Presbyterian church.
The division is chiefly caused by differ-
ences in opinions respecting ministerial
education. The "Old Side" constitute
the Synod of Philadelphia; the "New
Side," the Synod of New York ; the
latter urge a more spiritual ministry.
1746 May 15. Phila. Fifty-six Bap-
tists form a Baptist church entirely in-
dependent of that at Pennepeck (Lower
Dublin).
* * N.J. The " New Side " Presbyterians
get a charter for the college of New
Jersey (Princeton College) ; first locate
it at Elizabethtown.
1747 * * Mass., etc. John Brainerd suc-
ceeds his brother as missionary to the
Indians.
* * Md. Controversy on baptism by
Samuel Finley and Abel Morgan
through the press.
Sept. 12. New York. A sub-governing
body, called the Coetus, is formed in
the Dutch Reformed church.
Sept. 29. Pa. The first Reformed Ger-
man Coetus is formed.
1748 Aug. 14. Phila. Convention
of Lutherans meets and organizes the
first Lutheran Synod in America ; J. N.
Kurtz is ordained for the ministry,
the first of this denomination in the
colonies.
1749 * * Boston. The corner-stone of the
[present] King's Chapel is laid. [1754,
Aug. 21. Reopened.]
* * N. Y. A new missionary resumes the
work among the Mohawks, which was
abandoned during the recent war.
1750 Jan. * Boston. Jonathan May-
hew preaches against tyranny and priest-
craft.
June 22. Mass. Contention drives Jon-
athan Edwards from his church at
Northampton, "the largest Protestant
society in the world " ; he becomes a
missionary to the Stockbridge Indians.
* * or 1755 * * N. H. The first Baptist
church is formed at Newtown (Newton).
AMERICA.
1744-1751, Nov.
67
LETTERS.
1744 * * Pa. Benjamin Franklin be-
comes the projector of the University
of Pennsylvania.
* * Franklin becomes the founder of the
American Philosophical Society.
1745 * * Boston. The American Monthly
Magazine is established by Jeremy
Gridley.
* * Md. The Maryland Gazette, the first
newspaper printed in this province, is
revived at Annapolis, the capital.
1746 Oct. 22. N. Y. Bill introduced
in the assembly to raise $11,250 by lot-
tery, for the erection of a college
(Columbia).
* * N. J. The (Presbyterian) Presbytery
of New York, in session at Elizabeth-
town, New Jersey, founds Nassau Hall
(Princeton).
* * -47 * * New York. The Evening Post
issued by Henry de Forrest.
* * A Treatise Concerning the Religious
Affections, by Jonathan Edwards,
appears.
1747 * * History of the First Discovery
and Settlement of Virginia, by William
Stith, appears.
* * Philosophic Solitude, by William Liv-
ingston, appears.
* * N. J. The College of New Jersey
(Princeton) is removed to Newark.
1748 Oct. 28. N. Y. Governor Clin-
ton signs the bill revising an act to
raise $9,000 by lottery, to build a col-
lege (Columbia).
* * S.C. The Library Society is organized.
1749 * * An Inquiry into the Qualifica-
tions for Full Communion in the Church,
by Jonathan Edwards, appears.
* * N. C. Printing is introduced.
* * Pa. The University of Pennsyl-
vania (non-sect.) is founded. (Or 1740.)
* * Va. [Washington and Lee Uni-
versity] (non-sect.) is founded as a school
at Greenville.
1750 * * Mass. Ninety Mohawks come
from New York, and put their children
in the Stockbridge Indian School.
SOCIETY.
1745 Feb. 2. W.I. A conspiracy of
negroes in Jamaica to murder their
masters, exposed by a negress to her mis-
tress. [Severely punished.]
1747 Nov. 17. Boston. The British
impress seamen. An indignant mob
expresses the public resentment against
Commander Knowles ; the governor
withdraws to Castle William.
1750 * * Boston. An amateur theatrical
play leads the legislature to prohibit
theatrical exhibitions in the province.
STATE.
1744 * * Virginia purchases of the Indi-
ans the right to extend settlements to the
Ohio, and build a fort [where Pittsburg
now stands].
* * Wis. Charles de Langlade becomes a
settler.
1745* *Md. Frederick City is founded.
* * R. I. Gideon "Wanton governor.
[1747.]
* * Va. Lord Halifax settles beyond the
mountains.
1746 * * Sp. Ferdinand VI., king.
**[U.S.] Governors inaugurated :
-51 * * Md. Samuel Ogle.
N. J. John Hamilton (pres.).
-47 * * N. J. John Reading.
1747 Nov. 17. Boston. Commander
Knowles impresses seamen, and his
officers are imprisoned by a mob until
the release of the men impressed.
* * _57 * * jyew York. Edward Holland
the 39th mayor.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-57 * * N.J. Jonathan Belcher.
-48 * * Pa. Anthony Palmer (pres.).
1748 July* N. Y. A colonial con-
gress held at Albany is attended by
representatives of New England and of
the Six Nations.
Oct. 7. Fr. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
between England, France, and Spain,
by which each surrenders its conquests,
and Cape Breton is restored to the
French. [1749. May 10. It is proclaimed
at Boston.]
Oct. * N. Y. Gov. Clinton meets an as-
sembly at Albany, and demands a rev-
enue for the king. The assembly
insists on naming the incumbent of
each office, and is prorogued.
* * Persons in England and Virginia unite
to form the Ohio Company.
* * Pa. James Hamilton, governor.
* * W. I. Tobago is declared a neutral
island.
1749 Mar. 3. Eng. Under the pretext
of suppressing the flagrant evils of co-
lonial paper money, Walpole reports a
bill to overrule all charters, and to
make the orders by the king, or under
his authority, the highest law of
America.
June 5. N. S. The British government
sends emigrants to Nova Scotia at its
own expense; Halifax is founded.
Oct. 16. Massachusetts makes a treaty
with the eastern Indians.
* * Eng. A Stamp Act proposed.
* * Massachusetts becomes a hard money
colony.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-53 * * Mass. Spencer Phips.
-70 * * Va. Lord Albemarle, Thomas
Lee, and later, Lewis Bur-
well (acting).
* *New England is reimbursed by
England in specie for her outlay in the
Louisburg expedition, and thus enabled
to redeem her paper currency.
* * N. H. Disputes over the New Hamp-
shire grants [continuing for forty years].
* * * The struggle between the French
and English for possession of Ohio
Valley begins. The French are the
first occupants.
1750 * * The Ohio Company obtains a
grant of about 600,000,000 acres about
the Ohio River in territory claimed by
France. [War follows for eight years.]
* * Arg. Rep. Montevideo enjoys a pro-
vincial government separate from that
of Buenos Ayres.
* * Boston. Jonathan Mayhew makes
his bold utterances against England.
* * Eng. Parliament attempts to sup-
press the development of the colo-
nies, to prevent competition in similar
productions.
It forbids, under penalties, the main-
taining of iron-mills, slitting or rolling
mills, plaiting-forges, and especially the
manufacture of steel ; it also prohibits
the felling of pine-trees outside of cer-
tain enclosures.
* * Md.—Pa. Mason and Dixon are
appointed to survey the division line
between Maryland and Pennsylvania.
[It afterwards becomes the notable
boundary between freedom and slavery.]
* * N. Y. The colony grows slowly,
being outstripped by Massachusetts,
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia.
* * N. S. Conflicting claims are made
by the French and English.
* * O. Christopher Gist, G. Crogan, and
A. Mentour are in the Ohio country.
The Shawnees enter the Ohio country.
* * Paraguay. The Jesuits resist the
transfer of a part of Paraguay to the
Spaniards, till they are subdued by com-
bined Spaniards and Portuguese troops.
It is in the interest of their missions.
* * Port. Joseph Immanuel king.
* * Va. George Washington, nineteen
years of age, is appointed surveyor-gen-
eral of the Northern District.
The Ohio Company send Christopher
Gist into the west on an exploring ex-
pedition.
* * - 54 * * Conn. Roger Wolcott is gov-
ernor.
1751 July* N. Y. A colonial con-
gress at Albany in which South Caro-
lina joins for the first time. Subject,
the protection of the colonies from the
French. Peace concluded between the
English colonies and the Six Nations.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1745 * * N.J. A census taken ; popu-
lation sixty-one thousand four hundred
and three.
* * W. I. The yellow fever rages.
1748 * * Md. The population is esti-
mated at 94,000 whites and 36,000 blacks ;
total, 130,000.
* * Colombia. Porto Bello is the great
commercial mart for the rich commerce
of Chile and Peru. [Now a small village
20 miles northeast of Colon.]
1750 * * New Eng. Popoulation about
three hundred and fifty-four thousand.
* * W. I. Fire consumes a part of Port
Royal, Jamaica.
* * Pennsylvania receives 5,317 emi-
grants.
* * Since 1607 there has been very little
emigration to the colonies to this date.
68 1751-1755, Sept. 8.
AMERICA.
ARMY - NAVY.
1751 * * Va. George "Washington, 19
years of age, is appointed Adjt.-Gen. for
the Northern District of Virginia.
1752 * * Pa. Virginians delay building
the fort at the forks of the Ohio.
* * 0. The French destroy the English
trading-post at Pickawillany.
1754 * * Lieut.-Col. "Washington, 22
years old, becomes colonel on the illness
of Col. Fry. [Without experience in war
he soon strikes the first blow in the final
struggle between the French and Eng-
lish for supremacy in the New World.]
Mar. * Pa. Thirty-three Virginians
forestall the French and build a stock-
ade in the West. [On the present site
of Pittsburg.]
Apr. 17. Pa. The French capture the
Virginians, erect a stronger fortress and
call it Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg).
May 28. Pa Near the Great Meadows
at the confluence of the Monongahela
and the Alleghany Rivers, "Washington
surprises and defeats a French force
under M. Jumonville, who is killed with
10 of his men ; 22 survivors are captured,
while only one Virginian is killed and
two or three wounded.
July 4. Pa. Col. George Washington
has his first defeat in the defense of
Fort Necessity (S. W. Pennsylvania),
where he capitulates to a superior force
of the French.
Aug. 27. JV. Y. The French and In-
dians break up all settlements at Hoo-
sick and Schaghticoke.
* * Me. Fort Halifax is built on the Ken-
nebec.
* * The English establish forts west of
the Alleghanies.
1755 Feb.* Va. Gen.Braddock.com-
mander of British forces, arrives from
Ireland.
OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.
* * -63 * * The French and Indian
War between England and France —
a part of the Seven Years' War in Eu-
rope. It is a struggle to acquire su-
premacy in the New World.
The French have Indians as their
allies.
Apr. ± * Three expeditions are planned
against the French in a council of colo-
nial governors : (1) against Fort Du
Quesne; (2) against Fort Niagara; (3)
against the fort at Crown Point.
May 20. N. S. Two thousand troops
sail from Boston to subdue the French
in Acadia. [In less than a month, with
a loss of only 20 men, the English take
the entire country.]
May 30. Va. Gen. Braddock advances
to drive the French intruders out of the
Ohio Valley.
June 8. The British fleet off Cape Race
attacks a part of a French fleet, and
captures two vessels. (June 10?).
June 7. Mil. Gen. Braddock sets out
on his disastrous march from Fort Cum-
berland.
June 16. JV. S. Fort Beau Sejour sur-
renders to Col. Monckton after a siege
of four days.
Fort Gaspereau surrenders to
Monckton.
June * Va. Braddock refuses the aid of
Indian scouts and frontier men, having
" experienced troops on whom he could
rely for all purposes."
June * -July * JV. Y. Fort Edward,
on the Hudson, is erected against the
French by General Phineas Lyman, with
about 6,000 troops ; they also fortify Ti-
conderoga.
July 7. Pa. Braddock's defeat.
Near Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg), Gen.
Braddock is surprised by a party of
French and Indians, his 1,200 troops are
routed, and he is mortally wounded.
The enemy consist of 220 French, led
by Beaujeu and Dumas, with 637 In-
dians ; of Braddock's 85 officers, 26 are
killed and 37 wounded, and 714 privates
killed or wounded. Colonel George
Washington saves the remnant of the
army ; he has two horses shot under
him, and, though his coat is shot
through, he escapes unscathed.
+ * * England and France struggle for
possession of the Ohio Valley and
Acadia.
* * Mass. Governor Shirley of Mas-
sach usetts is appointed commander-in-
chief of the British forces in America.
* * Summer. Pa. The disaster attend-
ing Braddock's expedition fills the colo-
nies with gloom and consternation;
it shakes the colonists' confidence in the
British soldiers.
Aug. 2. Pa. Col. Dunbar leaves a few
troops at Fort Cumberland, and retires
with the rest of his army to Philadelphia.
Aug. * JV. Y. Gen. William Johnson
erects a fort at the head of Lake George.
Aug. 30±. JV. Y. Gen. William John-
son with 3,400 men is sent to drive the
French from the Lake Cham plain region.
Sept. 5. JV. S. Exile of the Acadiana
announced.
The British, having subdued the
French in Acadia, proceed to banish
more than 4,000 hapless men, women,
and children among the British colonies,
and burn their property. " The history
of civilized nations furnishes no parallel
to this wanton and wicked destruction
of an inoffensive colony." (Ridpath.)
Sept. 8. JV. Y. Col. Ephraim Wil-
liams, with a thousand men, leaves Lake
George, and marches for the defense of
Fort Edward. He is soon surprised by
French and Indians under Baron Dies-
kau, and driven back. The English lose
among the killed Col. Williams and the
Indian Chief Hendrick.
The French follow the returning fu-
gitives to Lake George, where they are
repulsed by the New England militia.
American loss, 216 killed and 96 wound-
ed ; the French loss is greater.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1751+ * * Phila. David Rittenhouse
(19 years old) discovers the method of
fluxions.
1752 Sept. 25. Va. The first play
performed in America by a regular
company of comedians is acted.
The Merchant of Venice and Garrick's
Lethe are performed by William Hal-
lam's Company of English actors at Wil-
liamsburg, the capital city.
* * Phila. Benjamin Franklin makes
remarkable electrical discoveries.
Franklin brings electricity down from
a cloud, and proves that it is identical
with lightning.
± * * Lightning conductors are set up
for the protection of buildings by Ben-
jamin Franklin.
* * S. C. St. Michael's Church at
Charleston is built.
1753 Sept. 17. New York. The second
theater in this city is opened in Nassau
Street, by Hallam's Company, with
Steele's Conscious Lovers.
* * Phila. An Arctic expedition is sent
out under the instigation of Franklin.
* * Pa. Benjamin West paints the
Death of Socrates at Lancaster.
* * * It is commonly believed, even by
educated people, in the Old World, that
plants and animals degenerate in size
and quality when transplanted into the
New World.
1754 Apr. 15. Phila. The first thea-
ter is opened at the corner of Cedar and
Vernon Streets, with the Fair Penitent,
by Hallam's Company, at " the store-
house " of Wm. Plumstead.
1755 Apr. * Ecuador. An earthquake
destroys Quito.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1751 * *
Allen, Ira, founder, born.
Allen, Solomon, clergyman, born.
Barber, Francis, officer, born.
Cabot, George, agitator, born.
Dearborn. Henry, general, born.
Decatur, Stephen, commodore U. S. N., b
Dudley, Paul, jurist, dies.
Ledyard, John, traveler, born.
Madison. James. 4th President. born Mar. 16.
Phillips, Samuel, benefactor, born.
Red Jacket, Seneca Indian, born.
Smybert, John, painter, A67.
1752* *
Bleecker, Ann Eliza, poetess, born.
Bowdoin, James, diplomat, born.
Bradford, William, printer, A92.
Burton, Asa, clergyman, born.
Cbampe, John, soldier, born.
Chipman, Nathaniel, jurist, born.
Clarke, George Rogers, general, born.
Duval. Gabriel, justice, born in Md. ■
Dwlght. Timothy, Pres. of Yale Coll., b.
Freneau, Philip, poet, born.
Garrettson. Freeborn. Meth. cl., born.
Howard, John Eager, soldier, born.
Humphreys, David, soldier, born.
Linn, William, chaplain, born.
Logan, Benjamin, pioneer, born.
Morris. Gouverneur, statesman, born.
1753* *
Baldwin, Thomas, theologian, born.
Eustis, William, physician, born.
Harmar, Josiah, general, born.
Hull, William, general, born.
McCrea, Jane, killed by Indians, born.
Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson),
philosopher, born.
Warren, John, physician, born.
Wheatley, Phillis, negro poetess, born.
Wilkinson, Jemima, impostor, born.
1754* *
Barlow, Joel, poet-patriot, born.
Burbeck, Henry, army officer, born.
Ellicott,Andrew, astronomer, born.
Hampton. Wade, general, born.
Tallmadge, Benjamin, army officer, born.
Thatcher, James, physician, born.
CHURCH.
1751 * * Mass. Tuscarora and Oneida
Indians join the Christian Indians of
Stockbridge, and put their children in
the Indian schools.
AMERICA.
1751-1755, Sept. 8. 69
Jonathan Edwards becomes pastor
of the church at Stockbriilge, and mis-
sionary to the Stockbridge Indians.
Salary, £6 13s. Ad.
* * S. C. Charleston Baptist Association
formed.
1752 * * Can. Moravian missionaries
land in Labrador.
* * Pa. Arrival of Mr. Cuthbertson, a
Presbyterian (Reformed) minister sent
from Scotland.
Arrival of Philip William Otter-
bein (Ger.), founder of the United
Brethren in Christ.
1754* * N. Y. The Coetus of the Re-
formed Dutch church takes steps for
the formation of a Classis.
* * Jamaica. Moravian missionaries be-
gin labor among the natives.
* * Va. By the laws of this colony, every
settlement is to have " a house for the
worship of God " ; absence therefrom is
punishable with a fine ; traveling or
shooting on the Sabbath is interdicted.
* * W. I. Friedensthal becomes a mis-
sion station of the Moravians, at St.
Croix.
* * Catholic vs. Protestant.
The religious future of the New World
is in the issue of the French and Indian
war ; the success of the French signifies
the dominance of Catholicism ; of the
English, the supremacy of Protestantism .
LETTERS.
1751 * * N.J. Woodbridge has the first
printing-press in the province.
* * N. Y. The sum of £3,443 has been
raised to found King's College (Colum-
bia).
1752* * New York. The Independent Re-
flector issued by James Parker.
The Mercury issued by Hugh Gaine.
± * * Struggle in the legislature and
through the press to prevent the estab-
lishment of seminaries of learning
having connection with any religious
society; William Livingston leader.
1753 * * New York. The Pacquet issued
by William Wenman.
New York. Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson,
of Connecticut, is invited to the presi-
dency of King's (Columbia) College;
salary, £250.
* * R. I. The Athenaeum Library at
Providence is founded.
1754 July 17. New York. King's (Co-
lumbia) College, under the presidency
of Dr. Johnson, opens with a class of
ten students, in the vestry room of
Trinity Church.
Oct. 31. Neio York. A royal charter
for King's (Columbia) College (Prot.
Epis.) passes the seals.
Governors, the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, the principal clergy of Ave re--
ligious denominations in New York,
and twenty private gentlemen. Money
is raised in England, and Joseph Murray
gives $40,000 and his library.
The Society Library is founded.
SOCIETY.
1752 Feb. 2. Pennsylvania hospital
admits its first patient.
* * * New Eng. It becomes fashionable
as well as honorable to wear home-
spun, because of British oppression in
restricting manufactures and commerce.
Harvard students make it a point to
be graduated in homespun.
* * * Ga. The Colony is a financial
failure.
After nearly 20 years of benevolent ef-
fort and the expenditure of more than
§000,000 in Parliamentary grants, and
of private contributions amounting to
nearly $90,000, Georgia has only 1,700
whites, and 400 negroes, and a discoura-
ging future. The failure of the colony is
charged to its benevolent scheme, and
lack of wisdom in the proprietary regu-
lations.
1753 Oct. 31. Va. George Wash-
ington, a surveyor, 22 years old, with
four comrades and an interpreter, sets
out for the shores of Lake Erie, bearing
an important remonstrance from the
Governor of Virginia to the commander
of the French.
Dec. 16. Pa. Washington starts on
his return journey, in great peril from
Indians.
STATE.
1751* * B.C. Georgetown is laid out at
the head of navigation on the Potomac ;
it grows rapidly.
* * * America refuses to be ruled by ar-
bitrary instruction.
* * Eng. The colonies are regarded by
the mother country as depots for the
distribution of home products on a new
soil.
1752 Jan. 1. Eng. The calendar is
changed.
Parliament enacts that the beginning
of the new year shall be changed from
the 25th of March to January 1 in Eng-
land and her colonies. Eleven days to
be omitted after September 3d.
Mar. * Pa. A plan of American union
is proposed.
June 13. Virginia treats with the Indi-
ans at Logstown, and is permitted to
build a fort at the forks of the Ohio.
[Delayed.]
June 23. Ga. The trustees of this un-
successful colony surrender the char-
ter to the king, and it becomes a royal
province.
Sept. 3. Eng. New Style introduced.
The CALENDAR CHANGED ;
Sept. 3 changed to Sept. 14 in England
and her colonies.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-54 * * Ga. Capt. J. Reynolds (Prov.).
Md. Benjamin Tasker.
N. C. Nathaniel Rice (pres.).
-58 * * Va. Robert Dinwiddie.
1753 May ± * O. A large body of
French and Indian allies enter the val-
ley of the Ohio.
Oct. 10. N. Y. Sir Danvers Osborn
supersedes Governor Clinton.
Oct. 31. The English colonies are irri-
tated by the erection of French forts in
the interior, at their rear. George Wash-
ington commissioned by the governor of
Virginia to remonstrate.
Nov. 14. Va. Washington starts from
Williamsburg on his perilous journey
through the forest, to inquire the pur-
poses of the invading French at Fort Le
Bceuf [Pittsburg].
Dec. 12. N. Y. The Assembly passes
an act for the registry of mortgages,
to prevent fraud.
* * Connecticut colonizes lands in Penn-
sylvania.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-56 * * Mass. William Shirley.
-56 * * Md. Horatio Sharpe.
-54 * * N. C. Matthew Rowan (pres.).
Oct. 10. N. Y. Sir Danvers Osborne.
-55 * * N. Y. James de Lancey.
* * Pa. The first settlement in the Ohio
Valley is made by Virginians on the
banks of the Youghiogheny.
1754 Jan 16. Va. George Washing-
ton brings a letter from the French
commander refusing to vacate the terri-
tory held by the French in the West.
June 19. N. Y. Congress of seven
colonies at Albany ; a union for de-
fense is proposed.
July 4. N. Y. Benjamin Franklin
lays before the Congress at Albany a
plan for a federal constitution, aim-
ing to provide by union for a common
defense against French encroachment ;
it is adopted [but afterward rejected by
some of the colonies, and by the British
government].
Dec. * Boston. Gov. Shirley lays before
Franklin a scheme of colonial union,
which provides for a colonial congress
and British taxation.
* * Kentucky is settled by Col. Daniel
Boone of Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-66 * * Conn. Thomas Fitch.
-56 * * Ga. John Reynolds.
-63 * * N. C. Arthur Dobbs.
-55 * * Pa. Robert H. Morris (dep.).
* * Va. The French continue to en-
croach upon the territory of Virginia,
west of the Alleghanies.
1755 Apr. 14. Va. In a colonial con-
gress at Alexandria, Gen. Braddock
and five colonial governors recommend
taxation of America by Parliament.
July * Eng. Halifax proposes to ease
the mother country by taxing the colo-
nies.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1751 * * La. Sugar-cane is introduced.
* * Pa. Franklin estimates the popula-
tion of the colonies at " nearly a mil-
lion English souls," about 20,000 of them
to be native born.
* * Philadelphia has about 17,000 people,
including 6,000 negroes.
1752 * * Boston loses about 550 people by
a small-pox scourge. The population
is 17,574.
* * N. Y. The first house is erected in
[the city of Troy].
* * -54 * * Iceland. Great famine be-
cause of the failure of crops ; thousands
perish.
70 1755, Sept. 10-1759, July.
AMERICA.
ARMY— NAVY.
1755 Sept. 10. Can. Seven thousand
Acadians are forced to embark for
banishment. [Fisher's estimate, 7,000 ;
Winsor's, 4,000.]
Sept. * N. Y. Fort William Henry, a
useless wooden defense, is erected at
Lake George by Gen. Johnson.
Oct. 24. Gov. Shirley, commander of the
expedition against Fort Niagara, grows
weak-hearted, and abandons the move-
ment after learning of Braddock's defeat.
* * N. T. The French fortify Ticon-
deroga.
* * Va. Indian warfare on the fron-
tier [continuing several years].
1756 May 17. Eng. After fighting the
Frencn for two years, Great Britain
makes an open declaration of war.
June 9. France formally declares war
against Great Britain.
June 15. New York. Gen. Abercrom-
bie, the second in command under the
Earl of Loudoun, arrives with several
British regiments.
Forty German officers arrive to re-
cruit a loyal American regiment of 4,000
men.
June 27. N. Y. Abercrombie, at Al-
bany, billets his soldiers upon private
houses, and proceeds to while away the
summer.
June * Gov. Shirley resigns the com-
mand of the British troops in America.
Aug.± * Can. The Marquis Louis Joseph
Montcalm supersedes Baron Dies-
kau in command of the French.
Aug. 12. Can. Montcalm, with a mixed
force of over 5,000 men, and 30 pieces of
cannon, commences the siege of Fort
Ontario, on the Oswego River.
Aug. 13. N. Y. The garrison of Fort
Ontario retires to the old fort on the
opposite side of the river.
Aug. 14. N. Y. Surrender of Oswe-
go. Montcalm obtains an immense
amount of military stores, also 1,400 pris-
oners, and 134 cannon.
Sept. 8. Pa. Col. John Armstrong,
with 300 volunteers, surprises and de-
stroys the hostile Indians in Western
Pennsylvania, with a loss of only 16 men.
* * III. The French construct a system
of forts in the interior, westward, near
the Illinois River.
* * Rhode Island sends 50 privateers,
with 1,500 men, against the French.
* * Va. George "Washington drives the
the Indians out of the Valley of the
Shenandoah.
1757 Jan. * Can. General Stark goes
down Lake George with 70 rangers, and
turns the strong post of Carillon.
June 20. Can. Loudoun sails with a
splendid army for Halifax. [He is reen-
forced later by additional troops, mak-
ing 11,000 men and 16 men of war.]
Aug. 3. N. Y. The French and Indians
under Montcalm besiege Fort "Wil-
liam Henry; Col. Monroe sends to
Fort Edward 15 miles distant for aid, of
Gen. Webb, who has 4,000 men at com-
mand; he declines the request, and coun-
sels a surrender.
Aug. 4. Can. Gen. Loudoun is in-
formed that a large French fleet and a
garrison of 6,000 men await him at Louis-
burg, so he abandons the expedition
against it.
Aug. 9. N. Y. Col. Monroe with about
2,600 men surrenders Fort William
Henry to Gen. Montcalm who has
11,500 men ; the Indian allies, maddened
with rum, cruelly massacre the pris-
oners at Bloody Pond.
* * The French seem triumphant every-
where.
The campaigns of the last two years
have been disgraceful to the British
flag ; imbecility and cowardice in the
management is the cause. France pos-
sesses twenty times as much American
territory as England.
* * Eng. Lord Jeffrey Amherst is ap-
pointed commander of a division of
the British army in America ; James
Wolfe is his talented lieutenant.
1758 Jan.± * The imbecile Lord Lou-
doun is retired and Gen. Abercrombie
succeeds him in command of the
British army in America. Lord
Howe is next in rank.
Mar. * Rogers is defeated on Lake Cham-
plain.
Apr. 30. N. Y. German Flats are at-
tacked by the Indians.
May 28 -July 26. N. S. Successful
expedition of the British against
Louisburg.
Gen. Amherst, with nearly 12,000 men,
and Admiral Boscawen, with nearly 40
vessels, capture the fortress and destroy
the shipping.
June 8. N. S. General Amherst lands
his forces near Louisburg.
July 5. N. Y. Abercrombie and Lord
Howe embark on Lake George against
Ticonderoga and Crown Point, having
nearly 16,000 men and much artillery
with them.
July 6. N. Y. The French ambuscade
the British advance near Fort Ticon-
deroga ; Lord Howe, " the soul of the
army," is killed, and the soldiers are
dispirited, having no confidence in Aber-
crombie.
July 8. N. Y. Battle of Ticonderoga
won by the French.
The British attack the fort, which is
successfully defended by about one-
fourth their number. " In no battle of
the Revolution did the British have so
large a force engaged or meet so terrible
a loss."' (Ridpath.)
July 9. N. Y. Abercrombie retreats
from Ticonderoga to Fort George.
July 26. N. S. England takes Nova
Scotia.
After a siege of a few weeks Louisburg
capitulates to Gens. Wolfe and Amherst :
Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, ana
nearly 6,000 prisoners fall to the British.
July * Fort Stanwix is built.
Aug. 27. Can. The British, under Col.
Bradstreet, take Fort Frontenac
(Kingston), also 46 cannon, 9 vessels of
war, and a large military store.
Sept. 15. Pennsylvania troops and 800
Highlanders under Gen. Bouquet ap-
proach the French position at Fort Du
Quesne, are surprised and routed.
Nov. 24. Pa. The French abandon
and burn Fort Du Quesne at the
approach of Gens. Forbes, Washington,
and Armstrong, with 9,000 men.
Nov. 25. Pa. The English flag is raised
over the ruins, and the place is called
Pittsburg after the great Commoner.
* * Can. Montreal is surrounded by
walls.
1759 Jan.± * Va. "Washington (aged
26) resigns his command after the de-
parture of the French from Fort Du
Quesne.
Jan. 23. W. I. . The British attack
Guadeloupe.
Jan. * Eng. General Amherst (Lord
Jeffrey) is promoted to the chief com-
mand of the army in America ; par-
liament votes $60,000,000, to carry on the
war; William Pitt proposes to con-
quer all Canada.
June 21. Can. The English fleet ap-
proaches Quebec.
June 27. Can. Gen. Wolfe lands an
army of about 8,000 a few miles below
Quebec. A French force of 13,000 is in
the city.
June 30. Can. Wolfe takes possession
of Point Levi, where he proceeds to
erect batteries.
July 18. Can. Some of Wolfe's vessels
pass above Quebec.
July 25. Can. Fort Niagara capitu-
lates to the British under Sir William
Johnson after a bloody battle.
French communication between Can-
ada and Louisiana is forever broken off.
Gen. Prideaux is killed by the bursting
of a gun during the siege.
July 26. N. Y. The French garrison re-
treats from Fort Ticonderoga to Crown
Point at the approach of Gen. Amherst.
Summer. Pa. Stanwix builds Fort Pitt
near Du Quesne.
July 31. Can. "Wolfe is checked in
an impetuous assault on the French at
Quebec, in which he loses 400 men.
N. Y. The French abandon the
important fortress at Crown Point, and
surrender the valley of the Champlain
without a battle.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1755 Nov. 18. New England is shaken
by an earthquake.
* * Phila. Franklin makes experiments
in electricity with a kite.
Nov. 18. An earthquake extends from
New England to the West Indies.
1756 Feb. 14. N. Y. The Hudson
River is free from ice ; recruits sail from
New York for Albany.
* * Phila. Benjamin "West is estab-
lished as a portrait painter.
1758 * * Conn. The first paper-mill is
erected at Norwich.
* * New York. A sail-loft is used for the-
atrical purposes by a strolling company.
A new theater is built at Cruger's
wharf by Mr. Douglas.
AMERICA.
1755, Sept. 10-1759, July. 71
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1755* *
Adams, Hannah, authoress, born.
Bancroft, Aaron, theologian, born.
Kvans, Oliver, engineer, born.
Gray, Robert, discoverer, born.
Hale. Nathan, patriot, born.
Kenton, Simon, pioneer, born,
Kins. Ruius, statesman, born.
Marshall, John, chief justice, born in Va.
Moore. Alfred, justice, born in N. C.
Truxtun, Thomas, naval officer, born.
Williams, Ephraim, colonel, founder, A40.
1756* *
Burr, Aaron, slayer of Hamilton, born.
Dale, Richard, commodore, born.
Laurens, John, officer, born.
Lee, Henry, general, born.
Stuart, Gilbert Charles, painter, born.
Tilghman, William, jurist, born.
Trumbull, John, painter, born.
1757* *
Badger, Joseph, missionary, born.
Hamilton, Alexander, statesman, born.
Hammond, Samuel, statesman, born.
Lafayette, Marquis de, born in France,
Sept. 6.
Macon, Nathaniel, sen. for N. C. born.
Paine, Elijah, jurist, born.
Robbins, Ashur, statesman, born.
Wilkinson, James, general, born.
1758* *
Ames, Fisher, statesman, born.
Armstrong, John, author, born.
Edwards, Jonathan, theologian, A55.
Messerve, Nathaniel, colonel, patriot, A43.
Monroe, James, 5th President, born Apr.
88 in Va.
Paulding-, John, patriot, born.
Pinckney, Charles, statesman, born.
Prince, Thomas, historian, A71.
Webster, Noah, lexicographer, born.
Worcester, Noah, clergyman, born.
CHURCH.
1755 Sept. 30. N. Y. Assembling of
the Conferentie of the Reformed Dutch
in New York. [Much strife and fre-
quently some violence in the churches
on governmental questions.]
* * Can. In Nova Scotia 7,000 Catholic
Acadians are banished and scattered
for refusing to take the oath of suprem-
acy.
* * N. Y. The Presbytery organizes a
mission presbytery in Hanover County,
Virginia.
1756 Apr. 1. Jamaica. The first Mo-
ravian missionary lands at St. Johns.
Oct. 5. N. J. The Philadelphia Baptist
Association decides to raise money for
the establishment of a school at Hope-
well.
* * Mass. Isaac Backus becomes a Bap-
tist, and forms the first Baptist church
at Middleborough.
1757 Jan. 12. Jamaica. The first Mo-
ravian convert is baptized.
Sept. 10. N. J. G. Du Bois, the first
pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church
of Bergen, is installed.
1758 Jan. 11. Ga. The General As-
sembly, meeting at Savannah, legalizes
the Church of England as the church
of the province.
May 22. Pa. The two Presbyterian
Synods reunite after a separation of
thirteen years, and form " the Synod of
New York and Philadelphia" with 94
members.
* * Greenland. Lichtenfels becomes a
mission station of the Moravians.
* * St. Clement Xm, pope.
* * N. C. A Baptist Association formed.
* * O. Christian Frederic Post first opens
a Moravian mission in the Ohio country.
LETTERS.
1755 * * Mass. John Adams graduates
at Harvard.
* * Mass. An Inquiry into the Modern
Prevailing Notion respecting that Free-
dom of Will which is supposed to be
essential to Moral Agency, etc., by Jon-
athan Edwards, appears. [Or 1754.]
Dec. * N. C. Its first newspaper, the
North Carolina Gazette, is issued at
New Berne.
* * Conn. The first newspaper, the Con-
necticut Gazette, is issued at New Haven.
* * New York. Sir Charles Hurdy, the
new governor, subscribes $2,500 for the
founding of a college ; this settles the
controversy in favor of the church party.
1756 Aug. 23. New York. The corner-
stone of King's (Columbia) CoUege is
laid.
* * N. H. Its first newspaper, the New
Hampshire Gazette, is issued at Ports-
mouth.
1757 +. The Great Christian Doctrine of
Original Sin Defended, by Jonathan
Edwards, appears.
* * N.J. The CoUege of New Jersey-
is removed from Newark to Princeton.
* * Phila. The American Magazine ap-
pears.
1758 * * Boston. The New England
Magazine appears.
* * N.J. Jonathan Edwards is called
to the presidency of Princeton CoUege.
* * -66 * * N. J. North American Mag-
azine appears at Woodbridge.
SOCIETY.
1757 * * Ga. It is enacted that no liq-
uor Ucense shall be granted to any
joiner, bricklayer, plasterer, shipwright,
silversmith, goldsmith, shoemaker,
smith, tailor, tanner, cabinet maker, or
cooper, who should be capable of getting
a livelihood by honest labor and indus-
try.
1759 Jan. 6. Va. George "Washing-
ton marries Martha Custis.
STATE.
1755 Sept. 10. Can. The Acadians,
occupying territory claimed by England,
are forced to embark for transporta-
tion, leaving their homes behind them
for the English Crown.
* * America's first discontent arises
from duties levied upon goods imported
from foreign countries.
* * S. C. The governor induces the Cher-
okee Indians to cede a large territory
to Great Britain, and to agree to move
inland away from the British settle-
ments.
* * -63 * * The French and Indian
"War unites the colonies, and schools
them in the art of war.
* * Port. A second Brazil company is
chartered.
* * \_U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-57 * * N. Y. Sir Charles Hardy.
-56 * * R.I. Stephen Hopkins. [Also
in 1758, 1763, 1767.]
1756 May * Can. Montcalm arrives
in Quebec. [He becomes the greatest of
the governors.]
* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-57 * * Mass. Spencer Phips.
-58 * * Pa. W. Denny ; J. Hamilton,
deputy. [Also in 1759-62, 1777.]
-59 * * S. C. William H. Littleton.
* * -63 * * The colonists begin to discuss
the political questions involved in the
policy of the Home Government, and its
endeavor to interfere with their civil
rights and industries ; the people are
intensely aroused.
* * Tenn. The first settlement is made
on the Tennessee River (30 miles from
Knoxville).
1757 Jan. * Boston. A congress of
governors meets and agrees to raise
4,000 men against the French. Another
congress of Southern governors meets
at Philadelphia.
June * Eng. WiUiam Pitt enters the
Newcastle ministry, and soon recovers
British military prestige . in America.
[He rejects a stamp-tax.]
Pa. A controversy occurs between
the governor and the Assembly respect-
ing a scheme of taxation.
July 27. Benjamin Franklin again ar-
rives in London, as ambassador to the
king, from the colony of Pennsylvania.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-59 * * Del. Henry Ellis.
Apr.-Aug. Mass. The Council.
-60 * * Mass. Thomas Pownall.
-60 * * N. Y. James de Lancey.
N. J. John Reading (pres.).
R. 1. William Greene.
* * Mass. The General Court and Lord
Loudoun have a controversy respecting
the quartering of troops.
* * -66 * * New York. John Cruger the
40th mayor.
1758 Nov. 26. Thanksgiving Day is
observed by the colonists because the
French are driven out of Fort Duquesne,
and the valley of the Ohio and the great
West are opened for the advance of Eng-
lish settlers.
* * N. S. A constitution is granted to
this province.
* * Georgia is divided into eight parishes.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-58 * * N. J. Francis Bernard.
-61 * * R. I. Stephen Hopkins. [1767.]
-68 * * Va. Francis Fauquier ; John
Blair, lieutenant.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1755 * * New Eng. Population about
435,000.
1757 * * La. The French population is
about 10,000
* * New York City. Population about
12,000.
* * Philadelphia. Population about
13,000.
1758 * * Va. About 70,000 hogsheads
of tobacco exported.
72 1759, Aug. -1763.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1759 Aug. 4. Jf. Y. Crown Point is
occupied by 11,000 British under Gen.
Amherst on the retreat of the French.
Aug. 11. N. Y. The British embark at
Crown Point to follow the French, but
soon abandon the effort.
Sept. 13. Can. First battle on the
Plains of Abraham.
After a siege of 69 days, Quebec is as-
saulted and the French defeated. Gen.
James 'Wolfe falls with his third wound,
and the egually brave French general,
Montcalm, is mortallywounded. Great
Britain wins a vast empire by a single
battle, " one of the most momentous
victories in the annals of mankind."
(Bancroft.)
Sept. 18. Quebec capitulates to the
English.
Sept. 26. Tenn. Col. Montgomery, with
a force from Carolina, attacks the Chero-
kees [burning many of their towns].
Oct. * Va. Gov. Lyttleton, by perfidious
conduct and insolence, provokes a war
with the Cberokees.
* * Me. Fort Pownall is built on the
Penobscot.
1760 Mar. 3. S. C. Unsuccessful at-
tack of 300 Cherokees on Fort Ninety-
six.
Apr. 28. Can. The French (tempo-
rarily) defeat the English in a second
battle on the Plains of Abraham.
May 16. Can. English reenforcements
arrive, and the French retire from
Quebec.
June* Tenn. Carolinians, under Colonel
Montgomery, invade and ravage the
valley of the Tennessee, to punish the
Cherokees. They enrage the Indians
without subduing them.
July 1. S. C. Arrival of Montgomery
on his retreat from the Tennessee coun-
try.
Aug. 7. Tenn. The garrison of Fort
Loudoun capitulates to the Chero-
kees [and is foully massacred or taken
into captivity.]
ALL CANADA TAKEN BY THE
BRITISH.
Sept. 8. Montreal falls into the hands
of General Amherst, at the head of
three powerful armies.
Amherst approached the city from up
the river, while Murray ascended from
below, and Haviland marched from the
Lake Champlain region.
Nov. 29. Mich. Bel6tre surrenders at
Detroit.
1761 June 10 +. Tenn. The Chero-
kees are defeated by the British under
Lieut. Col. James Grant ; their town,
magazines, and cornfields destroyed.
Summer. Mich. The garrison of De-
troit barely escapes a conspiracy to
massacre the force by the Seneca and
"Wyandot Indians.
1762 Jan. 1. "War between England
and Spain.
* * N. B. The French gain [temporary]
possession of St. John.
June 6. Cuba. An English squadron of
32 men-of-war and 200 transports, with
* 20,000 men, under the command of the
Duke of Albemarle and Admiral Pocock,
appears off Havana.
July 30. Cuba. The Morro Castle is
tdken by storm.
Aug. 13. Cuba. The governor of Ha-
vana capitulates.
The English gain 9 ships of the line and
4 frigates, and 14,000 prisoners, besides
spoil valued at $10,000,000.
Autumn. Pontiac plans his conspiracy.
* * W. I. The English take Martinique,
St. Lucia, and St. Vincent.
The French West Indian Islands
surrender to an expedition of royal and
provincial troops.
1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris
closes the French and Indian War, one
of the most important and far-reaching
in its results.
May 7. -Nov. * Mich. Pontiac, chief of
the Ottawas, instigates a conspiracy.
It aims to surprise every English post
between the Alleghanies and the Missis-
sippi by a confederacy of all the tribes,
and thus exterminate the English in the
West ; an Indian maiden at Detroit ex-
poses and defeats the scheme at that
garrison.
May 16. O. The Wyandots take Fort
Sandusky, and butcher the garrison.
May 29. Mich. The Chippeways take
Fort Mackinaw, and murder nearly all
of its defenders.
May+ * Mich. Siege of Detroit.
July 15. All the English forts of the
West captured by the Indians except
Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit.
Sept. 3. Mich. Detroit is relieved from
a long siege, conducted by Pontiac, by a
vessel from Niagara.
Nov. * General Gage succeeds Am-
herst as commander-in-chief of the
British forces.
Dec. 14-27. Pa. The "Paxton Boys"
massacre the Conestogas, who were con-
verted Indians.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1760* * Mass. John Singleton Cop-
ley first paints.
* * Benjamin "West goes abroad to study
art.
* * Boy and Tame Squirrel is sent by John
Singleton Copley to the Royal Academy.
1761 Mar. 12. Mass. An earthquake
shocks this and adjoining states.
* * R. I. Performance of The Provoked
Husband at Newport. ,
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1759* *
Adair, John, general, born.
Barney, Joshua, commodore, born.
Cooper, Thomas, scientist, born.
Dallas, Alex. James, statesman, born.
Oilman, John, Gov. of N. H., born.
Pepperell, Sir William, general, A63. ?
Plumer, William, statesman, born.
Prideaux, John, officer, A41.
Read, Nathan, inventor, born.
Wolfe, James, general, dies.
1760* *
Carey, Matthew, philanthropist, born.
Dayton, Jonathan, patriot, born.
Dessalines, Jean Jacques, Haitian emp., b.
Duane, William, politician, born.
Duponceau, Peter S., lawyer, born.
Van Wort, Isaac, patriot, born.
Wolcott, Oliver, statesman, born.
1761* *
Al8op, Richard, poet, born.
Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier, mission-
ary, dies.
Davies, Samuel, pres. of Princeton Coll. A37.
Dexter, Samuel, statesman, born.
Gallatin, Albert, statesman, born.
Morse, Jedediah, geographer, born.
Murray, William Vans, statesman, born.
Preble, Ed-ward, commodore, born.
Spaulding, Solomon, Book of Mormon, born.
Wistar, Casper, physician, born.
1762* *
Abbot, Benjamin, teacher, born.
Earle, Pliny, inventor, born.
Giles, William Branch, statesman, born.
Moore, Richard Channing, bp. of Va., born.
"Washington, Bushrod, justice, born in Va.
1763* *
Astor, John Jacob, capitalist, born.
Breckinridge, James, congressman, born.
Delano, Amasa, traveler, born.
Holmes, Abiel, clergyman, born.
Kent, James, jurist, born.
Maclure, William, geologist, born.
CHURCH.
1759 * * N. Y. Samson Occum, an In-
dian convert, is ordained by the Suffolk
Presbytery.
1760 Aug. 10. New York. Arrival of
Philip Embury, the first Methodist
preacher in America.
* * Brazil. On the pretext of influencing
a native revolt the Jesuits are expelled
with great severity.
1761 * * New York. The American peo-
ple are alarmed at Episcopacy because
of its connection with politics, the clergy
of the Colony having, in concealed cor-
respondence, urged the Archbishop of
Canterbury to promote the abrogation
of provincial charters.
1762 June 10. New York. The [pres-
ent] First Baptist church is organized.
Dec. 9. Mass. Dr. Jonathan Mayhew
avows Universalism in a Thanksgiving
sermon.
1763 * * Can. First Baptist church
formed in [British America,] at New
Brunswick.
* * Fla. The Franciscan Mission in
Florida reports at this date 25 stations,
81 missionaries, and over 600 converts.
* * N. Y. The Synod of New York or-
ders a collection to be taken in all its
churches for the support of Indian
missions.
The Presbytery of Dutchess County is
organized.
* * Pa. The Christian Indians in Beth-
lehem and vicinity are persecuted by
the whites during the Pontiac War.
LETTERS.
1759* * Mass. Joseph Warren grad-
uates at Harvard.
1760 * * New England surpasses all
the other colonies in education.
" There was not to be found, in all
New England, an adult, born in the
country, who could not read and write."
(Ridpath.)
* * Virginia leads the Southern colonies
in diffusing education, and Maryland,
Carolina, and Georgia bring up the rear
of the column.
1761 * * -62 * * The American Chronicle
issued by Samuel Farley.
AMERICA.
1759, Aug. -1763. 73
* * Del. The first newspaper, the Wil-
mington Gazette, appears.
* * Mass. Speech of James Otis, the
orator, against the " writs of assistance."
1762 * * R. I. Providence has its first
newspaper, the Providence Gazette.
* * A Vindication of the Conduct of the
House of Representatives, by Patrick
Henry, appears.
* * Va. Thomas Jefferson graduates
at William and Mary College.
1763 Apr. 17. Ga. The Georgia Ga-
zette issued at Savannah on its first and
recently arrived printing-press.
* * Md. Frederick College (non-sect.)
organized.
* * New York. Rev. Myles Cooper he-
comes president of King's (Columbia)
College.
SOCIETY.
1760 * * Various social customs in the
colonies.
Manners and customs of the Puritans
prevail in New England; those of the
Dutch on the banks of the Hudson ;
those of the Quakers along the Dela-
ware ; those of the Huguenots along the
rivers of South Carolina.
* * * New Eng. Laws prohibit many
things.
Among them, the defrauding of credit-
ors, in order to live in luxury ; " drink-
ing of healths, as a bad habit ; " wearing
embroidered garments and laces, also
sleeves that do not reach the wrist, these
must not be more than an ell wide ; the
use of tobacco by such as are under 20
years of age, those who use it publicly are
fined sixpence ; all persons are restrained
from " swimming in the waters on the
Sabbath day, or unreasonably walking in
the fields or streets." Those' who refuse
to vote, or serve when elected to office,
are fined for want of patriotism.
Thomas Hutchinson is the most con-
spicuous man in New England. (Win-
sor).
* * * Pa. Laws prohibit " stage plays,
playing of cards, dice, May-games,
masques, and revels."
* * * Va. Rigorous laws regulate con-
duct.
Absence from church is punishable by
fine ; the wardens are sworn to report
cases of " drunkenness, swearing, and
other vices," offenders are liable to
punishment by fines, at the rate of " a
shilling an oath " for swearers ; minis-
ters are to abstain from excess of drink-
ing and riot, and are not to play cards
or dice.
* * * Car. Laws similar to the preceding
are enacted in the Carolinas.
1763 * * Ohio. The English introduce
the rum traffic (which the French had
prohibited) among the Indians along the
lakes and the Valley of the Ohio ; their
demoralization follows.
* * Guiana. A formidable insurrection
of negro slaves.
STATE.
1759 Sept. 18. Can. Ramezay is gov-
ernor at Quebec.
* * Sp. Charles m. king.
* * Massachusetts has self-imposed taxes.
* * Pa. James Hamilton governor.
1760 Sept. 8. Canada, having been sur-
rendered to General Amherst, is united
to Great Britain [ceded in 1763].
Oct. 25. Eng. George II. dies.
Nov. 20. Eng. George m. enthroned.
Dec. 27. Boston receives tidings of the
death of George II.
* * Eng. The king and aristocracy strug-
gle against the people.
* * Eng. Franklin denies that Ameri-
cans desire independence, or ever will,
except they suffer gross abuse.
* * Ga. This province issues $37,050 this
year in paper money.
* * Guiana. Peace is made with the Au-
kan negroes in Dutch Guiana.
* * Estimated population of the 13 colo-
nies, 1,695,000 people, of which number
310,000 were negroes.
* * English imports from the North Amer-
ican colonies amount to $3,805,000; ex-
ports, $13,060,000.
* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-75 * * Ga. James Wright.
June-Aug. Mass. Thos. Hutchinson.
[1769-74.]
-69 * * Mass. Sir Francis Bernard.
N. J. Thomas Boone.
-61 * * N. Y. Cadwallader Colden.
[1761-65; 1769-70.]
-61 * * S. C. William Bull. [1763-69.]
1761 Jan. 27. Mass. Joseph Hutch-
inson is appointed chief -justice.
[John Adams considered this date the
beginning of the American Revolu-
tion.]
Feb. * Boston. James Otis becomes the
champion of the colonies in opposing the
Acts of Trade before the subservient
Chief-Justice Hutchinson.
He produces a sensation throughout
the colonies by his masterly address,
showing the unconstitutionality of the
Parliamentary acts, and advocating the
rights of the colonies.
* * Eng. The British ministry endeavor
to strictly enforce the Importation
Act.
* * Mass. Disputes and bitterness pre-
vail over the arbitrary methods of col-
lecting customs.
Great excitement follows the unjust
and tyrannical action of the king's offi-
cers in Salem and Boston, who are given
" Writs of Assistance" for entering and
searching any place for goods suspected
of evading the import duty.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-62* *N. J. Josiah Hardy.
Oct. 26. N. Y. Robert Monckton.
1762 Nov. 1. Phila. Franklin again
returns from England.
Nov. 3. La. France, by a secret treaty,
cedes to Spain the whole of Louisi-
ana west of the Mississippi, and also the
island of New Orleans.
* * Guiana. Peace is made with the
Saramaccan negroes in Dutch Guiana.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
R. I. Sam. Ward. [1765. Reappointed.]
S. C. Thomas Boone.
1763 Jan. * Pa. The English govern-
ment orders Connecticut to cease colo-
nizing the Wyoming Valley.
Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris, between
Great Britain, France, Spain, and Por-
tugal.
The Mississippi becomes the western
boundary of Virginia ; Spain cedes Flor-
ida to Great Britain ; France cedes to
Spain all the vast territory of Louisiana
lying west of the Mississippi River, and
the isles of St. Pierre and Miquelon are
confirmed to her. England restores
Havana, receives Nova Scotia, Canada,
and Cape Breton. The French power
disappears from the New World.
* * -65 Apr. * Eng. George Gren-
ville prime minister.
Oct. 7. Eng. The king by a proclama-
tion defines the respective boundaries of
Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and
Granada, but the regions north of the
Great Lakes and west of the Alleghanies
remain Crown lands, closed to settlers.
Nov. 3. Treaty of Fontainebleau be-
tween England, France, and Spain.
Nov. 15. Pa. Charles Mason and Jere-
miah Dixon begin the running of
the •• Mason and Dixon line." [It
forms the southern boundary of the
free State of Pennsylvania in later
times.]
Dec. 28. N. Y. The governor issues a
proclamation claiming the territory
(Vermont) west of the Connecticut River
under the grants of Charles II. to the
Duke of York.
Dec. * Va. First collision in Virginia
between the prerogative of the king and
the authority of the Legislature occurs.
The king refuses to sign the law au-
thorizing debtors to pay their public
dues in money instead of tobacco — the
legalized currency. Patrick Henry
pleads the rights of the colonists, and
denies the king's right to make laws for
the colonies.
* * Brazil. The capital transferred
from Bahia to Rio Janeiro.
* * The English occupy all the posts es-
tablished by the French along the lakes
and the Ohio Valley.
* * It is believed that England intends to
tax the colonies to relieve her financial
burdens.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:
-75 * * N. C. William Franklin.
-72 * * Pa. John Penn. [1773-76.]
-64 * * R. I. Stephen Hopkins.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1759 * * Port. A third Brazil company
is fbrmed.
1760 Mar. 20. Boston. One-tenth of
the city destroyed by fire.
* * Cuba. Yellow fever first appears at
Havana. •
* * R. I. Newport has about 650 slaves.
1762 Oct. * Phila. The yellow fever
rages with unparalleled violence.
1763 * *N. Y. A ferry established be-
tween New York and Paulus Hook (Jer-
sey City).
74 1763-1768, June 10.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1764 June * Col. Bradstreet conducts a
campaign along the Great Lakes.
Aug. 5, 6. Battle of Bushy Run.
* * Major Loftus, with British troops,
ascends the Mississippi from New
Orleans.
Oct. * -Nov. * O. Col. Henry Bouquet
marches against the Ohio Indians.
1765 * * Fort Chartres is turned over to
English troops.
* * III. English troops first enter the
Illinois country.
1766 Mar. 5. Ulloa takes possession of
New Orleans for Spain.
* * Boston. The royal artillery arrives.
1767 * * Boston. Irritation caused by
the appearance of a man-of-war, the
Romney ; the colony having broken no
laws, and only appealed for redress.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1765 * * Thomas Godfrey writes Prince
of Parthia, the first play written by an
American.
1767 Aug. * W. I. About 16,000 perish
by an earthquake at Martinique.
* * New York. A theater is built in John
Street.
* * Pa. David Rittenhouse projects a
large orrery on a new and improved plan.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1764* *
Daggett, David, senator, born.
Eaton, William, soldier, born.
Emmet, Thomas, lawyer, born.
Livingston, Brockholst, V. S. Supreme Court,
born.
Livingston, Edward, statesman, born.
Mitchell, Samuel Latham, physician, born.
Perkins, Thomas, philanthropist, born.
Pinkney, William, lawyer, born.
Tennent, Gilbert, clergyman, dies.
Van Rensselaer, Stephen, statesman, born.
Ware, Henry, clergyman, born.
1765* *
Andrada, Sylvae, d', Brazilian statesman, b.
Backus, Azel, college president, born.
Fulton, Robert, engineer, born.
Gardiner, John S., clergyman, born,
Harper, Robert Goodloe, lawyer, born.
Meigs, Return Jonathan, Gov. of O., born.
Pitkin, Timothy, historian, born.
Smithson, James L. M., physicist, born.
Stanwix, John, general, dies.
Todd, Thomas, justice, born in Ky.
Whitney, Eli, inventor, born.
1766* *
Appleton, Samuel, philanthropist, born.
Barton, Benjamin Smith, naturalist, born.
Boylston, Zabdiel, physician, A86.
Dunlap, William, painter, born.
Finley, Samuel, pres. Princeton Coll., A51.
Irving, William, author, born.
Mayhew, Jonathan, clergyman, A46.
Perkins, Jacob, inventor, born.
Wilson, Alexander, ornithologist, born.
1767* *
Adams, John Q., 6th President, born in
Mass., July 11.
Bayard, James Asheton, statesman, born.
Black Hawk, Indian chief, born.
Brooks, Peter C, philanthropist, born.
Clap, Thomas, Pres. Yale Coll., A64.
George, Enoch, bishop, born.
Granger, Gideon, statesman, born.
Jackson. Andrew, general, statesman, 7th
President, born.
Thompson, Smith, justice, born in N.Y.
Wolcott, Roger, Gov. of Conn., A88.
CHURCH.
1764 Apr. 15. New York. The Re-
formed Dutch church has preaching in
English by an English pastor lately
called. (Much opposition to the lan-
guage follows.)
1765 May9.il/ass. The Baptist church
of Haverhill is constituted ; Hezekiah
Smith, pastor.
* * Boston. Samuel Stillman becomes
pastor of the Baptist Church. [He
preaches against the Stamp Act.]
* * Mich. Only two Jesuit missionaries
remain in the Northwest ; both are at
Mackinaw.
* * N. C. The Kehukee Baptist Associa-
tion is formed.
* * Tenn. Two Baptist churches formed
in East Tennessee.
* * S. G. Jews have a congregation at
Charleston.
* * Pa. (?) Lutherans start a private the-
ological Seminary.
* * W. I. Two Moravian missionaries are
sent to the Barbados.
1766 * * New York. Methodism is in-
troduced.
The first Methodist sermon in the New
World is preached by Philip Embury at
his residence in New York.
* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod unites
with the General (Cong'l) Associa-
tion of Connecticut to defeat the pro-
posed establishment of an Episcopal
church for the colonies, to be supported
by a common tax ; they also agree to
meet in annual conventions.
1767 * * New Eng. Some of the Baptist
churches are Seventh-day, some Ar-
minian, and a majority maintain the im-
position of hands on the immersed as a
divine ordinance.
* * New York. The Methodists worship
in a rigging-loft.
* * Pa. Capt. Thomas Webb introduces
Methodism into Philadelphia.
A general missionary collection is
ordered among Presbyterians by the
Synod, to maintain preaching on the
frontier.
* * Paraguay. The Jesuits are expelled.
* * It. I. Warren Baptist Association
formed.
* * W. I. Moravian mission work pros-
pers in Barbados.
* * Expulsion of the Jesuits from Span-
ish South America.
LETTERS.
1764 Mar. 24. Pa. The New Castle
Chronicle first issued.
Oct. 29. Conn. Hartford has its first
newspaper, the Connecticut Courant.
* * Can. The first newspaper in Que-
bec is issued, the Quebec Gazette, pub-
lished in two languages.
* * Mass. The Harvard Library is de-
stroyed by fire; about 6,000 books are
burned.
* * Phila. The first medical school in
America is founded.
* * R. I. Brown University (Baptist)
established at Warren.
* * Rights of British Colonies, by Otis,
appears.
1765 * * N.Y. Samson Ocum visits Eu-
rope, and secures $50,000 for his Indian
schools on Long Island.
1766 Nov. 10. N. J. The Reformed
Dutch obtain a charter for Queen's
(Rutgers) CoUege. (Unsatisfactory
and inoperative.)
* * Conn. Rev. Eleazer Wheelock estab-
lishes a school for training Indian boys
to be teachers of their own race.
* * _77 * *• conn. Rev. Naphtali Dag-
gett is president of Yale College.
* * New York. The Chronicle issued by
A. and J. Robertson.
The New York Journal, or General
Advertiser, issued by John Holt.
1767 Oct. * Conn. The Connecticut Jour-
nal and New Haven Post-Boy is issued.
SOCIETY.
1764 * * Mass. John Adams marries
Abigail Smith.
1765 * * Conn. Indignation of colo-
nists against the Stamp Act.
The Connecticut stamp-officer rode
into Hartford on his white horse to de-
posit his resignation, with a thousand
armed farmers riding after him, and
said he " felt like death on the pale
horse with all hell following him." —
Ency. Brit.
* * Eng. Parliament authorizes the min-
istry to send troops to enforce the Stamp
Act ; the colonies are to find ' * quar-
ters, fuel, cider or rum, candles, and
other necessaries " for them.
Merchants resolve to purchase no
more goods in England, and the people
pledge themselves to buy nothing of
English manufacture.
* * Stamp Act agitation prevails.
Muffled bells toll the funeral peal of
liberty in Boston and Philadelphia ; in
New York a copy of the Stamp Act is
carried through the streets, having a
death's-head nailed to it, and this in-
scription attached, The Folly of England
and the Ruin of America.
1766 Oct. * Boston. The Daniel Mal-
colm riot ; writ forcibly resisted.
1768 June 10. Boston. Riot against
the action of the commissioners of the
king's customs, in seizing the sloop Lib-
erty belonging to John Hancock.
STATE.
1763 * * -64 * * Eng. The ministry
seeks to enforce the Importation Act
by seizing and confiscating colonial ves-
sels in unlawful trade.
* * Guiana. A French company sends
out 12,000 colonists without provision
for their labor or support ; very many
suffer and perish.
* * Mass. Samuel Adams shows that ac-
cording to English common law the peo-
ple alone have the right of voting taxes
by their representatives ; and the colo-
nists have the full right of Englishmen.
1764 Mar. 10. Ejng. The House of
Commons adopts a resolution affirming
the propriety of charging certain stamp
duties on the American colonies. [The
report soon crosses the sea and produces
universal indignation.]
AMERICA.
1763-1768, June 10. 75
Apr. 6. Eng. Passage of Grenville's
Act, modifying the Sugar Act of 1732, to
take effect Sept. 30th.
May 24. Boston takes action against
taxation by Parliament.
Dec. 17. N. H. The governor issues a
proclamation declaring the claims of
New York to Vermont are obsolete.
Dec. * Eng. Franklin returns to Lon-
don.
* * Mass. Colonists resolve not to use
British manufactures.
" The Rights of British Colonists as-
serted and proved," by James Otis, aids
the movement for liberty.
* * Mo. The French settle the town of
St. Louis, making it a trading-post.
* * The enforcement of the Importation
Act nearly destroys the colonial trade
with the West Indies.
* * S. C. The Legislature offers large
bounties of land to settlers ; many im-
migrants arrive from Germany, France,
England, and Scotland, chiefly poor
people.
Oct. 27-71 July 1. -ZV". C. Wm. Tyron
is governor.
* *Fontleroy is sent by the French
government to observe the American
colonies.
1765 Feb. 6. Eng. George Grenville
introduces the resolutions for a
Stamp Act, and a favoring vote is
taken by the Committee of the House
of Commons. Vote 245 — 49.
Feb. 27. Eng. The Stamp Act passes
the House of Commons without a formal
division.
Mar. 8. Eng. The Lords pass the
Stamp Act without debate, protest,
amendment, division, or a single oppos-
ing vote.
Mar. 22. Eng. Commissioners, acting
on behalf of King George III., sign the
obnoxious Stamp Act, and it becomes
law.
After the first of November every
legal document is to be executed on
paper bearing an English stamp, each
sheet costing the colonist from three-
pence to six pounds sterling ; news-
papers, pamphlets, and almanacs to be
on paper stamped to the value of one
half-penny and increasing to fourpence ;
each advertisement two shillings.
Apr. * Eng. The Mutiny Act is ex-
tended to the English colonies.
May 30. Va. The right of taxation
denied.
Patrick Henry (29 years of age) makes
his famous fiery speech in the House of
Burgesses, and the assembly passes reso-
lutions in expression of colonial rights ;
its effect on the colonies- is electrical.
[New York and Massachusetts assem-
blies pass similar resolutions.]
June 6. Mass. The assembly issues a
call for a congress of deputies from
the several colonies to meet in New
York on October 7th.
July 13. -66 Aug. 2. Eng. The Buck-
ingham ministry.
* * Boston. The mob compels Andrew
Oliver, the stamp-agent, to resign, and
promise he will not aid in the distribu-
tion of the stamps. He is hanged in
effigy.
Aug. 26. Boston. The chief justice,
Joseph Hutchinson, is assailed, and his
house is sacked.
Oct. 7-25. N. Y. An Anti-Stamp Act
Congress meets in New York City.
Twenty-eight delegates are present
from nine colonies, New Hampshire,
Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia
being representatively absent, but quies-
cent. It promises loyalty, and sends a
petition to Parliament.
Oct. 19. New York. The Stamp Act
Congress, having drawn up petitions and
memorials to the King and Parliament,
adopts a "Declaration of Rights."
Oct. 31. New York. All the governors
of colonies, Rhode Island excepted, take
oath to execute the Stamp Act.
* * The "Sons of Liberty" are organ-
ized to oppose arbitrary government and
defend colonial rights. The right of
taxation by Parliament is much dis-
cussed.
* * Pa. Pittsburg is laid out and set-
tled.
Nov. 1. The Stamp Act comes into
force on this day and is universally con-
temned ; flags fly at half-mast, bells are
tolled, and business suspended.
In New York ten boxes of stamps are
forcibly seized and destroyed ; in Con-
necticut the stamp-officer is threatened
with hanging ; in Boston houses are de-
stroyed and the stamps given to the
winds and flames ; every stamp-officer
in America is obliged to resign or leave
the country.
Merchants of the principal cities en-
ter into engagements with each other
to import no more goods from Great
Britain till the Stamp Act shall be
repealed.
Nov. 7. Massachusetts appoints Dennis
Deberdt its agent in London.
* * French Guiana. Only 918 colonists
remain alive out of 12,000 sent out.
Nov. * R. I. Governor Ward refuses to
take an oath to sustain the Stamp Act ;
other governors acquiesce.
* *-69* * N. Y. Sir H.Moore, governor.
1766 Jan. 14. Eng. Pitt advocates the
repeal of the Stamp Act in Parliament.
He says, " I rejoice that the Americans
have resisted ; if they had submitted,
they would voluntarily have become
slaves. They have been driven to mad-
ness by injustice." (See p. 917.)
Jan. 28. Eng. Benj. Franklin is ex-
amined in the House of Commons
respecting the Stamp Act. He testifies
as to the temper of his countrymen.
Mar. 7. Eng. The Declaratory Act is
passed by Parliament, asserting that
" Parliament has power to bind the col-
onies in all cases whatsoever."
Mar. 18. Eng. The Stamp Act is re-
pealed ; great joy among the friends of
America ; bonfires, flags, and illumina-
tions in London. The act had brought
in no revenue.
May 6. Eng. Lord Howe and Gen.
Howe appointed commissioners for re-
storing peace in the British colonies.
* * News of the repeal occasions great
rejoicing in the colonies ; bells are rung
and bonfires lighted and importations
encouraged ; a great calm follows, while
another storm is brewing. (May 19.)
Aug. 10. New York. At night soldiers
cut down a citizen's flagstaff. Replaced.
Dec. * New York. Soldiers again cut
down the flagstaff. Great excitement
follows.
* *-76* * New York. Whitehead Hicks
the 41st mayor.
* * [ U. ,§.] Governors inaugurated :
-69 * * Conn. William Pitkins.
-66* *R.I. Samuel Ward.
-68 * * S. C. Charles Montague.
1767 June 20. Eng. Parliament en-
acts duties on tea, etc.
June 29. The irritation of the colo-
nies renewed.
Royal assent is given to an act impos-
ing colonial duties on imported glass,
paper, painters' colors, and tea ; it also
suspends the powers of the General
Assembly of New York until it votes
supplies for the King's troops in that
province. [The flames of resentment
burst out afresh.]
* * Mass. Non - importation associa-
tions again come into vigorous exist-
ence.
* * Eng. Custom House and Board of
Commissioners created for America.
Nov. 20. The Act taxing colonial im-
ports goes into effect.
Dec. 26. I'a.—Md. Mason and Dixon
complete their important survey as far
as a war-path, thirty-six miles from the
end of the line, where the Indians com-
pel them to stop.
Dec. * -70 Jan. * Eng. Duke of Graf-
ton prime minister. Hillsborough
succeeds Shelburne in the ministry as
colonial secretary.
1768 Feb. 11. Mass. The Assembly,
by a circular letter, calls upon other
colonies to unite in an effort to obtain
redress for grievances.
June * Eng. The ministry perempto-
rily orders the Assembly of Massachu-
setts to rescind its circular.
June 10. Boston. The commissioners
of customs seize John Hancock's sloop
Liberty, and the enraged citizens drive
them to the fort for safety.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1764 June 18. N. J. The lighthouse
at Sandy Hook first put in operation.
1765 Aug. 14. Boston. Consecration
of the Liberty-tree; copper-plate af-
fixed with the words, " The Tree of Lib-
erty. Aug. 14, 1765."
* * * The British Board of Trade has
checked all manufacturing enter-
prise, by means of restrictions which
make success impossible.
1766 * * N. Y.—Pa. An express wag-
on runs from New York to Philadelphia
in two days, and the enterprise is con-
sidered remarkable.
1767 * * The colonists again form non-
importation associations to destroy
the market for British goods ; importa-
tions of dutiable articles nearly cease.
76 1768, July-1772.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1768 Sept.* Boston. Two British re-
giments arrive, having been sent by
request of the royal officers in the
colony. (Sept. 28.)
Oct. * Mass. General Gage, commander-
in-chief, is sent from Halifax to subdue
" the insolent town of Boston."
He marches through the streets with
700 regulars liaving fixed bayonets ; the
people are enraged at the invasion.
* *_7l* * N.C. War of the Regulators.
1770 Mar. 5. Boston. "The Boston
Massacre." The citizens exasperate
Captain Prescott's company of soldiers,
and they fire, killing three citizens and
wounding eight.
Soon after several thousand colonists
appear under arms, and demand that
the governor withdraw the troops from
the city, and he is forced to yield.
1772 June 10. R. I. The armed ves-
sel, Gaspee, is grounded and burned
for enforcing customs.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1768 Oct. 5. Cuba. A great cyclone
strikes Havana; 4,048 houses and 1,000
lives are destroyed.
1769 July 3. N. Y. The first theatri-
cal performance at Albany is the play,
Venice Preserved.
* * Cal. San Francisco Bay is discov-
ered.
* * Eng. Samuel Hearne seeks a north-
west passage in the Arctic seas. [He is
absent 3 years.]
* * Ky. Daniel Boone explores the Ken-
tucky region.
* * Phila. The American Philosoph-
ical Society begins its publications.
1770 * * Conn. The first manufacture
of tinware in the colonies begins at
Berlin.
± * * W. Billings and others write music
for the singing-schools in New England.
± * * A portrait of Washington, in the uni-
form of a Virginia colonel, is painted by
C. W. Peale.
1771* * Boston. John Ramage paints
miniatures.
* * Matthew Prat paints the portrait of
Cadwallader Colden for the New York
Chamber of Commerce.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1768* *
Beissel, Johann, Conrad, mystic, A78.
Boyd, John Parker, general, born.
Dennie, Joseph, journalist, born.
Harris, Thaddeus, clergyman, born.
Jones, Jacob, naval officer, born.
Mason, Jeremiah, senator, born.
Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, born. ?
Wadsworth, James, philanthropist, born.
1769* *
Barron, James, commodore, born.
Brown, Nicholas, patron or Brown Univer-
sity, born.
Clinton. De Witt. Gov. of S, Y., born.
Cranch, William, jurist, born.
Hosack, David, author, born.
Mercer, Jesse, clergyman, born.
Messer, Asa, pres. of Brown Univ., born.
Miller, Samuel, clergyman, born.
Plessants, James, senator, born.
Pontiac, Ottawa chief, A57.
1770* *
Attucks, Crispus, Boston massacre, dies.
Blunt, Edmund March, writer, born.
Burgess, Tristam, jurist, born.
Caldas, Francisco Jos6, So. Am. savant, b.
Clarke, William, explorer, born.
Dinwiddie, Robert, Gov. of Va., A78.
Guess, George— Se-quoy-ah, Indian inventor
— born.
Hopkinson, Joseph, jurist, born.
Kirkland, John T., pres. Harvard Univ., b.
Mason, John Mitchell, clergyman, born.
Moore, Zeph. Swift, pres. of Williams Coll.,b.
Wentworth, Benning, Gov. of N. H., A74.
Whitefleld, George, revivalist, A56.
Zea, Francisco Antonia, statesman, born.
1771* *
Alden, Timothy, college president, born.
Ballou, Hosea, Universalist clergyman, b.
Boylston, Nicholas, benefactor, A55.
Brown, Charles Brockden, author, born.
Fessenden, Thomas Green, author, born.
Hopper, Isaac Tatem, philanthropist, b.
Irving, Peter, author, born.
Johnson, William, justice, born.
Morrow, Jeremiah, statesman, born.
1772* *
Alexander, Archibald, clergyman, born.
Appleton, Jesse, pres. of Bowdoin Coll., born.
Burrill, James, lawyer, born.
Caldwell, Charles, physician, born.
Chauncey, Isaac, navy, born.
Crawford, William Harris, statesman, born.
Dooly, John Mitchell, jurist, born.
Dowse, Thomas, book collector, born.
Finley, Robert, clergyman, born.
MacArthur, Duncan, Gov. of O., born.
Porter, Ebenezer, scholar, born.
Quincy, Josiah, statesman, born.
Wirt, William, orator, born.
Woolman, John, author, A53.
CHURCH.
1768 Aug. 17. N. J. John Wither-
spoon is inaugurated president of the
college of New Jersey.
Oct. 30. N. Y. John Street Methodist
church in New York is dedicated by
Philip Embury.
* * Phila. First organization of Metho-
dists ; meetings held in a sail-loft by a
class of 7 members.
* * Vt. The first Baptist church is
founded in Shaftsbury.
1769 May 19. It. Clement XIV.
pope.
* * Cal. Father Junipero Serra, a Fran-
ciscan monk, founds a mission at San
Diego. Many of his associates die dur-
ing the first months of hardship.
Jesuit missions are established in New
California.
* * Can. The Burgher Presbytery of
Truro, Nova Scotia, is formed.
* * Phila. First Methodist church (St.
George) obtained by purchase.
Arrival of Richard Boardman and
Joseph Pilmoor, Wesleyan Methodist
missionaries.
* * Va. Methodism is planted by Robert
Williams, a local preacher.
1770 Mar. 20. N Y. The Reformed
Dutch obtain a new charter for a col-
lege (Rutgers).
Sept. 30. N.J. John Murray, founder
of the Universalist church in America,
arrives from England, and preaches his
first sermon in America at Good Luck.
* * Cal. A mission station is founded at
Monterey on the Pacific coast, by Fran-
ciscan missionaries.
* * S. C. Presbytery of Orange is organ-
ized.
* * There are about 97 Baptist churches
in the 13 colonies.
1771 Feb. 27. R. I. The Six-Princi-
ple Baptists secede from the Baptist
church at Providence, because their
president (Manning) did not make impo-
sition of hands a bar to communion, and
probably because of his holding to sing-
ing in public worship, " which was highly
disgustful."
July 31. Mass. George III. disallows
and rejects the act of the colony in op-
pressing Baptists at Ashfield.
Oct. 15. New York. General conven-
tion of Reformed Dutch ministers
and laymen, to plan for union.
Oct. 27. Phila. Arrival of Francis As-
bury and Richard Wright, being sent by
John Wesley to preach Methodism in
America.
* * Labrador made a Moravian mission
station.
* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod approves
a scheme for the support of candidates
for the ministry.
* * W. I. Friedensberg, St. Croix, be-
comes a mission station of the Mora-
vians, who work among the slaves.
1772 May * N. Y. English Shakers
emigrate to America.
Oct. * New York. The General Conven-
tion of the Reformed Dutch church
meets and consummates the union of
the churches.
* * O. Moravians and their converts
removed from Pennsylvania, open an
Indian mission at Schonbrann, in the
Muskingum Valley.
* * New York. The Classis of Amsterdam
gives full approbation to the formation
of a Dutch Synod in America. (Jan. 14.)
* * Francis Asbury is temporarily ap-
pointed " general assistant in America,"
by John Wesley.
LETTERS.
1768 July 4. Boston. Dickinson's
Liberty Song is published.
* * N.J. John Witherspoon made
president of Princeton College.
* * Phila. Phonography suggested by
Franklin.
* * Circular Letter to Each Colonial Legis-
lature, by Adams and Otis, appears.
1769 * * The Croakers, by J. R. Drake,
appears.
* *N.H. Dartmouth College (Cong.)
founded at Hanover.
* * Phila. The American Magazine ap-
pears.
1770 May* R.I. The Baptist College
removed from Warren to Providence,
James Manning, president.
July * Mass. The Massachusetts Spy first
appears.
* * Peru. The College of San Carlos
established.
± * * Poems on Various Subjects, Religious
and Moral, by Phillis Wheatley, a ne-
gress, born in Africa appears.
AMERICA.
1768, July-1772. 77
1771 Nov. 3. N. Y. First newspaper
printed in Albany, the Albany Gazette.
* * N.J. James Madison graduates at
Princeton.
* * The Royal Spiritual Magazine issued.
1772 * * The Progress of Dullness, by
John Trumbull, appears.
SOCIETY.
1768 Sept. * Boston. The newly arrived
British officers are fretted with legal im-
pediments, and denounce " this country
where every man studies law."
1770 Feb. 22. Boston. A patriotic
crowd of men and boys resents the Con-
travention Act and is fired on by sol-
diers ; a Mr. Richardson1 and Christo-
pher Snider, a boy 11 years old, are
killed ; the newspapers announce the
boy as the first martyr to American
liberty.
Mar. 5. Boston. " The Boston Massa-
cre." Three persons are killed and
eight wounded by the fire of the soldiers.
* * Md. Umbrellas first introduced,
having been landed at Baltimore, and
commonly scouted as evidences of effem-
inacy.
* * The Indians become civilized.
Themissionamong theOneidas is placed
under the care of the London Board of
Correspondence in Boston. With their
aid, a meeting-house, schoolhouse, saw-
mill, grist-mill, and blacksmith's shop
are erected. Drunkenness is almost un-
known, and the people become " sober,
regular, industrious, praying Indians."
1772 Jan. 1. Va. Thomas Jefferson
marries Martha Skelton.
* * Founding of the Improved Order of
Red Men.
STATE.
1768 July 8. Boston. Thirty Bostoni-
ans board a schooner seized by custom of-
ficers for having 30 hogsheads of molasses
on board ; they confine the officers, and
remove the molasses.
Sept. * Boston. The ministers of the col-
ony, in the King's name, require the As-
sembly to " express regrets," and
rescind their action, but it reaffirms the
former action in a circular letter by a
nearly unanimous vote.
Sept. 24. NY. A treaty entered into
by the English colonists with the Indians
at Fort Stanwix, defining a line between
the English colonies and the Indians
[later known as the " property line "].
Sept. 27-29. Mass. Convention of the
towns to consider the coming of the
troops.
Sept. * N. C. The '« Regulators " bind
themselves to resist the payment of
taxes, except such as were levied and
were to be applied according to law.
Oct. * Boston. Troops arrive to sustain
the officers.
The selectmen of Boston flatly refuse
to provide quarters for General Gage's
troops ; so they are quartered in the
State House.
* * Baron De Kalb is sent by Choiseul to
observe the spirit of the Americans.
* * Eng. The term American begins
to be used in connection with the sup-
porters of colonial privileges, who adopt
the name of " American Whigs."
* * La. A temporary French republic
established.
* * Tenn. Parties from North Carolina
settle in Tennessee.
* * Governors inaugurated :
-77 * * Mich. Guy Carleton.
-69 * * B.I. Josiah Lyndon.
Va. John Blair lieutenant-governor.
-70 * * Va. Norborne Berkeley, Lord
de Botetourt.
1769 Feb.* Eng. Parliament cen-
sures the people of Massachusetts, ap-
proves the use o*f force against them, and
urges the trial of leaders for treason in
the courts of England.
May* Ky. Daniel Boone and a party
of Virginians settle in Kentucky.
May 16. Va. The Assembly passes
resolutions " as bad as those of Massa-
chusetts."
May 17. Va. The Governor, Lord Bote-
tourt, dissolves the Assembly for pass-
ing obnoxious resolutions.
May 18. Virginia enters into the non-
importation agreement.
The members of the Assembly hold a
meeting in which Washington presents
the resolutions against importing Brit-
ish merchandise. The members make a
special covenant not to import any more
slaves, nor to purchase any that others
import.
July 15. Mass. Gov. Bernard pro-
rogues the General Court, because it
refuses to make provision for the support
of British soldiers, sent to take away
the liberties of the people.
* * Mass. Lieut.-Gov. Thomas Hutch-
inson assumes authority.
Aug. * N. Y. Bernard sails for England.
* * Cat. Spaniards occupy the coast.
Monterey is founded.
* * Ky. Daniel Boone makes explora-
tions beyond the mountains.
* * Mass. The General Court refuses to
do business while a guard is stationed
at the door, and adjourns to Cambridge.
* * Tenn. The Watauga Association
makes settlements.
* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
-84 * * Conn. Jonathan Trumbull.
-74 * * Md. Robert Eden.
-74 * * R.I. Joseph Wanton.
1770 Jan.* Eng. Lord North be-
comes prime minister.
Jan. * New York. Soldiers cut down the
liberty pole and the people retaliate.
Mar. 5. Eng. The non-importation as-
sociations cripple the English colo-
nial trade.
All duties are now removed except
threepence a pound on tea, retained at
the express command of the King, who
said, " There should always be one tax,
at least, to keep up the right of taxing ; "
the non-importation agreement is soon
relaxed, except with regard to tea.
Mass. Public excitement is intensi-
fied throughout the colonies by the Bos-
ton Massacre. (See Army.)
Apr. * Eng. The Townshend Act re-
pealed, except that relating to the
duty on tea.
Aug. 21. New York. An equestrian
statue of George III. is erected in Bowl-
ing Green by loyalists.
Sept. 22. Boston. Covention of dele-
gates at Faneuil Hall, from 96 towns, to
consider the grievance of a standing
army.
* * -73 * * There is scarcely any gov-
ernment in the colonies, the royal gov-
ernment having practically gone to
pieces.
* * Boston. The King's soldiers cut down
a liberty pole which had stood in the park
for several years.
* * Eng. Edmund Burke becomes agent
for New York. [He continues for five
years.]
* * O. The Zane family settle on the Ohio,
near the mouth of Wheeling Creek.
* * Governors inaugurated :
-71 * * N. Y. John, Lord Dunmore.
-72 * * Va. William Nelson, lieutenant-
governor.
1771 Mar. 28. N. Y. A Mr. McDougal,
some time imprisoned as the author of
a newspaper article signed ' ■ A Son of
liberty," is discharged by the Supreme
Court.
* * Cuba. The port of Havana is no
longer monopolized by Seville and Cadiz,
but open to all nations for certain arti-
cles of trade.
* * N. C. The Regulators attempt to
overthrow the government and courts
by force.
* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated :
July 1. N. C. James Hasell (pres.).
Aug.* -76* *N.C. Josiah Martin.
-77 * * N. Y. William Tryon.
-72 * * Pa. Richard Penn.
1772 June 10. R. I. The Americans
burn the revenue schooner Gaspee in
Narragansett Bay.
Aug. 4. Eng. Dartmouth succeeds
Hillsborough in the Ministry.
Nov. 2. Boston. Town-meeting held ;
committees of correspondence ap-
pointed by the "Sons of Liberty" [out
of it grows the Colonial Congress],
Samuel Adams the leader.
* * Eng. Parliament orders that the
burners of the Gaspee be arrested, and
taken to England for trial.
* * Guiana. The revolt of the Maroons
at Surinam [lasts five years].
MISCELLANEOUS.
1768* * New York. The Chamber of
Commerce founded.
1770* * New York. The Chamber of
Commerce incorporated by Act of Legis-
lature.
Sept. 10. Boston. The governor delivers
Castle William over to the king's
troops.
1772 * * Mass.—R. I. A stage - coach
runs between Boston and Providence.
78 1772-1775, Mar. 8.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1774 * * Indian war ; caused by the
atrocities of the whites and by the mur-
der (Apr. 30) of the family of Logan.
Oct. 10. W. Va. Battle of Point Pleas-
ant, on the Ohio ; 1,500 Shawnees under
Chiefs Cornstalk and Logan are defeated
by 1,200 Virginians under Gen. A. Lewis,
who lose 75 killed and 140 wounded.
Sept. 5+ . Boston. Gen. Gage erects for-
tifications on " the Neck."
Dec. 13. Mass. The people take posses-
sion of the arsenal at Charlestown,
from which the powder had been re-
moved by Gen. Gage.
Dec. 13±. N. H. A company of men led
by John Sullivan [afterward major-
general] capture the fort at Ports-
mouth, and remove 100 barrels of pow-
der and some cannon.
1775 Jan.* Boston. Gage sends troops
to Marshfield.
* * R. I. At Newport the patriots seize
44 pieces of artillery and convey them
to Providence. (Dec. 6.)
Feb. 26. Mass. Gen. Gage orders 140
soldiers to go to Salem and seize the
military stores ; the militia under Col.
Pickering raise the drawbridge and
otherwise oppose the attempt.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1773 Dec. * Guatemala. An earth-
quake swallows up 80,000 inhabitants.
* * Phila. The first steam-engine built
in America is set up.
* * S. C. A theater is opened at Charles-
ton.
1774 Oct. 24. Phila. The Continental
Congress recommends a suspension of
all public amusements.
* * W. I. Port Royal, Jamaica, is de-
stroyed by a cyclone.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1773* *
Biglow, William, teacher and poet, born.
Bowditch, Nathaniel, mathematician, born.
Caldwell, Joseph, college president, born.
Clayton, John, physician and botanist, dies.
Day, Jeremiah, pres. of Yale Coll., born.
Harrison, "William Henry, 9th President,
born in Va. Feb. 9.
Hull, Isaac, commodore, born.
Nott, Eliphalet, pres. of Union Coll., born.
Paine, Robert Treat, Jr., author, born.
Randolph, John, statesman, born.
1774* *
Bainbridge, WiUiam, commodore, born.
Daviess, Joseph Hamilton, lawyer, born.
Griscom, John, educator, born.
Oliver, Andrew, Lieut.-Gov. of Mass., A68.
Tompkins, Daniel D., statesman, born.
Van Rensselaer, Solomon, general, born.
Wood, Leonard, clergyman, born.
CHURCH.
1773 July 14-16. Phila. The first
American conference of Methodist
preachers in session at St. George's
church ; American membership 1,160.
* * Md. The Catholics are left without
priests by the complete suppression of
the order of Jesuits, by Pope Clement
XIV.
* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod appoints
a committee on religious publications.
* * Eng. Mr. Wesley appoints Thos.
Rankin general superintendent of
Methodist societies in America.
1774 Mar. 10. The Presbytery of the
Reformed Presbyterian Church of
America is formed.
May 25. Phila. Second Methodist Con-
ference is held.
Aug. 16. New York. Ann Lee and nine
(Shaker) followers arrive in New York.
Sept. 7. Phila. Rev. J. Duche1, an as-
sistant minister of Christ's (Episcopal)
church, reads prayers and Psalm xxxv.
for the First Continental Congress,
in Carpenter's Hall. " It seems as if
heaven had ordained that psalm to be
read that morning." (John Adams.)
Nov. 29. Boston. The Old South
Meeting-house is used by the patriots
for the purpose of a town meeting, to
discuss the tea question, the Dartmouth
having arrived with a cargo of tea. Its
frequent use for such purposes, when
Faneuil Hall was not large enough for
the meeting, led the governor to desig-
nate this church as the " seed-bed of
rebellion."
* * Can. Religious liberty is granted to
Roman Catholics.
* * Eng. During the discussion of the
Boston Port Bill in Parliament, Ex-gov.
Johnston said : "■ If you ask an Amer-
ican who is his master, he will tell
you he has none ; nor any governor
but Jesus Christ."
* * Greenland. Lichtenan becomes a mis-
sion station of the Moravians.
* * N. Y. The English Shakers settle
near Albany.
* * Va. The first Baptist church in Vir-
ginia (Simpson Creek) is formed.
1775 Feb. 15. It. Pius VI. pope.
Feb. * Mass. The ministers of Salem
prevent an outbreak against General
Gage, who comes on Sunday to search
for powder.
LETTERS.
1774 * * Observations on the Boston Port
Bill, by Josiah Quincy, appears.
* * The Journal of John Woolman ap-
pears.
* * History of Redemption, by Jonathan
Edwards, appears.
* * -75 * * Boston. The Royal American
Magazine appears.
SOCIETY.
1773 Dec. 16. Boston. The Boston
Tea Party.
Seven thousand people assemble in
town-meeting ; Adams and Quincy ad-
dress them ; in the evening come about
fifty men disguised as Indians, who, with
war-whoops, lead the crowd to the
wharves, and then empty 342 chests of
taxed tea into the harbor.
1774 June 1. New Eng. The patriotic
colonists make this a day of fasting
and mourning, because of the Port Bill.
Sept. * Phila. Asserting the rights of
British America, Thomas Jefferson laid
before the Colonial Congress an anti-
slavery paper : —
" The abolition of domestic Slavery is
the greatest object of desire in these
Colonies, where it was unhappily intro-
duced in their infant State. But pre-
vious to the enfranchisement of the
slaves, it is necessary to exclude further
importations from Africa. Yet our re-
peated attempts to effect this have been
defeated by his majesty's negative."
* * Mass. The people of all the colonies
send money and provisions for the
poor of the proscribed town of Boston,
even the settlements beyond the Al-
leghanies remember them, and $150,000
are subscribed in London.
1775 Mar. 8. A citizen of Billerica is
tarred and feathered by the British ; the
Americans adopt it as the mode of pun-
ishing Tories.
STATE.
1772 * * Mass. Parliament enacts that
the salaries of the colonial governors and
judges shall be paid out of the colonial
revenues without authorization by the
General Assembly. [The Assembly soon
declares the act of Parliament void.]
* *N. C. — S. C. Settlement of the
boundary between North and South
Carolina.
* * Eng. The tea tax produces from the
American colonies a revenue of only
$400 a year, at an annual expense of
$1,500,000 for collection.
* * -76 * * Va. John, Lord Dunmore, gov-
ernor.
1773 Jan. * -Feb. * Mass. A contro-
versy exists between Governor Hutch-
inson and the General Court.
* * Mass. Ships loaded with tea arrive
at Charlestown.
The tea is landed, but its sale is forbid-
den ; at New York and Philadelphia the
ports are declared closed aud the ships
are forbidden to enter ; at Boston the
town authorities refuse to permit the
tea to be landed, although it is consigned
to Gov. Hutchinson and his friends.
* * The colonial assemblies meet, and be-
fore the governors can prorogue them,
appoint "committees of correspon-
dence," in order to secure unity of
action among the colonies.
Mar. * Va. Intercolonial committees of
correspondence established.
May * Eng. The ministry applies strata-
gem to dispose of the accumulated tea
of British merchants.
It removes the export tax, so that
with the import tax paid, tea can be
bought in Boston cheaper than in Lon-
don ; the Americans respond by order-
ing captains to take their cargoes back
to England.
June -July. Miss. About 400 English
families emigrate to the vicinity of
Natchez.
Dec. 16. Mass. The Boston Tea Party.
Destruction of tea in Boston Harbor by
citizens disguised as Indians ; 342 chests
of tea are emptiea into the sea. (See
Society.)
Dec. 25. New York. A tea ship is sent
back with her cargo.
The captain is escorted out of town
with banners flying and the band playing
AMERICA.
1772-1775, Mar. 8. 79
God Save the King. Eighteen chests of
tea concealed on board another ship are
thrown into the dock.
* * Cal. Presidios established in Upper
California.
* * Can. Celtic settlers arrive in Nova
Scotia.
* * Eng. Franklin is called before the
Privy Council.
* * Kentucky is settled by colonists led
by Daniel Boone.
* * Philadelphians denounce as an en-
emy to his country " whosoever shall
abet in unloading, receiving, or vending
the tea." Charleston and New York
adopt similar resolutions.
* * S. C. About 300 families of Germans
leave Maine, and settle in southwestern
■ South Carolina.
* * Governors inaugurated :
-82* * Cal. Felippede Neve (Spanish).
Mass. General Thomas Gage.
-75 * * Mass. A Provincial Congress
governs.
1774 Jan. 29. Eng. Franklin appears
before the Privy Council of George III.,
to present a petition from Massachu-
setts.
* * Conventions, to agitate the public
mind in favor of liberty, are held in all
the colonies.
Jan. 31. Eng. Parliament votes to dis-
miss Benjamin Franklin from his
office of postmaster-general in America
because of his patriotic sympathies.
Mar. 31. Eng. Parliament passes the
Boston Port Bill.
It closes that port to all commerce,
except food and fuel, and transfers
the seat of government to Salem, which
declines the honor, and refuses to profit
by the hand of tyranny. The bill is to
take effect on June 1.
Apr. 19. Eng. Edmund Burke makes
his famous speech on American taxa-
tion.
Apr. * Ky. Emigrants arrive ; Harrods-
burg is soon settled.
* * Eng. The Quebec Bill passes Parlia-
ment, which grants unusual concessions
to the Catholics of Canada, to secure
their fidelity.
May 13. Mass. Gov. Hutchinson is
superseded by Gen. Gage, who vainly
strives to repress the ferment of liberty
among the people.
May 17. Rhode Island proposes a
general congress.
May 20. Eng. Parliament subverts
the charter of Massachusetts by au-
thorizing the removal of certain persons,
charged with crime, beyond its limits
for trial.
* * The colonists are divided into two
parties ; the patriots, called Whigs, and
the Royalists, called Tories.
May 20. Fr. Louis XVI. en-
throned.
June 1. Mass. The Boston Port Bill
goes into operation, closing the har-
bor against commerce ; business is sus-
pended ; the day observed in many parts
with fasting and mourning. General
sympathy for Boston.
Boston. Ex-Gov. Hutchinson de-
parts.
June 17. -Boston. A Port Act meeting
is convened.
Aug. * -Sept. * Mass. County conven-
tions held to protest against the Parlia-
ment.
Aug. ± * S. C. Generous Carolinians
send Bostonians 200 barrels of rice and
promise 800 more, but urge them "not
to pay for an ounce of tea."
* * North Carolina raises by subscription
$1,000 for the relief of Boston.
able redress by forming an American
association pledged not to trade with
Great Britain, or the West Indies, nor
with those engaged in the slave-trade,
and not to buy British goods or tea;
a non-importation, non-consumption,
and non-exportation agreement is
adopted.
Nov. ± * Provincial legislatures pass
resolutions for obtaining military
stores and arming the inhabitants.
Nov. 5. Va. The militia assembled at
Fort Gower resolve to support their
countrymen rather than the tyranny of
their King.
Sept 5. Phila. The First Continental Dec. * The king, having prohibited the
Congress and second Colonial Con
gress meets in Carpenter's Hall ; 56 del-
egates represent 11 colonies. [Later,
68.] Peyton Randolph of Virginia, pres-
ident. [Oct. 22. Henry Middleton of
South Carolina.] Charles Thomson,
secretary.
Georgia, having a royalist governor,
has no delegate. Congress proceeds to as-
sume control of all military movements
in all the colonies ; it acknowledges the
authority of the king, but opposes the
Acts of Parliament. No delegate is in-
structed to ask for independence. [Sept.
6. Each colony is given one vote. Sept.
7. Rev. J. Duche1 elected chaplain.
Sept. 10. Approval of Suffolk (Mass.)
Resolutions of Sept. 6, " No obedience is
due to any part of the recent Acts of
Parliament." Sept. 28. Rejects Joseph
Galloway's plan of union aiming at per-
petual dependence. Oct. 14. Adopts
Declaration of Rights. Oct. 20. The
American Association is formed by 52
members; it pledges itself for non-inter-
course with Great Britain until the of-
fensive Acts are repealed. Oct. 21. The
Address to the People of Great Britain,
prepared by John Jay, approved. A
memorial to the several Anglo-Ameri-
can Colonies adopted. Oct. 22. Letters
despatched to unrepresented colonies at
St. John's (now Prince Edward Island),
Nova Scotia, Georgia, East and West
Florida. Oct. 25. Petition to the king,
written by John Dickinson (Pa.), is or-
dered. Oct. 26. An Address to the Peo-
ple of Quebec, drawn by Dickinson,
adopted. Dissolved.]
Sept. 28. Mass. The royalist governor
dissolves the Assembly.
exportation of military stores to
America, patriots in Rhode Island take
about 40 cannon from the public battery ;
in New Hampshire they seize over 100
barrels of gunpowder lying in the fort
at Portsmouth.
* * Can. A legislative council is es-
tablished ; the laws made by the French
are confirmed, and the Catholics secured
in their religious freedom.
* * Connecticut issues paper money,
the first of the Revolution.
* * Ga. Several millions of acres of land
ceded to the King, by the Creek and
Cherokee Indians.
* * Ky. George R. Clark arrives.
* * Mass. A great commotion arises
against Gov. Hutchinson and Lieut.-gov.
Oliver, whose letters to the British
government against the liberties of
the colony become known. These offi-
cials propose the introduction of troops,
and one of them suggests the establish-
ment of a "patrician order." The
governor advises the abridgement of
" English liberties," as he doubted if
the people of a colony could enjoy all
the liberty of the parent State.
* * Spain permits free-trade with several
of her South American settlements.
* * Newspapers are divided, for and
against the government.
Oct. 5±. Mass. The Assembly meets 1775 * * En9- Parliament is occupied
at Salem, notwithstanding the action of with American affairs.
Governor Gage in countermanding the Jan. 20. Eng. Chatham presents his
summons which convoked it.
[The members of the Assembly, having
adjourned to Concord, resolve them-
selves into a Provincial Congress,
with John Hancock, president, and Ben-
jamin Lincoln, secretary.]
Oct. * Mass.
The colonists are further
incensed by the arrival of British troops,
and by the measures adopted by General
Gage.
Oct. 26. Mass. The Provincial Congress
proceeds to organize the militia as
" minute-men," and collect stores and
ammunition for public defense.
Nov. 4. Congress, by its committee,
makes a Declaration of Rights.
It claims the right of participating
in the making of the laws of the land,
and in the ordering of the taxes ; of 1773 * * Conn
motion to Parliament for conciliation
with America.
Feb. 1. Mass. The second Provincial
Congress meets at Cambridge.
Feb. 10. Eng. Lord North introduces
a bill to restrain the trade and com-
merce of New England [which soon
after passes Parliament].
Feb. * Franklin is in London, conferring
with the Howes.
Mar. 5. New York. A town-meeting
favors a congress; hoop-poles from a
neighboring cooper's yard are used to
enforce a favoring vote.
having trial by jury in the vicinage ;
of holding public meetings ; of seeking
redress for grievances. It protests
against a standing army imposed with-
out its consent ; and against eleven
governmental acts violating colonial
rights and privileges. It proposes peace-
MISCELLANEOUS.
An old copper-mine at
Simsbury is used as a prison.
1774 * * Boston. The streets are first
lighted.
* * Conn. Only 1,363 Indians are reported
in this colony.
80 1775, Mar. 18-1775.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1775 Mar. 18. Mass. Gen. Gage seizes
13,425 musket cartridges and 3,000
lbs. of ball belonging to private Ameri-
cans and stored on Boston Neck.
He strengthens the fortifications on
Boston Neck, and accumulates mili-
tary stores.
Apr. 18. Boston. Gen. Gage issues
orders forbidding any one to leave the
town after dark.
Paul Revere rides to Concord to
arouse the patriots.
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.
Apr. 19. Mass. Lexington, the First
Battle of the War for American In-
dependence.
Gen. Gage secretly sends a regiment
of 800 men to Concord, 16 miles from
Boston, to destroy the military stores of
the colonists. They attack the patriots
at Lexington and partially succeed in
their mission, when they are in turn at-
tacked by the " minute-men," and driven
back to Boston. American loss 49 killed,
34 wounded, and five missing ; British
loss 273. " This is the world-renowned
battle of Concord, more eventful than
Agincourt and Blenheim."
Apr. 20. Mass. Gen. Putnam arrives
at Concord, having ridden his horse
about 100 miles in 18 hours.
Apr. 20 + -76, Mar. 17,1776.
SIEGE OF BOSTON.
Apr. 20. Boston under siege by about
20,000 Americans.
The isthmus connecting the town of
Boston with the main land is blockaded
and the siege of the city begins.
Va. Gov. Dunmore sends marines in
the night, to remove about 20 barrels
of gunpowder from the arsenal at Wil-
liamsburg, the capital ; some of the ex-
asperated inhabitants fly to arms.
Apr. 25. Md. Baltimoreans seize the
provincial magazines, containing 1,500
stand of arms, on receiving the war-news
from Lexington.
Apr. 27. Mass. Bostonians deliver up to
Gen. Gage a large quantity of guns, etc.
May 2. Va. Patrick Henry and 700
patriots force the governor to pay for
the powder removed from Williamsburg.
May 5. Mass. A naval skirmish takes
place at Martha's Vineyard.
May 10. N. Y. Surrender of Ticon-
deroga ; the gateway to Canada is
taken.
Ethan Allen of Vermont, with 83
" Green Mountain Boys," surprises the
garrison, and demands its surrender of
ommander Delaplace, " In the name
of the Great Jehovah and the Conti-
nental Congress." Thirty-eight prison-
ers and a fortress costing $40,000,000,
with 120 cannons and vast military stores
are taken by these extemporized troops
in ten minutes. [The military supplies
are soon hurried to the besiegers of Bos-
ton, where they are much needed.]
May 12. N. Y. Crown Point is taken
by Seth Warner without loss of life.
* * Eng. British officers resign their
commissions rather than fight the colo-
nists.
May 25. Boston. Gens. Howe, Clin-
ton, and Burgoyne arrive, and com-
mand an army of more than 10,000
disciplined soldiers.
May 27. Boston. Israel Putnam defeats
a few British raiders on Hog Island.
May * Boston. Artemas Ward com-
mander-in-chief of the American forces.
Conflicts occur in the harbor.
Phila. Congress adopts the army
before Boston as the Continental army.
* * A'. Y. Sir John Johnson flees from
the Mohawk Valley to Canada.
June 9. Mass. The American army
at Cambridge; officers 1,581, privates
6,063 ; total 7,644.
June 12. Me. The Margaretta seized at
Machias.
June 16. Mass. The Americans throw
up entrenchments near Bunker Hill
during the night, and command Boston
with their cannons.
June 17. Phila. Continental Congress
elects George Washington com-
mander-in-chief of the American
army ; he accepts the appointment, re-
fusing all compensation. (June 15?)
* * Massachusetts authorizes priva-
teering.
* * Rhode Island commissions two
cruisers, and sends Abraham Whipple
to Bermuda to seize powder.
Mass. Battle of Bunker Hill
(Breed's Hill).
About 3,000 British troops under Gen-
erals Howe and Pigot, aided by the fleet,
carry the entrenchments on the third
assault, the Americans having consumed
their ammunition. British loss, 1,054
killed and wounded; Americans lose
150 killed (among them the brave Gen.
Joseph Warren), 270 wounded, and 32
prisoners.
Charlestown is burnt by the British.
June 21. Phila. Washington leaves
to take command of the American army.
June * Kg. Daniel Boone builds his
fort.
July 2. Mass. Washington arrives at
Cambridge.
July 3. Jifass. Washington assumes
command of the army, consisting of
14,500 men.
July 27. Phila. Congress establishes a
hospital for 20,000 men.
July * Can. Col. Guy Johnson holds a
conference with the Indians at Mon-
treal. Many Indian chiefs agree to
support the King's cause, against the
colonists, but accomplish very little.
Boston. The army in three divisions
invests the city.
Aug. 21. Ar. Y. Continental army un-
der Gen. Montgomery arrives at Port
Ticonderoga.
Aug. 26. Mass. The Americans open
their entrenchments on a hill near
Boston.
Aug. 30. Conn. Stonington is at-
tacked by the British.
Sept. 2. Mass. Washington begins to
commission war-vessels.
Sept. * Ar. Y. Schuyler from Ticonde-
roga moves toward Canada, but yields
the command to Montgomery, who
captures Chambly.
* * Me. Benedict Arnold moves up the
Kennebec to invade Canada.
Sept. * -Dec. * Pa. Hostilities in the
Susquehanna country between the Con-
necticut and Pennsylvania settlers.
Sept. 25. Can. Col. Ethan Allen, with
83 men, attempts to take Montreal ; all
are made prisoners.
Sept.* S. C. Col. Moultrie, with the
militia, takes possession of Fort John-
son on St. James Island.
Oct. 7. B. I. British vessels sail into the
harbor of Bristol and fire upon the town ;
Newport is threatened with destruction.
Oct. 10. Boston. Lord William Howe
succeeds General Gage in command'
at Boston.
Oct. 13. The United States Navy
originated by an order of Congress for
the construction of 2 cruisers, mounting
respectively 10 and 14 guns.
Oct. 18. Me. Falmouth (Portland) is
burned by the British under Lieutenant
Mowatt.
Oct. * -Dec. * The American vessels,
Lynch and Franklin, cruise in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence.
Nov. 2. N. B. The garrison at St. John
surrenders to Americans under Gen-
eral Montgomery.
Nov. 9. Can. General Arnold, with
1,000 men, arrives before Quebec; they
are deterred from taking the city by the
want of boats.
Nov. 12. Can. The Americans under
Montgomery, having invaded Canada,
attempt to surprise the British and
take Montreal.
* * Ger. British efforts to secure Ger-
man mercenaries begin.
Nov. 22. Mass. Americans take Cobble
or Miller's Hill near Boston and for-
tify it.
Nov. 23. British despatch-bearer Con-
nelly captured near Hagerstown, while
on his way to Detroit, with papers of
great consequence.
Nov. 25. Phila. Congress declares Brit-
ish vessels open to capture by Amer-
icans, in retaliation for ordering the
attack on American seaport towns by
British vessels.
Nov. 29. An American privateer cap-
tures three British ships containing
military stores,
Nov. * Eng. Parliament votes to in-
crease the British army in America
to 40,000 men, requiring an addition of
25,000 men. British subjects decline to
enlist, and 17,000 Hessians are hired of
Brunswick and Hesse-Cassel, at $36 a
head.
Dec. 1. Can. Arnold and Montgom-
ery unite their forces on the St. Law-
rence.
Dec. 8. Can. The siege of Quebec
begins.
Dec. 9. Va. A slight action takes place
at Cedar Bridge.
AMERICA.
1775, Mar. 18-1775. 81
Dec. 10. British vessels destroy the
buildings on Canonicut Island.
Dec. 13. Phila. The germ of the navy
department. Congress first determines
to build a navy of 13 frigates.
Dec. 22. Phila. Congress appoints a
corps of naval officers, Esek Hopkins
commander, and John Paul Jones lieu-
tenant, naval affairs being in charge of
a " Marine Committee."
* * Boston. Admiral Shuldam relieves
Admiral Graves as commander of the
British fleet.
Dec. 30. Can. Gen. Montgomery de-
feated and killed before Quebec.
Gen. Arnold continues the fruitless
siege.
Dec. * Phila. Congress authorizes Wash-
ington to push the attack upon Boston,
to the destruction of the town if neces-
sary.
CHURCH.
1775 May 28. R. I. Dedication of a
new Baptist church at Providence ;
steeple 196 ft. high ; bell, 2,515 lbs. ;
cost, $35,000.
May 20. K. C. Presbyterians form the
Mecklenburgh Convention, which
anticipates the Declaration of Indepen-
dence made at Philadelphia.
May * Va. Baptist churches issue a
patriotic address.
LETTERS.
1775 May 10. New York. A mob com-
pels President Cooper of King's (Co-
lumbia) College to flee for his life
because of his Tory sentiments.
* * Nov. * New York. Rivington's Ga-
zetteer office is destroyed by Connecticut
marauders.
* * Eng. Appeals and addresses, or-
dered by the Colonial Congress, arrive in
England.
William Pitt commends the patriots.
" For myself I must avow, that, in all
my reading, — and I have read Thucyd-
ides, and I have studied and admired
the master states of the world, — for
solidity of reason, force of sagacity, and
wisdom of conclusion? under a compli-
cation of difficult circumstances, no
nation or body of men can stand in
preference to the general congress at
Philadelphia. The histories of Greece
and Rome give us nothing equal to it,
and all attempts to impose servitude
upon such a mighty continental nation
must be in vain."
SOCIETY.
1775 Apr. 14. Phila. The first Aboli-
tion Society is formed, with Benjamin
Franklin as president, and Benjamin
Rush as secretary.
Apr. 19. The patriots' victory at the
battle of Lexington fires the country.
Public sentiment quickly changes from
loyalty to an almost universal desire to
separate from England.
May* Eng. The people are divided in
their allegiance.
English privilege and officialism are
with the kings ; the popular heart and
conscience are with the colonists, by a
great majority.
June 17. The Battle of Bunker Hill,
though a defeat, inspires the war
spirit in the colonies ; it is discovered
that British troops are not invincible.
* * Boston. The people suffer because of
the rigorous siege.
* * Boston. Dr. Benj. Church, director of
the hospital, is the first American traitor.
Nov. 4. Phila. The Continental Con-
gress directs that there should be issued
daily to each soldier a pint of milk and
a quart of spruce beer or cider.
STATE.
1775 Mar. * Eng. Franklin leaves Lon-
don.
Mar. * Mass. The movement develops
a struggle for liberty.
John Adams says, " That there are any
who pant after independence is the
greatest slander on the province." [A
sudden change soon follows.]
Apr. 3. N. Y. The Colonial Assembly
holds its last session, and adjourns.
Apr. 19. The political existence of the
United States dates from the Battle of
Lexington ; its legal existence from
the adoption of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence on July 4, 177C.
* * N. Y. Richmond and Queens Counties
side with the Tories, and send no dele-
gates to the Provincial Congress. The
wealth and influence of New York
City are hostile to the patriots.
Apr. 22. Mass. The Provincial Congress
resolves to raise an army of 30,000
men, of which the quota of Massachu-
setts will be 13,600.
May 5. Phila. Benjamin Franklin
returns from England after an absence
of more than ten years.
May 10. Phila. The Second Conti-
nental Congress opens in Independence
Hall. [Peyton Randolph, president;
Charles Thomson, secretary.] Colonies
represented, 13 ; delegates present, 55.
May 15. Phila. Congress resolves to
issue paper money as a substitute for
taxation.
* * Phila. Congress votes to establish a
line of posts from Maine to Georgia.
May 20. Phila. Articles of confed-
eration and perpetual union agreed
upon in the Congress.
iV. C. The colonists begin to speak
of the United Colonies of America:
at Charlotte the citizens assemble has-
tily to startle the country by adopting
the Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde-
pendence, [two months before that
written by Jefferson. Winsor = May 20 ;
some others = May 31].
May 24. Phila. John Hancock is
elected president of Congress.
June 7. Mass. The General Court con-
siders the creation of a naval force, and
authorizes privateers.
Its action is anticipated by the people
of Buzzard's Bay. [Jeremiah O'Brien
is made a naval captain, commanding
the prize sloop Margaretta.]
June 12. Mass. Gen. Gage by procla-
mation arrogantly offers pardon to all
" rebels " and " traitors " who may sur-
render, but excepts Samuel Adams and
John Hancock.
June 14. Phila. Congress votes to raise
an army of 20,000 men. [June 15. Wash-
ington elected commander.]
June 15. Phila. Congress makes a
last appeal to George III. for justice and
liberty. [July 8. Second petition.]
June 22. Phila. Congress resolves to
emit $2,000,000 in bills of credit.
July 6. Phila. Congress issues a man-
ifesto, justifying its resistance to
England.
July 26. Mil. The Maryland Convention
meets at Annapolis, and resolves to sup-
port the measures of Congress ; orders
$266,666 bills of credit struck, and
decides to raise 40 companies of min-
ute-men.
Phila. Congress first establishes a
post-office ; Benjamin Franklin, post-
master.
Summer. Franklin proposes a plan for
confederating the English colonies.
Aug. * Georgia joins the other colonies.
Summer. The King's authority is
overthrown in all the colonies ; the
governors either join the popular cause,
or are driven away by the people.
Aug 23. Eng. King George III. pro-
claims the existence of open rebellion
in the colonies, and calls on loyal per-
sons to give information against the dis-
loyal colonists.
* * Phila. Congress passes a Pension
Act.
Oct. 6. Phila. Congress urges the arrest
of Tories.
* * Phila. Congress appoints a Naval
Committee.
Oct. 13. Phila. Congress orders war-
vessels to be built.
Nov. * Can. Commissioners from Con-
gress go to Canada.
* * Phila. Bonvouloir sounds Congress
by direction of the French government.
Nov. 13. Massachusetts authorizes pri-
vate armed vessels to cruise.
Nov. 29. Phila. Congress first seeks ad-
mission into the family of nations by
appointing Franklin, Jay, and three
others, a committee to confer with
friends of the colonies " in Great Britain,
Ireland, and elsewhere."
**[[/. S.] Governors inaugurated :
Nov. * -78 * * R. I. Nicolas Cooke.
S. C. William Campbell.
Dec. 2. Phila. Congress votes to em-
ploy foreign engineers.
Dec. 21. Eng. Act of Parliament for
confiscating all American vessels
and impressing their crews into the
British navy.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1775 * * ( 'an. Quebec has 5,000 inhab-
itants.
Dec. 14. Boston. Gen. Howe orders
about 100 wooden buildings to be taken
down and used for fuel.
82 1775-1776, July 3.
AMERICA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1775 * * Both the English and Americans
seek the aid of the Indians.
1776 Jan. 1. Mass. The Union flag
is first unfurled in the camp at Cam-
bridge.
Va. Norfolk, the principal shipping
port of Virginia, is partly burned by
the Americans to deprive the British
of shelter, and in part by the British
Tories under Gov. Lord Dunmore, who
had been driven from office by the
patriots.
* * Washington commissions Samuel
Tucker as naval captain.
Jan. 20. Sir John Johnson is forced
by Gen. Schuyler to disband his High-
landers and Mohawks, and give his
parole not to fight the patriots.
Feb. 4. New York. The Americans
take possession; Gen. Charles Lee
enters the city and encamps in the
suburb on The Fields (City Hall Park).
Feb. * The first American fleet of armed
vessels begins its cruise.
The British seek to transfer the seat
of war to the southern colonies.
The American regular army num-
bers a little more than 14,000 men ; 6,000
Massachusetts militia are available.
Feb. 10. Mass. "Washington, at Charles-
town, writes: "Without men, without
arms, without ammunition, little is to
be done."
Feb. 27. N. C. Tories and Highlanders
under McDonald defeated at Moore's
Creek Bridge by the patriots, who
take the British general, 350 guns, 1,500
rifles, 13 wagons, 150 swords.
* * Mass. The cannons taken at Fort
Ticonderoga, having been hauled
thither on sleds, are placed along the
American line around Boston.
Mar. 2. Mass. Americans bombard
the British in Boston.
An action occurs at Morris Creek.
Mar. 3. 6a. Col. Bull and Americans
burn British ship Inverness, and 6 other
vessels laden for England, near Savan-
nah.
Mar. 4. W. I. Com. Esek Hopkins
takes New Providence from the Brit-
ish with its military stores.
Mar. 5. Mass. A detachment of Amer-
icans under Gen. Thomas takes posses-
sion of Dorchester Heights in the
night, thus beginning the long-expected
attempt to take Boston.
Boston. A severe storm delays the
storming of the American works by the
British, and the works are strengthened.
Mar. * Can. The Americans are ex-
pelled from Canada by Sir Guy Carle-
ton.
Mar. 17. Boston is evacuated by the
British under Howe without molesta-
tion, there being an informal agreement
that the city would not be burned if no
attack was made. [Eleven days re-
quired.]
Mar. 18. Boston. Washington enters
the city, and finds 250 cannon and 25,000
bushels of wheat.
Mar. 23. Philo.. Congress issues letters
of marque and reprisal against Eng-
land, and declares all British vessels to
be lawful prizes.
Mar. * -Apr. * Ger. The troops of
Hesse-Cassel are first mustered in by
the British.
Apr. 4. Mass. Washington leaves Cam-
bridge for New York.
Apr. 6. British ship Glasgow, 20 guns,
and her tender, under Captain Howe,
attack the brigantine Cabot, 30 guns,
Columbus, 28 guns, brig Annodirte, 6
guns, and sloop Providence, 12 guns,
under Commodore Hopkins, and escapes
with the loss of her tender.
* * Washington ceases to supervise naval
affairs.
Apr. 13. New York. "Washington and
the main'part of the army arrive from
Cambridge ; he has about 8,000 effective
men.
May 17. Boston. Capt.Mugford, having
captured the British ship Hope, with
1,500 barrels of powder, brings the prize
to port.
New York. Washington first learns
that 17,000 German troops have been
hired by the British, who are landing
in Canada.
May 19. Can. Gen. Benedict Arnold,
with 900 Americans, captures the British
post at the Cedars, releasing 500 Amer-
ican prisoners.
May 25. Phila. Congress resolves to
engage the Indians for military ser-
vice.
May * Can. The Americans are de-
feated at Three Rivers.
Gen. Thomas retreats from Quebec
in command of the Northern army.
June 2. Can. Gen. John Thomas dies
of smallpox.
June 4. S. C. The British fleet appears
off Charleston.
Gen. Lee arrives at Charleston, for
its defense, as Gen. Clinton arrives
to destroy it ; both parties proceed to
erect defenses.
June 15. Can. The British retake
Montreal from the Americans.
June * ± Can. Gen. Howe leaves Halifax,
and sails with his army for New York
Bay.
June 16. Can. The Americans abandon
the province of Canada.
June 17, 18. English transports bound
for Boston are captured by American
cruisers.
June 18. Canada is entirely evacu-
ated by the Americans, " defeated, dis-
contented, dispirited, diseased."
June 25. N. Y. Gen. Howe arrives
at Sandy Hook with his forces.
June 28. New York. Gen. Howe, with
the garrison of Boston, on board a
British fleet of 40 vessels, enters the
harbor.
June * Gen. Horatio Gates takes com-
mand of the Northern army of
Americans.
June 27 . The British under Gen. Clinton
and Sir Peter Parker bombard the fort
on Sullivan's Island for 10 hours and
retire ; British loss, 210 killed and
wounded ; Americans, 32. [The name
of the fort is changed to Fort Moultrie,
in honor of its commander.]
Incident of bravery: Sergeant Jasper
leaps outside the fort and seizes the
fallen flag, which he ties to a pole on
the parapet amid " iron hail."
June 30. N. Y. Gen. Howe lands a
strong British force on Staten Island,
where he is welcomed by the Tories.
* * Gen. Ward commissions Capt. Mug-
ford to cruise near Boston.
* * Paul Jones with the privateer Provi-
dence takes 16 prizes.
June * New York. Washington discovers
a Tory conspiracy, in which some of
the patriot soldiers are involved, and
one of the guard, Thomas Hickey, is
hanged "for mutiny, sedition, and
treachery." Tories take warning.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1775* * Boston. The Blockade of Boston
is written by General Burgoyne, and
performed in Boston by British officers.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1775* *
Anderson, Alexander, engraver, born.
Barbour. James, statesman, born,
Beecber. Lyman, theologian, born.
Bohler, Peter, Moravian bishop, A63.
Brown, Jacob, major-general, born.
Chase, Philander, bishop, born.
Eckford, Henry, shipbuilder, born.
Embury, Philip, first Meth. preacher, A46.
Hobart, John Henry, Trot.-Epis. bishop of
H.Y., author, born.
Lyman, Phineas, general, A59.
Milledoler, Philip, pres. of Rutgers Coll., b.
Montgomery, Richard, general, A39.
Morgan, William, abducted, born.
Quincy. Josiah, Jr.. patriot and orator, A31.
Randolph, Peyton, first American Con-
gress, A 52.
Spalding, Lyman, physician, born.
Warren, Joseph, gen., phys., patriot, A34.
CHURCH.
1775 ** Boston. The Old South
Church used as a riding-school for
Burgoyne's light-horse.
* * Conn. Discomfort in the churches.
Stoves are not yet introduced into Con-
necticut churches, though the climate is
more severe than in recent years, and
the communion bread freezes on the
tables, yet new-born infants are taken
to the churches to be baptized, accord-
ing to the custom.
* * Eng. The religious sympathies of the
dissenters especially favor the colonists.
* * New Eng. The Presbyterian Synod
of New England is formed (London-
derry, Salem, and Palmer).
* * Va. The General Association of Bap-
tists appoints 3 bishops ; one is elected
an apostle by ballot.
1776 May 4. if. I. The Baptists re-
pudiate all allegiance to George III.
* * All the colonies, with the exception of
Khode Island, New Jersey, and Pennsyl-
AMERICA.
1775-1776, July 3. 83
vania, have a church established by
law, or custom, as the rightful custo-
dian of the spiritual interests of the
people.
June * Francis Asbury, a distinguished
Methodist, is arrested and fined £5 for
preaching without first taking the oath
of loyalty.
LETTERS.
1775 Mar. 6. Boston. Joseph War-
ren repeats his massacre oration.
* * New York. Rev. Benjamin Moore
becomes president of King's (Columbia)
College.
The Constitutional Gazette issued by
John Anderson. (Dies the same year.)
* * Phila. The Pennsylvania Magazine
appears.
* * Va. Patrick Henry, the greatest
orator in America, makes his famous
patriotic speech before the House of
Burgesses.
McFingal, by John Trumbull, appears
in part.
1776 Jan. 8. Thomas Paine issues his
Common Sense, which is widely circu-
lated, and greatly aids the Revolution
by showing the importance and necessity
of seeking independence.
SOCIETY.
1776 Mar. 18. Boston. Washington
enters the city at the head of his army ;
the whole country is wild with de-
light. [Congress orders a gold medal
to be struck for General Washington.]
Apr. 6. Phila. Congress prohibits the
importation of slaves.
STATE.
1775 * * Governors inaugurated:
* * S. C. William Campbell governor,
later, John Rutledge, the first governor
under the Federal Constitution.
1776. Jan. 1. Mass. The flag of the
13 United Colonies is first raised ; it re-
tains the crosses of St. George and St.
Andrew on a blue ground, and adds red
and white stripes. It is first used by
Washington at Cambridge.
* * * New York. Gov. Tryon prudently
retires on board of a British man-of-war.
Jan. 2. Phila. Congress urges strenu-
ous measures against the Tories.
Jan. * Eng. Pitt makes a speech on
the Americans in Parliament.
Feb. 1. Eng. Gen. Howe is directed
not to use the King's name in the ex-
change of prisoners.
Peb. 17. Phila. Congress is obliged to
issue $4,000,000 additional bills of
Continental paper to meet the expenses
of the war.
Mar. 2. Phila. Congress appoints Silas
Deane, of Ct., commissioner to France.
Mar.* Phila. Congress commissions
Carroll, Franklin, and Chase to go
to Canada to effect a union.
Mar. 23. Phila. Congress authorizes
privateers to prey upon British com-
merce.
Mar. 14. Phila. Congress urges the dis-
arming of disaffected citizens.
Mar. * -June * U. S. Notable increase
of the spirit of independence.
Mar. 26. S. C. The General Assembly
adopts a Constitution for the govern-
ment of the Province. It is to continue
till October 21, " and no longer."
* * Phila. Congress issues instructions
to privateers.
Apr. 6. Congress declares American
ports open to the trade of all nations
except Great Britain, but prohibits the
slave-trade.
Apr. 22. North Carolina authorizes her
delegates to subscribe to a declaration
of independence.
Apr. * Phila. A finance committee,
the germ of the Treasury Department,
is appointed by Congress.
May 4. R. I. The Assembly repeals the
■ ■ Act for the more effectually securing
to his Majesty the allegiance of Rhode
Island and Providence plantations," and
provides that in legal papers, the name
and authority of the King shall be
omitted, and those of " the Governor
and Company of this Colony" be sub-
stituted.
May 10. Pa. The colonial charter is
overthrown.
Mass. The General Assembly calls
upon the people to assemble in town-
meetings, and instruct their represen-
tatives, " Whether, if the Honorable
Congress should, for the safety of said
Colonies, declare them independent
of the Kingdom of Great Britain, they,
the said inhabitants, will solemnly en-
gage, with their lives and fortunes,
to support them in the measure."
[Barnstable is the only town in the
Commonwealth that hesitates.]
May 15. Phila. Congress calls upon
the States to provide independent gov-
ernments, and totally suppress every
kind of authority under the Crown.
Va. The Convention instructs the
delegates of Virginia in Congress to
urge it " to declare the United Colo-
nies free and independent States,
absolved from allegiance to, or depend-
ence upon, the Crown or Parliament of
Great Britain."
May * Fr. — Sp. France and Spain se-
cretly resolve to aid the Americans
with money.
May 24. Phila. The Continental Con-
gress elects John Hancock of Massa-
chusetts as its president.
June 7. Phila. Congress changes its
demand, and asks for independence
instead of constitutional liberties.
Phila. Richard Henry Lee, in obe-
dience to the instructions of the Assem-
bly of Virginia, offers a resolution in
Congress " that the united colonies
are, and of right ought to be, free
and independent States." John
Adams of Massachusetts seconds the
motion , and a great debate follows. New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary-
land, and South Carolina are conserva-
tive, and hesitate to support such a
radical step. The resolution is post-
poned till July first.
June 10 and Aug. 11. Phila. Beau-
marchais, as agent, receives from the
French and Spanish governments mon-
eys, and conducts his business under the
style " Hortalez et Compagnie."
June 11. Phila. Congress appoints T.
Jefferson, John Adams, Benj. Franklin,
Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Living-
ston a committee to prepare a decla-
ration of independence.
June 12. Va. A Declaration of Bights
is adopted.
June * Va. Gov. Dunmore prudently re-
tires on board a British man-of-war.
June 20. Conn. The General Assembly
issues a declaration of independence
and absolution from all allegiance to the
King of Great Britain.
June * New York. Discovery of the
"Hickey Plot," to assassinate Wash-
ington.
* * Fr. Silas Deane reaches France as
the first agent of the United States.
* * Phila. The United States solicits
money of France.
* * Phila. Congress proposes a loan.
June 28. Phila. Congress. The reso-
lution of Independence drafted by
Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, having
been accepted by the committee, is re-
ported to the delegates.
July 1. Phila. Congress. Debate com-
mences on the resolution for Independ-
ence.
July 2. Phila. Congress. Delegates of
all the colonies adopt the resolution of
Independence except New York, whose
delegates have not been instructed to
take such an important step.
July 3. Phila. Congress debates the
Declaration of Independence with
great earnestness, but the discussion is
not completed.
Note — The Resolution of Independence, the
Important event, passes on the 2d of July.
The reasons for so doing are passed by Con-
gress two days later. John Adams predicted
the •' 3d day of July " would be long cele-
brated. •
MISCELLANEOUS.
* * * Wealth abounds in many South-
ern families ; it is chiefly produced by
growing tobacco, indigo, and rice.
1776 Jan. 1. Va. Norfolk is de-
stroyed by fire and the cannon balls of
the British ; loss, $1,500,000.
Spring. New York. Hydrant water in-
troduced ; reservoir on the east side of
Broad Street, near Pearl.
84 1776, July 4-1777, Jan. 1. AMERICA:
The United States of America is a federal republic, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, and occupying
most of the southern half of the Continent of North America. It comprises 45 States and three Territories, besides the District
of Columbia. Washington is the federal capital.
The government is a representative democracy. The Federal executive authority is vested in a President, elected for four
years, aided by a Cabinet having eight members ; the legislative authority, in a Congress having two houses, the Senate com-
prising two members for each State, and a House of Representatives having 356 members who are elected by the direct vote of
the people. Ratio of representation, one Representative to 173,901 of the population. The Senators are elected by the State Le-
gislatures ; the Representatives are elected for two years by the direct vote of the people of the different States. The Federal
authority is limited to national affairs. Each State has a Governor and a Legislature of two houses, having extensive inde-
pendent power reserved to it under the Federal Constitution, for controlling its local affairs. The Federal judiciary system is
distinct from that of the States ; the highest court being the Supreme Court of the United States. All religions are tolerated,
and English is the common language. Area, 3,025,600 square miles ; including Alaska, 3,557,000. Population, 1890, 62,622,250.
ARMY — NAVY.
1776 July 5. Conn. New Haven is
plundered and pillaged by the British.
July 12. JV. Y. Sir William Howe lands
9,000 British soldiers on Staten Island.
July 15-Oct. 11. S. C. War with the
Cherokee Indians. Their settlements
are destroyed, and they are driven be-
yond the mountains by a force under
Col. Andrew Williamson.
July * JV. Y. General Sullivan is driven
from Canada by the British ; he rests at
Crown Point.
Aug. 1. JV. Y. Sir Henry Clinton's
army arrives from Charleston, South
Carolina.
Aug. 8. Northern army under Washing-
ton reports 10,514 fit for duty ; 3,668 sick ;
2,946 on command ; 97 on furlough; total,
17,225.
Lieut. Paul Jones receives a captain's
commission. [Nov. 2. R. I. He sails in
command of the ship Alfred, having 30
guns and 300 men, and the sloop Provi-
dence, having 12 guns and 70 men. He
soon breaks up the fishery at Cape
Breton.]
Aug. 14. JV. Y. Lords Dunmore and
Campbell and Sir Peter Parker, after
taking from the Virginians about 1,000
negroes, join Lord Howe on Staten
Island, making his entire force about
35,000 men.
Aug. 20. JV. Y. Gen. Sullivan suc-
ceeds Gen. Greene in command of the
Americans on Long Island. [Aug. 24.
He is succeeded by Gen. Putnam.]
Aug. 22. JV. Y. Gen. Howe lands 10,000
British soldiers on Long Island near
the Narrows. (The British fleet num-
bers 437 vessels.)
Aug. 27. JV. Y. Battle of Long Island.
Disastrous defeat of 5,000 Americans
by 16,000 British and Hessians in Brook-
lyn [Greenwood Cemetery]. The Amer-
icans under Putnam, Sullivan, and Stir-
ling lose 2,000 killed and taken prisoners,
including three generals captured ; Brit-
ish loss, about 400 men.
Aug. 28. JV. Y. The British on Long
Island make no assault on the Amer-
ican lines, but prepare for a regular
siege ; the Americans are reenforced.
* * * Successive disasters fall to the
Americans.
Aug. 30. JV. Y. Washington, favored
by a dense fog, secretly retreats during
the night from Brooklyn to New York.
Sept. * Phila. Congress establishes uni-
forms for the army and navy.
JV. Y. Great numbers of the militia
desert after the defeat on Long Island ;
Washington's army is reduced to less
than 20,000 men.
Sept. 14. JV. Y. The British enter
New York City, and the Americans
retire to Harlem. Washington narrowly
escapes capture in his reluctant retreat.
Sept. 16. JV Y. The British make an un-
successful attack at Harlem Heights,
near New York, losing 20 killed and 100
wounded.
Sept. 22. JV. Y. Captain Nathan Hale
is captured while reconnoitering the
British force on Long Island ; he is de-
nied the attendance of a clergyman, and
speedily hanged by Sir William Howe ;
his letters to his mother and friends are
destroyed.
* * New York. Oliver de Lancey raises
a royalist corps.
Sept.f * JV. Y. The two armies watch
each other for several weeks.
Oct. 10. Phila. Congress creates cap-
tains in the navy, which comprises 26
vessels carrying 536 guns.
Oct. 11-13. Brig.-Gen. Benedict Ar-
nold, in command of a small fleet on
Lake Champlain, heroically fights a su-
perior force under Sir Guy Carleton,
Governor of Canada ; the enemy retires,
but afterward returns and defeats Ar-
nold, who runs some of his vessels ashore
and fires them, while others escape.
[Oct. 14. JV. Y, Carleton occupies Crown
Point.]
Arnold destroys the buildings at
Crown Point [and retreats to Fort
Ticonderoga],
Oct. 23. New York. Manhattan Island
is abandoned by the Americans, while
Gen. Howe attempts to gain their rear.
Oct. 28. N. Y. Gen. Howe defeats
Washington at the Battle of "White
Plains, near New York ; losses, about
400 men on each side.
Oct. * N. Y. Finding Ticonderoga
strengthened by Gen. Gates, Carleton
retires to Canada, and postpones the
proposed division of the colonies by con-
necting with Howe at New York.
* * Capt. Lambert Wickes, of the Re-
prisal, takes Dr. Franklin to Europe ;
Wickes is the first American to cruise
m European waters,
* * Esek Hopkins, commander-in-chief
of the navy, captures the English ship-
of-war Glasgow. [1777. Jan. 2. Dis-
missed the service for neglect.]
Nov. 4. N. Y. Washington withdraws
to North Castle, about five miles distant.
Nov. * JV. I'. The two armies watch each
other.
Nov. * JV. J. Washington crosses the
Hudson to Fort Lee, near New York, on
the west bank ; he leaves 7,000 men with
Gen. Charles Lee.
Nov. 16. JV. Y. The British under Howe
attack Fort "Washington, and Col.
Magaw capitulates after a stubborn re-
sistance ; the British take more than
2,000 prisoners.
Nov. 18. N. Y. Gen. Cornwallis, with
6,000 British soldiers, crosses the Hudson
to attack Fort Lee in New Jersey.
Nov. 20. JV. J. Washington, hastily
abandoning his artillery, withdraws
with his little army of 3,000 men to
Hackensack. [Nov. * He retreats to
Newark, New Brunswick, and Prince-
ton.]
Nov. * Gen. Charles Lee is virtually in-
subordinate, and refuses to cooperate
with and reenforce Washington.
Nov. 30. JV. J. Washington's army oc-
cupies Trenton.
Dec. 2-4. JV. J. Gen. Lee crosses the
Hudson at Haverstraw. [Dec. 11. He
finally reaches Morristown.]
Dec. 8. Pa. "Washington, having re-
treated across the State of New Jersey,
crosses the Delaware into Pennsylva-
nia ; he destroys all the boats within 70
miles, and is not pursued farther.
/,'. /. The British take Khode
Island, and blockade its ports ; Provi-
dence and Canonicut Islands are also
subdued. [Held for 3 years.]
* * * The militia, especially that of New
Jersey, refuses to take the field in be-
half of a ruined enterprise.
Dec. 13. JV. J. A squad of British cav-
alry captures Gen. Lee at Basking
Ridge. [Taken to New York.]
Dec. 14. JV. J. The British go into win-
ter quarters.
Dec. * JV. J. Gen. Schuyler, with part
of the army from'Lake Champlain, re-
enforces "Washington at Morristown,
augmenting his force to 6,000 men.
Dec. 20. Pa. Gen. Sullivan with Lee's
army arrives at headquarters.
UNITED STATES. 1776, July 4-1777, Jan. 1. 85
ARMY — NAVY.
Dec. 25. The tide of fortune turns in
favor of the Americans. Washington
reerosses the Delaware in the night
amid the floating ice with 2,400 men.
Dec. 26. N. J. Battle of Trenton.
Washington surprises and surrounds
the 1,500 British at Trenton under Col.
Rahl ; he captures 1,000 Hessians, losing
only two men. [This victory rouses the
nation from despondency.]
Dec. 27. N. J. The British abandon all
their posts on the Delaware River.
Dec. * Robert Rogers recruits the
Queen's Hangers [afterward led by
John Graves, Lord Simcoe].
* * Eng. John the Painter fires the Eng-
lish dockyards.
* * Marshal Broglie makes movements to
supersede Washington.
1777 Jan. 1. N.J. Col. Reed, with
six horsemen, makes a dash near Prince-
ton, captures 12 dragoons, and brings
them to the American camp at Trenton.
BIRTHS — DEATHS
1776* *
Bates, Joshua, cl., college president, born.
Boyer, Jean Pierre, Haiti, born.
Cheves, Langdon, statesman, born.
Eaton, Amos, naturalist, born.
Hale, Capt. Nathan, patriot, A21.
Morris, Thomas, statesman, born.
Murdock, James, theologian, born.
Thomas, John, general, A51.
Troost, Gerard, chemist, born.
Vanderlyn, John, painter, born.
CHURCH.
1776* * Boston. The churches suffer ;
the British have used one church as a
riding-school, three as barracks, and one
for firewood.
* * Cal. Catholic missionaries settle at
Verba Buena [San Francisco].
* * Del. All the Methodist preachers
sent by Mr. Wesley return to England,
except Francis Asbury.
LETTERS.
1776 Dec. 3. N. J. First issue of the
New Jersey Gazette at Burlington ; it is
the first newspaper in the State.
* * The American Crisis, by Thomas Paine,
appears.
* * * New York. Rivinglon's Gazetteer,
the most influential Tory journal in the
country.
* * New York. John Englishman in De-
fence of the English Constitution, issued
(f or.thr ee»months) by Parker and Wym an .
* * The New York Pacquet and the Ameri-
can Advertizer issued by Samuel Loudon .
The Committee of Safety take King's
(Columbia) College for a military hos-
pital.
* * Phila. The Declaration of Inde-
pendence is drafted by Thomas Jeffer-
son.
* * P.. I. Dialogue against Slavery, by
Samuel Hopkins, appears.
* * Va. James Monroe graduates at Wil-
liam and Mary College.
Hampden-Sidney College (non-
sect.) is organized.
SOCIETY.
1776 Sept. * Phila. Alexander Ham-
ilton, 20 years of age, attracts the atten-
tion and wins the long friendship of
Washington by his skill in planning
the defenses of Fort Washington, New
York.
Sept. -Dec. General despondency
prevails because of the military disas-
ters and the loss of hope.
Nov. 18. Phila. Congress approves of
a lottery bill to defray military ex-
penses.
* * Phila. Robert Morris offers his
princely fortune for the support of the
distressed army.
* * Slavery exists in every one of the
colonies that enters the struggle for lib-
erty.
* * Washington issues orders forbidding
" all playing at cards or other games of
chance " in the army.
STATE.
1776 July 4. Phila. Continental Con-
gress : At 2 o'clock in the afternoon the
Declaration of American Indepen-
dence is adopted by the delegates of
13 colonies.
" Resolved that these united colonies
are and of right ought to be, free and
independent States ; that they are ab-
soh ed from all allegiance to the British
crown ; and that all political connection
between them and the State of Great
Britain is and ought to be totally dis-
solved." [Aug. 2. Signed by the last
delegate.]
July * The colonists accept the Declara-
tion with great enthusiasm ; they ex-
press their delight with bonfires, bells,
and speeches ; the New Yorkers (July 9)
pull down the leaden statue of George
III. and cast it into bullets.
July 8. Phila. The Declaration of In-
dependence is read from the steps of
the State House, and to the American
army
July 9. N. Y. The Provincial Congress
assembles at White Plains and formally
takes the name of the Representatives
of New York, and proclaims its adhe-
sion to the Declaration of Independence.
[July 10. New York is declared an in-
dependent State.]
July 12. Phila. Dickinson's proposed
plan for confederation is presented to
Congress.
July 14. Gen. Washington refuses to re-
ceive a letter from Adm. Lord Howe,
addressed to «* George Washington,
Esq." (And later another to " George
Washington, etc., etc., etc." He finally
accepts one properly addressed.)
Aug. 23. New York. Sir William Howe
issues a proclamation of pardon to
all who return to the allegiance of the
King.
Sept. 5. Phila. A report on treason
is made to Congress.
Sept. 9. Phila. The Colonies are first
called the United States of America,
by Congress.
Sept. 11. N. Y. Adm. Howe, having so-
licited a conference respecting rec-
onciliation, meets John Adams, Benj.
Franklin, and Edward Rutledge, at a
house on Staten Island opposite Amboy ;
the Americans disdain submission.
Dec. * Kentucky is made a county of
Virginia. [1791. Feb.* Separated.]
Oct. 13. Phila. Congress lays the foun-
dation of the American navy by ap-
pointing a committee to build 13 frigates.
Nov. 2. Phila. Congress establishes a
cannon-foundry.
Nov. * Phila. Congress appoints Ar-
thur Lee and Benjamin Franklin am-
bassadors to negotiate a treaty with
France. [Dec. 7. They arrive at Nantes,
France.]
Nov. 30. JV. Y. Adm. Lord and Gen.
Sir William Howe issue a proclamation
of pardon.
It calls upon all insurgents to lay down
their arms, and offers pardon for 60 days.
[Many persons, especially the wealthy
people, comply ; among whom are two
delegates of the Continental Congress,
and the president of the New Jersey
Convention which approved the Decla-
ration of Independence. For 10 days
after its issue from 200 to 300 come daily
to take the oath.]
* * Phila. Congress orders that persons
refusing to take Continental money be
arrested.
Dec. 12. Phila. Owing to the proximity
of the British army, the Continental
Congress adjourns to Baltimore.
Dec. 20. Md. Third session of the
Colonial Congress at Baltimore.
[Dec. 27. It clothes Washington with
dictatorial powers to direct all mili
tary operations for six months.]
* *-84* * New York. David Matthews
(Tory), the 42d mayor.
* * The hiring of Hessian troops to sub-
jugate the colonists causes disloyalty
to become rampant.
* * Governors inaugurated :
-77 * * Del. John McKinley.
Ga. Archibald Bullock (acting).
-79 * * N. C. Richard Caswell.
-89 * * N.J. Wm. Livingston.
-77* * Pa. Benj. Franklin (Committee
of Safety).
-79 * * Va. Patrick Henry.
* * IT. S. The States adopt new consti-
tutions. (July 2, N. J. ; July 5, Va. ;
July 15, Pa. ; Aug. 14, Md. ; Sept. 20, Del.;
Dec. 18, N. C.) [1777, Feb. 5, Ga. ; Apr.
20 ; 1778, Mar. 19, S. C. ; 1780, Mar. 2,
Mass.]
1777 Jan. 1. Md. Congress authorizes
Franklin to negotiate a treaty with
Spain.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1776 Sept. 21. New York. Trinity
Church and 492 buildings are de-
stroyed by fire after the evacuation.
86 1777, Jan. 2- Oct. 16.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1777 Jan. 3. N.J. Battle of Princeton.
Washington again surprises and defeats
a part of Cornwallis's army and takes
several hundred prisoners. British loss,
100 slain, 300 prisoners ; American loss,
very slight, includes Gen. Mercer.
Jan. * The army is in very bad con-
dition, owing to the lack of money, the
paper currency having little value.
Jan. 5. N. J. Washington withdraws
his troops to a strong position at Morris-
town, the right wing under Putnam is
at Princeton, and his left wing under
Gen. Heath in the Highlands on the
Hudson.
The militia rises in arms and vexes the
British, until their lines are contracted
about New Brunswick and Amboy.
[Washington's headquarters continue
here during nearly all of the remainder
of the war.]
* * Fr. The first vessels leave France
with, supplies for the American army.
Jan. 7. — May 28. N. J. Washington's
force is encamped at Morristown.
Jan. 7. N. J. British troops evacuate
Elizabethtown ; Gen. Maxwell attacks
their rear, takes 70 prisoners and a
schooner loaded with baggage.
Feb. 6. Great Britain grants letters
of marque and reprisal against the
United States.
Feb. 13. Fr. Franklin and Deane en-
gage Du Portail and other engineers.
Feb. 18. N. J. Col. Neilson, with a
party of American militia, defeats
British troops under Major Stockton,
kills 4 and captures the commander and
59 men.
Feb. 19. Baltimore. Congress commis-
sions five major-generals.
They are Stirling, St. Clair, Mifflin,
Stephen, and Lincoln. (Benedict Arnold
is overlooked.) Eighteen brigadier-gen-
erals are also commissioned. They in-
* elude Glover, George Clinton, Woodford,
Muhlenberg (Ger. Lutheran clergyman),
Hand, Anthony Wayne, and Conway,
the Irish adventurer.
* * R . I. The entire American fleet
under Adm. Hopkins is blockaded at
Providence.
Feb. 27. S. C. The militia defeats a
large force of American royalists, and
captures much ammunition and other
military stores.
Mar. 23. N. Y. British, under Bird,
land at Peekskill to seize military
stores ; some are burned by Gen. Mc-
Dougall, who retires. The British secure
much provision, forage, and burn valu-
able property.
Mar. 29. New York. Gen. Charles Lee
writes treasonable negotiations for Gen.
Howe. [Discovered after his death.]
May 6. Can. Gen. Burgoyne arrives
at Quebec to take command of the
British forces in Canada.
He proposes to cut the colonies in two
by an expedition moving through Lake
Champlain and down the Hudson River.
Mar. * Fr. Three ship-loads of mili-
tary supplies sail for America. [Only
one escapes the British cruisers, and it
brings great relief to the army at Mor-
ristown, in April.]
* * Spring. Capt. Conyngham is sent out
by Silas Deane from Dunkirk, to prey
on British commerce.
Apr. 13. N. J. The British under Corn-
wallis surprise Gen. Lincoln with 500
Americans at Boundbrook ; he retreats
with the loss of 60 men.
Apr. 15. Ky. Indians attack Boones-
boro ; 4 of Col. Boone's men are killed.
Phila. Congress resolves to abolish
distinctions between troops, as " Cong-
ress' Own Regiment," " Washington's
Life Guards."
Apr. 17. Capt. John Barry captures the
British vessel Edward, the first Amer-
ican prize.
Apr. * N. J. Washington's force is in-
creased to about 7,000 men.
Apr. 25. 8. C. Marquis de Lafayette,
but 19 years old, with 11 officers, lands at
Charleston, having raised a corps at his
own expense, this forms one of the prom-
inent events of the war.
27. Conn. Gen. Tryon, with 2,000
British soldiers, makes a raid on Dan-
bury and burns 18 houses and military
stores ; the patriotic militia attacks their
flank and rear while they retreat to the
coast.
Spring. N.H. A vessel arrives at Ports-
mouth from France with more than
11,000 stand of arms and 1,000 barrels
of gunpowder; 10,000 stand of arms are
received at another port.
May 22. Phila. Gen. Schuyler is con-
firmed in the command of the Northern
army.
May 24. N. Y. Col. Meigs, with 200 Con-
necticut militia-men, surprises the Brit-
ish post at Sag Harbor, Long Island,
and captures 90 prisoners, a gun-ship,
10 loaded transports and vast military
stores, and all without the loss of a single
man. [Congress afterward voted the gal-
lant colonel a sword.]
May* Benedict Arnold commissioned
major-general and presented by Con-
gress with a horse richly caparisoned;
he is yet below the 5 other major-
generals.
May 28. N. J. Washington removes his
headquarters to the heights of Middle-
brook.
* * Capt. John Manley sails on a cruise.
* * Captain Johnson of the Lexington
cruises in European waters.
June 1. N. Y. Burgoyne, the suc-
cessor of Sir Guy Carleton, invades
Northern New York with an army
from Canada.
June 19. N. J. Sir Win. Howe, hav-
ing received large reenforcements and
supplies, establishes his headquarters
at New Brunswick, about ten miles
from Washington's army.
±N. Y. Burgoyne lands at CrownPoint.
June 20+ . N. Y. Howe makes various
attempts, but fails to draw Washington
apart from his strong position into a
general engagement.
June * N. Y. Burgoyne meets the chiefs
of the Six Nations in council and induces
400 of their warriors to join his army.
June * N. Y. Burgoyne, by proclamation,
calls on the patriots to submit, or to be
ravaged by his Indian allies.
June 25. N.J. Cornwallis being reen-
forced by Howe, maneuvers for position,
but dares not attack Washington at
Boundbrook.
June 30. N. Y. After six months' ma-
neuvering and little fighting, the Brit-
ish abandon New Jersey, and encamp
on Staten Island. [The national spirits
revive, and the British are dismayed at
the unexpected turn of affairs.]
July 4. Kg. Boonesboro attacked by
Indians.
July 5. N. Y. Gen. St. Clair and 3,000
Americans abandon Fort Ticonder-
oga in the night, and retreat through
Vermont toward Fort Edward.
July 6. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne takes
possession of Ticonderoga, with about
7,000 troops and 7,000 Indians.
Burgoyne captures a large quantity
of military stores near "Whitehall.
July 7. N. Y. The Americans burn Fort
Ann.
Vt. Burgoyne defeats the Americans
under St. Clair at Hubbardton, while
on their retreat.
July 8. N. Y. Battle of Fort Ann;
Americans under Livingston defeated ;
they retire to Fort Edward, losing 128
cannons, and stores.
July 10. R. I. A British general cap-
tured.
Col. William Barton of Providence by
stratagem surprises and captures Gen.
Prescott while in bed at a farmhouse
near Newport. [The Americans after-
ward exchanged him for Gen. Lee.]
July 12. N. Y. Gen. St. Clair arrives
at Fort Edward, having in late re-
verses lost nearly 200 pieces of artillery
and large quantities of military stores.
July 19. Ky. About 200 Indians besiege
Logan's Fort ; 16 men repel them.
* * Pa. Leading Quakers are arrested
and sent South.
July 23. Gen. Howe leaves a garrison
at Staten Island and takes 18,000 men to
sea in transports ; destination unknown
to Americans.
July 24. N. J. Washington marches
South. [Lafayette, DeKalb, and Pu-
laski soon join his army.]
July 27. N. Y. Jane McCrea is slain.
The Indian allies of the British toma-
hawk her while she is being conveyed
to her lover in the camp at Fort Edward.
[Public horror intensifies the hatred of
British oppression.]
July 30. Burgoyne arrives at Fort
Edward, recently deserted by the Amer-
icans under Gen. Schuyler (an unsuc-
cessful commander), who retire to
Saratoga.
N.J. Washington crosses the Del-
aware to Germantown with his army.
July 31. Lafayette, 20 years old, made
Major-General in the army by Con-
gress (without command).
UNITED STATES.
1777, Jan. 2- Oct. 16. 87
Aug. 3-23. N. Y. Barry St. Ledger, with
a British force, attacks Fort Stanwix.
Aug. 3. N. Y. Battle of Fort Schuy-
ler on the Mohawk River (Fort Stanwix).
The garrison of 600 Continentals, under
Cols. Gansevoort and Willet, successfully
resists 1,800 Tories, Canadians, and In-
dians under Gen. St. Ledger and Indian
Chief Brant.
Phila. Congress accepts the service
of Count Pulaski of Poland ; his fel-
low country man, Thaddeus Kosciusko,
21 years of age, is already serving with
General Schuyler.
Aug. 6. N. Y. Battle of Oriskany.
Gen. Herkimer is defeated and mortally
wounded in an ambuscade while march-
ing to the relief of Fort Schuyler with
the militia of the vicinity.
Aug. 10. N. Y. Burgoyne sends a de-
tachment under Col. Baum to seize the
provisions and military stores at Ben-
nington, Vermont.
Aug. 15. N.Y. Gen. Burgoyne leaves
Fort Edward.
Aug. 16. Vt. Battle of Bennington.
Col. John Stark, with the militia,
defeats the British force under Col.
Baum, which loses 200 killed and 700
prisoners ; American loss, 14 killed and
40 wounded. [The country is fired with
enthusiasm.]
Aug. 17. N. Y. Gen. Schuyler is re-
enforced ; he now has 13,000 men.
Aug. 19. Gen. Schuyler is super-
seded by Gen. Gates in the Northern
Department.
Aug. 22. N. Y. Gen. Sullivan and Col.
Ogden raid the British on Staten
Island, capture 130 prisoners, a few
officers, destroy stores, etc.
Gen. Benedict Arnold marches to
the relief of Fort Schuyler. St. Ledger
and his panic-stricken army leave in
haste with tents standing.
Aug. 24. Phila. Washington's army
passes through Philadelphia for the
Chesapeake.
Aug. 25. Md. Gen. Howe, with 16,000
men, enters the Chesapeake Bay, lands
at Head of Elk, and, advancing in two
columns, threatens Philadelphia.
Sept. 1. W. Va. An attack is made on
Fort William Henry (Wheeling).
Sept. 8. N. Y. The Northern army, 6,000
strong, under Gen. Gates, establishes
a fortified camp at Bemis Heights,
near Stillwater, in Saratoga county.
Sept. 9. N. Y. Col. Brown, with a de-
tachment of men, seizes the posts at the
outlet of Lake George, and a fleet of
bateaux laden with provisions for Bur-
goyne.
Sept. 11. Pa. Battle of Brandywine.
Washington is severely defeated by
superior numbers under Howe, aided by
Cornwallis and Knyphausen ; American
loss, 1,000; British loss, 584. Lafayette
is wounded in this, his first American
battle. Alexander Hamilton is aide to
Washington.
* * Gen. Arnold is quarrelsome, and de-
nied a command under Gen. Gates.
Sept. 12. Phila. Washington reenters
with the remnant of his army.
A". Y. Gen. Gates, with the Northern
Army, encamps at the mouth of the
Mohawk River.
Sept. 13. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne crosses
the Hudson and encamps on the heights
and plains of Saratoga.
Sept. 18. N. Y. Burgoyne advances
within two miles of Gen. Gates's camp.
N. Y. Americans under Col. Brown
seize the British posts at the outlet of
Lake George and at Ticonderoga, taking
293 prisoners and releasing 100 Amer-
icans ; they cut off Burgoyne's re-
treat.
Sept. 19. Pa. The Americans cross
the Schuylkill and encamp on the
eastern bank.
N. Y. Battle of Stillwater (Sar-
atoga).
Burgoyne attacks Gates ; the action is
indecisive ; the British hold the field
with a loss of 600 men, and the Amer-
icans retire with a loss of 319. The
British are distressed for supplies, and
the army is put on half-rations.
Sept. 20. + N. Y. Burgoyne fortifies his
camp.
Pa. Gen. Wayne, with 1,500 Amer-
icans, surprised at Paoli, or Truduffin,
by the British ; loss 300.
Sept. 23. Pa. Howe crosses the
Schuylkill with the entire British army.
Sept. 24. A fight at Diamond Island.
Sept. 25. Pa. The British encamp at
German town.
Sept. 27. Phila. The British under Howe
enter the capital of the Republic,
"the rebel city," while the main army
remains at Germantown.
Oct. 3. New York. Gen. Clinton em-
barks his troops to ascend the Hudson
so as to cooperate with Burgoyne.
Oct. 4. Phila. Battle of German-
town. Washington, with 1,100 men,
suddenly falls on the British under
Howe, is successful at first, but soon
retreats ; British loss 535 ; American
loss 152 killed and 521 wounded.
Oct. 6. N. Y. Sir Henry Clinton cap-
tures Forts Clinton and Montgomery
on the Hudson, from Gov. George Clin-
ton supported by the New York militia.
Oct. 7. N. Y. Battle of Saratoga (Still-
water).
Terrible conflict at Bemis Heights, in
which Gen. Benedict Arnold fights (with-
out authority) with great bravery, and
is the inspiring spirit of battle. The
British general, Fraser, is mortally
wounded. Burgoyne is again defeated.
Oct. 8. N. Y. Burgoyne encamps on
heights one mile from his late battle-
field.
Oct. 9. N. Y. Burgoyne retreats to
Saratoga, where he finds the Americans
entrenched.
Oct. 10. N. Y. Burgoyne's army re-
turns to its former camp, which it pro-
ceeds to strengthen, and waits for Sir
Henry Clinton and much needed sup-
plies.
Oct. 13. N. Y. Burgoyne's retreat being
cut off and provisions nearly exhausted,
he proposes a cessation of hostilities,
and rejects the demand for an uncon-
ditional surrender.
The British wantonly burn the village
of Kingston.
Oct. 16. N. Y. British loss in Bur-
goyne's army, since July 6, in killed,
wounded, and desertions, nearly 3,000
men.
SOCIETY.
1777 Mar. 7. N.H. James Aitken, con-
victed of arson, is hanged on a gallows
60 feet high at Portsmouth.
July 27. N. Y. Murder of Jane Mc-
Crea at Fort Edward by Indians.
STATE.
1777 Jan. 5. Fr, Franklin arrives in
Paris as ambassador, seeking to negoti-
ate a treaty.
Franklin's wisdom and sagacity, united
with great simplicity, captivate the gay
court of Louis XVI. [The American Am-
bassadors are lionized ; after Burgoyne's
surrender a treaty is made.]
Jan. * Md. Congress pays the army in
paper money having but little value.
* * Md. Congress advises the States to
cease the issue of paper money.
Jan. 15. Vt. The people of the New
Hampshire grants make a declaration of
independence, and call their territory
Vermont.
Feb. * Eng. Parliament votes supplies
and men for the prosecution of the war.
Mar. 4. Baltimore, Md. The Conti-
nental Congress adjourns.
Phila. The Fourth session of the
Continental Congress.
Mar. 29. New York. Gen. Charles Lee,
a prisoner and traitor, writes " Mr. Lee's
Plan," of destroying the " Congress gov-
ernment."
Apr. 17. Phila. Congress appoints a
Committee on Foreign Affairs.
June 14. Phila. Congress adopts a
flag ; 13 stripes alternate red and white ;
13 stars, white on a blue canton, which
replace the crosses of St. George and
St. Andrew.
June 26. Ger. A rthur Lee's State papers
are stolen in Berlin.
Lee suspects the British envoy, states
his suspicions to the minister, and his
papers are secretly returned.
Aug. 25. Pa. Sir William Howe again
by proclamation offers pardon to those
rebels who submit. (Aug. 27?)
Sept. 18. Phila. Congress ad journs to
Lancaster because of the approach of
the British.
Sept. 27. Pa. Fifth session of the
Continental Congress at Lancaster.
It immediately adjourns to York.
Sept. 30. Pa. Sixth session of the
Continental Congress at York. [Its
session continues until the British evac-
uate Philadelphia.]
Oct. * Jacob Duch^ attempts to seduce
Washington from the American cause.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1777 Oct. * U. S. The Continental
bills advance 20 per cent in value after
the surrender of Burgoyne.
1777, Oct. 17- 1778, Nov. 3.
ARMY -NAVY.
1777 Oct. 17. N.T. Gen. Burgoyne
surrenders his army to Gen. Gate8 at
Saratoga.
Rnnrovne surrenders his army on con-
$000.' [Congress refuses to ratify the
terms.]
Oct 22 N.J. Twelve hundred Hessians
under Count Donop attack Fort Mer-
cer at Bed Bank, 7 miles helow Phila-
delphia, on the Delaware River ; the
garrison of 400 men, under Col. Chris-
topher Greene of Rhode Island, makes
a successful resistance. British loss,
ahout 400; American, 8 killed and 29
wounded.
Oct. 29. Pa. The army under Washing-
ton numbers 12,480 men, of whom 8,963
are Regulars or Continentals.
Oct. * Philadelphia still occupied hy the
British army.
Autumn. Ger. Frederick the Great
stops the German mercenaries from
crossing his dominions on their march
to embark for America,
Oct. 29. Pa. Washington retires to
White Marsh, below Philadelphia.
* *Pa. Washington is reenforced by
about 4,000 victorious troops from the
North.
Nov. 6. Mass. The "Convention"
troops (Burgoyne's from Saratoga)
reach the neighborhood of Boston for
-embarkation.
Nov 10-16. Pa. Admiral Howe's fleet
and a land force attack Fort Mifflin, on
Mud Island, in the Delaware, and a siege
continues till the Americans burn the
fort and retreat to Fort Mercer. Gen.
Howe thus gains control of the Delaware.
Nov. 16. Pa. The British occupy Fort
Mifflin.
Nov. 18. JV. J. Fort Mercer is aban-
doned to the British.
Nov.25. N.J. Lafayette is at
Gloucester.
* * Paul Jones is cruising in the Ranger.
Dec 1 Me. Baron Steuben arrives at
Portland, and tenders his services to
America as a volunteer.
York, Pa. Congress resolves "that
Gen. Washington be informed that it is
highly agreeable to Congress that the
Marquis de Lafayette be appointed to
the command of a division in the Conti-
nental army." [Antedated July 31.]
Dec 4. Lafayette is appointed to the
command of Gen. Stephen's division of
the army, whose intemperate habits had
caused his dismissal.
Pa Gen. Howe vainly attempts to
surprise Washington at White Marsh,
near Philadelphia, but he receives
timely information by Lydia Darrah ;
Howe maneuvers four days, and then
retires to the city.
Dec. 8. Phila. Howe's army goes into
winter quarters.
Dec. 11 +• Pa. Sufferings at Valley
Forge.
Washington's army f 8!"%^
winter Quarters on the Schuylkill Jtivei ,
20 mUes north of Philadelphia, where,
Imui h?s Salf-clad and half-fed army, he
spends the darkest days of his he. Con
gress having partly abandoned him, and
the people being doubtful ot his success.
Dec 23. Pa. Washington's army num-
bers 8,200, with 2,898 of them unfit for
duty, being barefooted, or otherwise
naked and suffering.
Dec. * A conspiracy exists to remove
Washington from the chief command,
and place Gen. Gates or Gen. Lee (the
traitor) at the head of the American
forces.
1778 Feb. 3. Boston. Burgoyne's army
is denied embarkation.
Feb 7. Ky. Daniel Boone is captured
by French and Indians [who hold him a
few days].
* * Va. Henry Lee, "Light Horse
Harry," raises an independent body of
horse.
Mar. 4. The British ships Ariadne and
Ceres take the American frigate Alfred,
having 20 guns.
Mar.* War between England and
France, caused by a French alliance
and treaty with the Americans.
Mar 7. The American frigate Randolph,
Capt. Nicholas Biddle, having 36 guns
and 305 men, is blown up by the British
ship Yarmouth of 64 guns ; only 4 of the
crew are saved.
Mar. 18. N. J. An action takes place at
Quintin's Bridge.
Mar. 23. Nathaniel Greene made quar-
termaster-general .
Apr. * Eng. Paul Jones makes a de-
scent on Whitehaven.
May.* Gen. Charles Lee is exchanged
for' the British Gen. Prescott.
Apr * An address in German is scattered
among the Hessians, inviting them to
desert.
Apr. * Paul Jones cruises on the Scottisn
coast. .
May 6. Pa. The French alliance is
celebrated at Valley Forge.
May 12. Baron Steuben enters the
American service, Congress having ap-
pointed him inspector-general, with
the rank of major-general [he improves
discipline].
May 20. Pa. Gen. Grant, with 5,000
British, surprises Lafayette at Barren
Hill, near Valley Forge, who falls back
in good order to the main army.
May 24. Phila. Gen. Howe embarks
for England.
Sir Henry Clinton assumes com-
mand of the British army, Gen. Howe
being recalled at his own request.
June 18. Phila. France having become
an ally, the British evacuate Phila-
delphia on the approach of the French
fleet, to concentrate their force in New
York. They retreat across New Jersey.
[Washington is soon in pursuit.]
19. Phila. Maj.-Gen. Benedict
Arnold appointed to command this city.
June 28. N.J. Battle of Monmouth.
Gen Washington turns the retreat un-
der Gen Charles Lee into avictory ; severe
flahtine continues till night, when the
British retire and abandon New Jersey,
fosses American, 67 killed, 170 wounded;
the British leave'nearly 300 dead on the
field [On march, 2,000 Hessians desert.
June 29 " Molly Pitcher " a sergeant.]
July 4. Gen. Charles Lee is brought to
trial for insubordination. [Guilty.]
July 4 5 -P«- Terrible massacre in
the Wyoming Valley during the ab-
sence of many of the men in the army.
Tories Canadians, and Indians, under
m!3?. John Butler, a Tory of Niagara are
Sponsible for the slaughter of about
•W0 aged people, women, and children,
Brant, a Mohawk chief, assists Butler.
July 8. A French, fleet of 18 vessels,
with about 4,000 men under Count
D'Estaing, arrives at the mouth of the
Delaware. He proposes to surprise the
smaller British fleet, but finds it has
sailed northward; he seeks it in New
York Bay, but the bar prevents his deep
frigates entering.
* * Washington advises Count D'Estaing
to sail for Newport, and aid the Amer-
icans in an attempt on Rhode Island.
* * -81 * * 0. George Rogers Clark, a
Kentuckian, under authority of the
State of Virginia, leads a band of fron-
tiersmen to the capture of the British
posts north of the Ohio River covering
the country as far as Detroit.
July 29. R. I. The French fleet ar-
rives at Newport.
July * JV. Y. Washington conducts his
army to White Plains to cooperate
with the expected French fleet against
New York.
R% j. Lafayette is employed in
Rhode Island.
The British army, 33,000 strong at its
maximum, now holds possession of but
two cities, New York and Newport, R. I.
* * Admiral Byron succeeds Admiral
Lord (Kichard) Howe in command of
the British fleet in America.
**N T. Indian Chief Brant raids the
Mohawk Valley, and burns houses in the
Cobbleskill Valley at Springfield.
Aug * N.T. Brant burns German Flats.
Aug. 5. B.I. D'Estaing enters the Nar-
rag'ansett Bay.
, „ p r The French and Brit-
A^n\2etsmai-euTveretIgivebaule, when
a terrible storm separates them.
&n<r 15 Sullivan advances on Rhode
Isfandfbutthe French fleet leaving him
without support, his expedition returns].
Aue 8. Ky. Daniel Boone successfully
defends hfs fort against the Indians.
a„o- 9S R I The French fleet sails
foffiosion to refit, by strict orders^
*-n »JfcWfS»Sa»
soon retire.
_-Lafayette rides from Rhode Island
*r. Rnaton 70 miles, in 6J hours, io oeg
CounTo'Estaing to Warn and assist in
an attack upon the British.
* * The British decide to make a demon-
stration upon the Southern States and
Invade Georgia from the north and the
south.
UNITED STATES. 1777, Oct. 17-1778, Nov. 3. 89
* * * The war degenerates into maraud-
ing expeditions against helpless
villages.
Sept. * Mass. The towns of New Bed-
ford and Fair Haven are wantonly
burned with 70 vessels in their ports.
S. C. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln ap-
pointed to the command of the Southern
(American) army at Charleston.
Oct. * N. J. The American vessels at
Little Egg Harbor are burned by a
band of incendiaries led by Ferguson.
— — Pa. An expedition punishes the sav-
ages for the massacres committed in the
Wyoming Valley.
Nov. 1. New York. Departure of 5,000
British troops for the West Indies.
Boston. D'Estaing sails for the
West Indies.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1777 * * R.I. Cold-cut nails are manu-
factured at Cumberland.
* * Mil. The first theater is opened at
Baltimore.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1777* *
Auchmuty, Samuel, clergyman, A55.
Bartram, John, botanist, A76.
Beasley, Frederick, clergyman, born.
Chandler, Abiel, philanthropist, born.
Chauncy, Charles, lawyer, born.
Clay. Henry, orator, born.
Dow, Lorenzo, eccentric Meth. preacher, b.
Fraser, Simon, Brit, gen., dies.
Oaines. Edward Pendleton, general, born.
Grundy, Felix, jurist, senator for Va., born.
Herkimer, Nicholas, general, dies.
Jackson, James, physician, born.
Malbone, Edward G., painter, born.
Niles, Hezekiah, journalist, born.
Pickering, John, philologist, born.
Taney. Roger Brooke, jurist, born.
Tennent, William, clergyman, A72.
Trimble, Robert, justice, born in Ky.
Wooster, David, general, A67.
CHURCH.
1778 Spring. Del. Francis Asbury is
compelled to desist from preaching [for
about two years], because of his English
connections.
LETTERS.
1777 * * -95 * * Conn. Rev. Ezra Stiles
is President of Yale College.
* * New York. The New York Gazetteer,
etc., changed to Rivington's New York
Royal Gazette.
* * The Pretty Story, by Francis Hopkin-
son, concluded.
SOCIETY.
1777 * * Gen. Stephen, one of Wash-
ington's division commanders, is dis-
missed because of intemperance.
* * Phila. The following resolution pass-
es the Continental Congress : —
" Resolved, That it be recommended
to the several legislatures in the United
States immediately to pass laws the
most effectual for putting an immediate
stop to the pernicious practise of distil-
ling grain, by which the most extensive
evils are likely to be derived, if not
quickly prevented."
1778 Jan. 19. N. J. Francis Furgler,
a recluse, dies after living 25 years
without fire in an oven-like cell, near
Burlington.
May * Eng. Nearly $20,000 raised for
the benefit of American prisoners,
(about 924) in England.
May 31. New York. After two and a
half years of captivity, Col. Ethan Al-
len arrives in the army ; he is received
with a military salute.
June 28. Gen. Charles Lee and Col. John
Laurens fight a duel, occasioned by
Lee's disrespect to Washington ; Lee is
shot in the side.
June 29. Having been passionately re-
proved at the battle of Monmouth,
Gen. Lee demands an apology from
Washington, shows insubordination
[and is suspended from the service for a
year].
July 4. Gen.CadwalladerandMaj.-Gen.
Thomas Conway fight a duel.
STATE.
1777 Oct. 29. Mass. John Hancock,
the President of Congress, resigns. [Nov.
1. Henry Laurens (S. C.) his successor.]
Nov. 15. York, Pa. Congress adopts the
Articles of Confederation and Per-
petual Union prepared by its committee
(Dickinson's plan) ; the confederacy is
to be called the United States of Amer-
ica. [Nov. 17. Sent to the separate
States for ratification.]
* * Fr. Lee and Deane quarrel in Paris.
Nov. 21. York, Pa. Congress recalls
Silas Deane from London, and appoints
John Adams his successor.
Paris. The United States commission-
ers issue instructions to privateers.
Nov. * Pa. Congress creates a Board of
War.
* * York, Pa. Congress becomes more
and more the mere agent of the States
in issuing paper and borrowing money ;
its national character grows less, while
the State jealousies and ambitions in-
crease.
* * Governors inaugurated :
-85 * * Mich. Frederick Haldimand.
-79 * * N.C. Richard Caswell.
-95 * * N. Y. George Clinton.
Pa. Thomas Wharton, Jr., President
of the Supreme Executive Council.
1778 Jan. ± * York, Pa. The " Con-
way Cabal" is exposed.
It includes some members of Congress.
A few officers, led by an Irish adven-
turer, endeavor to undermine the popu-
larity of Washington and advance
General Gates. [The cabal cowers be-
fore the storm of indignation which
arises.]
Jan. * The military success of the past
year facilitates the efforts of the colon-
ists in securing foreign aid and influence.
Jan. 30. — Feb. 6. France acknowl-
edges the independence of the United
States, and enters into treaty rela-
tions; [America rejoices; England is
enraged.] France agrees to send 16 ves-
sels and 4,000 men to America.
* * Questions relating to the Western ter-
ritory delay the adoption of Articles.
Feb. * Eng. Parliament renounces the
right of taxing the American colonies,
except for the regulation of trade, and
appoints commissioners to negotiate for
their submission.
* * Articles of Confederation signed :
[Feb. 5. S. C. ; Feb. 6, N. Y. ; Feb. 9,
R. I. ; Feb. 12, Conn. ; Feb. 26, Ga. ; Mar
4, N. H. ; Mar. 5, Pa. ; Mar. 10, Mass. ;
Apr. 5, N. C. ; Nov. 19, N. J. ; Dec. 15
Va. ; 1779, Feb. 1, Del. ; 1781, Jan. 30, Md.]
Feb. 12. Fr. John Adams is sent to
France in Silas Deane's place [where he
remains only a short time].
Feb. 17. Eng. Lord North's concilia-
tory bills are presented in Parliament.
Mar. 9. N. Y. A Great Council is held
at Johnstown, between the Six Nations
Indians and the New York company.
Mar. 11. Eng. Parliament, alarmed at
the loss of an army at Saratoga, and at
the French alliance, repeals the ob-
noxious bills, to placate Americans.
Mar. 13. Eng. The treaty of France
with the United States is officially an-
nounced.
Vermont is constituted a State.
Apr. 7. Eng. Chatham's last appear-
ance in Parliament. [Apr. 11. Dies.]
Apr. 30. America receives information
of Lord North's conciliatory bills, of-
fered in Parliament Feb. 17th.
May 5. Eng. Sensation produced by
the treaty of France with the United
States.
May * Eng. Gen. Burgoyne defends
himself in Parliament.
May * York, Pa. Congress ratifies the
treaty with France. George III. is wil-
ling to treat with the Americans.
June 4. York, Pa. Commissioners of
Parliament arrive with proposals for
reconciliation, which are submitted to
Congress.
[Congress demands independence ; the
British Commissioners resort to bribery
and intrigue, and Congress declines to
have any further conference with them.]
June 17. York, Pa. Congress rejects
the proposals of the commissioners ap-
pointed by Parliament, until independ-
ence is acknowledged.
June 18. Phila. Three thousand Tories
leave with the British troops.
June * New York passes a banish-
ment act against the Tories.
June 27. York, Pa. Congress ad-
journs to Philadelphia.
July 2. Phila. The 7th session of the
Continental Congress opens.
July 9. The delegates of eight states
sign the Articles of Confederation.
[Later in the month Georgia and North
Carolina sign them.]
July 26. Convention of the United
States and France concerning the
" Droit d'Aubaine."
Aug. 6. Phila. Monsieur Gerard, am-
bassador from France, is introduced to
Congress ; the first from any nation.
Sept. * Massachusetts passes an act
against the Tories.
Sept. 14. Franklin is sent to France as
minister plenipotentiary.
Oct. * III. The Dlinois Country is
made a county of Virginia.
90 1778, Nov. 11-1780, Apr. 18.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1778 Nov. 11, 12. N. Y. Massacre
in Cherry Valley, Otsego County, by
Tories and Indians with terrible cruelty,
every house in the village being burned,
many persons are murdered, and 40 are
dragged into captivity.
Nov. 21 ±. New York. Departure of
3,000 British troops by transports for
Georgia.
Nov. 27. N. J. Washington goes into
winter quarters at Middlebrook.
Dec. 17. Ind. Gen. Hamilton recaptures
Vincennes from the Americans.
Dec. 23. Ga. The British troops attack
Savannah.
Dec. 29. The British capture Savan-
nah.
Gen. Robert Howe in command of 850
men is driven out of the city by Col.
Campbell commanding 2,000 invading
British. [This is claimed to be the only
real conquest of the British during this
entire year ; the thinly populated State
is easily subjugated.]
* * Pa. Col. David Rogers takes stores
from New Orleans up the river to Fort
Pitt.
* * Several vessels of considerable force
are purchased or built and added to the
navy, including the celebrated Alliance,
a frigate of 32 guns.
1779 Jan. 1. Boston. Burgoyne's
(Saratoga) army is removed to
Virginia.
Jan. 7. Mass. France being at war with
England, Lafayette sails from Boston
in the Alliance to aid his native land,
carrying honorable scars, and a sword
given by Congress. [Feb. 11. Arrives.]
Jan. 9. Ga. Fort Sunbury on St. Cath-
erine's Sound, below Savannah, is cap-
tured by Gen. Prevost with British
troops from Florida.
Jan. 29. Ga. Two thousand British
under Col. Campbell take Augusta.
Feb. 3. First organized mutiny in the
American service occurs on board the
United States frigate Alliance, bound
to France with Lafayette on board.
S. C. Gen. Moultrie defeats 200 Brit-
ish at Port Royal, and drives them off
the Island.
Feb. 14. Ga. Col. Pickens, with a
force of Carolina militia, annihilates a
force of Tories west of Broad River,
killing Col. Boyd, their commander, and
70 men, hanging five of the ringleaders
for treason ; this secures western Georgia
to the patriots.
Feb. * Charges are made against Gen.
Arnold. (See Dec. * 1779.)
Feb. 25. Ind. Col. G. R. Clark cap-
tures Gov. Hamilton, and reoccupies
Vincennes.
* * Ky. St. Vincent, with stores, taken
by Americans under Col. Clark; 79 Brit-
ish captured.
* * S.C. Capt. Anderson defeats the
Tories in Carolina.
Mar. * Conn. Gov. Tryon of New York,
with 1,500 regulars and Tories, goes to
Horse Neck to destroy the salt-works.
Israel Putnam and the militia resist,
but are flanked and defeated ; Gen.
Putnam makes his famous ride down
the steep declivity.
Gov. Tryon burns the village of West
Greenwich.
Mar 3. Ga. Gen. Ashe, with about 60
Continental troops and 1,500 militia, is
surrounded and utterly defeated by a
British force at Brier Creek below
Augusta; he loses 150 killed and 160
prisoners. Georgia is now entirely
subjugated.
Mar. 19. Phila. Gen. Arnold resigns
his command.
Apr. 5. Mass. Refugees plunder Nan-
tucket and carry off with them two
loaded brigs and several other vessels.
Apr. 18 -24. N. Y. Gen. Van Shaick
destroys the Onondaga towns, killing
12 Indians and capturing thirty-four.
Apr. 23. S. C. Gen. Lincoln, with 5,000
men, attempts to enter Georgia via
Augusta.
Apr. * Tenn. An expedition is sent
against the Tennessee Indians.
* * Arnold opens treasonable corre-
spondence with Clinton, commander-
in-chief of the British forces.
Spring. British incursions are made in
the Chesapeake.
May 8 -June 16. Spain declares war
against Great Britain.
May 12. S. C. Gen. Prevost demands
the surrender of Charleston ; being re-
fused by Gen. Moultrie [he soon retires
at the approach of Gen. Lincoln].
May 14+. Va. Portsmouth and Nor-
folk are taken by 2,500 British under
Gen. Matthews ; stores, houses, and ves-
sels are burned with many small towns
in the vicinity.
May * Va. The British burn the navy-
yard at Gosport, destroying 130 mer-
chant ships and several war-vessels on
the stocks.
May 31. N. Y. Stony Point is aban-
doned at the approach of the British
under Gen. Clinton.
June 1. N. Y. Stony Point is used to
subdue Verplanck's Point on the oppo-
site side ; both forts are soon strongly
fortified and garrisoned by the British.
* * Naval war between England and
France.
June 20. S. C. Americans are repulsed
in an attack on the British at Stono
Ferry.
* * Me. The British occupy Castine.
July 5. Conn. Gov. Tryon of New York,
with 2,600 Hessians and Tories, sails for
New Haven, and takes the town.
July 7. Conn. Fairfield is plundered
and burnt by 2,500 British under Gov.
Tryon.
July 11. Conn. The British under Tryon
plunder and burn Norwalk.
July 15. 8 p. m. N. Y. Stony Point
retaken.
Gen. Wayne, having raised a force of
light infantry, suddenly assaults Stony
Point on the Hudson, and with a loss of
15 killed and 8.'i wounded, he captures
the garrison (515) and its vast stores ; he
destroys the fort ; 63 of the British are
killed in the attack. [Congress votes
Gen. Wayne a gold medal.]
July 19. N. Y. Americans fortify
"West Point.
Boston. The New England fleet de-
stroyed.
An expedition of 24 transports and 20
armed transports and privateers leaves
to subdue the British at Penobscot,
Maine.
N. Y. Indians under Brant attack
Minnisink settlements.
July 25. Me. After a useless delay at
Penobscot [the vessels of the New Eng-
land fleet are all taken or destroyed by
the British ; the men escape].
July 31. N. Y. Sullivan begins his
march through the Indian country.
Aug. 19. N.J. "Light Horse Harry"
(Lee), with a company of militia, sur-
prises the garrison at Paulus Hook
(Jersey City), takes 150 prisoners, with
the loss of only two men. [Congress
votes him a gold medal.]
Aug. 22 +. N. Y. Military expedition,
under Col. Brodhead, into the Indian
country ; about 50,000 bushels of corn
burned in 8 Indians towns.
Aug. 29 +. N. Y.—Pa. The expedition
under Gens. Sullivan and James Clinton
defeats the Tories and Indians at Tioga,
and the whole country, including 40 In-
dian villages, is wasted by the patriots
in retaliatory massacres.
Sept. 3. Ga. The French fleet under
D'Estaing arrives on the Savannah
River. He captures a British fleet.
Sept. 10. N. Y. The Indian village of
Canandaigua burnt.
Sept. 15. N. Y. Sullivan begins his re-
turn march from the Indian country.
Sept. ± * Ga. Gen. Lincoln marches on
Augusta, but retires before determined
resistance.
Sept. 23. Naval battle with the Ser-
apis.
Paul Jones with the Bonhomme Rich-
ard has a battle off the coast of Scotland
with the British frigate Serapis, carry-
ing 44 guns ; the battle lasts one and a
half hours. The vessels are lashed to-
gether, and at last the Serapis surren-
ders, and the Bonhomme Richard sinks ;
the companion of the Serapis is also
taken; out of 375 Americans, 300 were
either killed or wounded.
Ga. The siege of Gen. Prevost's
army begins at Savannah.
Sept. * -Oct. * S. C. ■ Prevost makes
an unsuccessful attempt to capture
Charleston.
Sept. 27 ±. Ga. The French fleet and a
part of the southern army besiege
Savannah.
Sept. * The Spaniards capture British
posts on the Lower Mississippi.
Oct. 4. Hoi. Paul Jones enters Texel,
North Holland, in the Serapis.
Oct. 11-25. R. I.' Sir H. Clinton with-
draws the British forces from Rhode
Island, in anticipation of the arrival of
a French fleet, leaving his heavy guns
and large military stores behind him.
UNITED STATES. 1778, Nov. 11-1780, Apr. 18. 91
Oct. 9. Ga. The Americans and French
together attempt the reduction of Sa-
vannah; their assault is repulsed by
the British, and Count Pulaski is mor-
tally wounded.
[The fleet now sails for the West In-
dies ; great excitement through the coun-
try because of the inefficient cooperation
of the French fleet.]
Oct. 25. N. J. "Washington goes into
winter quarters near Morristown.
Dec* Phila. Benedict Arnold is tried
by court martial on various charges,
chiefly for tyranny and mercenary cor-
ruption. (See Jan. 26, 1780.)
Great discouragement prevails in
the colonies, the French alliance hav-
ing brought little help to America ; the
credit of Congress is almost worthless,
the treasury bankrupt, and the army
chiefly fed with unkept promises, while
freedom is yet out of sight.
Dec. 26. New York. Gen. Clinton, with
8,500 men, sails for Savannah, leaving
a powerful garrison under Knyphausen.
* * Fort Mcintosh is built.
* * The British winter in New York.
1780 * * The British are successful in
the South.
Jan. 10. Gen. Charles Lee is dismissed
from the army for insolence.
Jan. 26. Phila. The court martial ac-
quits Benedict Arnold of criminal
intent, but condemns him to be repri-
manded by Washington.
Feb. 2. N. C. A skirmish occurs at
Cowan's Ford.
Feb. 11. S. C. The British, under Sir
Henry Clinton, land on St. John's Island,
about 30 miles from Charleston, and
begin their attack.
* * Military operations are nearly sus-
pended at the North during this year,
owing largely to the destitution of Wash-
ington's army.
Mar. * The British propose to subjugate
the entire South .beginning at Charleston .
Mar. 14. Ala. Spaniards take Mo-
bile. Capt. Darnford, with the British
garrison of 284 regulars and 51 armed
Indians, capitulates to Don Bernardo de
Galvez.
Apr. * Lafayette returns to America,
and brings good news — arms, clothing,
and an army are on the way from France.
Apr. 9. S. C. Charleston is invaded by
British land and naval forces under Sir
Henry Clinton.
Apr. 12-20. S. C. The British fire on
the batteries at Charleston.
Apr. 14. S. C. Tarleton surprises and
defeats the American cavalry at Monk's
Corner, capturing a large quantity of
arms, clothing, and ammunition.
Apr. 18. S. C. Lord Cornwallis arrives
at Charleston with 3,000 fresh troops.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1779* * New York. Stereotyping is in-
troduced by Mr. Colden. (?) See p. 121.
1780 Jan. 29. Phila. This is the
coldest day in 25 years.
Feb. 22. Phila. Ice is 17 inches
thick ; an ox is roasted on the river.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1778* *
Allston, Joseph, Gov. of S. C, born.
Bangs, Nathan, clergyman, born.
Biddle, Nicholas, naval commander, A28.
Buel, Jesse, journalist, born.
Gaston. William, jurist, born.
Gruber, Jacob, clergyman, born.
Hammond, Jabez D., judge, born.
Kingsley, James Luce, scholar, born.
Ladd, William, peace advocate, born.
Livingston, Philip, signer of Decl'n, A 62.
Peale, Rembrandt, painter, born.
Ritchie, Thomas, journalist, born.
Stewart, Charles, rear-admiral, born.
Tallmadgre, James, jurist and statesman, b.
Warren, John Collins, anatomist, born.
1779* *
Allston, Washington, painter, born.
Baldwin, Henry, justice, born in Pa.
Bernard, Sir Francis, Gov. of N. H., A65.
Bowen, Nathaniel, bishop, born.
Brownell, Thomas Church, college pres., b.
Brute, Simon W. G., bishop, born.
Decatur, Stephen, Jr., commodore, born.
Drayton. William Henry, patriot, A37.
Farrar, John, mathematician, born.
Hartshorne, Joseph, physician, born.
Humphrey, Heman, Pres. of Amherst, born.
Jasper, William, brave soldier, A29.,
Jay, William, philanthropist, born.
Lynch, Thomas, Jr., signer of Decl'n, A30.
Moore, Clement Clarke, poet, born.
Parrish, Joseph, physician, born.
Paulding, James Kirke, novelist, born.
Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, general, b.
Poindexter, George, statesman, born.
Poinsett, Joel Roberts, statesman, born.
Ross, George, statesman, A49.
Sergeant, John, jurist, born.
Silliman, Benjamin, physicist, born.
Story, Joseph, justice, born in Mass.
Tudor, William, author, born.
Watson, John Fanning, author, born.
Wheelock, Eleazer, pres. of Dartmouth, A68.
CHURCH.
1778 * * Massachusetts relaxes her
severity against the Baptists.
1779 May 18. Va. On the question of
ordinance, more than one-half of the
Methodist preachers secede tempo-
rarily, and hold a separate conference
at Fluvanna.
LETTERS.
1778* * Yankee Doodle sung by the
troops.
SOCIETY.
1779 * * Vt. Drunkenness is liable to
a penalty of $2, if noticeable in speech,
gesture, or behavior.
Apr. * Md. The Methodist Conference
at Baltimore proposes to disown " all
persons who should engage in the prac-
tise of distilling grain into liquor."
STATE.
1778 Nov. * New Jersey signs the Ar-
ticles of Confederation.
* * Eng. Complications with France, and
approaching hostility of Spain and Hol-
land, with paucity of military results,
alarm the British government.
Dec. 10. Phila. John Jay, of New
York, is elected president of Congress.
Dec. 15. Maryland refuses to vote for
the Confederation until the rights for
the lands in the Northwest are settled.
Dec. * Holland. C. W. F. Dumas be-
comes agent for the United States.
* * Governors inaugurated :
Pa. Joseph Reed, President of the
Supreme Executive Council.
-86 * * B.I. Wm. Greene, Jr.
-89 * * Vt. Thomas Chittenden.
1779 Jan. 2. Phila. Congress calls for
a contribution from the States of six
millions annually for 18 years, to form a
sinking fund.
Feb. * -Mar. * Phila. Congress for-
mulates its conditions of peace with
Great Britain.
Mar. 3. Ga. By the utter defeat of the
Americans at Brier Creek, the royal
government is soon reestablished.
Mar. * -July * Phila. A struggle in
Congress over the fishing demands of
France. Common rights maintained.
Apr. * Spain by a secret treaty makes
common cause with France against
Great Britain.
Apr. * Massachusetts passes a Conspir-
acy Act against the Tories.
June * Eng. Joseph Galloway is ex-
amined before Parliament.
Aug. 17. La. Independence of the
United States declared at New Orleans
with beating of drums, etc.
Sept. 27. John Adams is appointed
commissioner to negotiate a treaty with
Great Britain.
Sept. 28. John Jay is chosen commis-
sioner to Spain.
Sept. * Phila. Luzerne arrives as min-
ister from France.
* * Pa. Extension westward of Mason
and Dixon's line.
* * Eng. Controversy in Parliament over
the generalship of Sir William Howe
and of General Burgoyne. [It continues
more than two years.]
* * Va. The seat of government is re-
moved from "Williamsburg to Rich-
mond.
* * Governors inaugurated :
N. C. Abner Nast.
-81 * * Va. Thomas Jefferson.
1780 Feb. 19. New York cedes her
right in Western lands to the United
States. [1781. Mar. * Congress accepts.]
Feb. 28-Mar. 10. Russia issues a dec-
laration of armed neutrality.
Mar. 1. Bank of Philadelphia chartered.
Spring. Ky. IiouisviUe settled by
about 600 people.
Mar. 18. Phila. Congress resolves to
call in by taxes all the Continental
money and burn it, and to issue
$10,000,000 new money, redeemable
in specie within six years.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1778 * * * The British and Tories flood
the country with counterfeit money.
* * * Business is paralyzed for want of
currency, and the distress is extreme
and widespread.
92 1780, Apr. 24.-1781, Mar. 2. AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1780 May 6. S. C. Fort Moultrie sur-
renders to the British.
May 9. S. C. The British begin to can-
nonade Charleston.
May 11. JV. J. Lafayette rejoins "Wash-
ington, after an absence of 15 months,
and announces the approach of French
succor.
May 12. S. C. Charleston is taken.
Gen. Lincoln with an army of 3,000
men capitulates to Sir Henry Clinton
with 5,000 British soldiers, and Charles-
ton is surrendered after a siege in which
the fortifications were beaten down by
200 cannons ; 6,000 Americans become
prisoners of war.
May * S. C. Clinton sends off three ex-
peditions ; one to intercept approaching
reenf or cements under Col. Buford, one
toward Augusta, and the third toward
Camden.
May 21. If. Y. Johnstown is burned by
Tories.
May * S. C. The British take Ninety-
Six, an American post 150 miles north-
west of Charleston.
May 25. If. J. Two regiments of Wash-
ington's troops mutiny ; they are soon
persuaded to return to duty.
May 26. Mo. The Spaniards at St.
Louis are attacked by the English.
May 29. S. C. Col. Buford with 400
Americans is pursued by Col. Tarleton
and massacred at Waxhaw Creek,
while negotiations for surrender are
pending.
May* Failure of the English plans to
capture posts on the Mississippi.
June 5. If. J. Knyphausen leads an
expedition into New Jersey, visiting
Elizabethtown and burning Connecti-
cut Farms. He is harassed by the mili-
tia and makes an inglorious retreat.
S. C. The Americans being subdued,
Gen. Clinton, with a large part of his
troops, embarks for the North.
June 13. Phila. Gen. Gates, the most
popular American general, is ordered
by Congress to take command of the
army in the South.
June * Fort Jefferson, on the Mississippi
below the Ohio, is built.
June 23. N. J. Gen. Greene defeats the
British at Springfield.
July 10. R. I. A French fleet arrives
at Newport, bringing the Count de
Rochambeau and 6,000 soldiers to aid
the Americans. [They soon join "Wash-
ington in New Jersey. The British
fleet blockades the French vessels at
Newport.] (Winsor, July 12.)
July 21. Va. Gen. "Wayne has a skirmish
at Bull's Ferry.
July 25. Gen. Horatio Gates takes
command of the Southern army.
July 30. S. C. Col. Sumter attempts
to surprise a British post at Rocky
Mount, but a Tory apprises the com-
mander and Sumter is repulsed.
Aug. 1. If. Y. Indians burn the village
of Canajoharie.
Aug. 3. If. Y. Maj.-gen. Benedict
Arnold, by his own request, takes
command of the fortress at West Point,
on the Hudson ; it contains the most
valuable collection of military stores in
America.
Aug. 6. S. C. Col. Sumter attacks a
large detachment of British regulars
and Tories at Hanging Rock, and then
retires. Here Andrew Jackson, not
14 years of age, begins his career as a
soldier.
Aug. 15. S. C. By coincidence, Gen.
Gates and Lord Cornwallis set out in
the night to surprise each other, at
Sanders' Creek.
Aug. 16. S. C. Nearly 3,000 Americans
defeated in the battle of Sanders'
Creek near Camden. Gates loses all
his artillery, ammunition, wagons, and
much of the baggage. Here Baron De
Kalb is mortally wounded, and 1,000 men
are killed or taken prisoners. [It is one
of the worst defeats suffered by any
American army-1 British loss 325.
Aug. 18. S. C. Col. Sumter's force is
dispersed by Col. Tarleton at Fishing-
Creek; Gen. Marion retreats toward
North Carolina.
Autumn and Winter. S. C.—Ga. An
audacious partizan warfare is success-
fully conducted in the South by the
famous Col. Thomas Sumter and Col.
Francis Marion, great leaders of the
militia.
Sept. 8. If. C. The British at the South
advancing northward enter North Caro-
lina.
Sept. 21. If. Y. Maj. Andre" lands in
the night from the British sloop-of-war
Vulture, and proceeds to meet Arnold.
Treason of Maj .-Gen. Arnold.
About midnight, Benedict Arnold
meets Maj. John Andr6, two miles be-
low Haverstraw, on the Hudson, to per-
fect the scheme of treason. Arnold
bargains to betray his country for
$50,000 and a commission as brigadier
in the British army ; he surrenders to
the British descriptive papers of the
fortress and directions for approach.
Sept. 23. If. Y. Maj. Andre\ the
British spy, is arrested near Tarrytown
by John Paulding, David "Williams, and
Isaac "Wirt, who refuse his bribes.
Sept. 26. If. Y. Benedict Arnold flees
to the British sloop-of-war Vulture, and
is taken to New York.
Sept. * Conn. Washington and Roeham-
heau confer at Hartford.
Sept. 26. If. C. The British on their
northward march enter Charlotte ; the
Americans falling back without a battle.
Sept. 29. If. Y. A court martial at
Tappan, consisting of six major-generals
and eight brigadiers, finds Maj. Andre"
guilty and condemns him to death.
Oct. 2. If. Y. Maj. Andre" is hanged
as a spy at Tappan.
Oct. 7. N. C. Battle of King's Moun-
tain.
Col. Ferguson with 1,100 regulars and
Tories is defeated on the top of King's
Mountain by 1,000 militia men under
Col. Campbell. Ferguson and 300 men
are killed, 800 are taken prisoners, and
10 Tories are hanged. [Drooping pa-
triotism begins to revive.]
Oct. 14. Gen. Nathaniel Greene, next
to Washington the ablest of the Ameri-
can omcers, supersedes Gen. Gates in
the South.
Oct. 16. Vt. Royalton is attacked by
300 Indians ; many houses are burned.
Oct. * If. Y. The Americans raid Staten
Island.
Nov. 18. If. C. An action occurs at Fish
Dam Ford.
Nov. 20. If. C. Col. Sumter defeats Col.
Tarleton at Blackstocks.
Dec. 2. Gen. Nathaniel Greene assumes
command of the Southern army.
* *If.C. Col. John Sevier conducts an
expedition against the Indians west of
North Carolina.
Dec. * If. Y. Indians make attacks
along the Mohawk River and through
the Champlain country.
**If.J. Washington enters winter
quarters at Totowa and Preakness.
1781 Jan. 1. N. J. Revolt in the
army.
Washington's army is in a desperate
condition — no food, no pay, no clothing.
The whole Pennsylvania line, 1,300
strong, mutiny, and leaving their camp
at Morristown, they start for Philadel-
phia to lay their complaints before
Congress.
Jan 3 ±. Va. Benedict Arnold is ap-
pointed Brig.-Gen. in the British army.
[He conducts a ravaging expedition into
Virginia, along the James River.]
Jan. * N. J. Emissaries from Gen. Clin-
ton meet the mutinous Pennsylvanians
at Princeton with bribes to desert the
service, which are indignantly declined,
and the agents delivered to be hanged
as spies. [Concessions from Congress
quiet the mutiny.]
Jan. 5. Va. Benedict Arnold, with
1,600 British troops, burns the stores
near Richmond.
* * N.J. The New Jersey brigade
mutinies at Pompton.
It is quelled by force ; 12 of the prin-
cipal mutineers are compelled to snoot
the two ringleaders. [The insurrections
have a good effect on Congress.]
Jan. 17. S. C. Battle of Cowpens.
Gen. Morgan, with 1,000 men, utterly
defeats Gen. Tarleton with 1,100 British
troops. Losses, British, 300 killed and
wounded, more than 500 made prisoners ;
Americans, 12 killed, 60 wounded.
Jan. * S. C. The great military race
begins by Gen. Greene ordering both
divisions of his army to fall back — re-
treating northward from the approach
of Lord Cornwallis's advance.
Jan. 28. S. C. Gen. Morgan's division
crosses the Catawba River to the north-
ern banks ; Cornwallis arrives late in
the day on the opposite side, but floods
of rain during the night compel his de-
lay for many days, before crossing.
Jan. 31. If. C. Gen. Greene takes
command of Morgan's army.
Jan. *-Mar. * Midi. The Spaniards in-
vade Michigan.
UNITED STATES. 1780, Apr. 24-1781, Mar. 2. 93
Feb. 1. N. C. Lieut.-Col. Wm. Davidson
is defeated and killed at Cowan's Ford,
on the Catawba, by Lord Cornwallis,
whose horse is killed under him.
Feb. 7. N. C. Gen. Greene arrives at
(iuilford Court House, and there joins
the remainder of his army.
Feb. 15. N. C. Greene, with great tact,
completes his retreat by crossing the
Dan into Virginia, narrowly escaping his
pursuers, but abandoning to them the
entire State of North Carolina.
Feb. 21, 22. N. C. Greene re-crosses
the Dan ; he sends Lieut.-Col. Lee after
a troop of Tarleton's dragoons under
Capt. Miller.
Feb. 23. N. C. Greene's rear guard is
attacked by the van of the British while
crossing the Yadkin.
Feb. 25. N. C. Col. Pyle and a body of
royalists defeated near Haw River by
Pickens and Lee, without losing a man.
Mar. 2. N. C. Cols. Lee and Pickens,
with their cavalry, cut to pieces three
or four hundred mounted Tories enlisted
by Tarleton.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1780 May 19. New Eng. The dark
day occasioned by a thin cloud, or
vapor.
* * Boston. The American Academy of
Arts and Sciences founded.
* * N. H. The first American glass-fac-
tory is erected in Temple township.
* * New Eng. The making of wrought
iron nails is an important home indus-
try during the winter months, and in
stormy weather, among the thrifty, in-
dustrious rural people.
1781* *John Trumbull paints the
Death of Montgomery.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1780* »
Anderson, Isaac, pioneer clergyman, born.
Andre, John, Brit, major and spy, banged.
Audubon, John James, ornithologist, born.
Binney, Horace, statesman, born.
Carver, Jonathan, traveler, A48.
Channing. "William Ellery, clergyman, b.
Chapman, Nathaniel, physician, born.
Cleaveland, Parker, mineralogist, born.
De Kalb, John, Baron, gen., k. at Camden,
A 59.
Duane, William John, Sec. of Treasury, b.
Dudley, Charles Edward, senator, born.
Duer, William Alexander, jurist, born.
Keatherstonaugh, George William, geologist,
born.
Ferguson, Patrick, major in army, dies.
Forsyth, John, statesman, born.
Hertding, Elijah, bishop, born.
Hitchcock, Peter, jurist, born.
Hutchinson, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., A69.
Key, Francis Scott, poet, born.
Logan, Indian chief, dies.
McKinley, John, justice, born in Ala.
Mussey, Reuben Diamond, surgeon, born.
Porter, David, commodore, born.
Rush, Richard, diplomatist, born.
Schweinitz, von, Lewis David, botanist, b.
Stuart, Moses, theologian, born.
1781* *
Abercrombie, James, general, A75.
* Ashe, John, patriot, A 60.
Berrien-, John McPherson, senator, born.
Brown, John A., financier, born.
Greene, Christopher, col., dies.
Hare, Robert, physicist, born.
Harnett, Cornelius, statesman, A58.
Hayne, Isaac, officer, A36.
Ilolley, Horace, clergyman, bom.
Lawrence, James, naval officer, born.
Leigh, Benjamin, statesman, born.
J.iller, William, Advent preacher, bom.
Stockton, Richard, signer of Declaration, A51.
CHURCH.
1780 Apr. 24. Md. The Methodist
preachers of the North hold a Conference
at Baltimore.
May 8. Fa. The separated Methodist
bodies unite in the Conference held at
Manakintown, in Powhatan county.
The southern seceders bring slavery
as asocial institution among Methodists.
* * Mass. First Universalist church
formed, in Gloucester.
* * Miss. First Baptist church in Missis-
sippi formed near Natchez.
* * N.H. The Freewill Baptists organ-
ize their first society, at Dover.
* * N.J. The independent Presbytery of
Morris County is formed.
* *Pa.—Va. Christ's Church, Phila-
delphia, is the only Protestant Episcopal
church left in the State after the war ;
28 Episcopal clergymen remain in Vir-
ginia ; 91 (loyalists) leave the State.
STATE.
1780 May 11. Lafayette brings "Wash-
ington the appointment of lieutenant-
general in the army of France and vice-
admiral in its navy, in order to remove
vexing questions of etiquette from the
minds of French officers in American
service.
May * Ky. The Legislature of Virginia
incorporates the town of Louisville.
Summer. S. C. By the capture of
Charleston and other , American ports,
royal authority is re-established
over the territory of South Carolina,
but not over the people.
Aug. 2. Boston. The Massachusetts
Constitutional Convention meets.
Oct. 5. Phila. The United States ac-
cedes to the armed neutrality at sea.
Oct. 7-20. New York. Benedict Ar-
nold issues an address and proclamation
from the British headquarters.
* Francis Asbury becomes the de facto Oct. 10. Conn. The State offers its
Superintendent of Methodism in Amer-
ica, the war having detached Methodists
from Wesley.
* * -1800 * * Great revival of religion
among the colored people.
SOCIETY.
western lands to the Federal Union
with [unsatisfactory] conditions.
Oct. 25. Mass. John Hancock is
chosen first governor under the New
Constitution.
* * Henry Laurens, U. S. minister to
The Netherlands, is captured at sea by
the British.
Dec. * The Hollanders sympathize with
the Americans ; they declare war
against England.
* * Massachusetts adopts a constitution
with a bill of rights, which abolishes
slavery.
Phila. Congress appoints
Francis Dana minister to Russia.
* * New York. A Board of Associated
Loyalists is formed to aid the British.
1781 Jan. * "Virginia offers to condi-
tionally give up its lands northwest of
the Ohio. (See Mar. 1, 1784.)
Women organize the Feb 2Q phUa Congres8 appo,ntB
Robert Morris Superintendent of Fi-
nance.
Mar. 1. N. Y. The delegates of New
York facilitate the completion of the
Union by the transfer to the Federal
Congress of the vague claims of that
State to western territory.
Maryland, the last of the 13 States,
signs the Articles of Confederation.
The Confederation is accepted by
all the States as a loose union of inde-
pendent commonwealths.
Phila. The old Congress of the
Revolution closes.
Mar. 2. Phila. The new Congress of
the Confederation opens.
1780 Apr. * Md. The Methodist Confer-
ence at Baltimore proposes to disown
"all persons who should engage in
distilling."
The first measures are taken for extir-
pating slavery among Methodists by
declaring " That slavery is contrary
to the laws of God, man, and nature, Dec. 18
and hurtful to society, contrary to the
dictates of conscience and pure religion,
and doing that which we would not
others should do to us and ours."
* * Gloom settles over the country.
The treason of Benedict Arnold intensi-
fies the general depression.
June 13. Phila
" American Daughters of Liberty,
an association to provide clothing for
the suffering soldiers.
June 17. Phila. A bank is opened for
supplying the army with provisions,
and $945,000 subscribed.
Sept. 23. N. Y. Maj. Andre", a British
spy, is arrested near Tarrytown.
Oct. 2. N. Y. Maj. Andre) is hanged
as a spy at Tappan.
* * Pennsylvania abolishes slavery.
* * Massachusetts adopts a constitution
which abolishes slavery.
* * The mothers of America send sup-
plies of food and clothing to the camps
of the patriots.
* * Va. James Monroe marries Eliza
Kortright.
* * S. C. Negroes in great numbers
desert their masters and flee to the
British.
1781 Feb. * Lafayette's force of 1,200
men is in a state of extreme destitution.
Congress has neither money nor credit ;
Lafayette purchases a full outfit from
his private purse.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1780 July * U. S. Continental cur-
rency notes are worth two cents on
a doUar. " It takes a wagon load of
currency to buy a wagon load of provis-
ions."
Aug. * 0. Two block-houses are built on
the Ohio River (Cincinnati) by Ameri-
can troops.
94 1781, Mar. 6-1783, Mar.
AMERICA
ARMY -NAVY.
1781 Mar. 6. 2f. C. The British are
worsted in an engagement at Reedy
Fort Creek.
Mar. 8. Va. Washington sends Lafay-
ette with 1,200 men [and the French fleet
from Bhode Island] to Virginia to cap-
ture Benedict Arnold.
Mar. 15. If. C. Battle at Guilford
Court House (Greensborough).
Gen. Greene is attacked by Lord Corn-
wallis ; American force, 4,400, mostly
raw militia ; British force, 2,400, chiefly
veteran soldiers. Losses ; American,
2,309 killed, wounded, and missing;
British, over 532 men. The Americans
retire in good order after a bloody bat-
tle, with Cornwallis unable to pursue.
Mar. 16. Va. The British Admiral Ar-
buthnot compels the French fleet to
return to Rhode Island.
Mar. 18. 2f. C. Cornwallis retreats
from Guilford Court House, leaving
the wounded Americans and 70 wounded
British.
Mar. 25. Va. A British force of 2,000
men under Gen. Phillips reenforces
Arnold.
The British under Phillips spare the
buildings at Mount Vernon on con-
dition that supplies are furnished.
Mar. 30. The mutiny on board the
United States frigate Alliance is fully
disclosed on her return from France to
Boston.
Apr. 7. N.C. Cornwallis at Wilmington.
Apr. * Va. Steuben is active in Vir-
ginia.
Apr. 18. S. C. The British evacuate
Charleston after firing buildings, and
leave their badly wounded behind them.
Gen. Greene approaches Camden.
Apr. 23. 8. C. Col. Lee takes Fort
Watson from the British.
Apr. 25. S. C. Battle at Hobkirk's
Hill, near Camden ; Lord Bawdon de-
feats Gen. Greene, who saves his artil-
lery and carries off his wounded.
jra. The British under Arnold and
Phillips take Petersburg, burn 400
hogsheads of tobacco, a ship, and several
small craft.
Apr.+ N. H. The first American man-
of-war is built at Portsmouth, under
the superintendence of Paul Jones ; it is
a line-of-battle ship and named America.
Apr. 25. Va. Lord Cornwallis under-
takes the conquest of Virginia; La-
fayette undertakes its defense.
May 8. Count De Barras arrives from
France, and announces that 20 ships of
the fine are coming in a few months.
May 9. Fla. The Spaniards take Pen-
sacola.
May 10. S. C. The British under Lord
Bawdon evacuate Camden and retire
beyond the Santee.
May 11. N. Y. Ogdensburg surren-
ders to Americans under Gen. Sumter.
May 13. Va. On the death of Gen. Phil-
lips, Benedict Arnold becomes com-
mander-in-chief of the British forces
in Virginia for 7 days— the summit of
the traitor's glory !
May 14. ± S. C. The British posts at
Fort Granby, Orangeburg, and Fort
Motte successively fall into the hands
of the Americans under Col. Leo.
* * Ga. Augusta is besieged.
May 20. Va. Cornwallis arrives at
Petersburg, and joins the forces lately
commanded by Gen. Phillips.
May 21. Conn. Washington and
Gen. Jean Rochambeau confer at
Wethersfield.
June 5. Ga. Americans capture Au-
gusta.
June 21. Va. Cornwallis evacuates
Richmond.
June 19. S. C. After maintaining the
siege of Ninety-Six for 27 days, Gen.
Greene is obliged to retire on the ap-
proach of an army under Lord Rawdon.
July 4. Va. Williamsburg is evacu-
ated by Cornwallis.
July* S. C. Gen. Greene is forced to
retire to the mountains.
July 6. Va. Lafayette orders an attack
on Cornwallis ; Gen. Wayne makes an
assault and retires in good order.
V. Y. After 11 months of inactivity
at Newport, R.I., the French army
joins Washington on the Hudson.
July* Cornwallis refuses to serve with
Maj.-Gen. Benedict Arnold in Virginia;
Arnold is sent North.
Aug. 1. Va. The British forces are
concentrated at Yorktown and Glou-
cester, and entrench.
Aug. 4. S. C. Col. Isaac Hayne, a
patriot soldier, is hanged by the British
at Charleston.
Aug. 14. -V. Y. Washington decides to
transfer his army from New York to
Virginia.
Aug. 28. R. I. De Barras, commanding
the French fleet at Newport, suddenly
puts to sea, steering toward Chesapeake
Bay.
Aug. 30. Va. Count De Grasse ar-
rives in the Chesapeake Bay, from the
West Indies, with a French fleet of 28
sail-of-the-line.
± A". Y. The British Adm. Graves is re-
enforced by nearly 20 ships-of-the-line,
from the West Indies.
Sept. 5. Va. Adm. Graves arrives in
the Chesapeake, and a fight of two hours
ensues, off the Capes.
Sept. 6-10. De Grasse maneuvers four
days, as if for battle, i..nd thus secures a
passage for the approaching fleet under
De Barras to enter the bay, where they
unite to blockade Cornwallis.
Sept. 6. Conn. An expedition under
Benedict Arnold burns New London,
his native town, after capturing Fort
Griswold, and killing most of the garri-
son after they have surrendered.
Sept. 7. Va. Lafayette, with 8,000 men,
cuts off Cornwallis from retreating into
North Carolina.
Sept. 8. S. C. Battle of Eutaw
Springs, the last important conflict
in the South.
Gen. Greene attacks the British, now
under Col. Stuart, and one of the fiercest
battles of the war ensues. British loss,
nearly 700 killed and wounded, and 500
prisoners ; American loss, 550 men. By
this battle the British power is broken
i n the South. [Though defeated in every
battle, Greene finally drives the British
out of the country.]
Sept. 14. Va. Washington arrives at
Williamsburg and assumes command.
Sept. 28. Va. The siege of Yorktown
begins.
The Army of the North, under Wash-
ington, 9,000 strong, and the French
army under Rochambeau, 7,000 strong,
arrive at Yorktown.
Oct. 19. Va. Lord Cornwallis sur-
renders his army of 7,247 men, besides
840 seamen, at Yorktown ; this victory
practically concludes the War of
Independence.
Oct. 20. N. Y. The Mohawk Valley is
invaded by Indians.
New York. Clinton sails to reenforce
Cornwallis in Virginia with 7,000 men.
Oct. * Ga. Col. Andrew Pickens invades
the Cherokee country.
Nov. 13. Phila. John Moody is hanged
as a British spy.
Dec. * The British in the South are
confined to the cities of Charleston and
Savannah.
* * George R. Clark fails in his plans for
the capture of Detroit.
1782 Feb.* New York. Benjamin
Thompson (Count Rumford) is an officer
of the King's Dragoons, but takes no
part in the war.
Mar. * O. Col. Williamson massacres
90 inoffensive Indians, — men, women,
and children, on the Muskingum, —to
take vengeance on suspected murderers.
Mar. 24. N. J. A blockhouse on Toms
River is captured by royalists, and its
commander summarily executed with-
out trial.
Apr. * -V. Y. Washington's headquarters
is located at Newburgh, on the Hudson.
May* -June* Col. William Crawford
leads an expedition against the Wyan-
dot Indians.
May* New York. Sir Guy Carleton
arrives, and relieves Gen. Clinton of
his command.
June 6. O. An expedition against the
remnant of the Christian Indians from
western Pennsylvania is ambushed and
defeated, with the loss of many prisoners.
July 11. Ga. Savannah is evacuated
by the British.
Aug. 15. Ky. Indians attack Bryant's
Station, and are repulsed.
Aug. 27. S. C. The last battle of the
Revolution is fought on the Combahee,
near Charleston ; the younger Laurens
is killed — much lamented.
Nov. 5. A*. II. The America, a 74-gun
ship, is launched at Portsmouth ; it is
the first line-of-battle ship.
Nov. * O. George R. Clark conducts an
expedition against the Miami Indians.
Nov. 30. Paris. A preliminary treaty
of peace with Great Britain is signed.
Dec. 14. S. C. The British evacuate
Charleston.
UNITED STATES. 1781, Mar. 6-1783, Mar. 95
1783 Feb. 4. Final cessation of hos-
tilities with Great Britain.
Feb. * If. Y. Col. Marinus Willett at-
tempts to surprise the British at Os-
wego on Lake Erie, because they retain
the post after the treaty.
Mar. * If. Y. A plausible address is pri-
vately circulated in camp at Newburg,
proposing the intimidation of Con-
gress for the redress of soldiers' griev-
ances.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1782 * * Phila. Oliver Evans patents a
steam-wagon.
* * Phila. The manufacture of fustians
and jeans begins.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1782* *
Benton, Thomas Hart, senator for Mo., b.
Bond, Thomas E., editor, born.
Calhoun, John Caldwell, Sec. of State,
senator for S. C, born.
Cass, Lewis, Sec. of State, sen. for Mich., b.
Darlington, William, botanist, born.
Duer, John, jurist, born.
Elliott, Jesse Duncan, commodore, born.
Fraser, Charles, painter, born.
Grimshaw, William, author, born.
Guthrie, Samuel, chemist, born.
Ingersoll, Charles Jared, author, born.
Laurens, John, officer, A26.
Lee, Charles, general, A51.
Lincoln, Levi, governor of Mass., born.
Longworth, Nicholas, horticulturist, born.
Loudoun, John Campbell, earl of, gen., A77.
Macomb, Alexander, general, born.
Ripley, Eleazer Wheelock, general, born.
Warrington, Lewis, naval officer, born.
Webster, Daniel, sen. for Mass., Sec. of
State, born in K. H.
CHURCH.
1781 Apr. 24. Md. The United
Methodist preachers of the North and
the South meet in Conference at Balti-
more.
June* Ky. The first Baptist church is
organized at Elizabethtown.
* * Phila. Elhanan Winchester, a Bap-
tist minister, joins the Universalists.
1782 Mar. * O. Moravian converts
are massacred. Over ninety inoffensive
Christian Indians, men and women, of
the Moravian missions, are gathered by
the whites into two slaughter-pens, and
butchered in cold blood.
Apr. 17. Va. The Methodist preachers
hold a Conference at Ellis's Chapel,
Sussex County.
May 21. Md. The Methodist preachers
hold a Conference at Baltimore.
Sept. 12. New Eng. The Presbyterian
Synod of New England, being very
weak, dissolves.
Oct. 13. The Reformed Presbytery is
disorganized by its union with the Pres-
bytery of the Associate Church. [Dis-
satisfaction follows, and there are three
organizations instead of one.]
Nov. 1. Phila. «« The Synod of the
Associate Reformed Church" is or-
ganized by the union of two Associate
Presbyteries with the Reformed Pres-
bytery.
* * Pa. Dr. "William "White [afterward
bishop] recommends the bishopless Epis-
copalians to adopt temporarily a Pres-
byterian form of government.
LETTERS.
1781 * * Vt. First issue of the Vermont
Gazette or Green Mountain Post-Boy at
Westminster, the first newspaper in
the State.
1782 * * Md. "Washington College
(non-sect.) organized at Chestertown.
* * McFinyal, by John Trumbull, ap-
pears complete.
* * Phila. The first English Bible pub-
lished in America appears.
June 8. N. Y. First issue of the Brook-
lyn Hall Super-Extra Gazette, the first
paper in the city.
SOCIETY.
1781 Oct. 23. Phila. A messenger from
Washington arrives at the capital city,
bringing tidings of the victory at
Yorktown; the night watchmen call
the hour and often add, " and Corn-
wallis is taken.'"
* * Eng. The fictitious story of the Blue
Laws of Connecticut is published by
Rev. Samuel Peters, a Tory refugee.
* * U. S. The people pursue the avoca-
tions of peace, except in the vicinity of
military conflict, for some time before
the close of the war ; independence is
practically a fact except near the camps
of the enemy.
STATE,
1781 Apr. 19. Massachusetts cedes
her claims to western lands to the
Union.
May 26. Phila. Congress resolves to
establish the Bank of North America.
May 9. Fla. Pensacola is taken by the
Spaniards.
* * Phila. Robert Morris is appointed
treasurer by Congress.
He and his friends pledge their private
fortunes for the payment of the future
obligations of Congress, and so improve
the credit of the Government.
June 15. Phila. Congress appoints five
commissioners to conclude a treaty
with Great Britain, — John Adams, Ben-
jamin Franklin, John Jay, Henry Lau-
rens, and Thomas Jefferson.
* *An Austro-Russian offer of media-
tion between the United States and
Great Britain is made.
July 9. Phila. Congress ratifies the
Articles of Confederation.
Aug. 10. Phila. R.R.Livingston is made
the first Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
Oct. 24. Phila. Congress assembles
and listens to Washington's despatch
announcing the victory at Yorktown ;
the weeping and exulting members, with
many citizens, go to the Dutch church,
where thanks are rendered to Almighty
God.
* * Eng. The capture of a second army
(Cornwallis's) by the Americans makes
the war unpopular in England.
Dec. 31. Phila. Congress charters the
Bank of North America.
1782 Jan. * Eng. An Act of Parlia-
ment is passed to enable George I II.
to make peace with the United States.
Mar. 4. Eng. The House of Commons
favors peace.
Gen. Conway's motion approved, say-
ing " the House would consider as ene--
mies to his Majesty and the country, all
those who should advise or attempt the
further prosecution of offensive war on
the American continent."
Mar. 20. Eng. Resignation of the hos-
tile ministry of Lord North, and acces-
sion of that of the Marquis of Rock-
ingham.
Apr. 6. Eng. Lord Shelburne sends
Oswald to Franklin.
Apr. 19. HoUand acknowledges the In-
dependence of the United States, and
receives John Adams as its minister.
Apr. 23. Eng. The British Ministry de-
cide to send separate negotiators to
Yergennes and to Franklin.
May 4-7. Fr. Oswald and Grenville are
in Paris.
May 23. Eng. The Ministry agree to
propose American Independence.
May * Neio York. Sir Guy Carleton
arrives, empowered to make proposi-
tions of peace. He proposes the cessa-
tion of hostilities to Washington.
June 20. Phila. Congress adopts the
great seal of the United States.
June 23. Fr. John Jay arrives in
Paris.
Julyl+. Eng. The Earl of Shel-
burne's Administration follows that of
Rockingham.
Sept. 13. Phila. Congress agrees to ac-
cept the offer of Virginia's western
lands.
Oct. 8. John Adams concludes a treaty
with Holland.
Oct. 26. Fr. John Adams reaches
Paris.
Oct. 29. Phila. Congress accepts the
lands ceded to it by New York.
Nov. 20. Va. Delegates are authorized
to complete the transfer of western
lands to Congress.
Nov. 30. Paris. Adams, Franklin, Jay,
and Laurens sign a preliminary treaty
of peace with Great Britain.
Dec. * Loyalists leave the Atlantic
ports in large numbers.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-90 * * Cal. Pedro Fajes (Spanish).
Pa. John Dickinson is president of
the Supreme Executive Council.
1783 Jan. 20. Fr. England on one
hand, and France, the ally of America
and Spain on the other, being desirous
of peace, suspend hostilities, and sign
preliminary articles at Versailles.
Feb. 5. Sweden acknowledges the Inde-
pendence of the United States.
Feb. 16. Pelatiah Webster makes a prop-
osition to remodel the Government.
Feb. 25. Denmark acknowledges the
Independence of the United States.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1782 Jan. 7. Phila. The Bank of
North America opens for business.
Jan. * U. S. The war debt at the close
of the struggle is $42,000,000.
96 1783, Mar. 24-1785, Sept. 14. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1783 Apr. 11. Phila. Congress pro-
claims the cessation of arms.
Apr. 19. Cessation of hostilities is
proclaimed in the American army, just
8 years from the commencement of the
war. Troops engaged, — regulars, 130,-
711; militia and volunteers, 164,080; total,
309,781. Great Britian sent to America,
during the war, 112,584 soldiers and 22,000
seamen. Estimated loss of life to the
Americans, 70,000 men, vast numbers of
whom died on prison-ships ; 11,000 alone
on the prison-ship Jersey. Estimated
cost of the war to the Americans, .$135,-
000,000 in specie.
June 2 . Washington furloughs the sol-
diers of the war.
June 8. Washington announces his in-
tended resignation, as commander of
the army, to the governors of the vari-
ous States.
June 21. Phila. About 300 American
troops with fixed bayonets surround
the house in which Congress is sitting,
and demand a redress of grievances.
Oct. 18. Princeton, N. J. Congress is-
sues a proclamation that the army will
be disbanded from and after Nov. 3.
Nov. 2. Washington issues his farewell
address to the army.
Nov. 3. N. Y. The army disbands.
Nov. 25. Neto York. The British evac-
uate the city and Washington enters.
Dec. 4. New York. Washington takes
leave of the officers of the army.
Dec. 23. Annapolis, Md. Washington
surrenders his commission to Con-
gress.
Dec. * Ga. Chief M'Gillivray leads the
Creeks in the Oconee "War.
* * Maj.-Gen. Henry Knox is appoint-
ed (second) to command the army.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1784 * * Franklin is appointed by the
French Academy one of a commission to
investigate mesmerism.
Sept. * James Rumsey experiments in
steam navigation on the Potomac.
1785 Mar. 11. Phila. The Southwaik
Theater is opened by Hallam's Com-
pany.
* * Pa. John Fitch makes experiments
in steam navigation on the Delaware.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1783* *
Alexander, William, general, A57.
Barber, Francis, officer in the war, A 32.
Barbour, Philip P., justice, born in Va.
Riddle, James, commodore U. S. N., born.
Churchill, Sylvester, general, born.
Cooper, Samuel, patriot, A58.
Dorsey, John Syng, surgeon, born.
Greenieaf, Simon, author, born.
Irving, Washington, author, born.
Macdonoug-h, Thomas, commodore, born.
Osborn, Sellick, journalist, born.
Otis, James, orator, A58.
Keid, Samuel Chester, naval officer, born.
Rodney, Csesar, signer of Declaration, A53.
Sully, Thomas, painter, born.
1784* *
Allen, William Henry, naval officer, born.
Allen, William, writer, born.
Buckminster, Joseph S., clergyman, born.
Cobb, Thomas W., senator for Ga., born.
Dewey, Chester, naturalist, born.
Onmmere, John, mathematician, born.
Hale, Nathan, journalist, born.
Hoffman, David, author, born.
Le Conte, John, naturalist, born.
Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, A48.
Long, Stephen H., engineer, born.
Morris, Charles, commodore, born.
Morton, llareus, <;ov. of Mass., born.
Ratinesque, Constantine S., botanist, born.
Stevenson, Andrew, statesman, born.
Taylor, Zachary, 12th President, born.
Walsh, Robert, journalist, born.
Warner, Seth, general V. 8. A., A41.
Wool, John E., general, born.
Worcester, Joseph Emerson, lexicogra-
pher, born.
1785* *
Appleton, Daniel, publisher, born.
Reman, Nathaniel S., clergyman, born.
Cartwright, Peter, pioneer preacher, born.
Daniel, Peter, V., justice, born in Va.
Drake, Daniel, physician, born.
Dudley, Renjamin Winslow, surgeon, born.
Espy, James P., meteorologist, born.
± Finn, Henry J., actor. ?
Gadsden, Christopher E., bishop, born.
Havens, Nathaniel Appleton, philanthropist,
born.
Hopkins, Stephen, signer of Declaration, A78.
McLean. John, justice, born in Ohio.
Merrill, Joseph A., clergyman, born.
Morgan, Abel, clergyman, A72.
Mott, Valentine, surgeon, born.
Noah, Mordecai M., journalist, born.
Perry, Oliver Hazzard, commodore, born.
Pierpont, John, poet, born.
Reed, Joseph, statesman, A44.
Beaton, William W., journalist, born.
Spring, Gardiner, clergyman, born.
Tally, William, physician, born.
Wheaton, Henry, publicist, born.
Woodworth, Samuel, poet, born.
CHURCH.
1783 Mar. 25. Conn. The Episcopal
ministers of Connecticut meet at Wood-
bury, and elect Samuel Seabury
bishop.
May 7. Va. A Methodist Conference
opens at Ellis's Chapel, in Sussex county.
May 27. Md. A second Methodist Con-
ference opens in Baltimore.
May* Md. The Methodist Conference
at Baltimore forbids members to " man-
ufacture, sell, or drink intoxicating
liquors."
Nov. 26. New York. Dr. Rodgers re-
turns, and begins to restore the Pres-
byterian churches ; they having been
badly used and some of them partly
destroyed during the war.
* * Boston. James Freeman of King's
Chapel changes the Book of Common
Prayer to harmonize with Unitarianism.
* * Conn. A Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese is organized.
* * Ky. David Rice establishes Presby-
terian worship in Kentucky.
* * Md. A Protestant Episcopal Diocese
is organized.
<* * Methodism, which has hitherto been
almost entirely confined to the country
south of New Jersey, begins to advance
northward.
1784 Apr. 17. N. Y. Alaw is passed
enacting religious equa^ty.
Apr. 30. Va. A Methodist Conference
opens at Ellis's Chapel, in Sussex County.
May 24+. Pa. The appointment of a
Standing Committee of the Episco-
pal church is the first step in the forma-
tion of a union of the Episcopal churches
of America.
May 25. Md. A second Methodist Con-
ference opens in Baltimore.
Sept. 2. Eng. Thomas Coke is conse-
crated a bishop for the Methodists of
America.
Sept. 7. N. Y. Ann Lee, " Elect Lady "
of the Shakers, dies near Albany.
Oct. 6. New York. First Protestant
Episcopal Convention; 15 clergymen
are present.
Nov. 3. New York. Thomas Coke ar-
rives, the first Protestant bishop in
the New World.
Nov. 14. Scot. Preparatory steps are
taken for the organization of the Prot-
estant Episcopal Church of America.
Dr. Samuel Seabury is consecrated
first American bishop at Aberdeen, by
three non-juring bishops — Kilgour,
Petre, and Skinner.
Dec. 24 +. Md. Organization of the
Methodist Episcopal Church at the
" Christmas Conference " held in Lovely
Lane Chapel, Baltimore.
Sixty preachers are present ; Bishop
Thomas Coke presides ; Francis Asbury
is elected " superintendent " (bishop),
after having been ordained deacon and
elder ; John Wesley's authority over the
American churches ends. Total preach-
ers, 83 ; total members, 14,000.
Methodist preachers are first author-
ized to administer the sacraments by
the Conference at Baltimore.
Origination of the Chartered Fund for
Needy (Methodist) Ministers.
Dec. 27. Md. Francis Asbury is or-
dained bishop of the Methodist Episco-
pal Church.
* * Cal. Nine missions have already been
founded along the Pacific coast.
* * Mass. A Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese is organized.
* * Md. Dr. John CarroU of Baltimore
appointed (Roman Catholic) Prefect
Apostolic of the United States.
* * Me. A Jesuit missionary arrives at
Oldtown, to work among the Abnakis.
* * Pa. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of Pennsylvania is organized.
* * About 35,000 Baptists are reported in
the 13 colonies.
* * Eng. Two young men from America
are refused ordination, unless they take
the oath of uniformity ; Franklin ad-
vises them to act as though England
and Ireland were sunk in the sea.
1785 Jan. 2. Md. Close of the first
Methodist General Conference at Balti-
more.
June 22. N. Y. First Convention of the
Episcopal Diocese of New York.
June * Arrival in America of Bishop
Seabury of the Protestant Episcopal
Church.
Aug. 3. Bishop Seabury (Protestant
Episcopal) ordains (four deacons) for the
first time in America.
LETTERS.
1783 * * Conn. The American Spelling
Book, by Noah Webster, is published.
* * Pa. Dickinson College (Meth.-Epis.)
is founded at Carlisle.
1784 Mar. 24. Boston. The Massa-
chusetts Sentinel and the Bcpubllcan
Journal first issued.
1
UNITED STATES. 1783, Mar. 24-1785, Sept. 14. 97
* * The Massachusetts Magazine is first
published [and continues to be issued
till 1795].
* * New York. The regents of a state
university are appointed, who demand
what property belongs to King's Col-
lege and change Its name to Colum-
bia.
* * Phila. The first American daily-
newspaper is issued, The Pennsyl-
vania Packet or the General Advertiser,
formerly a weekly.
* * Notes on Virginia, by Thomas Jef-
ferson, appears in Paris.
SOCIETY.
1783 Apr. * The Society of the Cin-
cinnati is established, chiefly by Gen-
eral Knox ; it is restricted to officers of
the regular army, who have served in
the Revolutionary War.
1784 Dec. * Md. The extraordinary
session of the Methodist Conference at
Baltimore declares, that members who
" buy and sell slaves," if " they buy
with no other design than to hold them
as slaves, and have been previously
warned, shall be expelled, and be per-
mitted to sell on no consideration."
* * Conn. The Legislature enacts a law
for the gradual abolition of slavery.
* * There is a strong feeling against the
Society of the Cincinnati.
* * Lafayette travels through the States.
STATE.
1783 Mar. 24. Spain acknowledges the
Independence of the United States.
Apr. 3. Treaty of amity and peace
for 15 years is concluded by Franklin
between Sweden and the United States.
Apr. 11. Phila. Congress proclaims
the cessation of arms on land and sea.
Apr. 18. Phila. Congress appeals to
the States for power to levy duties, and
for other taxation by which to raise
annually for the expenses of the Gov-
ernment $2,500,000. [The States with-
hold consent.]
June 18. Washington issues his last
circular to the States.
June 21. Phila. Congress, insulted
by an uncontrollable mutiny of unpaid
soldiers, adjourns to Princeton.
June 30. Princeton, N. J. The 8th
session of the Continental Congress
opens under the Confederation.
July * Russia recognizes the Indepen-
dence of the United States.
Sept. 3. Paris. A definitive treaty with
Great Britain is signed.
The treaty (1) recognizes the Indepen-
dence and establishes the boundaries
of the United States; (2) secures the
right of fishery on the Grand Banks, etc. ;
(3) binds the payment of good outstand-
ing debts ; (4) provides that Congress shall
recommend the restoration of confis-
cated estates ; (5) provides open naviga-
tion of the Mississippi River to both
parties.
Florida is ceded to Spain by Great
Britain, by the Treaty of Paris.
Oct. 18. Phila. Congress directs that
the army shall be disbanded on Nov. 3.
(Winsor, Nov. 2.)
Oct. 20. Virginia agrees to the terms of
Congress, and cedes its claim to terri-
tory north of the Ohio.
* * Boston. The Supreme Court de-
clares that the statement, " All men are
born free and equal," in the Massachu-
setts Bill of Rights, is a bar to slave-
holding in that State.
Nov. 4. Princeton. Congress adjourns.
Nov. 26. Annapolis, Md.' The 9th ses-
sion of the Continental Congress
opens ; it is under the Confederation.
Nov. * Md. Congress makes repeated
and urgent attempts to get a quorum
to ratify the treaty of peace with Great
Britain.
Dec. 23. Annapolis, Md. Washington
is introduced to Congress ; he deliv-
ers a fitting address, and resigns his
commission.
* * Many American Tories accompany
the retiring British armies to England.
* * The public debt of the United States
is about $42,000,000; $8,000,000 of this
amount is owed abroad.
1784 Jan. 14. Annapolis, Md. Con-
gress ratifies the treaty with Great
Britain. Vote, 20-10.
Feb. 20. Annapolis, Md. Congress ap-
points Robert Morris Superintendent
of Finance.
Mar. 1. Annapolis, Md. A part of Vir-
ginia's western lands is transferred
to the Federal Union. They lie north-
west of the Ohio. Congress accepts the
transfer.
Mar. 24. Massachusetts resolves to ex-
pel dangerous aliens.
Apr. 9. Eng. George m. ratifies the
definitive treaty. (See Sept. 3, 1783.)
Apr. 23. Annapolis, Md. Congress con-
siders a plan for Federal division of the
vast, unoccupied northwest territory.
A preliminary plan of adjusting the
question of unoccupied territory is pre-
sented by a committee, of which Thomas
Jefferson is chairman ; it provides for
the erection of seventeen oddly named
States north and south of the Ohio, and
for the exclusion of slavery after the year
1800. [Seven States disapprove and the
plan is dropped.]
May 12. Annapolis, Md. Congress
authorizes Franklin, Adams, and Jef-
ferson to make treaties of commerce.
June 3. Annapolis, Md. Congress ad-
journs.
June * North Carolina cedes her west-
ern lands to the Federal Government.
[In November it annuls the cession.]
Oct. 22. N. Y. At Fort Stanwix the
Indians surrender their lands west of
Pennsylvania.
Nov. 1. Trenton, N. J. The 10th ses-
sion of the Continental Congress
opens.
Dec. * Tenn. Revolt in western North
Carolina against the Government ; the
settlers secede and form a State which
they call Frankland or Franklin [till
the State Government interposes].
* * -89 * * New York. James Duane is
the 43d mayor.
* * The territory north and west of the
Ohio is provided with a temporary gov-
ernment by Act of Congress.
Dec. 24. Trenton, N. J. Congress
adjourns.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-87 * *N.C. Richard Caswell.
-86 * * Va. Patrick Henry.
1785 Jan. 11. New York. The 11th
session of the Continental Congress
opens.
Jan. 21. A treaty is made with the "Wyan-
dots at Fort Mcintosh.
Feb. 25. New York. John Adams is ap-
pointed the first minister to England.
Mar. 10. New York. Thomas Jeffer-
son is commissioned minister to France.
Mar. 17. Meeting of the boundary com-
missioners of Maryland and Virginia.
[The Annapolis Convention of 1786 is its
successor.]
Apr. 18. Phila. Congress votes to ac-
cept the offer of western land by
Massachusetts.
The territory lies west of New York,
and extends to the Mississippi River.
Apr. 19. N. Y. The State executes a
deed renewing the grant of its western
lands to the Federal Government.
Massachusetts cedes her western ter-
ritory to the Federal Government.
May 20. New York. Congress passes its
first act relative to western lands.
May 31. Mass. Gov. James Bowdoin
attempts to start a movement to revise
the articles of Confederation.
June 1. Eng. John Adams, first Ameri-
can ambassador to England, is presented
to King George III.
July 6. New York. Congress establishes
the standard of the American dollar.
Sept. 10. A treaty of amity and com-
merce is entered with Prussia.
Sept. 14. Phila. Franklin again
returns.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1783 June 27. Eng. Parliament votes
half-pay to loyalist officers of
America.
July 2. Eng. An order in council ut-
terly forbids American ships to engage
in the British West-Indian trade.
1784* * Boston. The Empress of China
sails as the first American ship bound
for China.
The second bank in the United States
is established.
* * Pa. Pittsburg is laid out in town
lots.
* * Conn. Incorporation of Hartford, New
Haven, New London, Norwich, and Mid-
dletown as cities.
* * Eng. Eight bags of cotton from an
American ship are seized at Liverpool,
on the ground that America could not
produce so much cotton.
* * O. Washington inspects the Ohio
Valley, preliminary to the forming of
the Potomac Company.
98 1785, Sept. 14-1787, Nov.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1785 * * O. Fort Harmar is built.
* * The Algerine pirates seize American
vessels.
1786 Dec. 25. Mass. Shays's Rebel-
lion.
A thousand men, under the leadership
of Daniel Shays, force the Supreme
Court to adjourn, to prevent its issuing
writs for the collection of debts.
1787 Jan. 25 +. Mass. Shays's rebel-
lion is suppressed by the State militia
under Gen. Lincoln at Springfield ; 3
killed.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1785 Nov. 19. New York. The John-
street Theater is opened by the " Old
American Company" with The Gamester.
* * Jean Antoine Houdon comes from
Paris to America to execute the statue
of Washington.
1786 Apr. 16. New York. Contrast, by
Royal Taylor, is performed by the " Old
American Company " at the John-street
Theater. "The first play written in
America by an American and performed
by a professional company." (Ency.
Brit.)
Aug. * The first playhouse in Baltimore
is opened. (Or 1773.)
* * Conn. John Trumbull paints The
Battle of Bunker Hill.
* * Joseph Wright paints the portrait
of John Jay.
* * S. C. A theater is built in Charleston.
1787 * * Mass. The first cotton-mill is
put in operation at Beverly. [Very im-
perfect and soon closed.]
* * N. Y. The manufacture of salt at
Syracuse begins.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1786* *
Barton, William P. C, botanist, born.
Biddle, Nicholas, financier, born.
Breckenridge, Henry M., jurist, born.
Cadwallader, John, officer in the war, A44.
Cambreleng, Churchill C, politician, born.
Catron, John, justice, born in Tenn.
Cogswell, Joseph Green, scholar, born.
Crockett, David, pioneer, born.
D wight, Sereno E., clergyman, born.
England, John, R. C. Bishop of Charleston,
born in Cork.
Gales, Joseph, journalist, born.
Gardiner, Sylvester, physician, A79.
Grayson, William, politician, born.
Greene, Nathaniel, general, A44.
Greenleaf, Benjamin, author, born.
Grimkie, Thomas Smith, philanthropist, b.
King, William Rufus, statesman, born.
Lawrence, Amos, philanthropist, born.
MacLane, Lewis, statesman, born.
Marcy, William D. , statesman, born.
McDougall, Alexander, general, A55.
Norton, Andrews, theologian, born.
Nuttall, Thomas, naturalist, born.
Porter, Alexander, statesman, born.
Rush, James, physician, born.
Sargent, Lucius Manlius, writer, born.
Scott, Winfleld, general, born.
Tappan, Arthur, philanthropist, born.
Vaux, Robert, philanthropist, born.
Verplanck, Gulian Crommelin, author, born.
1787* *
Andrews, Ethan Allen, philologist, born.
Bedel, Timothy, patriot, dies.
Bouvier, John, jurist, writer, born.
Chauncy, Charles, clergyman, dies.
Crittenden, John Jordan, statesman, b.
Dana, Richard Henry, poet, born.
Davis, John, statesman, born.
Durand, Cyrus, engraver, born.
Erelinghuysen, Theodore, statesman, b.
Gallaudet, Thomas H., teacher of deaf mutes,
born.
Gould, Benjamin Apthorp, educator, born.
Hensen, Josiah, Uncle Tom, born.
Mac Vicar, John, professor, born.
Middleton, Arthur, patriot, A44.
Muhlenberg. Henry M., founder of Am.
Lutheran ch., A76.
Say, Thomas, naturalist, born.
Southard, Samuel L., senator for N.Y., b.
Williams, Kleazer, clergyman, born.
Williard, Emma H., educator, born.
CHURCH.
1785 Sept. 14. Mass. The first Con-
vention of Universalist ministers and
parishes in America is held at Oxford.
Sept. 27. Phila. The first General
Convention of the Protestant-Epis-
copal Church is held ; Bishop Seabury
and his clergy decline to attend ; 16 cler-
gymen and 26 laymen are present.
Oct. 7. Phila. The Protestant Episco-
pal Convention adjourns.
* * Boston. An organ is set up in the
First Church, introducing instrumental
music in the Congregational Church.
Organic Unitarianism begins in
this city.
James Freeman, " lay reader " of
King's (Epis.) Chapel (Stone Chapel),
secures an alteration in the liturgy
eliminating Trinitarianism, and the con-
gregation secedes from the Protestant
Episcopal Church.
* * Mass. Free-Communion Baptists or-
ganize the Groton Conference.
± * *. Me. John Cheverus of Boston
makes an annual missionary visit to
the Abnakis and other Indians. A
church is erected among them.
± * * Me. Mr. Ciquard of St. Sulpice, Bal-
timore, is sent as a Jesuit missionary to
the Abnakis and other Indians.
* * Md. The first Baptist church in Bal-
timore is formed.
* * N. Y. The Lutheran Synod (min-
isterium) is formed.
The first Shaker house of worship
erected at New Lebanon.
* * S. C. A Protestant Episcopal Con-
vention is held at Charleston.
* * Va. The first Protestant Episco-
pal Convention in Virginia is held
after the war ; meets at Richmond.
The Abingdon Presbytery is formed.
* *The Synod of the Presbyterian
Church draws up a plan of govern-
ment and discipline, and also takes
steps to revise the standards.
* * Organization of Protestant Episcopal
dioceses in New York, Virginia, South
Carolina, and New Jersey.
1786* * Del. Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of Delaware is organized.
An adjourned meeting of the (Protes-
tant Episcopal) General Convention
is held at Wilmington.
* * Ky. The Presbytery of Transylvania
is formed.
* * New York. Erection of the first
Roman Catholic church (St. Peter's).
Rev. John Stanford arrives in Amer-
ica, and soon publishes and circulates
tracts as formerly in England.
Sept. 14. Phila. Meeting of the Sec-
ond General Convention (Protestant
Episcopal) ; 10 clergymen and 11 laymen
present.
* * S. C. Organization of the ** Associ-
ated Churches" (Protestant Episco-
pal) of South Carolina.
* * Va. David Griffith is elected bishop
by the Protestant Episcopal Convention.
A Sunday-school is taught in Hano-
ver County.
1787 Feb. 4. Eng. Bishop White
of Pennsylvania and Bishop Provoost
of New York are consecrated in Lam-
beth Chapel ; bishops of Bath and Wells
and of Peterborough giving the apos-
tolic succession to the American Church.
Apr. * New York. The American Epis-
copal Church separates from the
Church of England.
The Protestant Episcopal Church of
the United States has its organization
as a natidnal Church made complete by
the arrival of Bishops White and Pro-
vost ; it is no longer attached to the
diocese of London.
May 1 +. Md. A General Conference
of Methodist preachers is held at
Baltimore, called by Bishop Coke ; few
of the Southern preachers attend, as
they had not authorized the call. The
Book of Discipline is revised.
Sept. 17. V. S. Separation of Church
and State is established by the Federal
Constitution.
"No religious tests shall ever be re-
quired as a qualification to any office or
public trust under the United States."
(Art. vi. § 3.)
Oct. 7. Pa. The Lutherans deplore the
death of their founder, Henry M.
Muhlenberg.
* * N. Y. The Shakers first gather into
a community at New Lebanon.
The Reformed Dutch Church
adopts domestic mission work.
* * U. S. The Presbyterian General
Synod sends down the Report on Gov-
ernment and Discipline to the presbyte-
ries and churches for consideration.
* * Va. The Separate and Regular Bap-
tists unite to form " the United Bap-
tist Churches of Christ."
LETTERS.
1785 * * Ga. The University of Geor-
gia (non-sect.) organized.
* * Me. The Falmouth Gazette, the first
newspaper in Maine, is issued.
* * New York. The Manumission Society
establishes free schools for the poor
colored children of the city.
The Daily Advertiser is first issued by
Francis Childs and Company ; the first
daily in tne city.
* * N. Y. Schenectady Academy, the pio-
neer of Union College, is founded.
* * Phila. The Philadelphia Directory is
published ; the first city directory in the
Union.
* * Tenn. The University of Nashville
(non-sect.) organized^ Nashville as the
Davidson Academy. [It becomes Cum-
berland College in 1806.]
* * Sketches of American Policy, by Noah
Webster, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1785, Sept. 27-1787, Nov. 99
* * Conquest of Canaan, by Timothy
Dwlght, appears.
1786 * * Pa. The Pittsburg Gazette, the
first newspaper west of the Alleghanies,
is issued.
* * .89 * * Phila. The Columbian Maga-
zine appears.
* * The Anarchiad papers, by Trumbull,
Hopkins, Barlow, and Humphreys, ap-
pear in the New Haven Gazette.
1787 Apr. 13. N. Y. The Board of
Regents of the University of the State
is established.
May 21. New York. Samuel Johnson
is elected President of Columbia Col-
lege.
Sept. 17. Bel. Cokesbury College,
the first literary institution of the Meth-
odists in America, is opened at Abing-
don. •
* * Ky. First issue of the Lexington Ga-
zette — the first paper in Kentucky.
SOCIETY.
1785 * * New York. The Manumission
Society, John Jay president, is formed
to secure the freedom of slaves.
The gradual abolition of slavery is
determined by the State.
* * Pa. Benjamin Rush puts forth his
famous tract, An Inquiry into the Effects
of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Mind
and Body, which creates a profound sen-
sation.
1786 * * Massachusetts. The (undenomi-
national) Charity Society is organized.
* * Neto York. The Tammany Society
is organized. (See 1788.)
1787 July 13. New York. The Federal
Government perpetually prohibits sla-
very in the territory north of the Ohio,
— the first territory coming under its
control.
STATE.
1785 Nov. 4. New York. Congress ad-
journs.
Nov. 7. New York. The 12th session
of the Continental Congress opens.
Nov. 30. Eng. John Adams, the Amer-
ican Minister to St. James, demands
the surrender of the frontier posts to
the United States.
* * Ga. Treaty with the Creeks at Gal-
phinton.
* * Noah Webster publishes a project for
an American policy.
* * U. 8. Governors inaugurated :
-96 * * Conn. Samuel Huntington.
-88 * * " State of Franklin," (Tennes-
see) John Sevier.
-87 * * Mass. James Bowdoin.
-86 * * Mich. Henry Hamilton.
Pa. Benjamin Franklin is president
of the Supreme Executive Council.
1786 Jan. 16. A treaty is made with
the Chickasaws at Hopewell.
Jan. 21. Virginia invites the States to
a general conference for forming a less
restricted Constitution.
Jan. 31. A treaty is made with the
Shawnees.
May 11. Connecticut again offers to
cede a part of its western lands.
May 26. Phila. Congress declares its
willingness to receive the Connecticut
lands in the West.
July 16. A treaty of peace is entered
with the Emperor of Morocco.
Sept. 11. Md. A convention of some
of the States is held at Annapolis to
regulate commerce on the Chesapeake
Bay ; five States send delegates to it. [It
is the germ of the Constitutional Con-
vention.]
Sept. 14. Conn. The deed for western
lands is given to Congress. The lands
lie east of the Mississippi, between lati-
tude 41° and 41° 2', and west of a meridian
120 miles west of the [present] western
limit of Pennsylvania.
Nov. 3. New York. The Congress of the
Confederation adjourns.
Nov. 6. New York The 13th session
of the Continental Congress opens.
Dec. 16. Massachusetts yields the juris-
diction over her lands in New York to
that State.
Dec. 25 ±. Mass. Shays's rebellion
arises in the western part of the State ;
caused by financial complications. The
insurrection infects New Hampshire.
(See Army.)
* * Ga. A treaty is made with the Creeks
at Shoulderbone.
* * Massachusetts sells the " Phelps and
Gorham Purchase," in New York, —
6,000,000 acres for 31,000,000.
* * Portugal orders her fleet in the
Mediterranean to protect American
vessels from pirates.
* * Requisitions of Congress on the
States for the last four years amount
to $10,000,000; receipts one-fourth of
that amount.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-96 * * Mich. Lord Dorchester.
-90 * * R.I. John Collins.
-88 * * Va. Edmund Randolph.
1787 Apr. 13. New York. General St.
Clair makes his report to Congress on
the British infraction of the treaty on
the northwestern frontier.
May 14. Phila. A National Consti-
tutional Convention for framing (in
part) a less restricted Constitution as-
sembles, [and "Washington is unani-
mously elected its President. It does
not begin its work till May 25. All of
the States (9) except Rhode Island are
represented before its close.]
May 29. Phila. Edmund Randolph
moves the Convention to set aside the
Articles of Confederation and adopt a
new Constitution ; a committee is ap-
pointed.
July 5. Phila. New York retires
from the Convention.
July 13. New York. Passage of the
Ordinance of 1787 by the Congress of
the Confederation.
It is unanimously passed " for the
government of the territory to the
northwest of the Ohio ; " it contains an
" unalterable " article, forbidding sla-
very or involuntary servitude. The or-
dinance was drawn up by Nathan Dane,
a member of Congress from Massachu-
setts.
Congress adopts St. Clair's report of
Apr. 13th.
July 18. New York. Congress ratifies
the treaty with Morocco.
July * Phila. It is rumored that the
Federal Convention in secret session
considers the advisability of offering to a
foreign prince the Crown of America.
July 24. Phila. The Committee on the
details of the Federal Constitution be-
gins work.
Aug. 6. Phila. A draft of a Federal
Constitution, in twenty-three articles,
is reported to the Convention.
It permits the slave trade for twenty
years, and concedes that three-fifths of
the slaves shall be counted in the appor-
tionment of Congressional representa-
tives, and that fugitive slaves shall be
returned to their masters. These con-
cessions are made to secure union.
Aug. 9. South Carolina cedes her west-
ern lands to the Federal Government.
Aug. 19. S. C. The delegates in Con-
gress execute a deed to Congress for the
western lands of the State. [They
partly comprise the area of Tennessee.]
A Federal Democratic Govern-
ment is established.
Sept. 17. Phila. The Federal Consti-
tution is signed by the Convention ; the
Articles of Confederation are set aside,
and the Constitution is to be submitted
to Congress. The Convention adjourns.
* * U. S. The first political agitation
occurs. Federalists favor and Republi-
cans or Anti-Federalists oppose the ap- ,
proval of the Constitution by the States.
Sept. 28. New York. The Congress of
the Confederation sends the new Con-
stitution to the several States for their
action.
* * N. C. The attempt to form the State
of Franklin, in the western lands,
collapses.
Oct. 5. New York. Congress recalls
Minister Adams from London.
Oct. 30. New York. The Continental
Congress adjourns.
Nov. 5. New York. The 14th and last
session of the old Continental Con-
gress opens.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1785 * * Pa. Harrisburg is laid out
in town lots.
* * The regular exportation of cotton
begins ; one bag is sent from Charleston
to Liverpool, 12 from Philadelphia, and
one from New York.
* ♦ The Lombardy poplar is introduced.
1786 Mar. 6. Boston. The Ohio Com-
pany is formed by Putnam, Cutler, and
others.
Apr. 24. Boston. About 100 houses are
burned.
1787 Sept. 30. Departure of the first
American vessel making a voyage
around the world.
100
1787, Dec-1789.
AMERICA:
ARMY -NAVY.
1787 Dec. * Ga. The Creeks are de-
feated at Jack's Creek.
1788 Sept. * U. S. Lieut.-Col. Josiah
Harmar is general-in-chief by brevet.
1789 * * The maximum strength of the
army is one regiment of infantry, one
battery of artillery, — 840 men.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1788 Apr. 12. Phila. The first pow-
er-loom is set up.
* * New York. The first dentist's office
is established by John Greenwood.
* * II. I. A company is formed in Provi-
dence for the manufacture of "home-
spun cloth."
1789 * * Conn. The Sortie of the Garri-
son from Gibraltar is exhibited by John
Trumbull at the Royal Academy.
± * * William Rush executes ideal figures
and portrait busts in wood and clay.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1788* *
Blake, John L., clergyman, born.
Blanchard, Thomas, inventor, born.
Boyden, Seth, inventor, born.
Byles, Mather, wit and divine, A82.
Campbell, Alexander, founder, born.
Cushing, Thomas, statesman, A60.
Elbert, Samuel, Gov. of Ga., A 55.
Gadsden, James, statesman, born.
Grayson, William J., senator for S. C, born.
Hill, Isaac, senator, editor, born.
Judson, Adoniram, missionary, born.
Lovell, John, schoolmaster, A78.
Bobbins, Boyal, historian, born.
Stevens, Robert Livingston, born.
Totten, Joseph G., military engineer, born.
1789 * *
Allen, Ethan, colonel in Revolution, A52.
Bond, William Cranch, astronomer, born.
Clay, Clement C, ex-senator, born.
Comstock, John Lee, author, born.
Cooper, James Fenlmore, novelist, born.
Deans, Silas, diplomatist, A52.
Emory, John, bishop, born in Md.
Farmer, John, genealogist, born.
Felt, Joseph Barlow, historian, born.
Francis, John Wakefield, physician, born.
Gould, Hannah Flagg, poet, born.
Hillhouse, James Abraham, poet, born.
Kearny, Lawrence, commodore, born.
Kendall, Amos, statesman, born.
Ledyard, John, traveler, A38.
Lundy, Benjamin, abolitionist, born.
Meade, William, bishop of Va., born.
Nelson, Thomas, patriot, A51.
Petigru, James Lewis, lawyer, born.
Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, novelist, b.
Sparks, Jared, hisorian, born.
St. Leger, Barry, Brit, colonel, A52.
Winslow, Miron, missionary, born.
Woodbury, Levi, justice, born in N. H.
CHURCH.
1788 May 28. Phila. The Presby-
terian Synod meets.
It adopts the amended Report on Gov-
ernment and Discipline and the amended
Confession of Faith as the constitution
of the Church.
May 29. Phila. The "Westminster
Larger and Shorter Catechisms and
the Directory for Worship are ap-
proved as a part of the constitution of
the Presbyterian Church.
Four Synods comprise the Presbyte-
rian Church : New York, Philadelphia,
Virginia, and the Carolinas.
* * Boston. Mass is first celebrated
in New England, and the first Roman
Catholic Church is erected.
1789 May 21. Phila. The General
Synod meets and resolves itself into the
first General Assembly of the Pres-
byterian Church.
The Synod resolves to send mission-
aries to the frontiers.
* * The Confession of Faith and the Cate-
chisms issued by the Presbyterian Synod
of New York and New Jersey.
* * Phila. The "Book Concern" of the
Methodist Episcopal Church is estab-
lished. Capital, $600.
* * U. S. The several Annual Confer-
ences concur in the formation of a
Methodist Council, of bishop and pre-
siding elders.
July 28. Phila. Meeting of the Gen-
eral Convention of the Protestant
Episcopal Church, Bishop White pre-
siding.
Bishops White and Seabury constitute
the House of Bishops.
Aug. 8. Phila. The General Convention
decides on a constitution for the Prot-
estant Episcopal Church in America.
Sept. 25. U. S. The Constitution of the
United States is amended by Congress
to prohibit an established religion or
interference with freedom in the
exercise of religion. (See Dec. 15, 1791.)
Oct. 2. Phila. Union of the several
dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal
Church in one Convention.
Oct. 16. Phila. The Book of Prayer is
Americanized and formally ratified by
the (Protestant Episcopal) Convention.
* *Md. The See of Baltimore is erected,
[and John CarroU created its first
bishop] ; the diocese includes the entire
Republic.
* * Va. David Griffith relinquishes the
bishopric of Virginia, as the Church
fails to pay the expenses of consecration
in England.
* * Va. The General Committee of the
Baptist churches resolves against
slavery.
" Resolved, That slavery is a violent
deprivation of the rights of nature, and
inconsistent with republican govern-
ment, and therefore (we) recommend it
to our brethren to make use of every
measure to extirpate this horrid evil
from the land, and pray Almighty God
that our honorable Legislature may have
it in their power to proclaim the great
jubilee."
LETTERS.
1787 * * New York. The Independent
Journal is issued.
The New York Journal is sold to
Thomas Greenleaf, and the name
changed to the Argus or Greenleaf s
New Daily Advertizer.
Columbia CoUege is incorporated.
The New York Magazine and Literary
Repository issued. [Stopped 1792.]
* *-88* * New York. A series of eighty-
five papers, entitle 1 the Federalist, by
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and
James Madison, appear.
* * Phila. The American Museum is pub-
lished by Matthew Carey. [Stopped 1792.]
College of Physicians is established.
* * Pa. Franklin College (Lutheran) is
established by the legislature in recog-
nition of services and virtues of Ger-
mans.
* * Power of Religion on the Mind, by Lind-
ley Murray, appears.
* * The Vision of Columbus, by Joel Bar-
low, appears.
1788* *A Dissertation concerning the
True Nature of Christian Virtue, by
Jonathan Edwards, appears.
1789 July 28. Pa. The Pittsburg Ga-
zette is published.
* * -96 * * Boston. The Massachusetts
Magazine appears.
** * D.C. The Georgetown Academy
(College) (Rom. Cath.) is organized.
* * Md. St. John's College (non-sect.)
is organized at Annapolis.
* * New York. United States Gazette is
issued by John Fenno.
* * A Dissertation Concerning the End for
which God created the World, by Jona-
than Edwards, appears.
* * Dissertations on the English Language,
by Noah Webster, appears.
SOCIETY.
1788 Jan. 1. Phila. The Quakers
emancipate their slaves.
May 13. New York. First meeting of
the Tammany Society, having a Grand
Sachem (chosen from thirteen sachems),
a Sagamore, and a Wiskinskie ; " found-
ed on principles of patriotism, and hav-
ing for its motives charity and brotherly
love."
June 8. Eng. On motion of William
Pitt, Parliament votes $6,700,000 for the
benefit of loyalists in America.
July 26. New York. A mob favorable
to the Federal Constitution destroys the
Anti-Federal printing-office of Thomas
Greenleaf.
1789 * * The slave trade, no longer a
Spanish monopoly, becomes free, and
rapidly increases.
* * Conn. A number of farmers of Litch-
field County combine, to do their agri-
cultural work without recourse to
spirituous liquors.
STATE.
1787 Dec. 7. Delaware is the first
State to ratify the Federation Con-
stitution, with a unanimous vote in a
State Convention. (Fiske, Dec. 6.)
Dec. 12. Pennsylvania is the second
to ratify the Constitution. Vote, 46 to
23.
Dec. 18. New Jersey ratifies the Con-
stitution with a unanimous vote.
* * New York. The Congress of tho
Confederation decides to make Philadel-
phia the Capital for ten years, r.nd
then to select a site on the Potomac.
UNITED STATES.
1787, Dec. -1789. 101
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-93 * * Mass. John Hancock.
-89 * * N. C. Samuel Johnston.
1788 Jan. 2. Georgia, the 4th State,
ratines the Constitution by a unanimous
vote.
Jan. 9. Connecticut, the 5th State,
ratines the Constitution. Vote, 128 to
40.
Feb. 6. Massachusetts, the 6th State,
ratines the Constitution. Vote, 187 to
168.
Apr. 28. Maryland, the 7th State, rati-
fies the Constitution. Vote, 63 to 12.
May 23. South Carolina, the 8th State,
ratifies the Constitution. Vote, 149 to
73.
June 17. y. Y. A Convention meets
at Poughkeepsie to consider the Federal
Constitution.
June 21. New Hampshire, the 9th
State, ratifies the Constitution. Vote,
57 to 46 ; two-thirds of the States favoring
the Federal Constitution, it becomes
valid.
June 25. Virginia, the 10th State, rati-
fies the Constitution. Vote, 89 to 79.
June 26. New York, the 11th State,
ratifies the Constitution and adds pro-
posed amendments. Vote, 30 to 27.
(Bryant, June 25.)
July 14. New York. The old Congress
ratines the Constitution framed by
the Convention of the States.
July 15. Georgia cedes her -western
lands to the Federal Government.
Sept. 13. New York. Congress makes
New York the Capital City.
The old Continental Congress appoints
the first Wednesday in January for Fed-
eral elections in the several States.
Nov. 1. New York. The last Conti-
nental Congress dies of inanition,
its records cease [and for six months
there is no National Government].
* * New York makes a treaty with the
Onondagas.
* * A Consular Convention is held be-
tween France and the United States.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
* *-1802 * * O. Ter. Arthur St. Clair.
Pa. Thomas Mifflin is president of the
Supreme Executive Council.
-91 * * Va. Beverly Randolph
* * Iowa is first settled.
1789 Jan. * St. Clair makes treaties
with the Indians at Fort Harmar.
Jan. 7. U.S. Wednesday, the first Na-
tional election is held.
Feb. 4. U. S. The electoral votes are
cast by the electors.
Feb. 26. N. Y. The Cayuga Indians
sell their lands to the State.
Mar. 4. U. S. The Constitution goes
into force as the law of the land.
New York. The First Federal Con-
gress assembles in the hall at the corner
of Wall and Broad Streets.
Mar. 30. New York. After a delay of
many days Congress secures a quorum
(30 members present), and proceeds to
organize the House. F. A. MUhlenburg
of Pa. is elected the first Speaker.
(Moore, House, Apr. 1 ; Senate, Apr. 6.)
Apr. 6. New York. George Washing-
ton of Va. is chosen President by the
electors.
The electoral vote is counted : George
Washington, 69 ; John Adams, 34 ; John
Jay, 9 ; R. H. Harrison, 6 ; John Rut-
ledge^; John Hancock, 4; George Clin-
ton, 3 ; Samuel Huntington, 2 ; John
Milton, 2 ; James Armstrong, Benjamin
Lincoln, and Edward Telfair, each one
vote. Each elector votes for two candi-
dates. The person receiving the next
largest vote is declared Vice-President.
New York. The Senate organizes.
John Langdon of N. H. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
Apr. 21. New York. John Adams of
Mass. is seated in the Senate as Vice-
President.
First Administration ; Federalist.
Apr. 30. New York. George "Wash-
ington of Va. is inaugurated, the first
President. John Adams of Mass. is
Vice-President, he being the next in the
number of votes.
July 4. New York. President Washing-
ton approves the first Tariff Act —
a declaration of financial independence ;
the duties average about 8^ per cent.
Aug. 7. New York. Congress organizes
the War Department.
Sept. 10. New York. Congress orders
the organization of three executive
Departments.
* * New York. A President's Cabinet
is formed.
Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State ;
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the
Treasury ; Henry Knox, Secretary of
War; Edmund Randolph, Attorney-
General.
Sept. 15. New York. The Depart-
ment of State is made the depository
of the archives of the United States.
Sept. * Netv York. A National judi-
ciary is established.
Justices appointed to the Supreme
Court of the United States : John Jay
of N. Y. Chief Justice ; John Blair of
Va. ; William Cushing of Mass. ; Rob-
ert H. Harrison of Md. ; John Rutledge
of S. C. ; James Wilson of Pa.
Sept. 25. New York. Congress passes
12 Constitutional Amendment Bills.
[Ten are soon approved by three-fourths
of the States.]
1st Amendment of the Constitution :
" Congress shall make no law respecting
an establishment of religion, or pro-
hibiting the free exercise thereof, or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of
the press, or the rights of the people
peaceably to assemble and to petition
the Government for the redress of
grievances."
2d Amendment, respecting the right
to bear arms.
3d Amendment, forbidding the quar-
tering of soldiers on the people.
4th Amendment, respecting searches
and seizures of persons, property, etc.
5th Amendment, respecting indict-
ment, martial law, legal process, and
eminent domain.
6th Amendment, providing for privi-
leges of accused persons and speedy
trials.
7th Amendment, guaranteeing jury
trial for anything over $20 in common
law suits.
8th Amendment, respecting bail, fines,
cruelty, and unusual punishment.
9th Amendment, declaring that the
enumeration of rights in the Constitu-
tion does not impair other rights.
10th Amendment, respecting State
rights.
Sept. 29. New York. Congress estab-
lishes a regular army.
1st Congress : the first session closes.
Nov. 21. North Carolina, the 12th
State, accepts the Constitution. Vote,
193 to 75.
Dec. 22. North Carolina cedes its
western lands to Congress. [They
partly comprise the area of Tennessee.]
It makes the condition that no regula-
tion of Congress shall tend to the
emancipation of slaves in this terri-
tory.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-96 * * Del. Joshua Clayton.
-90 * * Oa. George Walton.
-92 * * N. C. Alex. Martin.
-94 * * N.J. Wm. Livingston.
-92 * * S. C. Thos. Pinckney.
-90 * * Ft. Moses Robinson.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1788 Mar. 21. La. Seven-eighths of
New Orleans is burned to ashes.
Apr. 7. O. Commencement of Mari-
etta, the first permanent settlement, by
the Ohio Company.
* * New York. Questions of official cere-
mony and etiquette vex the Govern-
ment.
Adams desires much ceremony; Jef-
ferson will have none ; Hamilton advises
simple formality ; Washington coincides.
* * U. S. The National debt exceeds
$80,000,000.
July 4. Phila. Magnificent and varied
celebration of National Indepen-
dence.
In recognition of the Federal Union,
the new Constitution is personified by a
lofty ornamental car, in the form of an
eagle, drawn by six horses ; the Chief-
Justice and two of his associates are
seated within it, bearing the Constitu-
tion upon a staff.
Oct. 15. New York. Washington sets
out in his carriage to make a tour of the
Northern States.
Oct. 24. Boston. Washington arrives.
* * Indiana is first settled.
1789 Jan. * O. Cincinnati is laid out.
Mar. 4. New York. Citizens celebrate
the assembling of Congress by the
ringing of bells and firing of cannon, at
early morn, at noon, and at sunset.
* * Tenn. Knoxville is settled. [Named
in honor of Gen. Knox.]
102 1789-1792, Nov.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1790 Sept. 19.-1795 Aug. 3. North-
western Indian wars; 8,983 men en-
gaged ; cause, the Indians claim the
territory.
Oct. * O. "War with the Miami In-
dians in the Ohio Valley ; Gen. Harmar
is defeated.
* * New York. Castle William (Castle
Garden) is erected.
* * U. S. The army consists of 1,316
men for service on the Indian frontier.
1791 U. S. Maj.-Gen. Arthur St.
Clair is appointed (fourth) commander
of the army.
June 1. O. Kickapoo Indians are sur-
prised on the Wabash ; many are killed
and taken prisoners.
Sept. 9. O. Gen. St. Clair, with 2,000
men, sets out to subdue the Miami con-
federacy.
Nov. 4. O. Gen. St. Clair is surprised
and routed by the Indians on the Wa-
bash, losing half his men.
* * General Knox formulates a plan for
organizing the militia.
1792 Apr. 11. U.S. Maj.-Gen. An-
thony Wayne is appointed (fifth) com-
mander of the army.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1790 June 5. Pa. The steamboat con-
structed by John Fitch makes a trip from
Philadelphia to Trenton and return. It
is propelled by 12 oars.
Dec. * R. I. Samuel Slater, an English-
man, starts the first successful Amer-
ican cotton-factory at Pawtucket, near
Providence.
± * * Phila. A statue of Washington [now
in Independence Hall] is executed by
William Rush.
1791 * * Ky. The first American fur-
nace is erected by Government troops
on Slate Creek.
* * La. The first dramatic representation
in New Orleans is presented.
* * Pa. Accidental discovery of An-
thracite coal in Carbon and other
counties.
Broom-corn brooms are first made in
America.
Giuseppe Ceracchi executes busts of
Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and
others.
David Rittenhouse succeeds Benja-
min Franklin as president of the Amer-
ican Philosophical Society.
1792 May 7. Ore. Capt. Robert Gray,
of the merchant ship Columbia, discovers
and enters the Columbia River.
Aug. 16. Boston. The first theater is
opened in the hew Exhibition Room ;
to evade the law, the first play is called
the Moral Lecture of Douglas (p. 104).
* * -94 * * Ore. George Vancouver, of
England, explores the Pacific coast.
* * John Trumbull paints a Portrait of
Washington.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1790* *
Armstrong, Robert, general in Fla. war, b.
Bachman, John, naturalist, born.
Bartlett, John Sherren, editor, born.
Bellamy, Joseph, clergyman, writer, A71.
Bowdoin, James, philosopher, statesman,
A 63.
Capers, William, Meth. Epis. bishop, South, b.
Durfee, Job, jurist, M. C. for R. I., born.
Force, Peter, historian, born in N. J.
Franklin. Benjamin, printer, philosopher,
patriot, and statesman, A84.
Gibbs, Josiah Willard, philologist, born.
Goodrich, Chauncey Allen, clergyman, au-
thor, born.
Gray, Francis Culley, lawyer, scholar, born.
Grayson, William, soldier of Revolution, d.
Harper, William, senator for S. C, born.
Hooper,William, lawyer and patriot of N. C,
A 48.
Livingston, William, Gov. of N. J., M. C,
A 67.
Longstreet, Augustus B., Meth. Epis. clergy-
man of S. CM born.
Putnam. Israel, general in Revolution, A72.
Shubrick, William Branford, admiral, born.
Turner, Samuel Hulbeart, Prot. Epis. clergy-
man, professor, born.
Twiggs, David Emanuel, Secessionist gen., b.
Tyler. John, 10th president, born in Va.
1791 * *
Beck, Theodric Romeyn, physician, born.
Blair, Francis Preston, journalist, born.
Buchanan, James, 15th president, born In
Pa., Apr. 22.
Bullions, Peter, author, born.
Burden, Henry, manufacturer, born.
Butler, Richard, major-general, killed by In-
dians.
Cooper, Peter, philanthropist, born in New
York.
Hall, Lyman, statesman, A90.
Harrison, Benjamin, general, signer of
Decl., ex-governor, A51. ?
Hayne, Robert Young, orator, born.
Hopkinson, Francis, author, signer of Dec-
laration, A54.
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, artist, in-
ventor, born.
Olmsted, Denison, natural philosopher, b.
Pond, Enoch, theologian, born.
Sigrourney, Lydia Huntley, poet, born.
Sprague, Charles, poet, born.
Ticknor, George, scholar, writer, born.
Treadwell, Daniel, mechanician, born.
1792* *
Ainslie, Hew, poet, born.
Astor, William B., capitalist, born.
Birney. James Gillespie, statesman, aboli-
tionist, born.
Collamer, Jacob, senator for Vt., born.
Cruger, John, mayor of New York, A82.
Dallas, George Mifflin, statesman, born.
De Kay, James Ellsworth, naturalist, born.
Everett, Alexander Hill, diplomatist, b.
Fairbanks, Erastus, Gov. of Vt., born.
Finney. Charles Grandison, college presi-
dent, born.
Fisk, Pliny, missionary, born.
Fisk, Wilbur, pres. of Wesleyan Univ., born.
Harding, Chester, painter, born.
Jones, John Paul, naval officer, A 45.
Laurens, Henry, statesman, A68.
Lawrence, Abbott, benefactor, born.
Lea, Isaac, naturalist, born.
Mason, (leorge, statesman, A67.
Mason, Lowell, musical composer, born.
Nelson, Samuel, justice, born in N. Y.
Payne, John Howard, actor, born.
Ren wick, James, physicist, born.
Richards, William, missionary, born.
Rumsey, James, inventor, A 49.
Sartwell, Henry Parker, botanist, born.
Smith, Seba, author, born.
Spangenburg, August, founder, A88.
Stevens, Thaddeus, senator for Pa., born.
Stone, William Leete, journalist, born.
Vassar, Matthew, philanthropist, born.
CHURCH.
1790 Sept. 19. Va. James Madison
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop at Lambeth, England.
Oct. 1. U.S. The modified Prayer-Book
comes into use in all Protestant Episco-
pal churches.
Nov. 18. R.I. Organization of the (Prot-
estant Episcopal) Diocese of Rhode Is-
land.
* * New York. The second Methodist
church in this city is formed.
* * Pa. Jacob Albright begins his work
of reform among the German Christians
of Eastern Pennsylvania. [The Evan-
gelical Association is developed later.]
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets ; Robert
Smith, moderator.
* * Vt. The (Protestant Episcopal) Dio-
cese of Vermont is organized, and the
first Episcopal Convention in Ver-
mont is held.
* * The Methodist Council becomes un-
popular and holds its last session.
* * The Methodist Conference omits the
words " buying and selling " from John
Wesley's rules on intemperance.
* * The Methodist Conferences order the
organization of Sunday-schools for
the instruction of " poor children, white
and black." Sessions to be from 6 to 10
A. M., and 2 to 6 P. M.
1791 Sept. 14. Mass. The presbytery
of Salem is dissolved.
* * Md. First legislation in the Catholic
Church by the Synod of Baltimore.
* * N. Y. The New York Baptist Associ-
ation is formed.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets ; John
Woodhull, moderator.
* * Pa. Lutherans receive a grant of
5,000 acres of land from the Legislature.
1792 Sept. 11. New York. The (Prot-
estant Episcopal) Convention meets.
Sept. 17. Md. Consecration of Thos. J.
Claggett (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
for Maryland.
Nov. 1-15. Md. The First Regular
General Conference of the Methodist
Episcopal Church is held at Baltimore.
LETTERS.
1790 May 31. First Copyright Act
in the United States passed, chiefly
through the influence of Noah Webster
[the lexicographer].
* * N. Y. A proposition in the Assembly
to establish public schools is hardly
noticed.
* * -97 * * New York Magazine appears.
* * Va. William Henry Harrison
graduates at Hampden-Sidney College.
1791 Oct. 24. Md. First issue of the
Baltimore Daily Repository.
* * Conn. The First Geography is pub-
lished by Jedediah Morse.
* * Md. St. Mary's Seminary (Rom.
Cath.) founded at Baltimore.
* * Vt. University of Vermont (non-
sect.) founded at Burlington.
SOCIETY.
1789 * * Washington makes a tour of
the Northern States, and is greeted with
great enthusiasm.
1790 Apr. 30. New York. Congress en-
acts that every soldier shall have half
a gill of rum, brandy, or whisky daily.
UNITED STATES.
1789-1792, Nov. 103
Dec. 29. New York. Presentation of the
" Memorial of the College of Physicians
to the Senate of the United States Con-
gress," deprecating the use of ardent
spirits, and recommending the imposi-
tion of high duties upon their impor-
tation.
* * Phila. The Pennsylvania Anti-
Slavery Society (Benjamin Franklin
Pres.) petitions Congress " to devise
means for removing the inconsistency of
slavery from the American people."
* * New York. A bill is introduced in
Congress for taxing distilled liquors.
* * Slavery is already prohibited in
six of the States.
* * U. S. Total number of slaves,
697,897.
1791 July 4. George Buchanan makes
his address on slavery.
STATE.
1789 * * New York. Jefferson and Ham-
ilton representing opposite parties in
the Cabinet, Washington is vexed by
many disagreements.
1790 Jan. 4. New York. The 1st
Congress: 2d session opens. Presi-
dent Washington orally addresses the
two Houses assembled to hear him.
Mar. 25. Eng. The plan of the British
Government for compensating Ameri-
can loyalists for losses is suspended.
Apr. 2. North Carolina finally cedes
its western lands. (See 1789.)
New York. Congress accepts the
lands ceded by North Carolina.
%* * Kentucky is organized as a Territory.
May 29. Rhode Island, the 13th State,
and the last of all, approves the Federal
Constitution. Vote, 34 to 32.
June * S. C. Meeting of State Conven-
tion to frame a new Constitution.
* * New York. Congress is urged to as-
sume the debts of the several States
incurred in the prosecution of the Revo-
lutionary War. ($18,271,786.)
Southern members oppose and North-
ern members favor the plan. [The mat-
ter is finally settled by a compromise ;
the Northern members consenting to the
location of the Capital on the Potomac
River.]
July 10. New York. Congress resolves
to hold its sessions in Philadelphia
for ten years, and thereafter on the
Potomac. Vote, 32-29.
July 16. New York. Congress passes an
act locating the future seat of Govern-
ment in the District of Columbia.
Sixty square miles of territory are ceded
to the United States by Maryland and
Virginia.
Aug. 4. New York. Congress finally
passes the bill for funding the debts
of the States, which it has assumed,
thus putting the finances of the country
on a firm basis.
Kentucky applies for admission into
the Union.
Aug. 7. N. Y. The Creek Indian
chiefs sign a treaty in the Hall of
Representatives, in which the territory
south and west of the Oconee is solemn-
ly guaranteed to them, they resigning
lands north and east of that river.
Aug. 12. New York. The 1st Con-
gress : the second session closes.
Sept. 2. Pa. A new State Constitution
is adopted.
* * U.S. Philadelphia the Capital City.
The seat of the Federal Government
is removed from New York.
Dec. 6. Phila. The 1st Congress : the
third session opens.
* * U. S. James Iredell of N. C. is
made Justice of the Supreme Court.
The Federal Revenue is $4,000,000 ;
the expenditure of the Government,
including interest on the public debt,
is $1,000,000.
* * Vt. The jurisdiction of New York
in the Province of Vermont is purchased
by the latter for $30,000.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-92 * * Cal. Jos6 A. Roman (Spanish).
-93 * * Ga. Edward Telfair.
Pa. Thomas Mifflin.
-05 * * P. I. Arthur Fenner.
Tenn. Ter. Wm. Blount.
-97 * * Vt. Thomas Chittenden.
1791 Jan. 1. The National debt is
$75,463,476.
Jan. 10. Vermont adopts the Federal
Constitution.
Feb. 25. Phila. The Bill to establish a
National Bank becomes a law ; it is
generally favored by Northern members,
and generally opposed by those from the
South.
Mar. 3. The District of Columbia is
fully organized.
Mar. 4. Vermont is admitted into the
Union as the 14th State.
Phila. The 1st Congress ends.
June 7. Phila. The Bank of the United
States is instituted ; capital $10,000,000 ;
it is opposed by Jefferson and the Anti-
Federal party.
Aug. * Phila. George Hammond, the
first minister from Great Britain, is re-
ceived.
Oct. 24. Phila. The 2d Congress
opens.
Oct. * Phila. Congress ; Senate : John
Langdon of N. H. is reelected President
pro tempore. House : Jonathan Trum-
bull of Conn, is elected Speaker.
* * Phila. Thomas Johnson of Md. is
appointed Justice of the Supreme Court.
Dec. 15. U. S. The first ten Amend-
ments of the Constitution come in force.
Dec. * U. S. Thomas Pinckney of
S. C. is appointed minister to England.
* * O. Gen. St. Clair appointed governor
of the Northwestern Territory, with in-
structions to drive out the Indians.
* * -94 * * Va. Henry Lee governor.
1792 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$77,227,924.66.
Mar. 1. Phila. Congress provides by
enactment for the Presidential suc-
cession in certain contingencies.
In case of inability of the Vice-Presi-
dent, the office devolves on the president
pro tempore of the Senate ; and if he
cannot assume the office it goes to the
Speaker of theHouse of Representatives.
Apr. 2. Phila. The National Mint is
established.
Apr. 17. Phila. Congress; Senate:
R. H. Lee of Va. is elected President
pro tempore.
May 8. Phila. The 2d Congress : the
first session closes.
June 1. Kentucky is admitted into the
Union as the 15th State.
June 4. Ky. The first legislature
meets ; Isaac Shelby governor.
June * Rumors circulate of a conspiracy
to change the Government into a mon-
archy.
June * N. Y. Chief Justice John Jay
(Federalist) is elected Governor of New
York over George Clinton by about 400
votes.
Clinton's friends in the canvassing
committee throw out three counties on
technicalities, and award the office to
him.
Nov. 5. Phila. The 2d Congress:
second session opens. Senate ; John
Langdon of N. H. is elected President
pro tempore.
* * U. S. Second Presidential elec-
tion ; Washington is unanimously re-
elected President, and John Adams
is reelected Vice-President. The Anti-
Federalists, now called Republicans, are
led by Jefferson, the Federalists by
Hamilton and Adams.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1789 * * New York. It is proposed to lay
out a park bordering the drainage canal
(Canal Street), but the project is aban-
doned because of the remoteness of the
locality.
1790 * * U. S. The first census is ta-
ken. Philadelphia has a population of
43,000; New York, 33,000; Boston, 18,000 ;
Baltimore, 13,000; the whole country,
3,929,214, including 697,681 slaves.
* * U. S. The center of population is 23
miles east of Baltimore.
July 17. N. Y. The first bank of Al-
bany begins to discount.
Aug. 1. New York. The yellow fever
rages.
Dec. 20. Phila. The Bank of the
United States commences to discount.
Its notes are payable in specie, and re-
ceivable in all payments to the United
States.
* * D. C. The city of "Washington is
founded.
* * Mass. First American whaling ship
for the Pacific sails from Nantucket.
* * N.C. An Act of Legislature is passed
for laying out the town of Raleigh.
* * New York. The first bank in this city-
is established — The Bank of New York.
1792 June 4. .V. Y. The survey of a
route from Pennsylvania through the
Genesee country is completed.
June 11. N. H. The first bank in this
State begins discounting at Portsmouth.
104
1792-1794.
AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1792 * * The army consists of 5,120 men.
1793 * * 0. Gen. Wayne (" Mad An-
thony ") leads 3,000 men against the
Indians.
Dec. * O. Fort Greenville is built by
Gen. Wayne.
* * The war between Portugal and Algiers
closes, and American vessels are again
seized by the pirates.
1794 Mar. 27. Phila. Congress
authorizes the construction of 6 frigates,
3 of them to be of the very heavy class,
thus beginning the navy.
* * O. Fort Kecovery is built by Gen.
Wayne.
Aug. 20. O. Gen. "Wayne defeats the
Miami Indians at the Maumee Rapids,
and then desolates their country.
* * 0. Fort Defiance is built.
May 7. D. C. Congress establishes a
combined corps of engineers and artil-
lery, with a military school for cadets.
Sept.* - Nov. + * Pa. The Whisky
Rebellion.
Washington sends a force of militia
into western Pennsylvania to put down
the Whisky Rebellion, the distillers hav-
ing refused to pay the Government tax
and fired on its officers.
* * Gen. Wayne is victorious in breaking
the Miami confederacy.
* * U. S. The maximum strength of the
army is 3,629.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1792 * * D.C. The Federal Commis-
sioners advertise in the newspapers of
all the principal cities for designs for
a Federal Capitol building and a
President's House.
* * 6a. The cotton-gin is invented by
Eli Whitney, a Connecticut school-
teacher residing in Georgia.
[It gives an immense impetus to the
cultivation of cotton, and adds many
millions of wealth to the South : it has
given direction to the politics and history
of the country.]
* * Dr. S. U. Johnston is painted by Gil-
bert Stuart.
1793 Jan. 9. Phila. The first balloon
ascension in America is made by Fran-
cois Blanchard, in the presence of
Washington.
Sept. 18. D. C. The corner-stone, at
the southeast corner of the Capitol at
Washington, is laid by Washington in
connection with Masonic ceremonies.
* * C. W. Peale paints a portrait of
Washington.
* * Conn. Eli Terry of Plymouth is the
first to manufacture clocks as a busi-
ness.
* * R.I. Samuel Slater of North Provi-
dence erects the first mill for the manu-
facture of cotton-yarns.
* * Wash. Alexander Mackenzie, trav-
eling overland, touches the coast above
the Columbia River.
1794 Feb. 4. Boston's first theater
building is opened, and called the Fed-
eral-street Theater. (See 1775, 1792.)
Feb. 17. Phila. A new theater is opened
in Chestnut Street by Wignel.
* * Mass. Newburyport has the first fac-
tory for the manufacture of woolen
goods.
* * N. Y. Samuel Morey builds a stern-
wheel steamboat, which runs from
Hartford to New York.
* * R. I. Cotton sewing - thread is
manufactured at Pawtucket.
* *"From this time forward the United
States had two stock [theatrical] com-
panies of extraordinary merit, surpassed
only by the companies at the three patent
houses in London." (Ency. Brit.)
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1793* *
Kates. Edward, statesman, born.
Bedell, Gregory Townsend, clergyman, be rn.
Butler, William O., statesman, born.
Carey, Henry Charles, political economist, b.
Chase, Irah, clergyman, born.
Colburn, Warren, mathematician, born.
Cox, Samuel Hanson, clergyman, born.
Doughty, Thomas, painter, born.
Foresti, Felice, educator, born.
Frothingham, Nathaniel L., clergyman, b.
Goodrich. Samuel Oriswold, author, born.
Guthrie, James, statesman, born.
Hall, James, author, born.
Hancock, John, statesman, AS6.
Hitchcock, Edward, pres. of Amherst Coll., b.
Houston, Sam, general, born.
Wanly, John, naval officer, A59.
McKeever, Isaac, commodore, born.
Mitchell, Elisha, chemist, born.
Mott, Ijucretia, philanthropist, born.
Neal, John, poet, born.
Phelps, Alinira Hart L., teacher, born.
Rives, William Cabell, statesman, born.
Schoolcraft, Henry Kowe, ethnologist, born.
Sherman, Koger, statesman, A72.
Slidell, John, lawyer, born.
1794* *
Andrew, James Osgood, bishop, born.
Angell, Joseph Kinnicut, lawyer, born.
Armstrong, James, general, dies.
Ashmun, Jehudi, philanthropist, born.
Beck, John Brodhead, physician, born.
Belknap, William G., general, born.
Bryant, William Cullen, poet, born.
Butler, John, Tory leader, dies.
Chase, Carlton, bishop, born.
Corwin, Thomas, statesman, born.
Dempster, John, educator, born.
Dewey, Orville, clergyman, born.
Everett, Edward, orator, born.
Graham, Sylvester, reformer, born.
Grier. Robert C justice, born in Pa.
Holbrook, John Edwards, naturalist, born.
Kearney, Stephen Watts, general, born.
Lewitt, Joshua, journalist, born.
Lee, Richard H., senator for Va., A62.
Marsh, James, theologian, born.
Meriam, Eben, meteorologist, born.
Morris, Thomas A., bishop, born.
Paine, Martyn, physician, born.
Perry, Matthew Calbraith, commodore, b.
Preston, William C. senator, born.
Robinson, Edward, scholar, born.
Stueben, Baron Frederick William A.,
general, A64.
Tappan, William Bingham, poet, born.
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, capitalist, born.
Walker, James, pres. of Harvard Coll., born.
Ware, Henry, Jr., clergyman, born.
Witherspoon, John, clergyman, A72.
Worth, William J., general, born.
CHURCH.
1792 Nov. * Md. The Baltimore Confer-
ence of the Methodist Episcopal Church
is organized.
* * N. H. First Annual Meeting of the
Free-will Baptists.
* * N.Y. The Reformed Dutch Church
publish their Standards of Doctrine,
etc., in English.
The Associated Presbytery of the Pres-
byterian Church is formed for West-
chester.
* * Pa. The General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church meets at Carlisle ;
John King, moderator.
It enters into correspondence with the
General Association of Churches of Con-
necticut by the appointment of a Stand-
ing Committee, and both agree to be
represented in each other's annual meet-
ing, by three commissioners.
* * Va. James O'Kelley secedes from
the Methodist Episcopal Church, and
forms the Republican Methodist Church.
1793 Oct. * N. Y. The Synod of the
Beformed Dutch Church adopts the
volume containing (in English) the Stand-
ards, Liturgy, Rules, etc., and it becomes
the Constitution of the Church.
* * La. The Boman Catholic Arch-
diocese of New Orleans is established.
* * Louisiana and the Floridas are
placed under separate Roman Catholic
bishops."
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets ; James
Latta, moderator.
Delegates from the General Association
of Connecticut take seats in the (Presby-
terian) General Assembly.
* * R. I. Samuel Slater establishes the
first Sunday-school in New England.
* * Vt. Edward Bass is elected Protes-
tant Episcopal Bishop of Vermont at the
annual Convention.
* * The Associated Northern Presbytery
of the Presbyterian Church is formed.
1794* *New York. The Beformed
Dutch General Synod is organized.
LETTERS.
1792** D.C. Georgetown CoUege
(Rom. Cath.) is founded ; controlled by
the Society of Jesus.
* * N. Y. Dr. Samuel Latham Mitchill
gives the first course of chemical lec-
tures ever listened to in the United
States.
1793 Nov. 9. O. First issue of the
Sentinel of the Northwestern Territory,
at Cincinnati, the earliest Western news-
paper.
* * Mass. WiHiams CoUege (non-sect.)
incorporated at Williamstown. [1 ma
founded by bequest of Col. Ephraim
Williams, who died in 1755.]
* * Tenn. First printing-press set up
in Tennessee, at Knoxville, and the
Knoxville Gazette issued.
* * N. H. Farmer's Museum appears at
Walpole.
* * New York. The Minerva [which is
soon changed to the Commercial Adver-
tiser] is issued by Noah Webster.
* * Mass. The essays under the signature
of Marcellus, by John Quincy Adams,
appear.
* * System of Doctrines contained in Divine
Revelation Explained and Defended, by
Samuel Hopkins, appears.
1794 Sept. 5. Boston Prices-Current
and Marine Intelligencer, Commercial
and Mercantile, appears.
UNITED STATES.
1792-1794.
105
SOCIETY.
1792 * * Washington makes a tour of
the Southern States, and is enthusias-
tically welcomed.
* * Viscount Chateaubriand visits the
United States.
1793 * * Phila. Congress gives sum-
mary power to slave-masters, or their
agents, to seize and return fugitive
slaves which have fled to other States.
* * Phila. William Cobbett, the En-
glish political writer, edits a paper in this
city.
1794 Feb. 4. Mass. The Legislature,
having repealed the law against the-
atrical amusements, the Federal-street
Theater opens.
STATE.
1792 Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue
$208,942.
* * Ind. A treaty is made with the In-
dians at Vincennes.
* * Phila. Congress fixes the postage
rate on letters at 6J cents for 30 miles,
and the rate to increase with the dis-
tance beyond that limit.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-94* * Cal. JoseJ.deArrillaga(Span.).
-96 * * Ky. Isaac Shelby.
-95 * .* N.C. Richard D. Spaight.
-94* *N. H. Josiah Bartlett.
-94 * * S. C. Arnoldus Vanderhorst.
* * Connecticut conveys 500,000 acres of
" Western Reserve lands " [in Ohio] to
certain citizens, as compensation for
property destroyed by fire and pillage
during the Revolution.
1793 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$80,352,634.
Feb. 13. Phila. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
For President : George Washington,
Federalist, 132 votes; John Adams, Fed-
eralist, 77 ; George Clinton of N. Y., Re-
publican, 50 ; Thomas Jefferson of Va.,
Republican, 4; Aaron Burr of N. Y.,
Republican, one vote. Vacancies, 3.
Feb. * Phila. Congress passes the Fu-
gitive Slave Act, for the rendition of
slaves to owners when found in other
States or Territories. Vote, House, 48-7 ;
Senate, no opposition. [It becomes a
dead letter till 1850.]
Mar. 2. Phila. The 2d Congress : the
second session closes.
Mar. 4. Phila. George Washington
of Va., the first President, enters his
second term ; John Adams of Mass.
is Vice-President.
Mar. 9. Phila. Congress passes the act
organizing the militia ; all male white
citizens between the ages of 18 and 45 to
be enrolled.
Apr. 8. S. C. Edmond C. Genet, min-
ister of France, arrives at Charleston.
France having declared war against
Great Britain, Genet proceeds to fit out
privateers, etc.
Apr. 22. Phila. Washington issues a
proclamation of neutrality in the war
between France and England [Genet ap-
peals from the President to the people].
May 9. France orders the seizure of
neutral vessels carrying supplies to an
enemy's port.
May 16. Phila. Genet is received with
great enthusiasm.
May 17. Phila. Genet, as minister
from France, presents his papers to the
President. (McMaster, May 18.)
July * Phila. The President asks France
to recall Genet because of his audacity
in attempting tocontrol theGovernment.
Nov. 6. Eng. George III. issues secret
instructions to British privateers to
seize all neutral vessels found trading
in the French West Indies. [Americans
lose many millions of dollars, and the
war spirit prevails among the people.]
Dec. 2. Phila. The 3d Congress
opens.
Dec. * Phila. Congress ; Senate : Ralph
Izard of S. C. is elected President pro
tempore. House : F. A. Muhlenburg
of Pa. is elected Speaker.
Dec. 31. Phila. Jefferson resigns as
Secretary of State because, the Govern-
ment adopts the- policy of neutrality in-
stead of aiding France against England.
U. S. Internal revenue $337,705.
* * U. S. Jefferson's followers become
known as Republicans, and Hamil-
ton's followers as Federalists.
* * U. S. The first Republican party
appears.
* * U. S. William Paterson of N. J.
is appointed Justice of the United States
Supreme Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-96 * * Ga. George Matthews.
-97 * * Mass. Samuel Adams.
1794 Jan. 1. U.S. Total National debt
$78,427,404, with $26,000,000 applicable to
the sinking fund.
Jan. 2. Phila. Congress resolves to
buy peace with Algiers.
Jan. 13. Phila. Congress adds two
more stars to the Federal flag.
Jan. * Phila. Edmund Randolph suc-
ceeds Jefferson as Secretary of State.
Feb. 3. Phila. Congress: the House
favors Madison's bill, asserting the
policy of discriminating duties on the
products of nations not in treaty with
the United States. Vote, 51^6.
Feb. 20. Phila. Congress : The Sen-
ate ceases to sit with closed doors.
Mar. 5 . U.S. Ratification of the 1 1th
Amendment to the Constitution re-
specting the judicial power of the
United States as against the States, as-
serting the non-suability of the States.
Mar. 6. Phila. Congress passes an
embargo law for a period of sixty
days.
Mar. 27. Phila. Congress provides for
a navy. (See Army — Navy.)
Apr. 19. Phila. Congress; Senate:
John Jay is confirmed as special envoy
to England.
May* The Treaty of Paris being unexe-
cuted, and certain military posts still
held by the British, American seamen
impressed, trading vessels captured, and
other irritating grievances existing,
Chief Justice Jay goes to England to
secure redress and negotiate a treaty
of amity, commerce, and navigation.
May 27. Phila. Washington recalls
Gouverneur Morris from France and
appoints James Monroe as minister.
June 9. Phila. The 3d Congress :
the first session closes.
Sept. * Pa. A whisky insurrection
breaks out in western Pennsylvania,
because of the tax laid on whisky for
revenue. (See Army, and Society.)
Nov. 3. Phila. The 3d Congress:
second session opens. [The Senate lacks
a quorum, and delays opening for two
weeks.]
Nov. 19. Jay's Treaty concluded.
It provides for the delivery of the
posts on the northern frontier (Treaty
of Paris) before June, 1796; for a com-
mission to define the " St. Croix " River ;
for commissioners to determine com-
pensation due to British subjects and
American citizens, in certain cases; for
the regulation of trade, the extradition
of criminals, etc. [It is received by the
country with great displeasure.]
* * Phila. Congress passes the Neu-
trality Act.
It makes it a misdemeanor for Ameri-
cans to augment any hostile force that
may be directed against any nation with
which the United States is at peace.
* * Irritation is caused by the continued
occupation of western forts on Lake
Erie by the British, contrary to treaty
agreement.
* * A despatch is received from Fauchet,
the French envoy, which is supposed to
compromise Edmund Randolph, Secre-
tary of State, in an intrigue attended
with bribery. [Later disproved.]
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $274,089.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-00 * * Cal. Diego de Borica (Span.).
-01 * * N.J. Richard Howell.
-05 * * N. H. John T. Gilman.
N. J. Wm. Paterson.
-96 * * S. C. Wm. Moultrie.
-96 * * Va. Robert Brooke.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1793 July* Phila. The yellow fever
again spreads devastation, carrying off
several thousand persons.
1794 Dec. 24. Mass. South Hadley
canal is opened.
* * O. Dayton is laid out in lots, which
are disposed of by lottery.
* * Phila. Incorporation of the Insur-
ance Company of North America,
also the Insurance Company of Penn-
sylvania.
* * Pa. The first turnpike road is con-
structed by a company, extending 62
miles, and connecting Lancaster with
Philadelphia.
106 1794-1797, June.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1796 July 14. N. Y. British troops
evacuate Oswego, and Americans
occupy the post.
Dec. 15. U.S. Ma j. -Gen. James Wil-
kinson appointed (sixth) commander of
the army.
1797 Mar. 10. Fr. The Directory
order the French men-of-war to prey
upon American commerce, aiming to
force Americans to join France
against England.
* * U. S. A provisional army is raised ;
Washington is lieutenant-general.
* * The frigate Constitution islaunched
at Boston, and the Constellation at Bal-
timore.
May * The United States begins to send
a fleet to sea against France.
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1795 Aug. * Conn. A theater is opened
in Hartford by Hodgkinson and a part
of the " Old American Company."
* * The portrait of Washington is painted
by Gilbert C. Stuart.
1796 Dec. 9. Phila. T. C. Cooper first
appears in America as Macbeth.
* * Mass. Newburyport has a factory for
printing calico.
* * Martha Washington is painted by Gil-
bert C. Stuart.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1795 * *
Baldwin, Matthias William, manufacturer, b.
Bartlett, Josiah, patriot, A 66.
Bennett, James Gordon, founder, born.
Bonneville, Benjamin L. E., traveler, born.
Bradford, William, U. S. attorney, A40.
Brooks, Maria, poetess, born.
Dana, Samuel L., agricultural chemist, born.
Drake, Joseph Kodinan, poet, born.
Giddings, Joshua Reed, statesman, born.
Hall, Hiland, jurist, born.
Harper, James, publisher, born.
Harris, Thaddeus William, entomologist, b.
Hopkins, Johns, philanthropist, born.
Kennedy, John Pendleton, novelist, born.
Maffltt, John Newland, Meth. preacher, b.
Marion, Francis, general, A63.
Barker, Joel, jurist, born.
Peabody. George, philanthropist, born.
Percival, James Gates, poet, born.
Phillips, John, founder, A 76.
Polk. James K., 11th president, born.
Prescott, William, col. at Bunker Hill, A69.
Robertson, Jacob, clergyman, born.
Stevens, Edwin Augustus, inventor, born.
Stiles, Ezra, college president, A 68.
Sullivan, John, general, A55.
Thompson, Daniel Peirce, novelist, born.
1796* *
Abbott, Benjamin, clergyman, A64.
Anderson, Rufus, clergyman, born.
Ballou. Hosea, college president, born.
Bascom, Henry B., bishop, born.
Beaumont, William, physiologist, born.
Brainard, John G. C, poet, born.
Briggs, George N., gov. of Mass., born.
Bush, (Jeorge, author, born.
Catlin, George, artist, born.
Clayton, John Middleton, statesman, born.
Durand, Asher Brown, painter, born.
Harlan, Richard, naturalist, born.
Huntington, Samuel, signer of Decl'n, A65.
Ingham, Charles C, painter, born.
Johnson, Reverdy, statesman, born in Md.
Lick, James, philanthropist, born.
Mann, Horace, educationist, born.
Muhlenberg, William A., poet, born.
Palfrey, John Gorham, historian, born.
Prescott, William Hicklinp. historian, b.
Rives, John C, journalist, born.
Seabury, Samuel, first Prot. Epis. bp., A67.
Sumner, Edwin Vose, general, born.
Wayland, Francis, philosopher, born.
Wayne, Anthony, gen. of Revolution, A51.
1797* ♦
Anthon, Charles, scholar, born,
Baraga, Frederick, bishop, born.
Barnard, Daniel Dewy, diplomatist, born.
Bell, John, senator for Tenn., born.
Chickering, Jonas, piano-maker, born.
Colton, Walter, writer, born.
De Lancey,William Heathcote, bishop, born.
Dowler, Bennet, physician, born.
Emerson, George P>., educationist, born.
Hale, Benjamin, educator, born.
Hamline, Leonidas Lent, bishop, born.
Henry, Joseph, physicist, born.
Hodge, Charles, theologian, born.
Huger, Isaac, general, A.V>.
Hughes, John, archbishop, born.
Kenrick, Francis Patrick, prelate, born.
Langdon, Samuel, college president, A74.
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, army officer, A63.
Lyon, Mary, founder, born.
May, Samuel Joseph, clergyman, born.
Olin, Stephen, Meth. Epis. clergyman, b.
Paulding, Hiram, naval officer, born.
Smith, Gerrit, philanthropist, born.
Ware, William, author, born.
Weed, Thurlow, journalist, born.
Winebrenner, John, clergyman, born.
Wood, George, 15., physician and author, b.
CHURCH.
1794 * * N. Y. The minutes of the Gen-
eral Synod of the Reformed Dutch
Church are first written in English.
The Sands-street Methodist Episcopal
church is organized in Brooklyn, the
first in this city.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets;
Alex. McWhorter, moderator.
It is agreed that commissioners visit-
ing either the General Assembly (Presby-
terian) or the Association of Connecticut,
(Congregational) be allowed to vote.
* * Vt. The lands belonging to the
Church of England and the Society for
the Propagation of the Gospel are se-
questered and applied to the school
fund.
1795 Sept. 13. S. C. Consecration of
Robert Smith (Protestant Episcopal)
Bishop for South Carolina.
* * Mass. Hosea Ballou avows Unita-
rian views of God and Christ.
* * N. Y. Shakers sign a written cove-
nant, making a full consecration to God
of life, services, and treasure.
* * Pa. The General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church meets at Car-
lisle ; John McKnight, moderator.
* * Phila. A special General Conven-
tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church
meets.
* * The Society of (Orthodox) Friends
begins mission-work among the Indians.
1796 May 15. Boston. The first Metho-
dist church is opened.
June 21. The Vermont (Congrega-
tional) Convention is organized.
I 3ct. 20. Mdj The Second General
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal
church meets at Baltimore ; Bishop Coke
and 120 preachers present.
Oct.* The New England and Philadel-
phia (Methodist Episcopal) Conferences
formed.
Dec. 6. O. The first Congregational
church in Ohio formed.
* * III. The first Baptist church in Illi-
nois formed at New Design.
* * Mass. Unitarian doctrines spread
among the Congregationalists.
The ** New York Missionary Soci-
ety" is organized, principally by Pres-
byterians.
* * New York. The first colored Metho-
dist church in this city is formed.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets ; Robert
Davidson, moderator.
1797 May 7. Mass. Consecration of
Edward Bass (Protestant Episcopal)
Bishop for Massachusetts.
June * New York. The General Synod
of the Reformed Church meets ; Dirck
Romeyn, president.
LETTERS.
1794 * * Greenfield Hill, by Timothy
Dwight, appears.
* * La. First issue of the Moniteur, the
first paper published west of the Mis-
sissippi.
* * Me. Bowdoin CoHege (Cong.),
founded at Brunswick.
* * Tenn. Greenville and Tusculum
CoUege (non-sect.) organized.
1795 Apr. 9. N. Y. The legislature
passes an enactment for the encourage-
ment of common schools.
* * Conn. The reserve lands of the State
are sold for $1,200,000; this sum is
appropriated for the support of schools
in the State.
* * N. C. University of North Caro-
lina (non-sect.) is organized at Chapel
Hill.
* * N. Y. Union CoUege (non-sect.) is
organized at Schenectady.
* * -1817 * * Conn. Rev. Timothy
Dwight is President of Yale College.
* * N. Y. The assembly appropriates
$50,000 annually for five years for the
establishment of public schools.
* * Grammar of the English Language, by
Lindley Murray, appears.
* * Essays of Camillus, by Alexander
Hamilton, appears.
1796 June 11. D. C. The Washington
Gazette first issued.
Oct. 6. Mass. The Polar Star and
Boston Daily Advertiser first issued.
* * Phila. The Literary Magazine and
American Register, by C. Brockden
Brown, is published. [Continues till
1810.]
1797 May 3. N. Y. Union College
holds its first commencement for con-
ferring degrees in the arts and sciences.
SOCIETY.
1794 Sept.*- Nov.* Pa. The Whis-
ky Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.
Occasioned by an excise tax of 11 cents
per gallon on spirits distilled from for-
eign materials, and 9 cents when distilled
from domestic materials. It cost the
Federal Government $1,500,000 to quell
it, or 32 per cent of the average annual
cost of the Government.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church adds the following
note to the Catechism,
UNITED STATES.
1794-1797, June. 107
" ' Stealers of men are those who bring off
slaves or freemen, and keep, sell, or buy
them.' To steal a freeman, says Urotius, is
the highest kind of theft. In other instances
we steal only human property, but when we
steal or retain men in slavery, we seize those
who, in common with ourselves, are consti-
tuted by the original grant lords of the
earth."
U. S. The President is authorized by
Congress to increase the quantity of
liquor to a gill, for troops on the fron-
tiers.
The Quakers present to Congress the
first anti-slavery petition.
* * Tenth. Andrew Jackson marries
Rachel Robards.
* * In the navy, a half -pint of spirits, or
a quart of beer, constitutes part of a
daily ration, by order of Congress.
* * Va. James Madison marries Dolly
Todd.
1795 * * Phila. A uniform ration of
half a gill of liquor is ordered by Con-
gress for each soldier.
* * O. William Henry Harrison mar-
ries Anna Symmes.
1796 * * U. S. Washington continues
his ascendency over the minds of the
people, securing in favor of his measures
the votes of those elected to oppose them.
Jefferson writes, " Congress has ad-
journed. . . . One man outweighs them
all in influence over the people, who
support his judgment against their own
and that of their representatives. Re-
publicanism resigns the vessel to its
pilot."
STATE.
1795 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of Na-
tional debt $80,747,587.
Feb. 20. Phila. Congress; Senate:
Henry Tazewell of Va. is elected
President pro tempore.
Mar. 4. Phila. The 3d Congress:
the second session closes.
June 8. Phila. Congress: the Senate
convenes in special session to consider
the Jay Treaty.
June 24. Phila. Congress; Senate:
The Jay treaty is ratified. (Article
XII. excepted.)
June* +. U. S. Very great excite-
ment arises over the treaty with Eng-
land.
Aug. 3. O. Gen. Wayne makes a treaty
with 11,000 Indian warriors, at Fort
Greenville on the Miami.
Sept. 5. Phila. David Humphries makes
a shameful treaty of peace (like that
of other nations) with the dey of Algiers,
by which the pirate ships are bought
off by the payment of an annual tribute
of $24,000 in stores.
Sept. 9. Connecticut alienates the re-
mainder of the "Western Reserve"
for the sum of $1,200,000.
Oct. * Jay's Treaty is finally ratified by
both countries.
Oct. 27. Treaty of San Lorenzo.
Between the United States and Spain
by Charles C. Pinckney, settling the
boundary between Louisiana and the
United States, and securing the free
navigation of the Mississippi.
Dec. 7. Phila. The 4th Congress
opens.
Dec* Phila. Congress; House: Jona-
than Dayton of N. J. is elected Speaker.
Dec. 10. Phila. Timothy Pickering
of Mass. becomes Secretary of State.
Doc. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $337,755.
* * The Yazoo land grants occasion a con-
troversy [continuing till 1814].
* * The Indians begin to cede land to the
United States.
* * Mich. The British plot to buy up the
lower peninsula of Michigan is disclosed.
* * John Rutledge of S. C. is appointed
Chief Justice of the United States Su-
preme Court.
* *-98* *N.C. Samuel Ashe, governor.
1796 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the
National debt $83,762,172.
Jan. 4. Phila. Congress receives the
message of Washington.
Jan. 14. Tennessee adopts a Constitu-
tion.
Feb. 6. Vermont adopts a Constitution.
Mar. 1. Phila. Proclamation of the
ratification of the Jay Treaty.
Apr. 20. Phila. Congress: The House
agrees to sustain Jay's Treaty. Vote,
51-48.
Apr. 28. Phila. Congress; House:
Speech by Fisher Ames, Federal
leader, in support of Jay's Treaty.
Money is at last voted to execute it.
May 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Samuel Livermore of N. H. is elected
President pro tempore.
June 1. Tennessee is admitted into
the Union as the sixteenth State.
Phila. The 4th Congress : first ses-
sion closes.
June * A treaty with the Creek Indians
is made by the Government at Colraine.
July 12. Redemption of 94 American
prisoners from the Algerines, by the
United States consul.
July 14. O. The Connecticut Western
Reserve is first occupied.
* * The Government makes a treaty with
the Cherokees at Holston.
Sept. 17. Phila. Washington, having
declined a third term in the presidency,
issues his farewell address to the
country, and proposes to retire to pri-
vate life.
Sept. * Phila. C. C. Pinckney of S. C.
succeeds Monroe as minister to France.
* * Third Presidential Election. John
Adams of Mass. is the candidate for
the Federal party and those opposed to
close relations with France, and Thomas
Jefferson of Va. for the Anti-Federalists
or Republicans.
Nov. * Tenn. Andrew Jackson is
elected to the House of Representatives.
Dec. 5. Phila. The 4th Congress:
the second session opens.
* * Mass. Disunion sentiments are as-
serted.
* * Phila. The custom arises of holding
Congressional Caucuses to nominate
candidates for the Presidency.
Dec. 7. Phila. Congress : Washing-
ton meets both Houses for the last time
as President.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $475,289.
* * U. S. Oliver Ellsworth of Conn, is
appointed Chief Justice, and Samuel
Chase of Md. a Justice of the Supreme
Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-98 * * Conn. Oliver Wolcott.
-97 * * Del. Gunning Bedford.
-98 * * Ga. Jared Irwin.
-1804* * Ky. James Garrard.
-1800 * * Mich. Arthur St. Clair (of
N. W. Ter.).
-01* * XT. Y. John Jay.
-98 * * S. C. Chas. Pinckney.
-01 * * Tenn. John Sevier.
-99 * * Va. James Wood.
1797 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the
National debt $82,064,479.
Feb. 8. Phila. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
For President : John Adams, Federal-
ist, 71 ; Thomas Jefferson, Republican,
68; Thomas Pinckney, Federalist, 59:
Aaron Burr, Republican, 30 ; Samuel
Adams, Republican, 15 ; Oliver Ells-
worth, Independent, 11; George Clinton,
Republican, 7 ; John Jay, Federalist, 5 ;
James Iredell, Federalist, 3 ; George
Washington, John Henry, and S. John-
son, all Federalists, two votes each ;
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Federal-
ist, one vote.
Feb. 16. Phila. Congress ; Senate :
William Bingham of Pa. is re-
elected President pro tempore.
Mar. 8. Phila. The 4th Congress
ends.
Second Administration; Federalist.
Mar. 4. Phila. John Adams of Mass.
is inaugurated the second President,
in the third term of the presidency.
Thomas Jefferson of Va. is Vice-Presi-
dent. The cabinet is continued.
Mar. 10. N. Y. The capital is changed
from New York to Albany.
May 6. Phila. Congress ; House : Jon-
athan Dayton of N. J. is reelected
Speaker.
May 15. Phila. The 5th Congress
opens in special session to consider
relations with France.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1795 Feb. 28. N. Y. About 500 emi-
grants' sleighs pass through Albany
on their way to the Genesee country,
the Genesee Valley being the Far West.
* * New York. Yellow fever rages, and
700 deaths occur.
* * U.S. Exports for 1795, $47,000,000.
1796 Feb. 4. American ship Sedgley
rescues 160 men from the sinking British
ship Aurora.
June 20. S. C. Three hundred houses
are burned at Charleston.
Nov. 25. Ga. Fire; 350 houses are
burned at Savannah ; loss, $1,000,000.
* * O. Chillicothe is founded.
* * O. Many settlers emigrate to Ohio ;
Cleveland is founded.
108 1 797, July-1800, June 15.
AMERICA
ARMY - NAVY.
1798 Apr. 30. Phila. The Navy De-
partment is formally created, and Ben-
jamin Stoddert of Md. is appointed its
first secretary. [Cabot declined.]
May * Va. Harper's Ferry is selected
for a Government armory and manu-
factory.
July 7. U.S. Washington is appointed
lieutenant-general of the armies of the
United States. [Enthusiastic prepara-
tions are made for war with France.]
July 9 -1800 Sept. 30. The third
war. A quasi-war with France ; 4,593
men including naval forces are enrolled.
It commences without a declaration by
either Government.
Dec. 29. Commanders of American ves-
sels are ordered to resist by force the
mustering and searching of their vessels,
and then to strike colors and surrender
to superior forces only.
* * U. S. George Washington is ap-
pointed the first general (seventh) in com-
mand of the army.
* * U. S. The navy consists of 42 vessels
carrying 950 guns. The marine corps is
created by Congress.
1799 Feb. 9. W. I. The frigate Con-
stellation, Commodore Truxtun, of 38
guns, captures the French frigate V In-
surgent* oi 48 guns and more than 400
seamen, after a battle of one hour ; loss,
1 killed and 2 wounded ; French loss 29
killed and 44 wounded.
1800 Feb. 1. Commodore Truxtun
has a severe battle with the French
man-of-war Vengeance, which escapes
defeat by sailing away in the darkness ;
the flag of the Union -wins renown.
[The war proceeds no farther.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1797 * * New York. Chancellor Living-
ston builds a steamer on the Hudson.
* * Cast-iron plows are introduced, su-
perseding those with mold-boards of
wood.
1798 Jan. * New York. The Park Thea-
ter is built.
* * Mass. Hats and bonnets are first
manufactured from straw braid at Ded-
ham.
1799* * Conn. The Connecticut Acad-
emy of Arts and Sciences is founded.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1798* *
Alcott, William Andrews, educationist, b.
Barber, John Warner, historian, born.
Barnes, Albert, commentator, born.
Beck, Lewis C, naturalist, born.
Belknap, Jeremy, historian, A54.
Borden, Simeon, engineer, born.
Butler, Pierce M., Gov. of S. C, born.
Champe, John, soldier, A46. ?
Crawford, George, Gov. of Ga., born.
Davies, Charles, mathematician, born.
Dix, John Adams, general, Gov.of N.Y., b.
Drake, Samuel Gardner, historian, born.
Duche\ Jacob, chaplain, A59.
Dunglison, Robley, medical writer, b. in Eng.
Evans, Thomas, Friend, born.
Fitch. John, inventor, A55.
Hickok, Laurens Perseus, metaphysician, b.
Mason, James Murray, statesman, born.
Morris, Lewis, signer of Declaration, A72.
Noyes, George Rapall, biblical scholar, born.
Olney, Jesse, geographer, born.
Read, George, signer of Declaration, A 65.
Roe, Azel Stevens, novelist, born.
Russell, William, elocutionist, born.
Stewart, Charles S., author, born.
Stringham, Silas Horton, rear-admiral, born.
Summerfleld, John. Metli. Epis. clergyman
and orator, born.
Wilson, James, signer of Declaration, A56.
1799* *
Alcott, Amos Bronson, philosopher, born.
Buckland, Cyrus, inventor, born.
Cameron, Simon, senator for Pa., born.
Caswell, Alexis, pres. of Brown Univ., born.
Choate. Rufus, senator for Mass., advocate,
born.
Colquitt, Walter T., senator for Ga., born.
Doane, George Washington, bishop, born.
Edmonds, John W., jurist, born.
Henry. Patrick, orator and patriot of Va.,
June 6, A63.
Hollins, George N., naval officer, born.
Iredell, James, jurist, A48.
Knapp, Jacob, revivalist, born.
Lathrop, John H., college president, born.
Lewis, Samuel, philanthropist, born.
Lowell, John, founder, born.
Mason, Francis, missionary, born.
Mellen, Grenville, poet, born.
Meredith, William Morris, statesman, born.
Morton, Samuel G., naturalist, born.
Poey, Felepe, scholar, scientist, b. in Cuba.
Quitman, John Anthony, general, born.
Rutledge, Francis H., bishop, born.
Sands, Robert Charles, author, born.
Saxton, Joseph, mechanician, born.
Upham, Thomas Cogswell, metaphysician, b.
Walker, Amasa, economist, born.
Washing-ton, George. 1st President, Fa-
ther of his Country, Dec. 14, A67.
1800* * , .
Acrelius, Israel, Swedish missionary, A 86.
Allen, David O., Cong, missionary, born.
Bancroft, George, historian, b. Mass., Oct. 3.
Beecher, Catherine, writer, born in N. Y.
Billings, William, musical composer, A54.
Bogardus, James, inventor, born in N. Y.
Bowman, Samuel, Asst. P. E. bp. of Pa.,
born in Pa.
Breckinridge, Robert J., Pres. clergyman,
born in Ky.
Brown, John, abolitionist, born in Conn.
Durbin, John P., M. E. clergyman, orator,
born in Ky.
Fillmore. Millard. 13th President, born in
N. Y. Jan. 7.
Foote, Henry Stuart, sen. for Miss., b. Va.
Goodyear. Charles, inventor (rubber), born
in Conn.
Hackett, James Henry, actor, born in N. Y.
Hallock, Gerard, journalist, born in Mass.
Harney, William Selby, general, b. in Tenn.
Hentz, Caroline Lee, novelist, born in Mass.
Hering, Constantine, physician, author, born
in Ger.
Lawrence, Wm. Beach, jurist, born in N. Y.
Lee, Eliza B., miscellaneous writer, b. in N.H.
Lee, Luther, theologian, anti-slavery advo-
cate, born in N. Y.
Lenox, James, founder of library, b. in N.Y.
Lieber, Francis, political philos., b. in Ger.
Lowndes, Rawlins, lawyer, statesman, A78.
Mifflin, Thomas, major-general in Revolution,
A56. Pa. ._-...
Neckere, Leo R. de, R. C. bishop of N. 0., b.
in Belg.
Owen, Robert Dale, spiritualist, b. in Scot.
Parker, Willard, surgeon, born in N. H.
Potter. Alonzo, Prot. Epis. bishop of Pa.,
born inH. Y. .»-..-.
Rutledge, Edward, statesman of S. C-, A 51.
Rutledge, John, Gov. of S. C, M. C, A61.
Todd, John, Cong, clergyman, author, born
inVt.
Tyng, Stephen H.. Epis. clergyman, au-
thor, born in Mass.
Wade, Benj. F., senator for O., b. in Mass.
Ward, Artemas, general, in Mass., A73.
Whitmore, Thomas, clergyman, author, b.
Williams, Otho H., general, dies.
CHURCH.
1797 Sept. 18. Conn. Consecration of
Abraham Jarvis (Protestant Episcopal)
Bishop of Connecticut.
* * New York. The third Methodist
church in this city is formed in Duane
Street.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets; Wm.
M. Tennant, moderator.
* * Organization of the "Northern
Missionary Society" by various
Christians.
1798 * * Cal. Eighteen missions are es-
tablished in Upper California.
* * Ind. Baptists form the Charlestown
church in Indiana.
Autumn. Mass. Hosea Ballou an-
nounces his new views respecting Christ
and the atonement, and this event marks
a new departure in Universalist
theology.
* * N. Y. Lyman Beecher is ordained
pastor of the Congregational church of
East Hampton, Long Island, with a sal-
ary of $300 a year.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church meets; John
B. Smith, moderator.
+ * * Period of spiritual depression in
Presbyterian and other churches; in-
fidelity, irreligion, and immorality
abound.
* * New Eng. Founding of the Mission-
ary Society of Connecticut, and the
Berkshire and Columbia Missionary
Society.
* * Pa. No Episcopal Convention is held
in Philadelphia because of the prevalent
yellow fever.
* * Phila. The Keformed Presbytery
of North America is constituted.
1799 June 11. Bichard Allen, the first
clergyman among the colored people, is
ordained by the Methodists.
Phila. A special (Protestant Epis-
copal) Convention held.
* * Mass. Organization of the Massa-
chusetts Missionary Society.
* * Middle States. Great revivals pre-
vail among the Presbyterians, who hold
the first camp-meeting in America, on
the Red River, in Kentucky.
* * Va. The General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church meets at Winches-
ter ; S. S. Smith, moderator.
1800 Mar. 13. It. Pius "VTI. is elected
pope.
May 6-20. Md. The Third General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal)
meets in Baltimore.
May 18. Md. Richard Whatcoat is
elected bishop of the Methodist Episco-
pal Church.
May * N. Y. The New York (Methodist
Episcopal) Conference is formed.
LETTERS.
1797 * * Conn. Lyman Beecher gradu-
ates from the theological school of Yale
College.
* * New York. The Medical Repository is
first issued; conducted by Dr. S. L.
Mitchill.
The Commercial Advertiser (formerly
the Minerva) is published; Noah Web-
ster, first editor.
* * Phila. American Universal Magazine
appears.
The United States Magazine appears.
The Methodist Magazine appears.
±* * Wieland's Oberon, translated by
John Quincy Adams, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1797, July-1800, June 15. 109
1798* * Phita. "Hail Columbia" is
written by Judge Joseph Hopkinson.
* * Ky. Transylvania College is founded
at Lexington.
* * Wieland, by C. B. Brown, appears.
* * Laocoon, by Fisher Ames, appears.
1799 June 26. N. Y. The first news-
paper in Brooklyn is issued.
* * -1800 * * New York. The Monthly
Magazine and American Review appears.
* * U. S. The licentiousness of the
press, chiefly directed by adventurers
from Great Britain, provokes Congress
to issue the unpopular sedition laws
restraining its liberty.
* * Ormond, by C. B. Brown, appears.
* * The Ladies' Magazine appears.
SOCIETY.
1797 Oct. ± * N. H. Daniel Webster
enters Dartmouth College.
* * Mass. John Quincy Adams mar-
ries Louisa Catherine Johnson.
1799 Mar. 28. N. Y. The legislature
passes a law for the gradual abolition
of slavery. Every child born of a slave
after July 4 shall be free.
Dec. 14. Washington dies at Mount
Vernon after a sickness of only one day ;
universal sorrow prevails.
[The civilized world honors the great
dead with appropriate ceremonies. Bo-
naparte announces to his legions, the
death and virtues of " the warrior, the
legislator, and the citizen without re-
proach."]
STATE.
1797 July 6. Phila. Congress; Sen-
ate: William Bradford of R. I. is
elected President pro tempore.
July 10. Phila. The 5th Congress:
first session closes.
Oct. * Connecticut authorizes the re-
lease to the United States of her juris-
diction over lands immediately westward
of Pennsylvania.
Oct. * Fr. John Adams's new Commis-
sion meets in Paris, and the Directory
makes an indirect demand for a
bribe.
The Commission consists of Minister
Pinckney, and two others as special
ambassadors of peace to France. The
Directory refuses to receive them unless
they will enter an alliance against Great
Britain and pledge the payment of a
quarter of a million of dollars ; Pinck-
ney replies, '* Millions for defense, but not
a cent for tribute ! " 'They are ordered
out of the country. [X, Y, and Z des-
patches to the American envoys.]
* * John Q. Adams is sent to Prussia as
minister.
Nov. 13. The 5th Congress: second
session opens.
Nov. 22. Phila. Congress ; Senate :
Jacob Bead of S. C. is elected President
pro tempore.
Dec. 31. U.S. Diternal revenue $575,491.
* * Tenn. Andrew Jackson is elected a
Senator.
[He attends the Senate a year without
making a speech or casting a vote ; he
then resigns and goes home.]
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-98 * * Del. Daniel Rogers.
-99 * * Mass. Increase Sumner.
-07 * * Vt. Isaac Tichenor.
1798 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the
National debt $79,228,529.
Jan. 5. Phila. Congress : the House
appropriates $12,000 to pay Kosciusko.
Mar. * Phila. Congress organizes the
Mississippi Territory.
Apr. 20. Phila. Congress; House:
George Dent of Pa. is elected Speaker.
(Also, on May 28.)
Apr. 27. Phila. Congress orders the
fitting out of cruisers for war.
Apr. 30. U. S. The navy department
of the Government is separated from the
war department and organized.
* * Phila. George Cabot appointed
Secretary of the Navy, but declines.
June 18. Phila. Congress amends the
naturalization laws so as to require
a residence of 14 years to become a
citizen.
June 25. Phila. Congress passes the
Act concerning aliens.
June 27. Phila. Congress ; Senate :
Theodore Sedgwick of Mass. is elected
President pro tempore.
July 6. Phila. Congress .passes the
Act concerning alien enemies.
July 7. Phila. Congress declares the
French treaties annulled.
July 14. Phila. Provoked by the vio-
lence of the French sympathizers, Con-
gress passes the last of the Alien and
Sedition Laws. The latter is called the
gag law.
July 16. Phila. The 5th Congress :
the second session closes.
* * Phila. Congress suspends inter-
course with France.
Oct. 17. Me. The St. Croix River is iden-
tified by commissioners as the northeast
boundary of theUnited States.
U. S. The Federalists lose their pop-
ularity in passing the Alien law for the
expulsion of odious foreigners by the
President, and a Sedition law restrict-
ing freedom of speech and the press.
Nov. 10. Ky. Passage of the Ken-
tucky resolutions asserting the right
of each State to determine the extent of
National authority.
Dec. 3. Phila. The 5th Congress : the
third session opens.
Dec. 6. Phila. Congress; Senate: John
Laurence of N. Y. is elected President
pro tempore.
Dec. 21. Va. Passage of the Virginia
resolutions denouncing the action of
Congress for the "infraction of the
Constitution " by passing the Alien and
Sedition laws.
Dec. 31. U.S. Daternal revenue $644,357.
* * A British committee discovers that
the source of the Mississippi is at least
one degree south of the 49th parallel ; the
boundary line claimed by Great Britain.
* * Miss. Spain finally evacuates the
Yazoo country.
* * U. S. Bushrod Washington of Va.
is appointed Justice of the Supreme
Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-06 * * Conn. Jonathan Trumbull.
-01 * * Del. Richard Bassett.
-01 * * Ga. James Jackson.
-02 * * Miss. Ter. Winthrop Sargent.
-99 * * N. C. Wm. R. Davie.
-00 * * S. C. Edward Rutledge.
1799 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the
National debt $78,408,669.
Mar. 1. Phila. Senate ; James Boss of
Pa. is elected President pro tempore.
Mar. 4. Phila. The 5th Congress ends.
Mar. 30. Fr. John Q. Adams serves on
a second embassy to France; he is
received by Napoleon I.
Spring. Pa. John Fries leads an insur-
rection against the window tax.
Sept. 30. Fr. A convention is con-
cluded with France by which the treaty
of 1788 is annulled, and the United States
assumes the claims of its citizens for
French spoliations.
* * Ind. The Territory of Indiana is
erected.
* * U. S. Movements are organized both
for and against legislation to secure in-
ternal improvements.
Dec. 2. Phila. The 6th Congress
opens.
Phila. Congress; Senate: Samuel
Livermore of N. H. is elected President
pro tempore. House : Theodore Sedg-
wick of Mass. is elected Speaker.
John Randolph of Va. enters Con-
gress. .
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $779,136.
* * Pa. The Legislature locates the capi-
tal at Lancaster.
* * U. S. Alfred Moore of N. C. is ap-
pointed Justice of the Supreme Court.
* * France welcomes minister Van Mur-
ray.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-00 * * Mass. Moses Gill.
-02 * * N. C. Benj. Williams.
Pa. Thomas M'Kean.
-02 * * Va. James Monroe.
1800 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$82,976,294.
May 14. Phila. Congress ; Senate :
Uriah Tracy of Conn, is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
The 6th Congress ; the first session
closes.
May 30. The transfer of the last cession
of Connecticut lands to the United
States is completed. The State retains
her claim to the soil of " The Western
Reserve " in Ohio.
June 15. D. C. The National Capi-
tal is transferred to Washington.
The north wing of the Capitol is ready
for use, and the public offices are
moved thence from Philadelphia.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1797 Oct. * U. S. The yellow fever
again appears.
1798 Sept. * The yellow fever rages ;
3,645 persons die in Philadelphia, and
2,086 in New York.
1799 Dec. 18. Va. Burial of Wash-
ington.
110 1800-1803, June 29.
ARMY — NAVY.
1800 * * Brig.-Gen. James Wilkinson
is appointed (8th) commander of the
army.
THE FOURTH WAR.
1801 June 10 -05 June 4. War with
Tripoli.
It is occasioned by the Bey of Tripoli,
who demanded of Capt. Bainbridge the
use of the U. S. frigate George Washing-
ton to convey an ambassador to Con-
stantinople. He was obliged to comply
or submit to destruction by the guns of
the Castle of Tripoli ; 3,330 men are en-
rolled.
* * N. Y. Congress establishes a U. S.
navy yard at Brooklyn.
* * On the accession of Pres. Jefferson
the navy is reduced.
1802 Mar. 16. N. Y. The Govern-
ment establishes a military academy
at West Point. (Lossing, 1801.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1800 * * Mary Kies takes out a patent
for straw-weaving, with silk or thread,
the first patent issued to a woman in
this country.
1801 * * Pa. The compound blowpipe
is invented by Professor Robert Hare
of Philadelphia.
1802 * * Mass. Sheet copper first man-
ufactured at Boston.
* * Phila. A Museum of Natural History
is opened by E. W. IJeale.
* * French Soldier Telling a Story is
painted by Washington Allston.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1801 * *
Allston, Robert F. W., Gov. of S. C, born
in S. C.
Arnold, Benedict, traitor, dies in Eng. A60.
Bacon, Joel S., clergyman, born in N. Y.
Boardraan, George Dana, missionary, born
in Me.
Church, Pharcellus, Bapt. clergyman, born
in N. Y.
Coan, Titus, missionary, born in Hawaii.
Cole, Thomas, painter, born in Eng.
Deane, James, physician, born In Mass.
Eastburn, Manton, Prot. Epis. bishop of
Mass., born in Eng.
Edwards, Jonathan, Cong, theologian,
metaphysician, A56.
Farragut, David Glascoe, admiral V. S. N.,
born in Tenn.
Francis, Joseph, inventor of life-boat, born.
Harper, Joseph Wesley, publisher, born.
Howe, Samuel G., philanthropist, b. in Mass.
Inman, Henry, painter, born in N. Y.
Janney, Samuel M., author, born in Va.
Kirkland, Carolina Matilda, author, born In
N.Y.
Lane, Joseph, senator for Ore., born in Ind.
Marsh. George P., philologist, diplomatist,
born in Vt.
Marshall Humphrey, botanist, A79.
Means, Alexander, prof. Emery College,
born in N. C.
Russ, John D., inventor of phonetic alpha-
bet, born in Mass.
Seward, ■William H., Secretary of State,
born in N.Y., May 16.
Woolsey, Theodore Dwight, scholar, born in
N. Y.
Young, Brigham. Mormon leader, b. in Vt.
1802* *
Bacon, Leonard, lecturer in Yale, editor,
born in Mich.
Bela, B. Edward, author, born.
Botts, John Minor, M. C. for Va., b. in Va.
Bushnell, Horace, Cong. theol.,b. in Conn.
Child, Lydia Maria, philanthropist, born
in Mass.
Cleveland, Charles Dexter, author,b. in Mass.
Conant, Thomas Jefferson, biblical scholar,
born in Vt.
Dix. Dorothea Lynda, philanthropist, born
in Mass.
Fitzpatrick, Benj., senator for Ala., b. in Ala.
AMERICA
Furness, William Henry, religious writer,
born in Mass.
Hopkins. Esek, first commander of the
navy, A 84.
Hopkins, Mark, Pres. of Williams College,
born in Mass.
Hunter, David, general U. S. A., b. in D. C.
Kavanaugh, Hubbard H., Meth. Epis., South,
bp., born, in Ire.
Kirk, Edward Norris, clergyman, author,
born in 0.
Leggett, William, author, born in N.Y.
Logan, Benj., western pioneer, A50.
Lovejoy, Elijah, abolitionist, born in Me.
Morgan, Daniel, general of the Revol'n, A66.
Morris, George P., poet, born in Pa.
Phillips, Samuel, benefactor, A51.
Plumer, William, Pres. clergyman, author,
born in Pa.
Prentice, George Dennison, journalist,
humorist, b. in Conn.
Kipley, George, journalist, writer, b. in Mass.
Rogers, James Blvthe, chemist, born in Pa.
Sears, Barnas, Bapt. clergyman, scholar,
born in Mass.
Soule, Pierre, senator for La., diplomatist,
born in Fr.
Stowe, Calvin Ellis,Cong. clergyman, author,
born in Mass.
LTpham, Charles Wentworth, Unit, clergy-
man, born in N. B.
"Washington, Martha, widow of George
Washington, A70.
Webb, James Watson, journalist, b. in N.Y.
Wells, Gideon, Sec. of Navy, born in Conn.
1803* *
Abbott, Jacob, author, born in Me.
Adams, Samuel, senator for Mass., patriot,
. A81.
Backus, Charles, Cong, clergyman, A54.
Barry, John, commodore, born in Ire., A58.
Bass, Edward, Prot. Epis. bp. of Mass., A77.
Beecher, Edward, Cong, clergyman, b. N. Y.
Binney, Amos, naturalist, born in Mass.
Bird, Robert M., author, born in Del.
Bonaparte, Chas. L. J. L., ornithologist, born
in Fr.
Brownson, Orestes Augustus, R. C. theo-
logian, editor, born in Vt.
Calvert, George Henry, author, born In Md.
Clifford, Nathan, U. S. S. Court, b. in Me.
Coit, Thomas Winthrop, Prot. Epis. theolo-
gian, born in Conn.
Dupont, Samuel Francis, admiral, b. in N. J.
Edes, Benjamin, journalist, patriot, A71.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, philosopher, au-
thor, born in Mass.
Ericsson, John, designer of Monitor, born
in Sweden.
Field, Richard S., senator, born.
Galloway, Joseph, lawyer, loyalist of Phila.,
A 74.
Grinell, Moses H., collector for N.Y., A74.
Hopkins, Samuel, Congregational clergy-
man, founder of school of theology, A82.
Johnston, Albert Sidney, Confederate
major-general, born in Ky.
Leveret, Frederick P., scholar, b. in Mass.
Mackenzie, Alex. S., naval officer, author,
born in N.Y.
Memminger, Charles G., politician, b. in Ger.
Morrill, Anson P., Gov., M. C. for Me., born
in Me.
Nevin, John Williamson, theologian, b. in Pa.
Norris, John <;., scholar, born in Eng.
Pendleton, Edmund, patriot, judge, A82.
Rusk, Thomas J. senator for Tex., b. in S. C.
Stewart, Alex. T., merchant of N.Y., born
in Ireland.
Weir, Robert Walter, painter, born in N.Y.
CHURCH.
1800 June* .V. Y. The General Synod
of the Reformed Church meets at Al-
bany ; S. Ira Condict, president.
* * Mass. The Boston Female Society, for
Missionary Purposes, is organized. (Bap-
tist and Congregational.)
The highest court of the State decides
that a Catholic must pay taxes for the
support of a Protestant minister.
* * Great revivals continue among the
Presbyterians in the West.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; Joseph Clark,
moderator.
The first Roman Catholic Church
is erected.
* * Md. The United Brethren in
Christ organize.
* * The Pacific Coast (Roman Catholic)
Missions become wealthy to an almost
incredible degree.
* * Pa. The Evangelical (Methodist) As-
sociation organizes under Jacob Al-
bright.
* * U. S. Communicants in churches
364,872, about one in 14 of the popu-
lation.
1801 Sept. 8. N. J. The General
Convention (Protestant Episcopal)
meets at Trenton.
Sept. 11. New York. Consecration of
Benj. Moore (Protestant Episcopal), as-
sistant bishop.
* * N. Y. The New York Missionary
Society starts a mission among the Sen-
eca Indians.
* * The Mennonites open a mission among
the Cherokees.
* * Mass. The Boston Female Society
(Congregational) for Promoting the Dif-
fusion of Christian Knowledge is or-
ganized.
The Plymouth Congregational
Church declares itself Unitarian in
faith. (Mayflower Church of 1620.)
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Nathaniel Irwin,
moderator.
The Assembly and the Connecticut
General Association of Congregational-
ists adopt a formal Plan of Union.
[Abrogated in 1852 by Congregation-
alists.]
1802 Aug. 25. N. H. First meeting
of the Episcopal Diocesan Convention,
at Concord.
* * Kg. The (Presbyterian) Synod of Ken-
tucky is formed.
* * Mass. Dr. Jedediah Morse publishes
tracts and circulates them in Maine,
Kentucky, and Tennessee.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Azel Roe, moder-
ator. It organizes the Standing Com-
mittee on Missions.
1803 June 29. Mass. The General
Association (Congregational) is organ-
ized.
June* N. Y. The General Synod of
the Reformed Church meets at Pough-
keepsie ; John H. Livingstone, presi-
dent.
LETTERS.
1800 * * D. C. The Library of Con-
gress is founded [1,000,000 ± vols.].
* * Arthur Mervyn, by C. B. Brown, ap-
pears.
* * Hasty Pudding, by Joel Barlow, ap-
pears.
* * Nero York. James Cheetham buys
Greenleaf's New York Journal and
Patriotic Register, and changes its name
to the American Watchman.
* * New York. James Cheetham buys
The Argus or Greenleaf's New Daily
Advertiser, and changes its name to The
American Citizen.
UNITED STATES.
1800-1803, June 29. Ill
* * New York. Dr. Wharton is elected
President of Columbia College.
* * Vt. Middlebury College (non-sect.)
is founded at Middlebury.
1801 Nov. 16. New York. The Even-
ing Post, Federal in politics, is first
issued.
* * D. C. The Intelligencer is first issued.
* * New York. Bishop Benjamin Moore
becomes President of Columbia
College.
* * S. C. The South Carolina College
(non-sect.) is organized at Columbia.
* * Phila. The Portfolio is published
monthly by Jos. Dennie.
* * Clara Howard, by C. B. Brown, ap-
pears.
* * U. S. The total number of news-
papers published is 200 ; this includes
17 dailies,
* * -02 * * The Monthly Magazine is car-
ried on as the American Review and
Literary Journal.
1802 * *N. Y. The "West Point Mili-
tary Academy is organized.
* * Me. The Bowdoin College Library
is founded [40,000 vols.].
* * Pa. The Washington and Jeffer-
son College (non-sect.) is organized.
* * Tenn. The first newspaper published
in the Mississippi Valley is called the
Natchez Gazette.
* * The Practical Navigator, by Nathaniel
Bowditch, appears.
SOCIETY.
1800 * * Conn. — R. I. Only 400 Indians
remain in Connecticut and 500 Narra-
gansetts in Rhode Island.
1801 Nov. 22. Boston. The pillory is
used for the last time.
* * D. C. Congress withdraws the option
of a quart of beer, in the navy ration,
instead of half a pint of spirits.
1802 * * D. C. Congress enacts that the
President take steps to prevent the
traffic in liquor with the Indians.
* * N. Y. De Witt Clinton exchanges
five shots with John Swartwout in a
duel.
STATE.
1800 Oct. 18. La. The treaty of Hde-
fonso is signed ; Spain again cedes the
Territory of Louisiana to France.
* * V. S. The 4th presidential elec-
tion. Anti-Federalists are elected.
Nov. 17. B.C. The 6th Congress :
the second session opens.
Nov. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate:
John B. Howard of Md. is elected
President pro tempore.
Dec. 19. D. C. John Jay of N.Y. is
appointed Chief Justice, but declines.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue
$809,396.
* * U.S. Governors inaugurated :
-14 * * Cal. Jos<5 J. de Arrillaga
(Span.).
-11 * * [Indiana Ter.]. Wm, H. Harri-
son.
-07 * * Mass. Caleb Strong.
[Mich. Ter.]. Wm. H. Harrison.
-05 * * [Mich. Ter.]. Wm. H. Harrison.
-02 * * S. C. John Drayton.
1801 Jan. 1. U. S. The National
debt $83,038,050.
Feb. 11. D. C. The electoral vote is
counted. Vote for President : Thomas
Jefferson of Va. (Republican), 73
Aaron Burr of N. Y. (Republican), 73
John Adams of Mass. (Federalist), 65
Charles C. Pinckney of S. C. (Feder-
alist), 64; John Jay of N. Y. (Feder-
alist), one.
Feb. 17. D. C The House of Represen-
tatives breaks the tie between Jeffer-
son and Burr on the thirty-sixth ballot,
which elects Jefferson, he having ten
States and Burr only four. Burr, having
the next largest number, is elected Vice-
President.
Feb. 22. Congress; Senate: James
Hillhouse of Conn, is elected President
pro tempore.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 6th Congress ends.
Fourth Administration: Democrat-
ic-Republican.
Thomas Jefferson of Va. is inaugu-
rated the third President, in the fourth
term of the presidency. Aaron Burr
of N. Y. is Vice-President.
Jefferson introduces the system of
excluding from the President's cabinet
persons who are in opposition to his
party.
Cabinet : James Madison of Va.
(State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas.),
Henry Dearborn of Mass. (War),
Kobert Smith of Md. (Navy), Levi Lin-
coln of Mass. (Attorney-General), and
Gideon Granger of Conn. (Postmaster-
General).
Mar. 30. N. Y. Jail liberties are es-
tablished for the first time.
June 10. Tripoli declares war against
the United States. (Winsor, May 14.)
Dec. 7. B.C. The 7th Congress opens.
Dec. * D. C. Congress ; House : Na-
thaniel Macon of N. C. is elected
Speaker.
Dec. 7. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Abra-
ham Baldwin of Ga. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue
$1,048,033.
* * D. C. John Marshall of Va. is ap-
pointed Chief Justice of the U. S.
Supreme Court.
* * New York. Edward Livingston is
elected the 45th mayor.
* * U.S. Governors inaugurated:
-02 * * Del. James Sykes.
Ga. David Emanuel.
-02 * * Ga. Josiah Tattnall.
-04 * * N. Y. George Clinton.
1802 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$86,712,632.
Mar. 16. D. C. Congress establishes a
military academy at West Point,
New York.
Apr. 6. D. C. Congress abolishes the
internal revenue system on the rec-
ommendation of Jefferson.
Apr. 24. Georgia cedes its western
territory (Alabama and Mississippi) to
the United States on condition that slav-
ery shall never be prohibited.
May 3. D. C. The 7th Congress : the
first session closes.
Nov. 29. Ohio, the 17th State, comes
into the Union by authority of Congress.
Population 75,000. (See Feb. 19, '03.)
Dec. 6. D. C. The 7th Congress : the
. second session opens.
Dec. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Stephen R. Bradley of Vt. is elected
President pro tempore.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue
$621,898.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-05 * * Del. David Hall.
-06 * * Ga. John Milledge.
-05 * * Miss. Wm. C. C. Claybourne.
-05 * * N. C. James Turner.
-03 * * O. Charles W. Bird (Territory).
-04 * * S. C. James B. Richardson.
-05 * * Va. John Page.
1803 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$77,054,686.
Feb. 19. Ohio is admitted by the act
of Congress conceding the stipulations
of the Ohio convention, relative to
school lands. (See 1802.)
Feb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Stephen K. Bradley of Vt. is reelected
President pro tempore. [Also on Mar. 2.]
Mar. 4. D. C. The 7th Congress ends.
Apr. 30. The Louisiana purchase is
made, doubling theoriginalnational area.
The vast Territory of Louisiana, ex-
tending from the Gulf of Mexico to Can-
ada, and from the Mississippi to the
Rocky Mountains, is purchased of France
without authority, by Pres. Jefferson,
for $15,000,000. less than $12 a square
mile. "Napoleon's fear of English con-
quest and occupation facilitated the
sale at a low price. Some people declare
this purchase to be fatal to the Consti-
tution.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1800* * Boston. Aqueduct water is
first introduced from Jamaica pond.
* * Md. More than 1,000 deaths from
yellow fever occur in Baltimore.
* * U. S. There are 903 post-offices.
* * People begin to talk of " the West,"
meaning western New York, Ohio, or
Kentucky ; emigration becomes active.
* * U. S. Second census: 16 States, 4,306,-
464 white and 1,002,037 colored population
(108,435 free colored, 893,602 slaves); total
population, 6,308,483. Increase, 35.11 per
cent. Center of population 18 miles west
of Baltimore ; westward movement in 10
years, 41 miles.
* * Population of large cities : New
York, 60,000 ; Philadelphia, about 40,-
000 ; Boston, 24,937 ; Baltimore, 23,971 ;
Charleston, 18,712 ; Providence, 7,614 ;
Washington, 3,210.
1801 June 27. Philadelphia is first
supplied with aqueduct water.
* *jy. Y. Buffalo is laid out.
1802 * * Phila. The yellow fever re-
appears.
112 1803, Sept. -1806, June 16. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1803 . Oct. 31. Commodore Preble
is sent against the Moors.
He loses the frigate Philadelphia by
running on a reef ; the officers are made
prisoners and the crew (300 men) en-
slayed.
* * The gunboat system is inaugurated
in the navy.
1804 Feb. 16. Tripoli. Lieut. Stephen
Decatur burns the captured United
States frigate Philadelphia, in the har-
bor of Tripoli, with the loss of one man,x
in an action lasting fifteen minutes.
July * Tripoli. Preble blockades the
port, and begins the siege of Tripoli
[which lasts till the following spring].
Aug. 3. Africa. Preble captures sev-
eral gunboats.
1805 Mar. 5 +. Africa. Gen. "William
Eaton forms an alliance with Hamet,
in Egypt, and hastens to Derna.
Apr. 27. Tripoli. Aided by the navy,
Eaton carries the town of Tripoli.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1803 * * N.H. The first cotton-mill in
this State is opened at New Ipswich.
* * New York. The City Hall is begun.
1804 Sept. 8. Ga. Savannah is greatly
damaged by a storm.
* * New York. The Academy of the
Fine Arts and a Botanical Garden are
established.
+ * * The Murder of Jane McCrea by the
Indians is painted by John Vanderlyn.
* * Capt. Meriwether Lewis and Capt. Wil-
liam Clarke, with 35 men, are sent by the
Government to explore a path to the Pa-
cific Ocean ; they leave the falls of the
Missouri, and cross overland to the Ore-
gon country on the Pacific coast, losing
only one man.
* * Robert Fulton invents a submarine
torpedo.
1805 * * Mass. A Botanical Garden
and Chair of Natural History are es-
tablished at Harvard.
± * * Ariadne is painted by John Van-
derlyn.
1806 * * Captains Lewis and Clarke re-
turn from their exploring expedition
across the continent to the Pacific.
June 16. A total eclipse of the sun is
observed.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1804* *
Abeel, David, author, missionary, b. in N. J.
Alexander, James W., Pres. cl., b. in Va.
Clark, Alvan, telescope-maker, b. in Mass.
Colburn, Zerah, mathematical prodigy, born
in Vt.
Dow, Neal, prohibitionist, born in Me.
Eaton, George W., Bap. clergyman, profes-
sor, born in Pa.
Farnham, Thomas Jeff., traveler, b. in Vt.
Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, abolitionist, born in
Mass.
Graham, William A., gov., sen. for N. C. sec.
of navy, b. in N. C.
Hamilton. Alex., general, lawyer, leader of
Federalists, sec. of treas., July 12, A 47.
Havemeyer, William F., mayor, b. in N.Y.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, author, b. in Mass.
Heck, Barbara, fouu. of Am. Methodism, A70.
Henry. Caleb S., Prot. Epis. clergyman, pro-
fessor, born in Mass.
Holdich, Joseph, M. E. cl., b. in Eng.
Izard, Ralph, senator for S. C., A62.
Lennox, Charlotte, novelist, A84.
Miles, Dixon H., general TT. 8. A., b. in Ind.
Nicholson, James, commodore 17. S. N., A67.
O'Conor. Charles, lawyer, horn in N.Y.
Osceola, Seminole chief, born in Fla.
Parker, Samuel, Prot. Epis. bp. of Mass., A60.
Parrott, Robert Parker, inventor, b. in N. H.
Peabody, Eliza P., educator, b. in Mass.
Pierce, Franklin, 14th President, b. in N. H.
Priestley, Joseph, chemist, A71.
Redfteld, Isaac Fletcher, jurist, born in Vt.
Richmond, Dean, financier, born in Vt.
Rogers, Win. Barton, physicist, born in Pa.
Romeyn, Theo. D., theologian of N.Y., A60.
Schuyler, Philip, general of Revol'n, A71.
Shepard, Charles C, mineralogist, b. in R. I.
Swayne, Noah II., I*. 8. justice, born in O.
Walter, Thomas Ustick, architect, b. in Pa.
Walton, George, signer of Declaration, A 64.
Wright. Elizur, publicist, born in Conn.
1805 * *
Abbott, John Stevens, historian, born in Me.
Allan, John, patriot of Revolution, A59.
Anderson, Robert, general U. 8. A., born.
Bailey, Theodoras, admiral, born in N.Y.
Bartlett, John Russell, author, born in R. I.
Bethune, Geo. W., Ref'd Dutch clergyman,
poet, born in N.Y.
Blake, William Ruf us, actor, born in N. S.
Dodge, William E., philanthropist of N.Y.,
born in Conn.
Dorr, Thomas Wilson, rebel leader, b. in R. I.
Field, David Dudley, jurist, born in Conn.
Flagg, Wilson, naturalist, born in Mass.
Gadsden, Christopher, (iov. of S. C, A79.
Gayarre, Chas. E. A., historian, born in La.
Goldsborough, Lewis M., admiral, b. in D. C.
Gould, Augustus A., naturalist, b. in N. H.
Greenough, Horatio, sculptor, born in Mass.
Gross, Samuel D., surgeon, born in Pa.
Hedge, Fred. Henry,Unit. clergyman, author,
born in Mass.
Heintzelman, Samuel P., general U. S. A.,
born in Pa.
Jackson, Chas. Thomas, physicist, b. in Mass.
Moultrie, William, general of Revol'n, A71.
Palmer, William Pitt, author, born in Mass.
Powers, Hiram, sculptor, born in Vt.
Pownall, Thomas, statesman, A62.
Rantoul, Robert J., senator for Mass., born
in Mass.
Smith, Joseph, founder of Mormonism,
born in Vt.
Stephens, John L., traveler, author, b. in N. J.
Tappan, Henry Philip, clergyman, professor,
author, born in N.Y.
Walker, Sears C, mathematician,b. in Mass.
Wittingham, Wm. R., P. E. bp. of Md., born.
1806* *
Adams, Nehemiah, Cong, clergyman of
Boston, born in Mass.
Aiken, William, Gov. of 8. C, born in S. C.
Alexander, Stephen, astronomer, b. in N.Y.
Ames, Edward R., Meth. Epis. bp. b. in O.
Bache, Alexander D., philosopher, b. in Pa.
Backus, Isaac, historian, Bapt. cl., A82.
Hanneker, Benj., negro mathematician, A75.
Brace, Julia, deaf, blind mute, b. in Conn.
Fessenden, Wm. Pitt, senator for Me., b.
in N. H.
Foote, Andrew Hull, rear-admiral U. S. N.,
born in Conn.
Forrest, Edwin, actor, born in Pa.
Gates, Horatio, major-gen. of Revol'n, A78.
Gray, Robert, discoverer Cplumbia Riv.,A51.
Grigsby, Hugh Rlair, scholar, born.
Hale, John Parker, sen. for N. H., b. in N. H.
Harper, Fletcher, publisher, born in N.Y.
Hart, Solomon Alexander, artist, born.
Haven, Samuel F., archeologist, b. in Mass.
Hayes, Augustus Allen, chemist, b. in Vt.
Hoffman, Charles Fenno, author, b. in N.Y.
Hooker, Worthington, physician, author, b.
in Mass.
Hudson, Erasmus D., surgeon, lecturer, born
in Conn.
Hughes, Robert Ball, sculptor, born.
King, Preston, senator for N.Y., b. in N.Y.
Knox, Henry, general of Revolution, states-
man, A56.
Maury, Matthew Fontaine, hydrographer
U. S. N., born in Va.
Mcintosh, Lachlan, general of Revol'n, A 79.
Morris, Robert, financier of Revol'n, A72.
Packer, Asa, philanthropist, born in Conn.
Patterson, Robert M., senator, A61.
Polk, Leonidas, Prot. Epis. bp., Confederate
general, born in N. C.
Rauch, Frederick Aug., theologian, b. Ger.
Robinson, Horatio N., mathematician, born
in N.Y.
Roebling, John Angus., engineer Brooklyn
bridge, born in Ger.
Simms, Wm. (Jilmore, novelist, born in
S. C.
Willis, Nath. Parker, poet, journalist, born
in Me.
Wise, Henry A., gov. of Va., Confederate
general, born in Va.
Wythe, George, signer of Declaration, A 80.
CHURCH.
1803 Mass. Sept. * The Massachusetts
Society for Promoting Christian Knowl-
edge is founded by Dr. Morse and others.
* * Ky. A bitter controversy rages
among Presbyterians respecting re-
vivals.
* * N, C. Lutherans form a Synod.
* * N. H. The General Convention
(Universalist) at Winchester adopts a
Profession of Belief called the "Win-
chester Confession.
* * N. Y. The Presbyterian Synod of Al-
bany is formed.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; James Hall, mod-
erator.
* * Great revivals prevail among the
Presbyterians.
1804 May 6-23. Md. The Fourth
General Conference (Methodist Epis-
copal) meets at Baltimore ; the non-
limit plan is changed to one for a lim-
ited pastorate of two years.
May* New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; J. H. Livingstone,
president.
Sept. 14. Mass. Samuel Parker (Protes-
tant Episcopal) is consecrated a bishop.
* * Cal. Nineteen Dominican Missions
have been established.
They occupy the entire coast-line" from
San Francisco to San Diego, and are
separated from one another only by an
easy day's journey ; 20,000 Indians are
connected with these stations, and lead
industrious lives.
* * New York. The General Conven-
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.
** Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; James F. Arm-
strong, moderator.
* * Sunday-schools begin to be estab-
lished in various parts of the country ;
they increase rapidly.
1805 * * Ky. A Committee of the Pres-
byterian Synod witholds its authority
from the licentiates of the Cumberland
Presbytery, because of their unsound-
ness in doctrine, and illiteracy. [A great
controversy follows.]
* * Mass. Henry Ware, a Unitarian, is
made professor in Harvard against much
opposition.
* * Miss. The first Baptist church in this.
State, the Tywappity, is formed.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) meets; J. Richards, moderator.
1806 June* N. Y. The General
Synod (Reformed) meets at Albany ;
J. V. C. Romeyn, president.
LETTERS.
1803 * * Letters of a British Spy, by
William Wirt, appears.
* * -11 * * Boston. The Monthly Anthol-
ogy appears.
UNITED STATES. 1803, Sept. -1806, June 16. 113
* * or 05 * * Phila. The Literary Maga-
zine and American Register is issued by
Charles Brockden Brown.
1804 May 9. Va. The Richmond In-
quirer is first issued.
Dec. 10. New York. The New York
Historical Society is instituted.
* * 0. The Ohio University (non-sect.)
is organized at Athens.
* * -05 * * Mass. The Literary Miscel-
lany appears at Cambridge.
* * Jane Talbot, by C. B. Brown, appears.
* * Md. St. Charles College (Rom.
Cath.) is founded at Elliott's Mills.
* * The New York Historical Society Li-
brary is founded [75,000 vols.].
1805 * * S. C. The Monthly Register ap-
pears at Charleston.
* * History of the American Revolution, by
Mercy Warren, appears.
SOCIETY.
1803 Dec. * New York has its first
labor strike.
A number of sailors demand a rise
from $10 to $14 a month, and march
about the city compelling other sailors
to join them, till the leaders are jailed
by constables.
1804 Feb. 15. N. J. The Legislature
passes an act for the gradual abolition
of slavery.
All born after the next 4th of July to
be free ; male children to be free at 25,
and females at 21 years of age.
July 11. N. J. Vice-President Aaron
Burr challenges Alexander Hamil-
ton to fight a duel.
Hamilton appears, but refuses to fire ;
Burr deliberately fires and mortally
wounds him : cause, Hamilton's sup-
posed interference with Burr's election
to the governorship of New York.
July 17. Boston. Daniel Webster of
New Hampshire, 22 years of age, arrives
and pursues his legal studies.
* * D. C. Congress provides that an
equivalent of malt liquors or wine
may be substituted for spirits at such
seasons of the year as, in the opinion of
the President, it may be advisable to
make the change, in order to promote
the health of the soldiers.
* * Abolition Societies begin to dwindle
as the value of the cotton-gin becomes
known ; slavery is advocated as a posi-
tive good.
1805* *N.J. At Allentown, The
"Sober Society" is founded.
* * New York. The tailors form the first
organization having the character of a
trade- union.
STATE.
1803 Oct. 17. D. C. The 8th Con-
gress: the first session opens. It as-
sembles to act on the treaty with
France, by which Louisiana is ceded.
Congress ; Senate : John Brown of
Ky. is elected President pro tempore.
House : Nathaniel Macon of N. C. is
re-elected Speaker.
Dec. 12. D. C. Congress submits the
12th amendment to the Constitution
to be ratified by the States ; it relates
to the election of President, and reme-
dies a defect in the electoral system.
Dec. 20. La. The United States takes
possession of Louisiana.
* *New York. De "Witt Clinton, the
46th mayor, is elected.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-07 * * O. Edward Tiffin.
-09 * * Tenn. John Sevier.
1804 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$86,427,120.
Jan. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate:
John Brown of Ky. is reelected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
Mar. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Jesse Franklin of N. C. is elected
President pro tempore.
Mar. 27. D. C. The 8th Congress :
the first session closes.
Sept. 25. D. C. The 12th amendment
to the Constitution being ratified, is de-
clared in force ; it relieves each of the
State electors from voting for two candi-
dates for President, as required previous
to this date.
Nov. 5. D. C. The 8th Congress : the
second session opens.
* * U. S. The fifth Presidential elec-
tion ; Jefferson reelected.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue
$50,941.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-08 * * Ky. Christopher Greenup.
-12 * * La. (Ter.). Win. C. C. Claiborne.
-07 * * N. V. Morgan Lewis.
-06 * * S.C. Paul Hamilton.
* * "William Johnson of S. C. is ap-
pointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme
Court.
1805 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$82,312,150.
Jan. 11. Congress: Michigan Terri-
tory is formed from a portion of Indiana.
Jan. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: Jo-
seph Anderson of Tenn. is elected
President pro tempore. [Also, on Feb.
28th and Mar. 2d.]
Feb. 13. D C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President: Thomas Jefferson
of Va. (Republican), 162 ; Charles C.
Pinckney of S. C. (Federalist), 14. For
Vice-President: George Clinton of N.Y.
(Republican), 162 ; Rufus King of N.Y.
(Federalist), 14.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 8th Congress ends.
Thomas Jefferson of Va., the 3d
President, enters his 2d term in the 5th
term of the Presidency. George Clin-
ton of N. Y. is Vice-President.
Cabinet changes : Jacob Crownin-
shield of Mass. becomes Secretary of
the Navy, and Bobert Smith of Md.,
[followed by John Breckinridge of
Ky.], becomes Attorney-General.
Mar. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate,
sitting as a High Court, fails to impeach
Samuel Chase, a Justice of the U. S.
Supreme Court. (Moore, Mar. 1.)
June 4. A treaty of peace is concluded
with Tripoli, and no more tribute is
paid to pirates.
Dec. 2. D. C. The 9th Congress
opens.
Congress ; Senate : Samuel Smith
of Md. is again elected President pro
tempore. House : Nathaniel Macon of
N. C. is reelected Speaker.
Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue $21,747.
* * The Anti-Federalists change their
name from Republicans to Democrats.
* * England revives an old edict for-
bidding neutrals from trading with
France and her dependencies, or other
nations with which England may be at
war, aiming to crush the prosperous
American commerce.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-08 * * Del. Nathaniel Mitchell.
-13* * Mich. (Ter.). William Hull.
-09 * * Miss. Robert Williams.
-07 * * N. C. Nathaniel Alexander.
-09 * * N.H. John Langdon.
R. I. Paul Mumford.
-06* * R. I. Henry Smith.
-08 * * Va. Wm. H. Cabell.
1806 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$75,723,270.
Mar. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Samuel Smith of Md. is reelected
President pro tempore.
Apr. 15. B.C. Congress prohibits the
importation of specific articles of Brit-
ish growth or manufacture, the act to
take effect the 11th of November.
Apr. 21. B.C. The 9th Congress:
the first session closes.
Apr. * The British ship Leander is or-
dered out of American waters after
firing on an American sloop and killing
John Pierce, the owner.
Apr. * Tenn. Colonel Aaron Burr is
detected in a treasonable conspiracy.
May 16. Eng. Orders in Council are
issued.
The British Ministry declares the
whole coast of Europe, from the Elbe to
Brest, to be under blockade — thus, ac-
cording to its theory, excluding Amer-
ican commerce, while not invested by
British fleets. (" Paper blockade.")
MISCELLANEOUS.
1803 * * 0. The Miami Exporting Com-
pany opens the first bank in Cincinnati.
1804 July 4. Pa. A weekly mail-
stage commences to run between Pitts-
burg and Philadelphia.
* * Chicago. Fort Dearborn is erected.
* * Mass. The Middlesex Canal, the
first in the Union, is completed. It con-
nects Boston harbor with the Concord
River.
1805 June 1. Mich. Detroit is de-
stroyed by Are.
June 4. Tripoli. The American pris-
oners at Tripoli are liberated.
* * Boston. Frederick Tudor begins the
ice-trade of America, by shipping a
cargo of 130 tons to Martinique.
* * New York. Yellow fever prevails.
* * Phila. The first dry-goods com-
mission-house in this country opens for
the sale of the cotton yarns and threads
manufactured in Rhode Island.
114 1806, Nov. 21-1809, Mar. 4.
AMERICA
ARMY — WAVY.
1807 June 22. The British man-of-war
Leopard demands the right to search
the United States frigate Chesapeake for
deserters, and, being refused, attacks
and captures the ship and carries away
four men as deserters, three of whom
are American citizens.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1807 * * The Pennsylvania Academy
of Fine Arts is established.
Aug. 11 (?) +. N. Y. Robert Fulton's
steamboat, the Clermont, sails from New
York to Albany on her first trip ; 150
miles in 33 hours. (Engine made by
Boulton and Watt, of England.)
Dec. 14. Conn. An extraordinary and
brilliant meteor is seen ; it explodes
three times.
1808 * * Marius Sitting Among the Ruins
of Carthage, painted by Vanderlyn, re-
ceives the gold medal at the Paris Ex-
hibition.
* * N. J. The steamboat Phoenix, built
by John Stevens, makes the first ocean
trip from Hoboken to Philadelphia.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1807* *
Abbot, Gorham D., educator, born in Me.
Adams, Charles Francis, minister to Eng.;
arbitrator of Alabama claims, b. in Mass.
Adams,William, Pres. clergyman, b. in Conn.
Agassiz, Louis John R., teacher, natural-
ist, born May 28, in Switz.
Alden, Joseph, educationist, born in N.Y..
Bailey, Gamaliel, journalist, born in N. J.
Brant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, A65.
Buford, Nap. B., brig.-gen., engineer, b. Ky.
Casey, Silas, brevet maj.-gen., born in R. I.
Cheever, George B., Cong, cl., b. in Me.
Dayton,Wm. Lewis, senator for N.Y., b. N. J.
Ellsworth, Oliver, chief justice, A62.
Fay, Theodore Sedgwick, author, b. in N.Y.
Felton, Cornelius Conway, author, 1'res. of
Harvard University, b. in Mass.
Floyd, John B., Sec. of War, b. in Va.
Forbes, John M., Prot. Epis. clergyman, b.
Guyot, Arnold H., geographical writer, born
in Switz.
Hammond, James H., senator for S. C, born
in S. C.
Herbert, Henry William, author, b. in Eng.
Hildreth, Richard, historian, born in Mass.
Holt, Joseph, secretary of war, born in Ky.
Janes, Edmund Storer, M. E. bp., b. in Mass.
Lee, Alfred, P. E. bp. of Col., U.S.A., Del.,
b. in Mass.
Lee, Robert Edward, col. U.S.A., Confed-
erate general, born in Va., Jan. 19.
Long-fellow, Henry Wadsworth, poet, b.
in Me., Feb. 27.
Malbone, Edward G., miniature painter, A30.
McMichael, Morton, editor, orator, b. in N. J.
Mount, William Sidney, painter, b. in N.Y.
Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel, gen., A61.
Neal, Joseph Clay, humorist, born in N. H.
Owen, David Dale, geologist, born in Scot.
Packer, Wm. F., journalist, Gov. of Pa.,
born in Pa,
Palmer, Phoebe, evangelist, born in N.Y.
Parker, Amasa J., lawyer, born in Conn.
Pickens, Francis W., Gov., senator for S. C,
born in S. C.
Preble, Edward, commodore U. S. N., A46.
Ridgely, James L., lawyer, O. F., b. in Md.
Ruschenberger, Wm. S. W., author, b. in N. J.
Schaeffer, Charles Fred., Luth. clergyman,
born in Pa.
Stillman, Samuel, Bapt. clergyman, A70.
"Whittier, John Greenleaf, poet, born in
Mass., Dec. 17-
Woods, Leonard, Jr., president of Bowdoin
College, born in Mass.
1808* *
Alexander, Nath., Gov. of N. C, officer in
Revolution, A52.
Ames, Fisher, M. C. for Mass., orator,
July 4, A58.
Bache, Sarah, nurse in Am. Revol'n, A64.
Bartine, David W., M. E. clergyman,orator,b.
Beardsley, E. Edwards, P. E. clergyman, b.
in Conn.
Chase, Salmon P., chief justice, b. in N. H.
Craven, Thomas T., rear-admiral, b. in D. C.
Davidson, Lucretia Maria, poet, b. in N.Y.
Davis, Jefferson, see. of war., sen. for Miss.,
Pres. of Confed. States, b. June 3, in Ky.
Decatur, Stephen, Sr., naval officer, A 57.
Dickinson, John, M. C. for Del., A76.
Evans, Fred Wm., Shaker elder, b. in Eng.
Fasquelle, Jean Louis, author, born.
Fish, Hamilton. Gov. of N.Y., secretary of
state, born in N.Y.
Gage, Francis D., orator, born in 0.
Gallagher, William D., poet, born in Pa.
Hackett, Horatio Batch, biblical scholar,
born in Mass.
Henderson, James P., sen. for Tex., b. N. C.
Hillard, George S., author, journalist, b. Me.
Hilliard, Henry W., lawyer, born in N. C.
Johnson, Andrew, 17th President, senator
for Tenn., born Dec. 29, in N. C.
Kirkland, Samuel, founder of Hamilton Col-
lege, A 64.
Lee, Leroy M., M. E. clergyman, theologian,
born in Va.
Linn,William, chaplain in Revol'n army, A56.
Palmer, Ray, Cong, clergyman, hymnolo-
gist, born in R. I.
Park, Edwards A., clergyman, author, critic,
born in R. I. /
Patterson, John, general, A64.
Prentiss, Seargent Smith, M. C. for Miss.,
born in Me.
Reed, Henry, scholar, author, born in Pa.
Rockwell, James O., poet, born in Conn.
Rogers, Henry Darwin, geologist, b. in Pa.
Sartin, John, engraver, born in London.
Strong, William, justice S. Court, b. in Pa.
Sullivan, James, Gov. of Mass, writer, A64.
Van Rensselaer, Cortland, Pres. clergyman,
born in N.Y.
Washington, Samuel Atler, writer, born.
Zeisberger, David, Moravian missionary, A87.
CHURCH.
1806* *Ky. The Presbytery of Ken-
tucky is dissolved by the Synod, because
of the lack of ministerial learning and
sound doctrine.
* * Mass. The American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Mis-
sions germinates.
At a gathering of four students of
Williams College, under the lee of a
haystack, where they take refuge from
a thunder-storm, Samuel J. Mills pro-
poses that they attempt to send the gos-
pel to the heathen, and says, " We can
do it if we will."
The Massachusetts Evangelic . Mis-
sionary Society is instituted.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; Samuel Miller,
moderator.
1807 Sept.* N. Y. The General
Synod (Reformed) meets at Harlem ;
J. V. C. Romeyn, president.
* * Conn. The Connecticut Religious
Tract Society is organized at New
Haven by Timothy Dwight and others.
* * The Lake Baptist Missionary Society
is formed.
* * The Society of Friends opens a mission
among the Brotherton Indians.
* * Mass. The Baptist Missionary So-
ciety is formed.
* * N. T. The Associated Saratoga Pres-
bytery is formed.
The first Baptist mission to the In-
dians is opened among the Tuscaroras.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; A. Alexa^er,
moderator.
1808 May 6-26. Md. The General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is
held in Baltimore.
A delegated General Conference is
provided for ; restrictive rules adopted ;
Wm. McKendree ordained bishop.
Sept. 28. Mass. Andover Theological
Seminary (Congregational) is opened.
Oct. 2. Ala. The first Baptist church is
organized (Flint River).
* * Ky. The Roman Catholic diocese of
Louisville is established.
* * Mass. Organization of the Baptist
Female Mite Society at Beverly.
* * Md. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets in Balti-
more ; it consents to the organization
of the Western country into a separate
diocese.
* * New York. The Methodist Publishing
House is removed from Philadelphia to
New York.
* * N. Y. The first church edifice in
Williamsburg is built by the Methodists.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Philip Miledoler,
moderator.
Thomas Campbell of Ireland be-
comes pastor of the Seceders (Disciples
of Christ).
* * Va. The Accomack Baptist Associa-
tion is formed.
* * Roman Catholic Sees are erected at
New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and
Bardstown.
LETTERS.
1806* * Mass. John Quincy Adams
becomes professor of belles-lettres in
Harvard University.
* * N. Y. The Young Misses' Magazine
appears in Brooklyn.
* * Phila. The American Register ap-
pears.
±* * The Foresters, by Alexander Wilson,
appears.
1807* * Mass. The Andover Theologi-
cal Seminary (Cong.) is organized.
* * Tenn. The University of Tennes-
see (non-sect.) is organized at Knoxville.
It has previously been known as Blount
College.
* * The Salmagundi papers, by "Washing-
ton Irving and J. K. Paulding, appear.
* * New York. The Ladies' Weekly
Miscellany appears.
* * Mass. The Theological Seminary
Library is founded at Andover [43,000
vols.].
The Boston Athenaeum Library is
founded [149,910 vols.]. (Whitcombe,
1806.)
* * Md. Mount St. Mary's College
(Rom. Cath.) is founded at Emmittsburg.
1808 July* Mo. First issue of the
Missouri Gazette at St. Louis ; the first
newspaper in this city.
* * The Columbiad, by Joel Barlow, ap-
pears.
* * The first volume of Ornithology, by
Alexander Wilson, appears.
SOCIETY.
1807 * * N. Y. Martin Van Buren mar-
ries Hannah Hoes.
1808 Jan. 1. U. S. The importation
of slaves is prohibited by Act of
Congress after this date.
UNITED STATES. 1806, Nov. 21-1809, Mar. 4. 115
Apr. 30. N. Y. Organization of the
First Temperance Society, "The
Union Temperance Society of Moreau
and Northumberland," by Billy J. Clark,
in Saratoga county.
It declares that " no member shall
drink rum, gin, whisky, wine, or any
distilled spirits, or compositions of the
same or any of them, except by advice
of a physician, or in case of actual dis-
ease, also excepting at public dinners,
under the penalty of 25 cents, provided
that this article shall not infringe on
any religious rite ; no member shall be
intoxicated under penalty of 50 cents,"
and that " no member shall offer any of
the above liquors to any person to drink
thereof under the penalty of 25 cents for
each offense."
STATE.
1806 Nov. 21. Fr. Napoleon retali-
ates by issuing the Berlin Decree,
and declares all the British Islands
blockaded. [Both the French and En-
glish capture American vessels.]
Dec. 1. D. C. The 9th Congress : the
second session opens.
* * D. C. Congress grants pensions to
disabled soldiers and sailors.
Dec. 31. Monroe and Pinckney procure
a treaty with Great Britain regarding
the protection of the rights of neutrals.
[It is suppressed by the President.]
* *D.C. Brockholst Livingston of New
York is appointed Justice of the U. S.
Supreme Court.
* * England persists in searching
American vessels for deserters, and
impressing American seamen.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-09 * * Ga. Jared Irwin.
-08 * * Mass. James Sullivan.
-07 * * B. I. Isaac Wilbur.
-08 * * S. C. Chas. Pinckney.
1807 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$69,218,398.
Jan. 7. Eng. Orders in Council are
issued.
England forbids all coast trade with
France. [Many American vessels are
seized.]
Jan. 22. D. C. Congress is officially
informed of Aaron Burr's conspiracy.
Feb. * Tenn. Aaron Burr is arrested
on the charge of treason, having ar-
ranged for the invasion of Mexico, to
detach the Western and Southern States
f -','in the Union, and to set up a western
empire. [No overt act is proven.]
Mar. 2. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Sam-
uel Smith of Md. is elected President
pro tempore.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 9th Congress ends.
June 22. The British man-of-war Leop-
ard fires upon the frigate Chesapeake, be-
cause of the refusal to deliver up four
men claimed as deserters ; after three
men are killed, the frigate's colors are
struck. »
July 2. D. C. Jefferson, by proclama-
tion, forbids all intercourse with Brit-
ish ships-of-war, and orders all that are
in American waters to withdraw.
Oct. 26. D. C. The 10th Congress
opens.
Congress; House: Joseph B. Var-
num of Mass. is elected Speaker.
* * Controversy between England and
the United States respecting the rights
of neutrals; England claims the right
to search American ships, and to take
naturalized American citizens.
Nov. 11. Eng. Orders in Council is-
sued, which vex American commerce, by
prohibiting all trade with France or her
allies.
Dec. 17. Fr. The Milan Decree is-
sued by Napoleon supplements the Ber-
lin Decree, and extinguishes the most
profitable portion of the commerce of
the United States.
Dec. 22. D. C. Congress passes the
Second Embargo Act.
This [celebrated and much ridiculed]
Act detains all American vessels in
American ports, and cuts off commercial
intercourse with England and France, to
compel their recognition of the rights of
neutrals. [The Americans fail to starve
their enemies.]
* * New York. Marinus Willett is elected
the 47th mayor.
* * Thomas Todd of Ky. is appointed
Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
La. (Ter.). Meriwether Lewis.
-08 * * N.C. Benjamin Williams.
-17* * N. Y. Daniel D. Tompkins.
-08 * * 0. Thomas Kirker.
-11 * * It. I. James Fenner.
-08 * * Vt. Israel Smith.
1808 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$65,196,317.
D. C. Congress prohibits the impor-
tation of slaves after this date.
Jan. 8. D. C. Congress requires coast-
ing and fishing vessels to give bonds to
reland their cargoes in the United
States (Embargo Act).
Feb. 4. N. Y. The first legislative pro-
ceedings relative to the canals appear.
Mar. 12. D. C. Congress subjects ves-
sels and boats of all kinds, and land car-
riages, to the Embargo.
Mar. 17. D. C. Rupture of the nego-
tiations between the British minister
and the Government.
Apr. 16. D. C. Congress : Senate ; Sam-
uel Smith of Md. is reelected President
pro tempore.
Apr. 17. France, by the Bayonne
Decree, directs the seizure of all Ameri-
can vessels in French ports.
Apr. 25. D. C. Congress forbids for-
eign vessels to engage in the coasting
trade, and requires all others to come
under stringent rules.
The 10th Congress: the first session
closes.
May 30. D. C. The new House of
Representatives is first occupied.
Aug. 9. D. C. Jefferson suspends in-
tercourse with Great Britain because of
the non-ratification of the British treaty.
* * «« Free Trade and Sailors' Bights "
is a political war-cry of the times.
* * Va. Jefferson declines the nomi-
nation for a third term in the presidency.
Nov. 7. D.C. The 10th Congress:
the second session opens.
* * New Englanders talk of rebellion,
as their ships are rotting at their docks
because of the Embargo.
Dec. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate: Ste-
phen R. Bradley of Vt. is elected
President pro tempore.
* * U.S. Sixth Presidential election;
Democratic-Republicans are elected.
The national election sweeps away the
Administration majority in Congress
(84 to 30), and prepares the way for the
repeal of the Embargo Act.
* * -10 * * New York. DeWitt Clinton
is elected the 48th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-11 * * Del. George Truett.
-12* *Ky. Charles Scott.
-09 * * Mass. Levi Lincoln.
-10 * *N. C. David Stone.
-10 * * 0. Samuel Huntington.
Pa. Simon Snyder.
-10 * * S. C. John Drayton.
-11 * * Va. John Tyler.
-09 * * Vt. Isaac Tichenor.
1809 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$57,023,192.
Jan. 9. Congress proceeds to drastic
measures ; attempting to avoid the Em-
bargo Act forfeits the vessel or carriage,
and involves a fine of four times the
value of the merchandise, one-half of it
to go to the informer.
Jan. 30. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John
Milledge of Ga. is elected President
pro tempore.
Feb. 3. Illinois Territory (Illinois and
Wisconsin) is formed.
Feb. 8. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : James Madison
of Va. (Eepublican), 122 ; Charles C.
Pinckney of S. C. (Federalist), 47;
George Clinton of N. Y. (Republican),
6. Vote for Vice-President: George
Clinton (Republican), 113 ; Euf us King
of N. Y. (Federalist), 47 ; John Langdon
of N. H., 9 ; James Madison of Va., 3 ;
James Monroe of Va., 3 ; vacancy, 1.
Feb. 27. D. C. Congress ; The Em-
bargo Act of 1807 is repealed, to take
effect Mar. 15th.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 10th Congress ends.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1806* * Pa. Coal is first mined in the
United States, at Mauch Chunk.
* * N. Y. A log cabin is erected on the
present site of Rochester.
* * Commerce, which had become very
prosperous during the French and En-
glish wars, suffers greatly by the unan-
nounced blockades which override the
rights of neutrals.
* * The principal maritime towns suf-
fer because of the restrictions of com-
merce, and their citizens send numerous
petitions to the President and to Con-
gress, praying for the removal of the
Embargo.
1808 May 28. N. Y. Solemn re-
burial of the bones of Revolutionary
prisoners in a vault at Wallabout.
116 1809, Mar. 4-1811, Nov. 18.
AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1811 Jan. 9. La. The entire militia
of New Orleans is called out to suppress
a negro insurrection.
Apr. 6. Va. French privateer Revanche
1 1 u Cerf is burnt at Norfolk, by 15 men
in 2 boats, about 2 a.m.
May 16. Va. The British sloop-of-war
Little Belt fires a shot at the United
States frigate President; the latter
retaliates with a broadside that kills
10 and wounds 30 men. [This action
creates great excitement throughout
the country.]
Sept. + * Ind. The Shawanese In-
dians make incursions among the set-
tlers, whom they outrage and murder.
Nov. 7. Ind. Battle of Tippecanoe;
the Indians conspire to surprise Gov.
William H. Harrison at Burnet Creek,
and are effectively subdued after a ter-
rific battle.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1809 Nov. 21. New York. George F.
Cook first appears in America in Richard
III., at the Park Theater.
± * * Boston. Sails are made from cotton
duck.
1810 Dec. 31. Boston. Mrs. Duff first
appears in America as Juliet.
* * Boston. The Park Street Church
is erected.
1811 ** New York. Steamboat Paragon
is built.
Sept. 17. Va. A beautiful annular
eclipse of the sun is observed at
Richmond.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1809* *
Albright, Jacob, foun. Evang. Ass'n, A49.
Alexander, Joseph Addison, theologian, ori-
entalist, born in Pa.
Arthur, Timothy S., author, born in N.Y.
Bailey, Silas, pres. Granville coll., 0., born
in Mass.
Baldwin, John Denison, author, b. in Conn.
Barnard, Fred. A. P., instructor, b. in Mass.
Bartlett, Wm. H. C, scientific writer, b. Pa.
Benjamin, Park, poet, born in Guiana.
Bledsoe, Albert T., Confed. officer, b. in Ky.
Buckley, Samuel Botsford, botanist, b. N.Y.
Burgess, George, P. E. bp. of Me., b. in K. I.
Burns, Francis, M. E. missionary bp., b. N.Y.
Carson, Christopher, (Kit Carson), b. in Ky.
Chapman, Alvan W., botanist, b. in Mass.
Curry, Daniel, M. E. cl., editor, born in N.Y.
Curtis, Benj. Bobbins, justices. Ct.,b. Mass.
Dahlgren, John Adolf, rear-admiral, b. in Pa.
Edwards, Tryon, Cong, clergyman, writer,
born in Conn.
Fowler, Orson Squire, phrenologist, b. N.Y.
Gibbes, Robert W., phy., author, b. in S. C.
Giles, Henry, essayist, born in Ireland.
Gliddon, George R., Egyptologist, b. in Eng.
Glisson, Oliver S., rear-admiral, born in O.
Greene, William, Gov. of R. I., dies.
Griffiths, John "Willis, architect, b. in N.Y.
Hamlin, Hannibal, Vice-President, sen-
ator for Me., born in Me.
Haswell, Charles Haynes, engineer, b. N.Y.
Heyward, Thomas, patriot of S. C, A63.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, poet, b. in Mass.
Houghton, Douglas, naturalist, b. in N.Y.
Hunter, Robert M. T., senator for Va., b. Va.
Ingraham, Joseph H., author, born in Me.
Johnston, Joseph E., Confed. gen., b. in Va.
Johnson, Oliver, editor, abolitionist, born.
Jones, James C, Gov. Tenn., sen., b. in Tenn.
Kendrick, Asahel C, scholar, author, b. in Vt.
Kirkbride, Thos. S., phy. to insane, b. in Pa.
Lewis, Meriwether, explorer, A55.
Lincoln, Abraham, 16th President, b. Feb.
12, near Hodgensville, Hardin Co., Ky.
Little, George, Capt. in Revol'n army, AS5.
Little, R. M., pres. Ins. Co., b. Mass.
Mackenzie, Robt. S., Brit. Am. journalist, b.
Mayer, Branz, lawyer, hist'l writer, b. in Md.
McCormick, Cryus H., inventor of reapers,
born in Va.
McGill, John D., R. C. bp. of Va., b. in Pa.
Mitchel, Ormsby M., astronomer, gen., b. Ky.
Paine, Thomas, patriot, writer, A72.
Pike, Albert, poet, born in Mass.
Price, Sterling, Gov., M. C. for Mo., b. in Va.
Semmes, Raphael, Confederate naval officer,
born in Md.
Schenck, Robert C.,M. C. for O., gen., b. in O.
Thompson, Cephas Giovanni, artist, b. Mass.
Trumbull, Jonathan, Gov., sen. for Conn.,
A69.
Winthrop, Robt. C, M. C, senator for Mass.,
born in Mass.
1810* *
Aldridge, Ira, colored actor, born in Md.
Allen, Thomas, chaplain, A77.
Backus, Jay S., sec. Bapt. Home Miss. So., b.
Barnum, Phineas T. , showman, b. in Conn.
Black, Jeremiah S., jurist, secretary of
state, born in Pa.
Brooks, James, journalist, politician, b. Me.
Brougham, John, actor, born in Ireland.
Brown, Charles Brockden, novelist, A39.
Burritt, Elihu, linguist, writer, b. in Conn.
Clark, Willis Gaylord, poet, author, b. N.Y.
Clarke, James Freeman, Unit, clergyman,
author, born in N. H.
Clay, Cassius M., minister to Rus., b. in Ky.
Cooper, James, lawyer, born in Md.
Crosby, Alpheus, educationist, born in N. H.
Doggett, David S., bp. M. E. Ch. South, b.
Du Bois, Wm. Ewing, numismatist, b. in Pa.
Ellet, Charles, Jr., engineer, born in Pa.
Fuller, Sarah Margaret, author, b. in Mass.
Garland, Landon C, educator, mathemati-
cal writer, born in Va.
Gray, Asa, botanist, born in N.Y.
Green, Samuel S., educator, born.
Griffin, Cyrus, statesman, judge, A61.
Hart, Joel T., sculptor, born in Ky.
Hart, John S., educationist, author, b. in
Mass.
Humphreys, Andrew A., general, b. in Pa.
Jackson, Jonathan, of Mass, A67.
Langstroth, L., inventor of beehive, dies.
Lawrance, John, jurist, statesman, A60.
Lincoln, Benj., maj.-gen. in Revolution, A77.
Loomis, Justin R., educator, author, b. N.Y.
Lord, John, historical lecturer, b. in N. H.
Macanally, David Rice, M. E. clergyman, ed-
itor, born in Tenn.
Magoon, Elias L., Bapt, clergyman, author,
born in N. H.
McCloskey, John, first American cardinal,
born Mar. 20, in N.Y.
McKay, Donald, shipbuilder, born.
Morrill, Justin S., senator for Vt., b. in Vt.
Notman, John, architect, born in Scot.
Palmer, James S., rear-admiral, b. in N. J.
Parker, Theodore, Unit, cl., b. in Mass.
Potter, Hazard Arnold, physician, b. in N.Y.
Putnam, Mary Lowell, author, b. in Mass.
Riggs, Elias, missionary, linguist, b. in N. J.
Sears, Edmund H., Unit, clergyman, author,
born in Mass.
Seymour, Horatio, Gov. of N. Y., b. in N. Y.
Sharswood, George, jurist, born in Pa.
Skene, Philip, Brit, officer in Am., A85.
Spalding1, Martin John. R. C. archbishop,
born in Ky.
Toombs, Rob., sen. for Ga., Confed. sec. state,
b. Ga.
Trautwine, John Cresson, engineer, b. in Pa.
Turner, Wm. Wadden, philologist, b. in Eng.
Tyler, William Seymour, scholar, b. in Va.
Van Buren, John, politician, born in N.Y.
Washington, Wm. A., officer in Revol'n, A58.
Wood, Alphonso, botanist, born in N. H.
1811* *
Asboth, Alex. S., brig.-gen., b. in Hungary.
Bailey, Jacob Witman, scientist, b. in Mass.
Baker, Edward Dickinson, senator for Cal.,
born in Eng.
Barnard, Henry, educator, b. in Conn.
Boggs, Charles S., rear-admiral, b. in N.J.
Bouvier, Hannah M., writer on astronomy, b.
Bowen, Francis, prof., author, b. in Mass.
Campbell, John A., justice, born in Ga.
Chase, Samuel, jurist of Md., A70.
Crawford, Nathaniel M., Bapt. cl., b. Ga.
Dana, Francis, jurist of Mass., A 68.
Daviess, Joseph H., att'y-gen. of Ky., A37.
Draper, John William, chemist, b. in Eng.
Eaton, William, soldier, consul, A 47.
Emory, William H., major-general, b. in Md.
Foster, Abbie K., reformer, born in Mass.
Gilliss, James M., astronomer, born in D. C.
Greeley, Horace, editor, b. Feb. 3, in N. H.
Greene, George Washington, author, b. R. I.
Hall, James, geologist, born in Mass.
Hunt, Ward, justice, S. Ct., b. in N.Y.
James, Henry, philosophical writer, b. N.Y.
Jenkins, Thornton A., U. S. navy, b. in Va.
Johnson, James, Gov. of Ga., born in N.C.
Kennedy, Anthony, senator for Va., b. in Md.
Kip, William I., P. E. tp. of Cal., b. in N.Y.
Lapham, Increase A., scientist, born in N.Y.
Loomis, Elias, physicist, math'n, b. in Conn.
Low, Abiel A., philanthropist, b. in Mass.
Murdoch, James Edward, actor, born in Pa
Noyes, John H., communist of Oneida, b. Vt.
Page, Wm., painter, born in N.Y.
Paine, Robert Treat, Jr., author, A38.
Parton, Sara P. Willis, (Fanny Fern), b.
in Me.
Peabody, Andrew P., prof., cl., b. Mass.
Peck, Jesse Truesdell, M. E. bp., b. in N.Y.
Phillips, "Wendell, orator, reformer, born
Nov. 29, in Mass.
Pierce, George Foster, M. E. bp., b. in Ga.
Porter, Noah, psychologist, b. in Conn.
Pratt, Orson, Mormon leader, born in N.Y.
Simpson, Matthew, M. E. bp., orator, born
June 20, in O.
Stowe, Harriet Eliza [Beecher], author,
born in Conn.
Street, Alfred Billings, poet, born in N.Y.
Sumner, Charles, senator for Mass., orator,
born in Mass.
Thomas, Jos., physician, biographer, b. N.Y.
Williams, Wm., signer of Declaration, A80.
Winslow, John A., rear-admiral, b. in N. C.
CHURCH.
1809 May 3. R. I. The Rhode Island
Congregational Conference is organized.
June 8. N. H. The General Association
(Congregational) of New Hampshire is
organganized.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; Nicolas Lansing,
president.
Autumn. Mass. Samuel J. Mills be-
comes interested in the natives of the
Pacific Islands by the simple story of
Henry Obookiah, a native boy. (He
becomes one of the founders of the
American Missionary Society.)
* * New York. English is first exclu-
sively used in the Lutheran Church.
* * N. Y. Organization of the New York
Bible and Common Prayer-Book So-
ciety of the Episcopal Church.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Drury Lacy, mod-
erator.
The first Synod of the Reformed Pres-
byterians is formed.
* * Pa. The first (?) church Sunday-school
is formed at Pittsburg ; the transfer of
Sunday-schools to church control be-
gins, and schools rapidly increase.
* * Vt. The General Association of "Ver-
mont Congregationalists is allowed del-
egates in the (Presbyterian) General
Assembly.
1810 Feb.* Ky. The Cumberland
Presbyterian Church is finally organ-
ized, as a separate church, because of
the high educational standard de-
manded for the Presbyterian ministry.
June 29. Mass. The plan for the or-
ganization of the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions is
devised by Samuel Spring and Samuel
Worcester, and is adopted by the Gen-
eral Association of Congregational
Churches, at Bradford.
Sept. 5. Conn. The American Board
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
is formally constituted at Farmington.
Sept. 10. Pa. The Brush Run (Disciples>
church is organized.
* * Conn. Lyman Beecher is installed
pastor of the Congregational church at
Litchfield. [He remains 16 years.]
UNITED STATES. 1809, Mar. 4-1811, Nov. 18. 117
* * Mass. A remarkable missionary move-
ment begins.
Four students of Andover Theological
Seminary — Messrs. Mills, Judson, New-
ell, and Nott — meet a number of minis-
ters in the parlors of Professor Stuart, to
receive a reply to their request to be sent
with the Gospel to the heathen. The an-
swer is, " Go in the name of the Lord,
and we will help you."
* * New Eng. Congregational churches
are disrupted by the withdrawal of
Unitarians.
* * N. H. The General Association of
Congregationalists is allowed delegates
in the (Presbyterian) General Assembly.
* * New York. The Protestant Episco-
pal Tract Society is organized.
* * N. Y. Genesee Conference of the
Methodist Episcopal Church is formed.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; John B. Romeyn,
moderator.
* * Regulations and rules are adopted
by the Roman Catholic bishops.
1811 May 29. JV. Y. John Henry Ho-
bart (Protestant Episcopal) assistant
bishop of New York, and A. V. Gris-
wold, presiding bishop of the Easton
diocese, are consecrated.
LETTERS.
1809 Apr. 4. Pa. The Legislature di-
rects that the poor be sent to the most
convenient school, and their tuition
be paid.
* * A History of New York by Diedrich
Knickerbocker, by Washington Irving,
appears.
* * Solomon Spaulding writes a religious
romance, The Manuscript Found (The
Book of Mormon).
1810 * * N.J. Queen's College (Rut-
gers) and the (Reformed) Theological
professorate are united ; Dr. Livingston
is professor and president.
* * -11 * * Phila. The Mirror of Taste
appears.
SOCIETY.
1810 Jan. 15. New York. Masquerades
and masked balls are prohibited.
Jan. 17. Phila. Masquerades and
masked balls are prohibited.
* * V. S. A total of 1,191,363 slaves is
reported.
* * La. Zachary Taylor marries Mar-
garet Smith.
STATE.
Fourth Administration. Democratic-
Republican.
1809 Mar. 4. D. C. James Madison
of Va. is inaugurated the fourth Presi-
dent in the sixth term of the Presidency,
and George Clinton of N. Y. continues
Vice-President.
Cabinet: Robert Smith of Md.
(State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas.),
"William Eustis of Mass. (War), Paul
Hamilton of S. C. (Navy), Gideon
Granger of Conn. (Postmaster-General),
Caesar A. Rodney of Del. (Attorney-
General),
Mar. 15. U. S. The Embargo is re-
moved, but commercial intercourse
with England and France interdicted.
Mar. * Fr. Napoleon ignores his prom-
ise to the Americans by again en-
forcing the obnoxious decrees, and
declares that " the decrees of Berlin and
Milan were fundamental laws of the
Empire." By a diplomatic fiction he
has succeeded in his purpose to array
the United States and Great Britain
against each other in mutual hostility.
Apr. 23. D. C. David M. Erskine, Brit-
ish minister, pledges the Court to re-
peal the anti-neutral decrees by June 10.
Trade will then be resumed between
the United States and Great Britain.
[The announcement of the agreement
is received with great joy by the country,
as an assurance of peace.]
May 22. B.C. The 11th Congress
meets in extra session [and continues
the controversy with Great Britain].
May * B. C. Congress ; House : Joseph
B. Varnum of Mass. is elected Speaker.
June 26. B. C. Congress ; Senate : An-
drew Gregg of Pa. is elected President
pro tempore.
June 28. B. C. 1 1th Congress : the first
session closes.
Sept. * Gov. "William Henry Harrison
meets the Indians of the Northwest, and
buys the title to 3,000,000 acres of land.
Nov. 8. B. C. The President denies
the British minister farther inter-
course with the Cabinet, because his
pledges have been disavowed by the
British Government. Erskine's func-
tions cease.
Nov. 27. B.C. The 11th Congress:
the second session opens.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-11 * * Conn. John Treadwell.
-13 * * Ga David B. Mitchell.
-18* * III. {Ter.) Ninian Edwards.
-10 * * Mass. Christopher Gore.
-17 * * Miss. David Holmes.
-10 * * N. H. Jeremiah Smith.
15 * * Tenn. Win. Blount.
-13 * * Vt. Jonas Galusha.
* * Indiana is constituted a Territory.
1810 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$53,173,217.52.
Feb. 28. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
John Gaillard of S. C. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore. [Reelected Apr. 17.]
Mar. 23. Fr. The Rambouillet Decree
is issued.
Napoleon decrees that all American
vessels entering French ports shall be
seized and condemned.
May 1. B. C. Congress passes the
Macon's No. 2 Act, pledging to pro-
hibit American trade with the other
country if either France or England
shall revoke its offensive edicts.
The 11th Congress: the second ses-
sion closes.
July 13. N. Y. The British minister,
Augustus J. Foster, is burned in effigy
before the door of his lodgings in
Albany.
July 19. Oer. The king of Prussia, by
decree, forbids American vessels enter-
ing his ports.
Aug. 5. France revokes some of its
edicts — revocation to take effect Nov.
1 — as to American vessels.
Nov. 2. B. C. President Madison pro-
claims all restrictions removed from
the commerce of France.
Dec. 3. B. C. The 11th Congress:
the third session opens.
* *-H* * New York. Jacob Radcliff is
elected the 49th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-12 * * Mass. Elbridge Gerry.
-11* *N.C. Benj. Smith.
-12 * * N.U. John Langdon.
-12 * * O. Jonathan Meigs.
-12 * * S.C. Henry Middleton.
1811 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$48,005,587.
Feb. 2. B. C. The President announces
the revival of the Non-importation
Act against Great Britain.
Feb. 23. B. C. Congress; Senate:
John Pope of Ky. is elected President
pro tempore.
Mar. 4. B.C. The 11th Congress ends.
Apr. 8. N. Y. The first law is passed
respecting the Erie Canal.
July 3. Fla. The Government resolves
to occupy "West Florida, against the re-
monstrance of the British Government.
Nov. 4. B.C. The 12th Congress opens.
Nov. * B. C. Congress ; House : Henry
Clay of Ky. is chosen Speaker ; he with
John C. Calhoun of S. C. and Wil-
liam H. Crawford of Ga. leads the
two Houses.
The majority force Madison to declare
war against Great Britain as a condition
of his reelection. New England is re-
luctant to engage in war.
Nov. 18. Differences are settled respect-
ing the attack on the frigate Chesa-
peake; Great Britain makes reparation.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1809 June 28. Vt. The first steam-
boat appears on Lake Champlain.
1810 June * U. S. Third Census ; 17
States: 5,863,073 white ; 1,377,808 colored
population (186,446 free colored, 1,191,363
slaves); total population, 7,239,822. In-
crease, 36.38 per cent. Center of popula-
tion, 40 miles northwest of Washington ;
westward movement in 10 years, 36 miles.
Oct. 6. Pa. A mill near Philadelphia
makes the first cotton print goods
printed from cylinders (superseding
block-printing).
* * D. C. The first agricultural exhi-
bition is held at Georgetown.
* * Ore. Astoria is founded by the Pa-
cific Fur Company, John Jacob Astor
president.
* * Rags are first imported to supply 180
paper-mills.
1811 May 19. New York. A great
fire consumes 100 buildings.
Oct. 29. Pa. The first steamboat on
Western waters leaves Pittsburg for New
Orleans.
118 1811, Dec. 16-1812.
AMERICA
ARMY -NAVY.
1812 Jan. 27. Maj.-Gen. Henry
Dearborn is appointed (9th) com-
mander of the army.
Apr. 11. Va. Four British barges
are taken in Hampton Roads by the
U. S. frigate Constellation and revenue
cutter Jefferson; 80 prisoners.
Apr. 25. Capt. Cothell of the privateer
schooner Surprise, 10 guns, captures
the British brig Kutons, 12 guns, laden
with coffee, and brings her into port.
THE FIFTH WAR.
June 18-1815 Feb, 17. The War of
1812, with Great Britain.
[Two generals win renown : Gen. Wil-
liam Henry Harrison, as commander of
the army in Canada, and Gen. Andrew
Jackson as a fighter of Indians in the
South and later as the hero at New
Orleans. Men enrolled, 85,000 regulars,
471,622 militia and volunteers.]
July 2. The American embargo expires
by its own limitation ; Capt. David Porter
of the U. S. ship Essex sails on a cruise
against the British ; motto on his flag,
"Free Trade and Sailors' Bights."
July 12. "William Hull, governor of
Michigan, crosses the Detroit River with
1,500 men to capture Fort Maiden,
but fails through incompetence.
July 17. Mich. The important Ameri-
can post at Mackinaw is surprised
and surrendered to the British.
Aug. 5. Mich. Maj. Thomas B. Van
Home, with 200 Americans, is de-
feated in a skirmish with 600 Indians
and British at Brownstown.
Aug. 7. Mich. Gen. Hull returns from
Canada without attempting anything.
Aug. 9. Mich. The British, with In-
dians (900) under Tecumseh, are defeated
by Col. Miller (600) at Maguaga, near
Brownstown.
Aug. 13. The Essex, Capt. David Porter,
in a fight of eight minutes, forces the
British sloop Alert to strike her flag.
Aug. 15. III. The Indians treacher-
ously turn on the retreating garrison
and refugees, near Fort Dearborn
(Chicago), and murder 52 persons, in-
cluding 12 children ; the women and
other prisoners are distributed among
the savages.
Aug. 16. Mich. Gen. Hull, with 2,500
Americans, surrenders Detroit to Gen.
Brock with 1 ,300 British. [The surrender
is made without firing a gun, and is
characterized as the most shameful of
any in the history of the country ; and
a court-martial decides that Hull is a
patriot and yet a coward.]
Aug. 19. A naval battle and great
American victory occurs off the coast of
Massachusetts.
Captain Dacres surrenders the British
ship-of-war Guerriere to Capt. Isaac Hull
of the frigate Constitution, after receiv-
ing a terrific broadside. Losses : British,
15 killed and 63 wounded ; American, 7
killed and 7 wounded.
Oct. 4. N. Y. A British force under
Lieut.-Col. Lethbridge embarks in 25
boats and two gunboats, to capture
Ogdensburg ; they are driven back by
Gen. Brown without effecting a landing.
Oct. 8. Capt. Elliott captures two British
frigates on Lake Erie.
Oct. 13. Can. British batteries at
Queenstown are captured by the
Americans ; retaken through disgraceful
conduct of the New York militia, who
refuse to leave the State ; 2,200 Ameri-
cans under Van Rensselaer surrender to
2,500 British under Brock ; American
loss, 99 killed, 900 wounded.
Oct. 18. Naval battle off the coast of
Virginia.
Capt. Jacob Jones, in the sloop-of-war
Wasp, 18 guns, after an engagement
lasting three-quarters of an hour, takes
Capt. Whinyates with the British brig
Frolic of 22 guns ; immediately after the
capture, the British seventy-four gun
ship Poictiers arrives and captures the
Wasp and the wreck of the Frolic.
Oct. 25. Naval battle west of the Ca-
nary Isles ; Commodore Decatur, with the
frigate United States, of 44 guns, attacks
the British frigate Macedonia, of 49
guns, and after fighting two hours the
latter surrenders, with a loss of 100
killed and wounded.
Nov. 23. N. Y. The Northern army,
under Gen. Dearborn, goes into winter
quarters at Plattsburg, Burlington, and
Greenbush.
Dec. 12. Capt. Porter, with the ship
Essex, captures the British packet
Nocton, having on board $55,000 in specie.
Dec. 29. Naval Battle off the coast of
Brazil.
Commodore Bainbridge, with the Con-
stitution, captures the British frigate
Java after a battle of 2 hours, in which
200 men are killed or wounded, and
every mast is torn out.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1811 Dec. 16. An earthquake is felt
from Pittsburg and Ohio to Savannah.
* * Mass. Manufacture of chemicals
is begun in New England at Salem.
1812 Feb. 7. Phila. An earthquake
at Philadelphia and elsewhere for 30
seconds.
* * New York. The City Hall is com-
pleted.
y English workmen commence the
manufacture of pins with imported
machines ; price one dollar a paper.
The steamboat Richmond is built.
* * Pa. The first rolling-mill at Pitts-
burg is erected.
* * Phila. The Academy of Natural
Sciences is organized.
* * The Dead Man Revived by Touch of
Elisha's Bones is painted by Washing-
ton Allston.
* * Mass. The first cotton-mill at Fall
River is in operation.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1813* *
Abbot, Samuel, founder of Andover Semi-
nary, A80.
Alexander, John Henry, scientist, b. in Md.
Appleton, Thomas Gold, author, b. in Mass.
Andre ws, Stephen P., lawyer ,writer, b. Mass.
Ball, Eph'm, inventor of " Buckeye " mower,
born in O.
Bannister, Henry, theological professor, b.
Barlow, Joel, statesman, poet, A 56.
Buckminster, Joseph, Cong, clergyman, A61.
Clark, Davis Wasgatt, M. E. bp., b. in Me.
Clark, Thomas March, P. E. bp. of R. 1., b.
in Mass.
Clinton, George, 4th Vice-Pres. of U. S., A73.
Clinton, James, gen. in Revol'n War, A76.
Elliott, Charles L., portrait painter, b. N.Y.
Flint, Austin, physician, medical writer,
born in Mass.
Florena, Thomas B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Gammel, William, author, born in Mass.
Gansevoort, Peter, officer in Revolution, A63.
Gardner, August K., physician, b. in Mass.
Gilder, William H., el., editor, b. in Phila.
Haldeman, Samuel S., naturalist, philolo-
gist, born in Pa.
Hawks, Cicero S., P. E. bp. of Mo., b. N. C.
Hill, Joshua, senator for Ga., born in S. C.
Hoe, Richard M., inventor of printing-
press, born in N.Y.
Klngsley, Calvin, M. E. bp., born in N.Y.
Marshall, Humphrey, Confed. gen., M. C. for
Ky., born in Ky.
Mayo, Wm. Starbuck, novelist, physician,
born in N.Y.
Osgood, Frances Sargent, poet, b. in Mass.
Perkins, Geo. Roberts, mathematician, born
in N.Y.
Prime, Sam. Irenaeus, N.Y. Observer, born
in N.Y.
Reynolds, Wm. M., P. E. clergyman, author,
born in Pa.
Rogers, John, rear-admiral U. S. N., born.
Sargent, Epes, author, born in Mass.
Stephens, Alex. H., Confed. Vice-Pres.;
sen. for Ga., b. in Ga.
Trail, Russell Thacher, hydropathist, born in
Conn.
Warren, Wm., Jr., comedian, born in Pa.
Waters, Horace, philanthropist, born.
Williams, Sam. Wells, Chinese scholar, born
in N.Y.
Wilson, Henry, Vice-Pres.; senator for
Mass., born in N. H., Feb. 26.
CHURCH.
1811 * * Boston. The Evangelical
Tract Society is organized.
* * Conn. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets in New
Haven ; only two bishops present.
* * The Protestant Episcopal Church
in America is declared to be the church
formerly known as the Church of Eng-
land in America.
* * Mass. Organization of the " Salem
Female Cent Society " (Baptist).
* * Mass. The General Association of
Congregationalists is allowed delegates
to the Presbyterian General Assembly.
* * N. Y. The Beligious Tract Society
is organized at Albany.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Eliphalet Nott,
moderator.
1812 Feb. 6. Mass. Messrs. Judson,
Hall, Newell, Nott, and Rice are or-
dained at Salem for service in foreign
missions (Congregationalist).
Feb. 19. Mass. Messrs. Judson and
NeweU, with their wives, sail from Sa-
lem for Calcutta ; Bombay being selected
as the first mission of the American
Board.
Feb. 22. Phila. Messrs. Hall, Bice,
and Nott, with Mrs. Nott, sail for Cal-
cutta as missionaries.
May 1-22. New York. The sixth (first
delegated) General Conference (Meth-
odist Episcopal) meets.
June 2. Pa. Thomas and Alexander
Campbell (Disciples of Christ) are im-
mersed by a Baptist minister.
UNITED STATES.
1811, Dec. 16-1812. 119
June* Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Andrew Flinn,
moderator.
June 12. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) approves the suggestion of the
American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions respecting the organi-
zation for cooperation of a similar board
by the Presbyterian Church.
June 17. India. Missionaries Judson
and Newell and their wives arrive at
Calcutta.
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Albany ; Jacob Sickles,
president.
Oct. 15. S. C. Consecration of Theo.
Dehon (Protestant Episcopal) bishop for
South Carolina.
* * Conn. Organization of the Female
Foreign Missionary Society of New
Haven. (Contributes $177.09 to the
American Board.)
* * La. The first Baptist church is organ-
ized in Louisiana on Bayou Chico.
* * N.J. Princeton is selected by the
Presbyterians as the location for a theo-
logical school ; a board of directors is
chosen, and Dr. Archibald Alexander
is elected professor.
LETTERS.
1811* * Mass. The Amherst College
Library is founded [47,000 vols.].
* * New York. Rev. William Harris is
elected president of Columbia College.
* * New York. The Literary Miscellany
appears.
* * Phila. Select Views of Literature ap-
pears.
* * -13 * * The American Review of His-
tory and Politics appears.
1812 * * Mass. The General Repertory
and Review, the first American quar-
terly, is issued at Cambridge, by An-
drews Norton.
The American Antiquarian Society
Library is founded at Worcester
[85,000 vols.].
* * N.J. The Presbyterian Theological
Seminary Library is founded at Prince-
ton [50,000 vols.].
* * N. Y. Hamilton College (Pres.) is
organized at Clinton.
The U. S. Military Academy Library
is founded at West Point [30,000 vols.].
* * Phila. The Library of the Academy
of Natural Science is founded [35,000
vols.].
* * Judgment : A Vision, by Hillhouse, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
1812 May* New York. The (Meth.
Epis.) General Conference votes down
the resolution, " That no stationed or
local preacher shall retail spirituous
or malt liquors, without forfeiting his
ministerial character among us."
July 27. Md. A mob in Baltimore at-
tacks some of the anti-war party and
is repulsed; 2 are killed and others
wounded. [Later it attacks the jail and
kills General Lingan and eleven others.]
Nov. * N. H. Daniel "Webster enters
political life as representative in Con-
gress from his native State.
* * U. S. A. A gill of rum, whisky, or
brandy is made a part of the regular
daily ration of each soldier.
STATE.
1811 * * D. C. Congress authorizes an
additional army of 25,000 men.
* * New York. De "Witt Clinton, is
elected the 50th mayor.
* * D. C. Joseph Story of Mass. and
Gabriel Duval of Md. are appointed
Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court.
* * D. C. Congress has its first agita-
tion over the admission of a slave State
on the application of Louisiana.
It results in the plan of a twin-birth
of States, one free and the other slave,
after the admission of Louisiana [which
enters the Union alone].
* * Phila. The charter of the First
National Sank expires. It fails of
renewal by the casting vote of the Presi-
dent of the Senate.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-13 * * Conn. Roger Griswold.
-14* * Bel. Joseph Haslett.
-13 * * Ind. Ter. John Gibson.
-14 * * N. C. Wm. Hawkins.
-17 * * R.I. William Jones.
Va. James Monroe.
-12 * * Va. George W. Smith.
* * Ore. Astoria is settled as a trading-
post.
1812 Jan. 1. U.S. The National debt
$45,209,737.
Feb. 2. John Henry, an Irish-American,
exposes a conspiracy of the British
Ministry and the Governor of Canada to
sow discontent in New England, with a
view to its secession and union with
Canada, for which Henry was promised
$5,000 per annum.
Mar. 9. D. C. Congress : The British
plot to dismember the Union is dis-
closed. Its exposure solidifies public
sentiment against the English ; Henry
receives $50,000 public money for disclos-
ing it, and immediately sails for France.
Mar. 24. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
"William H. Crawford of Ga. is elected
President pro tempore.
Apr. 4. D. C. A third Embargo Act
is passed by Congress.
It is a retaliatory measure, caused by
the impressment of 6,000 American sea-
men, and it lays an embargo for 90 days
on all British vessels within the juris-
diction of the United States.
Apr. 30. D. C. Congress admits Loui-
siana into the Union as the 18th State.
June 1. D. C. Congress receives a war
message from the President.
June 18. B.C. Congress declares
war against England and votes to raise
an army of 35,000 men. Vote — Senate,
19-13 ; House, 79-49.
June 19. D. C. The President pro-
claims war against Great Britain ;
25,000 enlistments for the regular army,
50,000 volunteers, and 100,000 militia are
called for.
Causes of the war: impressment of
American seamen, seizure of Americans
on the high seas while sailing under
their country's flag ; offensive action of
British cruisers; Orders in Council
affecting the rights of neutrals, etc.
* * Massachusetts, Connecticut, and
Rhode Island oppose the war, refuse
to furnish the levies of troops, and
threaten to secede.
June 23. Eng. The British Government
repeals its Orders in Council, but it is
too late to stop the war.
June 30. Algeria. The Dey of Algiers
is forced to sign a treaty of peace, re-
leasing all American prisoners and relin-
quishing all claim to tribute.
July 6. D. C. The 12th Congress : the
first session closes.
July * The Dey of Algiers believes the
Americans unable to defend themselves
against Great Britain, so commences a
piratical warfare on their shipping,
and also extorts a large sum of money
from Mr. Lear, the American consul, as
the price of his freedom.
Nov. 2. D. C. The 12th Congress : the
second session opens.
* * Seventh Presidential election. The
Democrat-Republicans defeat the Feder-
alists and reelect Madison.
Dec. 26. Great Britain proclaims the
blockade of the Chesapeake and the
Delaware.
* * Pa. The State capital is removed
from Lancaster to Harrisburg.
* * U. S, Governors inaugurated :
-16 * * Ky. Isaac Shelby.
-16 * * la. Wm. C. C. Clayborne.
-16* * Mass. Caleb Strong.
-13 * * N. H. William Plumer.
N. J. Joseph Bloomfield.
-13 * * N.J. Aaron Ogden.
-14 * * S. C Joseph Alston.
-14 * * Va. James Barbour.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1811 Dec. 26. Va. A theater at
Richmond, containing about 600 people,
burns, and 75 lives are lost.
Dec. 31. Mass. At Newburyport 200
buildings burn; loss, $600,000.
* * New York. Five steamboats are now
running between New York and Albany,
and one between New York, and New
Brunswick, N. J. (Philadelphia route).
* * N. Y. A ferry-boat propelled by
steam runs between New York and Ho-
boken ; the first in the country.
* * N. Y. The mails pass through Long
Island weekly.
1812 * * U. S. The naval victories of
Americans over the greatest of naval
powers raise intense excitement.
* * N. Y. The first house in Rochester is
erected.
* * O. Columbus is laid out and made
the capital of the State.
120
1812-1813.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1812 * * Five naval duels occur during
this year, in which the American frig-
ates either capture or sink their British
adversaries.
* * During the year American privateers
capture over 300 British vessels.
1813 Jan. 18. Mich. Frenchtown is
taken from an invading force of British
and Indians by Americans under Gen.
Winchester, who encamp in the town.
Jan. 22. Mich. The British (1,500) under
Gen. Proctor retake Frenchtown, and
Gen. Winchester and his 800 troops are
made prisoners of war ; 2G0 wounded
Americans are massacred by the Indians.
Jan. * The army of the West is com-
manded by Gen. W. H. Harrison ; the
army of the Center, near Niagara River,
by Gen. Dearborn, and the army of
the North, near Lake Champlain, by
Gen. Hampton.
Feb. 1. The American privateer schooner
Hazzard, of 3 guns and 38 men, captures
the British merchant ship Albion, of 12
guns and 15 men.
Feb. 4. Va. The frigate Constellation is
chased into Norfolk by a British squad-
ron.
Feb. 5. The British Admiral Warren
declares Chesapeake Bay to be in a
state of blockade.
Feb. 7. Can. Capt. Forsyth, with 200
volunteers, crosses from Morristown to
Elizabeth, and surprises the British ;
he takes 52 prisoners, 140 muskets, with
ammunition, and liberates from jail 16
British deserters.
Feb. 22. N. Y. Ogdensburg is taken
by the British under Col. McDonell.
Feb. 23. The Albion is recaptured by
the British cutter Caledonia, of 8 guns
and 38 men.
Feb. 24. The sloop-of-war Hornet, com-
manded by Capt. Lawrence, attacks and
in 15 minutes defeats the British man-
of-war Peacock ; the latter soon sinks.
Feb. 26. The Hazard captures the
British frigate Albion and the cutter
Caledonia.
Mar. 10. The schooner Adeline sinks the
British schooner Lottery in Chesapeake
Bay.
Mar. 11. The privateer schooner General
Armstrong, 18 guns, escapes from a Brit-
ish frigate, 24 guns, off Surinam River,
with the loss of 6 killed and 16 wounded.
Mar. 14. British vessels blockade the
Delaware River.
Mar. 16. Del. Capt. Beresford, of the
British ship Poictiers, 74 guns, at Lewis-
ton, demands 25 oxen, vegetables, etc. ;
he threatens to destroy the town ; the
people refuse his demand.
Mar. 26. N. Y. American batteries at
Black Bock silence the lower battery of
the British.
Mar. 30 ±. Miss. Gen. Andrew Jack-
son's army of 2,070 men disbands, by
order of the Government.
Apr. 3. Md. Action near Urbana, on the
Chesapeake, between 17 British barges
and 4 American vessels ; one of the latter
is taken by the British.
Apr. 6. Del. Lewiston is bombarded
for about 20 hours, with little damage,
by the British frigate Belvidere.
Apr. 9. Mass. The frigate Chesapeake
returns from her cruise to Boston, hav-
ing captured two British brigs, one ship,
one American brig with a British license,
and a schooner.
Apr. 16. Md. Part of the British squad-
ron anchors off Patapsco River, in sight
of Baltimore.
Apr. 20. O. The advance of the British
and Indians appears at Fort Meigs.
Apr. 27. Can. Americans (1,700), under
Gen. Pike, assault and capture York
(Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada,
with property valued at $500,000. Brit-
ish force under Sheaffe, 1,500 ; American
loss, 300.
Apr. 28. The American privateer York-
town captures the British brig Avery,
with a valuable cargo, and brings her
into port.
Apr. 29. British ships Montezuma and
Policy, each 10 guns, and Georgiana, 6
guns and 4 swivels, capture the frigate
Essex near Albemarle Island.
British Admiral Cockburn burns the
storehouses of Frenchtown on the Ches-
apeake Bay ; he also burns two ships
and plunders private houses.
May 1-5. O. Gen. "W. H. Harrison is
besieged at Fort Meigs by 2,000 British
and savages under Gen. Proctor and
Chief Tecumseh ; Gen. Henry Clay,
with 1,200 Kentuckians, reenforces Har-
rison. American loss, 800.
May 3. Md. Havre de Grace is burned
by the British under Admiral Cockburn.
May 9. O. Proctor abandons the siege
of Fort Meigs after the desertion of his
Indian allies.
May 27. Can. Fort George, near the
Niagara River, is taken from Gen. Vin-
cent by the Americans under Gen. Dear-
born ; loss, 72 killed and wounded.
A British squadron appears before
Sackett's Harbor.
May 29. N. Y. The British (1,000) under
Sir George Prevost are repulsed in an
attack on Sackett's Harbor by (1,000)
Americans under Gen. Jacob Brown,
who lose 100 killed and wounded ; Brit-
ish loss, 260 killed and wounded.
May 30. The privateer Yankee captures
the British brig Thames. (Cargo sold
for $180,000.)
June 1. Naval battle eastward of Cape
Ann.
The British frigate Shannon, Capt.
Broke, defeats and captures the frigate
Chesapeake, Capt. Lawrence, who dies
crying, " Don't give up the ship 1 " The
action lasts only fifteen minutes.
June 6. Can. At Burlington Heights the
Americans under Gen. Winder repulse an
attack of the British under Gen. Vincent.
July 8. Can. Outposts of Americans at
Fort George are attacked by British
and Indians ; cruelties of the Indians
lead to the employment of Indians by
Americans in retaliation.
July 17. Can. British and Indians at-
tack an outwork at Fort George and are
repulsed.
July 21. O. Gen. Proctor, with about
4,000 troops, again besieges Fort Meigs
[for a few days and retires].
THE SIXTH WAR.
July 27 -1814 Aug. 9. War with
Creek Indians concurrent with the
fifth war. 13,781 men enrolled.
July 31. A7. Y. Plattsburg is taken
by the British without opposition.
Aug. 2. O. Gen. Proctor (1,300) assaults
Fort Stephenson on the Lower San-
dusky River; he is repulsed by Col.
George Croghan (100) and retires.
Aug. 14. The American brig Argus, after
a successful cruise, is captured by the
British brig Pelican of about equal force.
Aug. 30. 'Ala. The Creek Indians sur-
prise Fort Minis, north of Mobile; a
massacre follows.
Sept. 5. The British brig Boxer surren-
ders to the American brig Enterprise,
after an engagement of forty minutes,
off the coast of Maine ; the commanders
of both vessels fall, and are buried side
by side.
Sept. 10. Naval Battle and American
victory on Lake Erie, near Put-in-Bay.
Commodore O. H. Perry, who had
never seen a naval battle, with an Amer-
ican fleet of nine vessels, carrying 54
guns, captures the British fleet of 6
vessels, carrying 63 guns, under Com-
modore Barclay. Tins battle gives the
Americans control of the lake.
Sept. 27. Gen. W. H. Harrison in-
vades Canada from Detroit.
Oct. 5. Can. Gen. Harrison, with 2,500
Americans, defeats Gen. Proctor with
2,000 British, on the River Thames ,
Tecumseh, the Shawnee chief, is slain.
American loss 50 killed and wounded.
Nov. 3. Ala. Gen. Coffee, with 900
men, surrounds a body of Indians at
Tallushatches and kills about 200 of
them.
Nov. 5. Can. A force of 7,000 Americans
embarks at French Creek and de-
scends the St. Lawrence River to take
Montreal.
Nov. 8. Ala. Battle of Talladega;
Creek Indians are defeated by Gen.
Jackson.
Nov. 11. Can. Severe skirmish at Wil-
liamsburg ; the Americans, led by Gen-
eral Brown, lose 300, and the British 200
men.
An indecisive action at Chrystler's
Field ; 1,50Q Americans under John P.
Boyd, engage 2,000 British under Morri-
son ; reenforcements not arriving, the
expedition against Montreal is aban-
doned ; 200 Americans are killed or
wounded.
Nov. 29. Ala. Battle of Autosse ; the
Creeks defeated by Gen. A. Jackson, the
hero of this war.
Dec. 12. Can. On the approach of the
British, Gen. McClure abandons Fort
George after burning Newark.
UNITED STATES.
1812-1813.
121
Dec. 19. N. 1'. The British take pos-
session of Fort Niagara, and proceed
to retaliate for the burning of Newark,
by burning Youngstown, Lewiston,
Manchester, and the Indian Tuscarora
village.
Dee. 30. N. T. The British burn Black
Rock and Buffalo.
• * Depredations of British marines and
soldiers in the Chesapeake and Delaware
Lewiston is bombarded.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1813 * * New York. The first stereo-
typing is done. (See p. 91.)
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1813* »
Allen, William Henry, naval officer, A29.
Bartol, Cyrus Augustus, Unit, clergyman,
born in Me.
Beecher, Henry Ward, Cong, clergyman,
orator, born in Conn. June 24.
Blair, Montgomery, P.M.G., b. in Ky.
Bradley, Joseph P., U. S. Ct., born in N. J.
Cassin, John, ornithologist, born in Pa.
Clymer, George, M. C. for Pa., A74.
Cranch, Christopher P., artist, poet, b. in Va.
Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, born in N.Y.
Dana. James Dwight, geologist, b. in N. Y.
Douglas, Stephen Arnold, Sen. for 111.,
born in Vt.
Dwight, John S., musical critic, b. in Mass.
Franklin, William, Gov. of N. J., A84.
Fremont, John Charles, explorer, general
U. S. A., born in Ga.
Giles, Chauncey, Swedenborgian clergyman,
born in Mass.
Hamilton, Frank, surgeon, born in Vt.
Harmar, Josiah, general U. S. A., A60.
Healy, George Peter Alex., painter.b. Mass.
Jarvis, Abraham, P. E. bp. of Conn., A74.
Lawrence, James, naval captain, A 32.
Livingston, Robt. R., minister to Fr., jurist,
A66:
Lossingr, Benson J., historian, b. in N.Y.
Otterbein, Philip Wm., Ger. Am. f'der of
Church of United Brethren in Christ, A87.
Parsons, Theophilus, jurist of Mass., A 63.
Peters, Christian Henry F., astronomer, born
in Ger.
Pike, Zebulon M., brig.-gen., explorer, A34.
Porter, Andrew, general U. S. A., A70.
Porter. David Dixon, admiral, b. in Pa.
Randolph, Edmund, Gov. of Va., A60.
Sedgwick, John, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Conn.
Sedgwick, Theo., Gov. of Conn., M. C,
speaker, A 67.
Stephens, Anna Sophia, author, b. in Conn.
Stillg, Alfred, phys., medical writer, b. in Pa.
Tecumseb, Chief of the Shawnees, A43. (?)
Thurman, Allen G., sen. for O., b. W. Va.
Trumbull, Lyman, sen. for 111., b. in Conn.
Tuckerman", Henry Theo., art-critic, born
in Mass.
Whiting, William, lawyer, born in Mass.
Wilson, Alex., Scottish ornithologist in Am.,
A47.
CHURCH.
1812 * * N. Y. The Presbyterian Synod
of Geneva is formed.
* * New York. The New York Tract
Society is organized.
* * Pa. A religious romance, written in
imitation of Scripture style, by Rev.
Solomon Spaulding appears in a print-
ing-office at Pittsburg. Book of Mor-
mon (?)
* * The Ohio (Methodist Episcopal) Con-
ference is formed.
* * The Baptists commence their mis-
sionary work by forwarding to the
English Baptist Society $4,650 in aid of
the translation of the Scriptures into
the languages of India.
* * The Methodist Episcopal Church
begins home mission •work ; Bishop
Asbury solicits funds for it.
1813 June* The Union American
Methodist Episcopal Church is organ-
ized.
Oct. * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; James S. Cannon,
president.
* * The first legacy for missions is granted
to the American Board.
The sum of $345.83 out of an estate of
$500, left by Sally Thomas of Cornish,
a domestic, whose highest wages were 50
cents a week.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; Samuel Batchford,
moderator.
* * The Presbyterian synods of North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
are formed.
LETTERS.
1812 * * The Diverting History of John
Bull and Brother Jonathan, by J. K.
Paulding, appears.
* * Boston. The Christian Disciple ap-
pears.
1813 Jan. 13. N. Y. First issue of
the Albany Argus.
Mar. 3. Boston. First issue of the Bos-
ton Daily Advertiser, the first success-
ful daily paper in this city.
* * Me. A charter is obtained for the
Maine Literary and Theological Institu-
tion by Baptists.
* * Phila. The Analytical Magazine ap-
pears.
* * Demetria is written by Hillhouse.
* * Six additional volumes of Ornithology ,
by Wilson, appear.
* * Grammar of the Hebrew Language,
without Points, by Moses Stuart, appears.
* * Sylphs of the Seasons, by "Washington
Allston, appears.
SOCIETY.
1812 Jan. 9. N. J. A society is formed
at Trenton for organizing a colony of
colored people.
Aug. * Ala. The Creek Indians mas-
sacre 400 persons at Fort Minis ; not
"a woman or child is spared.
* * Mich. The British Gen. Proctor leaves
the wounded Americans at Frenchtown
to the merciless brutalities of the In-
dians, who use the scalp-knife, toma-
hawk, and the torch to destroy many;
others are taken into captivity.
* * Va. John Tyler marries Letitia
Christian.
STATE.
1813 Jan. 1. lT. S. National debt
$55,962,827.
Feb. 6. D. C. The Government orders
all alien enemies to report themselves
to the marshals of the districts in which
they reside.
Feb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the
Electoral vote.
Vote for President: James Madison,
of Va. (Republican), 128 ; De Witt Clin-
ton, of N. Y. (Federalist), 89. For Vice-
President : Elbridge Gerry of Mass.
(Republican), 131 ; Tared Ingersoll of Pa.
(Federalist), 86. Vacancy, 1.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 12th Congress ends.
Second term of the 4th Adminis-
tration ; Democratic-Republican.
James Madison of Va., the 4th
President, enters his second term —
the seventh term of the Presidency ; El-
bridge Gerry of Mass. is Vice-Presi-
dent. '
Cabinet : James Monroe of Va.
(State), Albert GaUatin of Pa. (Treas-
ury), John Armstrong of Pa. (War),
■William Jones of Pa. (Navy), also
William Pinkney of Md. Attorney-
General for a time [and later Richard
Rush of Pa.].
Mar. 20. Great Britain proclaims the
whole Atlantic Coast under a block-
ade, with the exception of the New
England (anti-war, Federal) States.
May 24. D. C. The 13th Congress
opens.
Va. Thomas Jefferson writes indig-
nantly of English outrages.
" They have impressed two nephews
of General Washington returning from
Europe, and put them as common sea-
men under the ordinary discipline of
their ships-of-war."
Aug. 2. D. C. The 13th Congress:
the first session closes.
Dec. 6. D. C. The 13th Congress:
the second session opens.
* * D. C. Congress ; Senate : Joseph B.
Varnum of Mass. is again elected
President pro tempore.
Dec. 19. D. C. Congress passes an
Embargo Act (the fourth) against all
exports whatever.
* * D. C. Congress establishes a system
of internal revenue from direct tax
and excise.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-18 * * Conn. John Cotton Smith.
-15 * * Ga. Peter Early.
-16* * Did. (Ter.). Thomas Posey.
-31 * * Mich. (Ter.). Lewis Cass.
-16 * * N. H. John T. Gilman.
-15. * * N. J. Wm. S. Pennington.
-15 * * Vt. Martin Chittenden.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1812 * * Pa. Nine wagons loaded with
anthracite coal are hauled 106 miles to
Philadelphia ; two loads are sold at cost
of transportation, and seven given away,
and the sale is denounced as a fraud.
* * The first steamboat navigates the
Ohio.
* * Phila. A steam-ferry first connects
Philadelphia and Camden.
* * New Eng. The large foreign com-
merce of the Eastern States is whoUy
destroyed.
1813 May 10. N. Y. A steam-ferry
first connects Brooklyn and New York.
Nov. 22. N. H. A great fire occurs at
Portsmouth ; over 300 buildings are con-
sumed.
* * Ore. Astoria is sold to the North
West Company.
122 1814, Jan. 1-1815, Apr. 6.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1814 Jan. 22. Ala. Battle of Emuc-
fau; the Creeks are defeated by Gen.
Jackson.
Feb. 5. 0. Seventeen British, officers are
put in close confinement at Chillicoth©
by way of retaliation.
Feb. 13+. Gen. Wilkinson burns his
boats in Salmon Kiver, and breaks up
cantonment at French Mills ; Gen.
Brown goes to Sackett's Harbor, and
Gen. Macomb, with the Army of the
North, marches for Plattsburg through
snow three feet deep.
Feb. 21. N. Y. Col. Scott and 2,000 Brit-
ish arrive at French Mills, burn the
arsenal at Malone, and pillage the town.
Mar. 4. The British are defeated at
Longwood, about 100 miles from De-
troit, losing 80 men ; American loss, 8
men.
Mar. 27. Ala. Gen. Jackson defeats
the Creek Indians at Horse-shoe ; Jack-
son's loss 91 killed, Indian loss 800.
Mar. 28. British ship Phoebe and sloop-of-
war Cherub, in all 81 guns and 500 men,
capture in the neutral port of Valparaiso
the United States frigate Essex, 52 guns,
255 men, Capt. Porter.
Mar. * N. Y. The Army of the North
leaves Plattsburg and invades Canada.
Mar. 30. Can. Gen. Wilkinson, with
4,000 Americans, is repulsed at La Colle
Mills by Gen. Hancock with 2,000 British
and falls back on Plattsburg ; American
loss, 13 killed and 123 wounded ; British,
13 killed, 45 wounded.
Apr. 7. Conn. Saybrooke is surprised
by a force of 200 British marines, who
burn the shipping, spike the cannon,
and safely retreat to their ships.
Apr. 14. Europe. Napoleon having ab-
dicated, the British are free to rein-
force their armies in America : they
aim at the 'conquest of Louisiana.
Apr. 21. Com. Bainbridge, sloop Frolic,
is taken by the British frigate Orpheus.
Apr. 29. The sloop-of-war Peacock, 20
guns, 160 men, captures the British brig
Epervier, 18 guns and 128 men, with
$118,000 on board.
May * Wis. Prairie du Chien is taken
by an American force of 200 men.
June 28. Near the British Channel the
sloop Wasp, Capt. Blakely, captures the
British brig Reindeer, Capt. Manners.
July 3. Can. Gens. Brown, Winfield
Scott and Ripley cross the Niagara
Kiver, and 200 British at Fort Erie sur-
render without a battle.
July 5. Can. Battle of Chippewa.
The Americans under Gen. Brown de-
feat the British under Gen. Kiall, in a
battle south of the Chippewa River.
Losses : American, 338 ; British, 500.
July 11. Me. A British fleet takes East-
port.
July 20. The privateer General Arm-
strong arrives at New York, having
captured 11 British vessels.
* * Can. Large reinforcements arrive for
the British. Many of these are veterans
who served under Wellington in Spain.
July 25. Can. Battle of Lundy's
Lane, fought at night, near Niagara.
[Both sides claim the victory.]
Gen. Brown (2,600) defeats the British
(4,500) under Gen. Drummond. Gens.
Brown and Scott are wounded. Losses :
British, 878, Americans, 858.
Aug. 4. Can. Gen. Drummond, with a
British force, besieges Gen. Gaines at
Fort Erie.
Mich. Col. Crogan assaults the for-
tifications of Mackinaw, in the North-
west, and is repulsed.
Aug. 9+. Conn. The British, under Com-
modore Hardy, bombard Stonington,
and make several ineffectual attempts
to land.
Aug. 15. Can. The British unsuccess-
fully assault Fort Erie, and lose nearly
1,000 men ; American loss, 84.
Aug. 19. Md. A British fleet in the
Chesapeake ascends the Pawtuxet, for an
advance on "Washington. Gen. Boss
lands 5,000 British soldiers at Benedict.
Aug. 24. Md. Battle of Bladensburg,
six miles from Washington.
Gen. Winder is defeated ; the British
march on Washington and burn the
Capitol, and all the public buildings,
except the Patent Office and the jail.
Aug. 29. Va. Alexandria is ransomed
from burning by the payment of 21 ships,
16,000 barrels flour, and 1,000 hogsheads
of tobacco.
Aug. * Fla. The Spaniards permit a
British fleet to use Pensacola, to fit
out an expedition against Fort Boyer, at
the entrance of Mobile Bay.
Sept. 6. N. Y. Gen. Macomb retires
with the Army of the North from Platts-
burg to the south bank of the Saranac
River.
Sept. 9. XT. Y. Bold attack on the Brit-
ish near Plattsburg, by Capt. McGlassin
and 50 Americans.
Sept. 11. N.Y. An important land and
naval battle at Plattsburg.
The British, under Gen. Prevost and
Admiral Downie, are defeated by Gen.
Macomb and Admiral McDonough ; the
British retreat with a loss of 1,500.
Sept. 12. Md. The British attack Bal-
timore ; the British Gen. Ross is killed,
and the Americans under Gen. Smith
fall back.
Sept. 13. Md. The British squadron
bombards Fort McHenry, near Balti-
more, from sunrise till near midnight.
Sept. 14. Md. The British abandon the
expedition against Baltimore, after mak-
ing demonstrations of attack.
Sept. 15. Ala. The British attack Fort
Boyer, commanding the entrance to
Mobile Bay, and are repulsed.
Sept. 17. Can. The British retire from
the siege of Fort Erie, after a success-
ful sortie by the Americans, and the ap-
proach of reinforcements.
Oct. 29. New York. The first steam
frigate, the Fulton, is launched.
Nov. 5. Caw. The Americans evacuate
and destroy Fort Erie, and retire to the
American side of the Niagara River ; this
ends the war in that region.
Nov. 6. Fla. Gen. Jackson, without
authority, at the head of 3,000 men,
appears before the Spanish town of
Pensacola to drive out the British, who
blow up the fort, and in their seven
vessels retire from the Bay. This neu-
tral (?) port is no longer a British port
of outfit.
Dec. 2. La. Gen. Jackson arrives at
New Orleans and takes command.
Dec. 10. La. The British fleet enters
Lake Borgne, and defeats a small squad-
ron under Lieut. Jones, but suffers
severely in killed and wounded.
Dec. 14. La. The British capture a
small American fleet ; this gives them
the command of the route to New
Orleans, but they fail to use their
opportunity.
Dec. 15. La. Gen. Jackson declares
martial law in New Orleans.
Dec. 23. La Gen. Jackson attacks
with success the British camp of 2,400
men, nine miles below New Orleans,
but falls back to his intrenchments,
within 4 miles of the city. Loss on each
side, about 200.
Dec. 24. Belgium. The war ends — on
paper — by the signing of the treaty of
Peace at Ghent. (See State.)
Dec. 28. La. The British, under Sir E.
Pakenham, attack Gen. Jackson, and
are repulsed.
1815 Jan. 1. La. The British again
attack Gen. Jackson, and are signally
beaten.
Jan. 4. La. Gen. Jackson is reinforced
by 2,250 Kentuckians, mostly unarmed.
Jan. 6. La. The English are reinforced
at New Orleans, and have an army vari-
ously estimated from 8,000 to 14,000.
Jan. 8. La. Battle of New Orleans.
The British make a desperate attack on
Gen. Jackson, who is protected by
breastworks of cotton bales.
They are repulsed, with small loss
to the Americans — 8 killed and 13
wounded ; British loss about 700 killed
and 1,400 wounded. Sir E. Pakenham,
their commanding general, and Gen.
Gibbs, second in command, both lose
their lives, and Gen. Keane is disabled.
Jan. 15. The British ship Endymion
captures the American frigate President.
Jan. 18. La. The British retire from
New Orleans.
* * Commodore Decatur captures an
Algerian frigate and brig, and sailing
into the Bay of Tunis, forcea the Dey
to surrender American prisoners and re-
linquish all claims to American tribute.
Feb. 5. The privateer brig George Little,
8 guns, 58 men, is captured by the British
ship Granicus.
Feb. 11. Ala. Col. Lawrence, with 375
men, surrenders Fort Boyer, Mobile,
to 5,000 British, with a large fleet, under
Gen. Lambert.
UNITED STATES. 1814, Jan. 1-1815, Apr. 6. 123
Feb. 20. Naval Battle off Cape St.
Vincent.
The frigate Constitution, after a severe
fight, captures the British brigs Cyane,
36 guns, and the Levant, 18 guns.
Mar. 4. The privateer brig Aspasia, 3
guns, 25 men, is captured by the British
brig Volontaire.
Mar. 8. The British ship Tiber, Capt.
Dacres, captures the privateer Leo, Capt.
Hemes, with seven guns and 93 men.
Mar. 19. U. S. Military operations on
land entirely cease.
Mar. 24. Naval battle off the coast of
Brazil.
In 22 minutes the brig Hornet, 16 guns,
Capt. Biddle, captures the British brig
Penguin, 18 guns and a 12-pound car-
ronade, having 132 men under Capt.
Dickinson ; British loss, 14 killed, 28
wounded ; American loss, one killed, 11
wounded.
Apr. 6. Eng. American prisoners in
Dartmoor prison are fired upon by
their guard, and many of them killed
and wounded ; [the Prince-regent cen-
sures the officers.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1814 * * Boston. The Linnuean Society-
is organized. [Disbanded.]
>*;* *Mass. The first power cotton-mill in
the United States is erected at Waltham.
* * N. Y.— Conn. Carriages are first
manufactured at Albany and New
Haven.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1814* *
Adams, Chas. Baker, naturalist, b. in Mass.
Allen, Ira, one of the founders of Vt., A63.
Bailey, James Roosevelt, B.C. archbishop,
born Aug. 23 in N.Y.
Baynan,Wm., surgeon, anatomist of Va., A 65.
Bellows, Henry "Whitney, Unit, clergy-
man, born in Mass.
Bigelow, Erastus B., inventor, b. in Mass.
Brown, Henry Kirk, sculptor, born in Mass.
Chapin, Edwin H., Univ. cl., orator, b. N.Y.
Clemens, Jeremiah, sen. for Ala., b. in Ala.
Coke, Thomas, first M. E. bp., A 67.
Colt, Samuel, inventor of revolver, b. Conn.
Colton, Gardner Q., physician, dentist, b.Vt.
Craik, James, physician, surgeon, A83.
Davenport, Edward L., actor, born in Mass.
Deane, Samuel, Cong, clergyman, poet, A71.
Donaldson, James L., maj.-gen., b. in Md.
Ellis, Geo. Edw., Unit, clergyman, writer,
b. in Mass.
Everts, Wm. W., Bapt. cl., author, b. in N.Y.
Gay, Sydney Howard, author, born in Mass.
Gerry, Elbridge, patriot, Vice-Pr. U. S., A70.
Gilman, Nicholas, senator for N. H., A52.
Gregg, Maxey, Confed. Brig.-Gen., b. in S. C.
Harris, Samuel, Cong, clergyman, b. in Me.
Headley, Joel T., historical writer, b. in N.Y.
Heath, William, maj.-gen. in Revol'n, A77.
Hooker, Joseph, gen. U. S. A.,b. in Mass.
Howe, Sir William, gen. at Bunker Hill, A85.
Hudson, Henry Norman, essayist, b. in Vt.
Kirkwood, Daniel, mathematician, b. in Md.
Lang, Louis, painter, born in Ger.
Lapham, Eldridge G., M. C. for N. Y., b. N.Y.
Maynard, Horace, P. M. general, b. in Mass.
McClintock, John, M. E. clergyman, author,
born in Ire.
Meek, Alexander B., editor, born in S. C.
Mell, Patrick Hues, Bapt. clergyman, b. Ga.
Miller, Morris S., brig.-gen. U. S. Vol., b.
Miner, Alonzo A., cl., educator, b. in N. H.
Motley. John Lothrop, historian, b. Mass.
Otis, Samuel A., senator for Mass., A74.
Paine, Robert T., lawyer, signer of Declara-
tion of Independence, A83.
Prime, Edward D. G., N. Y.Observer, b. N.Y.
Robertson, James, pioneer in Tenn., A72.
Robinson, Wm. E., journalist, editor, b. Ire.
Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, count,
Brit, officer, philosopher, A61.
Stanton, Edwin McMasters, sec. of war,
born in 0.
Thompson, Jerome, painter, born in Mass.
Tilden. Samuel J., Gov. of N. Y., lawyer,
born in N.Y.
Wilmot, David, sen. for Pa., born in Pa.
Wyman, Jeffries, anatomist, prof., b. Mass.
Yancey,William L.', M. C. for Ala., b. in S. C.
CHURCH.
1814 Apr. 11. New York. A woman's
missionary society is organized in the
Fayette Street Baptist Church.
May 18. Va. B. C. Moore is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop.
Phila. An assembly of 26 ministers
and 7 laymen, representing 11 different
States and the District of Columbia, or-
ganizes the Triennial Convention of
the Baptist Church, in the interest of
foreign mission work.
June * New York. The General Synod
of the Reformed Church meets ; John
N. Bradford, president.
Sept. 1. Md. James Kemp is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) suffragan
bishop.
* * Phila. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Samuel Inglis,
moderator.
* * O. — Tenn. The Presbyterian synods
of Ohio and Tennessee are formed.
* * The National Foreign Missionary
Society (Baptist) is organized.
LETTERS.
1814 Aug. 24. B.C. The British burn
the National Library at Washington.
* * New York. The New York Weekly
Museum appears.
Sept. 13. Md. Francis S. Key composes
the Star-spangled Banner, during the
bombardment of Fort McHenry, near
Baltimore, while detained on board a
British ship.
* * The first religious newspaper, The
Recorder, is issued at Chillicothe, Ohio.
SOCIETY.
1815 Jan. 23. La. Thanksgiving
Day is observed in New Orleans for
General Jackson's victory.
Apr. 6. Eng. Massacre of 64 Ameri-
cans at Dartmoor Prison.
STATE.
1814 Jan. 1. U.S. National debt
$81,487,846.
Jan. 19. B. C. Congress ; House :
Langdon Cheves of S. C. is elected
Speaker. [Be-elected Nov. 25.]
Apr. 14. Congress repeals the Em-
bargo Act of December, 1813.
Apr. 18. I). C. Congress; Senate:
John GaiUard of S. C. is elected
President pro tempore.
The 13th Congress: the second ses-
sion closes.
Aug. 22. Mass. The people of Nan-
tucket declare themselves neutral and
under the protection of England.
Aug. 24. B. C. The President and
Cabinet flee from Washington at
the approach of the British.
Sept. 19. B.C. The 13th Congress:
the third session opens.
Dec. 15. Conn. Delegates assemble
from the New England States and orga-
nize the Hartford Convention as an
anti-war movement, and also to oppose
the administration of President Madison.
It urges certain amendments to the
Constitution and a denning of the power
of the General Government over State
troops, but accomplishes nothing. [The
Democrats allege that it is a disloyal
assembly. Its chief effect is the ruin
of the Federal party, which called it ;
no political preferments await its mem-
bers in after years.]
Dec. 24. Belgium. Peace comes by the
Treaty of Ghent, which is negotiated
by John Q. Adams, Albert Gallatin,
Henry Clay, James A. Bayard, and
Jonathan Russell.
The treaty provides for commissions to
run boundaries, which previous treaties
had provided for, but it settles none of
the questions which brought on the
war ; [yet its effect was essentially that
desired by the Americans.]
* * B.C. Congress orders the first war-
tax, on hats, caps, umbrellas, leather
boots, plate, beer, ale, playing-cards,
harness, household furniture, and gold
and silver watches.
* * B.C. Henry Clay is the leader of
the new Democracy ; the Federalist
party has been nearly annihilated by its
unpopular conduct during the war.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $1,662,084.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
Cal. Jose Arguello (Spanish).
-17 * * Bel. Daniel Rodney.
-17 * * N.C. William Miller.
O. Othniel Looker.
-18 * * O. Thomas Worthington.
-16 * * S. C. David R. Williams.
-16 * * Va. Wilson C. Nicolas.
1815 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$99,833,660.
Jan. 12. U.S. A National fast-day is
observed.
Jan. 15. B. C. President Madison ve-
toes the bills to recharter the National
Bank.
Feb. 18. B. C. Congress: the Senate
ratifies the Treaty of Ghent.
Mar. 4. B.C. The 13th Congress ends.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1814 Feb. 1. New rates of postage.
Letters, for 40 miles, 12 cents; between 4f>
and 90 miles, 15 cents ; between 90 and
150 miles, 18| cents ; between 150 and 300
miles, 25 cents ; between 300 and 500
miles, 30 cents ; over 500 miles, 37i cents ;
double letters at double price.
Apr. * La. New Orleans banks suspend
specie payments.
Aug. * Philadelphia banks suspend
specie payments. (Also banks in D. C.)
Sept.* U.S. Nearly all other banks in
the country suspend.
Dec. * The National debt is increased
by the war of 1812 to
124 1815, Apr. 13- 1817 * *.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
THE SEVENTH WAR.
1815 May 19. New York. An expe-
dition, consisting of nine vessels, under
Commodore Decatur, sails for Algiers
to punish piracies, war having been de-
clared by the United States.
June 17. Decatur, after a fight of 20
minutes, captures the principal Al-
gerine frigate off Gibraltar.
June 18. Hostilities cease between the
United States and England.
June 19. Decatur captures another
Algerine vessel.
June 28. Algeria. The American squad-
ron arrives in the Bay of Algiers.
June 30. Algiers. The Americans dic-
tate terms of peace.
June * D. C. Maj.-Gen. Jacob Brown
is appointed (10th) commander of the
army.
1816 May 8. The Washington is the
first ship-of-the-line ; she puts to sea and
carries 74 guns.
THE EIGHTH WAR.
1817 Nov. 20 — 18 Oct. 21. The
Seminole Indian War.
[Troops engaged : 1,000 regulars, 6,911
militia and volunteers ; total, 7,911 men.
Georgia and Alabama are the seat of the
war.]
Dec. 26. Gen. Andrew Jackson is or-
dered to take the field against the
Seminole and Creek Indians.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1815 ** Boston,. The Handel and
Haydn Society is founded.
* * Mary Brush takes out a patent for a
corset, the second patent issued to a
woman.
* * Pa. Iron-workers have begun to use
anthracite coal, but their cold blast
causes a failure.
y 1816* *-17* * Pa. The first rolling-
mill to puddle iron and roll iron bars is
built on Redstone Creek.
Apr. 30.* Phila. A spot on the sun
is visible to the naked eye for several
days.
1817 Jan. 7. S. C. Two shocks of
earthquake occur at Charleston.
* * Ky. The Kentucky River overflows,
causing damage to the extent of a million
dollars.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1815* *
Anthony, Henry B., Gov., sen. for R. I., born
in R. I.
Alsop, Richard, poet, linguist, A74.
Appleton, John, lawyer, born in Mass.
Barnard, John G.,mil. eng. U. 8. A.,b. Mass.
Barton, Benjamin Smith, phys., botanist,
A 49.
Bayard, James Assheton, sen. for Del., A 48.
Beecher, Charles, Cong, clergyman, writer,
born in Conn.
Bonham, Milledge L., Confed. Gen., b. S. C.
Bradford, Alex. Warfleld, jurist, b. in N.Y.
Brady, James T., lawyer of N.Y., b. in N.Y.
Brooks, Erastus, journalist, politician, b. Me.
Budington, Wm. Ives, Cong, cl., b. in Conn.
Campbell, Jabez P., Afr. M. E. bp., b. in Del.
Carroll, John D., first R. C. bp., A80.
Cobb, Howell, M.C. for Ga., sec. treas.,b.Ga.
Copley, John 8., painter, A78.
Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., lawyer, b. in Mass.
Davis, David. V. S. S. Ct., born in 111.
Doolittle, Jas. R., senator for Wis., b. in N.Y.
Downing, Andrew J., ruralist economist,
born in N.Y.
Dumont, Ebenezer, brig.-gen.,M. C. forlnd.,
born in Ind.
Farnham, Eliza W., philanthropist, b. N.Y.
Flagg, Edmund, journalist, author, b. in Me.
Foster, John Wells, geologist, born in Mass.
Fry, William H., editor, born in Pa.
Fulton. Robert steamboat-builder, A50.
Griswold, Stanley, senator, A52.
Halleck, Henry W., maj.-gen., military
writer, born in N.Y.
Hurlbut, Stephen A., maj.-gen., b. in S. C.
Kearny, Philip, maj.-gen., born in N.Y.
Lester, Chas. E., author, born in Conn.
Lyman, Theodore B., P. E. bp. of N. C, born
in Mass.
Meade, George O., maj.-gen., commander
of the Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg,
born in Spain.
Mills, Clarke, sculptor, born in N.Y.
Murray, John, founder of Universalist
Church in America, A74.
Nadal, B. IL, M. E. clergyman, b. in Md.
Nixon, John, general in Revolution, A90.
Pakenham, Sir Edward, Brit, gen., A 37.
Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, writer, b. in Mass.
Poland, Luke P., senator for Vt., b. in Vt.
Provoost, Samuel P. E. bp. of N.Y., A73.
Ramsay, Alex., sec. of war, Gov. of Minn., b.
Ramsay, David, physician, historian, A66.
Robinson, Ezekiel G., Bapt. cl., b. in Mass.
Rodman, Thomas J., brig.-gen., inventor,
born in Ind.
Sevier, John, gov. of Tenn., A71.
Shubrick, John T., naval officer, A37.
± Van Amburg, Isaac, showman, b. in N.Y.
Warren, John C, physician, A62.
Wells, Horace, anesthetics, born in Vt.
1816* *
Allibone, Samuel Austin, author, b. in Pa.
Alston, Joseph, (Jov. of S. C, A38.
Asbury, Francis, first Meth. bp., A71.
Backus, Azel, Pres. of Hamilton Coll., A51.
Ranks, Nathaniel P., general, M. C. for
Mass., speaker, b. in Mass.
Belmont, August, financier, born in Ger.
Brantly, Wm. T., Bapt. clergyman, b. S. C.
Crane, Win. C, Bapt. cl., writer, b. in Va.
Cushman. Charlotte S. , actress, b. in Mass.
Dexter, Samuel, jurist, A55.
Donaldson, Edward, commodore IT. S. N., b.
Duyckinck, Evert Augustus, writer, b. N.Y.
Early, Jubal A. , Confederate gen., b. in Va.
Field, Stephen J., associate justice U. S.,
born in Conn.
Gerstacker, Fried., novelist, traveler, b. Ger.
Godwin, Parke, author, born in N.Y.
Haven, Joseph, Cong, cl., philo., b. in Mass.
Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood, jurist, statesman,
born in Mass.
Hooper, Lucy, poetess, born in Mass.
Howe, Timothy O., U. S. senator, b. in Me.
Huntington, Daniel, painter, born in N.Y.
Jacobus, Melancthon W., Pres. theologian,
author, born in N. J.
Johnston, Samuel, Gov. of N. C, A89.
Kernan, Francis, senator for N.Y., b. in N.Y.
Kimball, Richard Burleigh,author, b. in N. H.
Lear, Tobias, sec. to Washington, A66.
Leutze, Emanuel, painter, born in Ger.
Lowell, Robert T. S., P. E. cl., b. in Mass.
Meigs, Montgomery C, Q. M. gen., b. in Ga.
Miller, Samuel F., justice S. Ct., born in Ky.
Moore, Benjamin, P. E. bp. of N.Y., A68.
Morris, Gouverneur, statesman, A64.
Proctor, Joseph, actor, born in Mass.
Robinson, Stuart, Pres. clergyman, b. in Ire.
Sawyer, Philetus, senator for Wis., b. in Vt.
Saxe, John Godfrey, poet, born in Vt.
Silliman, Benj., Jr., physicist, born in Conn.
Spalding, Solomon, clergyman, reputed au-
thor of Book of Mormon, A55.
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, reformer, born
in N.Y.
Strother, David Hunter, artist, writer, b. Va.
Thorn; «, George Henry, major-gen., born
in Va., July 31.
Waite, Morrison R., chief justice S. Ct., born
in Conn.
Wilson, William Dexter, scholar, b. in N. H.
CHURCH.
1815 June.* N. Y. The General
Synod of the Reformed Church meets
at Albany, John Schureman, president.
[At New York in Sept., Jacob Brodhead,
president.]
Nov. 19. N. J. John Croes is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop.
* * Ind. The Harmonists, having emi-
grated from Wurtemberg, found New
Harmony. They hold their property in
common, and consider marriage a civil
contract.
* * Ga. The American Board sends Cyrus
Kingsbury as missionary to the Chero-
kee Indians.
* * Mass. Open rupture and hot con-
troversy separate Trinitarian and Uni-
tarian Congregationalists.
* * Mass. A legacy from Mrs. Norris of
Salem is realized to the American Board
— $30,000, the largest yet received.
* * N. Y. The Episcopalians begin mis-
sion work among the Oneida Indians.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; William Neill,
moderator.
1816 Mar. 24. Va. Bishop Francis
Asbury, the organizer of American
Methodism, preaches his last sermon, at
Richmond.
Apr. 14. La. The first Protestant Epis-
copal church is opened at New Orleans.
May 1-24. Md. The General Confer-
ence (Methodist Episcopal) is held at
Baltimore.
Enoch George and Robert R. Morris
are ordained bishops ; the Mississippi
Conference is formed.
May 8. New York. The American
Bible Society is organized in the Re-
formed Dutch church, in Garden Street.
June.* New York. The General
Synod of the Reformed Church meets ;
Jacob Brodhead, president.
Oct. * The Bangor Theological Sem-
inary (Congregational) is opened.
* * Episcopalians form a Common
Prayer-Book and a Tract Society.
* * The Reformed Dutch Church practi-
cally co-operates with the American
Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions.
* * Boston. The Unitarian Society for
the Promotion of Theological Edu-
cation is organized.
The Divinity School of Harvard is
established by Unitarians.
The Boston Society for the Moral
and Religious Instruction of the
Poor is organized.
* * New York. The first religious meet-
ing in behalf of sailors is held at the
corner of Front Street and Old Slip.
* * N. Y. Lutherans establish a theo-
logical seminary at Hartwick.
* * Cyrus Kingsbury, the first missionary
of the American Board to the Indians,
is sent to the Cherokees.
* * O. The Female Charitable Society
of Tallmadge contributes $20 to the
American Board, the first received from
west of the Alleghanies, save one dollar
from a pastor's pocket.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; James Blythe,
moderator. It organizes the Board of
Missions.
UNITED STATES. 1815, Apr. 13-1817 * *. 125
* * Tract societies are organized in Phila-
delphia, Baltimore, and Hartford.
* * Richard Allen is elected bishop of the
African Methodist Episcopal Church.
1817 Mar. 14. New York. The Ma-
rine Bible Society for supplying
sailors with Bibles is organized.
Apr. 2. N. C. The (Protestant Episco-
pal) Diocese of North Carolina is orga-
nized.
LETTERS.
1815 * * Pa. Allegheny College (Meth.
Epis.) is organized at Meadville.
* * The North American Review is issued.
* * Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse, by
Mrs. Sigourney, appears.
* * Md. The Portico appears at Balti-
more.
1816 * * N. J. Queen's College (Rutgers
Reformed) suspends work [till 1825].
* * Pa. The Pennsylvania State library
is founded at Harrisburg. [53,000 vols.]
* * O. The Appeal is issued. (See Society.)
1817 * * Boston. The Methodist Maga-
zine appears ; it is the first Methodist
periodical.
* *Ohio State Library is founded at
Columbus. [51,439 vols.]
Apr. 7. Conn. An institution for deaf
mutes is opened at Hartford by T. H.
Gallaudet, with seven pupils.
Apr. 21. New York. The New York
State Library is established.
Sept. 24. N. Y. Thirteen Baptists meet
in Hamilton and lay the foundation of
[the present] Madison University.
SOCIETY.
1815 Aug. * Neio York. The first
Peace Society in the world is founded.
* * D. C. Congress enacts that any one
establishing a still in the Indian country
shall be fined $500 and forfeit the still.
1816* * New York. Authorities forbid
chimney-sweeps to cry their trade in
the streets.
* * O. The Appeal is started at St. Clairs-
ville, to champion the anti- slavery
cause.
1817 Jan. 19. N. J. Riot and rebel-
lion is engaged in by Princeton students.
Feb. 25 . Isaac Roget, a merchant in high
standing, with others, is convicted of
loading the lost schooner Ocean with 97
boxes of stone, in an effort to defraud the
insurance companies of $58,000.
* * Ky. Abraham Lincoln, nine years
of age, removes with his parents to In-
diana, crossing the Ohio on a raft.
Dec. 28. D. C. An American Colo-
nization Society is formed at Washing-
ton ; object, to return negroes to Africa ;
Henry Clay is its prime mover.
STATE.
1815 Apr. 13. N.Y. Bill for the con-
struction of the Erie Canal, from
Albany on the Hudson to Lake Erie,
passes the Assembly. Vote, 84-15.
June 30. Algiers. Commodore Deca-
tur negotiates a treaty.
The Dey renounces all claims to tribute
for the protection of American com-
merce from pirates, and yields the right
to enslave prisoners of war.
July 3. Eng. A commercial treaty
between the United States and England
is signed at London.
Dec. 4. The 14th Congress opens.
Congress ; House : Henry Clay of
Ky. is elected Speaker.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $4,678,059.
* * New York. John Ferguson is elected
the 51st mayor.
* *-18* * New York. Jacob Radcliff
is elected the 52d mayor.
* * V. S. Governors inaugurated :
Cal. Pablo V. de Sola (Span.).
-17 * * Ga. David B. Mitchell.
-17 * * N.J. Mahlon Dickerson.
-21 * * Tenn. Joseph M'Minn.
-20 * * Ft. Jonas Galusha.
1816 Jan. 1. U. s. National debt
$127,334,933.
Apr. 10. D. C. Congress charters a
second national bank for twenty
years, with a capital of $35,000,000.
Apr. 27. D. C. Congress imposes a
Robert G. Harper of Md., 3. Vacan-
cies, 4.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 14th Congress ends.
Fifth Administration ; Democratic-
Republican.
Mar. 4. D. C. James Monroe of Va.
is inaugurated the fifth President, in the
eighth term of the presidency. Daniel
D. Tompkins of N. Y. is Vice-President.
The Capitol having been burned by
the British, the inauguration ceremonies
take place in Congress Hall.
Cabinet : John Q. Adams of Mass.
(State), Wm. H. Crawford of Ga.
(Treas.), John C. Calhoun of S. C.
(War), Benj. "W. Crowninshield of
Mass. <2STavy), and "Wm. Wirt of Va.
(Atty.-Gen.).
* * U.S. The Democratic-Republican
party is dominant. " Era of good feel-
ing " in politics ; party distinctions are
nearly obliterated.
May 31+. I). C. President Monroe per-
sonally inspects the military posts.
Dec. 1. D. C. The 15th Congress
opens.
protective tariff of about 25 per cent ■Dec- 10- D.C. Congress admits Missis-
on imported cotton and woolen goods,
and specific duties on iron. The South
opposes, and the North favors it. Vote :
Senate, 25-7 ; House, 88-54.
Apr. 30. D. C. The 14th Congress :
the first session closes.
Sept. * The Government makes a treaty
with the Choctaw and Cherokee Indians.
Nov. (?)* U.S. Eighth Presidential
election. Democrat-Republicans defeat
the Federalists and elect James Monroe.
Dec. 2. D. C. The 14th Congress:
the second session opens.
Dec. 11. D.C. Congress admits Indi-
ana into the Union as the 19th State.
* * New Eng. The necessity of protec-
tion for manufacturing industries
draws New England toward the Repub-
lican party.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal Revenue $5,124,-
708.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-22 * * Ind. Jonathan Jennings.
Ky. George Madison.
-20 * * Ky. Gabriel Slaughter.
-20 * * La. Jacques Villere.
-23 * * Mass. John Brooks.
-19 * * N. H. William Plumer.
-18 * * S. C. Andrew Pickens.
-19 * * Va. James P. Preston.
1817 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$123,491,965.
Phila. The New Bank of the United
States opens at Carpenter's Hall.
* * U. S. The policy of internal im-
provements is approved by the Repub-
licans and opposed by the Democrats.
Feb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : James Monroe
of Va. (Dem.-Rep.), 183 ; RufusKingof
N. Y. (Federalist), 34. Vote for Vice-
President: Daniel D. Tompkins of
N. Y. (Republican), 183 ; John E. How-
ard of Md. (Federalist), 22 ; James Ross Aug. 2. Mo.
of Pa., 5; John Marshall of Va., 4; at St. Louis.
sippi into the Union as the 20th State,
after dividing the Territory ; the eastern
portion is called the Territory of Ala-
bama.
Dec. 23. D. C. Congress abolishes the
internal taxes. [They are next levied in
1861, to meet the expenses of another
war.]
Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue
$2,678,100.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-20* * Del. John Clarke.
-19 * * Ga. William Rabun.
-20 * *N.C. John Branch.
-29 * * N.J. Isaac H. Williamson.
-22 * * N. Y. De Witt Clinton.
Pa. Wm. Findlay.
-21 * * R.I. Nehemiah R. Knight.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1815 * * O. Cincinnati has a popula-
tion of 11,600.
* * Pa. The Fairmount "Water- works
for supplying Philadelphia are com-
pleted. [The present system was com-
pleted in 1827.]
1816 * * Md. Baltimore is the first
city lighted by gas.
Nov. 25. Phila. A theater is lighted
by gas.
Dec. 2. U. S. The first savings-bank
is opened at Philadelphia.
* * New York. More than 7,000 immi-
grants arrive this year.
* * N. Y.—Pa. Travelers pass from New
York to Philadelphia between sunrise
and sunset.
1817 Mar. 4. Phila. The rechartered
National Bank goes into operation,
and business, long languishing, now re-
vives.
July 4. N. Y. The construction of the
Erie Canal is commenced by breaking
ground near Rome.
A steamboat first arrives
126 1817**-1819**.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1818 Apr. * Florida the refuge of the
Creeks, is invaded by Gen. Jackson,
without express authority.
[Congress refused to censure him, and
Spain accepted money for Florida, rather
than spend it in a doubtful defense.]
Apr. 7. Fla. Gen. Jackson captures St.
Marks, a Spanish post.
Apr. 30. Fla. He hangs Alexander
Arbuthnot and an Englishman named
Robert C. Ambrister, for inciting the
Creeks to war.
May 24. Fla. He takes Pensacola from
the Spaniards.
May 27. Fla. He reduces the Spanish
fortress of the Barancas [and sends the
authorities and troops to Havana].
May* Ga. — Ala. Gen. Jackson subdues
the Seminole Indians. [Cost of the war,
$40,000,000.]
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1817 * * John Trumbull receives a com-
mission from Congress for four historical
pictures : Declaration of Independence ;
Surrender of Burgoyne; Surrender of
Cornwallis ; Resignation of Washington.
1818 Aug. 13. Mass. Gelatinous mat-
ter falls near Amherst soon after the
passage of a brilliant meteor.
* * Boston. Handel's Messiah is produced.
* * Adams and Dodge are said to have in-
vented a sewing-machine.
* * Boston. The Creation, by Haydn, is
produced.
* * Mo. N. M. Ludlow gives the first
dramatic performance in St. Louis.
* * N. J. Seth Boyden, by an experiment
at Newark, produces the first patent
leather made in this country.
* * N. Y. A large part of Table Rock, at
Niagara Falls, gives way and drops.
* * New York. The Lyceum of Natural
History is inaugurated.
* * Pa. An unsuccessful attempt is made
at Mauch Chunk to use anthracite coal
in making iron.
* * Phila. The Academy of Natural
Science is founded.
Jacob Perkins invents engraving on
soft steel, which, when hardened, will
multiply copper plates indefinitely.
1819 May 26. Ga. The steamship
Savannah, of 350 tons, sails from Savan-
nah for Liverpool, arriving June 20 : the
first steamship to cross the Atlantic.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1817* *
Barnes, Joseph, brig. -gen., surgeon, b. in Pa.
Bedell, Gregory T., P. E. bp. of O., b. N.Y.
Bigelow, John, author, editor, born in N.Y.
Bowman, Thomas, M. E. bishop, b. in Pa.
Bras?, Braxton, Confed. gen., b. in N. C.
Byford, Wm. Heath, physician, born in O.
Carnochan, John M., surgeon, born in Ga.
Champney, Benjamin, painter, b. in N. H.
Dallas, Alex. James, sec. of treas., A58.
Davis, Henry Winter, M. C. for Md., b. Md.
Douglass, Fred'k, orator, b. a slave in Md.
Dupont, Pierre Sam., of Del., economist, A78.
Dwight, Timothy, Pres. of Yale Col., A65.
EweU, Richard S., Confed. lieut.-gen., b. D.C.
Fairchild, James H., Presb. cl., b. in Mass.
Fields, James Thomas, editor, b. N. H.
Finley,Robert,Presb.clergyman of N. J., A45.
Forney, John Weiss, journalist, b. in Pa.
Freling-huysen, Frederick T., senator for
N. J., sec. of state, born in N. J.
Goug-h, John B., temperance orator, b. Eng.
Green, Seth, flsh culturist, born in N.Y.
Hager, David Albert, geologist, born in Vt.
Hale, Horatio, ethnologist, born in N. H.
Harbaugh, Henry, author, born in Pa.
Harris, Wm. L., . E. bishop, born in O.
Hitchcock, Roswell Dwight, prof., b. in Me.
Hollister, Gideon Hiram, author, born.
Huntington, Samuel, judge, A42.
Jones, Wm. A., librarian, born in N.Y.
Judson, Emily (Fanny Forester), b. in N.Y.
Lincoln, John L., educator, born in Mass.
McKean, Thomas, patriot, jurist, A83.
Meek, Fielding B., paleontologist, b. in Ind.
Neale, Leonard, R. C. bp. of Baltimore, A71.
Odenheimer, Wm. H., P. E. bp. of N. J., b. Pa.
Palmer, Erastus Dow, sculptor, b. in N.Y.
Palmer, John McCauley, sen. for 111., b. Ky.
Pickens, Andrew, Revolutionary gen., A78.
Pierrepont, Edwards, att'y-gen.. b. in Conn.
Ricketts, James B., gen. U. S. A., b. in N.Y.
Riddle, George R., senator for Md., b. in Del.
Robinson, John C., major-general, b. in N. Y.
Rothermel, Peter F., painter, born in Pa.
Saulsbury, Eli, senator for Del., b. in Del.
Thoreau, Henry D., naturalist, b. in Mass.
Wallace, Horace Binney, lawyer, b. in Pa.
1818* *
Adams, Abigail, writer, wife of Pres., A74.
Ag-new, D. Hayes, phys., surgeon, b. Pa.
Andrew, John Albion, gov. of Mass., b. Me.
Baker, Harriette N. Woods, author, b. Mass.
Barney, Joshua, commodore IT. S. N., A59.
Barry, William F., brevet maj.-gen., b. N.Y.
Beauregard, Pierre Gustave T., Confed-
erate general, born In La.
Blackwell, Lucy Stone, woman suffragist,
born in Mass.
Boutwell, Geo. Sewall, M. C. for Mass., sec.
of treas., born in Mass.
Browne, J. Ross, writer, born in Ire.
Buell, Don Carlos, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. O.
Burr, Enoch Fitch, Cong, cl., b. in Conn.
Butler, Benjamin Franklin, lawyer, M.C.,
general, born in N. H.
Clarke, Geo. Rogers, gen., frontiersman, A66.
Corbit, Wm. P., M. E. clergyman, b. in Pa.
Coxe,ArthurC.,P.E. bp. of N. Y., poet, b. N.J.
Cozzens, Fred. S., writer, born in N.Y.
Cuffee, Paul, philanthropist, A59.
Daboll, Nathan,teacher, mathematician, A68.
Davis, Noah, jurist of N.Y., born in N. H.
Denver, James W., Gov. of Kan., b. In Va.
Dorsey, John Syng, surgeon, A 35.
± Eastman, Mary H., author, born in Va.
Ellet, Elizabeth F., author, born in N.Y.
Evarts, Wm. Maxwell, lawyer, sec. of
state, born in Mass.
Fay, Jonas, surgeon, A81.
Fullerton, Wm., lawyer, jurist, born.
Gatling, Richard J., inventor of gun, b. N. C.
Gorgas, Josiah, vice-chancellor, born in Pa.
Green, Norvin, pres. of tel. co., born in Ind.
Hampton, Wade, Confed. lieut.-gen., senator
for S. C, gov., born in S. C.
Hardee, Wm. J., Confed. gen., born in Ga.
Harris, Caleb F., book collector, b. in R. I.
Harris, I sham G., sen. for Tenn., b. in Tenn.
Hartshome, Edward, phys. of Phila., b. Pa.
Hill, Thomas, Unit, cl., pres. of Harvard
University, born in N. J.
Horsford, Eben Norton, chemist, b. in N.Y.
Humphreys, David, soldier, poet, A65.
Irwin, Jared, Gov. of Ga., A68.
James, Horace, Cong, clergyman, born.
Jarves, James J., traveler, author, b. Mass.
Kensett, John F., painter, born in Conn.
LeClear, Thomas, portrait painter, b. in N.Y.
LeConte, John, physicist, born in Ga.
Lee, Henry, general, M. C., A62.
Lee, Henry, Confed. gen. b.
Loring, William W., Confed., Egyptian gen-
eral, born in N.C.
MacDowell, Irvin, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. in O.
Mathews, William, author, born in Me.
Milledge, John, gov., founder of Georgia
University, A 61.
Mitchell, Maria, astronomer, b. in Mass.
Morgan, Lewis H., ethnologist, b. in N. J.
O'Brien, Jeremiah, privateer in Revol'n, A78.
Ord, Edward O. C, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Md.
Paulding, John, a captor of Andre, A60.
Pope, Chas. A., surgeon of Mo., b. in Ala.
Prentiss, Elizabeth, religious writer, b. in Me.
Reid, Mayne, Capt., novelist, born in Ire.
Renwick, James, architect, born in N.Y.
Revere, Paul, engraver, patriot of Mass., A83.
Rice, Alex. H., statesman, scholar, b. Mass.
Richardson, Israel B., major-gen., b. in Vt.
Robinson, Wm. S., editor, writer, b. in Ind.
Saint Clair, Arthur, general U. S. A., A84.
Shaw, Henry W. (Josh Billings), humorist,
writer, born in Mass.
Smith, John L., mineral., chemist, b. in S. C.
Stevens, Isaac Ingalls, maj.-gen., b. in Mass.
Wistar, Caspar, physician, anatomist, A57.
Worden, John L., com. U. S. N., b. N. Y.
CHURCH.
1817 June * N. Y. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets at Albany ; C. D.
Westbrook, president. [At Kingston in
Oct.]
* * Conn. The American Board organizes
a foreign mission school at New
Haven, with five Hawaiian lads, among
others, as its first pupils.
* * Missions are established among the
Choctaw Indians by the American
Board.
* * N.J. The Theological School Build-
ing at Princeton is opened.
* * New Yorkj The General Conven-
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.
* * Phila. The Philadelphia Sunday
and Adult School Union is orga-
nized.
The Baptist Triennial Meeting as-
sembles.
The American Baptist Mission Union
modifies its constitution so as to include
domestic mission work.
The General Assembly (Presby-
terian) meets ; James Coe, moderator.
* * Tenn. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Tennessee is organized.
1818 Jan. * O. The (Protestant Epis-
copal) Diocese of Ohio is organized.
June 5. New York. The Society for
Promoting the Gospel among Sea-
men in the port of New York is orga-
nized.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; Wm. Mc.Murray,
president. [In August it meets again at
Albany ; J. M. Bradford, president.]
Sept. 23. Boston. The American Board
appoints Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons the
first American missionaries to the Orient.
Oct. 8. S. C. Nathaniel Bowen is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of South Carolina.
* * N. C. The Baptists begin work among
the Cherokees. The General Conference
sends a missionary to the Miamis, Kicka-
poos, Pottawattamies, and Shawanoes.
* * Pa. The "Woman's Missionary So-
ciety (Presbyterian) is formed in Derry.
* * The Cumberland Presbyterian Church
sends evangelists among the Chickasaws.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; J. J. Janeway,
moderator. It forms the Board of
Missions. Dr. Ashbel Green's paper
against slavery is passed.
1819 Feb. 11. O. Philander Chase,
the first western bishop (Protestant
Episcopal), is consecrated.
Apr. 5. New York. The Missionary
Society of the Methodist Episcopal
Church is organized at the preachers'
meeting.
July 5. New York. A woman's Mis-
sionary Society is formed in the Wes-
leyan Seminary, on Forsyth Street.
* * O. The Joint Synod (Evangelical Lu-
theran) of Ohio is organized.
Oct. 23. Hiram Bingham, Asa Thurston,
and others of the American Board sail
UNITED STATES.
1817**-1819**. 127
for the Sandwich Islands to open a
mission.
Oct. 27. Conn. T. C. Brownell is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) presiding
bishop for Connecticut.
LETTERS.
1817 * * Conn. The Hartford Times is
first issued.
Rev. Jeremiah Day is President of
Yale College [till 1846].
* * Mass. The Divinity School (Unit.)
of Harvard University is established.
* * New York. The General Theological
Seminary (Prot. Epis.) is organized.
* * The American Monthly Magazine ap-
pears.
* * Phila. The American Register ap-
pears.
* * Thanatopsis, by W. C. Bryant,
appears.
* * Keep Cool, by John Neal, appears.
* * Life and Character of Patrick Henry,
by William Wirt, appears.
1818* * Boston. Christian Examiner
is issued quarterly by Channing, Dewey,
Ware, and others.
* * N. Y. The New York State library
is founded at Albany. [128,529 vols.]
* * The American Journal of Science and
Arts, a quarterly, by Benjamin Silliman,
is issued.
* * Early European Friends of America,
by Julian C. Verplanck, appears.
* * The Battle of Niagara, by John Neal,
appears.
* * The Methodist Magazine [later the
Methodist Quarterly Beview] appears.
* * The Backwoodsman, by J. K. Paulding,
appears.
* * Theology Explained and Defended in
One Hundred and Seventy-three Sermons,
by Timothy Dwight, appears.
1819 Apr. 2. Md. The American
Farmer is first issued at Baltimore ; it is
the first agricultural paper in the
country.
May * Baptists begin the publication of
the weekly Christian Watchman.
* *Ky. Center College (Pres.) is or-
ganized at Danville.
SOCIETY.
1818 * * U. S. Great agitation of the
slavery question is occasioned by the
petition of Missouri for admission to
the Union as a slave State.
* * In order to counteract the habitual
use of ardent spirits among the people,
Secretary Calhoun prohibits the use of
liquor altogether in the U. S. Army.
1819 Apr. 26. Md. The first society
of Odd Fellows in the United States is
instituted as Washington Lodge No. 1.
* * Ga. Expulsion of the Cherokees.
Greedy white men want their land,
and a great body of Indians are " per-
suaded " to go over the Mississippi. The
Cherokees, the Creeks, the Choctaws,
and the Chickasaws are " greatly agi-
tated and distressed " at the prospect of
a removal from lands guaranteed to them
by treaty with the United States.
* * Ind. Abraham Lincoln (nearly 11
years old) mourns the death of his
mother.
* * New York. Hatters form a union.
STATE.
1818 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$103,466,633.
Mar. 18. U. S. Congress grants pen-
sions to veterans of the war of the
Revolution who are in needy circum-
stances.
Mar. 31. B. C. Congress; Senate:
John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected
President pro tempore.
Apr. 4. B. C. Congress adopts the
United States flag ; it has 13 stars on a
blue canton, and 13 stripes alternate red
and white — one for each original State.
Apr. 20. B. C. The 15th Congress : the
first session closes.
Sept. 1. N.Y. Auburn prison is opened.
Oct. 20. A Convention is signed with
Great Britain respecting boundaries
and the fisheries.
The 49th parallel of north latitude
shall be established as the boundary
line between United States and British
America in the west, and the joint occu-
pation of Oregon shall take place for
ten years. The convention of 1815 is
renewed.
Nov. 16. B. C. The 16th Congress:
the second session opens.
Dec. 3. B.C. Congress admits Illinois
as the 21st State.
Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue
$955,270.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-27 * * Conn. Oliver Wolcott.
-22 * * III. Shadrach Bond.
-25 * * Ind. William Hendricks.
-22 * * O. Ethan A. Brown.
-20 * * S. C. John Geddes.
* *-21* * New York. Cadwallader D.
Colden is elected the 53d mayor.
1819 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$95,529,648.
Feb. 13. B.C. Congress ; House : vig-
orous resistance is made to a bill in-
troduced to organize the Territory of
Missouri into a State. Of the 22 States,
11 are free and 11 are slave States.
James Tallmadge of N. Y. moves the
bill be so amended as to forbid the
further introduction of slaves, and
grant freedom to the offspring of
slaves at 25 years of age. [Passed, Feb.
16. Vote, 87-76. It is defeated in the
Senate. Vote, 31-7.]
Feb. 15. B. C. Congress; Senate:
James Barbour of Va. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
Feb. 22. B. C. Treaty with Spain.
Spain surrenders all claim to West Flor-
ida, and cedes East Florida. The United
States surrenders all claim to Texas, and
agrees to pay an indemnity of $5,000,000
to satisfy the claims of American citi-
zens against Spain.
Mar. 4. B.C. The 15th Congress
ends.
Mar. * B. C. President Monroe approves
the act of Congress, by which all Afri-
cans recaptured from slavers shall be
returned to Africa, and cared for.
June 19. Maine is separated from Mass.
Dec. 6. B. C. The 16th Congress
opens. House : Henry Clay of Ky. is
reelected Speaker. Vote, 147-8.
Dec. 14. B.C. Alabama is admitted into
the Union as the 22d State.
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue
$229,593.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-20 * * Ala. Wm. W. Bibb.
-25 * * Ark. (Ter.) James Miller.
Ga. Matthew Talbot.
-23 * * Ga. John Clarke.
-21 * * Miss. George Poindexter.
-23 * * N. H. Samuel Bell.
-22 * * Va. Thomas M. Randolph.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1817 * * Ala. Montgomery is founded.
* * N. Y. The Black Ball Line (the
first line of packets) of 4 ships is estab-
lished, to run to Liverpool.
* * Vermont has its first bank at Wind-
sor, and receives a bonus from the insti-
tution.
* * U. S. Flour sells at $10 to $15 a
barrel.
The country is flooded with foreign
goods at low prices, which ruin many
manufacturing establishments fostered
by high prices during the war.
1818 Mar. 19. Bel. A powder-mill
explodes near Wilmington ; 35 persons
are killed.
May 28. N.Y. The Walk4n-the- Water,
the first steamboat on Lake Erie, is
launched at Black Rock.
July 8. New York. Gen. Montgom-
ery's remains are removed from
Canada, and deposited with military
honors in the mural tomb in St. Paul's
churchyard.
Aug. 23. N. Y. The first steamboat
trip on Lake Erie begins at Buffalo.
* * B. C. The center foundation of the
Capitol at Washington is laid.
* * Md. The first savings-bank at Bal-
timore is established.
i * * Shoe-pegs are introduced.
1819 Oct. 24. N. Y. The Erie Canal
is opened from Utica to Rome.
Nov. 24. N. Y. The Champlain Ca-
nal is declared to be navigable.
Dec. * Ind. Fifteen families are settled
at Indianapolis.
* * Ky. John J. Crittenden resigns his
seat in the Federal Senate, at $900 a
year, " to get bread for his family."
* * N. C. A great fire occurs at Wil-
mington; loss over $1,000,000.
* *N.J. Forest fires near Springfield
buvn 3,000 acres of timber.
* * Yellow fever prevails in Southern
cities; in New Orleans there are 1,200
deaths; many more occur in Mobile,
Savannah, Charleston, and Baltimore.
* * The first national financial crisis
occurs.
It is occasioned by extravagant spec-
ulations following the reorganization
of the National Bank; $2,000,000 are
withdrawn from the bank, beyond its
securities; the bank barely escapes
insolvency.
128
1819
1821
AMERICA
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1820 Nov. 29. New York. Edmund
Kean first appears in America in Richard
III. at the Anthony Street Theater.
* * Vt. Carpenters' steel squares are first
manufactured, at Bennington.
* * Jeremiah is painted hy "Washington
Allston.
±* * John Frazee executes husts in
marble.
±* * Hezekiah Augur practises the art of
sculpture.
* * India-rubber shoes are first seen in
America.
1821 Jan.* N. Y. The Hudson
River is frozen over, and loaded sleighs
cross on the ice from Cortlandt Street to
Jersey City.
July 13. Va. Junius Brutus Booth
first appears in America in Richard III.
at Richmond.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1819* *
Abbott, Ezra, scholar, born in Me.
Alexander, Barton L., brig.-gen., born.
Appleton, Jesse, Cong, clergyman, President
of Bowdoin, A 47.
Armitage, Thomas, Rapt, cl., born in Eng.
Ball, Thomas, sculptor, born in Mass.
Barker, Fordyce, physician, born in Me.
Blackman, George Curtis, surgeon, b. Conn.
Brannan, John M., major-general, b. in I). C.
Canby, Edward K. S., brig.-gen., b. in Ky.
Crane, Jonathan T., M. E. cl., b. in N. J.
Dana, Chas. Anderson. N. Y. Sun, b. N. H.
English, Thomas Dunn, Ben Bolt, b. in Pa.
Evans, Oliver, inventor of engines, A 64., Md.
Fenton, Reuben E., senator, Gov. of N. Y.,
born in N.Y.
Field, Cyrus West, merchant of N. Y.,
promoter of Atlantic cable, b. Mass.
Fishburn, William, maj.-gen. of Revol'n, A59.
Geary, John W., brig.-gen., Gov. of Pa.,b. Pa.
Getty, Geo. W., maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. D. C.
Greenough, Richard S., sculptor, b. in Mass.
Hecker, Isaac Thomas, Paulist, b. in N.Y.
Hendricks, Thomas A., Vice-Pres., sen.
for Ind., b. in O.
Hinman, Clark T., founder of N. W. Univer-
sity, born in N.Y.
Holland, Josiah Gilbert, poet, b. in Mass.
Howe, Elias, inv. sewing-machine, b. Mass.
Howe, Julia Ward, poet, born in N.Y.
Hudson, Frederick, journalist, b. in Mass.
Huntington, Frederick I>., P. E. bp. of Cen-
tral N. Y., born in Mass.
Jeffries, John, physician, aeronaut, A74. ?
Johnson, Wm. Sam., M. C. for Conn., F. R.
S., A 92.
Kedney, John Steinfort, P. E. cl., b. in N. J.
Keener, John Christian, M. E. S. bp., b. Md.
Langdon, John, senator for N. H., gov., A80.
Lanman, Charles, author, painter, b. Mich.
Lesley, John Peter, geologist, born in Pa.
Lowell. James Russell, poet, professor in
Harvard,minister to England, born in Mass.
Lyon, Nathaniel, general, born in Conn.
Melville, Herman, novelist, born in N.Y.
Morton, Wm. Thomas Green, dentist, phy-
sician, discoverer of the use of ether as an
anesthetic, born in Mass.
Mowatt, Anna Cora (Ritchie), actor, b. Fr.
Painter, Gamaliel, jurist, founder of Middle-
bury College, Vt., A 66.
Parsons, Thomas Wm., poet, b. in Boston.
Perry, Oliver Hazard, com.U. S. navy, A34.
Rodgers, Christopher R. P., rear-admiral,
born in N.Y.
Rosecrans, William S., brig.-gen. U. S. A.,
born in 0.
Schaff, Philip, Swiss-Am. Pres. cl., b. Switz.
South worth, Emma 1). E., novelist, b. D. C.
Story, Wm. Wetmore, sculptor, poet, born
in Mass.
Thompson, Joseph P., Cong. cl.,au.,b. in Pa.
Van Santvoord, George, lawyer, au.,b. N. J.
Warner, Susan (Elizabeth Wetherel), au-
thor, born in N.Y.
"Wheeler, Wm,A,19th Vice-Pres., b. in N.Y.
Whipple, Edwin Percy, essayist, critic, born
in Mass.
"Whitman. Walt, poet, born in N.Y.
Whitney, Josiah Dwight, geologist, b. Mass.
Wilkinson, Jemima, religious impostor, A66.
Williamson, Hugh, physician, scholar, A84.
1820* *
Anthony, Susan B., woman's rights' advo-
cate, born in Mass.
Blatchford, Samuel, U. 8. S. Ct., b. in Ga.
Boone, Dan., explorer, colonizer of Ky.,A85.
Brigham, Charles H., Cong, clergyman, edu-
cator, born in Mass.
Bristed, Charles A., author, born in N.Y.
Broderick, David C, sen. for Ga., b. D. C.
Brooks, William T. H., brig.-gen. vol., b. O.
Brownell, Henry Howard, author, b. in R. I.
Burrill, James, atty.-gen. of R. I., A48.
Cary, Alice, poet, born in 0.
Chauvenet, Wm., mathematician, b. in Pa.
Crawford, Martin J., diplomat, b. In Ga.
Davie, Wm. Richardson, Gov. of N. C, A64.
De Bow, James D. B., statistician, b. S. C.
Deems, Charles F., Meth. Epis. South clergy-
man, author, born in Md.
Decatur, Stephen, Jr., Com. U. S. N.,
killed in a duel, A41.
De Vere, Maximilian Scheie, philologist, es-
sayist, born in Sweden.
Devens, Charles, jurist, born in Mass.
Doubleday, Abner,gen. of vol., col. U. S. A.,
born in N.Y.
Drake, Joseph Rodman, poet, A25.
Eads, James B., engineer, born in Ind.
Ellicott, Andrew, astronomer, A66.
Foster, Randolph S., M. E. bishop, b. in 0.
Gaston, William, Gov. of Mass., b. in Conn.
Gayler, Chas., journalist, dramatist, b. N.Y.
Greatorex, Eliza, artist, born in Ire.
Hall, Chas. H., clergyman, born in Ga.
Harlan, James, senator for la., born in 111.
Haven, Erastus, M. E. bishop, b. in Boston.
Hewit, Augustine Francis, clergyman, Paul-
ist, born in Conn.
Holmes, George F., educator, b. in Guiana.
Hopkins, John H., P. E. clergyman, b. Ire.
Houghton, George F., jurist, born in Vt.
Hoyt, Benjamin T., educator, born in Mass.
Kane, Elisha Kent, explorer, born in Phila.
Keene, Laura, actress, born in Eng.
Ketchum, Winthrop W., judge, born in Pa.
Le Vert, Octavia W., author, born in Ga.
Lincoln, Levi, M. C. for Mass., A71.
Lorflt, Campbell, chemist, author, b. in Mo.
Nesmith, Jas. W., senator for Ore., b. Can.
Poore, Benjamin Perley, journalist, b. Mass.
Pursh, Frederick, botanist, A 46.
Raymond, Henry Jarvis, journalist, b. N.Y.
Reynolds, John Fulton, gen. U. S. A., b. Pa.
Root, George F., musical composer, b. Mass.
Rousseau, Lovell II., brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ky.
Shedd, Wm. G. T., Pres. cl., au., b. in Mass".
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 15th Gen-
eral of U. S. A., born in 0.
Trumbull, Benj., Cong, cl., historian, A85.
Vallandigham, Clement L.,M. C. forO., b. 0.
Wells, Samuel Roberts, phrenologist, b. Ct.
Wentworth, Sir John, Gov. of N. H., A83.
West, Benjamin, painter in Eng., A82.
Wharton, Francis, jurist, P. E. clergyman,
born in Phila.
CHURCH.
1819 * * Md. Dr. William Ellery Chan-
ning preaches at Baltimore, and gives
what is called the Unitarian Declara-
tion of Independence, and becomes
the leader of his church.
* * The Hamilton Baptist Missionary
Society sends a missionary to the
Oneidas.
The Ohio Conference (Methodist Epis-
copal) appoints James B. Finley superin-
tendent of its Indian mission among the
Wyandots.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; "James Holt Kice,
moderator.
1820 May 1-27. Md. The General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal)
meets in Baltimore.
May 3. Me. The Protestant Episcopal
diocese of Maine is organized.
June 4. New York. The first mariners'
church in the United States is dedi-
cated, in Roosevelt Street.
June* New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; James S. Cameron,
president. [In Oct. it meets at Al-
bany.]
Oct. 22. Lutherans form a General
Synod, with 150 ministers and 35,000
communicants.
* * Md. — Va. Each of these States orga-
nizes a Lutheran Synod.
* * New York. The African Methodist
Episcopal Zion Church is organized.
Methodists are divided respecting the
Episcopacy, and Methodist Protestant
Churches are formed.
* * Phila. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets. It orga-
nizes the Domestic and Foreign Mis-
sionary Society.
The General Assembly (Presby-
terian) meets ; John McDowell, mod-
erator.
Presbyterians enter a Plan of Corre-
spondence with the Reformed Church.
The Baptist Triennial Meeting is
held. The Meeting decides to again
restrict its Baptist mission work to
foreign fields.
* * S. C. The Roman Catholic Diocese
of Charleston is established.
* *The United Synod, South (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) of Tennessee, is orga-
nized.
* * A mission is established among the
Choctaws by the American Board.
* * The United Foreign Missionary Soci-
ety commences work among the Osage
Indians.
* *The Southern General Synod of
Lutherans organizes.
* * U. S. Methodists are agitated con-
cerning the election of presiding:
elders.
1821 June 3. New York. The Bethel
Union is organized. [It soon expires.]
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Albany ; S. S. Wood-
hull, president.
LETTERS.
1819 * * N. Y. Auburn Theological Sem-
inary (Pres.) is established.
* * Pa. The "Western University of
Pennsylvania (non-sect.), at Pittsburg,
is organized.
* * Term. Maryville CoUege (Pres.) is
founded.
* * The Presbyterian Board of Education
begins its work.
* * Fanny, by Fitz-Greene Halleck, ap-
pears.
* * Voyage to South America, by Henry
M. Brackenridge, appears.
* * The Sketch Book, by "Washington
Lrving, appears.
* * The American Flag, by J. R. Drake,
appears.
* * View of the Lead Mines of Missouri, by
Henry R. Schoolcraft, appears.
* * The State Triumvirate: A Political
Tale, by Verplanck, appears.
* * Percy's Masque, by James A. Hill-
house, appears.
UNITED STATES.
1819**-1821**. 129
1820 Mayl. N. Y. The Hamilton Lit-
erary and Theological Institution (Bapt.)
is opened.
* * Ark. The Arkansas Gazette, at Ar-
kansas Village, is first issued.
* * Me. Colby University (Bapt.) is
founded at Waterville.
* * N. Y. The Colgate University
(Bapt.) is organized at Hamilton as the
Madison University.
* * Mass. Jacob Bigelow and others start
the American Pharmacopeia.
The Literary and Scientific Repository
appears. [Expires in 1821.]
The Apprentice Library is founded.
[63,000 vols.]
The Mercantile Library Association's
Library is founded. [207,128 vols.]
* * Precaution, by James Fenimore
Cooper, appears.
* * Judith, Esther and Other Poems, by
Maria Brooks, appears.
* * -44 * * The Ladies1 Companion ap-
pears.
1821 Apr. 20. Boston. The Christian
Register (Unit.) is issued.
SOCIETY.
1820 Mar. 22. Commodore Barron
kills Commodore Decatur in a duel.
May 5. D. C. Congress recognizes the
slave-trade to be piracy, and prohibits
citizens from engaging in it under pen-
alty of death.
± * * Miss. A lottery is established at
Natchez, to build a church.
* * U. S. Total slaves, 2,009,031.
+ * * Webster, Calhoun, and Clay with
masterly eloquence denounce agitators
■who constantly declare the iniquity of
the slave system.
1821 * * Africa. Liberia is secured for
the colonization scheme of the American
Colonization Society, and a new town is
commenced, called Monrovia.
* * Me. The selectmen are required to
post up, in all places where liquor is
sold, the names of all persons reported
to be drunkards or tipplers.
STATE.
1820 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$91,015,560.
Jan. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate : John
Gaillard of S. C. is elected President
pro tempore.
Feb. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Missouri Compromise Bill passes.
Vote, 24-20.
Mar. 2. D. C. Congress ; House : The
Missouri Compromise Bill passes.
It admits Missouri as a slave State, but
forever prohibits slavery from the bal-
ance of the territory west of the Missis-
sippi, north of 36° 30' north latitude — the
latitude of the southern border of Mis-
souri. Vote : House, 134-42.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress admits Maine
into the Union as the 23d State, to take
effect Mar. 15.
Congress limits the tenure of office
of Governmental appointees to four
years, or the pleasure of the Govern-
ment.
May 15. D. C. The 16th Congress:
the first session closes.
Oct. 20. Spain ratifies the treaty ceding
Florida.
Nov. 13. D.C. The 16th Congress:
the second session opens.
Nov. 14. D. C. Congress ; House : John
W. Taylor of N. Y. is elected Speaker.
Nov. ?* U.S. Ninth Presidential Elec-
tion ; Democratic-Republicans elected.
Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue
$106,260.
* * U. S. The Missouri Compromise
quells the slavery agitation for a
time, and it is deemed settled forever.
* * U. S. Old issues in politics are
abandoned ; the new issues are protec-
tion for manufactures, internal improve-
ments by the General Government, and
the recognition of the South American
republics.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-21 * * Ala. Thomas Bibb.
-21* * Del. Jacob Stout.
-24* *Ky. John Adair.
-22 * * La. Thos. B. Robertson.
-21* * Me. William King.
-24 * * Mo. Alexander M'Nair.
-21 * * N.C. Jesse Franklin.
* * Pa. Joseph Heister.
-22 * * 8. C. Thomas Bennett.
-23 * * Ft. Richard Skinner.
1821 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$89,987,427.
Feb. 14. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President, James Monroe of
Va., Republican, 231 ; John Q. Adams of
Mass., Opposition, 1. For Vice-Presi-
dent, Daniel D. Tompkins of N. Y., Re-
publican, 218 : Richard Stockton of N. J.,
8 : Daniel Rodney of Del., 4 ; Robert G.
Harper of Md. , 1 ; Richard Rush of Pa., 1 .
Vacancies, 3.
Feb. 26. I). C. Congress : The House
votes to admit Missouri conditionally.
Vote, 87-81.
Feb. 27. D.C. Congress: The Senate
votes to admit Missouri conditionally.
Vote, 26-15.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 16th Congress ends.
The 2d term of the fifth adminis-
tration ; Democratic-Republican.
Mar. 4. D. C. James Monroe of Va.,
the fifth President, enters his second
term, in the ninth term of the presi-
dency. Daniel D. Tompkins of N. Y.
is Vice-President.
Cabinet: John Q,. Adams of Mass.
(State), Wm, H. Crawford of Ga.
(Treas.), John C. Calhoun of S. C.
(War), Smith Thompson of N. Y.
(Navy), "Wm. "Wirt of Va. (Atty.-Gen.).
July 1. Spain is constrained to sur-
render Florida to the United States.
Aug. 10. D.C. The President proclaims
Missouri admitted into the Union as
the 24th State, amid a tempest of po-
litical excitement, occasioned by the
existence of slavery therein.
Dec. 3. D. C. The 17th Congress
opens.
Congress; House: Philip P. Bar-
bour of Va. is elected Speaker.
* -24 * * New York. Stephen Allen Is
elected the 54th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-25 * * Ala. Israel Pickens.
-22 * * Del. John Collins.
-22* *Fla.(Ter.). Andrew Jackson.
-22 * * Me. W. D. Williamson.
-25 * * Miss. Walter Leake.
-24 * * N.C. Gabriel Holmes.
-24 * * R. I. William C. Gibbs.
-27 * * Tenn. William Carroll.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1820 Jan. 11. Ga. One-half of Sa-
vannah is burned ; loss, $4,000,000.
June* U.S. Fourth census: States, 23;
whites, 7,862,166; colored, 1,771,656 (free
colored 233,634, slaves 1,538,022) ; total
population, 9,033,822. Increase, 33.06
per cent. Center of population 16 miles
north of Woodstock, Md. ; westward
movement in 10 years, 50 miles.
June 20. N. Y. A Great fire occurs
in Troy ; 120 of the best buildings are
burned ; loss nearly $1,000,000.
June * The first steamship line be-
tween New York and New Orleans com-
mences its trips.
July 1. N. Y. Toll is first collected on
the Erie Canal.
July* The first steamboat on Lake
Michigan arrives at Green Bay, with 200
passengers and a large cargo.
* * Summer. Ga. About 700 people die
of yellow fever in Savannah ; 343
houses are left vacant by fugitive
owners.
Dec. * Phila. Anthracite coal begins
to find a market ; 365 tons are sold dur-
ing the year.
± * * Conn. The whale fishery business
commences at New London.
* * Tenn. — Ark. Memphis is laid out;
also Little Rock.
* * Flour has fallen from $10 and $17 a
barrel in 1817, to $5 or $6 a barrel ; many
manufactories are closed, and workmen
are idle.
* * Md.— W. Va. Completion of the great
National road from Cumberland to
Wheeling, costing $1,700,000 and 14 years
of labor (connecting the Ohio River with
the seaports ; it was originally intended
to continue to the Mississippi).
* * U.S. Immigrants and other aliens in
1820, 8,385.
1821 Aug. 10. N. Y. The remains of
Major Andre" are exhumed, and placed
on board of a British frigate for inter-
ment in Westminster Abbey.
Dec. * Phila. Sales are made of 1,073
tons of anthracite coal during the
year.
* * Mass. Lowell is founded by the
Merrimac Manufacturing Company.
* * Tex. Colonization from the United
States begins.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1821, 9,127.
130 1821 * *-182 4, May 22.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1822 * * A small naval force subdues the
pirates of the Cuban coast, capturing
more than 20 vessels.
1824 * * W. I. Commodore David
Porter subdues the pirates.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1821 * * Christ Ejected is painted by
William Dunlap.
* * Portrait of Thomas Jefferson is painted
by Thomas Sully.
1822 * * Charles Mathews, the actor,
first appears in America.
* * Mass. The first cotton mill is
erected.
1823 June* New York. The first
steam-power printing-press is set up ;
its first work is an abridgment of Mur-
ray's Grammar.
* * O. The manufacture of wine is
commenced in Cincinnati.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1821 * *
Adler, Georg J., prof., author, born in Ger.
Allen, Solomon, Cong, cl., major in Kev., A70.
Arnold, Samuel Green, historian, b. in K. I.
Augur, Christopher C, maj.-gen., b. in N.Y.
Avery, Waitstill, atty.-gen. of Conn., A76.
Balch, Geo. B., com. U. S. N., b. in Tenn.
Bankhead, John P., officer U. S. N, b. S. C.
Bard, Samuel, physician, A79.
Beaumont, John G., naval officer, b. in Pa.
Blackwell, Elizabeth, first woman in IT. S.
made M. D., born in Eng.
Blair, Francis P., Jr., sen. for Mo., b. in Ky.
Boudinot, Elias, patriot, philanthropist, A81.
Breckinridge, John C, Confed. general, 14th
Vice-President, born in Ky.
Calhoun, Edmund R., officer U. S. N, born.
Chester, Joseph L., antiquary, born in Conn.
Coffin, Charles Carleton, author, b. in N. H.
Cooke, Jay, financier, born in 0.
Coppee, Henry, officer U. S. N., editor, au-
thor, Pres. Lehigh Univ., born in Ga.
De Peyster, John W., military critic, b. N.Y.
Dexter, Henry Martyn, Cong, cl., b. in Mass.
Diaz, Abby Morton, author, born in Mass.
Dawson, Henry Barton, historian, b. in Eng.
Eliot, Samuel, educator, b. Boston.
Febiger, John, capt. U. S. N., born in Pa.
Floyd, Win., gen., sec of \var,Cont.Cong.,A87.
Forrest, Nathan B., Confed. gen., b. Tenn.
<;arnett, Robert Sehlen, Confed. gen., b.Va.
Hadley, James, philologist, prof, of Greek;
born in N.Y.
Hall, Charles F., Arctic explorer, b. in N. II.
Harris, Tucker, physician, A74.
Haven, Gilbert, M. E. bishop, born in Mass.
Hill, Daniel H., Confed. lieut.-gen., b. in S. C.
Irving, William, author, A 55.
Jordan, Thomas, Confed. brig.-gen., b. inVa.
Kneeland, Samuel, phys., naturalist, b. Mass.
Leslie, Frank (Henry Carter), publisher,
born in England.
Lilly, William, M. C. for N.Y., born in N. Y.
IiOngstreet, James, U. S. A., Confed. maj.-
gen., b. in S. C.
Macleod, Xavier Donald, mis. writer, b. N.Y.
O'Neill, Charles, M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Parker, Foxhall, com. U. S. N., born in N.Y.
Phelps, Austin, Cong, clergyman, b. Mass.
Richardson, Win. A., jurist, author, b. Mass.
Short, Charles, scholar, born in Mass.
Spalding, Lyman, physician, author, A46.
Squier, Ephraim G., archaeologist, b. in N.Y.
Storrs. Richard Salter, Cong, clergyman
of Brooklyn, horn in Mass.
Taliaferro, Benj., Revolutionary officer, A71.
Trumbull, James Hammond, philol.,b. Conn.
Wayman, Alex.W., bp. Af. M. E. Ch., b. Md.
Welby, Amelia B., poet, born in Md.
White, Richard (Jrant, author, born in N.Y.
Youmans, Edward L., chemist, ed., b. N.Y.
1822* *
Adams, Wm. Taylor (Oliver Optic), writer,
born in Mass.
Bancroft, John Chandler, diplomatist, born.
Bartholomew, Edward S., sculptor, b. Conn.
Burlingame, Anson, diplomatist, b. in N.Y.
Cummins, George David, Reformed Epis.
bishop, born in Del.
Dana, Napoleon J. T., maj.-gen. vols., b. Me.
Darley, Felix 0. C, artist, born in Phila.
Durant, Henry Fowle, philan., born in N. H.
Dwight, Theo. W., prof, of law, ed., b. N.Y.
Field, Henry Martyn, Cong. cl.,au., b. Mass.
Fowler, Jos. Smith, sen. for 111., born in 0.
Fuller, George, artist, born in Mass.
Frothingham, Octavius B., L'nit. cl.,b. Mass.
Galaudet, T., P. E. cl. (deaf mutes), born.
Garrard, J., soldier in Rev., Gov. of Ky., A73.
liarrettson, Freeborn, M. E. clergyman, A70.
Gibbs, Oliver Wolcott, chemist, b. in N.Y.
Girard, Charles, naturalist, born in Fr.
Granger, Gideon, P. M. (Jen. U. S., A55.
Grant. Ulysses Simpson, 14th Gen. of U. S.
A., 18th President of U. 8., b. in O., Apr. 27.
Hale, Edward Everett, Unit, clergyman,
author, born in Mass.
Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, brig.-gen.
vols., Gov.O., 19th President of U. S., b. O.
Hewitt, Abram S., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y.
Holman, William S., M. C. for Ind., b. Ind.
Hough, Franklin Benj., writer, b. in N.Y.
Ingersoll, Jared, jurist, of Pa., A73.
Johnson, Samuel, Unit, clergyman, b. Mass.
Johnston, Rich'd M., author, educator, b. Ga.
Judd, Orange, agricultural editor, b. in N.Y.
Kane, Thomas L., lawyer, born in Pa.
Kasson, John Adams, M. C. lor la., b. in Vt.
Lyon, Caleb, M. C. for N.Y., born in N.Y.
Mitchell, Donald Grant, author, b. in Conn.
Olmsted, Fred. L., landscape gardener, b. Ct.
Orr, James L., M. C. for S. C, gov., b. S. C.
Osgood, David, Cong, cl., Federalist, A75.
Parton, James, biographer, born in Eng.
Phelps, William Franklin, educator, b. N.Y.
Pinkney, WUliam, sen. for Md., atty.-gen.,
minister to Eng., A58.
Pope, John, brig.-gen. U. S. A., b. in Ky.
Porter, Fitz John, general, born in N. H.
Porter, Moses, U. S. officer, A 47.
Pugh, George E., sen. for O., born in O.
Rand, Isaac, physician, A79.
Read, Thomas Buchanan, poet, b. in Pa.
Runkle, John I)., astronomer, born.
Stark, John, general in Revolution, A94.
Stewart, John, Apostle to the Wyandots, d.
Strong, James, scholar, author, b. in N.Y.
Taylor, Benjamin Franklin, poet, b. in N. Y.
Truxtun, Thomas, com. U. S. N., A67.
Van Dyke, H. J., Pres. clergyman, o. in Pa.
Vasey, George, botanist, born in Eng.
1823* *
Alger, William Rounseville,Unit. cl., b. Mass.
Badger, Oscar C, officer U. S. N., b. Conn.
Baird, Spencer Fullerton, naturalist, b. Pa.
Bartram, William, botanist, A84.
Beers, W. H., pres. of Insurance Co., born.
Bergh, Henry, philan., f'der of Society for
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, b. N.Y.
Bloomfleld, Jos., Revolutionary officer, A57.
Boker, George Henry, poet, born in Pa.
Bozman, John Leeds, historian, jurist, A66.
± Buckner, Simon B., U. S. A., Confed. gen.,
born in Ky.
Chadbourne, Paul Ansel, educator, b. Me.
Clinton, Jos. J., Af. M. E. bishop, b. Phila.
Collyer, Robert, Unit, clergyman, b. in Eng.
Craven, Braxton, Pres. Trinity College, N.
C, born in N. C.
Colfax, Schuyler, M. C. for Ind., Speaker,
17th Vice-Pres., b. N. Y.
Cropsey, Jasper Frank, artist, born in N.Y.
Davidson, Margaret Miller, poetess, b. N.Y.
Deane, James, missionary to Indians, A75.
Delano, Capt. Amasa, traveler, ABO.
Dent, John Herbert, capt. U. S. N., A41.
Derby, George H., U. S. N., born.
Dod, Daniel, mechanical engineer, A35.
Duyckinck, George Long, writer, b. in N.Y.
Eddy, Thomas M., M. E. cl., editor, b. in O.
Elliott, Ezekiel B., scientist, born in N. Y.
Ferry, Orris Sanford, sen. for Conn., brig.-
gen. volunteers, born in Conn.
Francis, John B., sen. for R. I., gov., A39.
Franklin, William B., U. S. A., maj.-gen. U. S.
vol., born in Pa.
Gifford, Sanford Robinson, painter, b. N.Y.
Gilmore, James Roberts, author, b. in Mass.
Hardin, Martin D., U. S. senator, A43.
Harris, Thomas Lake, Spiritualist, b. Eng.
Hart, William, landscape painter, b. in Scot.
Hart8horne, Henry, physician, born in Pa.
Hawkins, W. G., P. E. clergyman, b. in Md.
Heckewelder, John, Moravian mis'ry, A80.
Heilprin, Michael, scholar, born in Poland.
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, au., b. Mass.
Hill, Benjamin H., sen. for Ga., born in Ga.
Houghton, Henry Oscar, publisher, b. in Vt.
Hubbard, Joseph S., astronomer, b. in Conn.
Hunton, Eppa, sen. for Va., born in Va.
Joy, Chas. A., chemist, born in N.Y.
Krauth, Chas. P., Luth. cl., author, b. Va.
Lay, Henry C, miss, of Southwest, b. Va.
Le Conte, Joseph, naturalist, born in Ga.
Leidy, Joseph, naturalist, born in Phila.
Lewis, Dio, physician, lecturer, b. in N.Y.
Lippincott, Sarah J., author, born in N.Y.
Mayo, Amory Dwight, Unit, cl., au., b. Mass.
Medill, Joseph, editor, born in Can.
Meiggs, R. J., sen. for O., governor, A59.
Milburn, William Henry, Meth. Epis. clergy-
man, chaplain, born in Pa.
Morton, Oliver Perry, sen. for Ind., governor,
born in Ind.
Moore, Zephaniah Swift, scholar, A53.
Newton, John, military engineer, b. in Va.
Patterson, James W., sen. for N. 11., b. N. H.
Parkman, Francis, historian, b. at Boston.
Peabody, Nathaniel, gen., A 82.
Perkins, Charles Callahan, art critic, b. Mass.
Roger, W. C, jurist, born.
Seiss, Joseph A., Luth. clergyman, b. in Md.
Sherman, John, sen. for O., sec. of treas.,
born in O.
Sickles, Daniel E., gen. of vols., M. C. for
N. Y., born in N. Y.
Tweed, Wm. M., "Tammany Boss," em-
bezzler, born in N. Y.
Van Dorn, Earl, Confed. gen., born in Miss.
Wood, Thomas Waterman, painter, b. in Vt.
Wright, Horatio G., maj.-gen. of vols., b. Ct.
CHURCH.
1821 * * Md. The first General Synod
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Fred-
erick.
* * The Methodists begin work among the
Creeks.
* * N. Y. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Genesee is formed.
* * O. The Protestant Episcopal Diocese
of Cincinnati is established.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; Wm. Hill,
moderator.
A special meeting is held of the
(Protestant Episcopal) General Con-
vention.
* * S. C. The Synod of this State com-
mences mission work among the Chick-
asaws.
* * The American Board has 250 contrib-
uting societies ; many of them composed
exclusively of women.
* * The mission for the Seneca and Tusca-
rora Indians is transferred to the United
Foreign Missionary Society.
* * Va. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Richmond is established.
1822 June * New York. The General
Synod (Reformed) meets ; Philip Mille-
doler, president.
* * Mich. Baptists begin work among
the Ottawas.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; O.Jennings,
moderator.
* * The union of the Presbyterians and
Reformed Church is effected.
* * The Society of Friends engages in
mission work among the Onondagaa.
* * The Methodists begin work among the
Cherokees.
* * The Western Missionary Society
commences work among the Maumees,
or Ottawas.
* * O. The Wyandot mission-house is
completed, schools prosper, and over
200 Indians are converts.
* * The United Domestic Missionary
Society (undenominational) is founded.
* * D. C. The Triennial Meeting of
Baptists is held in Washington.
1823 Feb. 24. Ga. The Protestant
Episcopal Diocese of Georgia is orga-
nized.
UNITED STATES. 1821 * *-1824, May 22. 131
Feb. * If. I". The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Albany ; P. Milledoler,
president. [And again in June, Jesse
Fonda, president.]
May 22. N. C. John S. Ravenscroft
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop.
Sept. 28. It. Leo XH. is elected pope.
* * Md. The Jews form a congregation.
The second General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) meets at Frederick.
* * N. Y. Joseph Smith [The Mormon]
announces a vision at Palmyra of the
Angel Moroni.
* *The New England Tract Society
changes its name to the American
Tract Society.
* * N. J. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
is organized.
* *The United Domestic Missionary
Society commences work among the
Mackinaws.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; John Chester,
moderator.
A Presbyterian Society for the Sup-
port of Heathen Youth is organized.
[Existed until 1874.]
* * The General Convention (Protes-
tant Episcopal) meets.
* * Baptist missionaries commence work
among the Creeks.
* * Mrs. Judson having returned to
America, stirs the churches to mission-
ary zeal. [Her influence is felt for 40
years.]
1824 Feb. 20. The American Bap-
tist Publication Society is formed.
[Receipts the first year, $373.]
LETTERS.
1821 * * D. C. Columbian University
(non-sect,), of Washington, is organized.
* * Ky. Gonzago College (Rom. Cath.)
is organized.
The Kentucky State Library is
founded at Frankfort. [33,900 vols.]
* * Mass. Amherst College (Cong.) is
founded.
* * N. Y. Auburn Theological Seminary
(Presb.) is opened.
* * Phila. Atkinson's Casket appears.
The Saturday Magazine appears.
The Mercantile Library Company Li-
brary is founded. [152,741 vols.]
* * The Spy, by Cooper, appears.
* * The Dying Raven, by Richard H.
Dana, appears.
■* * Travels in New England and New
York, by Timothy Dwight, appears.
* * The Ages, by W. C. Bryant, appears.
* * The Idle Man, by R. H. Dana, appears.
1822 * * New York. The Albion is issued.
The Literary Review is established.
* * Phila. The Museum of Foreign Litera-
ture appears. [Expires in 1839.]
* * Va. The Virginia State Library is
founded at Richmond. [44,000 vols.]
* * Bee's Cyclopedia is republished in the
United States.
* * A New England Tale, by Catherine
M. Sedgwick, appears.
* * The Aborigines of America, by Lydia
H. Sigourney, appears.
* * Prometheus, by J. G. Percival, appears.
* * Seventy-six, by John Neal, appears.
* * Logan, by John Neal, appears.
* * Bracebridge Hall, by Washington
Irving, appears.
* * Conn. Trinity College (Prot. Epis.)
is organized at Hartford.
1823 * * New York. The New York Mir-
ror appears.
May 17. The New York Observer is
founded by Sidney E. and Richard C.
Morse, and the first number issued.
* * Alexander Campbell establishes the
Christian Baptist.
* * The Pioneers and The Pilot, by
Cooper, appear.
± * * Marco Bozzaris,by Halleck, appears.
1824 Mar. 2. Boston. The Boston
Courier is first issued.
SOCIETY.
1821 * * S.C. The city council of
Charleston prohibits the opening of
night or Sunday-schools for the in-
struction of negro slaves.
* * U. S. The anti-slavery agitation
becomes violent. [It continues, with
more' or less vehemence, to vex the
nation for forty years, till " every yoke
is broken " by the bloody hand of war.]
1822+ * * W. I. Piracy in the West
Indies having become common, a fleet
sent to break it up captures more than
twenty vessels.
STATE.
1822 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$93,546,676.
Feb. 1. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John
Gaillard of S. C. is reelected President
pro tempore.
Mar. 28. D. C. Congress ; the House
passes a bill to recognize the inde-
pendence of the Spanish provinces in
South America. Vote ; 167-1.
Mar. 30. D. C. Congress provides for
a territorial government in Florida.
Mar. * D. C. President Monroe gives ut-
terance to the famous Monroe Doc-
trine. (See Dec. 2, 1823.)
May 4. D. C. The President communi-
cates to Congress his objections to na-
tional appropriations for internal im-
provements. [It arrests public attention
and legislative action.]
May 8. B.C. The 17th Congress:
the first session closes.
Dec. 2. I). C. Congress : the second
session opens.
* * D.C. Congress recognizes the South
American Republics.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-23 * * Cal. Pablo V. de Sola (Mex.).
-23 * * Del. Caleb Rodney.
-34* * Fla. (Ter.) William P. Duval.
-26 * * III. Edward Coles.
-25 * * Ind. William Hendricks.
-24 * * La. H. S. Thibodeaux.
-24 * * N. Y. Joseph Yates.
O. Allen Trimble.
-26 * * O. Jeremiah Morrow.
-24* * S. C. John L. Wilson.
-25 * * Va. James Pleasants.
1823 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$90,875,877.
Feb. 19. D. C. Congress; Senate:.
John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected
President pro tempore.
Feb. * Tex. Mexico grants Stephen F.
Austin of Va,, founder of Texas, a grant
of territory for a colony.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 17th Congress
ends.
Dec. 1. D. C. The 18th Congress
opens.
Congress ; House : Henry Clay of
Ky. is again elected Speaker.
Dec. 2. D. C. Declaration of the
Monroe doctrine.
It is enunciated by the President in his
message to Congress, " That the Ameri-
can Continents, by the free and inde-
pendent position which they have as-
sumed and maintained, are henceforth
not to be considered as subjects for future
colonization by any European power;"
he also declares that the extension of the
system of the Holy Alliance to these con-
tinents would not be regarded " in any
other light than as the manifestation
of an unfriendly disposition toward the
United States."
* * D. C. Smith Thompson of N. T.
is appointed Justice of the U. S. Su-
preme Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-25 * * Cal. Luis Arguello (Mexican).
-24 * * Del. Joseph Haslett.
-27 * * Ga. George M. Troup.
-25 * * Mass. Wrm. Eustis.
-24 * * N. H. Levi Woodbury.
Pa. John Andrew Shulze.
-26 * * Vt. C. P. Van Ness.
1824 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$90,269,777.
Jan. 9. D. C. Congress ; House : a
protective tariff bill is introduced. It
is opposed by the South and New Eng-
land.
May 22. D. C. Congress enacts a
new tariff which is more highly pro-
tective than the old law. Average rate
37 per cent. It has a slender majority
in its favor ; only five in the House and
four in the Senate.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1822 * * Autumn. The first regular
steamer sails between New York and
Norfolk, Va.
* * Boston becomes an incorporated city.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1822, 6,911.
1823 Oct. 8. N. Y. The first boat
passes from Rochester to Albany through
the Erie Canal.
± * * Boston. Gas is used. The first
mayor under the city charter is elected.
* * Miss. Natchez is scourged with yel-
low fever; most of the citizens flee.
* * N. Y. The first three-story brick
house in Brooklyn is erected ; the
houses are first numbered, and some of
the streets paved ; population about 7,000.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1823, 6,354.
132 1824, Apr. 19-1826, Jan. 3.
AMERICA
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1824 * * Wis. The Colorado Beetle
(potato-bug) is first found in Wisconsin ;
it is described by Thomas Say, and named
Doryphora decemlineata.
' * * Mass. The manufacture of flannel
by water-power is commenced at Ames-
bury.
1825 June 17. Mass. The venerable
Marquis de Lafayette lays the corner-
stone of Bunker Hill Monument;
Daniel Webster delivers the oration.
Nov. 29. New York. Rossini's II Bar-
bier is produced by the Manuel Garcia
Company, including Maria Felicita Ma-
libran. The first genuine Italian opera
in America.
* * New York. Dr. Gram, educated in
Denmark, introduces the homeo-
pathic practice of medicine.
* * Phila. Queen' s-ware is first manu-
factured.
* * U.S. Anthracite coal is used in
dwellings and factories.
* * Va. A small observatory is erected
by Thomas Jefferson for the University
of Virginia.
* * U. S. A bottle containing acid and
cotton surmounted with phosphorized
pine sticks substitutes the tinder-box,
flint, and steel, in starting a fire.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1824* *
Ashby, Turner, Confed. gen., born in Va.
Baird, Absalom, maj.-gen. vols., born in Pa.
Baker, William Mumford, author, b. in D. C.
Beard, William H., animal painter, b. in O.
Bee, Bernard E., Confed. gen., b. in S. C.
Beecher, Thomas K., Cong, cl., born In Conn.
Bonner, Robert, journalist of N. Y., b. Ire.
Bradford, Joseph M., naval officer, b. Tenn.
Broome, John L., officer U. S. N., b. in N. Y.
Burnside, Ambrose E., maj.-gen. of vols.,
sen. for K.I., gov., born in Ind.
Cary, Phoebe, poet, born in 0. ?
Colquitt, Alfred H., sen. for Ga., b. in Ga.
Cooley, Thomas M., jurist, b. in N. Y.
Cox, Samuel Sullivan, M. C. for N.Y., b. O.
Curtis, George William, author, editor
J/arper's Weekly, born in R. I.
Dayton, Jonathan, Revl'n. patriot, A64.
Doremus, Robert Ogden, chemist, b. N.Y.
Duncan, William C, Bap. cl., editor, b. N.Y.
Flemming, William, M. C, A70.
Fry, Benj. St. James, M. E. cl., b. in Tenn.
Gould, Benjamin A., Jr., astronomer, born
in Mass.
Graham, Chas. K., officer U. S. N., b. N.Y.
Grow, Galusha Aaron, M.C. for Pa., Speaker,
born in Conn.
Hancock, Winfleld Scott, maj.-gen. U. S.
A., born in Pa.
Haven, Harriet M., reformer, born.
Howell, David, judge, A77.
Hunt, William Morris, painter, born in Vt.
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, " Stonewall,"
U. S. A., Confed. lieut.-gen., b. Va., Jan. 21.
Jeffers, William, U. S. N., born.
Johnson, Eastman, painter, born in Me.
King, Thomas Starr, Unit, cl., born in N. Y.
Leland, Charles G., essayist, humorist, b. Pa.
Lewis, Estelle Anna B., author, born in Md.
Littlejohn, Abram N., P. E. bp. b. N.Y.
Matthews, Stanley, U. S. S. Ct., born in 0.
Morgan, John T., sen. for Ala., born in Tenn.
Ogden, John, founder Fisk Univ., born.
Oglesby, Richard J., gov., sen. for 111., gen.,
born in Ky.
Palmer, Tunis, army officer, born.
Pleasonton, Alfred, brig.-gen. vol., b. D. C.
Putnam, Rufus, gen., pioneer of 0., A86.
Quintard, Chas. T., P. E. bishop, b. Conn.
Rodney, Caesar A., atty.-gen., of Pa., A42.
Randall, Charles S.,M. C. for Mass., born in
Mass.
Seelye, Julius Hawley, educator, b. Conn.
Shea, John D. Gilmary, scholar, b. N.Y.City.
Sigel, Franz, brig.-gen. of vols., b. in Ger.
Stanford, Leland, sen. for Cal., b. in N.Y.
Thompson, Chas., pres. of Congress, A9S.
Walker, William, filibuster, b. in Tenn.
Whitney, Adeline 1). Train, au., b. in Mass.
Wight, Orlando Williams, author, b. N.Y.
Winchell, Alexander, geologist, b. in N.Y.
Woods, William B., U. S. S. Ct., b. in Ga.
1825 * *
Akers, Benj. Paul, sculptor, born in Me.
Andrews, Edward Gayer, M. E. bp., b. N.Y.
Baldwin, Thomas, Bapt. cl. in Boston, A72.
Belden, James J., M. C. for N.Y., b. in N.Y.
Berg, Albert W., composer, organist, born.
Birney, David Bell, maj.-gen. of vols., b. Ala.
Blackwell, Antoinette Brown, Congrega-
tional preacher, philanthropist, b. in N.Y.
Bliss, Willard, physician, born.
Boyd, Andrew K. H., P. E. cl., born in Scot.
Bristow, Geo. F., composer, musician, b. N. Y.
Brooks, John, Gov. of Mass., A73.
Butler, Wm. Allen, poet, born in N.Y.
Child, Francis James, scholar, b. in Boston.
Cook, John, brig.-gen. vols., born in 111.
Curry, Jabez L. M., Bapt. clergyman, b. Ga.
Dalton, John Call, physiologist, b. in Mass.
Davidson, Lucretia Maria, poetess, A 17.
Eustis, William, physician, M. C, Gov. of
Mass., sec. of war, minister, A72.
Dorr, Julia C. R., author, born in S. C.
Fanning, David, Tory leader in Rev., A69.
Fiske, Pliny, missionary in Palestine, A 33.
Fischer, Geo. Jackson, physician, surgeon, b.
Gear, John H., M. C, born in N.Y.
George, Wm. S., journalist, editor, born.
Gillmore, Quincy A., gen., engineer, b. in 0.
Gordon, Geo. Henry, brig.-gen. vols., b. Mass.
Gordon, Granger, maj.-gen. vols., b. in N.Y.
Green, William Henry, Pres. cl., b. in N. J.
Guernsey, Alfred Hudson, editor, b. in Vt.
Haight, Henry Huntley, jurist, born in N. Y.
Harper, Robert F., lawyer, statesman, A60.
Hill, Ambrose P., U. S. A., Confed. maj.-
gen., born in Va.
Houk, George W., M. C. for 0., born in Pa.
Hull, William, gen. in war of 1812, A 62.
Hunt, Thomas Sterry, chemist, b. in Conn.
Inness, George, landscape painter, b. N.Y.
Jewell, Marshall, Gov. of Conn., b. in N. H.
Lamar, Lucius Q. C., U. S. S. Ct., b. in Miss.
Lea, Henry C, author, born in Pa.
Le Conte, John L., entomologist, b. in N.Y.
Livingston, John H., father of Reformed
Dutch Church in Am., A79.
Macdonough, Thos., com. U. S. N., A42.
March, Francis Andrew, philologist, b. Mass,
Merrill, Stephen M., M. E. bishop, b. in O.
Palmer, John Williamson, editor, b. in Md.
Parker, Edward G., journalist, au., b. Mass.
Pickett, Geo. E., U.S.A., Confed. gen.,b. Va.
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, maj.-gen.,
minister to Fr., A79.
Porcher, Francis Peyre, physician, b. S. C.
Preston, Thos. Scott, R. C. primate, b. Conn.
Prime, William C, editor, born in N.Y.
Karey, John S., horse-tamer, born in O.
Reno, Jesse L., general, born in W. Va.
Requier, Augustus J., jurist, poet, b. S. C.
Rinehart, William H., sculptor, born in Md.
Rogers, Randolph, sculptor, born in N.Y.
Schweinitz, Edmund Alex, de, Moravian
bishop, born in Pa.
Shays, Daniel, rebel of Mass., A85.
Stevens, Moses T., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass.
Stoddard, Richard Henry, poet, b. in Mass.
Summerfleld, John, M. E. cl., orator, A27.
Taylor, Bayard, traveler, poet, born in Pa.
Thomas, Cyrus, entomologist, born in Tenn.
Tompkins, Daniel D., statesman, M. C. for
N.Y., 6th Vice-Pres., governor, A51.
Underwood, Francis Henry, author, b. Mass.
Weems, Mason L., author, born in Va.
Whitney, Eli, inventor of cotton gin, A60.
Wilkinson, James, general U. S. A., A 68.
CHURCH.
1824 May 1-28. Md. The General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is
held in Baltimore ; reports from the An-
nual Conferences condemn the plan for
electing presiding elders.
It establishes the Upper, Middle, and
Cherokee Missions.
It organizes the Maine, Illinois, Pitts-
burg, and Holston Conferences, and or-
dains as bishops Joshua Soule and
Elijah Hedding.
May 21. Md. A Convention of Metho-
dist Reformers is held at Baltimore.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; Thomas DeWitt,
president.
* * N. Y. The Baptists work among the
Tuscaroras and Tonawandas of western
New York.
* * Phila. The American Sunday-
school Union is organized.
* * The General Assembly (Presby-
terian) meets ; Ashbel Green, moderator.
* * S. C. The United Synod, South
(Evangelical Lutheran), of South Caro-
lina, is organized.
1825 Feb. * N. Y. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets at Albany ; T. DeWitt,
president. [Also, at New Brunswick, in
June, Jacob Broadhead, president, and
again in Sept.]
May 24. Boston. The American Uni-
tarian Association is formed.
* * There are 95 Unitarians and 310 Con-
gregational churches.
May 25. Boston. The Unitarian Mis-
sionary Association is founded.
* * Md. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) meets at Frederick.
* * N. Y. The Universalist State Con-
vention is organized.
* * New York. The [present] American
Tract Society is organized.
* * 0. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of
the Western Reserve is formed.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; S. N. Rowan, mod-
erator.
* * Pa. A Protestant Episcopal bishop is
first seen west of the Alleghanies.
The Reformed (German) Church estab-
lishes a theological school at Carlisle.
* * Wis. The Episcopalians open an Da-
dian mission at Green Bay.
LETTERS.
1824 * * Boston. The Christian Exam-
iner is issued.
* * New York. The Atlantic Magazine is
issued [and afterwards changed to the
New York Monthly Beview],
* * N. Y. The Rensselaer Polytechnic In-
stitute (non-sect.) is organized at Troy.
* * O. The Miami University (non-
sect.) is organized at Oxford.
* * Va. The Union Theological Seminary
(Presb.) is established.
* * The Mutual Bights (Meth. Protestant)
is issued.
* * John Bull in America, by Paulding,
appears.
* * Tales of a Traveller, by Irving,
appears.
* * Beflections on the Politics of Ancient
Greece, by George Bancroft, appears.
* * Uses and Various Evidences of Be-
vealed Beligion, by Verplanck, appears.
1825* * Conn. The Connecticut Histori
cal Society Library is founded at Hart-
ford. [20,000 vols.]
* * La. The Centenary CoUege
(Meth. Epis.) is established.
* * Mass. Newton Theological Institute
(Bapt.) is founded at Newton Centre.
* * N. J. Queen's College (Reformed)
is revived, and called Rutgers College.
UNITED STATES. 1824, Apr. 19-1826, Jan. 3. 133
* * New York. The Sunday Courier is is-
sued. It is the first Sunday newspaper.
* * N. Y. Hobart Free College (Prot.
Epis.) is founded at Geneva.
* * O. Franklin College (non-sect.), at
New Athens, is organized.
Kenyon College (Prot. Epis.) is orga-
nized at Gambier.
* * Va. The University of Virginia
(non-sect.) is organized. Its Library
[48,000 vols.] is founded.
* * The Biblical Repertory and Princeton
Review, founded by Hodge, appears.
* * The Religious Messenger (Meth. Epis.)
is issued. [Later merged into the Chris-
tian Advocate.]
* * George Guess (or Sequoyah), a half-
breed Cherokee about 50 years old, in-
vents the Cherokee alphabet.
* * Zophiel'e; or the Bride of Seven, by
Maria Brooks, appears.
* * The Southern Literary Gazette appears.
* * Hadad, by Hillhouse, appears.
* * -26 * * Observations on Cornine, a
Neto Alkaloid, by Samuel G. Morton,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1824 Aug. 15. New York. Lafay-
ette, aged and gray, revisits America
by invitation of Congress ; and as the
nation's guest, he is received with tre-
mendous enthusiasm [in all his tour of
5,000 miles through the States].
* * Ind. Robert Dale Owen of Scotland
establishes a philanthropic settlement,
called New Harmony, at his own ex-
pense.
* * Tenn. James K. Polk marries Sarah
Childress.
1825 Sept. 8. D. C. Gen. Lafayette,
" the Nation's guest," bids farewell to
America, and sails from Washington for
France in an American frigate.
Nov. 29. N. Y. The completion of the
Erie and Champlain canals is cele-
brated.
Dec. 22. D. C. Congress votes Lafay-
ette $200,000 and 24,000 acres of fertile
land in Florida, as a. reward for services
and remuneration of expenses, incurred
during the Revolution.
* * Ind. Abraham Lincoln, sixteen
years old, is working a ferry on the
Ohio for six dollars a month.
* * New York. The Sunday Courier is
issued, but soon suspends for lack of
patronage.
* * U. S. "Working people begin to dis-
cuss the questions of shorter hours,
higher wages, and greater safety.
* * _30 * * The Columbia Charitable As-
sociation of Shipwrights and Calkers
organizes.
1826 Jan. 3. New York. Veterans or-
ganize the Society of the "War of
1812.
STATE.
1824 Apr. 19. D. C. Congress:
House : The "A.B. Plot" culminates.
Charges are presented against William
H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury
and candidate for the presidency, which
reflect on his integrity; they are made
by Ninian Edwards, ex-senator for Illi-
nois, but not sustained.
May 21. D. C. Congress; Senate:
John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected
President pro tempore.
May 27. I). C. The 18th Congress:
the first session closes.
* * D. C. President Monroe declines to
be a candidate for reelection.
Dec. 10. Congress; House: Henry
Clay welcomes Lafayette in an address.
* * U. S. Great public excitement pre-
vails in the election, owing to the number
(4) of candidates ; Adams in the East,
Crawford in the South, Jackson and
Clay in the West.
* * U. S. The custom of making nomi-
nations for President and Vice-Presi-
dent by caucuses of members of
Congress becomes unpopular, and is
abandoned.
Nov. (?) * U. S. The 10th Presidential
election; coalition candidates are
elected. Popular vote for President :
Andrew Jackson (Dem.-Rep.) of Tenn.,
155,872; John Q,. Adams (Opposition)
of Mass., 105,321 ; Henry Clay (Rep.) of
Ky., 46,587; "William H. Crawford
(Rep.) of Ga., 44,282.
Tenn. James K. Polk of Tenn. is
first elected to Congress, aged 29. [He
is reelected continuously for 14 years.]
Dec. 6. D.C. The 18th Congress: the
second session opens.
Dec. 22. D. C. Congress votes Lafay-
ette remuneration. (See Society.)
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-27 * * Del. Samuel Paynter.
-28 * * Ky. Joseph Desha.
-28 * * La. Henry Johnson.
-26 * * Mo. Frederick Bates.
-27 * *N. C. Hutchins G. Burton.
-27 * * N.H. David L. Morrill.
-28* * N. Y. De Witt Clinton.
-31 * * R. I. James C. Fenner.
-26 * * S. C. Richard J. Manning.
1825 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$83,788,432.
Jan. 11. D. C. Congress: the senate
ratifies a boundary treaty with Russia.
It establishes the boundary line at 54° 40'.
Feb. 12. Ga.-Ala. A treaty is made
with the Indians.
* * D. C. President Adams recommends
internal improvements, but Congress
does not approve.
Feb. 9. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : Andrew Jackson
of Tenn., 99 ; John Q. Adams of Mass., 84 ;
Henry Clay of Ky.. 37 ; Wm. H. Craw-
ford of Ga., 41. Vote for Vice-Presi-
dent: John C. Calhoun (Dem.-Rep.) of
S. C, 182 ; Nathan Sanford of N. Y.,30;
Nathaniel Macon of N. C, 24: Andrew
Jackson of Tenn. (Rep.), 13 ; Martin Van
Buren of N. Y. (Rep.), 3; Henry Clay
of Ky. (Rep.), 2.
No candidate having a majority of the
total electoral vote (261), the House of
Representatives elects Adams on the
first ballot, by the votes of 13 States.
Vote of the House of Representatives :
Jackson, 99 ; Adams, 84 ; Crawford, 41 ;
Clay, 37; Calhoun 82, and 78 for all
others.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 18th Congress
ends.
Sixth Administration ; Coalition.
Mar. 4. D. C. John Quincy Adams of
Mass. is inaugurated the 6th President,
in the 10th term of the presidency. John
C. Calhoun of S. C. is Vice-President.
Cabinet : Henry Clay of Ky. (State),
Richard Rush of Pa. (Treas.), James
Barbour of Va. (War), Samuel L.
Southard of N. J. (Navy), William
Wirt of Va. (Atty.-Gen.), John Mc-
Lean of O. (P. M.-Gen.).
Mar. 9. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John
Gaillard of S. C. is elected President
pro tempore.
Dec. 5. D. C. The 19th Congress
opens.
Dec. * House : John W. Taylor of N. Y.
is elected Speaker.
* * Ga. A Controversy concerning
Creek (Indian) lands in Georgia oc-
curs ; the State ignores the Federal au-
thority ; the Indians sell their lands, and
remove to the West.
* * A treaty of commerce is made with the
Republic of Colombia.
* * The opponents of President Jackson's
administration become known as
Whigs, and their number increases
rapidly.
* * -26 * * New York. William Paulding,
the 55th mayor, is elected.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-29 * * Ala. John Murphy.
-29* *Ark.(Ter.) George Izzard.
-31 * * Cal. J. M. de Echeandia (Mex.).
-31 * * Ind. James B. Ray.
Mass. Marcus Morton.
-34 * * Mass. Levi Lincoln.
-27 * * Miss. David Holmes.
-27 * * Va. John Tyler.
1826 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$81,054,059.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1824 * * N. Y. Steam ferries are first
run between New York and Brooklyn.
* * New York. Anthracite coal is first
used.
* * Summer. La. The yellow fever
rages in New Orleans.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1824, 7,912.
1825 Oct. 26. N. Y. The great Erie
Canal, 363 miles long, is completed,
chiefly through the influence of De Witt
Clinton. It costs $7,500,000, and connects
the Great Lakes with the seaboard at
New York. The Champlain Canal is
also completed.
Nov. 2. N. Y. The opening of the
Erie Canal is celebrated with great
ceremony by the city of Albany.
Nov. 4. Neio York. The first boat via
the Erie Canal arrives.
* * N. J. The Morris Canal, to connect
Newark and Phillipsburg, is commenced.
* * N. Y. The State treasurer has paid
nearly $90,000 in the last ten years for
the extermination of wolves.
134 1826, Jan. 10.-1828, July 4. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1828 May 24. Maj.-Gen. Alexander
Macomb is appointed (11th) commander
of the army.
July 1. 2T. Y. Jefferson Davis, 20 years
of age, graduates at "West Point Military
Academy.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1826 June 23. New York. Edwin
Forrest appears as Othello at the Park
Theater.
Oct. 2. New York. W. C. Macready
first appears in America as Virginius at
the Park Theater.
* * Conn. The manufacture of axes
and other edge-tools is commenced at
Hartford.
* * Mass. The manufacture of palm-leaf
hats commences.
* * New York. The Academy of Design
is founded.
* * N. J. Thomas Seir Cummings of
Hackensack is elected member of the
National Academy of Design.
* * Pa. The manufacture of school-
slates is commenced in this country.
* * Patrick Lyon, the Blacksmith, is
painted by John Neagle.
* * James H. Hackett, a merchant, turns
to the stage, and becomes the foremost of
American comedians.
1827 * * Md. The manufacture of fire-
brick is commenced at Baltimore.
* * D. C. The Capitol at Washington is
completed.
* * Portrait of Jared Sparks is painted by
Gilbert Stuart.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1826* *
Adams, John, of Mass., diplomatist, 2d
Pres. of U. S., dies July 4, A91.
Abbot, Joel, M. C. for Ga., A60.
Blake, William 1'., mineralogist, b. in N.Y.
Bond, George Phillips, astronomer, b. Mass.
Bowles, Samuel, journalist, born in Mass.
Brace, Charles L., author, philan., b. Conn.
Braden, John, coll. pres. Nashville, b. N.Y.
Brown, Benj. Gratz, editor, teacher, born.
Buford, John, U. S. N., born in Ky.
Church, Frederick Edwin, landscape
painter, born in Conn.
Crosby, Howard, Pres. clergyman, Greek
scholar, born in N.Y.
Dale, Richard, commodore, A70.
Daniels, Charles, M. C, born in N.Y.
Dashiel, Robert L., M. E. cl., born in Md.
Davis, Andrew J., clairvoyant, writer on
spiritualism, born in N.Y.
Davis, John, M. C, born in 111.
De Forest, John William, author, b. Conn.
Ewer, Ferdinand Cartwright, P. E. clergy-
man, author, born in Mass.
Foster, Stephen C, ballad composer, b. Pa.
George, James Z., sen. for Miss., born in Ga.
± Gibbon, John, maj.-gen. of vols., b. in Pa.
Gregg, John I., brev. brig.-gen., born in Pa.
Hall, Gordon, first Am. miss, in Bombay, A44.
Hawley, Joseph K., sen. for Conn, born N. C.
Hoar, George F., U. S. sen. for Mass., b. Mass.
Jefferson, Thomas, of Ya., minister to Fr.,
sec. of state, 3d Pres., dies July 4, A 83.
Larcom, Lucy, author, poet, born in Mass.
Logan, John A., maj.-gen. vols., sen. for
111., candidate for Vice-Pres.,b. 111., Feb. 9.
Long, Armistead L., Confed. gen., b. in Va.
MacClellan, Georpre Brinton, Gen. of U. S.
A., Dem. candidate for Pres., Gov. of N. J.,
born in Pa., Dec. 3.
Mahone, Win., Confed. gen., sen. for Va., b.
in Va.
Macconnel, John L., novelist, born in 111.
Martin, Luther, lawyer, A78.
Mehan, Thomas, botanist, born in Eng.
Morgan, John H., Confed. guerrilla, b. Ky.
Morgan, William, mechanic, abducted, A51.
Morse, Jedidiah, geographer, A6A.
Murray, Lindley, grammarian, A81.
Negley, James S., maj.-gen. vols., b. in Pa.
Newman, John P., M. E. bishop, b. in N.Y.
Oakes, James, brev. brig.-gen., born in Pa.
Orton, William, pres. W. U. Tel. Co., b. N. Y.
Osborn, Selleck, editor, litterateur, A43.
Paine, Halbert E., soldier, born in 0.
Penny, Virginia, writer, born in Ky.
Quackenbos, George Payn, educator, b. N.Y.
Kansoin, Matt. W., Confed.-gen., sen. for
N. C, b. in N. C.
Robinson, Lucius B., Gov. of N.Y., b. N.Y.
Seney, George I., philanthropist, b. N.Y.
Stockbridge, Francis B., sen. for Mich., born
in Me.
1827* *
Addison, David, author, born.
Atkinson, Edward, writer, born in Mass.
Bascom, John, author, M. E. cl., b. in N.Y.
Bates, Samuel Penniman, historian, b. Mass.
Betts, Beverly R., P. E. clergyman, b. N.Y.
Boyce, Jas. P., Bap. cl., theologian, b. S. C.
Bradford, William, painter, born in Mass.
Hroadus, J. A., Bap. theol. prof., born in Va.
Cattell, Win. C, Pres. Lafayette, b. N. J.
Cooke, Josiah Parsons, chemist, b. in Mass.
Cooke, Rose Terry, writer, poet, b. in Conn.
Corcoran, Michael, brig.-gen., born in Ire.
Cummins, Maria S., novelist, born in Mass.
Dix, Morgan, P. E. clergyman, b. N.Y. City.
Dooly, John Mitchell, wit, jurist, A55. 1
Emmit, Thomas A., lawyer of N.Y., A63.
Ferry, Thomas W., U. S. sen., born in Mich.
Fink, Albert, engineer, born in Ger.
Fisher, George Park, prof, in Yale, b. Mass.
Fry, James B., general, born in 111.
Gaillard, Edwin S., phys., educator, b. S. C.
Hendricken, Thos. F., R. C. bishop, b. Ire.
Holcombe, Win. F., surgeon, prof., b. Mass.
Holley, Horace, Unit, clergyman, A46.
Howard, John E., gen., sen. for Md., gov., A75.
Hurlbut, Wm. Henry, journalist, b. in S. C.
King. Rufus, M. Cont'l Cong, from Me.,
sen. for N.Y., minister to Eng., A72.
Latham, Milton S., statesman, born in O.
Murphy, John McLeod, naval engineer, born.
Newhall, Fales H., prof. Wesleyan Univ., b.
Palmer, Frank W., editor, born in Ind.
Parke, John G., mag.-gen. of vols., b. in Pa.
Payson, Edward, Cong, clergyman, A44.
Peale, Chas. Wilson, painter, naturalist, A86.
Pickens, Israel, senator, dies.
Pike, Mary H. Greene, author, born in Me.
Piatt, Orville H., senator for Conn., born.
Pratt, Daniel J., scholar, writer, b. in N.Y.
Rains, J., Confed. gen., born.
Robeson, George M., sec. of navy, b. in N. J.
Rosecrans, Sylvester H., R. C. bishop, b. O.
Schennerhorn, Simon J., M. C.,born in N.Y.
Slocum, Henry Warner, maj.-gen. vols., law-
yer, born in N. Y.
Stewart, William M., sen. for. Nev., b. N.Y.
Terry, Alfred Howe,brig.-gen. vols., b. Conn.
Tilghman, Win., jurist, A71.
Trowbridge, John Townsend, novelist, born.
Venable, Charles S., mathematician, b. Va.
Voorhees, Daniel W., sen. for Ind., born in O.
■Whitney, William Dwight, comparative
philologist, born in Mass.
Windom, William, sen. for Minn., sec. of
treas., born in O.
CHURCH.
1826 Jan. 10. Me. The General Con-
ference (Congregational) of Maine is or-
ganized.
Mar. * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; Thomas DeWitt,
president. [And again in June, John
Ludlow, president.]
May 10. New York. The United Do-
mestic Missionary Society is changed to
the American Home Missionary So-
ciety at New York.
Its object is to assist congregations
that are unable to support the Gospel
ministry, and to send the Gospel to the
destitute within the United States.
May 17. Miss. The Protestant Episco-
pal Diocese of Mississippi is organized.
* * Boston. Lyman Beecher becomes
pastor of the Hanover Street church.
* * Ind. Both the (N. S. and the O. S.)
Presbyterian Synods of Indiana are
organized.
* * Mo. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
St. Louis is erected.
* * The American Board receives from the
United Foreign Missionary Board cer-
tain Indian missions.
The Osages : the Osages of Missouri ;
the mixed tribes at Mackinaw ; the Ot-
tawas at Maumee ; the Senecas at Alle-
gheny ; Cattaraugas and Senecas, and
also the Tuscaroras, in New York. — Cy-
clopedia of Missions.
* * New York. A congregation of the
African Union Methodist Church is
formed.
The Baptist Triennial Meeting is
held.
* * 0. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is organized.
* * Phila. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets.
The .General Assembly (Presbyte-
rian) meets ; Francis McCauley, mod-
erator.
* * Tenn. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Syn-
ods of West Tennessee and the (O. S.)
Synod of Nashville are formed.
* * The American Board has 7 mission
stations among the Cherokee Indians of
Georgia, 10 among the Choctaws of Mis-
sissippi, and one among the Cherokees
of Arkansas.
* * The Baptists commence missions
among the Ottawas ; also among the
Choctaws.
1827 June* Phila. The General
Synod (Reformed) meets ; Cornelius C.
Cuyler, president.
Sept. 22. N.Y. Joseph Smith an-
nounces the discovery of the Book of
Mormon, written on plates of gold, in
Egyptian (?) characters. (See 1812.)
Oct. 25. Pa. H. U. Onderdonk is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant
bishop for Pennsylvania.
Nov. * Md. A General Convention of
Methodist Reformers is held at Balti-
more.
* * Mass. The Unitarian Sunday-
school Society is organized.
* * Mich. The first Congregational Church
in Michigan is formed.
* * N. H. A General Conference of
Free-wiU Baptists is formed.
* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli-
eal Lutheran) meets at Gettysburg.
The Church of Christ (Disciples of
Christ) is organized.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Francis Herron,
moderator. Congregational delegates
have their right to vote taken away.
An extensive secession divides the
Society of Friends ; the names Ortho-
dox and Hicksite are given to the
two branches.
* * Tex. The Franciscan missionaries
on the Rio Grande teach a great number
of Indians to read and write.
* * Va. The Dover Association (Baptist)
decrees excommunication from fellow-
ship of those holding the views of Alex-
ander Campbell.
UNITED STATES. 1826, Jan. 10-1828, July 4. 135
* * The Sunday-school Union (Metho-
dist Episcopal) is formed.
* * The Methodists begin work among the
Choctaws and Chickasaws.
The Synods of Georgia and South Car-
olina transfer their mission among the
Chickasaws to the American Board.
* * The Baptists begin work among the
Chippewas.
1828 Jan. * Md. The Associate Metho-
dist Reformers meet at Baltimore.
Mar. 4.
ends.
D. C. The 19th Congress
SOCIETY.
1826 Feb. 13. Boston. The "American
Society for the Promotion of Temper- Aug. 6. Ore. The joint occupation of
ance," on the basis of abstinence from Oregon by American and British sub-
strong drink, organizes. jects is extended indefinitely by a treaty
Apr. 4. Henry Clay and John Ran- agreement,
dolph fight a duel. The latter had stig- Sept. 29. U.S. The difference exist-
matized the coalition of Adams and inS between the United States and Great
Clay as a union of "the Puritan and Britain respecting boundaries is re-
the black-leg." ferred to an arbiter for settlement.
Apr.* N. Y. The General Synod (Re- Sept. 11. N.Y . The alleged abduction Dec. 3. D. C. The 20th Congress
opens.
House: Andrew Stevenson of Va. is
elected Speaker.
* * -29 * * New York. William Paulding
is elected the 57th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-31 * * Conn. Gideon Tomlinson.
-30 * * Del. George Poindexter.
-29 * * Ga. John Forsyth.
-29 * * Me. Enoch Lincoln.
-31 * * Miss. Gerard C. Brandon.
-28 * * N. C. James Iredell.
-29 * * N. H. Benjamin Pierce.
-29 * * Tenn. Sam Houston.
-30 * * Va. Wm. B. Giles.
1828 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$67,475,043.
Apr.* N. Y. Martin Van Buren be-
comes governor.
May 15. B.C. Congress; Senate:
Samuel Smith of Md. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
May 19. D. C. Congress: A heavy
protective tariff bill passes, by which
the sliding scale is advanced from 33$ to
an average of 40 to 45 per cent. It com-
mences a serious division between the
North and the South. Called " the tariff
of abominations." (House: Vote, 105-74.)
formed) meets at Albany ; Cornelius C.
Cuyler, president. [And again in June,
Jacob Schoonmaker, president.]
May 1-24. Pa. The General Confer-
ence (Methodist Episcopal) meets in
Pittsburg; connection with the Cana-
dian Conference is practically dissolved.
May * Pa. A memorial of grievances
from Methodist Reformers is presented
to the General Conference at Pitts-
burg; unsatisfactory proposals are made.
May 5. New York. The New York
American Seaman's Friend Society
is organized.
LETTERS.
1826 Sept. 9. New York. First issue
of the Christian Advocate (Meth. Epis.).
of William Morgan, by Freemasons
for revealing secrets, causes intense
and widespread excitement.
* * N. Y. Millard Fillmore marries
Abigail Powers.
1827 * * Tenn. Andrew Johnson mar-
ries Eliza McCardle.
STATE.
1826 Mar. 14. D. C. Congress; ap-
points Richard C. Anderson and John
Sargeant as delegates to the General
Congress of South American States,
to meet in Panama, in June.
* * Phila. The [present] system of the
Fairmount Water-work* is completed.
May 14. N. Y. Sing Sing prison is com-
menced.
Oct. 25. N. Y. The Rochester Daily May 20. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Advertiser appears. Nathaniel Macon of N. C. is elected
* * Boston. The State Library of Massa- President pro tempore.
chusetts is founded. [60,000 vols.] May 22. B.C. The 19th Congress:
* * La. The hew Orleans Bee appears. the first session closes.
* * Md. - The Maryland State library is June * The Panama Congress of South
founded at Annapolis. [70,000 vols.] American States fails to meet and put
* * O. Western Reserve College the Monroe doctrine into practice.
(Pres). is founded at Hudson. (See Mar. 14, 1826.)
The Cincinnati Commercial Register July 4. The death of two ex-Presidents,
appears.
* * Va. The Richmond Whig appears.
* * -30 * * Commentaries on American
Law, by James Kent, appears.
* * Lionel Lincoln, by Cooper, appears.
* * Merry Tales of the Three Wise Men of
Gotham, by Paulding, appears.
* * Last of the Mohicans, by Cooper, ap-
pears.
1827 May* New York. The Morning
Enquirer is started.
Sept. 1. New York. The Journal of
Commerce issues its first number ; it is
hostile to slavery.
* * III. Shurtleff College is founded by
Baptists at Upper Alton.
* * Pa. The Western Theological Semi-
nary (Pres.) is established in Allegheny.
* * Phila. The American Quarterly Re-
view, by Robert Walsh, is published
[till 1837].
* * The Prairie, by Cooper, appears.
* * Biography of the Signers of the Dec-
laration of Independence, by John San-
derson, appears.
* * The Red Rover, by Cooper, appears.
* * The Buccaneer, by Richard H. Dana,
appears.
* * Commentary on the Epistle to the
Hebrews, by Moses Stuart, appears.
1828 Feb. 28. ///. McKendree Col-
lege (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Lebanon.
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, on
the 50th anniversary of American In- M*y ?6- D- p- The 20th Congress
dependence, arrests attention.
Oct. * N. Y. The Morgan anti-Mason
excitement is taken into politics, and
many members suffer in their reputa-
tion ; among them is De Witt Clinton.
(See Society.)
Nov. 13. A convention is entered by
the United States and Great Britain,
whereby American citizens receive in-
demnification for British spoliations
during the war with Napoleon.
Dec. 4. D.C. The 19th Congress: the
second session opens.
* * Tenn. Seat of the State government
is changed from Murfreesboro to Nash-
ville.
* * -27 * * New York. Philip Hone is
elected the 56th mayor.
* * D. C. Robert Trimble of Ky. is ap-
pointed Justice of U. S. Supreme Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-30 * * ///. Ninian Edwards.
-32 * * Mo. John Miller.
-30 * * O. Allen Trimble.
-28 * * S. C. John Taylor.
-28 * * Ft. Ezra Butler.
1827 Jan. 1. U. S,
$73,987,357.
the first session closes.
* * U. S. Intense excitement, surpass-
ing that of previous years, attends the
Presidential canvass.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1826 Oct. 7. Mass. A railway for
horse-power, 3 miles long, is completed
at Quincy, for conveying granite rock to
tide-water. It is the first railroad in
the United States.
* * Kerosene is first used for illuminat-
ing purposes.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1826, 10,837.
1827 May* Pa. A gravity railroad
for transporting coal is completed at
Mauch Chunk ; the empty cars are to be
drawn back by mules.
* * Boston. The first lithograph estab-
lishment is completed ; it uses imported
materials.
* * American cotton manufactures are
first exported to any considerable extent.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1827, 18,875.
National debt 1828 July 4. Md. The corner-stone of
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is
Jan. 2. Congress ; Senate : Nathaniel
Macon of N. C. is re-elected President
pro tempore. [Reelected Mar. 2.]
laid with great ceremony at Baltimore ;
the rails of wood are covered with iron
bars.
136 1828, Sept. 26-1830, July.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1829 * * N. Y. Robert E. Lee, 22 years
of age, graduates at West Point.
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
1828 Sept. 26. Mass. A monument is
erected at Charlestown to the memory
of John Howard.
Oct. * N. J. The Franklin Institute in
Philadelphia awards Seth Boyden of
Newark a premium for malleable cast-
ings.
* * New York. The manufacture of var-
nish for commercial use is commenced.
* * N. Y. The Albany Institute is or-
ganized.
* * Pa. Damask table-linen is first
made at Pittsburg.
Paper is first made of straw and
hay at Meadville.
* * William Woodworth's planing-ma-
chine is introduced.
* * The Garden of Eden is painted by
Thomas Cole.
* * The Portrait of Fitz-Greene Hal leek is
painted by Henry Inman.
+ * * The Chanting Cherubs is executed
by Horatio Greenough. " The first group
executed in marble by an American."
* * Calvary is painted by William Dunlap.
1829 Mar. 27. New York. John W.
Revere explains his invention of gal-
vanized iron at the Lyceum of Natural
History.
* * Conn. The manufacture of sewing-
silk by machinery is commenced at
Mansfield.
* * Mass. The manufacture of pen-
knives and pocket-knives is com-
menced in this country at Worcester.
The Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety is organized.
* * New York. Bricks are first made by
machinery.
* * II. I. Figured muslin is first woven
in this country on a power-loom at Cen-
tral Falls.
* * U.S. Friction matches are first used.
1830 May 31. Term. A destructive
storm prevails ; Carthage is laid in ruins.
July 24. Boston. The mercury at noon
stands at 95" ; at sundown, at 50°.
July * N. Y. Terrific rains and floods
in the Champlain region ; mill-dams,
iron-works, bridges, and crops are de-
stroyed.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1828* *
Ashmun, Jehudi, philanthropist, A34.
Baird, Chas. W., Presb. cl., author, b. N.J.
Bayard, Thomas Francis, sen. for Del., sec.
of state, minister to Eng., b. Del., Oct. 29.
Beatty, John, brig.-gen. U. S. vols., b. in O.
Bennett, Chas. W., educator, born in N.Y.
Brainard, John G. C, poet, editor, A32.
Brown, Jacob, maj.-gen. 9th corn, of U. S.
Army, A53.
Camden, Johnson N., sen. W. Va., b. W. Va.
Chamberlain, Joshua, maj.-gen. vols., b. Me.
± Chesebro', Caroline, author, born in N.Y.
Clinton, De Witt, gov., sen. for N.Y., A59.
Cook, Clarence, critic, born in Mass.
Cookman, Alfred, M. E. clergvman, b. N. J.
Crook. Geo., maj.-gen. U. S. A., born in O.
Drake, Francis Samuel, author, b. in N. H.
Dwight, Timothy, pres. of Yale, b. Conn.
Edmunds, Geo. F., sen. for Vt., b. in Vt.
Few, William, senator for Ga., A80.
Fisk, Clinton B., Prohibition candidate for
Pres., philanthropist, born in N.Y.
Fisk, Samuel, clergyman, capt., b. in Mass.
Foster, Charles, Gov. of O., born in O.
Fulton, Justin D., Bapt. cl., lecturer, b. N.Y.
George, Enoch, M. E. bishop, A61.
Oilman, John T., Gov. of N. H., A69.
Grafe, Albrecht, naturalist, born in Berlin.
Gray, Horace, IT. S. S. Ct., born in Mass.
Hammond, William Alex., physician, sur-
geon, author, born in Md.
Hart, .lames McDougal, painter, b. in Scot.
Hoppin, Augustus, artist, born in R. I.
MacPherson, Jas. B., brig.-gen. U. S. A., b. O.
McEntee, Jervis, painter, born in N.Y.
Marvin, Francis, M. C, born in N.Y.
Myer, Albert Joseph, scientist, born in N.Y.
Paddock, Benjamin H., P. E. bp., b. Conn.
Pinckney, Thomas, gen. of Revolution,
gov. of S. C, minister to Eng., A78.
Porter, James Lewis, statesman, born.
Randall, Samuel J., M. C. for Pa., speaker,
born in Pa.
Savage, John, author, born in Ire.
Stuart, Gilbert Charles, painter, A73.
Trow bridge, William Petit, engineer, b. Mich.
Van Wart, Isaac, a captor of Andrg, A68.
Wells, David Ames, economist, born in O.
Wilson, James F., sen. for la., born in O.
Winthrop, Theodore, author, born in Ct.
Wurtz, Henry, chemist, born in Pa.
1829* *
Allison, William B., sen. for la., born in O.
Belknap, W. W., maj.-gen. of vols., sec. of
war, born in Io.
Brackett, Albert O., col. U. S. A., b. in N.Y.
Bridgman, Laura, blind deaf-mute, b. N. H.
Childs, George Wm., journalist, b. Md.
Clark, William Travis, editor, born.
Coke, Richard, sen. for Tex., born in Va.
Conklins. Roscoe, sen. for N.Y., b. N.Y.
Crawford, Samuel W., brig.-gen. vols.,b. Pa.
Cullom, Shelby M., senator for 111., b. in Ky.
Dearborn, Henry, maj.-gen., sec. of war,
8th com. U.S.A., minister to Portugal, A78.
Failey, Noah L., U. S. A., born.
Ooodell, Wm., physician, author, b. Malta.
Gottschalk, Louis Moreau. pianist, b. La.
Halpine, Charles G., journalist (Miles O'Ri-
ley), born in Ire.
Halstead, Murat, journalist of O., b. in O.
Hanaford, Phoebe C, author, preacher, born
in Mass.
Hayden, Ferdinand V., geologist, b. Mass.
Helper, Hinton Rowan, author, b. in N. C.
llolyoke, Edwd. Aug., phys., naturalist, A 101.
Jay. John, of N.Y., Pres. of Continental
Congress, first chief justice, sec. of foreign
affairs, A 84.
Jefferson, Joseph, actor, born in Phila.
Jones, John, surgeon, born.
Kynett, Alpha, M. E. clergyman, b. in Pa.
Lansing, John, statesman, Kev. soldier, A65.
Lincoln, Enoch, Gov. of Me., poet, historian,
A41.
Mason, John Mitchel, Pres. clergyman, A59.
Mitchell, S. Weir, physiologist, born in Pa.
Piatt, Donn, journalist, born.
Pickering, Timothy, colonel, sec. of state,
senator for Mass., A84.
Rawson, Albert L., explorer, journalist, b. Vt.
Rogers, John, sculptor, statuette groups,
born in Mass.
Schurz, Carl, brig.-gen., sen. for Mo., sec. of
interior, born in Ger.
Seymour, George Franklin, P. E. bp., b. N.Y.
Shreve, Samuel Henry, engineer, b. in N. J.
Smith, Roswell, founder of Century Maga-
zine, born.
Smithson, James Lewis Made, founder
of Smithsonian Institution, A75.
Taylor, William M., Pres. cl., b. in Scot.
Turpie, David, sen. for Ind., born in O.
Van Elton, Hendrik I). K., painter, b. Hoi.
Vezin, Hermann, actor, born in Pa.
Walker, Joseph H., M. C, editor, b. Mass.
Warner, Charles Dudley, author, b. Mass.
Washington, Bushrod, U. S. S. Ct., A70.
CHURCH.
1828 Aug. 14. Boston Meeting of Gen-
eral Convention of the New Jerusalem.
Nov. 12. Md. A General Convention of
Methodist Reformers meets in Balti-
more, and organizes "The Associated
Methodist Churches."
* * Boston. The Boston Seaman's
Friend Society is organized.
* * Me. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is held.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; Ezra Stiles Ely,
moderator.
* * Tenn. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of Tennessee is organized.
* * Morris Brown is elected bishop of the
African Methodist Episcopal Church.
* * The American Board starts a mission
among the Stockbridge Indians.
* * The Methodist Episcopal Church trans-
fers its mission to the Ojibwas to the
Canadian Conference.
* * Missionary Adoniram Judson gives
§6,000 to the Baptist Mission Board.
1829 Mar. 31. It. Pius VHI, is elected
pope.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; John Knox, presi-
dent.
July 8. Ky. The Protestant Episcopal
diocese of Kentucky is organized.
July 22. The Brooklyn Mission and
Tract Society is organized.
Aug. 19. Va. William Meade (Protes-
tant Episcopal) is consecrated bishop of
Virginia.
Oct. * Elijah C. Bridgman and David
Abeel are sent out by the American
Seaman's Friend Society to labor among
seamen.
* * Md. The first Provincial Council
(Roman Catholic) of Baltimore is con-
vened by Archbishop James Whitfield.
The Fifth General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) meets at Hagerstown.
* * Phila. The first Methodist Protestant
church in this city is formed by seceders
from the Methodist Episcopal Church.
The General Assembly (Presby-
terian) meets ; B. H. Rice, moderator.
The General Convention (Protes-
tant Episcopal) meets.
The Baptist Triennial Meeting is
held.
* * Presbyterians form the Synods of
Utica (N. S.), Mississippi (O. S.), South
Alabama (O. S.), and Cincinnati (N. S.
and O. S.).
* * The Protestant Episcopal Church sends
out its first foreign missionaries to
Greece.
1830 Jan. 25. Ala. Friends of the
Protestant Episcopal Church in Mobile
meet preliminary to the organization of
the Diocese of Alabama.
Apr. 6. N. Y. The first Mormon
church is organized by Joseph Smith at
Manchester, Ontario County.
June * N. J. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at New Brunswick ; W.
Ellinge, president.
LETTERS.
1828 * * Boston. The Ladies' Magazine,
the first periodical for women, appears.
* * Conn. A Dictionary of the English
Language, by Noah Webster, appears
at New Haven.
* * Ind. The Indiana University (non-
sect.) is organized at Bloomington.
* * Me. Baptists start the Zion's Advo-
cate at Portland.
UNITED STATES. 1828, Sept. 26-1830, July *. 137
* * Mich. The Michigan State Library
is founded at Lansing. [54,000 vols.]
* * New York. The Quarterly Review
(Meth. Epis.), formerly the Methodist
(Monthly) Magazine, is first issued.
* * New York. Courrier des Etats- Unis is
founded by Charles Laselle and others.
* * O. The Western Review appears at
Cincinnati.
* * S.C. The Southern Agriculturist ap-
pears at Charleston.
The Southern Review appears at
Charleston. [Expires 1832.]
* * Remarks on the Life and Character of
Napoleon Bonaparte, by "W. E. Chan-
ning, appears.
* * Rachel Dyer, by John Neal, appears.
* * History of the Life and Voyages of
Christopher Columbus, by "Washington
Irving, appears.
1829 Sept. 21. Md. The first public
school in Baltimore is established.
Oct 13. Me. The first daily newspaper
in this State — the Daily Courier— ap-
pears.
* * Ky. The first public school in this
State is opened.
* * Mo. St. Louis University is orga-
nized.
* * New York. Noah's New York Nation-
al Advocate appears.
* * O. Lane Theological Seminary (Pres.)
is established in Cincinnati.
* * -43 * * The American Quarterly Re-
gister appears.
* * The Offering of Sympathy, by Francis
Parkman, appears.
* * Al Aaraaff, Tamerlane, and Minor
Poems, by E. A. Poe, appears.
* * The Conquest of Granada, by "Wash-
ington Irving, appears.
* * M&canique Cileste, is translated by
Nathaniel Bowditoh, with copious
commentaries.
* * The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, by
Cooper, appears.
* * The Life of John Ledyard, by Jared
Sparks, appears.
1830 July * Boston. The Globe appears.
SOCIETY.
1829 Dec. 20. Ga. The Legislature
enacts that " no Indian or descendant
of an Indian, residing within the Creek
or Cherokee nations, should be deemed
a competent witness to any suit where
a white man is a defendant."
* * Boston. The first asylum in the
United States for the blind is incor-
porated.
STATE.
1828 Nov. (?) * U. S. The 11th Presi-
dential election; Democrats elected.
Popular vote for President : Andrew
Jackson of Tenn. (Democrat), 647,231 ;
John Q,. Adams of Mass. (National Re-
publican), 509,097.
Dec. 1. D. C. The 20th Congress : the
second session opens.
* * N. Y. Van Buren becomes the leader
of New York Democracy [for 20 years].
* * XT. S. The political party known as
the Workingmen's Organization ap-
pears in the principal cities.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-32 * * Ky. Thomas Metcalfe.
-29 * * La. Peter Derbigny.
-30 * * N. C. John Owen.
-29* *N. Y. Nathaniel Pitcher.
Martin Van Buren.
-30 * * S. C. Stephen D. Miller.
-31 * * Vt. Samuel C. Crafts.
1829 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$58,421,413.
Feb. 11. D. C. Congress: the House
counts the electoral vote.
Vote for President : Jackson, 178 ;
Adams, 83. Vote for Vice-President :
John C. Calhoun (Democrat) of S. C,
171 ; Richard Rush (National Republi-
can) of Pa., 83 ; "William Smith (Demo-
crat) of S. C., 7.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 20th Congress ends.
Seventh Administration ; Demo-
cratic.
Mar. 4. D. C. Andrew Jackson of
Tenn. is inaugurated the seventh Presi-
dent, in the 11th term of the Presidency.
John C. Calhoun of S. C. is Vice-Presi-
dent.
Cabinet: Martin Van Buren of
N. Y. (State), Samuel D. Ingham of
Pa. (Treas.), John H. Eaton of Tenn.
(War), John Branch of N. C. (Navy),
John M'P. Berrien of Ga. (Atty.-Gen.),
and William T. Barry of Ky. (P. M.-
Gen.).
"The reign of Andrew Jackson"
begins. [It lasts eight years.]
Mar. 9. D. C. The Postmaster-Gen-
eral becomes a recognized member of
the President's cabinet.
Mar. 28. A treaty is signed with Den-
mark for the adjustment of indemnity
claims.
Apr. 14. D. C. Congress: the House
rejects a bill for building a national
road, extending from Buffalo, N. Y., to
New Orleans, La. Vote, 88-105.
Dec. 7. D. C. The 21st Congress
opens.
* * D. C. John McLean of Ohio is ap-
pointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme
Court.
* * D. C. Liauguration of the Spoils
System.
The President makes 176 appointments
of political adherents to office. [A total
of only 74 removals of office-holders
under all preceding Presidents ; about
190 by Jackson during his first year].
* * N. Y. A workingmen's ticket ap-
pears, and an assemblyman is elected
by it.
* * The high tariff acts bring protests
from the merchants of Boston, and later
from the Legislatures of South Carolina,
Virginia, Alabama, and North Carolina.
From this period begins the office-seek-
ers' struggle with each new administra-
tion.
Dec. * President Jackson takes strong
ground against the National bank in
hia message to Congress.
* * -33 * * New York. Walter Bowne is
elected the 58th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-31 * * Ala. Gabriel Moore.
-35 * * Ark. (Ter.). John Pope.
-31 * * Ga. George It. Gilmer.
-30 * * La. A. Bauvais.
-30* * Me. Nathan Cutler.
-30 * * N. H. John Bell.
-32 * * N.J. Peter D. Vroom.
N. Y. Martin Van Buren.
-33 * * N. Y. Enos T. Throop.
Pa. George Wolf.
-35 * * Tenn. Wm. Carroll.
1830 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$48,565,406.
Jan. 25. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Robert Y. Hayne makes a great
speech in defense of State rights.
Jan. 27. D.C. Congress; Senate:
Daniel Webster makes his great
speech for the Union in reply to Rob-
ert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, who
is a radical upholder of State rights.
May 7. D. C. A treaty with Turkey is
made.
May* D. C. President Jackson and
John C. Calhoun become political ene-
mies.
May 31. D.C. The 21st Congress:
the first session closes.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1828 Nov. 15. N. Y. The Cayuga
and Seneca Canal is completed.
* * Mass. The first steamboat in Boston
harbor — the Benjamin Franklin — is
used as an excursion boat.
* * New Eng. The first boat passes
through the entire length of the Black-
stone Canal, 45 miles long, connect-
ing Providence and Worcester.
Dec. 31. V. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1828, 27,382.
1829 Apr. 3. Ga. A great fire occurs
in Augusta ; 300 buildings are burned.
June 4. The steam frigate Fulton blows
up ; 26 persons are killed.
July 4. Phila. U.S. Mintcornerstone laid.
Aug. 8. Pa. The first trip of a loco-
motive is made on the Carbondale and
Honesdale Railroad.
Oct. 17. Del. The Delaware and Ches-
apeake Canal is opened.
Nov. 13. N. Y. Sam Patch kills him-
self by jumping the Genesee Falls
at Rochester, in the presence of a great
assembly.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1829, 22,520.
* * Many canals are completed, including
the Cumberland and Oxford (Me.), the
Farmington (Conn.), the Oswego (N.
Y.), and the Delaware and Hudson.
1830 May 24. Md. The Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad has 24 miles of
track opened for use.
June* U.S. Fifth Census: States, 24;
whites, 10,537,378; colored, 2,328,642 (free
colored 319,599, slaves 2,009,043); total
population, 12,866,020. Increase, 33.55
per cent. Center of population 19 miles
west southwest of Moorefleld, W. Va. ;
westward movement in 10 years, 39
miles.
138 1830, Aug. 3-1831.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
THE NINTH WAR.
1831 Apr. 21— 1832. Sept. 31. Wis.
The Black Hawk Indian War, with
the Sac and Fox Indians. Men en-
rolled, 6,465.
* * III. Abraham Lincoln volunteers
in the Black Hawk War, and is chosen
captain of his company.
* * -32 * * Wis. Jefferson Davis serves
in the Black Hawk War as hrevet 2d
lieutenant.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1830 Sept. 1. New York. Charles
John Kean commences an engagement
at the Park Theater.
* * Boston. The Boston Society of Natu-
ral History is organized.
The Fourdrinier machine, used in
the manufacture of paper, is first made
in this country at Windham ; importa-
tions of it nearly cease.
* * Md. The first locomotive (Tom
Thumb) built in the United States is
constructed by Peter Cooper, at the
Canton Iron Works, near Baltimore ; a
small tractor engine, of little use.
* * Conn. The Observatory of Yale Uni-
versity is erected at New Haven. The
first telescope in this country is set up.
* * Tomb of General Brock is painted by
Thomas Cole.
1831 Feb. 12. U. S. A great solar
eclipse (annular) is generally visible.
Dec. * Pa. Dr. F. W. Geisenhainer ob-
tains a patent for the application of a
hot-air blast to anthracite coal in mak-
ing iron ; this invention begins a new
era in producing iron.
~*^* Conn. The Groton monument, oppo-
site New London, is completed.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1830* *
Agnew, Cornelius Rea, surgeon, b. in N.Y.
Arthur, Chester Alan, 20th Vice-President,
21st President, born in Vt.
Bacon, Leonard Woolsey, Cong, clergyman,
author, born in Conn.
Bierstadt, Albert, painter, born in Ger.
Blaine, James Gillespie, M. C. from Me.,
speaker, senator, candidate for Pres., sec.
of state, born in Pa., Jan. 31.
Bowers, Mrs. D. P., actor, born in Conn.
Cobb, Thomas W., senator for Ga., A46.
Compton, Barnes, M. C. for Md., b. in Md.
Cooke, John Ksten, author, poet, b. in Va.
Culberson, David B., M. C. for Ga., b. Ga.
Dodge, Mary Abigail (Gail Hamilton), b.
in Mass.
Duncombe, Pannelee Dubois, chemist, born.
Garrard, Kenner, brev. brig.-gen., b. in O.
Giles, William B., statesman, A68.
Godman, John D., physician, naturalist, A36.
Hayne, Hamilton, poet, born in S. C.
Hazen, William Babcock, soldier, b. in Vt.
Hobart, John Henry, P. E. bp. of N. Y.,A55.
Hicks, Elias, Quaker preacher, A 82.
Hosmer, Harriet Goodhue, sculptor in It.,
born in Mass.
Howard, Oliver O. , maj.-gen.U. S. A., b. Me.
Hoyt, A. M., Gov. of Pa., born.
Johnson, Samuel Win., chemist, au., b. N.Y.
Jones, John P., sen. for Nev., born in Eng.
Murray, David, educator, born in N.Y.
Keely, Henry A., P. E. bp. of Me., b. N.Y.
Nordhoff, Charles, au., journalist, b. Ger.
Orton, James, naturalist, born in N.Y.
Otis, George A., surgeon, born in Mass.
Paddock, Algernon 8., sen. for Neb., b. N.Y.
Perry, Arthur Latham, economist, b. N. H.
Pratt, Charles, philanthropist, born in Mass.
Pugh, James L., sen. for Ala., born in Ga.
Red Jacket, chief of the Senecas, A79.
Rutgers, Henry, patriot, philanthropist, A85.
Sothern, Edward Askew, actor, b. Eng.
Teller, Henry M., sen. for Col., born in N.Y.
Terhune, Mary Virginia (Marion JJarland),
author, born in Va.
Trumbiul, Henry Clay, Cong, cl., b. in Conn.
Tudor, William, author, A51.
Vance, Zebulon B., sen. for N. C, b. in N.C.
Vest, George G., sen. for Mo., born in Ky.
Ward, John Quincy A., sculptor, b. in O.
Warren, Gouverneur Kemble, gen., b. N.Y.
Yenell, George Henry, artist, born in Md.
1831* *
Abbott, Henry L., engineer U. S. A., b. Mass.
Allen, Richard, first bp. of Afr. M. E. Ch.,
A71.
Baker, William, M. C. for Kan., born in Pa.
Bartholow, Roberts, physician, born in Md.
Barton, William, gen. in Rev'n of ft. I., A84.
Boardman, George Dana, mis. to India, A 30.
Booth, Mary L., author, editor Harper's Ba-
zar, born in N.Y.
Breese, Kidder Randolph, capt.U. 8. N., b. Pa.
Burbridge, Stephen G., gen. of vols., b. Ky.
Case, Augustus L., rear-adm. U. S. N., b. N. Y.
De Koven, James, P. E. cl. of N.Y., b. Conn.
Dinnan, Jeremiah Lewis, Cong, cl., b. R. I.
Donnelly, Ignatius, M. C, author, b. Phila.
Evarts, Jeremiah, editor, A50.
Fairchild, Lucius, brig.-gen. of vols., born.
Frye, William P., sen. for Me., born in Me.
Garfield, James A., maj.-gen. of vols., M.
C. for O., sen., 20th Pres., of the U. S., b. O.
Gildersleeve, Basil Lanneau, scholar, b. S. C.
Gilman, Daniel Coit, educator, b. in Conn.
Girard, Stephen, Franco-Am. merchant,
founder of college, A81.
Godkin, Edwin Laurence, journalist, b. Ire.
Goodwin, Wm. Watson, scholar, b. in Mass.
Grady, Benjamin F., M. C. for N. C, b. N. C.
Hodge, Casper W., prof, at Princeton, born.
Hunter, A. J., M. C, born in Ind.
Jackson, Helen Hunt, poet, born in Mass.
Livingston, Henry B., gen in Rev'n, A81.
Marsh, Othniel C paleontologist, b. N.Y.
McCook, Alex. MeD., maj.-gen. vols., born.
McLaren, Edw. W., P. E. bishop, born in O.
Mitchill, Sam. Latham, physician, natural-
ist, A 67.
Monroe, James, sen. for Va., minister to
Fr., gov. of Va., sec. of state, sec. of war,
"Monroe doctrine," 5th Pres. U. S., A73.
Peffer, William A., sen. for Kan., born.
Proctor, Redfield, sec. of war, born in Vt.
Rawlins, John A., sec. of war, born in HI.
Rockwell, James O., poet, A24.
Schofleld, John M., maj.-gen., 17th com-
mander U. S. A., b. in N.Y.
Shell, George W., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C.
Sheridan, Philip Henry, General, 16th
commander of U. S. Army, born in N.Y.
Stephenson, Samuel M., M. C. for 111., born
in Can.
Thomas, Theodore G., physician, b. in S. C.
Thomas, Isaiah, printer, journalist, A82.
Trumbull, John, poet, satirist, A 81.
Walthall, Edward C, sen. for Miss., b. Va.
Washburn, Win. D., sen. for Minn., b. Me.
CHURCH.
1830 Oct. 21. N. Y. W. M. Stone
(Protestant Episcopal) is consecrated
bishop for New York.
Oct. * Pa. German Reformed Baptists
meet at Harrisburg and form The
Church of God. John Winebrenner is
their leader.
Nov. 2. Md. A General Convention
of Anti-episcopal Methodist reform-
ers meets in Baltimore, and assumes the
title Methodist Protestant Church.
* * Ala. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of Alabama is organized.
* * Ga. Indian Missions are successful.
Two hundred and fifty Chickasaws
unite with the church connected with
the mission. One-fifth of the Stock-
bridges are church members. Three-
fourths of all the church members of
the missions of the American Board are
Indians. Half the Cherokees can read ;
and they have eleven churches, also
schools, courts, a legislature, and strin-
gent laws against intemperance.
* * III. The First Congregational church
is formed.
* * Pa. The East Pennsylvania eldership
of the Church of God is organized.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Ezra Fisk, mode-
rator.
* * The Bible Association of Friends in
America is organized.
* * New York. A Primitive Methodist
church is formed.
* * O. The Mormons organize a church
at Kirtland.
* * Va. The United Synod, South
(Evangelical Lutheran), of Virginia, is
organized.
* * The Methodists begin work among the
emigrant Creek and Cherokee Indians.
1831 Jan. 3. Ala. The Protestant Epis-
copal Convention invites Bishop Brown-
ell to take charge of the parishes in Ala-
bama.
Feb. 2. It. Gregory XVI. is elected
pope.
* * Ga. Opposition is made to mission-
aries.
Two missionaries, Revs. Butler and
Worcester, receive notification of a law
of Georgia, requiring all white men on
Cherokee land to take the oath of alle-
giance to the State of Georgia. Remain-
ing at their posts, they refuse to do so,
claiming their rights under the Consti-
tution, laws, and treaties of the general
Government. — Cyclopedia of Missions.
Mar. 12. Missionaries to the Indians
are persecuted.
The Georgia guard arrest three of the-
missionaries to the Cherokee Indians,
and take them before the County Court,
where they are released on the ground
that they are agents of the general
Government. [The President of the
United States then declared them not
to be agents of the general Government.
Again they were warned to leave, and,
refusing to do so, were, with a Methodist
minister, Mr. Trott, and a Cherokee
named Proctor, arrested. Mr. Trott and
Proctor were chained by the neck to a
wagon and made to march in this way
for two days. After eleven days' im-
prisonment in a filthy log prison, Mr.
Worcester and Mr. Butler were sen-
tenced to four years' imprisonment at
hard labor. The court of Georgia re-
fused to discharge the prisoners when
so ordered by the Supreme Court of the
United States.] — Cyclopedia of Mis-
sions.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; John Gasman, presi-
dent. [And again in June at Albany ;
John Gasman, president.]
Sept. 22. N. C. Levi S. Ives is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop.
Oct. * Me. FreewiU Baptists hold their
Fifth General Conference at Wilton.
* * III. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Illinois is formed.
* * Md. The Sixth General Synod
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Fred-
erick.
LETTERS.
1830 * * Ala. Spring HiU CoUege
(Rom. Cath.) is founded.
* * Chicago. The McCormick Theological
Seminary (Pres.) is established.
UNITED STATES.
1830, Aug. 3-183L 139
* * III. The Illinois Monthly Magazine
appears.
* * III. The Illinois College (Pres. and
Cong.) is organized at Jacksonville.
* * Ky. Georgetown College (Bapt.) is
organized at Georgetown.
* * Mississippi College (Bapt.) is orga-
nized at Clinton.
* * The Christian Intelligencer (Reformed)
appears.
* * N. Y. The Albany Evening Journal
appears.
* * Philadelphia has a penny paper, The
Cent, which has a brief existence.
* * U.S. There are 852 newspapers
in the United States.
* * The Book of Mormon is translated and
published.
* * An edition of Horace, translated by
Anthon, appears.
* * -39 * * The Birds of America, by
Audubon, appears. [He obtained nu-
merous subscribers at $1,000 per copy.]
1831 Jan. 1. Boston. The Liberator
(Abolition) is first issued by William
Lloyd Garrison.
Jan. 7. The Methodist Protestant is is-
sued.
Nov. 9. Boston. The Daily Morning
Post is first issued.
* * Ala. The University of Alabama
(non-sect.) is organized at Tuscaloosa.
* * Conn. The Wesleyan University
(Meth. Epis.) is founded.
* * Ky. The Louisville Journal is first
issued.
* * N. C. The North Carolina State Li-
brary is founded at Raleigh. [42,000
vols.]
' * * New York. The Spirit of the Times,
the first sporting paper, is issued.
The University of the City of New
York (non-sect.) is organized.
SOCIETY.
1830* * 111. Abraham Lincoln, 21
years old, becomes a resident of Illinois.
* * Ga. Half the Cherokee Indians
read ; they have eleven churches, also
schools, courts, a legislature, and strin-
gent laws against intemperance.
1831 Jan. 1. Boston. "William Lloyd
Garrison's Liberator puts new life into
the anti-slavery cause.
It advocates the immediate and uncon-
ditional emancipation of the negroes,
and hastens the organization of the
abolition party.
Apr. 26. N. Y. Imprisonment for
debt is abolished.
Aug. 21. Va. A negro insurrection
is led by Nat Turner.
It is started by three white men and
four slaves ; they secure about 200 fol-
lowers, who desolate the country ; troops
are called out in Virginia and North
Carolina, and 55 white persons are killed
before the insurrection is quelled.
Sept. 24. /?. T. Four persons are killed
by the military in a riot at Providence.
STATE.
1830 Dec. 6. D. C. The 21st Con-
gress : the second session opens.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-33 * * Del. David Hazzard.
-34* *Ill. John Reynolds.
La. Jacques Dupre\
-34 * * La. Andre B. Roman.
-31 * * Me. Jonathan D. Hunton.
-32 * * N.C. Montford Stokes.
-31 * * N.H. Matthew Harvey.
-32 * * O. Duncan M' Arthur.
-32 * * S. C. James Hamilton.
-34 * * Fa. John Floyd.
1831 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$39,123,191.
Mar. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Samuel Smith of Md. is reelected
President pro tempore. [Later L. W.
Tazewell of Va.]
Mar. 4. D. C. The 21st Congress
ends.
Apr. 5. D. C. A boundary and commer-
cial treaty is made with Mexico.
Apr. * D. C. A quarrel occurs in the
President's cabinet, and many changes
are made.
Cabinet : Edward Livingston of
La. (State), Louis McLane of Del.
(Treas.), Lewis Cass of O. (War), Levi
Woodbury of N. H. (Navy), and Boger
B. Taney of Md. (Atty-Gen.).
July 4. A convention is made with
France.
In a mutual settlement of claims,
France agrees to pay the United States
25,000,000 francs, and to accept 1,300,000
francs ; these sums are for distribution
to claimants in either country.
Aug. 21 +. Va. The Southampton
negro insurrection, led by Nat Turner,
is suppressed in 48 hours.
Sept. 26. Md. The Anti-Masons nomi-
nate a National ticket at Baltimore ; it is
supported by National Republicans.
Oct. 5. Phila. A free-trade conven-
tion opens.
Oct. 26. New York. A high-tariff con-
vention opens.
Dec. 5. B.C. The 22d Congress opens.
Dec* D. C. Ex-President John Q,.
Adams enters Congress after two years
of retirement from office. [He here
continues for the remainder of his life,
a period of 17 years.]
Dec. 12. Md. The National Bepubli-
can Party, in convention at Baltimore,
nominates Henry Clay of Ky. for the
presidency. Leading issue — high tariff
and internal improvements.
* * New York. The Common Council is
divided into two boards.
Dec. * D. C. Benjamin F. Butler of
N. Y. becomes Attorney-General.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-35 * * Ala. John Gayle.
-31* * Cal. Manuel Victoria (Mexican).
-33 * * Conn. John S. Peters.
-35 * * Ga. Wilson Lumpkin.
-37 * * Ind. Noah Noble.
-34 * * Me. Samuel E. Smith.
-34 * * Mich. (Ter.). George B. Porter.
-33 * * Miss. Abraham M. Scott.
N. H. Joseph M. Harper.
-34 * * N. II. Samuel Dinsmoore.
-33 * * 11. I. Lemuel H. Arnold.
-35 * * Vt. Win. A. Palmer.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1830 Aug. 3. N. Y. The first vessel via
the Welland Canal arrives at Oswego.
Aug. 12. N. Y. The first American
railroad is completed; it connects Al-
bany and Schenectady.
* * Summer. S. C. The first steam rail-
road for the transportation of both
passengers and merchandise, com-
mences operations over six miles of its
tracks.
It connects Charleston with Ham-
burg, opposite Savannah; the track is
built upon piles. The locomotive was
made in New York.
Oct. 5. U. S. American ports are re-
opened to British commerce.
* * New York. A vehicle with the word
Omnibus painted on both sides com-
mences to run ; many suppose the name
to be that of the owner.
* * U. S. The nation flourishes.
A most remarkable period of develop-
ment in wealth and natural resources,
with intellectual quickening, begins
throughout the Northern and Western
States ; the labor system of the South
retards its progress.
1831 Apr. 23. La. The first rail-
road in this State is opened between
New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain —
4J miles across a swamp.
May 29. N.C. Fayetteville is destroyed
by fire.
July 4. Md. The Baltimore and Sus-
quehanna Bailroad is opened for six
miles ; it uses horse-power.
N. Y. Ex-President James Monroe, fifth
President of the United States, dies in
New York City.
Aug. 4. Chicago is surveyed, laid out,
and the map recorded on this date.
Autumn. Chicago. The first sale of lots
in this new town takes place.
Sept. 1. N. Y. The Hudson and Mo-
hawk Bailroad is opened from Albany
to Schenectady, and a trip of 16 miles is
made in 46 minutes.
Sept. 24. Mass. Mount Auburn Cem-
etery, near Boston, is dedicated.
Nov. * N. J. Canal boats first pass from
the Hudson to the Delaware via the
Morris Canal.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens for 1831, 22,633.
* * The Lexington and Ohio Bailroad
is commenced.
* * N. Y. Commencement of the Har-
lem Bailroad, also the Ithaca and
Oswego road.
* * Pa. The great line of improvements
connecting Philadelphia with Pitts-
burg, and costing the State more than
$12,000,000, is completed.
There are 82 miles of railroad, includ-
ing 36 miles over the Alleghanies, with
inclined planes worked by stationary
engines, and 177 miles of canals.
140 1831 * *-1833, Feb. 20.
AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1832 Feb. 6. The crew of the United
States frigate Potomac attacks Qualla
Batto, in Sumatra, killing 150 Malays,
and destroying the town ; losing two
men killed and 14 wounded.
Apr. 1. War arises between the Winne-
bago Indians and other tribes.
Aug. 2. Wis. The Indians, led by Black
Hawk, are subdued by an expedition un-
der Gen. Atkinson at Bad-axe River.
* * S. C. The Nullifiers make military
preparations to resist the Government.
* * D. C. President Jackson orders the
available army and a ship-of-war to
Charleston, S. C.
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
1831 * * N. C. The University of North
Carolina has its first observatory. [It
is used only a few years.]
* * N. Y. Dr. Samuel Guthrie of Sack-
ett's Harbor discovers chloroform;
it is used only as a medicine.
1832 Jan.* Conn. Chloroform is first
used by inhalation at New Haven.
Feb. 19. O. The Ohio River, at Cin-
cinnati, rises 63 feet above low-water
mark ; a great loss of property occurs.
July 13. Minn. Henry R. Schoolcraft
discovers the source of the Mississippi
River.
July 16. Nero York. The Ravel family
of gymnasts appear at the Park Theater.
Sept. 17. New York. Charles Kemble
and his daughter, Fanny Kemble, May 1-28
make their first appearance.
Oct. * N. Y. Hosiery is first manufac-
tured by power at Cohoes.
* Portrait of Washington is painted by
Ninde, Wm. X., M. E. bishop, born in N.Y.
Osborne, Thomas O., general, born in O.
Perry, Win. S., P. E. bishop of la., b. R. I.
Phelps, Benjamin K., lawyer, born.
Poe, Orlando M., military engineer, b. in O.
Sands, Robert C, author, journalist, A33.
Shiras, George, Jr., U. S. S. Ct., born in Pa.
Stimpson, William, naturalist, born in Mass.
Studley, John B., actor, born in Mass.
Sumter, Thomas, Revolutionary gen., A98.
Ta Image, Thomas De Witt, Pres. clergy-
man, born in N. J.
Vincent, John H.. M. E. bishop, b. in Ala.
White, Andrew DicksOn, Pres. Cornell Univ.,
born in N.Y.
Wood, De Volson, engineer, born in N.Y.
CHURCH.
1831* * III. The (O. S.) Presbyterian
Synod of Illinois is organized.
* * Me. Father Demilier becomes resi-
dent missionary to the Penobscot In-
dians, who soon exchange log cabins for
painted cottages.
* * O. The Mormons, under Joseph
Smith, remove from western New York
to Kirtland.
* * Mo. The Mormons found Zion, in
Jackson County.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Nathan S. S. Be-
man, moderator.
* * 33 * * Baptist missions are sustained
among the Delaware Indians, also begun
among the Shawanoes.
* * The American Board starts a mission
for the Ojibwa Indians.
1832 Apr. 27, 28. New York. The
American Baptist Home Missionary
Society is organized.
Phila. The General Con-
ference (Methodist Episcopal) is held.
James O. Andrew and John Emory are
ordained bishops.
The Alabama, Indiana, New Hamp-
shire, and Troy Conferences are orga-
Rembrandt Peale. nized.
± * * The Course of Empire is painted by June * New York. The General Synod
Thomas Cole.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1832* *
Adams, Hannah, writer, A77.
Baird, Henry Martin, author, born in Pa.
Bancroft, Hubert Howe, historian, b. O.
Belknapp, Geo. E., com'der navy, b. N. H.
Boniface, George C, actor, born in N.Y.
Bowers, Theo. S., brig. -gen. IT. S. A., b. Pa.
Bristow, Benj. H., sec. of treas., born in Ky.
Carroll, Charles, last signer of Declaration
of Independence, A95.
Cesnola, di, Lugii P., brig.-gen., antiquary,
b. in It.
Conway, Moncure Daniel, Unit, clergyman,
author, born in Va.
Cornell, Alonzo B., Gov. of N.Y., b. in N.Y.
De Haas, Maurice F., painter, b. Rotterdam.
Dingley, Nelson, Jr., M. C. for Me., b. Me.
Earle, Pliny, inventor, of R. I., A70.
Eckford, Henry, shipbuilder, A57.
Egleston, Thomas, mining engineer, b. N.Y
Fellows, John R., M. C. for N. Y., b. in N.Y.
Freneau, Philip, poet of Revolution, journal-
ist, A80.
Garland. Augustus Hill, atty.-gen., born
in Tenn.
Gatschet, Albert Sam., philologist, b. Switz.
Gibson, Randall L., sen. for La., b. in Ky.
Gordon, John B., sen. for Ga., born in Ga.
Hayes, Isaac I., arctic explorer, b. in Pa.
Holley, Alexander L., metallurgist, b. Conn.
Jackson, Howell E., U. S. S. Ct., b. in Tenn.
Knapp, Hermann, surgeon of N.Y., b. Ger.
Lewis, Morgan, maj.-gen., jurist, A90.
Livingston, Leonidas F., M. C. forGa.,b. Ga.
McCormick, Richard C, Jr., Gov. of Ariz.
Ter., born in N.Y.
Mills. Roger Q., sen. for Tex., born in Ky.
Mitchell, Maggie, actor, born in N. Y.
(Reformed) meets ; Isaac Ferris, presi-
dent. [And at Albany in Oct.]
The Mission Board of the Re-
formed (Dutch) Church in America
is organized by the election of the Gen-
eral Synod.
The Board of Education of the Re-
formed [Dutch] Church is established.
Sept. 10. Mich. The Protestant Epis-
copal Diocese of Michigan is organized.
Oct. 31. Protestant Episcopal bishops
are consecrated. John H. Hopkins for
Vermont, Benjamin B. Smith for Ken-
tucky (presiding bishops), Charles P. Mc-
Ilvaine for Ohio, and George W. Doane
for New Jersey.
* * Conn. N. H. Pa. The Universalist
State Convention is organized.
* * Ga. The American Board starts a
mission among the Creeks.
* * Me. The Freewill Baptist Foreign
Missionary Society is organized at
North Parsonsfield.
* * Mo. The (N. S. and the O. S.) Presby-
terian Synods of Missouri are organized.
* * New York. The Baptist Triennial
Meeting is held.
The General Convention (Protest-
ant Episcopal) meets.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets; James Hoge,
moderator.
* * Vt. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of Vermont is organized. (1700?)
* * Richard Waters is elected bishop of
the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
LETTERS.
1831 * * Me. The Maine State library
is founded at Augusta. [40,000 vols.]
* * O. St. Xavier College (Rom. Cath.)
of Cincinnati is chartered.
Denison University (Bapt.) is orga-
nized at Granville.
* * S. C. Columbia Theological Seminary
(Pres.) is established. (1828 ?)
* * Baptists start the Baptist Weekly
Journal [it becomes the Journal and
Messenger],
* * -35 * * Buckingham's New England
Magazine appears.
* * The Bravo, by Cooper, appears.
* * The Dutchman's Fireside, by Paulding,
appears.
* * Legends of New England, by Whittier,
appears.
* * -39 * * Ornithological Biography, by
Audubon, appears.
* * The Causes and Evils of Contentions
Among Christians, by Noah Worcester,
appears.
1832 * * Conn. The alumni add $100,000
to the endowment of Yale College.
* * Ind. "Wabash College (Pres. and
Cong.) is founded at Crawfordsville.
* * Mo. St. Louis University (Rom.
Cath.) is founded.
* * O. Baptists found the Ladies' Insti-
tute at Granville.
Lyman Beecher is chosen President
of Lane Seminary, near Cincinnati.
[He holds this position for twenty
years, and during one-half that time
adds to his other duties the pastorate of
the Second Presbyterian Church of Cin-
cinnati.]
* * Pa. Lafayette CoUege (Pres.) at
Easton is organized.
Pennsylvania College (Evang. Luth.)
of Gettysburg is organized.
St. Charles Borromeo Seminary
(Rom. Cath.) is organized at Overbrook.
* * Va. Randolph-Macon College
(Meth. Epis.) at Ashland, is organized.
* * Mass. "My Country, 'tis of
Thee," is written by Samuel Francis
Smith, a Baptist minister of Newton
Centre.
* * New York. The Knickerbocker Maga-
zine is established by C. F. Hoffman,
later by L. G. Clark.
* * Commentary on the Epistle to the Bo-
mans, by Moses Stuart, appears.
The New York Globe is issued by James
Gordon Bennett.
* * The Heidenmauer, by Cooper, appears.
* * Westward, Ho! by Paulding, appears.
* * Moll Pitcher, by "Whittier, appears.
* * The Western Christian Advocate (Meth.
Epis.) is authorized by the General
Conference.
UNITED STATES.
1831 * * -1833, Feb. 20. 141
* * The Alhambra, by Irving, appears.
* * The Life of Gouverneur Morris, by
Jared Sparks, appears.
SOCIETY.
1831 * * New York. The first local unions
of printers are formed.
* * S. C. The Vigilance Association of
Columbia offers a reward of $1,000 for
the apprehension of any persons distrib-
uting Garrison's Liberator, or any other
publication of seditious tendency.
* * The New England Association of Far-
mers, Mechanics, and Workingmen is
organized.
1832 Jan. 1. Mass. The first Aboli-
tion Society on the basis of immediate
and unconditional emancipation is or-
ganized, with 12 members ; Arnold Buf-
fum (a Quaker), president.
* * U. S. Soldiers are given the right to
draw coffee and sugar instead of the
spirit ration.
* * The ten-hour movement among the
shipwrights and calkers of New England
cities is sustained by strikes.
* * -33 * * Anti-slavery Societies are
formed by Arthur Tappan and others.
They are moral and religious, not
political, organizations ; persecution
spreads, instead of extinguishing, the
fire.
STATE.
1832 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$24,322,235.
Jan. 9. D. C. Congress is memorialized
in each House to renew the charter
of the National Bank.
Jan. 25. B.C. Congress; Senate: W.
L. Marcy of N. Y., declares, "To the
victors belong the spoils." [This
saying becomes a political proverb.]
May 31. Md. The First Democratic
National Convention, assembled at
Baltimore, nominates Gen. Jackson and
Martin Van Buren. It adopts the " two-
thirds rule." [It succeeds the Republi-
• can or Anti-Federalist party.]
June 11. D. C. Congress: the Senate
passes the bill to recharter the Na-
tional Bank. Vote, 28-20.
July 3. D. C. Congress: the House
passes the bill to recharter the Na-
tional Bank. Vote, 107-85.
July 9. D. C. Congress; Senate:
L. W. Tazewell of Va. is elected
President pro tempore.
July 10. D. C. President Jackson
vetoes the bill to recharter the Bank.
July 14. D. C. Congress passes new
tariff laws, which reduce the duties on
iron, but increase them on woolens, yet
they retain the protective principle;
South Carolina, inopposition, approaches
a condition of rebellion.
July 16. D. C. The 22d Congress:
the first session closes.
Aug.* III. Abraham Lincoln (23 years
of age) zealously supports the cause of
Henry Clay, and is a candidate for the
Legislature.
Oct. 14. D. C. An indemnity treaty is
made with Naples.
Nov. (?) * U. S. 12th presidential elec-
tion ; Democrats elected. Popular vote :
Andrew Jackson (Dem.) of Tenn.,
687,502 ; Henry Clay (Nat. Rep.) of Ky.,
530,189 ; John Floyd (Ind.) of Va. and
"William Wirt of Md. (Anti-Mason),
together 33,108.
Nov. 19. S. C. A State Convention
meets at Columbia by the call of the
Legislature ; Gov. Hamilton, president.
Nov. 24. 8. C. The State Convention
reports a nullification ordinance, de-
claring the tariff laws of 1828 and 1832 to
be unconstitutional, " and are null and
void, and no law, nor binding upon this
State." It threatens to secede from the
Union if force is used.
Dec. 3. D. C. The 22d Congress: the
second session opens.
Congress ; Senate : Hugh L. "White
of Tenn. is elected President pro tem-
pore.
Dec. 10. D. C. President Jackson issues
a proclamation against nullifiers, warn-
ing and threatening them with trial for
treason, setting forth the National
theory, and combating the States rights
doctrine.
Dec. 18. D. C. A commercial treaty
is made with Russia.
Dec. 20. S. C. The Legislature provides
judicial remedies for the recovery of
goods seized or held for the payment of
duties imposed by the Act of Congress.
Dec. 21. S. C. Governor Hamilton is-
sues a proclamation, warning the citi-
zens of the State not to be diverted
from their allegiance by the anti-
nullification proclamation of President
Jackson.
Dec. 28. I). C. John C. Calhoun resigns
the office of Vice-President because of
President Jackson's proclamation
against nullifiers.
Dec. * S. C. Colonel Hayne (Senator) is
elected governor, and J. C. Calhoun is
elected Senator.
Dec. * D. C. The President's message
recommends Congress to remove the
public funds from the National
Bank [it refuses by a decisive vote ;
the President removes them without
the sanction of Congress ; Clay, Web-
ster, and Calhoun lead the opposition
in the Senate ; the House sustains the
President].
* * S. C. President Jackson sends a part
of the army to Charleston, and a ship-
of-war to collect the revenue.
* * D. C. Franklin Pierce, 28 years old,
is elected to Congress from New Hamp-
shire.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-33 * * Cal. Pio Pico (Mex.).
-34 * * Ky. John Breathitt.
-36 * * Mo. Daniel Dunklin.
-35 * * If. C. David L. Swain.
-33 * * N.J. Samuel L. Southard.
-36 * * O. Robert Lucas.
-34 * * S. C. Robert Y. Hayne.
1833 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$7,001,698.
Jan. 16. D. C. President Jackson issues
his anti-nullification message, which
electrifies the country.
Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: Introduc-
tion of Henry Clay's Compromise
Tariff Act, which aims to harmonize
Congress. It provides for a gradual re-
duction of duties until 1843, when they
are to drop to 20 per cent.
Feb. 13. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : Jackson, 219 ; Clay,
49; Floyd, 11 ; 'Wirt, 7. Vote for Vice-
President : M. Van Buren (Dem.) of N.
Y., 189 ; John Sergeant (Nat. Rep.) of
Pa., 49; Henry Lee (Ind.) of Mass., 11;
Amos Ellmaker (Anti-Mason) of Pa., 7 ;
William Wilkins (Dem.) of Pa., 30.
Feb. 16. D. C. Congress ; Senate : In
a debate with John C. Calhoun, Dan-
iel "Webster makes a speech against
the right of nullification.
Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : the Senate
passes the " Force Bui." Vote, 32-1.
It authorizes the President to remove
to another place any custom-house
where the collection of the revenue is
obstructed, and to use military force,
when necessary, to secure the collection
of the duties.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1831** S. C. Four-wheeled trucks are
first used on the South Carolina railroad.
* * Va. The first railroad in Virginia is
opened 13 miles, for carrying coal to
Manchester.
* * Estimated miles of completed canals,
1,343 ; partly completed, 1,800 ; projected,
408 more.
1832 Apr. 9. Tenn. The steamboat
Brandywine burns near Memphis ; 125
lives are lost.
June 21. New York. The Asiatic chol-
era first appears ; it spreads rapidly
and with appalling results.
July * Cholera appears in Philadelphia,
Albany, and Rochester.
July 10. III. The first steamboat ar-
riving at Chicago brings Gen. Scott and
his troops.
Aug.* Mass. The Boston and Worces-
ter Railroad is commenced.
Oct. * La. Cholera rages in New Or-
leans.
Nov. 15. Pa. Philadelphia and Har-
risburg are connected by rail.
Nov. * New York. The first street rail-
road in the U. S. is opened between the
City Hall and Fourteenth Street.
* * Chicago is yet a frontier town.
* * la. The first house in Iowa is erected
[near Davenport].
* * N.J. The Paterson and Jersey
City Bailroad is opened.
* * N.Y. The Schenectady and Sara-
toga Railroad is opened.
* * Pa. The West Chester Eailroad
is opened ; also, the Philadelphia, Ger-
mantown, and Norristown roads.
* * U. S. "Wild Cat" banks issue
currency which soon becomes worthless.
A commercial panic ensues.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens received in 15 months, 60,482.
142 1833, Feb. 26-1834, Oct. 20. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1833 * * Tex. Texans begin a war
against Mexico for independence.
* * -35 * * Jefferson Davis serves in the
war against the Pawnee Indians.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1833 July 2. N. Y. The first public
trial of reaping-machines is made be-
fore the Hamilton County Agricultural
Society ; Obed Hussey, patentee.
Nov. 13. A remarkable display of mete-
oric stars is seen over a large part of
North America.
Nov. 18. New York. The first theater
for operatic purposes in the United
States is erected. [A failure.]
* * Mass. The Essex County Natural
History Society [Essex Institute] is
organized.
* * The Court of Death, by Rembrandt
Peale, is exhibited at the Royal Acad-
emy.
* * Titian's Goblet is painted by Thomas
Cole.
* * New York. The Mechanics' Insti-
tute is formed.
1834 Jan. * Mass. The first American
table cutlery is made at Greenfield.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1833* *
Alcott, Louisa May, author, born in Pa.
Ashmun, John Hooker, jurist, A 33.
Bainbridge, William, com. U. S. N., A59.
Benson, Egbert, jurist, A87.
Booth, Edwin, actor, born in Md.
Breckenridge, James, M. C. for Va., A70.
Bromley, Isaac H., editor, born in Conn.
Cameron, J. Donald, sen. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Cockrell, Jer. V., M. C. for Tex., b. in Mo.
Coffee, John, general, A51.
Colburn, Warren, mathematician, A40.
Comfort, Geo. Fisk, educator, born in N.Y.
Coombs, William J., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y.
Edwards, Ninian, senator for 111., gov., A58.
Evans, Edward P., scholar, born in N.Y.
Fish, Nicholas, lieut.-col. of Rev. war, A75.
Fletcher, Loren, M. C. for Minn., b. in Me.
Fuller, Melville Weston, chief justice
U. S. S. Ct., born in Me.
Goldbeck, Anna M., painter, born.
Gregg, David M., maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Pa.
Grosvenor, Charles H., M. C. for p., b. Conn.
Harrison, Benjamin, brig.-gen. vols., sen.
for Ind., 23d President, born in O.
Harlan, John M., U. S. S. Ct., born in Ky.
Hatch, William H., M. C. for Mo., b. in Ky.
Hepburn, William P., M. C. for la., b. in O.
Herrick, Stephen S., Jun., physician, b. in Vt.
Hulick, George W., M. C. for O., born in O.
Ingersoll, Robert Green, lawyer, orator,
born in N.Y.
Lacroix, John C, clergyman, born.
Locke, David R. (Petroleum V. Nasby),
humorous and satirical writer, b. in N.Y.
Martin, John, sen. for Kan., born in Ky.
McLean, Alex., sec. Bible Society, born.
McPherson, John R., sen. for N. J., b. N.Y.
Neckere, de, Leo R., R. C. bp. of N. O., A33.
Northway, Stephen A., M. C. for O., b. N.Y.
Phillips, Adelaide, singer, born in Eng.
Piatt, Thomas, C. sen. for N.Y., politician,
born in N.Y.
Porter, Thomas, officer TJ. S. A., A99.
Post, Philip S., M. C. for 111., born in N.Y.
Quay, Matthew S., sen. for Pa., born in Pa.
Randolph, John, orator, sen. for Va., A 60.
Redpath, James, journalist, born in Eng.
Rogers, Fairman, physicist, born in Pa.
Ruger, Thomas H., brig.-gen., born in N. Y.
Stedman, Edmund Clarence, poet, b. in Conn.
St. John, John P., gov. of Kan., prohibition-
ist, born in Ind.
Thompson, Denman, actor, born in Pa.
Thompson, Launt, sculptor, b. in Ireland.
Wheeler, William A., lexicographer, b. Mass.
Wolcott, Oliver, sec. of treas., gov. of
Conn., A73.
Woodward, Joseph J., histologist, b. in Pa.
1834 » *
Barlow, Francis Channing, brig-gen., b. N.Y.
Bedell, Gregory Townsend, P. E. cl., A41.
Blackie, George S., physician, born.
Brinton, Garrison, archeologist, b. in Pa.
Blair, Henry W., M. C, b. in N. H.
Blodgett, Kufus, sen. for N. J.
Bowers, William W., M. C. for Cal., b. N. Y.
Browne, Charles Farrar (Art emus Ward),
writer, humorist, born in Me.
Brickner, George H., M. C. for Wis., b. Ga.
Call, Wilkinson, sen. for Fla., b. in Ky.
Cockrell, Francis M., sen. for Mo., b. in Mo.
Condict, John, surgeon, A79.
Cannon, Marion, M. C. for Cal., b. in W. Va.
Crawford, William Harris, sec. of treas.,
sen. for Va., A52.
Depew, Chauncey M., orator, M. C. for
N. Y., R. R. officer, born in N. Y.
Dick, James T., artist, born in N. Y.
Dow, Lorenzo, eccentric Meth. preacher, A57.
Eaton, Daniel Cady, prof, in Yale, b. in Mich.
Emmerton, James A., genealogist, b. in Mass.
Eliot, Charles William, pres. of Harvard,
born in Mass.
Foss, Cyrus I)., M. E. bp., b. in N. Y.
Gibbons. James, cardinal, born in Md.
Gorgas, Ferd., editor, born.
Grimke, Thomas Smith, scholar, philan., A48.
Henderson. Thos. J., M. C, born in Tenn.
Hilborn, Samuel G., M. C, born in Me.
Hiscock, David, sen. for N. Y., b. in N. Y.
Hitt, Robert R., M. C. for Cal., born in 0.
Hurst, John F., M. E. bp., chancellor of
Wash. Univer., born in Md.
Jones, Galusha, soldier in Revolution, A83.
Langley, Samuel P., astronomer, b. in Mass.
McCook, Edward M., gov. of Col., b. in 0.
Owen, Elias K., naval commander, born.
Porter, Ebenezer D., pres. Andover Semi-
nary, A 62.
Porter, George B., statesman, A44.
Phillips, Philip, composer, singer, b. N.Y.
Powell, John W., ethnologist, geologist,
born in N. Y.
Ransom, Thomas Edward G., brig.-gen.,
born in Vt.
Sanders, Wilbur F., sen. for Mont., born
in N. Y.
Say, Thomas, zoologist, A 47.
Schweinitz, von, Lewis David, botanist, A54.
Updegraff, Thomas, M. C. for la., b. in Pa.
Wirt, William, lawyer, author. A62.
Young, Charles Augustus, astronomer,
born in N. H.
CHURCH.
1833 June 6. Boston. The General
Convention of the New Jerusalem meets.
June 26. Chicago. The first Presby-
terian Church is organized.
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Schenectady ; Jacob
J. Janeway, president.
Aug. 16. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
Oct. 19. Chicago. The Baptists orga-
nize a church.
* * Massachusetts amends her constitu-
tion, making contributions for the sup-
port of the ministry voluntary in-
stead of obligatory.
* * Mich. The Diocese of Detroit (Roman
Catholic) is established.
* * Md. The General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) meets at Baltimore.
* * N. Y. William Miller of East White-
hall lectures on the End of the "World,
which he predicts -will occur in 1843 ; his
disciples are called Millerites.
* * Ore. The, Methodists begin -work
among the Indians in Oregon.
* * O. The Archbishopric of Cincinnati
(Roman Catholic) is created.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; William A. Mc-
Dowell, moderator.
* *A secession from the General Synod
of the Reformed Presbyterian Church
occurs.
The division is caused by diverse opin-
ions respecting the civil institutions of
the country ; some declaring that the
Constitution and the Government are
essentially infidel and immoral.
* * The Mormons are opposed and
driven from the settled parts of the
country, because of their teachings and
alleged deceptions.
* * The Presbyterians begin mission-work
among the Chippewas at Lac Court
d'Oreilles.
* * The Baptists begin work among the
Otoe, Omaha, Delaware, an,d Stockbridge
Indians.
1834 Jan. 14. Tenn. James H. Otey
(Protestant Episcopal) is consecrated
bishop of Tennessee.
Feb. 6. The Bishop "White Prayer-
book Society is organized.
May 21. N. Y. The General Associa-
tion (Congregational) is organized.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; Sam. A. Van Vran-
ken, president.
LETTERS.
1833 July 16. New York. The corner-
stone of New York University is laid.
Sept. 8. New York. The Sun is first
published ; a penny paper.
Nov. 26. III. The first newspaper of
Chicago, The Democrat, is issued.
Dec. 11. Wis. The first newspaper in
the State, The Green Bay Intelligencer,
is issued.
* * Boston. The New England Magazine
is established by Buckingham.
* * Boston. The Boston Daily Journal is
first issued.
* * -34 * * Boston. The Select Journal of
Foreign Periodical Literature appears.
* * Conn. The Wesleyan University
Library is founded at Middletown.
[35,000 vols.]
* * Ga. Mercer University (Bapt.) is
organized at Macon.
* * Ind. Hanover College (Pres.) is or-
ganized.
* * Mich. Kalamazoo College (Bapt.) is
founded.
* *N.C. "Wake Forest College is
chartered by Baptists at Wake Forest.
* * New York. The Journal of Commerce
establishes relays of horses between New
York and Philadelphia, and secures news
from Washington one day earlier than
other papers. [Later, its relays are
extended to Washington.]
* *-38* * New York. The American
Monthly Magazine appears.
* * O. St. Xavier's College (Rom.
Cath.), Cincinnati, is founded.
* * Pa. Haverf ord College (Orthodox
Friends) is organized at Haverford.
* *-36* *The Western Monthly Maga-
zine supersedes the Illinois Monthly
Magazine.
* * Atalantis : A Story of the Sea, by W. G.
Simms, appears.
* * The Down-Easters, by John Neal,
appears.
UNITED STATES. 1833, Feb. 26-1834, Aug. 12. 143
* * Discourses and Addresses on Subjects
of American History, Art and Literature,
by Verplanck, appears.
* * -40 * * The Life and Writings of
George Washington, by Jared Sparks,
appears.
* * Commentaries on the Constitution of
the United States, by Joseph Story,
appears.
* * An Edition of the Iliad, by Cornelius
C. Felton, appears.
* * An edition of tbe Alcestis of Euripi-
des, by Theodore D. Woolsey, appears.
* *A translation of Malte-Brun's Geog-
raphy, by J. G. Percival, appears.
1834* * Conn. Hartford Theological
Seminary (Cong.) is founded.
* * Ind. Franklin College (Bapt.) is or-
ganized at Franklin.
* * La. Tulane University (non-sect.)
is organized at New Orleans.
* * New York. The New-Yorker Staats-
Zeitung is founded.
* * 0. Oberlin College (Cong.) is
founded at Oberlin.
* * Life of George Washington, by J. K.
Paulding, appears.
* * Va. The Southern Literary Messen-
ger, by T. W. White, is published at
Richmond.
SOCIETY.
1833 Feb. 26. D. C. The Congres-
sional Temperance Society, under a
call of 25 members of Congress, is or-
ganized.
Its object : " By example and kind
moral influence to discountenance the
use of ardent spirit and the traffic in it
throughout the community."
May* Phila. The first National Tem-
perance Society meets.
" The traffic in ardent spirits as a drink
is morally wrong, and ought to be aban-
doned throughout the world."
Oct. 2. New York. An anti-slavery
society is organized ; Arthur Tappan,
president.
Dec. 6. Phila. The American Anti-Sla-
very Society is formed ; Beriah Green,
president.
* * Ga. The first local option law
for the suppression of intemperance is
granted by the Legislature to the in-
ferior courts of Liberty and Camden
counties.
* * N. Y.-Pa. Laws for the suppression
of lotteries are passed.
* * -36 * * HI. Abraham Lincoln is a
merchant, drifting into bankruptcy.
* * 0. James A. Garfield, two years of
age, is bereaved of his father ; his wid-
owed mother has a log cabin and 20
acres of cleared land.
* * Philadelphia has a Whig barbecue,
celebrating its victory at the polls ;
50,000 people are present.
1834 Jan. 30. Richard Lawrence at-
tempts to assassinate President
Jackson.
Apr. 8-10. New York City has an
election riot.
It is between Jackson Democrats and
a new party called Whigs ; political
meetings are broken up, business in
Wall Street is suspended, and citizens
are under arms all night, fearing the
banks would be sacked.
July 4. New York. A meeting of the
American Anti-Slavery Society is
broken up by a mob.
July 10-12. N. Y. Abolition riots agi-
tate New York ; abolitionists are perse-
cuted.
The house of Lewis Tappan is sacked
by a mob; other houses, churches, school-
houses, and homes of colored families
are also assaulted.
July 11. N. J. Pro-slavery violence
and persecution are rampant.
A mob takes a colored man from the
pulpit, to which he has been invited by
the minister, and conveys him to jail,
threatening to tear down* the jail unless
the jailer receives him ; they then re-
turn and demolish the interior of the
church.
Aug. 11. Mass. Catholics are perse-
cuted.
A Charlestown mob burns the Ursuline
Convent, driving 70 females into the
night, and plundering the property, it
being alleged that a girl is connned
there against her will.
Aug. 12. Boston. An indignation
meeting is held in Faneuil Hall, be-
cause of the Charlestown outrage.
STATE.
1833 Feb. 26. D. C. Congress : The
House passes the Compromise Tariff
Bill. Vote, 119-85.
It scales down all duties over 20 per
cent by one-tenth of the surplus of each
year, so as to make the uniform rate of
20 per cent in the year 1842.
Mar. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Compromise Tariff Bill.
Vote, 29-16. The House passes the
Force Bill, empowering the President
to execute the revenue laws in South
Carolina. Vote, 149^8.
Mar. 2. D. C. President Jackson signs
the Tariff and Force bills, and they
become laws.
Mar. 2. D. C. The 22d Congress ends.
7th Administration; Democratic.
Andrew Jackson of Tenn., the sev-
enth President, enters his second term,
the 12th term of the presidency. Mar-
tin Van Buren is Vice-President.
Mar. 15. S. C. The State Convention,
being reconvened, repeals the ordi-
nance of nullification and secession.
Mar. 18. S. C. The State Convention
adopts an ordinance declaring null the
Force Act passed by Congress.
Sept. 16. N. Y. - N. J. The boundary
between New York and New Jersey is
settled.
Sept. 23. D. C. President Jackson or-
ders the " removal of deposits " of
the United States Government from the
United States Bank to certain State
banks (" Pet Banks "), causing great agi-
tation. [The Senate declared the act
unconstitutional ; the funds were not
removed to the State banks.]
W. J. Duane, Secretary of the Treas-
ury, refuses to remove the public funds,
is dismissed from office by the President,
and Roger B. Taney of Md. succeeds
him.
Dec. 2. B.C. The 23d Congress opens.
Dec. 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate
resolution censuring President Jack-
son is introduced by Henry Clay.
* * U. S. Political nominating con-
ventions take the place of caucuses of
the State Legislature.
* * U. S. The political machine, under
Jacksonian favor, rapidly develops.
Political " workers " are to be re-
warded with political offices, and politi-
cal parties are to be held together by
the " cohesive power of public plunder."
* * New York. Gideon Lee is elected the
59th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-35 * * Cal. Jose Figueroa (Mex.).
-34 * * Conn. Henry W. Edwards.
-37 * * Del. Caleb P. Bennett.
-35 * * Miss. Hiram G. Runnels.
N. J. Elias P. Seeley.
-36 * * N.J. Peter D. Vroom.
-38 * * N. Y. Win. L. Marcy.
-38 * * Ii. I. John B. Francis.
1834 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$4,700,082. [It is paid off during the
year.]
Jan. 28. D.C. Congress; Senate:
Hugh L. White of Tenn. is elected
President pro tempore. [Later George
Poindexter of Miss, is elected.]
Feb. 17. D. C. An indemnity treaty is
made with Spain.
Mar. 28. D. C. Congress : The Senate
adopts Henry Clay's resolution censur-
ing the President for the removal of
Government deposits. Vote, 26-20.
Apr. 4. D.C. Congress: The House re-
solves that the National Bank shall
not be rechartered, and forbids the re-
moval of deposits.
June 3. D.C. Congress: Joint resolu-
tions censuring the President pass
the Senate. Vote, 29-10.
June 20. D.C. Congress; House:
John Bell of Tenn. is elected Speaker.
June 30. D. C. The Indian Territory
is set apart exclusively for Indians.
The 23d Congress : the first session
closes.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1833 Mar. 31. D. C. The Treasury
Building at Washington is destroyed by
fire.
June 1. Ky. Cholera breaks out at
Lexington.
Sept. * N. J. The Camden and Amboy
Railroad is opened to Bordentown.
Oct. 8. N. J. The first severe rail-
road accident occurs on the Amboy
and Bordentown road; several persons
are killed.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1833, 58,G40.
1834 May * -V. J. The railroad from
Jersey City to New Brunswick is
opened.
Boston. Ice is first exported to the
East Indies [arriving there in the au-
tumn].
144 1834, Aug. 13-1835 *
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
THE TENTH WAR.
1835 Dec. 23 — 43 Aug. 14. The
Florida Indian War.
[Men enrolled, 11,169 regulars, 29,953
militia and volunteers. Total, 41,122.]
Dec. * Fla. The Seminole Indians be-
gin hostilities, and continue the struggle
for 4 years. [The war was caused by the
attempt of the Government to remove
the Indians beyond the Mississippi.]
Dec. 28. Fla. The Seminole Indians
surprise a detachment of 117 men un-
der Major Francis L. Dade, and kill all
but one man, who is covered by the dead.
The Seminoles, led by Osceola, — a
half-breed, who displays great talents
and audacity, — surprise Gen. Thomp-
son, commanding the forces near Fort
King, riddle his body with 15 bullets,
and escape.
Dec. 31. Fla. Gen. Duncan L. Clinch
defeats the Seminoles on the banks of
the Withlacoochee.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1834 -(• * * Conn. Kettles of hammered
brass are first made at Wolcottville.
* * D. C. Hiram Powers executes the
busts of the President and others, at
Washington.
y * * Mass. A gun is rifled at South Bos-
ton — the first in the United States.
* * Cyrus Hall McCormick patents his
reaper for harvesting grain — an inven-
tion which nearly equals the locomotive
in its value to America.
1835 Apr. 8. Boston. Charlotte
Cushman first appears, at the Tremont
Theater.
Nov. 17. An aurora borealis of surpass-
ing grandeur is observed.
V Dec. * New York. The Howe Company
manufacture pins.
* * Conn. Samuel Colt patents his
revolving pistol.
* * N. Y. Horseshoes are made by
machinery at Troy.
* * Pa. A small stack is erected near
Pottsville for making iron by the use
of anthracite coal and the hot blast.
Frederic W. Geisenhainer is the inventor
and pioneer.
± * * Phila. The manufacture of false
teeth from minerals is commenced by
D. W. Stockton.
* * Hosiery goods are first made by knit-
ting a circular web.
* * Audubon publishes his remarkable
work on the Birds of America, which
is engraved and printed in four huge
folios in Edinburgh, Scotland, and sold
by subscription for $800.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1835* *
Abbott, Lyman. Cong, cl., editor, b. Mass.
Adams, Charles Kendall, author, b. in Vt.
Ames, Adelbert, maj.-gen., sen. for Miss., b.
Barker, George Frederic, chemist, b. Mass.
Barnard, Charles, author, born in Mass.
Bayard, George D., brig.-gen., b. in K. Y.
Bayard, Truman H., sculptor, born in Vt.
Bland, Richard P., M. C. for Mo., b. in Ky.
Brooks. Phillips, P. E. bishop, b. Dec. 13,
in Mass.
Oaffery, Donelson, sen. for La., born in La.
Chaillu, Paul du, traveler, born in France.
Caldwell, Joseph, Pres. clergyman, A52.
Carlisle. John G., sec. of treas., sen. for Ky.,
born in Kv.
Chandler, Wm. E., sen. for N. H., b. N. H.
Clarke, John S., actor, born in Md.
Clemens, Samuel L. (Mark Twain), hu-
morist, author, born in Mo.
Cobb, James E., M. C. for Ala., born in Ala.
Curtis, Newton M., M. C. for N. Y., b. N. Y.
Dana, Nathan, lawyer, A 83.
Dolph, Joseph N., sen. for Ore., b. in N. Y.
Draper, John Christopher, scientist, b. in Va.
Duane, William, author and novelist, A75.
Dinsmoor, Samuel, gov. of N. II. , A 69.
F.vans, Augusta, novelist, born in Ga.
Fallows, Samuel, Ref. E. bp., born in Eng.
Findley, James, statesman, A 60.
Fitch, LeRoy, U. S. N., born in Ind.
Foster, Stephen, cl. and educator, A 37.
Frothingham, Ellen, scholar, b. in Oer.
Fuller, Timothy, lawyer, orator, A57.
Garside, William B., homeopathist, born.
(iraham, John H., M. C. for N. Y., b. in Ire.
Gregg, Andrew, U. S. senator, A80.
Hallowell, Richard Price, merchant, b. in Pa.
Hampton. Wade, of 8. C, brig.-gen., A81.
Harris, Wm. Torrey, educationist, b. in Conn.
Hosack, David, physician, author, A66.
Kilgore, Buckley, M. C. for Tex., born in Ga.
Lander, Louisa, sculptor, born in .Mass.
Lawson, Thos. G., M. C. for Ca., born in Ga.
Lindsay, William, sen. for Ky., born in Ky.
Lucas, William V., M. C. for S. D., b. in Ind.
Marshall, John, chief justice, A80.
McCrary, George W., sec. of war, b. Ind.
McKendree, William, M. E. bp., A78.
Mead, Larkin G., sculptor, b. in N. H.
Mitchell, John H., sen. for Ore., born in Pa.
Mitchell, Samuel Mix, statesman, A92.
Newcomb, Simon, astronomer, b. in N. S.
Norton, Andrews, Unit, cl., author, A45.
Oates, William C, M. C. for Ala., b. in Ala.
O'Rourke, Patrick H., colonel, born in Ire.
Osgood, Helen L. G., army nurse, b. in Mass.
Phillips, Thomas W., M. C. for Pa., b. Pa.
Pratt, John James, poet, born in Ind.
Polk, William, patriot, A76.
Potter, Henry C, P. E. bp. of N. Y., b. N. Y.
Powers, H. Henry, M. C. for Vt., born in Vt.
Robertson, Chas. F., P. E. bp., born in N. Y.
Shepard, Elliot F., lawyer, journalist, born
in N. Y.
Spofford, Harriet Prescott, born in Me.
Stone, William Leete, Jr., author, b. in N. Y.
Thomas. Theodore, musician, b. in (ler.
Wise, George D., M. C. for Va., b. in Va.
CHURCH.
1834 Oct. 20. la. The first Baptist
church is organized at Danville.
* * Boston. The Benevolent Frater-
nity of (Unitarian) churches in Boston
is organized.
* * The American Board begins mission-
work among the Dakota and Pawnee
Indians.
* * Ind. The Diocese of Vincennes (Ro-
man Catholic) is established.
* * Mass. The Universalist State Con-
vention is organized.
* * Mich. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Michigan is organized.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Philip Lindsley,
moderator.
* * The Mormon Twelve Apostles are
organized.
1835 Mar. 8. III. The Diocese of Illi-
nois (Protestant Episcopal) is organized.
June* Phila. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets ; Robert Bronk, presi-
dent.
June 11. N. Y. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
Sept. 25. Jackson Kemper is conse-
crated first (Protestant Episcopal) mis-
sionary bishop of the Northwest.
* * Ala. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Alabama is organized.
* * III. Three clergymen organize
a (Protestant Episcopal) convention in
Illinois, and appoint Philander Chase
to the episcopate of Illinois.
The Protestant Episcopal Diocese of
Chicago is organized.
* * N.J. A Society for the Evangeli-
zation of the World is organized in
the First Presbyterian church of New-
ark.
* * New York. Twelve city missionaries
are employed by the City Tract Society.
* * Ore. The American Board starts a
mission among the Oregon Indians, also
among the Abnakis and the Sioux or
Dakota Indians.
* * Phila. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets.
It changes the organization of its Mis-
sionary Society so as to comprehend all
members of the Church.
* * Pa. The General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) meets at York.
LETTERS.
1834* * Vt. Norwich University (Prot.
Epis.) is founded.
* * -44 * * History of the United States,
by George Bancroft, appears.
* * Narrative of an Expedition to Itasca
Lake, by H. R. Schoolcraft, appears.
* * Writings of George Washington, etc. ,
by Jared Sparks, appears.
* * Calavar: A Romance of Mexico, by R.
M. Bird, appears.
* * The Yemassee, by W. G. Simms, ap-
pears.
* * Guy Rivers, by W. G. Simms, appears.
* * Anatomical Character, Causes, Symp-
toms, and Treatment of Pulmonary Con-
sumption, by Morton, appears.
* * Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws,
by Joseph Story, appears.
1835 May 6. New York. The New York
Herald is first issued.
Aug. * -Sept. * "The Moon Hoax,"
by Richard Adams Locke, is published
in the Sun.
"Great Astronomical Discoveries
Lately Made by Sir John Herschel at
the Cape of Good Hope." [The article
is copied by the most sober journals.]
* * Boston. The Christian Review, a Bap-
tist quarterly, is issued.
The Culprit Fay, by J. R. Drake, ap-
pears.
* * New York. The American Monthly
Magazine is published [till 1838] —
by Herbert, Hoffman, and Benjamin.
* * O. The Young Men's Mercantile
Library is founded at Cincinnati.
[47,939 vols.]
The Oberlin Theological Seminary
(Cong.) is opened.
The Marietta CoUege (Pres. and
Cong.) is founded.
* * Tenn. The Baptist is first issued
[later called The Tennessee Baptist, and
afterwards The Baptist].
* * Va. Southern Literary Messenger ap-
pears at Richmond.
UNITED STATES. 1834, Aug. 13-1835 * *. 145
* * Baptists start the Baptist Banner [ The
Western Recorder].
* * The Infidel, by R. M. Bird, appears.
* * Italian Sketch Book, by Tuckerman,
appears.
* * The Monikins, by Cooper, appears.
* * Outre-Mer, by Longf ellow, appears.
* * The Partisan, by W. G. Simms, ap-
pears.
* * Pencillings by the Way, by Willis, ap-
pears.
* * Tour of the Prairies, by "Washington
Irving, appears.
* * Winter in the West, by C. F. Hoffman,
appears.
* * An edition of The Antigone of Sopho-
cles, by Woolsey, appears.
* * Elements of Moral Science, by Francis
"Wayland, appears.
* * -39 * * The first series of The Library
of American Biography , edited by Jared
Sparks, appears.
SOCIETY.
1834 Aug. 13 +. Phila. An anti-abo-
lition riot continues three nights ; 54
houses occupied by colored people are
assaulted, and some of them wrecked.
* * Conn. A mob with a brass band inter-
rupts a lecturer on the abolition of sla-
very, and marches him out of Norwich,
to the tune of the " Rogue's March."
* * D. C. Congress enacts a penalty of
$500 for the offense of selling liquor or
wine to Indians in the Indian country ;
setting up a still, $1,000 fine.
* * D.C. President Jackson recommends
Congress to pass an act for the suppres-
sion of anti-slavery literature.
* * N. H. Franklin Pierce marries
Jane Means Appleton.
* * N. Y. A convention of mechanics
meets at Utica ; it protests against con-
vict labor.
* * Great opposition is made to the
anti-slavery movement; it is ridi-
culed, scorned, stormed with abuse and
violence, but augmented.
The Legislatures of several Southern
States call upon the Northern States to
prohibit the printing of anti-slavery
publications.
* * N. Y. Delavan's declaration ar-
rests attention.
Edward C. Delavan, ex-wine merchant
of Albany, draws up the following decla-
ration, and secures the signatures of
Presidents Jackson, Madison, John Q.
Adams, Van Buren, Tyler, Polk, Taylor,
Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln,
and Johnson.
" Being satisfied from observation and ex-
perience, as well as from medical testimonv,
that ardent spirit, as a drink, is not only
needless, but hurtful, and that the entire dis-
use of it would tend to promote the health,
the virtue, and the happiness of the commu-
nity, we hereby express our conviction that
should the citizens of the United States, and
especially the young men, discontinue en-
tirely the use of it, they would not only pro-
mote their own personal benefit, but the
good of our country and of the world."
* * Phila. The Presbyterian General
Assembly declares that "The traffic
in ardent spirits, to be used as a drink
by any people, is, in our judgment, mor-
ally wrong, and ought to be viewed as
such by the churches of Jesus Christ
universally."
1835 June 30. Ky. Lieut. Jeff erson
Davis resigns his commission in the
army, and soon after elopes with Sally
Knox Taylor, daughter of Gen. Zach-
ary Taylor.
July 29. 5. C. A mob forces the post-
office at Charleston, and rifles the mails
to destroy anti-slavery publications.
Aug. 8. Md. A riot occurs at Balti-
more, about the Bank of Maryland ; sev-
eral persons are killed or wounded.
Aug. * S. C. The TJ. S. mail is opened
and anti-slavery documents are removed
and burned by citizens of Charleston.
* * New York. The publication of the
" Moon Hoax" in the New York Sun
deceives many credulous people. (See
Letters.)
* * Opposition to friends of freedom.
- Churches and public halls are as-
saulted when opened for anti-slavery
speakers, in many Northern sections.
Great indignation is felt in the South
because of the circulation of anti-slavery
pamphlets by various societies.
STATE.
1834 Nov. * III. Abraham Lincoln is
elected to the Legislature as a member
of the Assembly.
Dec. 1. D.C. The 23d Congress : the
second session opens.
* * New York. The mayor is no longer
appointed by the Common Council, but
elected by the voters of the city.
Dec. * D. C. President Jackson recom-
mends reprisals on French com-
merce, in satisfaction of a claim of
$5,000,000 against France long overdue.
[France settles the claim ; Portugal is
brought to terms in the same way.]
* * -37 * * New York. Cornelius W.
Lawrence is elected the 60th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-35 * * Conn. Samuel A. Foote.
-36* *Fla. (Ter.). John H. Eaton.
-38 * * III. Joseph Duncan.
-36 * * Ky. James T. Morehead.
-38 * * La. Edward D. White.
-35 * * Mass. John Davis.
-38 * * Me. Robert P. Dunlap.
-35 * * Mich. (Ter.). Stevens T. Mason.
-36 * * N.H. William Badger.
-36 * * S. C. George McDuffle.
-36 * * Va. Littleton W. Tazewell.
1835 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$37,513.
Mar. 4. D.C. Congress; Senate: John
Tyler of Va. is elected President pro
tempore.
Congress establishes three branch
mints — New Orleans, Charlotte, N. C,
and Dahlonega, Ga.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 23d Congress
ends.
Oct. * N. Y. The anti-monopolist branch
of the Democratic party is called Loco-
f ocos by the other branch.
Dec. 7. D. C. The 24th Congress
opens.
Congress; House: James K. Polk
of Tenn. is elected Speaker.
Dec. * D. C. President Jackson recom-
mends Congress to prohibit the circula-
tion of anti-slavery papers through
the mails.
Dec.*/). C. James M. Wayne of
Ga. is appointed Justice of the U. S.
Supreme Court.
Dec. 20. Tex. Texans declare their
independence of Mexico, and Ameri-
cans rally to help them.
Dec. 29. Ga. The Seminoles cede all
their territory east of the Mississippi
for $5,000,000.
Dec. 31. U. S. Revenue in 1835, from
the sales of public lands, $24,877,179.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-37 * * Ala. Clement C. Clay.
-36 * * Ark. (Ter.). Wm. S. Fulton.
-38 * * Conn. Henry W. Edwards.
-37 * * Ga. William Schley.
-36 * * Mass. Samuel Armstrong.
-40 * * Mich. Stevens T. Mason.
-37 * * Miss. Charles Lynch.
-37 * *N. O. Richard D. Spaight.
Pa. Joseph Ritner.
-39 * * Tenn. Newton Cannon.
-36 * * Tex. Henry Smith (Provisional
President).
-41 * * Ft. Silas A. Jenison.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1834 Nov. 1. N.J. The railroad from
New Brunswick to Trenton is opened.
* * Chicago receives one mail a week ;
it is carried on horseback from Niles,
Mich.
* * New York. Cholera again prevails.
* * O. The Ohio Canal is opened for
307 miles, connecting the Ohio River with
Lake Erie.
* * Va. The Petersburg and Roanoke
Railroad is opened — 60 miles in length.
* * S. C. The South Carolina Railroad
is opened 136 miles.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1834, 65,365.
* * Ore. The first emigrants arrive.
1835 June 2. Mass. The Boston and
Providence Railroad is opened.
June 27. Mass. The Boston and Low-
ell Railroad is opened.
July 6. Mass. The Boston and Wor-
cester Railroad is opened.
Aug. 25. Md. The Baltimore and
Washington Railroad is opened.
Nov. 7. The New York and Erie Rail-
road is commenced.
Dec. 9. Boston. The President's mes-
sage arrives from Washington in 26
hours and 50 minutes.
Dec. 16. New York suffers from a
great fire.
It sweeps over 30 acres, destroying 529
buildings and property worth $18-,000,000.
Dec. * Chicago's first bank is opened.
Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1835, 45,374.
* * New Eng. In a rage for silk culture
many mulberry trees are planted, and
fortunes are made and lost.
146 1835 * *-1837, May 30.
AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1836 Feb. 29. Fla. Gen. Gaines,
with 1,000 men, is attacked by the Semi-
nole Indians on the Withlacoochee. [Gen.
Clinch comes to his relief.]
Feb. * Fla. Gen. Winfield Scott as-
sumes command of the army in the
Indian War.
Mar. 6. Fla. Some of the Seminole
chiefs come to Gen. Jessup, and sign a
treaty of peace [which is soon broken].
Apr. 21. Tea;. Sam Houston, an Ameri-
can, at the head of 800 Texans, defeats
Santa Anna at San Jacinto, and drives
the Mexicans across the Rio Grande ;
Santa Anna is taken prisoner, and inde-
pendence secured.
THE ELEVENTH "WAR.
* * _37 * * The Cherokee Indian dis-
turbance. Men enrolled, 9,494 militia
and volunteers. Caused by the enforced
removal of the Indians to the West.
THE TWELFTH WAR.
May 5-1837 Sept. 30. The Creek In-
dian "War. Caused by the unwilling-
ness of the Indians to surrender their
lands to the whites. Men enrolled, 935
regulars, and 12,483 volunteers and mi-
litia. Total, 13,418.
THE THIRTEENTH WAR.
* *-1839* * Me. The Aroostook dis-
turbance, respecting the northeast boun-
dary of the U. S., arises among the people
contiguous to the territory in dispute.
Men enrolled, 1,500 militia and volun-
teers.
Oct. * Fla. Gov. Call leads 2,000 men
into the interior of the State, and has a
fight at Wahoo Swamp with the In-
dians, and a second engagement a few
days later, without decisive results.
Dec. 25. Fla. Col. Zachary Taylor's
force defeats the Indians near Big Water
Lake.
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
1836 Dec. 12. New York. Miss Ellen
Tree makes her first appearance at the
Park Theater.
* * Conn. Felt cloth is first successfully
manufactured at Norwalk.
* * Eng. Edwin Forrest appears in
Spartacus at the Drury Lane Theater,
London.
* * Mass. Williamstown has the first (con-
tinuous) astronomical observatory.
* * Mich. Fine-cut chewing tobacco
is first manufactured at Centerville.
* * Phila. Wrought-iron tubing and fit-
tings are first made.
* * U. S. Anthracite coal is first used
on steamboats and locomotives. (1837 ?)
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1836* *
Aldrich, Thos. Bailey, poet, writer, b. X. H.
Austin, Stephen F., founder of Tex., dies.
Avery, John, M. C. for Mich., born in N. Y.
Jiangs, Frank C, actor, born in Va.
Beardsley, Lester A., lieut. tT. S. X., born.
Bunce, Francis M., com. U. S. X., born.
Burr. Aaron, Vice-Pres. U. S., A60.
Brown, Henry B., U. S. Justice, b. in Mich.
Burton, Asa, Cong. cl., controvergionalist,
A74. '
Butler, Matthew C, sen. for S. C, b. in S. C.
Cannon, Joseph G., M. C. for 111., b. X. C.
Chandler, Chas. F., chemist, born in Mass.
Cheney, Charles E.. Kef. E. bp., b. in X. Y.
Crockett. David, backwoodsman, M. C. for
Tenn., A50.
Davies, Henry E., lawyer, born in X. Y.
Edmunds, Paul C, M. C. for Va., b. in Va.
Fayne, Frank L., actor, born in Ky.
Flint, Austin, Jr. , physician, medical wri-
ter, born in Mass.
Funston, Edward H., Member of Congress,
born in Ohio.
Gladden, Washington, cl., writer, b. in Pa.
Gould, Jay, financier, born in X. Y.
Grout, William W., M. C. for Vt., b. in Can.
Grubbs, John C, editor, born in Ore.
Hackley, Chas. E., surgeon, b. in X. Y.
Hale, Eugene, sen. for Me., born in Me.
Hansard, John R. G., author, editor, born.
Henry, William, chemist, A74.
Hitchcock, Chas. H., geologist, b. in Mass.
Hodge, H. Lenox, surgeon, b. in Pa.
Homer, Winslow, artist, born in Mass.
I louse, Edward Howard, author, b. Mass.
Kenton, Simon, pioneer, A81.
Kilpatrick, Judson, cavalry general, b. X. J.
Livingston, Edward, M. C. for X. Y. and La.,
A72.
Leverett, Frederick Percival, scholar, A33.
Lowell, John F., of Lowell Inst., A37.
Madison. James, M. C. for Va., sec. of
state, 4th Pres. of U. S., A85.
Mayer, Alfred Marshall, physicist, b. in Md.
McCabe, Charles C, chaplain, M. E. cl., b. 0.
Messer, Asa, Pres. of Brown Univ., A67.
Moon, John W., M. C. for Mich., b. in Mich.
Morton, Henry, scholar, born in X. Y.
Murphy, Edward, Jr., sen. for X. Y.,b. X.Y.
Packard, Louis R., philologist, born in Pa.
Pleasants, James, sen. for Va., Gov., A67.
Robson, Stuart, actor, born in Md.
Safford, Henry Truman, astronomer, b. Vt.
Shoup, George L., sen. for Ida., born in Pa.
Springer, William M., M. C. for 111., b. Ind.
Townsend, Luther Tracy, M. E. cl., b. in Me.
Toy, Crawford Howell, Hebraist, b. in Va.
Vedder, Elihu, painter, born in X. Y.
Vaux, Robert, philanthropist, A50.
Wheeler, Joseph, M. C. for Ala., born in Ga.
Winter, William, poet, critic, b. in Mass.
Wright, Arthur Williams, physicist, b. Conn.
CHURCH.
1835 * * Pa. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets in Pittsburg; W. W.
Phillips, moderator.
* * The Presbyterian Church establishes
its first mission among the Indians.
* * Va. The Eighth Baptist Triennial
Meeting is held at Richmond.
1836 May 2. O. The General Con-
ference (Methodist Episcopal) meets in
Cincinnati.
Beverly Waugh and Thomas A. Morris
are consecrated bishops.
The Arkansas, Erie, Liberia, Michigan,
New Jersey, and North Carolina Con-
ferences are formed.
May 13. New York. The Baptists with-
draw from the American Bible Society.
June 16. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Albany ; Thomas M.
Strong, president.
July 7. Mich. Samuel A. McCoskry
(Protestant Episcopal) is consecrated
bishop of Michigan.
* * O. The Ohio Eldership of the Church
of God is organized.
* * O. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) of East Ohio is organized.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) meets in Pittsburg ; John
Witherspoon, moderator.
* * The Reformed Dutch Church sends a
missionary to the Nez Perces Indians.
* * Mission-work is undertaken by the
Reformed Presbyterian Church.
1837 May * Phila. The General As-
sembly (Presbyterian) meets; David
Elliott, moderator.
May 23. Phila. The Plan of Union
with Congregational Churches is abro-
gated on constitutional grounds by the
Presbyterian General Assembly. Vote,
143-110.
May 30. Md. The German Foreign
Missionary Society is organized by
the Lutheran Church in Hagerstown.
May * Phila. The Old School party ex-
scind four presbyteries and offend the
New School party ; Presbyterians are
greatly agitated.
May * Phila. The American and For-
eign Bible Society is organized by
Baptists.
LETTERS.
1836 Mar. 10. Md. The Baltimore
Transcript is issued as a penny paper.
Mar. 25. Phila. The Public Ledger is
issued.
June 20. New York. The New York
Express is issued.
July 29. O. The Philanthropist, an abo-
lition newspaper of Cincinnati, is de-
stroyed by a mob, the office pillaged, the
types scattered, and the press thrown
into the river.
* * Conn. The Yale Literary Magazine
appears.
* * Ky. The Kentucky University
(Disciples) is organized at Lexing-
ton.
Students of both sexes are received.
* * New York. Union Theological Semi-
nary (Pres.) is organized and a library
is founded. [50,000 vols.] The Legisla-
ture grants a charter, two years later.
* * N. Y. Alfred University (Seventh-
day Baptist) is organized.
* * N.Y. The Buffalo Library is founded.
[53,638 vols.]
* * Pa. Franklin and Marshall College
(Reformed) is organized at Lancaster.
The Reformed (German) Church estab-
lishes a college at Mercersburg.
* * Ii. I. The Providence Athenaeum
Library is founded. [44,502 vols.]
* * Mogg Megone, by J. G. "Whittier, ap-
pears.
* * Astoria, by "Washington Irving,
appears.
* * Inklings of Adventure, by N. P. Willis,
appears.
* * The Poor Bich Man, by Catherine
Maria Sedgwick, appears.
* * Mellichampe, by W. G. Simms, ap-
pears.
* * Nature, by P. W. Emerson, appears.
* * Twenty-seven Orations, by Edward
Everett, appears.
* * Commentaries on Equity of Jurispru-
dence, by Joseph Story, appears.
* * Elements of International Laic, by
Henry Wheaton, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1835 * *-1837, May 30. 147
1837 Jan. 25. La. The New Orleans
Picayune is first issued.
Feb. 1. The memorial of 56 British
authors, praying for the exclusive right
to their respective writings, is presented
to Congress.
Feb. 6. Ga. Emory College (Meth.
Epis.) is chartered [and soon organized].
May 17. Md. The Baltimore Sun
appears.
SOCIETY.
1836 Jan. 11. B. C. A petition is pre-
sented to Congress praying that the in-
stitution of slavery may be abolished
in the District of Columbia.
July 29. O. A riot breaks out in Cin-
cinnati ; the printing-press of James G.
Birney's " Abolition " paper is destroyed.
Aug. * N. Y. The Second National
Temperance Convention is held at
Saratoga.
* * Boston. The Transcendental Club
is formed.
* * B. C. The right of petition de-
nied.
The House of Representatives adopts
as a rule, " that all petitions, memorials,
and resolutions," relating to slavery
" shall be laid on the table, and no
further action whatever shall be had
thereon." (See State.)
* * Ga.-Ala. Thousands of settlers leave
their homes through fear of the Indians.
* * HI. Abraham Lincoln, 27 years
old, begins the study of law.
* * The Ancient Order of Hibernians
of America is founded.
1837 Feb. 13. New York. A riot is
occasioned by the high price of flour,
and hundreds of barrels are destroyed.
Apr. * III. Abraham Lincoln com-
mences the practice of law in Spring-
field.
STATE.
1836 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$336,957.
Feb. 5. B.C. Congress; House: Henry
L. Pinckney introduces a bill providing
that all memorials praying for the
abolition of slavery in the District of
Columbia be referred to a select com-
mittee, with instructions to report that
Congress has no power to interfere with
slavery in the States, and that, in the
opinion of the House, it would be a viola-
tion of public faith to interfere with the
institution in the District. [Adopted.
Vote, 117-68. Called a Gag-Law.]
(Die. of Am. Politics.)
Mar. 2. Texas again proclaims her
independence of Mexico, and adopts
a republican form of government.
May 26. B. C. Congress: The select
committee reports that Congress cannot
constitutionally interfere with slavery
in any State, and it ought not to do so ;
it recommends that all petitions and
papers relating to slavery or its aboli-
tion " shall, without being printed or
referred, be laid upon the table." Ap-
proved. Vote, 117-68.
May 29. "Wisconsin Territory is orga-
nized out of the Northwest Territory.
June 15. B. C. Congress admits Ar-
kansas into the Union as the 25th State.
July 1. B. C. Congress; Senate:
William B. King of Ala. is elected
President pro tempore.
July 4. D. C. The 24th Congress:
the first session closes.
July 11. D.C. The President's Specie
Circular is issued, ordering payments
to be made to the Government in gold or
silver [causing the contraction of the
currency; a scarcity of money follows].
* * U. S. The 13th presidential elec-
tion; Democrats elected. Popular
vote ; Martin "Van Buren (Dem.) of
N. Y., 761,549 ; "Wm. Henry Harrison
(Whig) of Ohio, Hugh L. "White (Whig)
of Tenn., Daniel "Webster (Whig) of
Mass., and Willie P. Mangum (Whig)
of N. C, all combined, 736,656.
Nov. * III. Abraham Lincoln is re-
elected to the Legislature.
Dec. 5. B. C. The 24th Congress:
the second session opens.
* * Cal. After a bloodless revolution
California disclaims all dependence on
Mexico.
* * D. C. Boger B. Taney of Md. is ap-
pointed Chief Justice, and Philip P.
Barbour of Va. Justice, of the United
States Supreme Court.
* * U. S. The Democratic party begins
to favor the annexation of Texas.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-40 * * Ark. James S. Conway.
Cal. Nicolas Gutierrez ; later,
Mariana Chico ; yet later, Nico-
las Gutierrez (Mexicans).
-42 * * Cal. Juan B. Alvarado (Mex.).
-39* * Fla. Richard K. Call.
-37 * * Ky. James Clark.
-40 * * Mo. Liburn N. Boggs.
_4.q * * Mass. Edward Everett.
-39 * *N. H. Isaac Hill.
-37 * * N.J. Philemon Dickerson.
-38 * * 0. Joseph Vance.
-38 * * S. C. Pierce M. Butler.
Tex. David G. Burnet (Pres.).
-38 * * Tex. Sam Houston (President).
-37 * * Va. Windham Robertson.
-41 * * Wis. (Ter.). Henry Dodge.
1837 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$3,308,124.
Jan. 16. B. C. Congress ; Senate : It
is ordered that the vote of censure
condemning President Jackson's policy
respecting the National Bank be ex-
punged. Vote, 24-19.
Jan. 26. B. C. Congress admits Mich-
igan into the Union as the 26th State. ,
Jan. 28. B. C. Congress; Senate:
"Wm. E. King of Ala. is reelected
President pro tempore. [He is reelected
March 7, and again on Oct. 13.]
Feb. 8. B. C. Congress counts the
Electoral vote.
Vote for President : Van Buren, 172 ;
Harrison, 73; White, 26; "Webster,
14; Mangum, 11. Vote for Vice-Pres-
ident : B. M. Johnson (Dem.) of Ky.,
147 ; Francis Granger (Whig) of N. Y.,
77 ; John Tyler (Whig) of Va. 47 ; Wil-
liam Smith (Dem.) of Ala., 23.
[There being no majority for Vice-
President, Bichard M. Johnson is
elected by the Senate, against F.
Granger. Vote, 33-16.]
Mar. 3. B.C. The 24th Congress:
the second session closes.
Eighth Administration ; Democratic.
Mar. 4. B. C. Martin Van Buren of
N. Y. is inaugurated the eighth Presi-
dent, in the 13th term of the presidency.
Bichard M. Johnson of Ky. is Vice-
President.
Cabinet : John Forsyth of Ga. (State),
Levi "Woodbury of N. H. (Treas.),
Joel B. Poinsett of S. C. (War), Mahlon
Dickerson of N. J. (Navy), Benj. F.
Butler of N. Y. (Atty.-Gen.), Amos
Kendall of Ky. (P. M.-Gen.).
Mar. * III. Abraham Lincoln has his
protest against the pro-slavery action
of the majority in the Legislature en-
tered on the journal of the Assembly.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1835 * * The national debt is extin-
guished by duties on imports and the
sale of public lands.
Feb. 10. Philadelphia is first lighted
with gas.
Mar. 29. Phila. The United States
Bank is newly incorporated by the State
of Pennsylvania. [Suspended Feb. 5,
1841.]
Apr. 18. N. Y. The Brooklyn and
Jamaica Railroad is completed.
May 15. Ga. Roanoke is burned by
Indians.
July 10. Pa. It is discovered that lo-
comotives can make ascents without
the aid of stationary engines and ropes.
Aug. 1. N. Y. The Utica and Sche-
nectady Railroad (78 miles) is opened.
Dec. 15. B. C. The patent office and
the post-office at Washington are
burned.
* * U. S. It is discovered that anthra-
cite coal is superior to wood for loco-
motive fuel. Its use on railroads
begins.
Dec. 31. U. S. Dnmigrants and other
aliens in 1836, 76,242.
* * U. S. Great financial prosperity
prevails throughout the country.
* * Pa. Laurel Hill Cemetery, near Phil-
adelphia, is laid out.
1837 Mar. 4. Chicago is incorpo-
rated as a city ; population, 4,170.
May 8. The steam-packet Ben Sherrod,
while racing above Fort Adams on the
Mississippi, burns at night; 200 lives
are lost.
May * U. S. A financial panic follows
over speculation and the sudden con-
traction of the currency.
Vast issues of irredeemable (" wild
cat ") paper money are accepted in busi-
ness transactions.
May 10±. U. S. The banks of all the
large cities in the North suspend
specie payments. [Other banks soon
follow.]
148 1837, June 1-1838 * *.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1837 Oct. 23. Fla. Gen. Jessup se-
cures as prisoners Osceola and other
Indians by violating a flag of truce.
Oct. * -Dec. * Many Americans assist the
Canadians in their revolt for independ-
ence.
Dec. 19. Fla. Col. Taylor leads a body
of troops against the Seminoles.
Dec. 25. Fla. Col. Taylor defeats the
Seminoles at Lake Macaco.
Dec. 29. Canadians attack and set on
fire the American steamboat Caroline,
and send her over the Niagara Falls ;
22 Americans are lost with her.
* * Fla. The Seminole Indian war contin-
ues at great cost and with small results.
1838 Apr. * Col. Taylor is brevetted
brigadier-general for his services against
the Seminoles.
May * Ga. The State troops begin to take
the Cherokee Indians from their
houses and gather them into camps
preparatory to their removal beyond
the Mississippi.
July* Lieut. Robert E. Lee is pro-
moted to the rank of captain U. S. A.
Oct. 28. Mo. Mormons at Far West sur-
render to militia under Gen. Atchison.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1837 * * Conn. One-day clocks with
brass movements are invented, and
clock-making is revolutionized.
* * Eng. The screw is introduced in
steam navigation by John Ericsson and
F. P. Smith on the steamer Thames.
* * Mass. An induction coil is made
by G. C. Page of Salem.
* * New York. Samuel F. B. Morse first
publicly exhibits his telegraph.
* * New York. Charlotte Cushman is
engaged at the Park Theater.
* * The dynamometer is first used to
determine the power employed in driv-
ing machinery.
* * A remarkable aurora borealis is ob-
served.
* * The Long Story is painted by W. S.
Mount.
1838 Apr. 20. Tenn. A shower of me-
teors is observed.
Aug. 19. The United States exploring
expedition of six vessels (Vincennes,
Peacock, Porpoise, Relief, Flying Fish,
and Sea Gull) under Lieutenant Wilkes,
U. S. N., sails for the Antarctic region.
Sept. 18. U. S. A remarkable eclipse of
the sun is observed.
* * Boston. Regularly set elementary
singing lessons are given in a number
of the public schools.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1837* *
Albaugh, John W., actor, born in Md.
Alden, Timothy, Cong, cl., educator, A66.
Barwig, Charles, M. C. for Wis., b. in Ger.
Breckinridge, W. C. P., M. C. for Ky., b. Ky.
Brewer, David J., Justice Supreme Court,
born in Kan.
Buchanan, Thos. McKean, Lieut.-Com., U. S.
N., b. in Pa.
Burroughs, John, author, born in N. Y.
Burrows, Julius 0., M. C. for Mich., b. Mich.
Casey, Lyman L., sen. for N. Dak., born
in N. Y.
Chanfrau, F. S., actor, born in Pa.
Clancy, John M, M. C. for N.Y., b. in Ire.
Cleveland. Grover., Gov. of N. Y., 22d
and 24th Pres. of U. S., b. in N. J.
Cox, Nicholas N., M. C. for Tenn., born
in Tenn.
Dolbear, Amos Emerson, physicist, b. Conn.
Draper, Henry, scientist, born in Va.
Eytinge, Rose, actor, born in Pa.
Fanning, John Thomas, engineer, b. in Conn.
Fessenden, Thos. Green, author, journalist,
A66.
Floyd, John, M. C. and Gov. for Va., dies.
Fowler, Charles Henry, M. E. bp., b. Can.
Gallaudet, Edw. M., Pres. Deaf Mute Col-
lege, born in Conn.
Gilman, Arthur, philanthropist, born.
Gill, Theodore is"., scientist, naturalist, born
in N. Y.
Hall, Louisa Jane, poet, A35.
Harkness, William, prof., U. S. Navy, born
in Scot.
Hinsdale, Burke A., educator, born in 0.
Holmes, Abiel, author, A 74.
Hopkins, Albert C, M. C. for Pa., b. N. Y.
Howells, William Dean, author, b. in 0.
Kent, Joseph, Gov. of Md., A58.
Lapham, Oscar, M. C. for R. I., b. in K. I.
Lester, Kufus E., M. C, born in Ga.
Long, Eli, general, born.
Lovejoy, Elijah Parish, abolitionist of 111.,
A35.
Macon, Nathaniel, speaker, sen. for N. C,
A 80.
Manderson, Charles F., sen. for Neb., born
in Pa.
McCook, Robert L., brig.-gen., born in O.
Mitchell, David B., Gov. of Ga., A51.
Moody, Dwight Lyman, Cong, evangelist,
born in Mass.
Montgomery, Alexander B., M. A. for Ky.,
born in Ky.
Moran, Thomas, painter, born in Eng.
Morphy, Paul C, champion chess-player,
born in La.
New, John C, sec. of treas., born in Ind.
Newton, Isaac, naval engineer for Tenn.,
born in N. Y.
Patterson, Josiah, M. C. for Tenn., b. Ala.
Parker, Francis W., educator, b. in N. H.
Physick, Philip Syng, surgeon, A69.
Porter, Horace, mil. sec. to Gen. Grant,
born.
Held, Whitelaw, journalist, b. O.
Wolverton, Simon P., M. C. for Pa., born
in Pa.
Scudder, Samuel Hubbard, naturalist, born
in Boston.
Shirlaw, Walter, painter, born in Scot.
Worcester, Hoah, Cong, cl., A79.
1838* *
Abbe, Cleveland, meteorologist, b. in N. Y.
Baldwin, Melvin R., M. C. for Minn., b. Vt.
Barrett, Lawrence, actor, born in N. J.
Bird, Frederick M., P. E. cl., hymn col-
lector, born.
Blackburn, Joseph C. S., sen. for Ky., born
in Ky.
Black Hawk, Indian chief, A71.
Bowditch, Nathaniel, mathematician, A65.
Clark, William, general explorer of Rocky
Mountains, A 68.
Cobb, Seth W., M. C. for Mo., born in Va.
Cogswell, William, M. C. for Mass., born
in Mass.
Cohen, Jacob Solis, physician, b. in N. Y.
Cook, Joseph, Cong, cl., lecturer, b. N. Y.
Daly, Augustin, dramatist, born.
Davidson, Margaret Miller, poet, A 15.
Davis, Cushman K., sen. for Minn., b. N. Y.
Dodge, Mary Mapes, author, born in N. Y.
Eccleston, James C, P. E. bp. of la., born.
Farmer, John, genealogist, A49.
Farrer, Thomas Charles, painter, b. in Eng.
Flenuning, Waiter M., physician, surgeon,
born.
Funk, Benjamin F., M. C. for 111., b. 111.
Gilder, William Henry, explorer, b. in Pa.
Gilmor, Harry, soldier, author, born in Md.
CHURCH.
1837 June 1. Phila. The General As-
sembly declares the Synod of the
"Western Reserve to be no part of
the Presbyterian Church.
June* Phila. The General Assembly
appoints a Presbyterian Board of
Foreign Missions.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; Isaac N. Wycoff,
president.
July 28. Miss. The Roman Catholic
See of Natchez is erected.
Aug. * N. Y. A convention of aggrieved
Presbyterians meets at Auburn.
Dec. 10. la. Mathias Loras (Roman
Catholic) is conserated bishop of Du-
buque.
* * la. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Dubuque is established.
* * la. The Presbyterians open a mission-
station among the Iowa Indians.
* * la. The first Congregational church
in Iowa is organized at Green Mountain.
* * ///. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is Organized.
* * Md. The Seventh General Synod
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Hagers-
town.
* * N. Y. The General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) of Franckean is or-
ganized.
* * Tenn. The Roman Catholic Diocese
of Nashville is established.
* * Wis. The first Baptist Church in the
state is organized in Milwaukee.
1838 Apr. 28. La. The Protestant
Episcopal Diocese of Louisiana is or-
ganized at New Orleans.
June 14. Neto York. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
June. * N. Y. The General Synod of the
Reformed Church meets at Albany ;
Benj. C. Taylor, president.
Sept. 29. The Missionary Board of the
Reformed (German) Lutheran Church
is Organized.
* * Roman Catholic missionaries begin
work among the Nez Perc6 Indians.
Dec. 9. Ark. Leonidas PoBc is conse-
crated Protestant Episcopal missionary
bishop.
* *Fla.,N. Y.,La. The Protestant Epis-
copal dioceses of Florida, Western New
York, and Louisiana are organized.
* * New York. The Baptist Triennial
Meeting is held.
* * Ga. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is organized.
* * Ore. Methodists open an Indian mis-
sion at Dalles.
LETTERS.
1837 June 5. Ind. Asbury University
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Greencastle
[later called De Pauw University].
* * Boston. The Boston Quarterly Review
is established by O. A. Brownson.
* * D. C. The Democratic Review is
established.
* *Hl. Knox CoUege (Pres. and Cong.)
is founded at Galesburg.
* * La. St. Charles College (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at Grand Coteau.
* * Mich. University of Michigan (non-
sect.) is organized at Ann Arbor.
UNITED STATES. 1837, June 1-1838**. 149
* *N. C. Davidson College (Presbyte-
rian— colored) is organized at Davidson.
* * New York. The New York Review, a
quarterly, is published by J. G. Cogswell.
* * 0. Muskingum College (United
Pres.) is organized in New Concord.
* * -40 * * Phila. The Gentleman's Mag-
azine appears.
* * Va. Emory and Henry College
(Meth. Epis.) is organized at Emory.
* * Adventures of Captain Bonneville, by
■Washington Irving, appears.
* * Bianca Visconti, by N. P. Willis,
appears.
* * Briercliff, by G. P. Morris, appears.
* * Charcoal Sketches, by Joseph Neal,
appears.
-* * An edition of The Electra of Sophocles,
and another of The Prometheus of JEs-
chylus, by Woolsey, appear.
* * Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, by
Prescott, appears.
* * Twice-told Tales, by Nathaniel Haw-
thorne, appears.
* * Evidences of the Genuineness of the
Four Gospels, by Andrews Norton, ap-
pears.
* * + Elements of Political Economy, by
Francis Wayland, appears.
1838 * * Boston. The Boston Quarterly
Review appears.
* * Homeward Bound, by Cooper, ap-
pears.
* * The Little Frenchman and His Water-
Lots, by G. P. Morris, appears.
* * The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym,
by E. A. Poe, appears.
SOCIETY.
1837 July 14. R. I. A horse-thief is
publicly whipped on the court-house
parade in Providence. [The law autho-
rizing whipping is soon after repealed.]
Nov. 7. Ill- A pro-slavery mob at
Alton murders Rev. E. P. Lovejoy,
the editor of an abolition paper, breaks
his press, throws it into the river, and
fires the building.
* * Boston. "Wendell Phillips makes
his debut as an anti-slavery advocate
in Faneuil Hall ; he champions a most
unpopular cause.
1838 Feb. 24. B. C. Congressman
"Wm. J. Graves of Kentucky kills Con-
gressman Jonathan Cilley of Maine in
a duel.
May 17. Phila. A mob opposed to anti-
slavery discussions destroys Pennsylva-
nia Hall.
Aug. * The cruel and iniquitous re-
moval of 16,000 Cherokees begins.
" Sick and well, old men and infants,
mothers and mothers to be," were forced
to march on through the cold winter
months. The suffering was terrible, the
death-rate fearful. Fifteen deaths a
day was the average, and 4,500— more
than one-fourth of the whole nation —
perished before they reached their West-
ern home. Yet through all this terrible
ordeal witnesses testify that " the de-
portment of the Cherokees was worthy
of a Christian people." — Cyclopedia of
Missions.
* *R.I.-N.H. Bhode Island and New
Hampshire leave the license of the
liquor traffic optional with the towns.
STATE.
1837 Sept. 4. B. C. The 25th Con-
gress opens its special session ; it assem-
bles to relieve the financial distress of
the country.
House: James K. Polk of Tenn. is
reelected Speaker.
* * B. C. Congress attempts to relieve
the financial distress by authorizing the
issue of Treasury notes, not exceed-
ing $10,000,000.
Oct. 4. B. C. Congress: The first Sub-
treasury Bill passes the Senate. [It is
defeated in the House.]
Oct. 16. B. C. The 25th Congress :
the first session closes.
Dec. 4. B. C. The 25th Congress:
the second session opens.
Dec. 21. B. C. Congress; House : An-
other *' gag-law " is passed, on mo-
tion of John M. Patton of Va. Vote,
122-74. It aims to suppress debate on
the slavery question. (See 1836, Feb. 5.)
* * -38 * * Ga. The Government forcibly
removes the Cherokee Indians be-
yond the Mississippi.
* * -39 * * New York. Aaron Clark is
elected the 61st mayor.
* * B. C. John Catron of Tenn. and
John McKinley of Ala. are appointed
Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-41 * * Ala. Arthur P. Bagby.
-40 * * Del. Cornelius P. Comegys.
-39 * * Ga. George R. Gilmer.
-40 * * Ind. David Wallace.
-41 * * Miss. Alex. G. M'Nutt.
-41 * * N. C. Edward B. Dudley.
-43 * * N.J. Wm. Pennington.
-40 * * Va. David Campbell.
1838 Jan. 1. V. S. National debt
$10,434,221.
Jan. 5. D. C. President Van Buren
issues a proclamation warning Ameri-
can citizens not to aid the Canadian
revolt. [It was devised by disloyal Eng-
lishmen and sympathizing Americans.]
Mar. 26. B. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Sub-treasury Bill. Vote,
27-25. [The House rejects it.]
Apr. 18. N. Y. The Legislature enacts
a general banking law.
June * B. C. Mr. Dickerson, Secretary
of the Navy, resigns, and James K.
Paulding of N. Y. is appointed in his
place.
June 12. B. C. Congress organizes
Iowa as a Territory.
July 2. B. C. Congress ; Senate : Wm.
R. "King is reelected President pro
tempore.
July 9. B. C. The 25th Congress :
the second session closes.
Nov.* M. Abraham Lincoln is re-
elected to the Assembly, and becomes
leader of the Whigs.
Dec. 3. B.C. The 25th Congress:
the third session opens.
Dec. 8. Pa. After a four days' struggle
the militia are called out to settle the
fight in the Legislature, which is
organized by two opposing bodies, and
the Senate is expelled by a mob.
Dec. 11. B.C. Congress; House: A
third gag-law is passed. Vote, 127-78.
Charles G. Atherton of New Hamp-
shire introduces resolutions denying the
power of Congress to interfere with
slavery in the States or District, and
providing that all papers or memorials
affecting the subject of slavery "be
laid on the table without being debated,
printed, or referred." [It is adopted
against the opposition of Northern
Whigs.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1837 June 1. New York. The mercantile
failures for two months, in this city,
exceed $100,000,000.
* * Phila. The Bank of the United
States suspends specie payments.
July 19. Md. The Baltimore and
"Wilmington road is opened.
Oct. 9. The steamer Home, from New
York to Charleston, is wrecked ; 100 lives
are lost.
Oct. 26. N. Y. The Harlem road is
completed.
New York. The Harlem Railroad
Company completes the city tunnel.
Nov. 10. The Providence and Ston-
ington road is opened.
Dec. 27. The steamer Black Hawk, on the
Bed River, explodes ; 50 lives are lost.
* * Mich. The Michigan Central road,
connecting Detroit and Ypsilanti (30
miles), is opened.
* * N. Y. The Chenango Canal is com-
pleted,connecting the Susquehanna with
the Erie Canal at Utica.
* *-42* * New York. The Croton
aqueduct is completed.
* * Va. The road from Richmond to
Fredericksburg is completed.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1837, 79,340.
1838 Apr. 8-23. Steam navigation
across the Atlantic is established. The
Great Western steamship first sails from
Bristol to New York [arriving in 15 days].
(Lossing, June.)
Apr. 25. O. The steamer Moselle bursts
her boiler near Cincinnati ; 101 lives are
lost.
Conn. New Haven celebrates its
second centennial.
Apr. 27. -S. C. A fire at Charleston lays
waste 145 acres, and destroys 1,158 build-
ings; loss, $3,000,000.
May 16. New York State banks re-
sume specie payments.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1838, 38,914.
* * n. H. The Nashua and Lowell
road is opened.
* * O. The Mad River road is opened.
* * U. S. Business languishes, and the
Administration becomes unpopular.
* * Va. The Richmond and Peters-
burg road is opened.
150
1838 * *-1840, July 2.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1839 June* Fla. The governor of the
Territory offers a reward of $200 for
every Indian killed or taken.
•'•'■ * Fla. The Seminole chiefs send in
their submission and sign a treaty.
* * N. Y. Ulysses S. Grant of Ohio en-
ters the Military Academy at West Point.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1838 * * Conn. Solid-headed pins are
first made by the Howe Pin Company
at Birmingham ; they supersede the
spun-headed pins.
* * D. C. James Smithson's legacy of
$500,000 is received from London [it es-
tablishes the Smithsonian Institution in
1846.]
* * It. The statue of Eve is executed by
Hiram Powers.
* * Mass. Gold thimbles and specta-
cles are first manufactured at Long-
meadow.
* * O. An observatory is erected for the
Western College at Hudson.
* * Phila. The High School Observatory
is erected.
* * A full-length portrait of Queen Vic-
toria is painted by Thomas Sully.
* * Zinc is first manufactured at Wash-
ington from the red oxide of New Jersey.
1839 Feb. * Conn. Charles Goodyear
obtains his first patent for making vul-
canized india-rubber.
* * It. The statue of The Greek Slave is
executed by Hiram Powers.
* * Mass. The first power-looms in the
world, for making carpets, are set up
at Lowell.
* * New York. Capt. John Ericsson
arrives from England with the first suc-
cessful screw propeller.
* * N. Y. The Observatory of the United
States Military Academy is erected at
West Point.
* * The Penny Paper is painted by F. W.
Edmonds.
* * Pa. Anthracite coal is first success-
fully used in making iron at Pottsville ;
$5,000 are presented to the proprietor of
the works by citizens.
1840 Jan. 19. The Antarctic Conti-
nent is discovered, on the same day, by
both French and American expeditions.
May 7. Miss. A destructive tornado
visits Natchez, killing 317 persons and
destroying $1,500,000 of property.
May 25. Lake Erie rises four feet in a
few hours, and then subsides, without
apparent cause.
May 27. A great freshet swells the Sa-
vannah River ; 35 feet above low water.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1838 * *
House, Jameg Alvord, inventor, b. in N. Y.
Howe, Lyman B., medical prof., born.
Hyatt, Alpheus, naturalist, born in D. C.
Irving, Peter, author, A67.
McAleer, William, M. C. for Pa., b. Ire.
McCreary, James B., M. C. for Ky., born
inKy.
McMillan, James, sen. for Mich., b. Can.
Miller, Warner, sen. for N. Y., b. in N. Y.
Morse, Edward S., naturalist, born in Me.
Neill, Robert, M. C. for Ark., born in Ark.
Osceola, chief of the Seminoles, A34.
Palfrey, Warwick, editor, A51.
Pollard, Edward A., journalist, b. Va.[1828].
Rodgers, John, com. U. S. N., A67.
Roe, Edward Payson, novelist, b. in N.Y.
Scranton, Joseph A., M. C. for Pa., born in
Conn.
Scudder, Horace Elisha, author, b. in Mass.
Squire, Watson C, sen. for Wash., b. N. Y.
Stevens, John, inventor (steamboat), A89.
Strong, Luther M., M. C. for O., born in 0.
Watson, James Craig, astronomer, b. Can.
Wright, George Frederick, geologist, Cong.
clergyman, author, born in N. Y.
1839* *
Adams, Silas, M. C. for Ky., born in Ky.
Ames, Mary Clemmer, author, born in N.Y.
Armstrong, Samuel C, gen., b. in Hawaii.
Bancroft, Aaron, Unit, cl., writer, A84.
Beard, George Miller, phys., author, b.
Black, John C, M. C. for 111., b. in Miss.
Booth, John Wilkes, assassin, born in Mil.
Boutelle, Chas. A., M. C. for Me., b. in Me.
Bowen, Nathaniel, P. E. bp. of S. C, A60.
Broderick, Case, M. C. for Kan., b. in Ind.
Brown, Jason B., M. C. for Ind., b. in Ind.
Buel, Jesse, agricultural writer, A61.
Brute, Simon G., R. C. bp. of Vincennes, A60.
Carey, Matthew, philan., publisher, A79.
Coleman, Leighton, P. E. bp. of Wis., born
in Pa.
Custer, George A., gen. cavalry corps,
born in O.
Dunlap, William, painter, historian, A73.
Everett, William, M. C. for Mass., born in
Mass.
Everett, Charles Carroll, Unit, clergyman,
author, born in Me.
Fisk, Wilbur, Pres. of Wesleyan University,
A47.
Funk, Isaac K., Luth. cl., reformer, editor
of Standard Dictionary, b. in O.
George, Henry, economist, au., born in Pa.
Gorman, Arthur P., sen. for Md.. b. in Md.
Harte, Francis Bret, author, b. in N.Y.
Hay, John, author, born in 111.
Hayne, Robert Young, orator, sen. for
8. C, A48.
Jones, James K., sen. for Ark.,b. in Miss.
Leggett, William, author, A37.
Lundy, Benjamin, abolitionist of Md., A50.
Mayo, Frank, actor, born in Mass.
McArthur, Duncan, soldier, Gov. of O., A67.
Money, Hernando \ >., M. C. for Miss., born
in Miss.
Murphy, Joseph, actor, born in N. Y.
Nlles, Hezekiah, journalist at Baltimore,
A62.
Ogden, Aaron, Gov. of N. J., A83.
O'Kane, James, naval commander, born.
Parker, Isaac, U. S. A., born.
Packard, Alpheus S.,entomologist,b. in Me.
Patterson, Daniel Todd, U. S. Navy, A53.
Perkins, George C, sen. for Cal., b. in Me.
Power, Thomas C, sen. for Mont., b. in la.
Reed, Thomas B.. M. C. for Me., speaker,
born in Me.
Ripley, Eleazer Wheelock, maj.-gen., A57.
Schouler, James, lawyer, historian, born in
Mass.
Turner, Henry G., M. C, born in N. C.
Van Rensselaer, Stephen, statesman, "the
Patroon"of N.Y., A75.
CHURCH.
1838 * * III. The Mormons are driven
out of Missouri ; they found Nauvoo,
and number about 12,000.
* * Pa. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Pennsylvania is organized.
* * Phila. Old School Presbyterians
refuse the demands of the New School,
and the General Assembly is divided
into two bodies, New School and
Old School.
The New School Presbyterians or-
ganize a General Assembly, and elect
Samuel Fisher moderator. The Old
School also organize, with William S.
Plumer moderator.
The Old School Presbyterians estab-
lish a Board of Publication.
* * li. I. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is organized.
1839 May 9. N. Y. Wm. H. de Lancey
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Western New York.
June 12. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June* Phila. The General Synod of
the Reformed Church meets ; George
W. Bethune, president.
July * N. J. The General Synod of the
Reformed Church meets at New
Brunswick ; George W. Bethune, presi-
dent.
* * Mo. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of Missouri is organized.
* *Pa. The 9th General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) meets at Chambers-
burg.
* * Phila. A "Woman's Missionary So-
ciety of the Evangelical German Church
is organized.
* * Phila. The General Assembly (N. S.
Presbyterian) meets ; Baxter Dickin-
son, moderator.
The General Assembly (O. S. Presby-
terian) meets ; J. L. Wilson, moderator.
* * The Reformed Dutch Sabbath-School
Union is formed.
* * More than 680 Ladies' Associations,
having nearly 3,000 local agents of their
own membership, collect funds for the
American Board.
1840 Mayl — June 3. Md. The 13th
General Conference (Methodist Epis-
copal) meets in Baltimore.
The East Texas, North Ohio, Provi-
dence, and Rock River conferences are
formed.
June 3. Phila. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June * New York. The General Synod of
the Reformed Church meets ; James
Murphy, president.
June 21. S. C. Christopher Edwards
Gladsden is consecrated (Protestant
Episcopal) bishop.
LETTERS.
1839 Jan. * Christliche Apologete, Wm.
Nast, editor, is first published.
July 3. Mass. The first normal school
in America is opened at Lexington.
* * Conn. The Hartford Library Associ-
ation is founded. [34,500 vols.]
* * D.C. The Patent Office Library is
founded. [47,040 vols.]
* * Ind. Concordia College (Lutheran)
is organized at Fort Wayne.
* * Md. Baltimore City College (non-
sect.) is organized in Baltimore.
* * Md. The Mercantile Library Associ-
ation is founded at Baltimore. [3G,000
vols.]
* * Mich. St. Philip's College (Rom.
Cath.) is founded near Detroit.
* * New York. The Evening Express is
founded.
The Baptist Advocate is started [and
is later called the New York Recorder
and afterward the Examiner],
UNITED STATES. 1838 ** -1840, July 4. 151
* * Wash. The first printing-press west
of the Rockies is set up at Walla Walla
by Presbyterian missionaries.
* * S. C. Erskine College (Asso. Ref d
Pres.) is organized at Due West.
* * Va. Rector College (Bapt.) is f ded.
* * The Adventures of Robin Day, by R.
M. Bois, appears.
* * Dramas, Discourses, and Other Pieces,
by Hillhouse, appears.
* * History of the Navy of the United
States, by Cooper, appears.
* * Hyperion, by Longfellow, appears.
* * Voices of the Night, by Longfellow,
appears.
* * Crania Americana, by Samuel G.
Morton, appears.
* * Spiritual Improvement, by Ray Palmer,
appears.
* * Treatise on the Law of Agency, by
Joseph Story, appears.
* * Letters from Under a Bridge, by N. P.
Willis, appears.
1840 June 24. Boston. The four hun-
dredth anniversary of the discovery of
the art of printing is celebrated.
a silversmith. They were induced to
change their habits by the address of a
temperance lecturer." — Cyclopedia of
Temperance.
SOCIETY.
1838 * * U. S. In the army, coffee and
sugar, or the money equivalent, may be
drawn by each soldier instead of a gill of
spirits.
* * The violence of fanatical Mormons
arrests attention.
1839 June * Fla. The governor offers
a reward of $200 for every Indian killed
or taken.
July 1. Minn. Sioux Indians massacre
Chippewas at the Falls of St. Anthony.
Nov. * N. Y. Abolitionists organize a
political party.
A number of abolitionists meet at
Warsaw and organize a political anti-
slavery party, with a platform consist-
ing of a single plank, as follows :
" Resolved, That in our judgment
every consideration of duty and expedi-
ency which ought to control the action of
Christian freemen requires of the abo-
litionists of the United States to orga-
nize a distinct and independent political
party, embracing all the necessary means
lor nominating candidates for office and
sustaining them by public suffrage."
* * Connecticut leaves the license of
liquor dealers optional with the towns.
* * -30 * * The Spanish vessel L'Ami-
stad, with many African slaves on
board, lands them on the American
coast, after the slaves have revolted and
killed or confined the Spaniards to ob-
tain their liberty.
The slaves are imprisoned as pirates
and the case is taken through the State
courts to the Supreme Court of the
United States, and a decision given jus-
tifying the uprising and discharging the
prisoners. It occasions much excite-
ment.
1840 Apr. 6. Md. The Washing-
tonian movement is organized as a
moral suasion movement.
" A Baltimore drinking-club of six men
— W. K. Mitchell, a tailor, J. F. Hoss, a
carpenter, David Anderson and George
Steers, blacksmiths, James McCurley, a
coachmaker, and Archibald Campbell,
Apr. 30. New York. John Q,. Adams
pronounces an oration before the His-
torical Society in celebration of the
fiftieth anniversary of Washington's in-
auguration.
STATE.
1838 * * D. C. Benj. F. Butler of NY. re-
signs the office of Attorney-General, and
Felix Grundy of Tenn. succeeds him.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-42 * * Conn. Wm. W. Ellsworth.
-41 * * la. (Ter.). Robert Lucas.
-42 * * III. Thomas Carlin.
-41 * * La. AndnS B. Roman.
-39* * Me. Edward Kent.
-42 * * N. Y. William H. Seward.
-40 * * O. Wilson Shannon.
-39 * * R. I. William Sprague.
-40 * * S.C. Patrick Noble.
-40 * * Tex. Mirabeau B. Lamar (Pres.).
1839 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$3,573,343.
Feb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Wm. R. Bang of Ala. is reelected
President pro tempore.
Mar. 3. D. C. The 25th Congress
ends.
Nov. 13. N. Y. A convention of the
Liberty Party is held at Warsaw. (See
Society.)
Dec. 2. D. C. The 26th Congress
opens.
Dec. 5. D. C. Congress: John Q.
Adams restores decorum and effects an
organization of the House, by putting
the question to vote, which the Speaker
refuses to present.
Dec. 6. Pa. The "Whig National
Convention (meeting at Harrisburg)
nominates Gen. W. H. Harrison of O.
for President, and John Tyler of Va.
for Vice-President. Vote : Harrison,
148; Clay, 90; Scott, 16.
Dec. 10. D. C. Congress ; House : R.
M. T. Hunter of Va. is elected Speaker.
* * III. The capital is changed from Van-
dalia to Springfield.
* * -41 * * Neio York. Isaac L. Varian
is elected the 62d mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-41* * Fla. (Ter.). Robert R. Reid.
-43 * * Ga. Charles J. M' Donald.
-40* *Ky. Charles A. Wickliffe.
-40 * * Me. John Fairfield.
-42* *N. H. John Page.
Pa. David R. Porter.
-43 * * R. I. Samuel W. King.
-41 * * Tenn. James K. Polk.
1840 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$5,250,875.
Jan. 23. B.C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Independent or Sub-
treasury Bill, requiring the National
funds to be kept at Washington, and in
sub-treasuries in certain cities, where
they will be subject to the order of the
Treasurer, instead of keeping them in
banks. Vote, 24-18.
Apr. 1. N. Y. The moderate Abolition-
ists found the Liberty Party, hold a
National Convention at Albany, and
nominate James G. Birney of N. Y.
for President, and Thomas Earle of Pa.
for Vice-President. [It is the first na-
tional anti-slavery convention. Birney
declines the nomination.]
May 5. Md. The Democratic Na-
tional Convention meets at Baltimore
and unanimously nominates Martin
Van Buren of N. Y. for President.
The Vice-President is left for the States
to nominate.
May * D. C. John M. Niles of Conn,
succeeds Amos Kendall of Ky. as Post-
master-General.
June 30. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Sub-treasury or Inde-
pendent Treasury Bill. Vote, 124-107.
July 4. D.C. The Independent Treas-
ury Bill, having passed both houses,
becomes a law.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1839 Mar. 4. U.S. The express busi-
ness is first organized by W. F. Harn-
den; he makes a trip from Boston to
New York as a public messenger.
Apr. 11. N. Y. Greenwood Cemetery
in Brooklyn is incorporated [lots are first
sold in October].
May 31. New York. The steamship
Great Western, from Bristol, arrives in
13 days and 8 hours, the quickest voy-
age ever made.
July 6. Me. A large portion of Eastport
is burned.
Sept. 6. New York. A great fire burns
46 buildings ; loss, $10,000,000.
Sept. 9. Ala. Mobile is wasted by a sec-
ond great fire.
Oct. 1. Mass. The Western road is
opened from Worcester to Springfield.
Oct. 10. Phila. The United States
Bank fails, after speculating in cotton.
[Many banks, chiefly in the South and
W est, also fail ; loss of the Government
on deposits, $2,000,000.]
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1839, 68,069.
* * Md. Green Mount Cemetery, near
Baltimore, is dedicated.
* * Mississippi repudiates $5,000,000
of its State bonds.
* * N. Y. The Syracuse and Utica,
and the Syracuse and Auburn roads
are opened.
1840 Jan. 13. The steamboat Lexing-
ton is burned in Long Island Sound ;
only four out of 145 persons escape.
Feb. 12. Conn. The Housatonic road
is completed from Bridgeport to New
Milford.
* * Cal. J. A. Sutter starts a settle-
ment (Sacramento).
June * U. S. Sixth Census : States, 26 ;
whites, 14,195,805 ; colored, 2,873,648 (free
colored 386,293, slaves 2,487,355); total
population, 17,069,453. Increase, 32.67
per cent. Center of population, 16 miles
south of Clarksburg, W. Va. ; westward
movement in 10 years, 55 miles.
July 1. ,1/! ms. The New Bedford and
Taunton road is completed.
152 1840, Sept. 17-1841, Oct. *.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1840 Dec. 3-24. Fla. Gen. W. R.
Armistead, the successor of Gen.
Scott, presses the war with the Indians.
Dec. * Fla. Col. Harney penetrates the
Everglades and captures 40 Indians.
1841 * * Maj.-Gen. "Winfleld Scott is
appointed (llth) commander of the
army.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1840 July* New York. John Baldwin
Buckstone makes his first appearance
in America, at the Park Theater.
* * Boston. First iron-front building
in America is erected on Washington
Street, the builder guaranteeing it.
* * D. C. The Society for the Promotion
of Science and the Useful Arts [National
Society of Arts and Sciences] is estab-
lished at Washington.
* * New York. The Trinity, Church is
erected.
A movement begins, out of which
develops the American Association
for the Advancement of Science.
Gold pens are first manufactured in
this country.
John William Draper at the New
York University is the first to succeed
in making daguerreotype portraits in
America ; London experts ascribe his
success to brilliancy of the climate.
Samuel F. B. Morse obtains his first
patent on the telegraph.
Fanny Elssler, the dancer, first ap-
pears in America, at the Park Theater ;
enthusiastic reception.
Daniel Huntington is elected a member
of the National Academy of Design.
t * * Phila. "William J. Florence (Ber-
nard Conlin) makes his first appearance,
at the National Theater.
* * The statues Ruth, Daniel, and others
are executed by Henry K. Brown.
* * The statue Orpheus is executed by
Thomas Crawford.
1841 Jan. 25. New York. A slight
earthquake shock is felt.
Mar. * The grain - drill, for sowing
grain, is patented.
Nov. * A meteoric display appears.
* * Cat. The coast is explored by the
United States expedition under Lieut.
Charles Wilkes.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1840* *
Abbott, Jo., M. C. for Tex., born in Ala.
Adair, John, gen., sen. for Ky., A83.
Alexander, Sydenham B., M. C. for N. C,
born in N. C.
Angus, Samuel, capt. TJ. S. N., dies.
Bache, Geo. M., officer U. S. N., born.
Bartlett, W. Francis, brev. maj.-gen., born
in Mass.
Bynum, William D., M. C. for Ind., b. Ind.
Chauncey, Isaac, com. U. 8. N., A68.
Colburn, Zerah, mathematical prodigy, A36.
Cooper, Thomas, natural philos., A81.
Cope, Edward Drinker, naturalist, b. Pa.
Drayton, Henry, journalist, born.
Finn, Henry J., comic actor, A55.
Flint, Timothy, cl., novelist, historian, A60.
Follen, Charles Theodore Christian, Unit.
cl., scholar, A45.
Foote, Josiah I., Pres. cl., educator, A44.
Oillet, Charles W., M. C. for N.Y., b.N.Y.
Greene, S. Dana, officer U. S. N., b. in Md.
Gifford, Robert Swain, artist, born in Mass.
Gray, George, sen. for Del., born in Del.
Griffin, Gilderoy W., journalist, born in Ky.
Griflth, Walter S., statesman, born.
Grundy. Felix, sen. for Tenn., atty.-gen.,
A63.
Hague, Arnold, geologist, born in Mass.
Harter, Michael D., M. C. for O., b. in O.
Heard, John T., M. C. for Mo., b. in Mo.
Henderson, David B., M. C. for la., born in
Scot.
Higgins, Anthony, sen. for Del., b. in Del.
Keene, Thomas W., actor, born in N.Y.
Kirkland, John Thornton, Pres. of Harvard,
A70.
Maclure, William, Scottish geol. in Am., A77.
Mahon, ThaddeusM.,M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Mellin, Prentiss, U. S. sen., A76.
Morris, George S., scholar, philos., b. in Vt.
Murray, William H. H., Cong, cl., b. in Conn.
Nast, Thomas, artist, born in Bavaria.
O'Ferrall, Charles T., M. C. for Va.,b. in Va.
Parrish, Joseph, phys., medical writer, A61.
Perkins, George D., M. C. for la., b. in N.Y.
Raymond, Rossiter W., mining engineer, b. O.
Redden, Laura C. (Howard Glyndon),
author, born.
Ridpath, John Clark, historian, b. in Ind.
Roach, William K., sen. born in D. C.
Ryan, William, M. C. for N. Y., b. in Ire.
Sankey, Ira David, evangelist singer, b. Pa.
Schuyler, Eugene, author, born in N.Y.
Shaler, Nathaniel S., geologist, born in Ky.
Stanley, Henry M. (John Rowlands), ex-
plorer of Africa, born in Wales.
Thompson, Alfred Wordsworth, artist, b. Md.
Vilas, William F., sen. for Wis., b. in Vt.
Wilson, George W., M. C. for 0., b. in O.
1841 * *
Aldrich, Nelson W.,sen. for R. I., b. in R. I.
Baker, Henry M., M. C, born in N. H.
Barbour, Philip P., lawyer, judge, A58.
Barron, Charles, actor, born in Mass.
Beltzhover, Frank E., M. C. for Pa., b. Pa.
Berry, James J., sen. for Ark., born in Ala.
Bingham, Henry H., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Brawley, William H., M. C. f or S. C, b. S. C.
Breckinridge, John, of Ky., theologian, A44.
Brown, Nicholas, endowed Brown Univer-
sity, A72.
Campbell, Timothy J., M. C. for N. Y., born
in Ire.
Causey, John W., M. C. for Del., b. in Del.
Clark, Willis Gaylord, journalist, A31.
Coffeen, Henry A., M. C. for Wyo., b. in O.
Cookman, George G., M. E. clergyman, A41.
Cummings, Amos J., M. C for N. Y., b. N. Y.
Emmons, Samuel F., geologist, b. in Mass.
Enneking, John J., artist, born in O.
Ewing, Finis, Cumber. Cong, cl., A68.
Forsyth, John, sen. for Ga., sec. of state,
A61.
Feissenhainer, Jacob A., M. C. for N. J.,
born in N. Y.
Gresham, Walter, M. C. for N. Mex., b. in Va.
Harris, William A., M. C. for Kan., b. in Va.
Harris, Samuel S., P. E. bp. of Mich.,b. Ala.
Harrison, "William H., maj.-gen. U. S. A.,
sen. for O., 9th Pres. of U. S., A68.
Hayes, Walter I., M. C. for la., b. in Mich.
HiUhouse, James A., poet, A52.
Honeychurch, Henry G., U. S. N., b. in W. I.
Hooper, Lucy, poet, A 25.
Hull, John A. T., M. C. for la., born in O.
Lacey, John F., M. C. for la., b. in W. Va.
Ladd, William, peace advocate, A63.
Leland, John, Bapt. clergyman, A87.
Macomb, Alexander, com. U. S. N., A57.
Mallory, Stephen A., M. C. for Fla., b. S. C.
Marshall, Humphrey, historian, dies.
Mellen, Grenville, poet, A 43.
Miller, Joaquin, poet, born in O.
Milner, Thomas A., founder of Yale Med.
Inst., A64.
Moore, Richard Cham, P. E. bp. of Va., A79.
Mordaunt, Frank, actor, born in Vt.
Morse, Elijah J., M. C. for Mass., born Ind.
Outhwaite, Joseph H., M. C. for O., b. in O.
Rauch, Fred A., theologian, A35.
Sargent, Charles Sprague, botanist, b. Mass.
Savage, Minot Judson, Unit, cl., born in Me.
Sayers, Joseph D., M. C. for Tex., b. in Miss.
Stone, William J., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky.
Waugh, Daniel, M. C. for Ind., born in Ind.
Wood, Horatio C, physician, author, b. Pa.
Wright, Ashley B., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass.
CHURCH.
1840 Sept. 17. Md. William Rollingson
Whittingham is consecrated (Protestant
Episcopal) bishop.
Oct. * Wis. The Congregational Con-
vention is organized.
Nov. 6. la. The General Congregational
Association is organized.
* * New York. The Consolidated
American Baptist Missionary Con-
vention is formed.
* *-44* * Extensive revivals prevail.
* * Phila. The General Assembly of the
Presbyterians meets ; Win. M. Englis is
moderator of the Old School branch,
and Wm. Wisner of the New School
branch.
* * Tex. The Texas Union Baptist Asso-
ciation is formed.
Nov.* N.Y. The General Synod of the
Reformed Church meets at Albany ;
James Murphy, president.
* * The Dominican Missions on the Pa-
cific Coast become reduced from 20,000
to 6,000 Indians.
1841 Feb. 28. Ga. Stephen Elliot is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Georgia.
May 13. New York. The American
Bible Society celebrates its 25th anni-
versary.
June 2. New York. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Albany ; James
Romeyn, president. [Meets again in
New York, in Sept.]
LETTERS.
1840 * * Boston. The Dial appears ;
Balph Waldo Emerson, editor.
* * New York. The Arcturus appears.
* * New York. Bunt's Merchants' Maga-
zine appears.
* * O. St. Xavier's College (Rom. Cath.)
is organized at Cincinnati.
* * Fa. Richmond College (Bapt.) is
founded.
The (Protestant) Methodist Recorder
is first issued.
* * The Baptist Weekly is issued.
* * Two Years Before the Mast, by Richard
H. Dana, Jr., appears.
* * Loiterings of Travel, by Willis, ap-
pears.
* * A Greek Reader, by Cornelius C. Felton,
appears.
* * Greyslaer, by C. F. Hoffman, appears.
* * The Pathfinder, by Cooper, appears.
* * The poems of G. P. Morris appear.
* * Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque,
by E. A. Poe, appears.
* * Axidubon's Birds of America is repro-
duced in seven volumes of smaller size
than the original work.
* * History of South Carolina, by W. G.
Simms, appears.
* * Conn. An enlarged edition of Web-
ster's Dictionary is issued.
1841 Mar. 2. N. Y. The Eagle, the first
daily paper in Brooklyn, is issued.
Apr. 10. New York. The Tribune is first
published, Horace Greeley, editor. [Sub-
scribers, 600 ; first week — expenses,
$525; receipts, $92.]
UNITED STATES. 1840, Sept. 17-1841, Oct.* 153
SOCIETY.
1840 * * President Van Buren establishes
the ten-hour system at the United
States Navy Yards.
1341 July* A\ r. The National
Temperance Convention meets at
Saratoga.
Sept. 4, 5. O. A riot against abolition-
ists and negroes occurs at Cincinnati.
Bands of armed men, chiefly Irishmen,
Eatrol the streets in search of negroes ;
ouses and churches belonging to col-
ored people are demolished.
Oct. * Va. Uprising of slaves.
The brig Creole sails from Richmond
for New Orleans with 195 slaves on
board ; [near the Bahamas, led by Madi-
son Washington, one of their number,
19 slaves take possession of the ship ; a
slave-seller is killed, and the captain,
first mate, and 10 of the crew wounded ;
sailing into Nassau, all the slaves are
free, being on English soil]. (See State.)
STATE.
1840* * U.S. Harrison's " Log-Cabin"
and " Hard-Cider " campaign begins.
* * D. C. Van Buren's Administration is
characterized as "successful but in-
glorious."
* * D. C. Congress ; House : Another
pro-slavery "gag-law" is passed as
the twenty-first rule of the House. (See
Dec. 11, 1838.)
* * U. S. The "Whigs are greatly in-
censed at the nomination of the aboli-
tionist, Birney.
July 20. D. C. Congress; Senate:
"William It. King of Ala. is reelected
President pro tempore.
July 21. D. C. The 26th Congress:
the first session closes.
* * U . S. The election contest is noted
for its intense excitement and fierce
controversies.
Flour is advertised at $6 a barrel if
Harrison is elected, and $3 if Van Buren
is elected ; the whole country is an
arena of political debate.
Nov. ? * U.S. Fourteenth presiden-
tial election: a political revolution;
the Democratic rule of 40 years is broken
by the election of "Whigs.
Popular vote : "William Henry Har-
rison (Whig) of O., 1,275,017 ; Martin
Van Buren (Dem.) of N. Y., 1,128,702 ;
James G. Birney (Liberty) of N. Y.,
7,059.
Dec. 7. D. C. The 26th Congress:
the second session opens.
* * D. C. Henry D. Gilpin of Pa. suc-
ceeds Felix Grundy as Attorney-General.
* * U.S. Governors inaugurated :
-44* * Ark. Archibald Yell.
-44 * * Del. Wm. B. Cooper.
-43 * * Ind. Samuel Bigger.
-44 * * Ky. Robert P. Letcher.
-41 * * Mass. Marcus Morton.
-41 * * Me. Edward Kent.
-41 * * Mich. Wm. Woodbridge.
-44 * * Mo. Thomas Reynolds.
-42 * * O. Thomas Corwin.
-42 * * S.C. John P. Richardson.
S. C. B. K. Hennegan.
-41 * * Tex. David G. Burnet (Pres.).
-41 * * Va. Thomas W. Gilmer.
1841 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$13,594,480.
Feb. 6. N. Y. Indictment of Alexander
McLeod of Canada, charged with
murder and arson in the destruction of
the Caroline.
Feb. 19. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : Harrison, 234 ;
Van Buren, GO. Vote for Vice-Presi-
dent: John Tyler (Whig) of Va., 234:
R. M. Johnson (Dem.) of Ky., 48 ; L. W.
Tazewell (Dem.) of Va., li ; James K.
Polk (Dem.) of Tenn., 1.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate:
"William R. King ot Ala. is reelected
President pro tempore.
The 26th Congress ends.
Ninth Administration ; Whig.
Mar. 4. D. C. "William Henry Har-
rison of O. is inaugurated the ninth
President, in the 14th term of the presi-
dency. John Tyler of Va. is Vice-
President.
Cabinet: Daniel Webster of Mass.
(State), Thomas Ewing of O. (Treas.),
John Bell of Tenn. (War), George E.
Badger of N. C. (Navy), Francis
Granger of N. Y. (P. M.-Gen.), J. J.
Crittenden of Ky. (Atty.-Gen.).
Apr. 4. D. C. President W. H. Har-
rison dies, after being in office one
month.
Tenth Administration ; Whig.
Apr. 4. D. C. The Vice-President,
John Tyler, becomes the tenth Pres-
ident by the decease of Mr. Harrison.
Apr. 6. D. C. President Tyler takes
the oath of office.
May 31. D. C. The 27th Congress
assembles in special session. [The Sub-
treasury Bill is repealed, and the general
bankrupt law is passed.]
Congress; Senate: Samuel L.
Southard of N. J. is elected President
pro tempore.
Congress ; House : John White of
Ky. is elected Speaker.
June * D. C. President Tyler has seri-
ous disagreements with the "Whig
leaders, both in his Cabinet and in
Congress, respecting the establishment
of a national bank.
July 27. B.C. Congress : The Senate
passes a bill for the establishment of a
Fiscal Bank of the United States.
July 28. D. C. Congress; The Bank
Bill passes the House. Vote, 128-97.
Aug. 16. D. C. President Tyler vetoes
the Bank Bill.
President Tyler vetoes the Senate
Bill providing for the establishment of
a Fiscal Bank, distributed over the
country with power to discount.
Aug. 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate
refuses to pass the Bank Bill over the
President's veto. Vote, 25-25.
Congress passes a Bankruptcy Bill.
Aug. 23. D. C. Congress; House: A
new Fiscal Bank Bill is passed.
Congress : The House passes another
Bank BUI. Vote, 125-94.
Sept. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the second Bank BilL Vote
27-22.
Sept. 6 ±. Congress; Senate : The House
Bill for a Fiscal Bank is passed.
Sept. 9. D.C. President Tyler vetoes
the bill for a Fiscal Corporation ; the
Whigs are indignant [and repudiate the
President in a manifesto].
Sept. 1 1 . AU of the Cabinet resign ex-
cept Daniel Webster (who remains for
special reasons), because of President
Tyler's Democratic policy respecting a
national bank ; he is charged with be-
traying the trust of his supporters at the
polls.
A new Cabinet is appointed : "Walter
Forward of Pa. (Treas.), John C.
Spencer of N. Y. (War), Abel P. Up-
shur of Va. (Navy), Charles A. "Wick-
liffe of Ky. (P. M.-Gen.), and Hugh S.
Legale" of S. C. (Atty.-Gen.).
Sept. 13. D. C. The 27th Congress :
the first session closes.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1840 Oct. 12. N. Y. The Acadia ar-
rives from Liverpool, making the pas-
sage in 12 days and 12 hours.
* * Chicago is supplied with water
by a private corporation, through pipea
made of logs.
* * D. C.-Pa. The Chesapeake and
Ohio Canal is completed from George-
town, D. C, to Cumberland, Pa., 191
miles, at a cost of $16,000,000.
* * -41 * * in. The Mormons lay out the
city of Nauvoo on the Mississippi, and
build a temple.
* * N. C. Completion of the Raleigh
and Gaston, the Wilmington and the
Roanoke roads.
The Cunard line of steamers is es-
tablished between New York and Liv-
erpool.
* * Pa. Scranton is founded.
* * The National revenue is nearly
$20,000,000; population, 17,000,000;
eleven-twelfths of the people live
outside of the larger cities and
towns ; 2,818 miles of railway have pen-
etrated the country.
* * Adams Express Company, operat-
ing between Boston and New York, via
Springfield, is founded.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1840, 84,066.
1841 Mar. 11. The steamer President,
running between New York and Liver-
pool, sails with many passengers on
board [two days later she encountered
a terrific storm, and her fate is un-
known].
July 18. Ore. The Peacock, a vessel of
the United States exploring expedition,
is wrecked at the mouth of the Columbia
River.
Aug. 9. The steamboat Erie, bound
from Buffalo to Chicago, takes fire,
and only 28 out of 200 persons are saved.
Aug. 20. y. Y. A destructive explo-
sion occurs at Syracuse, and 26 lives are
lost.
154 1841, Oct.11-1843, June 30. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1843 June 30. Ulysses S. Grant
graduates at West Point; he ranks
number 21 in a class of 39.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1841 * * Mass. Ellas Howe, a mechanic
of Cambridge, invents the first practical
sewing-machine.
* * The Voyage of Life is painted by
Thomas Cole.
* * Columbus before the Council of Sala-
manca is painted by Emanuel Leutze.
1842 Mar. 3. D. C. Congress appro-
priates $30,000 to aid Prof. Morse in es-
tablishing the first telegraph line —
between Washington and Baltimore.
July 14. Wyo. John Charles Fre-
mont, with Kit Carson and 28 Cana-
dians and Creoles accustomed to prairie
life, arrives at Fort Laramie, on an'ex-
pedition to explore the country between
Missouri and the Rocky Mountains.
July 23. Mass. The Bunker Hill
Monument is entirely completed (221
feet high).
Aug. * Wyo. Fremont's expedition lo-
cates the South Pass in the Rocky Moun-
tains [and returns].
Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth, lecturer,
born in l'a.
Donne, Maria Dalle, physician, A 66.
Draper, William F., M. C. for Mass., born
in Mass.
Eaton, Amos, naturalist, A66.
England, John, K. C. bp. of S. C, A56.
Epes, James F., M. C. for Va., born in Va.
Ernst, Oswald H., military engineer, b. in O.
Fielder, George B., M. C. for N. J., b. N. J.
Fiske. John, phil., historian, born in Conn.
Foord, John, editor, born in Scot.
Gibson, Charles H., sen. for Md., b. in Md.
Harris, Thaddeus Mason, Cong. cl. of Mass..
A74.
Hammond, Samuel, statesman of S. C, A 85.
Hopkinson, Joseph, jurist (Hail Columbia),
A 72.
Hutcheson, Jos. C, M. C. for Tex., born in Va.
James, Louis, actor, born in 111.
Kellogg:, Clara Louise, singer, b. in S. C.
Lanier, Sidney, poet, born in Ua.
Lincoln, Robert T., minister to Eng., b. in 111.
Kane, Edward, M. C. for O., born in O.
Marsh, James, theologian, scholar, A48.
McKeighan, William A., M. C. for Neb.,
born in N. J.
Meyer, Adolph, M. C. for La., born in Miss.
Mitchell, John L., sen. for Wis., born in Wis.
Miller, Charles Henry, artist, born in N. Y.
Paine, Elijah, sen. for Vt., scientist, A85.
Raflnesque, Constantine S., botanist, A 58.
Raguet, Condy, political economist, A85.
Simpson. Jeremiah, M. C. for Kan., b. in l'a.
Southard, Samuel L., sec. navy, A55.
Woodworth, Samuel, poet (Oaken Bucket).
A57.
CHURCH.
1841 Oct. 12. Del. Alfred Lee is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of Delaware.
Sept. 21. Neiv York. George Vander- Oct. 16. La. Leonidas Polk, Protestant
hoff, dramatic reader, makes his first
appearance.
Oct. 18. New York. A submarine tele-
graph is laid between Governor's Island
and New York City— the first in America.
* * D.C. The United States Naval Ob-
servatory is founded at Washington, by
an Act of Congress, as a depot for charts
and instruments for the Navy.
* * New York. The Philharmonic Soci-
ety gives its first concert.
* * O. The Cincinnati Observatory is
erected.
* * Pa. John A. Roebling manufactures
wire ropes for the Allegheny Portage
Railroad.
* * Sir Walter Raleigh's Farewell to His
Wife is painted by Emanuel LeUtze.
1843 Feb. 16. N. Y. A great landslide
occurs at Troy, by which 18 persons are
killed.
May 25. The 100th anniversary of
the American Philosophical Society,
founded by Franklin, is observed.
May 29. Mo. John C. Fremont starts
for Oregon and California on his second
exploring expedition.
June 17. Mass. Bunker TTill Monu-
ment is dedicated ; Daniel Webster,
surrounded by veterans of the War of
the Revolution and an immense multi-
tude, delivers the oration.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1842* *
Bankhead, John H., M. C. for Ala., b. Ala.
Barbour, James, sec. of war, sen. for Va..
A 67.
Black, James C. C, M. C. for Ky., born in Ky.
Bussey, Benjamin, merchant, philanthropist,
dies.
Channing, William Ellery, Unit, cl., A62.
Coues, Elliot, naturalist, born.
Covert, James W., M. C. for N. Y., b. N. Y.
Daniel, John W., sen. for Va., born in Va.
Episcopal missionary bishop, is trans-
lated to Louisiana.
Oct. * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed) meets ; James Romeyn,
president.
Nov. 30. [Archbishop] Peter R. Ken-
rick is consecrated (Roman Catholic)
bishop of Drasa.
* * Ark. Presbyterians send a missionary
to the Creeks of Arkansas.
* * Boston. The Boston Society for the
Moral and Religious Instruction of the
Poor changes its name to the City Mis-
sion Society.
* * Boston. The Boston Sunday-School
Union is dissolved, and its work trans-
ferred to the City Mission Society.
* *Ind. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Northern Indiana is organized.
* * Md. The Baptist Triennial Meet-
ing is held in Baltimore.
* * Md. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) meets at Baltimore.
* * New York The General Conven-
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.
* * New York. The Bible and Common
Prayer Book (Protestant Episcopal) So-
ciety is incorporated.
* * New York. The Baptist Tract and
Book Society is organized.
* * N. Y. The American Tract Society
introduces the system of colportage.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Robt. J. Breck-
inridge is moderator of the Old School
branch, and Ansel Doan Eddy of the
New School branch.
* * W. Va. The (O. S.) Presbyterian
Synod of Wheeling is organized.
* * Six hundred Baptist churches are
reported among the Indians.
* * The Free-Communion Baptist
churches unite with the Freewill
Baptists.
* * Two thousand Nez Perce Indians have
professed conversion.
1842 June 8. Boston. Meeting of the
General Convention of the New Jeru-
salem.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Reformed Church) meets; James B.
Hardenburg, president.
Oct. 11. Mich. The General Congrega-
tional Association is organized.
Oct. 13. Va. John Johns is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of Virginia.
Dec. 29. Mass. Manton Eastburn is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as-
sistant bishop of Massachusetts.
* * New York. The First German Meth-
odist Church is organized.
* * Phila. The General Assembly (O.
S. Presbyterian) meets ; John Todd
Edgar, moderator.
* * Pa. The General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) of Allegheny and
East Pennsylvania is organized.
* * R I. The Seventh - day Baptist
Missionary Society is founded.
* * The United Synod, South (Evan-
gelical Lutheran), of Southwest Virgin-
ia, is organized.
1843 Mar. * Dr. William Patton writes
an important letter advocating a closer
union of the denominations of Chris-
tendom, and outlining an organization.
M&y* U.S. Wesleyan Methodist
Convention secedes from the Meth-
odist Episcopal Church.
June 14. Phila. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
LETTERS.
1841 * * Ala. Howard CoUege (Bapt.>
is organized at Marion (Birmingham).
* * Mich. The University of Michigan
Library is founded at Ann Arbor.
[78,000 vols.]
* * Mo. University of Missouri (non-
sect.) is organized at Columbia.
* *N. Y. St. John's College (Rom.
Cath.) is founded at Fordham.
* * N. Y. The Northern Christian Advo-
cate (Meth. Epis.) is issued at Syracuse.
* * W. Va. Bethany College (Christian)
is organized.
* * The Lowell Offering appears.
* * Graham's Magazine replaces Atkin-
son's Casket, and is the foremost Ameri-
can magazine.
* * Ballads and, Other Poems, by Long-
fellow, appears.
* * The Deerslayer, by Cooper, appears.
* * Essays, by Emerson, appears.
* * Pocahontas, by Mrs. Sigourney, ap-
pears.
* * A Classical Dictionary, by Charles
Anthon, appears.
* * Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount
Sinai, and Arabia I'etrssa, by Edward
Robinson, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1841, Oct. 11-1843, June 30. 155
1842 Sept.* O. Cincinnati Wes-
leyan College (Meth. Epis.) is founded
in Cincinnati.
* * Ind. University of Notre Dame
(Bom. Cath.) is organized.
* * La. College of the Immaculate
Conception (Rom. Cath.) is organized
at New Orleans.
* * Mich. Baptists start The Michigan
Christian Herald.
* * O. Rutherford B. Hayes graduates at
Kenyon College.
* * O. Wesleyan University (Meth.
Epis.) is organized at Delaware.
* * S. C. The Southern Quarterly Review
appears at Charleston.
* * Tenn. Cumberland University
(Cumberland Pres.) is organized at Leb-
anon.
* * The Masque of the Gods, by Bayard
Taylor, appears.
* * Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands,
by Mrs. Sigourney, appears.
* * Wing and Wing, by Cooper, appears.
* * An edition of The Gorgias of Plato, by
Theodore D. Woolsey, appears.
* * Conjectures and Researches concern-
ing the Love, Madness, and Imprisonment
of Torquato Tasso, by Richard Henry
Wilde, appears.
* * Hints on the Prophecies, by Moses
Stuart, appears.
SOCIETY.
1841 * * D.C. The U. S. Supreme Court
renders a decision in the Prigg case, re-
lating to kidnaping negroes in free
States, declaring that the law of sla-
very is supreme in the free as well as
in the slave States.
* * U. S. John H. W. Hawkins (Wash-
ingtonian) reports 100,000 signers of
the temperance pledge.
1842 Feb. 22. III. Abraham Lincoln
addresses the Washingtonian Temper-
ance Society at Springfield, favoring
total abstinence and a temperance rev-
olution.
Aug. 1. Phila. Colored people are
assaulted by a proslavery mob.
While celebrating the emancipation of
slaves in the West Indies, the colored
people are attacked by a mob ; a church
is burned, houses demolished, and blood
shed.
Aug. 2. The "Independent Order of
Rechabites " organize for the promo-
tion of temperance.
Sept. 29. N. Y. The Sons of Temper-
ance organize.
Oct. * Mass. John B. Gough, 25 years
of age, signs the pledge and reforms his
habits.
Nov. * III. Abraham Lincoln marries
Mary Todd of Lexington, Ky.
* * D. C. The Congressional Temper-
ance Society is reorganized on the
basis of abstinence from all intoxicat-
ing drinks.
* * U. S. By treaty with Great Britain
the United States agrees to assist in sup-
pressing the African slave-trade, by
keeping a force of 1,080 guns patrolling
the coast.
* * U. S. Charles Dickens makes his
first visit.
* * The navy ration is a gill of spirits, but
persons under 21 are not permitted to
draw it ; half a pint of wine may be
given instead. Butter, cheese, raisins,
dried fruit, pickles, or molasses may be
substituted ; sailors may take the value
of the ration in money.
* * In many States antislavery meet-
ings are broken up, buildings dam-
aged, and its advocates assaulted.
1843 Mar. 20. New York. Charles G.
Corliss is shot dead on the street by a
woman, who escapes.
STATE.
1841 Dec. 6. D.C. The 27th Congress:
the second session opens.
Dec. * Dispute with England respecting
the slaver Creole.
[The American vessel Creole was con-
veying a cargo of slaves to New Orleans.
The slaves killed the owner, and com-
pelled the seamen to sail to Nassau,
where the governor recognized their
freedom against the protests of the
American consul.]
* * _44 * * tfew York. Robert H. Morris
is elected the 63d mayor.
* * D. C. Peter V. Daniel of Va. is ap-
pointed a Justice of U. S. Supreme Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-45 * * Ala. Benj. Fitzpatrick.
-44* * Fla. (Ter.). Richard K. Call.
-46* * la. (Ter.). John Chambers.
-45 * * La. Alex. Mouton.
-43 * * Mass. John Davis.
-43 * * Me. John Fairfield.
-42 * * Mich. J. Wright Gordon.
-43 * * Miss. Tilghman M. Tucker.
-45 * * N. C. John M. Morehead.
-44 * * Tex. Sam Houston (Pres.).
-45 * * Tenn. James C. Jones.
-42 * * Va. John Rutherford.
-43 * * Ft. Charles Paine.
-44 * * Wis. (Ter.). James D. Doty.
1842 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$26,601,226.
Mar. 21. I). C. Congress; House:
Joshua R. Giddings of O. presents reso-
lutions adverse to slavery. [He is cen-
sured. Vote, 125-69.]
Mar. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Henry Clay of Ky. resigns.
May 3, 4. R. I. Two rival govern-
ments are organized: The Suffrage
party, led by Thomas W. Dorr, and the
Law and Order party, led by Samuel
W. King.
May 31. D.C. Congress; Senate:
W. P. Mangum of N. C. is elected
President pro tempore.
June 25. R.I. Dorr's Rebellion:
Dorr joins others of his party under
arms, but they disperse without resist-
ance when troops are sent against them.
July 16. D. C. Congress : The House
passes a bill restoring a modified pro-
tective tariff to increase the revenue ;
duties average 33 per cent.
Aug. 5. D. C. Congress: the Senate
passes the Tariff Bill.
Aug. 9. D. C. Lord Ashburton and
Daniel Webster sign the Washington
Treaty.
It establishes the northeastern boun-
daries, and those extending westward
beyond the great lakes; provides for the
suppression of the African slave-trade,
and makes provision for the extradition
of criminals.
The President vetoes the Tariff Bill.
Aug. 18. D.C. Congress: The House
passes a Tariff Bill which omits the
offending distribution clause.
Aug. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate
ratifies the Webster-Ashburton Treaty.
Vote, 39 to 9.
Aug. 28. 1). C. Congress changes the
beginning of the fiscal year from Jan.
1 to July 1, to take effect in 1843.
Aug. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate
adopts the Tariff Bill.
The President signs the Tariff Bill.
Aug. 31. D.C. The 27th Congress:
the second session closes.
Dec. 5. D.C. The 27th Congress : the
third session opens.
* * U. S. Congress passes the Copy-
right Bill.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-45 * * Cal. Manual Micheltorena.
-44 * * Conn. C. F. Cleveland.
-46 * * ///. Thomas Ford.
-44 * * N. H. Henry Hubbard.
-44 * * N, Y. Wm. C. Bouck.
-44 * * O. Wilson Shannon.
-44 * * S. C. James H. Hammond.
-43 * * Va. John M. Gregory.
1843 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt
$20,601,226.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress repeals the
Bankruptcy Act of 1841.
The 27th Congress ends.
May * D. C. Daniel Webster resigns,
and Hugh S. Legare) of S. C. succeeds
him as (acting) Secretary of State.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1841 Oct. 11. Phila. The United
States Bank fails.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1841, 80,289.
* * N. Y. The Western Railroad is
completed to Greenbush.
1842 Apr. 15. Md. The steamer Me-
dora explodes her boiler at Baltimore,
killing 27 persons and injuring 40 others.
Sept. 1. N. H. The Concord and
Nashua road is opened.
Oct. 14. New York. The Croton aque-
duct (40 miles long), supplying this city
with water, being completed, the event
is celebrated. (Cost about $12,500,000.)
* * N. Y. The railroad from Rochester
to Buffalo is opened, thus completing a
line from Boston to Lake Erie.
** New York. The Guion line of steam-
ers is established between New York and
Liverpool.
* * Pennsylvania and Maryland de-
fault in the payment of interest due on
their State debts.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1842, 104,565.
156 1843, June*- 1844, Dec. 2.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1844 Feb. 28. The great gun
" Peacemaker " explodes ou board
the war -steamer Princeton. Abel P.
Upshur, Secretary of State, and Thomas
W. Gilmer, Secretary of the Navy, are
both among the killed.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE
1843 July 11. Fremont's expedition
sights Pike's Peak.
Aug. 13. Fremont's expedition cross-
es the Rockies at South Pass.
Sept. * Utah. Fremont's expedition
visits Great Salt Lake.
Oct. 25. Ore. Fremont's expedition
reaches the Columbia River.
Nov. 25. New York. Ole Bull makes
his first appearance in America.
* * Albert Gallatin is painted by W. H.
Powell.
* * The Boy Stealing Milk is painted by
F. W. Edmonds.
* * The colossal statue of Washington,
executed by Horatio Greenough, is com-
pleted.
1844 Feb. 3.+ Continued cold weather.
Long Island Sound is frozen over a few
miles from New York, and a canal is cut
through the ice in Boston harbor for a
British steamer to reach the sea.
May 27. Morse's telegraph line between
Baltimore and Washington is brought
into practical use.
May 29. Md. Morse telegraphs the
Democratic nomination from Baltimore
to Washington.
June * A surpassing rise of the Missis-
sippi River causes an immense loss of
property.
July 31. Kan. The Fremont expedi-
tion returns by a southerly route.
Oct. 18. JV. Y. Destructive gale at Buf-
falo ; shipping suffers, and more than 50
lives are lost.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1843* *
Aldrich, Louis, actor, born in mid-ocean.
Allston, Washington, painter, poet, A64.
Armstrong. John, sec. of war ; gen., A85.
Brosius, Marriot, M. C. for Pa., born in Pa.
Campbell, Bartley, dramatist, born in Pa.
Champney, James Wells, genre painter, born
in Mass.
Chickering, Charles A., M. C. for N. Y., b.
in N. Y.
Chipman, Nathaniel, sen. for Vt., A91.
Church, John Adams, mining engineer, born
in N.Y.
Clarke, Richard H., M. C. for Ala., b. in Ala.
Crowmn8hield, com. IT. 8. N., born in N.Y.
Crowder, Thomas, geologist, born.
Farrer, Henry, painter, born in Eng.
Griffls, William Elliot, Ref. cl., born in Pa.
Griswold, Alex. V., P. E. bp. of N. E., A77.
Guess, George, Inventor of Cherokee alpha-
bet, A73.
Hall, Frederick, prof, of chemistry, A63.
Hammond, Thomas, M. C. for Ind., born in
Mass.
Hare, Darius D., M. C. for 0., born in 0.
Harlan, Richard, naturalist, author, A47.
Hermann, Binger, M. C. for Ore., b. in Md.
Hill. David B.. sen. for N.Y., b. in N.Y.
James, Henry, Jr., novelist, born in N.Y.
Key, Francis Scott, poet (Star Spangled
Banner), A63.
Leigh, Benjamin, sen. for Va., A62.
Mackaye, Steele, actor, born in N.Y.
Morgan, Charles H., M. C. for Mo., b. in N.Y.
Page, Charles H., M. C. for R. I., b. in R. I.
Payne, Sereno E., M. C. for N.Y., b. in N.Y.
Porter, David, com. U. S. N., of Mass., AH3.
Preston, James P., statesman, AKN.
Kichanlson, James D., M. C. for Tenn., born
in Tenn.
Riley, Charles V., entomologist, b. in Eng.
Roberts, Robert R., M. E. bp. for Liberia,
A67.
Stone, Charles W., M. C. for Pa., bom in
Talbott, J. F. C, M. C. for Md., b. in Md.
Thomas, Henry F., M. C. for Mich., born in
Mich.
Trowbridge, John, physicist at Harvard,
born in Mass.
Trumbull, John, painter, of Conn., A87.
Ware, Henry, Jr., Unit, theologian, author,
A 49.
Webster, Noah, author, lexicographer, of
Conn., A85.
Wilson, Wuliam L., M. C. for W. Va.,
born in Va.
1844 * *
Biddle, Nicholas, financier, pres. U. S. Bank,
A 58.
Biglow, William, teacher, poet, A71.
Bunn, Benjamin H., M. C. for S. C, born
in S. C.
Bolles, Lucius, Bapt. clergyman, A 65.
Burdett, Robert Jones, humorist, born
in Pa.
Burgess, John W., Prof. Col. coll., b. in Tenn.
Cable, George W., novelist, born in La.
Cadmus, Cornelius A., M. C. for N. J., b. in
N.J.
Caruth, Asher G., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky.
Comstock, Anthony, reformer, born.
Conn, Charles G.,M. ('. for Ind., b. in N.Y.
De Armonrl, David A., M. C. for Mo., born
in Pa.
De Long, George Wash., explorer, born in
N.Y.
Duponceau, Peter S., lawyer, A84.
Ezekiel, Moses Jacob, sculptor, b. in Va.
Farlow, William G., botanist, born in Mass.
Fulton, Wm. S., sen. for Ark., A49.
Gaston, William, M. C. for N. C, jurist, A66.
Gilder, Richard Watson, ed. of Century,
born in N. J.
Greely, Adolphus Wash., Lieut. U. S. N.,
explorer, born in Mass.
Hicks, Josiah I)., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Hudson, Thomas J., M. C. for Kan., born in
Ind.
Kerr, John L., senator, A64.
Lockwood, Daniel N., M. C. for N.Y., born
in N. C.
Lynch, Thomas, M. C. for Wis., b. in Wis.
Marshall, James W., M. C. for Va., born
in Va.
McDearmon, James C, M. C. for Tenn.,
born in Va.
Moore, Gabriel, Gov. of Ala., dies.
Morris, Thos., sen. for Va., A68.
Parker, Arthur A., statesman, A54.
Pickler, John A., M. C. for S. D., b. in Ind.
Pintard, John, journalist, A85.
Porter, Alexander, sen. for La., A 58.
Porter, Peter Buel, gen., sec. of war, A71.
Poulson, Zachariah, editor, A83.
Ray, George W., M. C. for N.C., b. in N.C.
Sanderson, John, litterateur, A59.
Sipe, William A., M. C. for Pa., born in Pa.
Smith, Joseph, founder of Monnonism,A39.
Stone, William L., historian, A52.
Thacher, James, physician, author, A90.
Thompson, Maurice, poet, born in Ind.
Wadsworth, James, philanthropist, A76.
Warren, Francis E., sen. for Wyo., b. in Mass.
Wells, Owen A., M. C. for Wis., b. in N. C.
Woomer, Ephraim, M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
CHURCH.
1843 June * N. Y. The General Synod
(Reformed Church) meets at Albany ;
Wm. C. Brownlee, president.
Aug. 11. R. I. John Prentiss K. Hen-
shaw is consecrated (Protestant Episco-
pal) bishop of Rhode Island.
Oct. * The second coming of Christ,
and the end of the world, are pre-
dicted by the Millerites for this date.
* * Ark. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Little Rock is established.
* * Ind. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Northern India is organized.
* * III. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of
Peoria is organized.
* * III. The Congregational Conference
of Illinois is organized.
* * Md. The General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) meets at Baltimore.
* * Mich. The Universalist State Con-
vention is organized.
* * Mo. Peter R. Kenrick is appointed
(Roman Catholic) bishop of St. Louis.
* * Pa. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Pittsburg is established.
* * Pa. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Western Pennsylvania is organized.
* * Phila. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets ; Gardiner Spring,
moderator.
The General Assembly (N. S. Presby-
terian) meets ; Ansel Doan Eddy, mod-
erator.
* * N. Y. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Buffalo is organized.
* * The Seventh-day Baptist Tract Soci-
ety is formed.
* * The Foreign Mission Committee of
the Reformed Presbyterian (Cove-
nanter) Church is organized.
1844 May 1-June 10. New York. The
14th General Conference (Methodist
Episcopal) is held. The slavery discus-
sion is prolonged, and intense feeling
prevails.
The Florida, Iowa, North Indiana, and
Vermont Conferences are formed.
A declaration is passed favoring the
suspension of Bishop J. O. Andrew,
until he shall manumit the slaves that
he received by marriage. Vote, 110-68.
June* The Methodist Episcopal Church
is divided oh the slavery question, and
the Southern Methodists secede. [They
organize the Methodist Episcopal
Church South.] (See Church, 1845,
May 1.)
June 7. New York. Leonidas L. Ham-
line and Fidmond S. Janes are ordained
bishops (Methodist Episcopal).
June 12. New York. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
June 21. III. The General Congrega-
tional Association of Illinois is orga-
nized.
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Poughkeepsie ; Jacob
Van Vechten, president.
June * III. Joseph Smith, the head of
the Mormon Church, and Hyrum, his
brother, when in prison, charged with
treason, are shot by an anti-Mormon
mob.
Oct. 20. Carleton Chase is consecrated
(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of N. H.;
Nicholas H. Cobbs, of Ala.; Cicero S.
Hawkes, of Mo.
Oct. 21. Pa. H. U. Onderdonk, Bishop
of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, is sus-
pended from the ministry for intem-
perance.
Oct. 26. William Jones Boone is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary
bishop for China; Geo. Washington
Freeman, for Arkansas; Horatio South-
gate, for Turkey.
LETTERS.
1843 * * Conn. The New Englander, a
quarterly, appears at New Haven.
UNITED STATES. 1843, June *-1844, Dec. 2. 157
* * Ga. Southern (Female) College is
founded at La Grange.
* * Iowa Wesleyan University (Meth.
Epis.) is organized at Mount Pleasant.
* * Mass. College of the Holy Cross
(Rom. Cath.), at Worcester, is organized.
* * Md. New "Windsor College (Pres.)
is organized.
* * Conquest of Mexico, by Prescott, ap-
pears.
* * The Congregational College Society is
formed.
* * The Dreams of a Day, and Other Poems,
by J. G. Percival, appears.
* * The Spanish Student, by Longfellow,
appears.
* * The Universalist Quarterly appears.
* * Wyandotte, by Cooper, appears.
SOCIETY.
1843 * * Oregon passes a prohibitory
law.
* * John B. Gough decides to devote his
life to saving drunkards ; he lectures
for 75 cents a night.
* *The Independent Order of B'nai
B'rith is founded.
1844 Jan. 25. D. C. A disgraceful
encounter occurs on the floor of the
House of Representatives between mem-
bers Weller and Shriver.
May 6-8. Phila. Fourteen persons are
killed and 40 wounded, and 30 houses
and churches burned, in a race riot
between "native Americans" and
natives of Ireland.
* * M. Mormons destroy an anti-
Mormon press at Nauvoo, and the edi-
tors flee for their lives.
The Mormons resist arrest, and the
militia is ordered out. Joseph Smith
and other leaders surrender to the Gov-
ernor on his promise of protection.
June 27. III. A mob kills Joseph Smith
and his brother Hyrum, in the jail at
Carthage, where they were held for
treason.
June* III. Brigham Young becomes
president of the Mormons.
July 7. Phila. The race-riot is re-
newed ; 5,000 troops are called out, and
40 or 50 persons are killed.
Aug. 21. JV. Y. Outrages by " Anti-
Renters" of Rensselaer county com-
mence, in resisting land-rent to the heirs
and assignees of the Dutch patroons.
Dec* N. Y. More "Anti-Renters'"
outrages occur in Rensselaer county.
* * Boston. The first effort is made for
cooperation in the labor movement.
* * New York. The Polka dance is in-
troduced, and attracts great crowds by
its novelty.
STATE.
1843 July 1. U. S. National debt
§32,742,922.
Aug. 30. N.Y. The National liberty
Convention at Buffalo nominates, as
presidential candidates, James G. Birney
of Mich, and Thomas Morris of Ohio.
Nov.* Tenn. Andrew Johnson is
elected to Congress.
Dec. 4. D. C. The 28th Congress
opens.
* * D. C. Congress; Senate: W. P.
Mangum of N. C. is reelected President
pro tempore. House : John W. Jones
of Va. is elected Speaker.
Dec. * D. C. President Tyler presses
Great Britain to a settlement of the
boundary line in the Northwest, and
announces American claims.
* * Miss. Jefferson Davis begins his
political career as delegate to the Demo-
cratic State Convention held at Jackson.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-48 * * Ind. James Whitcomb.
-44 * * Mass. Marcus Morton.
-44 * * Me. Edward Kavanagh.
-45 * * Mich. John S. Barry.
-48 * * Miss. Albert G. Brown.
-44 * * iV. «/. Daniel Haines.
-45 * * Ji. I. James Fenner.
-46 * * Va. James M'Dowell.
-44 * * Vt. John Mattocks.
1844 Jan. 8. D. C. Congress refunds
the fine imposed on Gen. Jackson at
New Orleans in 1814.
Mar. * D. C. John C. Calhoun is ap-
pointed Secretary of State, and John
Y. Mason Secretary of the Navy.
Apr. 12. D. C. Congress: The Govern-
ment enters a treaty to annex Texas [but
the Senate Tejects it].
The Democrats favor, the Whigs op-
pose, in view of the war involved. [The
issue enters the following National elec-
tion, the pro-slavery party favoring and
the anti-slavery party opposing.]
May 1 . Md. The Whig National Con-
vention, in session at Baltimore, nomi-
nates Henry Clay of Ky. and Theo-
dore Prelinghuysen of N. J.
May 27-29. Md. The Democratic Na-
tional Convention, in session at Balti-
more, nominates James K. Polk of
Tenn. and Geo. M. Dallas of Pa.
May * Md. The first division in the
Democratic party occurs at the Na-
tional Convention ; the South, in the
interest of slavery, enforces the two-
thirds (majority) rule.
The Democratic National Convention
adopts an aggressive program for the
annexation of Texas and reoccu-
pation of Oregon, which has popular
favor.
May 27, 28. Md. The partisans of
Tyler hold a convention in Baltimore,
and nominate him for the presidency!
June 8. D. C. Congress. The Senate
rejects the treaty made with the commis-
sioners of Texas.
June 17. D. C. The 28th Congress :
the first session closes.
June * R. I. Thomas "W. Dorr is tried
for treason, and sentenced to imprison-
ment for life.
Julyl. U.S. National debt $23,461,652.
July 3. D. C. A treaty is made with
China, permitting trade and residence
In certain ports.
Aug 16 f. Henry Clay writes his Ala-
bama letter.
He fatally modifies his position on the
annexation of Texas, and loses Northern
support; it is characterized as Clay's
death-warrant. " Far from having any
personal objection to the annexation of
Texas, I should be glad to see it without
dishonor, without war, and with the
common consent of the Union."
Aug. * D. C. President Tyler an-
nounces his withdrawal as a presi-
dential candidate.
Aug. 30. Convention of the Liberty
party, which renominates James G.
Birney of Mich, for the presidency, and
is encouraged by the alienated friends
of Clay.
Summer— Autumn. " No contest for the
presidency, either before or since, has
been conducted with such intense energy
and deep feeling." (J. G. Blaine.)
Sept.— Oct. Candidate Clay writes three
explanatory letters, to correct the
effect of the July letter.
* * U.S. "Fifty-four, forty, or fight,"
becomes a Democratic watchword (54*
40' northwest boundary line).
Both- parties in the North have each
an anti-slavery wing and a pro-slavery
wing.
Nov. * U. S. Fifteenth Presidential
election; Democrats elected.
Popular Vote : James K. Polk (Dem.)
of Tenn., 1,337,243 ; Henry Clay (Whig)
of Ky., 1,299,068; James G. Birney
(Liberty) of Mich., 62,300.
The Abolition vote in New York,
being chiefly a defection from Henry
Clay, causes his defeat for the presi-
dency.
Nov. * Miss. The name of Jefferson
Davis appears on the Polk and Dallas
electoral ticket.
Dec. 2. D. C. The 28th Congress : the
second session opens.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1843 June* Mo. About 1,000 emi-
grants leave Westport on the Missouri
frontier on a journey of 2,000 miles
to Oregon.
Aug. 27. The United States steam fri-
gate Missouri is destroyed by fire at
Gibraltar.
Oct. * Ore. The great emigrant train
from Missouri arrives [many others fol-
low.] (See 1843, June *.)
* * Ga. The Georgia road, connecting
Augusta and Atlanta, 191 miles long, is
completed.
* * Mass. The Boston and Maine road
is opened.
* * O. The Miami Canal, 215 miles long,
connecting the Ohio with Lake Erie, is
completed.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens received in nine months, 52,496.
1844 Jan. 2. The steamboat Shepherd-
ess strikes a snag, about midnight, in
the Mississippi near St. Louis; more
than 40 persons perish.
Mar. 1. Two steamboats collide on the
Mississippi ; 80 lives lost.
Oct. 25. The steamboat Lucy Walker,
on the Ohio, bursts her boilers, killing
about 50 persons.
158 1844, Dec. 3-1845
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1844 * * La. Lieut. U. S. Grant, 22 years
old, is stationed in Louisiana.
1845 Nov. * Tex. Gen. Taylor, with
an army of 4,000 men, encamps at the
mouth of the Neuces River to watch
the Mexicans.
* * Md. Secretary of the Navy, George
Bancroft, establishes a naval school at
Annapolis under an Act of Congress.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1844 * * Nevi York. The first hydro-
pathic establishment in the United
States is opened at 63 Barclay Street.
* * The Rattler is launched — the first
propeller built in the United States.
* * Columbus at the Gate of La Rabida Mon-
astery is painted by Emanuel Leutze.
± * * New York. The equestrian statue of
Washington [now] in Union Square is
executed by Henry K. Brown.
1845 June 13. New York. Mrs. Anna
Cora Mowatt first appears.
* * Pa. Petroleum is obtained while
boring for salt near Tarentum, above
Pittsburg.
* * The American Association for the
Advancement of Science is formed.
* * Machinery is invented for making 20
yards of Brussels carpet per day, and
matching figures.
* * Mr. King patents an incandescent
electric light.
* * John Knox and Mary Stuart is painted
by Emanuel Leutze.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1845 * *
Arnold, Marshall, M. C. for Mo., b. in Mo.
Allen, John B., sen. for Wash., born.
Beasley, Frederick, P. E. cl. of Conn., A68.
Bratton, Robert F., M. C. for Md., b. in Md.
Brice, Calvin S., sen. for O., born in O.
Brooks, Maria Gowen, poet, A50.
Carey, Joseph M., sen. for Wyo., born in Del.
Carleton, Will, poet, born in Mich.
Childs, Robert A., M. C. for 111., b.in N. C.
Cody,William F. (Buffalo Bill), actor, b. la.
Coffin, George W., officer U. S. N., born.
Crisp. Charles F., M. C. for Ga., speaker,
born in Eng.
Crane, William H., actor, born in Mass.
Crawford, F. Marion, novelist, born in Italy.
Dalzell, John, M. C. for Pa., born in N. Y.
DeForest, R. E., M. C. for Conn., b. in Conn.
Dockery, Alexander M., M. C. for Mo., b. Mo.
Elliott, Jesse Duncan, com. U. S. N., A 63.
Ellis, William T., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky.
Gardner, John J., M. C. for N. J., b. N. J.
Germon, Effle, actor, born in Ga.
Gummere, John, mathematician, A61.
Jackson. Andrew, gen., sen. for Tenn.,7th
President of U. S., A78.
McDowell, Alex., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
McKaig, William M., M. C. for Md., b. Md.
McMillin, Benton, M. C. for Tenn., b. Ky.
Paschal, Thomas M., M. C. for Tex., b. La.
Pendleton, Geo. C, M. C. for Tex., b. Tenn.
Perry, Thomas Sergeant, author, b. in R. I.
Reilly, James B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Reyburn, John E., M. C. for Pa., b. in O.
Richards, James A. D., M. C. for O., b. Mass.
Robbins, Ashur, sen. for Conn., A88.
Russell, Renjamin E., M. C. for Ga., b. Fla.
Sewall, Thomas, writer and lecturer, A 59.
Story, Joseph, jurist 34 yrs. Supreme Court,
A66.
Talbert, W. J., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C.
Tarsney, John C, M. C. for Mo., b. Mich.
Thome, Edwin F., actor, born in N. Y.
White, Edward D., sen. for La., justice Su-
preme Court, born in La.
CHURCH.
1844 * * Chicago. The Roman Catholic
See of Chicago is erected.
* * Conn. The Roman Catholic Diocese
of Hartford is erected.
* * III. The Mormon Temple at Nau-
voo is finished ; Brigham Young becomes
leader of the Mormons on the death of
Joseph Smith.
* * Ky. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Louisville ;
George Junkin, moderator. It organizes
,a Church Erection Fund.
* * New York. The Five Points Mission
is organized by Methodist women.
* * New York. A Wesleyan Methodist
Church is organized.
* * O. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) of Miami is organized.
* * Ore. The First Baptist church in
Oregon is organized at Union.
* * Phila. The General Convention (Pro-
testant Episcopal) meets.
After an excited discussion, the Con-
vention votes an expression of confi-
dence in the Liturgy, officers, and
Articles and Canons of the Church as
sufficient exponents of the sense of Holy
Scripture, and affording ample means
of discipline and correction.
* * Pa. The West Pennsylvania Elder-
ship (Church of God) is organized.
* * Phila. The Baptist Triennial
Meeting is held.
* * Wis. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Milwaukee is established.
* * Wm. Paul Quinn is elected bishop
of the African Methodist Episcopal
Church.
* * The Methodist Indian Mission Confer-
ence is organized.
The Church being divided on the sla-
very question, the Indian Conference
remains with the Church South.
1845 Jan. 3. N. Y. B. T. Onderdonk,
bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of New York, is suspended from
the ministry on the charge of immorality
and impurity.
Feb. 23. Pa. Alonzo Potter is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of
Pennsylvania.
May 1. Ky. The Methodist Episco-
pal Church South is organized as a
distinct body by a convention at Louis-
ville.
May 25. New York. The Swedish Mis-
sion, by O. G. Hedtrom of the Method-
ist Episcopal Church, is begun in the
Bethel ship John Wesley.
May * Ga. A convention of Southern
Baptists is held at Augusta, on the invi-
tation of the foreign missionary society
of Virginia.
The secession from the Northern Bap-
tists is caused by the slavery agitation ;
377 delegates are present.
May * R. I. The Triennial Conven-
tion (Baptist) is held at Providence ; an
amicable division of Baptist interest is
provided for with the Southern Baptists.
June 11. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June * N. J. The General Synod (Re-
formed Church) meets at New Bruns-
wick ; M. D. Dwight, president.
Sept. 7. Mo. St. Louis has the first He-
brew synagogue built in the Missis-
sippi Valley.
* * Ga. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Georgia is organized.
* * N.J. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is organized.
* * Mo. St. Louis Conference, Method-
ist Episcopal Church South, is formed
by division.
* * N. Y. The Joint Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) of Buffalo is organized.
* * O. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ; John
M. Krebs, moderator.
LETTERS.
1844 * * Boston. Littell's Living Age
appears.
* * ± The revised edition of "Webster's
Dictionary becomes a standard.
* * Mo. St. Vincent's College (Rom.
Cath.), at Cape Girardeau, is organized.
* * Mass. The City Library is founded
at Lowell. [30,100 vols.]
* *Md. The Maryland Historical Library
is founded at Baltimore. [20,000 vols.]
* * New York. The American Review is
published by G. H. Colton.
The Churchman is founded.
The Eclectic Magazine appears.
The Ledger is founded by Robert
Bonner.
* * Ore. "Willamette University (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Salem.
* * The Columbian Magazine appears.
* * Afloat and Ashore, by Cooper, appears.
* * Essays, by Emerson, appears.
* * Lectures to Young Men, by Henry
Ward Beecher, appears.
* * Legend of Brittany, Prometheus, and
other poems, by Lowell, appear.
* * Peter Ploddy, by Joseph Neal, appears.
* * Woman in the 19th Century, by Mar-
garet Fuller Ossoli, appears.
* * Crania Egyptiaca, by Samuel G. Mor-
ton, appears.
* * Second series of The Library of Ameri-
can Biography , edited by Jared Sparks,
appears.
* * The Universalist Quarterly Review ap-
pears.
* * Theory of Morals, by Hildreth, ap-
pears.
1845 * * Boston. The New England His-
torical Genealogical Society Library is
founded. [29,000 vols.]
* * Md. U. S. Naval Academy is orga-
nized at Annapolis.
* * New York. The New- Yorker Zeitung
is founded.
* * 0. Wittenberg College (Evan.
Luth.) is organized in Springfield.
* * The American Review [American
Whig Review] is issued.
* * The Chain-Bearer, by Cooper, ap-
pears.
* * Dashes at Life with a Free Pencil, by
Willis, appears.
* * Fashion, by Mrs. Mowatt, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1844, Dec. 3-1845 * * 159
* * Margaret : A Tale of the Real and the
Ideal, by Sylvester Judd, appears.
* * Poets and Poetry of Europe, by Long-
fellow, appears.
* * The Raven, by E. A. Poe, appears.
* * A translation of Berzelius on the Blow-
pipe, by Josiah D. Whitney, appears.
SOCIETY.
1844 * * John Tyler marries his second
wife, Julia Gardiner.
* * Abolitionists are divided ; the Gar-
risonians oppose the compromises of the
Constitution of the United States as
" an agreement with hell and a covenant
with death."
1845 Aug. 27. N. Y. "Anti-Rent-
ers" of Delaware County, disguised
as Indians, resist the collection of rents,
and kill the sheriff; Gov. Wright pro-
claims an insurrection.
Oct. 12. New York. The first Indus-
trial Congress in the United States
opens its session.
Boston. The New England Work-
ingmen's Association is organized.
* * B.C. The right of petition is re-
newed by Congress.
John Quincy Adams secures the re-
scinding of the rule of Congress refus-
ing the right of petition on the slavery
question.
* * Miss. Jefferson Davis marries his
second wife, Miss Howell.
* * The Whigs oppose slavery.
" Southern Whigs, under the lead of
Henry Clay, had been taught that sla-
very was an evil, to be removed in
some practical way, at some distant pe-
riod, but not to be interfered with in the
States where it existed." (Blaine.)
* * The Order of United American Me-
chanics is founded.
* * John B. Gough is ensnared by a
trick of his enemies, and becomes in-
toxicated.
STATE.
1844 Dec. 3. B.C. Congress ; House :
John Q. Adams, "The old man elo-
quent," the champion for the right of
petition, at length carries his annual
motion, to rescind the rule forbid-
ding the reading of petitions for the
restriction of slavery. Vote, 108-88.
* * B. C. Secretary of State Calhoun
practically avows that Texas must be
incorporated in the Union.
* * N. Y. Martin Van Buren opposes
the annexation of Texas in the press —
an act which proves fatal to his politi-
cal prospects by arousing Southern an-
tagonism.
Dec. 9-12. B. C. Congress : The an-
nexation of Texas is introduced in
both Houses.
* * New York. James Harper is elected
the 64th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
Ark. Samuel Adams.
-48 * * Ark. Thomas S. Drew.
-46 * * Conn. Roger S. Baldwin.
-46 * * Bel. Thomas Stockton.
-45 * * Fla. (Ter.). John Branch.
-48* * Ky. William Owsley.
-47 * * Me. Hugh J. Anderson.
-48 * * Mo. John C. Edwards.
-46 * *N.H. John H. Steele.
-48 * * N.J. Charles C. Stratton.
-46 * * N. Y. Silas Wright, Jr.
O. Thomas W. Bartley.
-46 * * O. Mordecai Bartley.
-46 * * S.C. William Aiken.
-46 * * Tex. Anson Jones (Pres.).
-45 * * Wis. Nathaniel P. Tallmadge.
-46 * * Vt. William Slade.
1845 Jan. 16. B. C. Congress : The
Senate ratifies the treaty with China,
negotiated by Caleb Cushing.
Jan. 23. B. C. Congress fixes the pres-
idential elections on one uniform
day — the first Tuesday after the first
Monday in November. Since 1792 elec-
tions have been ordered " within 34 days
preceding the first Wednesday in De-
cember."
Jan. 25. B. C. Congress ; House : A
joint resolution for the annexation of
Texas as a State of the Union is ap-
proved. Vote, 120-98.
Feb. 12. B. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : Polk, 170 ; Clay,
105. Vote for Vice-President : George
M. Dallas (Dem.) of Pa., 170; Theo.
Frelinghuysen (Whig) of N. J., 105;
Thomas Morris (Liberty) of O., none.
Feb. 27. B.C. Congress ; Senate : The
amended joint resolution for the annex-
ation of Texas is approved. Vote, 27-25.
Feb. * Ore. Great Britain accepts the
forty-ninth parallel boundary line ;
it is characterized as a settlement hon-
orable to both countries.
* * B. C. Congress : Both Houses unite
for the first time in passing a bill over
the President's veto ; the bill relates
to steam-vessels in the navy.
Mar. 1. B. C. The President signs the
bill for the annexation of Texas.
Mar. 3. B.C. Congress admits Florida
into the Union as the 27th State.
Congress reduces the rate of postage
to five cents for 300 miles, and ten cents
for greater distances.
The 28th Congress ends.
Mar. 6. B. C. The Mexican minister
asks for his passport.
Eleventh Administration ;. Democratic.
James K. Polk of Tenn. is inaugu-
rated the 11th President, in the 15th term
of the presidency. George M. Dallas
of Pa. is Vice-President.
Cabinet : James Buchanan of Pa.
(State), Robert J. Walker of Miss.
(Treas.), William L. Marcy of N. Y.
(War), George Bancroft of Mass.
(Navy), Cave Johnson of Tenn. (P. M.-
Gen.), and John Y. Mason of Va.
(Atty.-Gen.).
June 12. The Oregon boundary dis-
pute is settled by treaty.
June 16. Tex. The Texas Congress
approves of the terms of annexation.
June 27. R. I. Thos. W. Dorr is re-
leased from imprisonment.
Julyl. U.S. National debt $15,925,303.
July 4. Tex. A ratifying convention of
citizens votes to annex Texas to the
United States.
July 6. Tex. The President is requested
to occupy the ports of Texas, and to send
an army for its protection.
Aug. 8. B. C. Congress ; House : David
Wilmot of Pa. introduces his pro-
viso.
Oct. 13. Tex. The people ratify the
Constitution.
Dec.l. B.C. The 29th Congress opens.
* * B. C. Congress; Senate: W. P.
Mangum of N. C. is reelected President
pro tempore. House : John W. Davis
of Ind. is elected Speaker.
Dec. 8. B. C. Congress ; House : Jef-
ferson Davis enters as a Representative
from Mississippi.
Dec. 16. B. C. Congress : The House
votes to receive Texas into the Union.
Vote 141-56.
Dec. 22. B.C. Congress ; Senate : The
Bill for the annexation of Texas carries.
Vote, 31-13.
Dec. 29. B.C. Congress admits Texas
as the 28th State of the Union. (Slavery
is permitted.)
Dec. * B. C. The Federal Government
becomes curiously involved.
One-half the States are always to be
slave States, thereby holding the dis-
tinctive power of a tie-vote in the Sen-
ate, and thus a minority may dominate
on all questions the greatly preponderat-
ing and increasing population of the
North.
* * B.C. Samuel Nelson of N. Y. and
Levi Woodbury of N. H. are appointed
Justices of the Supreme Court.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1844 Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and
other aliens in 1844, 78,615.
* * Mich. Copper-mining on the shores
of Lake Michigan begins.
* * Samuel F. B. Morse offers his inven-
tion of the electric telegraph to the
Government for a moderate price ; it is
deemed of little practical value.
1845 Jan. 8. The steamboat Belle
Zane strikes a snag in the Mississippi
and capsizes; 40 out of 90 passengers
are drowned.
Apr. 10. Pa. A great fire at Pittsburg
burns 100 buildings ; loss, $6,000,000.
July 1. La. The steamboat Marquette,
at New Orleans, explodes all her boil-
ers simultaneously, killing about 50
people.
July 19. New York. A fire burns 302
stores and dwelling-houses, and property
worth $6,000,000 ; 4 lives are lost.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens, 1845, 114,371.
* * Ky. The Cave Hill Cemetery, near
Louisville, is incorporated.
* *N. Y. The Mount Hope Cemetery,
near Rochester, is established.
* * O. Spring Grove Cemetery, near Cin-
cinnati, is incorporated.
* * Pa. The Allegheny Cemetery is es-
tablished.
160 1845**1846*
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1846 Mar. 28. Tex. The American
army of occupation (3,500 men), under
Gen. Taylor, takes post on the Rio
Grande, opposite Matamoras. (Lossing,
Mar. 29.)
Mar. * Cal. Capt. John C. Fremont
raises the American standard against
the Mexicans, who seek to drive him
from the country.
THE FOURTEENTH WAR.
Apr. 24. — 1848 July 4. "War with
Mexico. Men enrolled, 30,954 regulars,
and 73,776 militia and volunteers. Total,
112,230. For cause, see State.
Apr. 26. Tex. First hostilities in the
war : Capt. Thornton with 63 men is
attacked on the east side of the Rio
Grande, above Matamoras ; 16 men are
killed and wounded and the others are
captured.
* * Gen. Scott plans the invasion of Mex-
ico by three columns: the first, through
the northern provinces, under Gen. S. W.
Kearny ; the second, from the seacoast
to the City of Mexico, under his own
command ; and the third, as an army
of occupation, under Gen. Taylor.
May 5, 6. Tex. The Mexicans bombard
Fort Brown till it is relieved by Gen.
Taylor.
May 8. Tex. Battle of Palo Alto.
Gen. Taylor with 2,300 men defeats
Gen. Arista with 6,000 men in a battle
of five hours' duration. Mexican loss
about 100 men ; American loss, 4 killed
and 40 wounded.
May 9. Tex. Battle of Besaca de la
Palma.
Gen. Taylor with 2,000 Americans
routs 5,000 Mexicans, who flee across the
Rio Grande. American loss, 120 killed
and wounded; Mexican loss, 500 killed
and wounded.
May * -June * The call of the President
for 50,000 volunteers is responded to by
300,000, who tender their services.
June 15. Cal. Gen. Fremont captures
Sonoma.
July * Cal. Commodore Stockton takes
Los Angeles.
Aug. 18. Gen. Kearny captures
Santa Fe" ; with 400 dragoons [he con-
tinues his march to the Pacific Coast].
Aug. 19 ±. Mex. Commodore Stock-
ton blockades the Mexican ports on the
Pacific Coast.
Sept. 12. Mex. Col. Jefferson Davis
charges Fort Teneria, at the head of the
1st Regiment, Mississippi riflemen.
Sept. 21-23. Mex. Battle of Mon-
terey.
This fortified town is stormed, and the
10,000 Mexicans under Gen. Ampudia
are driven out by 4,700 Americans.
American loss, 120 killed, 368 wounded ;
Mexicans much more. An armistice of
eight weeks follows, to permit Mexico
to make overtures of peace.
Sept. 26. New York. ' Stevenson's Cali-
fornia regiment sails.
Oct. 25. Mex. Commodore M. C. Perry
bombards Tobasco.
Nov. 14. Mex. Commodore David
Conner occupies Tampico.
Nov. 15. Mex. Gen. "Worth captures
the town of Saltillo.
Dec. * Mex. Col. A. W. Doniphan
with 900 men sets out on a march of
more than 1,000 miles through the
enemy's country, from Santa F6" to Sal-
tillo ; one of the most brilliant achieve-
ments of the war.
Dec. * Cal. The Mexicans make a fee-
ble attempt to regain California.
Dec. 25. Mex. Col. Doniphan with
450 volunteers defeats 1,100 Mexicans
under Gen. Ponce de Leon at Brazito.
American loss, six wounded ; Mexican
loss, 63 killed and 150 wounded.
* * Mex. Ulysses S. Grant serves under
Gen. Taylor as 2d lieutenant.
* * Mex. Col. Jefferson Davis becomes
one of the idols of the army.
* * -48 * * Mex. Capt. Robert E. Lee
serves in the army of Gen. Scott as chief
engineer.
* * California is occupied by the army of
the United States.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1846 Sept. 10. Mass. Elias Howe,
Jr., receives a patent for the first com-
plete sewing-machine.
Nov. * A grand display of meteors is ob-
served.
* * D. C. John F. E. Prud'homme of
Georgetown is elected a member of the
National Academy of Design.
* * B.C. The Smithsonian Institution,
" designed for the increase and diffusion
of knowledge among men," is estab-
lished in a handsome building at "Wash-
ington, by means of a legacy of $515,000,
bequeathed for the purpose to the United
States Government by James Smithson,
an Englishman.
* * McCormick's reaping-machine is
perfected. (See 1834.)
* * Discovery that inhalation of ether pre-
vents pain byChas. T. Jackson of Boston.
* * Sleepy Student is painted by F. W".
Edmonds.
* * -49 * * The statue of Henry Clay is
executed by Joel T. Hart.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1846* *
Armstrong, Wm. J., S. Pres. cl., A50.
Badger, Joseph, missionary in O., A 89.
Bean, Tarleton Hoffman, ichthyologist, b. Pa.
Breckinridge,Clifton R., M.C. for Ark., b. Ky.
Buchanan. Virginia, actor, born in O.
Denson, William H., M. C. for Ala., b. Ala.
Erdman, Constantino J., M. C. for Pa., b. Pa.
Florence, Mrs. W. J., actor, born in N. Y.
Foote, Sam'l A., sen. and Gov. of Conn., A 66.
Hawthorne, Julian, novelist, born in Mass.
Henderson, John 8., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y.
Holden, Edward S., astronomer, born in Mo.
Hopkins, Albert J., M. C. for 111., b. in 111.
Kribbs, George F., M. C, born in Pa.
Loring, Frederick W author, born in Mass.
McEttrick, M. J., M. C. for Mass., b. in Mass.
Millet, Francis Davis, painter, born in Mass.
Morris, Clara, actor, born in O.
Pearson, Albert J., M. C. for O., born in 0.
Pickering, John, philologist, jurist, A 69.
Robinson. John B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Smith, George W., M. C. for 111., born in O.
Stone, William A., M. C. for Pa., born in Pa.
Strait, Thomas J., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C.
Tyler, D. (Jardiner, M. C. for Va., b. in N. Y.
Wadsworth, Jas. W., M. C. for N. Y., b. Pa.
CHURCH.
1845 * * O. The Missionary Society of
the Church of God of North America
is formed especially for home mission
work.
* * The Baptist foreign mission work
suffers by the agitation of the slavery
question, and by the withdrawal of
the Southern churches from its support.
* * Pa. The Pittsburg (Evangelical Lu-
theran) Synod is organized.
* * Phi la. The General Synod of the
Evangelical Lutheran Church meets.
* *The Seventh-day Baptists divide
into five associations.
* * U. S. The discussion of the slavery
question leads to a division of the
Baptist Church, into Northern and
Southern Baptists.
1846 Mayl. Va. The General Con-
ference (Methodist Episcopal South)
meets in its first session at Petersburg.
The Book of Discipline is revised, and
the portions relating to slavery stricken
out ; commissioners are appointed to
settle questions of property with the
Methodist Episcopal Church.
Wm. Capers and Robert Paine rr<-
ordained bishops of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church South.
The Missouri, Louisiana, and Louis-
ville Conferences are organized.
May * + Dr. Judson visits his native land
for the first time since his departure in
1813.
He awakens much enthusiasm, and
sets in motion the tide of modern prog-
ress in Baptist missions.
May* The Triennial Convention of
the Baptist Churches by reorganiza-
tion becomes the American Baptist
Missionary Union.
June 10. Phila. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June 16. It. Pius IX. is elected pope.
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Albany; Wm. H.
Campbell, president.
* * III. The Mormons, being much har-
assed by their neighbors, abandon Nau-
voo, and enter the Territory of Iowa near
Council Bluffs. [Later they remove to
Salt Lake.]
* * Ind. The Indiana Eldership (Church
of God) is organized.
* * N. Y. The American Missionary
Association is formed at Albany as a
general missionary society with anti-
slavery principles.
The Baptist Triennial Meeting is
held at Brooklyn.
* * Ore. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Oregon City is established.
LETTERS.
* * Harmony of the Four Cospels, in Greek,
by Edward Robinson, appears.
* * The American Whig Review appears.
* * -50 * * The Quadrupeds of North
America, by Audubon, appears.
UNITED STATES.
1845**1846** 161
1846 Oct. 20. 0. Mount Union Col-
lege (Metb. Epis.) is founded as a sem-
inary.
* * Conn. Theodore D. Woolsey be-
comes President of Yale College.
* * Ind. Fort Wayne College (Meth.
Epis.) is organized.
* * La. De Bow's Commercial Review
appears at New Orleans.
* * -49 * * Mass. Edward Everett is
President of Harvard University.
* * Mo. The St. Louis Mercantile Library
is founded. [62,264 vols.]
SOCIETY.
1846 Feb.* III. Part of the Mormons
(1,600) leave Nauvoo, cross the Missis-
sippi on the ice, and with ox-teams move
westward till they settle on the Great
Prairie, and establish a town.
Aug. 7. Me. The Democrats enact a
prohibitory law against the drink
traffic.
STATE.
1845 * * Ore. A provisional government
Is formed.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-47 * * Ala. Joshua L. Martin.
-46 * * Cal. Pio. Pico (Mexican).
-49 * * Fla. Wm. D. Moseley.
-47 * * Ga. Geo. W. Crawford.
-50 * * La. Isaac Johnson.
-51 * * Mass. George N. Briggs.
-49 * * N. C. "Wm. A. Graham.
-49* * Ore. G. Abernethy (Provisional).
Pa. Francis B. Shunk.
-46 * * B. I. Charles Jackson.
-47 * * Tenn. Aaron V. Brown.
-48 * * Wis. ( Ter.). Henry Dodge.
1846 * * D.C. Congress : The House
votes to give treaty notice to Great
Britain that the joint occupation of
Oregon must cease. Vote, 163-64.
Public apprehension of war follows.
Feb. 20. Tex. The first legislature
meets at Austin.
Apr. 2. D.C. Congress: The Senate
Bill substitutes that of the House on the
Oregon question, and is adopted. The
line, 54° 40' is abandoned by the Demo-
crats for the 49th parallel. [The southern
portion, which falls to the United States,
retains the name Oregon.]
Apr. * U. S. The war spirit against
Mexico rises high with the news of the
small conflict in Texas. " American
blood has been spilled on American
soil ! "
Apr. 26. D. C. Congress declares "War
against Mexico.
May 11. D.C. President Polk sends an
aggressive war message to Congress,
announcing that war exists by the act of
Mexico.
May 12. D. C. Congress : A bill passes
both Houses which appropriates
$10,000,000 for the war, and gives
authority to call out 50,000 volunteers.
(Vote : House, 142-14 ; Senate, 40-2.)
May * -Aug. * Cal. Commodore Stock-
ton establishes a military government
in Upper California.
June 1. N. Y. A convention of delegates
meets at Albany to revise the Con-
stitution.
June 15. Signing of the Oregon
Treaty.
Both Great Britain and the United
States having claimed the territory west
of the Rockies and north of Mexico to
Alaska, it is now divided between them
at the 49th parallel. The British also
secure Vancouver's Island and the free
navigation of the Columbia River.
Julyl. U.S. National debt $15,550,202.
July 3. D. C. Congress: The House
passes a bill for a lower tariff. Vote,
114-95. (See July 28.)
July 4. Cal. Captain John C. Fre-
mont and his companions declare the
independence of California after de-
feating superior forces of Mexicans.
July 9. Cal. Commodore Sloat hoists
the American flag at Monterey.
July 28. D. C. Congress : The Senate
votes to modify the tariff, cutting out its
protection features ; average rate of
duties, 25 per cent. Vote, a tie till the
Vice-President casts a vote.
Aug. 3. D. C. President Polk vetoes
the River and Harbor Bill.
Aug. 6. D.C. Congress establishes the
Warehouse System, reenacts the In-
dependent Treasury system, and au-
thorizes Wisconsin to form a constitu-
tion and organize a State government.
Aug. 7. Me. The Democratic Legisla-
ture enacts the first Maine Prohib-
itory Law.
Aug. 8. D. C. President Polk vetoes
the French Spoliation Indemnity Bill
for the benefit of claimants who had
lost property by French seizures in
1807±.
Congress ; Senate : D. R. Atchison of
Mo. is elected President pro tempore.
Congress; House: The Wilmot Pro-
viso is approved. Vote, 94-78.
David Wilmot, 33 years of age, moves
a proviso to the Two-million-dollar Bill
asKed by the President to arrange peace
with Mexico, declaring it to be " an ex-
press and fundamental condition to the
acquisition of any territory from Mex-
ico, that neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude shall ever exist therein." The
consecration of American territory to
freedom becomes a rallying-cry ; the
battle of the giants follows, long and
fierce.
Aug. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Wilmot Proviso is brought up, and
John Davis of Mass. holds the floor till
the session expires, to defeat action on
the bill.
The 29th Congress: the first session
closes.
* * U.S. Great agitation prevails over
the Wilmot Proviso.
Aug. * California is in the undisputed
military possession of the United
States.
Nov. * D. C. Abraham Lincoln is
elected to Congress from Illinois, the
solitary Whig among seven Democrats.
Dec. 1. U. S. The lower tariff law
goes into effect.
Dec. 7. D.C. The 29th Congress:
the second session opens.
* * Congress ; Senate : D. R. Atchison
. of Mo. is elected President pro tempore.
Dec. 28. /;. C. Congress admits Iowa
into the Union as the 29th State.
* * Ala. The capital is removed from
Tuscaloosa to Montgomery.
* * D. C. Congress ; House : Jefferson
Davis resigns his seat to engage in the
Mexican war as colonel of volunteers.
* * New York. Manhood suffrage is
introduced.
* * D. C. Congress ; House : Demo-
crats lose their majority while con-
ducting a spirited and successful war,
owing to the new tariff and Northern
suspicion of pro-slavery issues in the
war. Polk's party stands 110 to 118.
* * U.S. Robert C. Grier of Pa. is
appointed Justice of the Supreme Court.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
Cal. (Ter.). Com. J. D. Sloat.
-47 * * Cal. (Ter.). Com. R. F. Stock-
ton.
-47 * * Conn. Isaac Toucey.
Del. Joseph Maul.
Del. Wm. Temple.
-51 * * Del. Wm. Thorp.
la. (Ter.). James Clark.
-50 * * la. Ansel Briggs.
-53 * * III. Augustus C. French.
-47 * * Mich. Alpheus Felch.
-47 * * If. H. Anthony Colby.
-49 * * N. Y. John Young.
-49 * * O. William Bebb.
-47 * * R. I. Byron Dyman.
-48 * * S. C. David Johnson.
-47 * * Tex. J. P. Henderson.
-49 * * Va. Wm. Smith.
-49 * * Vt. Horace Eaton.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1846 Apr. ± * N.J. The telegraph
line from Philadelphia to Fort Lee, near
New York, is completed.
June 5. Pa.-Md. The telegraph line
from Philadelphia to Baltimore is com-
pleted.
June 27. Boston and New York are con-
nected by telegraph.
July 3. Boston and Buffalo are con-
nected by telegraph.
July 13. Mass. A fire at Nantucket
burns 300 buildings, valued at $800,000.
Sept. 9. New York and Albany are
connected by telegraph.
Sept. * Pa. Harrisburg and Philadel-
phia are connected by telegraph.
Dec. 8. The U. S. brig Somers is capsized
in a squall off Vera Cruz, and 39 persons
are drowned.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1846, 154,416.
* * N.H. The lower section of the North-
ern Railroad is opened.
162 1846 * *-1848, Feb.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1847 Jan. 8, 9. Cal. At San Gabriel
Gen. Worth with 3,500 Americans
storms the fortifications, and drives out
14,000 Mexicans under Gen. Alvarez,
with the loss of 787 killed and wounded ;
Mexican loss, 3,000 killed, wounded, and
prisoners.
Sept. 12, 13. Mex. Battle of Chapul-
tepec, near Mexico City.
Gen. Scott with 7,200 men, under Gens.
Worth, Quitman, and Pillow, carries the
fortified heights, defeating Gen. Bravo
and 25,000 Mexicans. American loss,
832 men.
Gen. Kearny defeats the revolted Cali-
fornians.
Jan. 24. Mex. Col. Sterling Price de-
feats 1,500 Indians and Mexicans in the
Valley of Taos.
Feb. 23. Mex. Battle of Buena Vista.
Santa Anna with 22,000 Mexicans is
defeated by Gen. Taylor with 4,750 Amer-
icans : Mexican loss, nearly 2,000 men :
American loss, 746 killed, wounded and Sept. 14. Mexico is surrendered ; Gen.
missing. Scott marches his victorious army into
Feb. 28. Cal. Battle of Sacramento. tne city> and the war practically ends.
Col. Doniphan with 924 men defeats Sept> * jj g Q-rant is promoted to be
4,000 Mexicans under Gen. Heredia, los- lgt iieutenant) for meritorious conduct
ing but 1 killed and 17 wounded. Mexi- at Molino del Eey and Chapultepec.
can loss, 600 killed and wounded and 40 Qct Q ^ GeQ Lane ^^ m meQ
prisoners. takes the city of Huamantla, defeating
Mar. 9. Mex. Gen. Scott lands at Vera Gen Santa Anna and 1,000 Mexicans,
Cruz with about 12,000 men. ^^ tne loss 0f 24 killed and wounded.
Mar. 22. Mex. Commodore Conner bom
bards Vera Cruz, while Gen. Scott's army
joins in the cannonade [which continues
four days].
Mar. 27. Mex. Gen. Morales agrees to
surrender Vera Cruz to the Ameri-
cans. American loss, 80 killed and
wounded ; Mexican loss, 2,000 killed and
Oct. 12. Mex. Mexicans have besieged
Col. Cnilds and 400 men, besides 1,800
sick and in hospitals at Puebla, for 28
days, when reinforcements appear, and
the siege is raised.
Oct. 20. Mex. The frigate Congress and
sloop Portsmouth bombard the port of
Guayamas.
wounded, besides 5,000 prisoners and De(j g The United state8 brig-of-war
Mexicans evacuate Vera
500 cannon.
Mar. 29. Mex,
Cruz.
Mar. * Col. Jefferson Davis is compli-
mented, in Gen. Taylor's despatch, for
brilliant service in Mexico.
Apr. 2. Mex. Alvarado is surrendered
to Lieut. Hunter.
Apr. 18. Mex. Commodore Perry takes
Tuspan.
Battle of Cerro Gordo.
Gen. Scott with 8,500 Americans de-
feats Santa Anna with 12,000 Mexicans,
and captures his papers and wooden
leg. Losses : Mexican, 1,000 killed and
wounded and 3,000 prisoners ; American,
431 men.
Apr. 19. Mex. The Americans enter
Jalapa.
Apr. 22. Mex. Gen. Worth takes the
strong castle of Perote without resist-
ance.
May 15. Mex. The American army en-
ters the sacred city of Puebla, unop-
posed by its 80,000 inhabitants.
Somers is wrecked and part of her crew
drowned.
1848 Feb. 18. Mex. Gen.Wm. O. But-
ler succeeds Gen. Scott in command
of the army.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1847 June 28. III. The first theater
in Chicago is opened.
Oct. 1. N. H. A violent tornado visits
Portsmouth.
Oct. 19. New York. The corner-stone of
the 'Washington Monument is laid.
* * Asia. The Government sends an expe-
dition under W. F. Lynch to the Biver
Jordan for the advancement of geo-
graphical science.
* * Boston. The American Association
for the Advancement of Science is or-
ganized.
* * pa. Zinc mines are discovered in
Lehigh County.
* * Utah. Salt Lake City is founded by
Mormons. '
July 6. Cal. Commodore Sloat takes • * The power-loom is introduced.
Monterey, in Southern California.
Aug. 20. Mex. Battles of Contreraa
and Churubusco, near Mexico City.
At Contreras Gen. Scott with 4,000
men defeats Gen. Valencia with 7,000
Mexicans, losing but 60 killed and
wounded ; Mexican loss, 2,000 killed and
wounded and 1,000 prisoners.
At Churubusco Gen. Scott with 8,000
men defeats Gen. Santa Anna with 25,000
Mexicans. American loss in both en-
gagements, 1,053 killed and wounded;
Mexican loss, 4,000 killed and wounded,
and 3,000 prisoners, including 8 generals.
Aug. 21. Mex. The Mexicans pro-
pose an armistice.
Sept. 7. Mex. Gen. Scott learns that the
armistice is broken by the Mexicans.
Sept. 8. Mex. Hostilities are renewed
in the Battle of Molino del Bey.
* * The rotary press is made by R. Hoe
and Company.
* * The successful use of anesthetics is
introduced.
* * Pontine Marshes is painted by J. F.
Cropsey.
1848 Jan. 24. Cal. Gold is first dis-
covered in the mill-race of Capt. Sutter
by a laborer named Marshall.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1847* *
Allen, William V., sen. for Neb., born in O.
Allen, John M., M. C. for Miss., b. in Miss.
Bartlett, Franklin, M. C. for N. Y., b. Mass.
Binney, Amos, naturalist, A44.
Branch, Wm. A. B., M. C. for K. C.,b. Fla.
Bridgman, Frederick A., painter, b. in Ala.
Butler, Pierce M., Gov. of S. C, col., A49.
Capehart, James, M. C. for W. Va., born 111
W. Va.
Catchings, Thos. C, M. C. for Miss., b. Miss.
Clay, Henry, Jr., officer, lawyer, A36.
Crabtree, Lotta, actor, born in N. Y.
Dixon, Nathan F., sen. for R. I., b. in R. I.
Dielman, Frederick, artist, born in Ger.
Edison. Thomas Alva, electrician, inven-
tor, born in O.
Edwards, Henry W., scholar, senator, A61.
Everett, Alex. H., essayist, diplomatist, ed-
itor, A 55.
Failey, Harriet, philanthropic writer, born.
Faulkner, Charles J., sen. for W. Va., born
in W. Va.
Fawcett, Edgar, novelist, born in N. Y.
Forman, Wm. S., M. C. for 111., b. in Miss.
Hardy, Arthur S., novelist, born in Mass.
Hart, Charles H., author, born in Pa.
Kent, James, au., chancellor of N.Y., A83.
Layton, Fernando C, M. C. for O., b. in O.
Loud, Eugene F., M. C. for Cal., b. in Mass.
Martin, Augustus N., M. C. for Ind., b. Pa.
Neal, Joseph Clay, humorist, A40.
Pennybacker, Isaac, U. S. sen. for Va., A41.
Storer, Bellamy, M. C. for O., born in O.
Tracey, Charles, M. C. for N. Y., b. in N. Y.
Williams, Gus, actor, born in N. Y.
Wright, Myron B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Wright, Silas, Gov., sen. for N. Y., A52.
Wever, John M., M. C. for N. Y., b. in Mich.
Whiting, Justin R., M. C. for Mich., b. N. Y.
CHURCH.
1846 * * Phila. The General Assem-
bly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets ; Samuel
Hanson Cox, moderator.
The General Assembly (O. S. Pres-
byterian) meets ; Charles Hodge, mod-
erator.
* * The Mormons send missionaries to
Oregon, California, and the Sandwich
Islands, and also to Australia.
* *The Hanges Norwegian (Evangelical
Lutheran) Synod is organized.
1847 June 9. New York. The General
Convention of the New Jerusalem
meets.
June * New York. The General Synod
(Bef ormed) meets ; Abraham Messier,
president.
July 24. The Mormon pioneers, hav-
ing established themselves at Great Salt
Lake, are now joined by Brigham
Young, the leader of the church.
Oct. 13. New York. Two hundred Ger-
man Catholics secede from the Boman
Catholic Church.
Oct. 31. Me. George Burgess is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of
Maine.
Nov. 29. Wash. Indians massacre the
missionaries, Dr. Whitman, his wife,
and others, at Walla Walla.
* * Mo. At St. Louis a Roman Catholic
diocese is established, and an archbish-
opric erected ; the latter includes the
dioceses of Dubuque, Nashville, St.
Paul, Chicago, and Milwaukee.
* * Mo. Peter R. Kenrick is promoted
to be archbishop of St. Louis.
* * New York. The General Conven-
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.
* * The American Unitarian Associa-
tion is incorporated.
The Society for the Promotion of
Evangelical Knowledge (Protestant
Episcopal) is organized.
* * The Roman Catholic dioceses of Al-
bany, Buffalo, Galveston, and Cleveland
are established.
* * O. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) of Wittenberg is orga-
nized.
UNITED STATES.
* * O. The Baptist Annual Meeting is
held at Cincinnati.
* * Ore. The Methodist Episcopal Indian
Mission at the Dalles is transferred to
the Keformed Church.
* * The Synodical Conference (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) of Missouri, Ohio, and
other States is organized.
* * Tenn. The (O. S. Presbyterian) Synod
of Memphis is organized.
* * Va. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Richmond ; Jas.
H. Thornwell, moderator.
* * Vt. The Free Baptist Female Mission
Society is formed in Sutton. [It contin-
ued in operation for over twenty years.]
* * Wis. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of Milwaukee is organized.
LETTERS.
1846 * * N. J. Burlington College
(Prot. Epis.) is founded.
* * 0. Farmer's College (non-sect.), at
College Hill, is organized.
* * Pa. Bucknell University (Bapt.) is
founded at Lewisburg.
* * Phila. "Worcester's Dictionary is
published.
* * Tex. Baylor University (Bapt.), at
Independence, is organized.
* * Wis. Beloit College (Cong.) is or-
ganized at Beloit.
* * The Home Journal is founded.
* * Art, Literature, and the Drama, by
Margaret Fuller Ossoli, appears.
* * The Belfry of Bruges, and Other Poems,
by Longfellow, appears.
* * Mosses from an Old Manse, by Haw-
thorne, appears.
* * The Old Continental, by Paulding,
appears.
* * An edition of Shakespeare, by G. C.
Verplanck, appears.
* * Thoughts on the Poets, by H. T. Tuck-
erman, appears.
* * Views Afoot, by Bayard Taylor, ap-
pears.
1847* * Boston. The American Messenger
is first issued by the American Tract
Society.
* * Del. St. Mary's College (Rom. Cath.)
is founded at Wilmington.
* * Iowa State University (non-sect.) is
organized at Iowa City.
* * Iowa College (Cong.) is organized at
Grinnell.
* * III. The Chicago Tribune is first
issued.
* * IllinoisFemaleiCollege (Meth. Epis.)
is founded in Jacksonville.
* * Mass. The Massachusetts Quarterly
Review appears.
* * The Springfield Republican appears.
* * Minn. The first school in Minnesota
is established at St. Paul.
* *K.H. The Boston University, School
of Theology (Meth. Epis.), is founded at
Concord.
* * New York. The St. Francis Xavier
College (Rom. Cath.) is organized.
* * The Union Magazine appears.
* * O. Otterbein University (United
Brethren), at Westerville, is organized.
* * Phila. Stryker's American Register, a
quarterly, appears.
* * Wis. Lawrence University (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Appleton.
* * Evangeline, by Longfellow, appears.
* * Fresh Gleanings, by Donald Grant
Mitchell, appears.
* * Conquest of Peru, by Prescott, appears.
* * An edition of The Agamemnon of JEs-
chylus, by C. C. Felton, appears.
* * An edition of Panegyricus oflsocrates,
by Felton, appears.
1848 Jan. 1. Phila. Girard College
is opened.
SOCIETY.
1847 Mar. 25. N. T. An anti-rent
riot occurs in Columbia county.
Dec* N. Y. Rise of Spiritualism.
Mysterious rappings begin in the
home of John D. Fox of Hydeville ;
much interest is awakened in " mani-
festations."
* * Mex. The Aztec Club, a military
Organization of United States officers, is
formed in the City of Mexico.
* * N. H. The Legislature passes a law
making ten hours a legal day's work.
* * Phila. The Patriotic Order of Sons
of America is organized.
* * U. S. Starving Ireland is remem-
bered by Americans, and a great out-
pouring of gifts occurs.
STATE.
1847 Jan. 14. New Mex. Gov. Bent
and five other Americans are killed
in an uprising of Mexicans against the
authority of the United States.
Feb. 8. Cal. Col. Fremont proclaims
the annexation of California, and
assumes the office of governor.
Feb. 13. D. C. Congress : The House
honors the first appearance during the
session of the venerable John Quincy
Adams, by rising and suspending busi-
ness to welcome him.
Mar. 3. D. C. The 29th Congress
ends.
July 1. U. S. National debt $38,826,-
534.
Oct. * The Liberty Party Convention
nominates John P. Hale of N. H. for
President, and George "W. Julian of
Ind. for Vice-President.
Dec.6. D.C. The 30th Congress
opens.
Congress ; Senate : D. R. Atchison
of Mo. is reelected President pro tem-
pore. House : Robert C. Winthrop
(Whig) of Mass. is elected Speaker.
Dec. * D. C. Congress : Abraham Lin-
coln and Andrew Johnson enter the
House, and Stephen A. Douglas and
Jefferson Davis enter the Senate.
* * -48 * * New York. William V. Brady
is elected the 65th mayor.
1846 * *-1848, Feb. *. 163
* * U. S. Politics in the army.
The Government is anxious to make a
Democratic hero of the war, and recalls
Gen. Winneld Scott (Whig), after crip-
pling Gen. Zachary Taylor (Whig). Three
major-generals and seven brigadier-gen-
erals are appointed, — not one of them a
Whig, or acquainted with service in the
field or at West Point. [The popular
heroes are Whigs, notwithstanding.]
* * V. S. Governors inaugurated :
-49 * * Ala. Reuben Chapman.
Cal.(Ter.). John C. Fremont.
Gen. S. W. Kearny.
-49 * * Cal. Col. R. B. Mason.
-49 * * Conn. Clark Bissell.
-51 * * Ga. Geo. W. B. Towns.
-50 * * Me. John W. Dana.
Mich. Wm. L. Greenly.
-49 * * N.H. Jared W. Williams.
-49 * * R. I. Elisha Harris.
-49 * * Tenn. Neil S. Brown.
-49 * * Tex. George T. Wood.
1848 Feb. 2. The Treaty of Guada-
lupe Hidalgo is signed.
Mexico cedes New Mexico and Upper
California (522,955 square miles), and
accepts the Rio Grande as the boundary ;
she is to receive $15,000,000 and to be
released from the payment of $3,500,000
in debts due American citizens, which
the Government assumes.
Feb. * Mexican commissioners ask that
the ceded territory be guaranteed to
freedom.
Mr. Trist, the American commissioner,
replies, " If it were covered a foot thick
with pure gold, on the single condi-
tion that slavery should be forever ex-
cluded," he would not entertain the
offer for a moment.
California becomes a part of the
United States by the treaty with Mexico.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1847 June 1. New York. The steamer
Washington sails, the first of the Collins
(American) line.
July 5. Chicago. The River and Har-
bor Convention assembles for pro-
moting improvements.
Nov. 19. Mo. A collision occurs on the
Mississippi, near Cape Girardeau; one
boat is sunk, and 50 persons are drowned.
Nov. 21. Wis. The steamer Phoenix
takes fire before daylight on Lake
Michigan, near Sheboygan ; 160 lives are
lost.
Dec. 29. Ky. The steamboat A. N. John-
son explodes her boiler on the Ohio
above Maysville, and kills 60 persons.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens, in 1847, 234,968.
* * Ind. The city of Indianapolis is char
tered (population about 6,000).
* * N. H. The entire Northern Rail-
road is opened.
* * U S. Postage stamps are first used
(7 years later than in England).
* * Va. Hollywood Cemetery, at Ricli
mond, is opened.
* * The Hamburg-American line of
steamers is established between New
York, Southampton, and Hamburg
1848 Jan. 8. The boilers of the steamer
Blue Ridge burst on the Ohio, and kill
30 persons.
164 1848, Mar. 10- 1849, June 30. AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1848 June 12. Mex. The American
army evacuates the city of Mexico.
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1848 July 4. D.C. The corner-stone of
the Washington Monument, at Wash-
ington, is laid by President Polk.
Nov. 25. Col. John C. Fremont starts
from Fort Pueblo on his fourth explor-
ing expedition, seeking a route for a
highway to the Pacific.
* * Mass. G. P. Bond of the Harvard
Observatory discovers Hyperion, the
seventh satellite of Saturn.
* * N. Y. S. T. Armstrong of Brooklyn
first applies gutta-percha for coating
telegraph wires.
* * New York. W. C. Macready appears
at the Astor Place Opera House.
* * Gutta-percha is first manufactured
in this country.
* * Storming of the Teocalli is painted by
Emanuel Leutze.
± * * Chromolithography, a method of
printing from stone in colors, is intro-
duced.
* * F. S. Chanf rau produces his play, Mose,
the New York Fireman, and the Bowery
Boy.
1849 Jan. 5. O. An announcement of
the invention of the magnetic clock
by Dr. Locke is made by Lieut. Matthew
F. Maury.
Mar. * + La. A flood prevails at New
Orleans ; the streets are ten feet under
water ; plantations are swept by irresist-
ible currents ; damage, $60,000,000.
May 12. La. A crevasse made in the
levee causes floods m New Orleans.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1848* *
Adams, John Quincy, minister to Berlin,
sen. for Mass., prof, in Harvard, minister
to Eng., sec. of state, 6th Pres. of U. S.,
M. C. for Mass., dies Feb. 23, A81.
Astor, John Jacob, financier, founder of
Astor Library, A 85.
Biddle, James, Commodore U. S. N., A 65.
Bliss, Porter Cornelius, editor, b. in N. Y.
Brooks, William Keith, naturalist, b. inO.
Burbeck, Henry, officer of the Rev., A94.
Claxton, Kate, actor, born in N. Y.
Cole, Thomas, painter, A47.
Crain, William H., M. C. for Tex., b. Tex.
Dorsey, James Owen, physicist, born.
Enloe, Benj. A., M. C. for Tenn., b. in Tenn.
Farnham, Thomas Jefferson, traveler, A 44.
Fitch, Ashbel P.. M. C. for N. Y., b. N. Y.
Guthrie, Samuel, chemist, inventor, dies.
Hansbrough, Henry C, sen. for N. D., b. 111.
Harris, Joel Chandler, author, born in Ga.
Harrison, James Albert, philanth., b. in Miss.
Kearny, Stephen Watts, maj.-gen., A54.
MacKenzie, Alex. Slidell, naval officer, A45.
Martin, Henry Newell, biologist, born in Tre.
Mason, Jeremiah, lawyer, sen. for N. H., A80.
Meredith, Elisha E., M. C. for Va., b. in Ala.
Newlands, F. G., M. C. for Nev., b. in Miss.
Olds, Gamaliel S., prof, of math., A71.
Pettigrew, Richard F., sen. for S. 1)., b. Vt.
Russell, Sol Smith, actor, born in Mo.
Snodgrass, Henry C, M. C. for Tenn., born
in Tenn.
Sperry, Lewis, M. C. for Conn., b. in Conn.
Wells, Horace, dentist, introduces anesthe-
sia, A 33.
Wheaton, Henry, jurist, diplomatist, A63.
Wheeler, Hamilton K., M. 0. for 111., born
in N. Y.
Wolcott, Edward 0., sen. for Col., b. Mass.
CHURCH.
1848 May 1-June 1. Pa. The 15th
General Conference (Methodist Epis-
copal) is held at Pittsburg.
The plan of separation on the slavery
question is declared null and void.
The East Maine, New York East,
and Wisconsin conferences, and the
California and Oregon Mission confer-
ences are formed.
June 10. Va. The Second Baptist
Convention (Southern) is held at Rich-
mond.
June 14. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Kingston; Thos. E.
Vermilye, president.
July 13. Ore. The Congregational Asso-
ciation of Oregon is organized.
Sept. * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Brooklyn; Thos. E.
Vermilye, president.
Oct. 19. III. An incendiary destroys
the Mormon Temple at Nauvoo.
* * The Iowa Eldership (Church of God)
is organized.
* * Ind . The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) of Olive Branch is orga-
nized.
* * Ind. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is organized.
* * Md. The Ladies' China Mission-
ary Society of Baltimore is formed by
Methodists.
* * Md. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Baltimore ; Alex.
T. McGill, moderator.
* * New York. The General Synod
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets.
* *N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held at Troy.
* * Tex. The Texas State Association of
Baptists is formed.
* * Wis. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is organized.
The Protestant Episcopal Society for
the Promotion of Evangelical Liter-
ature is incorporated.
* * Father John Bapst, Jesuit, becomes a
missionary to the Indians at Oldtown.
* * The American Missionary Asso-
ciation begins work, with much peril,
in the South among both whites and
blacks.
1849 June 13. Phila. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
LETTERS.
1848 * * Conn. The American Church
Review appears at New Haven.
* * Mass. The scientific department of
Harvard University is established, chief-
ly by Abbott Lawrence.
The Essex Institute Library is
founded at Salem. [34,800 vols.]
* * Miss. The University of Missis-
sippi (non-sect.) is organized at Oxford.
* * New York. College of the City of
New York (non-sect.) is organized.
The Journal of Commerce, the Courier
and Examiner, the Tribune, the Herald,
the Sun, and the Express unite in form-
ing the Associated Press.
* *N. Y. Chester A. Arthur [Presi-
dent] graduates at Union College.
* * Pa. The Geneva College (Kef.
Pres.) is organized at Beaver Falls.
Augustinian College (Rom. Cath.) of
St. Thomas, Villanova, is incorporated.
* * O. The Ohio Practical Farmer ap-
pears at Cleveland.
* * Tenn. Burritt College (Disciples) is
founded at Spencer.
* * Tenn. Union College (Bapt.) is
founded at Murfreesboro.
* * Wis. The University of 'Wisconsin
(non-sect.) is organized at Madison.
* * The Bigloto Papers, by James Rus-
sell Lowell, appear.
* * A Fable for Critics, by Lowell, ap-
pears.
* * Indian Summer Reverie, by Lowell,
appears.
* * Notes on the Iroquois, by H. R. School-
craft, appears.
* * Oak Openings, by Cooper, appears.
* * New Rape of the Lock, by J. G. Saxe,
appears.
* * The Rosary, by E. E. Hale, appears.
* * The Vision of Sir Launfal, by Low-
ell, appears.
1849 Apr. 25. Minn. St. Paul has its
first newspaper, The Pioneer.
SOCIETY.
1848 May * Pa. The Methodist Gen-
eral Conference at Pittsburg forbids
members buying, selling, or drinking
intoxicating beverages.
Aug. 3. N. Y. A "Woman's Rights
Convention at Rochester claims suf-
frage, preaching, teaching, and property
rights.
Aug. 22. Mo. Lieut. U. S. Grant, 26
years of age, marries Julia T. Dent of
St. Louis.
* * Miss. Jefferson Davis declines, on
proslavery grounds, to vote for his
father-in-law, General Zachary Taylor,
the Whig candidate for the presidency.
* * New York. The Century Club is
formed. (1847?).
* * O. James A. Garfield, 15 years old,
enters the employ of his cousin ; he
drives mules along the Pennsylvania
and Ohio Canal.
* * Ore. The prohibitory liquor law is
repealed.
* * Utah. Another migration of Mor-
mons brings them to Salt Lake.
* * The Unitarian Society for the Relief
of Aged and Destitute Clergymen is
formed.
* * Nearly 300,000 volunteers offer
to enter the ranks against Mexico.
1849 May 10. New York. Astor
Place riot.
Friends of Edwin Forrest decide that
William C. Macready shall not act in the
UNITED STATES. 1848, Mar. 10-1849, June 30.
165
city. The theater is assaulted, militia
called out ; 22 persons are killed, and 36
wounded. Macready escapes in disguise.
June 30. New York. Father Mathew
arrives from Ireland : is welcomed by
the City Council, and addresses are pre-
sented by the board of aldermen and the
American Temperance Union.
Aug. 14. D.C. The -30th Congress:
the first session closes.
Congress organizes Oregon as a Ter-
ritory.
Summer. N. Y. William H. Seward,
Thurlow "Weed, and Horace Greeley
dominate the politics of the State.
Sept.+ * U. S. Gen. Taylor's canvass is
called a Star-and-Stripes canvass.
Nov. 7. U. S. 16th presidential elec-
tion ; Whigs are elected.
Popular vote : Zachary Taylor (Whig)
of La., 1,360,101 ; Lewis Cass (Dem.) of
Mich., 1220,544; Martin Van Buren
(Free-Soil) of N. Y., 291,263.
Nov. * Mass. Conscience Whigs re-
fuse to vote for Gen. Taylor (a slave-
holder), on antislavery grounds,
congratulates the French people on Dec. 4. D. C. The 30th Congress : the
STATE.
1848 Mar. 10. D. C. Congress: The
Senate adopts the treaty made with
Mexico by the commissioner, with
some modifications.
Apr. 12. N. Y. The new code of laws
is adopted.
Apr. 13. D. C. Congress by resolution
the formation of a republic
* * N. Y. The Democracy sends rival
delegations to the National Convention
at Baltimore ; the Barnburners, follow-
ers of Silas Wright, the Hunkers, fol-
lowers of Wm. L. Marcy. These are re-
spectively the antislavery and the pro-
slavery wings of the party.
May 20. Mex. The United States com-
missioners, A. H. Sevier and N. Clifford,
sign articles of peace at Queretaro
with Signor De la Rosa, the Mexican
minister.
May 22-26. Md. The Democratic Na-
tional Convention meets at Baltimore,
and nominates Lewis Cass of Mich, for
President, and William O. Butler of
Ky. for Vice-President.
The Barnburners, or Free-Soil Demo-
crats, withdraw from the Convention,
because of its proslavery attitude.
May 29. D.C. Congress admits Wis-
consin into the Union as the 30th State.
June 7-9. Phila. The Whig National
Convention meets, and nominates
Zachary Taylor of La. for President,
and Millard Fillmore of N. Y. for
Vice-President.
The Convention rejects a resolution
favorable to the prohibition of slavery
in the Territories, and several Free-Soil
Whigs withdraw.
June 22. N. Y. The Barnburners
assemble a Democratic Convention
at Utica, and nominate Martin Van
Buren of N. Y. for the presidency.
July 1. National debt $47,044,862.
July 4. I). C. Peace with Mexico is
proclaimed.
Aug. 9, 10. XT. Y. A convention of the
new Free-Soil Party is held.
It meets at Buffalo, and is composed
of Barnburners, antislavery Whigs,
second session opens.
Dec. 15. A postal convention between
Great Britain and the United States
is signed.
* *D.C. Congress: The House declares
it expedient and constitutional for
the General Government to promote ■&-uK- *7. N. Y. A
and Abolitionists. Salmon P. Chasers
president. Delegates are present from
all the Free States; also from Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, and the District of
Columbia. Martin Van Buren is nom-
inated for the presidency, and Charles
Francis Adams for Vice-President. (It
is the germ of the Republican party.)
Summer. Ky. Henry Clay is enraged
at the nomination of " Rough and
Ready " (Gen. Taylor) by the Whig con-
vention, and withdraws from activity
in the campaign.
river and harbor improvements.
Vote, 112-53.
* * D. C. Congress: Jefferson Davis
is elected senator from Mississippi.
Dec. 27. D.C. Congress: The House
passes a bill for the abolition of sla-
very in the District of Columbia.
Vote, 98-87. [It afterward reconsiders
the motion and then postpones action.]
* * Cat. The discovery of gold hastens
emigration [and soon disturbs the
political equation by a preponderating
North and West devoted to free soil].
* * D. C. President Polk authorizes the
United States minister at Madrid to
offer Spain $100,000,000 for Cuba ;
he obtains a curt refusal.
* * New York. William F. Havemeyer
is elected the 66th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-52 * * Ark. John S. Roane.
-49 * * Ind. Paris C. Dunning.
-50 * * Ky. John J. Crittenden.
-53 * * Mo. Austin A. King.
-49 * * Mich. Epaphroditus Ransom.
-50 * * Miss. Joseph W. Matthews.
-51 * * N. J. Daniel Haines.
Pa. Wm. F. Johnson.
-50 * * S. C. W. B. Seabrook.
-51 * * Wis. Nelson Dewey.
1849 Feb. 11. The electoral vote is
counted.
Vote for President: Taylor, 163; Cass,
127 ; Van Buren, 0. Vote for Vice-Presi-
dent : Millard Fillmore (Whig) of N. Y.,
163 ; William O. Butler (Dem.) of Ky.,
127 ; Charles F Adams (Free-Soil) of
Mass., 0.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress creates the
Department of the Interior; it or-
ganizes Minnesota ae a Territory.
The 30th Congress ends.
The Twelfth Administration; Whig.
Mar. 5. D. C. Zachary Taylor of La.
is inaugurated the 12th President, in
the 16th term of the presidency. Mil-
lard Fillmore of New York is Vice-
President.
Cabinet : John M. Clayton of Del.
(State), Wm. M. Meredith of Pa.
(Treas.), Geo. W. Crawford of Ga.
(War), Wm. B. Preston of Va. (Navy),
Thomas Ewing of O. (Interior), Jacob
Collamer of Vt. (P. M.-Gen.), and
Reverdy Johnson of Md. (Atty.-Gen.).
MISCELLANEOUS.
1848 May 10. Mich. A great fire
occurs in Detroit.
May 27. The steamer Clarksville burns
on the Mississippi, near Ozark Island ;
more than 30 lives are lost.
June 29. N. Y. The Croton aqueduct
bridge over the Harlem River, 1,400 ft.
long, is completed.
Aug. 9. III. A flue of the steamer Ed-
ward Bates collapses on the Mississippi,
near Hamburg; 53 persons are killed,
and 40. injured.
fire burns several
at Albany ; loss,
hundred buildings
$1,000,000.
Aug. 22. New Eng. A train of cars
runs from Springfield to Hartford, 26
miles, in 33 minutes.
Aug. 24. The ship Ocean Monarch, of
Boston, is burned near Liverpool ; 170
lives are lost.
Sept. 9. N. Y. A fire in Brooklyn burns
300 buildings ; loss, $1,500,000.
Oct. 25. Boston. Cochituate water is
introduced.
Nov. 14. N. Y. The first public lec-
ture is given on spirit-rappings at
Rochester.
Nov. * Cat. A great emigration to Cali-
fornia begins.
Dec. 8. Cal. The first deposit of gold is
made in the U. S. Mint.
Dec. 16. New York. The Park Theater
is burned.
Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other
aliens, in 1848, 226,527.
* * III. The canal connecting Lake Michi-
gan with the Illinois River is completed.
* * Mass. Forest Hills Cemetery is es-
tablished, near Boston.
* * Mo. St. Louis is lighted with gas.
* * N. Y. Calvary Cemetery (Roman
Catholic), near New York, is opened.
Cypress Hill Cemetery, near New York ,
is dedicated.
Brooklyn is lighted with gas.
* * W.Va. The suspension bridge (1,010
feet) across the Ohio at Wheeling is
opened.
* * Guano is first introduced.
1849 Jan. 9. Cal. The first regular
banking-house is opened in San Fran-
cisco.
May 17. Mo. A fire at St. Louis burns
23 steamboats and 15 blocks of houses ;
loss about $3,000,000.
June 26. La. The great crevasse in
the levee of the Mississippi River is
stopped.
166 1849, June* -1850, Sept. 30. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
THE FIFTEENTH WAR.
1849 * * The Apache, Navajo, and
Utah "War. Men enrolled, 1,500 regu-
lars, and 1,061 militia and volunteers ;
total, 2561.
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
1849 July 16. Mass. Frost appears at
Pittsfleld ;— the mercury stood at 90°
during the previous day.
Aug. 21. Md. A National Convention
of inventors meets at Baltimore.
Sept. 10. Mass. Edwin Booth, yet
under 16 years of age, makes his first
appearance on the stage, in Boston.
* * III. Abraham Lincoln [the future
President] secures letters patent on the
model of a boat for lifting vessels over
shoals.
* * N.J. A process for the condensation
of milk is invented by Gail Borden of
Newark.
* * New York. Jared B. Flagg and Fred-
erick E. Church become members of the
National Academy of Design.
* * Utah. The Great Salt Lake Valley
is surveyed by order of the United States
Government.
* * Mount Washington from North Con-
way is painted by J. F. Kensett.
* * Thomas Crawford receives a com-
mission from the State of Virginia to
execute a colossal equestrian statue of
Washington.
1850 May 24. Neio York. Henry
Grinnell's Expedition departs in
search of Sir John Franklin in the Arc-
tic Sea.
It sails in the Advance and Rescue
under Lieut. Edwin T. De Haven and
Dr. Elisha K. Kane. [They succeed in
entering Baffin Bay, and return with
their vessels in October, 1851, but search
in vain for Sir John Franklin's expe-
dition.]
June 29. N. Y. Part of Table Rock at
Niagara Falls gives way.
Aug. 19. New York. P. B. Conway
makes his first appearance in America, at
the Broadway Theater.
Sept. 1. New York. Arrival of Jenny
Lind, the " Swedish Nightingale." She
is greeted with immense enthusiasm.
Sept. 11. Neio York. Jenny Lind first
appears on the American stage, at Castle
Garden, before 7,000 persons ; first-night
receipts, $30,000 ; $225 is paid for the first
ticket sold.
Haugen, Nils P., M. C. for Wis., born in
Norway.
Jewett, Sarah Orne, author, born in Me.
Johnston, Alexander, publicist, author, b.
inN.Y.
Jones, William A., M. C. for Va.,b. in Va.
Joy, Charles F., M. C. for Mo., born in 111.
Lazarus, Emma, poet, A38.
Lyon, Mary, founder of Mount Holyoke
Seminary, A52.
Merrill, Joseph, M. E. cl., A64.
Miller, William, Advent preacher, A68.
Poe, Edg-ar Allan, poet, editor, A40.
Polk, James K.. M. C. for Tenn., speaker,
Gov. of Tenn., 11th Pres. U. S., A54.
Read, Nathan, inventor of nail-machine, A90.
Sen watka. Frederick, Arctic explorer, born
in 111.
Tappan, William Bingham, poet, A55.
Taylor, Alfred A., M. C. for Tenn.
Turpin, Louis W., M. C. for Ala., b. Va.
Worth, Wm J., maj.-gen. U. S. A., A45.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1849* *
Abbott, Benjamin, educator, A 87.
Blanchard, Newton C, M. C. for La., b. La.
Boatner, Charles J., M. C. for La., b. in La.
Burgess, Neil, actor, born in Mass. .
Burnett, Frances Eliza Hodgson, novelist,
born in Eng.
Chase, William M., painter, born in Ind.
Chauneey, Charles, lawyer, A72.
Danenhower, John Wilson, explorer, born.
Davenport. Fanny, actor, born in Eng.
Farrar, Timothy, scholar, judge, A 102.
Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, of Va., brig.-
gen. U. S. A., A 72
Gallatin. Albert, Swiss- American, leader
of Republicans, sen. for Pa., sec. of treas.
A 88.
Goodnight, Isaac II., M. C. for Ky., b. Ky.
CHURCH.
1849 June * New York. The General
Synod (Reformed) meets ; George H.
Fisher, president. [Again, at Schenec-
tady in August ; J. Van Veckten, presi-
dent.]
Aug. 1. Tex. The Protestant Episcopal
Diocese of Texas is established.
Sept. 21. Cal. "Wm. Taylor, a Metho-
dist minister, arrives in California, and
soon begins mission-work by street-
preaching.
Dec. 3. The trial of Bishop G. W. Doane
(Protestant Episcopal) begins. [He sur-
renders his property to his creditors,
and the case is dismissed.]
Dec. 16. Ind. George Upfold is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of
Indiana.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; Nich-
olas Murray, moderator.
* * Phila. The General Assembly (N.
S. Presbyterian) meets ; Philip C. Hay,
moderator.
The Baptist Annual Meeting is
held.
1850 Feb. 24. Miss. William Mercer
Green is consecrated (Protestant Episco-
pal) bishop of Mississippi.
May* N. Y. The Baptist Annual
Meeting is held at Buffalo.
May 23. The party favoring a revision
of the Bible is defeated in the Baptist
Annual Meeting.
May* Mo. The 2d General Confer-
ence (Meth. Epis. South) meets at St.
Louis.
June 10. New York. The American
Bible Union is organized by Baptists,
who have seceded from the American
and Foreign Bible Society.
June 12. IT. Y. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jesusalem meets.
June* N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Poughkeepsie ; Jer.
Searle, president.
LETTERS.
1849 * * Ga. Monroe Female College
(Bapt.) is founded at Forsyth.
* * Mo. William Jewell College (Bapt.)
is founded at Liberty.
* * New York. V Eco d'ltalia is founded
by political refugees.
* * New York. The Astor Library is
founded [260,611 vols.] by John Jacob
Astor, by the gift of $400,000.
* * Ohio Central College (non-sect.) is
organized at Iberia.
* * O. Oxford College (Pres.) is organ-
ized at Oxford.
* * Pa. University of Lewisburg
(Bapt.) is founded at Lewisburg.
* * Tenn. Hiwassee College (Meth.
Epis.) is organized at Hiwassee.
Carson-Newman College (Bapt.) is
founded at Mossy Creek.
* * Wis. Lawrence University (Meth.
Epis.) is opened.
* * Wis. The Wisconsin State Historical
Society Library is founded at Madison.
[55,361 vols.]
* * The California and Oregon Trail, by
Francis Parkman, appears.
* * Characteristics of Literature, by Tuck-
erman, appears.
* * Life of Goldsmith, by Irving, appears.
* * History of Spanish Literature, by
George Ticknor, appears.
* * History of the United States, by Rich-
ard Hildreth, appears.
* * Kavanaugh, by Longfellow, appears.
* * Lectures on Subjects Connected with
Literature and Life, by Edwin P. Whip-
ple, appears.
* * Poems, by J. T. Fields, appears.
* * God in Christ, by Horace Bushnell,
appears.
* * Lowell Lectures on the Application of
Metaphysical and Ethical Science to the
Evidences of Religion, by Bowen, appears.
SOCIETY.
1849 Dec. 20. D. C. President Tyler
gives a banquet at the White House
to Father Mathew ; the Senate votes
the extraordinary distinction to admit
him to the bar of the Senate.
* * N. Y. Elizabeth Blackwell receives
the first degree of M. D. given in the
United States to a woman.
It is bestowed by the Medical School
at Geneva, after being refused in New
York, Philadelphia, and Boston.
* * The Bloomer costume, resembling a
Turkish jacket and trousers, is intro-
duced by Mrs. Ann Bloomer.
* * The Fugitive-Slave Law is vio-
lated.
People of the North give great offense
to the people of the South by helping
men, women and children of color to
secure their freedom, instead of assist-
ing those who would enslave them, un-
der laws forbidding their education, and
providing no defense for marriage, etc.
1850 Apr. 22. Mass. The banns of
marriage are legally published for the
last time in this State.
Apr. 25. La. General Narcisso Lopez
sails from New Orleans with 300 fili-
busters to invade Cuba.
May 19. Cuba. Gen. Lopez lands at
Cardenas and defeats a Spanish force,
but soon abandons the enterprise for
UNITED STATES. 1849, June *- 18 50, Sept. 30. 167
lack of support by deserters from the
Spanish army and by the Cubans.
Sept. 20 ±. New York. Jenny Lind be-
stows $10,000 upon several worthy chari-
ties of the city.
STATE.
1849 Julyl. National debt $63,061,858.
Sept. 1. Cal. A convention at Monterey
forms a State constitution for Cali-
fornia.
Dec. 3. D.C. The 31st Congress
opens.
The Democrats have a strong majority
in the Senate ; the Free-Soilers hold the
balance of power between the Demo-
crats and Whigs.
Dec. * D. C. Congress ; House : After a
struggle of three weeks Howell Cobb
(Dem.) of Ga. is elected Speaker on the
sixty-third ballot.
Dec. * D. C. The President recommends
that California be received into the
Union (Free State).
Dec. + * D.C. Congress: Exciting
debates occur on the slavery ques-
tion; several Southern members
threaten secession and civil war if
slavery is excluded from the Territories.
Dec. * Cal. The people adopt a consti-
tution by a popular vote, and choose
P. H. Burnett as the first governor.
* * D.C. Congress : The Senate is emi-
nent for its ability. [" At no time in
its history, before or since, has its mem-
bership been so illustrious, its weight
of character and ability so great." —
Blaine.]
* * -51 * * New York. Caleb S. Wood-
hull is elected the 67th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-53 * * Ala. Henry W. Collier.
Cal. (Ter.). Gen. B. Riley.
-51 * * Cal. P. H. Burnett.
-50 * * Conn. Joseph Trumbull.
-53 * * Fla. Thomas Brown.
-57 * * Ind. Joseph A. Wright.
-53 * * Minn. (Ter.). Alex. Bamsey
-51 * * N. C. Charles Manley.
-52 * * N. H. Samuel Dinsmore.
-51 * * N. Y. Hamilton Fish.
-50 * * O. Seabury Ford.
Ore. (Ter.). Joseph Lane.
-63 * * Ore. (Ter.). John P. Gaines.
-51* * R. I. Henry B. Anthony.
-51 * * Tenn. Wm. Trousdale.
-53 * * Tex. P. Hansborough Bell.
-52 * * Va. John B. Floyd.
-50 * * Vt. Carlos Coolidge.
1850 Feb. 5, 6. D. C. Congress;
Senate : Henry Clay introduces a bill
for compromising the slavery contro-
versy. (See Sept. 9.)
Mar. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Daniel Webster delivers his memo-
rable speech against his antislavery
friends, who regard it as a betrayal.
Webster asserts that the South has
monopolized three-fourths of the places
of honor and emolument, under the
Federal Government, ever since the
Union was formed.
Apr. 19. The Bulwer- Clayton Treaty
is concluded.
It provides that neither England nor
the United States shall obtain exclusive
control over the Central American Inter-
Ocean Canal, or erect any fortification
in that country.
Congress ; Senate : After prolonged
debate, the Compromise Bill is referred
to a Committee of 13.
May 6. D.C. Congress ; Senate : Wil-
liam K. King of Ala. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
June 3. Tenn. South Carolina and Mis-
sissippi legislatures issue a call for a
Southern Congress, to frame a govern-
ment for a "United States South."
[A disunion assembly meets at Nash-
ville ; it is thinly attended, and treated
with ridicule].
July 1. U. S. National debt $63,452,773.
July 9. D. C. President Taylor dies.
July 10. D. C. The Vice-President,
Millard Fillmore of N. Y., is inaugu-
rated the 13th President.
Thirteenth Administration; Whig.
Cabinet : Daniel Webster of Mass.
(State), Thomas Corwin of O. (Treas.),
Charles M. Conrad of La. (War),
Jas. A. Pearce of Md. (Interior), Wm.
A. Graham of N. C. (Navy), Nathan
K. Hall of N. T. (P. M.-Gen.), and
John J. Crittenden of Ky. (Atty-Gen.),
[Alex. H. H. Stuart of Va. Interior].
July * D. C. President Fillmore favors
compromise measures with slavery.
* * The Democrats of the South are di-
vided into Union men and Southern
Rights men.
Aug. 5 +. D. C. Congress : A long
and exceedingly violent struggle
occurs in connection with the bill to
receive the Free State of California
without its being paired with a new
Slave State.
Aug. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Jefferson Davis and others vainly at-
tempt to have entered on the journal
their protest against the wrong done
to the slave-holding States, in giving
the entire Pacific Coast to freedom.
Sept. 9. New Mexico and Utah Terri-
tories are organized.
D. C. Henry Clay's compromise
secures the admission of California
as a free State.
It provides for the payment of $10,000,-
000 to Texas for her claim to New Mexico,
and the organization of Utah and New
Mexico Territories without any commit-
tal respecting slavery, for the prohibi-
tion of the slave-trade with the insti-
tution undisturbed in the District of
Columbia, and the execution of the
Fugitive-Slave Law. It is opposed by
Senators Seward, Wade, Stevens (of
Pa.), Fessenden, and others.
Congress admits California into the
Union as the 31st State.
Sept. 10. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the Fugitive-Slave Bill. Vote,
109-95.
It imposes a fine of $1,000 and 6 months
imprisonment on any person harboring
a fugitive slave, or aiding him to escape.
It terrorizes about 20,000 fugitives in the
North, and creates great indignation.
Sept. 18. D.C. President Fillmore signs
the Fugitive-Slave Law.
Sept. 30. D. C. The 31st Congress.:
the first session closes.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1849 Aug. 17. NY. A fire at Albany
burns 600 buildings, besides steamboats,
etc.; 24 acres are wasted ; loss, $3,000,,000.
Sept. 27. N. Y. Owego is almost de-
stroyed by fire.
Oct. 1 . N.Y. The Hudson River Rail-
road is opened to Peekskill.
Nov. 12. The ship Caleb Grimshaw
burns at sea ; 339 passengers are res-
cued, 60 perish on a raft.
Nov. 15. La. The steamboat Louisiana
explodes at New Orleans, killing 60
persons.
Dec. 29. La. A great crevasse is made
in the levee, 40 miles above New Orleans.
Dec. 31. N.Y. The Hudson River
Railroad is opened as far as Pough-
keepsie.
U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1849, 297,024.
Production of gold for 1849, $40,000,-
000 ; of silver, $50,000.
* * Conn. Evergreen Cemetery, at New
Haven, is dedicated.
* * D.C. Oak Hill Cemetery, at George-
town, is incorporated.
* * Mo. Belle Fontaine Cemetery is es-
tablished.
* * U. S. Cholera prevails, and many
deaths occur. In New York, 5,071 ; St.
Louis, 4,557; Philadelphia, 1,022: Buf-
falo, 858 ; Nashville, 805 ; Chicago, 678 ;
Boston, 611.
* * Gold dollars are first coined.
1850 Jan. 8. N. Y. The first ship en-
ters the dry-dock at Brooklyn.
Feb. 4. New York. Seventy-five persons
are killed by a street explosion.
Feb. 12. Phila. The original manu-
script of Washington's Farewell Ad-
dress is sold at auction for $2,300.
June 14. Cal. A fire in San Francisco
consumes 300 buildings.
June 17. The steamer Griffith on Lake
Erie is burned, and 300 lives are lost.
June * U. 8. Seventh Census : States,
31 ; whites, 19,553,068 ; colored, 3,638,808
(free colored 434,495, slaves 3,204,313);
total population, 23,191, 876. Lncrease,
35.86 per cent. Center of population, 23
miles southeast of Parkersburg, W. Va. :
westward movement in 10 years, 55 miles.
July 9. Phila. A fire destroys 35 lives
and $1,000,000 in property; 100 persons
are also injured.
Aug. 24. N. H. The greater part of the
business portion of Concord is destroyed
by fire.
168 1850, Oct. 1-1851
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1851 Aug. * -Sept. * Defeat of the sec-
ond filibustering expedition against
Cuba ; Gen. Lopez and 480 men made
prisoners by the Spaniards.
Fifty-one are shot by the Cuban au-
thorities ; Lopez is garroted, and the rest
are sent to Spain [where, after some
negotiations, they are liberated],
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1850 Nov. 4. New York. Signorina
Teresa Parodi first appears in America,
at the Astor Place Opera House.
Nov. 11. Neio York. Madame Ponisi
first appears in America, at the Broad-
way Theater.
* * Cal. Wellingtonia Gigantea, the
largest tree in the world, is discovered
by W. Whitehead.
* *Me. The Society of Natural History
is organized in Portland.
* * N.J. Gail Borden invents a meat
biscuit.
* * Wis. The Musik-Verein is established
at Milwaukee.
* * Washington Crossing the Delaware is
painted by Emanuel Leutze.
* * A colossal statue, The Genius of Amer-
ica, is executed by Thomas Crawford.
* * A bronze statue of Beethoven is exe-
cuted by Thomas Crawford.
1851 June* Floods of vast extent pre-
vail in the upper Missouri and in the
Mississippi ; crops cannot be planted.
July 4. D. C. The corner-stone of the
great white marble wings of the Federal
Capitol is laid.
Aug. 15. Mo. A cyclone destroys prop-
erty at St. Louis.
Dec. 29. New York. Lola Montez, the
dancer, first appears in the United
States, at the Broadway Theater.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1850* *
Adams, Herbert B., prof., author, b. Mass.
Babcock, Jos. W., M. C. for Wis., b. in Vt.
Bellamy, Ed., au. of " Looking Backward," b.
Bascom. Henry B., bp. M. E. Church
South, A54.
Bower, Wm. H., Member of Congress for
N. O., born in N. C.
Calhoun, John C, sen. for 8. C, leader for
free trade, sec. of state, nullifler, A68.
Clark, Champ, M. C. for Mo., born in Ky.
Cooper, S. B., M. C. for Tex., born in Ky.
Dinsmore, Hugh A., M. C. for Ark., b. Ark.
Doolittle, W. H., M. C. for Wash., b. in Pa.
Ellis, William R., M. C. for Ore., b. Ind.
Elmore, Franklin H., sen. for S. G, A54.
Fuller, Sarah M. (Countess d'Ossoli), au-
thor, A 40.
Gibson, William Hamilton, artist, b. Conn.
Gorman, J. S., M. C. for Mich., b. in Mich.
Hatter, A. L., M. C. for la., born in K. Y.
Hartshorne, Joseph, physician, surgeon, ATI.
Jones, Jacob, commodore, 17. S. N., A80.
Johnson, Henry U., M. C. for Ind., b. Ind.
Johnson, Martin N., M. C. for N. 1)., b. Wis.
Judson, Adoniram, Bapt. missionary in
India, A62.
Lodge, Henry C, sen. for Mass., b. in Mass.
Maffit, John Newland, M. E. cl., A55.
McNagny, William F., M. C. for Ind., b. O.
Miller, Samuel, Pres. cl. of N. Y., A81.
Noah, Mordecai M., Jewish journalist in
N. Y., A65.
Osgood, Frances Sargent Locke, poet, A39.
Plumer, William, sen. for N. H., A91.
Prentiss, Sergeant Smith, M. C. for Miss.,
orator, A 42.
Rayner, Isidor, M. C. for Md., b. in Md.
Richardson, George P., M. C. for Mich.,
born in Mich.
Sibley, Joseph C, M. C. for Pa., b. N. Y.
Somers, Peter J., M. C. for Wis., b. Wis.
Taylor, Zachary, maj.-gen. U. S. A., 12th
Pres. of the U. S., A66.
Terry, William L., M. C. for Ark., b. N. C.
Troost, Gerard, chemist, A74.
Weadock, Th. A. E., M. C. for Mich., b. Ire.
White, William J., M. C. for 0., b. Can.
Williams, James R., M. C, for 111., b. I1L
Wilson, John L., M. C. for Wash., b. Ind.
1851* *
Alexander, Archibald, Pres. cl., author, A 79.
Audubon, John J., ornithologist, A71.
Barron, James, of Va., commodore, A82.
Beck, John Brodhead, physician, A57.
Belknap, William G., brig-gen., A57.
Boen, Baldor E., M. C. for Minn., b. Nor.
Bouvier, John, jurist, author, A64.
Burnes, Daniel D., M. C. for Mo., b. in Mo.
Chandler, Abiel, of Mass., philanthropist,
merchant, A74.
Colton, Walter, clergyman, writer, A54.
Cooper, George W., M. C. for Ind.,b. in Ind.
Cooper. James Fenimore, of N. Y., novel-
ist, A 62.
Daggett, David, sen. for Mass.. A 87.
DeKay, James E., naturalist, AS!).
Dixey, Henry E., actor, born in Mass.
Dubois, Frederick T., sen. for Ida., b. in 111.
Gallaudet, Thomas II., founder of deaf and
dumb asylum, A 64.
Gillett, Fred. H., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass.
Goode, George Brown, ichthyologist, b. Ind.
Graham, Sylvester, vegetarian adv., A57.
Hainer, Eugene J., M. C. for Neb., b. Hun.
Hill, Isaac, editor, Gov., sen. for N. H., A63 ?
Holden, Oliver, composer, dies.
Hornblower, William B., jurist, born in N. Y.
Jordan, David Starr, zoologist, b. in N. Y.
Kyle, John C, M. C. for Miss., b. in Mich.
Latimer, Asbury C, M. C. for S. C, b. S. C.
McCall, Sam'l W., M. C. for Mass., b. Pa.
McCulloch, Philip D., Jr., M. C. for Ark.,
born in Tenn.
McDannold, John J., M. C. for 111., b. 111.
McDuffle, George, Gov., sen. for S. C, A63 ?
McDowell, Ephraim, surgeon, A80.
McRae, Thomas C, M. C. for Ark.,b. Ark.
Morton, SamT G., naturalist, ethnologist,A52.
Olin, Stephen, M. E. clergyman, A54.
Paynter, Thos. H., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky.
Richardson, Charles Francis, author, b. Me.
Smith, James, Jr., sen. for N. J., b. in N. J.
Van Ness, Cornelius P., Gov. of Vt., minis-
ter to Spain, A70.
Warrington, Lewis, capt. U. S. N., A69.
Warner, John D., M. C. for N. Y., b. in N. Y.
Washington, Joseph E., M. C. for Tenn.
born in Tenn.
"Woodbury, Levi, Gov. of N. H., sec. of
treas., justice U. S. S. Ct., A69.
CHURCH.
1850 * * Cal. The Protestant Episcopal
Diocese of California is organized.
* * Mich. The General Assembly (N.
S. Presbyterian) meets at Detroit ; D. H.
Biddle, moderator.
* * New York is created an archi-
episcopal see (Roman Catholic) ; the
bishops of Albany, Buffalo, Boston, and
Hartford are suffragans to it.
* * The Boman Catholic dioceses of
Wheeling, Nesqually, Savannah, Mon-
terey and Los Angeles, and St. Paul are
established. Santa F6 is created an
archdiocese.
* * New Eng. The Unitarian Associa-
tion of Ministers at Large, in New
England, is organized.
* * 0. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ;
Aaron W. Leland, moderator.
* * O. The General Convention (Prot-
estant Episcopal) meets in Cincinnati.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati"; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * S. C. The General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) meets in Charleston.
* * U. S. The church communicants
number 3,529,988, about one in seven of
the population.
* * Henry B. Bascom is ordained bishop
of the M. E. Church South.
* * The Evangelical Lutheran Synodical
Conference is organized.
1851 June 11. Boston. The General
Convention of the New Jerusalem
meets.
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Be-
formed) meets at Albany; Alex H.
Mann, president.
July 11. John Payne is consecrated
(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Africa.
Oct. 15. Francis Hughes Butledge is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Florida.
Oct. 29. Conn. John Williams is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant
bishop of Connecticut.
Dec. 29. The Boston (undenominational)
Young Men's Christian Association, the
first in the United States, is organized.
LETTERS.
1850 * * Cal. California State Library
is founded at Sacramento. [53,000 vols.]
* * Mo. Christian CoUege (Disciples) is
founded at Columbia.
Grand River CoUege (Bapt.) is
founded at Edinburg.
* * New York. Harper's New Monthly
Magazine is founded.
* * N. Y. The University of Rochester
(Bapt.) is founded.
* * O. Capital University (Evang.
Luth.), of Columbus, is organized.
Heidelberg College (Reformed), at
Tiffin, is organized.
* Tex. Austin CoUege (Pres.), at Sher-
man, is organized.
* * Utah. University of Utah (non-
sect.), of Salt Lake City, is organized.
* * The International Magazine appears.
* * A Few Thoughts for a Young Man, by
Horace Mann, appears.
* * El Dorado, by Bayard Taylor, appears.
* * Lectures on Art, and Poems, by Wash-
ington A lis ton, appears.
* * Mahomet and His Successors, by
"Washington Irving, appears.
* * People I Have Met, by Willis, appears.
* * Representative Men, by Emerson,
appears.
* * Reveries of a Bachelor, by Donald
Grant Mitchell (Ik Marvel), appears.
* * The Scarlet Letter, by Hawthorne,
appears.
* * Ways of the Hourr by Cooper, ap-
pears.
* * Wide, Wide World, by Elizabeth Weth-
erell, appears.
* * History of the Indians of Connecticut,
by J. W. de Forrest, appears.
* * Songs of Labor, and Other Poems, by
Whittier, appears. '
1851 Sept. 18. New York. The Times
is founded by George Jones and Henry
J. Baymond.
UNITED STATES. 1850, Oct. 1-1851 * *
169
Oct. 10. Cal. The California Christian
Advocate (Meth. Epis.) is first issued.
SOCIETY.
1850 * * Neto York. The Methodist Home
for the Aged is opened.
* * Va. In this State there are 83,000
white persons, more than 21 years of
age, who are unable to read or write.
* * U. S. Total slaves, 3,204,313.
* * -60 * * U. S. National and interna-
tional trades-unions, and local bodies
generally organized.
+ * * IT. S. The labor agitation chiefly
relates to a reduction of hours by legis-
lative enactment, hence it goes into
politics.
1851 June 2. Me. Neal Dow's bill be-
comes the Maine Law by the signature
of the governor ; it prohibits the manu-
facture, sale, and use of intoxicating
drinks, with certain exceptions.
Aug. 11. Cuba. Lopez lands another
band of filibusters, 480 strong [which is
soon defeated, and he, with many others,
is captured].
Aug. 21. Cal. A reprieved prisoner is
hanged by citizens.
Aug.* N. Y. The National Temper-
ance Convention meets at Saratoga.
Sept. 1. Cuba. Gen. Narcisco Lopez
is executed.
Sept 11. Pa- A riot occurs at Christi-
ana in the rescue of a fugitive slave;
the owner is killed, his son mortally
wounded, and the sheriff and posse are
driven away.
Dec. 5. N. Y- Gen- Louis Ko88Uth'
the Hungarian patriot, arrives ; a mili-
tary and civic procession and a vast
assembly welcome him and listen to his
eloquent address.
Dec. 11. N. Y. The City Council gives
a banquet in honor of Kossuth.
Dec 30. B.C. Kossuth arrives at
Washington, and with masterly elo-
quence pleads for his oppressed coun-
trymen.
* * Michigan adopts a Constitution which
forbids the Legislature to enact license
laws.
STATE.
1850 Oct. 7. Miss. Disunion meeting*
are held in Natchez and Yazoo City ;
disunion resolutions are voted down.
Oct 14. Va. A convention assembles at
Richmond to amend the Constitution.
Oct 22. The Chicago City Council nul-
lifies the Fugitive-Slave Law, and re-
leases the police from obedience to it.
[It afterward reconsiders its action.]
Dec. 2. B.C. The 3 1st Congress: the
second session opens.
* * Congress grants a right of way and
donates land to the States of Illinois,
Mississippi, and Alabama, in aid of a
railroad from Chicago to Mobile.
* * Dakota is first settled.
* * U.S. Governors inaugurated :
-53 * * Conn. Thos. H. Seymour.
-54* * la. Stephen Hempstead.
-51 * * Ky. John L. Helm.
-54 * * La. Joseph Walker.
-53 * * Me. John Hubbard.
-51 * * Mich. John S. Barry.
-51 * * Miss. John A Quitman.
-53 * * O. Reuben Wood.
-52 * * S. C. John H. Means.
_54 * * Utah. (Ter.). Brigham Young.
-52 * * Vt. Chas. K. Williams.
1851 Mar. 3. B.C. Congress author-
izes the President to send a Government
vessel to the Mediterranean to convey
Gen. Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot,
and his fellow exiles to America.
It decides that Congress expires at
noon on the 4th day of March.
Mar. 4. B.C. The 31st Congress ends.
Apr. 25. B. C. The President issues a
second proclamation against filibus-
tering. He causes the Cleopatra, about
to sail for Cuba, laden with military
stores, to be seized.
Julyl. U.S. National debt $68,304,796.
Aug. 11. Cuba. Gen. Lopez lands about
500 filibusters. (See Army and Navy.)
Nov. * B. C. Jefferson Davis resigns
his' seat in the Senate to become a Re-
sistance or State Bights candidate for
governor of Mississippi, and is defeated
by H. S. Foote, Unionist, by a plurality
of 1 ,009 votes.
Dec. 1. B.C. The 32d Congress opens.
Dec. * B. C. Congress ; House : Linn
Boyd of Ky. is elected Speaker.
Benjamin F. Wade of Ohio and
Charles Sumner of Massachusetts en-
ter the Senate ; Thomas A.Hendricks
first enters the House from Indiana.
Dec. 24. B. C. Fire consumes part of
the Capitol and the whole of the Con-
gressional Library.
Dec. 30. B. C. Louis Kossuth, the
Hungarian patriot, addresses Congress
with great eloquence.
* * D.C. The President proclaims neu-
trality in the Mexican revolutionary
movement.
* * D C. Benj. B. Curtis of Mass. is
appointed justice of the Supreme Court.
* * U.S. Governors inaugurated :
.52** Cal. John M'Dougall.
I55 * * Del. Wm. H. Ross.
-53 * * Ga. Howell Cobb.
.55 * * Ky. Lazarus W. Powell.
.53 * * Mass. George S. Boutwell.
Miss. JohnG. Guion.
.52 * * Miss. James Whitfield.
-55 * * N.C. David S. Reid.
"54 * * N.J. George F. Fort.
.52* *N.Mex.{Ter.). John S. Calhoun.
.53 * * N.Y. Washington Hunt.
"52 * * B..I. Philip Allen.
.53 * * Tenn. Wm. B. Campbell.
53 * * Wis. Leonard J. Farwell.
*'*New York. Ambrose C. Kingsland
is elected the 68th mayor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1850 Oct.l. N.Y.-Vt. The Whitehall
and Butland Bailroad is opened.
Dec 13 La. The steamboat Anglo-
No\man bursts her boilers at New Or
leans ; nearly 100 persons are killed or
wounded.
Dec. 31. U. S. Railroads in use, 9,021
miles.
Immigrants and other aliens, in 15
months, 369,980.
* * Nashville and Lowell are both lighted
with gas.
* * Chicago has a Board of Trade ; the
city is lighted with gas.
* * III. The Galena and Chicago
Union Bailroad is completed to Elgin,
42 miles; the first railroad out of
Chicago.
* * La. Eight steamboats and 37 persons
are burned at New Orleans.
* * N. Y. Forest Lawn Cemetery, near
Buffalo, is dedicated.
U. S. Production for the year: Gold,
$50,000,000 ; silver, $50,000,000. Bushels
of grain: corn, 592,071,104; wheat,
100,485,179; oats, 146,584,179; barley,
5,167,015; rye, 14,188,813; buckwheat,
8,956,912.
1851 Jan. 1. Phila. The City of Glas-
gow arrives, the first of a line of steam-
ers running between Philadelphia and
Liverpool.
Jan. 27. The steamer John Adams strikes
a snag in the Ohio ; 123 lives are lost.
Mar. 2. An explosion on the steamer
Oregon, near Island No. 82, on the Mis-
sissippi, kills 60 persons.
Mar. 12. Cal. A fire in Nevada City
burns about200buildings; loss, $1,300,000.
Apr. * The New York and Lake Erie
Railroad is opened, from Dunkirk to
Piermont on the Hudson.
May 3. Cal. A fire at San Francisco
burns 2,500 buildings ; loss, $3,500,000.
May 11. Cal. A fire rages at Stockton ;
loss, $1,500,000.
May 14. N. Y. President Fillmore is
present at the celebration of the for-
mal opening of the New York and Lake
Erie Railroad.
May * The Pacific, of the Collins line of
steamers, breaks the record by crossing
the Atlantic in nine days and nine-
teen hours.
June 22. Cal. Another fire at San
Francisco burns 500 buildings and
$3,000,000 in property.
Aug 22. Eng. The yacht America
wins the " Cup of All Nations » at the
international regatta race at Cowes.
Aug 28. Eng. The yacht America
beats the iron yacht Titania in a race
of 80 miles, and leaves her 8 miles astern.
Oct 8 N Y. The Hudson Biver
Bailroad is opened between New York
and Albany.
Nov 27. New York. A catastrophe in
a schoolhouse occurs because of a panic
on an alarm of fire; the banisters give
way, and 43 scholars are killed.
Dec 24. B.C. A part of the Capitol and
the whole of the Library of Congress are
burned.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1851, 379,466.
170 1851**-1852**.
, — __ |
ARMY — NAVY.
1852 Sept. 3 — 55 Mar. 3. Brev.-
Col. Robert E. Lee is superintendent
of the West Point Military Academy.
* * Ore. First Lieut. Ulysses S. Grant
serves in Oregon.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1851 * * McCormick, the inventor of reap-
ing-machines, receives a gold medal from
the jurors of the Exhibition at London.
* * George W. Flagg of Nantucket, Mass.,
Alfred Jones and John W. Casifear of
New York City, Jasper F. Cropsey of
Hastings-on-Hudson and T. Addison
Richards are elected members of the
National Academy of Design.
* * New York. The Central Park is
suggested by A. J. Downing, a practical
artist in landscaping.
**N.C. Birth of Millie- Christine, the
negro twins.
They are wholly distinct in the upper
and lower parts of the body, but one in
the lower part of the spinal column and
pelvis ; they have four legs and four
arms.
* * Sketch of Mount Washington is painted
by J. F. Kensett.
* * Minn. Frank B. Mayer makes valu-
able studies among the Dakota Indians.
* * The Rescue is executed by Horatio
Greenough.
1852 Jan. 20. N. Y. The East River
is frozen over, and for a few hours many
persons cross on the ice from Brooklyn
to New York.
Feb. 14. Minn. John Rae, the Arctic
explorer, arrives at St. Paul after a
vain search for relics of Sir John
Franklin.
June * U . S. Signora Marietta Alboni,
contralto singer, arrives.
Aug. 19. Me. A desolating tornado, 40
miles long and one-fourth of a mile
wide, visits Hancock county.
* * Nov. 22. An earthquake is felt in
New England.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1852* *
Apsley, Lewis D., M. C. for Mass., b. in Pa.
Abbey, Edwin Austin, artist, born in Pa.
I'.allou, Hosea, clergyman, founder of mod-
ern Universalis™, A81.
Bretz, Jonn L., M. C. for Ind., born in Ind.
Chase, Philander, P. E. bp. of O., A77.
Clay, Henry. " Kentucky's favorite son,"
orator, M. C, speaker, sen., sec. of state,
leader of Whigs, A75.
Downing, Andrew J., horticulturist, land-
scapist, A 37.
Drake, Daniel, physician, author, A67.
Gadsden, Christ. E., P. E. bp. of S. C, A67.
Grimshaw, Win., author of school-books,
A72.
Griscom, John, educator, philan., A78.
Hall, Uriel S., M. C. for Mo., born in Mo.
Hedding, Elijah, M. E. bp., A72.
Hopper, Isaac Tatem, emancipationist, A81.
Ikirt, George P., M. C. for 0., born in O.
Kingsley, James Luce, prof, in Yale, A74.
Lawrence, Amos, merchant, patron of col-
leges, A77.
Loudenslager, H. C, M. C. for N. J., b. N. J.
Matthews, Brander, author, dram., b. in La.
McGann, Lawrence E., M. C. for 111., b. Ire.
Morrow, Jeremiah, Gov., sen. for O., A 87.
Norton, Andrews, theolog. in Harvard, A76.
Payne, John Howard, actor, poet (Home,
Sweet Home), ASO.
Robertson, Sain'l M., Member of Congress
for Louisiana, b. in La.
Rusk, Henry Welles, M. C. for Md., b. in Md.
ltussell, Cbas. A., M, C. for Conn., b. inMass.
AMERICA
Rantoul, Robert, Jr., sen. for Mass., A47.
Rogers, James Blythe, chemist, A50.
Reed, Roland, actor, born in Pa.
Sergeant, John, jun., M. C. for Pa., A73.
Stuart, Moses, philologist, prof, at An-
dover, A72.
Taylor, Arthur H., M. C. for Ind., b. in Can.
Vanderlyn, John, historical painter, A76.
Van Rensselaer, Solomon, gen., M. C. for
N. Y., A75.
Van Voorhis, Henry C, M. C. for O., b. in O.
Wagner, Irving P., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Ware, William, novelist, A55.
Webster, Daniel, born in N. H., lawyer,
first of Am. orators and statesmen, M. C.
for Mass., sen., sec. of state, A 70.
CHURCH.
1851 * * Ind. The (N. S.) Presbyterian
Synod of Wabash is organized.
* * III. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) of Northern Illinois is orga-
nized.
* * Mo. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at St. Louis ; Edw.
P. Humphrey, moderator.
* * Minn. The first Congregational
Church is formed at Minneapolis.
* *iV. Y. The General Assembly (N.S.
Presbyterian) meets at Utica; Albert
Bains, moderator.
* * O. The annual convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * Tex. The Texas Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) is organized.
* * Tex. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Texas is organized.
* * Wis. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Wisconsin is organized.
1852 May* -June 1. Boston. The Gen-
eral Conference (Methodist Episcopal)
is held.
Levi Scott.Matthew Simpson, Osmon
C. Baker, and Edward R. Ames are or-
dained bishops.
The Cincinnati, Kentucky, Northwest
Indiana, Oregon, Southeastern Indiana,
Southern Illinois, and Wyoming confer-
ences are formed.
May 7. O. The Western Unitarian Con-
ference is organized at Cincinnati.
June 9. Phila. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June 24. O. The Congregational Asso-
ciation of Ohio is organized.
June 30. New York. The Young Men's
Christian Association is established.
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Williamsburg ; Gus-
tavus Abeel, president.
Nov. 10. New York. Jonathan Mayhew
Wainwright is consecrated (Protestant
Episcopal) provisional bishop of New
York.
* * Ark. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Arkansas is organized.
* * la. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod of
Iowa is organized.
LETTERS.
1851 * * Cal. Santa Clara CoUege
(Rom. Cath.) is organized.
University of the Pacific (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at College Park.
* * III. Northwestern University
(Meth. Epis.) is chartered at Evanston.
Lombard University (non-sect.) is or-
ganized at Galesburg.
* * Ind. Hartsville University (United
Breth.) is organized.
* * Mississippi College (Bapt.) is orga-
nized at Clinton.
* * N.J. The Bordentown Female Col-
lege is opened.
* * O. Urbana University (New Church)
is organized.
* * Tenn. The Mary Sharp Female
CoUege (Bapt.), at Winchester, is or-
ganized.
Bethel CoUege (Cumb. Pres.), at Mc-
Kenzie, is organized.
BrownsviUe Female CoUege (Bapt.)
is founded at Brownsville.
* * The Biblical Repository and Biblio-
theca Sacra appears.
* * Book of Romances, Lyrics, and Songs,
by Bayard Taylor, appears.
* * The Golden Legend, by LongfeUow,
appears.
* * History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac,
by Francis Parkman, appears.
* * The House of Seven Gables, by Haw-
thorne, appears.
* * Nile Notes of a Howadji, by G. W.
Curtis, appears.
* * Katherine Walton, by W. G. Simms,
appears.
* * Constructive Democracy, by Parke
Godwin, appears.
1852 Mar. 20. Uncle Tom's Cabin, by
H. B. Stowe, appears in book form.
* * Ark. Cane Hill CoUege (Cumber-
land Pres.) at Boonsborough is organ-
ized.
* * Boston. The New England Historical
and Genealogical Register appears.
The Public Library is founded, hav-
ing 10 branches. [453,967 vols.]
* * D.C. The United States Senate Li-
brary is founded. [30,000 vols.]
* * la. Burlington CoUege (Bapt.) is
founded.
* * The Howadji in Syria, by G.W. Curtis,
appears.
* * Mass. Tufts CoUege (Univ.) is or-
ganized at College Hill.
* * New York. The New York Quarterly
Review appears.
SOCIETY.
1851 * * Cal. A VigUance Committee
is organized to suppress crime in a sum-
mary manner ; in so doing it supersedes
the courts.
La. A riot in New Orleans rises
out of the Cuban expedition.
* * Me. The Democrats of the Legisla-
ture strengthen the Maine law by an
enactment.
* *N. Y. The Independent Order of
Good Templars is organized in Central
New York.
* * Ohio votes an " additional section "
to the Constitution, forbidding the
Legislature to enact license laws.
UNITED STATES.
1851
1852
171
* * Several attempts are made in northern
States to capture fugitive slaves for
their owners, which create intense ex-
citement. Some of the fugitives are res-
cued by force and some with money.
1852 Feb. 13. New York. Horace
Greeley writes in the Tribune : " What
the temperance men demand is, not the
regulation of the liquor traffic , but
its destruction."
Feb. 16. O. The Homeopathic Col-
lege at Cleveland is attacked by a mob,
in consequence of the robbing of graves
for anatomical subjects.
June 24. D. C. The first National Ag-
ricultural Convention convenes at
Washington ; Marshal P. Wilder, presi-
dent.
July 16. New York. Louis Kossuth,
the Hungarian, leaves for Liverpool
under the assumed name of Alexander
Smith.
July 20. New York. The obsequies of
Henry Clay are celebrated with much
pomp ; business is suspended, the city
shrouded, and flags placed at half-mast.
July 26. New York. Irishmen attempt
the rescue of Thomas Kaine from the
United States marshal; he is claimed
by England as a fugitive from jus-
tice.
Aug. * The Lone Star Society is or-
ganized.
It is for the extension of national in-
fluence in the Western Hemisphere, and
for the acquisition of Cuba and the
Sandwich Islands.
Nov. 26. Eng. An appeal to the women
of America against slavery, adopted by
the Duchess of Sutherland and other
ladies, bears the signatures of 576,000
Englishwomen.
* * 111. Abraham Lincoln joins the
Sons of Temperance in Springfield.
* * O. Rutherford B. Hayes marries
Lucy Ware Webb.
* * R. I. A prohibitory law is passed
hy a Democratic legislature.
* * The American Society of Civil En-
gineers is organized.
STATE.
1852 June 1-5. Md. The Democratic
National Convention meets in Balti-
more, and on the forty-ninth ballot nomi-
nates Franklin Pierce of N. H.—
Lewis Cass of Mich, and James Bu-
chanan of Pa. being his chief competi-
tors ; "William L. Marcy of N. Y. and
Stephen A. Douglas of 111. are promi-
nent; William R. King of Ala. is
nominated for Vice- President.
June 16-21. Md. The Whig National
Convention meets at Baltimore, and
on the fifty-third ballot nominates Gen.
Winfield Scott of N. J. ; Millard Fill-
more of N. Y. and Daniel Webster of
Mass. are prominent candidates ; Wm.
A.Graham of N. C. is chosen for Vice-
President.
June 29. D. C. Henry Clay dies.
Julyl. V. 8. National debt $66,199,-
341.
Aug. 11. Pa. The Free-Soil Party
meets at Pittsburg, and nominates
John P. Hale of N. H. for President, and
George W. Julian of Ind. for Vice-Pres-
ident.
Aug. 31. B.C. The 32d Congress:
the first session closes.
Oct. 24. Mass. Daniel Webster dies,
and the plans of his friends 'who de-
sired him to be an independent candi-
date for the presidency fail.
Nov. 2. U. S. 17th presidential elec-
tion ; Democrats elected.
Popular vote: Franklin Pierce
(Dem.) of N. H., 1,601,474; Winfield
Scott (Whig) of N. J., 1,380,576 ; John P.
Hale (Free Dem.) of N. H., 156,149.
Dec. 6. D. C. The 32d Congress: the
second session opens.
Dec. 20. Congress ; Senate : D. R. At-
chisonof Mo. is again elected President
pro tempore.
* * D. C. The Government has a dispute
with England regarding the fisheries.
* * The Government sends an expedition
to Japan under Commodore Perry
[who negotiates a treaty].
* * U. S. The slavery agitation is qui-
eted by the compromise pledges of
both political parties, which are re-
garded as a finality.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-60 * * Ark. Elias S. Conway.
-56 * * Cal. John Bigler.
-53 * * N. Mex. (Ter.). Wm. C. Lane.
-53 * * Mich. Eobert McClelland.
-54 * * Miss. Henry S. Foote.
-54 * * N. H. Noah Martin.
Pa. Wm. Bigler.
-54 * * S. C. John L. Manning.
-56 * * Va. Joseph Johnson.
-53 * * Ft. Erastua Fairbanks.
Apr. 2. O. An explosion on the steamer
Redstone, on the Ohio near Carrolton,
kills 20 persons.
Apr. 3. Mo. The steamer Glencoe ex-
plodes her boilers at St. Louis, killing
83 persons.
Apr. 9. Mo. The steamer Saluda ex-
plodes near Lexington, killing 100 per-
sons.
Apr. * Mich. The Michigan Southern
Railroad is completed from Monroe to
Chicago, the first eastern railroad
entering Chicago.
May 21. Mich. The Michigan Cen-
tral Railroad is opened from Detroit to
Chicago.
July 3. Cal. A branch mint is estab-
lished by Congress at San Francisco.
July 5. La. The steamer St. James ex-
plodes on Lake Pontchartrain, near New
Orleans, killing 40 persons.
July 27. N. Y. Great public excite-
ment is caused by the burning of the
steamboat Henry Clay, while racing on
the Hudson, near Yonkers ; 70 lives are
lost.
Aug. 20. A night collision occurs on
Lake Erie between the propeller Ogdens-
burg and the steamer Atlantic ; 100 per-
sons, chiefly Norwegians, who could not
understand directions for safety, are
killed.
Aug. 22. A flue collapses on the
steamer Franklin, on the Mississippi
near St. Genevieve, and kills 32 persons.
Sept. 4. The Hudson River steamboat
Reindeer explodes; 28 persons are
killed and 20 injured.
Oct. 3. The ship Crescent City is boarded
by the Spanish Government at Havana,
and not allowed to land her mails or
MISCELLANEOUS.
1851 * * la. The city of Davenport is
incorporated.
* * La. The steamer Brilliant explodes
on the Mississippi, near Bayou Goula,
killing 90 persons.
* * Mass. Woodland Cemetery, near
Boston, is established.
* * N. Y. Evergreen Cemetery, on
Long Island, is opened.
* * O. The Wabash and Erie Canal,
connecting the Ohio River at Evansville
with Lake Erie at Toledo (467 miles), is
completed.
* * Pa. Woodlands Cemetery, near
Philadelphia, is laid out.
* * The rate of postage is reduced :
prepaid letters, three cents ; unpaid, five
cents; and double rates for distances
over 3,000 miles.
1852 Feb. 1. O. The State House at
Columbus, containing valuable papers,
is burned.
Feb. 10. D. C. New York friends of
Henry Clay present him with a gold
medal at Washington.
Mar. 31. Boston. Tremont Temple is
burned.
Oct. 18. III. The Chicago and Rock
Island Railroad is opened from Chi-
cago to Joliet.
Nov. 2. Cal. Three-fourths of Sacra-
mento is burned ; loss, 2,500 buildings,
several lives, and $5,000,000. Half the
inhabitants are without shelter.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1852, 371,603.
* * Boston. A system of telegraphic fire-
alarms is adopted.
* * Chicago. The first through train
from the East arrives via the Michigan
Central Railroad.
* * New York. The Anchor Line of
steamers for Glasgow is established.
* *New York. The Bible House is
erected by the American Bible Society ;
cost $300,000.
* * N. Y. The Lutheran Cemetery, near
New York, is established.
* * O. The Cleveland, Painesville,
and Ashtabula Railroad is opened.
* * Ore. About 10,000 emigrants arrive.
* * Ore. Some half-breed Indians dis-
cover gold in a sand-beach, near the
Coquille River.
* *Tenn. Elmwood Cemetery, near Mem-
phis, is incorporated.
172 1852**-1853
# *
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1853 June 21. Martin Koszta, a Hun-
garian-American at Smyrna, is rescued
in a summary manner from the Austri-
an authorities by Capt. Ingraham of the
St. Louis ; excitement follows in Europe
and America.
July 5 ± . Lieut. U. S. Grant is raised to
the rank of captain U. S. A.
July 14. Japan. Com. M. C. Perry
secures an interview with the Mikado,
which changes the non-intercourse pol-
icy of the Japanese Government.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1852 * * New York. Louis Lang is elected
a member of the National Academy of
Design.
James W. Wallack takes Brough-
am's Lyceum, and calls it Wallack' s
Theater.
* * Phila. The manufacture of galva-
nized iron is introduced.
* * Wellman'sself top-card cotton-strip-
per is exhibited.
* * The lens system of illuminating
lighthouses supersedes reflectors.
* * _54 * * Battle of Monmouth is painted
by Emanuel Leutze.
* * Speculator is painted by F. W.
Edmonds.
1853 Jan. 4. New York. Capt. John
Ericsson exhibits a vessel in which
caloric, or heat, is the motive power.
It sails down the bay at the rate of 14
miles an hour, at a cost of 80 per cent
less than steam.
Jan. 10. New York. Madam Henrietta
Sontag, singer, first appears.
Jan. 11. The caloric ship Ericsson
makes a trial-trip on the Potomac.
Feb. * O. The first successful steam
fire-engine made in this country is
completed at Cincinnati.
May 31. New York. The Arctic expe-
dition in the Advance, under Dr. Kane,
sails in search of Sir John Franklin
and for scientific purposes ; expenses
borne jointly by the United States and
Moses H. Grinnell.
June * An expedition under command of
Capt. Ringgold is sent out to explore
routes for vessels between San Francisco
and China ; also the whaling-grounds of
the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Strait.
Sept. 9. N. Y. The remnant of Table
Rock at Niagara Falls drops into the
Sept. 12. Greenland. Dr. Kane's ex-
ploring expedition is frozen in near
the coast, at the most northerly point
ever reached.
Dec. 28. A great snowstorm begins and
continues 36 hours ; it blockades the New
England roads.
* *La. The New Orleans Association of
Science is organized.
* * S.C. The Elliot Natural History So-
ciety of Charleston is organized.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1853* *
Ailiinis, Chas. Baker, naturalist, A39.
Aldrich, J. Frank, M. C. for 111., b. in Wis.
Appleton, Samuel, merchant, philan., A87.
Bartholdt, R., M. C. for Mo., b. in Ger.
Beaumont, William, physiologist, A57.
Beck, Lewis (!., chemist, mineralogist, A45.
Bell, Chas. K., M. C. for Tex., b. in Tenn.
Burgess, Tristam, M. C. for K. I., A81.
Chapman, Nathaniel, physician, A73.
Chickering-, Jonas, piano inaiiuf., A55.
Chilton, Horace, sen. for Tex., b. in Tex.
Caldwell, Charles, physician, author, A81.
Davey, Robert C, M. C. for La., b. in La.
Drew, John, actor, born in Pa.
Farrar, John, au., prof, mathematics, A74.
Greenleaf, Simon, jurist, Harvard prof., A70.
I lank, Minnie, actor, born in La.
Hendrix, Jos. C, M. C. for N.C., b. in Mo.
Hitchcock, Peter, sen. for 0., A73.
Judd, Sylvester, Unit, cl., author, A40.
King. William Rufus. 13th Vice-Pres. of
U. S., M. C, sen. for Ala., minister to Fr.,
A 67.
Maguire, James O., M. C, for Cal., b. Mass.
McCleary, J. T., M. C. for Minn., b. in Can.
Murray, G. W., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C.
O'Neil, Jos. H., M. C. for Mass., b. in Pa.
Paine, Charles, statesman, A54.
Ritchie, Byron F., M. C. for O., born in 0.
Tallmadge, James, jurist, anti-slavery, M.
C. for N.C., A75.
Tucker, Henry St. G., M. C. for Va.,b. in Va.
Underwood, L. M., bot., author, b. in N.C.
Walker, Sears Cook, astronomer, A45.
White, Stephen M., sen. for Cal., b. in Cal.
CHURCH.
1852 * * The (0. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of the Pacific is organized.
* * The Congregationalists of Connecti-
cut abrogate the " Plan of Union" with
Presbyterians.
* * B.C. The General Assembly (N. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Washington ;
Wm. Adams, moderator. It appoints a
Committee on Publications.
* * N.Y. The third American General
Congregational Convention is held
at Albany, consisting of a pastor and
delegates from each church. It ends
the "Plan of Union" between Congre-
gationalists and Presbyterians. (First
Convention 1637, second, 1646.)
* * 0. The Progressive Friends organize
at Salem.
* * 0. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * Pa. The Baptist Annual Meeting
is held in Pittsburg.
* * The Baptists sustain work among the
Pueblos and Navajos.
* * S.C. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) is held at Charleston ;
John C. Lord, moderator.
* * Mission work among the Chinese
on the Pacific Coast is begun by Pres-
byterians in San Francisco.
* * The American Missionary Association
begins its Chinese work in the United
States. It reports 21 missionaries sta-
tioned among the Indians of the North-
west.
1853 Eeb. 3. Cal. The California
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal
Church holds its first session.
June 8. Chicago. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June * Phila. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets ; Duncan Kennedy,
president.
Aug. 17. la. The Protestant Episcopal
Diocese of Iowa is organized.
* * Bishop Levi S. Ives (Protestant Epis-
copal), a High - Churchman, is conse-
crated by the Pope at Rome.
Oct. 14. Bishop Levi S. Ives (repudi-
ating Protestantism) is deposed.
Oct. 17. Thomas Frederick Davis is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of South Carolina, and Thomas Atkin-
son, bishop of North Carolina.
Oct. 28. Cal. William Ingraham Kip is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis-
sionary bishop of California.
Nov. 6. Cal. The first Presbyterian
Chinese Church is organized in San
Francisco.
* * The Norwegian (Evangelical Luther-
an) Synod is organized.
* * Cal. The Roman Catholic Arch-
diocese of San Francisco is erected.
* * N. Y. The General Assembly (N.S.
Presbyterian) meets at Buffalo ; D. H.
Allen, moderator.
* * N.Y. The Baptist Annual Meeting
is held at Albany.
* * Ore. The Congregational Conference
of Oregon is organized.
* * Pa. The Progressive Friends or-
ganize at Chester.
* * Pa. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Susquehanna is organized.
* * Phila. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets ; John C. Young,
moderator.
* * Va. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) meets at Winchester.
* * Vt. Louis De Goesbriand is conse-
crated first (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Burlington.
* * The Missionary Society of the
United Brethren in Christ is or-
ganized.
* * Roman Catholics establish the dio-
ceses of Burlington, Vt., Brooklyn, N.
Y., Newark, N. J., and Covington, Ky.
* * The American Baptist Historical
Society is formed.
LETTERS
1852 * * 0. Antioch College (non-sect.)
is organized at Yellow Springs.
Benjamin Harrison graduates at Miami
University.
* * Pa. The Westminster College
(United Pres.) is organized at New
Wilmington.
* * Phila. The Presbyterian Quarterly
Review appears.
St. Joseph's CoUege (Rom. Cath.) is
organized.
* * S. C. The Furman University (Bapt.)
is organized at Greenville.
* * Tenn. The Soule College (Female)
is founded by Baptists at Murfreesboro.
* * The Child's Paper is issued by the
American Tract Society.
UNITED STATES.
1852
1853
173
* * Sermons on Theism, Atheism, and
Popular Theology, by Theodore Parker,
appears.
* * The Blithedale Romance, by Haw-
thorne, appears.
* * Aylmere ; or, The Bond Man of Kent,
by R. T. Conrad, appears.
* * Lotus Eating, by G. W. Curtis, ap-
pears.
* * Potiphar Papers, by G. W. Curtis,
appears.
* * The White Slave, by Richard Hil-
dreth, appears.
* * Outlines of Moral Science, by Archi-
bald Alexander, appears.
* * Boston. The Congregational Library
is founded.
* * Cal. The Mercantile Library Asso-
ciation Library is founded at San
Francisco. [53,858 vols.]
1853 * * Cojin. A large sum is added to
the endowment fund of Yale College
by its alumni.
* * la. Central University is founded
by Baptists, at Pella.
* * Illinois Wesleyan University
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Bloomington.
* * Ky. Danville Theological Seminary
(Pres.) is established.
* * La. Mt. Lebanon University
(Bapt.) is founded.
* *Mass. Rev. James Walker is elected
president of Harvard University.
The Free Public Library is founded
at New Bedford. [48,600 vols.]
* * Mo. The Christian University (Disci-
ples of Christ) is founded at Canton.
Washington University (non sect.)
is organized at St. Louis.
* * N. C. The Rutherford College (non-
sect.) is organized at Rutherford.
* * New York. The Clipper is founded.
Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
is founded.
Putnam's Magazine appears.
The first committee on the removal
of Columbia College is appointed.
Manhattan College (Rom. Cath.) is
organized.
* * Pa. Beaver College and Musical
Institute (Meth. Epis.) is founded at
Beaver.
Franklin and Marshall College
(Reformed) is organized at Lancaster.
* » Va. Roanoke College (Luth.) is
organized at Salem.
* * Wis. Racine College (Prot. Epis.) is
organized at Racine.
* * Wis. Ripon College (non-sect.) is
organized at Ripon.
* * The United States Review appears.
* * Alone, by Marion Harland, appears.
SOCIETY.
1853 May 31. New York. Dr. Kane's
second Arctic expedition sails in the
Advance to seek for some trace of Dr.
Franklin.
* * Summer. Great sums of money are
raised in the Northern States for suf-
ferers from yellow fever in the
South.
Oct. 12. JT. Y. John Morrisey and
"Yankee Sullivan" have a brutal
encounter in the prize ring; Morrisey
wins.
Oct. 17. Cal. Seventy-five adventurers
under Col. Wm. Walker sail from San
Francisco to establish a proslavery re-
public in Lower California.
Nov. 29. Cal. John Mitchel, the Irish
exile, having escaped from "Van Die-
men's Land, arrives at San Francisco.
Dec. 19. New York. A banquet is given
to John Mitchel by citizens.
* * -60 * * Cal. Numerous murders oc-
cur in San Francisco, and lynch law is
applied to suppress crime.
* * O. Benjamin Harrison marries Caro-
line Lavinia Scott.
± * * Pa. A murderous society called
the Molly Maguires (originally Buck-
shot), is formed among the alien miners.
* * R.I. The prohibitory law is de-
clared unconstitutional.
STATE.
1853 Feb. 9. D. C. Congress counts
the electoral vote.
Vote for President : Pierce, 254 ; Scott,
42 • Hale, 0. Vote for Vice-President :
Wm. R. King of Ala. (Dem.), 254 ; Wm.
A. Graham of Ala. (Whig), 42 ; George
W. Julian of Ind. (Free Dem.), 0.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 32d Congress ends.
The 14th Administration ; Democratic.
Mar. 4. D.C. Franklin Pierce of N. H.
is inaugurated the 14th President, in the
17th term of the presidency ; Wm. R.
King of Ala. is Vice-President.
Cabinet: William L. Marcy of
N. Y. (State), James Guthrie of Ky.
(Treas.), Jefferson Davis of Miss.
(War), James C. Dobbin of N. C.
(Navy), Robert McClelland of Mich.
(Interior), James Campbell of Pa.
(P. M.-Gen.), Caleb Cushing of Mass.
(Atty.-Gen.).
June 7. New York. Important changes
are made in the charter of New York
City, restraining the municipal officers
in financial matters.
July 1. U.S. National debt $59,803,117.
July 14. Commodore Perry lands in
Japan, and delivers a letter from
President Pierce to the imperial com-
missioners.
Dec. 5. D. C. The 33d Congress
opens.
Dec. * D. C. Congress; Senate : D. R.
Atchison of Mo. is re-elected President
pro tempore. House: Linn Boyd of
Ky. is re-elected Speaker.
Dec. 30. Mex. The Gadsden Purchase
is made by treaty; it averts war and
settles the Mexican boundary dispute.
The line follows the Rio Grande from
its mouth to 31° 20' north latitude, thence
due west to the 111th meridian, thence
directlv to a point on the Colorado
River, 20 miles below the Gila, thence
up the middle of the Colorado River to
the California line. Area acquired,
45,000 square miles ; the United States
is to pay $10,000,000 for the territory
ceded.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1853 Feb. 16. Cal. The steamer In-
dependence is wrecked off Lower Cali-
fornia ; fire follows ; there are 129
deaths, and the survivors suffer terribly
on the barren shore.
Mar. * Four surveying parties, seeking a
railroad route to the Pacific, are au-
thorized by Congress, and $150,000 is
appropriated for expenses.
Apr. 11. A steam-pipe bursts on the
steamer Jenny Lind, when on her way
to San Francisco ; 31 persons are killed.
Apr. 20. The steamer Ocean Wave burns
on Lake Ontario ; 38 persons are killed.
Apr. 23. III. A collision occurs on the
Michigan Central and Northern Indiana
railroads near Chicago; 20 persons are
killed.
May 6. Conn. A train on the New York
and New Haven Road enters an open
drawbridge into the Norwalk River ;
50 persons are killed.
May 26. La. Yellow fever appears in
New Orleans.
July 14. New York. The Crystal Pal-
ace, containing an exhibition of goods
from all nations, is opened by private
enterprise in the presence of President
Pierce and many other dignitaries.
July 18. Me.— Can. The railroad from
Portland to Montreal, 290 miles long,
is opened.
Sept. 4. The Galena and Chicago
Union Railroad, 121 miles long, is
opened.
Sept. 22. California has its first tele-
graph line, from San Francisco to a
point 8 miles nearer the sea.
Oct. 4. Mass. The Great Republic is
launched at East Boston; it is 4,000
tons burden, the largest merchant ves-
sel in the world.
Oct. 11. New York. The Clearing
House, comprising 52 banks, goes into
operation.
Nov. 9. The Washington aqueduct
enterprise is inaugurated; President
Pierce turns the first turf.
Nov. * N. J. The New York and Erie
Railroad moves its eastern terminus
from Piermont to Jersey City.
Dec. 10. New York: Harper Brothers'
publishing house is burned out ; loss,
$1,000,000.
Dec. 17. N. Y. The Brooklyn City Rail-
road is incorporated.
Dec. 22. New York. The new steamship
San Francisco sails from port. [She is
wrecked in a gale, and 200 lives are
lost.]
Dec. 27. New York. The mammoth
clipper Great Republic is burned.
Dec. 31. U. S Immigrants and other
aliens in 1853, 308,645.
174 1853 * *-1854, Aug. 10.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1854 July 13. Capt. Hollins of the U.
S. sloop-of-war Cyane bombards San
Juan de Nicaragua, in revenge for an
alleged theft, and insults.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1854 Jan. 20. O. A tornado half a
mile wide nearly destroys the town of
Brandon.
Feb. 20. The most violent snow-storm
for 23 years, prevails from Washington
northward.
Mar. 18. N. Y. A terrible gale at
Albany unroofs 50 houses ; many chim-
neys and walls are blown down.
Mar. 20. Ga. Two shocks of an earth-
quake are felt at Macon.
May 1. Conn. A great flood sweeps the
Connecticut valley ; the river is 29.} ft.
above low-water mark.
June 23. III. A prostrating destructive
cyclone visits Manteno.
July 18. 111. A cyclone visits Daven-
port ; life and property are destroyed.
Aug. 10. A tornado obstructs the Pitts-
burg and Cleveland Railroad.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1854* *
Aitken, David D., M. C. for Mich., b. Mich.
Alderson, J. D., M. C. for W. Va., 1>. in W. Va.
Ashburner, Chas. Albert, geologist, born.
Atherton, Alice, actor, born in O.
Iiateman, Isabel, actor, born in O.
Bates, Joshua, chaplain of senate, A78.
Bird, Kobert M., author, editor, A51.
Caminetti, Anthony, M. C. for Cal., b. in Cal.
Cockran, W. Bourke, M. C. for N. Y., b. Ire.
Cope, Thos. P., merchant, dies in Pa.
Davis, John, " Honest John Davis," Gov.,
sen. for Mass., A 67.
Elv, Richard Theo., politic, economist, born.
Fithian, ti. W., M. C. for 111., b. in 111.
Gartland, R. C, bp. of Savannah, A 49.
Geary, Thos. J., M. C. for Cal., b. in Mass.
Goldzier, Julius, M. C. for 111., b. in A us.
Greenhow, Robert, historical writer, A 54.
Heiner, Daniel B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.
Hinman, Clark T., fd. N'western Uni., A35.
Hoffman. David, lawyer, author, of Pa., A70.
Irby, John L. M., sen. for S. C, b. in S. C.
Johnson, Tom L., M. C. for O., born in Ky.
Kyle, .lames H., sen. for S. Dak., born in O.
Lewis, Samuel, educationist, A55.
Perkins, T. H., philan., merchant, Ai)0.
Price, Andrew, M. C. of La., born in La.
Reed, Henry, metaphysician, author, A 46.
Ritchie, Thos., ed. Richmond Enquirer, A76.
Shaw, Geo. B., M. C. for Wis., b. in N.Y.
Wainwright, Jon. M., P. E. bp. of N.Y., A62.
Williams, John S., M. C. for Miss., b. Tenn.
Woodard, Fred. A., M. C. for N. C, b. in N.C.
Woods, Leonard, prof, of theology, A80.
CHURCH.
1853 * * III. The Illinois eldership
(Church of God) is organized.
* * la. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Iowa is organized.
* * New York. The General Conven-
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.
* * New York. The Five Points Mis-
sion House is erected on the site of an
old brewery.
* * 0. The annual convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
1854 Jan. 8. Thomas F. Scott (Protes-
tant Episcopal) is consecrated mission-
ary bishop of Oregon and Washington.
May 31. la. The Protestant Episcopal
Diocese of Iowa first assembles.
May * Ga. The 3d General Confer-
ence (Meth. Epis. South) meets at Col-
umbus.
June 1. N.Y. Emily C. Judson, Bap-
tist missionary, dies at Hamilton.
June 21. Me. The General Convention
of the New Jerusalem meets at Port-
land.
June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re-
formed) meets at Hudson ; Mancius S.
Hutton, president.
LETTERS.
1853 * * The Chapel of the Hermits, by
Whittier, appears.
* * Passion Flowers, by J. W. Howe, ap-
pears.
* * A Health Trip to the Tropics, by
Willis, appears.
* * History of England, by E. E. Hale,
appears.
* * Mental Portraits, or Studies of Char-
acter, by Tuckerman, appears.
* * Powers and Duties of Woman, by
Horace Mann, appears.
* * Six Months in Italy, by George S.
Hillard, appears.
* * Geology of the Globe, by Edward
Hitchcock, appears.
* * Theory of Politics, by Hildreth, ap-
pears.
1854 Jan. 9. New York. The Astor
Library is opened.
SOCIETY.
1854 Jan. 17. Pa. Two railroad bridges
and crossings at Erie are destroyed by a
mob of women, who are afterward es-
corted with banners and music.
Jan. 18. La. JudahTourodiesatNew
Orleans, leaving nearly $2,000,000 to pub-
lic institutions.
* * Conn. A prohibitory law is passed,
yet providing for town agents to sell
spirituous liquors for sacramental, chem-
ical, mechanical, and medicinal uses.
Mar. 6. D. C. A block of marble, sent
by the Pope, Pius IX., for the "Wash-
ington Monument, is destroyed in the
night by unknown persons.
Apr. * Mass. The Legislature incorpo-
rates a company to aid emigrants to
settle in the new Territories ; especially
in Kansas.
May 26. Boston . A great crowd of men
make ineffectual attempts to rescue An-
thony Burns, an arrested fugitive
slave; the assistant sheriff is killed.
May* H[ass. Indignation meetings are
held, and buildings draped in mourn-
ing, on the return of Anthony Burns to
slavery, under the Fugitive-Slave Law.
June 3. N. Y. A riot in Brooklyn is
caused by opposition to street-preach-
ing; quiet is restored by the military
after many are killed or wounded.-
July 13. N. Y. Opposers of street-
preaching create a riot at Buffalo.
July* Conn. The Connecticut Legisla-
ture incorporates an " Emigrant Aid
Association."
July 29. Mo. The "Platte County
Defense Association" meets at Wes-
ton, and declares its readiness, when
called upon by any of the citizens of
Kansas, to remove " any and all emi-
grants who go there under the auspices
of Northern Emigrant Aid Societies."
Aug. 3. New York. Col. Loring of Cali-
fornia is murdered at the St. Nicholas
Hotel by Dr. Graham of New Orleans.
STATE.
1853 * * U. S. The "Know-Nothing"
Society (American party) springs up
suddenly, proclaims its principles, [and
soon disappears] :
The Americans shall rule America.
The Union of the States. No North, no
South, no East, no West. No sectarian
interference in legislation or in the
administration of American law. Hos-
tility to the assumptions of the Pope,
through the hierarchy and priesthood,
in a republic. Thorough reform in the
naturalization laws. Free and liberal
educational institutions for all sects
and classes, with the Bible as a text-
book.
* * D. C. John A. Campbell of Ala. is
appointed Justice of the TJ. S. Supreme
Court.
* * I). C. Jefferson Davis, Sec. of War,
sends out various expeditions to explore
a railway route from the Missouri to
the Pacific.
* * Mex. Gen. Walker lands a filibus-
tering expedition in Lower California ;
tlie North believes it is done in the in-
terest of slavery.
* * U. S. Great political quiet prevails.
Yet the South is deeply disappointed
with the political results 6f the Mexican
war, as it gives the Free State Cali-
fornia and a majority of two votes in the
Senate to the North.
* * Washington Territory is created.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-57 * * Ala. John A. Winston.
-57 * * Fla. James E. Broome.
-57 * * Ga. Herschell V. Johnson.
-57 * * III. Joel A. Matteson.
-54 * * Mass. John H. Clifford.
-55 * * Me. W. G. Crosby.
-54 * * Mich. Andrew Parsons.
-57 * * Minn. Willis A. Gorman.
-57 * * Mo. Sterling Price.
N. Mex. ( Ter.). Solon Borland.
-55* * N. Mex. (Ter.). David Merri-
wether.
-55 * * N. Y. Horatio Seymour.
-56 * * O. William Medill.
Ore. (Ter.). Joseph Lane.
-54* * Ore. (Ter.). George L. Curry,
-54 * * U. I. Francis M. Dimond.
-57 * * Tenn. Andrew Johnson.
-57 * * Tex. Edward M. Pease.
-54 * * 17. John S. Robinson.
-57 * * Wash. (Ter.). Isaac I. Stevens.
-55 * * Wis. Wm. A. Barstow.
* * Nero York. Jacob A. Westervelt is
elected the 69th mayor. (
1854 Jan. 18. Mex. WiUiam Walker,
the filibuster, in the interests of sla-
very, proclaims the new Republic of
Sonora, formed of two States, Sonora
and Lower California.
UNITED STATES. 1853 * *-1854, Aug. 10. 175
Jam.. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
slavery agitation is reopened by
Archibald Dixon of Ky. (Dem.), who
gives notice that the Missouri Com-
promise — the basis of harmony — is to
be repealed, and new States will be
given to slavery.
The supreme want of the South is to
gain two Senators who will equalize the
vote of the Senate.
Jan. 23. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Stephen A. Douglas of 111. introduces
the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, for the or-
ganization of two new territories, and
the repeal of the Missouri Compro-
mise.
The bill permits the settlers to de-
cide whether the State to be organized
shall be a free or slave State (" Squat-
ter Sovereignty ").
Jan. + D. C. Congress: Acrimonious
debates on the extension of slavery en-
gage the Senate for four months ; great
excitement follows.
Feb. 7. D.C. Congress; Senate: Doug-
las of 111. moves an argumentative
amendment to the Kansas-Nebraska
Bill.
It declares the restriction of the Mis-
souri Compromise inoperative and void,
because " inconsistent with the principle
of non-intervention by Congress with
slavery."
Feb. 15. D. C. Congress : The Senate
agrees to the Douglas Amendment.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress : The Senate
prolongs its session and passes the Kan-
sas-Nebraska Bill, at five o'clock in
the morning. Vote, 37-14.
Mar. 21. D.C. Congress: The House
refers the Kansas-Nebraska Bill to the
Committee of the Whole. Vote, 110-95.
Mar. 31. Japan. A commercial treaty
with the United States is negotiated
and signed by Commodore Perry.
Apr. 20. D. C. President Pierce vetoes
the bill of Miss Dix, the philanthro-
pist, granting ten million acres of public
lands to be distributed among the States
for the amelioration of the indigent
insane.
Apr.* Mass. The Massachusetts Emi-
grant-Aid Company is organized, with
a fixed capital limited at $5,000,000.
It proposes to make Kansas a free
State by colonizing settlers there who
oppose slavery.
May 22. D.C. Congress: The House
has its last great battle on the Kansas-
Nebraska Bill, which finally passes.
Vote, 35-13.
May 24. Ind. The Democratic State
Convention pledges the Democracy to
support the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.
May 25. Ind. Revolting Democrats
hold a Convention at Indianapolis, and
denounce the Kansas-Nebraska Bui
as a conspiracy against humanity, and a
crime against God.
May 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, as
changed by the House. Vote, 35-13.
May 30. D. C. President Pierce signs
the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, which pro-
vides for the organization of Kansas and
Nebraska Territories.
1. The slavery question is to be settled
by the residents (Squatter Sovereignty).
2. The Supreme Court is to determine
the title to slaves, if appeal is taken
from the local courts. 3. The Fugitive
Slave Laws are to apply to the Terri-
tories. [The utter destruction of the
Whig party follows, and the Republi-
can party rises.]
June 5. V. S. A commercial reci-
procity treaty with Great Britain is
signed.
1. It provides for the use of the sea-
fisheries of the British Provinces by
Americans, by enlarging the rights ac-
corded them under the convention of
1818, and grants to British subjects fish-
ery rights along the coast southward to
the 36° north latitude.
2. It establishes a free interchange
between the British Provinces and the
United States of flour, breadstuffs, fruit,
fish, animals, lumber, and manufactured
articles.
June 14. D. C. Sec. Marcy notifies the
Danish minister that forcible resis-
tance to the collection of Sound dues
will not be made for one year.
July 1. U. S. National debt $42,242,-
222.
July 6. Mich. A State Convention is
held in Detroit of all anti-Nebraska
citizens, irrespective of former affilia-
tions.
The convention is the first to give
the name Republican to the fusion of
Whigs, Free Soilers, many Know-Noth-
ings, and some Democrats, who oppose
the extension of slavery.
July 17. Kan. The first party of emi-
grants is sent out by the Massachu-
setts Emigrant Aid Society.
Aug. 7. D. C. The 33d Congress: the
first session closes.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1853 * *Mass. Railroads having made the
Middlesex Canal useless, it is filled up.
* * Me.— Can.— N. H. Opening of the en-
tire lines of the Atlantic and St. Law-
rence, from Portland to Montreal, the
Baltimore and Ohio, and of the Boston,
Concord, and Montreal railroads.
* * N. Y. Consolidation of the Albany
and Schenectady, the Utica and Sche-
nectady, the Syracuse and Utica, the
Auburn and Syracuse, the Auburn and
Rochester, the Tonawanda, and the At-
tica and Buffalo railroads, all together
forming the New York Central.
* * Yellow fever scourges many South-
ern cities ; 7,200 deaths in New Orleans ;
Vicksburg loses one-sixth of its inhab-
itants.
* * The Government sends out expeditions
to explore a route from the Missouri to
the Pacific, for the Pacific Railroad.
1854 Jan. 17. Can. Detroit and Ni-
agara Falls are connected by the com-
pletion of the Great "Western Rail-
road of Canada.
Feb. 1. Passengers first ride from Buf-
falo to Erie and Chicago, over a track
of uniform gauge.
Feb. 23. New York. The Stonington
steamer, delayed three days in the
ice, finally arrives at her dock.
Feb. 24. AT. Y. Two men fall from the
Suspension Bridge at Niagara Falls, and
are dashed to pieces.
Feb. 28. Cuba. The steamer Black War-
rior is seized because of a technical error
in her manifest, which certified that she
had no cargo, while cotton was found.
Feb. * Chicago. The water-works are
completed, supplying the city from a
crib, built in the lake COO feet from the
shore.
Feb. * III. The Chicago and Rock
Island Railroad is completed to the Mis-
sissippi, 182 miles.
Apr.± * N. Y. Cyrus W. Field secures
from the Legislature of Newfoundland
the exclusive right for 50 years to land
a marine telegraph cable.
Apr. 11. Ind. One of the college build-
ings of the Indiana University, at
Bloomington, with 2,700 volumes, is de-
stroyed by fire.
Apr. 15. Cal. The steamboat Secretary
bursts her boiler near San Francisco ;
50 persons perish.
Apr. 16. N. Y. The ship rowhatan,
from Havre for New York, is wrecked
in a gale on Long Beach, near Egg Har-
bor ; 311 emigrants and the crew perish.
Apr. 23. New York. Fifteen firemen
perish by the fall of a burning store on
Broadway.
Apr. * Cuba. The Spanish Government
remits the fine, but considers the seizure
of the Black Warrior legal.
May 8. N. Y. The Cable Company
is organized.
Cyrus W. Field, Peter Cooper, Moses
Taylor, Marshall O. Roberts, and Chan-
dler White organize the New York,
Newfoundland, and London Telegraph
Company to lay a cable from America
to Europe.
May 18. Chicago. The corner-stone of
the Masonic Temple, on Dearborn
Street, is laid with impressive cere-
monies.
May 31. Del. Three wagon-loads (11,250
lbs.) of powder explode in the street
at Wilmington, killing several persons.
May * III. U. S. Grant engages in the
leather business with his father at
Galena.
June 5. II. I- A mad elephant does
much damage near Providence.
June 14. Mass. A fire at Worcester
consumes property valued at about
$500,000.
July 3. N. Y. Street cars commence
running in Brooklyn.
July 4. Md. A collision occurs near
Baltimore, on the Susquehanna Road;
30 persons perish.
July 5. Phila. The National Theater
and other edifices are burned.
July 30. N. J. A fire in Jersey City
burns 30 factories and other buildings.
Aug. 1. La. Yellow fever becomes
epidemic in New Orleans.
Summer. Over 900 deaths occur in July,
from cholera, in Chicago, and 650 deaths
during the summer in Brooklyn.
176 1854, Aug. 4-1855, Sept. 13. AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
Sept. 28. The U. S. sloop-of-war
CHURCH.
Oct. 18. la. Henry Washington
1854 Sept. 28. The U. S. sloop-of-war 1854
Albany sails from Aspinwall [and is Lee is consecrated (Protestant Episcc-
never heard from again]. pal) bishop of Iowa.
July 31. Capt. U. S. Grant resigns his Nov. 22. N. Y. Horatio Potter is con-
commission in the United States army. secrated (Protestant Episcopal) provis-
1855 June 29. Nicaragua. Gen. Win. ional bishop of New York.
"Walker, with his "filibusters," fights Dee. 6. R.I. Thomas March Clark is
a battle at Rivas, and defeats the
Nicaraguans.
Sept. 3. Neb. Gen. Kearny gains a vic-
tory over the Sioux Indians.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1854 Aug. 27. Ky. A cyclone at Louis-
ville demolishes a church during ser-
vice ; 25 persons are killed, 67 injured.
Sept. 1. The asteroid Euphrosyne is
discovered by James Ferguson.
Sept. 4. New York. Operatic perform-
ances are produced at Castle Garden, by
Giulia Grisi and Signor Mario.
Oct. 2. New York. The Academy of
Music is opened with the opera of
Norma.
1855 Jan. 31. Western trains are
blockaded with snow [there is no
communication between St. Louis and
Chicago for 11 days].
Jan. * Minn. The first bridge across the
Mississippi is completed at Minneapolis.
Mar. 8. N. Y. Opening of the railway
Suspension Bridge at Niagara Falls.
Engineer, John A. Roebling ; height
of towers, 88 feet and 78 feet ; length, 800
feet ; width, 24 feet ; height above the
river, 250 feet ; the 4 cables, 10 inches in
diameter, contain about 4,000 miles of
wire ; ultimate capacity of the 4 cables,
12,400 tons ; total weight of bridge, 800
tons ; cost of construction, $500,000.
May* Arctic Sea. Dr. Kane's party
abandons the Advance, and starts home-
ward in open boats.
May 31. N. Y. Lieut. Hartstein, with
the Arctic and Release, leaves Brooklyn
to find Dr. Kane in the Arctic regions.
Aug. 6. Greenland. The boats of Dr.
Kane's expedition arrive at the Danish
settlements, having sailed 1,300 miles in
81 days.
Sept. 3. New York. Mile. Rachel first
appears at the Metropolitan Theater.
Sept. 13. Greenland. Lieut. Hartstein
finds Dr. Kane at Lieveley.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1855* *
Barnes, Lyman E.,M. C. for Wis., b. in Wis.
Beck, Theodore Romeyn, phys., author, A64.
Brown, Thompson S., military engineer, A48.
Capers, William, bp. M. E. Ch. South, A65.
Colquitt, Walter T., sen. for Ga., A56.
Cone, Spencer H., Bapt. cl., of N.Y., A70.
Downes, John, commodore U. S. navy, A69.
Folsom, J. L., U. S. A., discoverer of gold in
Cal., A39.
Hammond, J. D., M. C. for N. Y., judge, A77.
Haworth, Joseph S., actor, born in R. I.
Kern, Omer M., M. C. for Neb., born in Ind.
Kettell, Samuel, editor, A55.
Lawrence, Abbott, benefactor, diplomatist,
A63. '
Sherman, Jas. S., M. C. for N. Y., b. in N.Y.
Spencer, John Canfleld, M. C. for N.Y., sec.
of war, A 67.
Sully, Daniel, actor, born in Mich.
Tawney, James A., Jl. C. for Minn., b. Pa.
Woodberry, George Edward, author, born
in Mass.
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Rhode Island.
* * la. The German Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) is organized.
* * Kan. A Congregational church is first
established in Kansas at Lawrence.
* *The German Eldership (Church of
God) is organized.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * Md. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Baltimore is organized.
* *N.Y. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Buffalo ; H. A.
Boardman, moderator.
* * Pa. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Allegheny is organized.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(N. S. Presbyterian) meets ; T. H.
Skinner, moderator.
It organizes a church erection fund,
and expresses the hope that the day is
not distant when a prohibitory law shall
be universally adopted and enforced.
* * The Baptist Annual Meeting
assembles.
* * Wis. Missionary Bishop Jackson
Kemper (Protestant Episcopal) accepts
the bishopric of Wisconsin.
* * New York. The Reformed Dutch
Board of Publication is formed.
* * Alexander Duff, the Scotch mis-
sionary, visits the United States and
arouses missionary zeal.
* * John Early, Hubbard H. Kavanaugh,
and Geo. F. Pierce are ordained bishops
of the Methodist Episcopal Church
South.
* * Pacific Conference (Methodist Epis-
copal South) is organized.
1855 June 27. Boston. The General
Convention of the New Jerusalem
meets.
Aug. * Kan. The General Association
(Congregational) of Kansas is organized.
* Mass. James A. Garfield enters the
junior class of Williams College.
* Pa. Pittsburg Female College
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Pittsburg.
* * S. C. Greenville Female College
(Bapt.) is founded.
Wofford College (Meth. Epis. S.) is
organized at Spartanburg.
* * The Protestant Episcopal Quarterly
Review appears.
* * A Journey to Central Africa, by Bay-
ard Taylor, appears.
* * Despotism in America, by Hildreth
(enlarged edition), appears.
* * Famous Persons and Places, by N. P.
Willis, appears.
* * Poems, by William Winter, appears.
* * Poems and Parodies, by Phcebe Cary,
appears.
* * Poems of the Orient, by Bayard Taylor,
appears.
* * The Virginia Comedians, by J. E.
Cooke, appears.
* * Walden, by Henry D. Thoreau, ap-
pears.
* * Intellectual Philosophy , by Francis
Wayland, appears.
SOCIETY.
1854 Aug. 4. A savage battle is fought
between the Sioux and the Chippewa
Indians.
Nov. 7. JV. Y. Myron H. Clark (Whig)
is elected governor on a prohibition
platform.
* * A large majority of the people of the
North and a large majority of the
people of the South are arrayed against
each other on the slavery issue, — both
men and women, — by considerations of
interest, pride, and conscience.
* * Kan. A remarkable emigration
pours into Kansas from both Northern
and Southern States.
It aims to secure the political organ-
ization of the State — the former for
freedom and the latter for slavery. Con-
fusion and violence, approaching an-
archy, soon prevail.
LETTERS.
1854* *Ill. Eureka College (Disciples)
is founded at Eureka.
* * N. Y. After a long and bitter struggle
the Legislature charters the first com-
pany organized to establish an asylum
for inebriates.
* * Cal. Forgeries by Henry Meigs,
amounting to $1,000,000, are discovered
in the comptroller's office at San Fran-
cisco.
* * Capt. U. S. Grant resigns his commis-
sion and becomes a farmer on a small
place in Missouri.
*Ind. Moore's Hill College (Meth. 1855 Mar. * and Apr. * tfan. A bloody
Epis.) is founded at Moore's Hill. election is held.
* Ky. Bethel College (Bapt.) is Apr. 21. Chicago. The military is called
out to suppress a riot occasioned by the
agitation of the license question.
May 10. Ind. A mob destroys the Birch
Creek (Canal) reservoir.
June 2. Me. Riot atPortland.
A crowd attempts to take possession of
certain liquors held by the city ; the
military is called out by Mayor Neal
Dow ; one man is killed and many others
founded at Russellville.
: * Minn. Hamilton University (Meth.
Epis.) is incorporated at Red Wing.
* Pa. Lincoln University (non-sect.)
is organized at Oxford.
* New York. The Gazette of Fashion is
founded by Frank Leslie.
* N. Y. Polytechnic Institute (non-
sect.) is organized at Brooklyn.
are wounded.
UNITED STATES. 1854, Aug. 4-1855, Sept. 13. 177
July 12. III. A mob at Jonesville
takes a prisoner out of the hands of the
sheriff and hangs him to a tree.
July * Kan. The proslavery Legislature
makes it a felony to circulate anti-
slavery publications, or to deny the
right to hold slaves in the Territory.
Aug. 6. Ky. A riot breaks out at
Louisville between the Americans
(Know-Nothings) and foreigners ; several
are killed on both sides.
Aug. 7. Mo. A bloody riot occurs at St.
Louis between the Irish and the Ameri-
can party.
iris. A Milwaukee mob seizes a
prisoner named Debar, arrested for
murder, and kills him, without interfer-
ence from two companies of militia that
are escorting him to prison.
STATE.
1854 Aug. * Utah. Col. Steptoe, U.S.A.,
is appointed governor in place of Brig-
ham Young, who refuses to recognize
the authority of the Chief Justice.
Oct. 6. Kan. A. H. Reeder (Dem.), the
first governor, arrives.
Oct. 18. Fr. The United States Minis-
ters in Council, having adjourned from
Ostend to Aix-la-Chapelle, issue the
Ostend Manifesto.
They recommend an immediate effort
to purchase Cuba, at $120,000,000 as a
maximum price. If Spain refuses to ac-
cept the price, it is suggested that it may
be necessary to seize the island, to pre-
serve the internal peace and the Union
of the American Republic. [The move-
ment is fruitless of results.]
Oct. * U. S. Efforts are made to secure
the annexation of the Sandwich Is-
lands to the United States, by negotia-
tion. [The death of the king of the
Islands defeats the effort.]
Oct. *-Nov. * Antislavery "Whigs and
antislavery Democrats coalesce in
the North by attraction, and without a
common name ; the Democratic party is
defeated in most of the Free-State elec-
tions.
Oct. * III. Abraham Lincoln chal-
lenges Stephen A. Douglas to a joint
debate in the canvass for Congress.
Nov. 29. Kan. Armed political in-
truders from Missouri take possession
of the polls and elect J. "W. Whitfield
as a pro-slavery delegate to Congress.
(1,729 illegal votes are cast, out of a total
of 2,781.)
Dec. 4. B.C. The 33d Congress: the
second session opens.
Congress; Senate: Lewis Cass of
Mich, is elected President pro tempore.
Dec. 5. B.C. Congress ; Senate : Jesse
D. Bright of Ind. is elected President
pro tempore.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-55 * * Conn. Henry Dutton.
-58 * * la. James W. Grimes.
-55 * * Kan.(Ter.). A. H. Reeder.
-56 * * La. Paul O. Hebert.
-55 * * Mass. Emory Washburn.
-58 * * Miss. John J. M'Rae.
Neb. (Ter.). Francis Burt.
-55 * * Neb. (Ter.). T. B. Cuming.
-55 * * N.H. Nathaniel B. Baker.
-57 * * N.J. Rodman M. Price.
Ore. (Ter.). John W.Davis.
-57 * * It. I. William W. Hoppin.
-56 * * S. C. James H. Adams.
-57 * * Utah (Ter.). E. J.Steptoe.U.S.A.
-56 * * Vt. Stephen Royce.
1855 Feb. 1. Paraguay. The United
States surveying steamer Water Witch
is fired upon while unlawfully ascend-
ing the Paraguay River.
Feb. 10. B. C. Congress approves an
act to secure the rights of citizenship
to children of American citizens who
are born in foreign countries.
Feb. 15. B. C. Congress revives the
grade of lieutenant-general by brevet,
in the army.
Mar. 4. B.C. The 33d Congress ends.
Mar. 19. B. C. Congress: The inves-
tigating committee reports that the
Kansas elections were carried by
fraud.
Mar. 30. Kan. An election is held at
Lawrence, to choose members for the
Territorial Legislature.
Armed political bodies of Missouri-
ans take possession of the polls, and
elect a pro-slavery Legislature. Of 6,218
votes cast, only 1,310 of them are legal.
(Gov. Reeder sets the election aside and
orders another.)
May 22. Kan. Supplementary elec-
tions are held, by order of the Governor,
and the Free-State men defeat their op-
ponents.
June 5. Phila. The American ( Know-
Nothing) National Convention con-
venes ; its managers decide to ignore
the slavery question.
June 11. Kan. Gov. Reeder is
charged with irregularities in the
purchase of Indian lands.
[He is removed by the President, July
26 ; John L. Dawson refuses the appoint-
ment of governor, and Daniel Woodson
becomes acting governor.]
June 13. O. The antislavery branch
of the American party (Know-Nothings)
meet at Cincinnati in National Con-
vention.
July 1. U. S. National debt $35,586,858.
July 2. Kan. The proslavery Legis-
lature meets at Pawnee, organizes, ex-
pels nine Free-State members [and ad-
journs to Shawnee Mission, near the
Missouri State line].
July 12. Mo. A convention of the
friends of slavery is held at Lexington.
Aug. 14. Kan. The Free-State men
hold a convention at Lawrence, repu-
diate the Shawnee Mission Legislature
as spurious, and summon a second con-
vention for Sept. 5, at Big Springs.
Sept. 7. Kan. Wilson Shannon (Dem.),
appointed governor by President Pierce,
assumes office.
Sept. 5. Kan. The convention at Big
Springs nominates ex-Gov. Beeder
as the Free-State candidate for Con-
gress.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1854 Aug. 13. Ky. A powder maga-
zine containing 800 kegs explodes at
Maysville, destroying 13 houses.
Aug. 25. N. Y. A fire at Troy burns
more than 100 buildings.
Aug. 29. N. J. A railway accident oc-
curs at Burlington, between New York
and Philadelphia ; 21 persons are killed.
Sept. 27. The steamer Arctic collides
with the steamer Vesta off Cape Race,
and 323 lives are lost.
Oct. 28. O. A fire rages at Cleveland ;
loss, $2,000,000.
Nov. 1. III. Forty persons are killed
or wounded in a disaster on the Chi-
cago and Rock Island Railroad.
Dec. * New York. Great distress prevails
among the poor.
Dec. 31. Report of accidents for the
year : 193 railroad accidents, 186 per-
sons killed, 589 wounded ; also, 48 steam-
boat accidents, killing 587 persons, and
injuring 225 more.
Immigrants and other aliens received
in 1854, 427,833.
* * B.C. Congress grants a right of way
and a tract of land 200 feet wide, from
the Mississippi River to the Pacific
Ocean, to a telegraph company.
* * Eng. The British press denounces
the bombardment of Greytown by the
frigate Cayne, claiming the place to be
under British protection. (See Army —
Navy, p. 174.)
* * III. The Illinois Central Railroad,
704 miles long, is completed.
* * N.J. The Jersey City water-works
are completed, taking water from the
Passaic River.
* * The crinoline skirt, ascribed to the
Empress Eugenie, and worn by her a few
months before the birth of Prince Napo-
leon, becomes fashionable with ladies.
1855 Jan. 1. N. Y. Brooklyn, Wil-
liamsburg, and the town of Bushwick
are consolidated.
Feb. 22. The California banks sus-
pend payment ; a panic follows.
Feb. 26. Gen. Jackson's sword is pre-
sented to Congress by the heirs of Gen.
Armstrong.
Mar. * N. Y. The Niagara Suspension
Bridge, two miles below the Falls, is
completed.
Mar. 14. N. Y. A train of cars first
crosses the Suspension Bridge at Ni-
agara Falls.
Mar. 19. Va. An explosion occurs in
the Midlothian coal-mines; 45 miners
perish.
Aug. 29. N. J. A train on the Camden
and Amboy Railroad is derailed; 21
persons are killed.
Summer. Va. Yellow fever ravages
Norfolk and Portsmouth with great
mortality ; citizens become refugees.
Sept. 5. The steamer Sierra Nevada
leaves New York for Nicaragua ; chol-
era carries off 95 passengers.
178 1855, Sept. 17-1856, June 2. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1855 * * The army consists of 1,885,216
men: regulars, 11,658; militia, 1,873,558;
navy, 72 vessels, carrying 2,290 guns.
1856 May 5-21. Kan. Lawrence is be-
sieged by invaders from Missouri ; it
surrenders, and many buildings are
burned.
May 26. Kan. At Pottawatomie eight
men are killed in a fight with invaders
from Missouri.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1855 Oct. 11. New York. The propeller
Arctic and the bark Release of the Arctic
expedition bring back Dr. Kane and his
entire party, except three who had died.
* * Physical Geography of the Sea, by
Lieut. Matthew F. Maury, appears.
* * The Recording Angel, a statue, is exe-
cuted by Larkin G. Mead.
* * The Pearl Diver, a statue, is executed
by Benjamin Paul Akers.
1856 Feb. 3. Kan. The mercury falls
30' below zero.
Feb. 10. N. Y. Very cold weather pre-
vails ; people cross between New York
and Brooklyn on the ice.
Feb. 23. O. A freshet commences in
Ohio ; several steamboats are destroyed.
Mar. 17. New York. Miss Adelaide
Phillips first appears in opera.
Apr. 13. Phila. A tornado unroofs 150
houses.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1856* *
Barton,William P. C, botanist, author, A70.
Berrien, John McPherson, senator for Ga.,
atty.-gen., A75.
Bond, Thos. E., editor, M. E. cl., A64.
Borden, Simeon, civil engineer, A58.
Brookshire, Elijah V., M. C. for Ind., born
in Ind.
Channing, Edward T., prof, of rhetoric and
oratory, A 66.
Clayton. John Mlddleton, sen. for Del.,
sec. of state, A 60.
Cooper, Charles M., M. C. for Fla., b. Ga.
Crawford, William T., M. C. for N. C, b. in
N. C.
Dawson, William C, statesman, judge, A 58.
Doughty, Thomas, landscape painter, A63.
Dowse, Thomas, book collector, A 84.
Dunphy, Edward J., M. C. for N. Y., born in
N.Y.
Finney, James B., M. E. cl., writer, A75.
Gaul, Gilbert Spencer, painter, born in N.Y.
Gray, Francis Calley, writer, A66.
Gray, Henry Peters, painter, A 66.
Haines, Charles D., M. C. for N. Y., born in
N.Y.
Harper, William Rainey, educator, born.
Harris, Thaddeus Wm., entomologist, A61.
Hentz, Caroline Lee Whiting, author, A56.
Hines, William H., M. C. for Pa., b. N.Y.
Hooker, Warren B., M. C. for N.Y., born in
N.Y.
Linton, William S., M. C. for Mich., born in
Mich.
Lee, Henry, actor, born in New York City.
McKeever, Isaac, commodore U. S. N., A63.
Morris, Charles, commodore IT. S. N., A72.
Moses, Charles L., M. C. for Ga., b. In Ga.
Murdock, James, prof, of theology, A80.
Percival, James Gates, poet, A61.
Pixlev, Annie, actor, born in N. Y. City.
Robbing, Thomas, clergyman, A79.
Rusk, Thomas J., senator for Tex., A54.
Scanlan, William J., actor, born in Mass.
Stallings, Jesse F., M. C. for Ala., b. Ala.
Stevens, Robert Livingston, inventor of
improvements in steamers, A69.
Sweet, Willis, M. C. for Ida., born in Vt.
Tate, Farish C, M. C. for Ga., b. in Ga.
Wallace, Horace B., lawyer, essayist, A39.
Warren, John C, anatomist, editor, A78.
Webber, Chas. W., naturalist, author, A37.
CHURCH.
1855 * * III. The Baptist Annual
Meeting is held in Chicago.
* * Kan. The Congregational Confer-
ences of Kansas and Minnesota are
organized.
* * Mo. The General Assembly (N. S.
Presbyterian) meets at St. Louis ; "Wm.
C. Wisner, moderator. It provides for
ministerial relief.
* * N. Y. The (N.S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Onondaga is organized.
* * Tenn. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Nashville ; Na-
than L. Rice, moderator. It provides
for ministerial relief.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * Me. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Portland is established.
* * O. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) meets at Dayton.
* * The Methodists (South) report 30 In-
dian missions, 28 missionaries, 4,264
members, 18 churches; expenditures,
$12,176.
* *The Seventh-day Baptist Educa-
tional Society is formed.
* * The General Synods (Evangelical
Lutheran) of Central Pennsylvania,
Iowa, and North Indiana are organized.
* * The United Synod South (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran), of Mississippi is orga-
nized.
1856 May l.-June 4. Ind. The Gen-
eral Conference (Methodist Episcopal)
is held at Indianapolis.
The Central Ohio, Germany, and
Switzerland (Mission), Detroit, Kansas,
Minnesota, Newark, Upper Iowa, and
West Wisconsin Conferences aref ormed.
June *. Phila. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
LETTERS.
1855 Sept. 17. Boston. The corner-
stone of the Public Library is laid with
impressive ceremonies.
* * Cat. The Pacific Advocate (Meth.
Epis.) is established.
* * Ga. New Ebenezer CoUege (Bapt.)
is founded at Cochran.
* * III. Abingdon CoUege (Christian) is
organized at Abingdon.
* * HI. Eureka CoUege (Disciples) is
organized at Eureka.
* * III. Northwestern University
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Evanston.
* * III. Almira College (Bapt.) is
founded at Greenville.
* * III. Hedding CoUege (Meth. Epis.)
is founded at Abingdon.
* * Ind. Butler University (Disciples)
is organized at Irvington.
* * Iowa Wesleyan University (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Mt. Pleasant.
* * La. Homer CoUege (Meth. Epis.)
is chartered.
* * Mich. Kalamazoo CoUege (Bapt.) is
organized at Kalamazoo.
Hillsdale CoUege (Free Bapt.) is orga-
nized at Hillsdale.
* * Mo. The CoUege of Christian
Brothers (Rom. Cath.) is organized at
St. Louis.
Westminster CoUege (Pres.) is or-
ganized at Fulton.
* * N. C. ThomasviUe Female Col-
lege (Bapt.) is organized at ThomasviUe.
* * N. Y. Elmira CoUege (Pres.) is or-
ganized at Elmira.
* * New York. Frank Leslie's Ulustrirte
Zeitung is founded.
* * O. The Western Methodist Protestant
is first issued.
* * Tex. Baptist Female CoUege is
founded at Belton.
* * Tex. St. Mary's University (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at Galveston.
* * Fairy Tales, by L. M. Alcott, appears;
also Flower Fables.
* * Hiawatha, by Longfellow, appears.
* * The Hidden Path, by M. Harland, ap-
pears.
* * Japan as it Was and Is, by Hildreth,
appears.
* * Leaves of Grass, by Walt Whitman,
appears.
* * The New Pastoral, by T. B. Read, ap-
pears.
* * The Reign of Philip the Second, by
William H. Prescott, appears.
* * Poems, by P. H. Hayne, appears.
* * Poems of Home and Travel, by Bayard
Taylor, appears.
* * Remember Me, by Ray Palmer, ap-
pears.
* * Out Doors at Idlewild, by Willis, ap-
pears.
* * Star Papers, by Beecher, appears.
* * Life of Washington, by Irving, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
1855 Sept. 26. Phila. The corner-stone
of the Masonic Hall is laid; 4,000
Masons march in a procession.
* * Me. The prohibitory law is re-
enacted by a Democratic Legislature,
and its penalties increased.
Oct. 8. New York. Grand jury indict-
ments are found against several city
officials for corruption and malver-
sation in office.
Winter. New York. Many associa-
tions, soup-kitchens, and plans for visi-
tation are formed to reUevethe suffer-
ing poor.
* * R. I. A prohibitory law is passed
by the American ( Eaiow-Nothing )
party. .
* * FUibustering is maintained by Gen.
Walker in Nicaragua, and encouraged
by Southerners.
1856 Apr. 10. New-York. A company
of 208 men leaves to join Gen. Walker's
filibusters in Nicaragua.
Apr. 24. Kan. A sheriff is shot while
sitting in his tent.
UNITED STATES. 1855, Sept. 17-1856, June 2. 179
May 14. Cal. Serious disturbances by
criminals are checked by a Vigilance
Committee, in San Francisco.
Tames P. Casey, editor of the Sunday
"times, shoots and kills James King,
editor of the San Franctsco Bulletin.
[Thousands of leading citizens arm and
organize a Vigilance Committee, which
tries and executes Casey ; they then
suppress the bullies and desperadoes in-
festing the city.]
May 21. Kan. Lawrence is sacked
by border ruffians. (See State.)
May 22. D. C. Preston S. Brooks, M. C.
from South Carolina, assaults Senator
Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts,
while sitting at his desk in the Senate
chamber. He fells him to the floor with
a cane, because of an offensive anti-
slavery speech in the Senate. [Mr. Sum-
ner is made an invalid for four years.]
STATE.
1855 Sept. 19. Kan. The defrauded
Free-State settlers hold a third conven-
tion at Topeka, adopt a Free-State
Constitution, and nominate ex-Gov.
Beeder (Rep.) for Congress.
Oct. 1. Kan. The proslavery party,
in an election called by their Legisla-
ture, elect John W. Whitfield for Con-
gress ; he receives more votes than the
census-tables warrant.
Oct. 3. Kan. The proslavery party meet
at Leavenworth.
Oct. 9. Kan. Ex-Gov. Reeder is elected
as a Free-State Representative in Con-
gress by 2,400 majority.
Oct. 23.-Nov. 11. Kan. The Free-
Soil party declares the proslavery
Legislature to have been elected by
fraud ; assembling at Topeka, it
adopts a constitution 'which excludes
all negroes, and organizes a rival gov-
ernment. [Discord, violence, and crime
abound for one year. The Kansas ques-
tion is made an issue in national poli-
tics — " Bleeding Kansas ! "]
Dec. 3. B.C. The 34th Congress opens.
Congress ; House : A prolonged and
exciting struggle over the speakership
ensues. [Finally (Feb. 2, 133 ballot) N.
P. Banks (Rep.) of Mass. is elected
over Wm. Aiken (Dem.) of S. C. by a
plurality of three votes — every vote for
Banks coming from the free States.]
Dec. 15. Kan. The Topeka (anti-
slavery) Constitution is accepted by a
popular vote. Vote, 1,731-46.
* * U.S. Revenue from the sale of pub-
he lands in 1855, $11,497,049.
* * U. S. The antislavery party becomes
generally known as the Republican
party — the Whig party rapidly dis-
appears from view.
* *The United States decline to pay
Sound dues to the Danish Government,
and the claim is settled by paying a
compensation.
* *-58 * * New York. Fernando Wood is
elected the 70th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-57 * * Conn. William T. Minor.
-59 * * Del. Peter F. Cansey.
-56* * Kan. (Ter.). Wilson Shannon.
-59 * * Ky. Charles S. Morehead.
-58 * * Mass. Henry J. Gardner.
-58 * * Mich. Kinsley S. Bingham.
-59 * * N. C. Thomas Bragg.
-57 * * N.H. Ralph Metcalf.
-58 * * Neb. (Ter.). Mark W. Izard.
-57* * N. Y. Myron H. Clark.
Pa. James Pollock.
-57. * * Wis. Coles Bashford.
1856 Jan. 11. D. C. Congress; Sen-
ate : Jesse D. Bright of Ind. is re-
elected President pro tempore.
Jan. 15. Kan. A Territorial election is
held, a Legislature chosen, and Charles
Robinson (Rep.) elected governor un-
der the Free-State Constitution.
Jan. * U. S. Deep political excite-
ment and solicitude prevail, both in
the North and the South.
Jan. 26. D. C. President Pierce, in a
special message to Congress, recognizes
the proslavery Legislature in Kansas.
Feb. 11. D. C. The President by proc-
lamation orders the dispersion of
armed invaders of Kansas.
Feb. 22. Phila. The National Con-
vention of the American party
(Know -Nothings) nominates MiUard
Fillmore of N. Y. for President, and
A. J. Donelson of Tenn. for Vice-Presi-
dent.
It virtually approves of the Fugitive-
Slave law and the Kansas-Nebraska
Act ; it professes opposition to foreign
influence in national legislation.
Mar. 4. Kan. The Legislature meets
at Topeka, and inaugurates Gov. Rob-
inson ; then adjourns till July 4.
Mar. 19. D. C. Congress: The House
appoints a committee to investigate
the Kansas troubles.
Apr. 6. Utah. The Constitution of the
proposed Mormon State of Deseret is
adopted by a convention held at Salt
Lake City.
Apr. 14. Kan. The Congressional
Committee begins to take testimony
respecting the political situation.
Apr. * Kan. Colonel Buford arrives with
armed men from Georgia, Alabama,
and other Southern States.
May 5. Kan. The grand jury of Doug-
las County finds indictments for
treason against Reeder, Robinson,
and Lane, the Free-State leaders.
May 14. D. C. President Pierce re-
ceives Father Vijil, Filibuster
Walker's " minister " from Nicaragua.
May 20. B.C. Congress; Senate:
Charles Sumner of Mass. delivers an
elaborate antislavery philippic, en-
titled, " The Crime against Kan-
sas," in which he comments severely
on Senator Butler of S. C.
May 21. Kan. Lawrence is sacked
by the posse of the U. S. marshal after
the cannon and arms of the residents
have been surrendered, under pledges of
May 22. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Charles Sumner is brutaUy assaulted
with a cane in the Senate chamber.
(See Society.)
May 26. Kan. A political fight causes
eight deaths at Pottawatomie.
May 28. D, C. Diplomatic relations
with Great Britain are strained be-
cause of diverse interpretations of the
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
May 29. B. C. President Pierce informs
Congress that he has ceased to hold
diplomatic correspondence with Mr.
Crampton, British minister, because
of his attempting to enlist citizens of
the United States in the British
service.
May * Kan. The U. S. marshal takes
Col. Buford's volunteers from Ala-
bama into Government pay, and arms
them to drive out Northern men.
June 2. Kan. A political fight occurs
at Palmyra ; Capt. Pate of S. C. and 30
men are captured by a Free-State
force. [Civil war prevails for several
months.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1855 Sept. * Cholera breaks out on the
Pacific steamer Uncle Sam; 111 deaths
follow.
Nov. 1. Mo. An excursion train breaks
through a bridge 100 miles from St.
Louis ; 20 persons are killed and many
are wounded.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1855, 200,877.
* * New York. Castle Garden ceases to
be a theater, and becomes a depot for
receiving immigrants.
* * Boston. The banks establish a Clear-
ing-house.
* * N. J. Fairmount Cemetery, near
Newark, is incorporated.
* * An explosion occurs on the steamer
Lexington, on the Ohio, 90 miles below
Louisville ; 35 persons perish.
1856 Jan. 23. The steamer Pacific
leaves Liverpool for New York with 186
persons on board. [Her fate is un-
known.]
Feb. 17. S. C. Charleston is almost de-
stroyed by fire.
Feb. 20. The packet-ship John Rutledge
strikes an iceberg and founders ; only
one survives out of 156 persons.
Feb. 22. Cal. The first railroad in
the State is opened, from Sacramento to
Folsom, 224 miles long.
Feb. 26. Ice breaks up on the Missis-
sippi and wrecks 23 steamboats.
Feb. * Spanish coins are driven out of
circulation by Congress, and the coinage
of a much smaller cent is provided for.
Mar. 15. N. J. The ferry-boat New Jer-
sey takes fire near Camden and becomes
unmanageable ; 50 persons perish.
Mar. 26. Boston. The Boston and Cam-
bridge Street Railroad is opened.
Apr. 7. New York. The steamship Adri-
atic is launched ; the largest vessel of
the kind yet built.
Apr. 11. HI- Locomotives cross the
great bridge over the Mississippi at
Rock Island.
180 1856, June 2-1857, Feb. 11. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1856 Aug. 29. Kan. A band of pro-
slavery men, under Capt. Reid, defeats
John Brown and the abolitionists at
Osawatomie.
THE SIXTEENTH WAR.
* * 1858 * * Fla. The Seminole In-
dian War. Men enrolled, 2,687. Cause:
the removal of a remnant of Indians to
the West.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1856 July 4. New York. A statue of
"Washington, in Union Square, is un-
veiled.
Aug. 28. N. Y. The Dudley Observa-
tory, at Albany, is inaugurated.
Aug. * Last Island, a summer resort in
the Gulf of Mexico, is submerged in a
storm, the houses are wrecked, and 300
persons drowned.
Autumn. Destructive gales prevail on
the Great Lakes ; 49 wrecks and more
than 200 deaths. The steamer Supe-
rior is wrecked near Pictured Rocks.
* * Conn. Condensed milk is first manu-
factured at Litchfield.
* * III. The bridge 1,582 feet long, across
the Mississippi at 'Rock Island, is com-
pleted.
* * N. J. The first experiments in pro-
ducing steel by the Bessemer process
are tried at the Phillipsburg furnace.
* * Capt. Ericsson patents an improved
caloric engine.
* * Sorghum, or Chinese sugar-cane, is in-
troduced.
* * Thirsty Drover is painted by F. W.
Edmonds.
1857 Jan. 23-25. Severe cold prevails
throughout New England.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1857* *
Anderson, Isaac, West. Pres. pioneer cl., A 77.
Bailey, Jacob Whitman, microscopist, A46.
Birney, James Q., phuan., antislavery edi-
tor, of O., A65.
Blake, John L., P. E. cl., author, A69.
Brenton, Sam'l, M. E. cl., M. C. for Ind., A47.
Brown, Goold, grammarian, author^ A66.
Butler, Andrew P., senator for S. C, A61.
Cheves, Langdon, senator for S. C, A81.
Colton, Calvin, P. E. cl., author, A68.
Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, A 44.
Dillon, Louise, actor, born in Ga.
DurBorow, Allan C, Jr., M. C. for 111., born
in Pa.
Gallinger, Jacob H., sen. for K. H., b. Can.
Gliddon, George Robbins, Egyptologist, A48.
Goodwin, Nat C, actor, born in Mass.
Griswold, Rufus Wilmot, historical writer,
A42.
CHURCH.
1856 * * The Presbyterians establish a
mission among the Kickapoo Indians.
Oct. 23. Minn. The General Associa-
tion (Congregational) of Minnesota is
organized.
* * III. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Chicago is organized.
* * New York. The General Assem-
bly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets ; L. P.
Hickok, moderator. It condemns sla-
very.
* * New York. The General Assembly
(O. S. Presbyterian) meets ; Francis
McFarland, moderator.
* * New York. The Baptist Annual
Meeting assembles.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A Campbell, moderator.
* * Phila. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets.
* * The Foreign Indian-School Mission
begins practical work.
* * The American Missionary Society
reports 70 missionaries in the foreign
field.
1857 Jan. 9. III. The Roman Catholic
Diocese of Quincy is transferred to
Alton.
LETTERS.
1856 Sept. 23. N. J. The Peter Hert-
zog Theological Hall at Rutgers College
is dedicated.
* * Ala. Southern University (Meth.
Epis.) is chartered.
* * la. Western College (U. Brethren)
is organized at Toledo.
* * III. Garrett Biblical Institute (Meth.
Epis.) is opened at Evanston.
* * III. Monmouth College (United
Pres.) is organized at Monmouth.
* * Ky. Daughters' College (Disciples)
is founded at Harrodsburg.
* * Mass. James A. Garfield graduates at
Williams College.
* * Mo. Stephens College, Female
(Bapt.), is founded at Columbia.
* * N. C. Raleigh Christian Advocate
(Meth. Epis. South) is issued.
* * S. C. Newberry College (Lutheran)
is organized at Newberry.
* * N. J. Seton Hall College (Rom.
Cath.) is founded at South Orange.
* * New York. Harper's Weekly is
founded.
* *JV. Y. CoUege of Our Lady of
Angels (Rom. Cath.) is organized at
Suspension Bridge.
St. Lawrence University (Univ.)
is organized at Canton.
* * O. Baldwin University (Meth.
Epis.) is organized at Berea.
* * Wis. St. Francis de Sales College
(Rom. Cath.) is organized at St. Francis.
* * Bred : A Tale of the Dismal Swamp, by
H. B. Stowe, appears.
* * -67 * * O. The Public Library is
founded at Cincinnati. [158,136 vols.]
* * The Dutch Republic, by JohnLothrop
Motley, appears.
* * English Traits, by Emerson, appears.
* * History of the United States, by George
Tucker, appears.
* * The Last of the Foresters, by J. E.
Cooke, appears.
* * Married, not Mated, by Alice Cary,
appears.
* * The Poetry of the Orient, by W. R.
Alger, appears.
* * Prue and I, by G. W. Curtis, appears.
* * Travels in Central Africa, by Du
Chaillu, appears.
* * Life of Frimont, by Joiin Bigelow,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1856 June 5. Cat. San Francisco is
declared in a state of insurrection
by Gov. Johnson. (See May.)
July 8. D. C. Preston S. Brooks is
indicted for assaulting Charles Sumner.
[He pays the fine of $300.]
Aug. 18. Cal. The "Vigilance Com-
mittee in San Francisco, having accom-
plished its ends, disbands after a pa-
rade.
Sept. 12. Md. A riot at Baltimore arises
between two bands of lawless clubs, the
"Kip Raps" and the "Wampa-
nags"; one man is killed and 20
wounded.
Oct. 8. Md. A riot at Baltimore arises
between the "Rip Raps" and the
New Market Fire Company.
Nov. 4. Md. A riot in Baltimore arises
between Democrats and Know-Noth-
ings; 8 persons are killed and 150
wounded.
Nov. 27. Nicaragua. Gen. "Walker,
with his third company of adventurers,
invades Central America by landing at
Punta Arenas.
Dec. 14. D. C. Congress : The revival
of the slave-trade is proposed and de-
feated. Vote, 183^58.
* * Mass. James A. Garfield graduates
at Williams, and returns to Ohio.
* * Me. The prohibitory « « Maine Law "
is repealed, and license laws enacted.
* * N. Y. Charles B. Huntington is dis-
covered to be a forger to the extent of
fifteen or twenty millions of dollars,
mainly used as collateral security.
1857 Jan. 30. New York. Dr. Harvey
BurdeU is brutally murdered in his
own house in Bond Street, a fashionable
quarter of the city.
[The sensational trial of Mrs. Cunning-
ham, his landlady (mistress) follows ;
she escapes the penalty of her crime by
an irregularity in the proceedings.]
STATE.
1856 June 2. O. The Democratic Na-
tional Convention assembles at Cincin-
nati; James Buchanan of Pa. is unani-
mously nominated on the 17th ballot, and
John C. Breckinridge of Ky. is nomi-
nated for the vice-presidency. Frank-
lin Pierce, Stephen A. Douglas, and
Lewis Cass are prominent candidates.
June 9. D.C. Congress; Senate:
Charles E. Stewart of Mich, is elected
President pro tempore.
June 17. Phila. The Republican
National Convention assembles ; it
denounces " those twin relics of bar-
barism, polygamy and slavery"; John
C. Fremont of Cal. and William L.
Dayton of N. J. receive the presidential
nominations ; John McLean is a rival
candidate for the presidency, while
Abraham Lincoln, Charles Sunnier,
N. P. Banks, and David Wilmot are
urged for the vice-presidency.
June 24. D.C. President Pierce recog-
nizes Walker, the filibuster, as Presi-
dent of Nicaragua.
UNITED STATES. 1856, June2-1857.Feb.il. 181
June 30. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Stephen A. Douglas proposes the ap-
pointment of a committee of five, to
set things in order in Kansas.
July 1. U. S. National debt $31,972,537.
July 3. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Douglas Bill for a com-
mittee of five on Kansas. Vote, 33-12.
The House votes to receive Kansas
into the Union with the Free-State
Constitution.
July 4. Kan. The State Legislature
assembles at Topeka, and is dispersed
by U. S. troops.
July 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate
rejects the bill to admit Kansas.
July * D. C. Congress : The Investi-
gating Committee make a report con-
cerning Kansas troubles which favors
the Free-State men.
Aug. 14. Kan. Free-State men capture
a fortified post near Lecompton ; Col.
Titus and 20 men are captured.
Aug. 17. Kan. Gov. Shannon ex-
changes the cannon taken at Law-
rence for Col. Titus and other prisoners*
Aug. 18. D. C. The 34th Congress :
the first session closes.
Aug. 21. D. C. The 34th Congress :
the second session opens.
It is called by the President to pass
the Army Bill, which caused a great
struggle in the first session.
Aug. 25. Kan. Acting-Governor Wood-
son proclaims the Territory to be
in a state of rebellion.
Aug. 29. Kan. A large proslavery
force is collected at Lecompton and
another at Santa Fe ; Osawatomie is cap-
tured ; seven men killed, many wounded,
seven prisoners taken, and 30 buildings
burned. Frederick Brown, a son of
John Brown, is among the killed.
Aug. 30. Kan. David R. Atchison's
(proslavery) force, being threatened,
withdraws into Missouri.
D. C. Congress passes the Army
Bill without the proviso respecting
Kansas.
The 34th Congress: the second ses-
sion closes. (Ten days.)
Aug.* D.C. Congress: The House adds
a provision to the Army Appropriation
Bill, that Government troops shall not
be employed to enforce the laws passed
by the Kansas Territorial Legislature.
[The Senate disapproves, and the bill
fails to pass during the session.]
Sept. 1. Kan. In a municipal election
at Leavenworth, Missourians (chiefly)
kill and wound several Free-State
men, burn their houses, and force about
150 to embark for St. Louis.
Sept. 3. D.C. President Pierce appoints
John W. Geary to be military gov-
ernor of Kansas Territory.
Sept. 11. Kan. Gov. Geary arrives at
Lecompton ; he releases Robinson and
other (Free-State) prisoners on bail, and
proclaims the disbanding of all hostile
forces.
Sept. 15 i. Kan. Three regiments of
Missourians with cannon proceed to
attack Lawrence ; Gov. Geary with
United States troops interposes, and
they retire.
Sept. 17. Md. The last Whig Na-
tional Convention meets at Baltimore,
and adopts the nominees of the Ameri-
can party.
Nov. 4. The 18th presidential elec-
tion ; Democrats elected.
Popular Vote : James Buchanan
(I)em.) of Pa.. 1,838,169; John C. Fre-
mont (Rep.) of Cal., 1,341,264; Millard
Fillmore (American) of N. Y., 874,038.
niinois refuses to support its " Little
Giant," Stephen A. Douglas, and
elects Lyman Trumbull, a Free-Soil
senator.
Dec. 1. D. C. The 34th Congress: the
third session opens.
Dec. 15+. Kan. Lecompton, a parti-
san judge, is removed on demand of the
governor, and James C. Harrison of Ky.
is appointed in his place.
Dec. 30±. Kan. Gov. Geary reports to
the President that peace and order
prevail in the Territory.
* * Me. Democrats repeal the Prohibitory
law.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-58 * * Cal. J. Neely Johnson.
-57* * Kan. (Ter.). John W. Geary.
-60 * * La. R. C. Wickliffe.
-57 * * Me. Samuel Wells.
-60 * * O. Salmon P. Chase.
-58 * * S. C. Robert F. W. Alston.
-60 * * Va. Henry A. Wise.
-58 * * Vt. Ryland Fletcher.
1857 Jan. 6. D.C. Congress; Senate:
James M. Mason of Va. is elected
President pro tempore.
Kan. The Topeka Free-State Legis-
lature organizes ; the Federal marshal
arrests its leading members as revolu-
tionists.
Jan. 7. Kan. Both houses being without
a majority, the Legislature adjourns till
June.
Jan. * Utah. The Mormon digni-
taries revolt, and drive officers of
the Federal Government out of the
Territory.
Jan. 12. Kan. The proslavery Territo-
rial Legislature (declared illegal) meets
at Lecompton, and provides for a con-
vention to frame a State Constitution.
Jan. 24. D. C. Congress modifies the
Polk Tariff of 1846, to diminish the
revenue ; the average rate on duties
is reduced 20 per cent.
Jan. * Kan. Gov. Geary resigns be-
cause the Federal Senate refuses to
confirm the appointment of Judge Har-
rison, and thereby restores Judge Le-
compton to office.
Feb. 11. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : Buchanan, 174 ;
Fremont, 114; Fillmore, 8. Vote for
Vice-President : J. C. Breckinridge of
Ky. (Dem.), 174; Wm. L. Dayton of
N. J. (Rep.), 114; A. J. Donelson of
Tenn. (American), 8.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1856 July 7. Phila. Between 20 and
30 persons are drowned by the giving
way of a wharf on Reed Street.
July 16. Pa. Two trains come together
at full speed at Campbell ; five cars are
shivered and set on fire ; 60 persons
are crushed or burned, 78 wounded.
July 17. The steamer Northern Indiana
takes fire on Lake Erie ; 40 persons
perish.
July 26. The steamboat Empire State
explodes her boilers on Long Island
Sound, killing and wounding several
persons.
July 27. N. Y. The steamer John Jay
is burned on Lake George ; several
■persons perish.
July 29. Boston. A fire renders 80 fami-
lies homeless ; 9 lives are lost.
Aug. 21. Conn. The Charter Oak at
Hartford is blown down ; a dirge ia
played at noon, and the bells are tolled
at sundown.
Mass. The submarine cable is laid
to the main land.
Oct. * Boston. An industrial exhibi-
tion is opened.
Nov. 2. The French steamer Le Lyonais
collides with a sailing vessel on the
Atlantic ; both founder, and only 16
persons out of 132 from the steamer
are saved.
Nov. 8. A'. T. A fire at Syracuse burns
100 buildings.
Dec. 12. The Resolute, of the Franklin
expedition, is presented to Queen Vic-
toria.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1856, 195,857.
* * Chicago. The first wooden pavement
is laid on Wells Street.
* * Mass. The Hoosac Tunnel, under
Hoosac Mountain, is begun. [Completed
in 1873, four and three-fourths miles
long.]
* * New York. The Inman line of
steamers, running to Liverpool, is estab-
lished.
* * The Ocean Wave, carrying emigrants
from Rotterdam to New York, collides
with a British vessel ; 77 persons perish.
* * First passage of a vessel through the
Great Lakes and Welland Canal to
Europe.
* * Grants of land are made in Florida,
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Michi-
gan, and Wisconsin, to aid in construct-
ing railroads in those States.
* * The Chicago, Burlington, and
Quincy Railroad, connecting Chicago
with the Mississippi, is completed ; also
the Chicago and Fort Wayne, the
Iowa extension of the Chicago and
Rock Island, and the Penobscot and
Kennebec.
1857 Jan. 5, 6. A large American ves-
sel — Northern Belle — is wrecked near
Broadstairs, England.
[The Government sent 21 silver medals
and $1,350 to be distributed among the
boatmen of the place who saved the
crew.]
182 1857, Mar. 4-1858, Mar. 4.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1857 May * -June * Rebellion breaks
out in Utah; 6,000 troops are sent to
support the new governor.
July* Kan. Disturbances are quelled by
the United States Government actively
aiding the proslavery party (Bleeding
Kansas).
Nov. * Utah. Col. A. S. Johnston's army
goes into winter-quarters about 100
miles from Salt Lake City.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1857 Aug. 21. Wis. A cyclone destroys
property in Woodland.
Oct. 4. The asteroid Virginia is dis-
covered by James Ferguson.
* * New York. A granite shaft, in honor
of Maj.-Gen. "Worth, U. S. A., is un-
veiled.
* * New York. Work is begun on Central
Park.
± * * Mass. "Watches are successfully
made by machinery.
* * Backwoods of America is painted by
J. F. Cropsey.
* * High Banks on the Genesee River is
painted by J. F. Kensett.
* * The statue Vermont is executed by
L. G. Mead.
* *The statue Indian Hunter is first
sketched out by J. Q. A. Ward.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1857 * *
Hamilton, James, senator for S. C, A71.
Hubbard, Henry, senator, A73.
Herndon, Wm. L., of Va., naval officer, A44.
Kane, Elisha Kent, Arctic explorer, au-
thor, A37.
MacLane, Louis, sen. for Del., min. to
Eng., sec. of treas, A71.
Marcy, William Learned, sen. for N. Y.,
Gov., sec. of state, A71.
Martinot, Sadie, actor, born in N. Y.
Meiklejohn, Geo. I)., M. C. for Neb., b.Wis.
Mercer, David H., M. C. for Neb., b. in la.
Mitchell, Elisha, prof. N. C. Univ., A64.
Pence, Lafe, M. C. for Col., born in Ind.
Redfleld, William C, meteorologist, A68.
Stevenson, Andrew, M. C. for Va., minister
to Eng., A73.
Thursby, Emma, actor, born in N.Y.
Toomey, Michael, geologist, A52.
CHURCH.
1857 May 3. Miss. Wm. H. Elder is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Natchez.
June 10. O. The General Convention
of the New Jerusalem meets at Cin-
cinnati.
* * Cal. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of California is organized.
* * III. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) of Southern Illinois is
organized.
* * Ind. The South Indiana Eldership
(Church of God) is organized.
* * Ind. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Fort Wayne is established.
* * Ky. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Lexington ; C.
Van Rensselaer, moderator.
* * Boston. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing assembles.
* * Mont. The Presbyterians (South)
start a mission among the Blackfeet
Indians.
* * Minn. The Protestant Episcopal Di-
ocese of Minnesota is organized.
* * Mich. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Marquette is established. (Also in 1805.)
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A Campbell, moderator.
* * O. The District of Ohio Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) is organized.
* * Neb.-Cal. The Congregational Con-
ferences of Nebraska and California
are organized.
* * O. The General Assembly (N. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Cleveland ; S.
W. Fisher, moderator. Resolutions are
adopted opposing slavery.
* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) meets at Reading.
* * Pa. The Christian Indians build the
town of Nain, near Bethlehem. (School-
houses, chapels, and mills are soon
erected.)
* * The Board of Missions of the Pres-
byterian Church is now called The
Trustees of the Board of Domestic
Missions.
* * U.S. A great religious awakening
prevails.
* * The Reformed (Dutch) Church with-
draws from the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions, to
form a Missionary Society in the Re-
formed Church.
* *The South Indiana and Texas, Ar-
kansas and Indian Territory Elderships
(Church of God) are organized.
LETTERS.
1857 May * New York. Columbia Col-
lege is removed to a new site on 49th
Street.
* * Ala. Alabama Female CoHege is
founded by Baptists at Tuscaloosa.
* * Boston. The Atlantic Monthly appears.
* * Ga. Bowdon College (non-sect.) is
organized at Bowdon.
* * la. Amity College (non-sect.) is or-
ganized at College Springs.
Oct. * III. Chicago Theological Semi-
nary (Cong.) is opened.
* * la. CorneU CoUege (Meth. Epis.)
is founded at Mt. Vernon.
* * la. Upper Iowa University (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Fayette.
* * Kan. Highland University (Pres.)
is organized at Highland.
* * Kan. Baker University (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Baldwin.
St. Benedict's College (Rom. Cath.)
is organized at Atchison.
* * Ky. Eminence College (Christian)
is organized at Eminence.
* * Ind. Bock Hill CoUege (Rom. Cath.)
is organized at Ellicott City.
* * III. The Northwestern University
Library is founded at Evans ton. [25,000
vols.]
* * N. Y. The Brooklyn Library is
founded. [83.888 vols.]
* * Mo. Central College (Meth. Epis.)
is organized at Fayette.
* * N. C. Davenport Female CoUege
(Meth. Epis.) is founded.
* * O. Hillsborough CoUege (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Hillsborough.
* * Pennsylvania State CoUege (non-
sect.) is organized at State College.
* * -58 * * S. C. Russell 's Magazine ap-
pears at Charleston.
* * Banner of Light (Spiritualist) is first
issued.
* * The Historical Magazine appears.
* * The Bay Path, by J. G. Holland, ap-
pears.
* * Moss Side, by Marion Harland, ap»
pears.
* * Oriental Acquaintance, by J. W. De
Forrest, appears.
* * Sylvia, or the Lost Shepherd, by T. B.
Read, appears.
* * Travels in Greece and Russia, by B.
Taylor, appears.
* * Words for the Hour, by Julia W.
Howe, appears.
SOCIETY.
1857 Apr. 29.+ Md. A strike begins
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ;
later the troops are called out to sup-
press interference of strikers with the
trains ; many are killed and wounded.
June 16. New York. A riot breaks out
in connection with the police department
and offices, which are claimed by two sets
of officials ; Mayor Fernando "Wood
is arrested for assault and battery.
June * D.C. A riot in "Washington
occurs between Irish and Americans.
July 4. New York. Another riot occurs.
It grows out of the struggle between
the mayor and the new board of police
commissioners ; six men are killed, 100
wounded.
Sept. 18. Utah. At Mountain Meadow
120 men, women, and children are mas-
sacred by Mormons and Indians, while
emigrating westward; only a few chil-
dren are spared.
Nov. 24. Gen. Walke/ lands another
filibustering expedition in Nicaragua.
* * N.Y. William H. Armstrong, G. W.
P. of the Grand Division of the Sons of
Temperance, secures the unanimous
indorsement of the Grand Division to a
scheme for a constitutional amend-
ment, prohibiting the liquor traffic.
* * Pa. The Society of the War of 1812
is formed.
STATE.
1857 Mar. 4. D. C. The 34th Con-
gress ends.
The 15th Administration ; Democratic.
James Buchanan of Pa. is inaugu-
rated the 15th President, in the 18th
term of the presidency. J. C. Breck-
inridge of Ky. is Vice-President.
Cabinet : Lewis Cass of Mich. (State),
HoweU Cobb of Ga. (Treas.), John B.
UNITED STATES. 1857, Mar. 4-1858, Mar. 4. 183
Floyd of Va. (War), Isaac Toucey of
Conn. (Navy), Jacob Thompson of
Miss. (Interior), Aaron V. Brown of
Tenn. (P. M.-Gen.), and Jeremiah S.
Black of Pa. (Atty.-Gen.).
Congress ; Senate : James M. Mason
of Va. is elected President pro tempore.
Jefferson Davis of Miss, begins his
second term in the Senate.
Mar. 6. D. C. The Dred Scott decis-
ion is rendered by Chief Justice Taney,
of the Supreme Court of the United
States. Vote, 7-2. (Case of Dred Scott,
who is claimed as a slave, in a free
State.)
It decides that neither negro slaves
nor their descendants, whether slave or
free, could become citizens under the
Constitution of the United States ; that
it is unconstitutional for Congress to
decree freedom to any Territory. The
dictum of the Court declares the Mis-
souri Compromise to be unconstitu-
tional. [It is received at the South with
delight and at the North with indig-
nation.]
Mar. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate : T.
J. Busk of Texas is elected President
pro tempore.
Mar. 18. D. C. Lord Napier, the
British envoy, arrives.
May * Kan. Robert J. Walker, the
new governor, arrives.
June 15. Kan. Delegates to the State
Convention are chosen ; Free-State
men ignore the call as illegal ; only 2,000
out of 10,000 votes are cast.
June 16. New York. The new Metro-
politan Police Law is resisted by
Mayor Fernando Wood, and a serious
collision occurs between the old and
the new police forces. (See Society.)
June 17. An additional treaty with
Japan, negotiated by Townsend Harris,
is signed.
Julyl. U.S. National debt $28,699,831.
July 2. X. Y. The Court of Appeals
decides that the Metropolitan Police
Law is constitutional, and that the
old police force must accept its decision
and disband.
Sept. 7. Kan. The Constitutional Con-
vention meets at Lecompton. [Adjourns
till Oct.]
Sept. 15. Utah. Brigham Young for-
bids a U. S. force to enter Utah, and
calls out his troops. [The President re-
moves Governor Young.]
Oct. 5. Kan. The Territorial election
is won by Free-State men (7,600-3,700).
A fraudulent attempt is made to
change the result by using 1,624 names
from a Cincinnati directory as the roll
of voters at Oxford, a place having
eleven houses.
Nov. 7. Kan. The illegal Constitu-
tional Convention meets, and pro-
vides a constitution which prohibits the
Legislature from making antislavery
laws.
Dec. 7. D. C. The 35th Congress
opens.
D. C. Congress; Senate: Benj.
Fitzpatrick of Ala. is elected President
pro tempore. House : James L. Orr of
S. C. is elected Speaker; he receiving
128 votes to 84 for Galusha A. Grow
of Pa.
Dec. 9. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Stephen A. Douglas of 111. opposes
the Lecompton Constitution.
Dec. 15. D. C. Congress : The Repre-
sentatives first occupy their commo-
dious new chamber.
Dec. 21. Kan. An election is held on
the Constitution.
All ballots are marked " Constitution
with slavery," or " Constitution with
no slavery ; " but no provision made to
vote against the Constitution as a whole.
The Missouri border counties (1,000 votes
by the census), cast 6,143 votes for the
Constitution and 569 votes against it,
Free-State men not voting. It is nomi-
nally adopted, with slavery.
* * U. S. The government of many
cities is dominated by the disorderly
and lawless element of the population.
The " Plug Uglies " rule in Baltimore,
and visit Washington to decide the
charter election ; the roughs of New
York, who are called " Dead Rabbits,"
control Fernando Wood, the mayor;
New Orleans is ruled by the same class
till a vigilance committee forces a noto-
rious mayor to resign.
* * U.S. The Republican party is
pledged to resist the extension of sla-
very into free territory ; it controls 11
States, and contests others.
* * X. Y. The Whig Legislature, in de-
spair of local self-government, begins to
interfere with the government of
New York City.
The governor is directed to appoint
a commission to construct Central
Park, and another commission to con-
trol the police force.
The commissioners transfer the police
department of New York from the mu-
nicipal authorities to those of the State,
and four counties are united in a police
district.
* * The Dred Scott decision reacts in
favor of the Republicans in the North.
* * Tenn. Andrew Johnson is elected
a United States Senator.
* * Utah. Rebellion of the Mormons ;
Brigham Young and many other Mor-
mon dignitaries are indicted for treason.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-61 * * Ala. Andrew B. Moore.
-58 * * Conn. Alex. H. Holley.
-61 * * Fla. Madison S. Perry.
-65 * * Ga. Joseph E. Brown.
-61 * * IU. Win. H. Bissell.
-61 * * Ind. Ashbel P. Willard.
-58 * * Kan. (Ter.). Robert J. Walker.
Me. Hannibal Hamlin.
-58 * * Me. Joseph H. Williams.
-58 * * Minn. Samuel Medary.
Mo. Truston Polk.
Mo. Hancock Jackson.
-61 * * Mo. R. M. Stewart.
-59 * * X. H. William Hale.
-60 * * X. J. Wm. A. Newell.
-61 * * -V. Mex. (Ter.). Abraham Ren-
cher.
-59 * * X. Y. John A. King.
-59 * * R. I. Elisha Dyer.
-59 * * Tex. H. G. Runnels.
-61 * * U. (Ter.). Alford Cummings.
Wash. (Ter.). J. P. Anderson.
-61* * Wash.(Ter.). Fayette M'Mullen.
-61 * * Wis. Alex. W. Randall.
1858 Jan. 4. Kan. An election of
State officers is held under the Con-
stitution ; also, by act of Legislature,
the Lecompton Constitution itself
is submitted to the popular vote ; it is
rejected by 10,266 votes. k
Feb. 2. D. C. President Buchanan's
message to Congress declares, " Kan-
sas is at this moment as much a slave
State as South Carolina."
Mar. 4. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Sen-
ators from the South indulge in extrava-
gant predictions.
J. H. Hammond of S. C. declares
in the Senate : " Without firing a gun,
without drawing a sword, should the
North make war on us ... no cotton
. . . [would be] furnished for three
years. . . . England would topple
headlong, and carry the whole civilized
world with her. . . . No power on
earth dares to make war on cotton.
Cotton is king."
MISCELLANEOUS.
1857 Apr. 15. The Milwaukee and
Prairie du Chien Railroad is opened.
May 1. W. Va. The Parkersburg
branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-
road is completed.
May * The Memphis and Charleston
Railroad is opened.
June 25. Pa. The Pennsylvania Rail-
road purchases of the State its line of
canals and railroads, 353 miles long, for
$7,500,000.
June * Baltimore and St. Louis are
directly connected by rail.
Aug. 5. The laying of the Atlantic
cable commences at Valentia in Ireland.
The vessels employed are the Xiagara
and Susquehanna, and the British ves-
sels Leopard and Agamemnon. After
sailing a few miles the Atlantic cable
breaks, but is soon repaired.
Aug. 11. Eng. The cable breaks after
300 miles have been paid out [the vessels
soon return to Plymouth].
Aug. 24. O. The failure of the Ohio
Life and Trust Company is reported ;
liabilities about $7,000,000. [This fail-
ure is the precursor of the panic]
Sept. 12. The large steamer Central
America is wrecked by a gale in the Gulf
of Mexico ; 152 out of 526 persons are
saved by drifting 600 miles on rafts;
$2,500,000 are sunk.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1857, 246,945.
* *Xew York. The winners of the Amer-
ica cup present it to the New York
Yacht Club for a perpetual Interna-
tional Challenge Cup.
The North German Lloyd line of
steamers, running to Southampton and
Bremen, is established.
* * The Chicago and St. Louis Railroad
is completed.
* * The road between Detroit and Tole-
do is completed.
* * Va. The Virginia Central Rail-
road, connecting Richmond and Jack-
son's River, 195 miles, is completed.
184 1858, Mar. 13-1859, Sept. 16. AMERICA :
ARMY— .NAVY.
1858 May. * The war with the Seminoles
has lasted seven years, cost the Govern-
ment about $10,000,000, and the loss of
1,466 lives.
June * Utah. The Government sends an
army against the Mormons ; a compro-
mise is entered into, and peace estab-
lished by Governor Cummings.
* * An American vessel in the Paraguay
River is fired upon by a garrison ; the
U. S. Government demands an apology.
1859 June 25. China. Commodore Tatt-
nall assists the English in an engage-
ment with the Chinese on the river
Peiho.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1858 June 12. 111. The levee above
Cairo yields to the flood, and the town
is submerged.
Sept. 11. The asteroid Pandora is dis-
covered by George Mary Searle.
* * Col. Gold is found at Pike's Peak ;
silver is also discovered in Nevada. It
is the first discovery of pure silver
metal in the United States.
* * Neio York. William Hart and Arthur
F. Tait are elected members of the Na-
tional Academy of Design.
* * New York. Mile. Piceolomini makes
her first appearance.
* * New York. The corner-stone of St.
Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral is
laid, with impressive ceremonies.
* * Great floods prevail in the Southwest
[and later in the Upper Mississippi ; loss,
$30,000,000].
* * St. Agnes is painted by Rothermel.
* * Bargaining is painted by F. W.
Edmonds.
1859 July 1. + Mo. Prof. Wise and
three others ascend in a balloon at St.
Louis, and travel 1 150 miles in 19 hours
and 15 minutes ; they descend, in an ex-
hausted condition, in Jefferson County,
New York.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1858* *
Andrews, Ethan A., author Lat.-Eng. lexi-
con, A71.
Augur, Hezekiah, sculptor, inventor of carv-
ing-machine, A67.
Bartholomew, Edward S., of Conn., sculp-
tor, A36.
Benton, Thomas Hart, sen. for Mo., his-
torian, A76.
Berry, L. W., college pres., A43.
Cayvan, Georgia, actor, born in Me.
Cleaveland, Parker, mineralogist, chemist,
A78.
Comstock, John L., au. of school-books, A69.
Cook, Clarence, art-critic, journalist, A71.
Conrad, Robert T., judge, poet, A48.
Dauvrey, Helen, actor, born in O.
Deane, James, physician, geologist, A57.
Dolliver, Jonathan P., M. C. for Ia.,b.\V.Va.
Dreher, Virginia, actor, born in Ky.
Duer, William Alex., pres. of Columbia col-
lege, jurist, A78.
Ellsler, Effle, actor, born in Pa.
Ellsworth, Henry L., com. of patents, A(i".
Foresti, E. Felice, prof. Columbia coll., AG5.
Gadsden, James, of S. C, minister to Mex.
A77.
Gilman, Samuel, Unit, el., author, A67.
Haupt, Paul, prof, in Harvard, A75.
Hare, Robert, physicist, A77.
Hawkins, John Henry W., temperance advo-
cate (" Washingtonian ), A59.
Herbert, Henry William (Frank Forester),
author, A51.
Hunt, Freeman, author, editor, A54.
Jay, Wm., judge, anti-slavery philan., A69.
Jones, Anson, last president of Tex., Mill.
Leslie, Eliza, author, A71.
Peck, John Mason, Bapt. cl., author, A69.
Perry, Matthew Calbraith, commodore
U. S. N., A64.
Porter, William T., editor, A52.
Quitman, John A., gen., Gov. of Miss., M. C,
A59.
XTlrich, Charles Frederick, painter, b. N.Y.
Williams, Eleazer, clergyman, reputed son of
Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, ? A71.
1859* *
Alcott, Wm. A., physician, educator, A61.
Alexander, James W., Pres. cl., prof., A55.
Anderson, Mary, actor, born in Cal.
Bailey, Gamaliel, editor National Era, A52.
Belcher, Joseph, Bapt. clergyman, A65.
Bond, William C., astronomer, A70.
Brown, John, abolitionist, anti-slavery
martyr.
Bush, George, Swedenborgian editor, A63.
Burnap, George W., Unit, cl., author, A57.
Carnahan, James I)., Pres. clergyman, prof.
at Princeton, A84.
Choate, Rufus, lawyer, orator, senator for
Mass., A ii(i.
Cornish, Johnston, M. C. for N. J., b. N. J.
Cousins, Robert G., M. C. for Ia.,b. la.
Doane, Geo. W., P. E. bishop of N. J., A60.
Davis, John W., statesman, A60.
Frost, John, teacher, writer, A59.
Gayle, John, lawyer, jurist, A67.
Gould, Benj. Apthorp, teacher, classical edi-
tor, A72.
Irving, Washington, of N.Y., author, A76.
James, John Angell, Cong, cl., author, A74.
Jones, James C., Gov. sen. for Tenn., A50.
Leslie, Chas. R., painter in Eng., A65.
Mann, Horace, educationist, of Mass., A63.
Mason, John "X"., of Va., sec. of navy, atty.-
gen., minister to France, A60.
Mutcher, Howard, M. C. for Pa., b. Pa.
Nott, Abner Kingman, Bapt. cl., A25.
Nuttall.Thomas, botanist, A73.
Olmsted, Benison, astronomer, geologist, A68.
Prescott, William Hickling, historian, A63.
Richards, John, clergyman, editor, A62.
Robbins, Gaston A., M. C. for Ala., born in
Ala.
Sedgwick, Theodore, lawyer, author of legal
works, A48.
Tully, William, physician, author, A74.
Turner, Wm. Wadden, oriental scholar, A49.
Walsh, Robert, author, ed. National Gazette,
A75.
CHURCH.
1858 Mar. 13. Ind. The General
Association (Congregational) is organ-
ized.
May 1. Tenn. The 4th General Con-
ference (Meth. Epis. South) meets at
Nashville.
May 26. Pa. The Associate and As-
sociate Reformed Churches (Presby-
terian) are united at Pittsburg in one
church, styled The United Presbyte-
rian Church of North America.
June 9. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
Aug. 25. Pa. Samuel Bowman is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) assist-
ant bishop of Pennsylvania.
* * Chicago. The General Assembly
(N. S. Presbyterian) meets ; M. L. P.
Thompson, moderator.
* * Ind. The Congregational Conference
of Indiana is organized.
* * The Triennial Convention (Congre-
gational) of the Northwest is formed.
* * la. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Southern Iowa is organized.
* * La. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at New Orleans ;
Wm. A. Scott, moderator.
* * Mo. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod
of Upper Missouri is organized.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * Pa. The General Assembly
(United Presbyterian) meets at Pitts-
burg ; J. T. Pressy, moderator.
* * Phila. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing assembles.
* * The Presbyterians celebrate the re-
union of the "Old Sides" and the
"New Sides."
* * The Baptist churches among the In-
dians are reported to number about 1500.
* * Francis Burns, colored, is ordained
(Methodist Episcopal) missionary bishop
for Liberia.
* * A body of antislavery Methodists se-
cede from the Methodist Protestant
Church because of slavery, and they
organize the Methodist Protestant
Church of the Northwestern States
[later, the Methodist Church].
* * The Local Preachers' National Asso-
ciation (Methodist Episcopal) is organ-
ized.
1859 June 8. Phila. The General
Convention of the New Jerusalem meets.
LETTERS.
1858 * * Conn. The Watkinson library
of Reference is founded at Hartford.
[34,899 vols.]
* * Ky. The Southern Baptist Theologi-
cal Seminary is founded at Louisville.
* *N. C. Judson CoUege (Bapt.) is
founded at Henderson.
* * O. Mount Union CoUege (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Alliance.
* * Nature and the Supernatural, by Hor-
ace Bushnell, appears.
* * Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, by O.
W. Holmes, appears.
* * Bitter-Sweet, by J. G. Holland, ap-
pears.
* * The Courtship of Miles Standish, by
IiongfeUow, appears.
* * European Acquaintance, by J. W. De
Forrest, appears.
* * System of Mineralogy, by James D.
Dana, appears.
* * Timothy Titcomb's Letters to Young
People, by J. G. Holland, appears.
1859* * Cal. St. Ignatius College
(Rom. Cath.) is organized at San Fran-
cisco.
* * la. Griswold CoUege (Prot. Epis.)
is organized at Davenport.
* * Ind. Earlham CoUege (Friends) is
organized at Richmond.
* * Mich. Adrian CoUege (Meth. Epis.)
is organized.
* * Mich. OUvet CoUege (non-sect.) is
organized at OUvet.
* * Mass. The Free Public Library is
founded at Worcester. [61,204 vols.]
* * Mo. La Grange CoUege (Bapt.) is
founded.
SOCIETY.
1858 June 26. Utah. Col. A. S. John-
ston's army finds Salt Lake City de-
serted by 30,000 Mormon citizens, who
have departed southward on its approach
as a posse comitatus.
UNITED STATES. 1858, Mar. 13-1859, Sept 16. 185
Aug. 5.± O. The successful laying of
the Atlantic cable is celebrated with
cannon-firing, bell-ringing, and general
jubilation.
Aug. 26. S. C. Lieut. Moffat of the U. S.
Navy seizes the American slave-ship
Echo [and brings her to Charleston].
Sept. 1. N. Y. A mob on Staten Island
destroys the quarantine hospitals.
[Troops are sent and the people declared
in rebellion.]
Oct. 29. N. Y. John Morrissey de-
feats John Heenan in a revolting
prize-fight ; they fight 11 rounds in 22
minutes.
Dec. 6. * Ala. Gen. Walker sails with
another filibustering expedition. [It is
wrecked soon afterward.]
* * O. James A. Garfield marries Lu-
cretia Rudolph.
• * Va. Mount Vernon is purchased by
the "Ladies' Mount Vernon Associa-
tion " for $200,000.
1859 Feb. 26. D.C. Daniel E. Sickles,
M. C. for New York, is acquitted for kill-
ing Philip Barton Key, the seducer of
his wife.
STATE.
1858 Mar. 23. D. C. Congress: The
Senate passes the Lecompton Bill, to
admit Kansas as a State, under the Le-
compton Constitution. Vote, 33-25.
Mar.29. D.C. Congress; Senate:
Benj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is elected
President pro tempore.
Apr. 1. D. C. Congress: The House re-
jects the Lecompton Bill in favor of
the Crittenden-Montgomery substitute.
May 4. Fla. The last of the Seminole
Indians are removed from Florida.
May 11. D. C. Congress admits Min-
nesota into the Union as the 32d State.
May + * * The relations of the Republic
with England are somewhat strained by
her persistence in the right to search
American vessels in the West Indies,
in suppressing the slave-trade.
June 13. U. S. A treaty with China
is signed at Tien-Tsin.
June 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Benj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is reelected
President pro tempore.
The 35th Congress : the first session
closes.
Julyl. U.S. National debt $44,911,881.
Aug. 3. Kan. An election ordered by
Congress again decides the fate of the
constitution ; it is rejected by a ma-
jority of 9,500.
Aug. 21.-Oct. 15. III. Abraham
Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas,
rival candidates for Congress, hold joint
discussions in their electioneering can-
vass.
Nov. 25. Vt. The Legislature passes a
•'Personal Liberty Bill," to secure
freedom to all persons within the State,
especially to prevent the operation of
the Fugitive Slave Act.
Dec. 6. D. C. The 35th Congress :
the second session opens.
* * Colorado is first settled.
* * D.C. Nathan Clifford of Me. is
appointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme
Court.
* * New York. Daniel N. Tiemann is
elected the 71st mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-60 * * Cal. John B. Weller.
-66 * * Conn. W. A. Buckingham.
-60 * * la. Ralph P. Lowe.
Kan. (Ter.). James W. Denver.
-59 * * Kan. (Ter.). Samuel Medary
-61 * * Mass. Nathaniel P. Banks.
-61 * * Me. Lot M. Morrill.
-60 * * Minn. Henry H. Sibley.
-60* * Miss. William M'Willie.
Neb. (Ter.). Wm. A. Richardson.
-59* * Neb. (Ter.). Sterling Morton.
Pa. Wm. F. Packer.
-60 * * S. C. Wm. H. Gist.
-60 * * Vt. Hiland Hall.
1859 Jan. 4. D. C. The Senate first
occupies its new chamber in the north
wing of the Capitol. The Supreme
Court occupies the old chamber.
Jan. * Kan. The Territorial Legislature
orders that the question of calling an-
other convention to prepare a con-
stitution shall he decided by a popular
vote.
Jan. 24. D. C. Congress: Senator Slidell
of La. presents a bill which proposes to
place $30,000,000 in the hands of the
President for the purchase of Cuba.
Feb. 14. D. C. Congress admits Ore-
gon into the Union as the 33d State ; the
domain not included in the State is
added to the Territory of Washington ;
President Buchanan signs the bill.
Feb. 26. D. C. Congress : Senator Sli-
dell withdraws the Cuba bill.
Mar. 3. D.C. Congress : The President,
by special message, saves the public
credit from the dishonor of an empty
treasury. Congress authorizes the issue
of $20,000,000 in treasury notes.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 35th Congress ends.
Mar. 14. D. C. Joseph Holt of Ky. is
appointed Postmaster-General, succeed-
ing Aaron V. Brown of Tenn.
Mar.* Kan. A new convention, to
frame a constitution, is ordered by a
popular vote ; majority, 3,881.
May 16. Ore. The Legislature meets in
special session for the purpose of com-
pleting the organization of the State
government.
June 25. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Benj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is reelected
President pro tempore.
Julyl. U.S. National debt $58,496,837.
July 5. Kan. A State Convention meets
at Wyandotte. [It prepares an anti-
slavery constitution, and restricts the
suffrage to " white male persons."]
July 27. Pacific Coast. Gen. -Harney
sends a military force to San Juan
Island, near Vancouver's Island, in the
interests of American pioneer settlers.
July * China. Gen. Ward, the United
States envoy, is not permitted to see
the emperor, after going to Pekin.
Aug.* W. Va. The Knights of the
Golden Circle meet at White Sulphur
Springs ; they are organized for the
chief purpose of extending the area of
slavery by conquering Central America.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1858 May 11. N.Y. A disaster occurs
on the New York Central Railroad at
Utica ; 8 persons are killed, 30 wounded.
June 3. The steamer Pennsylvania, on
the Mississippi, bursts its boilers ; 10
lives are lost.
June 26. Two steamers commence to lay
the Atlantic cable in mid-ocean ; the
cable parts when five miles are laid.
July 29. The third attempt to lay the
Atlantic cable commences in mid-ocean.
Aug. 5. The Atlantic cable is success-
fully laid between Newfoundland and
Ireland.
Aug. 16. Queen Victoria and President
Buchanan send the first messages by
the Atlantic cable.
Sept. 13. The steamer _4us<rta is burned
at sea ; 539 lives are lost.
Oct. 5. New York. The Crystal Palace,
with its contents, is burned ; loss more
than $1,000,000.
Oct. 9. Mo. The first overland mail
arrives at St. Louis, 23 days and 4 hours
from San Francisco. (Pony express.)
Nov. * N. Y. Aqueduct water is intro-
duced into Brooklyn.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other
aliens in 1858, 119,501.
* * Col. The first colony of miners in
Colorado is established on Clear Creek,
in Gilpin County.
* * D.C. The New Patent Office Building
at Washington is completed.
* * R. I. Swan Point Cemetery near
Providence is incorporated.
1859 Feb. 27. The steamer Princess,
for New Orleans, bursts her boilers, and
25 persons are killed and 35 wounded.
Apr. 27 , 28. The ship Pomona is wrecked
on Blackwater Bank ; of 419 persons on
board, only 24 are saved.
June, 5. O. The wheat crop throughout
most of the State is destroyed by frost.
June 27. Ind. A disaster occurs on
the Michigan Southern Railroad near
South Bend ; 38 persons are killed and
60 wounded.
June 30. N. Y. Emile G. Blondin
crosses the chasm at Niagara Falls on
a tight rope.
Aug. 26. Pa. E.L.Drake bores through
the rock at Titusville, and at the depth
of 71 feet strikes oil (petroleum), which
rises near the surface ; it is the first oil
well.
Sept. 16. Mo. The first overland mail
(Pony express) for the Pacific coast
leaves St. Louis. [It arrives at San
Francisco Oct. 10.]
186 1859, Oct. 4-1860, June 16.
AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1859 Oct. 16+. W. Va. John Brown
makes a raid into Virginia to free the
slaves.
With 17 white men and 5 negroes he
surprises and captures the United States
arsenal at Harper's Ferry.
Oct. 17. W.Va. The militia and Federal
troops besiege John Brown.
Oct. 18. W. Va. The armory is captured
by Col. R. E. Lee with 1,500 troops ; 12 of
Brown's men are killed ; Brown and 4
men are taken prisoners.
1860 Jan. * U. S. The militia of the
various States numbers 3,070,987.
The United States Navy numbers 93
vessels of all kinds.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1859 Nov. 24. New York. Adelina
Patti makes her first appearance in
America.
* * The French Government voluntarily
presents Samuel F. B. Morse with
$80,000 for Ms invaluable services in
introducing the telegraph.
* * Photo-lithography is introduced in
preparing maps.
* * New York. Charles F. Blauvelt of
Maryland, and James M. Hart of Xew
York, are elected members of the Na-
tional Academy of Design.
* * New York. A bronze bust of Schiller
is unveiled in Central Park.
* * Adirondacks is painted by J. M. Hart.
* * Kaaterskill Clove is painted by S. R.
Gifford.
* * The group The Checker Players is
executed by John Rogers.
* * Star of Empire is painted by Eman-
uel Leutze.
* * Venus is painted by Thomas Page.
1860 Mar. 29. Conn. Charles P. Hall
sails from New London in the ship George
Henry for the Arctic regions to search
for tidings of Sir John Franklin.
June 3. Ill.-Ia. A terrible tornado,
moving at the rate of from 70 to 90 miles
an hour, devastates the country along
its path, and causes 150 deaths.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
i860* *
Alexander, Joseph A., theologian, orientalist
at Princeton, A51.
Archer, Bell, actor, born in Pa.
Brett, Philip M., Ref d. clergyman, A43.
Bryan, Wm. J., M. C. for Neb., born in 111.
Curtis, Charles, M. C. of Kan., born in Kan.
Dent, Dennis, maj.-gen. U. S. A., dies.
Drake, Benjamin, M. E. clergyman, A60.
Erwin, Alex. R., clergyman M. E. Ch. South,
A40.
Espy, James P., meteorologist, author, A75.
Fraser, Charles, painter, writer, A78.
Goodrich, Chauncey, clergyman, editor Web-
ster's Dictionary, A70.
Goodrich, Sam. G. (Peter Parley) , au., A67.
Houk, John C, M. C. for Tenn., b. in Tenn.
Gray, Alonzo, author, educator, A52.
Jesup, Thomas Sidney, maj.-gen., A72.
Magner, Thomas F., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y.
McLaurin, John L., M. C. for S. C, b. S. ('.
Miles, Richard P., R. C. bp. of Nashville, A69.
Neumann, John N., R. C. bp. in Phila., A49.
Owen, David Dale, geologist, A53.
Paulding, James Kirke, novelist, sec. of
navy, A81.
Parker. Theodore, Unit, el., author, A50.
Peale, Rembrandt, portrait painter, A82.
Preston, Wm. C, sen. for S. C, A66.
Russell, Lilian, actor, born in Iowa.
Van Rensselaer, Cortland, Pres. cl., A52.
Walker, William, filibuster, A36.
Watson, John F., antiquary , historical writer,
A36.
Winebrenner, John, Ger. Ref'd. cl., A63.
CHURCH.
1859 Oct. 13. Alexander Gregg is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of
Texas, Wm. Henry Odenheimer of New
Jersey, Gregory Thurston Bedell (assist-
ant) of Ohio, and Henry Benjamin Whip-
ple of Minnesota.
Oct. 23. Ark. Henry Champlin Lay is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis-
sionary bishop of Arkansas.
* * Del. The General Assembly (N. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Wilmington ; R.
W. Patterson, moderator.
* * III. The Illinois Conference (Free
Methodist) is organized.
* * Ind. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Indianapolis ;
Wm. L. Breckinridge, moderator.
* * Kan.-O. The Protestant Episcopal
dioceses of Kansas and Southern Ohio
are organized.
* * New York. The Baptist Annual
Meeting assembles.
* * New York. St. Patrick's magnificent
cathedral (Roman Catholic) is erected.
* * N. Y. The Genesee Conference (Free
Methodist) is organized.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * O. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Xenia; Peter
Bullions, moderator.
* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) meets at Pittsburg.
* * The Society for the Increase of the
Ministry (Protestant Episcopal) is in-
corporated.
* * U. S. The American Board with-
draws from the Choctaw Indians,
because of complications respecting
slavery.
* * Va. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets in Rich-
mond.
* * The American Missionary Association
abandons its work among the Indians
of the Northwest.
* * The Choctaw Indians are declared
a Christian people.
* * A Church Antislavery Society is
instituted for the purpose of convincing
American churches and ministers that
slavery is a sin, and inducing them to
take the lead in the work of its abolition.
1860 Feb. 15. Joseph Cruikshank
Talbot is consecrated (Protestant Epis-
copal) missionary bishop of the North-
west.
May 1-June 4. N. Y. The General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is
held at Buffalo.
May * The Nebraska Conference is organ-
ized.
LETTERS.
1859* * N.C. North Carolina CoUege
(Evan. Lutheran) is organized at Mt.
Pleasant.
Trinity College (Meth. Epis. S.) is or-
ganized at Durham.
* * New York. Audubon's Birds of Amer-
ica is republished in the form of the
original edition.
* * N. Y. St. Bonaventura College
(Rom. Cath.) is organized at Allegany.
* * O. WUloughby College (Meth.
Epis.) is organized.
* * Avolio, by P. H. Hayne, appears.
* * Beulah, by A. J. E. Wilson, appears.
* * History of New England during the
Stuart Dynasty, by J. G. Palfrey, ap-
pears.
* * Home Ballads and Poems, by Whittier,
appears.
* * Life Thoughts, by Henry Ward
Beecher, appears, and Notes from Plym-
outh Pulpit.
* * The Minister's Wooing, by H. B.
Stowe, appears.
* * Money King, by J. G. Saxe, appears.
* * Seacliff, by J. W. De Forrest, appears.
* * Sicily, a Pilgrimage, by Tuckerman,
appears.
* * History of the United States, by J. H.
Patton, appears.
* * A quarto edition of Webster's Diction-
ary, revised by C. A. Goodrich, appears.
* * The Diamond Wedding, by Edmund
Clarence Stedman, appears.
1860 June* New York. The World
is founded.
* * III. Wheaton CoHege (Cong.) is or-
ganized at Wheaton.
Augustana College (Lutheran) is or-
ganized at Rock Island.
* * Ky. Cecilian College (Rom. Cath.)
is organized.
* * Louisiana State University (non-
sect.) is organized at Baton Rouge.
* * N. Y. St. Stephen's College (Prot.
Epis.) is organized at Annadale.
* * Ore. McMinnville CoUege (Bapt.)
is organized at McMinnville.
* * The National Quarterly Revieio ap-
pears in New York.
* * Conduct in Life, by Emerson, appears.
* * Intuitions of the Mind, by James
McCosh, appears.
* * The Marble Faun, by Hawthorne, ap-
pears.
* * Mother Goose for Grown Folks, by A.
D. T. Whitney, appears.
SOCIETY.
1859 Oct. 16. Va. John Brown at-
tempts a raid to free the slaves by
inciting a general uprising.
Brown and 22 armed men seize the
arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and hold it as
a place of refuge for uprising slaves.
Twelve insurgents and seven citizens
and soldiers, including the mayor, are
killed. (See Army, State.)
Dec. 2. Va. John Brown, who aimed
to be the emancipator of the slaves of
America, is hanged by the authorities
of the State as an insurrectionist.
UNITED STATES. 1859, Oct. 4-1860, June 16. 187
Dec. 16. Va. John Brown's compan-
ions, Cook, Coppoc, Copeland, and Green
are executed.
» * Cal. Senator Broderick and Judge
Terry fight a duel ; Broderick is killed
on the first fire ; cause, political antag-
onism. [Great excitement throughout
the country. This tragedy reacts in
favor of the Republicans.]
* * III. Ulysses S. Grant moves to
Galena, and engages in the leather trade.
* * New York. The AthensBum Club Is
founded.
1860 Mar. 16. Va. Stevens and Haz-
lett, the last of the John Brown insur-
gents, are executed.
May 17. B.C. The Japanese embassy
is received by President Buchanan.
June 1. U. S. Total pensioners, 11,585
(165 Revolutionary veterans) ; total an-
nual payment, $1,183,141.
* * U. S. Total number of slaves, 4,002,996.
June 16. Phila. The Japanese embassy
Is received as the guests of the city.
STATE.
1859 Oct. 4. Kan. The antislavery
constitution is approved by about
4,900 majority at a general election.
Oct. 16. Va. John Brown, of Kansas,
.seizes Harper's Ferry. (See Society.)
Nov. 2. John Brown is tried at Charles-
town and convicted of " treason, conspir-
acy, and murder in the first degree ; "
he is sentenced to be hanged.
Dec. 2. U. S. A profound sensation
is caused by the hanging of John Brown
in Virginia.
Dec. 5. B. C. The 36th Congress
opens.
Political classification: Senate, 38
Democrats out of 66 members ; House,
113 Republicans, 93 Administration Dem-
ocrats, 8 Anti-Lecompton Democrats,
and 23 (Southern) Americans. (Tribune
Almanac.)
Congress : the Senate appoints a com-
mittee of five (Mason, Davis, Fitch,
Collamer, and Doolittle), to investigate
the raid of John Brown. [It is alleged
that they aim to fasten the responsibil-
ity of Brown's raid on the Republican
party.]
Dec. * D. C. Congress; House : A long
contest ensues between the Republicans
and Democrats over the speakership.
(See Feb. 1, 1860.)
Dec.*-61 Mar.*D.C. Jefferson
Davis is the Democratic leader in the
Senate.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-63 * * Del. Wm. Burton.
-61 * * Kan. (Ter.). Fred. P. Stanton.
-61 * * Ky. Beriah H. Magoffin.
-60 * * Mich. Moses Wisner.
-61 * * Neb. {Ter.). Samuel W. Black.
-61 * * N.C. John W. Ellis.
-61 * * N.H. Ichabod Goodwin.
-63 * * N. Y. Edwin D. Morgan.
-62 * * Ore. John Whittaker.
-60 * * R. I. Thomas G. Turner.
-61 * * Tex. Sam Houston.
1860 Jan. 30. B. C. Congress;
House : John Sherman of O. with-
draws on the 40th ballot as a (Rep.)
candidate for Speaker.
Feb. 1. B.C. Congress; House: After
a struggle of eight weeks, "Wm. Pen-
nington of N. J. is elected the first
Republican Speaker.
Feb. 2. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Jef-
ferson Davis of Miss, introduces seven
proslavery resolutions [which the Sen-
ate adopts after three months of debate].
Some of them are propositions that have
been voted down by the Southern De-
mocracy in National Convention.
Mar. 5. B. C. Congress : The House
adopts the Covode resolution for a
committee to investigate the conduct of
the President.
Mar. 12. B. C. Congress: The House
passes a Preemption Bill for the third
time ; it provides for giving land to
actual settlers at a nominal price, or
free of cost. Vote, 115-65. All the nays
but one come from the slave States.
Mar. 13. N. Y. The Senate approves
a joint temperance resolution provid-
ing for a Constitutional Prohibitory
Amendment. Vote, 30-6.
Mar. 27. Cal. The Japanese embassy
arrives at San Francisco.
It includes two ambassadors, two asso-
ciates, ten officials, two interpreters, two
physicians, and 53 servants.
Mar. 28. B. C. President Buchanan
resents a proposed inquiry relative
to his acts.
Apr. 23. S. C. The Democratic Na-
tional Convention assembles at
Charleston, and divides on the sla-
very issue.
The South demands explicit assertion
of the right of citizens to establish
slavery in the Territories, and to be
protected in that right by Federal
authority; the Douglas men refuse to
indorse these demands. Vote, 165-138.
Apr. 30. 8. C. The Democratic Conven-
tion substitutes the Minority (Con-
servative) Report on the platform for
that of the majority.
May 3. S. C. The Democracy is dis-
rupted.
Southern Democrats secede from the
Convention because a radical prosla-
very platform is refused. [The remain-
ing members, hampered by the two-thirds
rule, ballot 57 times, but fail to make a
nomination, and adjourn to meet in
Baltimore, on June 18.]
May 9. Md. The Constitutional
Union Party (chiefly members of the
late American party) meets at Balti-
more, and nominates John Bell of
Tenn. and Edward Everett of Mass. for
presidential offices. Vote: Bell, 138;
Houston of Tex., 69.
May 10. B. C. Congress : The Senate
passes a substitute for the Preemption
Bill. Vote, 44-8. [The House refuses
to concur.] The House passes the
Morrill Tariff Bill, to increase the
revenue by increasing the scale of du-
ties. (See Mar. 2, 1861.)
May 14. I). C. The Japanese em-
bassy arrives.
May 16. Chicago. The Republican
National Convention meets.
May 18. Chicago. The Convention votes :
1st ballot: Wm. H. Seward, 173J ; Abra-
ham Lincoln, 102 ; Simon Cameron, 50J ;
scattering, . 2d ballot : Seward, 184J ;
Lincoln, 181. 3d ballot: Lincoln, 354;
Seward, 110J; Wm. L. Dayton, 1; John
McLean, J.
Abraham Lincoln of 111. and Han-
nibal Hamlin of Me. are unanimously
nominated for presidential offices.
May* Wash. Boundary disputes are
renewed at San Juan; Gen. Harney
is recalled.
June 7. B. C. Congress : The House
passes a bill to admit Kansas as a State
of the Union. [It fails in the Senate.]
June 11. Va. The Southern seceding
Democrats meet at Richmond, and
adjourn till the close of the Baltimore
Convention. (See May 3.)
MISCELLANEOUS.
1859 Dec. 21. U. S. Immigrants and
other aliens in 1859, 118,616.
* * III. Rose Hill Cemetery, near Chi-
cago, is established.
* * Ill.-Md. The first street cars are run
in Chicago and in Baltimore.
* * Neb. The Colorado potato-beetle
appears.
It feeds on potato plants, and gradually
proceeds eastward through Nebraska,
Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, to the New England
States.
* * The Ohio and Pennsylvania, Ohio and
Indiana, and the Fort Wayne and Chi-
cago Roads, consolidate, and form the
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago
Railroad Company, connecting Pitts-
burg and Chicago by a continuous line
471 miles long.
1860 Jan. 10. Mass. The Pemberton
Cotton Mill at Lawrence collapses while
in operation ; the wreck takes fire ; 117
persons are known to be dead, and 89
missing.
Jan. * A railway line is completed from
Maine to Louisiana by the opening of
the Mississippi Central, and 61 miles
between Lynchburg and Alexandria,
on. the Orange and Alexandria Road.
Feb. 2. New York. A fire destroys much
property and 50 lives.
#Feb. 19. The emigrant vessel Luna is
wrecked on rocks off Barfleur ; 100 lives
are lost.
188
1860, June 18 -Dec. 31.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1860 Nov. 15. New York. Maj. Rob-
ert Anderson of Ky. is ordered to
take command of Federal forts and
forces in Charleston Harbor.
Nov. 21. S. C. Maj. Anderson as-
sumes command at Fort Moultrie.
Nov. 28. Fa. The steam sloop-of-war
Brooklyn, carrying 28 guns, unexpect-
edly returns from Panama, and arrives
at Norfolk.
Dec. 26. S. C. Maj. Anderson, U. S. A.,
evacuates Fort Moultrie and occupies
Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor.
Dec. 27. S. C. The State authorities
seize Castle Pinckney and Fort Moul-
trie.
Dec. 30. D. C. Gen. Scott communi-
cates directly with the President, and
asks permission to send 250 recruits to
Fort Sumter without the knowledge of
the War Department.
Dec. 31. S. C. State troops take pos-
session of the U. S. arsenal at Charles-
ton, and supplant the U. S. flag with the
Palmetto flag.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1860 July 6. Boston. Dr. Isaac I.
Hayes sails in the schooner United
States to make researches in the polar
regions.
July 20. A remarkable meteor passes
over New York, Connecticut, and Rhode
Island.
Sept. 10. O. The statue of Com.
Perry is unveiled at Cleveland, on the
47th anniversary of the battle of Lake
Erie.
Sept. 15. The asteroid Echo is discov-
ered by J. Ferguson.
Sept. 16. The asteroid Artemis is dis-
covered by J. C. Watson.
CHURCH.
1860 June 20. Chicago. The General
Convention of the New Jerusalem
meets.
Sept. 12. Mass. The Congregational
Conference of Massachusetts is organ-
ized.
LETTERS.
I860* * History of the United Nether-
lands, by John Lothrop Motley, appears
in part.
* * The Poems of Henry Timrod appears.
* * The Poems of Rose Terry, by R.* T.
Cooke, appears.
* * Poems Lyric and Idyllic, by E. C.
Stedman, appears.
* * New York. The Fireside Companion
is issued.
SOCIETY.
1860 June 19. III. Abraham Lin-
coln, the President-elect, declines a
request to furnish liquors to the Na-
tional Committee sent to inform him of
his nomination to the presidency ; he
returns unopened the hampers of wines
and liquors given to him.
June * La. "William Walker sails for
Honduras, on another filibustering ex-
pedition. [He is captured and shot.]
June * New York. The Japanese em-
bassy is received with great honor.
July 6. N. J. Jacob S. Harden is
hanged at Belvidere for the murder
of his wife.
July 13. N. Y. Albert W. Hicks is
hanged on Bedloe's Island for a triple
murder on the oyster-sloop Edwin A.
Johnson.
Sept. 20. Mich. The tour of the
Prince of "Wales begins at Detroit.
Oct. 3-7. D. C. The Prince of "Wales
is the guest of the President.
Oct. 11. New York. The Prince of
"Wales is received with a grand mili-
tary and civic display.
STATE.
I860 June 18. Md. The Democratic
National Convention reassembles at
Baltimore ; Southern members fail in
their proslavery demands and another
secession occurs.
The seceders from the Baltimore Con-
vention hold a convention, and (June
23) nominate John C. Breckinridge
of Ky. and Joseph Lane of Ore.
June 19. D. C. Congress: The Pre-
emption Bill, as amended by the Sen-
ate, passes both Houses with large
majorities.
June 22. Md. Stephen A. Douglas of
111. and Herschel V. Johnson of Ga.
are nominated for presidential offices by
the Democratic National Convention.
June 23. D. C. President Buchanan
vetoes the Preemption Bill.
June 25. D. C. The 36th Congress:
the first session closes.
June 26. Va. The Richmond Con-
vention of seceding Democrats reas-
sembles, and ratifies the nomination of
Breckinridge and Lane.
July 1. U. S. National debt $64,842,287.
Aug. 30. Miss. The governor declares
himself ready to " dare all and hazard
all, rather than to see Mississippi a
dependent province of a Black Repub-
lican government."
Sept. 8. D. C. Secretary Cobb nego-
tiates $10,000,000, 5 per cent ten
year bonds at from par to 1.45 per cent
premium. [Only $7,022,000 of the money
was paid in.]
Sept. * S. C. Several influential gentle-
men meet at Charleston, and organize
the secret society called "The 1860
Association."
It is organized " to influence public
sentiment, and to resist Northern and
Federal aggression," and improve the
military defenses of the slave States.
[A secret league of Southern governors
follows, with a firm union of public men
at Washington, D.C.]
Oct. * U. S. Republicans organize "Wide
Awake clubs ; they parade with torches
and cannon.
The political canvass, with four candi-
dates in the field for the presidency, is
highly exciting.
South Carolina communicates to
other States proposals for secession.
Oct. 12. S. C. Gov. Gist proclaims the
convening of the Legislature in extra
session, " to appoint electors of Presi-
dent and Vice-President ; and, if advisa-
ble, to take action for the safety and
protection of the State."
Oct. 23. Cal. Edward D. Baker makes
a speech concerning the rights of free-
dom, in the American Theater at San
Francisco.
Oct. 29. New York. The veteran Lieut.-
Gen. Winfield Scott, general-in-chief of
the army, counsels the President to
make preparation for secession and
hostilities by increasing garrisons at
national forts.
Oct. * The pivotal States give decisive
Republican majorities, which fore-
shadow the election of Mr. Lincoln.
Majority for governor in Pennsylvania
is 32,000; in Indiana nearly 10,000; and
for Congressmen in Ohio 27,000.
Nov. 5. S. C. The Legislature meets in
extra session ; the governor's message
advocates secession and the reorganiza-
tion of the militia.
Nov. 6. U. S. 19th Presidential elec-
tion ; the first Republican victory.
Popular vote : Abraham Lincoln of
111. (Rep.), 1,866,352 ; Stephen A. Douglas
of 111. (Dem.), 1,375,157; J. C. Breckin-
ridge of Ky. (Dem.), 845,763 ; John Bell
of Tenn. (Union), 589,581.
All the Republican electors are chosen
in'17 free States, besides four of the seven
elected in New Jersey ; 15 slave States
are divided between three candidates.
Nov. 7. S. C. Intense excitement fol-
lows the election at Charleston, and
through all the slave States ; exultation
abounds in the antislavery States.
Nov. 9.-11. D. C. Congress : The Sen-
ators from South Carolina resign their
seats.
Nov. 13. S. C. The Legislature calls a
convention to consider the question of
secession from the Union. [It resolves
to raise 10,000 volunteers.]
Nov. 14. Ga. Alexander H. Stephens
delivers a union speech before the
Legislature, which creates a marked
sensation.
Nov. 17. S. C. A grand mass meeting
is held at Charleston, and enthusiastic
addresses are made to " citizens of the
Southern Republic."
Nov. 18. Ga. The Legislature votes
$1,000,000 to arm the State.
Nov. 20. D. C. The Administration
adopts a non-coercive policy towards
the seceding States ; it is expressed in
the opinion rendered by the Attorney-
General.
Nov. 26. Miss. The Legislature is
convened.
It meets to consider " the propriety and
necessity of providing surer and better
safeguards for the lives, liberties, and
property of her citizens than have been
found in Black Republican oaths."
UNITED STATES. 1860, June 18 -Dec. 31. 189
S. C. The Legislature meets in reg-
ular annual session.
Nov. * AHss. The Legislature adopts a
joint resolution directing the appoint-
ment of commissioners to the several
slaveholding States, to secure united
action in a secession movement.
Dec. 3. B.C. The 36th Congress: the
second session opens.
President Buchanan recommends Con-
gress to conciliate the South hy making
certain concessions ; and he reminds
the South " that no single act has ever
passed Congress impairing in the slight-
est degree its rights to property in
slaves," and admits that " the sword
is not placed in the hands of Congress
to preserve it [the Union] by force."
Dec. 4. I). C. Congress : In the House
Alexander R. Bouteler of Va. intro-
duces a resolution for the appointment
of a Special Committee [of Thirty-
three] to consider the condition of the
country.
Dec. 6. B. C. Congress : In the Senate
L. W. Powell of Ky. introduces a resolu-
tion for the appointment of a Special
Committee [of Thirteen] to concert
measures of compromise or pacification.
House : the Speaker announces the
Committee of Thirty-three ; Thomas
Corwin of O., chairman.
Members : T. Corwin of O., J. S. Mill-
son of Va., C. F. Adams of Mass., W.
Winslow of N. C, J. Humphrey of N. Y.,
W. W. Boyce of S. C, J. H. Campbell of
Pa., P. E. Love of Ga., O. S. Ferry of
Conn., H. W. Davis of Md., C. Robinson
of R. I., W. G. Whiteley of Del., M. W.
Tappan of N. H., J. L. N. Stratton of
N. J., F. M. Bristow of Ky., J. S. Morrill
of Vt., T. A. R. Nelson of Tenn., W.
McK. Dunn of Ind., M. Taylor of La.,
R. Davis of Miss., W. Kellogg of 111.,
G. S. Houston of Ala., F. H. Morse of
Me., J. S. Phelps of Mo., A. Rast of Ark.,
W. A. Howard of Mich., G. S. Hawkins
of Fla., A. J. Hamilton of Tex., C. C.
Washburne of Wis., S. R. Curtis of la.,
J. C. Birch of Colo., W. Windom of Minn.,
and L. Stout of Ore.
Dec. 8. B. C. Secretary Cobb resigns
the office of Treasurer, and joins the Se-
cession movement.
Dec. 10. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Jefferson Davis of Miss, makes a
speech, and declares that the Union had
cost "little time, little money, and no
blood."
Dec. 12. B. C. Philip P. Thomas of Md.
is appointed Secretary of the Treasury.
Dec. 13. D. C. The House Committee
of Thirty-three passes a resolution
declaring " any reasonable, proper, and
constitutional remedies and effectual
guarantees of their [Southern] peculiar
rights and interests should be promptly
and cheerfully given." Vote, 22-8.
Dec. 14. B. C. Gen. Cass, Secretary
of State, resigns his office, because the
President declines to reenforce Maj.
Anderson.
The President by proclamation ap-
points the fourth of January prox. to be
observed as a day of humiliation, fast-
ing, and prayer, because of the " dan-
gerous and distracted condition of the
country."
About one-half of the Senators and
Representatives from eight Southern
States unite in issuing an address to
their constituents, urging the seces-
sion of separate States for the purpose
of organizing a Southern Confederacy ;
it is the official beginning of the
Confederacy.
Dec. 17. B. C. Jeremiah S. Black of
Pa. is appointed Secretary of State.
Congress authorizes a loan of
$10,000,000.
S. C. A State Convention assembles
at Columbia, by the call of the Legisla-
ture, and adjourns to Charleston to
escape an epidemic of smallpox.
Dec. 17. S. C. P. W. Pickens is in-
augurated governor.
The President writes Gov. Pickens that
he has sent Caleb Cushing to South
Carolina to avert if possible the seced-
ing of the State.
Dec. 18. B. C. Congress: The Senate
orders the appointment of the Special
Committee of Thirteen. John J.
Crittenden of Ky. introduces a plan of
concession. (Schouler, Dec. 22.)
It proposes to restore the Missouri
Compromise line by constitutional
amendment, and to run the line to the
Pacific ; to admit Territories as States,
with or without slavery, as their consti-
tutions shall determine; to guarantee
slavery in the slave States against aboli-
tion by Congress ; to restrain interfer-
ence by the Federal Government with
the interstate transportation of slaves ;
to recompense the value of fugitive
slaves lost to their owners by mob vio-
lence ; and urges the Northern States
to repeal personal liberty bills wher-
ever enacted. [It is not accepted by
Congress.]
The secession of States begins.
Dec. 20. South Carolina secedes by
the ordinance of a special convention.
± S. C. The State Convention des-
patches three special commissioners,
Robert W. Barnwell, James H. Adams,
and James L. Orr, to Washington, to
negotiate for the division of Federal
property, and a surrender to South Car-
olina of the forts in Charleston Harbor.
B. c. Congress : The Senate Com-
mittee of Thirteen is appointed to
devise compromise measures for the
restoration of peace.
Members : Lazarus W. Powell and
John J. Crittenden of Ky., R. M. T.
Hunter of Va., William H. Seward of
N. Y., Robert Toombs of Ga., Stephen
A. Douglas of 111., Jacob Collamer of
Vt., Jefferson Davis of Miss., Benjamin
F. Wade of O., William Bigler of Pa.,
Henry M. Rice of Minn., James R. Doo-
little of Wis., and James W. Grimes of
la.
The request of 'Gov. Pickens that
Fort Sumter be surrendered to the
State is delivered to President Bu-
chanan by a special messenger. He
replies that he has no authority to
surrender any of the forts or public
property in South Carolina to the State.
Dec. 21. S. C. Gov. Pickens with-
draws his request of the 20th inst. by
advice of his friends.
Dec. 24. S. C. The State Convention
makes a " declaration of independ-
ence."
D. C. Congress ; House : Members
from South Carolina withdraw.
Secretary Floyd orders 78 guns to
be shipped from Pennsylvania to New-
port, near Galveston, Tex., and 46 guns
to Balize, at the mouth of the Mississippi.
Dec. 26. B. C. The commissioners
from South Carolina arrive.
Dec. 28. B. C. President Buchanan re-
ceives the three commissioners as pri-
vate gentlemen.
Secretary Thomas obtains bids for less
than half of the $5,000,000 in Treasury
notes he had advertised, and the Gov-
ernment is reduced to desperate straits.
[Bankers in New York save the na-
tional credit by making a combination
purchase of $1,500,000.]
Dec. 29. B. C. J. B. Ployd of Va. re-
signs his office as Secretary of War. [He
is succeeded by Joseph Holt, Dec. 31.]
The three commissioners write Pres-
ident Buchanan that he must disapprove
of Maj. Anderson's occupancy of Sum-
ter before they can negotiate with him.
Dec. 30. B. C. Secretary Black succeeds
in changing the President's vacillat-
ing policy; he refuses to see the
commissioners from South Carolina.
Dec. 31. B. C. The President informs
the three commissioners that Fort
Sumter will be defended to the last
extremity.
Congress; Senate: The Committee
of Thirteen on compromises reports
that it is " not able to agree upon any
general plan of adjustment."
MISCELLANEOUS.
1860 June * U. S. Eighth census :
States, 33; whites, 26,922,537, colored,
4,441,830; (free colored, 488,070, slaves,
3,953,760 ; Indians omitted ; total popula-
tion, 31,443,321. Increase 35.58 per cent.
The center of population is 20 miles
south of Chillicothe; the westward
movement in 10 years is 81 miles.
June 28. New York. The Great Eastern
arrives ; the largest vessel ever built.
Sept. 8. The steamer Lady Elgin collides
with the schooner Augusta on Lake
Michigan, and goes down ; of 835 persons
on board, 287 are lost.
* * III. Oakridge Cemetery, near
Springfield, is consecrated.
* * Mass. Newton Cemetery, near
Boston, is established.
* *U.S. Statistics for 1860. Produc-
tion : Gold, $46,000,000 ; Silver, $150,000 ,
Bushels of Grain-Indian Corn, 838,-
795,742 ; Wheat, 173,104 924 ; Oats 72,643,-
185 ; Barley, 15,825,898 ; Rye, 21,101,380 ,
Buckwheat, 17,571,818 ; bales of Cotton,
4 669 770
'Currency in circulation, $435,407,252 1 j
per capita, $13.85. Immigrants, 150,273.
Miles of railroad, 30,635.
190 1860 * *-1861, Feb. 13.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1860 * * The United States Army is
scattered in remote parts of the coun-
try, vast military stores are lodged in
Southern arsenals by direction of Secre-
tary Floyd, a sympathizer -with seces-
sion; the navy is chiefly absent on
foreign stations.
1861 Jan. 1-4. Ala. The governor seizes
Mount Vernon Arsenal and Ports
Morgan and Gaines at Mobile.
Jan. 2. .S. C. State troops seize Fort
Johnson, guarding the harbor of
Charleston.
Jan. 3. Ga. Gov. Brown seizes Forts
Pulaski and Jackson near Savannah.
Jan. 5. New York. The Star of the West
sails with reenforcements and supplies
for Maj. Anderson.
Jan. 7. Fla. The State troops seize
Fort Marion and Fort Augustine.
Jan. 9. S. C. The first shot is fired in
the Civil War ; when the Star of the
West is approaching Fort Sumter, she is
attacked by the batteries of Fort Moul-
trie, and compelled to retire.
Maj. Anderson demands of Gov.
Pickens an explanation of the hostile
act against the U. S. flag.
D. C. Plans for the defense of
Washington are presented by Col.
Charles P. Stone, and adopted.
Jan. 9, 10. N. C. State troops and citi-
zens occupy Forts Caswell and John-
ston, without authority.
Jan. 9-11. Fla. Lieut. Slemmer trans-
fers his command from Forts Barran-
cas and MeRae to the strong defenses
of Fort Pickens, Santa Rosa Island.
Jan. 10. La. State troops seize the Baton
Rouge barracks and U. S. arsenal.
Miss. The State seizes U. S. forts and
properties.
Jan. 11. S.C. Gov. Pickens demands
the surrender of Fort Sumter. Maj.
Anderson refuses.
Jan. 12. Fla. A force of volunteers,
under authority of the governor, de-
mands of Commodore Armstrong the
surrender of the Pensacola navy
yards; they are given up, with two
deserted forts.
Miss. The Confederates fortify
Vicksburg.
N. C. Forts Caswell and Johnston
are restored, by order of Gov. Ellis.
Jan. 14. Fla. Fort Taylor at Key West
is garrisoned by Federal troops.
Jan 15. La. Fort Jackson and Fort
St. Philip are seized.
Jan. 20. Miss. Confederates take pos-
session of the unfinished fort on Ship
Island.
Jan. 22. D. C. President Buchanan
refuses to pledge the government to
extend the truce at Charleston till Feb-
ruary 15th.
Jan. 24. Ga. State troops demand and
occupy the U. S. arsenal at Augusta.
Jan. 29. D. C. The President orders
the expedition sent to Pensacola, not
to land the troops, on the assurance
that Fort Pickens will not be attacked
by seceders. (Fort Pickens truce.)
Jan. ± * Mo. The secessionists organize
"Minute Men" for the purpose of
capturing the U. S. arsenal at St. Louis ;
the Union men organize the Home
Guards for its defense.
Feb. 6. D. C. The Secretary of War re-
fuses to surrender Fort Sumter on the
demand of the Confederates.
Feb. 8. Ark. The State seizes the
U. S. arsenal at Little Pock.
Feb. 12. Ark. The State seizes the
U. S. ordnance stores at Napoleon.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1860 * * Boston. A 15-in. Rodman gun,
weighing 49,000 pounds, is cast by the
South Boston Iron Company.
* * Md. Baltimore acquires 693 acres for
Druid Hill Park.
* * New York. Clara Louise Kellogg
makes her dibut in Rigoletto at the
Academy of Music.
* * New York. A time ball connected
by telegraph with the Dudley Observa-
tory, at Albany, is placed on the Custom
House.
* * New York. Eastman Johnson and Al-
bert Bierstadt are elected members of
the National Academy of Design.
* * N. Y. Prof. Henry Draper's observa-
tory is erected at Hastings.
* * The Spencer repeating rifle is pat-
ented.
* * Flight into Egypt is painted by
Thomas Moran.
* * Bay of New York is painted by G. L.
Brown.
1861 Jan. 5. JV. Y. The Brooklyn Art
Association is established.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
I860.
July 1. Goodyear, Charles, inventor of
hard rubber, A63.
1861.
Jan. 4. Kent, William, jurist of N.Y., A59.
Jan. lO. Hackley, Charles W., P. E. cl.,
prof., A52.
Jan. 24. Letcher, Robert P., Gov. Ky. A73.
Jan. 11. Cobbs, Nicholas H., P. E. bp. of
Ala., A65.
Jan. 20. Lowell, Charles, Unit, cl., au-
thor, A79.
Jan. 28. Reid, Sam. C, U. S. N., designer
l\ S. flag, A78.
Feb. 8. Krancis, John W., physician, wri-
ter, A72.
CHURCH.
1860 * * Mich., Minn. The Synodical
Conference (Evangelical Lutheran) of
Minnesota and Michigan is organized.
* * N. Y. The General Assembly (O.S.
Presbyterian) meets at Rochester ; John
W. Yeomans, moderator.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (N. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; T. A.
Mills, moderator.
* * O. The Baptist Annual Meeting is
held at Cincinnati.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(United Presbyterian) meets ; Joseph
Clokey, moderator.
* * The Susquehanna Conference (Free
Methodist) is organized.
* * The Episcopalians open a mission
among the Sioux Indians.
* * The American Board withdraws its
mission from the Cherokee Indians,
its proper work being done, and the
Indians Christianized.
* * Ga. The Augustana Synod (Evangel-
ical Lutheran) is organized.
1861 Jan. 15. New York. The Wo-
men's Union Missionary Society is or-
ganized.
SOCIETY.
I860 * * Cal. The Institution for the
Deaf, Dumb, and Blind is opened at
Berkeley.
STATE.
1860 * * The commissioners send a let-
ter to the President, which he declines
to receive ; he considers them disrespect-
ful and violent, and their assertions un-
founded.
* * V. S. There are thirty-three States
in the Union, 18 free and 15 slave ; this
gives the control of the government to
free States.
* * D. C. Congress : A treaty with
Mexico, negotiated by Louis McLane,
is rejected by the Senate.
* * New York. Fernando Wood is re-
elected the 72d mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-64 * * Ark. Henry M. Rector.
Cal. M. S. Latham.
-62 * * Cal. John G. Downey.
-62 * * La. Thomas O. Moore.
-64 * * la. Samuel J. Kirkwood.
-64 * * Minn. Alex. Ramsey.
-62 * * Miss. John J. Pettus.
-63 * * N.J. Charles S. Olden.
-62 * * O. Wm. Dennison.
-61 * * R. I. Wm. Sprague
-62 * * S. C. Francis W. Pickens.
-64 * * Va. John Letcher.
-61 * * Vt. Erastus Fairbanks.
1861 Jan. 1. Ala. A State Conven-
tion meets, and on the same day resolves
that " Alabama cannot and will not sub-
mit to the administration of Lincoln
and Hamlin."
U. S. Nominal balance in the
Treasury, $2,233,220.
Jan. 2. D. C. President Buchanan de-
cides to reenf orce Fort Sumter.
Jan. 3. D. C. Congress: In the Senate
John J. Crittenden of Ky. introduces
resolutions for taking a vote of the
people for the settlement of dissen-
sions.
Commissioners from South Carolina
demand the surrender of Fort Sum-
ter ; President Buchanan refuses.
Del. The proposal of the Commis-
sioner to join the Southern Confed-
eracy is rejected by the Legislature —
UNITED STATES. 1860 ** -1861, Feb. 13. 191
unanimously by the Assembly, and by
a majority of the Senate.
Fla. A State Convention assembles.
Ga. Gov. Brown orders the seizure
of Fort Pulaski.
Jan. 5. Fla. The governor seizes the
U. S. arsenal at Apalachicola.
New York. Mayor Wood recommends
the secession of the city to the Common
Council.
D. C. Senators from seven Southern
States hold a caucus.
They resolve to assume temporarily
the political and military control of the
South, to advise the calling of a conven-
tion of seceders at Montgomery, aiming
to force the Border States from a posi-
tion of neutrality ; they also decide to
retain their seats in the Senate, to pre-
vent inimical measures by the Govern-
ment.
Jan. 7. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Rob-
ert Toombs of Ga. denounces Abra-
ham Lincoln as "an enemy of the
human race, deserving the execration of
mankind."
Ala. A State Convention assembles.
Miss. A State Convention assembles.
Va. The Legislature meets in spe-
cial session to consider " the condition
of public affairs." [South Carolina and
Mississippi have already threatened to
close their markets against the sale
of slaves from the border States as a
means of coercion.]
Congress receives a patriotic message
from President Buchanan.
Jan. 8. D. C. Jacob Thompson of Miss.,
Secretary of the Interior, retires from
the Cabinet, and becomes an active Se-
cessionist.
Philip P. Thomas of Md., Secretary
of the Treasury, resigns after serving
only one month.
Fla. The governor orders the sei-
zure of the Navy Yard and the unoccu-
pied forts at Pensacola.
Jan. 9. D. C. Congress : In the House
a committee of five is appointed, Wm.
A. Howard of Mich, chairman ; it is
to inquire " whether any officer of the
United States has been or is now treat-
ing with any person or persons concern-
ing the surrender of forts," or pledging
not to send reenforcements to forts in
Charleston harbor.
Mississippi, the second State, se-
cedes by ordinance of a State Conven-
tion. Vote, 81-15.
S. C. The relief expedition from New
York approaches Charleston bar in the
night, and waits for the coming day.
Jan. 10. 1). C. Congress ; Senate :
Jefferson Davis of Miss, speaks in
justification of secession.
Florida, the third State, secedes by
ordinance of a State convention. Vote,
62-7.
Jan. 11. Alabama, the fourth State,
secedes by ordinance of a State conven-
tion. Vote, 61-39.
D. C. John A. Dix of N. Y. is ap-
pointed Secretary of the Treasury. [In
his orders to revenue officers, he says :
" If any man attempts to haul down the
American flag, shoot him on the spot ! "]
Jan. 14. Z>. C. Congress : The House
Committee of Thirty-three on com-
promise make a majority report and
seven minority reports.
The majority report humiliates the
North without appeasing the South ; by
it the Northern representatives abandon,
without a protest, nearly all they have
struggled for in seven years.
Jan. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate
kills the Crittenden Bill by adopting
the Clark substitute, stating that " the
Constitution needs to be obeyed rather
than amended," and declaring a disso-
lution of the Union illusory and de-
structive. Vote, 25-23. Six Southern
Senators refuse to vote, and so defeat
the original bill.
Ga. A State Convention assembles.
Jan. 18. Mo. The Legislature calls a
State Convention to act upon secession ;
it provides that no ordinance of seces-
sion shall be valid unless ratified by the
people. [Meets Feb. 28 ; Sterling Price,
President.]
Jan. 19. Georgia, the fifth State, se-
cedes by ordinance of a State Conven-
tion. Vote, 208-89.
Miss. The Legislature adopts the re-
port of a committee, making provisions
for the organization of a Southern
Confederacy, and the establishment
of a provisional government.
Va. The Legislature resolves to
unite with the other States of the Union
in sending commissioners to Washing-
ton on February 4th to " adjust the
present unhappy controversies."
Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: Senators
from Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi
withdraw, after each has made a final
speech of defiance ; the bill passes ad-
mitting Kansas under the Wyandotte
constitution.
Tex. A State Convention meets at
Austin.
Jan. 23. La. A State Convention as-
sembles.
Jan. 24. D. C. Congress ; Senate:
Jeff erson Davis of Miss, defends State
Sovereignty in a speech, and withdraws.
Ex-President Tyler of Va. asks the
President to give his pledge that there
will be no hostilities during the session
of a peace convention ; but he refuses
to do so.
Jan. 26. Louisiana, the sixth State, se-
cedes by ordinance of a State Conven-
tion ; vote, 113-17. The motion to submit
the question to a popular vote is over-
whelmingly defeated.
N. C. The House unanimously passes
resolutions declaring that the State will
go with the slave States if reconcilia-
tion between the North and South fails.
Jan. 28. D. C. Senator Iverson of Ga.
withdraws and joins the Secessionists.
Jan. 29. Kansas is admitted into the
Union as the 34th State. (Moore, Jan.
30.)
Jan. 31. D. C. Col. Hayne, commis-
sioner from South Carolina, demands
the surrender of Fort Sumter by
President Buchanan.
Feb. 1. Texas, the seventh State, se-
cedes by act of a convention, subject to
an approving vote of the people. Vote,
166-7.
Feb. 4. Ala. The Confederate Con-
gress is organized, at Montgomery, by
delegates from six States; Howell
Cobb is chairman.
D. C. A peace convention assem-
bles at Washington, by request of the
Legislature of Virginia ; delegates ap-
pear from 14 free States and seven
slave States; ex-President John Ty-
ler of Va. is elected president.
Congress: Senators John Slidell
and Judah P. Benjamin, both of La.,
make speeches and retire.
Va. The people elect members of a
State Convention.
Feb. 6. D. C. Secretary Holt replies to
Commissioner Hayne, and denies the
right of eminent domain respecting
Fort Sumter.
Feb. 8. D. C. Congress : The issue
of $25,000,000 of 10-20 year bonds at
6 per cent is authorized.
Ala. The Confederate Congress
adopts a provisional Constitution, re-
sembling that of the United States, under
the style of the Confederate States of
America.
Feb. 9. Ala. The Provisional Con-
gress of six States elects Jefferson
Davis of Miss. President of the Con-
federate States, and Alex. H. Ste-
phens of Ga. Vice-President for the
term of six years.
Cabinet of Jefferson Davis : Robert
Toombs of Ga. (Sec. State), C. G. Mem-
minger of S. C. (Sec. Treas.), L. P.
Walker of Ala. (Sec. War), S. R. Mal-
lory of Fla. (Sec. Navy), J. H. Reagan
of Tex. (P. M.-Gen.), J. P. Benjamin
of La. (Atty.-Gen.).
Tenn. A general election gives a
majority of 12,000 votes against holding
a convention desired by Secessionists.
Feb. 11. III. Abraham Lincoln makes
a tender address to his neighbors, who
throng the depot at Springfield, on his
departure for Washington.
[He travels slowly, and is welcomed at
all towns and cities.]
Feb. 12. Ala. The Confederate Con-
gress assumes charge of all ques-
tions arising between the seceded States
and the Federal Government.
Feb. 13. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : Lincoln, 180 ;
Douglas, 12: Breckinridge, 72; Bell, 39.
Vote for Vice-President: Hannibal
Hamlin of Me. (Rep.), 180 ; Joseph Lane
of Ore. (Dem.), 72 ; Edward Everett of
Mass. (Union), 39 ; H. V. Johnson of Ga.
(Dem.), 12.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1861 Jan. 1. New York. Price of cot-
ton is 11J cents a pound. [It rapidly ad-
vances.]
192 1861, Feb. 13-Apr. 17.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1861 Feb. 16. Tex. Gen. Twiggs sur-
renders the military posts, containing
$1,300,000 worth of stores and $55,000 in
specie, to the State authorities.
Feb. 19. Mo. By Gen. Scott's orders,
Gen. Harney concentrates a force of
nearly 500 regulars and recruits for the
defense of the military depot at St.
Louis, containing 60,000 stand of im-
proved arms, 1,500,000 ball cartridges,
90,000 pounds of powder, besides field-
pieces, siege-guns, and other military
supplies.
Tex. Col. A. C. Waite, appointed
Jan. 28, arrives to supersede Gen.
Twiggs at San Antonio, and finds an
agreement made to withdraw the Fed-
eral troops and surrender the valuable
United States property.
Mar. 1. Gen. David E. Twiggs is dis-
missed from the U. S. Army as a traitor,
having surrendered U. S. forces and
property in Texas to Secessionists.
Mar. 3. S. C. Gen. Beauregard assumes
command of the Confederates at
Charleston.
Mar. 5. Tex. At Brownsville Texan
troops occupy Fort Brown.
Mar. 9. Ala. The Confederate Secre-
tary of War makes a requisition on tlie
States for 11,000 volunteers.
Mar. 11. Ala. Brig.-Gen. Bragg as-
sumes command of the Confederate
forces.
Mar. 12. D. C. Gen. Scott sends orders
to Capt. Vogdes to reenforce Fort
Pickens.
Mar.* Jefferson Davis prepares for war
and asks for 100,000 Confederate soldiers.
Mar. * The Regular Army of the United
States consists of one major-general,
four brigadier-generals, and 16,000 offi-
cers and men.
Mar. * D. C. Lieut.-Col. Robert E. Lee
is appointed colonel of the 1st Cavalry,
U. S. A.
THE SEVENTEENTH WAR.
1861 * * The Great Civil War. [Men
enrolled in the Federal Army, 2,772,408 ;
in the Confederate Army, 600,000(?).]
Apr. 6. New York. An expedition pre-
pared by Capt. Meigs sails for Fort
Pickens.
Apr. 7. <S. C. Gen. Beauregard denies
Maj. Anderson any further communi-
cations with Charleston for purposes of
supply.
Apr. 8. D. C. The Government notifies
Gov. Pickens of its purpose to reenforce
Fort Sumter.
Apr. 10. New York. An expedition,
prepared by Capt. Fox, led by tbe Pow-
hatan, Lieut. D. D. Porter, sails for
Fort Sumter.
Apr. 11. S. C. Maj. Anderson is sum-
moned to surrender Fort Sumter. He
refuses, yet informs Gen. Beauregard
that his provisions will be exhausted by
the 15th inst.
Apr. 12. S. C. The Confederates
open fire on Fort Sumter at 4.40 a.m. ;
Maj. Anderson makes a vigorous reply.
Apr. 14. S. r. Maj. Anderson evacu-
ates Fort Sumter after a furious cannon-
ade of 34 hours, his supply of provisions
being exhausted [and the fleet arriving
too late to relieve him].
Strength of the Federal garrison : 9
commissioned officers, 68 non-coinmis-
sioned officers and privates, 8 musicians,
and 43 non-combatant laborers ; total
128 men.
Apr. 15. President Lincoln calls for
75,000 volunteers to serve for three
months.
Apr. 16. Mass. The militia compa-
nies, responding to the President's
call, march into the city of Boston.
N. C. The Confederates again seize
Forts Caswell and Johnston.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1861 Apr. 9. The asteroid Maia is dis-
covered by H. P. Tuttle.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1861.
Mar. 25. Gibbs, Josiah Willard, prof, in
Yale, philologist, A71.
Mar. 26. Robbins, Koyal, Cong, cl., histo-
rian, A73.
Mar. 30. Shaw, Lemuel, of Mass., jurist,
A80.
Apr. 3. Humphrey, Heman, Cong, cl., Pres.
of Amherst, A82.
Apr. 4. MacLean, John, M. C. for 0., U. S.
S. Ct., A76.
Apr. lO. Tucker, George, M. C. for Va.,
historian, A86.
Apr. 11. Buckingham, Joseph T., ed. Bos-
ton Courier, A82.
Apr. 12. Frelinghuysen, Theodore, sen.
for N. J., A74.
CHURCH.
1861 Apr. 4. Neb. The Nebraska Con-
ference (Methodist Episcopal) first as-
sembles.
SOCIETY.
1861 Mar. * J). V. Three Territories
have recently been organized on the
basis of non-intervention respecting
slavery.
" It is a singular fact that on the eve
of the utter destruction of the institu-
tion of slavery, its legal status was
stronger than ever before in the history
of the Government, and the area over
which it might lawfully spread was
far larger than at any previous period."
(Blaine.)
Apr. * IT. S. At the call of the Presi-
dent for volunteers, meetings are held,
work is suspended, and the whole peo-
ple surrender to a patriotic ardor
never before witnessed, while they has-
ten the forwarding of troops to Wash-
ington.
Apr. 1. General discontent with the
Government prevails : it is too radical
for the Conservatives and too conserva-
tive for the Radicals.
Apr. 5. N. Y. The Assembly approves
the joint resolution providing for a con-
stitutional Prohibitory Amendment.
Vote, 69-33.
Apr. 8. Mr. Seward's reply to the Com-
missioners from the South is published ;
as it signifies resistance, it enrages
the Southern people.
Apr. 15. Conn. A woman of Bridgeport
organizes a society for the relief and
comfort of soldiers.
Mass. Miss Almena Bates of Charles-
town organizes a movement for the re-
lief and comfort of soldiers. [The
Sanitary Commission is evolved from
this beginning.]
STATE.
1861 Feb. 13 Fa. The State Con-
vention meets.
[The Administration at Washington
makes a great effort to save the State
from seceding.]
Feb. 14. D. C. Congress ; House : Rep-
resentative Branch of N. C. objects to
bringing seven companies of artillery
and one of sappers and miners for the
protection of Washington as "im-
politic, offensive, and destructive of
civil liberty." [Southerners are seizing
forts and stores.]
Feb. 18. Ala. Inauguration of Jeff er-
son Davis at Montgomery, as President
of the Confederate States of America.
Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : The Mor-
rill Tariff BUI passes the Senate.
Vote, 25-14.
West Virginia maintains a loyal
sentiment.
Feb. 22. Pa. President-elect Lincoln
abandons his public journey, and makes
a secret and hasty departure in the
night from Harrisburg for Washington.
Feb. 23. D. C. Abraham Lincoln,
President-elect, reaches Washington
in safety, amid many rumors of peril.
Tex. The people ratify the ordinance
of secession. Vote, 34,794-11,235.
Feb. 26. D. C. The Peace Convention
agrees upon a " plan of adjustment,"
which, by a bare majority, makes sla-
very national rather than sectional, and
adjourns. Vote, 9 States for the plan, 8
against it.
It makes proposals to Congress for
the amendment of the Constitution :
1. Prohibiting slavery in the Territories
north of lat. 36° 30', while tolerating it
in the States, and forbidding antisla-
very legislation. 2. Prohibiting future
acquisitions of territory, without the
approval of a majority of the Senators
of both slave and free States. 3. Pro-
hibiting Congress from interfering with
slavery in the States or national terri-
tory, and from taxing slaves at a higher
rate than land. 4. Prohibiting the for-
eign slave-trade. 5. Providing for the
payment by Congress for slaves who are
lost by the interference of mobs. [All
are unacceptable.]
Congress passes a bill admitting mer-
chandise to the mail, and authorizing the
Postmaster-General to furnish stamped
letter-sheets. Also an act providing
for a daily mail delivery in New York
City and vicinity.
Feb. 28. D. C. Congress authorizes a
loan of $25,000,000. It organizes the
Territory of Colorado.
The House approves -a 13th Consti-
tutional Amendment, providing that
the Constitution shall never be so
amended as to give Congress the power
UNITED STATES.
1861, Feb. 13 -Apr. 17. 193
to abolish slavery or interfere with the
institution. Vote, 133-65. [Adopted by
the Senate, March 2. Vote, 24-12.]
Mo. A State Convention, having
a majority for Union, meets at Jefferson
City.
Feb. * Ala. The Confederate Government
sends Martin J. Crawford of Georgia,
and John Forsyth of Alabama [later
A. B. Roman], as Commissioners to
Washington, to insist on the acknowl-
edgment of the independence of the
Confederate States.
Feb. * Chicago. The city charter is
amended.
Mar. 1. Ala. The Confederate Gov-
ernment assumes control of military
affairs at Charleston.
Mar. 2. B.C. Congress organizes
Dakota and Nevada as Territories.
Congress enacts the Morrill Tariff,
which is largely protective ; the change
from low duties to high duties marks
an era in the history of the nation. [It
goes into operation April 1.]
The Senate defeats the Crittenden
Compromise Bill. Vote, 25-23 ; it re-
jects the amendments to the Constitu-
tion proposed by the Peace Conference ;
vote, 7-28 ; it passes a bill for a 13th
Constitutional Amendment, to make
slavery perpetual. Vote, 24-11.
" No amendment shall be made to the
Constitution which will authorize or
give Congress the power to abolish, or
interfere, within any State, with the
domestic institutions thereof, including
that of persons held to labor or service
by said State."
B. C. The 36th Congress ends.
The 16th Administration: First
Republican.
Mar. 4. B. C. Abraham Lincoln of
111. is inaugurated the 16th President,
in the 19th term of the presidency.
Hannibal Hamlin of Me. is Vice-Presi-
dent.
Cabinet : Wm. H. Seward of N. T.
(State), S. P. Chase of 0. (Treas.), S.
Cameron of Pa. (War); G. Welles of
Conn. (Navy), C. B. Smith of Ind. (In-
terior), E. Bates of Mo. (Atty.-Gen.),
and Montgomery Blair of Md. (P. M -
Gen.).
Tex. The State is declared by procla-
mation to be out of the Union.
Mar. * Texas is represented in both the
United States and the Confederate Con-
gresses for a short time.
Mar. 6. Ala. The Confederate Con-
gress authorizes an army of 100,000 to
be raised.
Tex. Gov. Houston refuses to ap-
prove the secession of the State, as the
convention was elected to submit the
question to the vote of the people.
Mar. 11. Ala. The Confederate Gov-
ernment prohibits the importation of
slaves from the United States as a
coercive measure, affecting the border
States, especially Virginia.
The Confederate Congress adopts a
permanent Constitution.
B. C. John Forsyth of Ala., and
Martin J. Crawford of Ga., Commis-
sioners from the Confederate States,
begin to negotiate for a peaceable
separation.
Mar. * Ala. Commissioners are ap-
pointed to go to England, France, Rus-
sia, and Belgium in the interests of the
Confederacy ; and others to go to Wash-
ington, D.C.
Mar. 15. B. C. Secretary Seward in-
forms the Confederate Commissioners
that he is not authorized to recognize
them as diplomatic agents ; that he only
communicates with foreign govern-
ments.
The Cabinet disfavors the resupplying
of Fort Sumter. Vote, five to evacu-
ate, two to resupply. [The vote is after-
ward reversed.]
Ala. The Confederate Congress
recommends the States to cede the
forts, arsenals, dockyards, etc., within
their limits, to the Confederation.
Mar. * Ala. The Confederacy provides
for revenue, to be collected from
trains and vessels bringing goods into
the Confederacy.
Mar. 16. Ala. The first Confederate
Provisional Congress at Montgomery
closes.
Tex. The State Convention . de-
clares the office of governor to be va-
cant, because Gov. Houston refuses to
take the official oath of allegiance to
the Confederate States.
Mar. 22. La. The Legislature ratines
the Confederate Constitution.
Mar. 23. Tex. The Legislature ratines
the Confederate Constitution. Vote,
68-2.
Mar. 26. Kan. The first State Legis-
lature meets at Lawrence.
Miss. A State Convention ratifies
the Constitution of the Southern Con-
federacy.
Mar. * Mo. At an adjourned meeting of
the State Convention held at St. Louis,
the committee report against secession.
Mar. 29. B. C. The Cabinet again vote
on the question of resupplying Fort
Sumter, and the majority favors the
attempt.
Mar. * President Lincoln's inaugural
message announces a change of ad-
ministrative policy; instead of con-
cession to the secessionists, he proposes
conciliation, conservation, and res-
toration.
Apr. 1. U. S. The Morrill tariff be-
comes operative.
Secretary Seward indirectly informs
the Confederates through Judge Camp-
bell that, " The President may desire
to supply Fort Sumter, but will not
do so without giving notice to Gov.
Pickens."
Apr. 4. Va. The State Convention re-
jects an ordinance of secession (vote,
89-45) ; but appoints three commis-
sioners to inquire the President's policy
toward the Confederacy.
Apr. 5. D. C. The Government is in-
formed by Maj. Anderson that he has
bread for only 28 days, and he must be
provisioned and reenforced, or Fort
Sumter be summarily abandoned.
Apr. 7. B. C. The Confederate Com-
missioners demand a reply to their offi-
cial note of March 12, under a threat to
close their mission.
Apr. 8. B. C. The Federal Govern-
ment makes its reply to the Confed-
erate commissioners — dated March 15.
S. C. The Federal Government noti-
fies Gov. Pickens that it intends to sup-
ply Fort Sumter.
A State Convention called by the
Legislature revises the Constitution,
which becomes operative without the
ratification of the people.
Apr. 11. B. C. The Treasury, with
the cooperation of the New York Cham-
ber of Commerce, sells $5,000,000
notes at par.
The Virginia Commissioners present
their credentials at Washington.
Del. The Legislature declares the
State to be loyal to the Union.
Pa. The Legislature takes the first
official step in the loyal States for
the defense of the Union, by appro-
priating $500,000 for a reorganization of
the State militia, in advance of the first
overt act.
Apr. 14. S. C. The Stars and Stripes
are struck at Fort Sumter ; patriotism
is fired in the North.
Apr. * D. C. President Lincoln issues a
communication for use in Virginia,
aiming to save that State to the Union ;
he informs its Commissioners that he
will not acknowledge the Confederate
States.
Apr. 15. B. C. President Lincoln sum-
mons Congress to meet on July 4, in
extra session, and by proclamation calls
on the States to furnish 75,000 volun-
teers, to serve three months.
Ky. Gov. Beriah Magoffin refuses
to honor the call of the Federal Govern-
ment for troops.
" Kentucky will furnish no troops for
the wicked purpose of subduing her
sister Southern States."
N. C. The governor refuses to fur-
nish the quota of troops demanded.
Apr. 16. Ala. The Confederacy calls
on the governors of the seven States to
send 32,000 troops into the field.
Va. The Governor refuses to honor
the President's call for troops.
Apr. 17. Virginia, the eighth State,
passes an ordinance of secession. Vote,
88-55. The western counties remain
loyal.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1861 Apr. 1. New York. The price of
cotton is 12f cents.
Apr. 4. Cat. The first pony express
leaves Sacramento for St. Joseph, Mo.
* * The price of petroleum goes up to
$19.25 per barrel — the highest price ever
reached.
194 1861, Apr. 17 -May 25.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1861 Apr. 17. Ala. Jefferson Davis, by
proclamation, invites applications for
letters of marque and reprisal, under
which privateers may be sent out.
Fla. Fort Pickens is further re-
enforced by 200 men from the transport
Atlantic, under Capt. Meigs. [200 men
land from the Illinois on the 19th. The
fort is effectively protected.]
Mass. The 6th Massachusetts
Regiment starts for Washington.
Phila. A detachment of 500 men
leave for Washington.
Va. Vessels are sunk in Norfolk
harbor, by order of the governor.
Apr. 18. D. C. A few companies of
Pennsylvania militia arrive in
"Washington.
Robert E. Lee is unofficially offered
the command of the Union Army by
Frank B. Blair, Sr. [Sec. Cameron says
he accepted the offer ; Sec. Montgomery
Blair says he was undecided what to do ;
Gen. Lee says he declined it.]
. — Ind. The 1st Regiment from In-
diana leaves for Washington.
Va. The U. S. arsenal at Harper's
Ferry is fired to prevent its falling
into the hands of the Confederates, and
15,000 stand of arms are destroyed.
Gen. W. B. Taliaferro is given com-
mand of the State troops at Norfolk.
O. Two regiments are organized at
Columbus, and sent to Washington with-
out uniforms or arms.
Apr. 19. Md. A secession mob in Bal-
timore fire on the Massachusetts 6th
Regiment while hastening to the de-
fense of Washington; this is the first
blood shed in the war.
D. C. The Confederate ports are
proclaimed under blockade.
- — New York. The 7th Regiment, Col.
Lefferts, starts for Washington.
Apr. 20. D. C. The President relieves
Gen. W. S. Harney at St. Louis, and
Capt. Nathaniel Lyon is directed to
raise four regiments of Missouri Volun-
teers.
Mo. State troops seize and gar-
rison the U. S. arsenal at Liberty, by
order of Gov. Jackson.
Va. Nine ships of war and naval
stores in the navy yard near Nor-
folk are burned by Com. Paulding,
to prevent their falling into the hands
of the Confederates.
Col. Robert E. Lee resigns his
commission in the U. S. Army.
Apr. 22. N. C. The U. S. arsenal at
Fayetteville is surrendered to the State
authorities.
Va. The governor and State Con-
vention appoint Robert E. Lee to the
chief command of the State troops.
Apr. 23. III. Gov. Yates sends a force
of volunteers, who occupy the important
position at Cairo.
Va. Gen. Lee assumes command.
His resignation not having been ac-
cepted in Washington, he is legally an
officer in both armies.
Apr. 24 ±. La. The State raises 6,000
Confederate troops.
Apr. 25. Tex. At Saluria, Col. Van-
Dorn captures 450 Federal troops.
Mo. By a secret movement 21,000
stand of arms and 110,000 cartridges are
removed from the arsenal at St. Louis
and shipped en route for Springfield, 111.
Apr. 27. B.C. Gen. B. F. Butler is
assigned to command the department of
Annapolis.
N. C, Va. The ports are proclaimed
to be in a state of blockade.
Apr. 29. Ala. Jefferson Davis proposes
in his message to add 100,000 men to
the 82,000 already in the Confederate
service.
Apr. * D. C. "Washington is fortified
against an attack by Confederates.
Apr. * ///. U. S. Grant returns to army
life by tendering his services to Gov.
Yates, and is appointed to command
camps Yates, Grant, and Douglas.
Apr. * R. I. The young Gov. William
Sprague puts on a soldier's uniform,
and leads the State troops to the defense
of the Federal Capital.
May 3. D. C. President Lincoln calls for
42,034 volunteers for three years ;
also for 23,714 regulars and 18,000 sea-
men.
The military Department of the Ohio
is created ; Gen. George B. McClel-
lan, commander, with headquarters at
Cincinnati.
N. J. Four regiments of volunteers
under Gen. Theodore Runyon leave for
the seat of war.
May 4. Md. The Relay House on the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is seized
by a force under Gen. Butler.
May 6. Va. Gen. Robert E. Lee is
given supreme command of Confederate
forces in Virginia.
May 7. Tenn. A military league is
entered into with the Confederacy.
May 8. Mo. Cannon and several hun-
dred muskets, furnished by the Con-
federacy, are landed at St. Louis from
a New Orleans steamer.
May 9. Md. Federal troops again pass
through Baltimore to Washington.
May 10. Mo. Capt. Lyon with a Federal
force makes a sudden move on Camp
Jackson, in the suburbs of St. Louis,
and compels its unconditional surrender.
May 11. Mo. Gen. Harney returns
from Washington and resumes com-
mand at St. Louis.
S. C. Charleston Harbor is block-
aded by the U. S. frigate Niagara.
May 13. Md. Baltimore is occupied
by Gen. Butler with 900 Federals.
S. C. The U. S. frigate Niagara cap-
tures the English ship General Park-
hill off Charleston Harbor.
May 14. 1). C. Capt. George B. Mc-
Clellan (Major-General of the Ohio
Militia) is appointed a major-general in
the U. S. A.
May 17. B. C. William T. Sherman
and Ulysses S. Grant are appointed
brigadier-generals of volunteers. [Com-
missions are dated back to this date,
Sherman's from Aug. 3, Grant's from
Aug. 7.]
May 18. The Government initiates the
movement for creating an armament
on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers.
May 19. Va. The armed schooner Star
attacks a Confederate battery at Sew-
ell's Point, at the mouth of the Eliz-
abeth River, and is driven back by
its fire ; this is the first offensive opera-
tion by the Federal Navy.
May 22. Va. Gen. Butler assumes
command at Fortress Monroe.
May 24. B.C. Federals advance from
Washington, and occupy Arlington
Heights and Alexandria. Col. Elmer
Ellsworth of the New York Zouaves is
killed.
May 25. N. H. The first regiment of
New Hampshire volunteers leaves Con-
cord for the war.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1861.
Apr. 24. Barnard, Daniel D., M. C. for
N. Y., A64.
May 15. Derby, George H., soldier, au-
thor, A38.
May 21, Akers, Benj. P., sculptor, A36.
May 24. Ellsworth, Elmer E., col. of Zou-
aves, A24.
SOCIETY.
1861 Apr. 18. Md. Secessionists raise
a flag and salute it with artillery on
Federal Hill, Baltimore ; loyal citizens
quickly seize the cannon and haul down
the flag.
Apr. 20. O. The Soldiers' Aid Soci-
ety of Northern Ohio is formed.
Apr. 29. New York. The Woman's Cen-
tral Association of Relief is organized
for the benefit of the soldiers.
Apr. * The Confederates, supposing half
of the North would oppose subjugation,
are greatly surprised at the effect of
the firing on Fort Sumter.
It unites the people, and arouses their
patriotism. President Lincoln's Ad-
ministration suddenly becomes popular.
All divisions are healed.
STATE.
1861 Apr. 17. Va. Governor Letcher
issues a proclamation, recognizing the
Confederacy, and calling for military
preparations to be made.
Ala. Jefferson Davis issues a proc-
lamation counteracting that of Presi-
dent Lincoln.
Mo. The governor refuses to furnish
the quota of troops called for by the
President.
UNITED STATES.
1861, Apr. 17 -May 25. 195
Apr. 18. Ky. A union meeting is held at
Louisville, which decides that Kentucky
shall be maintained a neutral State,
and adhere to the Federal Government
until the latter becomes the aggressor.
Apr. 19. D. C. The ports of the seced-
ing States are proclaimed to be under
blockade.
The Government orders the marshals
of the large cities to seize all tele-
grams that have accumulated for six
months ; the seizure to be made simul-
taneously, on the 20th, at three P. M. ;
the object in view is to obtain evidence
of a conspiracy implicating Northern
politicians.
Apr. 20. D. C. A committee from Bal-
timore informs the President that
troops cannot march through that
city without fighting their way ; ap-
proaching troops are ordered to march
around the city. [Later it is demanded
that Federal troops be ordered not to
cross the territory of Maryland.]
Mo. Missourians seize the U. S. ar-
senal at Liberty.
N. C. The State seizes the U. S.
branch mint at Charlotte.
New York. A war-meeting held in
Union Square is attended by more than
100,000 people.
Apr. 22. Md. Gov. Hicks writes Presi-
dent Lincoln urging a truce, and sug-
gesting that Lord Lyons be requested
to act as mediator between the North
and the South.
Apr. 23. Ark. The governor refuses to
furnish the quota of troops required.
Va. The State Convention sends
commissioners to treat with the Confed-
eracy.
Alexander H. Stephens, the pleni-
potentiary of the Confederacy, enters a
formal military league with certain
members of the State Convention, mak-
ing Virginia an immediate member of
the Southern Confederacy.
Apr. 25. Va. The commissioners sign a
compact with the Confederacy. Gover-
nor Letcher proclaims Virginia a Con-
federate State, subject to the ratification
of the people.
Apr. 27. D. C. President Lincoln di-
rects Gen. Scott to suspend the privi-
lege of habeas corpus if necessary.
The blockade is extended by procla-
mation to North Carolina and Virginia.
Apr. 29. Ala. The Confederate Pro-
visional Congress assembles in spe-
cial session, to meet the emergency at
Charleston, occasioned by the attempt
to reenforce Major Anderson.
Md. The secession ordinance is
rejected by the House of Delegates.
Vote, 53-13.
Term. Gov. Harris seizes $75,000
worth of bonds and $5,000 in cash that
are in the keeping of the U. S. collector
at Nashville.
Apr. 30. N. J. The Legislature makes
an appropriation of $2,000,000 for mili-
tary purposes, and provides for an an-
nual tax of $100,000 in addition.
Pa. Gov. Curtin convenes the Legis-
lature in extra session to make military
preparations for the coming war.
Apr. * Tenn. Gov. Harris refuses to honor
President Lincoln's call for troops.
Apr. * Va. By a proviso the secession
ordinance is not to take effect until
ratified by a vote of the people, on the
30th of May.
May 1. Tenn. The Legislature author-
izes the governor to enter a military
league with the Confederacy, by
which the entire military power of the
State will be subject to Confederate
authority.
May 1±. John A. Campbell of Ga., an
associate justice of the Supreme Court
resigns [and joins the Confederacy].
May 3. D. C. President Lincoln, on
official authority alone, calls for addi-
tional volunteers. (See Army.)
The President directs military com-
manders to suspend the writ of habeas
corpus in certain cases.
May 4. D. C. President Lincoln in-
forms foreign governments that he
intends to maintain the Union by force
if necessary.
Ky. A large majority of the delegates
chosen to attend the Border State Con-
vention are opposed to secession.
May 6. Arkansas, the ninth State, se-
cedes from the Union by ordinance of
a convention. Vote 69-1.
Ala. The Confederate Congress
meets in special session.
Va. The State becomes a member of
the Confederacy.
May 7. Ala. Virginia is admitted to
representation in the Confederate Con-
gress.
Tenn. Gov. Harris announces a mili-
tary league between Tennessee and the
Southern Confederacy.
May 8. D. C. The direct donations
made by men of wealth, within the
last three weeks, for the support of the
Government, are estimated at $23,000,000.
May 9. Ala. The Confederate Con-
gress passes an act recognizing the
existence of war between the United
States and the Confederate States.
It authorizes Jefferson Davis to use
the whole land and naval force of the
Confederacy, and to commission priva-
teers.
May 10. D. C. The writ of liabeas corpus
is suspended in Key West, Tortugas, and
Santa Rosa.
May 11. Ky. It is agreed by arbitration
of the Union men and the Breckinridge
men that the State shall aid neither
North nor South, but maintain an armed
neutrality.
May 13. W. Va. At Wheeling, 5,000
loyal citizens from 25 counties pledge
their support to the Union.
Eng. The Confederate States are
recognized as belligerents by Great
Britain in a proclamation of neutrality.
May 14. D. C. The mails are ordered
to be withdrawn from many Southern
routes.
Mass. An extra session of the Legis-
lature is held, and an act is passed for
the maintenance of the Union and the
Constitution ; the Union Fund is created,
and the issue of $3,000,000 in scrip
authorized.
May 16. Va. Virginians are notified by
Senator Mason, ten days in advance of
the submission election, that they must
vote for secession, or retaining their
Union sentiments, " they must leave
the State."
Ky. The House of Representatives
resolves to maintain the neutrality of
the State.
* * The great leader of the Democracy,
Stephen A. Douglas, pursues a pa-
triotic course in aid of President Lin-
coln ; no partisan word is spoken : only
the safety and honor of the Government
are considered by him.
May 20. Ky. Gov. Magoffin proclaims
Kentucky a neutral State.
N. C. An ordinance of secession is
passed by the State Convention ; it both
revises the State Constitution and adopts
the Confederate Constitution.
North Carolina, the 10th State,
secedes by ordinance of a State Con-
vention ; it is passed by a unanimous
vote.
May 21. The Confederacy confiscates
the property and estates of aliens.
It affixes a fine of $5,000 and imprison-
ment to those who withhold informa-
tion of such property. [The total amount
confiscated is estimated at $200,000,000.]
Ala. The Confederate Provisional
Congress adjourns, to meet in Rich-
mond, Va., on the 20th of July.
May 23. Va. The people confirm the
ordinance of secession by a popular
vote of 125,950-20,373.
May 25. Md. John Merryman is ar-
rested in Baltimore, and confined in
Fort McHenry, for raising companies to
join the secessionists.
[Chief Justice Taney issues a writ of
habeas corpus (which is ignored), and
declares that the President cannot sus-
pend the privilege of a writ of habeas
corpus, or allow a military officer to do
so.]
Mass. Gov. Andrew issues a call ask-
ing for additional troops. [The next
day 3,100 report at his headquarters on
the Boston Common.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1861 Apr. 18. Kan. The steamboat New
Sam Gaty, flying the Confederate flag,
arrives at Leavenworth ; the captain is
forced to substitute the Union flag.
Apr. 20. D. C. The railroad authori-
ties propose to Gen. Scott a new route
for troops to reach the Capital and avoid
Baltimore.
They propose passage by rail to Perry-
ville, Md., thence by water to Annapolis,
thence by rail to Washington, and if the
railroad be destroyed, by wagon-roads.
May 9. 111. Boats loaded with provis-
ions for the Confederates are stopped
at Cairo.
196 1861, May 27-July 25.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1861 May 30. W. Va. The Federals
enter Grafton.
May 31. Va. Gen. Beauregard as-
sumes command of the Confederate
forces in Virginia.
May * Va. Gen. Butler refuses to return
to their owners three refugee slaves at
Fortress Monroe ; he holds them as con-
traband of war.
June 2. S.C. The privateer Savannah
escapes from Charleston Harbor. [It is
captured on June 3 by the Federal brig-
of-war Perry.']
June 3. W. Va. At Philippi, Federals
under Cols. Kelley and Lander lose
two killed, two wounded, and two miss-
ing ; Confederates, under Col. Porter-
field, lose 16 killed and 26 missing, and
retreat.
June 5. Va. Gen. Beauregard calls on
the Virginians by proclamation to rise
and expel the Federals from their State.
June 8. Va. The Virginia State troops
are transferred to the Confederacy.
June 10. Va. At Big Bethel, Federals
under Brig.-Gen. Peirce are repulsed,
losing 14 killed, 49 wounded, and five
missing ; Confederates, under Col. J.
Magruder, lose one killed and four
wounded.
June 12. Mo. Gov. Jackson calls for
50,000 militia to defend the State
against the Federal forces, and also an-
nounces his loyalty to the United States.
June 14. Va. Confederates evacuate
Harper's Perry.
June 15. Boston. The Massachusetts
1st — the first regiment to respond to the
call for three years' troops — leaves for
Washington.
Mo. Gen. Lyon with an expedition
from St. Louis occupies Jefferson
City, without resistance.
June 16. Va. Federals occupy Harper's
Perry.
lid. At Seneca Mills, Federals,
under Maj. Everett, attack the Confed-
erates, who lose three killed.
June 17. III. U. S. Grant returns to
army life, and is commissioned colonel
of the 21st Regiment of Illinois Volun-
teers.
Mo. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, having
raised a Union army, defeats the State
troops under Gen. Price at Boonville.
Federal loss, 14 killed, 49 wounded, and
6 prisoners ; Confederate loss about 40
killed and wounded, and many prisoners.
W. Va. Federals under Gen. Robert
C. Schenck are surprised by the Confed-
erates under Col. Gregg at Vienna,
and lose five killed, six wounded, and 13
prisoners.
June 18. Mo. Battle near Warsaw ;
Federals, under Capt. Cook, lose 25
killed, 52 wounded, and 28 prisoners;
Confederates, under Gov. Jackson, lose
45 killed and wounded.
Va. Gen. Patterson, with about 23,000
men, recrosses the Potomac, and falls
back on Hagerstown, Md.
June 24. Ky. Gen. S. B. Buckner, com-
mander-in-chief of the State Guards,
orders six companies to Columbus to
maintain the neutrality of Kentucky.
July 1. La. The privateer Sumter, un-
der Capt. Semmes, runs the blockade at
New Orleans [and preys on Union mer-
chantmen for seven months].
D. C. John Charles Fremont is
commissioned major-general.
U. S. The official army list includes
14,108 regulars, 169,480 volunteers ; pres-
ent for duty, 183,588.
July 2. W. Va. At Martinsburg, Feder-
als, under Col. Abercrombie, lose three
killed, 10 wounded ; Confederates, un-
der Gen. Jackson, lose 30 killed and
wounded, 20 missing.
Gen. Patterson with a Federal force
crosses the Potomac at Williamsport.
Summer. James B. Eads creates a
gunboat fleet of 13 guns each, heavily
plated with iron at the bows.
July 3. D. C. Gen. J. C. Fremont is
appointed to command the Western
Department.
July 4. D. C. The Secretary of War re-
ports as in commission 82 war vessels,
carrying 1,100 guns.
* * W. Va. At Harper's Perry, the 9th
N. Y. Regiment loses two killed and
three wounded ; Confederates lose two
killed.
July 4 ±. Jefferson Davis appoints Gen.
Leonidas Polk to command the mili-
tary Department of the Lower Missis-
sippi ; headquarters at Memphis.
July 5. Mo. Battle of Carthage: 1,100
Federals under Col. Franz Sigel, attack
a superior force under Gov. Jackson,
Gens. Price, Rains, and Parsons ; Fed-
erals are successful at first, but finally
forced to retreat. Federal loss, 13
killed, 31 wounded ; Confederate loss,
200 killed and wounded, and 250 pris-
oners.
July 6. W. Va. At Middle Fork
Bridge, the 3d Ohio loses one killed,
three wounded ; Confederates lose seven
killed and wounded.
July 9. W. Va. At Laurel Hill, Cols.
McCook and Andrews defeat the Con-
federates under Gen. Garnett. Federal
loss, one killed and three wounded.
July 11. W. Va. Battle of Rich Moun-
tain: Rosecrans, of Gen. McClellan's
command, defeats the Confederates un-
der Col. Pegram. Federal loss, 11 killed
and 35 wounded; Confederate loss, 150
killed and wounded.
July 12. W. Va. At Beverly, Col.
Pegram surrenders 600 Confederates to
Gen. McClellan.
At Barbourville, Col. Woodruff de-
feats the Confederates, who lose 12
killed ; Federal loss, one killed.
July 13. W. Va. Battle of Carrick's
Ford : Gen. McClellan and Gen. Morris
defeat the Confederates under Gen.
Garnett. Federal loss, 13 killed and 40
wounded; Confederate loss, 150 killed
and wounded, and 800 prisoners ; Gen.
Garnett is among the killed.
July 14. TV. Va. Gen. Patterson cau-
tiously advances, and occupies Bunker
Hill with a force of 18,000 to 22,000 men ;
Gen. Johnston is nine miles away with
12,000 men.
July 16. Va. Gen. McDowell begins his
advance upon Manassas; total com-
mand, 34,320 men ; his marching column
less than 28,000 men with 49 guns.
July 17. W. Va. Gen. Patterson prac-
tically retreats from Bunker Hill to
Charleston.
At Scarytown three Federal colo-
nels, two captains, and seven men are
captured by the Confederates.
July 18. W. Va. Gen. J. E. Johnston
eludes Gen. Patterson in the Shenan-
doah Valley, hastens with 9,000 men to
reenforce Gen. Beauregard, in time to
defeat Gen. McDowell at Bull Run on
the 21st:
Mo. At Kansas City Maj. Vanhorn
defeats the Confederates. Federal loss,
one killed ; Confederate loss, 20 killed
and wounded.
D. C. Mr. Lowe makes a balloon
ascension, at Washington, for military
information.
Va. Battle at Blackburn's Ford,
near Centerville. Gen. Tyler loses 83
killed and wounded ; the repulsed Con-
federates lose 68 killed and wounded.
Gen. McDowell's advance reaches
Centerville, to find the Confederates
retired to Manassas Junction, an im-
portant railroad center.
July 21. Va. First Battle of Bull
Run : Confederates under Gens. Beau-
regard and Johnston defeat the
Federals under Gen. McDowell.
The Federal army becomes panic-
stricken, and retreats toward Washing-
ton in a disorderly rout. Federals lose
481 killed, 1,011 wounded, 1,421 missing,
besides 28 guns and 5,000 small arms.
Confederate loss, 387 killed, and 1,582
wounded.
July 22. W. Va. Gen. McClellan is
relieved of his command and ordered to
Washington ; Gen. W. S. Rosecrans is
his successor.
Mo. Gen. Sweeney encounters Con-
federates at Forsyth, losing two
wounded ; Confederates lose five killed
and 10 wounded.
July 25. Mo. Gen. John C. Fremont
takes command of the Western Depart-
ment of the Federal army.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1861 May 29. The asteroid Peronia
is discovered by Peters and Safford.
July 1. N.J. Steel guns are first man-
ufactured at Trenton.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1861.
June 3. Douglas, Stephen Arnold. M.C.,
sen. for 111., dem. candidate for Pres. (Pop-
ular Sovereignty), A4S.
June 5. Garland, John, Col., U. S. A., A69.
June 10. Winthrop, Theodore, author,
maj. of vols., k. at Big Bethel, A33.
July 13. Garnett, Robert S., U. S. A., Con-
fed, brig.-gen., A42.
UNITED STATES.
1861, May 27 -July 25. 19<
CHURCH.
1861 May * Phila. The General As-
sembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets ; J.
Chester Backus, moderator.
Only 13 Commissioners are present
from the seceding States ; it approves
Patriotic resolutions. (Vote, 156-66.) The
outhern Commissioners are offended
and withdraw. [The resolutions become
the alleged reasons for the organization
of the Presbyterian Church of the Con-
federate States.]
SOCIETY.
1861 May * Phila. The volunteers
refreshment saloon is opened in a
cooper-shop, on Otsego Street. [It feeds
600,000 soldiers who pass through the
city during the war.]
June 9. B. C. A Sanitary Commis-
sion is appointed by the Secretary of
War.
Members: Rev. Henry W. Bellows,
D D Prof. A. D. Bache, Jeffries Wy-
man, M.D., W. H. Van Buren, M.D.,
R. C. Wood, Surgeon-General ; and two
army officers, G. W. Cullum and Alex-
ander Shiras.
June 13. B.C. The United States Sani-
tary Commission organizes and takes
its name.
Fast-day is observed in the Confeder-
ate States.
July 4. President Lincoln's message
inspires public patriotism.
* * Va. The holiday illusion respect-
ing the war is dispelled at Bull Bun.
A great lesson is taught the North.
July 2 1 . General gloom prevails in the
Northern States over the disastrous de-
feat at Bull Run [followed by increased
determination to preserve the Union].
STATE.
1861 May 27. Va. Gen. Benj. F. Butler
of Mass. is the first to declare fugitive
slaves contraband of war.
May 30. B. C. The Treasury acquires
$7,310,000 by sale of bonds at rates from
85 to 93 per cent, and $1,684,000 by Treas-
ury notes at par.
May * Mass. The Legislature passes an
amendment to the Union Fund by
which the governor is authorized to
issue scrip to the amount of $7,000,000,
to be loaned to the U. S. Government.
May * Utah. Gov. Cummings resigns.
June 1. Postal communications with
seceding States are prohibited.
Ala. The Confederacy removes its
capital to Richmond, Va.
June 3. Chicago. The loyal Democrats
mourn the death of their leader,
Stephen A. Douglas.
Ky. A Border State Convention
is held at Frankfort.
It commends neutrality to Kentucky,
and urges the Federal Government to
satisfy the slave States that slave prop-
erty shall not be interfered with.
June 6. S. C. Gov. Pickens proclaims
that citizens will be guilty of treason if
they remit money to pay creditors in
the North.
June 8. Tenn. Tennessee, the 11th
State, secedes by the vote of the people.
U. S. The aggregate of subscriptions
for carrying on the war amounts to
$32,000,000.
June 10. Fr. Napoleon III. proclaims
neutrality in the American conflict.
June 11. W. Va. A loyal State Con-
vention at "Wheeling declares the
offices of the State of Virginia are made
vacant by disloyalty, and proceeds to
fill them and to form a regular State
government.
June 12. Mo. The governor by procla-
mation calls for 50,000 militia to re-
pel invasion, and then flees South.
June 18. Tex. Gov. Clark proclaims the
payment of debts to people at war with
the Confederates to be an act of treason.
June 19. W. Va. The convention at
Wheeling passes an ordinance to reor-
ganize the State of Virginia on a loyal
basis.
June 20. Ky. In a special election for
ten members of Congress, nine Union
men are chosen.
U. S. Passports from the Secretary
of State are required of persons enter-
ing the South.
Tenn. A Union Convention is
held at Greenville, and grievances are
declared.
W. Va. The convention elects
Francis H. Pierpont governor.
June 21. Tenn. A Union Convention
at Greenville, in East Tennessee, opposes
the secession movement.
June 24. Tenn. Gov. Harris by procla-
mation declares the State out of the
Union. (Vote of the people, 104,913 for
47,238 against.)
June 27. Del. A Peace Convention
is held at Dover ; it condemns the war
and favors a peaceful separation.
June 30. Statistics for 1861. Revenue:
customs, $39,582,126; sales of public
lands, $870,659 ; premiums on loans and
sales of gold, $33,631; miscellaneous
items, $1,023,515. Total revenue, $41,509,-
930. Expenditures: War Department,
$22,981,150; Navy Department, $12,420,-
888; Indians, $2,841,358; 8,636 pensions.
$1,036,064 ; interest, $4,000,174 ; other
civil and miscellaneous items, $23,26 <,-
010. Total ordinary expenditures, $66,-
546,645. Excess of expenditure over
revenue, $25,036,714. Public debt, $90,-
580,873. Exports, $219,553,833 ; imports,
$289,310,542.
July 2. B. C. The habeas corpus is
further extended by the President.
W. Va. The first Legislature or-
ganizes at Wheeling.
July 4. D. C. The 37th Congress
opens in special session. Galusha A.
Grow of Pa. is elected Speaker.
Andrew Johnson is the only Senator
present from any of the 11 seceding
States, and there are only two members
in the House from those States.
John J. Crittenden of Ky. is an emi-
nent accession to the House.
President Lincoln's message states
his policy.
"To hold the public places and prop-
erty not already wrested from the Gov-
ernment, to collect the revenue —relying
for the rest on time, discussion, and the
ballot-box."
President Lincoln asks for $400,-
000,000 and 400,000 men.
The Treasurer asks Congress to pro-
vide resources for the fiscal year,
amounting to $318,519,581, and suggests
that $80,000,000 be raised by taxation
and $240,000,000 by loans.
July 5. D. C. The President's authority
to declare martial law and issue writs of
habeas corpus is sustained by Atty.-Gen.
Bates.
July 6. Va. Jefferson Davis sends a
threat of retaliation on Union pris-
oners, if 13 persons captured on the
privateer Savannah are executed.
July 8. B. C. The Government pro-
hibits telegraph communication with
respect to the army, unless the consent
of the commanding general has been
obtained.
July 10. B. C. Congress : The House
passes the first great War-Loan BUI
after a debate in committee of the whole
for one hour, and on the next day after
its introduction. Vote, 105-5.
July 11. B.C. Congress: The Senate
expels Mason and Hunter of Va., Cling-
man and Bragg of N. C, Chestnut of
S. C, Nicholson of Tenn., Sebastian and
Mitchell of Ark., Hemphill and Wigfall
of Tex. All had vacated their seats.
Vote, 32-10.
July 13. B. C. Congress; Senate : Two
Senators, who have been elected by the
loyal people of the western counties
of Virginia, are sworn into office.
July 17. B.C. The Loan Act becomes
a law.
The Treasury may offer $250,000,000
bonds at 7 per cent, running 20 years, or
notes at 7^, per cent interest, payable
after three years. By a separate sec-
tion $100,000,000 may "be offered abroad.
July 18. B.C. Congress; Senate:
Solomon Foot of Vt. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
July 20. Va. The Confederate Pro-
visional Congress opens its third ses-
sion at Richmond.
Jefferson Davis delivers his second
inaugural address to the Confederate
Congress at Richmond.
July 22. B. C. Congress : The House
passes the Crittenden Resolution, de-
fining the object of the war. [July 25,
it is adopted by the Senate.]
July 22-25. Va. Congress passes acts
authorizing the raising of an army of
a million men.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1861 June 1. The Confederate dol-
lar is valued at 90 cents.
Julyl. Cal. The first daily overland
mail route from Missouri to San Fran-
cisco is established.
New York. Price of cotton, 14f cents.
July 18. Kan. The first overland coach
arrives from San Francisco, having mad«
the trip in 17 days.
198 1861, July 25-Oct. 4.
AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1861 July 25. Va. Gen. N. P. Banka
supersedes Gen. Robert Patterson as
commander of the Army of the Shen-
andoah.
July 27. D. C. Gen. Geo. B. McClellan
assumes command of the Department
of Washington and Northeastern
Virginia.
His force consists of 50,000 infantry,
about 1,000 cavalry, 650 artillerymen,
with nine imperfect field batteries of
thirty pieces.
July * The Confederate army is offi-
cially declared to number 210,000 men ;
400,000 more are authorized by the Con-
federate Congress.
Aug. 2. Mo. Battle of Dug Spring :
Gen. Lyon loses nine killed, 30 wounded;
Confederates, under Gen. Bains, lose 40
killed and 40 wounded.
N. Mex. Maj . Isaac Lynde surrenders
Fort Fillmore and a force of 700 Fed-
erals to Col. John B. Baylor.
Aug. 5. Md. At Point of Rocks, Con-
federates lose three killed, two wounded,
and seven prisoners.
Mo. At Athens, Col. Moore loses 10
killed and wounded ; Confederates lose
23 killed, 50 wounded.
Aug. 7. Col. U. S. Grant is promoted
to the rank of brigadier-general of
volunteers. (His commission is dated
back to May 17.)
Aug. 10. Mo. Battle of "Wilson's
Creek : The Federals under Gens. Lyon
and Sigel have a desperate fight with
the Confederates under Gens. Price and
McCulloch [and fall back to Springfield].
Federal loss, 223 killed, 721 wounded,
and 292 missing. Confederate loss, 265
killed, 800 wounded, and 30 missing.
Gen. Lyon is killed.
Aug. 13. W. Va. Near Grafton, Capt.
Dayton routs the Confederates, who lose
21 killed and wounded.
Aug. 16. Va. Gen. John E. "Wool
takes command at Fortress Monroe.
Aug. 19. D. C. Henry "W. Halleck is
commissioned major-general.
Mo. At Charleston, Col. Dougherty
and Lieut.-Col. Ransom defeat the
Confederates under Col. Hunter ; Fed-
eral loss, one killed and six wounded ;
Confederate loss, 20 killed and wounded,
and 17 prisoners.
Aug. 20. Va. Gen. George B. Mc-
Clellan assumes command of the Army
of the Potomac, and proceeds to reor-
ganize it. (He fortifies Washington
until 32 forts protect it.)
Aug. 26. W. Va. At Cross Lanes,
Federals, under Col. Tyler, are defeated,
and lose 15 killed, 40 wounded, and 30
prisoners ; Confederate loss unknown.
Va. The Hatteras expedition,
commanded by Flag-officer Silas H.
Stringham and Gen. B. F. Butler, leaves
Fortress Monroe ; it comprises five war
vessels, two transports, and a tug, with
a force of 800 men.
Aug. 28, 29. N. C. The Hatteras ex-
pedition bombards Forts Hatteras and
Clark at the Inlet till they surrender.
Federals lose one killed, two wounded ;
Confederates lose 12 or 15 killed, 35
. wounded, and 750 prisoners.
Aug. 29. Mo. At Lexington Federals
lose five or six wounded ; Confederates,
under Col. Reed, lose eight killed, sev-
eral wounded.
Aug. 31. Mo. Gen. J. C. Fremont
proclaims martial law in Missouri, and
military emancipation to slaves of
secessionists.
Aug. * Ky. Gen. Wm. Nelson organizes
Camp Dick Robinson in Garrard County,
for mustering Union soldiers.
Sept. 1. Mo. At Bennett's Mills, Fed-
erals lose three killed, six wounded.
Gen. U. S. Grant assumes command
of Southeastern Missouri.
Va. At Boone Court House, the
Federal loss, six wounded ; Confederate
loss, 30.
Sept. 4. Ky. The Confederates are the
first to violate the neutrality of the
Border States; they send Gen. Polk
to occupy a section of Kentucky border-
ing the Mississippi.
Columbus, " the Gibraltar of the
West," is occupied by Gen. Pillow with
6,000 men, who cross the river from
Madrid.
Mo. A gunboat reconnaissance is
sent out under Gen. Grant, on the Mis-
sissippi River [which discovers the Con-
federate occupation of Kentucky].
Sept. 5. III. The Grant expedition,
consisting of two gunboats, 1,800 men,
with 16 cannon for batteries, leaves Cairo
for Paducah, Kentucky.
Sept. 6. Ky. A Union force under Gen.
Ulysses S. Grant enters Kentucky and
occupies Paducah.
Sept. 10. W. Va. Battle of Carnifex
Ferry : Gen. Rosecrans defeats Con-
federate Gen. John B. Floyd with a loss
of 16 killed, 102 wounded ; Confederate
loss small.
Ky. Gen. George H. Thomas is as-
signed to a command in Fast Kentucky.
The Confederacy appoints Gen. A. S.
Johnston to command the Department
of Tennessee, Arkansas, and parts of
Mississippi, Kentucky, Missouri, Kan-
sas, and the Indian Territory.
Sept. 10 + . Ky. Cumberland Ford is
occupied by six regiments of Confeder-
ates under Brig.-Gen. Zollicoffer, which
enter the State through Cumberland
Gap from Tennessee.
Sept. 12. Mo. At Black River, Maj.
Gavitt encounters Confederates under
Col. Talbot, who lose five killed and four
prisoners.
Sept. 12-14. W. Va. Battle of Cheat
Mountain : Gen. Reynolds defeats the
Confederates under Gen. Lee. Federal
loss, 13 killed, 20 wounded, and 60 prison-
ers ; Confederate loss, 100 killed and
wounded, besides 20 prisoners.
Sept. 13. Mo. At Boonville, Federals
under Capt. Eppstein lose one killed
and four wounded ; Confederates lose
12 killed and 30 wounded.
Sept.* W. Va. The Confederates send
Gens. John B. Floyd and Henry A Wise
to regain "West Virginia.
Sept. 14. Mo. At Kansas City, Con-
federates lose seven killed and six
prisoners.
Sept. 17. Mo. At Morristown Con-
federates lose seven killed, and 100
horses captured with tents and supplies.
Battle at Blue Mills Landing :
Lieut.-Col. Scott encounters the Con-
federates under Gen. Atchison ; Fed-
eral loss, 100 killed and wounded.
Sept. 18. Ky. Bowling Green is occu-
pied by Confederates under Gen. Buck-
ner ; a part of his command advances
to MumfordviUe. This invasion of
Kentucky is proclaimed to be a meas-
ure of defense against an alleged inva-
sion proposed by the Federals.
Sept. 18-20. Mo. Battle of Lexing-
ton : Gen. Price besieges the Federals
under Col. Mulligan, who surrenders
after the exhaustion of his supplies.
Federal loss, 42 killed, 108 wounded,
and 1,624 prisoners ; Confederate loss,
25 killed, 75 wounded. " Mulligan's
Surrender."
Sept. 19. Ky. Lexington is occupied
by the Union Home Guard under Col. T.
E. Bramlette.
Sept. 21. Mo. Battle of PapinsviUe :
Gen. Lane loses 17 killed and 40 wounded;
Confederates lose 40 killed, 22 wounded,
and 100 prisoners, also all their tents
and supplies.
Ky. Gen. O. M. Mitchel, of the De-
partment of the Ohio, assumes command.
Sept. 23. W. Va. At Mechanic's Gap
the Federals lose three killed and 10
wounded ; the defeated Confederates
lose 15 killed and 30 wounded.
Sept. 24. Count de Paris and Due de
Chartres enter the Federal service as
aids to Gen. McClellan.
Sept. 25. W. Va. At Chapmansville,
Col. Pratt encounters the Confederates
under Col. Davis ; Federal loss, four
killed and eight wounded ; Confederate
loss, 20 killed, 50 wounded, and 47 prison-
ers ; Col. Davis is among the killed.
Mo. At Osceola, Col. Montgomery
loses one killed and four wounded ; the
Confederates lose 10 killed.
Sept. 26. Ky. At Lucas Bend, the
routed Confederates lose four killed
and five prisoners.
Mo. Gen. John C. Fremont takes
the field.
Oct. 1±. Va. The Confederates be-
fore "Washington begin to fall back.
Oct. 3. W. Va. Battle of Greenbrier:
Gen. Reynolds encounters the Confeder-
ates under Gen. H. R. Jackson in an
indecisive battle. Federal loss, eight
killed and 32 wounded ; Confederate loss,
100 killed, 95 wounded, and 13 prisoners.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1861.
Aug. 3. Bowman, Samuel, asst. P. E. bp.
of Pa.,A61.
Aug. lO. Lyon, Nathaniel, gen. U. S. Vols.,
k. at Wilson's Creek, A43.
Aug. 12. Reese, David M., physician, au-
thor, A61.
Sept. 12. Briggs, Geo. H., Gov. of Mass.,
M. C, A65.
CHURCH.
1861 Sept. 26. U. S. Fast-day is ob-
served in the Northern States, by procla-
mation of the President.
LETTERS.
1861 * * Cal. Pacific College, South-
ern (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Santa
Rosa.
UNITED STATES.
1861, July 25 -Oct. 4. 199
* * Boston. The Boston Review appears.
* * la. Norwegian Lutheran Univer-
sity is organized at Decorah.
* * III. Northwestern College (Evan-
gelical Ass'n) is organized at Napierville.
* * III. St. Joseph's College (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at Teutopolis.
* * La. Jefferson College (Rom. Cath.)
is organized in St. James parish.
* * Mich. Albion College (Meth. Epis.)
is organized at Albion.
* * New York. The World absorbs the
Courier and Enquirer.
* * New York. Bellevue Hospital Medi-
cal College is opened.
* * New York. Homeopathic Medical
College is opened.
* * N. Y. St. Joseph's College (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at Buffalo.
Vassal1 CoUege is founded at Pough-
keepsie by Matthew Vassar, by the gift
of $408,000, for the higher education of
■women.
* * Wash. Washington University
(non-sect.) is organized at Seattle.
* * The Battle of Bull Run, by E. C. Sted-
man, appears.
* * Cecil Dreeme, by Theodore Winthrop,
appears.
* * Elsie Venner, by Holmes, appears.
* * Exploration and Adventures in Equa-
torial Africa, by Paul B. du Chaillu,
(appears.
* * The Genius of Solitude, by Alger, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
1861 Aug. 5. President Lincoln signs
an act of Congress forbidding the selling
or giving intoxicating drinks to sol-
diers.
Aug. 12. Me. A mob entirely destroys
the office of the Democrat, a secession
newspaper at Bangor.
Sept. 12. Mo. Two slaves of Thomas
L. Snead, a secessionist of St. Louis, are
manumitted by Gen. Fremont.
STATE.
1861 July31±. Mo. A loyal conven-
tion deposes the governor and other
fugitive State officers ; Hamilton R.
Gamble is appointed provisional gover-
nor.
Aug. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate : Gen.
Baker of Ore. makes a speech, in which
he characterizes the utterances of
Senator Breckinridge of Ky. as
" words of brilliant, polished treason."
Va. Citizens who hold office under
the Federal Government are declared
chargeable with treason against the
State.
Aug. 2. D. C. Congress passes an act
confiscating all the slaves employed
by the Confederates for military pur-
poses.
Aug. 3. Mo. Joint protection is offered
by Gov. Gamble and the Federal Govern-
ment to those in arms who peaceably
return to their homes.
Aug. 5. D. C. The Morrill Tariff is
increased with an extended schedule,
and radically changes the policy of
revenue.
The average imports on dutiable ar-
ticles are raised from 19 to 36 per cent,
and on total importations from 15 to 28
per cent.
Congress passes a supplemental Loan
Act, permitting the Treasurer to issue
6 per cent treasury notes, running 20
years, and allowing holders of seven-
thirties to exchange their notes for such
bonds ; limit, $50,000,000.
It enacts a direct tax of $20,000,000 to
be levied annually upon the States.
The Cabinet disagree ; Secretary
Welles contends for the closing of
Southern ports in preference to a
blockade.
Mo. A declaration of State inde-
pendence is issued by Gov. Jackson at
New Madrid, on his return from. Rich-
mond, Va.
Aug. 6. D. C. Congress confiscates
the property, including slaves, of ene-
mies of the United States.
The 37th Congress : the first session
closes.
It has appropriated $207,000,000 for the
Army, $56,000,000 for the Navy, and
passed in all 76 public acts, 72 of which
relate to the war.
Aug. 13. D. C. The British Govern-
ment opens official communication
with the Confederate Government,
through Consul Bunch, relative to pri-
vateering. [Secretary Seward demands
his removal ; England refuses.]
Aug. 14. Va. The Confederate Con-
gress warns all citizens of the United
States, 14 years old and upwards, to re-
move from the Confederate States
within 40 days.
Aug. 16. D. C. The President proclaims
the seceding States in a condition of
insurrection, and forbids all commer-
cial intercourse with them.
* * U. S. The banks promptly sub-
scribe for $50,000,000 loan, and receive
seven-thirties. [Afterwards they fur-
nish $50,000,000 more.]
Aug. 20. W. Va. The convention at
Wheeling adopts an ordinance for a
new State.
Aug. 22. Va. The Confederate Pro-
visional Congress at Richmond closes
its third session.
Aug. 30. Mo. Gen. Fremont declares
the State under martial law.
Aug. * Missouri decides to be neutral
during the war [but the State becomes
the center of a great conflict between the
two armies].
Sept. 2. Ky. The Legislature meets, and
proceeds to arm the State against in-
vasion by either the Federals or the
Confederates.
Sept. 4. Ky. Confederates are the first
to violate the neutrality of Kentucky by
an armed invasion.
Sept. 11. D.C. President Lincoln re-
vokes Gen. Fremont's emancipation
order.
Ky. A resolution passes the Legisla-
ture ordering the Confederate troops
to leave the State ; the Federals are not
included in the order.
Sept. 12. Ky. A resolution of the Legis-
lature requires the governor to call out
the State troops to expel the Confeder-
ate invaders.
Gen. Buckner issues an address from
Russellville calling upon the people of
Kentucky to rise in armed resistance
against the usurpations of Abraham
Lincoln.
Sept. 13. Ky. Gov. Magoffin, by direc-
tion of the Union Legislature, issues a
proclamation.
It announces that " Kentucky expects
Confederate or Tennessee troops to with-
draw from the State unconditionally."
[Jefferson Davis replies that they will be
withdrawn if the Federal army will also
be excluded. The Legislature rejects
the condition proposed.]
Sept. 16. Ky. Gov. Magoffin protests
against the entrance of either Federal
or Confederate armies into Kentucky,
as it is a neutral State.
D. C. Congress ; House : A bill is
read for the abolition of slavery in
the District of Columbia.
Sept. 17. Md. Many members of the
Legislature being under arrest on a
charge of treason, no meeting is held.
Sept. 21. D. C. John C. Breckinridge
leaves the Senate [and joins the Con-
federacy].
Sept. 24. Ky. The House passes a bill
for raising a force of 40,000 men to repel
the Confederates. It provides that
they shall be mustered into the Federal
army.
Sept. * Ky. The Legislature requests
Gen. Robert Anderson of Fort Sum-
ter fame to take command of the State
troops ; the resolution is passed over the
governor's veto.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1861 July * Mass. The contractors aban-
don work in the Hoosac Tunnel.
July * The Emperor of Russia sends
to the United States Government ex-
pressions of good-will — saying he hopes
the Union will not be dissolved.
Aug. 16. Intercourse between the
North and the South is restricted to
persons bearing passes.
Aug. * Pa. Great excitement prevails
in the valley of Oil Creek, where a single
flowing well yields 3,000 barrels of pe-
troleum oil in a day.
Sept. 18. La. The banks of New Or-
leans suspend specie payments.
Sept. * The telegraph line between
Denver, Colo., and Sacramento, Cal.,
is completed.
Oct. 1. New York. Price of cotton, 21J
cents.
Oct. 4. Va. Aeronaut La Montaine
makes an ascension in the service of the
Army of the Potomac, passes over the
Confederate lines, and later descends in
Maryland.
200 1861, Oct. 8 -Dec. 19.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1861 Oct. 8. Ky. At Hillsborough:
Lieut. Sadler encounters the Confeder-
ates under Capt. Holliday. Federal
loss, three killed and three wounded ;
Confederate loss, 11 killed, 29 wounded,
and 22 prisoners.
Gen. W. T. Sherman supersedes
, Gen. Robert Anderson.
Fla. Fort Pickens is attacked by
Confederates.
Oct. 9. Fla. At Santa Rosa Island,
Col. Wilson encounters the Confederates
under Gen. Anderson ; Federal loss, 13
killed, 29 wounded, and 24 prisoners ;
Confederate loss, 11 killed, 29 wounded,
and 22 prisoners.
Oct. 11. La. New Orleans is placed un-
der Confederate martial law.
Oct. 12. La. The Confederate ram
Manassas strikes the Federal steamship
Richmond, under Capt. John Pope, while
coaling at New Orleans.
Mo. At Cameron in Ray County,
Maj. James loses one killed and four
wounded; routed Confederates lose
eight killed and five prisoners.
S. C. The Confederate envoys run
the blockade in the night at Charleston.
(See Trent affair, Nov. 8.)
Oct. 13. Mo. Near Lebanon, Maj.
Wright defeats the Confederates under
Capts- Lowell and Wright. Federal loss,
one killed ; Confederate loss, 62 killed
and wounded and 30 prisoners.
At Beckwith's Farm, Lieut. Tufts
loses two killed, five wounded, and three
missing ; Confederates lose 12 killed and
wounded.
Oct. 15. D. C. Gen. McClellan has
an army of 150,000 under his imme-
diate command.
Mo. At Big River Bridge, Federals
defeat the Confederates under Gen.
Thompson and burn the bridge. Fed-
eral loss, one killed and six wounded ;
Confederate loss, five killed and four
wounded.
Oct. 16. Mo. At Ironton, Mai. Gavitt
defeats the Confederates under Gen.
Thompson. Federal loss, 11 killed ;
Confederate loss, 36 killed and wounded.
The Federals occupy Lexington.
Oct. 19. Mo. At Big Hurricane Creek,
Col. Morgan defeats the Confederates.
Federal loss, 14 wounded ; Confederate
loss, 14 killed and eight prisoners.
At Fredericktown, the Confeder-
ates, under Gen. Thompson and Col.
Lowe, are defeated, and lose 80 prison-
ers and four heavy guns. Col. Lowe is
killed ; Federal loss, seven killed and 60
wounded,
Oct. 21. Va. Battle of Ball's Bluff on
the Potomac : Col. Baker crosses the
river in force to reconnoiter ; is at-
tacked by the Confederates under Col.
Evans, defeated, and among the killed.
Federals lose 49 killed, 158 wounded,
714 missing ; Confederates, under Col.
Evans, lose 33 killed, 115 wounded and
prisoners.
Oct. 22. Mo. At Buffalo Mills, Con-
federates lose 20 killed and 60 prisoners.
Oct. 23. Mo. At "West Liberty, Con-
federates lose 10 killed, five wounded,
and six prisoners.
Ky. At Hodgesville, Lieut. Grayson
loses three wounded ; Confederates lose
three killed and five wounded.
Oct. 24. D. C. The President orders
that Gen. Fremont surrender his com-
mand to Gen. Hunter.
Oct. 25. Mo. Battle of Springfield:
Maj. Zagonyi is routed by the Confeder-
ates and loses 15 killed, 27 wounded, and
10 missing ; Confederate loss, 106 killed
and 27 missing.
Oct. 26. W. Va. At Romney, Gen.
Kelley defeats the Confederates under
Col. McDonald. Federal loss, two killed
and 14 wounded ; Confederate loss, 20
killed, 15 wounded ; McDonald and 500
men are made prisoners.
Oct. 27. D. C. Gen. McClellan reports
the strength of the Army of the Po-
tomac at 168,318, with 147,695 present
for duty, and more en route.
Mo. At Plattsburg, Confederates
lose eight killed and 12 wounded.
Oct. 29. Va. The Port Koyal expedi-
tion sails from Fortress Monroe under
Capt. Samuel F. Dupont, and Gen.
Thomas W. Sherman.
It comprises one frigate, 14 gunboats,
34 steam transports, and 26 sailing ves-
sels, and 10,000 troops, or about 22,000,
including the crews of the vessels.
Oct. 30. Gen. McClellan reports Gen.
Johnston's army as numbering 150,000
men ; Gen. Johnston reports an effective
total of 41,000 men.
Oct. 31. D. C. Lieut.-Gen. "Winfleld
Scott resigns the command of the
Army.
Oct. * S. C. The Confederate steamer
Nashville runs the blockade at
Charleston. [She returns with a cargo
worth $3,000,000.]
Oct. * Tenn. The Union men in East
Tennessee burn many railroad bridges
to delay the movement of Confederate
troops. By order of Jefferson Davis,
Union men charged with bridge burn-
ing are hanged, prisons are filled with
suspects, and a reign of terror prevails.
Nov. 1. D. C. Gen. George B. Mc-
Clellan is appointed (13th) Commander-
in-chief of the Army of the United
States.
Nov. 2. Gen. Fremont surrenders his
command to Gen. Hunter, who is sent
to supersede him.
Mo. At Platte City, Maj . Joseph en-
counters Confederates under Silas Gor-
don ; they lose 13 killed and wounded,
and 30 prisoners.
Nov. 6. III. Gen. Grant sends an ex-
pedition— 3,000 men and two gunboats
— from Cairo down the river.
Nov. 7. Mo. Battle of Belmont : Gens.
Grant and McClernand defeat the Con-
federates under Gen. Polk, but are
finally driven back to their boats. Fed-
eral loss, 79 killed, 289 wounded ; Con-
federate loss, 105 killed, 419 wounded,
and 235 prisoners.
Nov. 8. Ky. At Piketon, Gen. Nelson
defeats the Confederates ; Federal loss,
six killed and 24 wounded ; Confederate
loss, 400 killed and wounded.
S. C. Battle of Port Royal: The
Port Royal expedition (at Hilton
Head) bombards Forts Walker and
Beauregard till the Confederates are
driven out, and the Federals gain pos-
session. Federal loss, eight killed and
23 wounded ; Confederate loss, 11 killed
and 48 wounded, and 42 guns.
Capt. Charles Wilkes, of the San
Jacinto, overhauls the British mail
steamer Trent from Havana, and
forcibly removes James M. Mason and
John Slidell, the Confederate envoys to
Great Britain and France. [He conveys
them to Boston.] (See State.)
Nov. 9. D. C. The Department of Mis-
souri is organized, and the Department
of the Ohio is extended to Kentucky
and Tennessee.
Va. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston re-
organizes the Confederate Army of
"Virginia.
Nov. 10. W. Va. At New River, Fed-
erals lose eight killed, and 10 wounded.
At Guyandotte, Col. K. V. Whaley
loses eight killed, 12 wounded, and 45
prisoners.
Nov. 11. Mo. At Kansas, Col. Anthony
encounters Confederates, loses eight
killed and eight wounded, and with-
draws.
Nov. 12. W- Va. At Romney, Feder-
als lose two killed ; Confederates lose 12
prisoners.
Nov. 14. W. Va. At McCoy's Mill,
Gen. Benham encounters Confederate
Gen. Floyd, who loses 15 killed.
Nov. 18. Mo. Gen. Halleck takes com-
mand of the "Western Department.
Nov. 20. Mo. Gen. Halleck issues
Order No. 3, forbidding the admission of
fugitive slaves into Federal camps.
Va. Gen. McClellan reviews the
Army of the Potomac, 70,000 strong.
Nov. 22. Fla. At Fort Pickens, Fed-
erals lose two killed and 14 wounded.
Nov. 19. Boston. The San Jacinto ar-
rives with the Confederate Commission-
ers, Mason and Slidell, on board, for
incarceration in Fort Warren.
Va. At Lancaster, Col. Moore de-
feats the Confederates under Lieut.-Col.
Blanton. Federal loss, one killed and
two wounded; Confederate loss, 13
killed, many wounded and some pris-
oners.
Nov. 26. Va. At Dranesville, Col. Bay-
ard loses two wounded ; Confederates
lose two killed and four prisoners.
Nov. 29. Mo. At Black "Walnut
Creek, Maj. Hough loses six wounded ;
Confederates lose 17 killed and five
prisoners. Maj. Hough is wounded.
Nov. * The blockade of the Southern
ports becomes effective.
Dec. 3. Mo. At Salem, Maj. Bowen de-
feats the Confederates under Cols. Free-
man and Turner. Federal loss, 15 killed
and wounded ; Confederate loss un-
known.
D. C. The Secretary of War reports
the army strength to be 660,971, including
640,637 volunteers; it comprises 550,000
infantry, 6,000 cavalry, and 25,000 artil-
lery.
The Secretary of the Navy reports 264
war-vessels, carrying 2,557 guns and
22,000 men.
Dec. 4. Mo. At Dunksburg, the Con-
federates, under Capts. Young and
Wheatly, lose seven killed and 10
wounded.
Va. At Vienna, Federals lose 45 ;
Confederate loss not reported.
UNITED STATES.
1861, Oct. 8 -Dec. 19. 201
Dec. 4. Ky. At "Whippoorwill Bridge
Federals lose lour wounded ; Confeder-
ates lose six killed and wounded and 11
prisoners.
Dee. 5. Ky. At Brownsville the Fed-
eral Home Guards lose three killed and
five wounded.
Dec. 7. W. Va. At Dam Number 5
Confederates are defeated, losing two
killed.
Mo. At Olathe Federals lose two
killed ; Confederates lose three killed
and live wounded.
Dec. 11. Mo. At Bertrand Lieut.-Col.
Rhodes loses one killed; Confederates
lose 16 prisoners.
Dec. 13. W. Va. At Camp Alleghany
Brig.-Gen. Milroy loses 21 killed, 107
wounded, and 10 missing ; Confederates
under Col. E. Johnson lose 20 killed and
96 wounded.
Dec. 19. Mo. At Milford Col. Davis
defeats the Confederates, who lose 1,300
prisoners, besides wagons and stores.
Federal loss, two killed and eight
wounded.
At Shawnee Mound the Federals
under Gen. Pope take 150 prisoners.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1861 Nov. * -Dec. * Cat. Disastrous
floods prevail during four weeks of
rain ; mills, dams, and houses are swept
away. Loss, $10,000.
Dec. 5. JT. Y. The Society of Natural
Sciences is organized in Buffalo.
* * The Gatling gun is first patented.
± * * John S. Barey attracts attention
by his skill in horse-training.
CHURCH.
1861 Nov. 14. A special convention of
the Young Men's Christian Association
results in the organization of the U. S.
Christian Commission for service with
the armies.
Dec. 4. Ga. The Southern Presbyteri-
ans meet at Augusta. They proceed to
form the General Assembly of the
Confederate States of America, and
appoint a committee on Foreign Missions.
LETTERS.
1861 * * History of France, by Parke
Godwin, appears.
* * Lectures on the English Language, by
G. P. Marsh, appears.
* * Life in the Iron Mills, by Rebecca H.
Davis, appears.
* * The Magic Marriage, by Charles Gay-
ler, appears.
* * The Man Without a Country, by E. E.
Hale, appears.
SOCIETY.
1861 Nov. * Partisan elections are
practically obliterated.
Nov. * There is great rejoicing in the
North over the seizure of Mason and
Slidell, the Confederate Commission-
ers. (See Army — Navy.)
Dec. 14. Phila. Christ Church Hos-
pital is completed. (Begun in 1856.)
STATE.
1861 Oct. 12. S.C. James M.Mason and
John Slidell, Confederate Commis-
sioners to European courts, sail from
Charleston Harbor in the Confederate
steamer Theodore [and go to Havana].
JT. C. A convention is held in Hyde
County ; it aids the Union movement by
declaring the independence of the State
government. [It is soon suppressed.]
Oct. 16. Mo. Each civil officer is re-
quired by the State Convention at Jef-
ferson City to subscribe to an oath
within 60 days to support the Constitu-
tion.
Oct. 17. Eng. Lord John Russell pro-
poses a somewhat peremptory summons
to the conflicting governments in the
United States that they abandon their
strife. [Lord Palmerston does not ap-
prove.]
Oct. 21. Mo. A special session of the
Legislature, called by Gov. Jackson,
meets at Neosho.
Oct. 24. IT. Fa. The ordinance for form-
ing a new State is approved by a vote
of the people.
Oct. 28. Mo. An act of secession is
passed by the Legislature in session at
Neosho.
Oct. * JT. T. The Government has in-
carcerated 174 persons in Fort Lafay-
ette during the past four months.
Nov. 5. California ceases to be a Demo-
cratic State, and elects Leland Stanford
(Rep.) for governor.
Kan. A vote is cast for locating the
State capital : "Vote, — Topeka, 7,996 ;
Lawrence, 5,291 ; other cities, 1,184.
Nov. 6. A general election is held in
the Confederate States under the per-
manent Constitution ; Jefferson Davis
of Miss, and Alexander H. Stephens
of Ga. are elected to the highest offices
for six years.
Nov. 8. Mason and Slidell are seized.
(See Army and Navy.)
[The Confederate Commissioners are
given up, thus establishing a principle
in international law for which the
United States had invariably con-
tended.]
Nov. 9. Ala. The Confederate Congress
admits Kentucky into the Confederacy.
Nov. 18. JT. C. A Union Convention
meets and declares the State offices
vacant; it elects M. N. Taylor pro-
visional governor.
Ky. A Sovereignty Convention
(Confederate) is held at Russellville,
Logan County; 65 counties are repre-
sented.
It passes an ordinance of secession,
and elects George W. Johnson provis-
ional governor, and Bowling Green for
the capital.
Va. The Confederate Provisional
Congress, at Richmond, opens its fourth
session.
Nov. 19. Boston. Mason and Slidell
arrive here on board the San Jacinto.
Nov. 24. Mass. Mason and Slidell are
imprisoned at Fort Warren.
Nov. 25. JTev. Carson City is chosen
by the Legislature as the capital.
Nov. 26. W. Va. A convention meets
at Wheeling to form a State constitu-
tion.
Nov. * U. S. The strife between Re-
publicans and Democrats intensifies.
Nov. 30. I). C. England orders Lord
Lyons, the British minister, to leave
the country if Mason and Slidell are
not released within seven days.
Ky. An ordinance of secession is
passed by an unauthorized "Sover-
eignty Convention." (Lossing, Oct. 29.)
Dec.2. D.C. The 37th Congress:
the second session opens.
Dec. * D. C. Congress ; House : Ga-
lusha A. Grow of Pa. is elected Speaker.
Vote, 99-00.
Congress ; Senate : Lyman Trum-
bull of 111. introduces a bill for the
confiscation of the property of reb-
els, and giving freedom to the persons
they hold in slavery.
Congress gives a vote of thanks to
Capt. Wilkes of the San Jacinto. (See
Army, Nov. 8.)
Congress : The House requests an in-
vestigation of the Ball's Bluff disas-
ter. " A blunder so gross that all men
can see it." (Roscoe Conkling.)
Dec. 3. Congress; House: An open
division begins on the slavery ques-
tion, by the rejection of W. S. Holman's
resolution to reaffirm the Crittenden
resolution of July 22. Vote, 71-65.
Dec. 4 ±. D. C. Secretary Chase recom-
mends a National banking system,
which shall give the nation entire con-
trol of the currency, and abolish State
banks.
Congress : The Senate expels John
C. Breckinridge of Ky. for treason.
* * D.C. Congress authorizes the is-
sue of $10,000,000 in bonds, and
$2,000,000 in Treasury notes.
Dec. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate
resolves that a joint committee of the
two Houses (Senate 3, House 4), be ap-
pointed that shall inquire into the con-
duct of the war, with necessary power.
Vote, 33-3. (The House concurs on Dec.
10.)
Dec. 14. Ky. The Confederate Legis-
lature meets within the Confederate
lines and elects 10 delegates to represent
the State in the Confederate Congress.
Dec. 16. D. C. Congress ; House : A
bill is introduced for the abolition of
slavery in the District of Columbia.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1861 Oct. 25. West. The Pacific Tele-
graph line between St. Louis and San
Francisco is completed.
Nov. 14. JT. H. Much of the business
part of Concord is burned.
Dec. 1. Southern States. The Confed-
erate dollar is worth 80 cents. [Dec. 15
it drops to 75 cents.]
Dec. 11. S. C. A great fire in Charles-
ton causes a loss of $5,000,000.
202 1861, Dec. 20-1862, Feb. 6.
AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1861 Dec. 20. Va. At Dranesville
Gen. Ord defeats the Confederates under
Gen. Stuart. Federal loss, seven killed,
61 wounded, and three prisoners ; Con-
federate loss, 70 killed, 143 wounded,
and 44 prisoners.
Mo. At Hudson Maj. McKee de-
feats the Confederates, who lose 10
killed and 17 prisoners.
Dec. 21. S. C. The Federals sink 17
old hulks to blockade the channel of
Charleston Harbor.
Dec. 22. Va. At Newport News and
New Market Bridge Maj. Sehoepf loses
six wounded ; Confederates lose 10
killed.
Dec. 23. Mo. Maj.-Gen. Halleck pro-
claims St. Louis under martial law.
Dec. 25. D. C. Brig.-Gen. Samuel R.
Curtis is appointed to the command of
the Federal forces in Southwest Mis-
souri.
Dec. 27. S. C. The Confederate priva-
teer Isabel escapes from Charleston
Harbor.
Dec. 28. Mo. At Mount Zion Col.
John Glover loses three killed and 46
wounded ; Confederates lose 25 killed,
150 wounded, and 40 prisoners.
Dec. 31. Miss. A Federal naval force
under Capt. Melancthon Smith captures
the town of Biloxi.
Dec. * Gen. Robert E. Lee is put in
command of the Confederate coast
defenses of South Carolina and Georgia.
* * La. The Federal sloop-of-war Brook-
lyn blockades the port of New Orleans.
* * Henry M. Stanley enlists in the
Confederate Army.
1862 Jan. 1. U. S. The Federal
Army consists of 19,871 regulars, 507,333
volunteers. Present for duty, 527,204.
* * The war greatly increases in mag-
nitude and intensity.
Jan. 3. Va. Big Bethel is occupied by
a Federal force.
Confederates evacuate Nashville.
* * S. C. At Port Royal Ferry Gen.
Stevens loses three killed and 11
wounded ; Confederates retreat with the
loss of six killed and 12 wounded.
Jan. 4. W. Va. At Bath Federals re-
tire, losing three killed and 30 prisoners ;
Confederates, under Gen. Jackson, lose
seven killed.
At Huntersville Maj. Webster cap-
tures $50,000 worth of Confederate army
stores ; two Confederates are killed and
seven wounded.
Jan. 5 . B.C. Gen. Stone is apparently
exonerated, before a Congressional
Committee, from all responsibility in
the Ball's Bluff disaster.
Jan. 7. W. Va. At Blue Gap Federal
Col. Dunning captures three cannon ;
Confederate loss, 15 killed and 20
prisoners.
Thirty miles east of Sutton Col. H.
Anisansel defeats the Confederates, who
lose 22 killed and wounded.
N. C. Gen. A. E. Burnside is as-
signed to the command of the Depart-
ment of North Carolina.
Jan. 8. Mo. At Silver Creek Maj. Tor-
rence loses three men killed and 10
wounded ; the Confederates, under Col.
Poindexter, lose 12 killed, 22 wounded,
15 prisoners, and retreat.
W. Va. At Romney Confederates
lose 15 killed, several wounded, and 20
prisoners.
Jan. 9. Ky. Gen. Grant, with the co-
operation of Flag-officer Andrew H.
Foote, leaves Cairo, and begins a
movement up the Tennessee River, on
Fort Henry [and returns].
Jan. 10. Ky. After a struggle, Col.
James A. Garfield defeats Confederate
Ool. Humphrey Marshall at the battle
of Middle Creek on the Big Sandy
River. Federal loss, two killed and 25
wounded; Confederate loss, 40 killed,
many wounded. [Marshall leaves Ken-
tucky.]
Jan. 11, Va. The Hatteras Expedi-
tion of 20 war vessels, and an army of
12,829 men, under Gen. Burnside and
Flag-officer Goldsborough, sails from
Fort Monroe.
Jan. 13. N. C. Burnside's expedition
to Roanoke Island arrives at Hatteras
Inlet.
Jan. 17. Fla. Cedar Keys is captured
by the Federals.
Jan. 10. Ky. Battle of Mill Springs :
Gen. Thomas defeats the Confederates
under Gen. Zollicoffer, who is killed.
Federal loss, 38 killed and 194 wounded ;
Confederate loss, 190 killed, 160 wounded,
89 prisoners, 1,200 horses and mules, 100
wagons, and 10 guns.
Jan. 23. S. C. A stone fleet is sunk
by the Federals, to obstruct the channels
of Charleston Harbor.
Jan. 27. B. C. The President issues
an order, in which he commands a gen-
eral advance against the Confederates
on the 22d of February.
Jan. 28. B. C. The "War Department
directs Gen. McClellan to arrest Gen.
Stone, who commanded at Ball's Bluff,
on charges too indefinite to be framed.
[He is confined in Fort Lafayette six
months, and then restored to duty with-
out reparation or trial.]
Jan. 30. N. Y. The Monitor, the first
turreted war-vessel, is launched.
Jan. * Mo. Gen. Price begins a guerrilla
uprising against the Federals ; roads
are destroyed, bridges are burned, and
outrages committed.
Feb. 2. III. A formidable land and
naval expedition under Gen. Grant and
Capt. A. H. Foote leaves Cairo.
Feb. 2-4. III. Gen. Grant and Flag-
officer Foote begin a movement against
Fort Henry with seven gunboats and
15,000 men on transports.
Feb. 3. Eng. The Confederate steamer
Nashville is ordered to leave South-
ampton.
Feb. 6. Tenn. Capt. Foote takes Fort
Henry on the Cumberland River ; Gen.
Tilghman and his staff are among the
90 prisoners ; the land forces are com-
manded by Gen. Grant. Federal loss,
40 killed and wounded ; Confederate
loss, five killed, 10 wounded, 83 prison-
ers, 20 guns, and a large amount of
stores.
N. C. The Burnside Expedition,
having crossed a difficult bar, now ad-
vances to Roanoke Island.
ART — SCEENCE — NATURE.
* * The Henry rifle, firing 15 shots be-
fore reloading, is patented.
* * New York. "W. Stanley Haseltine of
Rome, Italy, Aaron D. Shattuck of
Granby, Conn., 'William L. Sonntag,
Worthington Whittredge, Henry A.
Loop, and David Johnson of New York,
are elected members of the National
Academy of Design.
* * Useful metals are discovered in Michi-
gan, gold in Snake River, Oregon, and
coal near Denver, Colorado.
* 9 Laramie Peak is painted by Albert
Bierstadt.
* * The group The Picket-guard is exe-
cuted by John Rogers.
* * A bronze statuette, The Freedman, is
executed by J. Q. A. "Ward.
1862 Jan. 31. Mass. A star [now
known as "the Companion of Sirius] is
discovered by A. Clarke at Cambridge.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1861.
Dec. 21. Turner, Samuel H., P. E. cl.,
theologian, critic, A71.
* * Bradford, Wm. H., Pres. cl., editor, A61.
* * Farnham, Ralph, rev. soldier, A95.
* * Hartman, Charles S., M. C. for Mont.,
born in Ind.
1863.
Jan. 2. Blunt, Edmund March, nautical
writer, A92.
Jan. lO. Colt, Samuel, inventor of revol-
ver, A48.
Jan. 18. Tyler, John, Gov. of Va., sen.,
Vice-Pres., 10th Pres. of V. S., mem. Con-
federate cong., A72.
Jan. 19. Zollicoffer, Felix K.. M. C. for
Tenn., Confederate brig.-gen., k. at Mill
Springs, A 50.
CHURCH.
1861 * * Ga. The Southern General
Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) secedes
on the slavery question.
* * III. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; R.
D. Harper, moderator.
* * N Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held at Brooklyn.
* * N. Y. The General Assembly (N.
S. Presbyterian) meets at Syracuse ; J. B.
Condit, moderator.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * Va. The American Missionary So-
ciety opens its first day-school for
freedmen at Hampton Roads.
* *The New School Presbyterians
withdraw from the American Home
Missionary Society, and organize the
Presbyterian Committee of Home
Missions.
* * The United Synod South (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) of Holston is organized.
1862 Jan. 2. Pa. Wm. Bacon Stevens
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Pennsylvania.
SOCIETY.
1861 Dec. * B.C. " Labor is the su-
perior of capital, and deserves much
the higher consideration." (President's
Message.)
UNITED STATES. 1861, Dec. 20-1862, Feb. 6. 203
* * D.C. Congress begins to develop
an opposition to slavery, by declaring
that all slaves employed in military or
naval service shall be made free by such
act.
Dec. * Boston. The New England
Women's Auxiliary Association is
organized for the benefit of the soldiers.
* * O. The Cincinnati Branch of the
Sanitary Commission is organized.
* * Tex. The State Lunatic Asylum at
Austin is opened.
* *U. S. Army: Gens. Butler, McClel-
lan, and Banks issue orders exclud-
ing all liquors from their respective
commands.
* * Suspected secessionists in the North
are forced to speak for the loyal cause,
and ultra Southern newspapers are com-
pelled to display the National flag.
* * U. S. The navy ration is made a
gill of spirits, with the right to draw
half a pint of wine, or provisions, or
money instead.
* * A gill of whisky daily is allowed by
Congress to each man in the navy in
cases of excessive fatigue and exposure.
* * -65 * * The eight-hour movement
obtains great headway during the pros-
perous times of the war.
STATE.
1861 Dec. 20. D.C. Congress: The
committee on the conduct of the war
elect Benj. F. Wade of O. chairman ;
members, Chandler of Mich., Johnson
of Tenn., Gooch of Mass., Covode of Pa.,
Julian of Ind., and Odell of N.Y.
Dec. 21. D. C. The Cabinet decides
that troops shall not pass through
Baltimore, if they are not interrupted
when in transit remote from the city of
Baltimore. Virginia is in arms south
of Washington, and Maryland to the
north.
Dec. 24. D. C. Congress increases the
duties on tea, coffee, and sugar, as a
war measure.
Dec. 25. Mo. Martial law is extended
to all railroads in the State.
Dec. 30. D. C. Congress ; House : E.
G Spaulding of N. Y. introduces the
original Legal-tender Bill.
Dec * D. C. The term of enlistment is
changed from one to three years, and a
bounty of $50 is offered.
* * Colo. The first Legislature meets at
Denver.
* * D. C. Congress : The House meets
with much obstruction, opposition,
and criticism from some of its mem-
bers, chiefly C. L. Vallandigham of O.
and H. C. Burnett of Ky. ; the Senate is
vexed with J. C. Breckinridge of Ky.
until his departure southward.
» * D. C. The President accedes to the
provisions of the Treaty of Paris, which
abolish privateering, and define the
rights of neutrals; but England and
France stipulate that this action shall
have no bearing on " the internal differ
ences in the United States." [The con-
dition is unaccepted.]
* * D. C. Noah H. Swayne of O. is ap-
pointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme
Court.
Dec. * Md. The Legislature appropri-
ates $7,000 to be distributed by the
Governor of Massachusetts among the
families of those killed in the Baltimore
riot.
* * Mo. The Legislature establishes the
Metropolitan police force of St. Louis.
* * New York. C. Godfrey Gunther is
elected the 74th mayor.
* * The 16 eminent and able governors of
the Northern States become popularly
known as " War Governors."
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-63 * * Ala. John G. Shorter.
-63* * Dak. (Ter.). Wm. Jayne.
-65 * * Fla. John Milton.
-65 * * III. Richard Yates.
-67 * * Ind. Oliver P. Morton.
Kan. {Ter.) George M. Bebee.
Kan. Charles Robinson.
-65 * * Kan. Thomas Carney.
-63 * * Ky. James F. Robinson.
-66 * * Mass. John A. Andrew.
-63 * * Me. Israel Washburn, Jr.
-64 * * Mich. Austin Blair.
Mo. Claiborne F. Jackson.
-64 * * Mo. Hamilton R. Gamble.
-66 * * Neb. (Ter.). Alvan Saunders.
-62 * * N. C. H. T. Clark.
-63 * * N. H. Nathaniel S. Berry.
-64 * * Nev. (Ter.). James W. Nye.
-65 * * N. Mex.(Ter.). Henry Connolly.
Pa. Andrew G. Curtin.
-62 * * R. I. John R. Bartlett.
Tex. Edward Clark.
-63 * * Tex. Francis R. Lubbock.
-64 * * U. (Ter.). Stephen S. Harding
-63 * * Vt. Frederick Holbrook.
Wash. (Ter.). R. D. Gohlson.
Wash. (Ter.). Wm. H. Wallace.
-67 * * Wash. (Ter.). Wm. Pickering.
W. Va. Francis H. Pierpont.
-62 * * Wis. Louis P. Harvey.
* * O. The Legislature passes a law de-
claring the property of volunteers free
from execution for debt during their
time of service.
* * O. The Legislature provides for the
acceptance of ten regiments beyond
the number required from the State,
and votes $500,000 to support them.
* * Vt. The Legislature repeals the Per-
sonal Liberty Bill of 1858, as opposed
to the Federal Constitution.
1862 Jan. 1. D. C. The Government
surrenders Mason and Slidell on the
demand of the British ministry. [They
sail for Europe.]
It suspends specie payments.
Jan. 7. III. A convention meets to
form a new constitution ; it ratifies the
13th Amendment, assumes legislative
power, and frames a Constitution.
Jan. 11. D.C. Simon Cameron of Pa.
resigns the office of Secretary of War,
and Edwin M. Stanton of O. takes his
place.
Jan.15. D.C. Congress ; Senate : Sol-
omon Foot of Vt. is reelected President
pro tempore. Jesse D. Bright of Ind. is
expelled from the Senate for disloyal
utterances.
Jan. 22. D. C. Congress ; House : The
Legal-tender Bill is reported by its
author, Mr. Spaulding, of N.Y.
Utah. A second Territorial Conven-
tion meets at Salt Lake City, to frame
a constitution for the State of Deseret.
Jan. 25. Va. Henry S. Foote of Miss,
offers peace resolutions in the Confeder-
ate Congress at Richmond.
Jan. 27. D. C. President Lincoln issues
" General War Order Number 1," com-
manding a general advance to be made
against the Confederates on Feb. 22.
Jan. * D. C. The Federal Government is
in "a three-fold contest — a military
one with the Confederacy ; a diplomatic
and moral one with the governments of
England and France ; and a financial
one with the money power of Europe."
(Blaine.)
Feb. 3. D. C. An offer of mediation by
France is presented by the French min-
ister at Washington.
Feb. 4. D. C. Congress ; House : Mr.
Morrill of Vt. expresses the sanguine
feeling of the public by ridiculing the
suggestion that the war is to be pro-
longed until July 1, 1863 ; he pre-
dicts peace by July 30, next ensuing.
Feb. 6. D. C. Congress ; House : The
Legal-tender Bill passes. Vote , 93-59 ;
yeas are all Republican. " It was the
most momentous financial step ever
taken by Congress." (Blaine.)
Sec. Seward declines the proffered
mediation of France.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1861 Dec. 21. Eng. There is a great
excitement in England over the reported
attempt of the Federals to destroy the
harbor of Charleston by sinking 17 old
hulks, in blockading the port.
Dec. 30. The banks of New York, Phila-
delphia, and Boston suspend specie
payments, owing to the depositors
withdrawing gold to sell at a premium.
[Resumed 18 years later.]
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants for 1861,
89,724.
* * III. Graceland Cemetery, near
Chicago, is incorporated.
* * Md. After two failures a submarine
cable is successfully laid between Bal-
timore and Fortress Monroe.
* * New York. The Produce Exchange
is organized.
* * U. S. Letters addressed to the
Confederate States are sent to the
dead-letter office.
1862 Jan. 1. New York. Price of cot-
ton, 35} cents.
Conn. New Haven is supplied with
water from Mill River,
Jan. * U. S. Petroleum reaches the low-
est price — 10 cents per barrel for crude
oil.
Feb. 1. Southern States. The Confed-
erate dollar Is worth 60 cents.
204 1862, Feb. 7-Apr. I
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1862 Feb. 7. N. C. The war vessels
engage the shore batteries on Roanoke
Island ; the army lands.
Va. At Fairfax Court House Col.
Friedman loses two wounded ; Confed-
erates lose one killed, 12 prisoners.
Feb. 8. JV. C. Com. L. M. Goldsborough
and Gen. Burnside take Roanoke Is-
land, losing 37 killed, 214 wounded ;
Confederates, under Gen. Wise, lose 23
killed, 58 wounded, 2,700 prisoners, also
alx forts, 40 guns, and 3,000 small arms.
Feb. 9. D. C. Capt. David G. Far-
ragut is appointed to the West Gulf
Blockading Squadron.
— — Va. Gen. Stone is relieved of his
command, placed under arrest, and im-
prisoned. (See Jan. 5.)
Kan. Martial law Is proclaimed.
Feb. 10. N. C. Commander Rowan takes
Elizabeth City, and destroys four Con-
federate gunboats ; three escape.
Va. At Linn Creek Capt. Smith
loses one killed and one wounded ;
Confederate loss, eight killed, seven
wounded, and 17 prisoners.
The Confederate Government orders
all Union prisoners to be released.
W. Va. Gen. Banks' army crosses
the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, and
advances on Charlestown.
Feb. 13, 14. Tenn. Gen. Grant invests
Fort Donelson, and the Confederates
repulse an assault on one of their bat-
teries by Gen. McClernand's division ;
Flag-officer Foote arrives in the eve-
ning with six gunboats; Federal rein-
forcements also arrive.
(Feb. 14.) Gen. Grant, with 30,000 men,
attacks Fort Donelson ; fierce artillery
duels follow, and desperate sorties are
made by the Confederates.
Capt. Foote bombards Fort Donel-
son with six gunboats, two of which are
disabled. Foote is wounded.
(Feb. 15.) Confederates attempt to
break through Grant's lines at Fort
Donelson and are repulsed ; by a gen-
eral assault Grant drives them to their
inner works.
(Feb. 16.) Gens. Floyd and Pillow, hav-
ing departed in the night, Gen. Buck-
ner surrenders Fort Donelson to
Gen. Grant.
Federal loss, 510 killed, 2,152 wounded,
224 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 2,000
killed and wounded, 13,829 prisoners,
and 40 guns.
Feb. 14. Va. At Blooming Gap Gen.
Lander loses seven killed ; Confederates,
under Gen. T. J. Jackson, lose 13 killed,
20 wounded, and 65 prisoners, including
17 officers.
Ky. At Flat Lick Ford Col. Munday
encounters the Confederates, who lose
four killed, four wounded, and three
captured.
Feb. 16. D. C. Gen.U. S. Grant is pro-
moted to the rank of major-general for
his brilliant services at Fort Donelson.
+ The North is electrified with the
report of Gen. Grant's victory. He
becomes the hero of the war in a day,
and is called " Unconditional Surren-
der," " United States," and " Uncle Sam "
Grant, instead of Ulysses S. Grant.
Feb. 17. Ark. At Sugar Creek the
Federals repel a Confederate charge,
losing 13 killed and wounded.
Feb. 18. Gen. Halleck announces that
Gen. Curtis has driven Gen, Price from
Missouri.
Mo. At Independence Federals
lose one killed and three wounded ; Con-
federates under Quantrell and Parker
lose three killed.
Feb. 21. 2T. Mex. At Valverde (Fort
Craig) Col. Canby loses 68 killed, 160
wounded, 35 missing ; Confederate loss,
240 killed and wounded.
Feb. 22. Ky. At Pound Gap Col.
James A. Garfield surprises a Confeder-
ate camp ; several prisoners are cap-
tured.
Tenn. Martial law is proclaimed
in West Tennessee.
Va. The President's order of Jan. 27
for a general advance of the army is
not obeyed.
Feb. 24. Ark. Fayetteville is captured
by the Federals, after being fired by the
Confederates.
Feb. 25. Tenn. Gen. Nelson's division
of Gen. Grant's army lands and occu-
pies Nashville ; Gen. Buell, by forced
marches, arrives opposite the city at
nearly the same time.
Feb. 28. N. C. The Confederate steamer
Nashville runs the blockade at Beaufort.
Mar. 2. D. C. Gen. W. S. Rosecrans
is appointed major-general.
Ga. Brunswick is captured by the
Federals.
Ky. The Confederates evacuate the
stronghold at Columbus, because of
the surrender of Fort Donelson. [Their
forces concentrate 100 miles below Cairo
at Island Number 10.]
Mar. 3. Mo. Gen. Pope, with 10,000
Federals [soon increased to 20,000 men]
appears before New Madrid, and be-
gins a siege.
Va. Gen. McClellan directs Gen.
Halleck, his accuser, to arrest Gen.
Grant if the good of the service re-
quires it.
Gen. Grant, having left his command
without permission, is ordered to yield
command to Gen. C. F. Smith, and re-
main at Fort Henry.
Mar. 4. Tenn. At Pittsburg Landing
Federals lose five killed and five
wounded ; Confederates lose 20 killed,
200 wounded.
Mar. 5. New York. John Ericsson's tur-
reted ironclad Monitor is completed,
and delivered to the Federal Govern-
ment for trial.
Gen. Beauregard assumes command
of the Confederate Army of the Missis-
sippi.
Mar. 6. New York. John Ericsson's
turreted ironclad, Monitor, sails for
Fort Monroe.
Mar. 7, 8. Ark. Battle of Pea Ridge,
or Elkhorn: Gens. Curtis, Sigel, As-
both, and Jeff. C. Davis, with 10,500, de-
feat 16,202 Confederates under Gens.
Van Dorn, Price, McCulloch, and Pike.
Federal loss, 203 killed, 980 wounded,
and 201 prisoners ; Confederate loss 1,100
to 1,300. Gens. McCulloch, Mcintosh,
and Slack are among the killed.
Mar. 7. Va. At Winchester Capt.
Cole has three wounded ; Confederates
lose six killed and five wounded.
Gen. Johnston begins the evacuation
of Manassas, in anticipation of a Fed-
eral advance.
Ga. — Fla. Fort Church and St. Mary
(Ga.) and Fernandina (Fla.) are taken
by the Dupont expedition.
Mar. 8. D. C. The President issues Gen-
eral War Order No. 2; he orders the
Army of the Potomac to be divided
into four corps : —
Generals : Irvin McDowell is to com-
mand the 1st corps ; E. V. Sumner, the
2d; S. P. Heintzelman, the 3d; E. D.
Keyes, the 4th ; Gen. J. S. Wadsworth
is to command the defense of Washing-
ton, and Gen. N. P. Banks a 5th corps
soon to be formed.
President Lincoln issues General
War Order No. 3.
He commands that no change shall be
made in the base of operations without
providing for the security of Washing-
ton, and that an immediate attempt be
made to capture Confederate batteries
on the Potomac.
Va. At Hampton Roads the Fed-
eral frigate Cumberland is sunk by the
Confederate ironclad Merrimac, and
the Congress is burned.
Great anxiety pervades the North,
concerning the safety of its great cities,
because of the apparently invincible
Merrimac.
Mar. 9. Va. At Hampton Roads the
turret ironclad battery Monitor ar-
rives in the nick of time, and in a
nearly harmless duel of five hours de-
feats the Merrimac, which retires to
Norfolk.
Mar. 10. New Mexico is occupied by
Confederate troops from Texas.
Va. Gen. McClellan's great army
of nearly 200,000 men crosses the Poto-
mac in an advance toward Richmond.
[They find Manassas evacuated.]
Tenn. The Tennessee River ex-
pedition under Gen. Smith lands at
Savannah-
Mar. 11. D. C. The departments of
Kansas and Missouri are united in one
under Gen. Halleck.
The Mountain Department is formed
in Western Virginia ; Gen. Fremont,
commander.
The Department of the Mississippi is
formed ; Gen. Halleck, commander.
All commanders are to report directly
to the Secretary of War.
Fla. St. Augustine is surrendered
to the Federals without a struggle.
Va- McClellan's advance occupies
CentervUle.
Gen. McClellan is relieved of the com-
mand of other departments, and assumes
personal command of the Army of the
Potomac. Gen. John C. Fremont com-
mands the Mountain Department, in
[West] Virginia.
Mar. 12. Fla. Jacksonville is surren-
dered to Capt. Samuel F. Dupont.
Mar. 13. Mo. Gen. Henry W. Hal-
leck assumes command of the three
Western departments.
Gen. Pope occupies New Madrid,
on the Mississippi ; the Confederates
UNITED STATES.
1862, Feb. 7- Apr. 1. 205
retire, losing 100 killed, $100,000 worth
of stores, and 25 guns.
Gen. Pope captures Point Pleasant.
Va. Gen. Banks occupies "Winches-
ter with a Federal army.
Gen. McClellan proposes a change of
hase near Fort Monroe. [The President
approves.]
All persons in the Federal service are
forbidden to return fugitive slaves to
Confederate owners.
Mar. 14. N.C. New Berne is captured
from the Confederates under Gen.
Branch, by Gen. Burnside, after a battle
of four hours ; Gens. Foster, Beno, and
Parke support Burnside. Federal loss,
91 killed, 466 wounded : Confederate loss,
64 killed, 101 wounded, and 413 prisoners,
with six forts mounting 64 guns.
Ky. At Cumberland Mountains
Cols. Carter and Keigwin defeat Con-
federates, who lose three killed, six
wounded, 18 prisoners.
Tenn. Gen. Smith provides 19 steam-
boats as transports, and orders Gen.
Sherman to ascend the Tennessee
Biver towards East Port, and destroy
railroads and bridges.
Mar. 15-18. Tenn. Flag-officer Foote
bombards Island Number 10, on the
Mississippi River, with a gunboat fleet.
Mar. * Va. Gen. McClellan changes
Viia plan, and determines to approach
Richmond by marching up the penin-
sula from Yorktown.
Mar. 17. Tenn. Gen. Grant resumes
general command in person, with three
divisions at Savannah and two at Pitts-
burg Landing.
Va. The Army of the Potomac
begins to embark for Yorktown, in chan-
ging its base.
Mar. 21. N. C. "Washington is occupied
by the Federals.
The Departments of the Gulf and
the South are created.
Mar.* Va. Federal Gen. Banks
moves up the Shenandoah Valley in
force.
Mar. 22. Mo. At Independence the
Confederates under Quantrell are de-
feated. Federal loss, one killed; Con-
federate loss seven killed, 11 wounded.
Mar. 22, 23. Va. At "Winchester
(Kernstown) Gen. Shields defeats the
Confederates under Gen. Thomas J.
Jackson, who retreat in disorder [and
are pursued to Harrisonburg]. Federal
loss, 103 killed, 440 wounded, and 24
prisoners. Confederate loss, 691 killed
and wounded.
Mar. 23±. Tenn. Gens. Johnston and
Beauregard unite their armies at or
near Corinth.
Mar. 26. Mo. At Humansville Confed-
erates lose 15 killed and many wounded.
Col. Near Denver City, 50 Confeder-
ate cavalrymen are captured.
Mar. 28. N. Mex. At Vallis Banch
(Apache Cation) Col. Slough loses 20
killed, 54 wounded, and 35 prisoners ;
the defeated Confederates lose 80 killed,
100 wounded, and 93 prisoners.
Mar. 29. Mo. At "Warrensburg Capt.
Thompson defeats the Confederates
under Col. Parker. Federal loss, two
killed ; Confederate loss, 15 killed and
25 prisoners.
Mar. * Mo. Col. J. "W. Bissell connects
the river and a bayou below Island Num-
ber 10, by cutting a path for boats through
a forest.
Mar. * Va. Gen. Bobert E. Lee re-
turns from the inspection of the sea-
coast defenses, and resumes command
of the Confederates in "Virginia.
* * The Army is reorganized.
Gen. Halleck is assigned to the Depart-
ment of the West, Gen. Hunter to that
of the South, Gen. Butler to that of the
Gulf, Gen. Fremont to the Mountain
Department of "Western Virginia and
Eastern Tennessee, Gen. Banks to the
Shenandoah, Gen. McDowell to the
Rappahannock, and Gen. McClellan to
the Department of the Potomac.
Mar. 31. Tenn. At Union City a Con-
federate camp with extensive stores is
captured.
Apr. 1. N. C. Gen. Burnside takes
Beaufort.
Ark. At Putnam's Ferry Confeder-
ates are defeated, and stores captured.
■ ■ Va. At "Woodstock Gen. Banks
drives back the Confederates.
Apr. 1-7. Ky. Island Number 10, in
the Mississippi River, near the north-
west corner of Tennessee, is besieged
and captured by Flag-officer Foote and
Gen. Pope. Confederates under Gen.
Mackall lose 17 killed and many
wounded, together with 6,300 prisoners,
and 70 guns. This victory opens the Mis-
sissippi to the Federals.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1863.
Feb. 20. Appleton, Win., Boston mer-
chant, phtlan., A76.
Feb. 26. Felton, Cornelius C, pres. of Har-
vard, A55.
Mar. 1. Lander, Fred. W., brig.-gen. of
vols., A40.
Mar. 7. McCulloch, Ben, Confed. brig.-
gen., k. at Battle of Pea Ridge, A51.
Mar. 14. Meade, William, P. E. bp., au-
thor, A73.
Mar. 18. Whpaton, Nathaniel S., P. E.
elergyman, A70.
CHURCH.
1862 Mar. 6. Ala. Richard Hooker
"Wilmer is consecrated (Protestant Epis-
copal) bishop of Alabama.
SOCIETY.
1862 Feb. 21. New York. Nathaniel
P. Gordon, convicted of engaging in the
slave-trade, is hanged [the first execu-
tion in the United States for this offense
in 40 years].
Feb. 22. D. C. The Capitol is illumi-
nated in celebration of recent victo-
ries; many believe the war is near
its close.
Mar. 6. 2>. C. The President, in his
message, requests Congress, to provide
a scheme for the gradual emancipa-
tion of slaves in the border States, with
compensation.
Mar. 9. S. C. About 60 teachers arrive
from the North to instruct and care for
the f reedmen.
STATE.
1862 Feb. 8. D. C. The Government
prohibits the circulation of the Chicago
Timet.
Feb. 12. IX C. Congress: The limit
of demand notes is raised to $60,000,000,
of which $10,000,000 are to be of less
denomination than $5, and in addition
to issues previously authorized.
Feb. 13. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Legal-tender Bill passes, with an
amendment providing for the payment
of the debt in coin. Vote, 30-7.
Feb. 17. Va. The Confederate Pro-
visional Congress at Richmond closes
its last session.
Feb. 18. Va. The First Confederate
Congress meets at Richmond.
Feb. 20. Tenn. The Secessionists re-
move the capital to Memphis*
Feb. 22. Va. Jefferson Davis is in-
augurated President of the Confeder-
ate States, at Richmond, under the per-
manent Constitution.
Feb. 23. D. C. The President appoints
Andrew Johnson military governor of
Tennessee.
Feb. 25. D. C. Congress passes the
Legal-tender Act, as reported by the
conferees of both Houses, and it be-
comes a law.
Treasury bonds to the amount of
$500,000,000 are to be issued at 6 per
cent interest, redeemable at the pleas-
ure of the Government after five years,
and payable in 20 years ; also $150,000,000
in notes without interest, none less than
$5, and one-third of these in lieu of the
same amount under the act of July r7,
1861 : all to be exempt from taxation, a
legal tender for all debts, public and
private, except duties on imports and
interest on the public debt. The notes
are nicknamed " greenbacks."
Mar. 3. Utah. The people ratify the
Constitution.
Mar. * D. C. Congress ; Senate : An-
drew Johnson resigns his seat at the
request of President Lincoln, to become
military governor of Tennessee.
Mar. 6. D. C. Congress receives a mes-
sage from President Lincoln.
He recommends the adoption of a joint
resolution declaring that " the United
States ought to cooperate in any State
which may adopt gradual abolishment
of slavery, giving to such State pecu-
niary aid, to be used in its discretion, to
compensate for the inconveniences, pub-
lic and private, produced by such change
of system." [It is opposed by members
from the border States.]
Mar. 7. £>. C. Congress authorizes cer-
tificates of indebtedness to be issued
for creditors whose claims have been
audited, bearing 6 per cent interest.
Mar. 13. D. C. The President approves
the Act forbidding military officers from
returning fugitive slaves to their owners.
Mar. 17. D. C. Congress authorizes
the Treasury to buy bonds or notes at
discretion; demand notes are made
legal tender.
Mar. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate : Sol-
omon Foot of Vt. is elected President
pro tempore.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1862 Feb. 21. B.C. Bereavement visits
the "White House : " Tad " (Thomas) Lin-
coln, the President's youngest son, dies.
Apr. 1. New York. Price of cotton, 28
cents.
206 1862, Apr. 2 -May 15.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1862 Apr. 2. D. C. Gen. Wadsworth
reports that he has hut 19,000 men to
defend Washington, and eight regi-
ments are soon to leave, while a force
of 55,000 is needed.
Va. Gen. George B. McClellan
arrives at Fort Monroe and begins the
campaign against Richmond. He re-
ports [Apr. 3] 58,000 men ready to move,
and 100 guns, besides the entire division
of artillery.
Apr. 3. Va. A great Federal Army,
under Gen. McClellan, leaves Fortress
Monroe for an advance on Yorktown.
Gen. Magruder, with 10,000 Confeder-
ates, holds the place [and checks Gen.
McClellan's advance for one week, when
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrives with
the main army, and holds hiin back for
three weeks longer].
Apr. 4. Mo. A canal 12 miles long
is completed, to send the gunboats below
Island Number 10.
Commander Henry Walke with the
gunboat Carondelet safely runs past
the Confederate batteries at Island
Number 10 in the night to New Madrid.
[The Pittsburg follows on the night of
Apr. 6.]
Fla. Apalachicola is surrendered
to the Federals.
Miss. Pass Christian, on the Gulf
Coast, is taken by the Federals.
Va. A Federal force occupies Thor-
oughfare Gap.
Gen. McDowell's corps is detached
from the Army of the Potomac, and the
Department of the Rappahannock is
formed, McDowell commander.
Apr. 5. Va. The siege of Yorktown
is begun by Gen. McClellan ; Confed-
erates lose three killed, 22 wounded.
Apr. 6, 7. Tenn. Great Battle of Shi-
loh, or Pittsburg Landing. Gen.
Grant, with about 33,000 men, assisted
by Gens. Sherman and Thomas, defeats
40,955 Confederates under Gens. A. S.
Johnston, Beauregard, Polk, and Har-
dee. Gen. Johnston is killed. ,
Federal loss in Grant's army, 1,513
killed, 6,601 wounded, and 2,830 prison-
ers; in BuelPs army, 241 killed, 1,807
wounded, and 55 prisoners ; Confederate
loss, 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959
prisoners.
Apr. 7. Tenn. Gen. Buell's army,
20,000 strong, arrives at Pittsburg
Landing, after the battle ; the united
armies drive the Confederates from the
field.
Island Number 10 is forced to
surrender to Flag-officer Foote with-
out a battle; Gen. Pope pursues the
fleeing garrison, and takes 6,000 to 7,000
Confederate prisoners.
Apr. 9±. Gen. McCleUan has a con-
troversy with the President and the
Secretary of War.
Apr. 10. D. C. Franklin's division of
McDowell's corps is ordered to join Gen.
McClellan.
Ga. The Federals under Gen. Q. A.
Gillmore open fire on Fort Pulaski at
the mouth of the Savannah River. [It
surrenders on the 11th ; 48 guns and 385
prisoners are captured.]
Apr. 11. Miss. Gen. Halleck arrives
before Corinth, and, as superior officer,
supersedes Gen. Grant.
Ala. Gen. O. M. Mitchel surprises
Huntsville, takes 200 prisoners, and 15
locomotives.
He seizes 100 miles of railroad, and
interrupts Confederate communications
between the West and the Atlantic
Coast.
Ga. Gen. Hunter captures Fort
Pulaski, commanding the Savannah
River, with 360 prisoners, 47 guns, and
40,000 pounds of powder. This victory
cuts off Confederate commerce, and
permits an effective blockade. Federals
lose two men.
Va. At Yorktown Federals lose 20
killed and wounded.
The repaired Merrimac reappears in
Hampton Roads, but no action takes
place.
Apr. 13. Va. Gen. McClellan reports
the Army of the Potomac as number-
ing 100,970 men.
Apr. 15. Ark. Confederates cut the
levee near Fort Wright, on the Missis-
sippi, and an immense amount of prop-
erty is destroyed.
Tenn. Gen. Halleck orders Gen.
Pope to transfer his successful troops
to join the army on the Tennessee River.
Apr. 16. Va. At Lee's Mills Gen. Mc-
Clellan loses 35 killed, 120 wounded,
and nine prisoners ; Confederate loss, 20
killed, 75 wounded, and 50 prisoners.
Apr. 17. S. C. A skirmish occurs on
Edisto Island ; the Confederates are put
to flight.
Tenn. At Woodson's Gap the Con-
federates capture 475 Federal refugees ;
killed and wounded, CO.
Va. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston as-
sumes command of the Confederate
troops at Yorktown with an army in-
creased to about 53,000 men.
Apr. 18. Va. Gen. McDowell begins a
movement upon Fredericksburg.
Ark. The Federal fleet of gunboats
and mortars makes an ineffective at-
tack on Fort 'Wright, on the Mississippi
River.
La. Flag-officer Farragut, with 17
men-of-war, and Captain Porter, with
a mortar flotilla of 19 schooners and six
armed steamships for guard and towing
service, appear below Forts Jackson
and St. Philip, both having about 115
guns. 15 Confederate gunboats and one
iron-plated ram lie above the forts,
guarding the approach to New Orleans.
The Federal navy bombards Forts
Jackson and St. Philip, 75 miles be-
low New Orleans [and continues the at-
tack five days].
Apr. 19. N. C. At Camden, or South
Mills, Federals under Gen. Reno lose
14 killed, 99 wounded, and 14 prisoners :
the defeated Confederates lose 70 killed
and wounded.
Apr. 21. N. Mex. The Federals regain
Santa F6.
Va. The Confederate Congress at
Richmond is broken up and dispersed
by the nearness of the armies,
Apr. 22. Tenn. The chief part of Gen.
Pope's army joins Gen. Halleck at
Pittsburg Landing.
Apr. 24. La. Farragut's fleet forces
a passage of the batteries on the Mis-
sissippi, below New Orleans, after a
long bombardment.
His fleet in two columns passes Forts
Jackson and St. Philip in the darkness ;
13 out of 17 vessels make the passage
in safety, losing only 24 killed and 86
wounded ; Confederate loss, 12 killed,
40 wounded.
N. C. Gen. Burnside takes Fort
Macon. Federals lose one killed and
11 wounded ; Confederates lose seven
killed, 18 wounded, 450 prisoners, and 20
guns.
Va. The destruction of the Dismal
Swamp Canal is completed.
Apr. 25. Jf. Mex. Santa F6 is evacu-
ated by the invading Texans.
La. Gen. Mansfield Lovell with-
draws the Confederate forces from
New Orleans, after firing an immense
amount of property. [Planters proceed
to burn millions of dollars worth of cot-
ton, by order of the Confederacy.]
New Orleans is surrendered to Adm.
Farragut without opposition.
Mo. At Neosho Confederates lose 30
killed and wounded, and 62 prisoners.
Apr. 26. La. The army under Gen.
Butler invests Forts Jackson and
St. Philip, cutting off retreat, supply,
and reenforcements.
Apr. 27. La. Federals raise a flag over
the U. S. mint at New Orleans ; four
men, led by William B. Mumford, cut
the halyards and dash away with the
U. S. flag.
Apr. 28. La. Forts Jackson and St.
Philip are surrendered to Com. Porter.
Tenn. Gen. Halleck's army of 108,000
men is reorganized as the Army of the
Tennessee.
Apr. 29. La. At New Orleans Far-
ragut sends marines with howitzers, to
lower Confederate flags and raise the
Stars and Stripes on the public buildings.
Apr. 30. Va. Gen. McClellan reports
a force of 1 12,392 ready for duty.
May 1. Tenn. At Pulaski 200 Federals
are captured.
Va. The Confederates determine to
evacuate Norfolk.
May 3. Miss. At Farmington Confed-
erates are defeated, losing eight killed.
May 4. Va. Gen. McCleUan begins an
advance on Richmond.
The Confederates burn their gunboats
on the York River.
At West Point the Confederates are
defeated.
The Confederates evacuate York-
town, after a siege of 30 days, by Gen.
McClellan ; they leave 71 spiked guns
in the fortifications.
Tenn. At Lebanon the Confederates
are defeated with the loss of 105 men.
A naval fight occurs near Memphis
between the Confederate ram Mallory
and the Federal gunboat Cincinnati;
both vessels are sunk.
May 5. Ark. The Confederates make an
ineffectual attack with eight gunboats
UNITED STATES.
1862, Apr. 2-May 15. 207
on the Union fleet at Fort Wright, on
the Mississippi River, and are driven off
with the loss of three of their vessels.
Va. Battle of "Williamsburg : Gen.
Hooker attacks the rear-guard of Gen.
Johnston's retreating army ; Gens.
Heintzelman and Hancock also have an
engagement. McClellan's advance under
Gen. Sumner drives hack the Confeder-
ate rear-guard under Gen. Longstreet.
Federal loss, 456 killed, 1,400 wounded,
and 623 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 700
killed, 1,000 wounded, and 300 prisoners.
May 6. Va. Gen. Johnston's army
retreats toward Richmond, leaving its
wounded on the field of battle at Wil-
liamsburg.
May 7. Va. Gen. Franklin lands a Union
force at West Point, on the York
River, and defeats the Confederates
under Gen. Whiting. Federal loss, 47
killed, 110 wounded, and 46 prisoners ;
Confederate loss, eight killed and 32
wounded.
May 8. Miss. At Corinth the Federal
cavalry, under Maj. Arlington, is de-
feated by the Confederates. Maj. Ar-
lington is killed.
Va. At Somerville Heights Feder-
als under Col. Foster are defeated,
losing 29 men, and then retreat.
At McDowell Gens. Schenck and Mil-
roy are defeated by Confederate Gens.
Jackson and Johnson ; Federals lose 30
killed and 200 wounded ; Confederates
lose 71 killed and 390 wounded. Gen.
Edward Johnson is killed.
The Merrimac again appears in Hamp-
ton Roads, and then retires without
action.
Gen. "Stonewall" Jackson begins
his second [and famous] campaign in
the Shenandoah Valley.
May 9. Ala. The Federals, under Capt.
Connet, lose five killed, the Confederates
13 killed, in a skirmish 12 miles from
Athens.
Ma. Confederates evacuate Pensa-
cola.
Miss. At Farmington Gen. Pope
loses five killed ; Confederates under
Gen. Van Dorn lose many more.
S. C. Gen. Hunter issues an order for
the military emancipation of slaves,
as the Department is under martial law.
Com. Foote resigns his command
because of a wound, and is succeeded by
Capt. Charles H. Davis.
Va. The iron-clad battery Monitor
makes an attack on SewelFs Point.
May 10. Fla. Fensacola is occupied by
Federal troops.
Tenn. The Confederate flotilla of
eight gunboats attacks the Federal fleet
before Fort Pillow, but is repulsed.
Va. Norfolk is occupied by Gen.
Wool and a Federal detachment from
Fortress Monroe, without resistance.
Gen. Huger destroys the Gosport
Navy Yard, valued at $10,000,000, to
prevent its possession by the Federals.
Gen. McClellan appeals to the War
Department for more men ; be reports
100,000 men present for duty.
May 11. Va. The Merrimac is fired
by Com. Tattnall, near Norfolk, to pre-
vent her falling into the hands of the
Federals ; she soon blows up.
May 12. Miss. The Confederates from
New Orleans begin to erect the de-
fenses of Vicksburg.
May 13. Tenn. At Monterey Gen.
Smith loses two killed ; Confederates
lose 10 killed.
Miss. Natchez is surrendered to Fed-
eral gunboats.
S. C. The Confederate steamer
Planter is run out of Charleston by
Robert Smalls, a negro; he delivers
her up to the Federals. [Later the ex-
slave becomes a M. C. for South Caro-
lina.]
May 13. ± Va. The Confederate army
is gradually concentrated around
Richmond.
May 14. N. C. At Trenton Bridge
Col. Amory defeats the Confederates,
who lose 12 killed.
Va. Gen. McClellan appeals for
more men, apprehending a battle with
double his number of men.
May 15. La. Gen. Butler publishes
Order No. 15 ; it gives great offense.
" As officers and soldiers of the United
States have been subject to repeated in-
sults from the women (calling them-
selves ladies) of New Orleans, ... it is
ordered that hereafter when any female
shall, by word or gesture, or movement,
insult or show contempt for any officer
or soldier, . . . she shall be held and re-
garded as a woman of the town plying
her trade."
Va. Gen. Johnston orders his army
to cross the Chickahominy River ; it
encamps three miles from Richmond.
Apprehending an immediate attack,
by Federals, many families are sent out
or Richmond for safety ; the archives of
the government are also sent away.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1862 Apr. 7. New York. The asteroid
Clytia is discovered by H. P. Tuttle.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1862.
Apr. 6. Johnston, Albert Sidney, col.
U. S. A., Confed. brig.-gen., killed at Shi-
loh, A59.
O'Brien, Fitz- James, lieut. of vols., wri-
ter, poet, A 34.
Apr. lO. Wallace, William H. L., brig.-
gen. vols., killed at Shiloh, A41.
Apr, 25. Smith, Charles F., maj.-gen. vols.,
A55.
Apr. 27. Bethune, George W., theologian,
poet, A57.
Apr. 80. Cambreling, Churchill C, M. C.
for N.Y., minister to Russia, A76.
May 3. Bangs, Nathan, ed., author, M. E.
cl., A84.
May 6. Thoreau. Henry D., naturalist, ge-
ologist, author, A 45.
May 14. Ingersoll, Charles J., M. C. for
Pa., author, A80.
CHURCH.
1862 Apr. * La. The General Conference
(Methodist Episcopal South) fails to meec
at New Orleans because of the war.
SOCIETY.
1862 Apr. 11. B.C. Congress abolishes
slavery in the District of Columbia.
* * Pa. The " Molly Maguires," a
secret and murderous society among
the miners, attracts attention [and for
14 years its members commit acts of
violence and murder in Carbon, Schuyl-
kill, and other mining counties].
Apr. 21. D. C. Congress provides for
the appointment of a special corps of
eight sanitary inspectors.
STATE.
1862 Apr. 3. D. C. Congress : The
Senate passes an Act for the immediate
emancipation of the slaves in the Dis-
trict of Columbia, with remuneration
for loyal owners. Vote, 29-14.
W. Va. The new Constitution is
approved by a vote of the people. Vote,
18,862-514.
Apr. 7. B. C. The United States enters
into a treaty with Great Britain for the
suppression of the slave-trade.
Apr. 11. B.C. Congress: The House
passes the bill to abolish slavery in the
District of Columbia. Vote, 92-38.
Apr. 14. Tenn. The Union sentiment
in East Tennessee is remarkably
strong, and becomes elsewhere mani-
fest.
The Legislature and State officials fled
at the approach of the Union army, but
the city council at Nashville ordered the
Stars and Stripes to be displayed on
the public buildings.
Apr. 16. Va. The Confederate Congress
at Richmond passes a conscription act
on the recommendation of Jefferson
Davis.
B. C. The President signs the bill to
abolish slavery in the District of Co-
lumbia, and it becomes a law.
Apr. 22. Va. The first Confederate
Congress closes its first session.
Apr. * La. Opelousas becomes the Con-
federate capital.
May 2. Md. The writ of habeas
corpus is first suspended in the case
of John Merryman, a prisoner in Fort
McHenry.
B.C. Congress ; Senate :E.B.Wash-
burne of 111. defends Gen. Grant
against the criticisms and aspersions
that follow the battle of Shiloh.
May 4. Tenn. Leading citizens issue a
call for a reorganization of the State
government on a legal basis.
May 6. B.C. Congress: The House
passes the Pacific Railroad Bill. Vote
79-49.
May 13. W. Va. The Legislature of
Virginia at Wheeling formally approves
the formation of a new State from
the western counties.
May 15. B. C. Congress establishes
the Department of Agriculture.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1862 Apr. 12. New York. Gold is first
quoted at a premium.
May 10. N. Y. A fire in Troy burns 671
buildings, including the Union Railroad
Depot and several churches; seven lives
are lost, and $3,000,000 in property.
208 1862, May 15. -June *.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1862 May 15. Va. The Monitor and
several gunboats under Capt. John
Kodgers attempt to force their way up
the James River, but are repulsed by
the Confederate batteries at Fort Dar-
ling on Drewry's Bluff, losing 13 killed
and 14 wounded.
Eng. The steamer Alabama, of 950
tons, with engines of 300 horse-power,
is launched at Birkenhead for the Con-
federates as a privateer.
May 16. N. C. Near Trenton Maj.
Fitzsimmons loses five prisoners ; Con-
federates lose six killed and many
wounded.
Va. Gen. McClellan establishes his
depot at "White House, on the Pa-
munkey River.
May 17. Va. A naval expedition as-
cends the Pamunkey River, and burns
Confederate gunboats.
Miss. At Corinth Federals under
Gen. Halleck lose 10 killed and 31
wounded ; Confederate loss, 12 killed
and many wounded.
May 18. Va. Suffolk, near Norfolk, is
occupied by Federal troops.
Ark. Near Searcy Gen. Osterhaus
encounters the Confederates, who lose
about 100 men.
Miss. Gen. Grant invests Vicks-
burg with communications open via
the Yazoo.
Commander Samuel P. Lee of Farra-
gut's fleet demands the surrender of
Vicksburg, and is refused by Gen.
M. L. Smith, who commands 10,000 Con-
federates in its defense.
W. Va. At Princeton Gen. Cox
encounters Confederates under Gen.
Humphrey Marshall, who loses about
100 men.
May 19. N. C. At New Berne Feder-
als lose five killed ; Confederates, 11.
D. C. President Lincoln counter-
mands Gen. Hunter's order for mili-
tary emancipation.
La. At New Orleans the Recorder
and Chief of Police are arrested by or-
der of Gen. Butler, and sent to Fort
Jackson.
May 20. Miss. Flag-officer Farragut
arrives at Vicksburg ; his guns cannot
reach the batteries on the Bluffs.
W. Va. At Moorefleld Federals
under Col. Downey lose five killed ; Con-
federates lose four killed and 12 pris-
oners.
May 21. Va. Gen. McClellan's ad-
vance reaches the Chickahominy River.
Miss. Near Corinth Col. Sedgwick
loses 25 killed.
May 22. W. Va. At Lewisburg Col.
Crook defeats the Confederates under
Gen. Heth • Federal loss, 10 killed and
40 wounded ; Confederate loss, 50 killed,
60 wounded, 100 prisoners, also four can-
non and many arms.
May 23. Va. At Front Royal Confed-
erates under Gen. Ewell drive back Col.
Kenly, who is captured with 700 men.
On the Chickahominy River Federals
lose one killed and six wounded ; Con-
federates lose 15 wounded and 31 pris-
oners.
May 24. Va. At New Bridge the 4th
Michigan loses 10 killed ; the 5th Louisi-
ana loses 50 killed and wounded, besides
37 prisoners. •
— D. C. The President orders Gen. Mc-
Dowell's corps to return from the ad-
vance on Richmond to the defense of
"Washington, and to aid in the cap-
ture o* Gen. Jackson in the Shenan-
doah Valley. [This proves unfortunate,
as it paralyzes the main army.]
May 25. Va. Battle near "Win-
chester ; Gen. Banks with 7,000 Federals
is defeated by Gen. Jackson, whose en-
tire force numbers 20,000 men. [Banks
makes a rapid and masterly retreat to
Martinsburg, pursued by " Stonewall "
Jackson.] Federal loss, 38 killed, 155
wounded, and 711 missing ; Confederate
loss not given.
D. C. Alarm prevails for the
safety of "Washington ; governors of
loyal States are telegraphed to forward
militia and volunteers at once.
May 26. Va. Near "Winchester Col.
Cluseret loses seven wounded; Confed-
erates, under Gen. Jackson, lose 25
prisoners, killed and wounded unknown.
May 27. Va. Gen. McClellan takes
Hanover Court-House, 16 miles north
of Richmond.
Federal loss, five killed and 326
wounded and missing : Confederate
loss, about 250 killed and wounded, and
610 prisoners.
■ La. A Federal force occupies Baton
Rouge.
Miss. At Corinth Col. Purcell loses
25 killed and wounded ; Confederates
leave 30 killed on the field.
May 29. 8. C. At Pocotaligo Federals
lose 11 killed ; Confederates lose 20
killed and wounded.
Tenn. Gen. Beauregard evacuates
Corinth without a battle, and retires to
Baldwin and Okolona.
W. Va. " Stonewall " Jackson begins
his [famous] retreat from the Potomac
River up the Shenandoah Valley.
May 30. Miss. Gen. Halleck's army of
120,000 men advances on Corinth, after
waiting six weeks, and finds it deserted
by Gen. Beauregard ; Gen. Pope is sent
in pursuit, and takes a few prisoners.
Va. At Front Royal Federals lose
eight killed and five wounded ; Confed-
erate loss, 20 killed and wounded, and
156 prisoners.
May 31. N. C. Near "Washington
Federals lose two wounded ; defeated
Confederates lose 11 killed.
Va. The returns of the Army of the
Potomac show an aggregate of 127,166
officers and men ; 98,008 are present for
duty with 280 guns.
May 31.-June 1. Va. Battle of Fair
Oaks, or Seven Pines ; Gen George B.
McClellan repulses the Confederates
under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston.
The Confederates under Gen. Daniel
H. Hill attack the Federal advance
under Gen. Casey. In the absence of
Gen. McClellan, there is no supreme
authority on the field ; Gens. Heintzel-
man and Kearny fall back till reenforced
by Gen. Sumner, when the Confeder-
ates, pressed by Gen. Hooker, withdraw
to Richmond, five miles distant. Gen.
Johnston is wounded.
Forces present: Federal, 51,543; Con-
federate, 39,000 — of which only about 20,-
000 were engaged on each side. Losses :
Federal, 790 killed, 3,594 wounded, and
647 missing; Confederate, 980 killed, 4,749
wounded, 405 missing.
(June 1.) The battle is renewed, and
the Federals recover lost ground at
Seven Pines; Gen. G. W. Smith suc-
ceeds Gen. Johnston until the battle
ends, at two o'clock, when Gen. Robert
E. Lee assumes command and with-
draws his army in the night; Federal
loss, in two days, 5031 ; Confederate loss,
6134.
May* -June* La. Gen. Butler excites
great indignation among the Secession-
ists of New Orleans by his strict mili-
tary discipline.
June 1. Va Gen. Fremont's belated ad-
vance enters Strasburg as Gen. Stone-
wall Jackson's rear-guard retires, his
army escaping the three armies sent to
capture it.
June 2. D. C. Gen. "Wool is transferred
to the Department of Maryland, and
Gen. Dix is ordered to Fortress Monroe.
June 3. S. G. Federal troops land on
James Island.
Va. Gen. Robert E. Lee assumes
command of the Army of Northern Vir-
ginia, now engaged in defending Rich-
mond, the capital of the Confederacy.
June 4. N. C. A skirmish takes place at
Trentor's Creek.
S. C. A skirmish takes place on
James Island.
Tenn. At Fort Pillow Federals lose
one killed and three wounded; Con-
federates lose 150 killed, 400 prisoners,
and are forced to evacuate the fort.
Near Jasper Gen. Negley defeats the
Confederates under Gen. Adams, who
loses 12 killed and wounded, and 25 pris-
oners.
Va. At New Bridge, near Richmond,
the Confederates are defeated in an
artillery battle.
June 6. Tenn. Battle of Memphis;
the Federal fleet under Commodore
Davis takes possession of Memphis,
after a fight lasting 20 minutes with
eight Confederate gunboats, seven of
which are destroyed. Federal loss, one
wounded; Confederate loss, 80 killed and
wounded.
June 7. La. "William B. Mumford is
hanged by order of Gen. Butler for
taking down the Federal flag on the
U. S. mint at New Orleans after the sur-
render of the city.
June 8. Va. Battle of Cross Keys,
in the Shenandoah Valley ; Gen.
Fremont overtakes " Stonewall " Jack-
son's rear-guard, and an indecisive fight
occurs.
Federal loss, 125 killed and 500 wound-
ed ; Confederate loss, 600 killed and
wounded.
June 9. Va. At Port Republic, in the
Shenandoah Valley, " Stonewall " Jack-
son attacks Gen. Shields's division, and
drives it back upon the main body.
Federal loss, 67 killed, 361 wounded,
and 574 missing; Confederate loss, 1,000
killed, wounded, and missing.
June 10. S. C. At James Island Fed-
erals lose one killed and 13 wounded ;
Confederates leave 15 killed and two
wounded on the field.
UNITED STATES.
1862, May 15 -June
209
June 12. Ark. Gen. Curtis moves against
the Confederates at Little Bock.
Near Village Creek Col. Brackett
defeats the Confederates ; Federal loss,
13 wounded ; Confederate loss, 28 men.
* * Plundering guerrilla bands overrun
Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri ;
they greatly afflict the Union people.
June 13. Va. Gen. McCall's division of
McDowell's army, 10,000 strong, reen-
f orces Gen. McCleHan, thus enlarging
his army to 156,838 men, with 127,327
present.
Gen. J. E. B. Stuart's Confederate cav-
alry, 1,200 strong, start on a raid to pass
around Gen. McClellan's army.
June 14. S. C. On James Island the
Federals lose three killed and 19 wound-
ed ; Confederates lose 17 killed and
eight wounded.
June 15. Va. Gen. Stuart's Confeder-
ate cavalry completes its passage around
the Federal army and enters Richmond.
June 16. S. C. At Seeessionville, on
James Island, Gen. Benham is defeated
by "Confederates under Col. Lamar.
Federal loss, 85 killed, 472 wounded,
128 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 40 killed
and 100 wounded.
June 17. Ark. At St. Charles, on the
White River, the Confederate batteries
are captured by the Federal gunboats.
June 18. Ark. Near Smithville Maj.
Zeley loses three killed and four
wounded; Confederate Capt. Jones loses
four wounded and 15 prisoners.
Tenn. Gen. Morgan seizes the Con-
federate works at Cumberland Gap,
the gateway between Kentucky and
June 20. Va. Gen. McClellan reports
his force to be 105,445 men, exclusive
of Gen. Dix's force. [Gen. Webb gives
Gen. Lee's force as 80,762 men.]
June 25 ±. Miss. Flag-officer Farragut
again arrives at Vicksburg, accom-
panied by Admiral Porter with 16 mor-
tar boats and 3,000 Federal troops under
Gen. Thomas Williams.
June 25.-July 1. Va. The Seven
Days' Battles are fought on the Chicka-
hominy, near Richmond ; Gen. Mc-
Clellan makes a " masterly retreat "
and change of base.
Federal generals under McClellan :
Sumner, Hooker, Heintzelman, Keyes,
Porter, Franklin, and McCall ; Confed-
erate generals under Lee : Jackson,
Longstreet, A. P. Hill, D. H. Hill, Ma-
gruder, Huger, and Holmes.
Total Federal losses during the Seven
Days' battles, 1,582 killed, 7,709 wounded,
and 5,958 missing ; total, 15,249. Con-
federate loss, 17,583 killed, wounded, and
prisoners.
(June 25.) Gen. Lee attacks McClellan's
army at Oak Grove ; Hooker's division
bears the brunt, and Confederates are
repulsed. Federal loss, 51 men.
Gen. McClellan pushes forward his
pickets from the vicinity of Seven Pines
to within four miles of Richmond, — his
nearest approach.
(June 26.) Battle of Mechanicsville
(Ellison's Mill) ; Gens. A. P. Hill, D. H.
Hill, and Longstreet, in strong force,
attack the Federals under Gen. Porter,
and are repulsed.
At Beaver Dam Creek the attack of
the Confederates under Gens. Long-
street, D. H. Hill, and A. P. Hill is
terribly repulsed by Gen. McCall's di-
vision of Fitz-John Porter's corps. Fed-
eral force 5,000, loss 250; Confederate
force 10,000, loss nearly 2,000 ; Gen.
Porter urges an advance into Richmond.
Gen. " Stonewall " Jackson's force
joins the Confederates at Richmond.
(June 27.) Battles of the Chickahom-
iny, Gaines' Mill.
Gen. Porter is attacked by Gens. Hill,
Longstreet, and Jackson, while covering
the retreat of the army. The Confeder-
ates are successful for a time, and then
are driven back. Federal loss, 4,000 men .
(June 28.) The retreat of McClellan's
army from the Chickahominy to the
James River continues ; but little fight-
ing occurs.
Gen. McClellan informs his corps
commanders of his intended change of
base to the James River, and the move-
ment at once begins.
(June 29.) Battle of Savage's Station
and "White Oak Swamp ; Lee attacks
the Federal rear-guard under Gen.
Sumner.
Gens. Sedgwick, Richardson, Heintzel-
man, and Smith of Franklin's corps repel
a Confederate attack under Magruder.
Federals leave 2,500 wounded men at
Savage's Station.
(June 30.) Battle of Frayser's Farm,
or Glendale : Gen. Franklin holds
Stonewall Jackson in check at White
Oak Swamp, while Gen. Lee makes an
obstinate but unsuccessful attempt to
break the line of McClellan's retreat.
(July 1.) Battle of Malvern Hill (Crew's
Farm). The Confederates, under Gens.
D. H. Hill, Magruder, and Armistead,
attempt to carry Malvern Hill by storm,
and are repulsed by McClellan's army,
led by Gens. Porter, Morell, and Couch.
June 26. Miss. The Confederates de-
stroy their gunboats on the Yazoo River.
June 27. Ark. The Federals begin to cut
a canal to change the course of the Mis-
sissippi opposite Vicksburg. .
Miss. Farragut's mortar-sloops begin
the bombardment of the Confederate
batteries at "Vicksburg.
June 28. Miss. Vicksburg batteries are
attacked by the Federal fleet; most of
the vessels pass up the river with small
loss.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1862 June 30. Conn. A new and bril-
liant comet is discovered by observers
at New Haven.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1862.
May 26. Babbitt, Isaac, inventor of anti-
friction metal, A 63.
June 6. Ashby, Turner, Confed. brig.-gen.,
k. at Cross Keys, A38.
June 21. Ellet, Charles, Jr. (first iron
bridge), engineer, A52.
CHURCH.
1862 June 11. Boston. The General
Convention of the New Jerusalem
meets.
LETTERS.
1862 * * Colo. The University of Den-
ver (Meth. Epis.) is organized.
* * I). C. Congress passes an Agricul-
tural College Act, granting to each
state 30,000 acres of land, by which each
Senator and Representative is to endow
a college.
* * la. Oskaloosa College (Disciples) is
organized at Oskaloosa.
* * Kan. Lane University (United
Breth.) is organized at Lecompton.
SOCIETY.
1862 June 7. D. C. A treaty is en-
tered with Great Britain for the sup-
pression of the slave-trade.
June 13-16. Utah. The Mormon apos-
tates, called Mor risites, defy the
sheriff for three days, when summoned
to surrender under an indictment for
resisting the execution of the laws.
June 14. Pa. F. W. S. Langdon is
killed by " MoUy Maguires " near
Audenreid.
STATE.
1862 May 16. N. C. Edward Stanley
arrives at New Berne, bearing a com-
mission as temporary governor over that
portion of the State still under Federal
authority.
May 20. D. C. The President approves
the Homestead Act. He appoints Ed-
ward Stanley military governor of
North Carolina.
May 24. Tenn. Unionists hold a meet-
ing at Murfreesboro.
June 5. D. C. Congress recognizes the
independence of Haiti and Liberia,
and provides for the establishment of
diplomatic relations.
June 10. D. C. The President appoints
Col. G. H. Shipley military governor
of Louisiana.
June 19. D. C. Congress passes an act
excluding slavery forever from the
Territories of the United States.
Congress ; Senate : Solomon Foot
of Vt. is reelected President pro tempore.
June 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Pacific Railroad BiU.
Vote, 35-5.
June 30. U.S. Statistics for 1862. Rev-
enue: customs, $49,056,398 ; direct tax,
$1 795 332 ; sales of public lands, $870,659 ;
premiums on loans and sales of gold
coin $68,400; miscellaneous items, $915,-
122; 'total revenue, $51,987,455.
Expenditures : War Department, $394,-
368 407 ; Navy Department, $42,668,277 ;
Indians. $2,273,223 : 8,159 pensions, $853,-
095 • other civil and miscellaneous items,
$21408,491; interest on the public debt,
$13490,324; total ordinary expenses,
$474,761,819. Excess of expenditure
over receipts, $422,774,363 Public debt,
$524,176,412. Exports, $190,670,501 ; im-
ports, $189,356,677.
June* I). C. The Government pays
about $2,000,000 a day for the prose-
cution of the war.
June* III. The new Constitution is
rejected by the votes of the people.
210 1862, July 1-Aug. 18.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1862 Julyl. Miss. The gunboat flo-
tilla, under Commodore Davis, unites
above Vicksburg with the Federal fleet
from New Orleans.
Mo. At Booneville the Federals
lose 41 killed ; the Confederates lose 65
killed.
D. C. The President calls for
300,000 more volunteers.
July 2. Va. Gen. McClellan has
failed in his advance on Richmond ; he
retires down the James River to Har-
rison's Landing, where he is protected
by gunboats.
Summer. Eng. The privateer Flor-
ida sails out of Liverpool harbor, where
she has been fitted out for the Confed-
erates.
July 6. Ark. A skirmish takes place at
Duvall's Bluff ; the Confederates lose all
their provisions and camp equipage.
July 7. Ark. At Bayou Cache the Con-
federates are defeated.
July 8. N. C. A Federal expedition
leaves Plymouth to ascend the Roanoako
River.
Ky. Gen. John H. Morgan begins
his first cavalry raid with 900 men. [He
captures 17 towns in Kentucky.]
July 9. N. C. At Hamilton the Federals
capture batteries, steamers, schooners,
and supplies.
July 11. D. C. Gen. H. W. Halleck
is appointed (14th) commander-in-chief
of all the Federal land forces.
Ark. Federal troops under Gen.
Washburn occupy Helena.
July 13. Tenn. At Murfreesboro
Confederate cavalry captures the Fed-
eral force. Federal loss, 33 killed, 62
wounded, and 800 missing ; Confederate
loss, 50 killed and 100 wounded.
July 14. Ark. At Fayetteville the Con-
federates are defeated.
July 15. Miss. The Confederate ram
Arkansas engages a part of the flotilla
at the mouth of the Yazoo River, runs
through it, and ascends the Mississippi
to Vicksburg.
Ind. Ter. Gen. Blunt encounters
Confederates, and loses 200 killed and
wounded.
July 16. U. S. Officers of the Navy are
graded in nine ranks.
July 17. Ky. At Cynthiana Morgan and
his guerrillas attack the Home Guards
under Licut.-Col. Lindrum. Federal
loss, 13 killed and 34 wounded ; Confed-
erate loss, 24 killed and 78 wounded.
Va. Gen. John Pope assumes
command of the Army of Virginia ; it
includes all the Federal forces in this
State, except those under Gen. Mc-
Clellan.
July 20. Ky. Confederate guerrillas are
defeated between Mount Sterling and
Owensville, losing cannon and horses.
Miss. The river falling fast, Flag-
officer Farragut hastens to run past
the Confederate batteries at Vicks-
burg, and proceed to New Orleans.
July 22. Miss. The Confederates repel
an attack on the ram Arkansas near
Vicksburg.
D. C. President Lincoln orders mili-
tary commanders to seize and use
property, real or personal, for military
uses and to employ negroes as laborers.
July 23. Mo. At Florida Maj. Caldwell
is defeated by a Confederate force under
Col. Porter, with a loss of 26 men.
Va. Gen. Pope is ordered to arrest
all disloyal citizens within his lines.
July 24. Ala. Near Decatur Capt.
Harman defeats the Confederates, who
lose 10 killed and 30 wounded.
Va. Gen. Halleck, as General-in-
chief of all the armies, orders a change
of base to Acquia Creek. [Gen. Mc-
Clellan argues against it.]
July 25. Va. Near Orange Court
House Federal Gen. Gibson loses 5 killed,
and 12 wounded and prisoners.
Gen. Halleck arrives at Gen. McClel-
lan's camp.
July 28. Mo. At Moore's Mills, near
Fulton, Federals defeat Cols. Porter and
Cobb. Federal loss, 10 killed and 30
wounded; Confederates leave on the
field 52 killed and 100 wounded.
Miss. Gen. Van Dorn assumes
command of the Confederates at
Vicksburg.
Eng. The Alabama sails as a Con-
federate privateer from Birkenhead
one day before the English Government
telegraphs to detain her. [See Alabama
Claims.]
July 29. Ky. The Home Guards drive
the Confederates from Mount Sterling.
Tenn. At Brownsville Capt. Dollin
loses four killed and six wounded ; Con-
federate loss, 10 killed and wounded,
and 11 prisoners.
Va. Gen. Pope assumes command
in the field of the Army of Virginia.
July 30. Ky. At Paris Morgan's guer-
rillas are driven out by the Federals.
La. Gen. J. W. Phelps, having raised
five companies of negro recruits near
New Orleans, makes requisitions for
arms and camp equipage. [Phelps, being
refused, resigns.]
July * N. C. Gen. Burnside is recalled
to reenforce Gen. McClellan on the
James River.
July * Ark. The canal to cut off Vicks-
burg is abandoned as a failure; Gen.
Williams' force returns to Baton Rouge.
Aug. 1. Miss. Farragut's fleet suspends
the bombardment of Vicksburg,
awaiting the arrival of the land forces.
Va. The Confederate Government
issues a retaliatory order declaring
that Gen. Pope and his officers, if cap-
tured, are not entitled to the considera-
tion of prisoners of war.
Gen. Pope had issued orders for the
destruction of Confederate property and
the harsh treatment of civilians.
Mo. At Newark the Federals are de-
feated, losing 70 prisoners. [Confeder-
ates are defeated the next day.]
Aug. * -Oct. * Miss. The Vicksburg
defenses are greatly strengthened.
Aug. 2. Va. Orange Court House is
taken by Gen. Crawford, of Pope's army;
Federal loss, four killed and 12 wounded.
Aug. 3. Va. Gen. Hooker drives the
Confederates from Malvern Hill.
Aug. 4. D. C. The President issues a
call for 300,000 more men ; they are
to serve nine months. (See State.)
Aug. 5. La. At Baton Rouge the Con-
federates under Maj. -Gen. John C.
Breckinridge unsuccessfully attack the
Federals under Gen. Williams, who is
killed. Confederate loss, 400 killed, 650
wounded, and many prisoners.
Va. Malvern Hill is reoccupied by
the Federals.
Aug. 6. La. The Confederate ram
Arkansas is fired and blown up by her
officers, near Baton Rouge.
Kan. Gen. J. H. Lane enlists negro
troops at Fort Leavenworth, without
authorization by the government.
Mo. At Kirksville Col. McNeil de-
feats the Confederates under Col. Por-
ter. Federal loss, 28 killed and 60
wounded ;• Confederate loss, 180 killed
and 500 wounded.
Va. Near Mattapony River Gens.
Gibbons and Cutter lose 72 prisoners,
who are taken by Confederate Gen.
Stuart.
Aug. 7. Tenn. At Fort Fillmore
Col. Canby defeats the Confederates un-
der Col. Sibley.
Aug. 8. JV. Mex. Near Fort Fillmore the
Confederates are defeated.
Aug. 9. Va. Battle of Cedar Moun-
tain ; General Banks is defeated by
Stonewall Jackson ; desperate fighting
alone saves the Federals from a com-
plete rout. Federal loss, 450 killed, 660
wounded, and 290 prisoners ; Confeder-
ate loss, 1,367 men.
Aug. 10. Va. Gen. McClellan reports
an aggregate of 113,000 men present for
duty.
Aug. 11. Ark. East of Helena Con-
federate Gen. Thompson loses 700 pris-
oners.
At Clarendon Gen. Hovey takes 600
Confederates prisoners.
Mo. Independence is surrendered to
the Confederates.
At pompton's Ferry Col. Guitar de-
feats Confederate Gen. Poindexter, who
loses 100 killed and wounded, besides 200
prisoners.
Tenn. AtKinderhookCol. McGowan
defeats the Confederate Gen. R. H. An-
derson, who loses seven killed and 20
wounded.
Aug. 12. Tenn. At Gallatin Col. Miller
is defeated by the Confederate raiders,
under Col. J. H. Morgan, who loses six
killed and many wounded.
Mo. At Yellow Creek, Clinton County,
the Confederates are defeated.
* * Va. Stonewall Jackson makes a raid
down the valley of the Shenandoah.
Aug. * Va. The Federals ravage the
Shenandoah valley.
Aug. 14. Va. Under orders of Gen.
Halleck, the army of Gen. McClellan
begins to change its base from Harri-
son's Landing to the Rappahannock.
Aug. 15. Tenn. At Merriwether's
Landing Col. T. W. Harris defeats the
Confederates under Caj)t. Barfleld.
Va. Near the Rapidan, Gen. Pope
with 50,000 men is confronted by Gen.
Lee's army, 80,000 strong, and falls back
across the Rappahannock.
UNITED STATES.
1862, July 1-Aug. 18. 211
Aug. 16. Mo. At Lone Jack Maj.
Foster has 60 killed and 100 wounded ;
Confederate Col. Coffee loses 110 men.
La. Federal troops evacuate Baton
Rouge by order of Gen. Butler.
Va. Gen. Lee orders Gen. Long-
street's corps to the Rapidan, together
with Gen. Jackson's divisions and Gen.
Stuart's cavalry corps.
Aug. 17. Minn. The Great Sioux War.
It is caused by a new breach of promise
on the part of the United States Govern-
ment, by the spirit of war wafted from
the Southern Rebellion, and by the in-
fluence of the native sorcerers, who have
convinced their people that the Indian
fods are superior to the white man's
>eity. The Sioux Indians massacre 500
people and destroy millions of dollars
worth of property at Acton in Meeker
County ; Gen. Sibley is sent with troops,
and defeats them in two battles.
Va. Gen. McClellan's army leaves
its camp near Harrison's Bar for Ac-
quia Creek.
Aug. 18. Mo. A cavalry expedition is
sent against the Confederates at Spring-
field.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1862 July 18. N. Y., — Mass. " Comet
II., 1862" is discovered by Thomas
Simons at the Dudley Observatory at
Albany ; also on the same evening, by
H. P. Tuttle at Cambridge.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1862.
July 24. Van Buren, Martin, sen. for
N. Y., Gov., sec. of state, Vice-Pres., 8th
Pres. of U. S., (Dem.) Freesoil candidate
for Pres., A80.
Augr. 6. McCook, Robert L., brig. -gen.
vols., A 35.
Aug. 9. Plummer, Joseph B., author, brig.-
gen. vols., A 42.
LETTERS.
1862 * * Ky. Cedar Valley Seminary
(Bapt.) is founded at Clinton.
* * N. Y. The Long Island Historical
Society Library is founded. [75,000 vols.]
* * O. The State University is founded.
* * Pa. An Agricultural College is estab-
lished at Bellefonte.
* * Wash. Holy Angel's College (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at Vancouver City.
* » Aesthetics, by J. Bascom, appears.
* * Artemus Ward; His Book, by Charles
F. Browne, appears.
SOCIETY.
1862 July * New York. Several prom-
inent newspapers violently denounce
the Federal authorities in their adminis-
tration of the government and conduct
of the war ; the Journal of Commerce,
the World, and the Daily News are con-
spicuous opposers.
July 16. D. C. The Sanitary Police
Company is appointed.
Aug. 18. Minn. The Little-Crow band
of Sioux Indians massacre the whites
at Yellow Medicine Agency.
STATE.
1862 July 1. D.C. President Lincoln
calls for 300,000 more troops, in re-
sponse to the official request of the gov-
ernors of 18 States.
Congress enacts the Internal Rev-
enue Law [this creates the Bureau of
Internal Revenue ; almost everything
outside of the grave is taxed].
An average tax of three per cent is
placed on manufactured articles ; dis-
tilled spirits, 20 cents a gallon ; ales, etc. ,
$1 a barrel ; occupations are licensed at
from $5 to $200 ; stamps, from three
cents to $1, are required on bills of ex-
change, and $1 to $20 on conveyances ;
three per cent on incomes over $600 up
to $10,000, and five per cent on greater
incomes.
It enacts a bill for the punishment of
polygamy in the Territories.
July 2. D. C. Congress passes the
•« Iron-clad Oath" of Office Bill.
A candidate for office must swear that
he has never given aid or encouragement
to the enemies of the United States, or
accepted office under any government
hostile thereto.
President Lincoln approves the Pa-
cific Railroad Bill.
It grants subsidies in bonds, as first
liens on the road. First section, $16,000
per mile ; second (Rockies), $48,000 ; third,
$32,000 ; fourth (Sierra Nevada Range),
$48,000; fifth (California), $32,000. [After-
ward it makes more liberal subsidies,
and includes a land grant.]
Attorney-General Bates gives an opin-
ion sustaining the legality of the acts of
the Government in suspending the
writ of habeas corpus.
July 4. Pa. The Democratic State Con-
vention declares, " this is a govern-
ment of white men, and was estab-
lished exclusively for the white race."
O. The Ohio Democratic State Con-
vention declares, " it would be unjust to
our gallant soldiers to compel them to
free the negroes of the South, and
hereby fill Ohio with a degraded popula-
tion" to compete in labor.
July 11. D.C. The bil! authorizing the
issue of $150,000,000 legal-tender
notes, of $1 and upwards, becomes a
law.
July 12. D. C. Congress provides for
2000 medals to be distributed among
non-commissioned officers and privates
of distinguished merit.
President Lincoln again urges Repre-
sentatives of border StateB to accept
his plan of compensated emancipation.
July 14. D. C. A Tariff Act is passed,
which increases duties on imports ; it
also forbids the issue of tokens to circu-
late as money.
Congress : The Senate votes to admit
"West Virginia into the Union. Vote,
23-17 ; one Dem. votes yea.
July 16. D.C. Congress votes to greatly
enlarge the scope of the naval organ-
ization, and to advance the rank of its
officers.
July 17. D. C. Congress passes the
Confiscation Act.
" Confiscating the property of rebels,
and giving freedom to the persons whom
they hold in slavery," if the owners do
not submit to the Government within
60 days. It also provides for the punish-
ment of persons in rebellion, whom it
divides into six classes.
Congress makes postage and other
stamps legal tender for fractions of a
dollar. [Vote ; House, 82-42 ; Senate,
27-12. Government currency soon ex-
cludes " shinplasters."]
The President approves the Act of
Congress, authorizing the enrollment
of the militia.
Persons between 18 and 45 years are to
be included. Negroes are to be admitted
into the army.
The 37th Congress : the second ses-
sion closes.
July 25. D. C. The President warns
the owners of slaves that the confisca-
tion and emancipation acts will be
duly executed.
July * Wis. The Legislature repeals the
Personal Liberty Bill.
* * U. S. Democrats are alienated
from the Government, and oppose
" an Abolition war."
No Democrat voted for the destruction
of slavery in the District of Columbia,
nor for the compensated emancipation
of slaves in the border States, nor for the
act confiscating the property of rebels.
Aug. 4. D. C. Orders are issued direct-
ing a draft of 300,000 more men, for
nine months' service, besides the 300,000
volunteers previously called for ; liberal
bounties encourage enlistments.
Aug. 8. U. S. The writ of habeas
corpus is suspended ; orders are given
to arrest persons who discourage enlist-
ments.
Aug. 12. Va. The first Confederate
Congress opens its second session at-
Richmond.
Aug. 16. Ky. Gov. Beriah Magoffin
is defeated in his attempt to make Ken-
tucky a neutral state, and resigns ; he
is succeeded by J. F. Robinson, the
speaker of the State senate, who is a
Union man.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1862 July 1. New York. Price of cot-
ton, 38£ cents.
July 18, 19. New York and Philadelphia
begin to use car tickets and postage
stamps as fractional currency.
July 22. Cat. About 150 convicts es-
cape from the State prison.
July 27. The steamer Golden Gate on
the Pacific is burned off the coast of
Mexico ; about $1,500,000 in treasure are
lost, and nearly 200 lives.
July * Mo: The court-house at St.
Louis is completed ; cost, about $1,200,-
000.
July * Northern States. A marked re-
vival in trade occurs. "Shinplas-
ters" and "tokens" are issued from
private sources, and become superabun-
dant.
Aug. * Northern States. A keen expec-
tation of the speedy capture of Rich-
mond by Gen. McClellan prevails.
Aug. 13. Va. Two steamers collide on
the James River ; the West Point goes
down ; 75 lives are lost.
* * Many States offer special bounties
to induce enlistment as volunteers.
212 1862, Aug. 19-Sept 21.
AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1862 Aug. * Capt. Semraes becomes com-
mander of the privateer Alabama, re-
cently built in England.
Aug. * Minn. The Sioux Indians be-
siege Fort Ridgely for nine days.
Aug. 19. Va. At White Oak Ridge, near
Hickman, Capt. Moore loses two
wounded ; Confederate loss, four killed
and 19 prisoners.
D. C. The Department of the Ohio
is formed.
Aug. 20. Tenn. At Edgefield Junc-
tion the Confederates under Col. J. H.
Morgan lose seven killed and 20
wounded.
Clarkesville is surrendered to the
Confederates.
Mo. Near Union Mills Maj. Price en-
counters the Confederates, losing four
killed and three wounded ; Confederate
loss, four prisoners and 16 horses.
Minn. At Fort Ridgely, an attack of
Sioux Indians is repulsed.
Va. Gen. Pope falls back across
the Rappahannock on the approach of
Gen. Lee with superior numbers.
Aug. 21. S. C. At Pinckney's Island,
the Federals lose three killed, three
wounded, and 32 prisoners.
Aug. 22. Va. Catlett's Station is cap-
tured by Stuart's Confederate cavalry.
Tenn. Near Gallatin Gen. J. H.
Morgan defeats Gen. Johnson, who loses
100 killed, many wounded, and 350 pris-
oners ; Gen. Morgan captures Gallatin,
also Gen. Johnson and his staff.
Aug. 23. Minn. The Indians are re-
pulsed in an attack on New Ulm.
Va. Gen. Reynolds's division of
the Army of the Potomac is the first to
join the Army of Virginia at Acquia
Creek.
Aug. 24. Mo. Confederates are defeated
in a skirmish between Bloomfield and
Cape Girardeau.
Term. Gen. Bragg advances for the
invasion of Kentucky with more than
50,000 men. Gen. Buell with 40,000 men
prepares to repel him.
Va. Gen. McClellan's army arrives
at Acquia Creek.
Aug. 25. Tenn. At Fort Donelson
the Confederates under Col. Woodward
are repulsed with heavy loss.
D. C. The Secretary of War formally
authorizes Gen. Saxton at Port Royal,
S. C, to enlist and drill 5,000 negroes
to guard and protect plantations.
— Va. At Waterloo Bridge a skirmish
takes place.
Ark. A combined military and naval
expedition under Gen. Curtis and Com-
mander Davis, returns to Helena, after
capturing a Confederate battery on the
Yazoo River, the steamer Fair Play,
and war materials.
Aug. 26. Minn. The militia under Col.
H. H. Sibley advance against the Sioux.
Aug. 27. Va. At Kettle Run Gen.
Hooker defeats the Confederates under
Gen. Ewell and drives them from the
field. Federal loss, 300 killed and
wounded ; Confederate loss, the same,
besides 1,000 prisoners.
Gen. Pope orders Gen. Fitz-John
Porter, at Warrenton Junction, to
march at 1 a.m. to Bristoe Station. [He
does not start until dawn].
Gen. McClellan arrives at Alexan-
dria, awaiting orders.
Aug. 28. Tenn. At Readyville Col.
Murphy defeats Confederate Gen. For-
rest.
Va. West of Centerville Gens. Mc-
Dowell and Sigel drive back the Confed-
erates under Gen. Jackson, and take
1,000 prisoners.
Stonewall Jackson's army, by
marching via Thoroughfare Gap, strikes
Gen. Pope's base of supplies at Manas-
sas Junction.
Aug. 29. IT, C. Forts Hatteras and
Clark are captured by Federals.
Va. Battle of Groveton : Gen. Jack-
son defeats Gen. Pope after the arrival
of Gen. Longstreet's corps of 30,000 men,
and drives back Gen. McDowell's corps.
Gen. Pope is enraged at Gen. Porter for
disobedience of orders ; Gen. R. E. Lee
arrives, and assumes command of the
Confederates.
City Point, on the James River, is
shelled by Federal gunboats.
Ky. At Richmond the advance of
Gen. Bragg's army under Gen. E. Kirby
Smith routs the Federals under Gens.
Manson and Nelson.
Federal loss, 200 killed, 700 wounded,
and 4,000 prisoners ; Confederate loss,
250 killed and 500 wounded.
Aug. 30. Va. Battle of Manassas, or
the second battle of Bull Run : Gen. Lee
utterly defeats Gen. Pope, and drives the
Federals back on Centerville.
Federal loss 1,747 killed, 8,452 wounded,
and 4,262 missing : Confederate loss,
1.482 killed, and 6,145 wounded and mis-
sing.
Gen. Pope attributes his failure in
this campaign to Gen. Porter's inaction
and disobedience to orders on Aug. 27
and 29, and to Gen. McClellan's reluc-
tance in forwarding reenforcements from
Alexandria.
Tenn. At Bolivar Col. Legget routs
the Confederates under Gen. Armstrong.
Federal loss, five killed, 18 wounded, and
64 missing.
Sept. 1. Ky. Confederate raids occasion
the removal of the Legislature from
Frankfort to Louisville.
Tenn. At Britton's Lane Col. Den-
nis defeats the Confederates under Gen.
Armstrong. Federal loss, 200 killed ;
Confederate loss, 180 killed and 220
wounded.
Va. A part of Gen. Pope's army
has a severe action at Chantilly, and
repulses the Confederate Gens. Jackson
and Ewell. Gens. Philip Kearny and
Isaac I. Stevens are killed. Federal loss,
1,300 killed and wounded; Confederate
loss, 800 killed and wounded.
Sept. 1-12. O. Gen. Lew "Wallace, by
extraordinary exertions, saves Cincin-
nati from capture by the Confederates
under Gen. E. Kirby Smith.
Sept. 2. JT. C. Near Plymouth Sergt.
Green defeats the Confederate Col. Gar-
rett, who loses 30 killed and 40 prisoners.
D. C. Gen. George B. McClellan is
appointed to command the defenses of
Washington and the troops engaged
therein.
Gen. Pope is relieved of the command
of the Army of Virginia, and is assigned
to a command in the Northwest.
— - O. Martial law is declared in Cin-
cinnati, the city being threatened by
approaching Confederates.
Sept. 3. Va. The Federals evacuate
Centerville and fall back toward
Washington.
Minn. The Indians attack Cedar
City, McLeod County.
Ky. Near Slaughterville Lieut.-
Col. Foster encounters the Confederates,
who lose three killed, two wounded, and
25 prisoners.
Va. Fighting occurs between Fairfax
Court House and Washington.
Sept. 4. Md. Gen. Lee crosses the Po-
tomac, at Point of Rocks, and invades
Maryland.
Ky. Gen. Morgan reaches Lexing-
ton on his second raid.
Minn. At Ridgely Indians kill 13
soldiers and wound 47 others.
Tenn. At Cumberland Gap the
Confederates are defeated with loss.
Sept. 5. Va. Gen. McDowell is re-
lieved of his command, at his own re-
quest.
± Ky. Gen. Bragg enters Kentucky.
Sept. 6. N. C. At "Washington Fed-
eral Gen. Foster repulses an attack of
cavalry supported by two gunboats; Fed-
eral loss, eight killed and 36 wounded ;
Confederate loss, 33 killed and 100
wounded.
Ky. Gen. Henry Heth, with 6,000
Confederates, arrives near Coving-
ton, opposite Cincinnati.
Md. Gen. Lee occupies Freder-
ick.
W. Va. Near Martinsburg Gen.
Julius White repulses an attack of Con-
federate cavalry ; Federal loss, two
killed and 10 wounded ; Confederate
loss, 50 prisoners, besides the killed
and wounded.
Sept. 6, 7. O. Gen. Kirby Smith threat-
ens Cincinnati.
Sept. 7. Ky. Federals capture Shep-
herdsville with 85 prisoners.
Sept. 8. Md. Gen. Lee issues a procla-
mation to the people of Maryland, in-
viting them to cast their lot with the
Confederacy.
Near Poolesville Maj. Chapman loses
one killed and eight wounded ; the de-
feated Confederates lose seven killed.
Minn. The Indians are defeated by
the troops, in a fight at the Lower
Agency.
Va. At Edwards' Ferry, on the
Potomac, Gen. Keyes repulses Confeder-
ate Gen. Stuart, who loses 90 men.
Sept. 9. Va. At "Williamsburg Col.
Campbell repulses an attack of Confed-
erate cavalry ; but he with five captains
and four lieutenants are taken prison-
ers. Confederates lose eight killed.
Sept. 10+. Md. Gen, Stuart's cavalry
crosses the Potomac, makes a circuit
around Gen. McClellan's army, and
recrossing the river, enters Gen. Lee's
camp.
UNITED STATES.
1862, Aug. 19 -Sept. 21. 213
Sept. 10. Md. Gen. Lee occupies Ha-
gerstown.
Miss. Near Coldwater Col. Grier-
son encounters Confederates, who lose
four killed and 30 wounded.
Pa. Gov. Curtin calls out every
able-bodied man in the State to assist
in repelling Confederate invaders.
Va. At Fayetteville Col. Siber
is defeated by Confederates under Gen.
Loring, with the loss of 100 killed and
wounded.
W. Va. At Gauley the Federals burn
the Government property, and flee be-
fore the approaching Confederates.
Sept. 11. Ky. Maysville is taken by
the Confederates. [It is recaptured by
the Federals on the following day.]
Sept. 12. Mo. Eureka is captured by the
Federals.
Md. At Middletown the Confeder-
ates lose 80 killed and wounded.
W. Va. The Confederates invest
Harper's Ferry.
Sept. 14. Md. Gen. Lee finds Gen. Mc-
Clellan in his rear, and falls back to
Antietam Creek.
Battles of South Mountain: Gen.
McClellan, with the combined army of
Virginia (Gen. Pope's), and the Army
of the Potomac, defeats Gen. Lee at
Turner's and Crampton's Gaps.
Federal loss, 443 killed, 1,806 wounded,
and 75 missing ; Confederate loss, 500
killed, 2,343 wounded, and 1,500 prisoners.
Ky. At Munfordville Col. Wilder
with 2,000 Federals for five hours repulses
8,000 Confederates under Gen. Duncan,
when reenforcements arrive, and Con-
federates are driven away with heavy
loss.
Va. At Harper's Ferry the Fed-
eral cavalry elude the investing Confed-
erates, and escape in the night.
Sept. 14, 15. W. Va. At Harper's
Ferry, Gen. Stonewall Jackson, with
14,000 troops, bombards the garrison
from the commanding heights.
Sept. 15. Ky. At Green River the
Confederates are defeated.
Va. Col. D. H. Miles, having dis-
obeyed orders to prepare for defense,
surrenders Harper's Ferry to Stone-
wall Jackson.
Federal loss, 80 killed, 120 wounded,
11,583 prisoners, and 479 guns ; Confeder-
ate loss, 500 killed and wounded. Col.
Miles is killed.
Sept. 16, 17. Md. Battle of Antie-
tam; Gen. McClellan, with 87,000 men
present and 60,000 engaged, attacks Gen.
Lee, with 40,000 (?) men [m one of the
bloodiest battles of the war. Both sides
claim the victory.]
Gens. Hooker, Burnside, Sumner,
Mansfield, Franklin, and O. O. Howard
command on the Federal side; Gens.
Jackson, Longstreet, Hood, Early, and
I). H. and A. P. Hill support Gen. Lee.
Gen. Mansfield is killed, and Gen. Hooker
is wounded. Federal loss, 2,108 killed,
9,549 wounded, and 753 missing. Con-
federate loss estimated at 11,172.
Sept. 16, 17. Ky. At Munfordville
Gen. Polk with 20,500 men of Gen.
Bragg's army, defeats the Federals un-
der Col. J T. Wilder with 6,000. Fed-
eral loss, 37 killed and wounded, besides
3,566 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 714
killed and wounded.
Sept. 16. Tenn. Near Durhamville
Lieut. B. Griffin loses two killed and 10
wounded ; Confederates, under Lieut. -
Col. Faulkner lose eight killed and 20
wounded.
Cumberland Gap is evacuated by the
Federals.
Va. At Leesburg, in a cavalry
fight, Col. Kilpatrick defeats the Con-
federates.
Sept. 18. Md. Both armies rest after
the battle of Antietam, but at night
Gen. Lee slips away and recrosses the
Potomac.
Sept. 19. Md. The Federals make a
tardy pursuit of Gen. Lee's army ; a
force crosses the Potomac and takes
four guns.
D. C. The Department of the Mis-
souri is formed; Maj. Gen. Samuel
R. Curtis, commander.
Ky. At Owensburg a Confederate
attack is repulsed with great loss. Fed-
erals lose two killed and 18 wounded.
Miss. At Iuka Gen. Bosecrans de-
feats the Confederates under Gen. Price,
and drives them southward after a hot
battle.
Federal loss, 144 killed, 598 wounded,
and 40 prisoners : Confederate loss, 263
killed, 692 wounded, and 561 prisoners.
Va. Harper's Ferry is evacuated
by the Confederates.
Sept. 20. Md. Gen. McClellan reports
93,149 men present for duty.
Sept. 20±. Md. Gen. Lee's army retires
southward, laden with stores taken from
the Federals.
Sept. 20. Ky. Near Lebanon Junction a
cavalry skirmish occurs.
Mo. Near Shirley's Ford Col.
Bitchie defeats the Confederates, who
lose 60 or 70 killed and wounded.
W. Va. Near Shepherdstown the
Federals cross the Potomac and are
driven back into Maryland.
Sept. 21. Ky. At Shepherdsville Col.
Granger encounters the Confederates,
who lose five killed and 28 prisoners.
The Federal troops occupy Mun-
fordville.
Va. Col. Barnes encounters the
Confederates near the Potomac ; they
lose 150 killed, wounded, and prisoners.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1862 Sept. 13. C.F.Hall returns from
the Arctic regions after an absence of
about two years.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1862.
Aug:. 22. Bolilen, Henry, brig.-gen. vols.,
A52.
Read, George Campbell, rear-admiral,
A74.
Aug. 28. Means, John H., gov. of S. C,
A50.
Sept. 1. Kearny. Philip, maj. -gen. U. S.
vols., killed at Chantilly, A47.
Stevens, Isaac Ingralls, maj.-gen.
vols., killed at Chantilly, A44.
Sept. 14. Reno, Jesse L., brig.-gen. vols.,
killed at South Mt., A39.
Sept. 15. Twiggs, David E., brig.-gen.
I'. S. A., Confed. maj. -gen., A72.
Sept. 16. Miles, Dixon S., col. I*. S. A ,
killed at Harper's Ferry, A58.
Sept. 17. Croasdale, Samuel, col. D. S. A.,
killed at Antietam.
Sept. 18. Mansfield. Joseph K. F., maj.-
gen. of vols., mortally wounded at Antie-
tam, A59.
Sept. 19. Little, Louis H., capt. IT. S. A.,
Confed. brig.-gen., killed at Iuka, A44.
LETTERS.
1862 * * John Brent, by Theodore Win-
throp, appears.
* * Country Living and Country Thinking,
by M. A. Dodge, appears.
* * The King's Bell, by B. H. Stoddard,
appears.
* * Origin and History of the English Lan-
guage, by G. P. Marsh, appears.
* * The Poet's Journal, by Bayard Taylor,
appears.
* * The Wagoner of the Alleghanies, by
T. B. Bead, appears.
SOCIETY.
1862 Aug. 21. Minn. The Sioux In-
dians massacre the whites at New Ulni,
in Brown County.
Aug. 29. Ky. Brig.-Gen. Jefferson C.
Davis, U.S.A., shoots and mortally
wounds Maj. -Gen. William Nelson,
in an altercation at Louisville.
Sept. 1. D. C. An act is passed declar-
ing that the spirit ration in the navy
shall cease forever, and that no spirits
shall be admitted on board vessels of
war except as medical stores ; and in
lieu of the ration, five cents per day is
added to the pay of each sailor.
Sept. 18. Thanksgiving-day is ob-
served in the Southern States.
STATE.
1862 Aug. 21. La. Brig.-Gen. George F.
Shepley is appointed military governor.
Va. The Confederacy issues orders
for retaliation against Maj .-Gen. Hunter
and Brig.-Gen. Phelps for organizing
negro regiments, and declares that these
officers will be held and treated as out-
laws whenever captured.
Sept. 3. D. C. Joseph Holt of Ky. is
appointed Judge Advocate-general.
Sept. 11. Pa. Gov. Curtin calls out
50,000 militia to repel the invasion of
Gen. Lee.
Sept. 14. The governors of Pennsylvania,
Ohio, and West Virginia unite in send-
ing a joint invitation to all the loyal
governors to meet at Altoona, Pa.,
to consult respecting the best means of
common defense, and to aid in the prose-
cution of the war.
Sept. 19. Md. Gen. McClellan arrests
16 members of the Maryland Legisla-
ture and its officers; they favor the
Confederacy.
Sept. 24. Pa. The Governors of 14
loyal States and the proxies of three
others meet at Altoona; they approve
the proclamation of emancipation as u
war measure.
214 1862, Sept. 22 -Nov. 17.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1862 Sept. 22. Minn. The Indians
are defeated by a detachment of the
regular army at Wood Lake ; 600 prison-
ers are taken, and 300 are sentenced to
be banged.
Sept. 23. Mo. At Sturgeon, Maj. Hunt
defeats the Confederates under Capt.
Cunningham.
Minn. At Yellow Medicine River
Gen. Sibley has a battle with the Sioux,
killing 30 of the savages and wounding
many others; four whites are killed and
30 wounded.
Sept. 25. Bermuda. Commodore Wilkes's
squadron arrives, and he is ordered by
British authorities to leave within 24
hours.
Ky. Louisville escapes capture by
the forced march of Gen. Buell from
Tenn., and his arrival one day in ad-
vance of Gen. Bragg.
Sept. 27. Ky. Augusta is attacked by
Confederates ; they defeat and capture
the garrison, and destroy the town ;
Federal loss, nine killed, 15 wounded,
and 96 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 90
killed and wounded.
Minn. The Sioux Indians surrender
91 captive white women and children,
near the Chippewa River.
Sept. * N. Dak. Fort Abercrombie is
twice unsuccessfully assaulted by Sioux
Indians.
Sept. 29. Md. At Sharpsburg the Con-
federates are dispersed, and several of
them captured.
Va. Warrenton is taken by the Fed-
erals.
Sept. 30. Mo. At Newtonia Gen. Sol-
omon encounters Confederates under
Col. Cooper, and loses 50 killed, 80 wound-
ed, and 120 prisoners ; Confederate loss,
90 killed and wounded.
Ky. At Russellville Col. Harrison
encounters Confederates, who lose 35
killed and 10 prisoners.
Va. The entire Army of the Poto-
mac, including Gen. Banks's command,
is reported to be 303,959 men.
Of these, 101,756 are absent, 28,458 on
special duty ; 73,601 present for duty in
Gen. Banks's command, and 100,144
ready for duty in Gen. McClellan's im-
mediate command.
Oct. 1. The Western gunboat fleet is
transferred from the War to the Navy
Department.
Gen. Halleck is sent by the Govern-
ment to urge Gen. McClellan to cross
the Potomac and attack the Con-
federates. v
S. C. A combined military and naval
expedition leaves Hilton Head for the
St. John's River.
Tenn. At Gallatin Col. Stokes de-
feats the Confederate Col. Bennett, who
loses 40 killed, 39 prisoners, and many
wounded.
Oct. 3, 4. Miss. Battle of Corinth.
The entrenched Federals under Gen.
Rosecrans, 20,000 strong, repulse the ter-
rible attack of Gens. Van Dorn, Price,
and Lovell with 38,000 men : losses ;
Federals, 355 killed, 1,841 wounded, 324
missing ; Confederates, 1 ,423 killed, 5,692
wounded, and 2,268 missing.
Oct. 4. Ky. Gens. Bragg and Kirby
Smith unite their forces at Frankfort.
W. Va. At Shepherdstown Gen.
Pleasanton crosses the Potomac, and
drives the Confederates under Gen.
Wade Hampton to Martinsburg. Fed-
eral loss, 12 wounded and three prison-
ers; Confederate loss, 60 killed and
wounded, and nine prisoners.
Oct. 2, 3. Fla. The Federal expedition
opens fire on the fortifications on St.
John's Bluff, and reduces the works.
Oct. 3. Miss. At Corinth a Confederate
advance drives in the Federal pickets.
[Gen. Buell, reenforced by 20,000 men,
advances against Gen. Bragg, who
slowly retreats with immense trains
loaded with plunder.]
Oct. 5. Fla. Jacksonville is reoccu-
pied by the Federals.
Oct. 6. D. C. Gen. McClellan is ordered
to cross the Potomac and engage the
enemy ; he dislikes interference by the
government, and claims the army needs
rest and recruiting.
Oct. 8. Ky. Battle of Perryville ; Gen.
Buell engages in an indecisive conflict
with the Confederates under Gen.
Hardee, commander of Gen. Bragg's
left wing.
Federal loss, 916 killed, 3,432 wounded
and prisoners ; Confederate loss, 510
killed, 2,635 wounded, and 251 prisoners.
Tex. Com. William B. Renshaw,
commanding a Federal squadron, takes
possession of Galveston.
Oct. 9. Va. Gen. Stuart's Cavalry starts
on its raid into Pennsylvania, and
crosses the Upper Potomac 1,800 strong.
Oct. 10-13. Pa. Gen. Stuart's Cavalry
capture Chambersburg (Oct. 11) and
other towns; laden with spoils, it re-
turns safely to camp, having passed
completely around the Federal
Army.
Oct. 11. Pa. Gen. Wool arrives at
Harrisburg, and assumes command of
the troops stationed for the defense of
Pennsylvania.
Oct. 12. La. Gen. B. F. Butler orders
the citizens of New Orleans to take
the oath of allegiance to the United
States, to furnish their names, and regis-
ter their property in the office of the
provost marshal.
Va. Gen. Stuart's Cavalry re-
crosses the Potomac.
Oct. 14. Ky. At Stanford (Lancaster)
the Confederates lose several killed and
14 prisoners.
Miss. Iiieut.-Gen. John C. Pem-
berton, as commander of the Confeder-
ate Department of Mississippi and East
Louisiana, supersedes Gen. Van Dorn
at Vicksburg.
Oct. 16. W. Va. Near Charlestown
Gen. Hancock loses one killed and eight
wounded; Confederate loss, nine
wounded and prisoners.
Oct. 17. Va. At Thoroughfare Gap
Gen. Stahl takes 100 Confederate pris-
oners.
Oct. 18. Ky. At Lexington Morgan's
guerrillas make a dash into the town
and take 125 prisoners.
Mo. Col. McNeil orders the hang-
ing of ten of Col. John C. Porter's men
in retaliation for the capture in a raid
and the disappearance of Andrew Alls-
man of Palmyra.
Kan. Quantrell, the Confederate
guerrilla chief, makes a raid into John-
son County and burns Shawneetown.
Oct. 20. Ky. At Bardstown Morgan's
guerrillas destroy a Federal train of 80
wagons loaded with ammunition and
stores, before daylight, and a few hours
later capture another train.
Oct. 21. Tenn. At Woodville Maj. J. J.
Mudd defeats the Confederates and
takes 40 prisoners.
Oct. 22. S. C. At Pocotaligo, or Ye-
massee, Gen. Brannan defeats the Con-
federates under Gen. Walker, losing 43
killed, 258 wounded, and five prisoners ;
Confederate loss not reported.
Ark. At Van Buren Maj. Lazear
defeats Confederates, under Col. Boon,
with considerable loss.
Ky. Louisville is threatened by
Confederates under Gen. Morgan, and
the Governor calls out the citizens for
its defense.
Oct. 23. Tenn. At Waverly, Maj.
Blott loses one killed and five wounded ;
Confederate loss, 40 killed and wounded,
and 30 prisoners.
At Shelby depot Gen. Stuart defeats
the Confederates, who lose eight or 10
killed and wounded.
Oct. 24. Ky. Gen. Rosecrans is appointed
to succeed Gen. Buell as commander of
the Federal Army of the Ohio.
At Morganstown a skirmish takes place.
Mo. At Grand Prairie Maj. F. G.
White loses three wounded ; Confeder-
ate loss, eight killed and 20 wounded.
Va. Gen. McClellan assumes the
offensive ; the Army of the Potomac
cross from Maryland into Virginia.
Oct. 26. The Confedrate army, under
Gen. Bragg, traverses Cumberland Gap,
while retreating from Kentucky.
Oct. 27. Mo. At Pittman's Ferry
Col. Lewis attacks and defeats the Con-
federates, who lose several killed and
' 40 prisoners.
La. At Donaldsonville Gen. Weit-
zel loses 18 killed and 74 wounded ; Con-
federate loss, six killed, 15 wounded, and
208 prisoners.
Oct. 28. Ark. Near Fayetteville Gen.
Herron defeats Confederates, under Col.
Craven, and chases them to the Boston
Mountains ; they lose eight killed.
Oct. 29. Mo. Near Butler Col. Seaman
loses eight killed and 10 wounded ; Con-
federates, under Gen. Cockerill, lose 30
killed and wounded.
Oct. 30. Ky. Gen. Rosecrans assumes
command of the Army of the Cumber-
land.
Oct.* The TJ. S. war-vessels number
256 of all classes.
Oct.* - Dec. * The Confederate priva-
teer Alabama, Capt. Raphael Semmes,
captures many merchant vessels.
Nov. 1. Va. At Philomount, an artillery
tight continues for five hours ; the Con-
federates retreat towards Bloomfield,
and another action lasts for four hours.
Md. The last of Gen. McClellan's
army crosses the Potomac into Virginia.
Nov. 2. Tenn. Gen. Grant begins the
advance on Vicksburg from Jackson by
moving along the line of the Mississippi
Central Railroad.
UNITED STATES.
1862, Sept. 22-Nov. 17. 215
Nov. 3. Ky. In Webster County Col.
Foster loses 25 prisoners, and captures
three Confederate lieutenants.
Ga. At Kingsburg the Federals de-
stroy the salt-works.
Nov. 4. Tenn. Near Grand Junction
Gen. Grant completes the gathering of
an army of about 30,000 men for opera-
tions in Mississippi.
Va. The Federals capture Maj. Reid
Sanders on the coast, while endeavor-
ing to get to sea with Confederate de-
spatches.
Nov. 5. Tenn. Near Nashville Gen.
Negley repulses an attack of the Con-
federates under Gen. Morgan. Federal
loss, five killed and 19 wounded; Con-
federate loss, 23 prisoners.
Nov. 6. Va. At "Warrenton Gen. Rey-
nolds takes seven Confederate prisoners,
150 muskets, and 40 horses and wagons.
Ky. At Piketon Col. Dills takes 80
Confederate prisoners.
Nov. 7. D. C. President Lincoln re-
lieves Gen. George B. McClellan of
the command of the unsuccessful Army
of the Potomac, 120,000 strong, and or-
ders him to report at his home in Tren-
ton, N.J. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside
is appointed his successor, and assumes
command. [Both orders are received
Nov. 7.]
S. C. The 1st Regiment of South
Carolina Volunteers (colored) is organ-
ized at Port Royal ; [Col. T. W. Higgin-
son of Mass. takes command Dec. 1st],
Nov. * Va. Gen. Burnside changes
the plan of campaign, and makes Ac-
quia Creek the base of supplies for an
advance on Richmond.
Nov. 8. Miss. At Hudsonville Col.
Lee encounters the Confederates, who
lose 16 killed and 175 prisoners.
Ark. Near Marianna (La Grange),
Capt. L. M. Perkins defeats the Confed-
erates, who lose five killed and several
wounded.
Nov. 9. Va. At Fredericksburg
Capt. Dahlgren takes 39 Confederate
prisoners.
Ga. The Federal gunboat Mohawk, of
Adm. Dupont's fleet, enters the river and
shells St. Mary's, driving out the Con-
federates and burning the town.
La. Gen. N. P. Banks is ordered to
supersede Gen. B. P. Butler in the
command of the Department of the
Gulf.
Nov. 11. Tenn. At Huntsville Capt.
Duncan defeats Confederates, who lose
seven killed and 25 prisoners.
Near Lebanon Capts. Kennett and
Wolford encounter Morgan's Confeder-
ates, who lose seven killed, and 125 pris-
oners.
Near La Grange Col. Lee defeats the
Confederates, losing two wounded ; Con-
federate loss, 16 killed and 134 pris-
oners.
Nov. 13. Miss. In a fight at Holly
Springs with Col. Lee, Confederates
lose four killed and several captured.
Nov. 15. Va. At Payetteville Gen.
Sturgis defeats the Confederates.
The Army of the Potomac advances
from Warrenton towards Fredericks-
burg.
Nov. 17. Va. Near Fredericksburg the
Federal artillery opens fire.
At Richmond Jefferson Davis issues
orders to make retaliation upon the Fed-
erals for the execution of 10 Confeder-
ates in Missouri. (See Oct. * 1862.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1862 Sept. 22. N. T. The asteroid
Eurydice is discovered by C. H. F.
Peters. [Also Prigga, Nov 12.]
Nov. 12. Shells from Whitworth guns
are sent through solid iron plates of five
and a half inches and a wood backing.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1862.
Sept. 29. Nelson, William, maj. -gen. vols.,
A 37.
Oct. 4. Hackleman, Pleasant A., lawyer,
brig.-gen. vols., killed at Corinth, A 48.
Oct. 8. Jackson, James S., M. C. for Ky.,
brig.-gen. vols., killed at Perryville, A39.
Terrill, William R., brig.-gen. vols.,
killed at Perryville, A28.
Oct. 15. Hudson, William L., capt. U. S.
N., A 68.
Oct. 17. James, Charles T., sen. for R. I.,
inventor of rifled cannon, A58.
Oct. 30. Mitchel, Ormsby Macknight, as-
tronomer, maj.-gen. of vols., A53.
Nov. 3. Richardson, IsaaelB., maj.-gen.
vols., mortally wounded at Antietam, A 47.
Nov. 6. Jameson, Charles D., brig.-gen.
vols., A35.
Nov. 7. Mcintosh, James McQueen, Con-
fed, brig.-gen., killed at Pea Ridge, A34.
Fendergrast, Garrett J., com. U. S. N.,
A60.
Nov. 11. Porter, Jas. M., jurist, a fdr. of
Lafayette col., Easton, Pa., A69.
CHURCH.
1862 Nov. 3. Phila. The Evangel-
ical Educational Society is organized
by Bishop Potter.
SOCIETY.
1862 Sept. 22. D. C. President Lincoln
issues a monitory proclamation, de-
claring that the slaves of all in
rebellion against the United States
on Jan. 1, 1863, shall be forever free.
Sept. 26. Minn. Thirty-eight condemned
Indians are hanged.
Nov. 12. New York. The United States
Brewers' Association is organized at
a meeting of representative brewers.
STATE.
1862 Sept. 22. B.C. President Lincoln
issues a monitory proclamation of
emancipation ; one hundred days are
given for dissemination and decision.
All slaves of those in rebellion are to
be free on Jan. 1, 1863.
* * N. Y. The Republican State Conven-
tion nominates James S. Wadsworth for
governor. [Defeated by 10,000 majority.]
The Democratic State Convention
nominates Horatio Seymour of New
York for the governorship. [Elected.]
Sept. 24. D. C. The President issues
another proclamation suspending the
writ of habeas corpus, in respect to per-
sons held by military authority, to pre-
vent their release.
Sept. 30. Va. The Confederate Con-
gress at Richmond entertains retalia-
tory resolutions, occasioned by the
proclamation of emancipation.
Sept.* Eng. Lord Palmerston proposes
that England offer to mediate in the
United States with a view to recognize
the independence of the Southern Con-
federacy. [Lord Granville opposes.]
Sept. * Va. The Confederate Con-
gress enacts the conscription of all men
between the ages of 18 and 45 years.
Sept.* Both a McClellan and an anti-
McClellan party appear — in the press,
among the people, in Congress, and in
the army.
Oct. 4. Ky. The Confederates again
organize a State government at Frank-
fort ; Richard Hawes, governor. It de-
parts the same day.
Oct. 11. Va. The Confederate Con-
gress exempts from conscription one
man for every plantation of 20 negroes.
Oct. 12. New York. A great Demo-
cratic meeting is held in which Mr.
Lincoln's policy in conducting the war
is bitterly assailed.
Oct. 13. Va. The Confederate Congress
adjourns to meet in January, 1863.
Oct. 30. Fr. The mediation of Great
Britain and Russia, in favor of an
armistice between the North and South
is proposed by the French Government.
Fr. The French Government pro-
poses to England and Russia that the
three cabinets exert their influence at
Washington and Richmond to obtain an
"armistice for six months."
Oct. * D. C. The Internal Revenue
brings the Government $1,000,000
every secular day, and tho people
bear the burden cheerfully ; industries
and business flourish.
Oct. * U. S. The elections are encour-
aging for the Democracy, and dis-
heartening to Republicans, who elect
but three members in 11 congressional
districts.
Oct. * U. S. President Lincoln's eman-
cipation proclamation for a time seems
disastrous to the Administration. The
nation is choosing between freedom
and slavery.
Nov. 4. Mo. A Legislature favorable to
emancipation is elected.
III. President Lincoln's party is
overwhelmingly defeated by the
Democrats in his own State.
Nov. 6. Fr. Drouyn de l'Huys, the
French minister of Foreign affairs, an-
nounces to Mr. Dayton his intention to
* invite the governments of England and
Russia to join with France in proposing
to the United States their friendly
mediation between the Federal govern-
ment and the Confederacy.
Nov. 8. Russia declines to participate
in a joint mediation with England and
France.
Nov. 13. Eng. The British Government
declines to join France in an amicable
intervention in the United States, as
its success would be hopeless at the
present time.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1862 Oct. 1. New York. Price of mid-
dling upland cotton, 57 cents; pre-
mium on gold, 123.
216 1862, Nov. 18-* *.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1862 Nov. 18. Tenn. At Rural Hill
Col. Hawkins defeats Confederates, who
lose 16 killed.
IT. C. At Cove Creek Lieut.-Col.
Mix defeats the Confederates.
- — W. I. At the Island of Martinique
the Alabama escapes the San Jacinto.
Nov. 22. Va. Near Winchester Capt.
Harkins captures 30 horses ; four Con-
federates are killed.
Nov. 24. Miss. Gen. Joseph E. John-
ston, only partially recovered from
wounds at Fair Oaks, is appointed to
supreme command of the Confederate
armies in the West ; Gens. Pemberton
(Miss.), E. Kirby Smith (La.), and Bragg
(Tenn.) are retained in command.
Nov. 25. W. Va. At Sinking Creek
the Confederates lose two killed and 118
prisoners.
D. C. The Government orders the
release of political prisoners.
Md. Poolesville is raided by Confed-
erates.
N. C. New Berne is attacked by
4,000 Confederates, who are repulsed.
Nov. 26. Tenn. Gen. Grant starts on
his expedition into Mississippi ; Gen.
W. T. Sherman is to leave Memphis and
soon unite with Gen. Grant.
Va. At Cold Knob Mountain Col.
J. C. Paxton defeats Confederates, and
captures 100 prisoners.
Nov. 27. W. Va. At Frankfort the Con-
federates suffer a defeat.
Tenn. Near La Vergne Cols. Hurd
and Dodge lose 10 wounded ; several
Confederates are killed.
Nov. 28. Miss. Gen. Grant's army
advances toward Holly Springs.
. Ark. At Cane Hill Gen. Blunt de-
feats Confederate Gen. Marmaduke.
Va. Near Hart wood two companies
of Federal cavalry are captured by Con-
federates, who have crossed the Potomac
for this purpose.
Nov. 29. Va. Near Berryville Gen.
Stahl defeats a Confederate force.
Nov. * D. C. Gen. Pitz John Porter
is ordered to Washington for trial by
court martial on charges of disobe-
dience to orders. Court : Maj.-Gen.
David Hunter, president ; Maj.-Gen.
Hitchcock, Brig.-Gens. King, Prentiss,
Ricketts, Casey, Garfield, Buford,
Slough; Col. Joseph Holt, Judge Advo-
cate General.
Nov. * Tex. Gen. N. J. T. Dana, with
G,000 Federals, occupies Brazos Santi-
ago, and Brownsville.
Dec. 1. W. Va. Near Charlestown
Gen. Slocum defeats the Confederates,
who lose five killed and 18 wounded.
Dec. 2. W. Va. At Franklin Col. Spear
defeats Confederates.
Near Charlestown Gen. Geary de-
feats Confederates, who lose 70 killed
and wounded, and 145 prisoners.
Va. Federals capture King George
Court House.
An expedition goes out from Suffolk,
and recaptures a lost Pennsylvania bat-
tery.
Dec. 3. Miss. At Oxford Col. Hatch
loses 20 killed and wounded ; Confeder-
ate loss, 92 prisoners.
Dec. 4. New York. Gen. Banks sails
with a part of his expedition for New
Orleans.
Dec. 5. Miss. In a skirmish at Coffee-
ville Federals lose five killed, 50
wounded, and 60 prisoners; Confeder-
ates lose 60 killed and 280 wounded.
Ark. At Helena the Confederates
make an attack, and are repulsed with
the loss of eight killed and 30 wounded.
Dec. * Va. Gen. Burnside proposes to
advance on Richmond with the great
Army of the Potomac, by way of Fred-
ericksburg.
Dec. 7. Ark. At Prairie Grove Gens.
Blunt and Herron of Gen. Curtis's army
defeat the Confederates under Gens.
Hindman, Marmaduke, Parsons, and
Frost.
Federal loss, 167 killed, 798 wounded,
and 183 missing ; Confederates lose
1,317 killed and wounded.
The California steamer Ariel is cap-
tured by the Confederate cruiser Ala-
bama.
Miss. Concordia is burned by the
Federals.
Tenn. At Hartsville Col. A. B.
Moore loses 55 killed and 1,800 missing;
Confederate loss, 149 killed and wounded.
Dec. 8. Miss. Gen. Grant orders Gen.
Sherman to advance on Vicksburg via
Mississippi River [he commands an
army of 20,000 men ; later, 32,000 men.]
Dec. 10. Va. Port Royal is nearly de-
stroyed by Federal gunboats.
Dec. 11. Va. The Federals are defeated
on the Blackwater, and driven back to
Suffolk.
Gen. Burnside' s army crosses to the
western side of the Rappahannock.
Dec. 12. Miss. At Yazoo the Federal
gunboat Cairo is blown up by a torpedo.
Near Corinth Col. Roddy defeats the
Federals under Col. Sweeney. Federal
loss, one killed and two wounded ; Con-
federate loss, 11 killed and 30 wounded.
Tenn. At Franklin Gen. Stanley en-
counters the Confederates. Federal loss,
one killed ; Confederate loss, five killed
and 10 wounded.
Va. Fredericksburg is occupied by
the Federals after a terrible bombard-
ment from Gen. Sumner's artillery.
Dec. 13. Va. Battle of Fredericks-
burg ; Gen. Burnside is repulsed.
The Federals make heavy and simul-
taneous assaults along the entire line,
but fail to drive Gen. Lee from his
strong position. Burnside's army of
113,000 men is commanded by Gens.
Sumner, Franklin, Hooker, Hancock,
Stoneman, Reynolds, Couch, and others;
Gen. Jackson's army of 78,000 men is
under Gens. Early, Longstreet, A. P.
Hill, and others. Federal losSj 1,284
killed, 9,600 wounded, and 1,769 missing;
Confederate loss, 596 killed, 4,068 wound-
ed, and 651 missing.
Ala. At Tuscumbia the Federals
surprise and defeat the Confederates,
losing four killed and 14 wounded ; the
Confederates lose 70 prisoners.
Dec. 14. La. Gen. Butler is succeeded
by Gen. N. P. Banks.
JV. C. At Kinston Gen. Foster loses
90 killed and 478 wounded ; Confeder-
ates, under Gen. Evans, lose 71 killed,
268 wounded, 400 prisoners, and 13 guns.
Plymouth is destroyed by Confeder-
ates.
Dec 14, 15. Va. Fredericksburg : —
Under the persuasion of his division
commanders, Burnside decides not to
renew the attack on Lee, and withdraws
across the Rappahannock during the
night.
Dec. 15. Ark. At Yellville the Confed-
erate salt-works are destroyed.
Dec. 15±. La. Gen. Banks sends Gen.
C. Grover, with a force of 10,000 men,
from New Orleans, to capture Baton
Rouge.
Miss. Gen. Forrest's large force of
cavalry strikes Gen. Grant's lines of
communication with the North.
Dec. 16. N. C. A battle is fought at
White Hall.
Dec. 16+. U.S. The defeat of Burnside
is followed by national gloom, and a
feeling akin to mutiny in the army.
Dec. 17. Ky. At Munfordville a Con-
federate cavalry force of Gen. Bragg's
army is defeated. Federal loss, 10 killed
and 17 wounded ; Confederate loss, 33
killed and 60 wounded.
N. C. A battle is fought at Golds-
borough.
Va. At Occoquan a company of Fed-
eral cavalry is surprised and captured.
At Dumfries Col. Candy loses 10 killed
and wounded ; routed Confederates,
under Gens. Stuart and Fitz-Hugh Lee,
lose 30 or 40 killed and wounded.
Dec. 18. D. C. The President appoints
Gen. J. A. McClernand to supersede
Gen. Sherman in immediate command
of the Vicksburg Expedition under Gen.
Grant.
Ky. At Lexington Col. R. G. In-
gersoll is defeated by Confederate Gen.
Forrest, losing 40 killed.
Dec. 19. Tenn. At Memphis Gen.
Sherman begins to embark his army of
20,000 men on 67 boats, for the capture of
Vicksburg.
Dec. 20. Miss. At Holly Springs
Gen. Van Dorn captures a large quan-
tity of Federal supplies.
Gen. U. S. Grant is compelled to
desist from his march on Vicksburg,
owing to the capture of his base of sup-
plies by Gen. Van Dora.
Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman,
with a strong armament, drops down the
Mississippi River from Memphis, and
proceeds as far as Yazoo.
Dec. 21. Tenn. In East Tennessee Fed-
eral raiders destroy important railroad
bridges, disable locomotives, capture 500
prisoners and 700 stand of arms.
Miss. At Davis Mills, on Wolf
River, Col. K. H. Morgan defeats Con-
federate Gen. Van Dorn, who loses three
killed, 30 wounded, and 20 prisoners,
beside 100 stand of arms left on the field.
Ky. At London 550 prisoners are
taken by the Federals on Curtis's raid.
Dec. 23. Va. At Richmond Jefferson
Davis issues a proclamation announ-
cing retaliatory measures against Gen.
Butler, and dooming him and his offi-
cers to be hanged if captured.
Dee. 24. Ky. Near Munfordville
Capt. Dickeys is defeated by Confeder-
ate Gen. Morgan, and loses 23 prisoners.
The next day Col. Gray defeats Gen.
Morgan, who loses nine killed and 22
wounded.
UNITED STATES.
1862, Nov. 18-**. 217
Dec. 25. Miss. The Vicksburg Expedi-
tion reaches Milliken's Bend 20 miles
above Vicksburg, ami lands Gen. A. J.
Smith's division to cut off supplies from
entering the city.
Dec. 26±. Miss. Com. Porter's fleet
convoys Gen. Sherman's advance up
the Yazoo.
Dec. 26. Tenn. Gen. Rosecrans leaves
Nashville to engage Gen. Bragg at Mur-
freesboro.
Dec. 27, 28. Ark. At Van Buren Fed-
erals lose seven killed; Confederates
lose 120 prisoners.
Dec. 28. Ky. At Elk Fork Maj. Foley
defeats Confederates, who lose 30 killed,
176 wounded, 51 prisoners, and 80 horses.
Dec. 29. Miss. At Chickasaw Bayou,
near Vicksburg, Gen. Sherman makes a
disastrous attack on the Confederates.
[His army retires to the fleet.]
Federal loss, 191 killed, 982 wounded
and 756 missing ; Confederate loss, 207
killed, wounded, and missing.
Dec. 30. Tenn. At Packer's Cross
Roads Gen. Sullivan defeats Confeder-
ate Gen. Forrest ; Federal loss, 100 killed
and wounded ; Confederate loss, 600
wounded.
Dec. 31. The ironclad Monitor founders
off Cape Hatteras.
Dec. 31.-Jan. 2. Tenn. Battle of Mur-
freesboro or Stone's Biver ; Gen.
Rosecrans repulses the attack of Gen.
Bragg, and after a long struggle forces
him to retire ; 43,000 Federals are com-
manded by Gens. McCook, Thomas, Crit-
tenden, Rousseau, Palmer, Sheridan,
and A. J. Davis ; about an equal number
of Confederates are commanded by
Gens. Hardee, Breckinridge, Polk,
Kirby Smith, Cheatham, and Withers.
Federal loss, 1,294 killed, 7 945
wounded, and 1,027 missing; Confeder-
ate loss, 10,000 killed and wounded, 500
prisoners.
Dec. * Ark. Gen. Sherman adds 12,000
troops to the Vicksburg Expedition
at Helena.
* * Phila. The New Ironsides is com-
pleted.
It has 4-inch armor, is of 4,015 tons bur-
den, 700 horse-power, six knots speed ;
it carries 20 11-inch smoothbore guns.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1862 Dec. 4. N. Y. The Buffalo Acad-
emy of Fine Arts is incorporated.
-63 * * Chicago. The Dearborn Observa-
tory is founded.
* * New York. Samuel Coleman of New-
port, R. I., Wm. H. Beard and Launt
Thompson of New York, are elected
members of the National Academy of
Design.
* * U. S. Ammonia is first used for de-
veloping photographs.
* * The first experiments are made in
«« shooting" petroleum wells, by ex-
ploding nitro-glycerine, to increase
their flow.
* * Richmond Hill is painted by J. F.
Cropsey.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1862. «, • , ™ J*
Dec. 6. Jackson, Clairborne *., gov. of
Mo., Confed. brig.-gen., A55.
Dec. 7. Churchill, Sylvester, brig.-gen. U.
S. A., A79. „ „ ,
Dec. 13. Cobb, Thomas R. R., lawyer,
Confed. brig.-gen., k. at Fredericksburg,
A39. , . .
Jackson, Conrad F., brig.-gen. vols.,
killed at Fredericksburg, A 49.
Dec. 14. Bayard, Geo. D., brig.-gen. cav-
alry, A27. , „ ,
Dec. SO. Pearce, James A., sen. for Del.,
Dec. 31. Garesche, Julius P., lieut.-col.,
scholar, k. at battle of Stone River, A41.
Hains, James E., Confed. brig.-gen.,
killed at Murfreesboro, A29.
Robert*, George W., brig.-gen. vols.,
killed at Murfreesboro, A29.
Sill, Joshua W., brig.-gen. vols., killed
at Murfreesboro, A31.
* * Anderson, George B., Confed. brig.-gen.,
* * Fasquelle, Jean L., author Fr. text-books,
A54.
* * Fisher, Elwood, editor Southern Press,
A54
* * Lisle, Marcus C, M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky.
* * Swanson, Claude A., M. C. for Va., b. Va.
CHURCH.
1862 Nov.19. Ga. The first General Con-
vention of •« The Protestant Episcopal
Church of the Confederate States of
America" meets at Augusta.
* * New York. The General Conven-
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.
* * O. The General Assembly (N. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ; Geo.
Duffleld, moderator.
The General Assembly (O. S. Pres-
byterian) meets at Columbus ; Chas. C.
Beatty, moderator.
* * Correspondence is established be-
tween the Old School and New School
Presbyterian assemblies.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; Jo-
seph J. Cooper, moderator.
SOCIETY.
1862 Dec* Pa. The "MoUy Ma-
guires" stop the mining operations at
Goyne's mine, in the town of Cass.
Dec. 27. Phila. The Union League
Club is founded, the first in the United
States. [It raises 10 regiments in the
war for the Union.]
* * Ind. A political convention declares
" the soil of Indiana should belong to
the white man."
* * D. C. Congress enacts that the pen-
alty for selling or giving liquor or
wine to Indians in the Indian country
shall be a fine of not more than $300
and imprisonment for not more than
two years.
** Chicago. The Northwestern
Branch of the Sanitary Commission is
organized.
STATE.
1862 Nov. 22. D.C A general order is
issued for the release of State (politi-
cal) prisoners.
* * U. S. The failure of the Peninsula
campaign is followed by much contro-
versy.
Dec. 1. D. C. The 37th Congress:
the third session opens.
President Lincoln, in his message, ap-
proves a national banking system,
making one uniform circulation of equal
value throughout the country.
He recommends emancipation by the
loyal States, with Federal compensation,
if the slaves shall be set free by the State
prior to Jan. 1, 1900: and that slaves
made free by the war be declared eman-
cipated, and that loyal owners be reim-
bursed.
Dec. 3. La. Benjamin F. Flanders and
Michael Hahn are elected members of
Congress.
Dec. 10. D. C. Congress: The House
votes to admit West Virginia into the
Union. Vote 96-55. The yeas are all
Republican.
Dec. 22. Va. Jefferson Davis issues
a proclamation of retaliation to offset
President Lincoln's proclamation of lib-
erty to the slaves.
He directs that Federal officers serving
with armed slaves be held for execution
as outlaws when captured.
Dec. 23. Va. Jefferson Davis proclaims
Gen. Butler and his commissioned
officers to be criminals deserving death,
because of their enlisting freedmen for
the Federal army.
Dec. 31. D. C. President Lincoln signs
the Act admitting West Virginia into
the Union.
Congress admits West Virginia into
the Union as the 35th State ; dating the
admission June 20, 1863.
* * Dak. Yankton is made the capital.
* * D.C. Samuel F. MiUer and David
Davis are appointed associate justices
of the Supreme Court of the United
States. (With one exception the only
non-Democratic justices appointed since
1841.)
* * New York. George Opdyke is elected
the 73d mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-63* * Ariz. (Ter.). John A. Gurley.
-63 * * Cal. Leland Stanford.
-65 * * Col. (Ter.). John Evans.
-64 * * Miss. Jacob Thompson.
-65 * * N. C. Zebulon B. Vance.
-64 * * O. David Tod.
-66 * * Ore. Addison C. Gibbs.
-64 * * S. C. M. L. Bonham.
-63 * * Wis. Edward Salomon.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1862 Dec. 22. Boston. The corner-stone
of the new City Hall is laid.
Dec. * A feeling of general discourage-
ment pervades the country as the un-
successful armies go into winter quar-
ters.
Dec. 31. V. S. Immigrants for 1862,
89,207. .
* * N. Y. The extensions of the HiMO
Canal are completed.
* * New York. The French line of
steamers, running between New York
and Havre, is established.
* * New York. The Guion line of
steamers, between New York and Liver-
pool, is established.
218 1862 * *-1863, Mar. 3.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1863 Jan. 1. D. C. Abraham Lincoln
issues his Emancipation Proclama-
tion as a war measure.
Tex. At Galveston the Federals
are defeated by Gen. J. B. Magruder ;
Com. Kenshaw blows up the Hatteras
after it runs aground, to prevent the
vessel's capture by the privateer Ala-
bama. He is killed by the explosion.
Galveston is recaptured by the Con-
federates under Gen. Magruder, who
thus secure their trans-Mississippi De-
partment.
Federal loss, 600 killed, wounded, and
missing ; Commander Renshaw is among
the killed ; Confederate loss, 50 killed,
wounded, and missing.
Tenn. At Red Mound the Federals
lose 20 killed, 100 wounded, and 60 pris-
oners ; Confederate loss, 100 killed, 200
wounded, and 400 prisoners.
Near Lexington Federal Gen. Sullivan
has an encounter with the Confederates
under Gen. Forrest.
Jan. 2. Miss. Gen. McClernand super-
sedes Gen. Sherman in command of the
advance on Vicksburg. He orders the
transfer of the expedition to Milliken's
Bend, on the Mississippi.
Jan. 3. Ark. Near La Grange Gen.
Washburn encounters the Confederates,
who lose 10 killed and wounded, and
10 prisoners.
Jan. 4. Tex. Confederate Gen. Ma-
gruder declares the port of Galveston
open to the commerce of the world.
Ark. Federals under Gen. McCler-
nand advance on Arkansas Post on the
Arkansas Biver, 73 miles southeast of
Little Rock.
Tenn. Clarksville is surrendered to
the Federals.
Jan. 7, 8. Mo. Springfield is at-
tacked by Confederates under Gens.
Marmaduke and Price, who are re-
pulsed by Gen. Brown and Col. Crabb.
Federal loss, 17 killed and 50 wounded ;
Confederate loss, 200 men.
Jan. 8. Tenn. At Ripley Capt. Moore
encounters the Confederates under
Lieut.-Col. Dawson. Federal loss, three
wounded ; Confederate loss, eight killed,
20 wounded, and 46 prisoners.
Jan. 9. Va. At Suffolk Gen. Corcoran
defeats the Confederates under Gen.
Pryor. Federal loss, 104 men.
The exchange of 20,000 prisoners is
effected by negotiation.
Jan. 10. Tex. Federals bombard Gal-
veston.
Jan. 11. Ark. Gen. McClernand and
Adm. Porter capture Arkansas Post
from the Confederates under Gen.
Churchill. Federal loss, 129 killed, 831
wounded, and 17 prisoners ; Confeder-
ate loss, 550 killed and wounded, and
4,720 prisoners.
La. Federal Gen. Weitzel destroys
the gunboat Cotton on the Bayou Teche.
Mo. At Hartville Col. Merrill de-
feats the Confederates under Gen.
Marmaduke. Federal loss, 35 killed
and wounded ; Confederate loss, 150
killed and wounded, and 150 prisoners.
■ The Confederate cruiser Alabama
sinks the gunboat Hatteras, near the
coast of Texas.
Jan. 13. Tenn. At Harpeth Shoals, on
the Cumberland River, the Confederates
destroy several boats carrying wounded
soldiers.
Jan. 15. N. C. At Masonborough Inlet,
the Confederates burn the stranded
gunboat Columbia.
Ark. Federals burn Mound City.
Jan. 16. Ala. The privateer Florida es-
capes from Mobile Bay. [It destroys 15
merchantmen during the same month,
and is finally captured at Bahia, Brazil.]
Jan. 17. Ark. The Vicksburg Expe-
dition returns from Arkansas Post to
Napoleon, at the mouth of the Arkansas
River.
Jan. 18. Ark. Federals take Duvall's
Bluff and Des Arc, and suffer only a
trifling loss ; Confederate loss, 150 pris-
oners.
Jan. 21. Ark. Gen. McClernand occu-
pies Young's Point, nine miles above
Vicksburg.
D. C. Gen. Fitz-John Porter is
dismissed from the army for disobe-
dience of orders at the second battle of
Bull Run. [Later the sentence is re-
versed.]
Jan. 22. Ark. The Federals reopen the
canal dug by Gen. "Williams, in order
to get below Vicksburg.
Jan. 23. Va. Gen. Burnside dismisses
Gens. Hooker, Franklin, Newton, and
Brooks from their commands for un-
dermining the confidence of the
army.
Jan. 25. D. C. The President relieves
Gen. Burnside of his command at his
own request, and assigns him to one in
the West.
Gen. Joseph Hooker is appointed
to the command of the Army of the
Potomac.
Jan. 26. Tenn. Near "Woodbury Gen.
Palmer loses two killed and nine
wounded ; the defeated Confederates
lose 35 killed and 100 prisoners.
Jan. 27. Ga. Fort McAllister, on the
Ogeechee River, is bombarded by the
Federal war-vessel Montauk.
Jan. 30. Ark. Gen. Grant, having
joined the army at Young's Point, as-
sumes command.
Tenn. At Trenton Col. Wood en-
counters Confederates under Capt. Daw-
son ; they lose 34 men.
S. C. On the Stono River the Federal
gunboat Isaac Smith is captured.
Va. At Deserted House, nine miles
from Suffolk, Gen. Corcoran and Con-
federate Gen. Pryor each lose about 60
killed and wounded.
Jan. 31+. S. C. Confederate gunboats
attack the blockading squadron at the
entrance of Charleston harbor, and Gen.
Beauregard and the Confederate Secre-
tary of State proclaim the harbor open
to commerce.
Tenn. At Dover, near Nashville,
the Confederates are defeated. Federal
loss, five wounded ; Confederate loss, 12
killed and 300 prisoners.
Feb. 1. Tenn. The Federals occupy
Franklin.
Feb. 3. Mo. At Mingo Swamp Mai.
Reeder has an encounter with Confed-
erates ; they lose nine killed and 20
wounded.
Ark. The levee at Yazoo Pass is cut,
and opens a channel for the Vicksburg
expedition to reach the Coldwater River
[it returns in March from an unsuccess-
ful adventure],
D. C. Congress passes a vote of
thanks to Commander John L. Wor-
den, U.S.N. , of Monitor fame.
Tenn. At Fort Donelson Col. Har-
ding repulses an attack of the Confeder-
ates, under Gens. Wheeler and Forrest.
Federal loss, 12 killed and 30 wounded ;
Confederate loss, 100 killed, 400 wounded,
and 300 prisoners.
Feb. 4. La. Near Lake Providence
the 3d Louisiana defeats the Federals ;
Confederate loss 30 killed and wounded.
Feb. 5. Tenn. Confederates are re-
pulsed in a second attack on Fort Don-
elson.
Feb. 7. The 100th regiment of Illinois
Volunteers mutinies.
Tex. The removal of the blockade at
Galveston and Sabine Pass is proclaimed
by the Confederates.
Va. At "Williamsburg a Federal
cavalry force is ambushed, and loses 40
killed and wounded.
Feb. 8. Tenn. The Federals occupy
Lebanon, and capture 600 Confederates.
Feb. 10. La. At Old River Capt.
Tucker defeats the Confederates. Fed-
eral loss, eight killed and wounded ;
Confederate loss, 11 killed and wounded,
and 25 prisoners.
Miss. The Queen of the West, Capt.
Ellet, of Com. Porter's fleet, runs the
batteries at Vicksburg.
Feb. 11. La. Secessionists attempt to
assassinate Gen. Banks on his way to the
Opera House at New Orleans.
Feb. 12. Tenn. Near Bolivar the de-
feated Federals lose four killed and
five wounded.
The Confederate cruiser Florida cap-
tures the Jacob Bell from China, and
burns a cargo of tea worth $1,000,000.
Miss. The Confederates capture
the Queen of the West. The Federal
ironclad, Indianola, runs the Vicksburg
batteries in the night.
Feb. 14. Va. The Federal cavalry is
defeated at Annandale.
Feb. 15. Tenn. At Nolensville Sergt.
Holmes defeats Confederates, who lose
eight killed, 20 wounded, and four pris-
oners.
At Cainsville Col. Monroe defeats
Morgan's cavalry ; Confederate loss, 20
killed, many wounded, six prisoners, 50
horses, and 300 stand of arms.
Ark. At Arkadelphia Capt. Brown
defeats the Confederates. Federal loss,
two killed and 12 wounded ; Confederate
loss, 14 killed and 12 wounded.
Feb. 19. Miss. At Coldwater the Con-
federates under Lieut.-Col. Wood are
defeated, losing six killed, three wound-
ed, and 15 prisoners.
Feb. 20. Miss. At Yazoo Pass the 5th
Illinois disperses the Confederates.
Federal loss, five wounded ; Confederate
loss, six killed and 26 prisoners.
Feb. 24. Miss. Commander Porter sends
a "dummy" past the Vicksburg bat-
teries ; it alarms the Confederates, and
they destroy the captured Queen of the
Wett and Indianola.
UNITED STATES.
1862 * *-1863, Mar. 3. 219
Feb. 26. Va. At Woodstock the
Confederates are defeated. Federal loss,
200 killed and wounded.
Feb. 28. Ga. The Montauk destroys the
Confederate steamer Nashville on the
Ogeechee River.
Mar. 1. Term. At Bradyville the Fed-
erals lose 15 killed and wounded ; Con-
federate Gen. Morgan loses eight killed,
30 wounded, and 89 prisoners.
Mar. 2. Tenn. Near Petersburg the
defeated Confederates lose 12 killed and
20 wounded.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress provides for the
enrolment of all able-bodied citizens
between 20 and 45 years of age.
Ga. The Federals attack Fort Mc-
Allister with three ironclads, without
important results.
Va. At Aldie Capt. Schultze de-
feats Confederates under Col. Mosby,
and takes 30 prisoners.
At Chapel Hill Col. Johnson encoun-
ters the Confederates under Col. Roger,
who loses 12 killed and 72 prisoners.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1863 Jan. 26. Phila. The Chestnut
Street Theater is opened ; Edwin For-
rest appears as Virginius and John
McCullough as Icilius.
Jan. * Mass. Alvan Clark of Cam-
bridgeport is awarded the Lalande prize,
value $500, by the French Academy of
Sciences, for his discovery of the
" Companion of Sirius."
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1863.
Jan. 1. Wainwright, Jonathan M., com.
U.S. N..A42.
Jan. 4. Branch, John, sen. for N. C, sec.
navy, A86.
Kendall, B. F., lawyer, astronomer, A33.
Jan. 10. Beecher, Lyman, Cong, cl., of
Boston, A88.
Jan. 18. Renwick, James., prof, in Colum-
bia, physicist, A73.
Jan. 23. Hall, Bayard R., Presb. cl., au-
thor, A65.
Jan. 27. Robinson, Edward, philol.,
Biblical critic, A69.
Feb. 3. Pinckney, Henry L., journalist, A69.
Feb. 9. Hale, Nathan, editor Boston Daily
Advertiser, A79.
Feb. lO. Embury, Emma C, poet, A57.
Longworth, Nicholas, horticulturist,A81.
Feb. * Elliott, William, politician S. C,
writer, A75.
Mar. 3. Petigru, James Louis, of S. C,
opponent of secession, A74.
CHURCH.
1862 * * Pa. The General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) meets at Lancaster.
* * The Southern Presbyteries secede
from the Northern churches, and form
a separate Presbyterian church.
* * The Missionary Society of the Amer-
ican Wesleyan Methodist Convention is
organized.
* * R. I. The Baptist Annual Meeting
is held in Providence.
1863 Feb. 25. N.H. The New Hamp-
shire Unitarian Association is organized
at Manchester.
LETTERS.
1863 Jan. 10. N. Y. The Historical
Society of Buffalo is incorporated.
Feb. 20. Kan. The State University
is located at Lawrence by the Legisla-
ture.
Mar. 3. Kan. The Legislature estab-
lishes a State Normal School at Em-
poria.
SOCIETY.
1862 * * N. Y. The "Woman's Eelief
Association of the city of Brooklyn is
organized for the relief of soldiers.
* * la. The Soldiers' Orphans' Home
and the Home for Indigent Children
are opened at Davenport.
1863 Jan. 1. D. C. President Lin-
coln issues a proclamation of eman-
cipation. (See State.)
Feb. 6. New York. The Union League
is founded on the basis of uncondi-
tional loyalty to the Union.
It proposes to aid the Government in
suppressing treason, and to raise troops
for the overthrow of rebellion.
Feb. 9. Eng. The George Griswold ar-
rives, laden with stores contributed by
Americans for the relief of the dis-
tressed cotton-workers in Lancashire.
Feb. 19. la. The Constitution office at
Keokuk is sacked by Federal Soldiers
from the local hospital.
STATE.
1863 Jan. 1. D. C. President Lin-
coln proclaims the emancipation of
all the slaves in the States now in
rebellion, with the exception of Ten-
nessee and certain loyal portions of Loui-
siana and Virginia. Total made free,
about 3,120,000.
Va. The joint resolution of the Con-
federate Congress declaring that white
officers of negro regiments " shall, if
captured, be put to death or otherwise
punished at the discretion " of a military
court, is approved by Jefferson Davis.
Jan. * D. C. President Lincoln urges
Congress to provide compensated
emancipation for the border States.
Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The House
passes a bill appropriating $10,000,-
000 to aid the State of Missouri to vol-
untarily emancipate its slaves. Vote,
73-46.
Jan. 9. Fr. The Government of France
offers to mediate between North and
South, in the interest of peace.
Jan. 12. Va. Jefferson Davis, in his
annual message, declares that persons
executing President Lincoln's emanci-
pation proclamation will be treated as
criminals, and commissioned officers
will be punished for exciting servile In*
surrection.
Jan. 13. N. J. Peace resolutions are in-
troduced in the Legislature.
Jan. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: H.
Wilson of Mass. offers an extraordinary
resolution of inquiry, respecting the
conduct of subordinate generals, in
undermining confidence in their mili-
tary superiors.
Jan. 26. B.C. Congress; Senate: J.
Sherman of O. introduces the National
Bank BUI.
It proposes " the establishment of one
uniform circulation, of equal value
throughout the country, upon the foun-
dation of national credit, combined with
private capital." (Sec. Chase.)
Jan. * Democratic opponents engage in a
crusade against President Lincoln.
Republicans allege that their object is
to destroy his prestige, suspend hostili-
ties on the field, force a compromise
with the South, and place Abolitionists
under a perpetual ban.
Feb. 6. D. C. The Government declines
the proffered mediation of France.
Feb. 8. D. C. The Government orders
the suppression of the Chicago Times
for inciting disloyalty.
Feb. 9. D. C. Congress ; House : Rep-
resentatives from Louisiana are ad-
mitted.
Feb. 14. D. C. Congress: The House
passes a joint resolution, authorizing
the issue of Treasury notes, to the
amount of $100,000,000, to meet the
immediate needs of the Army and Navy.
Feb. 15. Congress: The Senate passes
the joint resolution to issue $100,000,-
000.
Feb. 16. D. C. Congress: The Con-
scription Bill passes the Senate.
Feb. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Sol-
omon Foot of Vt. is reelected Pres-
ident pro tempore.
Ky. A State Convention of Seces-
sionists at Frankfort is broken up by
Federal troops.
Feb. 19. D. C. Congress; House: The
National Bank Bill is introduced.
Feb. 20. D. C. Congress ; House : The
National Bank BUI passes as it came
from the Senate. Vote, 78-64. It re-
sembles the bill of 1791, only in the use
of Government bonds as the foundation
of each ; the paper currency and bank-
ing laws are made uniform in all the
States.
Feb. 24. N. Mex. Congress forms the
Territory of Arizona by dividing New
Mexico.
Feb. 25. D.C. Congress; House: Rep-
resentatives Thomas L. Price, Elijah
L. Norton, and Win. A. Hall (Dems.) of
Missouri, by parliamentary tactics, de-
feat the bUl for compensated eman-
cipation in Missouri, which appropriates
$15,000,000 to their State for the manu-
mission of slaves.
The National Bank BUI becomes a
law by the President's approval.
Feb. 26. Ind. Ter. The Cherokee nation
repeals the Act of Secession.
Mar. 3. D. C. President Lincoln ap-
proves the Financial BUI.
It authorizes a loan of $300,000,000 for
the current fiscal year, and $600,000,000
for the next year, for which bonds shall
be issued ; it also authorizes $400,000,000
in Treasury notes at six per cent interest,
to be legal tender ; $150,000,000 of same
without interest, and $50,000,000 in frac-
tional currency.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1863 Feb. 1. Southern States. The
Confederate dollar is worth 20 cents.
Feb. 22. Cat. Gov. Stanford breaks
ground at Sacramento for the Central
Pacific Railroad.
220 1863, Mar. 3 -May 6.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1863 Mar. 4. Tenn. Gens. Van Dorn
and Wheeler capture four regiments of
Gen. Rosecrans's army while recon-
noitering in force.
Mar. 5. Tenn. Near Franklin Col.
Coburn is defeated by the Confeder-
ates, who capture the town. Federal
loss, 100 killed, 300 wounded, and 1,306
prisoners ; Confederate loss, 180 killed
and 450 wounded.
Mar. 6. Gen. Hunter orders the drafting
of negroes in the Department of the
South.
Mar. 7. Tenn. At Unionville Gen.
Manly defeats the Confederates under
Gen. Russell, who loses 50 killed and
180 wounded.
Mar. 8. Va. At Fairfax Court House
Mosby's guerrillas capture Brig.-Gen.
Stoughton and 30 men.
Miss. Federals capture 23 Confeder-
ate steamboats on the Yazoo River.
Mar. 10. Tenn. Near Covington Fed-
eral Col. Grierson defeats the Confeder-
ates under Col. Richardson, who loses
25 killed and many prisoners.
Fla. Jacksonville is again taken
by a Federal force under Col. Higginson.
Mar. 14. La. Adm. Farragut attempts
to pass the Confederate batteries of Port
Hudson ; his flag-ship, the Hartford,
and an iron-clad succeed. Federal loss,
65 killed and missing ; Confederate loss
not reported.
Mar. 15. Miss. Another attempt is
made to reach Vicksburg by Steele's
Bayou and Haines's Bluff. [The en-
trapped fleet barely escapes capture.]
Mar. 16. Ark. The Federals abandon
an attempt to get below Vicksburg via
Lake Providence.
Mar. 18. La. At Berwick Bay Capt.
Perkins defeats the Confederates, who
lose 10 killed and 20 wounded.
Mar. 20. Tenn. Near Milton, Col. Hall
defeats the Confederates. Federal loss,
seven killed and three wounded ; Con-
federate loss, 40 killed, 140 wounded, and
12 missing.
Miss. The Federals abandon an at-
tempt to gain the rear of Vicksburg by
the Steele Bayou route.
Mar. 21. Ky. Mount Sterling is taken
by Confederates under Col. Cluke.
Mar. 22. Mo. Near Blue Spring
Quantrell defeats the Federals, who
lose nine killed, several wounded, and
five missing.
Mar. 23. Ky. Federals retake Mount
Sterling.
Miss. The Federals abandon an at-
tempt to open a route to the rear of '
Vicksburg via the Yazoo Pass.
Mar. 25. Tenn. At Brentwood Gen. For-
rest attacks the Federals, who lose one
killed, four wounded, and 400 prisoners ;
Confederates lose 10 killed and wounded.
Va. The impressment of private
property is authorized by the Confeder-
ate Congress.
Mar. 26. Ky. — Tenn. Gen. Burnside suc-
ceeds Gen. H. G. Wright as commander
of the Army of the Ohio.
Mar. 27. Ark. The Vicksburg expedi-
tion returns again to Young's Point,
having suffered no loss of vessels.
Mar. 29. Ky. Near Somerset Gen.
Gillmore defeats Confederates under
Gen. Pegram, who lose 350 men.
Ark. Gen. Grant despatches Gen.
McClernand with the 13th Corps from
Milliken's Bend, to gain the rear of
Vicksburg via New Carthage.
W. Va. At Point Pleasant Federals
lose one killed and one wounded ; Con-
federate loss, 12 killed and 14 wounded.
Mar. 30. Ky. At Dutton Hill, in Pu-
laski County, the Confederates are de-
feated after fighting five hours.
Mar. 31. Ariz. Gen. Herron is ap-
pointed to command the Army of the
Frontier.
Fla. Federals (colored troops) burn
and evacuate Jacksonville.
Mar. * Ga. The blockade runner Nash-
ville is sunk by an iron-clad at the
mouth of the Savannah River
Va. Near Dranesville the 1st Ver-
mont Regiment is defeated in a cavalry
fight with Col. Mosby, losing 60 men.
Apr. 1. Tenn. At Snow Hill Federal
Gen. Stanley attacks Gen. Morgan, and
drives him out of his stronghold.
Apr. 2. Tenn. At "Woodbury Gen.
Hazen defeats the Confederates, who
lose 12 killed, 30 wounded and prisoners.
Apr. 5. Eng. The Government detains
Confederate vessels at Liverpool.
Apr. 6. Va. President Lincoln and fam-
ily visit the Army of the Potomac.
Ark. Gen. McClernand arrives at
New Carthage ; his further advance is
delayed by the river bursting the levee.
Apr. 7. <S. C. Adm. Dupont, with a
powerful fleet of iron-clads, attempts to
take Charleston. He makes an attack
on Fort Sumter and the other defenses
of Charleston ; the Confederates disable
five of seven monitors, and sink the Keo-
kuk. Federal loss, two killed, 13 wound-
ed ; Confederate loss, seven killed.
Apr. 8. Va. The Federals make a raid
through Loudoun County.
* * Great havoc is made among mer-
chantmen by the English-built Confed-
erate cruisers, Georgia, Olustee, Shenan-
doah, and Chickamauga. [Losses are
reimbursed later, in the arbitration of
the Alabama claims.]
Apr. 10. Tenn. At Franklin Gen.
Granger defeats the Confederates under
Gen. Van Dorn. Federal loss, 100 killed
and wounded ; Confederate loss, 300
killed and wounded.
Apr. 11. La. Gen. Banks starts from
New Orleans with 17,000 men to capture
• Fort de Russy, commanding the Red
River.
Apr. ll.-May 3. Col. Streight's raid.
He leaves Nashville with about 1,800
mounted men for the purpose of destroy-
ing railroads and breaking up Bragg's
connections and supplies in Northern
Georgia and Alabama. After meeting
with some success, he is overtaken by a
superior cavalry force under Confeder-
ate Gen. Forrest, and compelled to sur-
render with his entire command near
Rome, Ga.
Apr. 13. O. Gen. Burnside issues orders
No. 38, threatening death to all per-
sons convicted of aiding within his lines
"the enemies of our country." [It
arouses the antagonism of Clement L.
Vallandigham and others.]
Apr. 14. La. At Bayou Teche Fed-
erals lose 150; Confederate loss much
greater.
Apr. 15. Va. Gen. Hooker reports an
army of about 130,000 men ; Gen. Lee's
army, deprived of Longstreet's corps,
comprises about 60,000.
Apr. 16. Miss. Adm. Porter's fleet
runs down the Mississippi, past 14 miles
of batteries, to Grant's army at Bruins-
burg, below Vicksburg.
The 45 vessels carrying 280 guns and 31
mortars receive little harm.
Apr. 17. -May 2. Tenn. Col. Benjamin
Grierson leaves La Grange with about
1,700 mounted men, on a raid.
He marches more than 800 miles in
Tennessee and Mississippi, tearing up
railroads and destroying property. He
finally enters Louisiana, and arrives at
Baton Rouge. Federal loss, three killed
and nine missing ; Confederate loss, 100
killed and wounded, and 500 prisoners.
Apr. 19. Tenn. At Coldwater Col.
Bryant defeats the Confederates ; he
loses 10 killed and 20 wounded ; they
lose 20 killed and 40 wounded.
Apr. 20. Mo. At Patterson Federal
Col. Smart is defeated, losing 50 killed
and wounded.
La. Gen. Banks's expedition captures
Opelousas, the gunboats take Butte-
a-la-Rose at the same time.
Apr. 22. Va. Near Strasburg Majors
McGee and White defeat the Confeder-
ates, who lose five killed, nine wounded,
and 25 prisoners.
Apr. 24. W. Va. At Beverly the Fed-
erals are defeated in a skirmish.
Mo. Near St. Louis, on the Iron
Mountain Railroad, the Confederates
are defeated.
Ala. At Tuscumbia the Confederates
are defeated.
Apr. 25. W. Va. At Greenland Gap
the Federals lose 15 killed and 60 prison-
ers ; the Confederates lose 100 killed and
many prisoners.
Apr. 26. Miss. Federals make a devas-
tating raid on Deer Creek.
Mo. The Confederates under Gen.
Marmaduke attack the post at Cape
Girardeau, on the Mississippi, and are
driven away by the garrison. Gen. Mc-
Neil loses six killed and six wounded ;
Gen. Marmaduke loses 40 killed and
200 wounded.
W. Va. At Rowlesburg the Confed-
erates are defeated.
Ky. Near Franklin the Confederate
" Texan Legion " surrenders.
Apr. 27. Va. Three corps of Gen.
Hooker's army, numbering 70,000 men,
advance towards Chancellorsville to
meet Gen. Lee. Gen. Sedgwick, with
30,000 men, remains opposite the Con-
federate army encamped at Fredericks-
burg.
Apr. 28. Ga. At Sand Mountain an
engagement of cavalry occurs, in which
the Confederates are defeated.
Va. Gen. Hooker's army crosses the
Rappahannock. [Apr. 30. It crosses
the Rapidan. Four corps reach Chan-
cellorsville.]
UNITED STATES.
1863, Mar. 3 -May 6. 221
Apr. 29. Miss. A naval battle is fought
at Grand Gulf; Adm. Porter fails to
silence the Confederate batteries. Fed-
eral loss, 26 killed, 54 wounded ; Confed-
erate loss unknown.
Apr. 29.-May 8. Va. Great raid of
Gen. Stoneman, with 10,000 Federal
cavalrymen. He sweeps around the Con-
federate army, cuts Lee's communica-
tion, and tears up the Virginia Central
Railroad.
Federal loss, 150 killed, wounded, and
missing ; Confederate loss, 100 killed
and wounded, and 500 prisoners.
Apr. 30. Va. At Chaneellorsville an
artillery duel occurs.
At Williamsburg the Confederates are
defeated.
Miss. Gen. McClernand's force cros-
ses the Mississippi at Bruinsburg;
Gen. McPherson follows.
May 1. Ky. At Monticello Gen. Car-
ter defeats the Confederates under Col.
Morrison.
Ark. Near La Grange the Federals,
under Capt. De Huff, are defeated, losing
41 killed, wounded, and missing.
Miss. At Port Gibson Gen. Grant
defeats 8,000 Confederates under Gen.
J. S. Bowen ; Federal force, 19,000.
Federal loss, 131 killed, 719 wounded,
and 25 missing ; Confederate loss, 1,150
killed and wounded, and 500 prisoners.
Tenn. Near Franklin Col. Campbell
encounters Van Dorn's pickets; the
Confederates lose 30 killed and wounded,
and 11 prisoners.
Va. Near Suffolk, on the Nanse-
mond River, Col. Nixon defeats the
Confederates, losing 41 killed and
wounded ; the Confederate loss is much
greater.
May 1-4. Va. Battle of Chaneellors-
ville: The 132,000 Federals under Gen.
Hooker are led by Gens. Couch, Howard,
Sedgwick, Reynolds, and Meade; the
65,000 Confederates under Gen. Lee are
led by Gens. Jackson, A. P. Hill, and
D. H. Hill.
(May 1.) A part of the 5th corps engage
the Confederate advance on the Fred-
ericksburg road.
(May 2.) Gen. "Stonewall" Jackson,
with 26,000 men, by a detour gains the
extreme right of the Army of the Poto-
mac, and falls on it with great fury.
Gen. Jackson is fatally wounded by
the fire of his own troops while return-
ing from beyond his lines, in the dusk of
evening, he being mistaken for a Fed-
eral.
(May 3.) The struggle is resumed by
Gen. Hooker without success, and a
council of war favors a retreat, except
Gens. Meade, Reynolds, and Howard,
who favor an advance.
(May 4.) The Federal army recrosses
the Rappahannock in the night.
Federal losses during four days, 1,606
killed, 9,762 wounded, and 5,919 pris-
oners; Gen. Lee loses 1,649 killed, 9,106
wounded, and 1 ,708 prisoners and missing.
May 2. La. Gen. Grierson's raid is com-
pleted. (See Apr. 17.)
Miss. Gen. Grant being in their rear,
the Confederates evacuate Grand Gulf .
May 3. Va. At Warrenton Junction
Col. De Forrest defeats Col. Mosby's
guerrillas with heavy loss.
Miss. At Haines's Bluff on the Mis-
sissippi, the Confederates are defeated
in a naval engagement, with the loss of
80 killed and wounded.
Va. Gen. Longstreet retires with
Confederate troops from the unsuccess-
ful siege of Suffolk, on the Nansemond ;
Gen. Peck commands the Federals.
May 5. 0. Gen. Burnside arrests C. L.
Vallandigham at his residence for dis-
loyal utterances.
He is convicted by a military commis-
sion [and confined in a United States
fortress. The President commutes the
sentence by sending him within the
Confederate lines].
May 6. Miss. At Tupelo Col. Corwyn
defeats and puts to flight the Confeder-
ates under Gen. Ruggles, who lose 90
prisoners.
Va. Gen. Hooker issues orders of
congratulation to the Union army, " on
the achievements of the past seven
days."
They are read with derisive comments
by the public, in view of the ill success
of the conflict.
May 6-8. Miss. Gen. Sherman's force
joins Gen. Grant in the rear of Vicks-
burg.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1863 Mar. 4. B.C. Congress establishes
a National Academy of Sciences at
Washington.
It proposes to make examinations, in-
vestigations, and experiments in the
various branches of art and science, and
to report its work for the benefit of the
public; the Government will pay the
costs.
Apr. 14. Pa. William Bullock of Pitts-
burgh patents his web-perfecting
press; it prints from a self-feeding
continuous roll or web, and on both
sides at one process.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1863. _ „ ,
Mar. 4. JT-ing, Thomas Starr, Unit, cl.,
author, A39.
Mar. 6. Van Santvoord, George, lawyer,
author, A44.
Mar. 21. Sumner, Edwin Vose, maj.-gen.
U. S. A., A67.
Mar. 28. Carleton, Henry, jurist of N. O.,
La., A80.
Mar. 30. Duyckinck, Geo. Long, scholar,
writer, A40.
Apr. 7. Francis, Convers, Unit, cl., au.,
lecturer, A67.
Apr. 18. Burns, Francis, M. E. missionary
up., A54.
Apr. 22. Blake, William Kufus, comic ac-
tor, A55. „ „ . . .
Apr. 23. Otey, James H., P. E. bishop of
Tenn., A63.
May 2. Berry, Hiram George, maj.-gen.
of vols., killed at Chaneellorsville, A39.
Cartwright, Samuel A., physician, A70.
LETTERS.
1863 Apr. * N. T. The Long Island
Historical Society is incorporated at
Brooklyn.
* * Boston CoUege (Rom. Cath.) is or-
ganized.
SOCIETY.
1863 Mar. 3. The demand of the United
States Brewers' Association causes
the Government to reduce the tax on
beer from $1 to 60 cents a barrel.
Mar. 5. O. The office of the Crisis at
Columbus is wrecked by Federal sol-
diers.
Mar. * Utah. Seven Morrisites are con-
victed of murder in the second degree,
their leader and others having been
killed in resisting the sheriff.
Apr. 2. Va. A bread riot by women
occurs at Richmond.
Apr. 3. Pa. The Knights of the
Golden Circle are arrested at Reading.
Apr. 9. Boston. The Union Club is
organized.
Apr. * U. S. The deepest depression
pervades the minds of the Northern
people during the war.
STATE.
1863 Mar. 3. D.C. Congress author-
izes the suspension of the writ of ha-
beas corpus throughout the entire United
States on the order of the President ; 36
Democrats desire to enroll their names
on the journal of the House in protest ;
their request is laid on the table. Vote,
75-41.
Congress authorizes postal receiving
boxes to be established ; it organizes
the Territory of Idaho — formerly a part
of Washington, — and passes a resolu-
tion against mediation as tending to pro-
long the war.
The President approves the act for the
enrolling of all able-bodied citizens be-
tween the ages of 20 and 45 years, and
for calling out the National forces by
drafting, without the intervention of
State authorities.
Mar. 4. B.C. Congress ; Senate : Sol-
omon Foot of Vt. is reelected President
pro tempore.
The 37th Congress ends.
May 1. O. C. L. Vallandigham, a dis-
tinguished Democrat, makes a speech at
Mount Vernon, against " King Lincoln,"
and urges the people to hurl the tyrant
from his throne.
May 5. O. C. L. VaUandigham, M. C.
for O., is arrested at Dayton by Gen.
Burnside for treasonable utterances.
May5+. U. S. Great indignation is
expressed by anti-war Democrats against
"the overthrow of free institu-
tions " — by Abraham Lincoln.
May 6. O. C. L. Vallandigham is sen-
tenced by a military commission to
suffer close confinement during the war
[He is taken to Fort Warren, Mass.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1863 Mar. 8. Ark. Work on the canal
for passing Vicksburg is interrupted by
the breaking of the levee by the river.
Apr. 1. New York. Price of middling
uplands cotton, 72 to 74cents; premium
on gold, 156i to 156i.
222 1863, May 7 -June 30.
AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1863 May 7. Va. Gen. Lee con-
gratulates his army on the victory at
Chancellorsville.
- — Miss. Gen. Grant begins his ad-
vance to strike a point between Jackson
and Vicksburg.
May 8. D.C. President Lincoln issues a
proclamation for a military draft in July.
— Tenn. The Confederate Gen. "Van
Dorn is assassinated in a private quarrel.
May 9. La. Gen. Banks's Expedition
arrives at Alexandria, after restoring
a very large territory to the Union.
Va. The Confederate authorities,
alarmed at Gen. Grant's movements,
order Gen. Johnston to Mississippi
as commander-in-chief, and give him
30,000 troops.
May 12. Miss. At Raymond Gen. Mc-
Pherson defeats 5,000 Confederates under
Gen. Gregg.
Federal loss, 66 killed and 339 wound-
ed ; Confederate loss, 100 killed, 305
wounded, and 415 prisoners.
Ky. At Horseshoe Bend the Fed-
erals lose 25 killed and wounded; Con-
federate loss, 100 killed and wounded.
May * A painful sense of the need of a
great commander for the Army of the
Potomac pervades the country and is
often expressed.
May 13. Miss. Gen. Joseph E. John-
ston arrives at Jackson, and assumes
command of the Confederate forces.
Yazoo City is taken by Federal gun-
boats.
May. 14. Miss. At Jackson Gens.
Sherman and McPherson,of Gen. Grant's
advance, give battle to more than 8,000
Confederates under Gen. Johnston, and
take the city.
Federal loss, 41 killed, 240 wounded and
missing ; Confederate loss, 845.
May 16. Miss. Battle of Champion
Hills; Gen. Grant, with two corps of
32,000 men under Gens. McClernand and
McPherson, defeats about 25,000 Confed-
erates under Gen. Pemberton, in the
hardest fought battle of the campaign.
Federal loss, 2,254 killed and wounded,
187 missing ; Confederate loss, 3,624, in-
cluding 2,195 prisoners.
May 17. Miss. At Black River Gen.
Grant defeats 4,000 Confederates under
Gen. Pemberton, who retreats toward his
defenses at Vicksburg. Federal loss, 39
killed, 237 wounded, and three missing ;
Confederate loss, 1,751 men and 18 guns.
May 18. Miss. Gens. McClernand and
McPherson are delayed in building a
floating bridge across the Big Black
River ; Gen. Pemberton is thereby en-
abled to reach the defenses of Vicks-
burg.
The Confederates evacuate Haines's
Bluff on the Yazoo above Vicksburg on
the approach of Gens. McClernand and
McPherson's corps of Gen. Grant's
army.
Mo. At Sherwood a Confederate
force defeats the Federals in a skirmish;
Federal loss, 35 killed and wounded, and
4 prisoners.
May 18,-July 4. Miss. Gen. Grant be-
sieges Vicksburg [with an army that
soon numbers 71,000 men] ; his commu-
nications are open via the Yazoo River.
May 19. Miss. Gen. Grant assaults
the defenses of Vicksburg ; he is re-
pulsed with terrible loss, but secures
some advanced positions.
May 22. Miss. At Vicksburg Gen.
Grant again orders an assault, and is
repulsed with the loss of 3,000 men ; he
concludes to establish a regular siege.
JV. C. At Gum Swamp the Federals
lose 67 killed and wounded ; the Confed-
erates lose 202 killed, wounded, and
prisoners.
May 24. La. Gen. Banks's troops arrive
at Port Hudson.
Gen. John McA. Schofield relieves
Gen. Curtis as commander of the Depart-
ment of Missouri.
May 25. La. At Port Hudson Gen.
Banks is repulsed by the Confederates.
Tenn. A cavalry escort conveys C.
L. Vallandigham of O. within the Con-
federate lines near Murfreesboro.
May 27. La. Gen. Banks assaults Port
Hudson, and is repulsed in a bloody
struggle.
The siege begins ; 14,000 Federals in-
vest the works. The Confederates, under
Maj.-Gen. Franklin K. Gardner, number
about 7,000.
Miss. Adm. Porter attacks Port
Hill, at Vicksburg, and loses the gun-
boat Cincinnati by the plunging fire of
Confederate guns.
May 28. Boston. The 54th Regiment
leaves for Port Royal ; it is the first
colored regiment formed in the free
States.
Mo. Near Doniphan the Federals
under Maj. Lippert are defeated, with a
loss of 80 men.
May 30. Miss. Gen. McClernand pub-
lishes a congratulatory order to his
troops [which is much criticised].
June 1. III. Gen. Burnside suppresses
the Chicago Times for one day. [Order
revoked June 4.]
June 3. S. C. Gen. Q. A. Gillmore
relieves Gen. Hunter as commander of
the Department of the South.
Adm. Foote is ordered to relieve Adm.
Dupont at Charleston.
June 4. Tenn. At Triune the Confed-
erates suffer a loss of 200 in killed and
wounded. The Federal loss is much
less.
June 5±. Va. Gen. Lee concentrates
his army at Culpeper ; he is preparing
to invade the North.
June 7. La. At Milliken's Bend, 17
miles north of Vicksburg, Gen. Thomas
defeats 3,000 Confederates under Gen.
McCulloch. Federal loss, 154 killed, 223
wounded, and 115 missing ; Confederate
loss, 200 killed, 500 wounded and missing.
June 8. D. C. The Departments of Mo-
nongahela and Susquehanna are formed.
Miss. At Vicksburg Gen. Grant
reports the complete investment of the
city, and a force of 30,000 extra troops to
" repel anything from the rear."
June 9. Va. At Brandy Station an
important cavalry fight occurs.
Gen. Hooker sends Gen. Pleasonton's
cavalry to discover a Confederate move-
ment ; it unexpectedly meets the Con-
federate cavalry under Gen. Stuart.
At Beverly Pord Gens. Buford and
Gregg lose 380 men ; Confederate Gens.
J. E. B. Stuart and Fitz-Hugh Lee lose
750 men.
June 10. S. C. At Morris Island the
Federals win a victory.
June 12. Ga. The Federals destroy
Darien.
Pa. Gov. Curtin calls out the militia
of the State, and solicits troops from
New York, to repel an anticipated inva-
sion by Confederates.
Va. Gen. Hooker falls back from
the Rappahannock, in order to protect
Washington against Gen. Lee's army,
said to number 100,000 men.
June 13, 14. La. Gen. Banks demands
the surrender of Port Hudson; Gen.
Gardner's refusal is followed by a grand
assault, in which the Federals are re-
pulsed at all points, but the siege con-
tinues. Federal loss, 203 killed, 1,401
wounded, and 201 missing.
Va. The Confederates under Gen.
Ewell invest "Winchester and demand
its surrender ; Gen. Milroy refuses,
fighting his way, escapes from Gen.
Ewell with the loss of 3,000 men. Con-
federate loss, 850. \
June 14. Md.—Pa. The Confederate
cavalry invades the loyal States.
Pa. Pittsburg is protected from
anticipated Confederate attacks by
earthworks.
June 15. D. C. President Lincoln an-
nounces by proclamation the Confeder-
ate invasion of the North, and calls upon
the governors of the threatened States
for 100,000 militia for immediate
service.
Pa. Chambersburg is raided by the
Confederate cavalry.
Va. At "Winchester Gen. Milroy,
commanding 7,000 men, is defeated by
the Confederates under Gen. Ewell;
Federal loss, 3,000; Confederate loss,
850.
June 16. Ind. Confederates under Capt.
Hines cross over from Kentucky, at Flint
Rock, sack Leavenworth and other
towns, and recross the Ohio River.
Ky. In Fleming county a Federal
force defeats a force of Confederates ;
Federal loss, 45 killed and wounded.
June 17. Ga. Capt. John Rodgers with
the Weehawken, and Commander John
Downes with the Nahant, capture the
Confederate iron-clad Atlanta in War-
saw Sound.
June 18. Miss. Gen. McClernand is
relieved of the command of the 13th
corps~by Gen. Grant.
Va. At Aldie the Federal cavalry
under Gen. Pleasonton attacks the Con-
UNITED STATES.
1863, May 7 -June 30. 223
federate cavalry under Gen. Stuart ;
the Federals lose 50 killed and wounded ;
the Confederates, 100 killed and wounded,
besides 112 prisoners.
June 21. Va. Near Middleburg Gen.
Pleasonton defeats a body of Confed-
erates in a cavalry battle; they lose
100 killed and wounded, besides 80
prisoners.
June 22. La. At Brashear City Col.
J. P. Major of Gen. Taylor's command,
with a force of cavalry, successfully at-
tacks the Federal force in the rear, and
captures the place. [July 22 it is retaken
by Gen. Banks.]
pa. Gen. Lee's advance enters
Chambersburg, only a few miles from
Harrisburg; business is paralyzed in
Philadelphia.
C. L. Vallandigham, having escaped
from the Confederate States, arrives at
Bermuda on a blockade-runner.
June 23. Va. At South Anna Col. Spear
defeats the Confederates, and captures
110 prisoners, Gen. W. F. Lee, the com-
mander, being among the number.
June 24. La. At Berwick Bay Gen.
Taylor, with a force numbering 3,000 to
5,000 Confederates, captures the post
with several hundred convalescent Fed-
erals and valuable stores.
Tenn. At Hoover's Gap the Con-
federates are beaten by Gen. Rosecrans's
army, losing many killed and wounded ;
Federal loss, 45 killed and wounded.
June 24.-July 3. Term. Gen. Rosecrans
begins his advance southward ; by a
series of flank movements he crowds
Gen. Bragg's army out of Tennessee
into Georgia ; Federal loss, 560.
June 25. Miss. At Vicksburg Gen.
Grant fires a mine on the Jackson road.
ya. Gen. Lee, with about 80,000
men, crosses the Potomac at Harper's
Ferry, for the invasion of Pennsyl-
vania.
Tenn. At Liberty Gap Gen. Willich
defeats the Confederates, who suffer a
heavy loss ; he loses 90 killed and 100
wounded.
June 26. Va. The Federal army under
Gen. Hooker crosses the Potomac in
pursuit of Gen. Lee.
Tenn. At Shelbyville Gen. Rose-
crans defeats Gen. Bragg; Federal loss,
85 killed, 463 wounded, and 13 missing ;
Confederate loss, 1,634, including many
prisoners.
June 27. Ky. Gen. John Morgan, the
guerrilla chief, starts on his great raid
across the Ohio with 3,500 men. [He
raids Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, fight-
ing and fleeing before his pursuers.]
La. At Donaldsonville a naval ac-
tion occurs; the Confederates lose 64
killed, 16 wounded, and 120 prisoners.
Pa. Gen. Hooker is relieved, by his
own request, of the command of the
Army of the Potomac, and Maj.-Gen.
George Gordon Meade is appointed
his successor.
Gen. Lee's army encamps near
Chambersburg — its first encampment
on free soil.
The Confederate advance occupies
Kingston, and threatens Harrisburg,
only 13 miles distant.
June 28. Md. The bridge over the Sus-
quehanna is burned by the Confederates.
La. At Donaldsonville Gen. Taylor
assaults the Federal garrison under Maj.
J. D. Bullen in their intrenchments ;
225 men, aided by the gunboats, repulse
ten times their number.
Pa. At Chambersburg Gens. Long-
street and Hill concentrate their corps ;
Gen. Ewell, with two divisions, is at
Carlisle, and Gen. Early's division occu-
pies York ; a Confederate cavalry force
advances within four miles of Har-
risburg.
The main Confederate army begins to
move toward Gettysburg; Ewell ad-
vances from Carlisle, and Longstreet and
Hill from Chambersburg.
June 29. Md. Gen. Meade moves the
Federal army northward, stretching
across 30 miles of country with his front
line.
Me. The Revenue cutter Caleb Cush-
ing is captured at Portland by the Con-
federate privateer Archer; which then
puts to sea, is pursued, and taken, the
officers having, however, destroyed their
prize before being themselves seized,
with the crew.
June 30. Md. Gen. Schenck puts the
West Shore counties, including Bal-
timore, under martial law. He makes
many arrests of suspected sympathizers
of secession, and suspends the Maryland
Club and other organizations.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
May 8. Van Dorn, Earl, Confed. maj.-gen.,
A40. ..
May 10. Jackson. Thomas Jonathan.
V. S. A., Confed. lieut.-gon. ( " Stonewall
Jackson), puritan-like In piety, courage,
and daring; mortally wounded at Chancel-
lors ville, A 39.
June. 26. Foote, Andrew Hull, rear-
adm., A57.
CHURCH.
1863 June 10. Phila. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
LETTERS.
1863 * * Cal. The Mercantile Library
Association Library is founded at San
Francisco. [62,000 vols.]
* * Ky. The Commercial is issued at
Louisville.
* * La. The Times-Democrat is issued at
New Orleans.
* * Me. Bates College (Freewill Bapt.)
is organized at Lewiston.
* * Mich. Grand Traverse CoUege
(Cong.) is organized at Benzonia.
SOCIETY.
1863 May 15. Jnd. The office of the
Jeffersonian at Richmond is wrecked
by Federal soldiers.
STATE.
1863 May 11. O. C. L. Vallandig-
ham's application for a writ of habeas
corpus is brought before the U. S. Cir-
cuit Court at Cincinnati. [The motion
is denied by the Court.]
May 18. New York. A great Democratic
convention is held to express sympa-
thy with C. L. Vallandigham, who is im-
prisoned for disloyalty.
June 1. Phila. A Democratic conven-
tion is held to express sympathy for C.
L. Vallandigham.
June 3. New York. A peace-party
meeting is held under the leadership of
Fernando Wood.
It recommends a suspension of hostil-
ities, and that two conventions of States,
Union and Confederate, be held, which
shall finally determine on what terms
the South shall be reconciled.
June 11. O. The Democratic State Con-
vention nominates C. L. "Vallandig-
ham, lately a prisoner of State, for gov-
ernor.
June 12. D. C. President Lincoln de-
fends himself against anti-war critics in
a powerful letter to Albany Demo-
crats, a document which stirs the heart
of the Nation.
June 14. The consuls of England and
Austria are dismissed from the Confed-
eracy.
June 15. D. C. President Lincoln
issues a proclamation calling for 100,-
000 volunteers for six months, to repel
the Confederate invasion of Pennsyl-
vania.
June 20. W. Va. The loyal counties
of western Virginia having separated
and formed a new State.West Virginia
is proclaimed to be admitted into the
Union as the 35th State.
June 29. D. C. The President replies to
the Ohio Committee, who urge the
release of C. L. Vallandigham, their can-
didate for governor. (See Army, May 4.)
He consents on condition that they in-
dividually subscribe to three proposi-
tions : "1st, that there is now a rebellion
in the United States, the object and
tendency of which are to destroy the
National Union, and that in your opin-
ion an Army and Navy are constitutional
means for suppressing that rebellion.
2d that no one of you will do that which,
in his own judgment, will tend to hinder
the increase, or favor the decrease, or
lessen the efficiency, of the Army and
Navv while engaged in the effort to sup-
press the rebellion. 3d, that each of you
will in his sphere, do all he can to have
the officers, soldiers, and seamen of the
Army and Navy, while engaged in the
effort to suppress the rebellion, paid,
fed clad, and otherwise provided for
and supported." [They do not sub-
scribe.] ,
June 30. Statistics for 1863. Revenue:
Customs, $69,059 642; internal revenue
$37,640,788; direct tax, $1,485,104 , sales
of lands, $167,617; .Pre"»u"onm Icel-
and sales of gold coin, $&0^,345, miscel-
laneous items, $3,741,794; total, flli,-
697,291.
Expenditures: Civil and miscella-
neous items, $23,256,965; War Depart-
ment, $599,298,601; Navv Department,
$63,221,904 ; Indians, .«3,154;357S'9477V^4
pensions, $1,078,992; interest, $24 729,-
&7; total! $714,740,725. Excess ot ex-
penditures $602,043,434. Pubhc ! debt,
$1 119,772,138. Exports, $203,904,44* , im-
ports, $243,335,815.
224 1863, June 30- July 24.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1863 June 30. Pa. The two opposing
armies march toward Gettysburg.
Term. Gen. Rosecrans establishes
his army at Chattahoochee, on the left
bank of the Tennessee Kiver.
June * S. C. Col. Montgomery makes an
unimportant raid up the Cambahee
River.
July 1. Pa. At Carlisle a cavalry battle
is fought — the Federals under Gen. Kil-
patrick, the Confederates under Gen.
Stuart.
July 1-3. Pa. Battle of Gettysburg ;
the turning-point of the war. A Fed-
eral victory compels the Confederates to
retreat to Virginia, but without a vigor-
ous pursuit.
Gen. Meade commands 92,000 to 94-
000 Federals, having 300 guns ; Gen.
Lee commands 78,000 Confederates,
having 250 guns.
Federal corps commanders, Gens.
Reynolds, Hancock, Hays, Sickles, Sykes,
Sedgwick, Howard, Slocum, and Pleas-
onton. Confederate commanders,
Lieut.-Gens., Longstreet, Ewell, and A.
P. Hill. Division commanders, Gens.
McLaws, Pickett, Hood, Early, Johnson,
Rodes, Anderson, Heth, Pender, Wilcox,
and Stuart.
Federal loss, 3,072 killed, 14,497 wound-
ed, and 5,434 missing ; total, 23,033. Con-
federate loss,2,592 killed, 12,706 wounded,
and 5,150 missing ; total, 20,451.
(July 1.) The Confederates drive the
Federals back to the high ground south
of Gettysburg ; Gen. John F. Reynolds
is killed. Gen. Lee arrives in the after-
noon. The Federal army takes a new
position during the night.
(July 2.) Gen. Meade arrives on the bat-
tle-field and wins a partial victory. Both
armies struggle desperately for the pos-
session of Little Round Top Hill and
Cemetery Ridge ; the Federals retain
possession of both, when the firing ceases
at 10 o'clock at night ; both armies are
in essentially the same positions they
occupied in the morning, but with the
field strewn with dead and wounded.
(July 3.) The entire forenoon is spent in
preparing for the final struggle. From
12 M. until 2 p.m. occurs the fiercest can-
nonading ever known on this continent ;
then the firing ceases, and the Confed-
erate line charges on the Federal center,
meeting with a bloody repulse — upon
which Gen. Lee desists from further at-
tack, while Gen. Meade is not in condi-
tion to assume the offensive ; Gen. Lee
retreats.
July 1. Miss. At Vicksburg Gen. Grant
fires a mine, destroying a Confederate
redan, and disabling about 26 men.
Pa. Gen. Alfred Fleasonton, in
command of the cavalry division of Gen.
Meade's army, takes post at Gettys-
burg, in advance of the Confederates.
Va. At Hanover Junction Federals
in a cavalry fight lose 12 killed and 43
wounded ; the Confederates lose 75 killed
and wounded, and 60 prisoners.
July 2. Ky. Gen. John H. Morgan,
raiding northward, crosses the Cum-
berland River at Burkesville.
Pa. Gen. Stuart's cavalry rejoins
Gen. Lee's army, after having made
another circuit of the Federal army.
July 4. Ark. At Helena Lieut.-Gen.
Holmes, with about 9,000 Confederates,
attacks about 4,000 Federals under Gen.
B. M. Prentiss, and is severely repulsed.
Federal loss, 850 killed and wounded,
with 30 or 40 missing ; Confederate loss,
500 killed and wounded, and 1,000 pris-
oners.
Ky. At Green River Bridge Col.
O. H. Moore repulses an attack of Gen.
Morgan's Confederate cavalry. Federal
loss, six killed and 23 wounded ; Confed-
erate loss, 50 killed and 200 wounded.
+ Md.—Pa. Gen. Lee retreats from
Pennsylvania without disorder to the
Potomac.
Miss. Gen. Pemberton surrenders
Vicksburg to Gen. Grant, after a siege
of six weeks and the exhaustion of his
supplies.
Federal loss, over 245 killed, 3,688
wounded, and 303 prisoners ; Confederate
loss, 9,000 killed and wounded, 29,491
prisoners, 172 cannon, and about 60,000
muskets, besides a large amount of am-
munition.
Va. At Monterey Gap the Confeder-
ates lose 200 wounded and 1,700 pris-
oners ; number of killed unknown.
July 5. Can. C. L. Vallandigham,
the exiled citizen, arrives at Nova Scotia.
Ky. At Lebanon Gen. Morgan's
command captures 400 Federals, and
burns the greater part of the town.
Miss. At Bolton Gen. Sherman cap-
tures the rear guard of Gen. Johnston's
army, taking 400 prisoners.
July 6. S. C. Adm. Dahlgren succeeds
Adm. Foote at Charleston.
July 7. Ala. Federal Gen. Rosecrans
forces Gen. Bragg's army across the
Tennessee River at Bridgeport.
Va. W. E. Jones's raid is arrested
by Federal Gen. Hunter at Staunton;
the Confederates lose 648 prisoners and
three guns ; their commander is killed.
July 9. Ind. Gen. Morgan's cavalry,
4,000 strong, cross the Ohio River at
Brandenburg, 40 miles below Louisville,
and raid the country.
La. Fall of Port Hudson; having
learned of the fall of Vicksburg, Gen.
Gardner, in command of the Confeder-
ates at Port Hudson, unconditionally
surrenders to Gen. Banks about 6,000
men, besides 500 in the hospitals and 51
guns. (See May 27.)
The entire length of the Mississippi
River is now opened to the Federals.
Miss. Gen. Sherman, commanding
three corps of Gen. Grant's army, arrives
at Jackson in pursuit of Gen. Johns-
ton.
S. C. Gen. Gillmore surprises the
Confederates on Morris Island, near
Charleston, and takes three-fourths of
the island.
July 9-16. Miss. At Jackson Gen.
Sherman besieges Gen. Johnston.
July 10. Ky. Martial law is proclaimed
at Louisville.
Va. On the Antietam battle-field a
cavalry engagement is fought.
July 11. New York. The conscription
to fill up the army begins.
Ind. At Vernon the Home Guards
make a show of resistance, and Gen.
Morgan, with 3,000 or 4,000 men, passes
the city toward Ohio, tearing up rail-
roads and burning bridges as he ad-
vances.
S. C. Gen. George C. Strong's
Federal brigade fails in an assault on
Fort "Wagner, suffering only a slight
loss.
July 12. Ind. At Verlage Morgan's
guerrillas encounter Col. Lowe, with
12,000 militia; Morgan retreats before
an uprising of the citizens.
Miss. At Rienzi, near Jackson, Col.
Hatch loses 13 killed and wounded ;
Confederate loss, 175 killed and wounded,
and 400 conscripts released.
At Jackson Gen. Lauman attacks the
Confederate works, and loses 300 killed
and wounded.
O. Cincinnati is proclaimed under
martial law.
July 13. La. At Donaldsonville a
Confederate force defeats the Federals ;
Federal loss, 450 killed and wounded.
Md. Gen. Lee's army recrosses the
Potomac at Williamsport, during the
night.
Miss. The Federals take Yazoo
City, capturing 300 prisoners and 6 guns.
Tenn. At Jackson a Federal cavalry
force defeats the Confederate cavalry.
Federal loss, 13 killed and wounded ;
Confederate loss, 175killed and wounded.
July 13+. O. Morgan's raiders leave
Indiana, enter Ohio at Harrison, and
threaten Cincinnati.
July 14. Va. At Falling "Waters Gen.
Kilpatrick's cavalry attacks and defeats
the retreating Confederates of Gen. Lee's
army. Federal loss, 29 killed and 36
wounded ; Confederate loss, 130 killed
and wounded, besides a brigade, 1,300
strong, taken prisoners.
July 16. La. The steamboat Imperial,
the first to descend the river without
being molested on the trip, arrives at
New Orleans with a commercial cargo.
Miss. Gen. Johnston evacuates
Jackson, after a siege of seven days.
[July 17. Gen. Sherman's army enters
the city.] Federal loss, 1,000 killed,
wounded, and missing ; Confederate
loss, 300 killed.
S. C. At James Island the Confed-
erate assault on Gen. Alfred H. Terry's
division is repulsed with the aid of the
gunboats.
W. Va. At Sheppardstown the Con-
federates gain advantage over a Federal
force in a sharp engagement ; Federal
loss 150; Confederate loss, 75,
/
UNITED STATES. 1863, June 30- July 24. 225
July 17. Ind. Ter. At Elk's Spring
(Elk Creek) Gen. Blunt defeats the Con-
federates under Gen. Cooper. Federal
loss, 10 killed and 25 wounded ; Confed-
erate loss, 400 killed and wounded, and
CO prisoners.
July 18. Ind. Ter. At Honey Springs
Gen. Blunt loses nine killed and 50
wounded; Confederate loss, 50 killed,
75 wounded, and 65 prisoners.
S. C. Gen. Gillmore begins the siege
of Port Sumter, and assaults Fort
Wagner.
After a bombardment by Adm. Dahl-
Eren's fleet for several hours, the assault
i made under the immediate command
of Gen. T. Seymour, and is repulsed by
Gen. L. M. Keitt, but the siege contin-
ues ; Federal loss, 1,500 ; Confederate
loss, 174.
-^—Va. At "Wytheville Cols. Tolland
and Powell destroy the Virginia and
Tennessee Railroad. Federal loss, 65
killed and wounded; Confederate loss,
75 killed and 150 wounded.
July 19. O. Gen. Morgan attempts to
cross the Ohio near Parkersburg, but
is prevented by Federal gunboats and a
force of cavalry ; he abandons his guns,
wagons, and prisoners, to facilitate his
escape from his pursuers.
July 20. O. Near Bufflngton Island,
the principal part of Gen. Morgan's
raiders are captured ; only 500 escape
with the leader.
July 23. Va. At Manassas Gap the
Federals lose 30 killed and 80 wounded ;
the defeated Confederates lose 300 killed
and wounded, besides 60 prisoners.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1863.
July 1. Reynolds, John Fulton, maj.-
gen. of vols., killed at Gettysburg, A43.
July 2. Weed, Stephen H., brig. -gen.,
U. S.vol8., killed at Gettysburg, A29.
July 3. Armistead, Lewis A., Confed. brig.-
gen., killed at Gettysburg, A46.
Garnett, Richard B., Confed. brig.-gen.,
killed at Gettysburg, A 44.
July 6. Kenrick, Francis Patrick, R. C.
archbishop of Baltimore, A66.
July 10. Moore, Clement C, writer, A84.
July 12. Read, Abner, com. U. S. K., A42.
July 15. Hale, Benjamin, Cong, cl., prof.
at Dartmouth,. A 66.
July 17. Allen, David O., Cong, missionary,
A63.
July 18. Pender, William D., Confed. maj.-
gen., dies.
Shaw, Robert Gould, col. XJ. S. vols.,
killed at Fort Wagner, A 26.
July 21. McCook, Daniel, maj. U.S. A.,
A65.
July 24. Hildreth, Samuel P., historian,
physicist, A 80.
CHURCH.
1863 July * U. S. Thanksgiving Day
is appointed.
After the great deliverance from
Confederate invasion at Gettysburg,
President Lincoln, by proclamation,
calls upon the people to give thanks,
because " it has pleased Almighty God
to hearken to the supplications and
prayers of an afflicted people, and to
vouchsafe signal and effective victo-
ries ; " and he asks the people " to ren-
der homage to the Divine Majesty, and
to invoke the influence of His Holy Spirit,
to subdue the anger which has produced
and so long sustained a needless and
cruel rebellion."
LETTERS.
1863 * * Faith Gartney's Girlhood, by
A. D. T. Whitney, appears.
* * Hannah Thurston, by Bayard Taylor,
appears.
* * New York. Manhattan CoUege is
incorporated.
* * N. Y. The Normal School at Os-
wego is established.
* * 0. "Wilberforce University (Afri-
can Meth. Epis.) is organized.
* * Phila. La Salle College (Rom. Cath.)
is organized.
* * R. I. The Evening Bulletin is issued
at Providence.
* * Christian Recorder is established by
the African Methodist Episcopal
Church.
* * The Amber Gods, by H. E. Spofford,
appears.
* * Excursions in Field and Forest, by
Thoreau, appears.
SOCIETY.
1863 July 11. NewYork. The drafting
of soldiers begins and proceeds quietly.
July 13-17. New York is in the hands
of an anti-draft mob.
(July 13.) A great mob attacks and
fires the Colored Orphan Asylum at
Fifth Avenue and Forty-fourth Street,
sheltering several hundred orphans.
The Tribune office is dismantled, but
the mob is driven away by the police.
Col. H. T. O'Brien is brutally mur-
dered by the mob, who dance on his
corpse.
(July 13.) Gov. Seymour addresses the
mob in conciliatory terms, and recites
his efforts to secure a suspension of the
draft.
(July 14.) Sunday : Gov. Seymour issues
two proclamations, calling on the people
to retire to their homes, and declaring
the penalties against insurrectionists.
Secret meetings are held in opposition
to the draft.
(July 15.) The draft commissioners
are attacked by a mob at Forty-third
Street and Third Avenue, and the build-
ing is fired.
The mob is especially infuriated by
the provision which permits drafted
men to avoid service by the payment
of $300.
(July 16.) Archbishop Hughes issues
an address " to the men of New York,
who are called in many papers rioters,"
inviting them to meet him for counsel.
Arrayed in canonical attire, he ad-
dresses several thousand people in front
of his residence, and begs them to be
quiet in the name of Ireland.
(July 17.) A few soldiers fire on the
mob in Third Avenue at Twenty-first
Street, killing 13 and wounding 18, and
taking a score or more prisoners. [Sol-
diers returned from the front restore
the peace of the city, after $2,000,000 of
property and 1,000 lives have been de-
stroyed.]
July 14. Boston. A mob of non-Union-
ists attempts to break into the armory
of the 11th Battery ; many are shot and
killed in the firing which ensues.
July 15. Draft riots occur in Boston,
Brooklyn, Jersey City, Staten Island,
and other places.
STATE.
1863 June* D.C. The President or-
ders a draft of 300,000 men, between
the ages of 20 and 45 years. [Only about
50,000 are so obtained after many weeks,
but volunteering is quickened, and many
substitutes are provided.]
Julyl. Mo. The State Convention adopts
an ordinance by which slavery shall
cease after July 4, 1870.
Tenn. A Union Convention meets
at Nashville under the call of W. C.
Brownlow, Horace Maynard, and 13
others ; 40 counties are represented.
July 4. N. H. Ex-President Franklin
Pierce makes an anti-war speech at
Concord which attracts national atten-
tion.
Va. Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-
President of the Confederacy, makes
known his desire, as a representative of
Jefferson Davis, to communicate per-
sonally with Abraham Lincoln. [Presi-
dent Lincoln declines the interview,
preferring customary agents and chan-
nels of communication.]
July 5. D. C. President Lincoln publicly
announces the triumph at Gettysburg,
adding : " The President especially de-
sires on this day, that He whose will,
not ours, should ever be done, be every-
where remembered and reverenced with
the profoundest gratitude."
July 13. New York. The great Anti-
Draft Riot begins.
A mob, encouraged by a portion of the
press and certain politicians, demolishes
the headquarters of the provost mar-
shals, resists the police, burns an orphan
asylum for colored children, and kills
about 1,000 people, the majority being
negroes. (See Society.)
July 14. New York. The mob defies
the city authorities; Gov. Seymour
promises the rioters that the draft shall
be suspended, and threatens the penal-
ties for insurrection, but without effect.
July 15. Va. Jefferson Davis issues
his first conscription proclamation,
which calls into the Confederate ser-
vice all white men between 18 and 45
years of age.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1863 June * Southern States. The
Confederate dollar is worth 8 cents.
June * Tenn. Pauline Cushman is sen-
tenced to be hanged as a Union spy, but
is left behind by Gen. Bragg in his re-
treat from Shelbyville, and rescued by
Federal troops.
July 1. New York. Price of middling
upland cotton, 73 to 74 cents; premium
on gold, 1441 to 144}.
July 4. Pa. An indescribable feeling
of relief in the North follows the battle
of Gettysburg.
226 1863, July 24-Nov. 3.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1863 July 25. New York. Many regi-
ments from the seat of war encamp in
the public squares to assist in enfor-
cing the draft.
July 26. 0. Near New Lisbon Col.
Shackleford captures the Confederate
guerrilla Gen. Morgan, and the rem-
nant of his command, about 400 cavalry,
— while he is trying to escape south of
the Ohio River.
July 28. New York. The supervisors
appropriate $2,000,000 for the relief of
drafted men.
July 30. D. C. President Lincoln issues
a proclamation announcing retaliation
for outrages perpetrated upon negro
soldiers.
Ky. At Winchester the Confeder-
ates are defeated.
July ± * W. Va. Col. John Tollard makes
a raid into Virginia, and is killed ; sev-
eral days afterward his command returns
to Kanawha, having lost 82 men and 300
horses.
Aug. 1. Va. At Kelley's Ford the
Confederates are defeated in a cavalry
fight.
Aug. 3. Ky. Gen. Burnside declares
the State under martial law.
Aug. 7. Dak. An Indian battle is
fought on the Upper Missouri ; the
troops lose four killed and six wounded ;
Indian loss, 150 killed and wounded.
Aug. 8. Va. Gen. Robert E. Lee offers
his resignation to Jefferson Davis, but he
refuses to accept it.
Aug. 15. Mo. At Painesville the Con-
federates lose 65 killed and wounded.
New York. The Common Council
votes $3,000,000 for the purchase of sub-
stitutes for conscripts.
Aug. 16. Ky. Gen. Burnside with the
9th corps leaves Camp Nelson for the
relief of East Tennessee and to co-
operate with Gen. Bosecrans.
Tenn. The Army of the Cumber-
land, 55,000 strong, under Gen. Bose-
crans, begins its advance southward.
Aug. 17-24. S. C. Gen. Gillmore fiercely
bombards Port Sumter, in concert
with Adm. Dahlgren's fleet, until the
fort is practically demolished.
Aug. 21. Ky. Gen. Burnside's concen-
trated force leaves Crab Orchard for
East Tennessee.
S. C. Charleston is fired upon
by the Federals from Marsh Battery,
five miles distant, by the gun " Swamp
Angel," after 14 hours notification.
[Aug. 22, Gen. Beauregard protests
against the shelling of the city, charac-
terizing the " Greek fire" used as a vil-
lainous compound.]
Aug. 22. Ark. At Pocahontas the Fed-
erals capture Gen. Jeff. C. Thompson and
his staff, with about 100 men.
Aug. 24. S. C. The great Parrott gun
"Swamp Angel" bursts while bom-
barding Charleston.
Aug. 25. Kan. Quantrell, the Con-
federate guerrilla, with a company of
desperate followers, makes a raid upon
Lawrence; they sack the town, burn
a large number of dwellings and other
buildings, and massacre 143 of the in-
habitants.
Aug. 25-30. W. Va. Gen. Averell
makes a raid into West Virginia, de-
stroys saltpeter works, menaces Staun-
ton, and returns to Tygart's Valley, los-
ing 207 men ; Confederates lose 156 men.
Aug. 26. Ky. Gen. Burnside's force
crosses the State line into Tennessee.
Aug. 28. Va. At Warm Springs the
Federals capture 200 prisoners.
Aug. 29. Tenn. Gen. Bosecrans, com-
manding the Army of the Cumberland,
begins to cross to the south of the Ten-
nessee Biver, at Bridgeport, Caperton
Ferry, Shell Mound, and the mouth of
Battle Creek [he presses the pursuit of
the Confederates under Gen. Bragg].
Sept. 1. Tenn. Gen. Burnside reaches
Kingston; the Confederates under
Gen. Buckner evacuate Knoxville and
Kingston.
Sept. 3-5. Dak. Ter. At White Stone
Hill the Federal force engages in a
bloody fight with the Indians ; Federal
loss, 20 killed and 38 wounded ; Indian
loss, 300 killed, 300 prisoners.
Sept. 4. Tenn. Gen. Burnside reaches
Knoxville ; he is welcomed by the
people as a deliverer.
Sept. 5. S. C. The army and navy unite
in a tremendous bombardment of Fort
Wagner in Charleston harbor.
Sept. 7. S. C. Before daylight the Con-
federates evacuate Fort Wagner and
Battery Gregg after a long siege by
Gen. Gillmore and Adm. Dahlgren; 70
prisoners and 25 guns are captured.
Tex. A Federal expedition under
Gen. Banks, to restore the flag in
Texas, arrives at Sabine Pass ; Gen.
W. B. Franklin is in immediate com-
mand of 4,000 troops.
Sept. 7-8. Tenn. Gen. Bragg makes
a stand against the approach of Gen.
Bosecrans, fronting the east slope of
Lookout Mountain, with 35,000 men, be-
sides his cavalry.
Sept. 8. S. G. Com. T. H. Stevens, of
Adm. Dahlgren's squadron, makes an
attack upon Fort Sumter; he meets
with a decisive repulse, losing 114 men.
Tex. At Sabine Pass Gen. Franklin
attacks the Confederate fort with the
gunboats Clifton and Sachem, which are
captured by the Confederates, and the
expedition retires.
Sept. 9. Tenn. Gen. Bosecrans occupies
strategic positions in the mountains of
Chattanooga, after the forced retreat
of Confederates under Gen. Bragg.
At Tilf ord the Federals are defeated
and lose 300 prisoners.
The corps of Gen. Crittenden enters
Chattanooga.
Va. At Cumberland Gap Gen.
Burnside defeats Gen. Frazier, who
evacuates the place, losing 2,000 prison-
ers and large army stores.
Sept. 10. Ark. Gen. Steele captures
Little Bock, the capital city, and re-
establishes the national authority.
Tenn. Near Stevens's Gap Con-
federates under Gen. T. C. Hindman
open fire on Gen. Thomas's advance.
Sept. 11. S. C. The Federals take one-
half of James Island, in Charleston
harbor.
Sept. 13. Va. At Culpeper Court House
a cavalry engagement takes place.
Sept. 18. Tenn. Part of Gen. Long-
street's command arrives from Virginia
and reenforces Gen. Bragg.
Sept. 19-20. Oa. Battle of Chicka-
mauga; Gen. Bragg defeats the Fed-
erals under Gen. Bosecrans. " A victory
which proves the ruination of the Con-
federacy." (Lieut.-Gen. D. H. Hill.)
Federal Gens. Crittenden, Thomas, and
McCook have 56,965 men ; the Confed-
erate generals, Polk and Longstreet, have
71,551 men. Losses : Federals, 1,656
killed, 9,749 wounded, 4,774 prisoners,
and 36 guns, total 16,179 ; Confederates,
2,268 killed, 13,613 wounded, and 1,090
missing, total 16,971.
(Sept. 19.) Both armies claim success,
and exult in the victory of this day.
(Sept. 20.) Gen. Bragg, having been re-
enforced during the night, attempts to
overwhelm the Federal army. The
right wing under Bosecrans, Critten-
den, and McCook is swept pell-mell into
Chattanooga, but the left wing of 20,000
men, under Gen. Thomas, resists as-
sault after assault by Gen. Bragg's entire
army till evening; then Gen. Thomas
withdraws to Bossville.
Sept. 21. Tenn. Gen. Bragg begins the
siege of Chattanooga.
Va. At Madison Court House the
Federal cavalry defeats the Confeder-
ates.
Sept. 23. Va. Maj.-Gen. Hooker, with
the 11th and 12th corps, is ordered South
to reenf orce Gen. Bosecrans.
Sept. 24. Va. The Government declares
the port of Alexandria is open to trade.
Sept. 28. Gens. McDowell, McCook, and
Crittenden are relieved of their com-
mands, and ordered to Indianapolis for
inquiry into their conduct at Chicka-
mauga.
Oct. 2. Tenn. Gen. Sherman's corps
reaches Memphis on its way to reen-
force Gen. Grant at Chattanooga [he
advances across the country 400 miles].
Oct. 5. Tenn. Gen. Bragg, on Lookout
Mountain, bombards Chattanooga.
Oct. 7. Eng. The British Government
seizes the Confederate rams in the ship-
yards on the Mersey, and prevents their
departure.
Oct. 8. Tenn. At Farmington Gen.
McCook loses 29 killed and 150 wounded ;
Confederate loss is 125 killed and
wounded, and 300 prisoners.
Oct. 10. Kan. At Baxter's Springs
Gen. Blunt's escort is met and attacked
by the guerrilla, Quantrell ; 85 soldiers
are massacred, the general himself nar-
rowly escaping ; the men are first robbed
and then murdered.
Oct. 10, 11. Va. At Culpeper the
Federal cavalry have a skirmish with
the Confederate cavalry under Gen.
Stuart ; Federal loss, 450 ; Confederate
loss, 400.
Oct. 11. Tenn. At Colliersville Gen.
Sherman's corps has a fight with Con-
federate cavalry.
UNITED STATES.
1863, July 24-Nov. 3. 227
Oct. 13+. Va. Gens. Meade and Lee en-
gage in a military race along parallel
lines for Washington; [it ends at
Bristow's station, and is won by the
Federals].
Oct. 15. Va. At Bristow's Station the
Confederates under Gen. A. P. Hill
attack Gen. A. S. Webb of Gen. War-
ren's corps, and are completely repulsed.
Federal loss, 50 killed, 335 wounded, and
161 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 136
killed, 797 wounded, and 445 prisoners.
Oct. 16. D. C. Gen. TJ. S. Grant is
appointed to the command of the
Western armies.
Oct. 17. D. C. The President calls for
a levy of 300,000 men for three years ;
those not furnished by January, 1864, are
to be obtained by means of a draft.
Oct. 18. Tenn. Gen. Grant assumes
command of the Western armies.
Oct. 10. Va. At Buckland's Mills the
Federals lose 200 ; Confederate loss un-
known.
Oct. 20. Tenn. At Philadelphia Gen.
Longstreet attacks Gen. Burnside's out-
posts. Federal loss, 400; Confederate
loss heavy.
Gen. Rosecrans is relieved, and Gen.
George H. Thomas assumes command
of the Army of the Cumberland.
Oct. 21. Term. Gen. Grant arrives at
Nashville.
Oct. 23. Tenn. Gen. Grant arrives at
Chattanooga.
Oct. 25. Ark. At Pine Bluff the Fed-
erals lose 17 killed, 39 wounded ; Con-
federates lose 53 killed, 164 wounded,
and 33 prisoners.
Oct. 26. Tenn. Gen. Hooker's corps
crosses the Tennessee River at Bridge-
port to the South bank.
Oct. 27. Tenn. Gen. Sherman's ad-
vance under Gen. Blair reaches Tus-
cumbia.
Gen. Hazen, with 1,800 picked men,
drifts down the river in 16 pontoons, and
surprises the Confederates at Brown's
Ferry in the early dawn ; the army
crosses on the pontoons.
Oct. 29. Tenn. Battle of Wauhatchie,
in Lookout Valley.
The Confederates under Gen. Long-
street attack Gen. Hooker's corps in
the night and are repulsed ; Federal
loss, 76 killed, 339 wounded, and 22 miss-
ing ; Confederate loss somewhat more.
Oct. * Tenn. The Confederate army is
largely reenforced at Chattanooga.
Oct. 31. Tenn. At Shell Mound the
Confederates are defeated.
Nov. 1. O. A plot to liberate Confeder-
ate prisoners is discovered.
Nov. 2. Tex. Gen. Banks's army
lands at Brazos Island.
The expedition of Gen. Banks,
under immediate command of Gen. N.
J. T. Dana, to restore the Federal flag
in Texas, arrives at Brazos Santiago.
Va. Gen. Meade begins an advance
across the Bapidan towards Richmond.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1863 Sept. 14. Mich. The asteroid
Eurynome is discovered by Jas. C.
Watson.
* * Cal. A good harbor and port avail-
able for large vessels are discovered near
the head of the Gulf of California.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1863.
July 26. Crittenden, John Jordan, atty.-
gen., A76.
Houston, Sam. M. C, Gov. of Tenn.,
gen., Pres. of Tex., sen. and Gov. of Tex.,
A70.
July 28. Yancey. Win. Lowndes, sena-
tor for Ala., leader of secessionists, " Fire-
Eater," A49.
July 30. Strong, George C, brig.-gen. U. S.
vols., wounded at Fort Wagner, A31.
Aug. 16. Hubbard, Josephs., astronomer,
A40.
Aug. 26. Floyd, John B., sec. of war, Con-
fed. brig.-gen., A56.
Aug. 30. Newcomb, Harvey, cL, teacher,
author, A60.
Sept. 27. Abert, John J., military engi-
neer, A76.
Oct. 1. Emmons, Eben., geologist, author,
A65.
Oct. 4. Grayson, William J., senator for
S. C, A75.
Oct. 14. Cook, Henry F., Confed gen.,
killed at Bristow Station.
Oct. 22. Darcy, John S., physician of N. J.,
A75.
Oct. 27. Dimmock, Charles, Conf. brig.-
gen., A63.
CHURCH.
1863 Aug. 6. U. S. A National
Thanksgiving is observed for recent
victories.
* * III. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Peoria; J. H.
Morrison, moderator.
* * Ky. The Kentucky Conference of the
African Methodist Episcopal Zion
Church is organized.
* * O. The Baptist Annual Meeting
is held at Cleveland.
LETTERS.
1863 * * Hospital Sketches, by L. M. Al-
cott, appears.
* * In War Time and Other Poems, by
J. G. Whittier, appears.
* * Life of William H. Prescott, by George
Ticknor, appears.
* * My Farm of Edgewood, by Donald
Grant Mitchell, appears.
* * Out-Door Papers, by T. W. Higginson,
appears.
* * Manual of Geology, by James D. Dana,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1863 Sept. 5. Ala. A bread riot by
women occurs at Mobile.
Oct. 1. New York. The authorities pub-
licly welcome the officers of the five
Russian war vessels — the first to visit
this port.
Oct. 9. Eng. Henry Ward Beecher
makes the first of five great speeches
in England in behalf of the Union.
At Liverpool he struggles for three
hours against insult, taunt, irony, imper-
tinent questioning, and blackguardism ;
yet the great orator's pluck, good humor,
wit, and wisdom win the day.
Oct. 27. Chicago. A Sanitary Fair,
the first of many, is opened for the bene-
fit of soldiers.
STATE.
1863 July 30. D. C. The President
issues a proclamation of retaliation,
to protect Federal soldiers against bar-
barous treatment.
July * U. S. The free letter-carrier
system goes into effect.
July * U. S. The entire situation is
changed by the victories of Meade
and Grant; a political reaction in
favor of the Government follows.
Aug. 3. New York. Governor Seymour
protests against certain inequalities of
the draft, and requests that it be sus-
pended.
Aug. 5. W. Va. The county of Berke-
ley is transferred from Virginia to West
Virginia.
Aug. 7. D. C. President Lincoln replies
to Governor Seymour's anti-draft pro-
test, and intimates that the drafting of
troops will be executed.
Aug. 12. The bankruptcy of the Confed-
eracy is exposed by Gen. Robert Toombs.
Sept. 15. D. C. President Lincoln,
authorized by a special act of Con-
gress, proclaims a general suspen-
sion of the privileges of the writ of
habeas corpus throughout the Union.
Oct. 17. D. C. President Lincoln calls
for 300,000 volunteers, chiefly to re-
place those whose enlistments have ex-
pired, the diseased, and the dead.
It also provides that a draft in the
following January will supply any defi-
ciency of volunteers.
Nov. 3. Md. The emancipation question
divides the Unionists into two parties—
the Union and the Unconditional Union
parties.
N. Y. Chauncey M. Depew, 29
years of age, heads the Republican
ticket, and is elected to Congress by
30,000 majority.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1863 Sept. 22. Eng. Confederate Com-
missioner Mason is displeased with the
manner of his reception, and departs.
Sept. * -Oct. * New York. A Bussian
squadron of five vessels visits this port,
and is warmly received.
Oct. 1. New York. Price of middling
upland cotton, 81 to 83 cents ; premium
on gold, 140| to 142}.
Oct. 31. Eng. The Government places
the two steam rams, built at Birken-
head, under the charge of officers, as
the vessels are suspected of being Con-
federate war-ships.
Oct. * Mass. The State resumes the work
of boring the Hoosac Tunnel.
Oct. * New York. The corner-stone of
the National Academy of Design is
laid.
228 1863, Nov. 3-1864, Jan. 11. AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1863 Nov. 3. La. At Bayou Coteau
Gen. Burbridge loses 26 killed, 124
wounded, and 576 missing ; Confederate
loss, 445.
Tenn. At Columbia and Collinsville
the Confederate cavalry is defeated.
Nov. * W. Va. Gen. Averell makes a
raid into Virginia with 5,000 men.
"Nov. 4. Tenn. Gen. Longstreet, with
16,000 men, is detached from Gen.
Bragg's army to move against Gen.
Burnside at Knoxville.
Nov. 6. Tenn. At Rogersville, an out-
post of Gen. Burnside, Gen. W. E. Jones
by a spirited dash defeats the Federals
under Col. Garrard ; Federal loss, 5
killed, 12 wounded, 650 prisoners ; Con-
federate loss, 30 men.
Tex. Brownsville, on the Rio
Grande, is occupied by Gen. Dana's ad-
vance ; it moves northward.
W. Va. At Droop Mountain the
Federals under Gen. W. W. Averell, de-
feat Maj. John Echols.
Federals force Gen. W. S. Jackson out
of West Virginia. Federal loss, 100 men ;
Confederate loss, over 300.
Nov. 7. Va. At Rappahannock Sta-
tion Gen. Sedgwick, commanding the
right wing of Gen. Meade's army, de-
feats the entrenched Confederates.
Federal loss, 300 killed and wounded ;
Confederate loss, six killed, 29 wounded,
and 1,629 prisoners, besides four guns,
eight battle-flags, and a pontoon-bridge.
Gen. Meade begins an active cam-
paign by advancing southward from
Centerville.
At Kelley's Ford Gen. French, com-
manding Gen. Meade's left, defeats Gen.
Bodes ; Confederate loss, five killed, 39
wounded, and 295 prisoners.
Nov. 8. Va. Gen. Lee concentrates his
army behind the Rapidan, and is not
followed by Gen. Meade.
Nov. 8±. Tex. The Texas expedition
arrives at Mustang Island,Corpus Christi
Bay ; Gen. C. C. Washburne in command.
Nov. 11. D. C. The Confederate scheme
for a raid from Canada, for the destruc-
tion of Buffalo and the liberation of
Confederate prisoners at Sandusky, O.,
is disclosed to the Government by Lord
Lyons, the British minister.
Tex. A fleet of French steamers
arrives off Brazos for the invasion of
Mexico. [France attempts to enthrone
Maximilian.]
Nov. 13. Tenn. Gen. Sherman's ad-
vance from the Southwest arrives at
Bridgeport to reenforceGen. Rosecrans.
Nov. 15. Tenn. Gen. Burnside falls
back from Loudon toward Knoxville,
on the approach of Gen. Longstreet's
strong force.
Tex. Corpus Christi Pass is cap-
tured by Federal troops.
Nov. 16. Tenn. At Campbell's Sta-
tion, near Knoxville, Gen. Longstreet
attacks Gen. Sanders of Gen. Burnside's
army. Gen. Sanders is killed. Federal
loss, 300 men ; Confederate loss, 370.
Knoxville is besieged by Gen. Long-
street with 15,000 [later 23,000] men;
Federals under Gen. Burnside number
12,000.
Nov. 17. -Dec. 4. Tenn. At Knox-
ville Gen. Burnside loses 92 killed, 393
wounded, 207 missing ; Gen. Longstreet
loses 198 killed, 850 wounded, 248 missing.
Nov. 18. Tex. At Arkansas Pass,
Mustang Island, the Confederate works
are carried by Federals under Gen. T.
E. G. Ransom.
Nov. 19. Pa. Gettysburg battle-field
is consecrated as a National Cemetery
for soldiers.
Nov. 23.-25. Tenn. Battles before
Chattanooga.
Gen. Grant, with 60,000 men, defeats
and routs Gen. Bragg's army of about
35,000. Federal loss, 753 killed, 4,722
wounded, and 349 missing ; Confederate
loss, 361 killed, 2,180 wounded, and 4,146
missing.
(Nov. 23.) Gen. Thomas drives back
the enemy and advances his line one
mile, each side losing about 1,100 killed
and wounded.
(Nov. 24.) Gen. Sherman's command,
8,000 strong, crosses the Tennessee River,
and gains part of Missionary Kidge by
assault ; Gen. Hooker, 13 miles from
Gen. Sherman, moves against the Con-
federates on Lookout Mountain,
»• fighting above the clouds."
(Nov. 25.) The decisive battle of Chat-
tanooga : Gen. Grant orders an advance
of the entire line ; Missionary Kidge,
on which Gen. Bragg's army is concen-
trated, is entirely captured, and the
retreating Confederates are pursued
until night.
(Nov. 26.) Ga. At Ringgold Gens.
Hooker and Palmer, of Gen. Thomas's
pursuing force, overtake and defeat the
Confederates under Gen. Cleburne ; Fed-
eral loss, 65 killed, 1,367 wounded and
missing ; Confederate loss, 133.
Gen. Bragg's army is pursued 20 miles
to Tunnel Hill, when Gen. Grant orders
a halt.
Gen. Burnside defeats Gen. Longstreet
in an action south of the Holston River
— the Confederates having seized a po-
sition which commanded the fort at
Knoxville.
Gen. Longstreet learns of the defeat
of Gen. Bragg at Chattanooga.
Nov. 27-30. Va. At Locust Grove
Gen. Meade loses 1,000 men ; Gen. Lee
loses 800.
Nov. 28, 29. Tenn. At Knoxville Gen.
Longstreet makes an unsuccessful night
assault on Fort Sanders, and loses 800
men.
Nov. 29. Tenn. Battle of Knoxville ;
after a furious artillery fire, Gen. Long-
street unsuccessfully assaults Fort Sand-
ers, being repelled by the Federals under
Gen. Burnside. Federal loss, 13 killed
and wounded; Confederate loss, 1,000.
[Gen. Longstreet withdraws his force up
the Holston River.]
Nov. 30. Tex. Fort Esperanza, com-
manding the entrance to Matagorda Bay,
is evacuated by Confederates, and occu-
pied by the Texas expedition.
Va. Gen. Meade declines to attack
Gen. Lee in his entrenchments at Mine
Run [and returns to the vicinity of
Washington].
Nov. * O. Gen. John H. Morgan, the
Confederate raider, escapes from the
penitentiary at Columbus.
Dec. 2. Tenn. Gen. Bragg is superseded
by Gen. W. J. Hardee.
Dec. 2, 3. Miss. At Pocahontas Fed-
erals lose 125 killed and wounded, be-
sides 40 prisoners ; the Confederates lose
15 killed and 40 wounded.
Dec. 3. Tenn. Gen. Longstreet raises
the siege of Knoxville, and retires on
the approach of Gen. Sherman with re-
enforcements from Gen. Grant's army.
Dec. 6. S. C. Near Charleston bar the
ironclad Weehawken sinks through
faulty construction ; four officers and 20
men are drowned.
Va. Gen.- Halleck offers Gen. Lee
full equivalents for all Federal pris-
oners at Richmond.
Dec. 8. D. C. Congress bestows its
thanks on Gen. Grant and his army,
and orders a gold medal to be struck in
his honor.
Dec. 8-21. Va. Gen. Averell makes
a raid.
He aims to destroy railroad communi-
cation between Gen. Lee's army and the
Confederate army in Georgia ; Federal
loss, five wounded and 94 prisoners ; Con-
federate loss, 200.
Dec. 11. Tenn. Gen. Burnside having
resigned, Gen. John G. Foster assumes
command in East Tennessee.
Dec. 12. Va. Gen. Lee declines to ex-
change the prisoners at Richmond
who are starving, and gives notice that
no more supplies for their relief will be
permitted.
Dec. 14. Tenn. At Bean's Station Gen.
J. M. Shackleford is repulsed by Gen.
Longstreet ; Federal loss, 700 ; Confed-
erate loss, 900.
Dec. 20. Tenn. Gen. Grant establishes
his headquarters at Nashville, a central
point for communicating with all the
divisions of the Army of the Tennessee,
and equally so for communicating with
Washington.
Dec. 25. Tenn. At Pulaski Gen. G. M.
Dodge captures 50 Confederates under
Gen. Forrest.
Dec. 26. Tenn. At Charleston Col.
Luberk defeats the Confederate Gen.
Wheeler, and takes 121 prisoners.
Dec. 27. Ga. Gen. Joseph E. John-
ston assumes command of the Confed-
erate army in Georgia.
* * Va. Gen. Lee's army is in winter
quarters on the upper Rappahannock ;
Gen. Meade's is encamped at Culpeper.
* * A general exchange of prisoners is
made ; the Federal authorities give up
121,900 in return for 110,800 from the Con-
federates.
1864 Jan. 2. W. Va. Near Moore-
field the Confederates ate defeated, and
lose 13 killed and 20 wounded.
Jan. 3. Va. At Jonesvule the Federals
lose 60 killed and wounded, besides 300
prisoners.
UNITED STATES. 1863, Nov. 3 -1864, Jan. 11. 229
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1863 * * Mass. The Worcester County
Musical Association is organized.
N. Y. The Park Theater, the first
in Brooklyn, is opened with the comedy
Married Life.
* * New York. W. P. W. Dana and W. J.
Hennesy of London, England, and J. Q.
A. Ward, John Rogers, J. R. Brevoort,
and J. G. Brown of New York City, are
elected members of the National Acad-
emy of Design.
* * U. S. The Miller car-coupler and
buffer is patented.
* * Rocky Mountains is painted by Albert
Bierstadt.
* * Several important topographical sur-
veys are undertaken and completed for
development of ship canals to connect
the Mississippi and the Hudson with the
Great Lakes.
* * Great improvements made in geo-
graphical wall-maps by Professor Arnold
Guyot.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1863.
Nov. 28. Dempster, John, M. £. cl., edu-
cator, A69.
Dec. 10. Ingham, Charles C, portrait
painter, A67.
Dec. 16. Buford. John, maj.-gen. vols.,
A37.
Dec. 17. Van Brunt, Gershom J., com.
U. S. N., A 63.
Dec. 22. Corcoran, Michael, brig.-gen. U. S.
vols., A36.
* * Bailey, Joseph W., M. C. for Tex., b.
Miss.
* * Heron, Bijou, actor, born In N. Y. City,
dies.
* * Hooper, Johnson J., lawyer, editor, dies.
* * Rourke, Patrick H., colonel, b. in Ire.,
A28.
* * Seymour, Isaac, banker, philanthropist,
dies.
* * Thornburn, Grant, writer, philan., A90.
1864
Jan. 3. Hughes. John. R. C. archbp. of
N.Y., A67.
Jan. 7. Smith, Caleb B., jurist of Ind.,
Sec. of the Interior, A 56.
Jan. 8. Storer, George W., rear-adm. V.
S. N., A74.
CHURCH.
1863 * * 0. The Annual Convention of
the Disciples of Christ is held at Cin-
cinnati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * O. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Xenia ; A.
Young, moderator.
* * Phila. The General Assembly (N.S.
Presbyterian) meets ; H. B. Smith,
moderator.
* *The General Synod of the Re-
formed (German) Church is orga-
nized.
LETTERS.
1863 * * New York. The New American
Cyclopedia is begun by Appleton.
* * Timothy Titcomb's Letters to the
Joneses, by J. G. Holland, appears.
* * Tales of a Wayside Inn, by II. W.
Longfellow, appears.
* * Our Old Home, by Nathaniel Haw
thorne, appears.
* * 68 * * History of Charles the Bold,
by John Foster Kirk, appears.
1864 Jan. 4. Phila. The Evening
Telegraph is issued.
SOCIETY.
1863 Nov. 25. Pa. The««MoHyMa-
guires" murder George K. Smith, near
Audenreid.
* * U. S. The name Copperhead (a poi-
sonous snake) is contemptuously given
to anti-war Democi*ats, who favor peace
on any terms.
Nov. 30. Paris. The European
Branch of the Sanitary Commission is
organized for the relief and comfort of
soldiers.
Dec. 2. D. C. A village for contra-
bands is dedicated at Arlington
Heights.
Dec. * Mont. A sheriff, two deputies, and
21 outlaws are hanged by a vigilance
committee, and eight are banished —
the evidence showing that the outlaws
had killed more than 100 persons.
* * Kan. The State Insane Asylum is
established at Osawatomie.
* * Md. Gen. Schenck arrests many per-
sons for disloyalty; he suspends the
Maryland Club and other societies
suspected of disloyalty.
* * Minn. The Minnesota school for deaf
mutes is opened at Faribault.
* * Pa. The Pittsburg Branch of the
Sanitary Commission is organized.
* * R. I. The Prohibitory law is re-
pealed by the Republican Legislature.
STATE.
1863 Dec. 7. Va. Jefferson Davis, in his
message to the Confederate Congress,
recommends the compulsory funding
of the finances, and large taxation.
D. C. The 38th Congress opens.
Congress ; House : Schuyler Colfax
(Rep.) of Ind. is elected Speaker. Vote,
101-81.
Dec. 8. D. C. President Lincoln issues
a proclamation of amnesty. He an-
nounces his willingness to recognize
any loyal government which may be
set up in the South by as many as one-
tenth of the voters of 1860.
President Lincoln, in his message to
Congress, proposes a definite plan of
reconstruction on the basis of amnesty,
an oath of future loyalty, and the exclu-
sion of ex-Secessionists from high offices.
He declares that "The crisis which
threatened to divide the friends of the
Union is past."
Dec. 14. £>. C. Congress; House:
James M. Ashley of O. introduces the
first proposition to amend the Consti-
tution so as to prohibit slavery
throughout the United States.
Dec. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Dan-
iel Clark (Rep.) of N. H. is elected Pres-
ident pro tempore.
Dec. 29. Arizona is organized as a ter-
ritorial government.
* * Stephen J. Field of Cal. is appointed
justice of the U. S. Supreme Court.
* * B.C. Congress authorizes the Presi-
dent to enlist soldiers of African de-
scent ; Democrats vainly resist.
* * Ind. Thomas A. Hendricks is
elected to the Senate by the Democratic
Legislature.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-65 * * Ala. Thomas H. Watts.
-66* * Ariz. (Ter.). John A. Goodwin.
-68 * * Cal. Frederick F. Low.
-66 * * Dak. (Ter.). Newton Edmonds.
-67 * * Del. Wm. Cannon.
-64 * * Ida. (Ter.). Wm. H. Wallace.
-67 * * Ky. Thomas E. Bramlette.
-64 * * Me. Abner Coburn.
-65 * * N. H. Joseph A. Gilmore.
-66* * N. J. Joel Parker.
-65 * * N. Y. Horatio Seymour.
R. I. Wm. C. Cozzens.
-66 * * R. I. James Y. Smith.
-65 * * Tex. Pendleton Murray.
-65 * * Vt. John G. Smith.
-69 * * W. Va. Arthur J. Boreman.
-66 * * Wit. James T. Lewis.
1864 Jan. 8. La. A Free-State Con-
vention is held, which declares its loy-
alty to the Government.
Jan. 11. Ark. At Little Rock a pro-
visional Free-State government is in-
augurated.
D. C. Congress; Senate: J. B. Hen-
derson of Mo. introduces a joint resolu-
tion for the abolition of slavery by
amendment of the Constitution. (13th
Amendment.)
La. Gen. Banks issues a proclama-
tion for a State election to be held
on Feb. 22.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1863 Nov. 19. Pa. The National Soldiers'
Cemetery at Gettysburg is dedicated.
Nov. 28. Under the new National Bank
Act, 134 banks have been organized.
Nov. *. Secretary Stanton moves by
rail two corps of 23,000 men from Wash-
ington to Chattanooga, a distance of
1,200 miles, in seven days.
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants for 1863,
174,524.
* * Colo. Great suffering is caused by the
cold during the Winter and by drought
during the Summer.
* * Ind. Crown HiU Cemetery, near
Indianapolis, is dedicated.
* * N. Y. Woodlawn Cemetery, near
New York, is organized.
* * The Northern States evince great
prosperity, notwithstanding the war.
Wealth increases rapidly ; the "shoddy
aristocracy " — people enriched by gov-
ernment contracts, often fraudulently
obtained and dishonestly fulfilled — be-
comes conspicuous.
* * The State bank currency is dis-
credited.
"One-sixth of the 1,600 State banks
have notes counterfeited, 1,861 kinds of
imitations are afloat, and 3,039 altera-
tions, in addition to 1,685 spurious
notes." (John Sherman.)
1864 Jan. 1. New York. Prices of
middling upland cotton, 81 to 82 cents ;
premium on gold, 152.
Jan. * Southern States. The Confeder-
ate dollar is worth two cento.
230 1864, Jan. 12- Apr. 15.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1864 Jan. 12. Tenn. At Mossy Creek
Gen. McCook defeats the Confederates,
who lose 14 killed and 49 wounded.
Jan. 14. Tenn. Gen. Schofleld is or-
dered to remove the 23d corps to the
East.
Gen. Grant completes the repairing
of railroads in his rear to convey sup-
plies.
Jan. 17. Tenn. Near Dandridge the
Federals are defeated, losing 150 killed
and wounded.
Jan. 25. Miss. The Federal army
evacuates Corinth.
Jan. 27. Tenn. At Sevierville, East
Tennessee, the Confederate cavalry are
defeated.
At Fair Garden, East Tennessee, the
Confederates are defeated, losing 65
killed and wounded, besides 100 pris-
oners.
Jan. 28. Ga. At Tunnel Hill the Con-
federates are defeated, losing 32 killed
and one company prisoners.
Jan. 29. Ky. At Seottville Maj. John-
son defeats the Confederates, who lose
40 killed and 20 wounded.
W. Va. At Medley, Near Peters-
burg, Col. Snyder loses 80 killed and
wounded; Confederate loss, 100 ; a Fed-
eral supply-train is captured.
Feb. 1. D. C. The President orders a
draft for 500,000 men to be made on
March 10 ; all to serve three years or for
the war.
Feb. 3. Miss. At Bolton Sherman's
advance loses 12 killed and 35 wounded ;
the defeated Confederates suffer a heavy
loss.
Gen. Sherman, with a picked force,
leaves Vicksburg for Meridian, to
drive Confederate raiding forces from
the central part of the State [loss, 170
men ; Confederate loss, 400].
Feb. 3±. Tenn. Gen. W. S. Smith
leaves Memphis with a large cavalry
force, to advance toward central Missis-
sippi, and join Gen. Sherman.
Feb. 3, 4. N. C. At New Berne Gen.
Foster encounters Confederates under
Gen. Pickett; Federal loss, 212; Con-
federate loss, 300.
Feb. 4. Miss. At Clinton the Federals
repulse a Confederate attack, losing 15
killed and 30 wounded.
W. Va. Col. Mulligan drives Gen.
Early out of Moorefield.
Feb. 7-20. Fla. Gen. Truman Sey-
mour conducts an expedition 6,000
strong to encourage Union men, and re-
store under Maj. Hay a loyal State
government.
Feb. 7. Fla. At Jacksonville the
Florida expedition drives out the Con-
federates, and advances toward the in-
terior.
Feb. 9. Va. Cols. Thomas, Rose, and
Streight, with about 100 other prisoners,
escape from Libby Prison by means of
a tunnel dug under the walls ; 48 men
are recaptured.
Feb. 14. Fla. At Gainesville Capt.
Roberts routs 100 Confederates.
La. Gen. A. J. Smith, commanding
the advance of Banks's Red River expe-
dition, capturesFort de Bussy. Losses:
Federal, 34 ; Confederate, 264.
Miss. Gen. Sherman's expedition
reaches Meridian. [He destroys a vast
amount of Confederate property, tears
up the railroads in all directions, and
returns to Vicksburg.]
Feb. 15. Ga. Federal prisoners are
first confined at Andersonville.
Feb. 17. N.C. Fort Anderson, a heavy
earthwork on Cape Fear River, is at-
tacked by Adm. Porter's gunboats.
At Town Creek Gen. Cox routs the
Confederates under Gen. Hoke, and cap-
tures nearly 400 prisoners.
Feb. 18. S. C. The Federal steam-sloop
Housatonic is destroyed by a torpedo in
Charleston Harbor.
Feb. 20. Fla. At Olustee Station 5,500
Confederates, under Gen. Joseph Fin-
egan, gain a complete victory, defeat-
ing the Florida expedition under Gen.
Seymour. Federal loss : 193 killed, 1,175
wounded, and 460 prisoners ; Confeder-
ate loss, 940.
Feb. 22-25. Ga. At Tunnel HiU the
Federals lose 75 killed and wounded ;
Confederate loss 300 prisoners.
Feb. 22. Miss. Near West Point Gen.
Sherman's cavalry, under Gen. W. S.
Smith, is badly beaten by Gen. Forrest.
Federal loss, 47 killed, 152 wounded,
and 100 prisoners ; Confederate loss not
given.
Va. Near Dranesville the Federals
are defeated by Col. John S. Mosby, and
lose eight killed and seven wounded
and 75 missing. Mosby's guerrillas are
an effective body of cavalry, and a con-
stant menace to small bodies of Fed-
erals in Northern Virginia.
Feb. 24. D. C. Congress grants free-
dom to all male slaves between 20 and
45 years who may enlist in the Union
army.
Feb. 26. Ala. Fort Powell, below
Mobile, is bombarded by Adm. Farragut.
Feb. 28. Va. Gen. Kilpatrick makes
a raid.
With 5,000 cavalry, he advances within
three miles of Richmond, but is unable
to reach and release the Federal prison-
ers ; he tears up railroads, and damages
the James River Canal.
Feb. 29. D. C. The grade of lieuten-
ant-general is revived in the army.
Feb. * Fla. At Baldwin Col. Guy V.
Henry, of the Florida expedition, cap-
tures eight guns, and Confederate stores,
wagons, and horses.
Mar. 2. D. C. Ulysses S. Grant is ap-
pointed lieutenant-general ; he becomes
commander of not less than a million
men in arms.
Mar. 4. Tenn. Gen. U. S. Grant starts
for Washington, leaving Gen. Sher-
man in command at the West.
Mar. 5. Miss. At Yazoo City the Fed-
erals lose 130 killed and wounded ; the
defeated Confederates lose 300 men.
Mar. 6. N. C. At Kinston the Con-
federates hang 23 Federal prisoners of
war.
Mar. 8. D. C. Gen. Grant first arrives
in Washington from Tennessee.
Mar. 8, 9. N.C. At Kinston Gen. Cox
repulses two attacks by Gens. Bragg and
Hoke ; the Confederates retire.
Mar. 9, 10. Va. Federal colored troops,
under Col. Coles, capture Suffolk, with
the loss of 210 men ; Confederates lose
25 killed.
Mar. 9. D. C. President Lincoln, in per-
son, gives Gen. Grant his commission
as lieutenant-general. Grant is the
15th commander-in-chief.
Mar. 10. Ky. The governor protests
against the enrolment of slaves in the
army.
Va. Gen. Grant first visits the Army
of the Potomac, at Brandy Station.
Mar. 11. D. C. Gen. Grant departs
from Washington for the West.
Mar. 12. D. C. By order of the War
Department Gen. Grant is placed in
command of all the armies.
Gen. Sherman is appointed to the
Department of the Mississippi ; Gen.
McPherson is assigned to the Depart-
ment and Army of the Tennessee.
La. The powerful fleet of Adm.
Porter enters the Red Biver, followed
by Gen. A. J. Smith's troops of Gen.
Sherman's army, in transports.
Mar. 14. D. C. The President orders a
draft for 200,000 men for the navy and
the army reserve.
* * B.C. Gen. Halleck orders Gen. Banks
to ascend the Bed Biver "Valley for the
recovery of western Louisiana. [Un-
successful.]
N. C. Barton is occupied by Gen.
Schofleld.
Mar. 16. La. At Alexandria the two
forces of the Bed Biver expedition
unite. [Gen. McPherson and 3,000
troops are recalled.]
Tenn. Near Fort Pillow the Con-
federates are defeated, losing 50 men.
Mar. 17. U. S. Gen. Grant assumes
command of all the armies of the
Union.
La. Fort de Russy is blown up by the
Federals.
Mar. 18. Gen. Sherman takes com-
mand of the Military Division of the
Mississippi.
Mar. 21. La. At Henderson's Hill,
near Alexandria, Gen. J. A. Mower, of
Gen. Banks's Red River Expedition,
captures 306 Confederate cavalry. [Mar.
25 occupies Alexandria.]
N. C. Goldsboro is occupied by
Gen. Schofleld.
Mar. 23 +. Tenn. The Confederate Gen.
N. B. Forrest makes an extensive and
daring raid into Kentucky.
Mar. 25. Ky. Gen. Forrest demands
the surrender of Paducah, promising
that the garrison will be treated as pris-
oners of war if it surrenders ; but, " if I
have to storm your works, you may ex-
pect no quarter! "
La. Gen. Banks's expedition is con-
centrated at Alexandria.
Mar. 25 ±. Va. Gen. Grant establishes
his headquarters at Culpeper Court-
House.
I
UNITED STATES.
1864, Jan. 12 - Apr. 15. 231
Mar. 27. Ky. Gen. Forrest abandons
an attack on Col. Hicks, at Fort An-
derson, on the approach of Federal
reenforcements, having lost 300 men in
the fight. Federal loss, 14 killed and 46
wounded. The town is nearly destroyed
by the bombardment.
Mar. 28. La. At Cane Kiver Gen. A. J.
Smith defeats the Confederates under
Gen. Richard Taylor. Federal loss, 80 ;
Confederate loss, 700.
Mar. 31. Tenn. Gen. Longstreet's army
retires from East Tennessee into Vir-
ginia.
Apr. 2. D. C. The Secretary of War re-
ports a total of 71,976 negro troops in
the service of the Government.
Apr. 2, 3. La. Gen. Banks's Red River
Expedition advances to Natchitoches.
Apr. 4. D. C. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan
is appointed to the command of all the
cavalry of the Army of the Potomac.
Gen. Schofield is assigned to com-
mand the new department of North
Carolina, and directed to capture Wil-
mington.
Apr. 6. La. Gen. Banks's army leaves
Natchitoches on a march of 100 miles to
Shreveport, with 12 miles of wagon
trains.
Apr. 8. La. Battle of Sabine Cross
Roads.
The Red River Expedition, 12,000
strong, is defeated and routed by 11,000
Confederates under Gen. Richard Tay-
lor. Federal loss, 200 killed, 900 wound-
ed, and 1,800 prisoners, besides many
guns and army trains; Confederate loss,
1,500 men.
Apr. 9. La. Gen. Banks falls back on
Pleasant Hill.
The attack of Gen. Taylor is repulsed
by Gens. Emory and Mower; Federal
loss, 100 killed, 700 wounded, and 300
missing; total loss in two days, about
5,000 or 6,000.
Apr. 10. La. Gen. Banks abandons
the forward movement, and falls
back on Grand Ecore, on the Red
River.
N. C. The Cape Lookout light-
house is seized and blown up by Con-
federates.
Apr. 12. Tenn. The Confederate Gen.
Forrest attacks Fort Pillow, on the
Mississippi River, garrisoned by 557
Federal troops (262 colored).
He gains an advantage over Majs.
Booth and Bradford by treachery, over-
powers the garrison, and massacres 300
persons, white and black, including
women and children. Federal loss, 250
killed, 60 wounded, 164 missing ; Confed-
erate loss, 20 killed, 60 wounded.
Apr. 15. La. The fleet on the Red
River, above Grand Ecore, defeats a
Confederate attack under Gen. Thomas
Green. Confederate loss, 700 men.
Apr. 15 ±. La. At Camden, on the
Wichita River, Gen. Steele with 8,000
men captures an important military
post.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1884.
Jan. 13. Foster, Stephen Collins, ballad
composer, A38.
Jan. 18. Bowden, Lemuel J., sen. for Va.,
A49.
Jan. 21. Tarbell, John A., physician,
Mass., A54.
Jan. 24. Champlin, Stephen G., brig.-gen.
U. S. vols., A37.
Jan. 31. Borland, Solon, sen. for Ark.,
Confed. gen., d.
Gamble, Hamilton R., loyal gov. of Mo.,
A66.
Feb. 1. Stark, Caleb, lawyer, historian, A59.
Feb. 8. Morton, Marcus, Gov. of Mass.,
jurist, A80.
Feb. 1 1 . McCluney, William J., com. U. S.
N., A68.
Feb. 12. Cranston, Henry Y., lawyer, M.
C. for K. I., A74.
Cooke, Parsons, Cong. cl. of Boston,
A64.
Feb. 13. Bullions, Peter, Pres. clergyman,
author of educational books, A73.
Feb. 16. Duncan, William, politician,
brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A92.
Feb. 27. Hitchcock. Edward, geologist,
pres. of Amherst, author, A71.
Mar. 4. Dahlgren, Ulric, col., killed n.
Richmond, A22.
Mar. 8. Perit, Pelatiah, merchant, philan.,
of N. Y., A79.
Mar. 13. Cozzens, William B., hotel prop.,
N. Y. City, A77.
Mar. 19. Bache, Franklin, physician,
chemist, A72.
Meriam, Ebenezer, statistician, meteor-
ologist, A70.
Mar. 22. Gardiner, Robert H., philanthro-
pist, A82.
Mar. 23. Van Rensselaer, Henry, col. U.
S. A., inspector-gen., A54.
Mar. 25. Love joy, Owen, abolitionist,
M. C. for 111., A53.
Mar. 28. Marmaduke, Meredith M., loyal
gov. of Mo., A73.
Mar. 27. Campbell, John N., Pres. cl.,
orator, scholar, A66.
Apr. 6. Kirkland, Caroline M. S., author,
editor, A63.
Apr. 7. Allston, Robert F. W., Gov. of S.
C., agriculturist, A63.
Apr. 8. Mouton, Jean Jaques A. A., Con-
fed, maj.-gen., A35.
Apr. 13. Gilder, Wm. H., editor, educator,
A52.
SOCIETY.
1864 Feb. * Mont. A Vigilance Com-
mittee completes its work of suppres-
sing desperadoes, having banged 24 and
banished eight ; the criminals confessed
to the commission of 102 murders.
Mar. 5. London. An Auxiliary Society
to the United States Sanitary Commis-
sion is organized by Americans.
Mar. 22. III. A riot occurs at Charles-
ton between citizens and soldiers ; seven
persons are killed.
Apr. 4. New York. A Sanitary Commis-
sion Fair on a large scale opens. [Re-
ceipts, £1,200,000.]
STATE.
1864 Jan. 25. D. C. Congress thanks
Cornelius Vanderbilt for his gift of the
steamer Vanderbilt for the use of the
Government; the vessel is worth
$800,000.
Feb. 1. D. C. The President calls for a
draft of 500,000 men to be made on
the 10th of March. [Later the draft was
indefinitely postponed.]
Feb. 18. Ky. The Legislature protests
against the organization of negro regi-
ments in Kentucky, and requests the
President to remove all negro camps
from the State, because they entice
slaves to run away.
Feb. 22. La. Michael Hahn is elected
Governor.
Ky. A Border-State " Freedom "
Convention is held.
Feb. 23. B.C. Congress; Senate:
Solomon Foot of Vt. is reelected
President pro tempore. [He is reelected
again on March 11 ; also on April 11.]
Feb. 24. D. C. Congress grants free-
dom to all male slaves between the
ages of 20 and 45 who shall enlist in the
Federal armies ; it allows every loyal
master $300 for each of his slaves
who enlists in the army.
Feb. 29. D. C. The President approves
the bill for reviving the grade of lieu-
tenant-general.
Feb. * Va. The Confederate Congress
extends the conscription to include
all white males between 17 and 50 years.
Feb.* D. C. Congress: The House
passes the bill empowering the Presi-
dent to appoint a lieutenant-general
of all the Federal armies. Vote, 96-41.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress authorizes
the issue of bonds.
$200,000,000 in bonds payable in five or
40 years in coin, with interest limited at
6 per cent : [and, later, the issue of $400,-
000,000 of bonds of like tenor ; or $200,-
000,000 in treasury notes, in lieu of equal
amount in bonds, drawing 7ft per cent
interest, and payable "in lawful
money," and to be a legal tender].
Mar. 7. D. C. Congress raises the tax
on distilled spirits to 60 cents a gallon.
Mar. 10. Arkansas votes to become a
free-labor State.
Mar. 14. Ark. The Constitution is rati-
fied. [Unrecognized by Congress.]
Mar. 15. La. President Lincoln ap-
points Gov. Hahn to act as military
governor.
D. C. The President calls for a
draft of 200,000 men.
Mar. 21. D. C. President Lincoln signs
the bill permitting the people of Colo-
rado and Nevada to form a State gov-
ernment.
Mar. 28. La. The State Constitutional
Convention meets at New Orleans.
Mar. 30. D. C. Congress repeals the
direct tax imposed by the Act of Aug.
5, 1861.
Apr. 1. D. C. Congress restores the
tax of $1 per barrel on beer.
Apr. 6. La. The loyal State Convention
meets, and incorporates an antislavery
clause in the organic law.
Apr. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate
approves the joint resolution for the
abolition of slavery by amending
the Constitution. Vote, 38-6. Nays
all Democratic.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1864 Feb. 8. Conn. The Colt Armory
at Hartford is burned; loss, $1,000,000.
and 900 men are without work.
Mar. 17. Chicago. The water-works
tunnel under the lake is begun.
Apr. 1. New York. Price of middling
upland cotton, 76 cents; premium on
gold, 166i.
232 1864, Apr. 16 - May 24.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1864 Apr. 16. Ky. At Half Mountain
Col. Gallup surprises and defeats the
Confederates.
La. At Grand Ecore Adm. Porter
and Gen. Andrew J. Smith join Gen.
Banks's army and unite forces. The
Federal fleet is imperiled by the
rapid falling of the river [the retreat
is hastened].
Apr. 17-20. N. C. The Confederate
Gen. Hoke storms and captures Plym-
outh; Gen. Henry W. Wessels and
1,600 troops are made prisoners. Con-
federate loss, 500 men.
Apr. 19. 2f. C. The Confederate ram
Albemarle attacks the Federal gunboats
at Plymouth; she sinks one, and the
others retire.
Apr. 21. N. C. Near Wilmington the
Federals destroy valuable Confederate
salt-works.
Apr. 24. La. At Cane Biver Ferry the
returning expedition of Gen. Banks en-
counters 8,000 Confederates under Gen.
H. P. Bee, having 16 guns, and drives
them across the river. Federal loss, 350;
Confederate loss, 400.
Apr. 25. Gen. Banks is ordered by Gen.
Grant to abandon the Red River Ex-
pedition, and return to New Orleans.
Ark. At Pine Bluff the Confeder-
ates capture a large supply-train and
2,000 persons — Federal Col. Drake
among the number.
Apr. 26. La. The Red River Expe-
dition returns to Alexandria.
Apr. 29. La. Gen. McClernand reen-
forces Gen. Banks with troops from
Matagorda.
Apr. 30. Ark. At Jenkins's Ferry
Gen. Steele repulses a severe attack
of Confederates, under Gen. E. Kirby
Smith, who loses over 1,100 men; Fed-
eral loss, 1,155 men.
Va. The Federal force on the
North side of the Rapidan num-
bers 122,146, including Burnside's corps
22,708; Gen. Hancock commands the 2d
corps, Gen. Warren the 5th, Gen. Sedg-
wick the 6th, Gen. Burnside the 9th ;
Gen. Philip H. Sheridan commands the
cavalry. These are supported by Gens.
Barlow, Gibbon, Birney, Getty, Gregg,
J. H. Wilson, Willcox, Griffin, and
Ricketts.
The Confederate army encamped on
the south bank of the Rapidan under
Gen. Lee numbers 61,952 men. Its three
corps are commanded by Gens. Long-
street, Ewell, and Hill. Gen. J. E. B.
Stuart commands the cavalry ; other
generals are Gordon, Edward Johnson,
Rodes, Ramseur, Heth, Hampton, and
the two Lees.
Apr. 30. — May 8. La. Lieut.-Col. Jo-
seph Bailey, chief engineer, erects a
dam which raises the water seven feet
at the Falls of Alexandria, and there-
by enables Adm. Porter's fleet to pass
the shallows.
Apr. * The enrolment of the National
forces shows 2,245,000 men, from
ages 20-45, in the various States, who
have not been called out, while a million
of men are in the field.
May 1. D.C. Gen. Halleck countermands
the order for abandoning the Red River
Expedition to Shreveport. [Low water
prevents compliance.]
W. Va. Gen. Sigel is sent up the
Shenandoah Valley with 10,000 men ;
Gen. Crook commands an army moving
for his support.
May 2. O. The Ohio National Guard,
38,000 strong, offers its service to the
President.
May 3. D. C. Capt. Charles Wilkes is
reprimanded and suspended from duty
for three years, as punishment for diso-
bedience and disrespect to his superior
officer.
Gen. Grant's campaign in Vir-
ginia.
May 4. Va. The Army of the Poto-
mac, 140,000 strong, begins its final ad-
vance on Richmond, and crosses the
Rapidan soon after midnight.
Col. Spear leaves Portsmouth on a
raid, with the 11th Pennsylvania cav-
alry. [He captures a Confederate camp
on the Weldon Railroad, and destroys
property valued at $500,000, at Jarratt's
Station.]
Tenn. Gen. Sherman begins the
Atlanta campaign by advancing south-
ward from Chattanooga.
May 5-7. Va. Battle of the "Wilder-
ness ; it is the first trial of strength be-
tween Gens. Lee and Grant.
A succession of flank movements by
Gen. Grant near Chancellorsville is at-
tended with indecisive results. Gen.
Longstreet is wounded, and the Federal
Gens. Wadsworth and Hays are killed.
Losses : Federal, 2,246 killed, 12,037
wounded, 3,583 missing ; Confederate,
2,000 killed, 6,000 wounded, 3,400 prison-
ers.
May 5. Tenn. Gen. Sherman begins
his campaign to the Chattahoochee
with an army aggregating 98,797 men
and 254 guns. Gen. Thomas commands
the Army of the Cumberland, Gen. Mc-
Pherson the Army of the Tennessee,
and Gen. Schofield the Army of the
Ohio. Gen. Johnston has 68,620 Confed-
erates at Dalton, Ga. ; Gens. Hardee,
Polk, and Hood, each commands a corps.
N. C. The Confederate ram Albe-
marle is defeated in a naval battle in
Albemarle Sound by the Sassacus.
Va. The Army of the James, under
Gen. B. F. Butler, 35,000 strong, sails
from Fortress Monroe for Bermuda
Hundred; it is to cooperate with the
Army of the Potomac.
May 6. Va. Bermuda Hundred and
City Point, on the James River, are
taken by Gen. Butler; his army en-
trenches.
May 7. Ga. At Rocky Face Ridge Gen.
Sherman makes a demonstration in front
of Gen. Johnston's lines, but declines to
assault them in force.
Va. Gen. Grant declines to attack
Gen. Lee in his entrenchments, and
moves by the left flank toward Spottsyl-
vania Court-House. Gen. Sheridan
defeats Confederate Gen. Stuart's entire
cavalry at Todd's Tavern, driving him
a long distance. Federal loss, 80 men.
May 8-21. Va. Indecisive Battle of
Spottsylvania. (Forces, see May 5-7.)
Federal loss, 2,271 killed, 9,360 wounded,
and 1,970 missing; Confederate loss,
about 10,000, including between 3,000
and 4,000 prisoners ; many general offi-
cers are killed or wounded. Federal
losses in two weeks, 37,335 men.
(May 9.) The Federal army concentrates
near Spottsylvania, and finds Gen. Lee's
army in the path of its advance. Maj.-
Gen. Sedgwick, of the 6th corps, is killed
by a sharpshooter.
(May 10.) Gen. Grant renews the attack,
and makes a strong assault through
the thickets ; Gen. Upton occupies the
" bloody angle," and holds it for a time,
but the Confederates finally drive the
Federals back to their entrenchments.
(May 11.) No general operations occur.
Gen. Grant telegraphs, " I propose to
fight it out on this line, if it takes all
summer."
(May 12.) Gen. Hancock's men as-
sault the apex of the Confederate earth-
works. One of Ewell's entire divisions
(4,000) is captured ; Gen. Warren's assault
is repulsed ; Gen. Burnside carries the
Confederate entrenchments, but is un-
able to hold them ; Confederates fall
back three-fourths of a mile, and defy
attack.
(May 13.) Gen. Grant prepares to move
by the left flank.
(May 14.) An assault on the Confeder-
ates, being delayed by bad roads, is post-
Eoned ; active operations are suspended
ecause of a storm for more than a week.
(May 18.) Gen. Grant makes one final
but unsuccessful assault on Gen. Lee's
left flank.
(May 19.) Gen. Ewell is severely re-
pulsed in an attack with 6,000 men on
Gen. Grant's right, and loses nearly 1,000
men. The army resumes its movement
by the left flank.
(May 20, 21.) The movement by the left
flank continues in the night, and the
army reaches Guiney Station by day-
break.
May 9, 10. Ga. At Rocky Face Ridge
and Buzzard's Roost strong skirmish
lines are engaged.
May 9. Va. Gen. Sheridan cuts loose
from the Army of the Potomac on his
[famous] raid.
He moves around the left of Gen. Lee's
army, to cut his line of supplies and
communications, and to draw the en-
emy's cavalry from Gen. Grant. [He
defeats the-Confederate cavalry in fonr
engagements, and passes entirely around
Lee's army, before his return, 16 days
later. Federal loss, 600 killed and
wounded, and 150 missing ; 200 Confed-
erates are captured.]
At Swift Creek Kautz's cavalry, of
Gen. Butler's army, destroys the rail-
road, and defeats the Confederates. Fed-
eral loss, 90 killed and 400 wounded ;
Confederate loss, 500.
May 10. Va. At Cloyd's Mountain
and New River Bridge Gen. Crook
defeats the Confederates under Gen.
Jenkins. Federal loss, 126 killed, 585
wounded, and 34 missing; Confederate
loss, 900 men, besides 300 prisoners.
Near Wytheville Gen. Averell de-
feats the Confederate Gen. Jones.
UNITED STATES.
1864, Apr. 16 - May 24. 233
May 11. Ga. Gen. Sherman advances
south towards Snake Gap Creek.
Va. Gen. Butler advances to Drew-
ry's Bluff (Fort Darling) on the James
Eiver.
Mayl2.± Va. At Yellow Tavern, six
miles from Richmond, a fierce cavalry-
battle is fought.
Gen. Sheridan attackB Gen. Stuart,
and completely defeats the Confeder-
ates. Gens. Stuart and Gordon are
killed, and Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee's divis-
ion is pursued through the outer de-
fenses of Ilichmond.
May 13. Ga. Dalton is evacuated by
Gen. Johnston.
Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry enter
Gen. Butler's army, on the James River.
[May 17 Sheridan leaves to join Grant.]
May 13.-June 1. Ga. In several engage-
ments between Rocky Face Ridge
and Dallas, Gen. Sherman loses 800
killed, 4,500 wounded, and 1,000 prison-
ers ; Confederates lose 600 killed, 2,100
wounded, and 4,000 prisoners.
May 14, 15. Ga. Near Camp Creek
Gen. Sherman's advance engages in
heavy skirmishes.
May 14. Va. At Drewry's Bluff Gen.
Butler attacks Gen. Beauregard and
takes his outer lines, but is unable to
drive him out of his entrenchments;
Federal loss, 422 killed, 2,380 wounded,
210 missing ; Confederate loss, 2,500.
May 15. Ga. Battle of Resaca. A part
of Gen. Sherman's army attacks and
defeats Gen. Johnston, who retires in
the night toward Dallas, and burns the
bridges behind him. [May 16 Gen.
Sherman enters the city.] Federal loss,
600 killed and 2,147 wounded ; Confed-
erate loss, 2,800 men.
Va. At New Market in the Shen-
andoah Valley, Gen. Breckinridge com-
pletely routs 8,000 Federals under Gen.
Sigel; Federal loss, 120 killed, 560
wounded, and 240 missing ; Confederate
loss, 405 men.
May 16. Va. At Drewry's Bluff (Fort
Darling) Gen. Beauregard attacks Gen.
Butler in force, and compels his army,
20,000 strong, to retire to the entrench-
ments at Bermuda Hundred. Federal
loss (May 11-16), 422 killed, 2,380 wound-
ed, 1,400 prisoners; Confederate loss,
2,500.
May 17. Ga. The Federal troops under
Gen. Jeff. C. Davis occupy Rome, and
destroy mills, foundries, and other Con-
federate property.
May 18. Ga. At Adairsville Gen. O.
O. Howard defeats the Confederates.
La. At Yellow Bayou Gen. A. J.
Smith repulses an attack by Confeder-
ates under ?rince Polignac and Gen.
Wharton.
May 19. Ga. Gen. Johnston retreats
across the Etowah, under cover of
night ; and takes a strong position at
Allatoona Pass.
Va. Near "Winchester Gen. Milroy
defeats the Confederates, who lose six
killed and seven prisoners.
May 20. Ga. Gen. Sherman rapidly pur-
sues the Confederates, and crosses
the Etowah River.
La. At Simsport Gen. Banks surren-
ders command of the troops to Gen. E.
R. S. Canby, commander of the Mili-
tary Division of West Mississippi.
Tenn. At Middletown Gen. Stanley
defeats the Confederates, who lose eight
killed and 90 prisoners.
May 21. Cat. Gen. Irwin McDowell as-
sumes command of the Pacific.
W. Va. Gen. Franz Sigel assumes
command of the Department of West
Virginia.
May 23. Ga. Gen. Sherman's army
crosses the Etowah, and advances to-
ward Dallas.
May 23, 24. Va. Battle of North
Anna:
Gen. Grant advances toward Rich-
mond, and crosses the North Anna.
Gen. Lee attacks the advance, which is
withdrawn, and the army moves toward
the Pamunkey River. Federal loss, 186
killed, 792 wounded, and 165 missing,
total, 1,143; Confederate loss, 2,000.
May 24. Va. At Wilson's Landing
Gen. Wild loses 40 men; Gen. Fitz-Hugh
Lee loses 275, besides 11 prisoners.
Gen. Burnside's corps is incorporated
with the Army of the Potomac.
Gen. Sheridan returns to the Army
of the Potomac from his great raid.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE,
1864 Apr. * Colo. A flood occurs at
Denver.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1864.
Apr. 16. Blanchard, Thos., inventor of
lathe in Mass., A76.
May 1. Duncan, Wm. C, Bapt. cl., editor,
A40.
Porter, Wm. D., com. IT. S. N., A54.
Ringgold, Geo. H., scholar, painter, sol-
dier, A50.
May 5. Hays, Alex., brig.-gen. XT. S. vols.,
A 45.
May. 7. Jenkins, Albert G., Confed. brig.-
gen., A34.
May. 8. Wadsworth, James S., brig.-gen.
U. S. vols., wounded at Wilderness, A 57.
May 9. Doubleday, Thos. I>., Col. U. S.
vols., A48.
Sedgwick, John, maj.-gen. U. S. vols.,
killed at Spottsylvania, A51.
May 10. Jones, John M.. Confed. brig.-
gen., k. at Spottsylvania, A44.
King, Thos. Butler, M. C. for Ga., A60.
Rives, John C, journalist, Congres-
sional Globe, A68.
Stevenson, Thomas G., brig.-gen. IT. S.
vols., A 28.
May 12. Stuart, James E. B.. Confed.
maj.-gen. cavalry of >f. Va., A31.
May 16. Spencer, Piatt R., author of
Spencerian system of writing, A64.
May 19. Hawthorne, Nathaniel, "the
greatest of American novelists," A60.
May 22. Totten, Joseph G., brev. maj.-gen.
U. S. A., engineer, A76.
CHURCH.
1864 May 2-27. Phila. The General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is in
session ; the pastoral term is extended
from two to three years.
It organizes the Church Extension
Society, and forms the Central German,
Colorado, Delaware, Des Moines, Ne-
vada, Southwest German, Northwest
German, and Washington Conferences.
Davis W. Clark, Edward Thompson, and
Calvin Kingsley are ordained bishops.
LETTERS.
1864 May 18. New York. The Journal
of Commerce and the World are sup-
pressed, and their editors ordered under
arrest, by direction of the President, for
inciting disloyalty.
SOCIETY.
1864 Apr. 17. Ga. A women's bread-
riot occurs at Savannah.
Apr. 27. III. The State secures $238,000
at a master's sale of the property of ex-
Gov. Matteson, on the discovery of the
fraudulent reissue of canal scrip for a
large sum, dated many years back.
May 1. D.C. At Washington the
Ladies' National Covenant is formed,
to abstain from the use of imported
articles.
May 24. Boston. The South End City
Hospital is dedicated.
May * The Auxiliary Relief Corps in
the United States is organized in con-
nection with the Sanitary Commission,
which distributes " relief " to the sol-
diers and sailors during the war.
STATE.
1864 Apr. 16. D. C. Congress: The
House defeats an amendment permit-
ting State and municipal taxation of
National Banks.
Apr. 18. D. C. Congress: The House
passes a bill permitting the local taxa-
tion of National Banks, providing no
part of the tax be imposed on that part
of their capital that is invested in United
States bonds. Vote, 70-60.
Apr. 19. £>. C. Congress passes an en-
abling act for the formation of a State
government in Nebraska.
President Lincoln signs the bill per-
mitting the people of Nebraska to form
a State government.
Apr. 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Daniel Clark of N. H. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
Apr. 27. Md. A Constitutional Con-
vention meets at Annapolis.
May 2. Va. The second Confederate
Congress meets at Richmond.
May 10. D. C. Congress : the Senate
passes the Amended National Bank
Bill. Vote, 30-9; absent or not voting, 10.
May 17. D. C. Congress provides for
the Postal Money Order system. [Be-
comes operative Nov. 1.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1864 May 18. U.S. A forged presi-
dential proclamation, calling for
400,000 more men, is published, by spec-
ulators in gold. [Howard and Mallison,
the perpetrators, are discovered and im-
prisoned in Fort Lafayette.]
234 1864, May 25 -July 4.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1864 May 25, 26. Ga. At Pumpkin-
Vine Creek, near Dallas, Gen. Hooker
has a severe but indecisive engagement
•with the Confederates under Gen. Hood ;
losses, about 1,000 on each side.
May 26. Maj.-Gen. Foster assumes com-
mand of the Department of the South.
May 27. Va. Gen. Grant secures a posi-
tion south of the Pamunkey River,
and finds Gen. Lee awaiting him.
Near the Totopotomoy River heavy
skirmishing occurs between the armies
of Gen. Grant and Gen. Lee ; Federal
loss, 99 killed, 508 wounded, 52 missing.
May 28. Ga. Near Pumpkin-Vine
Creek Gen. Hardee furiously attacks
Gen. McPherson, and delays his union
■with Gen. Hooker.
Gen. Sherman having outflanked the
Confederates under Gen. Johnston, they
retreat to Lost Mountain. Loss: Fed-
eral, 300 men ; Confederate, 2,500, be-
sides 300 prisoners.
Va. At Hawes' Shop a detach-
ment of Sheridan's cavalry defeats the
Confederate cavalry ; both sides fight as
infantry.
Col. Clendenin makes a raid, and
captures 111 Confederates.
May 30. Ga. Near Marietta Gen. Mc-
Pherson captures 400 prisoners, also a
railroad train of sick and wounded
Confederates.
May 31. Va. Gen. Sheridan drives
Confederates under Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee
out of their entrenchments near Cold
Harbor, and occupies their position.
June 1. Va. Gen. Grant is reenforeed
by Gen. Smith's 18th corps from the
Army of the James.
June 1-4. Va. The bloody battle of
Cold Harbor.
Gen. Grant attacks Gen. Lee's army in
its strong entrenchments, nine miles
from Richmond, and is terribly repulsed.
Federal loss, 1,769 killed, 6,752 wounded,
and 1,537 missing ; Confederate loss,
about 1,000. "I have always regretted
that last assault at Cold Harbor." —
(Grant's Memoirs.)
(June 1.) Gens. "Wright and Smith
attack the Confederates under Gen. R.
P. Anderson, who succeeds Gen. Long-
street, after he was wounded (May 6) and
carry the Confederates' first line and
entrench.
(June 2) Gen. Grant's army prepares
for a grand assault, and repels the Con-
federate attack on its right flank.
(June 3) A terrific and destructive
assault is made by the Federal army led
by Gens. Hancock, Wright, and Smith ;
Bome advance positions are gained. The
Confederates make counter assaults at
several points; but the Federals succeed
in holding some points gained.
June 2. Ky. Gen. John H. Morgan
enters Kentucky from Virginia on his
second raid.
Ga. In Ossabaw Sound the Con-
federates surprise and capture the gun-
boat Water Witch.
Va. At Bermuda Hundred an artil-
lery fight and skirmishing occur.
June 4. Ga. Allatoona is abandoned
to the Federals by Gen. Johnston.
June 4-24. Va. Gen. Sheridan makes
his second raid.
He aims to destroy the Confederate
communications ana threaten Rich-
mond from the rear ; but Gen. Hunter,
who was to act in cooperation with him,
fails to meet him at Gordonsville.
June 5. Va. At Piedmont Gen. Hunter
defeats the Confederates under Gen.
W. E. Jones, and advances up the
Valley. Federal loss, 130 killed, 650
wounded ; Confederate loss, heavy in
killed and wounded, besides 1,500 pris-
oners. Gen. Jones is among the killed.
Gen. Grant relieves Gen Sigel of the
command of West Virginia, and appoints
Gen. Hunter as his successor.
June 5-30. Ga. At Lost Mountain,
Kenesaw Mountain, and Little
Kenesaw, Gen. Sherman loses 1,370
killed, 6,500 wounded, and 800 prison-
ers ; Confederate losses, 4,000 killed,
wounded, and prisoners.
June 6. Va. Staunton is occupied by
Federals under Gen. Hunter.
June 7. Va. Gen. Grant sends Gen.
Sheridan on a cavalry raid to destroy
the Virginia Central Railroad.
Gen. Grant continues his movement
by the left flank, intending to cross the
Chickahominy and James Rivers, to
the south of Richmond.
June 8. Ga. Gen. Frank Blair reen-
forces Gen. Sherman with two divisions
and a brigade of cavalry.
June 9. Ky. At Mount Stirling Gen.
S. G. Burbridge defeats Confederate
Gen. Morgan, captures 700 of his men
[and drives him back into Virginia].
N. C. Lexington refuses to sur-
render to a part of Gen. Morgan's force.
The supply steamer Newbem runs
ashore the Pervensey, a blockade run-
ner, worth, with her cargo, $1,000,000.
June 10. Miss. At Briee's Cross Roads,
near Guntown, Federal Gen. Sturgis
loses 223 killed, 394 wounded, and 1,623
missing ; Gen. Forrest's loss is 606 men.
Va. Gen. Butler makes an unsuccess-
ful attempt to take Petersburg.
Near Trevilian Station Gen. Sheri-
dan is attacked by Gen. Hampton's Con-
federate cavalry, and drives it several
miles. Federal loss, 85 killed, 490
wounded, and 160 missing ; Confederate
loss, 370 men.
June 11. Ky. Gen. Morgan's command
invests Frankfort, which is success-
fully defended by Federals.
June 12. Ky. At Cynthiana Gen. Mor-
gan defeats the Federals under Gen.
Burbridge. Federal loss, 200, besides
1,200 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 305
killed, 275 wounded, and 400 prisoners.
Va. Gen. Grant begins the move-
ment for a change of base to the south
side of the James River.
June 13. Va. Gen. Grant's army begins
to cross the Chickahominy.
June 14. Ga. Lieut. -Gen. Leonidas
Polk is killed at Pine Mountain.
June 15. Ga. Gen. Johnston evacuates
Pine Mountain; Gen. Sherman occu-
pies it.
June 15, 16. Va. Gen. Grant's army,
numbering about 115,000, crosses the
James River, and joins Gen. Butler.
About one-half its artillery has been sent
back to Washington as superfluous.
June 15-22. Va. The Federals fail in an
attempt to take Petersburg. Federal
loss, 1,688 killed, 8,513 wounded, and
1,185 missing ; Confederate loss, 3,500.
(June 15.) Gen. W. F. Smith's corps,
16,000 strong, suddenly appears and
captures, near the close of the day, the
Confederate entrenchments. [Gen.
Beauregard reenforces the garrison dur-
ing the night.]
(June 17.) The Federals under Gen.
Hancock, by heavy fighting all day,
advance their lines at Petersburg.
(June 18.) Gen. Meade orders a vigorous
assault on Petersburg.
The Confederates under Gens. Lee and
Beauregard repulse the repeated as-
saults, until the Federals seek the cover
of their entrenchments. Federal loss in
four days about 10,000 men. The siege
of Petersburg begins.
(June 22.) Gen. Meade sends Gen. Wil-
son's cavalry to break all three of the
railroads connecting Richmond with the
South.
[He severs the Weldon road at Reams's
Station, destroys 30 miles of the Lynch-
burg road, and as many miles of the
Danville road.]
June 16. Va. Lynchburg is invested
by Gen. Hunter, aided by Gens. Crook
and Averell.
June 17. Ga. Near Atlanta 600 Con-
federate conscripts flee to the Federal
army.
At Lost Mountain Gen. Johnston is
driven from a strong position after three
days' desultory fighting.
June 18. Va. Gen. Hunter's army, 20,000
strong, retires from Lynchburg, be-
ing short of ammunition sufficient for
a battle. Loss : Federal, 100 killed, 500
wounded, and 400 missing ; Confederate,
200.
June 18-20. Va. Gen. Sheridan has
a skirmish at King and Queen's Court-
House.
June 19. France. The Kearsarge, Capt.
Winslow, destroys the privateer Ala-
bama in a brilliant engagement, lasting
two hours, off Cherbourg. Adm. Semmes
and the crew of the Alabama are picked
up and rescued by a British vessel.
The Alabama had destroyed 58 vessels,
valued at $6,547,609, yet had never
entered a Confederate port. Losses:
Federals, one killed, three wounded ;
Confederates, 40 killed and 10 wounded.
June 21. Va. Gen. Sheridan has a
fight with the Confederate cavalry un-
der Gen. Wade Hampton at White
House and Tunstall's Station.
June 21, 22. Va. Gen. Meade sends a
large force under Gens. Hancock and
Wright to seize the Weldon Railroad.
They are defeated and nearly captured
by the Confederates under Gen. A. P.
Hill.
Losses : Federal, 604 killed, 2,494
wounded, 2,217 prisoners ; Confederate,
306 killed and wounded, 200 prisoners.
UNITED STATES.
1864, May 25 -July 4. 235
June 22. Ga. At Kulp House Gen.
Hood attempts to break Sherman's line,
and is repulsed with great losses on both
sides, especially severe for the Confed-
erates.
June 23. Va. Gen. Sheridan has an-
other flght at Jones's Bridge. [On the
24th he again encounters the Confeder-
ates at St. Mary's Bridge.]
June 25. Tenn. At Lafayette an at-
tack of 3,000 Confederates under Gen.
Pillow is repulsed.
June 27. Mo. Near St. Charles the
Confederates are defeated by Gen. Carr.
Ga. Near Kenesaw Gen. Sherman
makes a heavy assault on the Confeder-
ate position, and is repulsed with the
loss of 2,500 men ; Gens. Charles G.
Harker and Daniel McCook are killed.
Confederate loss, 600.
June 30. Va. The Federal loss in the
trenches before Petersburg (June 20-30)
is 112 killed, 506 wounded, and 800 mis-
sing.
Gen. Wilson's raid on the Weldon
Railroad ends. Federal loss in eight
days, 76 killed, 265 wounded, and 700
missing; Confederate loss, 300 men.
July 1. Ga. At Marietta Gen. John-
ston evacuates the city, and Gen. Sher-
man captures 3,000 prisoners.
July l.i Va. Gen. Early starts north-
ward with 17,000 men, in his campaign
against Washington, via Shenandoah
Valley.
July 2, 3. W. Va. Gen. Early moves
down the Shenandoah Valley from Win-
chester with a strong force ; great fears
are entertained for the safety of Balti-
more.
July 3. Ga. Gen. Sherman's troops oc-
cupy Kenesaw Mountain at daylight,
after its evacuation by Gen. Johnston's
army, which retires across the Chatta-
hoochee.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1864 June 30. D. C. Congress grants
the Yosemite Valley and the Mari-
posa Big-tree Grove on the Merced
River to California for public use.
June * Hall's second expedition sails for
the Polar regions. [It finds many
relics of Sir John Franklin, and tidings
of four men who died from cold and
starvation.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1864.
May 27. Oiddingrs. Joshua Reed, M. C.
for O. for 21 years, A69.
June 2. Doles, George P., Confed. brig.-
gen., killed at battle of Cold Harbor, A 34.
June 4. Keitt, Lawrence M., Confed. col.,
A40.
June 5. Jones, William E., Confed. maj.-
gen, A 40.
June 8. Adams, Daniel, writer of school
text-books, physician, ASM).
June 11. Hornblower, Joseph C, chief
justice, N. J., A87.
June 14. Polk, Leonidas, P. E. bp., Con-
fed. lieut.-gen., A58.
June 16. Ewing, Andrew, lawyer; Confed.
officer, dies.
June 17. Lamson Alvan, Unitarian cl.,
author, A72.
June 24. Coffin, Joshua, antiquary, A72.
June 27. Harker, Charles G., brig.-gen. U.
S. vols., killed at Kenesaw Mountain, A27.
June 29. Taylor, Joseph P., brig.-gen. U. S.
vols., A68.
July 1. Quincy, Josiah, M. C. for Mass.,
pres. of Harvard, A 92.
July 2. Dutton, Arthur H., col. 21st Conn.
vols., A30.
CHURCH.
1864 June 8. N. Y. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
June 22. Me. The Maine Conference
of Unitarian Churches is organized.
LETTERS.
1864 June 7. O. German WaUace
College (Meth. Epis.) is organized at
Beroa
SOCIETY.
1864 June 4. JV. Y. A great meeting
is held to express gratitude to Gen.
Grant and his army for late victories
won.
June 7. Phila. The Sanitary Fair
opens.
June 28. D. C. The National Deaf
Mute CoUege, the only college for
deaf mutes in the world, is opened at
"Washington.
STATE.
1864 May 26. D. C. Congress organ-
izes the Territory of Montana, out of a
part of Idaho.
May 31. O. The Republican party
is divided. The " radical men of the
nation" meet at Cleveland, and nom-
inate Gen. J. C. Fremont and Gen.
J. Cochrane for presidential offices.
The Convention charges the Administra-
tion with incapacity and infidelity.
May * All persons imprisoned under the
writ of habeas corpus are discharged.
June 3. D. C. President Lincoln ap-
proves the National Bank Tax BiU.
The Currency Bureau of the Treas-
ury is opened, in charge of a controller.
June 7. Md. The Republican Na-
tional Convention meets at Baltimore;
the venerable Robert J. Breckinridge
of Ky., temporary chairman, thrills the
North with his patriotic speech.
June 8. Md. The Convention nomi-
nates Abraham Lincoln of 111. for
President, and Andrew Johnson, a
war Democrat of Tenn., for Vice-Presi-
dent. Lincoln receives 496 out of 518
votes on the first ballot.
June 13. D. C. Congress: The House
passes a bill for the repeal of the Fugi-
tive Slave Law. Vote, 82-58.
June 15. D. C. Congress: The House
fails to approve the joint resolution (the
13th amendment) for the abolition of
slavery, by amending the Constitution.
Vote, 93-65 ; this is 27 short of two-
thirds.
O. C. L. VaUandigham returns
from Canada.
June 23. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the bill to repeal the Fugitive
Slave Law. Vote, 27-12.
June 27. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Representation in Congress is refused to
Senators elected in Arkansas. Vote,
27-6. [This occasions a conflict with the
President.]
June 28. D. C. The President approves
the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Law.
June 30. D. C. Congress authorizes
the issue of $400,000,000 in bonds, or
Treasury notes, amounting to $200,-
000,000, and bonds for the same amount.
Congress passes an Internal Reve-
nue Law providing for almost univer-
sal taxation on every occupation,
manufacture, and document.
Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the
Treasury, resigns his office.
U. S. Statistics. Revenue : Cus-
toms, $102,316,153; sales of public lands,
$588,333 ; Internal Revenue, $109,741,134 ;
direct tax, $475,649 ; premium on loans
and sales of gold coin, $21,174,101 ; mis-
cellaneous items, $30,331,401 ; total rev-
enue, $264,626,772.
Expenditures: Civil and miscella-
neous items, $27,505,599 ; War Depart-
ment, $690,791,843; Navy Department,
$85,725,995; Indians, $2,629,859; pen-
sions, $4,983,924; interest on the public
debt, $53,685,422; total ordinary ex-
penses, $865,322,642. Excess of expendi-
tures over receipts, $600,995,870. Pub-
lic debt, $1,815,784,370. Exports, $158,-
837,988. Imports, $316,447,283.
July 1. D. C. The Government raises
the tax on distilled spirits to $1.50
per proof gallon.
July 2. I). C. The bill prohibiting the
coastwise slave-trade is approved.
Congress grants public lands in Ore-
gon for the purpose of constructing a
military road through the State.
July 4. D. C. Congress passes the bill
providing for the reconstruction of
the Southern States; President Lin-
coln refuses to sign it. Republicans in
Congress unanimously dissent from his
course.
The 38th Congress : the first session
closes.
JVer. A State Convention meets at
Carson City, to frame a Constitution.
The Democratic National Con-
vention is appointed to meet on this
day in Chicago. [The recent Union vic-
tories occasion a change of date to
August.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1864 July 1. New York. Price of mid-
dling upland cotton, 150 to 152 cents,
premium on gold, 245.
July 2. D. C. Congress amends the
Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, so as to
increase the value of its securities. It
grants 12,800 acres for each mile of com-
pleted road ; total, 25,000,000 acres.
Congress charters the Northern Pa-
cific Railroad to connect Lake Superior
with Puget Sound (1,800 miles), and ex-
tending to the Columbia River (200
miles); subsidy, 47,000,000 acres — 73,000
square miles.
236 1864, July 4 - Aug. 22.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1864 July 4. Ga. Near Smyrna
Camp Ground Gen. Sherman's army
celebrates the day by a noisy but not
desperate battle in pursuit of Gen.
Johnston.
Va. The Federals celebrate the day
by firing a national salute from double-
shotted cannons into Petersburg.
D. C. Congress grants to each drafted
man a bounty for one year's service,
and doubles and trebles the amount for
two and three years' service respectively.
July 5. Ga. Gen. Johnston retires
behind his strong entrenchments on the
Chattahoochee ; he is nearly besieged
by Gen. Sherman.
— — Md. Gen. Early, with 20,000 Con-
federates, crosses the Potomac into
Maryland to threaten "Washington —
a movement to divert Gen. Grant from
Richmond.
Miss. At Jackson, the capital, Gen.
Slocum flanks the Confederates, and
drives them out of the city.
Va. Gen. Bradley T. Johnson, with
3,000 Confederate troops, crosses the
Potomac into Maryland ; consterna-
tion spreads among the farmers of two
States.
July 8. Ga. Gen. Rousseau, with 2,000
Federal cavalry, leaves Decatur on a
destructive raid west of Opelika.
Md. Gen. Early's whole force en-
ters the passage of South Mountain.
Gen. Ricketts's division of Gen. Grant's
army arrives at Baltimore.
July 9. Ga. Gov. Brown calls out the
militia, including all males between the
ages of 15 and 45 years.
Gen. Johnston is forced to retire be-
hind the Chattahoochee River.
Md. Gen. Early, at the head of an
invading army, defeats a small force
under Gen. Lew "Wallace on the
Monocacy.
This action, however, checks the ad-
vance of the Confederates till troops
arrive and save 'Washington and Balti-
more from great peril. Federal loss, 98
killed, 579 wounded, and 1,280 missing ;
Confederate loss, 700.
July 10. Ga. The entire Confederate
army under Gen. Johnston is concen-
trated behind the defenses of At-
lanta.
Md. Gen. Early's cavalry ap-
proaches Baltimore and alarms the
city ; it encamps at Rockville.
July 11. D. C. Gen. Early makes a
close reconnoissance of Fort Stevens,
three miles from the city limits of
Washington, and within sight of the
dome of the Capitol.
Gen. "Wright arrives from Gen.
Grant's army with two divisions for the
defense of "Washington.
July 12. Md. Gen. Wright sends Gen.
Bid well to drive Gen. Early's skir-
mishers back, and a severe action
occurs ; Federal loss, 280 killed and
wounded.
In the night Gen. Early retires and
escapes pursuit.
July 13-15. Miss. Between Pontotoc
and Tupelo Gens. A. J. Smith and
Slocum defeat the Confederates under
Gens. Forrest, Lee, and Walker in five
successive engagements. Federal loss,
153 killed, 794 wounded, 49 missing ;
Confederate loss, 82 killed, wounded,
and missing.
July 14. Va. At "White's Ford Gen.
Early recrosses the Potomac into Vir-
ginia, with trains laden with plunder.
July 15. Ala. At Youngstown Gen.
Rousseau burns four storehouses and a
great quantity of provisions gathered for
the Confederates.
July 17. Ga. Gen. Sherman begins
his march from the Chattahoochee to
Atlanta.
Gen. J. B. Hood supersedes Gen.
Johnston in command of the Confeder-
ate army in Georgia — the Department
of Tennessee.
Miss. At Grand Gulf Gen. Slocum
defeats the Confederates.
July 18. D. C. The president calls for
500,000 volunteers to be furnished within
50 days, any deficiency to be made up by
a draft.
Me. Confederate raiders from St.
John attempt to rob a bank, but fall,
the authorities being forewarned.
Miss. A Federal raiding force destroys
a large part of the Atlanta and Mont-
gomery Railroad, defeats 1,500 Confed-
erates in an engagement, and captures
400 conscripts.
July 19. Va. Gen. Grant asks President
Lincoln to call for 300,000 men to reen-
force the armies.
July 20. Va. Near "Winchester, at
Stephenson's Depot, Gen. Wm. W.
Averell defeats Gen. Ramseur's division
of Gen. Early's army. Federal loss, 250
men ; Confederate loss, 300 killed and
wounded, besides 200 prisoners.
Ga. Battle for the defense of Atlanta
(Peach Tree Creek). •
Gen. Hood comes out from his en-
trenchments and furiously assaults Gen.
Sherman's line, but is repulsed with
heavy loss. Col. [President] Benjamin
Harrison wins distinction ; Gen. Walter
Q. Gresham [Sec. of State] is seriously
wounded ; Federal loss, 300 killed and
1,410 wounded; Confederate loss, 4,796
killed, wounded, and prisoners.
Fla. Gen. Asboth captures a Con-
federate camp with many conscripts.
July 21. Ky. Henderson is attacked
by 700 guerrillas.
July 22. Ga. Gen. Rousseau com-
pletes his raid from Decatur, Ala., of
450 miles in 15 days, and enters Gen.
Sherman's camp.
He reports 2,000 prisoners captured
and paroled, 200 Confederates killed and
wounded, 800 horses and mules and 800
negroes taken, 31 miles of railroad de-
stroyed, 13 depots burned, besides cars,
cotton, provisions, and stores.
Second battle of Atlanta, or Deca-
tur ; Gen. Sherman repulses Gen. Hood's
second sortie. Maj.-Gen. James B. Mc-
Pherson is killed in a reconnoitering
movement.
Federal loss, 500 killed, 2,114 wounded,
and 100 prisoners ; Confederate loss,
8,499 men. Gen. Hood loses more men ia
three days than Gen. Johnston lost in ten
weeks of successive battles.
Va. Gen. Early's army arrives at
Strasburgh, in the Shenandoah.
July 24. Va. At Kearnstown, near
Winchester, Gen. Early turns upon Gen.
Crook, his pursuer, defeats and routs
his force; the Federals are driven out
of the Shenandoah "Valley and across
the Potomac. Federal loss, 1,200 ; Con-
federate loss, 600.
La. An expedition on Grand Lake
destroys boats and mills belonging to
the Confederates.
July 26±. Ga. Gen. Hood sends Gen.
"Wheeler with 8,000 cavalry to break
up railroads and capture supplies in
Sherman's rear.
July 26-31. Ga. Gen. Stoneman
makes a raid to destroy the railroads
about Macon ; he destroys much rail-
road property, and is finally defeated by
a Confederate force ; Federal loss, sev-
eral hundred men.
July 27. Ga. At Atlanta Gen. Sherman
begins the movement by the right flank
against Gen. Hood.
Gen. O. O. Howard succeeds Gen.
McPherson to the command of the Army
of the Tennessee.
Gen. Sherman sends out a cavalry
column to the right under Gen. E. M.
McCook, and another to the left under
Gen. Stoneman, aiming to cut Gen.
Hood's communications. [Both fail.]
July 28. Ga. Third battle before
Atlanta. Gen. Hood is repulsed in re-
peated assaults on the right flank by
Gen. Logan, supported by Gens. Dodge
and Blair ; the Confederates finally re-
tire* into the town. Loss : Federal, 100
killed and 600 wounded; Confederate,
4,643.
Gen. Stoneman, with 5,000 men,
makes a raid toward Macon [and is cap-
tured with many of his men].
Gen. Canby enrolls all citizens in the
Department of the Gulf, and sends the
families of Confederate soldiers beyond
his lines.
July 30. Pa. At Chambersburg Gen.
McCausland, of Gen. Early's command,
demands a ransom of $500,000 in
currency and $100,000 in gold, and in
default of payment burns the town.
July 31. Md. At Hancock Gen. Mc-
Causland demands a ransom of $30,-
000 ; while the citizens are raising the
money, Federal cavalry under Gen.
Averell arrive, and drive the Confeder-
ates out of the town.
Va. The mine at Petersburg is
exploded.
It throws a Confederate fort into the
air, and opens a crater 200 feet long, 50
feet wide, and 25 feet deep ; the assault
by Gen. Burnside is disastrously repulsed
by the Confederates. Federal loss, 417
killed, 1,679 wounded, and about 2,000
prisoners ; Confederate loss, 800, besides
200 prisoners.
July * Ga. Gen. Frank Blair, with the
17th corps, reenforces Gen. Sherman,
making the Federal force about
UNITED STATES.
100,000, while the Confederates num-
ber about 50,000.
Aug. 1. Md. At Cumberland Gen. Kel-
ley has a sharp fight, and defeats the
Confederates under Gen. McCausland,
who withraws into West Virginia.
Aug. 1-26. Ga. Gen. Sherman be-
sieges Atlanta.
Aug. 2. La. Gen. Banks enrolls all ne-
groes in his department between the
ages of 18 and 45 for the Federal ser-
vice.
Aug. 4. Ala. Gen. Gordon Granger
lands 5,000 Federals in the rear of Fort
Gaines, Dauphin Island. The last of
Farragut's fleet arrives.
Aug. 5. Ala. Adm. Farragut attacks
Forts Morgan and Gaines ; Fort Powell
is blown up.
W. Va. At the Williamsport and
Shepherdstown fords, Gen. Early again
crosses the Potomac into Maryland.
Aug. 5-20. Ala. If aval Battle in Mo-
bile Bay.
Adm. Farragut, with 14 wooden war-
vessels and four ironclads, attacks the
smaller Confederate fleet under Adm.
Buchanan, which is supported by three
strongly garrisoned forts commanded by
Gen. Page, and guarding the entrance
to the harbor. Farragut loses the Te-
cumseh; he lashes himself to the mast
of the Hartford, and from thence com-
mands the battle. The Confederate fleet,
including the ram Tennessee, is captured
or driven away, and the forts are sur-
rendered. Total Federal loss, 120 killed,
88 wounded ; Confederate loss, 1,756 men,
chiefly prisoners.
Aug. 7. Ala. Fort Gaines, with its
garrison of 800 men, is surrendered by
Col. C. D. Anderson to Adm. Farragut.
Md. Gen. Early recrosses the Po-
tomac and retires to Bunker Hill, near
Winchester.
Va. Ma j. -Gen. Sheridan is ap-
pointed to succeed Gen. Hunter in com-
mand of the Army of the Shenandoah ;
it is 30,000 strong, and includes 8,000
cavalry.
W. Va. Gen. Sheridan assumes
command of the Middle Military Divis-
ion in the Shenandoah Valley.
His army comprises the 6th corps, Gen.
Wright ; the 19th corps, Gen. Emory ;
Gen. Crook's army of Western Virginia,
besides a large force of cavalry. Total
present for duty, 22,000 infantry and
8,000 horse.
At Moorefield Gen. Averell attacks
and routs the Confederate cavalry under
Gen. McCausland, capturing 400 prison-
ers, besides his guns and army trains.
Aug. 9. Va. At City Point the explo-
sion of an ordnance-boat, laden with
ammunition, kills 50 men, and wounds
120 more.
Aug. 12. Gen. William T. Sherman
is made major-general in the regular
Army.
Aug. 13, 14. Va. Gen. Grant makes a
movement threatening Richmond, in
order to prevent Confederate reenforce-
ments being sent against Sheridan.
Aug. 14. Va. Gen. Grant makes a heavy
demonstration in the direction of Rich-
mond, on the north side of the James
River.
Aug. 14-18. Va. At Strawberry Plains
and Deep Bottom Run Gen. Grant loses
400 killed, 1,755 wounded, and 3,176 pris-
oners ; Gen. Lee loses 1,100.
Aug. 15. Port. Com. Craven of the Niag-
ara captures the English-built Confed-
erate cruiser Oeorgia near Lisbon.
Aug. 16. Va. At Crooked Bun Gen.
Merritt's cavalry repulses an attack of
Confederates under Gens. L. L. Lomax
and W. C. Wickham.
Aug. 18-21. Va. Gen. Warren seizes
and permanently holds the Weldon
Railroad, at the Globe Tavern, where
(Aug. 18) he repels an attack by Con-
federates under Gen. Heth. ' Each side
loses about 1,000 men.
(Aug. 19.) Gen. Warren repulses an at-
tack by Gen. A. P. Hill, and holds the
Weldon road.
(Aug. 21.) Gen. Warren repulses a severe
assault by Gen. A P. Hill, who leaves
his dead and wounded on the field ; sev-
eral hundred Confederates are captured.
Aug. 18-22. Ga. At Atlanta Gen.
Sherman sends Gen. Kilpatrick, with
5,000 cavalry, on a raid. [He destroys
the Macon Railroad near Jonesboro, and
passes entirely around the Confederate
lines at Atlanta. He returns on the
22d.]
Aug. 18. Gen. George G. Meade is
commissioned major-general in the U. S.
Army ; he commands the Army of the
Potomac under Gen. Grant.
Aug. 20. Va. Gen. Grant withdraws
his troops from the north side of the
James River.
Aug. 21. Ga. At Dalton Col. Siebold
defeats the Confederates under Gen.
Wheeler. Federal loss, 30 men ; Con-
federate loss, 150.
W. Va. At Bunker Hill, near
Charlestown, Gen. Early's advance at-
tacks Gen. Sheridan, who falls back to
his defenses at Halltown ; Federal loss,
90 men ; Confederate loss, 400.
Aug. 22. Ala. Fort Morgan is invested
by the Federals under Gen. Granger, and
the bombardment begins.
Ga. Gen. Kilpatrick returns from
his raid ; he dashes through the Confed-
erate lines with his 70 prisoners.
Aug. 23. Ala. The Federals take pos-
session of Fort Morgan, on the sur-
render of Gen. R. L. Page to Adm.
Farragut and Gen. Granger, thus clos-
ing the port of Mobile against the Con-
federates.
Ark. Near Duvall's Bluff Confed-
erate Gen. Shelby captures nearly all of
the 5th Illinois Regiment.
Aug. 24, 25. Va. Gen. Lee is repulsed
at Beams's Station in an attempt to
recapture the "Weldon Bailroad.
Gens. Hancock and Gregg are defeated
by Gen. A. P. Hill. Federal loss, 125
killed, 546 wounded, and 1,769 missing ;
Confederate loss, 2,000.
Aug. 25. Ga. At Atlanta Gen. Sher-
man begins his last flank movement,
south of the city [and for several days
destroys the connecting railroads].
1864, July 4 - Aug. 22. 237
Aug. 27. W. Va. Gen. Early falls back
from the Potomac to Bunker Hill.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1864.
July 5. Reeder, Andrew H., Gov. of Kan-
sas, A57.
July 6. Morris, George Pope, poet, jour-
nalist, A62.
July 33. MacPherson, James Birdseye.
maj.-gen. V. S. vols., k. at Atlanta, A36.
July 33. Fisk, Samuel, Cong, cl., writer,
capt. V. S. vols., A36.
July 30. Waldo, Daniel, rev'l. centena-
rian, A102.
Aug. 1. Hadley, Henry H., Hebraist, theo-
logical writer, A 38.
Aug. 5. Craven, Tunis A. M., capt. TJ. S.
N.,A51.
Aug. 6. Stedman, Griffin A., brig.-gen., U.
S. vols., A24.
Aug. 7. Francis, John B., Gov. of R. I.,
A 73.
Aug. 13. Winslow, Hubbard, Cong, cl.,
author, A65.
Aug. 33. Appleton, John, ed., minister to
Russia, A49.
STATE.
1864 July 2. U. S. The New Tariff
Law goes into force.
It charges a duty of 25 cents a pound
on teas ; three to five cents on sugars ;
brandies, $2.50 per gallon ; cigars, from
75 cents to $3.00 a pound, besides an ad
valorem duty of from 20 to 60 cents ; to-
bacco, 35 to 50 cents ; iron, 33 per cent on
the value ; coal, from 40 cents to $1.25
per ton ; wools, three to 10 cents, besides
10 per cent ad valorem ; woollen goods,
none less than 50 per cent on the value,
and many grades much more ; cotton
manufactures, from 5 to 7J cents per
square yard, also an ad valorem duty
from 10 to 35 per cent of value.
July 5. D. C. Wm. Pitt Fessenden
of Me. succeeds Salmon P. Chase as
Secretary of the Treasury.
The President suspends the writ of
habeas corpus in Kentucky, and declares
the State under martial law.
July 7. D. C. The President appoints
the 4th day of August as a day of
humiliation and prayer.
July 8. D. C. The President makes
known his objections to the Eecon-
struction Act in a public message.
He requests Horace Greeley to con-
fer with certain Confederates in Canada,
who desire a conference respecting
peace. [Nothing is accomplished.]
July 18. T>. C. President Lincoln calls
for 500,000 more volunteers, mak-
ing 700,000 called for since the 1st of
March, besides the draft of 500,000 men.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1864 July 11. Phila. The first organ-
ized National Bank opens.
July 16. New York. Gold sells for
$2.85 — the highest premium paid
during the war.
July * Eng. The seal of the Confeder-
ate States is completed ; cost, $600.
July* U.S. Crude petroleum is quoted
at $12.12$ per barrel.
238 1864, Aug. 28 - Nov. 7.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1864 Aug. 28. W. Va. Gen. Sheri-
dan resumes the offensive in the Shenan-
doah Valley.
Aug. * Ga. Gen. Wheeler with a force of
cavalry destroys the railroad north of
Resaca ; this is the line by which Sher-
man has been communicating with his
base of supplies. [He sweeps on into
Tennessee.]
Aug. 29. W. Va. Gen. Crook super-
sedes Gen. Hunter, as commander of the
Department of West Virginia.
Aug. 31. Va. In the trenches at Peters-
burg Gen. Grant loses during August,
87 killed and 484 wounded.
Ga. The Confederates under Lieut.-
Gen. Hardee attack the army of the
Tennessee under Gen. Howard, at
Jonesboro, and are repulsed. A coun-
ter-attack by Gen. Davis fails to dis-
lodge the Confederates. Losses : Fed-
eral, 1,149 wounded ; Confederates,
2,000.
Sept. 1. Ga. Gen. Hood having divided
his army, Gen. Sherman attacks Gen.
Hardee on the railroad 20 miles south
of Atlanta; Hardee retires during the
night.
At Atlanta Gen. Hood, being unable
to maintain his position, blows up his
military works, destroys his stores, and
evacuates the city in the night.
Sept. 2. Ga. Gen. Slocum enters At-
lanta in the early morning ; thus the
siege of more than four weeks ends.
[Sherman afterwards compels the citi-
zens to leave.]
Sept. 3. Va. At Berry ville Gen.
Averell's cavalry defeats Confederates.
[Rodes's infantry drives Gen. Averell
out on the 4th.] Federal loss, 300.
Sept. 4. Tenn. At Greenville Gen. A.
C. Gillem surprises and kills the guer-
rilla Gen. John H. Morgan when about
to start on another raid ; the Confeder-
ates lose 100 killed and 75 prisoners,
including Morgan's entire staff.
Sept. 7. Tenn. At Reedyville the Con-
federates are defeated by Col. Jourdan
with 250 Pennsylvania cavalry.
Sept. 8. Ark. At Dardanelles the Con-
federate Gen. Price crosses the Arkansas
River, and marches for Missouri.
Ga. Gen. Sherman returns from
the movement south of Atlanta, and
enters the city.
Federal losses since leaving Chat-
tanooga aggregate, 5,284 killed, 26,129
wounded, and 5,786 missing.
Sept. 9. Ga. Gens. Sherman and Hood
enter a truce for 10 days, for the re-
moval of non-combatants from Atlanta.
Sept. 14. Ga. Gov. Brown withdraws
the militia of the State, 15,000 strong,
from the army of Gen. Hood, near At-
lanta— an act for which he is bitterly
censured.
Va. Gen. Early's army is dimin-
ished by the departure of Gen. Ander-
son's division to reenforce Gen. Lee.
Sept. 16. Va. At Sycamore Church
Gens. Gregg and Kautz encounter the
Confederates under Gen. Hampton.
Losses : Federal, 110 ; Confederate, 90.
Kan. At Cabin Creek a train worth
$1,000,000 is captured by 1,500 Confed-
erates.
Sept. 19. Va. Battle of Winchester,
or Opequan Creek.
Gen. Sheridan has his first battle with
Gen. Early, and drives him into his
breastworks erected outside of Win-
chester, thence pursues him up the
valley. Federal loss, 653 killed, 3,719
wounded, and 618 missing. Confederate
loss, 2,000 prisoners, besides nearly 3,000
wounded left at Winchester. The Con-
federate Gens. Rodes and Gordon are
killed, also the Federal Gen. Russell.
[Sheridan's victory electrifies the North.]
A plot to capture the gunboat Michi-
gan on Lake Erie, by Secessionist passen-
gers on board the steamers Island Queen
and Parsons, miscarries ; the Queen is
sunk, the Parsons abandoned, and the
Secessionists captured.
Sept. 21. Ga. The truce of 10 days ends;
446 families of 2,035 persons have been
removed from Atlanta to the South by
order of Gen. Sherman.
Sept. 22. Va. Battle of Fisher's Hill.
Gen. Sheridan overtakes the Confeder-
ates under Gen. Early, assaults them in
their strong position, completely defeats
them, and drives them up the valley in
hot haste.
Loss : Federal, 600 ; Confederate, 500
killed, 4,000 wounded, 1,100 prisoners,
and 60 guns.
Sept. 23. Ala. At Athens the Federals
encounter the enemy and lose 950 men ;
Confederate loss, 30.
Sept. 24.-Oct. 28. Mo. Confederates
under Gen. Price invade the State.
Sept. 25. Ga. Jefferson Davis visits Gen.
Hood's army at Palmetto.
Va. Gen. Early abandons the valley
of the Shenandoah, leaving Sheridan's
army at Harrisonburg.
Sept. 26. Mo. At Ironton (Pilot Knob)
Gen. Ewing defeats the Confederates
under Gen. Price.
Sept. 27. Mo. A guerrilla band under
Bill Anderson robs and massacres the
Federal soldiers and citizens of Centra-
lia. [Anderson is killed near Albany.]
Sept. 29. Ga. Gen. Sherman sends Gen.
Thomas back to Chattanooga for the
purpose of checking Gen. Hood's ad-
vance northward.
Va. Gen. Paine's brigade of colored
troops successfully assaults the strong
redoubt on Spring Hill, near Peters-
burg.
Sept. 29+. Va. Gen. Grant again threat-
ens Richmond by a demonstration north
of the James River, to prevent reenforce-
ments going to Gen. Early against Gen.
Sheridan ; the advance captures Fort
Harrison on the James River, mounting
16 guns, and takes many prisoners. Fed-
eral loss, 394 killed, 1,554 wounded, and
324 missing.
Sept. 30. Tenn. At Carroll Station, in
E. Tenn., Gen. Gillem drives the Confed-
erate Gen. Vaughan out of his works.
Va. At Chapin's Bluff the Confed-
erates under Gen. Anderson attempt to
retake Fort Harrison by assault, but
are repulsed by Gen. Stannard, who loses
an arm. Gen. Barnham is killed. Fed-
eral loss at Fort Harrison in two days,
141 killed, 788 wounded, and 1,756 miss-
ing ; Confederate loss, 2,500 killed and
wounded, 300 prisoners, and 22 guns.
At Peeble's Farm, beyond Peters-
burg, Gen. Warren drives back the Con-
federates and captures their works.
Losses : Federal, 788 killed and wounded,
and 1,756 prisoners ; Confederate, 900.
* * Fa. The siege of Petersburg by
Gen. Grant continues through the fall
and winter.
Oct. 1. Va. Gen. Warren's lines on the
Weldon Railroad are advanced one mile
nearer Richmond.
Oct. 2. Va. At Abingdon Gen. Bur-
bridge loses 350 men ; Confederate Gen.
Echols loses 18 killed, 71 wounded, and
21 missing.
Oct. 3. Va. Gen. Sheridan orders all
the houses to be burned within five miles
of the spot where John B. Meigs, his
chief engineer, was brutally murdered
by guerrillas.
Oct. 5±. Ga. Gen. Hood tears up the
railroad in the rear of Gen. Sherman's
army.
Oct. 6. Va. Gen. Sheridan begins his
return movement, and devastates the
Shenandoah Valley of its food and
forage, as it is the granary of Lee's army
at Richmond.
Ga. Battle of Allatoona Pass: the
attack of Gen. S. G. French is repulsed
by Federal Gen. Corse with 1,944 men,
till reenforced by Gen. Sherman, and
immense stores are saved. Federal loss,
707 men.
Gen. Kautz's Federal cavalry is
driven from its position on the Darby
road, on the north side of the James,
by Gens. C. W. Field and Hoke, who cap-
ture their guns ; the Confederates are
repulsed in an attack on the entrenched
infantry.
Oct. 7. Brazil. In the harbor of Bahia
Commander Collins of the gunboat Wa-
chusett captures the Confederate cruiser
Florida. [It is sunk by a collision after
its arrival in Hampton Roads.]
Va. Gen. Early, having been reen-
forced, foUows Gen. Sheridan down
the Shenandoah Valley.
Oct. 8. Va. At Fisher's Hill Gen.
Sheridan's cavalry defeats and routs
Gens. Rosser and Wickham ; Federal
loss, 414 men ; Confederate loss, 330 pris-
oners.
Oct. 11. Ga. Gen. Hood, moving
northward, crosses the Coosa River,
and marches upon Resaca and Dal ton,
to break Gen. Sherman's communi-
cations.
Oct. 12. Ga. Col. Clark R.Wever refuses
to surrender Besaca to Confederates
under Gen. S. D. Lee, and successfully
defends it.
Oct. 13. Ga. Dalton is surrendered by
the Federal garrison to Gen. Hood.
Va. On the Darbytown Boad Gen.
Terry retreats before the Confederates,
having lost 414 men ; Confederate loss,
200.
UNITED STATES. 1864, Aug. 28 -Nov. 7. 239
The Federals are engaged in digging
a short canal called Dutch Gap, to con-
nect a loop in the James River below
liichmond ; Gen. Butler puts 87 Confed-
erate prisoners at work digging in the
ditch, under the fire of Confederate
shells, in retaliation for the forced labor
of negro soldiers captured by the Con-
federates.
Oct. 19. Va. Battle of Cedar Creek :
Gen. Early surprises, and at first com-
pletely routs, the Federals under Gen.
Wright, in the absence of Gen. Sheridan,
who is 20 miles away; Gen. Sheridan
arrives on the field (" Sheridan's Ride "),
rallies his troops, and inflicts a crushing
defeat upon the Confederates. Federal
loss, 588 killed, 3,516 wounded, 1,891 miss-
ing, and 18 guns ; Confederate loss, 4,200,
including prisoners and 42 guns.
Oct. 19. + Fi5. Confederates in Canada,
under Lieut. Bennett H. Young, raid
the town of St. Albans; Gen. Dix orders
that the U. S. troops pursue them across
the line if they are not surrendered.
[The Government soon revokes tbe
order.] (See Society.)
Oct. 20. Ga. Gen. Hood's army arrives
at Gadsden, preparatory to the invasion
of Tennessee.
Oct. 21. Mo. At little Blue the Fed-
erals under Gen. Curtis are defeated by
Gen. Price.
Oct. 22. Va. Col. Augur protects army
trains on the Manassas Gap Railroad,
from the attacks of guerrillas, by placing
eminent Secessionists residing within the
Federal lines at the post of danger.
Oct. 25. Mo. At Mine Creek, on the
Osage River, Gens. Curtis and Pleas-
anton defeat the Confederates under
Gen. Price ; Confederate Gens. Marma-
duke and Cabell are wounded. Federal
loss, 1,000 killed and wounded, and 2,000
prisoners ; Confederate loss, 900 killed,
2,800 wounded, and 1,000 prisoners, be-
sides 1,500 stand of arms.
Oct. 27. Va. Battle of Hatcher's
Run ; Gens. Hancock and Warren with
35,000 infantry, and Gen. Gregg with
3,000 horse, attempt to seize the South
Side Railroad, and are repulsed. Fed-
eral loss, 156 killed, 1,047 wounded, and
699 missing ; Confederate loss, 1,000.
The Army of the Potomac goes into
winter quarters.
Gen. Butler makes a demonstration
on the north side of the James ; Gen.
Weitzel is severely defeated by Gen.
Longstreet, and loses 1,000 men.
jr. C. At Plymouth Lieut. W. B.
Gushing and a force of daring volun-
teers place a torpedo under the Con-
federate ram Albemarle, and blow her
up. This craft had been a serious ob-
stacle to the success of Federal opera-
tions in Albemarle Sound.
Oct. 28. Mo. In his 34 days' invasion
of Missouri, Gen. Price loses 170 killed
and 336 wounded.
Tenn. At Morristown Gen. Gillem
captures 200 prisoners and eight guns
from the Confederates under Gen.
Vaughan.
Oct. 28-30. Ala. At Decatur Col. Mor-
gan loses 100 men; Confederates under
Rhoddey lose 400.
Oct. 29. Ala. Gen. Hood, having
marched north, goes into camp near
Decatur.
Oct. 30. Va. Gen. Grant's army, in the
trenches before Petersburg during
the month of October, loses 170 killed,
822 wounded, and 812 prisoners ; Confed-
erate loss, 1,000 men.
Oct. 31. Ala. Gen. Hood, with an
army of 45,000 men, crosses to the north
side of the Tennessee River, at a point
between the Shoals.
N. C. Federal Commander Macomb
takes Plymouth.
Oct.* Mo. Gen. Price is defeated by the
Federals at Big Blue, Little Osage,
and Newtonia.
Nov. 4. New York. Maj.-Gen. Butler
takes command of the city.
Nov. 5. Va. At Fort Sedgwick the
Confederates are defeated and lose 120
men ; Federal loss, 70 men.
Tenn. At Johnsonville the Confed-
erate Gen; Forrest destroys three " tin-
clad" gunboats and seven transports,
and valuable supplies.
Nov. 7. Va. Jefferson Davis's message
recommends that 40,000 slaves be
drilled, and employed as pioneers and
engineer laborers.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1864.
Sept. 4. Cook, Russell S., Cong, cl., A53.
Johnson, Henry, Gov. of La., killed in
action at Dublin, Va., A89.
Long, Stephen Harriman, engineer, au.,
A80.
Morgan, John H., Confed. maj.-gen.,
raider, k. near Granville, Tenn., A38.
Sept. 12. Benjamin, Park, poet, lecturer,
journalist, A55.
Sept. 19. Russell, David A., maj.-gen. V.
S. A., killed at Opequan, Va., A44.
Sept. 24. Bates, Joshua, financier in Lon-
don, founder of Boston Library, A76.
Sept. 25. Conover, Thos. A., com. V. S.
Sept. 29. Williams, Jared W., Gov., sen.
for N. H., A68.
Oct. 12. Taney, Koger B., chief justice
U. S. Ct., A87.
Oct. 16. Willard, John D., jurist of N. Y.,
philanthropist, A65.
Oct. 18. Birney. David Bell, maj.-gen.
U. S. vols., A39. tt n
Oct. 19. Bidwell, Daniel, brig.-gen. IT. S.
vols., killed at Cedar Creek, A48.
Oct. 20. Lowell, Charles R., brig.-gen. U. S.
vols., A29. _ „ M M
Ramseur, Stephen D., Confed. maj.-
gen., A27. , ,
Oct. 22. Winslow, Miron, missionary, au-
thor, A75. _ _ ___
Oct. 29. Ransom, Thos. E. G., brig.-gen.
U. S. vols., A30.
Greenleaf, Benj., au. of math, text-
books, A78. _ _ . „ - .
Nov 1. Chase, Irah, Bapt. cl., theologian,
A71.
SOCIETY.
1864 Sept. 4. Ala. A bread-riot oc-
curs at Mobile.
Oct. 12. Mich. The Harper Hospital
is opened at Detroit.
Oct. 17. Ind. William A. Bowles, L.
P. Milligan, and Stephen Horsey are
sentenced by a military commission to
be hanged for conspiracy against the
United States in organizing the Ameri-
can Knights of the Sons of Liberty.
[Released by the decision of the Su-
preme Court.]
Oct. 18. Eng. A fair in aid of the
Confederate cause is opened in Liver-
pool by ladies of the English nobility,
and by Secession women from America.
Oct. 19. Vt. The bank at St. Albans
is robbed by sympathizers with the
Confederacy who enter from Canada ;
they kill several persons.
STATE.
1864 Aug. 29. Chicago. The Demo-
cratic National Convention meets;
Horatio Seymour of N. Y. is Chairman.
Gen. George B. McClellan of N. J.
is nominated for President against T.
H. Seymour of Conn. "Vote, 202i-23i.
George H. Pendleton of O. is nomi-
nated for Vice-President. The Conven-
tion declares the war a failure.
Aug. 31 ±. D. C. President Lincoln is-
sues a proclamation of thanksgiving
for Union victories.
Sept. * U. S. The Democrats are di-
vided into two classes — one favoring,
and the other opposing, the prosecution
of the war.
Sept. 5. La. Tbe loyal people approve
the new Constitution. Vote, 6,836- ■
1,566.
Sept. 8. N. J. Gen. McCleUan ac-
cepts the nomination for the presi-
dency, but rejects the platform by
loyally favoring the continuance of hos-
tilities until the Union is restored.
Sept. 17 . Gen. Fremont withdraws as
a candidate for the presidency.
Oct. 12-13. Md. The new Constitution
is ratified by the people. Citizens' vote,
27,541-29,536; soldiers* vote, 2,633-263;
majority, 375.
Oct. 31. D. C. The President proclaims
Nevada admitted into the Union, as
the 36th State.
Nov. 2. New York. The mayor receives
a telegram from Secretary Seward dis-
closing a plot to burn the principal
cities of the North.
Nov. 7. Va. The second session of the
second Confederate Congress opens
at Richmond.
R. M. T. Hunter of Va. continues
President pro tempore in the Senate,
and Thomas S. Bocock of Va. Speaker
in the House. There are 18 Senators,
two from each State, and 104 Repre-
sentatives from nine States. Kentucky
and Missouri are represented, although
neither of these States had seceded from
the Union.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1864 Aug. 28. III. A trial trip of the
railroad post-office is made between
Chicago and Clinton.
Oct. 1. New York. Price of middling
upland cotton, 115 to 120 cents; pre-
mium on gold, 191J to 193i.
Oct. 4. Pa. The Philadelphia and
Erie Road is opened.
Nov. 1. U. S. The Postal Money-
Order System comes into operation.
240 186 4, Nov. 8-1865, Jan. 13.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1864 Nov. 8. N.J. Gen. Geo. B. Mc-
Clellan resigns his commission in the
U. S. Army.
Philip H. Sheridan is commissioned
major-general in the IT. S. Army.
Nov. 10. Ga. At Rome Gen. Sherman
burns the foundries, mills, and shops.
Nov. 11. Va. On the road to Front
Royal Gen. W. H. Powell severely
defeats Confederates under Gen. Mc-
Causland.
Nov. 12. Ga. Gen. Sherman cuts the
wires connecting Atlanta with Washing-
ton, and isolates his army.
Near Fort Pulaski Col. Mulford ef-
fects the exchange of 10,000 prisoners ;
18 steamers are employed in conveying
the men.
Nov. 13. Ala. Gen. Hood's army crosses
the Tennessee River to Florence.
Tenn. At Bull's Gap, East Tennes-
see, the Confederate Gen. Breckinridge
defeats Gen. Gillem, capturing his ar-
tillery, trains, and baggage. Federal
loss, 600 ; Confederate loss only slight.
Nov. 14. Ga. Gen. Sherman burns
part of the city of Atlanta.
Nov. 16. Ga. At seven o'clock in the
morning Gen. Sherman's army begins
its march from Atlanta to the sea.
He cuts loose from his base, depending
on the country through which he marches
for supplies ; his army consists of 60,000
infantry and 5,500 cavalry, and marches
by four parallel roads ; Gen. Howard
commands the right wing, and Gen. Slo-
cum the left wing.
Nov. 17. Va. At Bermuda Hundred
the Confederates surprise and capture
Gen. Butler's picket-line.
Nov. 19. D. C. The President declares
the blockade raised at Norfolk, Va.,
and at Pensacola and Fernandina, Fla.
Nov. 21. Ala. Gen. Hood leaves Flor-
ence, with 40,000 men, and moves toward
Middle Tennessee, aiming to strike
Nashville.
Tenn. Gen. Schofield, at the head of
Gen. Thomas's army of 30,000 men, falls
back before the approach of Gen. Hood.
Nov. 22. Ga. At Griswold the Georgia
troops under Gen. Smith attack Gen.
Sherman's rear-guard, and are repulsed.
Nov. 23. Ga. Gen. Sherman's left wing
reaches Milledgeville ; the Legislature
passes an act to levy the population
en masse to resist Gen. Sherman.
Nov. 24. Tenn. Gen. Schofield reaches
Columbia in advance of the arrival of
the Confederate cavalry of Gen. Forrest.
Nov. 24-28. Tenn. At Columbia con-
siderable fighting occurs between de-
tachments of Gen. Thomas's army and
Gen. Hood's advance. Federal loss, 800 ;
Confederate loss, 600.
Nov. 25. New York. Confederate agents
are accused of attempting to burn the
city by starting fires in their own rooms ;
15 incendiary fires break out in as many
hotels in the city ; Gen. Dix announces
that he will hang all such incendiaries
whom he catches.
Nov. 27. Colo. Col. Chivington, com-
manding 900 men, attacks an Indian
Camp at Sand Creek ; 131 Indians —
men, women, and children — are killed.
Nov. 29. Tenn. At Spring Hill, Maury
County, Gen. D. S. Stanley of Gen. Scho-
field's command defeats the Confeder-
ates under Gen. Hood.
Nov. 30-Dec. 7. S. C. At Honey Hill,
Broad River (Grahamsville), and Po-
cotaligo Gen. Foster encounters the
Confederates. Federals lose from 1,200
to 1,500 men.
Nov. 30. S. C. At Honey Hill Gen.
John P. Hatch is defeated by the Con-
federates.
Tenn. Battle of Franklin, near
Nashville.
The Confederates under Gen. Hood
are repulsed in fierce attacks on the en-
trenched Army of the Cumberland under
Gen. Schofield. After the battle Gen.
Schofield falls back during the night,
closer to Nashville. Federal loss, 189
killed, 1,033 wounded, and 1,104 missing ;
Confederate loss, 1,750 killed, 3,800
wounded, and 702 missing. Gen. Hood
loses some of his prominent brigade and
division commanders, including Maj.-
Gen. Patrick Cleburne, and Brig.-Gen.
O. F. Strahl.
Dec. 3. Ga. Millen is occupied by Gen.
Sherman's army on its march to the sea.
Dec. 3-14. Tenn. Gen. Hood with a
large army partially invests Nashville.
Dec. 5-8. Tenn. Near Murfreesboro,
or Cedars, Gen. Milroy of Gen. Rous-
seau's command defeats and routs the
Confederate Gen. Forrest's cavalry and
Bates's infantry ; the Federals capture
207 prisoners and 14 guns.
Dec. 6-9. S. C. At Deveaux Neck, or
Mason's Bridge, the Federals lose 39
killed, 390 wounded, and 200 missing;
Confederates lose 400.
Dec. 8. Mich. A Confederate plot to
burn Detroit is discovered.
Dec. 10. Ga. Gen. Sherman arrives
at Savannah, and invests the city.
TGen. Hardee destroys the outer line of
Confederate works, and withdraws to
the inner line.]
Dec. 12. Ga. Gen. Sherman reaches
the sea.
Dec. 12-21. Tenn.— Fa. Gen. Stone-
man is sent on a raid from Bean's
Station ; he destroys the salt-works at
Saltville, tears up railroads, and drives
Gen. Breckinridge into the mountains.
Dec. 13. Ga. Gen. Hazen's division
assaults and captures Fort McAllister,
guarding Savannah ; Federal loss, 23
killed, 82 wounded ; Confederate loss,
14 killed, 21 wounded, and 211 prisoners.
Tenn. At Kingsport Gen. Bur-
bridge (Stoneman's raid) defeats and
routs the Confederates under Gen.
Duke, who lose 150 men.
Va. A part of Gen. Butler's Fort
Fisher expedition leaves Hampton
Roads ; Gen. Butler proposes to destroy
the defense at "Wilmington by exploding
a powder-boat. [Transports with 6,500
troops follow on the 14th.]
Dec. 14. Tenn. At Bristol Gen. Bur-
bridge (Stoneman's raid) captures 300
Confederates.
Dec. 15, 16. Tenn. Battle of Nash-
ville; Gen. Thomas attacks and com-
pletely routs the Confederates under
Gen. Hood ; his army flees in disorder,
and is pursued into Alabama. Federal
loss, 400 killed, 1,740 wounded; Confed-
erate loss, 1,500.
Dec. 15. Tenn. At Murfreesboro Gen.
Rousseau defeats the Confederate Gen.
Forrest, who loses 1,500 men.
George H. Thomas is commissioned
major-general in the U. S. Army.
Dec. 15±. Va. Gen. Sheridan sends the
6th corps to reenforce Gen. Meade.
[Gen. Crook's corps soon follows.]
Dec. 17. Ga. Gen. Sherman summons
Gen. Hardee, to surrender Savannah.
Ky. At Ashbyville Gen. McCook's
cavalry defeats the Confederates under
Gen. Lyon.
Dec. 20, 21. Ga. Gen. Hardee de-
stroys his ironclads and navy yard, and
with 15,000 Confederate troops escapes
from Savannah during the night, and
retreats to Charleston.
Dec. 21. B.C. Adm. Farragut is made
vice-admiral — a grade of rank corre-
sponding to that of general in the army.
Dec. 22. Ga. Gen. Sherman estab-
lishes headquarters at Savannah, hav-
ing lost 667 men in marching to the sea.
Dec. 23. N. C. A powder-boat (250
tons) is blown up by the Federals to de-
stroy Fort Fisher ; the fort is uninjured.
Dec. 24, 25. N. C. Fort Fisher, near
Wilmington, is bombarded by Adm.
Porter ; Gen. Butler, at the head of a
land force, prepares to storm it ; but
finally decides the work to be impreg-
nable, and retires. Federal loss, 195
men ; Confederate loss, 100 killed and
wounded, besides 280 prisoners.
Dec. 26, 27. Ala. Gen. Hood's shat-
tered army recrosses the Tennessee
River [and retreats to Tupelo, Miss.].
Dec. 28. N. C. Gen. Butler returns with
his force from Fort Fisher to Fortress
Monroe.
Dec. 29. Ala. — Miss. Col. W. J.
Palmer with only 600 men roves through
the northern counties from Corinth to
Okalona, destroying Confederate sup-
plies and resources.
* * -65 * * The war becomes a continuous
campaign, through summer and winter.
1865 Jan. 5. Miss. Gen. Grierson ter-
minates his raid at Vicksburg, after
destroying 100 miles of railroad and cap-
turing 600 prisoners.
Jan. 6. Va. Gen. Terry with 9,000 troops
leaves Fortress Monroe for an assault
on Fort Fisher.
Jan. 7. Colo. Julesburg is attacked by
1,600 Indians ; 19 soldiers and others are
killed; the Indians are defeated.
Jan. 8. Va. Gen. Butler is removed
from command of Army of the James ;
Gen. Ord temporarily succeeds him.
Jan. 10. I). C. Congress passes resolu-
tions of thanks to Gen. Sherman and
his army.
Jan. 11. W. Va. At Beverly Federals
lose five killed, 20 wounded, and 583 pris-
oners, and the Confederate force under
Gen. Early occupies the town.
Jan. 13-15. N. C. ,The Federals cap-
ture Fort Fisher.
(Jan. 13.) Adm. Porter with more than
50 gunboats reaches and attacks Fort
Fisher while Gen. Terry's army lands.
UNITED STATES. 1864, Nov. 8-1865, Jan. 13. 241
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1864 Dec. * New York. Theodore
Thomas begins his symphony concerts.
* * New York. Christopher P. Cranch of
Cambridge, Mass., and Arthur Parton of
New York are elected members of the
National Academy of Design.
* * New York. Edwin Booth plays Ham-
let at the Winter Garden Theater.
* * 0. The Soldiers' Monument in
Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, is
completed.
* * Nitrous oxide gas is first used as an
anesthetic.
* * Ripening of the Leaf is painted by
Thomas Moran.
* * October Afternoon is painted by J. F.
Kensett.
* * Scene from Bulwer's Richelieu is
painted by Emanuel Leutze.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1834.
Nov. 13. Gorman, John Berry, physician,
author, A71.
Nov. 20. Fairbanks, Erastus. mfr. of
scales, gov. of Vt., A72.
Nov. 24. Sillinian, lienj., physicist, prof,
in Yale, A85.
Nov. SO. Cleburne, Patrick R.,Confed.
maj.-gen., killed at battle of Franklin,
Tenn., A 36.
Doc. 1. Dayton, William Lewis, sen.
for N. J., 1st rep. candidate for Vice-Pres.,
minister to France, A57.
Dec. lO. Schoolcraft, Henry R., traveler,
ethnologist, A71.
Dec. 15. Farnham, Eliza TV., philanthro-
pist, author, A49.
Dec. 13. McClelland, Alexander, clergy-
man, orientalist, A 68.
Dec. 31. Fry, William H., composer, edi-
tor Philadelphia Gazette, A4:i.
Dec. 25. Noyes, William Curtis, jurist,
patriot, A59.
Wallack, James William, actor, A70.
Dec. 28. Ortou, Azariah G., Pres. cl.,
poet, A 75.
Doc. 31. Dallas. Georsre M.. sen. for Pa.,
min. to Russ.a, litb Vice-Pres., niin. to
Lng., A72.
* * Howell, Joshua B., brig.-gen. U. S. vols.,
A65.
* * Keen, Alpheus A., prof. Latin, Tufts
College, A3).
* * Newton, Fph. H., cl., naturalist, A77.
CHURCH.
1864 Dec. 15. Kan. Thomas Hubbard
Vail is consecrated (Protestant Episco-
pal) bishop of Kansas.
* * Mich. The Michigan Conference (Free
Methodist) is organized.
* *N. J. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Newark ; James
Wood, moderator.
* * 0. The General Assembly (X. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Dayton ; Thos.
Brainerd, moderator.
* *The United Synod of the South is
united with the General Assembly
(Presbyterian).
* * 0. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples cf Christ i3 held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * Phila. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets ; D. A. Wallace,
moderator.
* * Phila. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held.
* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) meets at York.
A rupture is caused in the synod
by the admission of the Franckean
Synod (N.Y.), which is alleged to be
heretical. The Pennsylvania Synod
withdraws.
1865 Jan. 4. N.Y. Arthur Cleveland
Coxe is consecrated (Protestant Epis-
copal) assistant bishop of Western New
York.
LETTERS.
1864 * * D.C. National Deaf Mute
College (non-sect.) is organized.
* * Mass. Lasell Seminary (Meth. Epis.)
is organized.
* * Mo. Central Wesleyan College
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Warrenton.
* * N. Y. The Standard- Union is issued
at Brooklyn.
* * Pa. The Commercial Gazette is issued
at Pittsburg.
* * Azarian, by H. P. Spofford, appears.
* * Man and Nature, by George P. Marsh,
appears.
* * The Old Rigime in Canada, by Fran-
cis Parkman, appears.
* * Webster's Dictionary, a new and en-
larged edition, appears, containing
114,000 words and 3,000 illustrations.
* * The American Conflict, Vol. I., by
Horace Greely, appears.
* * Life of Benjamin Franklin, by James
Parton, appears.
* * John Godfrey's Fortunes, by Bayard
Taylor, appears.
* * Fireside Travels, by James Russell
Lowell, appears.
* * Wet Days at Edgewood, by Ik Marvel,
appears.
* * Out of His Head, by Lyman Abbott,
appears.
* * The Maine Woods, by H. D. Thoreau,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1864 Nov. 25. New York. An attempt
is made to burn hotels. [Robert Ken-
nedy is arrested and hanged. See Army.]
* * Cal. The Union Club at San Fran-
cisco is organized.
* * Md. The First National Labor Con-
gress meets in Baltimore.
* * N. Y. The Binghamton Asylum for
Inebriates — the first in history — is
opened.
* * W. Va. A hospital for the insane is
opened by the State at Weston.
* *The Cigarmakers' International
Union is organized.
The labor movement takes new life,
and labor organizations multiply.
STATE.
1864 Nov. 8. U.S. The 20th presiden-
tial election ; Republicans are elected.
Popular vote : Abraham Lincoln of
111. (Rep.), 2,216,067; George B. Mc-
CleUan of N. J. (Dem.), 1,808,725.
Lincoln and Johnson carry 22 States,
McClellan and Pendleton, three ; 11
(Southern) States do not vote.
Nov. * Chicago. A conspiracy to lib-
erate the Confederate prisoners at
Camp Douglas is detected ; the leaders
are arrested. [The conspirators are tried
and convicted by court-martial at Cin-
cinnati.]
Dec. 5. D. C. The 38th Congress: the
second session opens.
Dec. 6. D. C. Congress receives Presi-
dent Lincoln's message. In it he says :
" Fondly do we hope, fervently do we
pray, that this mighty scourge of war
may speedily pass away. Yet if God
wills that it continue, until all the
wealth piled by the londsman's 250
years of unrequited toil shall be sunk,
and until every drop of blood drawn
with the lash shall be repaid with an-
other drawn by the sword, ... it must
be said ' the judgments of the Lord are
true and righteous altogether.' "
He recommends the adoption of the
13th Amendment by the House :
" If the people should, by whatever
mode or means, make it an executive
duty to reenslave such persons, another,
not I, must be their instrument to per-
form it."
Dec. 17. D. C. The Secretary of State
requires passports to be shown by per-
sons entering the United States, except
immigrants who arrive by sea.
Dec. 19. President Lincoln calls for
300,000 more volunteers. Total number,
since March, 1862, 1,000,000 men.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-68 * * Ark. Isaac M urphy.
-68 * * la. Wm. M. Stone.
-66* * Ida. {Ter.). Caleb Lyon.
-65* * La. Michael Hahn.
-67 * * Me. Samuel Corry.
-66 * * Minn. Stephen Miller.
-65 * * Miss. Charles Clarke.
-69 * * Mo. Thomas C. Fletcher.
-65 * * Mont. {Ter.). Sidney Edgerton.
-71* *Nev.(Ter.). Henry G. Blaisdell.
-65 * * O. John Brough.
-65 * * S.C. A. G. Magrath.
-68 * * Va. Francis H. Pierpont.
-65 * * U. {Ter.). James D. Doty.
1865 Jan. 1. D. C. Congress raises
the tax on distilled spirits to $2.00 per
proof-gallon.
Jan. 6. D. C. Congress ; House : J. M.
Ashley of O. reintroduces the 13th
Amendment. [A long debate ensues.]
Jan. 9. Tenn. A popular convention
meets at Nashville to reorganize the
State on a loyal basis.
Jan. 11. Mo. An ordinance abolishing
slavery is adopted by the Constitutional
Convention at St. Louis.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1864 Nov. * Southern States. The Con-
federate doUar is worth ^ cents.
Dec. 22. The steamship North America
from New Orleans is sunk at sea ; nearly
200 lives are lost (mostly sick soldiers).
* * 111. Oakwood Cemetery, near Chi-
cago, is established.
* * Ind. Street-cars are introduced in In-
dianapolis.
1865 Jan. 1. Neto York. Price of mid-
dling upland cotton, 118 to 120 cents;
price of the gold doUar , 227i cents.
242 1865, Jan. 13 Mar. 4.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1865 (Jan. 14.) The bombardment by
the navy continues. (See p. 240).
(Jan. 15.) Fort Fisher is carried by
assault by Gen. N. M. Curtis of Gen.
Terry's army, aided by 400 marines and
600 sailors, and the continued bombard-
ment of Adm. Porter's fleet.
Total Federal losses, 184 killed and
749 wounded, 22 missing. Confederate
loss, 2,483 men and 72 guns.
Jan. 14. S. C. At Pocotaligo the Con-
federates are repulsed, losing 50 men.
Jan. 16. N. C. The Confederates blow
up their cruisers, the Chickamauga and
the Tallahassee, also Fort Caswell near
Fort Fisher, on the Cape Fear River.
At Fort Fisher 300 Federal soldiers are
killed or wounded by the accidental ex-
plosion of a magazine.
Jan. 17. S. C. In Charleston Harbor
the Confederates blow up the Federal
monitor Patapsco with a torpedo ; seven
officers and 65 men go down with the
vessel.
Jan. 18. N. C. Three blockade-runners
enter Cape Fear River and are captured
by the Federals, who now hold posses-
sion.
Jan. 19. Va. The Confederate Congress
displaces Jefferson Davis as com-
mander-in-chief of the Confederate
Army, by appointing Robert E. Lee to
that office.
Jan. 23. Miss. At his own request Gen.
Hood is relieved of the command of
his shattered and demoralized army.
Jan. * The leading conspirators for the
release of Confederate prisoners con-
fined at Camp Douglas, Chicago, are
convicted by court-martial.
Feb. 1. Ga. Gen. Sherman leaves
Savannah on his northward march.
Feb. 3. Can. The Canadian authorities
surrender Bennett G. Bailey, one of the
St. Albans raiders, to the U. S. Govern-
ment.
S. C. At Salkehatchie the Confed-
erates are repulsed.
Feb. 5. W. Va. At Moorefield Col.
Whittaker surprises and breaks up the
Confederate camp of Gen. Harry Gil-
mor ; the guerrilla leader himself is cap-
tured. Whittaker's command consisting
of 300 mounted men, marched 140 miles
in 48 hours, crossing rivers and moun-
tains.
Feb. 5-7. Va. At Hatcher's Run and
Dabney's Mills Gen. Grant's troops
drive back the Confederates.
The latter being reenforced, the Fed-
erals are in turn repulsed and forced to
retire, losing 232 killed, 1,062 wounded,
and 186 prisoners. Confederate loss,
1,200 men, Gen. Pegram being among
the killed.
Feb. 8. S. C. At "Williston Station the
Confederates are repulsed.
Feb. 9. D.C. Gen. John M.Schofield
is appointed to command in North Caro-
lina.
•— — Gen. Robert E. Lee assumes com-
mand of all the armies of the Confed-
eracy.
Feb. 10. Ky. Gen. Burbridge is relieved
from command of the district of Ken-
tucky by Gen. John M. Palmer.
S. C. At James Island Gen. Sher-
man's right column effects a landing,
losing 80 men killed.
Feb. 11. N.C. Near 'Wilmington Gen.
Terry loses 60 men : Confederate loss,
100.
S. C. At Aiken the Federal cavalry
under Gen. Kilpatrick engages the Con-
federate cavalry under Gen. Wheeler.
Feb. 15. S. C. At Congaree Creek the
Confederates are repulsed.
Feb. 16. Va. The Federals destroy the
Confederate iron-works in the Shenan-
doah Valley.
Feb. 17. S. C. Gen. Sherman's army
reaches Columbia, the capital of the
State ; it enters unopposed, the Confed-
erates under Gens. Beauregard and
Wade Hampton having retreated.
After the Federals enter, a fire breaks
out, which destroys much of the city.
[Gen. Sherman and the Confederate gen-
eral, Wade Hampton, recriminate each
other as to responsibility for the confla-
gration,— Hampton insisting that it is
an act of deliberate vandalism on the
part of the Federals ; Sherman, that it is
owing to the recklessness of the Confed-
erates in firing a large amount of cotton
before they abandoned the place.]
Owing to the success of Gen. Sherman
in the interior, the Confederates under
Gen. Hardee are compelled to retire
from Charleston ; [the city is occupied
on the 18th by Gen. Foster, who extin-
guishes a destructive conflagration kin-
dled by the retreating Confederates.]
Feb. 19. y. C. Fort Anderson is cap-
tured by the Federals ; Gens. Schofleld
and Terry, with Adm. Porter, lose 100
men ; Confederate Gen. Hoke loses 60
prisoners .beside the killed and wounded.
S. C. Charleston is placed under
martial law by the Federals.
Feb. 20. N. C. At Town Creek sev-
eral slight engagements occur. Federal
loss, 200 killed; Confederate loss, 363
prisoners.
Feb. 21. W. Va. At Cumberland Gens.
Crook and Kelley are captured in their
beds by Confederate guerrillas.
Feb. 22. N. C. "Wilmington is occu-
pied by the Federals, who lose 200 killed ;
Confederate loss, 1,072 prisoners.
Feb. 24. N. Y. John Y. Beall of Va.,
a Confederate spy, is hanged at Fort La-
fayette.
Feb. 25. N. C. Gen. Beauregard, en-
feebled by illness, is superseded in com-
mand of the Confederate forces in North
Carolina by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston.
Feb. 25.-Mar. 26. Va. Gen. Sher-
idan, with 10,000 cavalry, makes a raid
through Waynesboro, Staunton, and
the country southward, until he joins
Grant's army before Petersburg.
Mar. 1. Adm. Dahlgren's flag-ship, the
Harvest Moon, is blown up by a Confed-
erate torpedo.
Mar. 2. Va. Wear "Waynesboro Gen.
Custer, commanding a division of Gen.
Sheridan's cavalry, surprises and defeats
Gen. Early, capturing 1,600 prisoners, 11
guns, 17 battle-flags, and 200 loaded
supply wagons. Federal loss, less than
a dozen men. [The next day Sheridan
enters Charlottesville.]
Gen. Lee proposes to Gen. Grant that
a meeting of the two commanding gen-
erals be had, for an interchange of views
looking toward a military convention to
arrange terms of peace.
Mar. 3. D.C. The President orders Gen
Grant to decline the conference with
Gen. Lee.
S. C. At Cheraw Gen. Howard de-
feats the Confederates under Gens.
Hardee and Hampton, who are forced
to retire by Gen. Sherman's flank move-
ment.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1865 Feb. 10. London. The gold medal
of the Royal Astronomical Society is
awarded to G. P. Rond, astronomer of
Harvard University.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1865* *
Jan. 13. Brownell, Thomas C, P. E. bishop
of Conn., author, A86.
Jan. 15. Everett, Edward, orator, Gov. of
Mass., sen., minister to Eng., pres. of Har-
vard, sec. of state, A71.
Harper, Joseph M., physician, M. C. for
K.H., A77.
Jan. 16. Bell, Louis, col. U. S. A., A29.
Jan. 21. Wheelock, Charles, brig.-gen. U.S.
vols., A53.
Jan. 23. Bacon, David F., phys., au., A53.
Feb. 5. Gilliss, James 11., astronomer, A54.
Feb. 6. Pegram, John, Confed. maj.-gen.,
A 33.
Feb. 17. Bond, George Phillips, astron-
omer, A 39.
Feb. 18. Conant, Hannah O'Brien Chap-
lin, editor, author, translator, A53.
CHURCH.
1865 Jan. 25. Va. Jefferson Davis
proclaims a public fast, to be observed
throughout the Confederacy, on March
15.
LETTERS.
1865 Jan. 25. D. C. The library of
the Smithsonian Institution at Washing-
ton is burned.
Feb. 2. Mont. The Historical Society
is incorporated.
Feb. 22. Ky. An agricultural college
is established.
Feb. * Ky. The Universities of Tran-
sylvania and Kentucky are consolidated
by an act of the Legislature.
SOCIETY.
1865 Jan. 10. Phila. A meeting is held
to raise funds to send relief to the suf-
fering Confederates at Savannah.
Jan. 14. New York. Two vessels sail
with supplies for the suffering Con-
federates at Savannah. Funds were
raised at a public meeting held on
Jan. 11.
Jan. 27. New York. The Ladies' Loyal
League sends a petition, bearing 100,000
signatures, to Congress, asking for gen-
eral emancipation.
Jan. * Nev. The Free Masons Grand
Lodge of Nevada is organized.
Feb. 1. John S. Rock, a negro of pure
blood, is the first of his race to be ad-
UNITED STATES.
1865, Jan. 13 -Mar. 4. 243
mitted to practice in the Supreme
Court of the United States.
D. C. Congress abolishes slavery
as an institution in the United States.
Feb. * New York. The Union League
Club is incorporated.
Mar. * - Apr. * D. C. A conspiracy is
formed to create anarchy by the as-
sassination of the chief officers of the
Government.
The conspirators are John Wilkes
Booth, George A. Atzerot, Dr. S. A.
Mudd, Lewis Payne (Powell), David
Herrold, John H. Surratt, Mrs. Mary E.
Surratt, Michael O'Laughlin, Samuel
Arnold, and Edward Spangler.
It is planned that Booth shall assassi-
nate President Lincoln ; Atzerodt, Vice-
President Johnson ; Payne, Secretary of
State Seward ; O'Laughlin, Gen. Grant.
{Gen. Grant's absence in Philadelphia
caused his escape from attack.]
Mar. 3. D.C. Congress passes the Freed-
men's Bureau Act ; the object of the
measure is to control all matters relat-
ing to negroes and freedmen. It also
provides for the establishment of a
Naval and Military Asylum in the
District of Columbia, which is to be
maintained by the Government.
STATE.
1865 Jan. 17. Ga. The President ap-
points James Johnson provisional gov-
ernor.
Jan. 26+. Term. A State Convention
held at Nashville passes a Constitutional
Amendment prohibiting slavery.
Jan. 28. Va. Jefferson Davis requests
Alexander H. Stephens of Ga. (Vice-
Pres.), R. M. T. Hunter of Va. (Ex-Sec.
of State), and John A. Campbell of Ala.
(A8St. Sec. of War), to proceed to Wash-
ington as peace commissioners, to
hold an informal conference with Presi-
dent Lincoln.
The Confederate House of Representa-
tives at Richmond authorizes the enlist-
ment of negroes.
Jan. 29. Va. The three Confederate
peace commissioners present them-
selves at the Union lines, near Rich-
mond, for passage to Washington.
Jan. 31. D. C. Congress. The House
passes the resolution for the 13th
Amendment to the Constitution
abolishing slavery, amid tumultuous
applause. Vote, 119-56, the yeas include
10 Democratic votes. The resolution goes
to the Senate. [Apr.8. Passes. Vote,38-6.]
Feb. 1. D.C. The three Confederate
commissioners reach Fortress Mon-
roe; Secretary Seward leaves Wash-
ington to meet them at Gen. Grant's
headquarters.
111. The Legislature ratifies the Con-
stitutional Amendment for emanci-
pation—the first of the States to do
so.
Va. The three Commissioners recede
from their terms (complying with the
President's conditions) contained in a
note to Gen. Grant, and are notified that
they can proceed no farther. [They re-
consider their decision on the 2d.]
Feb. 2. D. C. Mr. Lincoln telegraphs
the peace commission that he will
start immediately to meet them.
The legislatures of Rhode Island and
Michigan ratify the 13th Amendment.
Feb. 2, 3. Va. President Lincoln, ac-
companied by Secretary Seward, holds a
peace conference at Hampton Roads
with three Confederate representatives,
— Stephens, Hunter, and Campbell.
Mr. Lincoln's conditions of peace —
the restoration of Federal authority
in all the States ; the maintenance of
positions already taken on the subject
of slavery ; no suspension of military
operations till every hostile force is dis-
banded. The Confederate commis-
sioners insist upon final and complete
separation as the only basis of negotia-
tion. The conference fails.
Feb. 3. The Legislatures of New York,
Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylva-
nia, and West Virginia ratify the 13th
Amendment. [Feb. 7, Maine ; Feb. 8,
Kansas and Minnesota ; Feb. 9, Virginia ;
Feb. 13, Indiana ; Feb. 16, Nevada ; Feb.
21, Wisconsin ; Feb. 24, Missouri ; Mar. 9,
Vermont; April, Arkansas ; May 4, Con-
necticut ; June 30, New Hampshire.]
Feb. 7. Va. The Confederate Senate
defeats the measure for raising an army
of 200,000 negroes.
Feb. * D. C. Congress adopts a joint
rule directing that " no electoral vote
objected to shall be counted, except by
the concurrent votes of the two Houses."
Feb. 8. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : Lincoln (Rep.),
213; McClellan (Dem.), 21. Vote for
Vice-President : Andrew Johnson
(Rep.) of Tenn., 213; George H. Pen-
dleton (Dem.) of O., 21. Necessary to a
choice, 117.
Congress receives a special message
from President Lincoln announcing that
he had " signed the joint reconstruc-
tion resolution in deference to the view
of Congress, implied in its passage and
presentation."
Feb. 17. D. C. Congress: the Senate
repudiates the Confederate debt.
Feb. 18. S. C. The Federal flag is
again raised at Charleston.
Feb. 22. Tenn. The new Constitution
is ratified. Vote, 25,263-48.
Feb. 23. Ky. The Legislature refuses
to ratify the 13th Amendment.
Feb. * D. C. President Lincoln an-
nounces an addition to the army of
150,000 conscripts.
Feb. * Va. The Confederate Congress
issues an address to the Southern people.
" The Southern States, would be held
as conquered provinces by the despotic
Government at Washington . . . kept in
subjugation . . . by military power, . . .
and socially degraded to the level of
slaves."
* * Va. The Confederate Congress pro-
vides for the enlistment of slaves who
may volunteer their services in defense
of the Confederacy.
Mar. 1. N. J. The Legislature rejects
the 13th Amendment to the Federal
Constitution, making emancipation uni-
versal.
Mar. 2. D. a Congress passes the
Military Reconstruction Act.
Mar. 3. D.C. Congress authorizes the
Secretary of the Treasury to borrow
$600,000,000 on bonds, with interest
not exceeding 6 per cent., payable in
coin. [The last war-loan.]
It passes an act for the establishment
of a Freedmen's Bureau — for the re-
lief and control of refugees, freedmen,
and abandoned lands.
It imposes a tax of 10 per cent on the
notes issued by State banks after July 1,
1866 ; increases the rate of the income
tax from 5 to 10 per cent for incomes
over $5,000, the $600 exemption remain-
ing as before.
The House repudiates all obligations
for the Confederate debt.
In the Senate, Andrew Johnson, the
Vice-President, takes the oath of office.
Mar. 4. D.C. The 38th Congress ends.
The 16th Administration continued.
Abraham Lincoln of 111., the 16th
President, enters his second term,
the 20th of the presidency. Andrew
Johnson of Tenn. is Vice-President.
"With malice towards none, with
charity for all, with firmness in the
right, as God gives us to see the right,
let us strive on to finish the work we
are in ; to bind up the nation's wounds ;
to care for him who shall have borne the
battle, and for his widow and his or-
phan ; to do all which may achieve and
cherish a just and a lasting peace among
ourselves and with all nations." (Lin-
coln's Inaugural Address.)
The President calls an extra session
of the Senate. The Senate meets.
U. S. The salaries of Congress-
men become $5,000 a year, besides 20
cents a mile for traveling expenses.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1865 Jan. * Southern States. The Con-
federate dollar is worth 2J cents.
Jan. * New York. Paper sells at high
prices ; first class commercial note, 55 to
60 cents a pound ; common, 40 and 45
cents ; rag paper for printers, 22 to 25
cents, and straw paper, 20 and 22 cents ;
manilla wrapping paper, 18 to 20 cents.
Feb. 4. Nev. A tunnel four miles long,
to afford drainage to the Comstock lode
— 1,600 feet deep — is undertaken and a
charter is issued.
Feb. 8. Phila. A fire causes 20 deaths
and the loss of $500,000 in property.
Feb. 16. By permission of Confederate
officials, cotton is allowed to be carried
to the New York market to buy
blankets for prisoners ; the cargoes of
the first two vessels sell for $6,000,000.
Feb. 17. Va. A Confederate paper
dollar is worth two cents.
* * Several States take steps early in the
year to extend the elective franchise
to negroes ; they having been excluded
in all, except Maine, Vermont, New
Hampshire, and Massachusetts.
244 1 8 6 5, Mar. 6. - Apr. 8.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1865 Max. 6. JV. C. Gen. Sherman's
army crosses the Pedee River.
Mar. 8. Jv". C. At Kinston Gens. Cox
and Couch of Gen. Schofleld's command
repulse the Confederates under Gens.
Hill and Hoke, with a loss of 2,000. Fed-
eral loss, 300.
Mar. 9. 2f. C. At Kinston (Wilcox's
Bridge, Wise's Fork), Gen. Schofield de-
feats the Confederate Gen. Bragg ; Fed-
erals lose 80 killed, 421 wounded, and 600
prisoners ; Confederate loss, 1,500 men.
Mar. 10. 2f. C. Near Jackson's Mills
Gen. Wade Hampton surprises and
routs the Federal cavalry under Gen.
Kilpatrick.
The latter narrowly escapes capture,
and loses 1,500 prisoners and several
guns ; Kilpatrick rallies the remnant of
his command, defeats the Confederates,
and recaptures the lost guns.
Near Goldsboro Gen. Cox repulses an
attack of Confederates under Gen. H oke ;
Federal loss, 300; Confederate, 1,500.
Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry ar-
rives at Columbia.
Mar. 11. JV. C. Gen. Sherman takes
possession of Fayetteville [and de-
stroys the Confederate arsenal and valu-
able military stores].
Max. 15. -V. C. Gen. Sherman leaves
Fayetteville, and crosses the Cape Fear
Eiver for Goldsboro.
Mar. 15.-Apr. 13. Term. Gen. Stone-
man makes a brilliant raid from Knox-
ville into North Carolina and Virginia,
where he operates for several weeks ;
Confederate stores are captured, rail-
roads are torn up, and bridges burned.
The Federal loss is small, while the Con-
federates lose 300 killed and wounded,
besides 2,000 prisoners and 14 guns.
Max. 16. N. C. At Averysboro' Gen.
Slocum defeats and pursues 20,000 Con-
federates under Gen. Hardee ; Federal
loss, 77 killed and 477 wounded ; Confed-
erate loss, 327 killed, and 373 wounded
or prisoners.
Max. 19. Va. Gen. Sheridan's army
reaches White House, near Gen. Meade's
lines.
Mar. 19-21. X. C. Battle of Benton-
ville; Gen. Slocum's division of Sher-
man's army is suddenly attacked by Gen.
Johnston, and the safety of the entire
army is imperiled.
The Confederates make six desperate
assaults, and then withdraw ; Federal
loss, 191 killed, 1,168 wounded, and 287
prisoners ; Confederate loss, 2,825.
Mar. 21. tf. C. Gen. Slocum occupies
Goldsboro.
Mar. 22.-Apr. 24. Tenn. Gen. Wil-
son with 13,000 men, chiefly mounted,
and six batteries, makes a raid to
assist in the capture of Mobile and to
destroy Confederate stores ; he is pro-
vided with a supply train of 250 light
wagons, and a pontoon train of 30 boats,
conveyed on 56 wagons.
Federal loss, 99 killed, 598 wounded,
and 28 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 1 ,200
killed and wounded, 6,820 prisoners, 288
guns ; Wilson paroles 59,878 other pris-
oners.
Mar. 22. Term. Gen. Thomas sends
Gen. Stoneman's force towards Lynch-
burg, Va., to head oif the expected
retreat of Gen. Lee.
Max. 23. N. C. Gen. Sherman arrives at
Goldsboro where he joins the armies of
Gens. Schofield and Terry. The united
armies number 900,000 men.
Mar. 24. Va. Gen. Grant issues an
order for a grand advance of the army
to the left, to prevent the escape of Gen.
Lee ; total force, 124,700, including
13,000 cavalry; Gen. Lee's force is 57,-
000, including 6,000 cavalry.
Mar. 25. Va. Fort Steadman, near
Petersburg, is assaulted by Gen. Lee,
and a gap is made in the Federal lines.
Gen. Gordon surprises and captures
the fort in the early morning with little
resistance. It is soon recovered by the
Federals, who also advance their line.
Federal loss, 68 killed, 337 wounded, 506
missing ; Confederate loss, 2,681.
Gen. Sheridan's cavalry, after raid-
ing the Confederate communications,
arrives from the Shenandoah Valley, at
City Point, to join Gen. Grant.
Ala. At Pine Barren Creek Gen.
Steele defeats 800 Confederate cavalry
under Gen. Clanton, who loses 200 men,
killed and wounded, besides 275 prison-
ers.
N. Y. At Fort Lafayette R. C. Ken-
nedy is hanged as a Confederate spy;
he was concerned in the attempt to burn
New York City.
Mar. 25-Apr. 9. Ala. Gen. Canby
besieges Mobile. Federal loss, 100
killed, 695 wounded ; Confederate loss,
552 killed and wounded, besides 30 guns.
(Mar. 27.) Gen. Canby invests Spanish
Fort and Fort Blakely, which protect
the city of Mobile. (See Apr. 8.)
Spanish Fort is attacked by the Fed-
eral land force, 30,000 strong, under
Gen. A. J. Smith, and the navy under
Adin. Thatcher.
At Mitchell's Fork Gen. Steele defeats
800 Confederates.
(Mar. 28.) In Mobile Bay, the Confeder-
ates blow up and sink the monitor
Milwaukee, before Fort Blakely.
(Mar. 29.) The monitor Osage is blown
up by a Confederate torpedo.
Mar. 28. N. C. Gen. Stoneman, on a
cavalry raid, captures Boone.
Va. Gen. Sheridan drives Gen. Bush-
rod Johnson from the Quaker Road,
each army losing about 500 men.
Mar. 29. Ala. Gen. Steele, with a divis-
ion of Gen. Canby's army, arrives be-
fore Fort Blakely, near Mobile, after
capturing Canton, with 275 Confeder-
ates. [Other forces soon arrive.]
Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry
reaches Dinwiddie Cou: t-House. A
heavy storm of rain comes on in the
night [and continues 24 hours].
Mar. 30. Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry
advances to Five Forks.
Max. 31. Ala. At Montevallo Gen.
Wilson's cavalry destroys furnaces and
collieries.
JV. C. Gen. Sherman returns to
Goldsboro after visiting Gen. Grant at
City Point, Va.
Va. Gen. Sheridan is forced back
from Five Forks to Dinwiddie Court-
House by Pickett's infantry (7000), united
with the Confederate cavalry ; Gen.
Pickett returns to Five Forks.
Battle of Boydton and "White Oak
Roads. Gen. Lee attacks Gen. Ayres'
division of Gen. Warren's advance,
drives it back on the main line at Grav-
elly Run, and then is himself driven
back to his entrenchments ; Federal loss,
177 killed, 1,134 wounded, and 556 pris-
oners ; Confederate loss, 1,235 men.
About 500 soldiers perish in the burn-
ing of the transport General Lyon, off
Cape Hatteras.
Apr. 1. Va Gen. Sheridan appears in
Gen. Lee's front, at Dinwiddie Court-
House ; Sheridan is reenforced by Gen.
Warren's corps.
Battle of Five Forks. Gen. Sheri-
dan, assisted by Gens. Warren, Ayres,
and Merritt, turns the front of the Con-
federates, under Gen. Pickett, driving
them out of their entrenchments, and
pressing their disorderly flight.
Federal loss, 124 killed, 706 wounded,
and 54 prisoners ; Confederate loss,
8,500, including 6,000 prisoners and their
artillery.
Gen. Sheridan relieves Gen. Warren
of command, and appoints Gen. Griffin
his successor. [Twelve years later a
court of inquiry decides that Gen. War-
ren did his whole duty.]
Ala. The Rodolph is sunk by the Con-
federates before Fort Blakely.
Apr. 2. Va. At Petersburg Gen.
Wright assaults and captures the Con-
ferate main works in his front, where in
15 minutes he loses 1,100 men ; he then
sweeps out the batteries at Hatcher's
Run, capturing 3,000 prisoners.
Gen. Parke assaults and captures the
Confederate outer lines, but is driven
back from the strong interior lines by
Gen. Gordon.
Gen. Humphreys, with Gen. Hay's di-
vision, attacks and captures the Confed-
erate redoubt at Crow's Nest.
Gens. R. S. Foster and J. W.Turner of
Gen. Gibbon's corps capture Forts Gregg
and Witworth west of Petersburg. The
Confederate Lieut.-Gen. A. P. Hill is
killed.
Bichmond is abandoned by the Gov-
ernment of the Confederacy about two
o'clock in the afternoon.
At Bichmond the Confederates blow
up their forts and iron-clads, prepara-
tory to the evacuation of the city.
Bichmond is evacuated in the night
by Gen. Lee ; he retreats in a south-
westerly direction, hdping to unite his
forces with those of Gen. Johnston in
North Carolina; Gen. Grant prepares
for the great struggle of the next day.
UNITED STATES.
1865, Mar. 6-Apr. 8. 246
Ala. At Ebenezer Church, on Big
Mulberry Creek, Gen. Wilson defeats
Gen. Forrest, who loses 300 prisoners
and three guns.
Gen. Wilson captures Selma; Col.
Itoddey and 3,000 men are made prison-
ers ; the surrender includes a large
amount of war material stored in the
town.
Apr. 3. Va. Fall of Petersburg ; Gen.
Grant's vigorous assault causes the evac-
uation of the city ; Gen. Lee notifies
Jefferson Davis that Petersburg and
Richmond must be abandoned.
Federal loss, 296 killed, 2,596 wounded,
and 500 prisoners ; Confederate loss,
about 3,000.
The flight of the Confederate army
from Richmond and its pursuit both
begin about the same time ; Gen. Lee
pushes toward Amelia Court-House;
fighting occurs between cavalry forces.
Richmond is occupied by Federal
Gen. Weitzel's command (colored troops)
at 8.15 a.m. It finds a formidable con-
flagration in the city, started by the re-
treating Confederates. Grant's losses in
two days, 8,000 ; Lee's losses, 9,000.
Apr. 4. Va. At Richmond President
Lincoln receives army officers in the
late residence of Jefferson Davis.
Gen. Sheridan gets his cavalry into
position eight miles southwest of Ame-
lia Court-House, where Gen. Lee's
army is resting, and there entrenches ;
The Confederates are obliged to forage
for food, and thereby lose the day.
Apr. 5. Va. Gen. Lee turns his flee-
ing army westward to reach Lynch-
burg; he is pursued and harassed by
Gens. Sheridan and Meade.
Gen. Grant orders Gen. Sheridan to
attack Gen. Lee at Amelia Court-
House.
Apr. 6. Va. A series of obstinate battles
take place. Gen. Humphreys drives Gen.
Gordon down the creek, and captures
1,700 men of Gen. Lee's army, and a
large part of his main trains.
Gen. Lee's retreating army is con-
fronted by the Federals, and fights the
battle of Sailor's Creek with persistent
courage ; infantry, artillery, and cavalry
are all engaged in a severe action ; Gen.
Ewell's corps of 7,000 men surrenders to
Gen. Sheridan.
Federal loss, 166 killed and 1,014
wounded ; Confederate loss is not re-
ported ; 7,700 prisoners and 14 guns are
taken.
At High Bridge, on the Appomattox
River, Federals lose 10 killed, 31
wounded, and 1,000 prisoners.
Gen. Grant is unable to bring on a de-
cisive battle ; at night Gen. Lee re-
sumes his retreat westward.
Apr. 7. Va. At Parmville the Confed-
erates gain a slight success, Gen.
Miles's cavalry division being repulsed
by Gens. Rosser and T. T. Munford ; all
the Federal officers are killed, and the
command (655 men) is captured.
SOCIETY.
1865 Mar. 25. N.J. A home for sol-
diers' children at Trenton is incorpo-
rated.
STATE.
At Wytheville Gen. Stoneman's
cavalry destroys a large quantity of
Confederate stores, after rendering use-
less 90 miles of railroad west of Lynch-
burg.
Gen. Grant sends a summons to Gen.
Lee to prevent further effusion of blood
by surrendering the Army of Northern *865 Mar. 7. D. C. Hugh McCul-
Virginia. loch of Ind. is appointed secretary of
Gen. Lee wishes to know on what tue Treasury,
conditions the surrender of his army Mar. 11. D. C. The special session of
will be received. the Senate closes.
The remnant of Gen. Lee's army Mar. 13. Va. Jefferson Davis issues
steals away in the night. [The 2d and his last message to the Confederate
6th corps pursue it all the next day.] Congress.
Apr. 8. Ala. Spanish Fort, defending Mar. 17. Mo. The officer and judges
Mobile, is assaulted by the Federals, and of the Supreme Court and of all circuit
part of the entrenchments are carried
by Gen. Canby; 350 prisoners are taken.
[The Confederates escape at night, but
lose 600 prisoners.]
Fort Blakely, near Mobile, is taken
by assault, after bombardment by Gen.
courts of the State are required to vacate
on May 1 by the Constitutional Conven-
tion.
Mar. 18. Va. The [last] Confederate
Congress at Richmond adjourns sine
die.
Canby and Adm. Thatcher ; Federal loss, Apr. 1. U. S. The high-tariff law be-
113 killed and 516 wounded ; the Confed- comes operative.
erates under Gen. Taylor lose 500 men, Apr. 2. Va. The Confederate Gov-
besides 300 prisoners. (See Mar. 25.) ernment leaves Richmond in haste,
— N. Y. The Government discharges on tne approach of the Federal army.
the last of the political prisoners con- Apr. 5. Tenn. The Legislature votes to
ratify the 13th Amendment, forbid-
ding slavery.
— 'N. C. On reaching Danville, in his
fined at Fort Lafayette.
Va. At Appomattox Station Gen.
Sheridan succeeds in thrusting into
Gen. Lee's front Gen. George A. Cus-
ter's cavalry near night ; it captures four
provision trains, and drives the Confed-
erates towards the Court-House.
Gen. Lee sends a second letter to Gen.
Grant proposing negotiations for
peace, but denying a purpose to surren-
der.
At Richmond a review of Federal
troops is held.
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1865 Mar. * Pa. The" first sheet zinc
manufactured in America is made at
Bethlehem.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1865.
Mar. 18. Crosby, William B., merchant,
philanthropist, N. Y. Citv, A80.
Mar. 20. Phillips, Wra. Wirt, Pres. cl., A68.
Mar. 23. Hamline, Leonidas Lent, M. K.
bishop, editor, A68.
Apr . 1 . W inthrop, F. , brig.-gen. U. S. vols. ,
killed at Five Forks, A25.
Apr. 2. Wilder, Samson V. S., merchant,
philanthropist, A 85.
Apr. 3. Hyde, Lavius, Cong, cl., au., A76.
Apr. 5. Barnum, Zenas, first president
Am. Telegraph Co., A55.
PeLancey, Wm. Heathcote, P. E. bishop
of Western N. Y., A68.
Apr. 7. Miles, Pliny, postal reformer, A47.
CHURCH.
1865 Apr. 5, 6. New York. The Na-
tional Conference of the Unitarian
and other churches meets.
* * The Home Convention and Missionary
Union turns over all its mission work in
the Indian Territory to the American
Baptist Home Missionary Society.
* * Jonathan Weaver is first elected bishop
of the United Brethren.
flight southward from Richmond, Jef-
ferson Davis issues an address to the
people of the Confederacy, urging fur-
ther sacrifices and a continuance of
hostilities.
Apr. 7. D. C. Correspondence begins
with the British Government respecting
American claims for damages caused
by the Confederate privateers. [It
terminates in a proposal for settlement
by arbitration.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1865 Mar. 15. Pa. The "Credit
Mobilier of America" is incorpo-
rated. [It assumes a contract to build
100 miles of the Union Pacific Rail-
road, west of the Mississippi River, the
original contractor having failed.]
Mar. 31. The steam- transport General
Lyon burns off Cape Hatteras ; a great
number of lives are lost.
Apr. 1. Southern States. The Confed-
erate dollar is worth 1J cents.
New York. Price of middling upland
cotton is 45 to 48 cents ; the value of a
gold dollar is 154 cents.
Apr. * Va. The great seal of the Con-
federacy arrives at Richmond.
Apr. 2. Va. A fire in Richmond on the
evacuation of the Confederate army
burns the business part of the city.
Jefferson Davis, while at church, is
summoned by Gen. Lee to flee from Rich-
mond.
A Richmond paper quotes flour, $900
to $1,000 a barrel; corn, $100 a bushel,
butter, $20 a pound.
Apr. 4. Va. President Lincoln visits
Richmond. (See Army and Navy.)
246 1865, Apr. 8- June 10.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1865 Apr. 8, 9. Va. The struggle is re-
newed at Appomattox Court House,
or Clover Hill, by Gen. Sheridan. Fed-
eral loss, very slight ; Confederate loss,
500 killed and wounded.
Apr. 9. Va. Gen. Lee's cavalry ad-
vances against that of Gen. Sheridan,
and finds Gens. Ord and Griffin
massed in its front, they having marched
30 miles to get there ; Gen. Lee orders
hostilities to cease.
Gen. Lee proposes the surrender of
the Army of Northern Virginia to Gen.
Grant. Hostilities are suspended for
two hours ; Gen. Grant receives Gen.
Lee's proposal at 10.50 a.m., and he sug-
gests an interview as soon as they can
meet.
At two o'clock (Palm Sunday), Gen.
Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. Robert
E. Lee, attended by staif-offlcers, meet
at Appomattox Court House, and a
formal surrender is made of the Army
of Northern Virginia, consisting of 28,231
men, who are all paroled.
Terms : officers are to give their in-
dividual paroles not to take up arms
against the United States until prop-
erly exchanged ; they are to retain
their side-arms, private horses, and bag-
gage. Confederate soldiers are to keep
their horses ; " You will need them for
your spring plowing."
Prisoners taken before the surrender,
since March 29th, aggregate 19,132 ; guns
captured, 689, including those at Appo-
mattox.
D. C. The Secretary of War orders
that a salute be fired at West Point,
and at each post, arsenal, department,
and army headquarters, as a manifesta-
tion of joy for the surrender of Gen.
Lee's army.
N. C. At Salisbury Gen. Stoneman's
cavalry defeats Gens. Pemberton and
Gardiner, and captures Gen. Lee's enor-
mous supply of reserve stores. [Gen.
Stoneman returns to Tennessee.]
Apr. 10. N. C. Gen. Sherman begins
his advance in cooperation with Gen.
Grant.
Apr. 11. Ala. Forts Huger and Tracy
are taken by the Federal navy, opening
the way for the possession of Mobile.
Apr. 12. Ala. Mobile, having been
evacuated by Confederate troops, sur-
renders to 8,000 troops under Gen.
Granger.
Near Wetumpka, on the Coosa,
Gen. Wilson destroys five heavily laden
steamboats.
Montgomery is surrendered to Gen.
Wilson by Gen. Wirt Adams, who fires
90,000 bales of cotton, and flees ; Confed-
erate loss, 2,700 prisoners and 100 guns.
N. C. Jefferson Davis holds a coun-
cil of war with Gens. Johnston and
Beauregard at Greensboro ; the cabi-
net are also present ; Gen. Breckinridge
brings the first official intelligence of the
surrender of Gen. Lee.
At Grant's Creek the Federal Gen.
Stoneman captures 1,800 prisoners and
14 guns, and occupies Salisbury (Stone-
man's raid).
Baleigh is occupied by Federal troops
under Gen. Sherman after a slight skir-
mish.
U.S. Recruiting is stopped.
Apr. 14. Ala. Confederate torpedoes
blow up four Federal vessels in Mobile
Bay.
N. C. Jefferson Davis and his cabi-
net leave Greensboro, going .southward
by extemporized conveyances.
S. C. The Federal flag is restored on
Fort Sumter.
Apr. 16. 6a. The Federals under Gen.
Wilson capture Columbus, with 1,200
prisoners and 52 guns ; they burn 115,000
bales of cotton, destroy 15 locomotives
and 250 cars, four cotton-factories, three
paper-mills, an arsenal, manufactories,
and foundries ; the Confederates burn
the gunboat Chattahoochee.
Apr. 17. 2f. C. Gen. Johnston by flag
of truce inquires of Gen. Sherman what
terms will be granted if he surrenders.
Apr. 18. N. C. At Durham Station
Gen. Sherman accepts the surrender
of Gen. Johnston's army, provided the
Government shall approve the terms
given.
Johnston asks that all persons engaged
in the rebellion shall at once be restored
to every right and privilege, social and
political, which they had previously en-
joyed, and be exempt from liability to
punishment ; the terms are accepted.
Jefferson Davis's party arrives at
Charlotte.
Apr. 21. Ga. Macon is surrendered to
Gen. Wilson.
B.C. The Government disavows the
terms offered by Gen. Sherman to Gen.
Johnston.
Apr. 24. N. C. Gen. Grant meets Gen.
Sherman at Baleigh.
La. The Confederate ram Webb, with
a valuable cargo, is captured below New
Orleans, while attempting to escape to
sea.
Apr. 26. K. C. Near Durham Station
Gen. Johnston surrenders his army
(29,924 men and 108 guns) to Gen. Sher-
man, on the same terms as those ac-
cepted by Gen. Lee.
Jefferson Davis and his party leave
Charlotte, moving southward, accompa-
nied by about 2,000 horsemen. [The
number is soon diminished to a hand-
ful.]
Gen. Kirby Smith in the southwest
issues a proclamation declaring that he
is able to continue the war.
May 1. The aggregate armies of the
United States number 1,034,064 men.
Ky. Gen. Morgan's old command,
1,200 strong, surrenders at Mt. Stirling.
May 4. Ala. At Citronelle, near Mobile,
Com. F. Farrand surrenders the Confed-
erate fleet of 12 vessels to Com. Simpson ;
Lieut. -Gen. Richard Taylor, the sen-
ior Confederate officer east of the Mis-
sissippi, capitulates to Gen. Canby.
Fla. At Tallahassee Gen. Sam
Jones surrenders his force of 8,000 men
to Gen. McCook.
May 9. Ga. At Irwinville Jefferson
Davis decides to abandon the attempt to
reach the trans-Mississippi country, and
turns to escape by the Florida coast.
May 10. D. C. President Johnson
proclaims that armed insurrection
is at an end in the Southwestern States.
Ga. A part of Gen. Wilson's cavalry,
under Lieut.-Cols. Henry Harnden and
Pritchard, captures Jefferson Davis,
encamped at Irwinville, while endeav-
oring to escape from the country ; he
is accompanied by his wife, mother, and
others. [He is taken to Fortress Monroe.]
May 11. Ark. At Chalk Bluff Gen.
Jeff. Thompson surrenders 7,454 men
to the Federals.
May 13. Tex. Near Palo Pinto Con-
federates under Col. Slaughter defeat
Col. Barrett in the last fight of the war.
Federal loss, 70 men.
May 18. B. C. The Adjutant-General
issues orders for a grand review of the
armies of Gens. Sherman and Meade,
by the President and his cabinet.
May 20. W. I. The Confederate ram
Stonewall is surrendered by her officers
to Cuban authorities.
May 23. B. C. The grand review of
the Army of the Potomac takes place at
Washington ; President Johnson and
his cabinet review 199 regiments in line.
May 24. D. C. The President and his
cabinet review the Army of Tennes-
see and Georgia.
May 26. Lieut.-Gen. E. Kirby Smith
surrenders the Confederate trans-Mis-
sissippi army ; it numbers 20,000 men,
with 150 guns.
May 31. Miss. Gen. Hood surren-
ders his command to Gen. John W.
Davidson at Natchez. This is the last
army of the Confederacy.
* * Total number of Federal troops
engaged in the war, 2,772,408.
* * Casualties of the War, as reported
at the Adjutant-General's office :
Deaths: on the battle-field, 67,058;
from wounds, 43,012 ; from disease, 199r
720; miscellaneous causes (accident,
starvation, murder, etc.), 40,164. Total,
349,944.
* * Prisoners taken during the war by Con-
federates, 212,608; desertions, 199,105.
(Complete statistics of Confederate
losses are not attainable.)
* * Estimated expenses of the war to
the Federal States and national Govern-
ment, $6,165,237,000; total North and
South, $8,165,237,000. (David A. Wells.)
* * V. S. The Navy comprises 671 ves-
sels of all classes :■ aggregate tonnage,
510,396; armament, 4,610 guns.
June 5. Tex. Galveston is surrendered
to the Federals ; it is the last seaport,
held by the Confederates.
UNITED STATES.
1865, Apr. 8 - June 10. 247
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1865.
Apr. 9. Potts, Stacy G., politician, N. J.,
lawyer, author, A 65.
Apr. 11. Aaron, Samuel, Baptist clergy-
man, teacher, author, A65.
Apr. 15. Lincoln, Abraham, capt. in
Black Hawk war, advocate of freedom,
M. C. for 111., 1st Rep. and 16th Pres. of
U. S., emancipator, A56. (See Society.)
Apr. 22. McKean, William W., com. U. S.
N., A 65.
Apr. 23. Creighton, William, P. E. cl., A72.
Gibson, Charles B., Confed. surgeon-
gen., writer, A49.
Apr. 26. Mott, Valentine, surgeon, of
N. Y., A80.
Booth, John Wilkes, actor, assassin of
President Lincoln, A26.
Apr. 28. Latta, Alexander B., inventor
steam fire-engine, A44.
May 8. Reynolds, John, Gov. of 111., jour-
nalist, author, A76.
May 12. Willard, Joseph, antiquarian, au-
thor, A 67.
May 26. McMurtrie, Henry, educator, Pa.,
A72.
May 30. Krauth, Chas. P., pres. Lutheran
college, Pa., A70.
June lO. Sigourney, Lydia Huntley, au-
thor, poet, A74.
CHURCH.
1865 May 15. S. C. The South Caro-
lina Conference (African Methodist
Episcopal) is organized.
June 1. A national fast is observed, in
recognition of the great bereavement in
the death of President Lincoln.
Term. The Holston Conference
(Methodist Episcopal) is organized at
Athens.
SOCIETY.
1865 Apr. 9.+ Universal joy, mingled
with strong sympathy for the South,
abounds in the North because of Gen.
Lee's surrender ; the nation approves of
Gen. Grant's clemency.
Apr. 14. D. C. Booth enters the Presi-
dent's box at Ford's Theatre, shoots
Mr. Lincoln in the back of the head,
wounds Maj. Rathbone with a dagger,
leaps to the stage, and escapes on a
horse held in waiting by one of his ac-
complices.
Payne, in the guise of a physician's
messenger, gains access to the Seward
mansion, wounds Frederick Seward,
whom he meets in the hall, stabs Secre-
tary Seward many times, is overpowered
by several men, yet escapes on his horse.
Apr. 15. Md. Booth and Herrold arrive
at Dr. Samuel Mudd's house, near
Bryantown, 30 miles from Washington.
D. C. Abraham Lincoln remains
unconscious till his death, at 7.30 a.m.
The military order of the Loyal Le-
gion is organized as a non-political and
non-sectarian association.
S. C. At Charleston 'Gen. Saxton
calls a mass meeting, and "William
Lloyd Garrison, the abolitionist,
makes an address.
Apr. * U. S. The assassination of the
President enshrouds the country in a
gloom like thick darkness.
Apr. 17. Va. Samuel Arnold is ar-
rested at Fortress Monroe ; Payne is
arrested at the Surratt home in Wash-
ington.
Apr. 19. D. C. Most impressive fu-
neral services of the Great Emanci-
pator, Abraham Lincoln, are held at
Washington in the rotunda of the Capi-
tol.
The War Department offers a reward
of $50,000 for the arrest of Atzerodt
and Herrold.
Apr. 20. Md. Atzerodt is arrested in
Montgomery County.
Apr. 21. D. C. The body of Abraham
Lincoln is taken away for Springfield,
111. [The obsequies are continued at
Baltimore, Harrisburg, Philadelphia,
New York, Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland,
Columbus, Indianapolis, and Chicago.]
Apr. 22. The 22,000 Confederate pris-
oners at Point Lookout give expression
to their sorrow at the assassination of
Mr. Lincoln, and their abhorrence of
the act.
Apr. 25. New York. The most impos-
ing ceremonies ever witnessed in New
York attend the remains of President
Lincoln; 60,000 people march in
procession.
Apr. 26. Va. Booth, the assassin, is
found in a barn near Bowling Green,
Va., and refuses to surrender ; he is
finally shot by Sergt. Boston Corbett ;
Herrold, his companion, surrenders.
May 4. III. The remains of Abraham
Lincoln are interred in Oak Ridge
Cemetery at Springfield, after an oration
by Bishop Matthew Simpson.
May 11. D. C. By executive order, the
trial of the assassins begins before a
military commission.
Members : Maj .-Gen. David Hunter,
president ; Maj.-Gen. Lewis Wallace,
brev. Maj.-Gen. A. V. Kautz, Brig.-
Gens. A. P. Howe, R. S. Foster, T. M.
Harris, brev. Brig.-Gen. J. A. Elkin,
brev. Col. C. H. Tompkins, Lieut.-Col.
D. R. Clendennin. Brig.-Gen. Joseph
Holt is Judge Advocate.
May 19. Va. Jefferson Davis and his
associates, guarded by an escort, arrive
at Fortress Monroe.
May * Chicago. The .Sanitary Com-
mission Fair raises $250,000.
STATE.
1865 Apr. 10. Mo. A new Constitu-
tion is completed.
Apr. 11. D. C. The Southern ports,
except Key West, are closed by procla-
mation of the President.
Apr. 13. D. C. Orders are issued to
stop the drafting of men and the pur-
chase of war material.
Apr. 14. D. C. President Lincoln is
assassinated at Ford's Theatre. (See
Society.)
The 17th Adrninistration.
Apr. 15. D. C. Andrew Johnson of
Tenn. takes the oath of office in the
Kirkwood Hotel at Washington, three
hours after the death of President Lin-
coln; he is the 17th President, in the
20th term of the presidency.
Apr. 21. D. C. The Government disap-
proves of Gen. Sherman's peace memo-
randum with Gen. Johnston in North
Carolina.
Apr. 29. D. C. President Johnson pro-
claims the opening of Southern ports
to trade, with some temporary restric-
tions on munitions of war.
May 1. D. C. The trial, by court-mar-
tial, of the assassins of President Lin-
coln is ordered by the Government.
May 2. D. C. President Johnson pro-
claims a reward of §100,000 for the cap-
ture of Jefferson Davis.
He also offers $25,000 for Clement C.
Clay, Jacob Thompson, George N. Saun-
ders, and Beverly Tucker, and $10,000
for William C. Cleary ; the last five as
" accomplices " in the murder of Presi-
dent Lincoln and the attempted assassi-
nation of W. H. Seward.
May 6. Miss. Gov. Clarke, on hearing
of Gen. Taylor's surrender to Gen.
Canby, orders the State officials to Jack-
son, with the archives, and convenes the
Legislature, recommending the re-
peal of the secession ordinance, and
framing of a new Constitution.
May 9. D. C. President Johnson issues
a proclamation for the restoration of
Virginia to the Union ; he recognizes
Francis H. Pierpont as governor.
May 10. D. C. President Johnson is-
sues a proclamation announcing the
cessation of hostilities.
The trial of the assassination con-
spirators begins. (See Society.)
May 15. I). C. James Harlan of la. is
appointed secretary of the interior.
May 22. D. C. President Johnson's
proclamation opens the Southern ports.
[He conducts the reconstruction of the
South according to his personal views
till Congress meets in December.]
May 29. D. C. President Johnson pro-
claims an exceptional amnesty to
persons involved in the recent rebellion,
provided they take the oath of allegiance
to the United States ; 14 classes are in-
cluded.
He proclaims a provisional govern-
ment established in South Carolina.
He appoints William M. Holden pro-
visional governor of North Carolina.
June 2. Eng. The Government rescinds
the recognition of the Confederates as
belligerents. [France does the same on
June 6.]
La. Henry F. Allen, the Confederate
governor, resigns.
June 5. Mo. The people ratify the
Constitution. Vote, 43,670-41,808.
June 7. D. C. It is announced by the
Attorney-General that all applicants for
pardon must first take the oath of
allegiance.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1865 May 2. New York. A paid fire
department and steam engines replace
the old service.
May * U. S. The war debt reaches the
enormous sum of $2,808,549,437.
248 1865, June 13 -Dec. 29.
AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1865 June * N. C. Gen. Thomas H.
Ruger succeeds to the command of
North Carolina.
July 25. Ind. Ter. Platte's Bridge Sta-
tion is attacked by 1,000 Indians;
they are driven off.
Aug. 1. D. C. The President orders the
2d, 4th, 5th, Gth, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 14th,
15th, 17th, 20th, 23d, and 24th army
corps to be discontinued.
Aug. 21. D. C. A commission begins
the trial of Capt. Henry Wirz for
cruelty to Federal prisoners under his
charge at Andersonville, Ga. It is al-
leged that 12,000 died in 1864-65. [Nov.
10, Capt. Wirz is hanged.]
Oct.* U. S. The aggregate of 4,000,000
men, constituting the armies of the
North and South at various times, is
peacefully and easily reduced to one
army of 30,000 men.
Nov. 6. Eng. Capt. J. I. Waddell, of
the privateer Shenandoah, puts in at
Liverpool [and surrenders his vessel
to the authorities, claiming that he had
not heard of the close of the war till
Aug. 2].
Nov. 9. Eng. The Shenandoah is sur-
rendered to the United States consul by
the British government.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1865 June 17. Mass. A monument
in memory of the first victims of the
war from Massachusetts is erected
at Lowell.
Sept. 19. N. Y. The asteroid Io is dis-
covered by C. H. F. Peters.
Oct 8. Cat. A severe earthquake shock
occurs at San Francisco.
Oct. 8-9. Ore. An earthquake follows
the continued eruption of Mount Hood,
which for years had been in a state of
inactivity.
Nov. 25. Kg. Lead ore mining is be-
gun in Fayette County.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1865.
June 13. Campbell, Cleveland J., brig.-
gen. U. S. vols., wounded at Petersburg,
A 29.
June 23. Dupont, Samuel Francis, rear-
adm. U. S. N., A62.
July 4. Dundas, James, banker, horticul-
turist, Pa., A77.
Potter, Alonzo, P. E. bishop of Pa.,
author, A63.
July 11. Hildreth, Richard, editor, A58.
July 18. Haywood, Nathaniel, inventor of
rubber cloth process, A 57.
July 23. Tappan, Arthur, merchant,
antislavery advocate, philanthropist, of
N. Y., A. 79.
Aug. 4. Drayton, Percival, capt. U. S. N.,
• A53.
Aug. 16. Campbell, Duncan R.,Bapt. cler-
gyman, prof., pres. Georgetown coll., A51.
Sept. 3. Draper, Alonzo G., brig.-gen. U. S.
vols., A 30.
Sept. 5. Gould, Hannah Flagg, poet, of
Mass., A76.
Sept. 9. Irvin, William, physician, U. S.
consul at Amoy, ABO.
Sept. 17. Neagle, John, portrait painter,
A66.
Sept. 27. Duane, William John, lawyer, of
Pa., sec. of treas., A85.
Sept. 30. "Wayland. Francis, Bapt. el.,
pres. of Brown, author, A 69.
Oct. 2. Talmage, Samuel K., Pres. clergy-
man, author, A 67.
Oct. 11. Giger, George M., Pres. clergy-
man, professor Latin, Princeton, A43.
Oct. 22. Dwlght, William T., Cong, cler-
gyman, author, A70.
Oct. 23. Missroon, John S., Com. U. S. N.,
A55.
Oct. 26. Miner, ('has., ed., author, A85.
Oct. 27. Worcester, Joseph Emerson,
lexicographer, A81.
Nov. 3. Arnold, George, poet, journalist,
mis. writer, A31.
Nov. 9. Collamer, Jacob, M. C. for Vt.,
senator, postmaster-general, A74.
Eastman, Robert L., capt. U. S. A., A25.
Hill, Ambrose Powell. U. S. A., Con-
fed. lieut.-gen., k. at Petersburg, A40.
Nov. 12. King:, Preston, M. C. and sen-
ator of N. Y., A59.
Nov. 15. Adams, Julius W., capt. U. S. A.,
A25.
Nov. 17. Ives, Thomas P., commander
U. S. N., A32.
Nov. 28. Harrington, Samuel M., judge,
A62.
Nov. 30. Meek, Alexander B., lawyer, edi-
tor of Ala., A51.
Dec. 13. Duchachet, Henry, P. E. clergy-
man, Pa., A 70.
Dec. 14. Barstow, William, Gov. of Wis.;
brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A54.
Dec. 16. Royd, Andrew H. H., Pres. cler-
gyman, organized United Synod, A 51.
Dec. 18. Corwin, Thomas, orator, Gov.
of O., senator, sec. of treas., A71.
Dec. 20. Ames, Samuel, jurist, R.I., A59.
Dec. 24. Cutter, George W., poet, orator,
A64.
Lee, Hannah F. S., author, novel-
Dec. 27,
ist, A85.
Dec. 29.
Kurtz, Benjamin, Luth. clergy-
man, author, A 71.
CHURCH.
1865 June 14, Chicago. The General
Convention of the New Jerusalem
meets.
Aug. * Ga. The bishops of the Meth-
odist Episcopal Church South hold a
meeting at Columbus and issue a pasto-
ral address.
Oct. 11. Tenn. Charles Todd Quintard
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Tennessee.
Oct. 27. Mo. The Congregational Associ-
ation of Missouri is organized.
Oct. * Ind. Missionary Bishop Joseph
C. Talbot (Protestant Episcopal) is trans-
lated to Indiana.
Nov. 15. Neb. Robert Harper Clarkson
is consecrated . (Protestant Episcopal)
missionary bishop of Nebraska.
Dec. 28. Colo. George Maxwell Randall
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
missionary bishop of Colorado.
LETTERS.
1865 July 21. Mass. Commemora-
tion Day is observed at Cambridge, in
honor of the patriotic heroes of Harvard
University.
Oct. 1. S. C. Avery Institute (colored)
is opened by the American Missionary
Association.
Oct. 2. Va. Gen. Robert E. Lee be-
comes president of Washington and Lee
University.
SOCIETY.
1865 June 30. D. C. The trial of the
assassins closes. [Sentenced July 5.]
Sentences : Herrold, Atzerodt, Payne,
and Mrs. Surratt are to be hanged;
O'Laughlin, Arnold, and Mudd are to
be imprisoned for life ; Spangler is to
be imprisoned at Dry Tortugas for six
years. [John H. Surratt is discovered in
the pope's army in Italy ; he escapes to
Egypt, is arrested and tried at Washing-
ton in June, 1867 ; the jury fail to agree,
and he is discharged.]
Aug. 1. Jf. Y. The 5th National Tem-
perance Convention, at Saratoga, re-
solves to form a National Society and
establish a publication house.
Aug. * New York. The forgeries of
Edward B. Ketchum, amounting to
about $1,500,000, and his abstraction of
$3,000,000 in securities, wrecks one of the
wealthiest banking-houses in the city.
Oct. 16-24. Phila. A great meeting of
Fenians is held ; the Irish republic is
proclaimed.
Nov. 25. S. C. A Preedmen's Con-
vention is held at Charleston ; it ap-
peals for justice and generosity.
STATE.
1865 Junfe 13. D. C. President John-
son issues a proclamation for the resto-
ration of civil government in Missis-
sippi ; he appoints Judge William L.
Sharkey, provisional governor. He also
removes the restrictions on trade south-
east of the Mississippi after July 1.
The " insurrection " is declared sup-
pressed in Tennessee, and disabilities
are removed by the proclamation of the
President.
June 14. Mo. The new judges of the
higher courts are established in office
by force, the old judges having refused
to yield.
June 17. D. C. President Johnson is-
sues a proclamation for the reconstruc-
tion of Georgia and Texas, and
appoints provisional governors, James
Johnson for Ga., and Gen. A. J. Hamil-
ton for Texas.
Alexander H. Stephens of Ga. and
Robert E. Lee of Va. apply for pardon.
June 21. D. C. The President appoints
Lewis E. Parsons provisional governor
of Alabama.
June 23. B.C. The President proclaims
the blockade removed.
June 24. D. C. The President proclaims
all restrictions removed from trade
between the North and the South.
June 29. The trial of the assassination
conspirators ends. (See Society.)
June 30. D. C. The President appoints
Benj. F. Perry provisional governor of
South Carolina.
U. S. Statistics for 1865. Reve-
nue : Customs, $84,928,261 ; internal
revenue, $209,464,215 ; direct tax, $1,200,-
573 ; sales of public lands, $996,553 ; pre-
miums on loans and sales of gold coin,
$11,683,447; miscellaneous items, $25,-
441,556. Total revenue, $333,714,605.
Expenditures: Premiums on loans,
purchases of bonds, etc., $1,717,900; mis-
cellaneous items, $43,047,653; War De-
partment, $1,031,323,361; Navy Depart-
ment, $122,612,945; Indians, $5,116,837;
pensions, $16,338,811 ; interest on the
public debt, $77,397,712. Total ordinary
expenses, $1,297,555,224; excess of ex-
penses over receipts, $963,840,619 : public
debt, $2,680,647,869. Exports, $166,029,-
303 ; imports, $238,745,580.
July 7. D. C. The conspirators, Payne,
Herrold, Atzerodt, and Mrs. Surratt, are
hanged at Washington,
UNITED STATES. 1865, June 13-Dec. 29. 249
July 13. D. C. The President appoints
William Marvin provisional governor of
Florida.
July 18. D. C. The Government refuses
to recognize Maximilian as Emperor of
Mexico.
July 21. Tex. Gen. A. J. Hamilton,
appointed provisional governor of Texas
by President Johnson, assumes office.
July 25. U. S. The Confederate pris-
oners of war are released, on taking the
oath of allegiance.
July 31. U. S. The national debt i8
$2,757,253,000, and bankruptcy is
feared by many, owing to the burden
of a yearly interest which amounts to
$133,000,000 in gold.
Aug. 22. Miss. The ordinance of seces-
sion is declared null by a State Con-
vention ; the delegates petition the Fed-
eral Government to pardon Jefferson
Davis.
Aug. 29. D. C. The President proclaims
the restrictions on trade with all South-
ern ports removed after Sept. 1.
Aug. 31. U. 8. The national debt is
at its maximum, being $2,845,907,620.56 ;
besides $800,000,000 of revenue spent in
sustaining the war. [The total cost of
the war to both the North and the South,
including the destruction in property
and loss of slaves, has been estimated
at $8,000,000,000.]
Sept. 7. D. C. The President issues a
second amnesty proclamation, par-
doning all who have upheld the Confed-
eracy, except the leaders.
Sept. 15. S. C. The ordinance of se-
cession is repealed by a State Conven-
tion at Columbia.
Sept. 25. A la. The ordinance of seces-
sion and the State war debt are annulled
by the State Convention, which also de-
clares slavery abolished.
Sept. 27. S. C. The Convention enacts
a Constitution which becomes effective
without the ratification of the people.
Sept.* D. C. President Johnson an-
nounces his reconstruction policy,
which is approved by many Democrats,
but strongly opposed by the Republi-
cans.
Oct. 7. N. C. A State Convention, held
at Raleigh, repeals the ordinance of
secession [and on Oct. 9 passes another
prohibiting slavery].
Oct. 11. D. C. The President paroles
several prominent officials of the late
Confederacy.
Alex. H. Stephens of Ga., John H.
Reagan of Tex., Geo. A. Trenholm of
S. C, Chas. Clark of Miss., and John A.
Campbell of Ala.
Oct. 12. Ky. Martial law is abolished.
Oct. 28. Fla. A State Convention,
meeting at Tallahassee, adopts a new
Constitution and repeals the ordinance
of secession. [Georgia annuls its seces-
sion Oct. 30.]
Oct. 31. D. C. Congress admits Ne-
vada into the Union as the 36th State ;
her gold and silver mines are diminish-
ing the losses by war.
U.S. The outstanding paper currency
in circulation is reported at $704,000,000.
About $428,000,000 in greenbacks, $185,-
000,000 in national bank-notes, and $65,-
000,000 in State bank-notes.
Oct. * D. C. The Government defers the
trial of Jefferson Davis.
Oct. *-Nov. 7. U. S. . The fall elec-
tions are favorable to the Republican
policy.
Nov. 2. U. S. A national thanksgiving
for peace is observed.
Nov. 5. Ala. The new constitution is
adopted by the State Convention. [Rati-
fied, November, 1875.]
Nov. 7. Ga. A State Convention de-
clares the war debt void, and adopts a
revised constitution.
N, C. The repeal of the ordinance of
secession and the ordinance prohibiting
slavery are both ratified by the people.
Vote, on the former, 20,000-2,002 ; on the
latter, 19,039-3,039.
Nov. 10. The Confederate Capt. Henry
Wirz is executed, after trial for cru-
elty to Federal prisoners under his
charge at Andersonville. (See Army,
Aug. 21.)
Nov. 13. S. C. The Legislature ratifies
the 13th Amendment to the Federal
Constitution. [Dec. 1, North Carolina ;
Dec. 2, Alabama ; Dec. 6, Georgia ; Dec.
11, Oregon ; Dec. 18, California.]
Nov. * Wis. The people reject the
amendment to the Constitution granting
negro suffrage. Vote, 55,591-46,588.
Dec. 1. D. C« The President partially
restores the writ of habeas corpus ; the
exceptions are limited.
Dec. 4. D.C. The 39th Congress opens.
Congress ; Senate : John P. Stock-
ton (Dem.) of N. J. is sworn in as Sen-
ator. [A protest from the Legislature
follows, he having received a minority
vote.] House: Schuyler Colfax of
Ind. is reelected Speaker. Vote, Col-
fax (Rep.), 139 ; James Brooks of N. Y.
(Dem.), 36.
A Joint Committee of 13 is proposed,
to consider reconstruction ; no Repre-
sentatives are to be received from any of
the late Confederate States till the com-
mittee makes its report. Vote, 129-35.
Dec. 5. D. C. Congress ; House : Thad-
deus Stevens of Pa. proposes an amend-
ment to the Constitution, to apportion
Representatives on the basis of actual
citizenship ; the House passes a resolu-
tion pledging the faith of the nation for
the full payment of the public debt,
both principal and interest.
Dec. 6-16. D. C. The Government pro-
tests in an emphatic manner against
the French occupation of Mexico, in
the interests of the Austrian prince,
Maximilian.
Dec. 12. D.C. Congress: Republican
Senators are divided on the Recon-
struction Bill ; four Conservatives dis-
sent from the Radicals.
Dec. 14. D.C. Congress: The House
appoints nine members of the Joint
Committee on Reconstruction.
It consists of Thaddeus Stevens of Pa.,
E. B. Washburne of 111., J. S. Morrill of
Vt., John A. Bingham of O., Henry
Griderof Ky.,Roscoe Conkling of N. Y.,
G. S. Boutwell of Mass., Andrew J.
Rogers of N. J., and Henry T. Blow of
Mo.
Dec. 18. D. C. The 13th Amend-
ment to the Federal Constitution, pro-
hibiting slavery, is declared ratified by
the Legislatures of 27 States, and is pro-
claimed by the President to be a part of
the fundamental law.
Congress : The House passes J. B.
Alley's resolution favoring the policy
of contracting the currency. Vote,
144-6. The [remarkably long] debate
on reconstruction begins.
Dec. 20. D.C. Congress; House:
Thomas A. Jenckesof R. I. introduces a
bill " to regulate the civil service of
the United States ; " it is the first step
in the civil service reform movement.
Dec. 21. D. C. Congress: the Senate
appoints six members of the Joint Com-
mittee of Fifteen on Reconstruc-
tion: William P. Fessenden of Me.,
James W. Grimes of la., Ira Harris of
N. Y., Jacob M. Howard of Mich., Rev-
erdy Johnson of Md., and George H.
Williams of Ore.
Dec. 23. N. C. The President relieves
Gov. Holden of his office ; Gov. "Worth
succeeds him.
Dec. 29. D. C. Congress excludes 85
members from Southern States.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1865 July 1. * Neio York. Price of mid-
dling upland cotton is 43 cents ; the
value of a gold dollar is 136J to 138 cents.
July 13. New York. Barnum's Mu-
seum, corner of Ann Street and Broad-
way, is burned.
July 23. Ireland. The laying of the
second Atlantic cable begins at Valen-
cia ; the Great Eastern pays it out.
July * Ore. The First National Bank of
Portland is established ; it is the first
west of the Rocky Mountains.
Aug. 2. The cable breaks when 1,312
miles are laid.
Aug. 3 . The cable is grappled, but the
rope breaks, losing both cable and
grapple.
Aug. 7. The cable is grappled, and is
again lost by the breaking of the rope.
Aug. 11. The cable is grappled, and
the rope again breaks ; the Great East-
ern sails for England to get more rope.
Sept. 16. Boston. Horticultural Hall
in Tremont Street is dedicated.
Oct. 1. New York. Price of middling
upland cotton is 45 to 45J cents ; the
value of a gold dollar is 143J to 144
cents.
Nov. 13. The steamer Henry Chauncey
makes a rapid passage from Aspinwall
to New York, in six days, five hours,
and thirty minutes.
Dec. 25. Chicago. The Union Stock-
Yards are opened.
250 1865, Dec. 30-1866, Mar. 17. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1865 * * Md. The Naval School is re-
turned to Annapolis, having been trans-
ferred to Rhode Island during the war.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1865 * * Cal. It is ascertained by the
Geographical and Geological survey of
California that the highest mountain
peaks in the United States are in the
Sierra Nevada, several exceeding 15,000
feet.
* * Chicago. The German Mannerchor is
organized.
* * D. C. The frescoing of the Capitol
dome canopy at Washington is under-
taken by Constantino Brumidi.
* * D. C. The art of polychromy is
applied by Mr. Shulter to the ceiling of
the great central hall, Patent Office,
Washington.
* * London. Joseph Jefferson appears
In Rip Van Winkle at the Adelphi.
* * London. Three paintings by P. E.
Church, landscape painter, are exhibited
and favorably received by English art
critics.
* * New York. The Mendelssohn Glee
Club is organized.
* * New York. Seymour Joseph Guy,
Winslow Homer, and Elihu Vedder of
New York City are elected members of
the National Academy of Design.
* * New York. Commerce, a bronze
figure, is unveiled in Central Park.
* * The American Social Science Asso-
ciation is founded.
* * Capt. Charles F. Hall, Arctic explorer,
reports that four of the Franklin ex-
pedition party are probably alive. He
also reports progress in discoveries con-
cerning the northwest passage.
1866. Jan. 7. Philadelphia records its
coldest day ; the thermometer marks
18 degrees below zero.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1865.
Dec. 30. Davis, Henry Winter, M. C. for
Md., A48.
* * Settle, Thomas, M. C. for N. C, b. in N. C.
* * Van Amburgh, Isaac, showman, A50.
1866.
Jan. 1. Stillman, Thos. B.,mech.eng.,A60.
Jan. 10. Mapes, .lames J., agriculturist,
A60.
Jan. 14. Judah, Henry M., brig.-gen. V. S.
vols., A 42.
Jan. 15. Choate, Rufus, capt. U. S. vols.,
A32.
Jan. 24. Boorman, Jas., merchant of N.Y.,
philan., A83.
Jan. 26. Roman, Andrew B., Gov. of La.,
A70.
Jan. 27. Crele, Joseph, oldest man in
America, A 141.
Jan. 29. Nott, Eliphalet, Pres. clergy-
man, pres. of Union nil., A93.
Feb. 7. Hinkley, Holmes, inventor, ion-
structor of locomotives, A73.
Feb. 27. Jackson, John K., Confed. brig.-
gen., A38.
Mar. 4. Campbell. Alexander, fdr. of
Disciples of Christ, A80.
Mar. 12. Moore, Martin, Cong, clergyman,
editor, historian, A76.
Mar. 14. Sparks, Jared, pres. of Harvard,
historian, biographer, A77.
CHURCH.
* * Boston. The 4th General Synod
(National Council) of the Congrega-
tional Church meets.
* * Boston. The Young Women's
Christian Association is incorporated.
* * Cal. The California Conference (Af-
rican Methodist Episcopal) is formed.
* * la. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Washington ;
John B. Clark, moderator.
* * Mo. The Baptist Annual Meeting
is held in St. Louis.
* * New York. The first Free Methodist
Society is organized.
* * N. Y. The General Assembly (N. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Brooklyn ; J. B.
Shard, moderator. It organizes a Freed-
men's Board.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; John
C. Lowrie, moderator.
* * Pa. The Protestant Episcopal dio-
cese of Pittsburg is established.
* * Phila. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets.
The reunion of the Protestant
Episcopal Church is affected by the
attendance of two Southern bishops at
the Convention.
* * The Presbyterian Church in the Con-
federate States takes the name Pres-
byterian Church in the United
States.
1866 Jan. 25. Pa. John Barrett Ker-
foot is consecrated (Protestant Episco-
pal) bishop of Pittsburg.
Jan.+ * The centenary of Methodism
in America is celebrated.
Mar. 11. Boston. John Joseph Williams
is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop
of Boston.
LETTERS.
1865 * * Boston. The Massachusetts In-
stitute of Technology is opened.
* * Cal. The Daily Examiner is issued
at San Francisco ; also the Chronicle.
* * B.C. The Surgeon-General's Office
Library is founded at Washington.
[72,219 vols.]
* * B. C. St. Louis College (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at Washington.
* * la. Des Moines College (Bapt.) is
organized at Des Moines.
* * III. Westfield (United Brethren)
CoUege is organized.
* * III. Irvington College (Pres.) is or-
ganized.
* * Kan. Washburn College (Cong.) is or-
ganized at Topeka.
* * Md. An agricultural coUege is es-
tablished in Prince George's County.
* * Mich. Hope College (Reformed) is or-
ganized at Holland.
* * Mich. The Public Library is founded
at Detroit. [60,000 vols.]
* * Mo. The Public School Library is
founded at St. Louis. [56,192 vols.] ; the
St. Louis Historical Society is organ-
ized.
* * N. C. Shaw University (Colored
Bapt.) is founded at Raleigh.
* * N.J. The Scientific School con-
nected with Rutger's College is opened.
* * New York. The Catholic World mag-
azine appears.
* * O. Willoughby College (Meth.
Epis.) is established at Willoughby.
* * Phila. The Saturday Night is issued.
* * Pa. Mercersburg College (Re-
formed) is organized.
* * Wis. Northwestern University
(Evan. Luth.) is organized at Water-
town.
* * The National Baptist is issued.
* * The Chimney Corner is founded by
Frank Leslie.
* * The Commercial Bulletin is founded.
* * Commemoration Ode, by James Rus-
seU Lowell, appears. " Conceded to
be the greatest . . . heroic ode America
has produced." (Welsh.)
* * Brum Taps, by Walt Whitman, ap-
pears.
* * The Gayworthys, by Mrs. A. D. T.
Whitney, appears.
* * National Lyrics, by John Greenleaf
"Whittier, appears.
* * The Pioneers of Prance in the New
World, by Francis Parkman, appears.
* * Glimpses of History, by George Make-
peace Towle, appears.
* * Life of John Jacob Astor, by James
Parton, appears.
* * Life and Adventures of Jefferson Bavis,
by George Arnold, appears.
* * Method of Philological Study in the
English Language, by Francis A. Marsh,
appears.
* * Allworth Abbey, by Mrs. Emma D. E.
N. Southworth, appears.
* * Cape Cod, by Henry David Thorean,
appears ; also Letters to Various Persons.
1866 Jan. 15. Ky. The Agricultural
College of Kentucky purchases "Ash-
land," the old home of Henry Clay.
SOCIETY.
1865 * * Chicago. Cook County Hos-
pital is established.
* * Ind. The Legislature enacts that col-
ored people shall be accepted as com-
petent witnesses in the courts of the
State.
* * Kan. The Institution for the Deaf,
Dumb, and Blind is established at
Olathe.
* * Miss. The Federal Government ar-
rests and imprisons Gov. Charles
Clarke.
* * New York. A band of the Disciples
of Lassalle is organized.
* * New York. The Manhattan Club is
founded.
* * The Presbyterian General Assembly
declares liquor makers and seUera
UNITED STATES. 1865, Dec. 30-1866, Mar. 17. 251
shall be excluded from membership, and
it recommends total abstinence.
* *• U. S. The spirit ration is discontinued
in the navy, and it is ordered that the
supply on hand shall be sold.
1866 Jan. 1. Wis. A home for sol-
diers' orphans is opened.
Jan. * Kan. A convention of colored.
men is held at Topeka ; it petitions the
Legislature to strike the word " white "
from the Constitution.
* * U. S. The charities of the war are
beyond precedent.
Contributions for the aid and relief of
soldiers by States, counties, and towns
amount to $187,209,608 ; offerings of as-
sociations and individuals, $24,044,865;
offerings for sufferers abroad, $380,040 ;
for sufferers by the riot in New York
in 1863, for freedmen and refugees,
$639,633. Total charities, $212,274,248.
Feb. 10. The franking privilege is
granted to Mrs. Lincoln.
Feb. 26. New York. The Board of
Health ic established.
STATE.
1865 Dec. * B.C. A deplorable dis-
agreement between the President and
Congress.
President Johnson holds that the se-
ceding States were not out of the Union
when in rebellion, and forms a policy
from that standpoint ; Congress would
reconstruct the States with special legis-
lation and special guaranties.
Dec. * B. C. Congress becomes more
radical ; complaint is made against the
course pursued by the South in electing
members who a few months before were
in the Confederate army, and still hold
to the legality of their attempts to
break up the Union.
Dec. * B. C. Secretary McCulloch begins
the immediate contraction of the
currency.
* * Miss. The Legislature passes a law
giving civil rights to freedmen.
* * 111. The Legislature ratines the
13th Amendment to the Federal Con-
stitution.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
Ala. Lewis E. Parsons.
-68 * * Ala. Robert M. Patton.
-67* * Colo. (Ter.). Alexander Cum-
mings.
-69 * * Bel. Gove Saulsbury.
-66 * * Fla. William Marvin.
Ga. James Johnson.
-67 * * Ga. Charles J. Jenkins.
-69 * * III. Richard J. Oglesby.
-69 * * Kan. Samuel J. Crawford.
-67 * * La. James M. Wells.
-68 * * Mich. Henry H. Crapo.
-66 *' * Miss. William L. Sharkey.
-66* * Mont. (Ter.). Thomas Francis
Meagher.
N. C. William W. Holden.
-68 * * N. C. Jonathan Worth.
-67 * * N.H. Frederick Smyth.
-67* *N.Mex.(Ter.). Robert B. Mitch-
ell.
-69 * * N. Y. Reuben E. Fenton.
-66 * * O. Charles Anderson.
S. C. Benjamin F. Perry.
-68 * * S. C. James L. Orr.
-69* * Term. William G. Brownlow.
-66 * * Tex. A. J. Hamilton.
-69 * * U. (Ter.). Charles Durkee.
-67 * * VU Paul Dillingham.
1866 Jan. 5. B.C. Congress ; House :
R. P. Spaulding of O. proposesan amend-
ment to the Constitution, for the
apportionment of representatives on the
basis of a franchise freely exercised,
by blacks as well as whites. •
Jan. 6. B. C. Congress : The Joint
Special Committee on Reconstruc-
tion is organized.
Jan. 8. B. C. Congress ; House : James
G-. Blaine of Me. proposes an amend-
ment to the Constitution, by which
the enumeration of persons whose right
of suffrage is impaired on account of
race or color shall be omitted in appor-
tioning representatives.
Jan. 9. B. C. Congress : The House,
with four-fifths of its members Repub-
licans, refuses to pass a resolution of
confidence in the Republican Presi-
dent ; this occasions a break in its rela-
tions with him.
Jan. 12. B. C. Congress ; Senate :
Lyman Trumbull of 111. introduces
the Civil Rights Bill.
" There shall be no discrimination in
civil rights ... on account of race,
color, or previous condition of servi-
tude."
Jan. 14. N. C. A convention meets at
Raleigh under the Reconstruction Acta
of Congress, and proceeds to frame a
Constitution.
Jan. 15. B. C. Congress ; House : Ros-
coe Conkling of N. Y. proposes an
amendment, prohibiting the enumera-
tion of all blacks in any State when the
political " rights or privileges of any
man shall be denied on account of race
or color ; " also for denying or abridging
the elective franchise.
Jan. 22. B.C. Congress: The Joint
Reconstruction Committee report
their amendment to the Constitution
to both Houses.
It excludes the enumeration of freed-
men as a basis of representation when
the exercise of the elective franchise is
denied or abridged in any State.
Jan. 25. B.C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Freedmen's Bureau Bill.
Jan. 29. B.C. Congress: The amend-
ment resolutions are referred again
to the Reconstruction Committee.
Jan. 31. B.C. Congress: The Joint
Committee makes another report ex-
cluding freedmen from enumeration
when the elective franchise is denied or
abridged in any State on account of
race or color. Adopted by the House.
Vote, 120-46.
Jan. * la. The Legislature ratines the
13th Amendment to the Federal Con-
stitution.
Feb. 2. B. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Civil Rights Bill, which is
intended to confer on the freedmen all
the rights enjoyed by the white men,
except that of suffrage. Vote, 33-12.
Feb. 6. B. C. Congress : The Senate
begins the debate on the Constitutional
Amendment.
Congress confers additional power on
the Freedmen's Bureau. Vote: House,
136-33 ; Senate (previously), 37-10.
Feb. 9. Neb. A Constitutional Conven-
tion frames a Constitution.
Feb. 10. Tex. A State Convention
meets at Austin to frame a new Consti-
tution.
Feb. 19. B. C. President Johnson ve-
toes the Freedmen's Bureau Bill.
Feb. 20. B. C. Congress ; Senate : The
attempt to override the President's
veto fails. Vote, 30-18. (See July 16.)
Feb. 21. B.C. Congress ; House : J.
S. Morrill of Vt. reports a bill for fund-
ing certain national obligations.
Feb. 22. B. C. The President makes a
speech in front of the Presidential Man-
sion, in which he denounces the Re-
construction Committee, and declares
Congress to be in rebellion against the
Government of the United States.
Mar. 9. B. C. Congress : The Senate
fails to carry the Civil Rights Amend-
ment Bill. Vote, 25-22. [Passed Mar.
16.]
Mar. 10. W. Va. Congress, by a joint
resolution, recognizes the transfer of
the counties of Berkely and Jefferson
from Virginia to West Virginia.
Mar. 14. B. C. Congress ; House : The
Civil Rights Bill passes. Vote, 111-38.
Mar. 16. B. C. Congress ; the Senate
passes the Civil Rights Bill.
It accords to the negro every legal right
enjoyed by the white man, and empowers
the President to use the army to enforce
the Act.
Congress ; House : The debate on the
contraction of the currency closes ; the
Morrill Funding Bill is defeated.
Vote, 67-70.
Mar. 17. U. S. The United States termi-
nates the reciprocity treaty regulating
traffic between Canada and the United
States, it having given one year's notice,
according to the terms of the treaty.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1865 Dec. 31. U.S. The fire record
for 1865 shows 354 fires of $20,000 loss and
upwards, and a total estimated loss of
$43,139,000.
Immigrants in 1865, 247,453.
* * Cal. The Mountain "View Cem-
etery at San Francisco is established.
* * Conn. Cedar Hill Cemetery, near
Hartford, is laid out.
* * B. C. The Freedman's Savings
and Trust Company is chartered.
1866 Jan. 1. New York. Price of mid-
dling upland cotton is 52 to 53 cents ;
the value of a gold dollar is 144g cents.
Jan. 11. Ky. The State Farmers' con-
vention meets at Frankfort ; delegates
are present from 40 counties.
Jan. 24. B. C. The Smithsonian In-
stitution at Washington is partially
burned.
Jan. 30. The steamer Miami's boilers
explode, and she sinks in the Missis-
sippi ; 150 lives are lost.
252 1866, Mar. 19 - Aug. 28.
ARMY — NAVY.
1866 Apr. 13. D. C. Congress passes
a resolution providing for the preserva-
tion of soldiers' graves from dese-
cration.
Apr. 21. D. C. Congress tenders its
thanks to Gen. W. S. Hancock.
May 3. D. C. Congress tenders the
thanks of the Nation to officers, sol-
diers, and seamen.
June 17. D. C. Congress limits admis-
sion to "West Point Academy to can-
didates who are between 17 and 22 years
of age.
July 26. Winfield S. Hancock is com-
missioned major-general.
July * Ulysses S. Grant Is appointed
general-in-chief (the 15th commander)
of the U. S. A. ; W. T. Sherman, Lieu-
tenant-General ; D. G. Farragut, Ad-
miral of the U. S. N., and D. D. Porter,
Vice-Admiral.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1866 May 1. Md. A destructive hail-
storm visits Baltimore ; 20,000 panes of
glass are broken.
May 12. D. C. A variable star in the
constellation Corona is seen from the
Washington observatory ; it appears to
be nearly as large as the sun ; [within 30
days it dwindles from second to ninth
magnitude.]
June 15. N. Y. The asteroid Thisbe
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters.
June 23. Phila. The Chestnut-Street
bridge is completed. (Begun in 1861.)
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1866.
Mar. 21. Elliot, Stephen, Confed. brig.-
gen., A34.
Apr. 1. Harding, Chester, portrait painter,
A74.
Apr. IS. Dickinson, Daniel Stevens, sen.
for N.Y., A66.
Apr. 22. Allen, Henry F., Gov. of La.;
Confed. brig.-gen., A46.
Warriner, Francis, Cong, cl., writer,
A61.
Apr. 23. Ewing, William B., physician,
N.J., A90.
May 7. Waite, Carlos A., brig.-gen. U. S.
vols., A66.
May 29. Cox, Henry G., physician, N.Y.,
A47.
Rogers, Henry Darwin, geologist, A58.
Scott, Winfield, lieutenant-general
U. S. A., Whig candidate for the Presi-
dency, A80.
June 8. Davis, Emerson, Cong, cl., A68.
June 13. Odell, Moses F., naval officer,
M. C. N.Y., A48.
June 16. Seaton, William W., journalist,
D. C, A8i.
June 17. Cass. Lewis, sen. for Mich.,
Gov., min. to France, sec. of state, A84.
June 18. Merrick, James, Cong, clergy-
man, missionary to Persia, A 63.
June 21. Marguerittes, Julie de, author,
dramatic critic, A52.
Mussey, Reuben Dimond, surgeon, au-
thor, A86.
July 6. Bruce, George, typefounder, pres.
Mech. Inst. N. Y. City, A 85.
July 14. Bloodgood, Samuel DeWltt, mer-
chant, N.Y. City, A67.
July 24. Morgan, George N., brig.-gen.
U. S. vols., A 41.
Augr. 2. Lathrop, John H., pres. of coll.,
A67.
Aug. 21. Brainerd, Thomas, Cong, clergy-
man, writer, editor, A62.
Aug. 23. Haven, Alice B., author of ju-
venile books, A38.
Aug. 25. Porter, John Addison, chemist,
A44.
AMERICA:
Aug. 26. Plerpont, John, Unit, clergyman,
poet, A81.
Aug. 27. Richmond, Dean, merchant, finan-
cier, of N.Y., A62.
CHURCH.
1866 Apr. 4+. La. The General Con-
ference (Methodist Episcopal South)
meets at New Orleans.
David S. Doggett, William M. Wight-
man, Enoch M. Marvin, Holland N. Mc-
Tyeire, and John C. Kenner are ordained
bishops. [June 20. J. W.Roberts miss. bp.]
The Baltimore, Columbia, Northwest
Texas, West Texas, Little Rock, North
Georgia, and South Georgia Conferences
are formed.
May 31. III. The Eighth Triennial Gen-
eral Bldership (Church of God) opens
at Decatur.
June 1. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
LETTERS.
1866 Mar. 27. Mich. The Detroit Daily
Post is issued.
Apr. 2. Phila. The Evening Star is
issued.
June 20. Phila. The Public Ledger is
issued.
July * Tenn. Central Tennessee Col-
lege is chartered.
SOCIETY.
1866 Apr. 6. III. The first post of
the Grand Army of the Republic is
organized at Decatur.
Apr. * Me. Fenians gather at Eastport
for a raid on Campobello, New Bruns-
wick, but are deterred by the Govern-
ment.
Apr. * Md. A fair is held at Baltimore
for the relief of destitute people in the
Southern States ; the net receipts are
$161,569.
Apr. * New York. The American Society
for the Prevention cf Cruelty to An-
imals is organized ; Henry Bergh, pres-
ident.
May 1-3. Tenn. Twenty-four negroes
are killed in a race riot at Memphis.
May 10. New York. James Stephens,
the fugitive Fenian Head-Center, ar-
rives.
May* N. Y. Fenians assemble at Buf-
falo for a raid into Canada.
May 19. N.- Y. The Government seizes
1,200 stand of arms from Fenians at
Rouse's Point. [May 30, it seizes 1,000
more at St. Albans, Vt.]
June 1. N. Y. Canada is invaded by
about 1,500 Fenians from Buffalo.
[They retire after a skirmish with the
Canadians ; many are arrested by Fed-
eral officers.]
June 7. Vt. About 1,000 armed Feni-
ans invade Canada, and return on the
approach of Canadian troops.
June 8. Phila. Antoine Probst is exe-
cuted for the murder on April 7 of the
Deering family, consisting of eight
persons.
June 21. D.C. The Howard Institute
BiU becomes a law, establishing an in-
dustrial home for freedmen at Wash-
ington.
July 11. D.C. Senator J. H. Lane of
Kansas commits suicide.
July 12. Ind. The first department en-
campment of the Grand Army of the
Republic is held at Indianapolis.
July 27. U. S. The Government orders
all circulars and letters concerning lot-
teries to be excluded from the mail.
July 30. La. A meeting composed
mostly of colored people meets at New
Orleans to form a new constitution;
a riot follows, in which many are killed.
A massacre of Republicans in a polit-
ical convention occurs at New Orleans.
About 40 are killed and 150 wounded
by the anti-negro suffrage party. [The
Radicals of -the North are intensified in
feeling and united in action by this
occurrence.]
STATE
1866 Mar. 19. D. C. Congress : The
House reconsiders the Funding Bill.
Mar. 23. D. C. Congress : The Senate
declares John P. Stockton (Rep.) of N. J.
entitled to his seat, notwithstanding an
alleged irregularity in his election. Vote,
22-21.
The decisive vote is cast by Stockton
himself, owing to peculiar circumstances
respecting the pairing of votes. The
House again passes the Funding Bill
with a proviso. "Vote, 83-53.
Mar. 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate
reconsiders the question of admitting
J. P. Stockton, and unanimously con-
demns his voting for himself ; it decides,
without his vote, that he is not entitled
to a seat. Vote, 23-20.
Mar. 27. D. C. President Johnson ve-
toes the Civil Rights BUI.
Mar. 28. D.C. Congress; Senate:
George F. Edmunds of Vt. is sworn
in as Senator.
Apr. 1±. D. C. Congress: The Senate
overrides the President's veto of the
Civil Rights BUI. Vote, 33-15. [The
House follows on Apr. 9. Vote, 122-41.]
Apr. 2. D. C. President Johnson re-
stores the habeas corpus in all States
but Texas.
U. S. The President proclaims that
the insurrection is suppressed east of
the Mississippi River ; it " is henceforth
to be so regarded."
Apr.* D.C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Funding BUI. Vote, 32-7.
[Approved Apr. 12 ; it becomes a law.]
Apr. 24. D. C. Congress ; House : A
memorable legislative encounter be-
tween J. G. Blaine and Roscoe Conk-
ling takes place, by which they become
enemies for life.
Apr. 30. D. C. Congress : The Joint
Reconstruction Committee makes
their final report, which is known as
the 14th Amendment. (See below.)
May 5. D. C. Congress extends the
boundary of Nevada one degree east.
UNITED STATES. 1866, Mar. 19 -Aug. 28. 253
May 6. Va. Jefferson Davis is in-
dicted for treason by a grand jury in
the U. S. Circuit Court of Virginia.
May * D. C. Congress passes the bill to
admit Colorado. Vote : Senate, 19-13 ;
House, 81-57. [Vetoed, May 16.]
May 8. D. C. Congress ; House : The
debate on the 14th Amendment is
opened by Thaddeus Stevens of Pa.
May 10. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the 14th Amendment Bill to
aid in the reconstruction of the Southern
States. Vote, 128-37. (See June 16.)
May 24. W. Va. The people ratify an
amendment to the Constitution, dis-
franchising all who had given volun-
tary aid to the Confederacy after June,
1861.
May 29. D. C. The President issues a
proclamation of general amnesty, with
certain classes excepted.
May * Tenn. The Legislature by enact-
ment disfranchises all who have aided
the secession cause in any way.
June 6. D. C. The Pension Bill be-
comes a law ; it authorizes the payment
of $25 per month to soldiers and sailors
rendered helpless.
June 7. D. C. The President issues a
monitory proclamation against the in-
vasion of Canada by Fenians.
June 8. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Constitutional Amend-
ment Bill. Vote, 32-11.
June 13. D. C. Congress: The House
concurs with the Senate's amendments
to the Constitutional Amendment
Bill. Vote, 120-32. It then passes the
Bill. Vote, 138-36.
Its aim is— (1) to override the Dred
Scott decision, and to prevent the abridg-
ment of the privileges and immunities of
native or naturalized citizens ; (2) to pre-
vent the exclusion of the negro vote,—
which it does, — by reducing the repre-
sentation of the States in Congress in pro-
portion to the reduction of votes ; (3) to
prevent the payment of the Confederate
debt, and to guarantee the payment of
loans and sales of gold coin, $38,083,056;
miscellaneous items, $29,036,314. Total
revenue. $558,032,620 ; excess of revenue
over ordinary expenditures, $37,223,203.
Expenditures : Premiums on loans, pur-
chase of bonds, etc., $58,477; miscel-
laneous items, $41,056,962; War Depart-
ment, $284,449,702; navy department,
$43,324,119; Indians, $3,247,065; pen-
sions, $15,605,352 ; interest on public
debt, $133,067,742. Total ordinary ex-
penditures, $520,809,417 ; public debt,
$2,773,236,173; exports, $348,859,522; im-
ports, $434,812,066.
the national debt.
June 16. D. C. The 14th Amend-
ment is submitted to the States.
June 18. D. C. Congress : The Com-
mittee on Reconstruction reports that
no Southern State has placed itself in
satisfactory relations to the Union ; it
proposes new legislation as a condition
by which any State may be qualified for
representation in Congress.
June 21. D. C. The Homestead BUI
becomes a law; it provides for the dis-
posal of all public lands in Mississippi,
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Florida.
Neb. The people ratify the Constitu-
tion. Vote, 3,938-3,838.
June 22. D. C. The President's message
to Congress expresses his objections to
the submission to the States of the 14th
Amendment.
June 30. Connecticut is the first State
to approve the 14th Amendment.
U. S. Statistics for 1866. Revenue :
Customs, $179 ,046,652; internal revenue,
$309,226,813; direct tax, $1,974,754 ; sales
of public lands, $665,031 ; premiums on
June * Tex. The people ratify the new
Constitution. Vote, 34,794-11,235.
July 7. New Hampshire approves the
14th Amendment.
July 11. D. C. Dissent in the Cabinet
with the President's views on recon-
struction ; "William 'Dermison, Post-
master-General, tenders his resignation.
July 13. D. C. Congress passes a bill
for the reduction of the internal reve-
nue taxes. Estimated yearly reduction ,
$265,920,474.
July 16. D.C. Congress overrides the
President's veto of a new Freedmen's
Bureau Bill. Vote: House, 104-33;
Senate, 33-12. The bill becomes a law.
July 18. D. C. Attorney-General James
Speed retires from the Cabinet.
July 19. Tennessee ratifies the 14th
Amendment. Vote, 58-17.
July 22 ±. D.C. Secretary Harlan re-
tires from the Interior Department.
July 23+. D. C. Congress passes the
Bill to admit Nebraska. Vote ; Sen-
ate, 24-13 ; House, 62-52. [It remains un-
signed by the President when Congress
adjourns. A " pocket veto."]
Henry Stanbery of Ky. is appointed
attorney-general.
Congress limits the U. S. Supreme
Court to a chief justice and six associate
justices.
July 24. D. C. Congress : The House
passes a joint resolution to readmit
Tennessee. Vote, 125-12.
July 25. D. C. Congress passes an act
reviving the grade of general in the
army, and creates the rank of admiral
in the navy.
Congress receives a special message
from the President respecting the ad-
mission of Tennessee.
Alexander W. Randall of "Wis. is
appointed postmaster-general.
July 26. D. C. Congress passes an act
" regulating the time and manner of
holding elections for senators in Con-
gress."
July 27. D.C. Congress, having legal-
ized the metric system, provides that
the Secretary of the Treasury shall fur-
nish each State with one set of the stan-
dard weights and measures.
Orville H. Browning of 111. is ap-
pointed secretary of the interior.
July 28. D. C. Congress increases the
peace establishment in the army.
The 39th Congress : the first session
closes.
July 30. La. The Republican con-
vention that framed the Constitution
of 1864 attempts to reassemble ; a riot
and massacre ensue. (See Society.)
Aug. 14. J'hila. A National Union
Convention of Conservatives assem-
bles, seeking a union of Administration
Republicans and Democrats, — it is com-
posed chiefly of the latter; James R.
Doolittle of Wis., president. [It in-
dorses the course of President Johnson.]
Aug. 17. D. C. The President pro-
claims the decree of Maximilian, clos-
ing certain Mexican ports, to be null
and void as against the United States.
Aug. 20. D. C. The President pro-
claims the insurrection suppressed in
Texas.
U. S. The writ of habeas corpus is
restored in all the States.
Aug. 28. D. C. President Johnson
leaves Washington for Chicago to lay
the corner-stone of the Douglas Monu-
ment.
His circuitous journey is derisively
called " swinging around the circle."
He makes frequent speeches in an ag-
gressive and disputatio us spirit, concern-
ing political questions.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1866 Mar. 23. O. Pike's Opera House .
at Cincinnati is burned.
Mar. * Eng. The Atlantic Telegraph
Company reorganizes as the Anglo-
American Telegraph Company, lim-
ited.
Apr. 1. New York. Price of middling
uplands cotton is 40 to 42 cents ; the
value of a gold dollar is 127| to 1281
cents.
May 21. New York. The Academy of
Music and the University Medical Col-
lege are burned.
July 1. New York. The price of mid-
dling upland cotton is 36 to 33 cents ;
the value of a gold dollar is 151J to 153J
cents.
July 4. Me. A great fire burns a large
part of Portland ; an area one and a
half miles long by one-fourth of a mile
wide is devastated, 1,500 buildings con-
sumed; loss $10,000,000 to $15,000,000;
one-fourth of the population is homeless.
July 13. The Great Eastern again com-
mences to lay the deep-sea cable, from
near Valencia, Ireland.
July 27. D. C. Congress charters the
Atlantic and Pacific Railroad to con-
nect Springfield, Mo., with the Pacific ;
length, 2,000 miles ; subsidy, 12,800 acres
of land per mile in the States, 25,000 in
the Territories ; total 42,000,000 acres, or
70,000 square miles.
jy-. p. The third Atlantic cable be-
tween England and Newfoundland
is completed.
After 12 vears of remarkable faith and
toil Cyrus W. Field succeeds in laying a
reliable working cable 1,686 miles long
between the New World and the Old. •
July * Eng. A cable message is sent
by Queen Victoria to President Johnson.
July 30. D.C. The President replies to
the Queen's message.
254 1866, Aug. *-1867, Jan. 7. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1866 Dec. 21. Mont. The Sioux In-
dians massacre and scalp three officers
and 90 privates at Fort Philip Kearny,
near Big Horn.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1866 Sept.* A destructive flood sweeps
the Ohio River and its tributaries.
* * Conn. The Yale School of Fine
Arts is opened.
* * Dak. Rich fields of gold, silver, and
copper are discovered in the Black
Hills.
* * D. C. Congress sets apart $10,000 for
a life-size statue of Abraham Lincoln
to he placed in the Federal Capitol ; a
commission is given to Vinnie Ream.
* * London. Richelieu is presented by
Edwin Booth at the Winter Garden
Theater.
* * Mass. The Museum of Harvard Uni-
versity is built; a chair of American
archeology and ethnology is endowed
by George Peabody, who gives $150,000
for the purpose.
* * New York. A bronze bust of Irving
is unveiled at Bryant Park.
.* * New York. The building of the Na-
tional Academy of Design is com-
pleted at a cost of $237,000. John F.
Weir of New Haven is elected a member
of the National Academy of Design.
* * N. Y. The Brooklyn Academy of
Design is established.
* * Valley of the Yosemite is painted by
Albert Bierstadt.
* *The Statue, The Returned Soldier, is
executed by L. G. Mead.
Dec. 22. Forrest, French captain U. S. N.,
Confed. adm., A70.
* * Adams, John R., Cong, clergyman, A45.
* * Ingraham, J. H., romancist, A57.
1867
Jan.7. Hayne, Arthur P.,sen. of S. C, A77.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1866.
Aug. * Rutherford, John C, lawyer, poli-
tician, Va., A41.
Sept. 2. Burnham, James C, col. U. S. A.,
A46.
Sept. 7. Baldwin, Matthias William, in-
ventor of locomotives, A70.
Sept. 13. Orme, William W., brig.-gen.
U. S. vols., A34.
Sept. 15. Gould, Augustus A., naturalist,
of Boston, A61.
Sept. 26. Hawks, Francis Lister, P. E.
clergyman, historian, A68.
Oct. 1. Cummins, Maria S., novelist, A39.
Oct. 4. Rarey, John 8., horse-tamer, A38.
Oct 7. Stockton, Robert F.,com. U. S. N.,
A71.
Oct. 13. Van Buren, John, politician, of
N.Y., A56.
Oct. 16. Barrow, Wash., M. C. for Tenn.,
A 59.
Dwight, Theodore, journalist, author,
-A-70. . .
Oct. 28. Ansorge, Charles, prof, of music,
Oct. 31. Lacey, William, P. E. clergyman,
writer of text-books, A85.
Uov. 6. Rutledge, Francis H., P. E. bp. of
Fla., A67.
Nov. lO. Ewen, Mary C, actor, A39.
Nov. 12. Freeman, William G., col. TJ. S.
A., A51.
Nov. 14. Lewis,William B., major U. S. A.,
politician, A82.
Nov. 22. Brewster, James, philanthropist,
A81.
Nov. 29. Green, Horace, physician, au-
thor, A64.
Dec. 10. Minot, Charles, railroad eng.,A56.
Dec. 16. Vethake, Henry, writer, editor,
Pa., A75.
Dec. 20. Semple, James, lawyer, senator,
for 111., A68.
Dec 21. Elliott, Stephen, first P. E. bishop
of Ga., A60.
CHURCH.
1866 Sept. 30. la. John Hennessy is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Dubuque.
Oct. 3. Channing Moore Williams is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission-
ary bishop for Japan and China.
Oct. 10, 11. N. Y. The Second Na-
tional Unitarian Conference is held
in Syracuse.
Oct. 24. Wis. The Wisconsin Confer-
ence of Unitarian and Independent So-
cieties is organized at Sheboygan.
Nov. 7. La. Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Louisiana.
Nov. 15. Ky. George David Cummins
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
assistant bishop of Kentucky.
Dec. 5. Mass. The Norfolk Conference
of Unitarian and other churches is
organized at Dedham.
Dec. 6. Wis. William Edmond Armi-
tage is consecrated (Protestant Episco-
pal) bishop of Wisconsin.
Dec. 11. The Essex Conference of Liberal
Christian churches is formed.
Dec. 12. Mass. The South Middlesex
Conference of Congregational (Unita-
rian) churches is organized at Cam-
bridgeport ; and the Worcester Confer-
ence is organized at Worcester.
Dec. 17. Boston. The Suffolk Confer-
ence of Unitarian and other Christian
churches is organized.
Dec. 18. Mass. The North Middlesex
Congregational Conference of Unitarian
and other Christian churches is orga-
nized at Littleton.
Dec. * Pa. The Pennsylvania Luther-
ans, having called the adherents of
the Augsburg Confession to unite, a pre-
liminary convention is held at Reading ;
it provides for a General Council.
* * Alas. The Moravians send mission-
aries to Western Alaska, near Fort
Alexander.
* * Boston. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing assembles.
* * Ind. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) meets at Fort Wayne.
The Pennsylvania Lutheran Synod is
declared by the General Synod to have
severed its connections.
* * Mo. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at St. Louis ; R. L.
Stanton, moderator.
The General Assembly (N. S. Pres-
byterian) meets at St. Louis ; S. M.
Hopkins, moderator.
The Old and New School Gen-
eral Assemblies fraternize at the
Lord's Table at St. Louis.
The Presbyterian General Assembly
declares its regret because of the sepa-
ration of the Southern churches.
* * 0. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * O. The Freedmen's Aid Society
(Methodist Episcopal) is organized at
Cincinnati.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Allegheny ;
David Kerr, moderator.
* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) of Pittsburg is organized.
* * The East German, Texas, South Caro-
lina, and Tennessee Conferences (Meth-
dist Episcopal) are formed.
A joint committee of both New and
Old School Presbyterians is appointed
to consider a reunion.
* * N. Y. The New York City Mission
and Tract Society is reorganized.
LETTERS.
1866 Oct. 24. Md. The Peabody Insti-
tute, at Baltimore, is inaugurated in the
presence of the founder.
* * Boston. The Institute of Technol-
ogy is opened.
* * Colo. The Republican is issued at
Denver.
* * la. Tabor CoUege (Cong.) is organ-
ized at Tabor.
* * Ind. De Pauw CoUege (Meth. Epis.)
is founded at New Albany.
* * Ind. The Indianapolis Normal
School is opened.
* * Kan. The University of Kansas
(non-sect.) is organized at Lawrence.
* * Kan. Ottawa University (Bapt.) is
organized at Ottawa.
* * Ky. The Kentucky "Wesleyan Col-
lege (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Mil-
lersburg.
* * Ky. Normal Institute (colored), of
Lexington, is opened by the American
Missionary Association.
* * Ky. The Logan Female College is
founded at Russelville.
* * Md. Centenary Biblical Institute
(Meth. Epis.) is organized in Baltimore.
* * Md. Morgan College and Dela-
ware Conference Academy (Meth.
Epis.) is organized at Baltimore.
* * Mo. Lewis College (Meth. Epis.) is
opened at Glasgow.
* * Mo. The Lincoln Institute Normal
School at Jefferson City is opened.
* * N.J. Drew Theological Seminary
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Madison.
* * New York. The Galaxy magazine
appears.
* * 0. One Study CoUege (Meth. Epis.)
is established at Scio. Each student is
to pursue but one study at a time.
[Name changed to Scio College.]
* * Ore. The Medical Department of
the Willamette University at Portland
is opened.
* * Ore. Christian CoUege (denomina-
tional) is organized at Monmouth.
Pa. Lehigh University (Prot. Epis.)
is organized at South Bethlehem.
* * Tenn. U.S. Grant University (Meth.
Epis.) is organized at Chattanooga.
* * Wis. The State Normal School at
Platteville is opened.
* * Venetian Life, by William Dean
Ho wells, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1866, Aug. *-1867, Jan. 7. 255
* * Character and Characteristic Men, by
Edwin Percy Whipple, appears.
* * Josh Billings and His Sayings, by
Henry Wheeler Shaw, appears.
* * Life of Stonewall Jackson, by John
Esten Cooke, appears.
* * Lyrics and Hymns, by Alice Cary,
appears.
* * The Masquerade and Other Poems, by
John G. Saxe, appears.
* * Saint Elmo, by Augusta Evans (Mrs.
Wilson), appears.
* * Snow-Bound, by John Greenleaf
Whittier, appears.
* * The Story of Kennett, by Bayard Tay-
lor, appears.
* * Doctor Johns, by Donald G. Mitchell,
appears.
* * Lyrics, by Julia Ward Howe, appears ;
it includes the Battle Hymn of the Re-
public, written in camp, in 1861.
* * Our Artist in Peru, by G. W. Carleton,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1866 Oct. 1. 2f. C. Colored delegates
meet in convention at Raleigh to ad-
vance their race.
Nov. 10. Me. Soldiers are first ad-
mitted to the National Home, for dis-
abled volunteers, at Togus Springs.
Nov. 20. Ind. The first national encamp-
ment of the Grand Army of the Repub-
lic is held at Indianapolis ; Gen. S. A.
Hurlbut of 111., commander-in-chief.
Dec. 1. Paris. Minister Bigelow receives
a gold medal for the widow of Abra-
ham Lincoln, —the gift of 40,000 French
citizens.
Dec. 6. Minn. A State hospital for the
insane is opened at St. Peter.
Dec. * D. C. The scandalous sale of
pardons to ex-Confederates by " middle-
men" and by women is exposed at
Washington.
* * Cat. The State Institution for the
Deaf, Dumb, and Blind is established
at Oakland.
* * Chicago. The "Crosby Opera
House" Association conducts a lot-
tery, in which the Opera House is the
principal prize.
* * D. C. Miss Mary Harris is tried at
Washington for the murder of A. J. Bur-
roughs and acquitted.
* * Ky. The colored population of Marion
County is terrorized by a band of
armed outlaws called the " Skaag's
men."
* * Md. The Legislature passes a bill to
enforce a strict observance of Sun-
day.
* * N. J. A Soldiers' Home is estab-
lished at Newark.
* * O. John W. Hughes is hanged for
the murder of Miss Tamzen Parsons at
Cleveland.
* * Pa. The Pittsburg Homeopathic
Hospital is chartered.
* * Tenn. The Legislature removes the
disability which prevents negroes and
Indians giving testimony in courts of
justice.
* * Vt. A Home for destitute children
is established at Burlington.
STATE.
1866 Aug.* D. C. Secretary Seward
transmits a list of individual claims
against England, based on the losses
caused by the Alabama.
Sept. 3-7. Phila. Two National Conven-
tions are held — one composed of Loyal-
ists from the South, the other of their
sympathizers in the North ; they unite
in condemnation of the President's re-
construction policy.
Sept. 11. N. J. The Legislature ratifies
the 14th Amendment to the Federal
Constitution. [Sept. 19, Oregon ; Nov. 9,
Vermont ; Dec. *, South Carolina ; * *
Virginia.]
Sept. 17. O. A Convention of Sol-
diers and Sailors is held at Cleveland
to render moral support to the Adminis-
tration ; it is weak in attendance and
barren of results.
Sept. 25, 26. Pa. A National Con-
vention of Citizen Soldiers and Sail-
ors meets at Pittsburg ; it favors the
Radicals in Congress who oppose the
President; Gen. John A. Logan is
president.
Sept.+ U. S. Great excitement attends
the political campaign.
It concerns chiefly the choice of mem-
bers of the 40th Congress, and of mem-
bers of legislatures who are to act on
the 14th Amendment.
Nov. 6. Ind. A convention of colored
people meets at Indianapolis to ad-
vance a movement for full citizenship.
U. S. The State elections favor the
Republicans in Congress.
Dec. 3. B.C. The 39th Congress: the
second session opens.
Congress receives a moderate and con-
ciliatory message from the President.
Dec. 4. N. C. The Legislature rejects
the 14th Amendment to the Federal
Constitution.
Dec. 5. D. C. Congress; Senate : G. H.
Williams of Ore. introduces a bill " to
regulate the tenure of civil offices."
Congress: The House suspends the
rules and repeals the act authorizing the
President to extend amnesty. Vote, 112-
29.
Dec. 14. D. C. Congress passes a bill
extending the right of suffrage to the
negroes of the District of Columbia.
[The President vetoes the bill, Jan. 5,
1867.]
Dec. 22. N. C. The Legislature passes
an act of amnesty to all soldiers of both
armies who have committed offenses
against the criminal laws of the State.
* * U. S. The income tax of five per
cent, on all incomes over $800 yields a
revenue of $61,071,932.
* * The significant movement of the
U. S. troops to the Mexican border has
the desired effect on Napoleon III. ; he
promises to withdraw French troops
from the continent within a limited
time.
**U.S. Governors inaugurated :
-69 * *Ariz. (Ter.). R. C. M'Cormick.
-67 * * Conn. Joseph R. Hawley.
-69 * * Dak. (Ter.). Andrew J. Falk.
-68 * * Fla. David S. Walker.
-67 * * Ida. (Ter.). David W. Ballard.
-69 * * Mass. Alexander H. Bullock.
-70 * * Minn. William R. Marshall.
-70 * * Miss. Benjamin G. Humphreys.
-69* * Mont. (Ter.). Green Clay Smith.
-69 * * N.J. Marcus L. Ward.
-67* * Neb. (Ter.). David Butler.
-68 * * O. Jacob D. Cox.
-70 * * Ore. George L. Woods.
-69 * * P. I. Ambrose E. Burnside.
-67 * * Tex. J. W. Throckmorton.
-72 * * Wis. Lucius Fairchild.
1867 Jan. * D. C. Congress again ad-
mits Colorado. [Jan. 25, the President
vetoes the bill.]
Jan. 7. D. C. Congress: A movement
to impeach President Johnson begins
in the House.
James M. Ashley of O. charges him
with " usurpation of power and violation
of law, by corruptly using the appoint-
ing, and the pardoning, and the veto
power." The charge is referred to the
Judiciary Committee. Vote, 108-39.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1866 Sept. 6. Chicago. President John-
son lays the corner-stone of the Stephen
A. Douglas monument.
Oct. 1. New York. The price of mid-
dling upland cotton is 40 to 42 cents;
the value of a gold dollar is 145 to 146
cents.
Oct. 3. The steamer Evening Star, New
York to New Orleans, founders ; 250
lives are lost.
Dec. 6. Chicago. The water-works
tunnel is completed, extending two
miles under Lake Michigan.
Dec. 11. New York. The yachts Henri-
etta, Vesta, and Fleetwing sail on an
ocean race for England.
Dec. 25. Eng. The Henrietta arrives
at Cowes, with her rivals only a few
hours behind her ; Henrietta's time, 13
days, 21 hours, and 55 minutes ; distance,
3,106 miles.
* * Cal. A paid fire department with
steam engines is established at San
Francisco ; the volunteer department is
abolished.
* * N. H. The incline railroad to the
top of Mount Washington is com-
menced.
* * U. S. The Government taxes all in-
comes over $1,000.
One merchant in New York pays
$407,125, as his tax on an income of
$4,071,250.
* * The white man has gone to work
in the South, and produced 55 per cent
of the cotton crop, against 10 per cent
in 1860.
1867 Jan. 1. O., Ky. The Cincinnati
and Covington Suspension Bridge,
1,057 feet long, is opened.
256 1867, Jan. 7 - June 30.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1867 Mar. 2. D. C. Congress provides
that the pay of army officers below the
rank of major-general shall be increased
"one third, for two years." It declares
that the Admiral shall be the ranking
officer in the navy.
Mar. 11, 12. D. C. The President di-
rects the issue of Order Number 10.
It assigns to- each of the five military
districts its commander in the following
numerical order : Gen. J. M. Schofleld,
Gen. D. E. Sickles. Gen. G. H. Thomas,
Gen. E. O. C. Ord, and Gen. P. H.
Sheridan.
Mar. 15. D. C. Orders are issued as-
signing Gen. John Pope to the 3d
Military District, and Gen. G. H.
Thomas to command the Cumberland
Department.
Apr. 30. Kan. Gens. Hancock and Cus-
ter are sent against the Indiana in the
western part of Kansas.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1867. June 4. New York. An Ameri-
can life raft, supported by cylinders,
sails for Southampton. [It arrives at its
destination on July 25.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1867.
Jan. 19. Robinson, Horatio N., mathemati-
cian, educator, A61.
Jan. 20. Willis, Nathaniel Parker, poet,
author, journalist, A61.
Jan. 25. Pennington, Alexander C, law-
yer, M. C. from N. J., A 57.
Jan. 27. Davis, Charles A., merchant of
N. Y., writer, A72.
Feb. 1. Merrick, Pliny, jurist, A73.
Feb. 2. Hunt, Washington, statesman, A56.
Feb. 13. Orton, Jason I{.,phys., poet, jour-
nalist, A61.
Feb. 17. Bache, Alexander D., physicist,
writer, A61.
Feb. 18. Goode, Win., Cong, missionary to
Syria, A75.
Mar. 2. Alexander, John H., chemist, phys-
icist, editor, A54.
Mar. 6. Browne, Charles Farrar, " Arte-
mus Ward," humorist, author, A 33.
Mar. 20. Clark, Billy James, founder of
first temperance society, A89.
Mar. 21. Bailey, Joseph, brig.-gen. U. S.
vols., A 40.
Mar. 29. Riddle, Geo. R., statesman, A50.
Apr. 5. Evans, George, sen. for Me., A 70.
Apr. 7. Roane, John S., Confed. brig.-gen.,
gov. Ark., A50. •
Wood, James, Presbyterian clergyman,
educator, writer, A68.
Apr. 9. Stearns, George L., antislavery ad-
vocate, reformer, A58.
Apr. 14. Abrahams, Simeon, phys., N. Y.,
philanthropist, A58.
Bullock, William A., inventor of a
printing-press, A53.
Apr. 15. Field, David Dudley, Cong, cler-
gyman, A 86.
Apr. 16. Pennock, Caspar W., phys., med-
ical professor, Phila., A68.
Apr. 17. Gilmore, Joseph A., Gov. of N. H.,
A56.
Apr. 39. Paulding, Leonard, commander
U. S. N., A41.
May 34. Hoyt, Benjamin T., educator, A47.
June 3. Sargent, Lucius Manlius, writer of
tales, A81.
June 19. Dodge, Henry, sen. for Wis., A85.
CHURCH.
1867 Jan. 16. Mass. The Connecticut
Valley Conference of Unitarian, Congre-
gational, and other Christian Churches
is organized at Greenfield.
Jan. 25. Me. Henry Adams Neely is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Maine.
Jan. 30. New York. The United States
branch of the Evangelical Alliance is
fully organized at the Bible House;
William E. Dodge, president.
Feb. 3. Ark. Edward Fitzgerald is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Little Rock.
Feb. 5. Mass. The Plymouth Bay Uni-
tarian Conference is organized at Hing-
ham.
Apr. 17. R.I. The Channing (Unitarian)
Conference is organized at Providence.
May 7. A General Convention of the
Protestant Methodists is held to con-
sider the matter of union with the Meth-
odist Episcopal Church South ; the union
is not formed.
May 30. Ga. The Georgia Conference
(African Methodist Episcopal) is organ-
ized.
June 7. O. The General Convention of
the New Jerusalem meets at Cincin-
nati.
June 8. The Florida Conference( African
Methodist Episcopal) is organized.
LETTERS.
1887 Feb. 1. N. Y. The name, Vassar
Female College, is changed to Vassar
College by act of the Legislature.
Feb.* Eng. George Peabody, an Amer-
ican banker, gives $1,000,000 to pro-
mote education in the South.
Mar. 2. D. C. Congress creates an Edu-
cational Department. (See State.)
Mar. 16. D. C. Henry Barnard is
appointed Commissioner of Education.
May 22. The Peabody Fund of
$2,100,000 for Southern education is
placed in care of a board of trustees.
June 17. W. Va. The West Virginia
University at Morgantown is opened.
SOCIETY.
1867 Feb. * Te.nn. The Legislature
abolishes all distinction of race and
color in the qualifications of electors.
[The popular vote in Ohio, Minnesota,
and Kansas rejects the proposed aboli-
tion of race distinction as to suffrage.]
Feb. * Pa. The temperance movement
drifts into politics.
The State Temperance Convention
declares that, " if the adversaries of
temperance shall continue to receive
the aid and countenance of present po-
litical parties, we shall not hesitate to
break over political bands and seek re-
dress through the ballot-box."
Mar. 2. D. C. Congress abolishes
peonage in New Mexico.
Mar. 7. D. C. Congress votes a gold
medal to Cyrus W. Field as a recog-
nition of his services in laying the At-
lantic Cable.
Mar. * D. C. Senator Henry Wilson of
Mass. is instrumental in reviving the
Congressional Temperance Society.
Apr. 30. Phila. The Americus Club
is organized.
Spring. Mo. Desperadoes, led by
Archie Clemens, rob and murder in
Lafayette ; Clemens is killed by the
State troops.
May 13. Va. Jefferson Davis is ad-
mitted to bail at Richmond ; amount
of bond, $100,000.
Names of sureties : Horace Greeley,
Augustus Schell, Aristides Welsh, Da-
vid K. Jackman, W. H. McFarland,
Richard B. Hakall, Isaac Davenport,
Abraham Warwick, G. A. Myers, W. W.
Crump, James Lyons, J. A. Meredith,
W. H. Lyons, J. M. Botts, T. W. Bos-
well, James Thomas, Jr.
May 28. Ind. The Good Templars
favor political action.
The Right Worthy Grand Lodge, in
session at Richmond, recommends " to
the temperance people of the country
the org mization of a national political
party whose platform of principles shall
contain prohibition."
June 5. Chicago. The National
Brewers' Congress favors political
action.
It resolves " That we will use all
means to stay the progress of this fa-
natical [Temperance] party, and to se-
cure our individual lights as citizens,
and that we will sustain no candidate
of whatever party, in any election, who
is in any way disposed toward the total
abstinence cause."
June 9. Phila. The Methodist Home
for the Aged is opened.
June 29. Eng. "William Lloyd Gar-
rison, radical abolitionist and champion
of emancipation, is given a reception at
St. James' Hall, London.
STATE.
1887 Jan. 7, 8. I). C. Congress
passes a law over the President's veto
regulating the elective franchise in the
District of Columbia.
Jan. 8. D. C. Congress passes the
Negro Suffrage Bill over the President's
veto.
Jan. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Dis-
cussion begins on the Tenure of Office
BUI.
Jan. * D. C. Congress : The House in-
cludes members of the Cabinet in the
Tenure of Office Bill. Vote, 75-69. [It
is not approved by the Senate.]
Jan. * D. C. Congress : The House
passes the amended Tenure of Office
BUI by a party vote. Vote, 111-38. [It
is soon after amended and passed by
both Houses.]
Jan. 20. D. C. Congress ; House : A
Civil Service Reform measure is in-
troduced by T. A. Jenckes of R. I.
Jan. 22. D. C. Congress passes a law
to regulate future meetings of Con-
gress ; one to be held at noon on the
fourth of March, the day on which the
term begins for which each Congress is
elected.
Jan. * D. C. Congress passes the Com-
promise Bill for admitting Nebraska;
the exclusion of negroes from the elec-
tive franchise is to be removed before
admission. [Jan. 29. Vetoed.]
Jan. * D. C. The United States Supreme
Court decides that the appointment of
UNITED STATES.
1867, Jan. 7 -June 30. 257
military tribunals by Congress is an
unconstitutional act.
Feb. 6. D. C. Congress; House:
Thaddeus Stevens of Pa. introduces a
Reconstruction Act, dividing the South
into five military districts. [It be-
comes the leading measure of the 39th
Congress, and passes the House by a
vote of 109-55.]
Feb. 9. D. C. Congress passes, over
the President's veto, the bill admitting
Nebraska.
Feb. 14. D. C. Congress; Senate;
Reverdy Johnson of Md. proposes the
Blaine Amendment to the Military
District Bill, which requires impartial
suffrage previous to the restoration of
State governments.
Feb.* D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Sherman Substitute, known
in the House as the Blaine Amendment,
for the Military Government Bill. Vote,
23-9.
Feb. 17. D. C. Congress : The House
rejects the Sherman Substitute. Vote,
73-03. [Compromise amendments are
added.]
Feb. * D. C. Congress ; House : The
Blaine Amendment to the Military
Bill is rejected. Vote, 69-94.
Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate
and the House pass the amended Mili-
tary Bill by a party vote.
It divides the Southern States into five
military districts, to be under army otti-
cerSi —each seceded State to be restored
to its Federal relations when a conven-
tion of delegates shall frame a Constitu-
tion ratified by the people and approved
by Congress, and when the Legislature
elected under such Constitution shall
adopt the 14th Amendment. All male
citizens, except those disfranchised for
acts of rebellion, are to participate in
electing delegates to the conventions.
Vote : House, 135^8 ; Senate, 38-10.
Congress: The Senate passes the
amended Tenure of Office Bill.
Neb. The Legislature accepts the
terms of admission into statehood.
Feb. 22. D. C. Congress provides for
the further establishment and protection
of national cemeteries for burial of
soldiers and sailors.
Feb. 23 Kan. A treaty is made with
the Indians for their removal to the
Indian Territory.
Mar. 1. D. C. The President proclaims
Nebraska admitted into the Union as
the 37th State.
Mar. 2. D.C. President Johnson vetoes
the Tenure of Office Bill and the Re-
constructional Military District Bill.
Congress passes the Tenure of Of-
fice Bill over the President's veto.
Vote: Senate, 35-11; House, 133-37. It
also overrides the veto of the Military
District BiH. Vote, House, 135-48;
Senate, 38-10.
It sets apart $20,000 to provide an
equestrian statue of Gen. Winfield
Scott and passes the National Bank-
ruptcy Bill; it establishes a Depart-
ment of Education. [Later, it is made
a Bureau of the Interior.]
The Judiciary Committee reports
its inability to conclude its labors, and
recommends that the investigation of
the charges against the President be
continued. The testimony is committed
to the clerk, for use during the ensuing
session. ,
Congress enacts that the Federal
Government shall assume the govern-
ment of Virginia.
The Morrill bill, for reducing the in-
ternal revenue taxes $36,000,000 yearly,
becomes a law.
The amount exempted from the in-
come tax is raised from $600 to $1 ,000 ;
the excess above $1,000 to be taxed at
the rate of 5 per cent ; the tax to expire
in 1870.
The Secretary of the Treasury is au-
Minn. ; Jan. 16, W. Va. ; Jan. 29, Ind. ;
Jan. 30, Miss.; Jan. * Mich.; Feb. 6, Pa.,
while Del. and La. (reject) ; Feb. 7, R. I.
and Wis.; Mar. 23, Mil. (rejects).
Apr. 1. D. C. The Senate meets, in
special session, at the call of the Presi-
dent.
Apr. 10. I). C. Congress : The Senate
approves the treaty for the purchase
of Russian America.
Apr. 19. J). C. The Senate adjourns
sine die.
May 8. Md. A constitutional con-
vention meets at Annapolis.
May 13. Va. Horace Greeley and
others sign Jefferson Davis's bail-
bond, at Richmond, and he is released
from prison. (See Society.)
thorized to exchange three per cent May 20. Va. Jefferson Davis leaves
certificates of indebtedness for com- the United States. [Resides in Canada.]
pound interest notes, which may be May 24. I). C. Attorney-General Stan-
counted as part of the reserves of na- bery gives an opinion respecting the Re-
tional banks.
Congress; Senate : Benj. F. Wade
of O. is elected President pro tempore.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 39th Congress
ends.
The 40th Congress opens.
It opens the moment that the previous
Congress closes ; 80 members are absent,
and 17 States are without represen-
tation.
Congress; House: Schuyler Colfax
(Rep.) is reelected speaker (third time),
against Samuel S. Marshall (Dem.) of
111. Vote, 127-30. James Brooks of
N. Y. presents the protest of the Dem-
ocrats against organizing the House.
Mar. 7. D.C. Congress; House: James
M. Ashley of O. ask3 the continuance
of the impeachment investigation ; he
is opposed by the Democrats, but sus-
tained by a party vote.
Mar. 19. D. C. Congress concurs in
the Supplementary Reconstruction
Act, and sends it to the President.
[Mar. 23. Vetoed.]
Mar. 20. Mass. The Legislature rati-
fies the 14th Amendment to the Fed-
eral Constitution.
Mar. 23. D. C. Congress: the Supple-
mentary Reconstruction Act is passed
over the President's veto. Vote : House,
114-25; Senate, 40-7.
Gen. Schofleld takes charge of a mili-
tary district at Richmond ; Gen. Sickles,
at Columbia; Gen. Pope, at Montgom-
ery ; Gen. Ord, at Vicksburg ; Gen. Sheri-
dan, at New Orleans.
construction Acts, which tends to
neutralize their force. [Another opin-
ion on June 12.]
June 3. La. Gov. "Wells prevents the
operation of the Reconstruction Act,
and is removed by Gen. Sheridan [June
6, he appoints B. F. Flanders governor].
June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1867,
revenue: Customs, $176,417,811; in-
ternal revenue, $266,027,537 ; direct tax,
$4,200,234 ; sales of public lands, $1,163,-
576 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold
coin, $27,787,330; miscellaneous items,
$15,037,522. Total revenue, $490,634,010.
Excess of revenue over ordinary ex-
penses, $133,091,335. Ependitures: pre-
miums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc.,
$10,813,349; miscellaneous items, $51,-
110,224 ; War Department, $95,224,416 ;
Navy Department, $31,034,011 ; Indians,
$4,642,532; pensions, $20,936,552; inter-
est on public debt, $143,781,592. Total
ordinary expenses, $357,542,675; public
debt, $2,678,126,103., Exports, $294,506,-
141. Imports, $395,761,096.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1867 Jan. 22. New York. By resolution
of Congress, the lower partof City Hall
Park is to be purchased for $500,000, as
a site for post-office and U. S. courts.
Jan. 23. N. Y. About 5,000 persons cross
the East River on the ice, between New
York and Brooklyn.
Jan. * The charter of the Credit Mo-
bilier is purchased by the builders of
the Union Pacific Railroad, and the stock
increased to $3,750,000. [Large dividends,
as the profits of building the Pacific
railroad, advance the price of the stock
to a high figure.]
Mar. * D. C. Congress refuses to ac- j^ 25 Chtcag0. Water is first let
into the tunnel beneath the lake, for
cept the new Constitution of Georgia
Mar. 30. D. C. A treaty is concluded
by which the Territory of Russian Amer-
ica [Alaska] is purchased from Russia
for the sum of $7,200,000; it contains
577,390 square miles.
Congress; the first session adjourns
to July 3.
supplying the city.
Apr. 14. Ore. Grading is begun at Port-
land for the Oregon Central Rail-
road.
June 6. Phila. An explosion occurs
in a sawmill on Samson Street ; 22 per-
sons are killed and seven injured.
The Legislatures of 16 States have June 19. Phila. The American Thea-
ratified the 14th Amendment to the ter on walnut Street is burned; 10 per-
Federal Constitution. g0ns are killed by falling walls.
Jan. 4, O.; Jan. 8, Mo.; Jan. 10, N.Y., , 22. Boston. The corner-stone of
& ILMeS NeT; 'jan^lRnd the Masonic Temple is laid.
258 1867, June 30-* *.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1867 Aug. 16. Neb. Gen. Augur with
Federal troops attacks 500 Sioux In-
dians at Plum Creek, near Omaha, in
punishment for train wrecking and the
murder of train hands.
Aug. 17. D. C. Gen. W. S. Hancock
is appointed to command in the 5th Dis-
trict, as successor to Gen. P. H. Sheri-
dan.
Aug. 26. m C. Gen. Edward B. S.
Canby is given command of the 2d
Military District, as successor to Gen.
Sickles.
Summer-Autumn. The Sioux In-
dians are defeated in several engage-
ments.
Nov. 24. Mont. The Sioux are de-
feated by the 4th Cavalry under Col.
McKenzie, at a pass in the Big Horn
Mountains.
Dec. 28. D. C. Maj.-Gen. George. C.
Meade is appointed to command in the
3d District, as successor to Gen. John
Pope. Gen. Irwin McDowell is ap-
pointed to command in the 4th District.
The President directs Gen. Ord to
turn over his command in Mississippi
to Gen. Gillem.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1867 July 7. N. Y. The asteroid Un-
dina is discovered by C. H. F. Peters.
Aug. 24. Mich. The asteroid Minerva
is discovered by J. C. Watson. [Also
Aurora, Sept. C]
Nov. 14. D. C. At the naval observa-
tory, the fall of 1,000 meteors in 21
minutes is seen ; this shower, which had
been foretold, was seen at many points,
and appeared to all professional ob-
servers as emanating from the constel-
lation Leo ; fully 5,000 meteors were
observed from various places.
Nov. * D. C. The extensions of the
national Capitol are completed.
Nov. * Boston. The statue of Edward
Everett is completed.
Dec. 11-15. A widespread snowstorm
causes the loss of many lives and the
wreck of many vessels.
* * Boston. The New England Conser-
vatory of Music is established ; it is
the largest of its kind in the world.
* * Fr. McCormick's reaping-ma-
chine receives the highest prize at the
Paris Exposition.
* * London. The Merchant of Venice is
presented by Edwin Booth at the Win-
ter Garden Theater.
* * Mass. The Salem Oratorio Society
is organized at Salem.
+ * * New York. The Black Crook is acted
several hundred times at Niblo's Garden.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1867
July 1 . Meagher, Thomas Francis, Irish Con-
federation leader; maj.-gen. U. S. Vol.; Gov.
of Idaho; journalist, orator, A44.
July 7. King, John Alsop, Gov. of N. Y.,
A80.
July 9. King, Rufus H., banker, N.Y., A83.
July 20. Chandler, Samuel, major-gen.
U. S. A., vet. of 1812, A73.
July 29. Anthon, Charles, classical scholar,
A70.
July 3 1 . Sedgwick, Catherine M., novelist,
philanthropist, A78.
Aug. 6. Cooke, Edwin F., brig.-gen. IT. S.
vols., A32.
Aug-. 7. Aldridge, Ira, mulatto actor, A57.
Aug1. 15. Butler, Pierce, lawyer of Phila.,
A60.
Aug. 22. Day, Jeremiah, mathematician,
pres. of Yale, A94.
Aug-. 26. Davenport, Nicholas T., actor,
A36.
Aug. 27. Jackson, James, phys., professor
in Harvard, A90.
Sept. 9. Taylor, Thomas H., P. E. clergy-
man, N. Y., scholar, writer, A68.
Sept. 15. Griffln, Charles, major general
U. S. A., A41.
Sept. 29. Price, Sterling, Gov. of Mo.,
Confed. maj.-gen., A58.
Oct. 3. Howe, Elias, inventor of sewing-
machine, A 48.
Oct. 7. Riddell, John L., physician, in-
ventor binocular microscope, A 60.
Oct. 22. Kendall, George W., founder of
New Orleans Picayune, A58.
Oct. 30. Andrew, John Albion, " War
Gov." of Mass., A49.
Oct. * Herring, James, portrait painter, A73.
Nov. 5. Bradford, Alexander Warfleld,
lawyer, editor, A52.
Nov. 6. Hooker, Worthington, phys., au-
thor, A61.
Nov. 11. Packard, Frederick Adolphus,
editor, A73.
Nov. 12. Stevens, Walter H, Confed.
brig.-gen., chief engineer, A40.
Nov. 15. Sartwell, Henry Parker, bota-
nist, A 75.
Nov. 19. Halleck, Fitz-Greene, poet, A77.
Nov. 27. Walworth, Reuben Hyde, last
chancellor of N. Y., A79.
Engles. William M., Pres. cl., A70.
Dec. 5. Dewey, Chester, educator, bota-
nist, A83.
Dec. 7. Palmer, James S., rear-admiral
U. S. N., A57.
Dec. 28. Harbaugh, Henry, Ger. Ref. cler-
gyman, A50.
Dec. 31. Arrington, Alfred, W. lawyer,
writer, A57.
CHURCH.
1867 July 25. Fla. John Freeman
Young is consecrated (Protestant Epis-
copal) bishop of Florida.
Oct. 16. III. The Illinois Conference
(Methodist Episcopal Church South) is
organized.
Nov. 12. Conn. The General Conference
(Congregational) of Connecticut is or-
ganized.
Nov. 20. Ind. The first General Coun-
cil of Lutherans meets at Fort Wayne.
** Chicago. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing assembles.
* * 111. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) of Central Illinois is organ-
ized.
* * Md. The Presbyterian Synod of Pa-
tapsco unites with the Southern As-
sembly.
* * Mo. The Presbyterian Synods of Mis-
souri and Kentucky separate from the
Northern Assembly.
* * N.Y. The General Assembly (N. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Rochester ; H. A.
Nelson, moderator.
LETTERS.
1867 Aug. 24. Md. The Johns Hop-
kins University is incorporated.
Sept. 19. Wyo. The Cheyenne Evening
Leader is issued.
Oct. 1. N.Y. The Legislature passes an
act making the public schools entirely
free.
Oct. 25. Wyo. The Daily Argus is
issued.
Oct. * Mass. The Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College at Amherst is opened.
Dec. 8. Wyo. The Rocky Mountain Star
is issued.
* * Ala. Emerson Institute (colored) of
Mobile is opened by the American Mis-
sionary Association.
* * Ala. Talladega College is opened
for colored students by the American
Missionary Association.
* * Cal. St. Augustine College (Prot.
Epis.) is organized at Benicia.
* * Cal. St. "Vincent's College (Rom.
Cath.) at Los Angeles is organized.
* *D.C. Howard University (non-sect.)
is organized at Washington. The Med-
ical Department of the University is
opened.
It is chartered by Congress without a
race basis, yet aiming to provide espe-
cially for negroes.
* * Del. Delaware College (non-sect.)
is founded at Newark.
* * la. Simpson College (Meth. Epis.)
is founded at Indianola.
* * III. The Baptist Union Theological
Seminary is organized at Morgan Park.
* *Ill. The University of Illinois (non-
sect.) is organized at Champaign.
* * Ind. St. Meinrad's College (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at St. Meinrad.
* * Ky. Cecilian College (Rom. Cath.)
is organized at Cecilian.
* * Md. Bidgeville College (Free-will
Bapt.) is organized at Ridgeville.
* * Minn. The Tribune is issued at Minne-
apolis.
* * N. C. Biddle University (Pres.) is
organized at Charlotte.
* * New York. The Evening Telegram is
founded.
* * New York. The News is founded.
* * O. The Western Reserve Historical
Society of Cleveland is organized.
* * O. The Public Library is founded
at Cincinnati. [158,136 vols.]
* * O. Hiram College (Disciples) is or-
ganized at Hiram.
* * O. Scio College, formerly One Study
College (Meth. Epis.), is founded at Scio.
* * Phila. The Baptist Quarterly review
appears.
* * Phila. The American Naturalist mag-
azine appears.
* * Pa. Muhlenberg College (Evan.
Luth.) is organized at Allentown.
* * Pa. Lebanon Valley College (United
Breth.) is organized at Annville.
SOCIETY.
1867 Aug. 10. D. C. The jury disa-
gree in the case of John H. Surratt,
on trial for complicity in the murder
of President Lincoln.
Sept. 18. La. A negro judge presides in
a court of justice at New Orleans.
Oct. * JV. Y. Rev. Thomas Lake Harris
founds the Brocton Community of
Socialists, at Brocton.
UNITED STATES.
Nov. 5. New York. John Morrissey is
elected M.C. from the " Bloody Sixth"
ward.
He had twice fought bloody battles In
the prize-ring, had been eight times in-
dicted, for assault with intent to kill, as-
sault and battery, and burglary ; he had
also served nine months in the peniten-
tiary for nine breaches of the peace.
[He is afterward reelected.]
* * III. The Legislature passes a law
abolishing capital punishment.
* * Mass. Clarke Institute, for the
training of deaf mutes, is opened at
Northampton.
* * Me. The Legislature passes a law pro-
hibiting the sale of intoxicating bev-
erages, and provides for its enforcement
by the appointment of a State constable.
STATE.
1867 July 3. B.C. The 40th Congress:
the special session reopens.
July 8. B. C. The right of suffrage is
extended to the colored citizens of the
district.
July 11. B. C. A reciprocity treaty
with Hawaii is signed.
July 13. B. C. Congress passes the
Second Supplementary Reconstruc-
tion Act.
July 19. B. C. President Johnson ve-
toes the Second Supplementary Re-
construction Act.
He favors reorganization by civil rather
than military methods ; his message is
regarded as a threat to use military
power against Congress, and his impeach-
ment is suggested.
Congress overrides the last veto.
Vote : House, 108-25 ; Senate, 30-6.
July 20. D. C. The 40th Congress;
the first session again adjourns, to
Nov. 21.
July 30. Tex. Gen. Sheridan removes
Gov. Throckmorton ; E. M. Pease is ap-
pointed governor.
Aug. 5. D. C. President Johnson re-
quests Secretary Stanton to resign
for " public considerations ; " Stanton
replies that " public considerations "
forbid it.
Aug. 12. D. C. Secretary Stanton is
removed by the President, and Gen.
Grant is appointed his successor, ad
interim.
Aug. * Sept. * B. C. President John-
son, alleging insubordination, removes
Gen. Sheridan (Aug. 17) from the mili-
tary department of Louisiana, and Gen.
Sickles from that of North Carolina.
Sept. 3. B. C. The President, by proc-
lamation, declares that the supremacy
of the Civil Court (Federal) must be
upheld. ,
Sept. 7. B. C. The President proclaims
a general amnesty ; this includes all
but a few of the high officials of the Con-
federacy.
Sept. 18. Md. The new Constitution
is approved by the people. Vote, 27,152-
23,036.
Sept. 25. Fla. A convention of conser-
vatives organizes the Constitutional
Union party, at Tallahassee.
Sept. 27. N. C. A conservative mass-
meeting is held at Raleigh to oppose
the radical Republicans.
Sept. * Oct. * Kan. A woman's suf-
frage campaign is conducted by Lucy
Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth
Cady Stanton, and others.
Oct. 9. Alaska is formally trans-
ferred by Russia, and Gen. Rousseau
takes possession of Sitka Island.
Oct. 11. Ky. Gov. Stevenson provides
for the suppression of the regulators
and lynchers in Marion, Boyle, and
other countries by the organizing of an
armed force.
Oct. 22. Va. The people vote to call
a constitutional convention. Vote,
107,342-61,887.
Nov. 5. Kan. An amendment to the
Constitution, by striking out the word
"white," is not carried. Vote, 10,483-
19,421 ; another, to drop the word
"male," is not approved. Vote, 9,070-
19,857.
Nov. 9. Vt. The Legislature ratifies the
14th Amendment.
U. S. The Republican freedmen
gain the ascendancy in the elections
held in Southern States ; Democrats
obtain large majorities in the North.
Nov. 11. U. S. The public debt has
been reduced $10,000,000 monthly, on
the average, since Aug. 31, 1865.
Nov. 14. A treaty is concluded with
Denmark for the sale of the islands of
San Juan and Santa Cruz in the West
Indies for $7,500,000.
Nov. 21. B.C. The 40th Congress:
the adjourned first session reopens.
Nov. 22. La. A Constitution prohibit-
ing slavery, declaring the ordinance of
secession void, and disfranchising ex-
Confederates, is adopted by the Con-
stitutional Convention at New Or-
leans.
Va. Jefferson Davis returns to
Richmond.
Nov. 25. B. C. Congress; House: The
report of the Impeachment Com-
mittee directs that " Andrew John-
son, President of the United States, be
impeached of high crimes and misde-
meanors ; " a minority report directs
the discharge of the Committee, and the
tabling of the subject. [Dec. 7. The
House rejects the majority report. Vote,
57-108.]
Nov. 26. Va. The trial of Jefferson
Davis for treason is again adjourned.
Dec. 2. B. C. The 40th Congress :
the first session closes ; the second ses-
sion opens.
Dec. 3. Va. The Constitutional Con-
vention meets at Richmond.
Dec. 5. Ga. A convention of native
whites at Masson f oi ms * * the Conserv-
ative Party of Georgia."
Dec. 7±. B.C. Congress: The House
passes the Schenck BUI, forbidding
" a further reduction of the currency
by retiring and canceling United States
1867, June 30-** 259
notes." Vote, 127-32. [Act of Feb. 4,
1868.]
Dec. 9. Ga. A Constitutional Con-
vention is held by request of the gen-
eral commanding the district; it as-
sembles at Atlanta.
Dec. 12. B. C. Congress receives the
President's message relative to the dis-
missal of the Secretary of War.
* * Neb. The capital is removed from
Omaha to Lincoln.
* * Nev. The act of the Legislature which
taxes every person one dollar who leaves
the State in a public conveyance, is
declared unconstitutional by the U. S.
Supreme Court.
* * Me. Prohibitory State Liquor Law
passed.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-69 * * Colo. (Ter.). A. Cameron Hunt.
-69 * * Conn. James E. English.
-68 * * Ga. T. H. Ruger.
-68 * * Ida. (Ter.). Isaac L. Gibbs.
-73 * * Ind. Conrad Baker.
Ky. John L. Helm.
-72 * * Ky. John W. Stevenson.
-68 * * La. Benjamin F. Flanders.
-71 * * Me. J. L. Chamberlain.
-71 * * Neb. David Butler.
-69 * * N. H. Walter Harriman.
-69* * N.Mex.(Ter.) Wm. F.N. Amy.
* * Pa. John W. Geary.
-70 * * Tex. Edward M. Pease.
-69 * * Vt. John B. Page.
-69* * Wash. (Ter.). Marshall F. Moore.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1867 June 30. U. S. Immigrants for
1867, 298,967.
July 2. New York. A single track of
elevated cable railroad is opened from
the Battery to Thirtieth Street.
Aug. 16. New York. The first gold
and stock company in the United
States is organized.
Aug. * La. The yellow-fever rages in
New Orleans and in the Southwest.
Aug. * The Credit Mobilier, through
Oakes Ames, contracts to build 637 miles
of the Union Pacific Railroad, at prices
which aggregate $47,000,000. [The value
of shares soon rises to 400 per cent.]
Summer. N. Y. There are 390 cases of
yellow-fever at quarantine, near New
York City.
Sept. 17. Md. The National Ceme-
tery at Antietam is dedicated in the
presence of the President.
Oct. * Mass. An explosion in the Hoo-
sac Tunnel causes the loss of 13 lives,
and much damage to the head-house.
Dec. 9. N. Y. Work begins on the new
Capitol at Albany.
Dec. 18. N. Y. An accident occurs on
the Lake Shore railroad, caused by the
caving in of an embankment ; ignition
of cars ; 41 persons burned to death.
Dec. * Credit Mobilier stock is quietly
distributed among members of Con-
gress for the purpose of influencing
votes in its favor. [The scandal is un-
earthed in 1872.]
260 1867, * *-1868, Apr. 18.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1867 * *Miss. W.H.McArdle, the editor
of the Vicksburg Times, is charged with
obstructing the Reconstruction Acts,
and is confined in the military prison
by order of Gen. Ord.
1868 Jan. 15. Mont. Gen. Miles de-
feats and routs the Indians.
Spring. Mont. The Indians under Sit-
ting Bull and Crazy Horse are subdued
and scattered.
Mar. 18. D. C. Gen. Robert C. Bu-
chanan is appointed to command in the
5th District, as successor to Gen. W. S.
Hancock.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1867 * * New York. M. F. DeHaas and
C. G. Griswold are elected members of
the National Academy of Design.
* * Wyo. Gold is found near the source
of the Sweetwater River.
* * The attempt to raise Alpaca, An-
gora, and Cashmere goats as domestic
animals, with a view to utilization of
their fleece, is abandoned.
* * The silk worm industry develops in
California, but fails for climatic reasons
in the Atlantic States.
* * American Institute of Architects is
established.
* * Coast of Rhode Island is painted by
Worthington Whittredge.
* * The Splinter is painted by J. B. Irving.
* * Notch at Lancaster is painted by A. F.
Bellows.
* * In the Woods is painted by A. B.
Durand.
* * American Sunset is painted by George
Inness.
* * Glimpse of White Mountains is painted
by J. F. Kensett.
* * The Village Post-Office is painted by
T. W. Wood.
* * George L. Fox appears as Bottom in
Midsummer Night's Dream.
1868 Mar. * New York. A steam-mo-
tor-man is exhibited.
April 15. D. C. A memorial and statue
of Lincoln is unveiled at the Capitol.
Apr. 18. N. Y. The asteroid Ianthe is
discovered by C. H. F. Peters.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1868.
Jan. 1. Gillespie, Wm. M., civil engineer,
A52.
Jan. 11. Bell, Henry Haywood, rear-adm.,
U. S. N., drowned in Japan, A 68.
Jan. 12. Steele, Frederick, maj.-gen., U. S.
vols., A 49.
Jan. 15. Ellsworth, William W., gov. of
Conn., A77.
Jan. 19. Baraga, Frederick, Austrian R. C.
bishop in U. S., A71.
Dick, James T., artist, A34.
Jan. 21. Asboth, Alex. S., Hungarian offi-
cer, uiaj.-gen. in Civil War, A57.
Jan. 23. Force, Peter, journalist, compiler,
A78.
Jan. 26. Dean, Amos, chancellor, professor,
author, A65.
Feb. 1. Leeser, Isaac, Jewish rabbi of
Phila., editor, author, A62.
Feb. 4. Gilliams, Jacob, physician of Phila.,
naturalist, A 84.
Feb. 5. Herriok, Anson, journalist, M. C.
forN. Y., A 56.
Feb. lO. Richardson, John Fram, educator,
linguist, ABO.
Feb. 16. Kendall, Philip R., jurist, Wash-
ington, D. C, A74.
Feb. 18. Sewall, Samuel, antiq., writer,
Cong, clergyman, A83.
Feb. 22. Gannon, Mary, actress, A39.
Mar. 4. Lord, Daniel, lawyer of N. Y. city,
A 73.
Mar. 5. Hughes, Ball, sculptor, A62.
Mar. 11. Dana, Samuel Luther, chem.,A73.
Mar. 16. Wilmot, David, "Wilmot Pro-
viso," M. C. for Pa., A54.
Mar. 22. Childs, Henry H., physician, A85.
Carter, Josiah Mason, lawyer and poli-
tician, Conn., A 55.
Mar. 27, Goodrich, Chauncey, Cong, cler-
gyman, scholar, A51.
Mar. 30. Parker, Edward G., journalist,
author, A40.
Mar. 31 . Hartstene, Henry J., commander
U. S. N., explorer with Dr. Kane, dies.
Paige, Alonzo Christ, jurist of N. Y.,
compiler, A71.
Apr. 1. Ashburn, George W., southern
loyalist, soldier, A—.
Parker, James, statesman, A92.
Apr. 5. Howell, Robert Boyte C, Baptist
clergyman, writer, author, A67.
Apr. 12. Cooper, Julia D., actor, writer,
A 37.
Apr. 14. Baugher, Henry L., Lutheran
clergyman, pres. of Luth. college, A63.±
Apr. 17. Humans, John, physician of Bos-
ton, A75.
CHURCH.
1867 * * O. The General Assembly
(United Presbyterian) meets at Xenia ;
John B. Dales, moderator.
* * O. The General Assembly (O. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ; Phin-
eas D. Gurley, moderator.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator.
* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) of Susquehanna is organized.
* * Phila. The Presbyterian National
Union Convention is held ; George
H. Stuart, president. It fails to effect
the organic union of all Presbyterians.
* * Tex. A General Association of Bap-
tists is formed.
* * Netherlands. Delegates of the United
States branch of the Evangelical Alli-
ance first attend the great conference
held at Amsterdam.
* *The Reformed Protestant Dutch
Church of North America changes its
name to the Eeformed Church in
America.
* * The Alabama, Georgia, and Virginia
Conferences (Methodist Episcopal) are
formed.
1868 Mar. 3. R. I. The Union for
Christian "Work (undenominational) is
organized at Providence.
Mar. 10. The Colorado Association
(Congregational) is organized.
Apr. 2. Ga. John Watrous Beckwith
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Georgia.
LETTERS.
1867 * * Tenn. East Tennessee Wes-
leyan University (non-sect.) is or-
ganized at Athens.
* * Tenn. King College (Pres.) is organ-
ized at Bristol.
* * Tenn. Fiske University (Cong.) is
organized at Nashville.
* * Va. The Richmond Theological
Seminary (Bapt.) is founded.
* * Wis. Milton CoUege (Seventh-day
Bapt.) is organized.
* * State Normal Schools are opened :
at Peru, Neb. ; Brockport, N. Y. ; Cas-
tleton, Randolph, and Johnson, Vt. ;
and at Fairmount, W. Va.
* * W. Va. The Storer College at
Harper's Ferry is opened.
* * Flower de Luce, by Henry W. Long-
fellow, appears ; also a translation of
the Divine Comedy (1867-1870).
* * Rook of the Artists, by Henry T. Tuck-
erman, appears.
* * The Jesuits in America, by Francis
Parkman, appears.
* * Condensed Novels, by Bret Harte,
appears.
* * Greece, Ancient and Modern, by Cor-
nelius C. Felton, appears.
* * The Guardian Angel, by Oliver Wen-
dell Holmes, appears.
* * Language and the Study of Language,
by William Dwight Whitney, appears.
* * May-Day and Other Pieces, by Ralph
Waldo Emerson, appears.
* * Norwood, by Henry Ward Beecher,
appears.
* * Miss Ravenel's Conversion, by J. W.
DeForest, appears.
* * The Tent on the Reach, by John
Greenleaf Whittier, appears.
* * Tiger Lilies, by Sidney Lanier, ap-
pears.
* * Waiting for the Verdict, by Rebecca
H. Davis, appears.
* * Famous Americans of Recent Times, by
James Parton, appears.
* * History of the American Civil War, by
John William Draper, appears.
* * The Wearing of the Gray, by John
Esten Cooke, appears.
* * Colorado, by Bayard Taylor, appears.
* * A Journey to Ashango-Land, by Paul
B. Du Chaillu, appears.
* * New America, by William Hepworth
Dixon, appears.
* * New York in the Nineteenth Century,
and American Leaves, etc., by Samuel
Osgood, appear.
* * History of the Christian Church, by
Philip Schaff, appears.
* * Cyclopsedia of Biblical, Theological,
and Ecclesiastical JAterature, by Mc-
Clintock and Strong, Vol. I. appears.
* * Poems, by William Dean Howells,
appears ; also Italian Journeys.
* * Swinging Round, the Circle, by Petro-
leum V. Nasby, appears.
* * Complete Manual of English JAtera-
ture, by Thomas B. Shaw, appears.
* * War Poetry of the South, edited by
William Gilmore Simms, appears.
* * Religious Poems, by Harriet Beecher
Stowe, appears.
* * The Celebrated Jumping Frog, etc., by
Mark Twain, appears.
* * New System of Infantry Tactics, by
Gen. Emory Upton, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1867,* *-1868, Apr. 18. 261
1868 Jan. 1. Ga. The Methodist Advo-
cate is published at Atlanta.
SOCIETY.
1867 * *N. T. The State Board of
Charities is organized.
* * U.S. Farmers organize the Gran-
gers to protect farming interests.
1868 Jan. 1. Ind. The Reform
School for boys is opened at Plainfleld.
Feb. 8. Mo. The Legislature passes an
act by which prize fighting for money
is made punishable by imprisonment or
a fine.
Mar. 31. Cal. The Chinese Embassy
arrives at San Francisco.
* * B.C. The President receives Charles
Dickens.
Apr. 18. New York. A dinner in honor
of Charles Dickens is given by some of
his admirers. [Apr. 22. He sails for
England.]
STATE.
1867 * * Congress attaches that por-
tion of New Mexico which lies above
37° to Colorado.
1868 Jan. 4. D.C. Congress ; House :
Resolutions are adopted approving
the course of Gen. Sheridan as mili-
tary governor of Louisiana, and cen-
suring President Johnson.
Jan. 8. Ga. The State Convention re-
moves the capital from Augusta to
Atlanta.
Jan. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate
refuses to concur with the President in
the removal of Secretary Stanton;
Gen. Grant promptly vacates the
office of Secretary of War.
Jan. 14. S. C. A State Convention,
called under the Reconstruction Acts,
assembles at Charleston to frame a new
Constitution.
N. C. A State Convention, called
under the Reconstruction Acts, assem-
bles at Raleigh. [A Constitution is
framed, and it is afterward ratified.]
Jan. 14, 15. D. C. Secretary Stanton
resumes his office.
Jan. 20. Fla. A Constitutional Con-
vention, meeting at Tallahassee, is or-
ganized by 41 of the 46 delegates ; the
eligibility of four others is contested.
Jan. 21. D.C. Congress; House: The
Southern States are declared to be with-
out valid government ; jurisdiction
over them is taken from the Presi-
dent, and assigned to Gen. Grant, as
commander of the army.
Jan. * Miss. The Legislature unani-
mously rejects the 14th Amendment
to the Constitution.
Feb. 3. D. C. Congress exempts cot-
ton from the internal revenue tax.
Feb. 4. D. C. Congress : An act pro-
hibiting any further reduction of the
currency is passed ; the minimum limit
of legal-tender notes is fixed at $356,-
000,000.
Feb. 6. Fla. The president of the Con-
stitutional Convention announces that a
legal quorum of 20 or 22 delegates have
adopted a new Constitution ; it super-
sedes that of 1865.
Feb. 18. Fla. A meeting of the dele-
gates of the Constitutional Convention
is called by Gen. Meade ; Horatio Jen-
kins is appointed president.
Feb. 20. N.J. The Legislature with-
draws the ratification of the 14th
Amendment. [Feb. 25, the withdrawal
is vetoed by Governor Ward ; Mar. 5,
Senate overrides the veto ; Mar. 25, the
House also.]
Feb. 21. D.C. President Johnson dis-
misses E. M. Stanton, Secretary of
War, and appoints Gen. Lorenzo
Thomas as his successor ad interim;
the President notifies the Senate of his
action.
Feb. 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate
declares the appointment of Gen.
Thomas illegal, and Stanton causes
his arrest; he is held on bail, but re-
leased Feb. 24.
The President nominates Thomas
Ewing of O. as Secretary of War.
Feb. 24. D. C. Congress: The House
resolves to impeach President John-
son of high crimes and misdemeanors.
(Second attempt.) Vote, 12fr47 ; 17 not
voting. Two members are appointed to
impeach him at the bar of the Senate.
He is charged with violating the Tenure
of Office Act, and much friction exists
between the Executive and Congress,
because of his opposition to the Recon-
struction Acts.
Feb. 25. D.C. Congress: The action
of the House for impeachment is re-
ported at the bar of the Senate by
Thaddeus Stevens of Pa. and John
A. Bingham of O., the Committee of
Impeachment.
Fla. The State Constitution is
adopted ; nine delegates refuse to sign it.
Feb. 29. D. C. Congress ; House : the
Committee of Impeachment reports
nine articles.
Mar. 2. D. C. Congress ; House : The
articles of impeachment are adopted
by a party vote.
Impeachment managers : John A. Bing-
ham, Chairman, of O., George S. Bout-
well of Mass., James F. Wilson of la.,
Benjamin F. Butler of Mass., Thomas
Williams of Pa., John A. Logan of 111.,
Thaddeus Stevens of Pa. President's
counsel : B. R. Curtis, William M. Evarts,
W. S. Grosbeck, and Henry Stanbery.
Mar. 3. D.C. Congress ; Senate : The
Board of Managers presents two addi-
tional articles of impeachment, — sedi-
tion, and speech declaring that Congress
was not a legal body.
Mar. 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate
notifies the House that it is ready to
receive the managers of the impeach-
ment. The House bill of impeachment
is presented.
Mar. 5. D. C. The Senate convenes as a
Court of Impeachment, with the Chief
Justice in the chair. The President is
summoned to appear.
Mar. 11. Ga. The new Constitution
is ratified.
Mar. 13. D.C. The Court of Impeach-
ment is reopened ; it adjourns to the
23d.
Ark. The new Constitution is
adopted and ratified.
Mar. 23. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Impeachment Court receives the Pres-
ident's response to the charges.
Mar. 30. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Gen.
B. F. Butler of Mass., as counsel for the
prosecution, opens the case against the
President ; the actual trial begins.
Mar. 31. Cal. The Chinese embassy,
with Anson Burlingame as special
ambassador, arrives at San Francisco.
Apr. 3. la. The Legislature ratifies the
14th Amendment to the Federal Con-
stitution.
Apr. 9. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Ben-
jamin R. Curtis of Mass. opens the de-
fense in the impeachment trial.
Apr. 14-16. S. C. The new Constitu-
tion is ratified by the people. Vote,
70,558-27,288.
Apr. 17. Va. The Constitutional Con-
vention adopts a constitution. Vote,
51-36. [It was to have been submitted to
the people for ratification, June 2 ; but
the election was not held.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1867 * * III. The pioneer Pullman
car is built ; the Pullman Car company
is organized.
* * Mo. Carondelet is incorporated with
St. Louis. [Effective Apr. 1871.]
* * N. Y. The Hudson River railroad
bridge at Albany is completed.
* * Minn. Minneapolis is incorporated
as a city.
* * New York. The county court-house
is completed.
* * Ore. The bark Whistler carries a
cargo of wheat direct to Australia.
* * Phila. The new court-house is
opened.
* * Wagner's Palace-Car Company is
incorporated.
1868 Jan. 2. Cal. The Santa Clara
and Pajaro Valley Railroad Company is
chartered.
Jan. 28. Chicago is devastated by a
great fire ; loss, $3,000,000.
Jan. * Boston. The town of Roxbury is
annexed.
Mar. 2. New York. Barnum's Mu-
seum is again burned.
Mar. 18. The steamer Magnolia on the
Ohio River explodes ; 80 lives are lost.
Mar. 31. Miss. A convention of land-
owners is held at Jackson to encourage
immigration to the South ; delegates are
present from Mississippi, Tennessee,
Alabama, and Louisiana.
Apr. 9. The steamer Sea Bird burns on
Lake Michigan ; 100 lives are lost.
Apr. 14. Pa. An Erie train is thrown
down an embankment at Carr's Rock,
on the Delaware River ; 26 persons are
killed and 52 are injured.
262 1868, Apr. 18-Oct. 26
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1868 June 1. D. C. Gen. G. Stone-
man is appointed to command in the 1st
District, as successor to Gen. J. M. Scho-
fleld.
June 4. D. C. Gen. Irvin McDowell
assumes command of the 4th Military
District.
June 30. D. C. Gen. Alvan C. Gillem
is appointed to command in the 4th Dis-
trict, as successor to Gen. I. McDowell.
July 28. D. C. Gen. J. J. Reynolds is
appointed to command in the 5th Dis-
trict, as successor to Gen. P. H. Sheridan.
Aug. 4. Pa. Philadelphia presents
League Island in the Delaware to the
Federal Government as the site for a
navy-yard ; area, 923 acres.
Aug. Kan. The Indians make a raid
into the Solomon Valley and along the
Republican and Saline Rivers.
Sept. 9-17. Kan. Col. George A. For-
syth has i, fight with the Indians along
the Republican River.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1868 May 10. D. C. W. W. Corcoran
deeds his valuable Art Gallery to trus-
tees for public use.
May 27. Mo. The monument to
Thomas H. Benton at St. Louis is
unveiled.
July 11. Mich. The asteroid Hecate is
discovered by J. C. Watson. [Also
Helena, Aug. 16, Hera, Sept. 7, and
Dione, Oct. 10.]
Aug. 22. N. Y. The asteroid Miriam
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters.
Oct. 21. Cal. An earthquake shakes
the Pacific Coast ; walls are broken,
chimneys fall, and five persons are killed
in San Francisco.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1868.
Apr. 19. Hawks, Cicero Stephen, P. E.
bishop of Mo., A56.
Apr. 80. Osgood, Helen L. G., army nurse,
A33.
Apr. 26. Rives. William Cabell, senator
for Md., minister to France, author, mem-
ber Confederate congress, A75.
May 5. Page, Charles Grafton, writer,
physicist of 1). C, A56.
Ridgeley, Daniel Boone, commander
TJ. S. N., A55.
May 20. Junkin, George, Pres. clergy-
man, college president, A78.
May 21. Dyckman, Garrett W., capt. in
Mexican war, col. V. S. V., dies.
May 23. Carson, Christopher, " Kit Car-
ion," trapper, Fremont's guide, A59.
May 25 . Evans, Thomas, Quaker preacher,
editor, author, A70.
May 29. Lincoln, Levi, M. C, Gov. of
Mass., senator, A86.
May 30. McRae, John J., Gov. of Miss., A58.
June 1. Buchanan, James, M. C. for Pa.,
senator, secretary of state, minister to
Eng., 15th President of U. S., A77.
June 3. Noyes, George Rapall, Biblical
scholar, A70.
June 6. Thompson, Daniel Pierce, novel-
ist, A73.
June 12. Garner, Peter M., abolitionist in
O., A58.
June 15. Bradley, "Warren I., "Glance
Gaylord," author, writer, A 21.
June 22. Kimball, Heber C, Mormon, A67.
June 23. Raphall, Morris Jacob, Jewish
rabbi of New York, writer, author, A70.
Vassar, Matthew, founder of Vassar
college, A76.
July 2. Baker, Lafayette C, brig.-gen.
U. S. A., chief of secret service, A42.
July 5. Hall, James, author, judge, A75.
July 7. Coles, Edward, antislavery Gov.
of 111., A82.
July 9. Grayson, Wm., Gov. of Md., A82.
July 11. Miller, James Fergurson, com-
mander U. S. N., A63.
July 15. Morton, Wm. T. G., dentist,
physician, A49.
July 16. Allen, William, president Bow-
doin, biographer, A84.
July 18. Leutze. Emanuel, historical
painter, A52.
July 29. Smith, Seba (Maj. Jack Down-
ing), author, A76.
Auk. 3. Potter, Chandler E., editor, au-
thor, A61.
Halpine, Charles G. (Miles O'Reilly),
journalist, A 38.
Aug:. 8. Stevens, Edwin Aug., railroad
manager, inventor, founder Stevens' Insti-
tute, A73.
Aug. 11. Stevens, Thaddeus, M. C. for
Pa., abolitionist, A76.
Aug-. 16. Carhart, Jeremiah, inventor of
tubular reed-board, A53.
Aug-. 24. Adler, George J., philologist, au-
thor, A 47.
Aug-. 27. Armstrong, James, commodore
U. S. N., A74.
Aug. 28. Granger, Francis, M. C. for
N. Y., postmaster-general, A76.
Sept. 23. Morse, Richard Cary, journalist,
Pres. cl., founder of K. Y. Observer, A73.
Sept. 28. Fessenden, Thomas Amory D.,
M. C. for Me., lawyer, A 42.
Sept. 29. Andrews, Lorrin, founder of
Hawaii University, missionary, A73.
Oct. 9. Cobb, Howell, M. C, speaker,
Gov. of Ga., sec. of treasury, Confederate
maj.-gen., A53.
Oct. 26. Fairchild, Cassius, brig.-gen.
IT. S. A., A40.
CHURCH.
1868 Apr. 30. Va. Francis McNeece
Whittle is consecrated (Protestant Epis-
copal) assistant bishop of Virginia.
May 1-June 2. Chicago. General Con-
ference (Methodist Episcopal) meets.
Provision is made for the introduction
of Lay Delegation. The Arkansas, Cen-
tral Pennsylvania, St. Louis, and Wil-
mington Conferences are formed.
It establishes " Children's Day,"
to be observed on the second Sunday in
June.
May 24. Ky. William G. McCloskey is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Louisville.
June 3. Vt. Wm. Henry Augustus Bis-
sell is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Vermont.
June 10. Me. The General Convention
of the New Jerusalem meets at Port-
land.
July 12. N. Y. Bernard J. McQuaid is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Rochester.
Pa. Wm. O'Hara is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Scranton.
Aug. 2. Pa. Tobias Mullen is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Erie.
Aug. 16. Md. James Gibbons is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) archbishop
of Baltimore.
N. C. Thomas A. Becker is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Wil-
mington.
Sept. 13. Mo. John J. Hogan is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Kan-
sas City.
Oct. 7-9. New York. The third Na-
tional Unitarian Conference is held.
Oct. 25. Mo. Charles Franklin Robert-
son is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Missouri.
LETTERS.
1868 Sept. 4. N. H. The College of
Agriculture and Mechanics is opened
at Hanover.
Oct. * N. Y. CorneU University (non-
sect.) at Ithaca is opened.
* * Ala. Burrill School, colored, is opened
at Selma by the American Missionary
Association.
* * Cal. University of California (non-
sect.) is organized at Berkeley.
* * Cal. The Overland Monthly magazine
(first series) is issued at San Francisco.
* * D. C. The Bureau of Education
Library is founded at Washington.
[16,500 vols.]
* * Ga. The Haven Normal Academy,
colored (Meth. Epis.), is founded at
Waynesboro.
* * Ca. The Constitution is issued at
Atlanta.
* * III. German English College
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Galena.
* * Ky. Blandville College (Bapt.) is
founded.
* * Ky. Concord CoUege (Bapt.) is or-
ganized at New Liberty.
* * Ky. The Courier Journal is issued at
Louisville.
* * Me. The State Agricultural College
is organized at Orono.
* * Mass. Worcester Polytechnic Insti-
tute (non-sect.) is organized at Worces-
ter.
* * Mass. The Dental School of Harvard
University is established.
* * Miss. Rust University, colored
(Meth. Epis.), is founded at Holly
Springs.
* * Minn. University of Minnesota
(non-sect.) is organized at Minneapolis.
* * The Board of Education of the Meth-
odist Episcopal Church is organized.
* *N.J. St. Benedict's College (Rom.
Cath.) at Newark is organized.
* * N. Y. Cornell University Library is
founded at Ithaca. [60,300 vols.]
* * New York. Harper's Bazaar is
founded.
* * N. Y. WeUs College (non-sect.) is
founded at Aurora.
* * Ore. The State Agricultural College
is opened at Corvallis.
* * O. University of "Wooster (Pres.)
is organized at Wooster.
* * O. The Public School Library is
founded at Cleveland. [45,905 vols.]
* * Ore. Philomath CoUege (United
Breth.) is organized.
* * Pa. Monongahela CoUege (Bapt.)
at Jefferson is organized.
* * Phila. TAppincott's Magazine appears.
SOCIETY.
1868 May 5. The Grand Army of the
Republic institutes Decoration Day —
May 30th — as a memorial day of its de-
ceased comrades.
UNITED STATES.
1868, Apr. 18 - Oct 26. 263
May 22. Ind. An express car on the
Jeffersonville Railroad is robbed by
armed men.
May 30. N. T. Memorial Day is first
celebrated ; it is a legal holiday.
June 25. D. C. Eight hours constitute
a day's work. (See State.)
July 1. Eng. A dinner is given in
honor of Cyrus W. Field in London.
Cable messages are exchanged with
President Johnson, and also with Lord
Monk, viceroy of Canada.
July 20. Ind. A train bearing the ex-
press robbers of the Jeffersonville
Railroad is stopped by a band of
lynchers from Seymour, and the pris-
oners hanged.
July* 0. The National Temperance
Convention is held at Cleveland.
STATE.
1868 Apr. 18. La. The new Consti-
tution is ratified by the people in a State
election.
Apr. * N. C. The people ratify the new
Constitution. Vote, 93,118-74,009.
Apr. * N. J. The Democratic Legislature
passes a resolution withdrawing the pre-
vious ratification of the 14th Amend-
ment by a Republican body.
May 7. D. C. Congress ; Senate ; Thad-
deus Stevens of Pa. introduces a bill to
readmit Arkansas to representation in
Congress.
May 16. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
11th article of impeachment is re-
jected. "Vote, 35-19 — one less than two-
thirds, the number required to impeach.
The court adjourns to May 26.
May 20. Chicago. The Republican
National Convention meets ; Joseph
R. Hawley of Conn., president.
May 21. Chicago. Gen. Ulysses S.
Grant is nominated for the presidency
on the first ballot, without a competitor.
Schuyler Colfax is nominated for the
vice-presidency. Vote for the vice-presi-
dency : Schuyler Colfax of Ind., 541 ; B.
F. Wade of O., 38; Reuben E. Fenton of
N. Y., 69.
May 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Court of Impeachment votes on the
second and third articles, and lacks
one vote of two-thirds of the Senate.
Vote, 34-16. It abandons the case at this
point.
" The trial of President Johnson is the
most memorable attempt made by any
English-speaking people to depose a sov-
ereign ruler in strict accordance with
the forms of law. The order, dignity, and
solemnity which marked the proceedings
may therefore be recalled with pride by
every American." (Blaine.)
Edwin M. Stanton resigns as Secre-
tary of War.
May 30. D. C. President Johnson ap-
points Gen. J. M. Schofleld of N. Y.
Secretary of "War.
Congress creates a Fishery Com-
mission.
May 31. D. C. Congress relieves from
taxation all manufactures except dis-
tilled and fermented liquors and to-
bacco.
May * D. C. Congress passes resolutions
congratulating the Emperor of Russia
on his escape from assassination.
May * Fla. The new Constitution is
ratified by the people.
June 1^. Tex. A convention called
under the Reconstruction Acts is held at
Austin.
June 5. D. C. The Chinese embassy
is received at Washington.
June 12. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Reverdy Johnson of Md. is appointed
minister to Great Britain.
June 15. Miss. Gen. McDowell appoints
Maj.-Gen. Adelbert Ames provisional
governor ; Gov. Humphreys is forced to
vacate the executive mansion.
June 20. D. C. President Johnson ve-
toes the bill restoring Arkansas to
representation in Congress. [Congress
overrides the veto, June 22.]
June 25. D. C. Congress passes the
bill for readmitting to representation
in Congress six Southern States—
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,
North and South Carolina. The Presi-
dent vetoes it.
It extends amnesty to about 1,000
ex-Confederates .
It enacts that eight hours shall con-
stitute a day's work for laborers, me-
chanics, and other workmen in the em-
ployment of the Government. (Passed
the House on January 6.)
Congress, having overriden the Pres-
ident's vetoes by a vote of more than
three to one in both houses, the long
reconstruction contest is closed.
* * D. C. Gen. Grant, in accepting the
Republican nomination to the presi-
dency, says •• Let us have peace."
June 28. Miss. The people reject the
Constitution of May 15. Vote, 56,231-
63,860.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1868.
Revenue: Customs, $164,464,600; in-
ternal revenue, $191,087,589; direct tax,
$1,788,146; sales of public lands, $1,348-
715 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold
coin, $29,203,629; miscellaneous items,
$17,745,404. Total revenue, $405,638,083 ;
excess of revenue over ordinary expendi-
tures, $28,297,798. Expenditures: Pre-
miums on loans and purchase of bonds,
etc., $7,001,151 ; miscellaneous items,
$53,009,868; War Department, $123,246,-
649 ; Navy Department, $25,775,503 ; In-
dians, $4,100,682; pensions, $23,782,387;
interest on public debt, $140,424,046.
Total ordinary expenses, $377,340,285;
public debt, $2,611,687,851 ; exports,
$281,952,899; imports, $357,436,440.
June * Fla. The 14th Amendment is
adopted by the Legislature.
June * Mass. The Legislature adjourns,
having been in session 165 days, the
longest term ever held in the State.
July 4. D. C. The President proclaims
a general amnesty, making but few
exceptions.
Fla. The government is transferred
to Harrison Reed, who is inaugurated
governor.
N. C. The 14th Amendment of
the Federal Constitution is ratified.
July 4-7. New York. The Democratic
National Convention nominates Ho-
ratio Seymour of N. Y. for the presi-
dency on the 22d ballot, and Francis
P. Blair of Mo. for the vice-presidency.
[A bitter and exciting campaign fol-
lows.]
July 13. Ala. The Legislature ratifies
the 14th Amendment.
July 14. Fla. Gen. Meade turns the
State over to the civil authorities.
July 15. D. C. "William M. Evarts of
N. Y. is appointed Attorney-General.
July 20. D. C. Congress removes the
legal and political disabilities from
several hundred ex-Confederates.
The Secretary of State announces that
three-fourths of the States (29) have rat-
ified the 14th Amendment.
July 21. Ga. The Legislature ratifies
the 14th Amendment.
July 25. D. C. Congress organizes
Wyoming Territory out of parts of
Dakota, Utah, and Idaho.
It passes a bill for the payment of the
public debt and reducing the rate of
interest.
It enacts the discontinuance of the
Freedmen's Bureau after Jan. 1, 1869.
July 27. D. C. Congress enacts the
extension of Federal laws over Alaska.
House, vote, 113-43; it organizes the
territory.
It passes an act for the protection of
naturalized citizens in foreign coun-
tries.
The President signs the bill for the
purchase of Alaska.
Congress enacts the bill requiring
letter carriers to wear uniforms.
The 40th Congress : the second ses-
sion adjourns to Sept. 21.
July 28. D. C. The Burlingame treaty
with China is negotiated at Washing-
ton.
July * La. The Legislature ratifies the
14th Amendment to the Federal Con-
stitution.
Aug. 17, 18. La. The new Constitu-
tion is ratified in a State election ; it
declares the ordinance of secession null
and void.
Sept. 21. D. C. The 40th Congress :
the second session reopens, and ad-
journs to Oct. 16.
Oct. 16. D. C. The 40th Congress:
the second session reopens and adjourns
to Nov. 10.
Oct. 26. O. The Democratic Legisla-
ture recalls the assent of the State to
the 14th Amendment.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1868 Apr. * Wyo. Laramie City is
founded.
June 30. U. S. Immigrants in 1868,
282,189.
July* Md. A flood on the Patapsco
River causes a loss of about $3,000,000
and several lives.
264 1868, Oct. 27-1869, Feb. 26. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1868 Nov. 27. Kan. Gen. Custer de-
feats the rebellious Indians on the
Wichita ; a village is burned, and their
bands nearly annihilated.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1868 Oct. * John Ericsson announces a
device for obtaining motive power by
condensing the rays of the sun.
Nov. 13. U. S. A brilliant display of
meteors occurs.
* * Chicago. Der Nordamerikanische
Sangerbund is reorganized.
* * Mass. The Dental School of Har-
vard University is established.
* * Neio York. A bronze statue of Lin-
coln in Union Square is unveiled.
* * New York. A bronze statue of Gari-
baldi is unveiled in Washington Square.
* *J!few York. George Inness of New
York, George Henry Hall of Paris,
France, and George C. Lambdin are
elected members of the National Acad-
emy of Design.
* * O. Bessemer steel is first made at
Cleveland.
* * O. Cincinnati determines to hold bi-
ennial musical festivals.
* * U. S. Westinghouse air-brakes are
introduced.
* * Wyo. Coal is discovered near Evans-
ton.
* * In the Narrows is painted by Edward
Moran.
* * White Mountains in October is painted
by A. D. Shattuck.
* * Portrait of a Lady is painted by W. S.
Mount.
* * Swiss Lake is painted by J. W. Casilear.
1869 Feb. 3. New York. Booth's
Theater is opened by Edwin Booth with
Romeo and Juliet.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1868. _ ,
Oct. 89. McVickar, John, P. E. clergyman,
New York, professor in Columbia, A81.
Nov. 19. Mount, William Sidney, land-
scape painter, A61.
Nov. 23. Thompson, Waddy, M. C. for
S. C, diplomat, A70.
Nov. 28. Clark, Laban, M. E. cl., A90.
Nov 29. Kearney, Lawrence, commodore
U. S. N., A79.
Dec. 12. Flint, Henry M., author, editor,
correspondent, A39.
Dec. 18. Robertson, Anthony Lispenard,
jurist of New York, A60.
Dec. 20. Mitchell, Samuel Augustus, geog
rapher, author, A76.
Dec. 26. Gibbs, Alfred, maj.-gen., TJ. S. A.,
A45.
* * Carrell, Geo. A., R. C. bp., teacher, A65.
1869.
Jan. 6. Elliot, Charles, Meth. Epis. clergy-
man, editor, author, A77.
Jan. 7. Botts, John M., M. C. for Va., A67.
Rousseau, Lovell H., brev. maj.-gen.
U. S. A., M. C. for Ky., A51.
Jan. lO. Cassin, John, ornithologist, of
Pa., A56. ,
Jan. 15. Key, Thomas M., lawyer, politi-
cian, of O., A50. _
Jan. 25. Pickens, Francis W.. Gov. of
S. C, M. C, minister to Russia, A62.
Feb. 6. Brady, James T., lawyer, A54.
Hubbard, John, statesman, A75.
Feb. 7. Burrill, Alexander M., lawyer, au-
thor of legal works, A 62.
Feb. 24. Dinsmoor, Samuel, Gov. of N. H.,
A70.
CHURCH.
1868 Oct. 27, 28. Phila. A hot but in-
decisive discussion on ritualism occurs
at a general convocation of the Protes-
tant Episcopal Church.
Nov. 8. N. Y. Stephen V. Ryan is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Buffalo.
Dec. 2. N. Y. A Preliminary Conven-
tion of the Albany (Protestant Episco-
pal) diocese is held.
Dec. 3. N. Y. William Croswell Doane
is elected bishop of the (Protestant Epis-
copal) diocese of Albany.
* * Alabama and Arkansas Conferences
(African Methodist Episcopal) are
formed.
* * Boston. The "Women's Board of
Missions is formed.
* * Cal. Chinese Mission- Work is be-
gun on the Pacific coast by Otis Gib-
son of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
* * Kan. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) of Kansas is organized.
* * Mo. — Neb. The Universalist State
Convention is organized.
* * N. Y. The General Assembly (O.
S. Presbyterian) meets at Albany ;
George W. Musgrave, moderator.
* * N. Y. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Argyle ; James
Harper, moderator.
* * New York. The Baptist Annual
Meeting assembles.
* * New York. The General Conven-
tion (Protestant Episcopal) assembles;
it renews the vote of confidence taken
in 1844.
* * 0. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; D. S. Burnet, moderator.
* * Ore.— Wash. Benjamin Wistar Morris
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Oregon and Washington.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (N. S.
Presbyterian) meets at Harrisburg : J. F.
Stearns, moderator.
* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) meets at Harrisburg.
* * U. S. The Presbyteries of the Old
School Presbyterians give a majority
vote against the committee's report
favoring a union.
* * Protestant Episcopal dioceses are es-
tablished in Nebraska, Portland (Ore.),
Long Island, Central New York, Albany,
and Easton, Pa.
* * Many Roman Catholic dioceses are
established.
Columbus, O., St. Joseph, Mo., Wil-
mington, Del., Scran ton and Harrisburg,
Pa., Green Bay, Wis., Rochester, N. ¥.,
and La Crosse, Wis. Vicarates apos-
tolic are established for Idaho, North
Carolina, and Denver, Colo.
1869 Jan. 27. N. Y. Abram Newkirk
Littlejohn is consecrated (Protestant
Episcopal) bishop of Long Island.
Feb. 2. N. Y. William Croswell Doane
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Albany.
LETTERS.
1868 * * South Carolina for the first
time elects a superintendent of public
instruction.
* * Tenn. The University of the South.
(Prot. Epis.) at Swanee is opened.
* * Wis. The State Normal School at
Whitewater is opened.
* * W. Va. The Marshall College Nor-
mal School at Huntingdon is opened
by the State.
* * W. Va. West Virginia CoUege,
(Free-will Bapt.) at Flemington, is or-
ganized.
* * Va. Hampton Institute (non-sect.)
is organized at Hampton.
* * American Otologics! Society is or-
ganized.
* * Among the Hills and Other Poems, by
John Greenleaf Whittier, appears.
* * The Earthly Paradise, by Edmund
Clarence Stedman, appears.
* * Dallas Galbraith, by Rebecca H.
Davis, appears.
* * The Gates Ajar, by Elizabeth Stuart
Phelps, appears.
* * //, Yes, and Perhaps, by Edward Ev-
erett Hale, appears.
* * Kathrina, by J. G. Holland, appears.
* * Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott,
appears ; also Proverb Stories.
* * Men of Our Times, by Harriet Beecher
Stowe, appears ; also The Chimney Cor-
ner.
* * New England Tragedies, by Henry
"W. Longfellow, appears.
* * Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love, by
Phoebe Cary, appears.
* * The United Netherlands, by John
Lothrop Motley, appears.
* * Woman's Wrongs: A Counter-irritant,
by Gail Hamilton, appears.
* * What Answer? by Anna Dickinson,
appears.
* * Ohio in the War, by Whitelaw Reid,
appears.
* * Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin,
with notes by John Bigelow, appears.
* * Recollections of a Busy Life, by Horace
Greeley, appears.
* * Jesus of Nazareth, His Life and Teach-
ings, by Lyman Abbott, appears.
* * Sermons, by Henry Ward Beecher,
appears.
* * Planchette's Diary, by Kate M. Field,
appears.
* * The Human Intellect, by Noah Porter,
appears.
* * Moral Uses of Dark Things, by Horace
Bushnell, appears.
* * Will the Coming Man Drink Wine?
and Does Smoking Pay ? by James Par-
ton, appears.
* * Tobacco and Alcohol (a reply to Par-
ton's book), by J. Fiske, appears.
* * Plain Thoughts on the Art of Living,
by W. Gladden, appears.
* * Ekkoes from Kentucky, by Petrolev.m
Vesuvius Nasby, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1868, Oct. 27-1869, Feb. 26. 265
* * The Negroes in Negroland; in Amer-
ica; Generally, byH. R. Helper, appears.
* * Christ in Song, by Philip Schaff, ap-
pears.
* * No Love Lost, A Poem of Travel, by W.
D. Howells, appears.
* * Under the Willows, etc., by James
Kussell Lowell, appears.
* * Sense and Nonsense, by Brick Pome-
roy, appears.
* * On Ice and Other Things, by Josh Bil-
lings, appears.
* * Passages from the Note-Books of Na-
thaniel Hawthorne, appears.
* * Smoked Glass, by Orpheus C. Kerr,
appears.
* * Buby's Husband, by Marion Harland,
appears.
* * Stories of the Gorilla Country, for
Young People, by Paul B. Du Chaillu,
appears.
* * System of Naval Defence, by J. B.
E:uis, appears.
1869 Jan. 18. New York. The Mer-
cantile library building is opened.
SOCIETY.
1868 Nov.* La. Astounding election
frauds are discovered.
Nov. 3. New York. William M.
Tweed (" Boss Tweed ") dominates
Tammany Hall.
He holds back the election returns of
the city, till, by manipulation, they are
made to eliminate the majority given
against his party in the State election.
* * Boston. The New England Women's
Club is organized.
* * D. C. President Johnson signs the
Eight-hour Labor Bill for the benefit
of Government employees.
* * La. Political and color riots are
prevalent during the year.
* * Tenn. The Legislature prohibits the
Kuklux Klan, and makes membership
a penal offense.
* * The Benevolent and Protective Order
of Elks is founded.
1869 Jan. 4. La. The Legislature
passes the Social Equality Bill, by
which all persons, without regard to
color, are given equal rights in public
conveyances, and places of public resort.
Jan. 30. Phila. George S. TwitcheU
is sentenced to be hanged for the mur-
der of Mrs. Mary E. Hill, on Nov. 22,
1868. [He commits suicide April 8.]
Jan. * O. The Cincinnati hospital is
occupied.
STATE.
1868 Nov. 3. The 21st Presidential
election; Republicans elected. Popu-
lar vote : Ulysses S. Grant (Rep.) of 111.,
3,015,071 ; Horatio Seymour (Dem.) of
N. Y., 2,709,615.
la. An amendment to the State
Constitution is adopted by a public vote :
— the word " white " is dropped from the
qualifications of electors. Vote, 105,384
—81,119.
Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas
are the only States of the late Confeder-
acy that are excluded from participa-
tion in the national election.
Nov. 9. Ark. Gov. Clayton declares 10
counties under martial law.
Nov. 10. D. C. The 40th Congress:
the second session reopens and closes.
London. A convention for the settle-
ment of the Alabama claims by a
commission is signed by Reverdy John-
son and the Earl of Clarendon, but is
fruitless of results.
Minn. The people ratify the amended
Constitution ; it eliminates the word
" white."
Nov. 30-Dec. 1. Miss. The People
ratify the Constitution of May 15, 1868.
Vote, 105,223-954. An almost unani-
mous vote is given against disfranchis-
ing Confederate soldiers.
Dec. 7. D. C. The 40th Congress:
the third session opens.
Dec. * D. C. The President's recommen-
dation to repudiate obligations of the
government arrests attention.
Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: The House
announces the purpose to fully pay
the national debt. Vote, 155-6 — 60
not voting.
Dec. 24. Mass. The Governor and coun-
cil contract for the completion of the
Hoosac Tunnel for $4,594,268.
Dec. 25. D.C. President Johnson issues
a proclamation of general uncondi-
tional amnesty to persons implicated
in the rebellion ; it includes Jefferson
Davis.
* * Colo. The State capital is removed
from Golden City to Denver.
* * Me. The constabulary law of 1867
is repealed.
* * Tenn. The Legislature enacts a mini-
mum fine of $500 and imprisonment for
five years, for members of the Kuklux
Klan society.
* * Tenn. The petition of 4,000 citizens
asking for the removal of political dis-
abilities is denied by the Legislature.
* * The " Greenback " financial agita-
tion becomes widespread.
" The same currency for both plow-
holder and bondholder," say Demo-
crats ; " The best currency for both
plowholder and bondholder," say Re-
publicans.
* * The ruling classes of the South,
aroused by the misgovernment of the
reconstructed States, wage war on the
•• Carpet-Baggers " — unscrupulous
politicians from the North.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-70 * * Ala. William H. Smith.
-71 * * Ark. Powell Clayton.
-72 * * Cal. Henry H. Haight.
-72 * * Fla. Harrison Reed.
-72 * * Ga. Rufus B. Bullock.
-72 * * la. Samuel Merrill.
-70 * * Ida. (Ter.). David W. Ballard.
La. Joshua Baker.
-72 * * La. Henry C. Warmoth.
-72 * * O. Rutherford B. Hayes.
-72 * * S. C. Robert K. Scott.
-70 * * Va. Henry H. Wells.
1869 Jan. 4. La. The Social Equal-
ity Bill is passed. (See Society.)
Jan. 13. D. C. A National Convention
of Colored Men assembles at Washing-
ton ; Frederick Douglass, president.
Jan. 14. London. Reverdy Johnson, U. S.
minister to England, and the Earl of
Clarendon sign a treaty, which includes
the adjustment of the Alabama claims.
Jan. 20. D.C. Congress: The House
approves the 15th Amendment res-
olution to secure impartial suffrage,
irrespective of race or color. [Rejected
by the Senate. See Feb. 26.]
Feb. 4. Kan. A "Woman's Suffrage
Convention is held at Topeka.
Feb. 10. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : Grant, 214 ; Sey-
mour, 80. Vote for A ice-President :
Schuyler Colfax (Rep.) of Ind.,214 ; Frank
P. Blair (Dem.) of Mo., 80. (26 States
are Republican, 8 Democratic.)
Feb. 11. D. C. A nolle prosequi is en-
tered in the treason case against Jeffer-
son Davis.
Feb. 18. D. C. Congress : The Senate
rejects the treaty with England respect-
ing the Alabama claims.
Feb. 19. D.C. Congress prohibits the
national banks from making loans of
money on U. S. notes.
Feb. 20. Tenn. Gov. Brownlow pro-
claims martial law in nine counties,
and calls out the militia to suppress the
Kuklux Klan societies.
Feb. 26. D.C. Congress: B 3th Houses
pass the 15th Amendment resolution,
providing that the right to vote shall
not be denied or abridged, in any State,
on account of " race, color, or previous
condition of servitude." Vote : Senate,
39-13 ; House, 145-44.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1868 Nov. 7. 111. The bridge across the
Mississippi at Quincy is opened.
Dec. 1. N. Y. Old Fort Lafayette, in the
Narrows, is destroyed by fire.
* * O. The Standard Oil Company is
founded at Cleveland. (See p. 281).
* * Ore. Joseph Watt exports the first
full cargo of wheat sent direct from
Oregon to Liverpool.
* * Phila. The National Encampment of
the Grand Army of the Republic is
held ; Gen. John A. Logan of 111. com-
mander-in-chief.
* * " The inalienable right of man to
change his habitation," is officially rec-
ognized by China and the United States,
in the Burlingame Treaty.
* * The first dining car, the Delmon-
ico, is run by the Chicago and Alton
Road.
1869 Jan. 1. Chicago. The Washing-
ton Street tunnel under the Chicago
River is opened.
Jan. * JV. Y. The Albany and Susque-
hanna Railroad is finally completed.
266 1869, Feb. 27 -Sept. 30.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1869 Mar. 4. Gen. Philip H. Sheri-
dan is promoted to the rank of lieuten-
ant-general, and John M. Schofield is
commissioned major-general, U. S. A.
Mar. * D. C. Gen. Adelbert Ames is
appointed to command in the 4th Dis-
trict, as successor to Gen. A. C. Gillem.
Apr. 20. Va. Gen. E. R. S. Canby
assumes command of the 2d District.
May 21. Kan. Indians make a raid on
the Republican River.
June 25. D. C. The Government ac-
cepts "Stevens's Battery," a war-ship
bequeathed by Edwin A. Stevens of
N. J.; also $1,000,000 given to complete
it.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1869 May 29. Phila. The monument
to 'Washington and Lafayette, erected
in Monument Cemetery, is dedicated.
May *-Aug. * Maj. J. W. Powell, with a
party of 10 in four boats, descends the
canon of the Colorado to Rio Virgen,
a distance of 500 miles.
June 15-19. Boston. A National
Peace Jubilee and Musical Festival
is held in celebration of the restoration
of the Union.
Conductor, P. S. Gilmore ; Ole Bull,
Carl Rosa, Parepa-Rosa, and Miss Phil-
lips are conspicuous. The chorus con-
sists of 10,371 selected voices, and the
instruments number 1,094.
July 5. Phila. The Washington
Monument, erected in front of the
State House, is dedicated.
July * Tex. Rivers rise 47 feet after
three days of rain ; buildings, bridges,
and crops are swept away ; loss several
millions of dollars.
Aug. 7. A solar eclipse occurs.
Sept. 30. H. M. Parkhurst discovers a
new asteroid which he calls Galatea;
this discovery is made by means of his
invention for mapping the stars.
Sept. * Capt. C. F. Hall returns from an
Arctic exploration, and reports that he
has found many traces of the Franklin
expedition, and has discovered that the
„ Esquimaux plundered the members of
the Franklin party, and allowed their
dogs to feed on the bodies of the victims.
May 26. Rush, James, phye., philan., A83.
June 14. Cock, Thomas, physician, pro-
fessor, medical writer, A87.
June 17. Dixon, Joseph, photographer, in-
ventor, crucible maker, A71.
June 18. Raymond. Henry J., founder
N. Y. Times, A 49.
June 29. Benton, Nathaniel S., jurist, poli-
tician, educator, A77.
July 16. Park, Roswell, P. E. cl., A 62.
July 22. Roebling, John A., designer of
Brooklyn Bridge, A63.
Aug. 6. Allen, Charles, jurist, M. C. for
Mass., A72.
Aug:. 18. Cleveland, Charles Dexter, au-
thor, scholar, A67.
Sept. 8. Felt, Joseph Barlow, Cong, clergy-
man, historian, A80.
Fessenden, "William Pitt, senator for
Me., sec. of treas., A63.
Sept. 9. Rawlins, John A., brig.-gen., sec-
retary of war, A 38.
8ept. 10. Bell, John, lawyer, M. C. for
Tenn., speaker, sec. of war, candidate for
Vice-President, A72.
Sept. 17. Tallmadge, Frederick Augustus,
M. C. for N. Y., recorder, A77.
CHURCH.
1869 Mar.* Boston. The Women's
Foreign Missionary Society (Metho-
dist Episcopal) is organized.
Apr. 8. N. Y. Frederic Dan Hunting-
ton is consecrated (Protestant Episco-
pal) bishop of Central New York.
May* New York. The General As-
sembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets ; M.
W. Jacobus; moderator ; it adjourns to
meet at Pittsburg, on Nov. 12, in further-
ance of a union movement,
The General Assembly (N. S. Pres-
byterian) meets : P. H. Fowler, modera-
tor ; it also adjourns to meet on Nov. 12,
at Pittsburg.
June 2. N.J. The Congregational As-
sociation of New Jersey is organized.
June 16. New York. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1869.
Mar. 3. McWillie, William, Gov. of Miss.,
A74.
Mar. 13. Fessenden, Samuel, lawyer, of
N. H., A85.
Guthrie, James, senator for Ky., secre-
tary of treasury, A77.
Mar. 25. Bates, Edw., M. C. for Mo.,
atty.-gen., A76.
Mar. 27. Folsom, George, antiquarian, dip-
lomat, author, A 67.
Harper, James, fdr. Harper Bros., A74.
Apr. 1. Dunglison, Robley, physician, au-
thor medical books, A71.
Apr. 2. Wise, Henry A., capt TJ. S. N., au-
thor, A50.
Apr. 12. Dutton, Henry, jurist, Gov., M. C.
for Conn., author, A73.
Apr. 20. Smith, Sol. Franklin, actor, man-
ager, author, A 68.
Apr. 23. McAlester, Miles David, brig.-gen.
U. S. A., engineer, A36.
May 2. Seymour, Charles B., editor, musi-
cal and dramatic critic, A40.
May 18. Peters, Absalom, Cong, olergy-
man, professor, editor of Eclectic, A76.
LETTERS.
1869 Mar. 8. Utah. The University
of Deseret, Salt Lake City, is organized.
July 14. Ky. A State Educational
Convention is held near Louisville by
the colored people.
* * Boston. Boston University and
CoUege of Liberal Arts (Meth. Epis.)
is founded.
* * Cal. Hesperian College (Christian)
is organized at Woodland.
* * Chicago. The Lake Side Monthly
magazine appears.
* * Chicago. St. Ignatius College (Rom.
Cath.) is organized.
* * Ind. The News is issued at Indian-
apolis.
* * la. The Iowa Agricultural CoUege
is opened at Ames.
* * Kan. St. Mary's CoUege (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at St. Mary's.
* * Kan. The Capital is issued at To-
peka.
* * Ky. The Louisville Medical CoUege
is opened.
* * La. Straight University (Cong.) is
organized at New Orleans.
* t* Minn. The State University is
opened at St. Anthony, and the State
Normal Schools at St. Cloud and
Mankato.
* * Minn. The Augsburg Theological
Seminary is opened at Minneapolis.
* * Miss. Tougaloo University is es-
tablished at Tougaloo.
* * Md. Western Maryland CoUege
(Meth. Prot.) is organized at Westmin-
ster.
* * Mo. Cane CoUege (Bapt.) is founded
at Louisiana.
* * Neb. University of Nebraska (non-
sect.) is organized at Lincoln.
* * N. J. The German Theological
School (Pres.) is opened at Bloomfleld.
* * New York. The Eclectic English
Magazine appears.
* * New York. St. Louis CoUege (Rom.
Cath.) of New York City is organized.
± * * New York. The Evening Mail is
founded. [1880. Mail and Express.]
* * N. Y. The Normal Schools at
Potsdam and Portland are established.
* * O. The Cleveland Evening News and
Herald is issued.
* * Ore. St. Helen's HaU (Rom. Cath.)
at Portland is opened.
* * Pa. Swarthmore College (Friends)
is organized at Swarthmore.
* * Tex. Trinity University (Cum.
Pres.) at Tehuacana is opened.
SOCIETY.
1869 Mar. 7. N. C. Gov. Holden pro-
claims Alamance County in a state of
insurrection; the Kuklux are the lead-
ers. [Caswell county on July 8.]
May 12. Cuba. Thomas Jordan's fHi-
bustering expedition from New York
lands on the north coast.
June 2. Ala. A convention to increase
immigration meets at Montgomery.
June 26. New York. A fiUbustering
expedition under Col. Ryan sails for
Cuba. [It is detained by revenue officers.]
Aug. 16. Phila. A National Labor
Convention assembles.
Sept. 1-3. Chicago. A National Tem-
perance Convention is attended by
5,000 delegates.
Sept. 28. Boston. The Horace Mann
School for the Deaf is opened.
Sept. 30. New York. George Peabody
sails for England.
He contributes munificent sums for
the endowment of several educational
institutions, and adds $1,400,000 to his
former gift ($2,000,000) for Southern edu-
cation.
STATE.
1869 Feb. 27. La. The State Senate
ratifies the 15th Amendment to the
Federal Constitution. [Mar. 1 the House
ratines it.]
Mar. 1. Nev. The Legislature ratifies
the 15th Amendment to the Federal
Constitution.
Mar. * T>. C. Congress : The House
passes the Schenck Bill, pledging the
payment of all Government obligations
in coin.
Mar. 3. J). C. Congress; House:
Charles Pomeroy of la. is elected
UNITED STATES.
1869, Feb. 27 - Sept. 30. 267
Speaker, in place of Schuyler Colfax,
resigned.
Congress sets apart St. Paul and St.
George Islands, Alaska, as a reserva-
tion for the protection of fur seal, and
forbids the landing of vessels.
W. Va. The Legislature ratines the
15th Amendment to the Federal Con-
stitution.
18th Administration : Republican.
Mar. 4. D. C. General Ulysses S.
Grant of 111. is inaugurated the 18th
President, in the 21st term of the pres-
idency; Schuyler Colfax of Ind. is
Vice-President.
Cabinet : Elihu B.Washburne of 111.
(State), Alexander T. Stewart of N. Y.
(Treas.), John M. Schofield of N. Y.
(War), Jacob D. Cox of O. (Interior),
Adolph E. Borie of Pa. (Navy), John
A. J. Creswell of Md. (P. M.-Gen.),
Ebenezer R. Hoar of Mass. (Atty.-
Gen.).
[George S. Boutwell of Mass. takes
the place of Mr. Stewart, Hamilton Fish
of N. Y. succeeds Mr. Washburne, and
John A. Rawlins succeeds Gen. Scho-
field at later dates.]
The 40th Congress ends.
The 41st Congress opens.
Congress ; Senate : Hiram R. Revels,
colored, of Miss., occupies the seat
vacated by Jefferson Davis. House :
James G. Blaine of Me. is elected
Speaker. Vote : Blaine, 135 ; Michael
C. Kerr of Ind., 57.
Mar. * U. S. The nation is surprised
by the Cabinet appointments of Presi-
dent Grant.
Mar. 5. III. The Legislature ratifies
the 15th Amendment to the Federal
Constitution. Vote : Senate, 17-7 ; House,
52-27. (Also in N. C.)
Mar. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John
Sherman of O. proposes to change the
law so that A. T. Stewart of N. Y. may
become secretary of the treasury while
.an importing merchant.
Mar. 9. D. C. Congress : The House
repeals the Tenure of Office Act with-
out debate. Vote, 138-16.
A. T. Stewart, secretary of the treas-
ury, resigns because the law of 1789 for-
bids an importer holding the office.
Mar. 9-12. Mass. — Wis. The Legisla-
tures ratify the 15th Amendment to
the Federal Constitution. [Mar. 13, Ky. ;
Mar. 16, Conn, and S. C]
Mar. 11±. D.C. E. B. Washburne re-
tires from the Cabinet. [He is soon
afterward appointed minister to France.]
Mar. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate : The
Schenck Bill, for the payment of U. S.
bonds in coin, is passed.
Mar. 18. U. S. The Schenck Bill be-
comes a law.
Mar. 23. D.C. Congress; Senate:
Henry B. Anthony of R. I., is elected
President pro tempore. [He is also re-
elected Apr. 9.]
Mar. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the substitute for the Tenure
of Office Act. Vote, 37-15.
It appears to maintain the act in an-
other form, while in fact setting it aside.
" The Tenure of Office Act was enacted
lest President Johnson should remove
Republican office-holders too rapidly ;
and it was practically repealed lest Pres-
ident Grant should not remove Demo-
cratic office-holders rapidly enough."
(Blaine.)
Apr. 7. D. C. The President sends a
message to the Senate on British
claims.
Apr. 10. D. C. The 41st Congress ;
the first session closes.
Apr. 12. D. C. The Senate meets, in
special session, at the call of President
Grant.
Apr. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate
rejects the Johnson- Clarendon
treaty respecting the Alabama claims.
Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate
ratifies the naturalization treaty with
Great Britain.
Apr. * D. C. John Lothrop Motley is
appointed U. S. minister at the Court
of St. James.
Apr. 20. Va. Gen. E. R. S. Canby be-
comes military governor.
Apr. 23. D. C. The special session of
the Senate closes.
May 26. Mo. The State seal, lost since
the beginning of the Civil War, is handed
over to the Governor by ex.-Lieut.-Gov.
T. C. Reynolds.
June 8. Ind. The Legislature ratifies
the 15th Amendment to the Federal
Constitution. [June 11, 16, Fla. ; July 1,
N. H.; Oct. 21, Vt.]
June 20. Kan. A State Convention of
colored people meets at Topeka, and
requests the Legislature to petition Con-
gress for negro suffrage.
June 22. D. C. Adolph E. Borie, sec-
retary of the navy, resigns.
Ga. The Supreme Court decides that
negroes are eligible for public office.
June 25. D. C. Geo. M. Robeson of
N. J. is appointed Secretary of the Navy.
June 30. U.S. Statistics for 1869. Re-
ceipts : Customs, $180,048,427 ; internal
revenue, $158,356,461 ; direct tax, $765,-
686 ; sales of public lands, $4,020,344 ; pre-
miums on loans and sales of gold coin,
$13,755,491 ; miscellaneous items, $370,-
943,747 ; excess of revenue over ordinary
expenses, $48,078,469. Expenditures :
Premiums on loans, purchase of bonds,
etc., $1,674,680 : miscellaneous items,
$56,474,062; War Department, $78,501,-
991 ; Navy Department, $20,000,758 ; In-
dians, $7,042,923 ; pensions, $28,476,622 ;
interest on public debt, $130,694,243.
Total ordinary expenses, $322,865,278.
Public debt, $2,588,452,213. Exports,
$286,117,697 ; imports, $417,506,379.
July 4, 5. Chicago. The Irish National
Republican Convention meets, with
221 delegates present.
July 6. Va. The people adopt the New
Constitution by a majority of 39,957.
Sept. 12. Chicago. The National Pro-
hibition party is organized by a Con-
vention of 500 delegates.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1869 Feb. 27. Chicago. The West Side
Park Commission is incorporated.
Mar. 1. Phila. The Chamber of Com-
merce is dedicated.
Mar. 23. Chicago. The South Park
Commission Act is ratified at the elec-
tion.
May 10. Utah. The connecting of the
Union and Central Pacific Railroads
is made at Promontory Point ; Thomas
Durant and Gov. Leland Stanford drive
the last spikes ; the line extends from
Omaha to San Francisco, — 1,914 miles.
The Atlantic and Pacific coasts are now
connected by rail.
May 12. Fr. The shore end of the
Franco-American cable is laid at
Brest.
May 18. Tenn. A Southern commer-
cial convention is held at Memphis ; 22
States are represented by 1,100 delegates.
[May 25, another is held at New Orleans.]
June 25. N. J. The Camden and
Amboy Railroad Company and the
Raritan Canal Company surrender their
reserved rights, by which they have mo-
nopolized the trans-State carrying trade
for 40 years.
June 30. U. S. Immigrants in 1869,
352,569.
July 7. N. Y. The first stone of the new
Capitol at Albany is laid.
July 23. Mass. The French cable is
landed at Duxbury, connecting with
France, via St. Pierre, near Newfound-
land. Length, 3,047 miles.
July 27. Mass. The landing of the
French Atlantic cable is celebrated.
Aug. * New York. The work of improv-
ing the channel of the East River at
Hell Gate begins.
Aug. * N. Y. The Erie Railroad seeks
to acquire control of the Albany and
Susquehanna Road ; a war of injunctions
and armed resistance ensue.
Sept. 6. Pa. A fire in the Avondale
coal-mine in Luzerne County causes
the loss of 108 lives.
Sept. 7. la. A Commercial Conven-
tion assembles at Keokuk.
Sept. 13. New York. The Erie Ring
panic occurs.
Having secured the chief control of
the gold in the market, and the preven-
tion of sales of gold by the Government,
Jay Gould and James" Fisk begin to pur-
chase gold at about 130.
Sept. 22. New York. The Erie Ring runs
up the price of gold to 140.
Sept. 23. New York. The price of gold
reaches 144, and the conspirators declare
their purpose to crowd it up to 200.
Sept. 24. New York. "Black Fri-
day " — a financial panic — causes great
financial disasters.
The clique of speculators push up the
price of gold to 164, and all the small
and middle-class speculators fail. [While
it enriches a few, it brings great calamity
to the business community, which is re-
quired to pay duties in gold. The Gov-
ernment breaks the corner by offering
to sell $4,000,000 of gold. The conspira-
tors plunder the market of about $11,
000,000 in profits.]
268 1869, Oct. 5-1870, Feb. 9.
AMERICA
ARMY — WAVY.
1869 Dec. 24. D. C. Gen. A. H.
Terry is assigned to the Georgia Mili-
tary District.
* * R.I. The Federal Government estab-
lishes a torpedo school at Newport.
* * The Indian "War ends.
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
1869 Oct. 9. N. Y. The asteroid Fe-
licitas is discovered by C. H. F. Peters.
* * Cal. A new gold district is discovered
near San Diego.
* * New York. John A. Roebling make3
the first survey for the East River
Bridge.
* * Neio York. E. Wood Perry, John La-
farge, A. II. Wyant, and E. L. Henry
are elected members of the National
Academy of Design.
* * New York. Augustin Daly takes
charge of a theater in Twenty-fourth
Street.
* * N. Y. The Orpheus Singing Society
of Buffalo is organized.
* * O. The Harmonic Society of Cin-
cinnati is organized.
— 70 * * U. S. A method is introduced by
which wood is ground to form the raw
material for paper.
* * U. S. The cotton crop of the year is
tbe largest since 1860, amounting to at
least 3,000,000 bales (of 400 lbs.).
* * Try sting Tree is painted by A. B.
Durand.
* * San Giorgio is painted by S. R. Gif-
ford.
* * Wine Tasters is painted by J. B. Ir-
ving.
1870 Jan. 3. N. Y. Work on the
East Kiver Bridge is commenced by
sinking a caisson on the Brooklyn side.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1869.
Oct. 8. Pierce, Franklin, M. C, senator
for N. H., brig.-gen. of vols., 14th Pres. of
U. S., A65.
Oct. 16. Ritner, Joseph, Gov. of Pa., A 90.
Nov. 2. Bangs, Heman, M. E. cl., ed., A79.
Nov. 4. Peabody, George, of Massachu-
setts, banker in Eng., philanthropist, pa-
tron of education, A74.
Nov. 6. Stewart. Charles, rear-adm., A91.
Nov. lO. 'Wool, John Kills, maj.-gen.
U. S. A., A86.
Nov. 11. Kendall, Amos, of Mass., post-
master-general, A 80.
Walker, Robert John, sen. for Miss.,
sec. of treas., Gov. of Kansas Ter., A68.
Nov. 15. Uutterfleld, John, founder of
stage and express lines, A86.
Dec. 2. Potter, Hazard Arnold, physician,
surgeon, A 59.
Dec. 18. Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, pian-
ist, composer, A 40.
Dec. 23. Crapo, Henry H., Gov. of Mich.,
A65.
Cozzens, Fred. Swartwout, writer, au-
thor, A51.
Dec. 24. Stanton, Edwin McMasters,
atty.-gen., secretary of war, A55.
Dec. 3 1 . Perkins, J nstin, Cong, clergyman,
missionary to Nestorians, A64.
1870.
Jan. 3. Lozier, Charlotte T., physician,
professor, writer, A26.
Jan. 6. Joseph A. Mower, brev. maj.-gen.,
A63.
Jan. 14. Purkee, Charles, senator for Wis.,
Gov. of Utah, A63.
Jan. 17. Anderson, Alexander, first wood
engraver in America, A95.
Jan. 18. Chase, Carlton, P. E. bishop of
N. H., A76.
Jan. 20. Dudley, Benjamin W., surgeon, of
Ky., professor of surgery, A85.
Jan. 22. Prentice. George Denlson, edi-
tor, author, A 68.
Jan. 23. Placide, Henry, actor, A71.
Feb. 5. Elton, Komeo, Bapt. clergyman,
professor, author, A78.
Timble, Allen, Gov. of O., A87.
CHURCH.
1869 Oct. 13. Ariz. William Whitaker
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Nevada and Arizona.
Oct. * Phila. A reform convention
(Protestant Episcopal) is held, and al-
terations in the ritual and other changes
are favored.
Nov. 12. Pa. The (adjourned) General
Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at
Pittsburg ; M. W. Jacobus, moderator.
The (adjourned) General Assembly
(N. S. Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ;
P. H. Fowler, moderator.
The returns from the Presbyteries are
overwhelmingly favorable to reunion.
The union of the New and Old School
Presbyterian Churches is consum-
mated on the basis of the "Stand-
ards, pure and simple."
Dec. 8. It. Pope Pius IX. opens a
general council. [It propounds the doc-
trine of papal infallibility and a list of
anathemas.]
Dec. 22. N. J. The Ocean Grove
(Methodist Episcopal) Association is
organized.
* * The word ** German " is erased from
the title, German Reformed Church.
* * Boston. A Congregational Club is or-
ganized.
* * Boston. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing assembles.
* * D.C. The General Synod (Evangel-
ical Lutheran) meets at Washington.
* * III. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; R.
A. Browne, moderator.
* * Ky. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Louis-
ville ; R. M. Bishop, president.
* * Ky. A part of the Synod of Kentucky
joins the " Presbyterian Church in the
United States " (Southern Presbyterian).
* * Kan. The Kansas Conference (Free
Methodist) is organized.
* * Kan. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is organized.
* * New Mex. The Roman Catholic Vica-
rate Apostolic of New Mexico is estab-
lished.
* * The Presbyterians begin mission-work
among the Dakota Indians.
* * John Dickinson is first elected bishop
of the United Brethren.
* * The General Council of the Evangeli-
cal Lutheran Church begins its foreign
mission- work in Southern India.
* * The Lexington and Louisiana Confer-
ences (Methodist Episcopal) are formed.
1870 Jan. 25. Henry Niles Pierce is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis-
sionary bishop of Arkansas and Indian
Territory.
Jan. 26. La. The Louisiana Congrega-
tional Association is organized.
LETTERS.
1869 * * The Association of American
Medical Editors is organized.
* * Ballads of New England, by J. G.
Whittier, appears.
* * Compendious German Grammar, by
W. D. Whitney, appears.
* * The Discovery of the Great West, by
Francis Parkman, appears.
* * The Heathen Chinee, by Bret Harte,
appears ; also The Outcasts of Poker
Flat.
* * Hitherto, by Adeline D. T. Whitney,
appears.
* * Innocents Abroad, by Mark Twain,
appears.
* * Lady Byron Vindicated, by Harriet
Beecher Stowe, appears ; also Old Town
Polks.
* * Literature of the Age of Elizabeth, by
E. W. Whipple, appears.
* * An Old-Fashioned Girl, by Louisa M.
Alcott, appears.
* * A Pictorial History of the Civil War,
by Benson J. Lossing, appears.
* * Stepping Heavenward, by Elizabeth
Prentiss, appears.
* * The Story of a Bad Boy, by T. B.
Aldrich, appears.
* * Principles of Psychology, by John Bas-
com, appears.
* * Memoirs of Service Afloat, by Raphael
Semmes, appears.
* * Life and Letters of Fitz-Greene Hai-
led;, by James Grant Wilson, appears.
* * The Cathedral, by James Russell
Lowell, appears.
* * Woman's Suffrage, the Reform against
Nature, by Horace Bushnell, appears.
* * The Switzerland of America, by Sam-
uel Bowles, appears.
* * By- Ways of Europe, by Bayard Taylor,
appears.
* * Long and Short Span Bridges, by J. A.
Roebling, appears.
* * Malbone : an Oldport Romance, by T.
W. Higginson, appears.
* * Men, Women, and Ghosts, by Elizabeth
Stuart Phelps, appears.
* * Five Acres too Much, by Robert Barn-
well Roosevelt, appears.
* * Hilt to Hilt, by John Esten Cooke,
appears.
* * Overture of Angels, by Henry Ward
Beecher, appears.
* * Naval Architecture and Shipbuilding,
by Com. Meade, appears.
* * Jesus of Nazareth : His Life and Teach-
ings, by Lyman Abbott, appears.
* * The Blameless Prince and Other
Poems, by Edmund Clarence Stedman,
appears.
UNITED STATES. 1869, Oct 5-1870, Feb. 9.
269
SOCIETY.
1869 Oct. 20. If. C. Gov. Holden is-
sues a proclamation against the dis-
orders and violence of secret societies
in four counties.
Oct. 24. New York. Pere Hyacinthe
of Paris is publicly introduced by Henry
Ward Beecher.
Oct. * Wis. The northwestern branch
of' the National Home for Disabled
Soldiers, established near Milwaukee,
is dedicated.
Nov. 20. Ky. Regulators horsewhip
a cooper at Somerset ; a riot ensues in
•which three men are killed.
Nov. 24. O. A "Woman's Suffrage
Convention meets. (See State.)
Nov.* Del. A "Woman's Suffrage
Convention is held at Wilmington.
Dec. 10. D. C. A National Colored La-
bor Convention meets.
Dec. 11. Utah. A Mormon rebellion
rises against Brigham Young.
Dec. 12. Ind. A party of 70 men enter
the jail at New Albany, take out four
prisoners, and hang them.
* * The Chicago Club is founded.
* * Mass. A prohibitory statute is
enacted.
* * Neb. The State deaf and dumb in-
stitute is opened at Omaha.
* * Nev. The State erects an orphan's
home at Carson City.
* * New York. The Baptist Home for
Aged People is founded.
* * N. Y. The Association of the Bar
is instituted ; William M. Evarts is the
first president.
* * O. St. Mary's Hospital at Cincin-
nati is established.
* * O. The third National Encampment
of the Grand Army of the Republic is
held at Cincinnati ; Gen. John A.Logan
of 111., commander-in-chief.
* * Phila. The Baptist Home of Phila-
delphia is founded.
* * Phila. Uriah S. Stevens, a clothing
cutter, organizes a secret society for
the protection of the working people.
[It develops into the Ejaights of
Labor.]
* * E. I. The Board of State Charities
and Correction is organized.
* * Tex. The Buckner Orphans' Home
(Bapt.) is founded at Dallas.
* *The General Assembly (Presbyte-
rian) recommends total abstinence.
* *The National Prison Association
is formed. (1870?)
1870 Jan. 24. D.C. Prince Arthur,
Queen Victoria's third son (Duke of
Connaught), is presented to President
Grant.
Feb. 8. Me. Prince Arthur and many
distinguished people attend the funeral
of George Peabody at Portland.
Feb.* Mass. The remains of George
Peabody are buried at Peabody.
STATE.
1869 Oct 5. Va. The Legislature
meets; the first regular meeting in a
decade.
Oct. 8. Va. The Legislature ratifies the
14th and 15th Amendments to the
Federal Constitution.
Oct. 25. D.C. "William "W. Belknap of
Iowa is appointed secretary of war.
Oct. * -Nov. * Free-trade doctrines be-
come more popular than formerly.
Nov. 2. Fla. A majority of the people
west of the Choctawhatchee River vote
for annexation with Alabama.
Nov. 24. 0. The National "Woman's
Suffrage Convention meets at Cleve-
land, with 183 delegates present; Rev.
Henry Ward Beecher, president. The
American Woman's Suffrage Associa-
tion is organized.
Nov. 29. A treaty with the Dominican
Republic is negotiated, for its annexa-
tion to the United States, and for the
leasing of the bay and peninsula of Sa-
mana as a naval rendezvous.
Nov. 30.-Dec. 1. Miss. The people
ratify the new Constitution. Vote,
105,223-954.
Nov. 30.-Dec.3. Tex. The people rat-
ify the Constitution. Vote, 72,395-4,924.
Dec. 6. D.C. The 41st Congress opens.
Dec. 13. D. C. Congress renews the
Canadian Reciprocity treaty.
Dec. 14. D. C. Congress removes the
legal and political disabilities from a
large class of ex-Confederates.
Dec. 16. D. C. Congress declares the
exclusion of f reedmen from the Legis-
lature, as done in Georgia, revolution-
ary, and to be prohibited.
Dec. 20. D.C. President Grant appoints
Edwin M. Stanton of Pa. an associ-
ate justice of the Supreme Court.
Dec. 22. Ga. The Legislature refuses
to ratify the 15th Amendment.
Ga. The reconstruction of the
State in compliance with an Act of Con-
gress is accomplished.
Dec. * D. C. The correspondence of Sec-
retary Fish and Lord Clarendon on the
Alabama claims is made public.
* * D. C. Congress reduces the tax on
distilled spirits from $1.97 to 54 cents
per proof gallon.
* * la. The Legislature creates a State
Board of Immigration.
* * Minn. Both Houses vote to remove
the capital from St. Paul to a site in
Kandiyohi County ; the governor vetoes
the bill.
* * New York. A. Oakey Hall is elected
the 77th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-76 * * Ariz. {Ter.). A. P. K. Safford.
-73 * * Colo. {Ter.). Edwin M. M'Cook.
-70 * * Conn. Marshall Jewell.
-73 * * Dak. {Ter.). John A. Burbank.
-75 * * Del. James Ponder.
-73 * * 111. John M. Palmer.
-73 * * Kan. James M. Harvey.
-72 * * Mass. William Claflin.
-72 * * Mich. Henry P. Baldwin.
-71 * * Mo. Joseph W. M'Clurg.
-70* * Mont. (Ter.). James M. Ashley.
-71 * * N. H. Onslow Stearns.
-72 * * N.J. Theodore F. Randolph.
-71 * * N. Mex.(Ter.). William A. Pile.
-73 * * N. Y. John T. Hoffman.
-73 * * It. I. Seth Padelford.
-71 * * Tenn. DeWitt C. Senter.
-71 * * U. {Ter.) J. Wilson Shaffer.
-70 * * Vt. Peter T. Washburn.
-70 * * Wash. {Ter.) Alvin Flanders.
-71* * W.Va. William E. Stephenson.
1870 Jan. 10. Mo. The Legislature rati-
fies the 15th Amendment to the Fed-
eral Constitution. [Jan. 18 by Rhode
Island ; Feb. 2, Georgia ; Feb. 3, Iowa ;
Feb. 15, Minnesota ; Feb. 17, Nebraska ;
Feb. 18, Texas ; Mar. 3, Kansas ; Mar. 26,
Tennessee.]
Jan. * D. C. Congress approves the
scheme for a canal across the Isthmus
of Darien.
Jan. 24. D.C. Congress: The Sen-
ators from Virginia are readmitted.
[Representatives are admitted Jan. 26.]
Jan. 26. D. C. A treaty is signed re-
specting the Darien Canal.
Jan. 27. Va. Gen. Canby turns the State
over to the authorities elected by the
people.
Feb. 2. Ga. The Legislature permits
colored members to resume their seats,
and then ratifies the 15th Amendment.
Feb. 8. Va. Gov. Walker proclaims the
State fully reconstructed.
Feb. 9. D. C. Congress provides for
the establishment of a weather bureau.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1869 Oct. 13. Ky. A Commercial
Convention assembles at Louisville;
ex-President Fillmore, chairman.
Oct. 27. Ill- About 200 lives are lost by
the burning of the steamer Stonewall,
near Cairo, on the Mississippi.
Nov. 14. Cal. About 15 persons are
killed in a collision on the Pacific Rail-
road near San Francisco.
Dec. 11. Eng. The body of George Pea-
body, the American philanthropist, is
placed on board the British steamship-
Monarch, to be conveyed to America.
* * Chicago has a park system of seven
parks, comprising 2,530 acres.
The two south parks 372 and 593;
Jackson Park, 600 ; D™Sla* *\a>k, 1 a ,
Garfield Park, 185; Humboldt Park
184- Lincoln Park, 310; having 3<i
mil'es of boulevards ; cost, $10,000,000.
* * Mo. Tower Grove Park, 276 acres,
is donated to St. Louis.
* * Mich. Woodmere Cemetery, near De-
troit, is established.
* * Arthur Cummings introduces curve
pitching in baseball.
1870 Jan. 20. The Anglo-American and
Anglo-French cable companies unite.
Jan. 22. Cal. The California Southern
Railroad Company is chartered.
Jan. 23. The U. S. corvette Oneida col-
lides with the steamship Bombay, and
sinks, near Yokohama, Japan ; 112 lives
are lost.
Jan. * Boston. Dorchester is annexed-
270 1870, Feb. 10 -Oct 13.
ARMY — NAVY.
1870 Sept. * Utah. Gen. Shaffer for-
bids the drilling of the Mormon militia.
Oct. 17. Vice-Admiral David D.Porter
is made admiral.
* * D. C. Gen. Fitz-John Porter ap-
peals to the President for a reversal of
the sentence of the court martial.
* * Military governments are with-
drawn on the reconstruction of the
Southern States.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1870 * * New York. James Gordon Ben-
nett, the proprietor of the Herald, sends
Henry M. Stanley to Africa in search
of David Livingstone.
Apr. 13. New York. A charter is granted
to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
May 24. D. C. The Corcoran Gallery
of Art at "Washington is chartered.
Aug. 14. N. Y. The asteroid Ate is dis-
covered by C. II. F. Peters.
Sept. 28. Va. The James Paver rises
about 24 feet in two days, and the Shen-
andoah about twice as much, destroying
crops, buildings, etc. ; loss, $3,000,000.
Oct. 20. An earthquake is felt through
the Northern States from Maine to
Iowa.
Oct. * Africa. Henry M. Stanley of
U. S. A., arrives at Zanzibar.
* * Boston. The Museum of Fine Arts
is incorporated.
* * Boston. The New England Conser-
vatory of Music is incorporated.
* * The National Academy of Science
extends the limit of membership from
50 to 1,000.
* * la. A cave is discovered on the Du-
buque and Minnesota Railroad line, con-
taining a number of relics apparently
Oriental, also skeletons of giants.
* * Mass. Prof. Winlock, of the Harvard
Observatory, uses a horizontal photo-
heliograph in photographing the sun.
* * New York. Victor Nehlig is elected a
member of the National Academy of
Design.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1870.
Feb. 14. Harper, Joseph Wesley, publisher
in N. Y., A69.
Feb. 22. Houghton, George Frederick,
lawyer, writer, A50.
Feb. 23. Burling-ame, Anson, diploma-
tist, M. C. for Mass., ambassador from
China, A50.
Mar. 1. Ashmead, Isaac, printer, inventor
of composition printing rollers, A80.
Mar.4. McClintock, John, M. E. cl., au-
thor, president of Drew Seminary, A56.
Mar. 16. Ripley, James W., brev. maj.-
gen., chief of ordnance, A76.
Mar.17. Cornell, William W., iron founder,
of N. Y., philanthropist, A48.
Mar. 18. Verplanck, Gulian Crommelin,
author, A84.
Mar. 26. Soule, Pierre, senator for La.,
minister to Spain, A68.
Mar. 28. Thomas. George H., maj.-gen.
U. S. A., A54.
Mar. 31. Boyden, Seth, inventor malleable
cast-iron, hat^loming machine, A 82.
Apr. 3. Frothingham, Nathaniel L., Unit,
clergyman, author, A77.
Apr. 15. Willard, Emma, pioneer educa-
tionist for women, N. Y., A 83.
Apr. 22. Farrar, Eliza Ware, author, A78.
AMERICA
King, Austin A., Gov. of Mo., A69.
May 17. Littell, Eliakim, editor Lit t ell's
Living Age, A73.
May 22. Hazzard, Samuel, archeologist,
historian, publisher, A86.
June 3. Learned, Joseph E. G., inventor,
inspector of iron-clads, A51.
June. 7. Reed, David, antislavery re-
former, editor, A80.
June 12. Eliot, Thomas D., lawyer, M. C.
for Mass., A62.
June 26. Cutting, Francis B., jurist, of
N. Y., A65.
July 6. Pope, Charles A., physician, pro-
fessor of anatomy, A 52.
July 7. Ashmun, George, M. C. for Mass.,
A66.
July 12. Dahlgren, John Adolf, chief of
ordnance, rear-adm. TJ. S. N., A61.
July 19. Brooks, William T. H., maj.-gen.
of vols., A 49.
July 21. Baldwin, Theoron, Cong, clergy-
man, educationist, A69.
July 28. Ritchie, Anna Cora Ogden Mow-
att, novelist, actor, dramatist, A49.
Aug. 5. Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, maj.-gen.
vols., author, A72.
Aug. 6. Cobb, George, M. C. for N. J.,
benefactor, A57.
Auk. 14. Farragut, David G., first ad-
miral U. S. N., A69.
Aug. 18. Kennedy, John Pendleton, M. C.
for Md., author, secretary of navy, A75.
Sept. 5. Bedford, Gunning S., physician,
professor of obstetrics, N. Y., A64.
Sept. 7. Munroe, James, col. U. S. vols.,
M. C. for N. Y., A71.
Sept. 8. Kingsley, Calvin, Meth. Epis.
bishop, A58.
Sept. 9. Lord, Nathan, Cong, cl., prosla-
very advocate, president Dartmouth, A77.
Longstreet, Augustus B., lawyer, Meth.
Epis. clergyman, author, A80.
Sept. 11. Sayre, David Austin, merchant,
banker, benefactor, of Ky,, A77.
Sept. 18. Dawson, John Littleton, M. C.
for Pa A57.
Sept. 27. Packer, William Fisher, Gov. of
Pa., A63.
Oct. lO. Bartley, Mordecai, pioneer, Gov.
of O., A84.
Oct. 12. Lee, Robert Edward, col. IT. S.
A., commander-in-chief of Confederate
armies, college pres., A 63.
CHURCH.
1870 May 4. Tenn. The General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal
South) meets at Memphis ; the North
Mississippi, "White River, Los Angeles,
North Alabama, and Western Confer-
ences are organized.
May 19. Phila. The first reunited
General Assembly of the Presbyterian
Church is held ; J. T. Backus, moderator.
June 17. Phila. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
Sept. 21. N.H. "William Woodruff Niles
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of New Hampshire.
Sept. 25. Mass. Patrick T. O'Reilly is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Springfield.
Oct. 6. Md. William Pinkney is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant
bishop of Maryland.
LETTERS.
1870 Feb. 17. Miss. The State Nor-
mal School is opened at Holly Springs.
Apr. * O. The University of Cincin-
nati (non-sect.) is incorporated.
May 14. Phila. The Public Record [Rec-
ord] is issued.
June 16. S. C. A free-school system
is established for the State.
June 20. New York. The Lenox Li-
brary is incorporated.
July 2. III. The Evangelical Seminary
at Elmhurst is opened.
Oct. 13. Ga. The Legislature establishes
a system of public instruction.
* * Conn. The Silas Bronson Library is
founded at Waterbury. [36,500 vols.]
* * Boston. Literary World magazine is
established.
* * Boston. The Old and New magazine
is established.
* * Cal. Napa College (Meth. Epis.) is
founded at Napa.
* * Delaware College (non-sect.) is or-
ganized at Newark, Delaware.
* * la. The Medical Department of
the State University of Iowa at Iowa
City is opened.
* * III. Carthage CoUege (Luth.) is or-
ganized.
* * III. The Swedish Theological Semin-
ary (Methl Epis.) is founded at Evanston.
* * La. Leland University (Bapt.) is
founded at New Orleans.
* * Mich. The Michigan University
opens all its departments to women.
* * Miss. The Legislature passes a law
organizing a State Board of Education,
and providing for a superintendent of
public education.
* * Mo. The Legislature establishes the
State Agricultural CoUege at Colum-
bia.
* * New York. Scribner's Monthly maga-
zine (first series) is established.
SOCIETY.
1870 Mar. 3. La. The trial of George
M. "Wickliffe, the State auditor, re-
sults in his conviction and impeach-
ment for extortion and fraud.
Mar. 7. Wyo. A grand jury of both
sexes is impaneled at Fort Laramie.
Mar. ± * Pa. The *« MoUy Maguires"
subside.
Apr. 5. Utah. Mormons in mass-meeting
at Salt Lake protest against the inter-
ference of Congress with polygamy.
Apr. 14. Bel. The ratification of the
15th Amendment to the Federal Con-
stitution is celebrated by great gather-
ings of colored people.
May 10. New York. Daniel MacFar-
land is tried and acquitted of the mur-
der of Albert D. Richardson on Nov. 25,
1869, at New York.
May 19. Md. The colored people of
Baltimore celebrate the passage of the
15th Amendment.
July 22. New York. The Times exposes
the frauds of the Tweed Ring.
July 30. New York. Benjamin Nathan,
a wealthy Hebrew, is found murdered
in his home. [Criminal unknown.]
July* N. C. The governor sends the
militia to suppress Kuklux outrages.
Apr. 9. The American Anti-Slavery
Society is dissolved.
May 25-27. Vt. Armed Fenians, 500
strong, invade Canada from Fairfield,
and quickly return when resisted.
UNITED STATES.
1870, Feb. 10-0ct. 13. 271
Aug. 15. O. The National Labor Con-
gress meets at Cincinnati.
Aug. 23. O. The Irish National Con-
gress meets at Cincinnati.
Oct. 4. O. A National Commercial
Convention meets at Cincinnati.
STATE.
1870 Feb. 10. Tenn. A Constitu-
tional Convention meets at Nashville.
Feb. 12. Utah. Brigham Young ap-
proves the bill granting the right of
suffrage to women.
Feb. 15. N. J. The Legislature refuses
to ratify the 15th Amendment to the
Federal Constitution.
Feb. 18. Tex. The Legislature ratifies
the 14th and 15th Amendments to
the Federal Constitution.
Feb. 21. La. The Legislature grants
$3,000,000 in 8 per cent State bonds to
the New Orleans, Mobile, and Chatta-
nooga Railroad.
Feb. 23. D. C. Congress : Mississippi
is again admitted to representation in
both Houses.
Feb. 25. D. C. Congress : Hiram R.
Revels of Miss., the first colored Sen-
ator, takes the required oath.
Mar. 7. D. C. Congress restores legal
and political rights of a large class of
ex -Confederates.
Mar. 16. D. C. Congress ; House :
H. R. Revels of Miss, makes a speech
in favor of universal amnesty and suf-
frage.
Mar. 23. B.C. Congress : The Senate
rejects the treaty for the purchase of the
Islands of St. Thomas and St. John.
Mar. 26. Tenn. The people ratify the
new Constitution. Vote, 98,128-33,872.
Mar. 30. D. C. Congress : Represen-
tatives from Texas are admitted to the
House, and Senators to the Senate. The
Southern States are now all repre-
sented in the National Congress.
The 15th Amendment having been
ratified by 29 States, is proclaimed a part
of the Constitution ; it confers the right
of suffrage to freedmen.
Great apprehension prevails at the
South ; the white taxpayers being a
minority of the population in some of
the States, are at the mercy of the non-
taxpaying negroes, who may be easily
corrupted by political adventurers.
Mar. * D. C. Congress ; House : Mor-
mons who practise polygamy are de-
prived of civil rights.
Apr. 5. New York. The Legislature
grants the Tweed-Frear charter, com-
bining the city and county.
May 24. D. C. President Grant issues
a proclamation against the invasion of
Canada by Fenians.
May 28. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected
President pro tempore. [Again on July
1, and also on July 14.]
May 31. I). C. Congress passes an act
to enforce the right of citizens to
vote in the .several States.
May * I). C. Congress charters the
Northern Pacific Railroad.
May * III. A convention meets at Spring-
field, and forms a new Constitution.
June 12. D. C. The act limiting the
circulation of the national banks to
$354,000,000, secured by the deposit of
Government bonds with the Treasurer,
is approved.
June 15. D. C. E. R. Hoar of Mass.
resigns the office of attorney-general.
June 22. J). C. Congress provides for
the organization of the Department of
Justice with the attorney-general at its
head.
June 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate
rejects the treaty for the annexation
of San Domingo. Vote, 28-28.
June * D. C. Congress reduces the in-
come tax by abolishing many stamp-
taxes.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1870.
Revenue : Customs, $194,538,374 ; in-
ternal revenue, $184,899,756 ; direct tax,
$229,103; sales of public lands, $3,350,-
482 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold
coin, $15,295,644; miscellaneous items,
$12,942,118. Total revenue, $411,255,478 ;
excess of revenue over ordinary ex-
penses, $101,601,917. Expenditures: Pre-
miums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc.,
$15,996,556 ; miscellaneous items, $53,-
237,462 ; War Department, $57,655,675 ;
Navy Department, $21,780,230; Indians,
$3,407,938 ; pensions, $28,340,202 ; interest
on the public debt, $129,235,498. Total
ordinary expenditures, $309,653,561 ; pub-
lic debt, $2,480,672,427. Exports, $392,-
771,768 ; imports, $435,958,408.
July 2. III. The Constitution is rati-
fied by the people. Vote, 134,227-35,
443.
July 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate
refuses to extend citizenship to the
Chinese ; strong opposition to Chinese
immigration prevails in many parts of
the country.
July 13. D. C. Congress changes the
tariff and reduces the revenue by
diminishing duties on tea, coffee, sugar,
and certain articles of iron and s^eel;
to go into force on Jan. 1st, 1871.
July 14. D. C. Congress repeals the
tax on legacies and successions.
It grants a pension of $3,000 per an-
num to the widow of President Lincoln.
It passes an act for the refunding of
the national debt at a lower rate of in-
terest— 5, 4i, and 4 per cent.
July 15. D. C. Congress passes an act
providing for the removal of the Osage
Indians and the sale of their lands.
Congress passes an act to reduce
the peace footing of the army to 30,000
men.
The 41st Congress : the second ses-
sion closes.
President Grant approves the act for
the readmission of Georgia.
July* I). C. The President requests J.
L. Motley, minister to Great Britain, to
resign. [In November he is recalled.]
Aug. 22. D. C. President Grant pro-
claims the neutrality of the United
States in the Franco-Prussian War.
Sept. 8. Mass. Wendell Phillips is
nominated for governor by the Labor
Reform and Prohibition parties.
Sept. 15. Utah. Gov. Shaffer issues a
proclamation forbidding the review of
the Nauvoo legion, comprising 13,000
men.
Oct. 13. D. C. The President by pro-
clamation forbids military expeditions
against nations with whom the United
States is at peace.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1870 Feb. 11. Eng. A board is found
in Cornwall with writing, which states
that the missing steamer City of Boston
was sinking.
Feb. 15. Minn. The Northern Pacific
Railroad is begun at the Dalles of the
St. Louis.
Apr. 27. Va. The galleries of the Capi-
tol break down; GO persons are killed,
and 120 wounded.
May 3. Cal. Elossom Rock, near
North Point, San Francisco, is blown
up.
May 10. Eng. The American yacht
Sappho wins in a triangular race with
the Cambria.
May 12. Mo. At Eureka 19 persons
are killed in a collision.
May 17. Eng. The Sappho again wins
in a triangular race.
June * The 9th Census is taken. States,
37 ; whites, 33,589,377 ; colored, 4,880,009.
Total population, 38,558,371 ; increase,
22.63 per cent. Center of population,
48 miles east by north of Cincinnati ;
westward movement in 10 years, 42
miles.
July 4. The ocean yacht race begins.
In the international yacht race from
Cork to New York, the English yacht
Cambria wins, arriving July 27, at 4
p.m. ; the American yacht Dauntless,
taking a more northerly route, arrives
two hours later.
July 14. D. C. Congress taxes real es-
tate in the District of Columbia.
July 24. New York. The first through
car from the Pacific arrives.
Aug. 8. New York. The English schooner
yacht Cambria sails against the New
York Yacht Club ; the Magic wins the
race, retaining the America cup ; the
Cambria is the 8th of 16 rivals.
Aug. 15. The Union Pacific road is com-
pleted for 638 miles from Kansas City to
Denver ; also, the Denver Pacific road,
106 miles, from Denver to Cheyenne.
Sept. 30-Oct. 2. Fa. Freshets in the
valleys of the James and the Shenan-
doah destroy property valued at $5,000,-
000.
Sept. * O. The first Industrial Exposi-
tion, in Cincinnati, is held.
Oct. 4. O. A Southern Convention
meets in Cincinnati for political ami
commercial purposes.
Oct. 12. The Southern Pacific Railroad
is formed by consolidation; length,
992.98 miles.
272 1870, Oct. 18-1871, Mar. 27. AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1871 * * D. C. Adm. Rodgers is ordered
to command the Asiatic fleet. [June 11.
He attacks the forts of Korea in pun-
ishment for an attack made by masked
batteries.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1870 * * Pa. A bone-cave is discovered
near Phoenixville, containing remains
of a mastodon and other animals of a
period prior to the great northern drift.
* * Mt. Whitney is painted by Albert
Bierstadt.
* * Venice is painted by Jervis McEntee.
* * Greenwood Lake is painted by J. F.
Cropsey.
-' * TwiCight is painted by George Inness.
* * Continentals is painted by Frank B.
Mayer.
* * Sketcher is painted by A. B. Durand.
* * Head of Christ is painted by William
Page.
1871 Jan. 25. D. C. A statue of
Abraham Lincoln is unveiled.
Feb. 15. Phila. An exhibition is given
of the sand-blast.
It is a method of cutting hard sub-
stances by the erosive action of a jet of
driven sand ; B. C. Tilghman, inventor.
Feb. 18. Africa. The Bennett expe-
dition, led by Stanley, starts from
Zanzibar for the interior, with 193 men
divided into five caravans.
Mar. 21. Zanzibar. Stanley starts for
the interior with the fifth caravan.
Mar. * It. I. The State authorities pre-
sent to the Federal Government a mar-
ble statue of Roger "Williams, to be
placed in the Capitol.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1870.
Oct. 18. Bacon, Ezekiel, jurist, M. C. for
Mass., A94.
Oct. 27. Harrison, Napoleon B., capt.
U. S. N., A47.
Nov. 26. Bassini, Carlo, musician, com-
poser, writer, A58.
Dec. 12. Launitz, Robert E.,Russo-Ameri-
can sculptor, A64.
Dec. 13. Chauvenet, William, mathema-
tician, author, A50.
Dec. 20. Holland, George, comedian, A79.
Dec. 24. Barnes, Albert, Pres. clergyman,
commentator, author, A 72.
Dec. 25. Colver, Nathaniel, Bapt. clergy-
man, A76.
1871.
Jan. 3. Lovell, Charles Swain, capt. Mexi-
can war; col. U. 8. A., A60.
Jan. 18. Richings, Peter, English-Ameri-
can actor, manager, A74.
Jan. 19. Burden, Henry, inventor water-
wheel, horse-shoe machine, A80.
Jan. 26. Ticknor, George, professor, au-
thor, A 80.
Jan. 29. Taylor, S. Harvey, educator, au-
thor, A64.
Feb. 7. Steinway, Henry Englehard, man-
ufacturer of pianos, A74.
Feb. 11. Bagioli, Antonio, musician,
teacher of vocal music, ATS.
Feb. 12. Cary, Alice, author, poet, A51.
Feb. 21. Elzey, Arnold, capt. IT. S. A.;
Confederate maj.-gen., A55.
Feb 23. Oaf] in, L,ee, manufacturer, of Bos-
ton, benefactor of Boston University, A80.
Mar. 3. Palmer, Joseph, ed., in Boston, A75.
Mar. 18. Nisbet, Eugenius Aristides, jurist,
of Ga., M. C; Confederate M. C, A68.
Mar. 25. Tappan, John, merchant, philan-
thropist, of Boston, A90.
CHURCH.
1870 Oct. 19-21. New York. 4th Na-
tional Unitarian Conference is held.
Nov. 30. Mass. The Cape Cod Confer-
ence of Unitarian Congregational and
other Liberal Christian churches is or-
ganized at Barnstable.
Dec. 16. Tenn. Bishop Paine organizes
the Colored Methodist Episcopal
Church of America.
* * Cal. Chinese mission work on the
Pacific coast is begun by the American
Baptist Home Missionary Society.
* * Fla. — Mass. The Roman Catholic
dioceses of St. Augustine and Springfield
are established.
* * Phila. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held.
* * Presbyterians begin mission work
among the Cattaraugus and Chippewa
Indians.
* * Ind. The Annual Convention of the
Diciples of Christ is held at Indianap-
olis ; R. M. Bishop, president.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; T. S.
Kendall, moderator.
* * Phila. The "Woman's Board of the
Presbyterian Church is organized.
* * The mission to the Ojibway Indians
is transferred from the American Board
to the Presbyterian Board.
* * U. S. The work of the American
Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions becomes practically confined
to the Congregational churches.
* * U. S. Church communicants num-
ber 6,673,396 — about one in six of the
population.
LETTERS.
1870* * New York. Neio- Yorker Tages
Nachrichten is founded.
* * N.Y. Canisius CoUege (Rom. Cath.)
at Buffalo is organized.
* * N. Y. St. John Baptist's CoUege
(Rom. Cath.) of Brooklyn is organized.
* * N. Y. Syracuse University (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Syracuse.
* * O. "Wilmington CoUege (Friends)
is organized at Wilmington.
* * 0. The Cincinnati University (non-
sect.) is opened at Cincinnati.
* * Pa. The Pittsburg Leader is issued.
* * Pa. Thiel College (Evan. Luth.) is
organized at Greenville.
* * Pa. St. Vincent's CoUege (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at Beatty.
* * Minn. Carleton College (Cong.) is
organized at Northfield.
* * Pa. Ursinus CoUege (Ref 'd.) at Free-
land is organized.
* * Utah. Salt Lake Seminary (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Salt Lake City.
* * W. Va. The State Normal School
at West Liberty is opened.
* * Among My Books, by James RusseU
LoweU, appears.
* * At Last, by Marion Harland, appears.
* * Books and Reading, by Noah Porter,
appears.
* * Farmer's Alminax, by Josh Billings
(H. W. Shaw), is issued.
* * Hammer and Papier, by John E. Cooke,
appears.
* * Great Americans, by Theodore Parker,
appears.
* * Ingham Papers, by Edward Everett
Hale, appears.
* * The Luck of Roaring Camp, by Bret
Harte, appears ; also Poems.
* * Mechanism in Thought and Morals, by
Oliver Wendell Holmes, appears.
* * Miriam, and Other Poems, by John G.
"Whittier,' appears.
* * Passage to India, by Walt Whitman,
appears.
* * Society and Solitude, by RalphWaldo
Emerson, appears.
* * We Girls, by Adeline D. T. Whitney,
appears.
* * Taittiriya-Pratic&khya (Sansk.), by
William D. Whitney, who receives the
Bopp prize from the Berlin Academy,
appears.
* * The War between the States, by Alex-
ander H. Stephens, appears.
* * The Iliad, a translation by William
Cullen Bryant, appears.
* * Sketches of Creation, by Alexander
Winchell, appears.
* * Tent Life in Siberia, by George Ken-
nan, appears.
* * A Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-
Saxon Language, by Francis A. March,
appears.
* * Hedged In, by E. Stuart Phelps [Ward],
appears ; also The Silent Partner.
* * Joseph and his Friend, by Bayard Tay-
lor, appears.
* * Words and their Uses, by Richard
Grant White, appears.
* * A Battle of the Books, by Gail Hamil-
ton, appears ; also Stumbling Blocks.
* * My Summer in a Garden, by Charles
Dudley Warner, appears.
* * Ginger Snaps, by Fanny Fern, appears.
* * Crumbs Swept Up, by T. De Witt Tal-
mage, appears.
* * The Nation, by Elisha Mulford, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
1870 * * D.C. The 4th National En-
campment of the Grand Army of the
Republic is held at Washington ; Gen.
John A. Logan of 111., commander-in-
chief.
* * Me. The Legislature passes a bill to
increase the effectiveness of the pro-
hibitory law, without opposition in
either House.
* * Minn. The Legislature changes the
liquor law by providing for local option.
* * Ore. The Oregon School for Deaf
Mutes is opened at Salem.
* * Phila. The Volunteer Fire Depart-
ment is abolished.
* * R. I. The Legislature abolishes im-
prisonment for debt. Vote, 56-2.
* * W. Va. The school for the deaf and
blind M TJomney is opened by the State.
UNITED STATES. 1870, Oct. 18-1871, Mar. 27. 273
* v The American Association for the
Cure of Inebriates is organized.
* * The Association of Medical Super-
intendents of American Institutions
for the Insane is organized.
* * -73 * * New York. Robbery of New
York by the Tweed King.
William M. Tweed, the Tammany
" Boss," and his accomplices proceed to
rob the city by requiring contractors to
increase their bills, and pay over to them
the excess. Bills amounting to $6,000,-
000 are passed at one meeting, and
$1, 000,000 traced to Tweed ; the expenses
of the city are nearly equal to the ex-
penses of the civil list of the National
Government.
* *N. T. The Society of the Royal
Templars of Temperance is organized
at Buffalo.
1871 Jan. * Pa. The Working Men's
Benevolent Association order a strike
of coal-miners in the Schuylkill, Lehigh,
and Lower "Wyoming districts.
Feb. 25. Ky. A white man, incarce-
rated for the murder of a negro, is
taken from the jail at Frankfort and
set free, by a band of armed men.
Mar. 12. O. The reading rooms of the
public library at Cincinnati are first
opened on Sunday.
STATE.
1870 Oct. 30. B. C. Jacob D. Cox,
secretary of the interior, resigns.
Nov. 8. Mich. The people ratify an
amendment to the Constitution, which
abolishes all distinction in the enjoy-
ment of civil and political rights which
are based on color.
— B. C. The Republican majority in
Congress is much reduced by the elec-
tions.
Nov. 25. Ala. Gov. Smith enjoins the
President of the Senate from counting
the votes cast for governor on Nov. 8.
Dec. 5. B. C. The 41st Congress: the
third session opens.
Dec. 7. Ala. Gov. Lindsay begins suit
to recover the books and papers of the
governor's office.
Dec. 12. B. C. Congress ; House : J.
H. Rainey of S. C, the first colored
member, is sworn in.
Dec. 14. N. C. Gov. Holden is im-
peached for malfeasance in office. He
refused to surrender Kuklux prisoners
on a writ of habeas corpus.
Dec. 22. B. C. Gen. Robert C. Schenck
of O. is appointed minister to Great
Britain.
* * B. C. William Strong of Pa. and
Joseph P. Bradley of N. J. are ap-
pointed associate justices of the Su-
preme Court.
* * La. The Legislature passes an act
granting a charter uniting Jefferson
City and Algiers with New Orleans.
* * Md. The Legislature rejects the 15th
Amendment to the Federal Constitu-
tion by a unanimous vote.
* * Ore. The Legislature rejects the 15th
Amendment ; it protests against the
treaty with China.
* * U.S. Governors inaugurated :
-72 * * Ala. Robert B. Lindsay.
-71 * * Conn. James E. English.
-71 * * Ida. (Ter.). Gilman Marston.
-74 * * Minn. Horace Austin.
-71 * * Miss. James L. Alcorn.
-82 * * Mont. (Ter.). Benj. F. Potts.
-77 * * Ore. Lafayette S. Grover.
-74 * * Tex. Edmund J, Davis.
-74 * * Va. Gilbert C. Walker.
-72 * * Vt. John W. Stewart.
-71 * * Wash. (Ter.). Ed. S. Salomon.
1871 Jan. 1. U. S. The new tariff
comes into operation.
Jan. 12. B. C. President Grant appoints
B. F. Wade of O., A. D. White of N. Y.,
and Dr. Samuel G. Howe of Mass., a
Board of Commissioners to visit San
Domingo, and report on the desirability
of annexing that Republic to the United
States.
Jan. 16. B. C. The Supreme Court ren-
ders its decision that the Legal Tender
Act of 1862 is in harmony with the Con-
stitution. Case of Knox vs. Lee.
Jan. 20. D. C. Congress passes an-
other Refunding Act for the reduc-
tion of interest on the debt.
Jan. 26. B. C. Sir Edward Thornton,
British minister at Washington, pro-
poses a joint high commission for
settling international claims.
"Feb. 9. D. C. Congress passes an act
providing for a commission on fish and
fisheries.
Feb. 21. B. C. Congress grants a ter-
ritorial government to the District of
Columbia, and provides for a governor,
with a council of 11 members, appointed
by the President, and a house of dele-
gates, elected by the people.
Feb. 27. B.C. The Joint Commission
meets at Washington to settle several
disputes with Great Britain — the dam-
ages done by the Confederate privateers,
the fishery question, and the San Juan
boundary.
It consists of ten members : the Earl
de Gray and Marquis of Ripon, Sir Staf-
ford Northcote, and three others for
Great Britain ; Secretary Fish, Gen.
Schenck, and three others for the United
States.
Feb. 28. B. C. Congress passes an
additional act to protect the right
of suffrage ; Republicans vote for the
measure, Democrats against it.
Mar. 3. B. C. Congress passes an act
for the celebration at Philadelphia, in
1876, of the centennial of American
Independence.
It enacts that rules may be provided
by the President for admission to the
civil service.
It is the first important step in the
civil service reform. [George William
Curtis, Alexander G. Cattell, Joseph
Medill, D. A. Walker, E. B. Ellicott,
'Joseph H. Blackfan, and David C. Cox,
are appointed the first Civil Service
Commissioners. Fitness for the place is
to supersede political influence.]
Mar. 4. D. C. The 42d Congress
opens.
Mar. * B. C. Congress ; House : James
G. Blaine (Rep.) of Me. is reelected
Speaker ; vote, 126-92 ; George W. Mor-
gan (Dem.) of O., 92 votes.
Mar. 10. B. C. Congress: Charles
Sumner of Mass. is deposed from the
chairmanship of the Senate Committee
on Foreign Relations because of con-
tentions respecting San Domingo ;
James Donald Cameron of Pa. is his
successor.
Mar. 5. B. C. President Grant issues a
proclamation against the Kuklux ter-
rorists in North Carolina.
Mar. 10. B. C. Congress; Senate :
Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected
President pro tempore.
Mar. 24. B. C. President Grant issues
a proclamation against the armed Ku-
klux: bands of South Carolina.
Mar. 27. B. C. Congress : Senator Sum-
ner makes a powerful speech against the
annexation of San Domingo. [His
personal intercourse with the President
is suspended, and his relations to Repub-
lican senators are changed.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1870 Dec. 1. Utah. Mormons incor-
porate Zion's Cooperative Mercan-
tile Institution.
Dec. 27. Phila. The new Chamber of
Commerce is opened.
Dec. * U. S. The census lately completed
estimates the wealth of the United
States at $31,000,000,000.
Dec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1870.
Production: gold, $50,000,000; silver,
$16,000,000. Bushels of grain : Indian
corn, 760,944,549; wheat, 287,745,626;
oats, 282,107,157 ; barley, 29,761,305 ; rye,
16,918,795; buckwheat, 9,821,721. Bales
of cotton, 3,154,946. Pounds of wool,
162,000,000. Currency in circulation,
$655,212,794; per capita, $17.50. Immi-
grants, 387,203.
* * New York. The White Star Line of
steamers running to Liverpool is estab-
lished.
* * Cal. The Government commences the
improvement of Golden Gate.
* * O. Lake View Cemetery, near Cleve-
land, is laid out.
* * La. A new charter is adopted at
New Orleans ; Jefferson City is annexed.
* * Minn. The digging of a ship canal
across Minnesota Point at Duluth is be-
gun.
* * O. Mount Auburn, Corryville, and
Storrs township are annexed to Cin-
cinnati.
1871 Jan. 27. Tenn. An explosion
occurs on the steamer H. R. Arthur,
above Memphis; fire follows, and 87
persons perish.
Jan. 31. Chicago. The Foundling's
Home is opened.
Mar. 3. B. C. Congress charters the
Southern Pacific Railroad, connecting
Marshall, Texas, with Los Angeles, Cal.
Mar. 15. Phila. The paid fire depart-
ment is inaugurated.
274 1871, Mar. *-Dec. *
AMERICA:
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1871 Apr. 15. ± Africa. Stanley ob-
tains tidings respecting Livingstone.
Apr. * N. Y. The State grants a site and
$500,000 for a building to be used by the
Metropolitan Museum of Art.
June 10. New York. A bronze statue
of Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of
the electric telegraph, is unveiled in
Central Park.
June * Stanley reaches Unganyembe, in
West Central Africa.
June 24. N. Y. The corner-stone of the
Capitol at Albany is laid.
The building is 300 by 400 feet, and
with its porticos will cover seven acres of
land ; estimated cost, about $24,000,000.
June 29. New York. Capt. Charles F.
Hall sails in the Polaris on his third
expedition to the polar regions.
July 24. N. Y. The asteroid Cassandra
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. [Also
Iphigenia, Sept. 19.]
Aug. 6. Mich. The asteroid Thyra is
discovered by J. C. "Watson.
Sept. * The Polaris, with Capt. Hall's
expedition, is frozen in by arctic ice.
Oct. 6. O. The Tyler-Davidson foun-
tain at Cincinnati is unveiled.
Oct. * Great forest fires rage in Michi-
gan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin; 15,000
people lose their homes in Michigan.
Nov. 8. Capt. Charles F. Hall, the arc-
tic explorer, dies in the polar region.
Nov. 10. Africa. Stanley's band dis-
play tbe American flag and march into
Ujiji, where he finds Livingstone.
* * Chicago. Tbe Apollo Musical Club
is organized.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1871.
Apr 10, Chauncey, John S., com. U. S. N.,
A71±.
Apr. 16. Dumont, Ebenezer, bng.-gen.
vols., M. C. for Ind., A56.
Apr. 17. Marshall, Thomas Alexander,
jurist, M. C, for Ky., A77.
Apr. * Mason, James Murray, senator for
Va., author of fugitive-slave law, A74.
May 23. Clark, Davis Wasgatt, editor,
M. E. bishop, A59.
May. 31. Montgomery, William Reading,
U. S. A., brig. gen. vols., A70.
June 1. Murpl-y, John McLeod, naval engi-
neer, writer, A44.
June 3. Lord, Eleazer, financier, scholar,
author, benefactor, A83.
June 4. Tatnall, Josiah, capt. XJ. S. N. ;
capt. Confederate navy, A75.
June 7. Rodman, Thomas Jeff., brev. brig.-
gen. U. S. A. ; inventor of cannon, A53.
June 8. Ketchum, Wm., brig.-gen. vols., A58.
June 13. Croswell, Edwin, editor, A74.
June 17. Vallandigham, Clement Laird,
M. C. for O., exiled to the Confed., A51.
June 25. Gannett, Ezra Stiles, Unit, cler-
gyman, A70.
July 1. May, Samuel Joseph, Unit, clergy-
man, abolitionist, A74.
July 29. Slidell, John, sen. for La., A78.
July 31. Cary, Phoebe, author, poet, A47.
Aug. 8. Beman, Nathaniel S. S., Pres. cler-
gyman, A86.
Aug:. 26. Scribner, Charles, publisher Scrib-
ner's Monthly, A51.
Sept. 8. Holbrook, John Edwards, natural-
ist, of S. C, A76.
Sept. 16. Longnecker, Henry Clay, law-
yer, M. C. for Pa. ; col. vols., A51.
Oct. 26. Ewingr, Thomas, sec. of treas.,
senator for O., A82.
Oct. 27. Anderson. Robert, maj.-gen.,
defender of Fort Sumter, A66.
Crawford, Nathaniel Macon, Rapt, cler-
gyman, A60.
Nov. 5. Loring, Fredrick W., author, A23.
Nov. 8. Hall, Charles Francis, arctic ex-
plorer, A 50.
Nov. 13. Cookman, Alfred, M. E. clergy-
man, A43.
Nov. 26. Cogswell, Joseph Green, geolo-
gist, librarian, A85.
Nov. 29. Dunn, Oscar, born a slave, lieut.-
gov. of La., A51.
Dec. 17. Tuckerman, H. T., essayist, art-
critic, A 58.
Dec. 20. Baker, Osman C, M. E. bp., A59.
Dec. 24. Morse, Sidney E., editor, A77.
Dec. 26. Rarker, Jacob, financier, politi-
cian, of N. Y., A92.
Dec. 27. Breckinridge, Robert J., Pres.
clergyman, A71.
Dec. 28. Hackett, James Henry, actor, A71.
CHURCH.
1871 May 24. D. C. The Interna-
tional Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation assembles at Washington.
June 9. Chicago. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem is held.
June 11. Kan. Louis M. Fink is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Leav-
enworth.
Oct. 8. S. C. William Bell White Howe
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as-
sistant bishop of South Carolina.
Oct. 25. Term. The Central South Con-
gregational Association is organized.
Nov. 17. O. A National Council of
Congregational churches is formed
at Oberlin.
Nov. * N. Y. The Lutheran General
Council meets at Rochester ; Charles
P. Krauth, president.
Dec. 4. Tex. The Congregational Associ-
ation of Southwest Texas is organized.
LETTERS.
1871 Apr. *N. J. The free school
system is introduced.
Sept. 6. R. I. The State Normal
School is opened at Providence.
Sept. * Tex. The public school system
is introduced.
Oct. 4. Ala. The University of Ala-
bama at University is reorganized and
Dec. 20. Wis. A CoUege for Women
is opened in connection with the State
University at Madison.
* * Ala. The Alabama Polytechnic
College (non-sect.) is organized at Au-
burn.
SOCIETY.
1871 Apr. 26. Cal. Laura D. Fair is
tried and acquitted at San Francisco for
the murder of A. P. Crittenden on Nov. 3,
1870.
Apr. * Phila. The Presbyterian Hos-
pital is chartered.
May 18. N. Y. Edward H. Ruloff , a
philologist, is tried for murder, and
hanged at Binghamton.
May * S. C. A taxpayers' convention
is held at Columbia.
July 4. Utah. A parade of the Mor-
mon militia is broken up by United
States officers.
July 12. New York. A riot occurs be-
tween the Irish Catholics and Irish
Protestants.
The Catholics attempt to break up a
parade of Orangemen, though protected
by the police ; the military are called
out, and over 100 persons are killed and
wounded.
Aug. 10. Mo. A National Labor Con-
gress assembles at St. Louis.
Aug. * Mich. George Vanderpool is
tried for the murder of Herbert Field,
at Manistee, on Sept. 5, 1869, and finally
acquitted. 1st trial, guilty ; 2d trial,
the jury disagree ; 3d trial, acquitted.
Sept. 2. N.Mex. An election riot breaks
out at La Mesilla.
Sept. 4. New York. A mass-meeting of
citizens appoints a committee of 70 to
investigate the charges against the
Tweed King.
Sept. 18. Chicago. The Sovereign Grand
Lodge of Odd Fellows assembles.
Sept. 26. Md. A National Commercial
Convention assembles at Baltimore.
Oct. 2. Utah. Brigham Young, the
president of the Mormon Church, is ar-
rested for bigamy.
Oct. 24. Cal. A mob causes a riot at
Los Angeles in which 15 Chinamen are
hanged and six shot.
Oct. 28. New York. William M. Tweed
is arrested on a civil charge, and released
on $2,000,000 bail.
Oct. 3 1 . Tenn. The Reunion and Re-
form Association convenes at Nash-
ville.
Oct. * Mich. The sum of $462,106 and
about $250,000 worth of clothing are dis-
tributed among the sufferers by forest
fires; the gifts are the benefactions of
many States and several nations.
Oct. * U. S. Great sums of money con-
tributed throughout the country for the
sufferers by the Chicago fire.
Utah. Brigham Young escapes trial
by flight; Elder Hawkins is sentenced
to three years imprisonment for bigamy.
Nov. 7. New York. The Tammany Ring
is defeated in the municipal election.
Nov. 19. New York. The Grand Duke
Alexis arrives, accompanied by a fleet
of Russian war-vessels. [He is publicly
welcomed, Nov. 21.]
Dec. 16. New York. William M.
Tweed is committed to the Tombs for
a short time.
* * Boston. The 5th National Encamp-
ment of the Grand ALrmy of the Re-
public is held ; Gen. Ambrose E. Burn-
side of R. I. , commander-in-chief.
* * Neb. The State insane asylum is
opened at Lincoln.
* * The American Society of Mechani-
cal Engineers is organized.
STATE. '
1871 Mar.* Ky. The Government sends
troops into the State, and withdraws
the mail for one month from Benson,
UNITED STATES.
1871, Max. *- Dec.
275
because of the murder of William H.
Gibson, a colored mail agent of the Lex-
ington and Louisville road, on Jan. 26.
Apr. 5. B. C. Congress receives the
report of the San Domingo Commis-
sion; also a message from President
Grant, relating to annexation.
Apr. 10. B. C. Congress passes a Gen-
eral Amnesty Bill, which excepts three
classes of secessionists. Vote, 134-46.
[Deferred by the Senate.]
Apr. 19. B. C. Congress passes the
unpopular Force Bill.
By it military action may be taken in
States where a conspiracy denies equal
protection to all the citizens, and per-
mits the President to suspend the writ of
habeas corpus in such States.
Apr. 20. B. C. The President approves
Anti-Kuklux Act (Force Bill) ; it has
for its object the enforcement of the
14th Amendment.
The 42d Congress : the first session
closes.
Apr. 27. W. Va. The people vote to
restore the rights of citizenship to
persons implicated in aiding the Con-
federacy.
May 3. B.C. President Grant issues a
proclamation to inform the South that
it may avoid the enforcement of the
obnoxious Kuklux Act by orderly be-
havior.
Conn. A joint committee of the Gen-
eral Assembly is appointed to examine
the election returns.
May 8. B. C. The Treaty of "Wash-
ington resulting from the labors of the
Joint High Commission is signed.
It provides for reference to the Em-
peror of Germany of the dispute as to
the Oregon boundary ; for a partial
settlement of the fishery dispute ; and for
the settlement of the Alabama claims.
May 10. B. C. The Senate meets in
special session at the call of the Presi-
dent (Apr. 20). [It adjourns May 27.]
Conn. The joint committee reports
to the General Assembly the vote for
governor; total vote, 94,860; Marshall
Jewell (Rep.), 47,473 ; James E. English
(Dem.), 47,373 ; scattering, 14. It reports
Jewell elected.
May 26. B.C. Congress: The Senate
ratifies the treaty of Washington ; it
relates to Alabama claims.
May* B.C. The President suspends the
habeas corpus act in nine counties of
South Carolina, consequent on Kuklux
outrages.
June 2. Neb. Gov. David P. Butler,
charged with appropriating to his own
use $17,000 of the school fund, is im-
peached for corruption.
June 28. The Civil Service Commis-
sioners meet, and elect George Wil-
liam Curtis of N. Y. chairman.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1871.
Revenue: Customs, $206,270,408 ; internal
revenue, $143,098,154 ; direct tax, $580,-
355; sales of public lands, $2,388,647;
premiums on loans and sales of gold
coin, $8,892,840; miscellaneous items,
$22,093,541. Total revenue, $383,323,945 ;
excess of revenue over ordinary ex-
penses, $91,146,757. Expenditures: Pre-
miums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc.,
$9,016,795 ; miscellaneous items, $60,-
481,917 ; War Department, $35,799,992 ;
Navy Department, $19,431,027 ; Indians,
$7,426,997 ; pensions, $34,443,895 ; interest
on the public debt, $125,576,566. Total
ordinary expenses, $292,177,188; public
debt, $2,353,211,332. Exports, $442,820,-
178 ; imports, $520,223,684.
July 4. Utah. The Federal Government
disperses companies of the Nauvoo
Legion.
Aug. 8. La. The spirit of political
faction disturbs the peace of the State.
A convention called by the Republican
State Central Committee (Warmouth-
ites) meets at New Orleans to choose
a State Committee ; an opposition con-
vention (Kelloggites) led by Lieut.-Gov.
Oscar J. Dunn, colored, meets in the
Custom-house.
Sept. 26. B. C. The Joint High Com-
missioners meet at Washington, and
organize to adjustprivateclaimsagainst
Great Britain and the United States,
arising between the 13th of April, 1861 ,
and the 9th of April, 1865.
Oct. 12. B. C. President Grant issues a
proclamation against the Kuklux, who
terrorize the negroes in the upper coun-
ties of South Carolina. He suspends the
habeas corpus in several counties, and
stations troops for the restoration of
order ; 600 citizens are arrested.
Oct. 30. Ga. Gov. Bullock being ac-
cused of fraud, resigns and leaves the
State.
Nov. 7 New York. Tammany Hall is
defeated in the State election ; William
F. Havemeyer is elected the 78th mayor.
Nov. 22. La. The Carter faction of the
Republican party declares the election
of P. B. S. Pinchback, to fill the va-
cancy caused by the death of the lieuten-
ant-governor, to be unconstitutional.
Nov. 23. Ind. Gov. Baker issues a pro-
clamation against mob violence and
the lynching of criminals.
Nov. 25. B. C. M. Katakazy, the
Russian envoy, becomes obnoxious to
Secretary Fish, by his unwaranted in-
terference in diplomatic matters, and
he is dismissed.
Dec. 13. B. C. Attorney-General A. T.
Akerman resigns.
Dec. 4. B. C. The 42d Congress : the
second session opens.
Dec. 14. Tenn. The Legislature pro-
vides for an Agricultural Bureau.
Dec. 15. Switz. The Alabama Arbi-
tration Commission opens and organ-
izes at Geneva.
The Court consists of five members :
Count Frederick Sclopis, president, for
Italy, Baron Staemprl for Switzerland,
Vicomte d'ltajuba for Brazil, Charles
Francis Adams for the United States,
and Sir Alexander Cockburn for Great
Britain.
Dec. 20. Switz. The American and Brit-
ish claims are presented to the Commis-
sion.
Dec. * La. Two factions strive to cap-
ture the Legislature by unseating oppo-
nents.
Dec. 21. B. C. Congress; Senate:
Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected
President pro tempore.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1871 June 18. O. C. L. Vallandig-
ham accidentally kills himself with a
pistol in a court-room.
June 24. N. Y. The corner-stone of the
new Capitol is laid at Albany.
June 30. U. S. Immigrants for 1871,
321,350.
July 14. A foreign syndicate offers to
take all the five per cent bonds that
the government desires to sell.
July 1. Chicago. The La Salle Street
tunnel is opened.
July 18. III. The Illinois and Michi-
gan Canal is deepened, to create a cur-
rent from Lake Michigan to the Illinois
River.
July 30. New York. The Staten Island
ferry-boat Westfield, while crowded with
passengers, explodes her boilers ; 100
persons are killed, and many injured.
Aug. 26. Mass. A collision occurs at
Revere, on the Boston and Portland
road, and causes 20 deaths.
Aug. 27. Ala. The steamer Ocean Wave
explodes at Mobile ; 60 lives lost.
Aug.* III. The Illinois and Michigan
Canal is transferred to the State. .
Aug. * Nev. The new Capitol at Car-
son City is occupied.
Sept. 19. III. President Lincoln's
body is removed to its resting-place at
Springfield.
Oct. 8. Chicago. The great fire.
A fire breaks out in a cow-stable at
9.30 o'clock on Sunday evening, and a
strong west wind drives it rapidly
through 73 miles of streets, till it covers
three and a half square miles, destroys
17,450 buildings, 200 lives, and property
valued at $200,000,000 ; 98,500 people are
rendered homeless. It is checked on
the second day.
Oct. 8-9. Wis. A terrific sheet of fire,
10 miles wide, sweeps over the counties
bordering Green Bay ; losses, 1,000 lives,
and $3,000,000 in property.
Oct. 9. New York. The Grand Central
Depot is opened.
Oct. 16-22. The English yacht Livonia
and the yachts of the New York Yacht
Club engage in an international race,
which is won by the Columbia and the
Sappho of New York, they leading in
four of the five races.
Oct.* Mich. Many lives are lost by
forest fires, which prevail during an ex-
tensive drought in Michigan and tin
Northwest.
Nov. 22. la. The corner-stone of the
new State Capitol is laid at Des Moines.
Dec.+* Phila. An epidemic of small
pox causes 4,464 deaths.
Dec. 31. U. S. Increase of railroads for
1871, 7,670 miles.
276 1871, * * -187 2, May 1.
AMERICA
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1871* * Mass. A School of Agricul-
ture is established at Harvard Univer-
sity by the gifts of Benjamin Bussey.
* * Mo. Beethoven's Conservatory of
Music is established at St. Louis.
* * New York. George H. Boughton of
London, England, Thomas "Waterman
"Wood, and Alexander H. Ritchie are
elected members of the National Acad-
emy of Design.
* * N. Y. The Buffalo park system is
begun ; 638 acres and 17 miles of drive-
ways are laid out.
* * Phila. Work begins on the Public
Building.
It covers four acres ; extreme height,
537J feet ; estimated cost, $10,000,000.
* * Phila. The Orpheus Society is or-
ganized.
* * U. S. Automatic self-binders for
harvesting grain are introduced.
* * Genesee Meadows is painted by J. W.
Casilear.
* * Close of Day is painted by A. B. Du-
rand.
* * The Battle of Gettysburg is painted by
Peter F. Bothermel.
1872 Jan. 9. D. C. Congress places
a statue of Poger "Williams in the
National Capitol.
Feb. 4. The aurora borealis is visible
in Northern States, very brilliant.
Feb. 20. New York. The Metropolitan
Museum of Art gives its first exhibi-
tion, consisting of paintings, in a tem-
porary gallery.
Mar. 1. Wyo. Congress sets apart the
Yellowstone National Park.
It comprises about 3,300 square miles
of remarkable scenery, and includes
Yellowstone Lake, many rivers, moun-
tains, and forests ; the hot springs,
spouting geysers, and mud volcanoes
attract attention.
Mar. 8. Conn. The State formally pre-
sents to the IT. S. Senate the statues of
Jonathan Trumbull and Roger Sher-
man, to be placed in the National Capi-
tol.
Mar. 26, 27. Cat. Earthquakes de-
stroy about thirty lives, and ruin several
small towns.
Apr. 3. Mich. The asteroid Althaea is
discovered by J. C. "Watson. [Also, Her-
mione, May 12, and Nemesis, Nov. 25.]
Apr. 9. Mich. The Soldiers' Monu-
ment at Detroit is unveiled ; cost,
$75,000.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1873.
Jan. 3. Brittan, Nathan, teacher, inventor,
A64.
Porter, Andrew, brig.-gen. U. S. vols.,
A52.
Jan. 4. Naudain, Arnold, physician, sen.
for Del., A82.
Jan. 9. Halleck, Henry Wager, maj.-
gen., gen.-in-chief, military writer, A57.
Jan. 13. Rich, Isaac, merchant, philan-
thropist, fdr. of Boston University, A71.
Jan. 25. Ewell, Richard Stoddard, capt.
TJ. S. A., Confed. lieut.-gen., A52.
Jan. 28. Eddy, Norman, lawyer, M. C. for
Ind., A61.
Lyman, Joseph B., journalist, agricul-
turist, author, A42.
Feb. 7. Grimes, James W., senator, Gov.
of Iowa, A56.
Spalding, Martin John, R. C, arch-
bishop of Baltimore, A62.
Feb. 27. Tread well, Daniel, machinist, in-
ventor, A81.
Mar. 6. Howard, Benjamin C, lawyer,
M. C. for Md., A81.
Mar. 28. Marshall, Humphrey, M. C. for
Ky., Confederate brig.-gen., A60.
Apr. 2. Morse, Samuel Finley B., artist
and inventor (Telegraph), A81.
Upham, Thomas Cogswell, Cong, clergy-
man, metaphysician, author, A72.
Apr. 5. Galloway, Samuel, lawyer, M. C.
for O., A61.
Apr. 16. Buchanan, McKean, tragedian,
A 49,
Apr. 18.
A81.
Apr. 22
Tufts, Quincy, philanthropist,
Fort, George, physician, Gov.
of N. J., A63.
Apr. 27, Kidwell, Zedekiah, physician,
lawyer, M. C. for Va., A58.
Moore, Nathaniel F., professor Greek
and Latin at Columbia, A90.
CHURCH.
1871 * * The Protestant Episcopal dio-
ceses of Arkansas and Central Pennsyl-
vania are formed.
* "-Boston. The "Woman's Baptist For-
eign Missionary Society is organized.
* * Chicago. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held.
* * Chicago. The "Woman's Baptist
Foreign Missionary Society of the
"West is organized.
* * Chicago. The General Assembly of
Presbyterians meets ; Z. M. Humphrey,
moderator.
* * Ind. The Indiana Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) is organized.
* * The Kansas Eldership (Church of God)
is organized.
* * The Minnesota and North Iowa Con-
ference (Free Methodist) is organized.
* * Md. The General Convention (Pro-
testant Episcopal) meets in Baltimore ;
it renews the vote of confidence taken
in 1844.
* *The Missouri Eldership (Church of
God) is organized.
* * Neb. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) of Nebraska is organized.
* * O. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) meets at Dayton.
* * O. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; K.. M. Bishop, president.
* * O. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian ) meets at Xenia ; R. A.
McAyeal, moderator.
* * Pa. The Reformed Presbyterian Sy-
nod at Pittsburg subscribes to the
bond of the covenant received from
the sessions.
* * The "Woman's Auxiliary to the
Board of Missions of the Protestant
Episcopal Church is organized.
* * S. Dak. The Congregational Associa-
tion of South Dakota is organized.
* * Cal. The Congregational Associa-
tion of Christian Chinese is organized
at San Francisco.
1872. Apr. 14. O. Richard Gilmour
is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop
of Cleveland.
Ind. Joseph Dwenger is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Fort "Wayne.
Apr. 21. N. Y. Francis McNeirny is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
the diocese of Albany.
May l.-June 4. N. Y. The General
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is
held in Brooklyn ; lay delegates are
admitted ; incipient action is taken to
promote fraternal relations with the
Methodist Episcopal Church South.
The Central New York, Florida, and
Northwest Iowa Conferences are organ-
ized ; also the Chicago German Confer-
ence.
Thomas Bowman, "William L. Harris,
Randolph S. Foster, Isaac "W. "Wiley,
Stephen M. Merrill, Edward G. Andrews,
Gilbert Haven, and Jesse T. Peck are
ordained bishops.
LETTERS.
1871 * * Arkansas College (Pres.) is or-
ganized at Batesville.
* * Ark. Judson University (Bapt.) is
organized at Judsonia.
* * Arkansas Industrial University (non-
sect.) is organized at Fayetteville.
* * Boston University is opened.
* * Cal. Mills College at Mills College
is opened.
* * Cal. The San Francisco Theological
Seminary (Pres.) is opened.
* * Cal. Pierce Christian College
(Christian) is organized at College City.
* * Conn. Noah Porter is elected presi-
dent of Yale University, as successor to
Theodore D. Woolsey.
* * Ga. Dorchester Academy, colored, is
opened at Mcintosh, by the American
Missionary Association.
* * Ky. The Public Library of Ken-
tucky is founded. [60,800 vols.]
* * Miss. Alcorn University (non-sect.)
is organized at Rodney.
* * Mo. The State Normal School at
Warrensburg is opened ; also another
at Kirksville ; at Plymouth, N. H. ; at
Genesee and Buffalo, N. Y. ; the Le-
Moyne Normal Destitute at Memphis,
Tenn. ; and the Roman Catholic Normal
School of the Holy Family, at St. Fran-
cis, "Wis.
* * N. C. Rutherford College is opened.
* * Neb. Edward Rosewater establishes
the Omalia Daily Bee.
* * Neb. The University of Nebraska
is opened at Lincoln.
* * N. H. The compulsory education
law becomes effective.
* * N. J. Stevens's Institute of Tech-
nology at Hoboken, founded by Edwin
Augustus Stevens, is opened.
* * N. J. The Princeton Review is estab-
lished.
* * N. Mex. The Legislature provides for
common schools in each county.
* * New York. The Witness is issued.
* * N. Dak. Fargo College (Cong.) is
founded.
UNITED STATES. 1871,* *-1872, May 1. 277
* * New York. Forest and Stream is
founded.
* * 0. Miami Valley College (Friends)
in Springboro is organized.
* * 0. Buchtel University (Univ.) is
opened at Akron.
* * Pa. Lincoln Theological Seminary
(Colored Pres.) is established.
* * S. C. Benedict Institute (Colored
Bapt.) is founded at Columbia.
* * W. Va. Shepherd College (non-sect.)
is organized.
* * W. Va. The Broaddus College
(Bapt.) at Clarksburg is opened.
* * A Woman's Poems, by Sarah M. B.
Piatt, appears.
* * Landmarks, by John James Piatt, ap-
pears.
* * The Book of the East, by R. H. Stod-
dard, appears.
* * East and West Poems, by Bret Harte,
appears.
* * Dictionary of Literature and Authors,
by Samuel Austin Allibone, appears.
* * Life of Christ, by Henry Ward Beecher,
appears.
* * Life of General R. E. Lee, by John
Esten Cooke, appears.
* * Little Men, by Louisa May Alcott,
appears.
* * My Study Windows, by James Rus-
sell Lowell, appears.
* * Democratic Vistas, by Walt Whitman,
appears.
* * Real Folks, by Adeline Dutton Train
Whitney, appears.
* * The Hoosier Schoolmaster, by Edward
Eggleston, appears.
* * Success and its Conditions, by Edwin
Percy Whipple, appears.
* * History of Frederick the Great, by John
S. C. Abbott, appears.
* * Christianity and Positivism, by James
McCosh, appears.
* * Castilian Days, by John Hay, appears ;
also, Pike County Ballads.
* * The Country of the Dwarfs, by Paul B.
du Chaillu, appears.
* * Our Girls, by Dio Lewie, appears.
* * The Moral Duty of Total Abstinence,
by Theodore L. Cuyler, appears.
* * Common Sense in the Household, by
Marion Harland, appears.
* * Overland, by J. W. DeForest, appears.
* * Pink and White Tyranny, by Harriet
Beecher Stowe, appears.
* * Songs of the Sierras, by Joaquin Mil-
ler, appears.
* * Verses by H. H. (Helen Hunt, after-
wards Mrs. Jackson) appears.
* * Elements of Intellectual Philosophy,
by Noah Porter, appears ; also Science
of Nature vs. the Science of Man.
* * The Sympathy of Religions, by Thomas
W. Higginson, appears.
* * The Divine Tragedy, by Henry W.
Longfellow, appears.
1872 Mar. 25. Chicago. The Inter-
Ocean is issued.
SOCIETY.
1871* * N. Y. Aratus F. Pierce is
tried and acquitted of the murder of
William Bullock at Lockport.
* * Great bitterness prevails in the South
against free suffrage.
Northern men in the Southern States
are stigmatized " Carpetbaggers," loyal
Southerners are called " Scalawags."
1872 Jan. 6. New York. Edward S.
Stokes, through jealousy for a dissolute
woman, shoots Col. James Fisk, Jr.,
a prominent railroad official and finan-
cial speculator, at the Grand Central
Hotel.
Mar. 18. New York. The "Workmen's
International Association makes a
public demonstration.
Apr. * New York. Carpenters, brick-
layers, and helpers make a combined
strike ; the employers also combine.
Apr. 24. Mo. Judge J. C. Stephenson,
Thomas E. Detro, and James C. Cline
are assassinated by a large body of
masked men near Gun City ; they were
accused of complicity in increasing
taxes by the fraudulent issue of railroad
bonds.
STATE.
1871 * * Vt. The Constitution is
amended ; the sessions of the Legisla-
ture to be biennial, also the State elec-
tions ; the council of censors is abolished.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-72 * * Ark. Orzo A. Hadley.
-73 * * Conn. Marshall Jewell.
-75 * * Ida. ( Ter.). Thomas W. Bennett.
-74* * Me. Sidney Perham.
-74 * * Miss. Ridgely C. Powers.
-73 * * Mo. Benj. Gratz Brown.
-73 * * Neb. William H. James.
-74 * * N.C. Tod R. Caldwell.
-72 * * N. H. James A. Weston.
-79 * * Nev. Louis R. Bradley.
-79 * * N. Mex. (Ter.). Marsh Giddings.
-75 * * Tenn. John C. Brown.
-73 * * U. (Ter.). George L. Woods.
-77 * * W. Va. John J. Jacob.
1872 Jan. 2. Utah. Brigham Young
surrenders himself for trial.
Jan. 6. La. The Warmouth Legis-
lature meets at the Mechanics' Institute
at New Orleans ; the adherents of the
speaker of the House, Geo. W. Carter,
also meet in another hall.
Jan. 8. D. C. Congress provides for the
issuing of one-cent postal cards.
Jan. 16. W. Va. A Constitutional
Convention is held at Charleston.
Jan. 22. La. The Carterites, several
thousand strong, attempt to seize the
Mechanics' Institute at New Orleans,
but are held in check by Gen. Emory,
commander of the Federal troops.
The House holds an extra session, with
"Warmouthites in the majority ; in the
absence of Speaker Carter, it declares
his chair vacant, and elects O. H. Brew-
ster to fill it.
Jan. 24. Mo. A convention at Jefferson
City inaugurates the Liberal Republi-
can movement.
Jan. * Eng. Great excitement prevails
because of the claims advanced for in-
direct losses in the Alabama case.
Jan. * La. Federal troops preserve the
peace in the Legislative contest.
Feb. 22±. O. The 1st National Con-
vention of the Prohibition party is
held at Columbus ; James Black of Pa.
and John Russell of Mich, are nomi-
nated as presidential candidates.
A Labor Reform Convention meets
and nominates David Davis of 111. and
Joel Parker of N. J. as presidential
candidates.
Feb. 23. D.C. Congress; Senate:
Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected
President pro tempore.
Feb. 26. Ala. The Legislature passes a
new election law.
Feb. * Fla. Another unsuccessful at-
tempt is made to impeach Gov. Reed.
Mar. 1. D. C. The Act establishing the
Yellowstone National Park in Wyom-
ing is approved ; it is about 3,300 square
miles.
Mar. 4. D. C. The Japanese embassy
is presented to President Grant.
Mar. 5. D. C. Congress removes the in-
ternal taxes on fish, fruits, and meats.
Mar. * D. C. President Grant appoints
three commissioners to examine plans
and proposals for the Panama canal.
Apr. 10-14. La. A National Conven-
tion of colored men convenes at New
Orleans ; Frederick Douglass, president.
Apr. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate
admits Matthew W. Ransom of N. C. ;
all of the Southern States are now rep-
resented in this branch of Congress.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1871 * * La. The city of New Orleans
purchases Exposition Park.
* * Miss. The Planters, Manufactur-
ers, and Mechanics Association is
incorporated.
* *New York. The Gilbert Elevated
Railroad is sold under a foreclosure.
* * New York. Dummy locomotives sub-
stitute the cable on the Elevated Rail-
road.
* *± N. Y. Prospect Park in Brooklyn
is completed.
* * O. The Cincinnati Cotton Exchange
is established.
* * O. The Union Stock Yards Com-
pany is incorporated at Cincinnati.
1872 Jan. 2. JV. Dak. Ground is bro-
ken at Grand Forks for the Northern
Pacific Railroad.
Mar. 4. Phila. The Centennial Com-
mission is organized to prepare for a
National celebration in 1876.
Mar.* New York. The Erie Ring,
ruled by James Fisk and Jay Gould,
collapses; restoration is made to Eng-
lish bondholders ; Gens. Dix and McClel-
lan are among the new directors.
Apr. 11. The boiler of the Mississippi
steamer Oceanus explodes ; 40 lives are
lost.
278 1872, May 1-'
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1872. Nov. 29. Ore. Capt. Jackson,
sent to remove the Modoc Indians to a
reservation, has a battle with them on
the Lost River.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1372 May * Zanzibar. Stanley arrives
from the interior of Africa.
June 17-July4. Boston. The
World's Peace Jubilee is celebrated
under the musical leadership of P. S.
Gilmore ; 10,000 singers accompanied by
1,000 instruments sound forth the joys of
peace.
July 31. N. Y. The asteroids Brun-
hilda and Gerda are discovered by C.
H. F. Peters. [Also, Alceste, Aug. 23.]
Sept. 22. Phila. The Lincoln Monu-
ment in Fairmount Park is unveiled.
Nov. 25-27. Brilliant meteroic dis-
plays are visible in the Northern and
Northwestern States.
Nov. * The discovery of an atmospheric
wave, covering nearly the entire terri-
tory between the two great oceans, is
reported by the chief of the Signal
Service.
* * Ind. Discovery of block coal, whereby
an impetus is given to the iron manu-
factures of the State.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1872.
May 11. Read, Thomas Buchanan, poet,
artist, A50.
May 24. Hopkins, Albert, astronomer,
physicist, A65.
May 26. Stimpson, William, naturalist,
A40.
June 1 . Bennett, James Gordon, founder
of If. Y. Herald, A77.
June 3. Colvocoresses, George M., capt.
U. S. N., A60.
June 6. Scranton, Joseph H., capitalist,
one of the founders of Scranton, Pa., A59.
June 29. Crabbe, Thomas, rear-adm. U. S.
K., A84.
July 25. Nicholson, William C, com. U.
S N. A72.
■ Randall, Alexander W., P. M.-gen., A52.
July 31. Olney, Jesse, geographer, educa-
tor, author, A 74.
Aug:. 3. Eaton, Geo. W., Bapt. clergyman,
teacher, A 68.
Aug:. 11. Mason, Lowell, musical com-
poser, A80.
Aug:. 12. Macomb, William H., com. V. S.
N., A52.
Aug:. 18. Davenport, Henry K., capt. U. S.
N.,A52.
Aug:. 26. Ingersoll, Ralph I., lawyer, M. C.
for Conn., A84.
Sept. 11. Eastburn, Manton, P.E. bishop
of Mass., A71.
Sept. 22. Davis, Garrett, sen. for Ky., A71.
Sept. 25. Cartwrig:ht, Peter, frontier M.
E. clergyman, A 87.
Oct. 2. Lieber, Francis, publicist, writer,
A 72.
Oct. 3. Faville, Oran, educationist, in la.,
A 45.
Oct. 8. Bache, Hartman, brig. -gen. U. S.
A., A74.
Oct. 9. Deming, Henry C, M. C. for Conn.,
author, A 57.
Oct. lO. Parton, Sara P. Willis (Fanny
Fern), author, A61.
Seward, "William Henry, Gov., sen. for
N.Y., Lincoln's sec. of state, A71.
Oct. 30. Ames, Joseph, portrait and genre
painter, A56.
Oct. 31. Brownell, Henry Howard, poet,
A52.
Griswold, John A., iron manufacturer,
builder of Monitor, M. C. for N. Y., A54.
Nov. 5. Sully, Thomas, painter, A89.
Nov. 6. Meade, George Gordon, maj.-
gen., commander of Army of Potomac at
Gettysburg, A57.
Nov. 14. Hadley, James, philologist, pro-
fessor of Greek at Yale, A51.
Nov. 29. Greeley, Horace, editor, phi-
lanthropist, founder N. Y. Tribune, A62.
Dec. 12. Forrest, Edwin, actor, A W.
Pollard, Edward, journalist, litterateur,
historian, A 44.
Dec. 16. Kensett, John Frederick, land-
scape painter, A56.
Dec. 20. Putnam, George P., publisher,
author, A58.
Dec. 23. Catlin, George, artist, A76.
Dec. 31. Brown, John A., financier, A84.
CHURCH.
1872 May 5. N.Y. Edgar P. Wadhams
(Roman Catholic), bishop of Ogdens-
burg, is consecrated.
June 7. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem is held.
Oct. 22-25. Boston. The National
Unitarian Conference is held.
Nov. * O. The Lutheran General
Council meets at Akron.
* * N. J. The New Jersey Conference
(African Methodist Episcopal) is formed.
LETTERS.
1872 May * * The Fisk University Ju-
bilee Singers make a campaign for
$20,000.
* * Ala. The State Agricultural and Me-
chanical College at Auburn is opened.
* * Boston. The National Educational
Association meets ; appoints a commit-
tee to examine the kindergarten system.
[It reports favorably.]
* * Boston. The Globe is issued.
* * Cal. St. Mary's CoUege (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at San Francisco.
* * Ind. The Indiana Public Library is
founded at Indianapolis. [39,273 vols.]
* * Mass. A School of Forestry is es-
tablished at Harvard.
* * Md. The College of Physicians and
Surgeons at Baltimore is opened.
* * Miss. The East Mississippi Female
CoUege is opened.
* * Mo. The Fulton Synodical Female
College is opened. Harding CoUege
is founded by Baptists at Mexico.
* * Neb. Doane CoUege (Cong.) is
founded at Crete.
* * New York. The Popular Science
Monthly is founded.
* * New York. The newspapers succeed
in arousing the public for the complete
overthrow of the ■ « Tweed Ring ' ' — the
Times holding the place of honor.
* * Ore. The Legislature establishes a
reform school at Portland.
* * O. Buchtel CoUege (Univ.) in Akron
is organized.
* * S. C. The WalhaUa Female Col-
lege at "Walhalla is opened.
* * Tenn. Christian Brothers' CoUege
(Rom. Cath.) is organized at Memphis.
* * Tex. Mansfield CoUege (non-sect.)
is organized at Mansfield.
* * Utah. Ogden Seminary (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Ogden City.
* * Houghing It, by Mark Twain, appears.
SOCIETY.
1872 May * N. Y. Many other trades
join the striking builders — a sympa-
thetic strike.
June 15. N. Y. Strikers force their
way into Steinway's piano-factory to
persuade the remaining workmen to
strike.
June* New York. Most of the 90,000
strikers surrender.
Great losses : contractors and builders,
51,100,000; workmen, $1,400,000; general
public, in an indirect way, $5,760,000.
June 17 — July 4. Boston. "World's
Peace JubUee. (See Art — Science —
Nature.)
July +* U. S. Temperance Republicans
resent the Raster resolution placed in
the national platform.
The party is opposed to " laws for the
purpose of removing evils by interfer-
ence with rights not surrendered bv the
people to either the State or National
Government." [Mr. Herman Raster
says it applies to prohibitory and Sun-
day law.]
Aug. 18. New York. George C. Bar-
nard, a judge of the Supreme Court of
the State, having been convicted of offi-
cial corruption in connection with the
" Erie Ring," is degraded.
Sept. 18. N. Y. The corner-stone of the
State Insane Asylum is laid at Buffalo.
Sept. 25. Ky. The House of Reform
for JuvenUe Delinquents is opened
by the State at Anchorage.
Sept. * -73 Feb. * U. S. Prof. John
TyndaU of England, lectures in the
chief cities.
* * The Kuklux of the Southern States
make night raids in disguise, and terrify
the blacks ; they commit many outrages
to prevent the exercise of free suffrage.
Oct. 10. New York. The Presbyterian
Hospital is opened.
Oct.±* New York. Jacob Rosenzweig,
an abortionist, is tried for killing Alice
A. Bowlesby ; the body was shipped in
a trunk for Chicago. [Imprisoned for
seven years.]
Nov. 5. N. Y. Susan B. Anthony and
other women vote at the election in
Rochester. [Miss Anthony and 14 other
women are prosecuted for illegal vot-
ing']
STATE.
1872 May 1. D. C. Congress removes
the customs duties on tea and coffee, to
take effect July 1.
May 4 ±. 0. The National Conven-
tion of Liberal Repubhcans is held
at Cincinnati ; Carl Schurz, president ;
Horace Greeley of N. Y., editor of the
Tribune, is nominated for President, and
B. Gratz Brown of Mo. for Vice-Presi-
dent.
May 8. D. C. Congress passes an act
for the removal of the Kansas Indians
to the Indian Territory.
May * Utah. The Supreme Court annuls
the bigamy proceedings against Brig-
ham Young.
UNITED STATES.
1872, May 1-*
279
May 21. B.C. Congress: The House
passes the Civil Bights Bill.
May 22. D. C. Congress modifies po-
litical disabilities under Art. 3 of the
14th Amendment; the only exceptions
being former members of Congress, of
the Judiciary, of the Army and Navy,
and of the diplomatic service.
May 23. N. Y. The Legislature passes
an act establishing a commission for
State parks.
New York. A working men's Na-
tional Convention nominates U. S.
Grant and Henry Wilson as presidential
candidates.
May31. B.C. Congress: Senator
Sumner assails President Grant in a
bitter speech, Sumner being strongly
opposed to Grant's renomination.
June 6. D. C. Congress makes a re-
duction of 10 per cent in the tariff
rates for certain articles, and reduces
internal revenue taxes.
Phila. The Bepublican National
Convention, Thomas Settle of N. C,
president, renominates Gen. Ulysses S.
Grant for the presidency on the first
ballot, and Henry 'Wilson of Mass. for
the vice-presidency. Vote for "Vice-
President, "Wilson, 364J; Schuyler Col-
fax, 321J.
June 10. D. C. The 42d Congress :
the second session closes.
June 15. Switz. The tribunal for the
arbitration of the Alabama claims re-
sumes its sittings.
June 19. La. The discordant Republi-
cans (Packard and Pinchback) hold two
conventions at Baton Rouge. William
P. Kellogg is nominated for governor by
the Packard Convention.
June 21. New York. A convention of
Liberal Bepublican Bevenue Be-
formers convenes, and nominates "Wil-
liam S. Groesbeck of O. and Fred-
erick Law Olmsted of N. Y. as
presidential candidates.
June 24. III. David Davis declines the
nomination for President. [Joel Parker
declines on the 28th.] (See Feb. 22.)
June * D. C. The State Department se-
cures the release of Dr. Howard, an
American citizen, long imprisoned in
Cuba.
June * Congress abolishes the tax on
incomes, and all stamp taxes under
schedule B, except that of 2 per cent on
bank checks, drafts, and orders.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1872.
Revenue: Customs, $216,370,287: inter-
nal revenue, $130,642,178 ; sales of public
lands, $2,575,714; premiums on loans
and sales of gold coin, $9,412,638 ; mis-
cellaneous items, $15,106,051. Total rev-
enue, $374,106,868 ; excess of revenue
over ordinary expenses, $96,588,905.
Expenditures: Premiums on loans,
purchase of bonds, etc. , $6,958,267 ; mis-
cellaneous items, $60,984,757 ; War De-
partment, $35,372,157; Navy Depart-
ment, $21,249,810; Indians, $7,061,729;
pensions, $28,533,403 ; interest on public
debt, $117,357,840. Total ordinary ex-
penses, $277,517,963 ; public debt, $2,253-
251,328. Exports, $444,177,586; imports,
$626,595,077.
July 8. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected
President pro tempore.
July 9. Md. The National Democratic
Convention convenes at Baltimore ;
James R. Doolittle, president.
The Democrats unite in a coalition
with the Liberal Republicans, and Hor-
ace Greeley of N. Y. is nominated for
President on the first ballot, getting 686
out of 724 votes. Greeley has been re-
farded for many years as the most
amous anti-Democrat in the United
States. B. Gratz Brown of Mo. is nomi-
nated for Vice-President, getting 713 out
of 732 votes.
Aug. 9. La. P. B. S. Pinchback is
nominated for governor by the adjourned
Pinchback (Rep.) Convention.
Aug. 22. Phila. The Labor Beform Na-
tional Convention nominates Charles
O' Conor of N. Y. and Eli Saulsbury
of Del. as presidential candidates.
[O'Conor declines, Aug. 27.]
* * La. The State Central Committee
cause a fusion of divided Republicans,
and W. P. Kellogg is nominated for gov-
ernor, and Pinckney B. S. Pinchback for
Congressman-at-large. [The Senate re-
fuses him the seat.]
W. Va. The people ratify the amend-
ment to the Constitution restoring citi-
zenship to ex-secessionists.
Sept. 3-5. Ky. A National Conven-
tion of Badical Democrats, who repu-
diate Greeley and Brown as candidates,
convenes at Louisville and nominates in
their place Charles O'Conor of N. Y.
and John Q,. Adams of Mass. [They
decline.]
Sept. 14. Switz. The Court of Arbi-
tration announce their decision con-
cerning the " Alabama Claims."
All the five members vote to award
indemnity for the losses caused by the
Alabama ; four, for losses by the Florida ;
and three, for losses by the Shenandoah.
Total damages awarded, $15,500,000.
Sept. 25. Ky. A National Convention
of Liberal Colored Bepublieans con-
venes at Louisville, with delegates from
23 States, and nominates Horace
Greeley and B. Gratz Brown as presi-
dential candidates.
Oct. 21. The San Juan dispute with
Great Britain regarding the northwest
boundary is settled by arbitration;
Emperor William of Germany de-
cides in favor of the United States ; the
Canal de Haro becomes the international
boundary.
Oct. * U. S. The Democrats charge lead-
ing Republicans with corruption by the
officers of the Credit Mobilier.
It is alleged that the Vice-President,
Vice-President elect, Speaker of the
House, and the Secretary of the Treas-
ury are implicated, by receiving stock in
exchange for political influence.
Nov. 5. U. S. The 22d presidential elec-
tion ; Republicans elected.
Popular vote: Ulysses S. Grant of 111.
(Rep.), 3,597,070 ; Horace Greeley of N. Y.
(Dem. and Lib.), 2,834,079; Charles
O'Conor of N. Y. (Dem.), 29,408 ; James
Black of Pa. (Prohib.), 5,608. Gen. Grant
receives immense majorities in several
States — Pennsylvania leading with 137,-
548 majority. Mr. Greeley carries six
southern, but no northern States.
Ala. Both political parties claim the
governorship.
Nov. 18. Ala. Two Legislatures are
organized at Montgomery ; the Republi-
cans.at the U. S. Court-House, and the
Democrats at the State Capitol.
Nov. 23. Ala. David P. Lewis (Rep.) is
declared elected governor.
Nov. 25. Ala. Gov. Lewis assumes office,
and recognizes the Republican Legisla-
ture.
Dec. 2. D. C. The 42d Congress ; the
third session opens.
Dec. * D. C. Congress ; House : James
G. Blaine calls for a committee to in-
vestigate the Credit Mobilier scandal.
(See Oct. *)
Dec. * La. The Beturning Board is di-
vided—one faction declaring William
P. Kellogg elected governor, the other
John McEnery.
* * D. C. Ward Hunt of N.Y. is appointed
a justice of the Supreme Court.
Dec. 11. La. A Fusion (Rep.) Legis-
lature convenes at New Orleans ; it im-
peaches and suspends Gov. Warmouth.
Dec. * La. Judge Druell decides that W.
P. Kellogg was elected governor in
November.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1872 June 30. U. S. Lnmigrants for
1872, 404,806.
June * Colo. The first narrow-gauge
railroad is opened, between Denver and
Pueblo, for 118 miles.
Aug. 30. The propeller Metis collides
with a schooner on Long Island Sound ;
50 persons perish.
Sept. 3+. Ky. A National Industrial
Exposition is held at Louisville.
Oct. * An epidemic, called the " epi-
zootic," prevails among horses in the
larger cities, and partially suspends the
operation of commerce.
Nov. 9, 10, 11. Boston. The great fire
ravages 80 acres, burning 959 build-
ings, located chiefly in the wholesale
district, and destroys 35 lives ; loss, $73,-
000,000.
Nov. 19. Mass. A special session of the
Legislature is held to devise means for
the relief of the sufferers of the Boston
fire.
Nov. 29. Eng. Sergeant Bates of
America arrives in London, after hav-
ing walked on a wager from Gretna
Green, South Scotland, carrying the
American flag.
Dec. 24. Pa. A train breaks through
a trestle bridge at Corry, and 20 person*,
are killed.
Dec. * New York. Jay Gould agrees to
give up to the Erie Company $9,000,000,
and legal proceedings against him are
abandoned.
Dec. * N. Y. Dr. T. DeWitt Talmage's
Tabernacle Church, Brooklyn, is
burned.
* * N. Dak. Bismarck is settled.
280 1872, **-1873,May9.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1873 Jan. 17. Ore. The Modoc In-
dians, led by their able chief, Captain
Jack, defeat the troops sent against
them.
Jan. 24. Congress abolishes the naval
ranks of admiral and vice-admiral.
Apr. 11. Ore. Captain Jack and other
Indians massacre Gen. Canby and
Dr. Thomas, two Indian commissioners,
during negotiations for a peaceful set-
tlement of difficulties ; Mr. Meacham is
shot and stabbed, but survives.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1872 * * New York. Carl L. Brandt and
J. H. Bear are elected members of the
National Academy of Design.
* * New York. A bronze statue of
Shakespeare, and another of Sir
Walter Scott, are erected in Central
Park, and another of Franklin in
Printing House Square.
* * N. Y. John William Draper obtains
a spectra of the stars, showing their fixed
lines, by use of the photograph with a
telescopic combination.
* * O. The Cleveland Vocal Society
is organized.
* * -73 * * 0. The Eden Park, 207
acres, and Burnett 'Wood, 168 acres,
are laid out at Cincinnati.
* * Phila. John W. Keely begins his ex-
periments to develop a machine worked
by a power without cost ; it is called the
Keely Motor.
* * U. S. The triple-valve attachment to
the Westinghouse air-brake is intro-
duced.
* * Capt. Ericsson reports the shrinkage
of the sun's diameter to be 120.7 feet
per day, thus differing from the Helm-
holtz estimate.
* * Ozone is produced by means of an
electrical apparatus perfected by A. W.
Wright.
* * Home by the Seaside is painted by
Worthington Whittredge.
* * Golden Horn is painted by S. R. Gif-
ford.
* * Grand Canon of the Yelloiostone is
painted by Thomas Moran.
1873 Feb. 5. N. Y. The asteroid An-
tigone is discovered by C. H. F. Peters.
[Also, Electra, on Feb. 17, .dSthra,
June 13, and Cyrene, Aug. 16.]
Apr. 30. The steamer Tigress, of New-
foundland, rescues 19 survivors of the
Polaris Expedition from a field of float-
ing ice in Baffin Bay.
May 9. A part of the crew of the Polaris
expedition arrives at Newfoundland,
having been rescued after drifting 2,000
miles on a field of ice, and experiencing
great suffering.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1873.
Jan. 16. Leavitt, Joshua, journalist, A79.
Feb. 1. Maury, Matt. Fontaine, hydrog-
rapher, A67.
Feb. 6. Coffin, James Henry, professor in
Lafayette college, A67.
Feb. 8. Geary, John W., Gov. of Pa., brig.-
gen. of vols., A54.
Feb. 16. Chesebro, Caroline, author, A45.
Feb. 25. Gillis, John P., com. U. S. N. for
48 years, A70.
Feb. 86. Hodge, Hugh L., physician, medi-
cal writer, editor, A77.
Mar. 10. Torrey, John, botanist, chemist,
A77.
Mar. 13. Macllvaine, ('has. Pettit, P. E.
bishop of O., A74.
Mar. 24. Collier, John A., jurist, M. C. for
N. Y., A86.
Mar. 27. Dixon, James, sen. for Conn., A59.
Apr. 1 1 . Canby. Edward Richard S., brev.
maj.-gen. IT. S. A., A54.
Apr. 27. Aulick, John H., com. U. S. N.,
A84.
Apr. 30. Brooks, James, journalist, M. C.
for N. Y., founder of N. Y. Express, A63.
May 4. McGuffey, William Holmes, edu-
cator, A73.
May 5. Orr, James L., M. C. for S. C,
speaker, Gov., senator, A51.
May 6. Brodhead, John Romeyn, histo-
rian, A59.
May 7. Chase, Salmon Portland, Lin-
coln's sec. of treas., sen., Gov. of O., A65.
May 8. Ames, Oakes, manufacturer, rail-
road builder, M. C. for Mass., A69.
CHURCH.
1872* * New York. The Baptist An-
nual Meeting is held.
* * N. Y. — R. I. The Roman Catholic
dioceses of Ogdensburg and Providence
are established.
* * The Danish Church in America
(Evangelical Lutheran) is organized.
* * la. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Washington ;
John S. Easton, moderator.
* * Ky. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Louis-
ville ; R. M. Bishop, president.
* * Md. — Va. The Maryland and Vir-
ginia Elderships (Church of God) are
organized.
* * N. Y. — N. J. The General Synods
(Evangelical Lutheran) of New York
and New Jersey are organized.
* * Mass. A Congregational Club is
formed at Salem.
* * Mich. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) is held at Detroit ; S. J. Nic-
colls, moderator.
1873 Jan. 9. William Hobart Hare is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis-
sionary bishop of Niobrara. [Later
bishop of South Dakota.]
Apr. 10. Utah. Brigham Young re-
signs his temporal power over the
Mormons.
Apr. 17. John Gottlieb Auer is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) mission-
ary bishop for Africa.
LETTERS.
1872 * * Saunterings, by Charles Dud-
ley Warner, appears ; also Back-Log
Studies.
* * Shakespeare, his Life, Art, and Char-
acters, by Henry N. Hudson, appears.
* * Atlantic Essays, by Thomas W. Hig-
ginson, appears.
* * Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag, by Louisa May
Alcott, appears.
* * Bits of Travel, by Helen Hunt Jack-
son, appears.
* * Coral and the Coral Islands, by James
D. Dana, appears.
* * The End of the World, by Edward Eg-
gleston, appears.
* * Kate Beaumont, by J. W. De Forest,
appears.
* * The Masque of the Gods, by Bayard
Taylor, appears; also Beauty and the
Beast.
* * The Material and Form of Language,
by W. D. Whitney, appears ; also Orien-
tal and Linguistic Studies.
* * My Wife and I, by Harriet Beecher
Stowe, appears.
* * Myths and Myth-makers, by John
Fiske, appears.
* * The Pennsylvania Pilgrim and other
Poems, by John Greenleaf Whittier,
appears.
* * The Religion of Humanity, by O. B.
Frothingham, appears.
* * Surly Tim's Trouble, by Frances Hodg-
son Burnett, appears.
* * Their Wedding Journey, by William
Dean Howells, appears.
* * The Vatican Council, by L. W. Bacon,
appears.
* * Yesterdays with Authors, by James
Thomas Fields, appears.
* * The Thief in the Night, by Harriet P.
Spofford„appears.
* * How I found Livingstone, by Henry M.
Stanley, appears.
* * Laicus, by Lyman Abbott, appears.
* * What Katy Did, by Susan Coolidge,
appears.
* * Infinite and Finite, by Theophilus Par-
sons, appears.
* * Poet at the Breakfast Table, by O. W.
Holmes, appears.
* * His Level Best, by Edward Everett
Hale, appears.
* * Barriers Burned Away, by E. P. Roe,
appears.
* * Three Books of Song, by H. W. Dong-
fellow, appears.
* * The Marble Prophecy, by J. G. Hol-
land, appears.
SOCIETY.
1872* *-73* *The Credit Mobilier
Scandal is exposed.
Many shares of its stock are placed in
the hands of certain Senators and Repre-
sentatives at Washington, whose legis-
lative action may greatly increase its
value. (See State.)
* * Conn. The prohibitory liquor law
is repealed by a Republican Legisla-
ture.
* * Pennsylvania enacts a local-option
law.
* * la. The Legislature passes a law to
restrict the sale of liquors, and limit
the profit of licensees . to 33 per cent.
Also an act abolishing the death pen-
alty.
* * Ky. The German Baptist Orphans*
Home is founded at Louisville.
UNITED STATES. 1872,* *-1873, May 9. 281
* * Md. A State institution is established
at Baltimore for the blind and for
deaf mutes, among the colored people.
* * Me. The Legislature amends the pro-
hibitory law so as to forbid the sale of
cider and wine made from home-grown
fruits.
* * The 6th National Encampment of the
Grand Army of the Republic meets at
Cleveland ; Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside
of R. L, commander-in-chief.
* * Wis. The Legislature provides for the
punishment of intoxicated persona
by fine and imprisonment.
* * The American Public Health Asso-
ciation is organized.
1873 Jan. 8. New York. William M.
Tweed is brought to trial. [Jan. 31.
The jury disagree.]
Feb. 18, 19. Ky. Colored men hold an
Educational Convention at Louis-
ville.
Feb. 28. New York. Edward S. Stokes
is convicted of the murder of James
Fisk, Jr., and sentenced to be hanged.
(See Oct. 30.)
Feb * Boston. The reading-room of the
Public Library is first opened to the
public on Sundays.
Mar. 4. D. C. Gen. Grant refers to the
bitterness of the last election in his in-
augural address, and complains of per-
sonal " abuse and slander, scarcely ever
equalled in political history."
Mar. * New York. Ex-Mayor A. Oakey
Hall, a member of the Tweed Ring, is
tried; a juror dies, and ends the trial.
[He is tried later, and the jury disagree.
Hall then leaves the country.]
Mar. 21. New York. "William Foster
having been convicted of the murder of
Avery D. Putnam with a car-hook, on
April 26, 1871, is hanged.
Mar. 22. Ky. The Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals is in-
corporated at Louisville.
Apr. * Wis. The State Northern Hospi-
tal for the Insane, at Oshkosh, is
opened. [An asylum at Napa, Cal., is
established.]
STATE.
1872 * * Minn. Minneapolis and St.
Anthony are united and incorporated
as one city.
* * Ore. The 15th Amendment to the
Federal Constitution is adopted by the
Legislature.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-75 * * Ark. Elisha Baxter.
-75 * * Cal. Newton Booth.
-77 * * 6a. James Milton Smith.
-76* * la. Cyrus C. Carpenter.
-75 * * Ky. Preston H. Leslie.
-74 * * Mass. William B. Washburn.
-74 * * N. H. Ezekiel Straw.
-75* * N. J. Joel Parker.
-74 * * O. Edward F. Noyes.
-75 * * S. C. Franklin J. Moses, Jr.
-70 * * Vt. Julius Converse.
-80 * * Wash. (Ter.). Elisha P. Ferry.
-74 * * Wis. C. C. Washburne.
1873 Jan. 6. D. C. Congress : The
House resolves to conduct the Cr6dit
Mobilier investigation in open session.
It resolves to investigate the relations
of the Credit Mobilier and the Union
Pacific Railroad Company to the Federal
Government. [J. M. Wilson of Ind.,
Samuel Shellabarger of O., Henry W.
Slocum of N. Y., Thomas Swann of Md.,
and George F. Hoar of Mass., are ap-
pointed a committee of investigation, on
Jan. 7.]
Jan. 14. La. Two Legislatures assem-
ble, and two governors are installed —
W. P. Kellogg (Rep.), and John McEn-
ery, the candidate of the Liberals and
Democrats. [The Federal Government
favors Kellogg.]
Jan. 31. D. C. Congress deprives its
members of the postal franking privi-
lege after July 1.
Feb. 6. D. C. Congress : The Senate
enacts that the coinage of the silver
dollar of 1792 and 1837 shall be discon-
tinued from April 1 ; the trade dollar
of 420 grains and 900 fine is to take its
place. [The measure passes the House
on Feb. 7.]
Feb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : Ulysses S. Grant,
286 ; Thomas A. Hendricks, 42 ; B.
Gratz Brown (Dem.), 18; Charles J.
Jenkins (Dem.), 2 ; David Davis (Ind.),
1. Vote for Vice-President : Henry
Wilson of Mass. (Rep.), 286; George
W. Julian of Ind., (Lib.), 5; A. H.
Colquitt of Ga. (Dem.), 5; John M.
Palmer of 111. (Dem.), 3 ; J. E. Bram-
lette of Ky. (Dem.), 3 ; W. S. Groes-
beckof 0.(Dem.), 1 ; Willis B.Machen
of Ky. (Dem.), 1 ; N. P. Banks of Mass.
(Lib.), 1.
Feb. 27. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Committee on the Credit Mobilier
scandal recommend the expulsion of
one of the Senators. [No action is
taken.]
The House passes resolutions censur-
ing Oakes Ames of Mass. and James
Brooks of N. Y. for their connection
with the Credit Mobilier scandal;
Brooks was also a government director
of the Union Pacific road.
Mar. 3. B. C. Congress enacts that in
future no Indian people shall be recog-
nized as an independent nation, having
power to make treaties.
Congress passes a bill for the increase
of salaries, popularly called the Grab
Bill.
The President's salary is raised from
$25,000 to $50,000 ; the Vice-President's
from $8,000 to $10,000; the Senators,
Representatives, and Delegates from
$5,000 to $7,500, besides traveling ex-
penses. The increase is retroactive, and
dates from Mar. 4, 1871. Total increase
of salaries of Congressmen, $972,000.
It enacts the establishment of 10 life-
saving stations on the Atlantic coast.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 42d Congress ends.
The Senate convenes in special ses-
sion, at the call of the President (issued
Feb. 21). [Adjourns Mar. 26.]
Ulysses S. Grant of 111. enters his
second term as the 18th President in the
22d term of the presidency ; Henry
Wilson of Mass. is Vice-President.
Cabinet : Hamilton Fish of N. Y.
(State), William A. Richardson of Mass!
(Treas.), William W. Belknap of la.
(War), George M. Robeson of N. J.
(Navy), Columbus Delano of O. (Inte-
rior), George H. Williams of Ore. (Atty.-
Gen.), John A. J. Creswell of Md. (P.M.-
Gen.).
Mar. 6. La. The police arrest the mem-
bers of the McEnery Legislature.
Mar. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: M.
H. Carpenter of Wis. is elected Presi-
dent pro tempore. [He is reelected Mar.
26.]
May 1. D. C. Congress removes all
duties on tea and coffee after the
first of July ; this reduces the revenue
$20,000,000 per annum.
The Government first issues one-cent
postal cards.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1872 * * New York. The State Line of
steamers running to Glasgow is estab-
lished.
* * New York. The American District
Telegraph Company is organized.
* * New York. Two elevated railroad
companies are formed — the New York
Elevated, and the Manhattan Railway
Company.
* * New York. The Netherlands Line
of transatlantic steamers is established.
* *N. Y. The State begins the topo-
graphical survey of the Adirondack
region, under the supervision of Ver-
planck Colvin.
* * Pa. A lawsuit discloses the fact that
much of the stock of the Credit Mo-
bilier is owned by certain members of
Congress. Suspicion of their integrity
becomes general.
* *The Standard Oil Company is
formed by the combination of all the oil
companies of the United States.
1873 Jan. 7-9. Minn. A terrible snow-
storm causes the loss of 70 lives.
Jan. * New York. Barnum's Museum
is burned ; this is the fourth time that
his menagerie and exhibition have been
destroyed.
Feb. 15. Tex. The steamer Henry A.
Jones burns in Galveston Bay ; 21 lives
are lost.
Feb. * Eng. The British press alleges
that $6,250,000 too much is awarded to
the United States in settling the Ala-
bama claims.
Apr. 1. N. S. The steamer Atlantic,
of the White Star Line, putting into
Halifax for coal, runs on a rock, and ie
wrecked In a few minutes ; 535 persons
are drowned.
Apr. 8. N. Y. A wall of a new building
at Rochester gives way when occupied
by spectators of a freshet ; 30 persons
are drowned.
May. 4. III. An iron bridge falls at
Dixon, when crowded with people ; 100
persons killed.
282 1873, May 17.-^
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1873 May 22. Ore. The Indian hos-
tilities close in the surrender of nearly
all of the Modocs.
[June 1±. Captain Jack and 20 well-
armed Indians make a desperate resist-
ance, when surrounded in lava beds.
Oct. 3. He and others are executed at
Fort Kalmath.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1873 Sept. 25. Phila. The new Ma-
sonic Temple is dedicated.
Oct. 6. N. Y. An attempt to cross the
Atlantic to Europe by a balloon fails ;
the aeronaut descends in Connecticut.
Oct. 31. N. Y. The international
bridge across the Niagara River at
Buffalo is completed.
Dec. 24. Boston. The Beethoven Quin-
tet Club is organized.
* * Boston. The Massachusetts Normal
Art School is established.
* * D. C. A 26-inch Clark equatorial is
mounted in the U. S. Naval Observatory
at Washington.
* * -74 * * Kan. A long and severe
drought destroys the crops.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1873.
May 17. Russell,Wm., educationist, elocu-
tionist, A75.
May 22. Fagnani, Joseph, portrait painter,
A54.
June 16. Ferris, Isaac, Reformed clergy-
man, A75.
June 21. Tappan, Lewis, merchant, foun-
der of the Journal of Commerce, A85.
June 27. Powers, Hiram, sculptor, A68.
June 29. Whiting, William, lawyer, M. C.
for .Mass., author, A60.
July 6. Hitchcock, Henry L., Pres. clergy-
man, A60.
July 14. PUlsbury, Amos, prison reformer
and manager, A68.
July 26. Schmucker, Samuel Simon, Luth.
clergyman, A74.
Aug. 17. Meredith, Wm. M., lawyer, sec.
of treas., A74.
Aug:. 18. Spring, Gardiner, Pres. clergy-
man, author, A88.
Aug, 24. Todd, John, Cong, clergyman,
author, A73.
Sept. 11. McCook, Edwin S., maj.-gen.
U. S. vols., A37.
Sept. 29. Winslow, John A., rear-ad-
miral, A62.
Oct. 26. Saxton, Joseph, expert, inventor,
A74.
Nov. 3. Clark, Lewis G., editor of Knick-
erbocker, A63.
Nov. 4. Keene, Laura, actor, A53.
Nov. 5. Early, John, bishop M. E. church
South, A87.
Nov. 6. Hardee, Wm.J., lieut.-col. U. S. A.,
Confederate lieut.-gen., author of Hardee's
Tactics, A56.
Nov. 9. Mallory, Stephen R., jurist, sen.
for Fla., Confederate sec. of war, A60.
Nov. 19. Hale, John P., diplomatist, sen-
ator for N. H., A67.
Nov. 24. Flagg, Azariah C, founder of
Free-soil Party, A 83.
Hitchcock, Samuel A., philanthropist,
A89.
Dec. 13. Nelson, Samuel, associate justice
U. S. Supreme Court, A81.
Dec. 14. Ag-assiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe,
naturalist, prof, at Harvard, A 66.
Dec. 24. Hopkins, Johns, founder of
Johns Hopkins University of Rait., A78.
* * Fry, Cary H., brev. brig. -gen. U. S. A.,
A60.
CHURCH.
1873 June 6. O. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets in
Cincinnati.
Sept. 17. Benj. Henry Paddock is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of
Massachusetts.
Oct. 3-11. New York. The Evangel-
ical Alliance holds its sixth meeting.
Dec. 2. Bishop George David Cum-
mins, its organizer, is elected Presid-
ing Bishop of the Reformed Episco-
pal Church.
Dec. 11. N. C. Theodore Benedict Ly-
man is consecrated (Protestant Epis-
copal) assistant bishop of North Car-
olina.
Dec. 14. Ky. Charles Edward Cheney
is consecrated a bishop of the Reformed
Episcopal Church.
Dec. 31. Colo. John Franklin Spalding
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
missionary bishop of Colorado.
* * Ind. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Indian-
apolis ; R. M. Bishop, president.
* * The Iowa Conference (Free Methodist)
is organized.
* * Md. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) meets at Baltimore; Howard
Crosby, moderator.
* * The Presbyterians begin work among
the Nez Perces.
* * The New York Conference (Free
Methodist) is organized.
* * Nev. The first sermon in Virginia
City, the capital, is preached by Jesse
L. Bennett, a Methodist minister.
* * New York. The Young "Women's
Christian Association is incorporated.
* * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held at Albany.
* * 0. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) meets at Canton.
LETTERS.
1873 July 16. Cal. The University
of California is located at Berkeley.
Aug. 23. Mich. The Evening News is
issued at Detroit.
* * Ala. The State Normal College is
opened at Florence.
* * Chicago. The Chicago Public Li-
brary is established. [111,621 vols.]
* * la. Perm College (Friends) is organ-
ized at Oscaloosa ; also the German
College (Meth. Epis.) at Mt. Pleasant.
St. Joseph's College (Rom. Cath.) of
Dubuque is established.
* * III. St. Francis Solanus CoUege
at Quincy receives its charter.
* *Ky. State University (Colored Bapt.)
is organized at Louisville.
* * La. New Orleans University (Meth.
Epis., Colored) is founded. (Incipient
organization effected by Freedmen's Aid
Society in 1868.)
* * La. The Southwestern Christian Ad-
vocate (Meth. Epis.) is established at New
Orleans.
* * Mass. The Haverhill Public Library
is founded at Haverhill. [39,268 vols.]
* * Miss. Blue Mountain Female College
(Bapt.) is founded.
* * Mo. Drury College (Cong.) is founded
at Springfield. The State Normal
School at Cape Girardeau is opened.
* * N. C. Bennett College (Meth. Epis.,
Colored) is founded at Greensboro.
* * New York. St. Nicholas magazine is
established. The Family Story Paper
is issued.
* * -78 * * New York. The American
Cyclopsedia (revised edition), by George
Ripley and Charles A. Dana (17 vols.),
appears.
* * N. Y. The Evening News is issued at
Buffalo.
* * N. Y. Chautauqua College of Liberal
Arts (non-sect.) is organized at Chau-
tauqua.
* * 0. Ohio State University (non-
sect.) is organized at Columbus; also
the St. Joseph's College (Rom. Cath.)
at Cincinnati.
* * Tex. Add-Rau Christian Univer-
sity (Disciples) is founded at Thorp's
Springs. Henderson College (non-
sect.) is organized ; also the Marvin
College (Meth. Epis.) at Waxahachie,
and the "Wiley University (Meth. Epis.,
Colored) is founded in Marshall. The
Southwestern University at George-
town is opened.
* * Wis. The Germania and Der Haus-
und Bauernfreund are issued at Mil-
waukee.
* * W. Va. The Shepherd Normal School
and the Normal School at Glenville
are opened by the State.
* * The Poultry World is issued.
* * Among the Isles of Shoals, by Celia
Thaxter, appears.
* * Arthur Bonnicastle, by J. G. Holland,
appears.
* * Bressant, by Julian Hawthorne, ap-
pears.
* * A Chance Acquaintance, by William
Dean Howells, appears.
* * The Pair Ood, by Lew Wallace, ap-
pears.
* * Farm Ballads, by Will Carleton, ap-
pears.
* * The Gilded ^gre.byMark Twain (Sam-
uel L. Clemens) and Charles Dudley War-
ner, appears.
* * Gunnar, by Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen,
appears.
* * Her Majesty the Queen, by John E.
Cooke, appears.
* * Jessamine, by Marion Harland, ap-
pears.
* * Life Among the Modocs, by Joaquin
Miller, appears ; also Songs of the Sun
Lands.
* * Marjorie Daw, by Thomas Bailey Al-
drich, appears.
* * The Mountain Lovers, by Paul Hamil-
ton Hayne, appears.
* * Mystery of Metropolisville, by Edward
Eggleston, appears.
* * Palmetto Leaves, by Harriet Beecher
Stowe, appears.
* * Prehistoric Races in the United States,
by John Wells Foster, appears.
UNITED STATES.
1873, May 17-** 283
SOCIETY.
1873 May 28. Ind. The National
Congress of Agriculture holds its sec-
ond annual meeting at Indianapolis.
July 5. New York. The boy Frank H.
Walworth is sentenced to imprison-
ment for life for killing his father.
Aug. * N. Y. The National Temper-
ance Convention meets at Saratoga.
* * Conn. The 7th National Encampment
of the Grand Army of the Republic is
held at New Haven ; Charles Devens,
Jr., of Mass., Commander-in-chief.
Sept. * Ind. The Reform School for
Girls and the "Woman's Prison are
opened at Indianapolis.
Oct. 18. Ore. The Oregon Pioneer As-
sociation is organized.
Oct. 22. Chicago. The Northwestern
Farmers' Convention meets ; 150 dele-
gates are present.
Oct. 30. New York. E. S. Stokes, con-
victed of the murder of James Fisk, Jr.,
is finally sentenced to four years' impris-
onment. (1st trial, the jury disagree ;
2d trial, sentenced to be hanged ; 3d
trial, found guilty of manslaughter in
the third degree.)
Oct. * Ky. The Kuklux commit atroci-
ties in Shelby and Franklin counties.
Nov. 5-19. New York. William M.
Tweed is tried the second time ; is con-
victed on each of 51 indictments. [Nov.
.22. He is sentenced to 12 years' impris-
onment, and fined.]
Nov. 18. Ala. A State Labor Conven-
tion (colored) meets at Montgomery.
Dec. 14. N. Y. Women in Fredonia
form a society to visit the saloons " in
a Christian spirit ; " Mrs. Judge Barker
is president. [Out of this movement the
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
develops.]
Dec. 17. N.Y. The Woman's Temper-
ance Crusade in Jamestown is opened,
but without success.
Dec. 23. O. The Woman's Crusade
begins in Hilisboro ; Mrs. Eliza J.
Thompson, chairman ; the 146th Psalm
becomes the Crusaders' Psalm. Mrs.
E. D. Stewart, " Mother Stewart," is one
of the leaders.
* * The Order of Knights of Honor is
founded.
* * Me. Francis Murphy inaugurates
the blue ribbon temperance movement.
* * Mich. The State Board of Health is
organized.
* * Minn. The Legislature enacts a spe-
cial tax on saloon-keepers, the
money to be applied to a fund for erect-
ing an inebriate asylum at Rochester.
* * N. C. The Legislature passes an act
of amnesty and pardon for offenses
committed by various secret societies,
including the Kuklux.
* * New York. The Society for the Sup-
pression of Vice is incorporated.
* * Ore. The Institute for the Blind is
opened at Salem.
STATE.
1873 May 22. D.C. President Grant,
by proclamation, warns disorderly
bands in Louisiana to disperse.
June 6. D. C. Congress makes a re-
duction of 10 per cent in the customs
duties on cotton, wool, iron, paper, rub-
ber, glass, and leather, imported into
the country.
June30. U.S. Statistics for 1873.
Revenue: Customs, $188,089,523; inter-
nal revenue, $113,729,314; direct tax,
$315,255; sales of public lands, $2,882,-
312; premiums on loans and sales of
gold coin, $11,560,531 ; miscellaneous
items, $17,161,270. Total revenue, $333,-
738,205 ; excess of revenue over ordinary
expenditures, $43,202,959. Expenditures :
Premiums on loans, purchases of bonds,
etc., $5,105,920 ; miscellaneous items,
$73,328,110; War Department, $46,323,-
138 ; Navy Department, $23,526,257 ; In-
dians, $7,951,705; pensions, $29,359,427;
interest on the public debt, $104,750,688.
Total ordinary expenditures, $290,345,-
245 ; public debt, $2,234,482,993. Exports,
$522,479,922 ; imports, $642,136,210.
July 29. Tenn. A convention is held at
Jackson to promote a new State move-
ment.
It is proposed to take the western parts
of Kentucky and Tennessee, and unite
them with northern Mississippi.
Aug. 7. N. C. The people ratify eight
amendments to the State Constitution.
Wis. The American Constitutional
Union holds its first State meeting at
Milwaukee ; 666 delegates are present.
Sept. 5. England pays the indemnity
($15,500,000) awarded in settlement of
the Alabama claims.
Sept. 14. La. The McEnery party rise
in arms and take possession of the State
House. [They are dispersed by order of
the President, who sends national troops
to New Orleans.]
Oct. 7. Conn. The Constitution is
amended ; following May, 1875, the Gen-
eral Assembly will meet only at Hart-
ford.
Oct. 8. Boston and several suburban
municipalities vote to consolidate.
Nov. 24. La. A people's Anti-Kellogg
Convention is held at New Orleans.
Dec. 1. D. C. The 43d Congress opens.
Congress: The House elects James
G. Blaine of Me., Speaker. Vote :
Blaine, 189 ; Fernando Wood, 76 ; S. S.
Cox, 2 ; Hiester Clymer, 1 ; Alex. H.
Stephens, 1.
Dec. 2. Tex. A special election is
held ; vote for governor, Richard Coke
(Dem.), 85,549 ; Gov. E. J. Davis (Rep.),
42,663.
Dec. 11. D.C. Congress ; Senate : M.
H. Carpenter of Wis. is reelected Pres-
ident pro tempore.
Dec. * La. The soldiers are called upon
to preserve order between rival factions
in New Orleans.
Dec. * D. C. Congress ; House : Alex-
ander H. Stephens, late Vice-President
of the Southern Confederacy, returns as
a Representative from Georgia.
* * D. C. Alexander R. Shepherd is
appointed governor of the District.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1873 May. 28. Ind. The United States
Agricultural Congress meets at Indi-
anapolis.
May 30. Boston. A fire destroys prop-
erty valued at about $1,500,000.
June 3. Chicago. The Grand Pacific
hotel is opened.
June 8-July 3. Ire. — N. F. The Great
Eastern lays the fourth cable from
Valentia, Ire., to Heart's Content, N. F.
June 30. XI. S. Immigrants for 1873,
459,803.
July 25. Md. A fire in Baltimore de-
stroys over $1,000,000 in property.
Aug. 2. Ore. A fire in Portland de-
stroys $1,500,000 in property.
July * Live beef-cattle are exported to
England.
Summer. Active speculation and mani-
fest prosperity abound for many
months.
Aug. 8. The steamer Wawasset on the
Potomac River takes fire, and 70 lives
are lost.
Aug. 24. Me. A fire at Belfast destroys
property valued at $500,000.
Sept. 10. N. Y. At a sale of shorthorn
cattle at New York Mills, f09 animals
bring $382,000, and a cow brings $4,600,
a calf five months old, $2,700.
Sept. 18. New York. A financial panic
is precipitated by the suspension of Jay
Cooke and Company.
[Business becomes paralyzed, and full
recovery is delayed for many months ;
the primary cause is alleged to be the
fluctuation of the currency in volume
and value.]
Sept. 20. New York. The Stock Ex-
change is closed. [It reopens Sept. 30.]
Oct. 31. N.Y. The International Rail-
way Bridge across the Niagara River
at Buffalo, built under the joint au-
thority of Congress and Parliament, is
opened.
Summer. N. Y. The Colorado (Potato)
Beetle reaches this State.
Oct. 31. W. I. The American schooner
Virginius is captured by a Spanish man-
of-war while conveying men and arms
to the Cuban insurgents ; the vessel
having false papers, the Government
does not interfere. [Great excitement
in the United States follows the execu-
tion of 30 Americans.]
Nov. 1. Chicago. The Palmer House
is opened.
Nov. 4-7. Cuba. Thirty Americans
captured with the Virginius are shot.
Nov. 27. Mass. The Hoosac Tunnel
is completed.
Dec. 18. Cuba. The Spanish authorities
surrender 102 survivors of the Virginius
Massacre to the Americans at Santiago
de Cuba.
Dee. 19. The Virginius founders off Cape
Fear, after her surrender by the Spanish
authorities.
* * Mich. The tunnel under the Detroit
River is abandoned because of the inflow
of sand and water.
284 1873, * *-1874, Sept. 14.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1874 June 23. Md. Cadets are in-
formed that " hazing " at the Naval
Academy at Annapolis will subject the
perpetrators to court-martial and dis-
missal.
July 2. N. Dak. A military reconnoiter-
ing party, under Gen. Custer, accom-
panied by a scientific exploring expedi-
tion, leaves Fort Abraham Lincoln for
the Black Hills.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1873 * * New York. George B. Butler
and Lemuel E. Wilmarth are elected
members of the National Academy of
Design.
* * New York. The Oratorio Society is
organized.
* * Sunday Morning in New England is
painted by A. O. Shattuck.
* * Lake George is painted by A. B. Du-
rand.
* * In the Narrows is painted by Edward
Moran.
* * 0. Cincinnati determines to hold bi-
ennial musical festivals.
1874 Feb. 13. The Royal Astronomi-
cal Society of England awards its gold
medal to Prof. Simon Newcomb of the
Washington observatory, for his re-
searches respecting the orbits of Nep-
tune and Uranus.
Feb. 18. N. Y. The asteroid Hertha is
discovered by C. H. F. Peters.
July 4. Mo. The tubular steel bridge
across the Mississippi at St. Louis,
erected by J. B. Eads, is opened.
Phila. The Girard Avenue bridge
over the Schuylkill is opened.
The corner-stone of the public build-
ing in Penn Square is laid with cere-
monies.
July * Prof. Bell makes a successful
electric telephone.
July 26. Pa. A flood at Pittsburg de-
stroys about 100 lives and much property.
July * S. Dak. Gold is discovered at
Deadwood.
Summer. Minn. A plague of locusts de-
stroys the crops in the northwestern
counties ; the people suffer in conse-
quence.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1874.
Jan. 6. Baylor, Robert E. B., jurist, M. C.
for Tex., A81.
Jan. 15. Bristed, Charles A., writer, A54.
Jan. 17. Chang and Eng, Siamese twins,
of N. C., die, within a few hours of each
other, A63.
Feb. 2. Dodge, Nathaniel S., author, A64.
Feb. 35. Bachman, John, clergyman, natu-
ralist, A81.
Mar. 2. Hall, Nathan K., judge, M. C. for
N. Y., A64.
Knapp, Jacob, Bapt. evangelist, A75.
Mar. 3. Mason, Francis, missionary to
India, A75.
Mar. 7. Fillmore, Millard. 13th Pres. of
U. S., A74.
Mar. 11. Bondi, Jonas, Hebrew rabbi,
founder N. Y. Hebrew Leader, A70.
Sumner, Charles, orator, senator for
Mass., scholar, opponent of slavery, A63.
Mar. 24. Tracy, Joseph, Cong, clergyman,
journalist, author, A80.
Mar. 27. Kirk, Edw. Norris, Cong, clergy-
man, A72.
Mar. 31. Brown, Harvey, col. V. S. A.,
A79.
Apr. 5. Edmonds, John W., jurist, A75.
Apr. 13. Bogardus, James, inventor, A74.
Apr. 16. Croxton, John T., lawyer, brig.-
gen. U. S. vols., A 36.
Apr. 19. Jackson, Abner, pres. college, A63.
May 7. Hecker, John, journalist, A62.
May 18. DeWitt, Thomas, Ref. clergyman,
A83.
May 20. Dyer, Alex. B., brev. maj.-gen.
U. S. A., A59.
May 23. Haven, Joseph, Cong, clergyman,
philosopher, author, A58.
May 27. Shubrick, Wm. Branford, rear-
admiral, A84.
June 11. Bailey, Silas, pres. of college,
A66.
Juneie. Dickinson, Edward, lawyer, M.C.
for Mass., A71.
June 30. Orinnell, Henry, merchant of
N. Y., philanthropist, A75.
July 3. Parmelee, Theodore N., journalist,
A70.
July 16. Green, A. L. P., M. E. clergyman,
naturalist, A68.
July 18. Williston, Samuel, manufacturer,
philanthropist, A79.
Winslow, James, New York banker, A60.
July 31. Abbot, Gorham D., Cong, clergy-
man, teaeher, author, A66.
Sept. 2. Foster, John, engineer, maj.-gen.
U. S. A., A51.
Morris, Thomas A., M. E. bishop, A80.
Sept. 4. Wyman, Jeffries, comparative anat-
omist, professor, A60.
CHURCH.
1873 * * Pa. The General Assembly
(United Presbyterian) meets at Phila-
delphia ; John Y. Scouller, moderator.
* * The Women's Missionary Society
of the Free Baptist Church is organized.
* * The Baptist General Association of
the "Western States and Territories is
organized by colored Baptists.
* * The Columbia River, South Kansas,
and Texas Conferences (Methodist Epis-
copal) are organized.
1874 Feb. 15. Tex. Robert W. B. El-
liott is consecrated (Protestant Epis-
copal) missionary bishop of Northern
Texas.
Feb. 22. N. Y. Dr. Talmage's new Tab-
ernacle Church in Brooklyn dedicated.
Apr. 15 ±. Chicago. Dr. David Swing
is tried for heresy before the Chicago
Presbytery, and acquitted.
May 1. The General Conference
(Methodist Protestant) assembles.
It declares its settled policy not to
legislate on moral and political ques-
tions. (Cyc. of Methodism.)
May * Ky. The General Conference
(Methodist Episcopal South) meets at
Louisville.
The North Texas, Southwest Missouri,
and Denver Conferences are formed.
June 9. It. Pope Leo XIII. receives 100
American pilgrims.
June 24. Bishop George D. Cummins
(Reformed Episcopal Church) is deposed
by the Protestant Episcopal Church.
Sept'. 3. Tex. The Roman Catholic di-
ocese of San Antonio is established.
LETTERS.
1873 * * An Outline Study of Man, by
Mark Hopkins, appears.
* * Twelve Miles from a Lemon, by Gail
Hamilton, appears.
* * Hap-Hazard, by Kate Field, appears.
* * History of Napoleon III., by John S.
C. Abbott, appears.
* * Lars, by Bayard Taylor, appears.
* * Aftermath, by Henry W. Longfel-
low, appears.
* * The Wetherell Affair, by John William
De Forest, appears.
* * Two Rivulets, by Walt Whitman, ap-
pears.
1874 Apr. 15. N. Y. The Legislature
passes the compulsory education law.
Mayl. Chicago. The circulating depart-
ment of the Public Library is opened.
May 16. Mass. A State Normal School
is opened at Worcester. [Oct. 2. One at
Columbia, S.C.]
Aug. 4. N. Y. The first Summer As-
sembly meets at Chautauqua.
SOCIETY.
1873 * * Phila. Lydia Sherman is con-
victed of murdering three husbands and
eight children.
* * S. C. The State debt is repudiated.
A law is passed repudiating a part of
the public debt ($25,770,611), and also
half of the remainder by providing for
its settlement at 60 cents on the dollar.
1874 Jan.* O. The crusade against
the saloons of Southern Ohio continues;
Christian women sing and pray in the
saloons, and when excluded continue
in prayer and song before them on the
sidewalk.
Jan. 4. Phila. The main building of the
hospital of the University of Pennsyl-
vania is dedicated.
Mar.* O. The Christian crusade be-
gins to subside.
Apr. 10. N. Y. Emil Lowenstein is
hanged at Albany for the murder of
John D. Weston on Aug. 5, 1873.
Apr. 25. Phila. The Produce Ex-
change is organized.
Apr. 28. Tenn. A convention of col-
ored people is held at Nashville to
promote the enjoyment of civil and
social rights.
May * R. I. The Legislature passes the
law prohibiting the sale of intoxicat-
ing beverages, and a constabulary act
for its enforcement.
June 8. S. C. Gov. Moses is indicted
for official acts, but escapes trial on a
technicality, as the law prescribes im-
peachment in such cases.
June 23. Md. " Hazing" is abolished
at Annapolis. (See Army.)
U. S. Causing the involuntary ser-
vitude of foreigners is made a punish-
able offense. (See State. )
July 1. Phila. Charley Boss, four
years of age, is abducted. [Great efforts
were made to find him, without success.]
July 7. N. Y. Rev. Henry Ward
Beecher demands an investigation, by
his church, of scandalous charges pre-
ferred against him by Theodore Tilton.
[He is acquitted. See page 287.]
Aug. 12. Miss. A race riot occurs at
Austin, which is not suppressed till the
military are called out, and 15 persons
killed.
UNITED STATES. 1873, * *-1874, Sept. 14. 285
Aug. 26. Tenn. Disguised men take,
from the jail at Trenton, 16 negroes,
and shoot them ; the negroes are charged
with killing two white men.
Aug. 30. La. Six Republican officials
are shot while on their way from Cou-
shatta to Shreveport, under arrest.
Aug.* Tenn. An uprising of negroes
is suppressed, and the leaders are sum-
marily hanged.
Aug.* N. T. Christian women at Chau-
tauqua decide to call a National Con-
vention of Temperance "Women.
Sept. 10. Me. The Bangor Reform
Club, organized by Dr. Henry A. Rey-
nolds, adopts the red ribbon as its
badge ; this is the first club of its kind
for reformed drinking men.
STATE.
1873 * * B.C. Congress provides for the
sale of public lands containing coal, to
encourage mining.
* * B.C. Congress passes stringent laws
to prevent cruelty to animals while in
transit by railroad or other conveyance ;
they must have five hours rest, loosed
every 28 hours.
* * B.C. Congress establishes the custom-
house value of the English sovereign,
or pound sterling, at $4.86 and 6J mills.
* * B.C. Congress passes a law requiring
national banks to restore their capital
when impaired.
* * B. C. Congress passes a law to en-
courage the growth of timber of West-
ern prairies by gifts of patents in land.
* * New York. An amendment to the
city charter is passed.
* * N. Y. Brooklyn receives a new
charter.
* * 0. The people reject the revised
Constitution.
* * U.S. Governors inaugurated :
-74 * * Colo. (Ter.). Samuel H. Elbert.
-77 * * Conn. Charles R. Ingersoll.
-78 * * Bak. ( Ter.). John L. Pennington.
-74 * * Fla. 0. B. Hart.
III. Richard J. Oglesby.
-77 * * 111. John L. Beveridge.
-77 * * Ind. Thomas A. Hendricks.
-77 * * Kan. Thomas A. Osborn.
-77 * * Mich. John J. Bagley.
-75 * * Mo. Silas Woodson.
-75 * * Neb. Robert W. Furnas.
-75 * * N. Y. John A. Dix.
Pa. John F. Hartranft.
-75 * * R. I. Henry Howard.
1874 Jan. 1. New York. The Act by
which Morrisania, West Farms, and
Kingsbridge are annexed takes effect.
— — Pa. The new Constitution becomes
operative.
Jan. 5. Tex. The Supreme Court de-
cides that the election of Dec. 2 is in-
valid because of the unconstitutionality
of the law authorizing it.
Jan. 13. Tex. Two Legislatures or-
ganize ; the governor refuses to recog-
nize the new one.
Jan. 20. B. C. Congress repeals the
act for increasing salaries ("Salary-
grab Bill"), except so much as relates to
the salaries of the President and the
Justices of the Supreme Court.
Jan. 21. B.C. President Grant appoints
Morrison R. Waite of O. Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court ; the Senate con-
firms the appointment.
Jan. 29. B. C. Congress passes an Act
authorizing the mint to coin for foreign
nations.
Congress : The Senate directs that the
busts of Chief Justices Roger B. Taney
and Salmon P. Chase be placed in the
Supreme Court room.
Mar. 11. Wis. The Legislature passes
the Potter Law, for regulating rail-
roads and other corporations.
Apr. 6. B. C. Congress : The Senate
passes a bill to expand the currency,
with $400,000,000 as the maximum limit.
Vote, 29-24. [Passed by the House, Apr.
14. Vote, 140-102. Vetoed, Apr. 22.]
May 15. B. C: The President by proc-
lamation recognizes Elisha Baxter as
governor of Arkansas, and orders bands
of disorderly persons in the State to
disperse.
June 1. B. C. William A. Richard-
son, Secretary of the Treasury, resigns.
[June 4. Succeeded by Benjamin H.
Bristow of Ky.]
June 5. B. C. Congress directs the
President to invite foreign nations to
participate in the Centennial Exhibi-
tion to be held in Philadelphia.
June 20. B. C. Congress abolishes the
electoral territorial government in the
District of Columbia, as a remedy for
extravagance, and provides for a govern-
ing board of three commissioners.
Congress authorizes the establish-
ment of public marine schools for in-
struction in navigation and seamanship.
June 23. B. C. Congress provides for
a court of commissioners to adjust and
settle Alabama claims.
It enacts a law for the punishment of
persons who may bring kidnaped or
inveigled foreigners into the United
States for the purpose of selling them,
or holding them in involuntary servi-
tude.
The 43d Congress : the first session
closes.
June 24. B. C. John A. J. Creswell,
Postmaster-General, resigns.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1874.
Revenue: Customs, $163,103,834; inter-
nal revenue, $102,409,785 ; sales of pub-
lic lands, $1,852,429 ; premiums on loans
and sales of gold coin, $5,037,665 ; mis-
cellaneous items, $17,075,043. Total rev-
enue, $289,478,755; excess of revenue
over ordinary expenditures, $2,344,882.
Expenditures: Premiums on loans, pur-
chase of bonds, etc., $1,395,074; miscel-
laneous items, $69,641,593 ; War Depart-
ment, $42,313,927; Navy Department,
$30,932,587 ; Indians, $6,692,462 ; pen-
sions, $29,038,415; interest on the pub-
lic debt, $107,119,815. Total ordinary
expenditures, $287,133,873 ; public debt,
$2,251,690,468. Exports, $586,283,040 ; im-
ports, $567,406,342.
July 7. B.C. James "W. Marshall of
Va. is appointed Postmaster-General.
[Aug. 24. Succeeded by Marshall Jew-
ell of Conn.]
July 14. Ark. A convention meets to
revise the Constitution. [Oct. 13. The
new Constitution is ratified by a major-
ity of 53,890.]
Aug.* La. John McEnery (Dem.?)
again claims the governorship ; bitter-
ness and blood follow ; whites and blacks
fight each other in various parts of the
South.
Sept. 14. La. D. P. Perm, claiming to
be lieutenant-governor, organizes a mi-
litia force in the absence of John Mc-
Enery, defeats the police, and drives
W. P. Kellogg out of the State House ;
26 men are killed.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1873 * N. J. The Legislature passes a
general railroad law, conditioned by
the surrender of exclusive rights by
holders of existing franchises.
* * New York. The Red Star Line of
steamers, running to Antwerp, is es-
tablished.
* * New York. The White Cross Line
of steamers, running to Antwerp, is es-
tablished.
* * O. Lake View Park at Cleveland
is purchased by the city, and improve-
ments are made.
* * S. Bak. The Chicago, Milwaukee, and
St. Paul Railroad is completed from
Sioux City, Iowa, to Yankton.
* * Va. The Chesapeake and Ohio
Railroad, connecting Richmond and
Huntington on the Ohio River, is
opened ; length 421 miles.
1874. Apr. 29. The Fairview Pipe-Line
[United Pipe-Line] is incorporated
for conducting petroleum from the oil-
regions to the seaboard.
May 16. Mass. Williamsburg, Leeds,
and Haydensville are almost destroyed
by the bursting of a reservoir on the
Mills River ; 144 lives are lost and prop-
erty to the amount of $1,500,000.
June 8. N. H. The Faraday lands the
direct cable of the United States Com-
pany.
June 30. U. S. Immigrants for the year,
313,339.
July 4. Phila. Ground is broken at
Fairmount Park, in the suburb of the
city, for the erection of the Centennial
buildings.
July 14. Chicago. A fire burns 346build-
ings ; loss, $4,000,000.
Wis. A fire at Oshkosh destroys prop-
erty valued at $1,000,000.
July 24. Nev. At Eureka between 20
and 30 persons perish by a waterspout.
July 26, 27. Pa. Rivers in the western
part of the State overflow from heavy
rains ; 200 persons are drowned in and
near Pittsburg and Allegheny City.
July*iVew York. Live cattle are ex-
ported to England; the steamer Euro-
pean carries 373 head.
July *- Oct. * The grasshopper plague
causes distress in Minnesota, Kansas,
and Nebraska.
Aug. 5. The steamboat Pat Rogers burns
on the Ohio River ; 50 persons perish.
Aug. *- Sept. * The Great Eastern lays
the sixth cable.
286 1874, Sept. 15-1875, Feb. 27. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1874 Oct. 1. Mo. St. Louis is made the
headquarters of the U. S. A.
* * Ariz. The Indian "War ends in the
surrender of the last of the hostile tribes
to Gen. Crook.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1874 Oct. 10. Mich. The asteroid Jue-
wa is discovered by J. C. "Watson.
Oct. 15. III. A Monument to Abraham
Lincoln is dedicated at Oak Ridge,
Springfield.
* * Chicago. S. "W. Burnham reports that
Alpha Delphini, known as a triple star,
is really sextuple.
* * Mo. The Morrison observatory is
founded at Glasgow.
* * N. C. Chang and Eng, the Siamese
twins, die at Mount Airy.
* * New York. A bronze figure of a
soldier is unveiled in Central Park, in
commemoration of members of the 7th
regiment who died during the war.
* * New York. Wordsworth Thompson of
New York is elected a member of the
National Academy of Design.
* * Franconia Notch is painted by A. B.
Durand.
* * On the Calumet is painted by A. C.
Shaw.
* * Scene near Perugia is painted by
George Inness.
* * Musketeer of the Seventeenth Century
is painted by J. B. Irving.
* * Drove at the Ford is painted by J. M.
Hart.
* * Cape Ann is painted by Jervis Mc-
Entee.
* * Shakespeare is painted by William
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1874.
Sept. 15. Curtis, Benj. R., justice U. S. S.
Ct., A65.
Sept. 26. Lee, Henry W., P. E. bishop of
Iowa, A 59.
Oct. 7. Eddy, Thomas M., M. E. clergy-
man, editor, A51.
Oct. S3. Inman, William, com. U. S. N., A77.
Oct. 28. Rinehart, Win. H., American
sculptor, A49.
Wheeler, Wm. Adolphus, lexicographer,
A41.
Nov. 2. Palmer, Phoebe, evangelist, au-
thor, A67.
Nov. 5. Bacon, David W., R. C. bishop of
Portland, Me., A60.
Dec. 9. Cornell, Ezra, philanthropist, foun-
der Cornell University, A 67.
Dec. 17. Gushing, William B., commander
U. S. N., A 32.
Dec. 23. Walker, Jas., Unit, clergyman,
president of Harvard, A80.
Dec. 28. Smith, Gerrit, abolitionist, re-
former, A77.
1875.
Jan. 21. Sprague, Charles, poet, orator, of
Boston, A84.
Feb. 13. Delafleld, Edward, physician,
surgeon, of New York, A81.
Feb. 19. Bell, Charles H., rear-adm. U. S.
N., A77.
CHURCH.
1874 Sept. 15-18. N. Y. The National
Unitarian Conference meets at Sara-
toga.
Oct. 25. Wis. Edward Randolph Welles
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Wisconsin.
Oct. 27. A Triennial Convention of
the Protestant Episcopal Church is held ;
a canon is passed against ritualism.
Oct. * The Christian Women's Board
of Missions (Disciples) is organized.
Nov. 2. Cat. John Henry D. Wingfield
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
missionary bishop of Northern Cali-
fornia.
Nov. 12. N. J. William H. Odenheimer
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bisbop of Northern New Jersey.
Nov. 19. 0. The Woman's Christian
Temperance Union is organized in
Cleveland as the " sober, second thought
of the temperance crusade."
Dec. 20. Tex. Alexander Charles Gar-
rett is consecrated (Protestant Episco-
pal) missionary bishop of Northern
Texas.
Dec. * The Colored Methodist Episco-
pal Church in America is organized.
* * D. C. The Baptist Annual Meeting
is held at Washington.
* * D. C. The Roman Catholic Bureau
of Indian Missions is established at
"Washington.
* * III. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ;
John G. Brown, moderator.
* * The (Congregational) National Coun-
cil meets.
* * Mass. The Congregational Club is
formed in Taunton.
* * The Woman's Foreign Missionary
Society of the African Methodist Epis-
copal Church is organized.
* * Mb. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) meets at St. Louis ; Samuel J.
Wilson, moderator.
* * New York. The General Conven-
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. The
Church Congress is organized.
The Protestant Episcopal dioceses of
Newark, N. J., "Western Michigan,
Northern New Jersey, and Western
Texas are organized.
* * 0. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin-
nati ; R. M. Bishop, president.
* * Ore. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is organized.
* * Tex. The Roman Catholic Vicarate
Apostolic of Brownsville is erected.
* * The Clergymen's Retiring Fund
Society (Protestant Episcopal) is incor-
porated.
* * The German Mission Conference
(Methodist Episcopal Church South) is
organized.
* * The Wisconsin Conference (Free Meth-
odist) is organized.
1875 Jan. 27. Ky. Thomas U. Dudley
is consecrated assistant bishop (Prot-
estant Episcopal) of Kentucky.
Feb. 2. N.J. John Scarborough is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of New Jersey.
* * Boston is erected a Roman Catholic
archdiocese, with the bishops of Port-
land, Burlington, Springfield, Provi-
dence, and Hartford suffragans to it.
Feb. 12. Boston. John Joseph Wil-
liams is created first (Roman Catholic)
Archbishop of Boston.
Feb. 24. George de Normandie Gillespie
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Western Michigan.
LETTERS.
1874* * Ark. Little Rock College (non-
sect.), at Little Rock, is organized.
* * Colorado CoUege (Cong.) is founded
at Colorado Springs.
* * Cal. The Legislature passes the com-
pulsory education law and revises the
school laws.
* * Chicago. The Union Signal is issued.
* * Ga. Clark University (Meth. Epis.,
Colored) is founded at Atlanta.
* * III. St.. Viateur's College (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at Bourbonnais.
Ewing College (Bapt.) is founded.
The Southern Illinois Normal Uni-
versity is opened at Carbondale.
* * Ind. Purdue University (non-sect.)
is organized at Lafayette.
+ * Ky. Central University (Southern
Pres.) is organized in Richmond.
* * Mass. The Memorial HaU is opened
at Harvard. It is erected in memory of
the Harvard students who died in the
Civil War.
* * Mich. Battle Creek CoUege (Ad-
ventist) is founded.
* * Nevada State University (non-sect.)
is organized at Elko.
* * N. C. Gregory Institute, Colored, of
Wilmington, is founded by the American
Missionary Association. WeavervUle
College (non-sect.) is organized.
* * N. C, N J. Compulsory education
laws are enacted.
* * New York. International Review is
established. The City Record is founded.
The Dramatic News is founded by
Charles Albert Byrne.
* * 0. University of Cincinnati (non-
sect.) is organized.
* * Tenn. Southwestern University
(Bapt.) is founded at Jackson.
* * The American College and Education
Society (Cong.) is formed by the union of
two societies.
* * The Circuit Rider, by Edward Eggles-
ton, appears.
* * Darwinism and Language, by William
Dwight Whitney, appears.
* * Echoesof the Foot Hills, by Bret Harte,
appears.
* * Hazel Blossoms, by John Greenleaf
Whittier, appears.
* * In His Name, by Edward Everett Hale,
appears.
* * John Andros, by Rebecca H. Davis, ap-
pears.
* * Life and Death of John of Barneveld,
by Motley, appears. •
* * Life on the Mississippi, by Mark Twain,
appears.
* * The Mistress of the Manse, by J. G.
Holland, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1874, Sept. 15-1875, Feb. 27. 287
* * Poems, by Celia Thaxter, appears.
* * The Prophet, by Bayard Taylor, ap-
pears.
* * Prudence Palfrey, by T. B. Aldricb,
appears ; also Cloth of Gold and Other
Poems.
* * The Scottish Philosophy, by James
McCosb, appears.
* * Sex and Education, by Julia Ward
Howe, appears.
* * Songs of Many Seasons, by Oliver Wen-
dell Holmes, appears.
* * Toinette, by Albion Winegar Tourgee,
appears.
* * Democracy and Monarchy in Prance,
by C. K. Adams, appears.
* * Illustrious Soldiers, by James Grant
Wilson, appears.
* * Opening of a Chestnut Burr, by E. P.
Roe, appears.
* * Around the Tea Table, by T. De Witt
Talmage, appears.
* * Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, by Jobn
Fiske, appears.
* * The Doctrine of Evolution, by Alexan-
der Wincbell, appears ; also, The Geology
of Stars.
* * A Foregone Conclusion, by William
Dean Howells, appears.
* * Life of Thomas Jefferson, by James
Parton, appears.
* * The Old Rigime in Canada, by Francis
Tarkman, appears.
1875 Jan. * Me. An industrial school
for girls is opened at Hallowell by the
authorities of the State.
SOCIETY.
1874 Sept. 18. Neb. The Nebraska Re-
lief and Aid Society is organized to
furnish relief for sufferers by the grass-
hopper plague and long drought.
Oct.* Utah. Brigham Young is in-
dicted the second time for polygamy.
Oct.* Indians massacre settlers in the
Northwest.
Nov. 12. Pa. WiUiam E. Udderzook
is convicted and hanged for the murder
of W. S. Goss for his insurance, on Feb.
2, 1872.
Nov. 17. O. The First "Woman's
National Temperance Convention
meets in Cleveland. [Nov. 19 The
"Woman's Christian Temperance
Union is organized.]
Dec. 7. Miss. A race riot is caused by
political conflicts, and many negroes are
killed.
Dec. 12. D. C. King Kalakaua of the
Hawaiian Islands visits Washington.
Dec* Miss. A race riot at "Vicksburg
results in the death of 75 negroes.
* * Cal. The Legislature enacts that
when persons are convicted of capital
crime, the jury may determine between
inflicting the death penalty or imprison-
ment for life.
* * O. The Constitutional Amend-
ment in favor of license is voted down
by G,28G majority.
* * O. The Queen City Club of Cincin-
nati is organized.
* * Phila. The Cecilian (musical) So-
ciety is organized.
* * Pa. The 8th National Encampment of
the Grand Army of the Republic is held
at Harrisburg ; Gen. Charles Devens, Jr.,
of Mass., commander-in-chief.
* * Tenn. The Tennessee hospital for
the insane, of East Tennessee, is located
at Knoxville.
* * U.S. A ■whisky ring, composed of
distillers and Government officials, as-
sumes national proportions ; it robs the
Government and disgraces the Admin-
istration.
1875 Jan. 8-July 2. XT, Y. Rev.
Henry Ward Beecher of Brooklyn is
tried on the charge of adultery, made by
Theodore Tilton ; the scandal causes in-
tense excitement during the long trial ;
the jury disagree. Vote, nine for and
three against conviction.
STATE.
1874 Sept. 15. D.C. The President is-
sues a proclamation ordering the Loui-
siana armed partizans to disperse within
five days.
* * La. "The Crescent City White
League " is formed, for the reformation
and purification of the State govern-
ment.
Sept. 17. La. The rival parties peace-
ably surrender the State buildings to
the U. S. officers.
Sept. 18. La. The white people submit
to the decision of the President ; Gov-
ernor Kellogg is restored.
Sept. 19. La. Gen. Brooke is appointed
military governor; W. P. Kellogg
transacts the duties of the office.
Oct. 28. Ore. The Legislature passes a
law creating the State Board of Immi-
gration.
Nov. 2. N. J. The Legislature sells the
costly yet unfinished " Stevens's Bat-
tery " to the Federal Government for
$145,000.
Nov. 3. Mich. The people ratify the re-
vised constitution; the woman suf-
frage clause is defeated in a separate
vote (40,077-135,957).
Nov. 4. U. S. A general political re-
action favors the Democrats in the elec-
tions.
N. Y. Samuel J. Tilden (Dem.) is
elected governor after the complete
overthrow of the Tweed Ring. (See
Society, 1873.)
Dec. 7. D. C. The 43d Congress: the
second session opens.
Dec. 18. D. C. Congress gives a recep-
tion to King Kalakaua of the Hawaiian
Islands.
Dec. 21. Miss. President Grant issues
a proclamation ordering disorderly
people of Warren County to conform to
the laws.
Dec. 22. D.C. Congress ; Senate : The
bill passes to resume specie payments.
Vote, 32-14. All the yeas are Republi-
can.
Dec. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate : M.
H. Carpenter of Wis. is reelected Presi-
dent pro tempore.
* * N. Y. The Legislature passes an Act
by which the term of office for governor
is made three years.
* * Va. The people ratify an amendment
of the Constitution abolishing the town-
ship system.
* * Wis. The Supreme Court affirms the
constitutionality of the Potter Law.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-78 * * Ala. George S. Houston.
-77 * * Fla. M. L. Stearns.
-77 * * La. William Pitt Kellogg.
Mass. Thomas Talbot.
-76* * Mass. William Gaston.
-76 * * Me. Nelson Dingley.
-76 * * Minn. Cushman K. Davis.
-76 * * Miss. Adelbert Ames.
-77 * * N.C. Curtis H. Brogden.
-76 * * N.H. James A. Weston.
-75 * * O. William Allen.
-76 * * Tex. Richard Coke.
-78 * * Va. James L. Kemper.
-76 * * Vt. Asahel Peck.
-76 * * Wis. William H. Taylor.
1875 Jan. 4. La. The Legislature is
claimed by two bodies ; Kellogg is
maintained by military force.
Jan. 7. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the Act to resume specie pay-
ments on Jan. 1, 1879. Vote, 125-106;
Democrats are unanimously against it.
Jan. 8. La. The IT. S. troops quell
disturbances in the Legislature, caused
by rival parties, while organizing.
Jan. 14. D. C. The President approves
the Act for resuming specie payments.
Feb. 3. D. C. Congress : The Senate
rejects the new reciprocity treaty be-
tween Canada and the United States.
Feb. 27. D. C. The Government fixes
the indemnity claimed from Spain
for the families of men massacred in
the Virginius affair of Oct. 31, 1873, at
$80,000. [It is soon paid.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1874 Sept. 19. Mass Sixty lives are
lost by the burning of cotton-mills at
Fall River.
Oct. 14. Kan. The Mennonites pur-
chase 100,000 acres of railroad lands for
settlement.
Dec. 21-26. N.J. Edward Payson Wes-
ton walks 500 miles in 5 days, 23 hours,
and 34 minutes at Newark.
* * La. Carrollton is annexed to New
Orleans.
* * Neb. The Nebraska Legislature ap-
points an arbor-day, and thus inau-
gurates a movement for tree-planting
[which extends into many States].
* * New York. The Amsterdam-Neth-
erlands line of steamers for Boulogne
and Rotterdam is established.
1875 Feb. 9. Mass. The first train
passes through the Hoosac Tunnel
(4| miles long).
288 1875, Mar. 1-* *
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1875 * * The troops bring into subjection
the predatory bands of Kio was, Cheyen-
nes, and Comanches on the borders of the
Staked Plains ; the Indians are subdued
in the southwest, where the Cheyennes
give themselves up as prisoners of war.
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1875 June 3. N. Y. The asteroids
Vibilia and Adeona are discovered by
C. H. F. Peters at Clinton.
June 15. N. Dak. Gen. Forsythe, under
official orders, starts from Bismarck to
explore the Yellowstone River region.
July * V. J. Edison makes investiga-
tions and experiments for the electrical
transmission of speech.
Sept. 15-18. Tex. A storm on the
coast does great damage; Galveston,
Indianola, and other places are much
injured ; villages are washed away by
the sea, and many lives lost.
Oct. 26. Fa. A statue of Gen. "Stone-
wall " Jackson is unveiled at Rich-
mond.
Dec. 22. Va. Richmond is visited by an
earthquake.
* * D. C. Prof. Alexander's theory con-
cerning the zodiacal light is published
by the Smithsonian Institution.
He declares it to be a terrestrial girdle,
so situated that its time of revolution
around the earth is equal to, and in the
same direction as, that of the moon.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1875.
Apr. 5. Roosevelt, James L., lawyer, ju-
rist, of New York, A80.
Apr. 13. Fitch, Leroy, commander U. S.
N., A 40.
May 17. Breckinridge, John Cabell,
senator for Ky., Vice-President U. S., A54.
June 14. Upham, Charles W., Unit, cler-
gyman, writer, A73.
July 3. Florence, Thomas B., M. C. for
Pa., A63.
July 8. Blair, Francis P., maj.-gen. of
vols., M. C. for Mo., A54.
July 30. Pickett, George Edward, Confed.
gen., led Confed. charge at Gettysburg, A50.
July 31. Johnson, Andrew, M. C. for
Tenn., Gov., senator, Vice-President, 17th
President, A67.
Aug. 3. Lewis, Winslow, physician, medi-
cal writer, A76.
Aug. 11. Graham, William A., lawyer,
senator for N. C, A75.
Aug. 12. Binney, Horace, lawyer, M. C.
for Pa., A95.
Aug. 18. Finney, Charles G., Pres. cler-
gyman, president of Oberlin College, A83.
Aug. 23. Nutt, Cyrus, M. E. clergyman,
educator, A61.
Sept. 8. Lyon, Caleb, M. C, for N. Y.,
Gov. of Idaho, traveler, A 53.
Sept. 14. Lapham, Increase Allen, natu-
ralist, author, A64.
Sept. 16. Kemble, Gouverneur, capitalist,
A89.
Oct. 21. Hudson, Frederic, journalist,
N. Y. Herald, A56.
Oct. 29. Walker, Amasa, M. C. for Mass.,
professor of political economy, A76.
Nov. 2. Hackett, Horatio Balch, Biblical
scholar, professor ancient languages, A67.
Nov. 22. Wilson, Henry, senator for
Mass., 18th Vice-President, A 63.
Nov. 24. Astor, William B., merchant,
capitalist, A83.
Dec. 2. Harris, Ira, jurist, senator for
N. Y., A73.
Dec. 9. Browne, J. Ross, traveler, writer,
A58.
Doc. 27. Richardson, William Alexander,
SI. C. for 111., Gov., senator for Neb., A65.
CHURCH.
1875 Mar. 12. It. It is announced that
Archbishop John McCloskey of New
York has been created a cardinal, the
first in North America.
Apr. 28. O. Thomas Augustus Jagger
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Southern Ohio.
May 23. W. Va. John Joseph Main is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
West Virginia.
June 5. New York. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
July 19-22. London. A Pan-Presby-
terian Congress is held; about 50
bodies are represented ; an " Alliance of
Presbyterian Churches " is formed.
Oct. 21. Mich. The Michigan Confer-
ence of Unitarian and other Christian
churches is organized at Jackson.
Oct.* New York. The first annual meet-
ing of the Church Congress (Protestant
Episcopal) is held.
Nov. 11. The Illinois Conference of
Unitarian and other independent socie-
ties is organized at Bloomington.
Nov. 21. Phila. Moody and Sankey be-
gin revival meetings in the old freight
depot, 13th and Market Streets.
Dec. 6. III. William Edward McLaren
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Illinois.
Dec. 15. Wis. John Henry Hobart
Brown is consecrated (Protestant Epis-
copal) bishop of Fond du Lac.
Dec. 21. Minn. John Ireland, bishop
of St. Paul, is promoted to the archbish-
opric.
Dec. 17. N.Mex. William Forbes Adams
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
missionary bishop of New Mexico.
* * Cal. The California Chinese Mission
is organized by the General Association
of the Congregational Churches of Cali-
fornia as auxiliary to the American Mis-
sionary Association.
* * Cal. The "Women's Baptist For-
eign Missionary Society of the "WeBt
is organized.
* * Ky. The Annual Convention of the
Disciples of Christ is held at Louis-
ville ; Isaac Errett, president. The
Foreign Christian Missionary So-
ciety is organized at Louisville.
* * Ky. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is organized.
* * Mass. The Worcester Congregational
Club is formed.
* * Me. James A. Healy is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Portland.
* * Me. The Maine Unitarian Associa-
tion is incorporated.
* * N. Mex. Santa Fe is created a
Roman Catholic archiepiscopal see.
* * Mich. The North Michigan Confer-
ence (Free Methodist) is organized.
* * Neb. The Nebraska Eldership
(Church of God) is organized.
* * The Woman's Association of the
United Brethren in Christ is organ-
ized for mission work.
LETTERS.
1875 Mar. 13. Phila. The Daily Times
is issued.
Aug. 24. Va. The colored people hold
an educational convention at Rich-
mond.
Dec. 20. The Chicago Daily News is
issued.
* * Boston. The Golden Rule is issued.
* * Boston. Joseph Cook begins the Bos-
ton Monday Lectures.
* * III. Chaddock CoUege (Meth. Epis.)
is founded at Quincy.
* * Md. The Baltimore Morning Herald
is first issued.
* * Mass. Smith College (non-sect.) is
organized at Northampton.
* * Mass. WeUesley CoUege (non-sect.)
is organized at Wellesley.
* * Mo. Park CoUege (non-sect.) is or-
ganized at Parkville.
* * New York. The newspapers, led by
the Times, drive the Government into
action against the Whisky Ring.
* * O. Ashland CoUege (non-sect.) is
organized at Ashland.
* * 0. Hebrew Union CoUege (Jewish)
in Cincinnati, is organized.
* * Birds and Poets, by John Burroughs,
appears.
* * Ceramic Art, by William Phipps Blake,
appears.
* * Phila. The Daily Call is issued.
SOCIETY.
1875 Mar. 4. Kan. The Legislature
passes an Act providing for the issue of
$95,000 State bonds to supply grain
and seed to destitute citizens.
Mar. 18. Phila. The Penn Club is or-
ganized.
Mar.* Utah. The courts condemn Brig-
ham Young to support one of his wives
while she sues for divorce. [He is im-
prisoned in his own house for non-com-
pliance with the mandate.]
Apr. 5. Mass. The Legislature repeals
the prohibitory Uquor law.
Apr. 20. A mutiny breaks out on board
the schooner Jefferson Borden ; two mates
are murdered, but the outbreak is finally
suppressed by the captain.
Apr. * New York. A civil suit ic begun
against WiUiam M. Tweed to recover
$0,198,950 of the city's money embezzled
by him.
[June 22. Tweed is discharged, be-
cause confined on a cumulative sen-
tence ; he is rearrested on an old indict-
ment.]
May 1. D. C. The whisky frauds in
the Western States are exposed ; the
loss to the government by corruption is
placed at $1,650,000. (See State.)
May 12. Chicago. The 9th National En-
campment of the Grand Army of the
Republic is held ; Gen. John F. Har-
tranft of Pa., commander-in-chief.
June 3. Chicago. The National Tem-
perance Convention meets.
UNITED STATES.
1875, Marl.-** 289
June 16, 17. Boston. The 100th anni-
versary of the Battle of Bunker Hill is
celebrated.
July 4. S. C. Citizens at Hamburg are
incensed against a colored militia com-
pany for the alleged offense of blocking
the highway. [July 9. The negroes
are attacked by white citizens ; five are
killed and many wounded.]
July 5. Pa. The "Molly Maguires"
shoot and kill a policeman of Tamaqua.
July * The Indian-ring scandal is dis-
closed by Prof. Marsh. He reports to
the President the corrupt and fraudu-
lent conduct of the officials employed to
deal with the Indians.
Aug. 1-Oct. 1. Mass. A long-continued
strike of 15,000 cotton mill-hands
against a reduction of wages occurs at
Fall River, but the operatives finally
yield, and return to work.
Aug. 24. Va. A colored educational
convention meets at Richmond.
Sept. 1-4. Miss. Riots occur between
the officers and the people at Yazoo City
and Clinton.
Sept. 1. Pa. "Molly Maguires" mur-
der two miners at Raven Run. [Sept 3.
John P. Jones at Lansford.]
STATE.
1875 Mar. 1. D. C. The President ap-
proves the stringent amendment to the
Civil Rights Act; its aim is to prevent
discrimination against negroes by com-
mon carriers, theater managers, inn-
keepers, and others.
Mar. 2. Colorado Territory is organ-
ized. [July 1. The people ratify the
State Constitution.]
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress restores the
10 per cent reduction in duties, in-
creases duties on sugars, increases the
internal revenue tax on tobacco, snuff ,
and cigars, and raises the rate on dis-
tilled spirits from 70 to 90 cents, to pre-
vent an impending deficiency in the
treasury. It appropriates $5,200,000 for
the improvement of the mouths of the
Mississippi by the construction of jet-
ties.
It passes a supplementary Immigra-
tion Act; authorizes the coinage of
20-cent silver coins, and provides for
making a part of the Island of Macki-
nac, Michigan, a national park.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 43d Congress
ends.
Mar. 5. D. C. The Senate meets in
special session at the call of the Presi-
dent (issued Feb. 17). [It closes Mar.
24.]
Apr. 14. La. The claims of contending
candidates for the Legislature are sub-
mitted to a Congressional committee
for adjustment.
May 4. Fla. The amendments to the
Constitution are ratified by the people
at a special election.
May 15. D. C. George H. Williams,
Attorney-General, resigns.
May 25. R. I. There being no choice
of governor in the State election, ttie
Legislature elects. Vote : Henry Lip-
pitt, 70 ; Mr. Hazard, 36.
May * D. C. Secretary Bristow makes
a secret investigation of the Whisky
Ring ; it has defrauded the Government
of internal revenue taxes on distilled
liquors. [Indictments are brought
against 238 persons ; $1,650,000 has been
defrauded the Treasury in 10 months.]
(See Society.)
May 29. D. C. President Grant's letter,
declining to be a candidate for a third
term in the presidency, is published.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1875. Rev-
enue : Customs, $157,167,722 ; internal
revenue, $110,007,494; sales of public
lands, $1,413,640 ; premiums on loans and
sales of gold coin, $3,979,280 ; miscella-
neous items, $15,431,915. Total revenue,
$288,000,051 ; excess of revenue over or-
dinary expenditures, $13,376,658. Ex-
penditures: Miscellaneous items, $71,-
070,073; War Dep't, $41,120,646; Navy
Dep't, $21,497,626; Indians, $8,384,057;
pensions, $29,456,216; interest on the
public debt, $103,093,545. Total ordinary
expenditures, 274,623,393; public debt,
$2,232,284,531. Exports, $513,442.711 ; im-
ports, $533,005,436.
July * Green Island, a notorious resort
for outlaws, near Evansville, is declared
the property of Kentucky by a commis-
sion appointed by the Legislatures of
Indiana and Kentucky.
Sept. 5. Tex. A Constitutional Con-
vention meets at Austin. [Feb. 17, 1876.
The people ratify the new Constitu-
tion.]
Sept. 6. Ala. A Constitutional Con-
vention is held at Montgomery.
N. C. A Constitutional Convention
assembles at Raleigh. [The people ratify
the new Constitution. Vote, 122,912-
108,829.]
Sept. 7. N. J. The people ratify the 28
amendments to the State Constitution.
Sept. 22. D. C. Columbus Delano of
O., Secretary ol the Interior, resigns.
Oct. 2. Conn. The Constitution is
amended.
Oct. 12. Neb. The people ratify the
new Constitution.
Oct. 19. D. C. Zachariah Chandler
of Mich, is appointed Secretary of the
Interior.
Oct. 30. Mo. The new Constitution is
ratified by the people. Vote, 90,600-
14,362.
Nov. 2. Minn. The people ratify an
amendment of the Constitution permit-
ting female suffrage in the election of
school officers (male or female), and re-
specting school questions.
Nov. 7. New York. William H. Wick-
ham is elected the 79th mayor.
Nov. 16. Ala. The new State Consti-
tution is ratified. Vote, 95,672-30,004.
Nov. 22. D. C. Thomas W. Ferry of
Mich., the President pro tempore of the
Senate, becomes acting Vice-Presi-
dent of the United States, on the death
of Henry Wilson. [Dec. 20. He is re-
elected.]
* * O. Rutherford B. Hayes is again
reelected Governor.
Dec. 6. B.C. Congress; House:
Michael C. Kerr (Dem.) of Ind. is
elected Speaker, against J. G. Blaine
(Rep.) of Me. Vote, 173-106. Democrats
control the House for the first time
since 1859.
Congress; Senate: Ex-President
Johnson returns as Senator from Ten-
nessee.
Dec. 7. B. C. President Grant recom-
mends nonsectarian and compulsory
education, in his message to Congress.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1875 Apr. 19. Mass. The centennial
of the battles of Lexington and Concord
is celebrated.
Apr. 28. Wis. A fire in Oshkosh burns
property worth $2,000,000.
May 27. Mass. Fire breaks out in the
French Catholic Church at Holyoke ; 75
deaths are caused by a panic.
June 10. N. Y. The direct cable is
completed, connecting New York with
Newfoundland and the Irish coast.
July 3. Mass. The centennial of Wash-
ington's assumption of command of the
army is celebrated at Cambridge.
July 18. Chicago. W. J. Donaldson, an
aeronaut, makes an ascension, and is
lost in a storm on Lake Michigan.
Aug. 25. Cal. The Bank of California
of San Francisco suspends because of
unsuccessful speculations.
Sept. 1. New York. The new post-
office at Broadway and Park Row is
occupied.
Sept. 16. U. S. The system of fast
mail trains is introduced.
Oct. 26. Nev. Virginia City is destroyed
by fire. Several lives and $4,000,000 in
property are lost ; 10,000 persons are
made homeless.
Nov. 4. The steamship Pacific, running
between Portland and San Francisco,
founders ; 200 deaths.
Nov. 9. Tex. Off Galveston Bar the
steamship City of Waco burns; nearly
70 deaths.
Nov. 23. Mo. A convention meets at
St. Louis to take action relative to the
construction of the Southern Pacific
Railroad ; 869 members present.
Nov. * Phila. The Market Street bridge
is burned. Rebuilt in 21 days.
Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1875. Cur-
rency in circulation, $754,101,947; per
capita, $17.16 ; Production : gold, 33,-
467,856; silver, $31 ,727,560. Cotton, 3,832,-
991 bales ; barrels of petroleum, 121,625,-
146. Immigrants (fiscal year), 227,498.
Fire waste, $78,102,285; insurance, $39,-
325,400.
* *-78* * Boston. An aqueduct is built,
supplying Boston with water from the
Sudbury River.
290 1875, * *-1876, May 10.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1876* * Wy. — Mont. War with the
Sioux Indians is caused by the " white
man" breaking the treaty with the Gov-
ernment, and by appropriating Indian
lands in gold-seeking regions. The
Sioux Indians burn houses, steal the
stock of settlers, and murder those who
oppose them.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1875 * * The American Neurological
Association is organized, also the
American Gynecological Society, the
Association of Medical Officers of
American Institutions for Idiotic and
Feeble-Minded Persons, Association of
American Medical Colleges, Ameri-
can Dermatological Association, and
the American Academy of Medicine.
* * N. Y. The Powers Art Gallery of
Rochester is established.
* * N. Y. Homer D. Martin, John B.
Bristol, Charles H. Miller, and Charles
Calverley of New York, and L. G. Sell-
stedt of Buffalo, are elected members of
the National Academy of Design.
* * O. Charles Brush of Cleveland in-
vents a successful dynamo and arc-
light lamp.
* * R. I. Moses G. Farmer of Newport
succeeds in making incandescent
lights with platinum and iridium wire.
* * Steamer Panther among Icebergs in
Melville Bay under the Light of the Mid-
night Sun is painted by William Brad-
ford.
* * France is painted by J. A. Brown.
* * Valley of Kern's River is painted by
Albert Bierstadt.
* * Trout Brook is painted by J. W. Casi-
lear.
* * Keene Valley is painted by A. C. Shaw.
1876 Feb. 21. N. Y. The asteroid
Una is discovered by C. H. F. Peters.
[Lorely, Aug. 10 ; Rhodope, Aug. 17 ;
Urda, Aug. 29.]
Feb. 26. Phila. The Pennsylvania Mu-
seum and School of Industrial Art is
incorporated.
Apr. 14. D. C. A statue of Lincoln, by
John Q. A. Ward, is unveiled in Lincoln
Park, Washington, as a memorial of
emancipation ; the contributions of
freedmen erect it.
Apr. 18. Mich. The asteroid Athol is
discovered by J. C. Watson. [And
Sibylla on Sept. 18th.]
May 2. Phila. The Academy of Natu-
ral Sciences is opened.
May 10. Boston. Prof. Bell exhibits
and explains his method of transmitting
speech by electricity. [Later he ex-
hibits his telephone at the Centennial
Exhibition ; he uses an iron diaphragm.]
Phila. The Corliss engine, of 1,400
horse power, and weighing 700 tons, sets
in motion the machinery of the Centen-
nial Exhibition. It attracts much at-
tention because of its immense size and
silent movement.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1876.
Jan. 8. Clifford, John Henry, lawyer,
Gov. Mass., pres. overseers of Harvard,
A67.
Jan. 9. Howe, Samuel Gridley, surgeon for
the blind, philanthropist, of Boston, A75.
Jan. 10. Granger, Gordon, maj.-gen. vols.,
col. U. S. A., A55.
Jan. 14. Sears, Edmund Hamilton, poet,
Unit, clergyman, A66.
Feb. 7. Stringham, Silas Horton, rear-
adm. U. S. N., A78.
Feb. 8. Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, ac-
tor, singer, dramatic reader, A60.
Feb. 10. Johnson, Reverdy, senator for
Md., atty.-gen., minister to England, A80.
Feb. 17. Bushnell, Horace. Cong, cler-
gyman, author, theologian, educator, A74.
Feb. 27. Horsley, Charles Edward, musi-
cian, composer, A54.
Mar. 1 1 . Robinson, William Stevens, jour-
nalist, "Warrington," A58.
Mar. 83. Redfleld, Isaac Fletcher, jurist,
author, A72.
Apr. 7. Olden, Charles Smith, merchant,
Gov. of N. J., A77.
Apr. 10. Stewart, Alex. Turney, mer-
chant, of N. Y., A73.
Apr. 16. Polk, Trusten, lawyer, Gov., sen-
ator for Mo., Confederate official, A65.
Apr. 17. Brownson, Orestes Augustus,
Pres., Unit., Univ., Kom. Cath. clergyman,
editor Quarterly Review, A73.
May 3. Sprague, William Buell, Pres. cler-
gyman, author, A81.
CHURCH.
1875 * * 0. The German Augsburg Synod
(Evangelical Lutheran) of Ohio and ad-
jacent States is organized. The General
Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets
at Wooster; W. W. Barr, moderator.
The General Assembly (Presbyterian)
meets at Cleveland ; E. D. Morris, mod-
erator. The (Protestant Episcopal) dio-
cese of Southern Ohio is organized. The
Cleveland Congregational Club is formed
in Cleveland.
* *The German Baptist Brethren's
Church begins foreign mission work
in Denmark.
* * Md. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) meets at Baltimore.
* * N.J. Henry Boehm, a centenarian
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and
companion of Bishop Asbury, the organ-
izer of American Methodism, dies.
He preaches a sermon before the New-
ark Annual Conference when he is 100
years old.
* * Free and Open (Protestant Episco-
pal) Church Association is organized.
* * Pa. The Roman Catholic diocese of
Philadelphia is erected an archdiocese.
* * Philadelphia is created a Roman
Catholic archiepiscopal see ; the bish-
ops of Pittsburg, Harrisburg, Erie,
Scranton, and Wilmington are suffra-
gans to it.
* * Phila. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held.
* * Wis. Milwaukee is created a Roman
Catholic archiepiscopal see; bishops
of Green Bay, La Crosse, Marquette,
and St. Paul are suffragans to it.
* * The Theosophical Society is advo-
cated by Madame Blavatsky of Russia,
and Col. Olcott, an American.
They teach universal brotherhood,
and commend the study of Eastern
philosophy.
* * The mission work of the Associate
Reformed Presbyterian Synod of the
South begins by sending a missionary
to Egypt.
* * The Woman's Executive Committee
of Home Missions plants its first
Christian school among the Indians of
New Mexico and Alaska.
* *The "Woman's Board of Foreign
Missions of the Reformed Church of
America is organized.
1876 Feb. 24. William Rufus Nichol-
son is consecrated (Reformed Episcopal)
bishop.
Mar. 25. The Home Mission Board
of the Presbyterian Church (North)
sends out its first missionaries to the
American Indians.
Apr. 6. The Congregational Association
of Alabama is organized.
May 1-31. Md. The General Confer-
ence (Methodist Episcopal) meets at
Baltimore ; fraternal messengers are
received from the Methodist Episcopal
Church South.
The Austin, Central Alabama, Central
Illinois, East Ohio, India, Montana,
Southern California, Southern German,
and Savannah Conferences are formed.
LETTERS.
1875 * * Tenn. The Peabody Normal
CoUege is opened at Nashville.
* * Tenn. Southwestern University
(Bapt.) is organized at Jackson, and
opened.
* * Tenn. Southwestern Presbyterian
University is organized at Clarkville.
* * Tenn. Vanderbilt University (Meth.
Epis. South) is organized at Nashville.
Formerly called the Central University.
[It is endowed by Cornelius Vanderbilt
of New York with $1,000,000.]
* * Wis. The State Normal School at
River Falls is opened.
* * Farm Legends, by Will Carleton, ap-
pears.
* * Florida, by Sidney Lanier, appears.
* * The Hanging of the Crane, and The
Masque of Pandora, by Henry W.
LongfeUow, appear.
* * Happy Dodd, by Rose Terry Cooke,
appears.
* * History of the United States for Chil-
dren, by Benson J. Lossing, appears.
* * Home Pastorals, by Bayard Taylor,
appears.
* * A Lady of the Aroostook, by William
Dean Howells, appears.
» * Leisure-Day Rhymes, by John G. Saxe,
appears.
* * Letters and Social Aims, by Ralph
"Waldo Emerson, appears.
* * Mabel Martin, by John Greenleaf
Whittier, appears.
* * The New Day, by Richard Watson
Gilder, appears.
* * A Norseman's Pilgrimage, by Hjalmar
Hjorth Boyesen, appears.
* * Playing the Mischief, by J. W. De
Forest, appears.
* * Poetic Studies, by Elizabeth Stuart
Phelps, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1875, * *-1876,May 10. 291
* * Roderick Hudson, by Henry James,
appears ; also Transatlantic Sketches.
* * Tales of the Argonauts, by Bret Harte,
appears.
* * The Victorian Poets, by Edmund Clar-
ence Stedman, appears.
* * Young Folks' History of the United
States, by T. W. Higglnson, appears.
* * Memoirs, by Gen. W. T. Sherman, ap-
pears.
* * Ship in the Desert, by Joaquin Miller,
appears.
* * We and Our Neighbors, by Harriet
Beecher Stowe, appears.
* * Castle Nowhere, by C. F. "Woolson, ap-
pears.
* * From Jest to Earnest, by E. P. Roe,
appears.
1876 Feb. 22. Md. Daniel C. Gilman
is installed president of Johns Hopkins
University.
SOCIETY.
1875 * * Boston. Jesse Pomeroy, the
boy murderer, is sentenced to imprison-
ment for the murder of Horace W. Mil-
len, on Apr. 22, 1874. Three other vic-
tims are alleged to have been killed.
* * Chicago. Day schools for the deaf
are opened.
* * Mass. The prohibitory statute is
repealed.
* * Me. The Legislature passes a com-
pulsory education bill.
* * Neb. The Legislature authorizes the
sale of $50,000 in State bonds for the re-
relief of citizens suffering from lo-
custs and the failure of the crops.
* * N. Y. The Baptist Home for the
Aged of Brooklyn is founded.
* * New York. The Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Children is in-
corporated.
* * New York. The Society of the Sons
of the Revolution is organized; its
object is to keep alive the spirit of patri-
otism, and to preserve the history and
fellowship of the Revolution.
* * O. The 2d "Woman's National
Temperance Convention meets in
Cleveland ; Mrs. Annie Wittenmyer,
president.
* * Pa. The local-option law is repealed.
* *R.I. The Legislature repeals the con-
stabulary prohibitory law, and passes
an Act to regulate and restrain the sale
of intoxicating liquors.
* * Tex. The State Constitution is changed
so as to guarantee local option.
1876. Jan. 1. Phila. The beginning
of the Centennial year is appropri-
ately celebrated.
Jan. 13. Neb. The State institution for
the blind is opened at Nebraska City.
Jan. 26. Boston. Extensive forgeries by
E. D. Winslow are discovered.
Jan. * Wis. The application of Miss
Lavinia Goodell for admission to
the Wisconsin bar is rejected by the
Supreme Court, on the ground of in-
compatibility, the profession being un-
fitted for the female sex.
Feb. 7. Mo. Gen. O. E. Babcock, pri-
vate secretary of President Grant, is
acquitted of complicity in the whisky
frauds.
Mar. 8. New York. A verdict is given
against William M. Tweed in the great
civil action ; the jury decides that he
must refund to the city $6,537,117.38.
Apr. * Pa. Non-union men are treated
with great violence by union miners ;
much property is destroyed in the coal
region.
May 7. D. C. Dom Pedro, Emperor of
Brazil, and the Empress Theresa, are
presented to the President.
May 9. N. Y. Pasach N. Bubenstein,
after trial in Brooklyn, is sentenced to
be hanged for the murder of Sarah
Alexander, but dies in jail.
STATE.
1875 * * Mo. St. Louis has its bounda-
ries extended by the new Constitution,
so as to annex 40,000 acres, having 17
miles of river front.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated.
-77 * * Ark. A. H. Garland.
-79 * * Cal. William Irwin.
-76 * * Colo. (Ter.). John I. Rouatt.
-79 * * Del. John P. Cochran.
-76 * * Ida. (Ter.). John P. Hoy t.
-79 * * Ky. James B. M'Creary.
-77 * * Mo. Charles H. Hardin.
-79 * * Neb. Silas Garber.
-77 * * N.H. Person C. Cheney.
-78 * * N. J. Joseph D. Bedle.
-77 * * N. Y. Samuel J. Tilden.
-77 * * R. I. Henry Lippitt.
-77 * * S. C. Dan. H. Chamberlain.
-79 * * Tenn. James D. Porter.
-80 * * U. (Ter.). George W. Emery.
1876 Jan. 10. D. C. Congress ; House :
The Randall Universal Amnesty Bill
fails to receive a two-thirds vote. Vote,
175-97. Republicans oppose granting
amnesty to Jefferson Davis, Robert
Toombs, and Jacob Thompson.
Feb. 16. D. C. Congress appropriates
$1,500,000 in aid of the Centennial Exhi-
bition. (See Miscellaneous.)
Feb. 18. Wis. The Legislature modifies
the severity of the Potter Law.
Feb. 23. Ala. The governor approves
the Act to fund the State debt at a
lower rate of interest.
Feb. 24. D. C. Gen. O. E. Babcock,
the President's private secretary, resigns
his office after acquittal. (See Society,
Feb. 7.)
Mar. 2. D.C. Congress : The House
passes a resolution to impeach Secre-
tary Belknap for selling official places
in the Navy Department ; he resigns a
few hours later.
Mar. 4. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Ar-
ticles of impeachment are presented
against Ex-Secretary Belknap.
Kan. The Legislature passes an Act
abolishing all restriction of the fran-
chise as to color.
Mar. 28. Miss. Gov. Adalbert Ames,
having been impeached, resigns.
Mar. * Gen. Robert C. Schenck, min-
ister to England, is accused of compli-
city in the Emma Mine frauds, and
resigns.
Mar.*-May. * A diplomatic dispute
wit°h England occurs in relation to the
rendition of Winslow, an American
forger.
Apr. 3. Cal. The O'Connor Bill becomes
a law ; three commissioners have power
to regulate the condition of railroads
when necessary for public safety.
Apr. 5. D. C. Congress : The Senate
rejects the appointment of Charles A.
Dana of N. Y. as minister to England.
Apr. 19. D. C. President Grant vetoes
the bill reducing the presidential sal-
ary from $50,000 to $25,000, as it stood in
1873 ; the bill was to be operative after
March 4, 1877.
Apr. 20. B.C. Congress; Senate:
Grievances of Californians, respecting
the immigration of Chinese, are pre-
sented.
May 4. D. C. Congress receives a mes-
sage from the President in relation to
his absence from the Capitol.
May 5. D.C. Congress; Senate : Ed-
wards Pierrepont of N. Y. is nomi-
nated for minister to England. [Con-
firmed.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1875 * * Cal. The Palace Hotel is com-
pleted at San Francisco.
* * La. Capt. Eads begins his work of
deepening the mouth of the Mississippi
River by means of jetties.
* * Md. The foundation of the Johns
Hopkins Hospital is laid at Baltimore ;
endowment, $4,500,000.
* * Mo. St. Louis acquires three public
parks ; Carondelet, 180 acres ; Forest
Park, 1,371 acres; O'Fallon Park, 158
acres.
* *New York. The North Dutch
Church, corner of Fulton and Williams
Streets, and over 100 years old, is de-
molished.
* * New York. The railroad tunnel
through Fourth Avenue, leading to the
Grand Central Depot, is completed.
* * Pa. A fire sweeps through Osceola ;
loss, $2,000,000.
1876. Feb. 8. Neto York. A fire in
Broadway consumes 30 buildings ; total
loss, $3,000,000.
May 10. The Centennial Exhibition
is opened at Fairmount Park, Philadel-
phia.
Many people and dignitaries from both
hemispheres are present. Gen. Grant
and Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil,
jointly start the great Corliss engine,
moving all the machinery ; $14,500,000
are invested in the preparation of build-
ings, grounds, and other expenses ; 236
acres are enclosed in the grounds ; the
main building is 1800 ft. long and 464 ft.
wide, the area, 21.47 acres. The Ma-
chinery Hall is 1402 ft. long and 360 ft.
wide.
292 1876, May 11-**.
AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1876 June 25. Mont. Gen. Custer
attacks about 2,500 Indians under Sitting
Bull, in a ravine on the Little Big Horn
River ; his entire command is outnum-
bered, surrounded, and killed.
Gen. Reno, in charge of a near-by
force, holds his own until reenforeed ;
total loss, 261 killed, and 52 wounded.
July * Mont. Gen. Sheridan is put in
command of the expedition against the
Sioux Indians.
Nov. 24. Mont. The Sioux are se-
verely defeated by the 4th Regiment
of Cavalry, under Col. McKenzie, at a
pass in the Big Horn Mountains.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1876 Aug. 2. £>. C. Congress appropri-
ates $200,000 for the completion of the
Washington Monument at the na-
tional Capital.
Aug. 14. N. Y. The first wire of the
East River Bridge is drawn over.
Sept. 6. New York. A bronze statue of
Lafayette is unveiled in Union Square ;
it is the gift of the French Republic to
the city.
* * Cal. The Loring musical club is or-
ganized at San Francisco.
* * N. J. Thomas A. Edison establishes
a laboratory at Menlo Park, near New
Brunswick.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1876
May 30. Peck, George, M. E. clergyman,
editor, writer, A79.
June 21. Neal, John, lawyer, poet, critic,
miscellaneous writer, A83.
June 25. Custer, George A., maj.-gen. of
cavalry, killed by Sioux Indians, A 37.
June 26. Cummins, George David, R. E.
bishop, founder of Reformed Episcopal
Church, A54.
Aug. 22. Perkins, George R., mathema-
tician, astronomer, A59.
Sept. 14. Davies, Charles, mathematician,
professor at Columbia, A78.
Sept. 18. Janes, Edmund Storer, M. E.
bishop, A69.
Sept. 27. Bragg, Braxton, capt. LT. S. A.,
Confederate general, A61.
Oct. 1. Lick, James A., merchant, of Cal.,
philanthropist, founder of Lick Observa-
tory, A80.
Oct. 18. Blair, Francis Preston, journalist,
senator for Mo., one of the founders of the
Republican party, A85.
Oct. 28. Jacobus, Melancthon W., Pres.
clergyman, author, A60.
Dec. 17. Bartlett, William Francis, officer
U. S. vols., A36.
Dec. 24. Tufts, Charles, manufacturer,
donor of Tufts College, A95.
Nye, James Warren, lawyer, orator,
Gov., sen. for Nev., brig. -gen., A77.
Dec. 28. Meek, Fielding Bradford, paleon-
tologist, A59.
Dee. 29. Bliss, Philip Paul, evangelist,
poet, composer, A38.
CHURCH.
1876 June 9. Phila. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
July 17. Edward Cridge and Samuel
FeUows are consecrated (Reformed
Episcopal) bishops.
Aug. 1 N.J. A joint commission of
the Methodist Episcopal Church and
the Methodist Episcopal Church South
meets at Cape May to consider a basis
of reconciliation and formal fraternity ;
three ministers and two laymen are pres-
ent from each Church.
Revs. R. K. Hargrave, Edward H.
Myers, Thomas M. Finney, Messrs.
Trusten Polk, and David Clopton of the
South meet Revs. John P. Newman, M.
M. D'C. Crawford, E. A. Fuller, Gen.
Clinton B. Fisk, and Mr. E. L. Fancher
of the North.
Sept. 10. la. William Stevens Perry
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Iowa.
Sept. 12-15. IT. r. The National
Unitarian Conference is held in
Saratoga.
Oct. 8. Cal. The centennial of the
establishment of the Spanish mission
at San Francisco is celebrated.
Oct. 9. The (Unitarian) Ministers' In-
stitute first meets.
* * Alas. Philip Mackay, an Indian,
starts a mission at Fort Wrangel.
* * Ala. The (Presbyterian) Destitute for
training colored ministers is opened at
Tuscaloosa.
LETTERS.
1876 July* Phila. An International
Educational Congress is held.
Aug. 17. Phila. The Spelling Reform
Association is organized.
Oct. 18. Ore. The University of Ore-
gon is opened at Eugene City.
± * * Ala. An act is passed to establish
a public school system.
* * Boston. Wide Awake magazine ap-
pears.
* * Boston. A Chinese school is organized
in the Mount Vernon Church.
* * Chicago. The Homeopathic Medical
CoUege is opened.
* * Fla. Cookman Institute (Meth. Epis.
Colored) is established at Jacksonville.
* * Ga. Pio Nono College (Rom. Cath.)
is organized at Macon.
* * la. Parsons College (Pres.) is or-
ganized at Fairfield.
* * Md. Johns Hopkins University
(non-sect.) is opened at Baltimore. [Li-
brary, 28,000 vols.]
* * Md. The Peabody Institute Library
is founded at Baltimore. [84,726 vols.]
* * New York. Las Novedades (printed in
Spanish) is founded. Puck is founded.
The Library Journal appears.
* * O. The Ohio Agricultural and
Mechanical CoUeges at Columbus are
opened under control of the State.
* * O. Rio Grande College (Free-will
Bapt.) is organized.
* * O. The National Repository (Meth.
Epis.) is issued at Cincinnati.
* * Ore. The Blue Mountain Uni-
versity (Meth. Epis.) is organized at
Le Grande.
* * Phila. The Centennial Medical Con-
gress is held.
* * Phila. The American Catholic Quar-
terly appears.
* * Tex. The State Agricultural and
Mechanical CoUege at College Station
opens.
* * Va. W. W. Corcoran of Washington
gives $55,000 to the University of
Virginia.
* * Music Teachers' National Associa-
tion is organized.
* * State Normal Schools are opened at
Cedar Falls, Tex. ; and at Philadelphia
by act of the Legislature of Pennsyl-
vania.
* * Second series of Among My Books, by
James Russell Lowell, appears.
* * Betty's Bright Idea, by Harriet
Beecher Stowe, appears.
* * Cloth of Gold, by T. B. Aldrich, ap-
pears ; also Flower and Thorn.
* * The Complete Poetical Works of Ray
Palmer appears.
* * Culture of Small Fruits, by Edward
Payson Roe, appears, also Near to
Nature's -Heart.
* * Gabriel Conroy, by Bret Harte, ap-
pears.
* * Hawthorne, by James Thomas Fields,
appears.
* * Philip Nolan's Friends, by Edward
Everett Hale, appears.
* * Poems, by Sidney Lanier, appears.
* * Tales from Two Hemispheres, by H.
H. Boyesen, appears (in book form).
* * That Lass o' Lowries, by Frances
Hodgson Burnett, appears.
SOCIETY.
1876 May 15. N. Y. The State Sol-
diers' Home is incorporated at Bath.
June 26. Phila. The World's Convention
of Homeopathic Physicians opens.
July 4. Phila. An imposing demonstra-
tion celebrates the Centenary of the
founding of the Republic.
July 9. S. C. At Hamburg, whites mas-
sacre six colored militiamen who had
joined in a parade on the 4th of July.
Aug. * N. J. The State opens an asylum
for the insane at Morristown.
Sept. 8. Spain. William M. Tweed is
arrested at Vigo, and held for extradi-
tion. [Nov. 23. Arrives in New York.]
Sept. 14. N. Y. An international rifle
match is concluded at Creedmoor ; the
American team is victorious.
Sept. 17. S. C. A race war at Aiken
occurs between whites and blacks.
Oct. * D. C. President Grant declines to
receive a Centennial address from Irish
Home Rulers.
Dec. 12. D. C. Senator Henry W. Blair
introduces a resolution in the Senate
proposing Federal prohibition of the
liquor traffic.
* * Cal. The Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Children is chartered.
* * Chicago. The red flag is carried in
the parade of 1500 armed Communists.
* * Me. The Legislature abolishes the
death penalty. 9
STATE.
1876 May 11. O. Second National
Convention of the Prohibition party
UNITED STATES.
1876, May 11
293
convenes at Cleveland ; it nominates as
presidential candidates Green Clay
Smith of Ky. and G. T. Stewart of O.
May 18. Ind. The Greenback National
Convention convenes at Indianapolis ; it
nominates Peter Cooper of N. Y. and
Newton Booth of Cal. as presidential
candidates. [Samuel F. Cary of O.
takes the place of Senator Booth, re-
signed.]
May 22. D. C. Alphonso Taf t of O. is
appointed attorney-general ; he resigns
the office of secretary of war.
May 30. R. I. The Legislature elects
Henry Lippitt (Rep.) governor, the
people having failed to make a choice
in April.
June * U. S. Many Republicans favor
the election of President Grant for
a third term, but he declines to be a
candidate.
June 11. O. The National Republi-
can Convention assembles at Cincin-
nati ; Edward M. McPherson of Pa.,
president.
A spirited contest ensues for the nomi-
nation of James G. Blaine for President.
First ballot : James G. Blaine of Me.,
285; Oliver P. Morton of Ind., 124 ; Ben-
jamin H. Bristow of Ky., 113; Roscoe
Conkling of N. Y., 99; Rutherford B.
Hayes of O., 61 ; John F. Hartranft of
Pa., 58; Marshall Jewell of Conn., 11;
William A. Wheeler of N. Y., 3. Neces-
sary for a choice, 378. Seventh ballot :
Hayes, 384 ; Blaine, 351 ; Bristow, 21.
The nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes
is declared unanimous, and 'William A.
Wheeler is nominated for Vice-Presi-
dent.
June 20. D. C. Benjamin H. Bristow
of Ky., secretary of the treasury, resigns.
June 27. Mo. The Democratic Na-
tional Convention assembles at St.
Louis ; John A. McClernand of 111.,
president.
First ballot : Samuel J. Tilden of N.Y.,
417 ; Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind., 140 ;
Winfield S. Hancock of Pa., 75; Wil-
liam Allen of 0..56; Thos. F. Bayard
of Del., 33 ; Joel Parker of N. J., 18.
Necessary for a choice, 496. On the sec-
ond ballot Samuel' J. Tilden receives
535 votes, and his nomination is declared
unanimous. [Thomas A. Hendricks of
Ind. receives the unanimous vote of the
convention for Vice-President.]
June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1876.
Revenue: Customs, $148,071,985; inter-
nal revenue, $116,700,732; direct tax,
$93,799 ; sales of public lands, $1,129,467:
premiums on loans and sales of gold
coin, $4,029,281 ; miscellaneous items,
$17,456,776. Total revenue, $287,482,039 ;
excess of revenue over ordinary expen-
ditures, $29,022,242. Expenditures : Mis-
cellaneous items, $66,958,374 ; War De-
partment, $38,070,889 ; Navy Depart-
ment, $18,963,310; Indians, $5,966,558;
pensions, $28,257,396; interest on the
public debt, $100,243,271. Total ordinary
expenditures, $258,459,797. Public debt,
$2,180,395,067. Exports, $540,384,671 ; im-
ports, $460,741,190.
July 7. D. C. Lot M. Morrill of Me.
is appointed secretary of the treasury.
July 11. B.C. Marshall Jewell of
Conn., postmaster-general, resigns.
July 12. D. C. James N. Tyner of
Ind. is appointed postmaster-general.
July 22. D. C. Congress authorizes
the coinage of not less than $10,000,000
in silver, to take the place of legal-tender
notes ; the trade dollar ceases to be a
legal tender.
Aug. 1. D. C. The President proclaims
Colorado admitted into the Union as
the 38th State.
Congress ; Senate : The Court of
Dnpeachment fails to convict ex-
Secretary W. W. Belknap of official
corruption. Vote, 35 guilty ; 25 not
guilty. (See Mar. 2.)
Aug. 2. D. C. Congress appropriates
$200,000 for the completion of the
"Washington Monument at Washing-
ton City.
Aug. 15. D. C. The 44th Congress :
the first session closes.
Oct. 7. S. C. Gov. Chamberlain issues a
proclamation ordering all organizations
to disband within three days; the
State militia is alone excepted. [Presi-
dent Grant issues a like proclamation
Oct. 17.]
Nov. 7. The 23d presidential elec-
tion ; Republicans elected.
Popular vote : Samuel J. Tilden
(Dem.) of N. Y., 4,284,885 ; Rutherford
B. Hayes (Rep.) of O., 4,033,950; Peter
Cooper (Greenback) of N. Y., 81,740;
Green Clay Smith (Prohib.) of Ky.,
9,522; James B. Walker (American) of
111., 2,636.
Nov. 8. Both parties claim the electoral
votes of Louisiana, South Carolina, and
Florida, and the strife between them is
bitter.
Nov. 15. Ala. The Legislature first
meets in biennial session under the new
Constitution.
Nov. 22. S. C. The State Board of Can-
vassers gives certificates to Republi-
can presidential electors; members
of the Legislature from Edgefield and
Laurens Counties are refused certifi-
cates for alleged irregularities in their
election.
Nov. 28. S. C. Two Legislatures are
organized — Democrats and Republi-
cans ; the Democrats withdraw, and in
a public hall organize their body ;
William H. Wallace, speaker.
* * All the Southern States are Demo-
cratic, and the freedmen commonly
have all their rights except that of
voting.
Dec. 4. D. C. The 44th Congress : The
second session opens. Samuel J. Ran-
dall (Dem.) of Pa. is elected Speaker.
Vote, Randall, 162; James A. Garfield
(Rep.) of O., 82.
Dec. 6. U. S. The count of the electoral
vote by the electors reveals a close
election. The returning boards give
Hayes (Rep.) 185 votes, and Tilden (Dem.)
184. Much dispute and great excitement
prevail.
Dec. 7. S. C. Daniel H. Chamberlain
is sworn in as governor after he has
been declared elected by the Republican
Legislature.
Dec. 12. S. C. "Wade Hampton is de-
clared to be elected governor, by the
speaker of the Democratic Legislature,
after counting the votes, which have
been certified by the secretary of state.
Dec. 14. D. C. Congress; House: J. P.
Knott (Dem.) reports a resolution from
the Judiciary Committee, providing a
Committee of Seven, to act with a
similar committee of the Senate, in pro-
viding a means for counting the elec-
toral vote.
Dec. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate
also appoints a Committee of Seven.
The Joint Committee — Senators:
George F. Edmunds of Vt., Frederick
T. Frelinghuysen of N. J., John A.
Logan of 111., Oliver P. Morton of Ind.,
Allen G. Thurman of O., Thomas F.
Bayard of Del.,* and Matt. W. Ransom
of N. C* Representatives : Henry B.
Payne of O.,* Eppa Hunton of Va.,*
Abram S. Hewitt of N. Y.,* William M.
Springer of 111.,* George W. Cary of la.,
George F. Hoar of Mass., and George
Willard of Mich. (Democrats are indi-
cated by stars.)
Dec. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes an amendment to its bill to form
a territory of Pembina from the north-
ern part of Dakota [changing the name
Pembina to Huron].
Dec.+* Fla. Three sets of electoral
votes are sent to Congress.
The Republican set is signed by Gov.
Stearns ; the Democratic, by the attor-
ney-general ; the Democratic set, au-
thorized by the Legislature, is signed
by Gov. Drew.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1876 June 30. Immigrants for the year,
169,986.
July 10. The Lake steamer St. Clair
burns on Lake Superior; 27 persons
missing.
Aug. 11, 12. The Canadian schooner
yacht Countess of Dufferin sails in a
race for the America cup, and is beaten
by the Madeline.
Alfred Johnson, in 57 days, completes
a voyage from America to Abercastle,
England, in the Centennial, a boat
20 feet long.
Sept. 24. New York. Hallett's Reef
is blown up.
Gen. Newton blows up Hallett's Point
Reef, the chief obstruction at " Hell
Gate " in the East River. After seven
years spent in tunneling two and three-
quarters acres of area, ten feet below
the surface of the rock, 3,680 charges
of dynamite and vulcanite are dis-
charged from the shore through an elec-
tric wire, by the young daughter of Gen.
Newton.
Oct. * A convention of governors is held
at Omaha to consider the grasshopper
pest ; several States are represented.
Nov. 10. Phila. The International
Exhibition closes ; total admissions,
9,789,392 ; average daily admissions,
61,568 ; receipts, $3,813,749.
Dec. 5. N. Y. The Brooklyn Theater
takes fire during a performance ; a panic
ensues ; 295 persons are killed.
Dec. 21. D. C. All the awards in pay-
ment of the Alabama Claims are made,
and about $8,000,000 surplus remains.
Dec. 29. O. A train drops through the
Ashtabula iron bridge to the water, 75
feet below ; fire follows, and more than
70 persons perish.
294 1876, * *-1877, June 30.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1877. Jan. 5. Mont. The Sioux Indi-
ans are overtaken and again defeated
by Gen. Miles; they scatter, and the
Sioux war ends.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1876 * * H. Vander Weyde succeeds in
making electric light effectual in
photography.
* * New York. A bronze statue of Wil-
liam H. Seward is unveiled in Madison
Square Park.
* * New York. William Magrath of Wash-
ington, D. C, and James D. Smillie of
New York, are elected members of the
National Academy of Design.
* * The Landsknecht is painted by Roth-
ermel.
* * Song of Summer is painted by Jervis
McEntee.
* * Autumn is painted by J. W. Casilear.
* * Coast of Maine is painted by A. C.
Shaw.
* * Autumn near Stockbridge is painted
by A. D. Shattuck.
* * Off the Track is painted by J. B. Irving.
* * Studies from Nature is painted by A. B.
Durand.
1877 Jan. * If. J. Edison invents tbe
carbon loud-speaking telephone.
Jan. 23. Ind. and Ky. A brilliant me-
teor is seen at several points ; it falls
near Cyntheana, Ky., and penetrates
the soil about a foot ; weight about 13
pounds.
Feb. 12. Mass. A. Graham Bell exhib-
its his telephone at the Essex Insti-
tute, Salem.
Apr. 1. Edison invents a microphone.
Apr. 11. N. Y. Lewis Swift discovers
the third comet of the year, at Roches-
ter ; it has a direct motion.
Apr. * Mass. The first telephone for
business purposes is erected between
Boston and Somerville — distance, three
miles.
May 10. Boston. A. Graham Bell de-
scribes his telephone inventions before
the Academy of Arts and Sciences.
May 16. New York. A bronze statue of
Pitz-Greene Halleck is unveiled in
Central Park.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1877.
Jan. 3. Abercrombie, John J., brig.-gen.
of vols., A75.
Jan. 4. Vanderbilt, Cornelius, capitalist,
of N. Y., A83.
Jan. 8. Caswell, Alexis, president Brown
University, A78.
Jan. 26. Haines, Daniel, Gov. of N. J.,
educationist, A80.
Feb. 8. Wilkes, Charles, rear-adm. U. S.
N., A76.
Feb. 18. Bailey, Theodorus, rear-adm.
U. S. N., A75.
Feb. 18. Davis, Charles H., rear-adm.
U. S. N., author, A70.
Feb. 20. Goldsborough, Lewis M., rear-
adm. U. S. N., A72.
Feb. SI. Eaton, Amos B., brev. maj.-gen.,
A71.
Mar. 1. Hart, Joel T., sculptor, A67.
Mar. 86. Hart, John Seely, educationist,
A67.
Apr. 8. Muhlenberg, William Augustus,
P. E. clergyman, poet, A81.
Apr. 14. Sabine, Lorenzo, historian, A74.
May 11. Lewis, Taylor, Greek scholar,
author, A75.
May 29. Harper, Fletcher, one of the four
Harper Brothers, publisher, A72.
Motley, John Lothrop, historian, dip-
lomat, A 63.
June 3. Ellet, Elizabeth ¥., author, poet,
A59.
June 14. Owen, Robert Dale, M. C. for
Ind., author, A77.
June 17. Abbott, John Stevans Cabot, his-
torian, A72.
Pratt, Daniel D., lawyer, senator for
Ind., A64.
CHURCH.
1876 * * The (Roman Catholic) Prefec-
ture Apostolic of the Indian Territory
is erected.
* * The Illinois Conference (African
Methodist Episcopal) is organized.
* * Miss. The Synod of Mississippi (N. S.
Presbyterian) is organized.
* * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meeting
is held at Buffalo.
* * The Reformed Episcopal Synod of the
Pacific, the Synod of the Northwest and
of the West are organized.
* * N. Y. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets at Brooklyn ; H. J.
Van Dyke, moderator.
It enters the Alliance formed by the
union of the Reformed Churches
throughout the world holding the
Presbyterian system.
* * The modified book of Common Prayer
is issued by Dr. Gregg of the Reformed
Episcopal Church.
* *The General Synod of Wartburg
(Evangelical Lutheran) is organized.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Philadelphia ;
James Brown, moderator.
* * Va. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Richmond ;
Isaac Errett, president.
1877 Feb. 13. Charles Clifton Penick
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
missionary bishop of Africa.
May 1. III. John L. Spalding is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Peoria.
May 11. Md. Two conventions, repre-
senting the two bodies, meet in Balti-
more, and reunite " the Methodist"
and "the Protestant Methodists"
under the latter title.
May 13. Fla. John Moore is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of St.
Augustine.
June 1. O. The General Convention of
the New Jerusalem meets at Cincinnati.
la. An association of Unitarian
and other Independent Churches is or-
ganized at Burlington.
June 20. Thomas H. Gregg is conse-
crated (Reformed Episcopal) bishop.
LETTERS.
1876 * * Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain,
appears.
* * Young Folks' Centennial Rhymes, by
Will Carleton, appears.
* * The Unseen World, by John Fiske,
appears.
* * My Winter on the Nile, by Charles
Dudley Warner, appears.
* * Sights and Insights, by A. D. T. Whit-
ney, appears.
* * National Ode, by Bayard Taylor, ap-
pears, also The Echo Club, and The Boys
of Other Countries.
* * Why We Laugh, by Samuel Sullivan
Cox, appears.
* * A Study of Hawthorne, by George
Parsons Lathrop, appears.
* * Rose in Bloom, by Louisa May Alcott,
appears.
* * My Little Love, by Marion Harland,
appears.
* * Hans Brinker, by Mary Mapes Dodge,
appears.
* * Helen's Babies, by John Habberton,
appears, also The Barton Experiment
and The Jericho Road.
SOCIETY.
1876 * * Mich. The State Constitution
is so amended as to prohibit any act of
legislation that shall authorize the sale
of intoxicating beverages.
* *N.J. The Woman's Christian Tem-
perance Union meets in National Con-
vention at Newark ; Mrs. Annie Witten-
myer is elected president.
* * Md. The first stone of the Johns
Hopkins Hospital is laid at Baltimore ;
its endowment of $3,500,000 comes from
Johns Hopkins a merchant of Baltimore.
* * New York. The Society for the Pre-
vention of Crime is founded ; Howard
Crosby, D.D., president.
* * Phila. The Baptist Orphanage is
founded.
The 10th National Encampment of
the Grand Army of the Republic is
held in this city; Gen. John F. Har-
tranft, commander-in-chief.
* * Wis. The St. John's Catholic Deaf
Mute Institution is opened.
* * Congress prohibits both the soliciting
and the receiving of political contribu-
tions from Government employees.
* * The Catholic Mutual Benefit Asso-
ciation is founded.
* * The United Order of the Golden
Cross is founded.
1877 Jan. 3. N. J. The centennial
anniversary of the Battle of Princeton
is celebrated.
Feb. 12. Mass. — Me. The engineers of
the Boston and Maine road strike with-
out notice ; the strikers' places are soon
supplied [and they are not taken back].
Mar. 23. The Mormon bishop, J. D.
Lee, is shot as sentenced, for his share
in the Mountain Meadows massacre
of Sept. 18, 1857, in which 136 emigrants
were murdered.
Apr. 1. Fla. The State prison is made*
an insane asylum.
Apr. 2. R. I. A school for the deaf is
opened by the State, at Providence.
UNITED STATES. 1876, ** -1877, June 30. 295
May 17. Phila. Gen. Grant starts on
his journey round the world.
June 21. Pa. Ten «« Molly Ma-
guires," after trial and conviction for
murder, are hanged. The conspirators
are subdued.
June 23. Boston. The Supreme Coun-
cil of the Royal Arcanum is organized.
STATE.
1876 * * D.C. Congress places the tax
on distilled spirits at 90 cents per proof-
gallon.
* * U.S. Governors inaugurated:
-79 * * Colo. John L. Routt.
-80 * * Ida. { Ter.). Mason Brayman.
-78 * * la. Samuel J. Kirkwood.
-79 * * Mass. Alexander H. Rice.
-79 * * Me. Selden Conner.
-82 * * Minn. John S. Pillsbury.
-82 * * Miss. John M. Stone.
-78 * * N. Mex. ( Ter.). Samuel B. Axtell.
O. Rutherford B. Hayes.
-79 * * Pa. John F. Hartranft.
-79 * * Tex. Richard Hubbard.
-78 * * Ft. Horace Fairbanks.
-78 * * Wis. Harrison Ludington.
1877 Jan. 8. La. There are two gov-
ernors and two Legislatures ; the Re-
publicans regularly inaugurate S. B.
Packard in the State-house, and the
Democrats install Francis T. Nicholls
in a public hall.
Jan. 9. La. The State offices and build-
ings at New Orleans are surrendered to
the Nicholls party.
Jan. 18. D. C. Congress: The Joint
Committee makes a report favoring a
commission for counting the electoral
vote.
Jan 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes an Electoral Commission Bill.
Vote, 47-17. (Yeas, 26 Dem., and 21 Rep. ;
nays, 16 Rep., and 1 Dem.)
Jan. 25. I). C. Congress : The House
passes the Electoral Commission Bill.
Vote, 191-86. (Yeas, 158 Dem. and 33
Rep. ; nays, 68 Rep. and 18 Dem.)
III. David Davis (Dem.), a justice in
the Supreme Court, is elected Senator.
Jan. 28. D. C. Congress votes on Sen-
ator Matthews' concurrent resolution
on the silver question. Vote : Senate,
34-22 ; House, 189-79.
Jan. 29. I). C. The President approves
the Electoral Commission Act. It is
to count the electoral votes, and to
settle all questions that may arise con-
cerning the votes of Florida, Louisiana,
South Carolina, and other disputed
States.
Members of the commission. Jus-
tices: Nathan Clifford* of Me., Samuel
F. Miller of la., Stephen J. Field * of
Cal., and William Strong of Pa. [These
select the fifth member, Joseph P. Brad-
ley of N. J.] Senators : George F. Ed-
munds of Vt., Oliver P. Morton of Ind.,
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen of N. J.,
Allen G. Thurman* of O. (see Feb. 26),
Thomas F. Bayard* of Del. Represen-
tatives: H. B. Payne* of Wis., Joseph
G. Abbott* of Mass., Eppa Hunton* of
Va., James A. Garfield of O., George F.
Hoar of Mass. Total, seven Democrats
to eight Republicans. (Democrats are
distinguished by a star.)
Jan. 31. D.C. Congress: The Elec-
toral Commission is organized. Emi-
nent counsel are employed on both sides.
Feb. 7. B.C. Congress : The Elec-
toral Commission begins the investi-
gation respecting the electoral votes in
three States.
In South Carolina two bodies claim to
be the Legislature. One gives the vote
to Hayes by about 800 majority ; the
other gives it to Tilden by a somewhat
smaller majority. In Florida both par-
ties claim the vote, each by a small ma-
jority. In Oregon, one of the three
Republican electors is denied a certifi-
cate by the Governor, having been a
postmaster when nominated ; the Gov-
ernor gives one electoral certificate to a
Democrat. Revolution and civil war are
freely threatened.
Feb. 9. D. C. The Electoral Commis-
sion awards the contested vote of Flor-
ida to the Republicans. Vote, 8-7—8
Republicans, 7 Democrats.
Feb. 16. D. C. The electoral vote of
Louisiana is awarded to the Republi-
cans, who claim that the Commission
has no power to examine into returns
made in due form. Vote, 8-7.
Feb. 21. D.C. Congress; House: De-
bate on the Bland Silver Bill is re-
sumed. [The Senate changes are adopted
later.]
Feb. 23. D. C. Congress removes the
political disabilities of Gen. Joseph E.
Johnston of Va.
Feb. 26. D. C. Senator Thurman being
ill, Senator Francis Kernan of N. Y.
takes his place on the Electoral Com-
mission.
Feb. 27. D. C. The electoral vote of
South Carolina is awarded to the Re-
publicans. Vote, 8-7.
Mar. 2. D. C. The two houres of Con-
gress meet in joint session, and confirm
the election of Hayes and Wheeler
only two days before the inauguration.
Congress removes the political disabil-
ities of Gen. John S. Marmaduke of
Mo.
Congress counts the electoral vote.
Vote for President: Tilden, 184; Hayes,
185; Smith and Walker, 0. Vote for
Vice-President : Thomas A. Hendricks
(Dem.) of Ind., 184 ; William A. Wheeler
(Rep.) of N. Y., 185 ; Samuel F. Carey
(Greenback) of O., 0 ; Gideon T. Stewart
(Prohib.)of O.,0; D. Kirkpatrick(Amer.)
of N. Y., 0.
Congress: The Monetary Commis-
sion (organized Aug. 15, 1875) makes a
report.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress : The House
repudiates the decision of the Electoral
Commission in a strong resolution,
which declares that Samuel J. Tilden
and Thomas A. Hendricks both received
196 electoral votes, and were elected.
Vote, 136-88 ; not voting, 66.
The 44th Congress ends.
Rutherford B. Haves is privately
sworn in as President (Saturday).
Mar. 4. D. C. Sunday : The inaugura-
tion is deferred until Monday.
The 23d Administration: Republi-
can.
Mar. 5. D. C. Rutherford B. Hayes
of O. is inaugurated the 19th President
in the 23d term of the presidency.
William A. Wheeler of N. Y. is Vice-
President.
Cabinet : William M. Evarts of N. Y.
(State), John Sherman of O. (Treas.),
George W. McCrary of la. (War),
Richard W. Thompson of Ind. (Navy),
Carl Sehurz of Mo., (Interior), Charles
Devens of Mass. (Atty.-Gen.), David
M. Key of Tenn. (P. M.-Gen.).
The Senate meets in special session
at the call of President Hayes. [Ad-
journs March 17.]
Apr. 11. D. C. Both claimants to the
governorship of South Carolina visit
Washington, and influenced by Presi-
dent Hayes, D. H. Chamberlain with-
draws his claim.
Apr. 21. La. The Packard Legisla-
ture (Rep.), deprived of the President's
support, is dispersed. [President Hayes
thereby becomes unpopular with the
stalwart Republicans.]
May 5. D.C. The President calls a
special session of the 45th Congress for
Oct. 15, to make provision for the sup-
port of the army ; this having been
omitted by the 44th Congress.
June 22. D. C. President Hayes orders
all Federal officials who are subject to
the civil-service rules to resign any
situation held as political managers,
or to give up their offices, in order
" to take the office-holders out of poli-
tics."
June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1877.
Revenue: Customs, $130,956,493; inter-
nal revenue, $118,630,408 ; sales of public
lands, $976,254 ; premiums on loans and
sales of gold coin, $405,777 ; miscellane-
ous, $18,031,655. Total revenue, $269,-
000,587 ; excess of revenue over expendi-
tures, $30,340,578. Expenditures: Mis-
cellaneous items, $56,252,067; War De-
partment, $37,082,736; Navy Department,
$14,959,935; Indians, $5,277',007 ; pensions,
27,963,752 ; interest on the public debt,
$97,124,512. Total ordinary expenditures,
$238,660,009. Public debt, $2,205,301,392.
Exports, $602,475,220 ; imports, $451,323,-
126.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1876 * * S. Dak. Deadwood is laid out
as a town. The Indians surrender all
title to lands in South Dakota.
* * U. S. Loss by fire in 1876, $64,630,600 ;
insurance loss, $34,374,500.
Jan. 7. N. J. The steamer L'Amerique
runs ashore near Seabright; three of
the crew are lost.
1877. Mar. 5. Mo. The Southern
Hotel at St. Louis is burned ; 11 lives
are lost.
Mar. 6. New York. Property valued at
$1,500,000 is destroyed by a Broadway
fire.
Mar. 16. New York. The new building
of the New York Hospital is opened
(Organized 1770).
May 29. Ky. At Louisville the horse
Ten Broeck runs two miles in 3.27J.
June 5. New York. The Sixth-Avenue
Elevated Railroad to Fifty-ninth Street
is opened.
296 1877, June 30-
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1877 July 22. Pa. Gen. Sheridan is
sent to Pittsburg with troops to quell
the riots.
July * Ida. An Indian war breaks out
in the Northwest ; Gen. Howard is sent
against Chief Joseph of the Idaho Indi-
ans. [Oct. 1. The chief is captured after
a long pursuit.]
Aug. 4. Pa. Order is restored at Pitts-
burg by the troops.
Sept. ±* Ida. The Nez Perces Indians
defeat the troops and kill 33 men.
Nov. 24. N. C. The sloop-of-war
Huron strikes the rocks near Oregon
Inlet ; nearly 100 lives are lost.
Dee. 13. Tex. A mob of Mexicans
and others attack the State troops at
San Elizario ; six persons are killed.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1877 Aug. 11,18. D.C. Two satellites
of Mars are discovered by Prof. Asaph
Hall at Washington.
Sept. 3. Mich. The asteroid Phcedra is
discovered by J. C. Watson at Ann Ar-
bor. [Andromache on Oct. 1 and Cly-
temnestra on Nov. 12.]
Oct. 14. N. Y. The asteroid Idun is dis-
covered by C. H. F. Peters, at Clinton.
Oct. 21. Africa. Henry M. Stanley
arrives at Cape Town from his tour of
exploration.
Oct. 30. Kan. A monument is dedicated
to John Brown at Osawatomie.
Nov. 10. The American Chemical So-
ciety is incorporated.
Dec. 22. New York. The first building
of the American Museum of Natural
History is opened. ,
Dec. * N. J. Edison announces a phono-
graph.
* * Chicago. Elisha Gray files a caveat
for his telephone three hours after Bell's
is filed.
* * Kan. Lead is discovered in Cherokee
County; Galena and Empire City be-
come prosperous.
* * N. J. The Observatory of the J. C.
Green School of Science is erected at
Princeton.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1877
July 9. Tenney, Sanborn, naturalist, au-
thor, A50. . ...
Aug 9. Conrad. Timothy A., naturalist,
author, A74. ,
Aug. 29. Young, Brigham, Mormon high-
Aug?30. Semmes, Raphael, Con fed. adm.,
commander of the Alabama, A68.
8ept 1. Davenport, Edward L., actor, A61.
Sept. 23. Trail, Russell, teacher, physi-
cian, hydropathist, author, A65.
Sept. 25. Orton, James, naturalist, A47.
Sept. 29. Meiggs, Henry, builder of rail-
roads in S. Am., and public works, A54.
Oct. 2. Fish, Henry, Baptist clergyman of
N. J., author, A57. . . . .
Oct. 3. Bayley, James R., R. C. archbishop
of Baltimore, A63.
Nov. 1. Norton, Oliver Perry, war Gov.,
senator for Ind., A54.
Nov. 3. Eve, Paul Fitzsimmons, surgeon,
litholomist, A71. . ..
Nov. 12. Gray, Henry, artist, portrait-
painter, A58.
Nov. 29. Greene, Nathaniel, journalist,
editor Boston Statesman, ABO.
Dec. 3. Marvin, Enoch M., bishop of M. E.
Church South, author, A54. •"
Dec. 7. Huger, Col. U. S. A., Confederate
mai.-gen., A72.
Dec. 87 Bledsoe, Albert Taylor, Confeder-
ate asst. sec. war, A 68.
Dec. 24. Parrott, Robert Parker, inventor
of cannons, A73.
CHURCH.
1877 July 3. Scot. The first meeting of n
the General Council of the " Alliance
of the Reformed Churches throughout ,
the world holding the Presbyterian Sys-
tem" is held at Edinburgh.
Aug. 29. John Taylor, chief of the
"Twelve Apostles," succeeds Brigham ,
Young, deceased, as president of the
Mormon Church. ,
Oct. 16. N. Y. Francis McNeirny
becomes (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Albany.
Oct. 31. Samuel T. J. Schereschewsky
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
missionary bishop of Shanghai.
Dec. 18. III. The Protestant Episcopal
diocese of Springfield is organized.
* * Alas. The Presbyterian Home Board
opens a mission and school for girls at
Fort Wrangel.
* * Boston. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets.
* * Cal. Chinese Mission Work is be-
gun in Oakland.
* * Chicago. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; James Eells, mod-
erator.
* * Conn. The Congregational Club is
formed at Hartford.
* * A meeting of the (Congregational)
National Council is held.
* * Ida. The State Convention (Univer-
salist) is organized.
* * III. The General Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) meets at Carthage. The
General Assembly (United Presbyte-
rian) meets at Sparta ; Robert E. Ewing,
moderator. The Roman Catholic diocese
of Peoria is established.
LETTERS.
* * Ky. Ogden College (non-sect.) is
organized at Bowling Green.
* * La. The City Item is issued at New
Orleans.
* * Mich. Detroit CoUege (Rom. Cath.)
is organized at Detroit.
* * Miss. The Lea Female CoUege is
founded at Summit.
* * New York. The Lenox Library on
Fifth Avenue is opened.
** New York. The Magazine of American
History appears.
* * N. C. The Biddle University at
Charlotte is chartered. The State Col-
ored Normal School, at Fayetteville,
is opened.
* * Pa. The National Stockman and
Farmer is issued at Pittsburg.
* * S. C. The Adger CoUege (Pres.) is
organized at Walhalla.
* * Tenn. The Medical Department of
the University of Tennessee at Nash-
ville is opened.
* * Tex. The North Texas Female
CoUege (Meth. Epis. South) is char-
tered.
* * W. Va. The Broaddus CoUege at
Clarksburg receives its charter.
* * The American, by Henry James, ap-
pears.
* * Biology, Orthodoxy, and Transcenden-
talism, by Joseph Cook, appears.
* * Eight Cousins, by Louisa May Alcott,
appears.
* * Footprints of the Master, by Harriet
Beecher Stowe, appears.
* * Garth, by Julian Hawthorne, appears.
* * Hawthorne, by Edmund Clarence Sted-
man, appears.
* * Nicholas Minturn, by J. G. Holland,
appears.
* * Count Frontenac and New France, by
Francis Parkman, appears.
» * The Queen of Sheba, by T. B. Aldrich,
appears.
* * Modern Philosophy , by Francis Bowen ,
appears.
* * Reconciliation of Science and Religion,
by Alexander Winchell, appears.
* * Table Talk, by A. Bronson Alcott,
appears.
1877 Sept. 17. Phila. The Jefferson
Medical CoUege is opened.
* * Ark. Philander Smith CoUege
(Meth. Epis. Colored) is founded at
Little Rock.
* * The Boston Library reports 320,000
volumes.
* * Cal. The San Joaquin Valley Col-
lege (United Brethren) is organized at July ^
Woodbridge.
* * Colo. The University CoUege (non-
sect.) of Boulder is organized.
* * I). C. The National Tribune is issued
at Washington.
* * Ga. The Shorter CoUege (Fern.)
is founded by Baptists at Rome.
Clark University (Meth. Epis.) is
organized at Atlanta.
* * Ky. The Times is issued at Louisville.
SOCffiTY.
1877 July 1. Md. A general reduction
of wages on railroads; strikes are
threatened.
July 4. Fla. A convention of colored
men is held in Tallahassee ; it advises the
fostering of a general social and moral
improvement of the colored people.
Md. A great labor strike
. It extends over most of the
railroads of the Northern States.
It begins on the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad against a 10 per cent reduction
of wages ; soon the militia is called out,
and later the National troops, to pro-
tect new employees; '100,000 workmen
participate in it.
July 19. W. Va. A detachment of Na-
tional troops arrives to protect railroad
employees from strikers.
UNITED STATES.
1877, June 30-* * 297
July 20. Md. A mob stones the soldiers
called against the strikers on the Balti-
more and Ohio Railroad, at Baltimore ;
nine of the mob are killed and more
than 20 are wounded by the fire of the
soldiers.
July 21. Pa. At Pittsburg strikers at-
tack the soldiers.
They drive them for shelter into the
roundhouse, where they are besieged.
Oil-ears are moved up to the building
and fired, while the fire companies are
restrained ; railroad buildings are tired ;
2,000 freight-cars are pillaged or burned ;
barrels of liquor are taken from the
cars, and general robbery follows, in
which women participate, until sup-
pressed by Federal troops. Loss esti-
mated at about $10,000,000.
July * Pa. The strikers raise a riot at
Beading ; in a collision between the
military and the mob, 13 are killed, 43
wounded.
July 23. Cal. The Vigilance Com-
mittee of San Francisco reorganizes.
July 25. New York. Communists meet
in Tompkins Square and make inflam-
matory addresses ; great alarm is felt
throughout the country.
July 26. Chicago. The Federal cavalry
assist the police in charging a crowd of
socialists ; 19 deaths follow.
July 27. Pa. The unsuccessful strikers
commence returning to work.
Aug. 12. Tex. A band of Mexican des-
peradoes breaks open the jail at Rio
Grande City, and releases two notorious
criminals, Esproneda and Garza, who
escape with them to Mexico.
Aug. 22. N. J. A convention of col-
ored men convenes at Princeton to
promote the welfare of their race.
Sept. *- Oct. * S.C. The frauds and
embezzlements of the official ring in
charge of the State are disclosed and the
offenders prosecuted.
Sept. * New York. " Boss " Tweed
discloses the system by which the Tam-
many frauds were perpetrated, also the
names of guilty parties.
Oct. * New York. The United States
Brewers' Association is incorporated.
Nov. 3. Cal. Dennis Kearney, leader
of the Workingmen's Party, is arrested
and imprisoned on a charge of incendi-
ary speeches and threats.
Nov. 8. S. C. F. L. Cardoza, ex-treas-
urer of the State, convicted of fraud, is
sentenced to imprisonment for two years
and to pay a fine of $4,000.
Nov. * Chicago. The National Con-
vention of the Woman's Christian
Temperance Union meets ; Mrs. Annie
Wittenmyer, president.
Dec. 1. Md. The Presbyterian Eye, Ear,
and Throat Hospital at Baltimore is
opened.
Dec. 10. Wyo. Women are authorized
to vote and hold office.
* * Boston. The Marcella Street Home
for the reformation of boys is opened.
* * Cal. An anti-Chinese riot at San
Francisco is subdued by members of the
old vigilance committee of 1856.
* * Chicago. The Citizens' League,
against the saloon, and to save young
men from intemperance is organized.
* * N.J. A State Board of Health is
organized.
* * Nev. The Legislature amends the
constitution so as to disfranchise biga-
mists and polygamists.
* * R. I. The eleventh National Encamp-
ment of the Grand Army of the Re-
public is held at Providence ; Gen. J.
C. Robinson, commander-in-chief.
STATE.
1877 July 18. D. C. President Hayes
issues a proclamation for the suppres-
sion of disorder and violence in West
Virginia. [July 21 ; another for Mary-
land. July 23; another for Pennsyl-
vania.]
July * N. S. The Fishery Commis-
sion meets at Halifax. Commissioners :
Sir Alex. T. Gait, Ensign H. Kellogg,
and Maurice Delfosse, the Belgian min-
ister to the United States.
Aug. 7. W. Va. The capital is located
at Charleston by a popular vote.
Sept. * D. C. President Hayes holds a
conference with a number of Indian
chiefs at Washington.
Oct. 5. Cal. The Workingman's Party
of California is organized at San Fran-
cisco ; Dennis Kearney (" sand-lot ora-
tor"), president.
Oct. 15. D. C. The 45th Congress
opens in special session.
Oct.* D. C. Congress ; Senate : Thomas
W. Ferry of Mich, is elected President
pro tempore. House : Samuel J. Ran-
dall of Pa. (Dem.) is reelected Speaker,
receiving 149 votes ; James A. Garfield
of O. (Rep.), 132.
Thomas B. Reed of Me. and William
McKinley of O. enter the House.
Nov. 5. D. C. Congress; House : R. P.
Bland of Mo. introduces a bill for the
free coinage of the standard silver dol-
lar, and for its circulation as a legal
tender in any amounts. (See Feb., 1878.)
Nov. 6. Minn. The people ratify an
amendment to the Constitution, chan-
ging the sessions of the Legislature from
annual to biennial.
Nov. 23. N. S. The Halifax Fishery
Commission, under the Treaty of
Washington, makes its decision, one
member dissenting.
It awards to the British government
$5,500,000 for 12 years' use of the inshore
Canadian fisheries, which belonged to
the United States by the treaty of 1782 :
it also remits to Canada, the annual
duties ($350,000), which in 12 years
amount to $4,200,000.
Dec. 3. B.C. The 45th Congress; the
special session closes.
The 45th Congress opens in regular
session.
The President's message recom-
mends the resumption of specie pay-
ments on Jan. 1, 1879, and urges justice
for f reedmen.
Dec. 12. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
Roscoe Conkling of N. Y. and others
oppose the Civil Service Reform
efforts of the Administration.
* * B.C. President Hayes appoints John
M. Harlan of Ky. a Justice of the U. S.
Supreme Court.
* * N. Dak. The capital is removed to
Bismarck.
* * N. H. The people adopt 12 amend-
ments to the Constitution, and reject a
13th amendment which would eliminate
the word " Protestant" from the Bill of
Rights.
* * New York. Smith Ely is elected the
80th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated:
-78 * * Ariz. (Ter.). John P. Hoyt.
-81 * * Ark. William R. Miller.
-79 * * Conn. James E. English.
-81 * * Fla. George F. Drew.
-82 * * Ga. Alfred H. Colquitt.
-83 * * III. Shelby M. Cullom.
-81 * * Ind. James D. Williams.
-79 * * Kan. George T. Anthony.
-78 * * La. Stephen B. Packard.
-81 * * Mich. Charles M. Crosswell.
-81 * * Mo. John S. Phelps.
-79 * * N.C. Zebulon B. Vance.
-79 * * N. H. Benjamin F. Prescott.
-80 * * N. Y. Lucius Robinson.
-78 * * O. Thomas L. Young.
-78 * * Ore. S. F. Chad wick.
-78 * * S.C. Wade Hampton.
-80 * * R. I. Charles C. Van Zandt.
-81 * * W. Va. Henry M. Matthews.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1877 June 30. Immigrants for the
year, 141,857.
July* Because of the great Pittsburg
strike, six or seven thousand miles of
railroads are forced into idleness.
Aug. 9. N. J. A train falls through a
bridge at Ocean port ; 60 persons are
injured ; Gen. Grant is one of the pas-
sengers and escapes unhurt.
Aug. 15-17. Vt. The centennial of the
Battle of Bennington is celebrated.
Aug. 26. New York. The Third Ave-
nue Elevated Railroad is opened to
Forty Second Street.
Aug. 29. la. By the washing away of a
railroad bridge near Des Moines, 17
lives are lost.
Aug. * Colo. Leadville is settled.
Aug. * la. The canal around the Des
Moines rapids is opened ; it is 7£ miles
long and cost $4,500,000.
Dec. 20. New York. An explosion
and fire in Greenfield's confectionery
works cause the death of about 50 per-
sons.
* * Ala. Birmingham is founded.
* * Boston. The Back Bay Park System
comprising 1,069 acres is established ;
Charles River Embankment, 69 ; Back
Bay Park, 106 ; Muddy River, 110 ; Ja-
maica Park, 120; Arnold Arboretum,
167 ; West Roxbury, 485. English bi-
cycles are first imported into the
United States. The Produce Ex-
change is organized.
298 1877, * *-1878, Nov. *.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1878 Apr. 12. D. C. A rehearing of
the case of Pitz-John Porter by a
military commission is granted ; the
board consists of Maj.-Gens. Schofleld,
Terry, and Getty. [He is finally restored
to the army.]
Nov. 29. Ky. Gov. Jackson sends
troops into Breathitt County to sup-
press an old feud which was revived by
a mob attacking a sheriff while in
charge of a prisoner.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1877 * * N.J. Thomas A. Edison com-
mences experiments with incandescent
platinum at Menlo Park.
* * New York. The Lenox Library Art
Gallery is opened.
* * Pa. The Mozart Club is organized
at Pittsburg.
* * Close of Stormy Day is painted by
Arthur Quartley.
* * Ponce de Leon is painted by Thomas
Moran.
* * Scene in New Hampshire is painted by
J. W. Casilear.
* * Head of Jersey Bull is painted by A.
C. Shaw.
1878 Mar. 1. N. Y. The asteroid
Eunike is discovered by Peters at Clin-
ton. [And Menippe on June 18th.]
June 20. N. Y. Charles B. Everest,
while boring for oil at Warsaw, discov-
ers a strata of rock salt 70 feet thick
lying 1,272 feet below the surface.
June * N. Y. "William E. Sawyer patents
an incandescent carbon lamp, which
he places on exhibition.
July 7. N. Y. At the Rochester Obser-
vatory a tailless comet, also without a
nucleus, is discovered.
July 29, 30. Mich. J. C. Watson of
Ann Arbor claims to have seen the
planet Vulcan during the solar eclipse.
July* N. J. Thomas A. Edison an-
nounces the invention of the microtasi-
meter, in which he applies the princi-
ple of the carbon microphone to the
measurement of infinitesimal pressure.
Aug. 6. Eng. McCormick's automatic
self-binding grain harvester takes the
gold medal at the Royal Agricultural
Society's competitive test.
Aug. 21. Mo. The American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science
meets at St. Louis.
Sept. 9. N. Y. The asteroid Phthia is
discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton.
[Ismene, on Sept. 22, and Kolga, on
Sept. 30.]
Oct. 21-24. Phila. A great storm pre-
vails ; it destroys 384 houses, churches,
and many public buildings, besides
wrecking eight ships. Loss, $2,000,000.
Oct. * N. J. Thomas A. Edison an-
nounces his success in subdividing the
electric current, adapting it for house-
hold use. He invents an electric pen
for copying. He also announces the in-
vention of the megaphone, a form of
telephone.
Oct. 31. Ga. A monument to com-
memorate fallen Confederate soldiers is
uncovered at Augusta.
* * D. C. A. Graham Bell and Sumner
Tainter of Washington invent a photo-
phone.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1878.
Jan. 16. Bowles, Samuel, miscellaneous
writer, journalist, A52.
Jan. 18. Hollins, George N., commander
U. S. N., com. Confederate N., A79.
Feb. 1 1. Welles, Gideon, editor, sec. navy,
writer, A76.
Mar. 2. Wade, Benjamin Franklin, anti-
slavery leader, senator for O., acting Vice-
President, A78.
Mar. 17. Pickering, Charles, physician,
naturalist, miscellaneous writer, A73.
Mar. 18. Hartt, Charles Frederic, natural-
ist, author, A38.
Apr. 12. Tweed, William M., political
" boss," embezzler, A55.
Apr. 21. Peck, John James, capt. U. S. A.
in Mex., maj.-gen. U. S. vols., A5I.
Apr. 22. Orton, William, president West-
ern Union Telegraph Co., politician, A52.
Apr. 24. Dyer, Charles Volney, surgeon,
abolitionist, A71.
Apr. 25. Bashford, Coles, jurist, Gov. of
Wis., A62.
Apr. 30. Simons, Thomas Young, lawyer,
politician, Confederate capt., editor, A50.
May 7. Hoffman, Murray, jurist, legal
writer, A87.
May 12. Beecher, Catherine E., educator,
writer, A78.
May. 13. Henry, Joseph, physicist, Smith-
sonian Institution, A81.
June 12. Bonneville, Benjamin L. E., sol-
dier, explorer, author, A85.
Bryant, William Cullen, poet, editor
Evening Post of N. Y., author, A84.
June 19. Hodge, Charles, Pres.,cl., theolo-
gian, professor at Princeton, author, A81.
June 21. Warren, Fitz Henry, lawyer,
politician, journalist, maj.-gen. U. S. vols.,
A62.
July 13. Eastman, Harvey G., educator,
politician, A46.
July 1 7. Appleton, George S., publisher, of
N. Y., A57.
Aug. 13. Duyckinck, Evert Augustus,
journalist, compiler of cyclopedias, A78.
Prentiss, Elizabeth, hymnologist, reli-
gious writer, A60.
Aug. 16. Upjohn, Richard, architect, A76.
Aug:. 17. Adrian, Garnett B., M. C. for
N. J., A62.
Aug. 23. Day, Horace Hollister, capitalist,
A65.
Sept. 2. Haight, Henry Huntley, lawyer,
Gov. of Cal., A53.
Oct. 6. Adams, Nehemiah, Cong, clergyman,
theologian, author of devotional and other
works, A72.
Pillow, Gideon J., lawyer, maj.-gen.
U. S. vols., Confederate brig.-gen., A72.
Oct. 20. Paulding, Hiram, rear-adm. U. S.
N., A81.
Oct. 21. Rosecrans, Sylvester H., Rom.
Cath. bishop of Columbus, O., A51.
Nov. 29. Gorley, Louis Antoine, founder
of Godey's Ladies' Book, A74.
CHURCH.
1877 * * Mo. The Annual Conven-
tion (Disciples of Christ) is held at St.
Louis ; W. K. Pendleton, president.
* * N. Mex. A mission to the Zunis is
opened by the Presbyterian Home Board.
* * R. I. The Annual Meeting (Bap-
tist) is held at Providence.
* * Tex. The Eastern Convention (Bap-
tist) is formed.
* * Utah. The Utah Conference (Metho-
dist Episcopal) is formed.
* * ControversyintheUnitedPresbyterian
Church respecting instrumental music.
* * The Protestant Episcopal dioceses of
Quincy, West Virginia, and Springfield,
HI., are organized.
* *The (Protestant Episcopal) Girls'
Friendly Society is formed.
* * The Baptists labor among the Chero-
kees, Creeks, Seminoles, Delawares,
Shawanoes, Kickapoos, and Sac and Fox
tribe, with 13 missionaries.
* * Nicholas Castle is elected first bishop
of the United Brethren.
1878 Jan. 10. The Church Society for
Promoting Christianity among the Jews
is organized.
Feb. 20. It. Cardinal GiacchinoPecci
is elected successor to Pius IX., under the
title of Leo XIII.
May 1. Ga. The General Confer-
ence (Methodist Episcopal South) meets
at Atlanta.
May 12. Ind. Francis S. Chatard is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop
of Vincennes ; and Francis Mora bishop
of Monterey and Los Angeles.
May 15. III. Alexander Burgess is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of Quincy.
May 24. N. Y. The Brooklyn Church
Society (Methodist Episcopal) is incor-
porated.
May 30. George William Peterkin is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of West Virginia.
May 31. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June 11. George Franklin Seymour is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Springfield.
Sept. 1. Ind. The Indiana Conference
of Unitarian and Independent Religious
Societies is organized at Hobart.
Sept. 3. Samuel Allen McCoskey, (Prot-
estant Episcopal) bishop, is deposed.
Sept. 17-20. N.Y. The National Con-
ference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga.
LETTERS.
1877 * * A Knight of the Nineteenth Cen-
tury, by E. P. Roe, appears.
* * Being a Boy, by Charles Dudley
Warner, appears.
* * Two Men of Sandy Bar, by Bret Harte,
appears ; also Thankful Blossom.
* * The Story of Avis, by Elizabeth Stuart
Phelps, appears.
1878 Nov. 3. The New "West (Cong.)
Education Commission is incorporated.
SOCIETY.
1877 * * Wis. The Legislature legalizes
the practice of law by women.
* * The Knights and Ladies of Honor
is founded.
* * U. S. The demand for the rights of
labor becomes more general and em-
phatic.
* * The Order of the Catholic Knights
of America is founded.
1878 Jan. * U. S. The Workingman's
Party is reorganized as " The Social-
istic Labor Party."
UNITED STATES. 1877, * *-1878, Nov.
299
Feb. * Chicago. The Union Club is or-
ganized.
Apr. 4. Chicago. The Calumet Club
and the Illinois Club are organized.
June 13. Phila. The Society for Or-
ganizing Charity is founded.
Aug. 5. Boston. Dennis Kearney of
San Francisco, the labor agitator, deliv-
ers a public address in Faneuil Hall.
Oct. * N. Y. Jesse Billings, Jr., is ac-
quitted of the murder of his wife at
Saratoga on June 4.
Nov. 7. New York. Thieves take the
remains of the late A. T. Stewart from
the family vault in St. Mark's church-
yard. [Never found.]
Nov. 26. N. Y. The Brooklyn Bureau
of Charities is organized.
STATE.
1878 Feb. 21. B. C. Congress: The
Senate passes and returns the Bland
Silver Bill with two amendments — one
limiting silver coinage, and the other
providing for an International Mone-
tary Conference. Vote, 48-21.
Feb. 22. O. A convention at Toledo
organizes the National Greenback
party, following the Greenback party of
1874.
It advocates the unlimited coinage of
gold and silver, the substi tution of green-
backs — national bills of credit made
legal tender — for national bank-notes,
female suffrage, and the advancement
of working people.
Feb. * B. C. Congress : The House
passes the Senate amendments to the
Bland Silver Bill. Vote on money
conference, 96-71 ; on limiting coinage,
203-72. This concurrence passes the bill.
Feb. 28. B. C. The President vetoes
the Bland Silver Bill.
Congress : The Bland Silver Bill is
passed over the President's veto. House
vote, 196-73 ; Senate vote, 46-19.
It revives the coinage of the standard
silver dollars of 412^ grains, to the ex-
tent of not less than $2,000,000 or more
than $4,000,000 per month — all seignior-
age to accrue to the Treasury. These
dollars are to be full legal tender for all
debts, public or private.
Feb.± * U. S. Public opinion is agitated
respecting the payment of bondhold-
ers in gold.
Mar. 11. B. C. Congress: The Senate
requests the President to transmit the
correspondence which preceded the
selection of Mr. Delfosse as the third
commissioner in the Fishery Dispute.
[His sole vote decided the issue.]
Mar. 26. Conn. The Legislature meets
in the new Capitol at Hartford for the
first time.
Apr. 17. B. C. Congress; Senate:
Thomas W. Ferry of Mich, is reelected
President pro tempore.
Apr. *- July* N. Mex. The Federal
Government removes the Ute Indians
from New Mexico to the Colorado.
May 2. B. C. Congress votes to sup-
press the coinage of silver pieces of the
denomination of 20 cents.
May 17. B.C. Congress; Senate:
The President transmits the correspon-
dence respecting the appointment of
Mr. Delfosse as the third commissioner
on the Fishery Dispute.
It proves his disqualification to act as
arbitrator, and exhibits the persistency
of England to secure his appointment.
The House appoints a select committee
to investigate the alleged election
frauds of November 18, 1876, in Louisi-
ana and Florida.
May 28. B. C. Congress : The Senate
votes an appropriation to pay the Hali-
fax Award. (See Nov. 23, 1877.)
It is to be paid " if the Government of
her Britannic Majesty, after a full re-
view of all the facts and circumstances
of the case, shall conclude and declare
the award to be lawfully and honorably
due."
May 31. B. C. Congress forbids the
retirement of legal-tender notes.
June 7. B. C. Congress repeals the
Bankruptcy Law of March 2, 1867, to
take effect Sept. 1.
June 11. Wash. A Constitutional Con-
vention assembles at Walla Walla.
June 18. B.C. Congress restricts the
use of the army as a posse comitatus in
the execution of laws, except in such
cases as are expressly provided for by
the Constitution.
It provides for additional stations of
the life-saving service.
June 19. B. C. Congress relieves Gen.
E. Kirby Smith of Tenn. from politi-
cal disabilities.
June 20. B. C. The 45th Congress :
the second session closes.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1878.
Revenue : Customs, $130,170,680 ; inter-
nal revenue, $110,581,625 ; sales of public
lands, $1,079,743 : premiums on loans and
sales of gold coin, $317,102 ; miscellane-
ous items, $15,614,728. Total revenue,
$257,763,879 ; excess of revenue over ex-
penditures, $20,799,552. Expenditures :
Miscellaneous items, $53,177,704; War
Department, $32,154,148; Navy Depart-
ment, $17,365,301; Indians, $4,629,280;
pensions, $27,137,019 ; interest on the
public debt, $102,500,825. Total ordinary
expenditures, $236,964,327. Public debt,
$2,256,205,892. Exports, $694,865,766 ; im-
ports, $437,051,532.
Aug. * Cat. Dennis Kearney starts a
political agitation against the resump-
tion of specie payments, and against
national bondholders, on the sand lots
of San Francisco.
Sept. 28. Cal. A convention meets to
revise the Constitution.
B. C. Secretary of State Evarts com-
municates to the Britieh Government his
arguments against theHalif ax Awards.
He shows by fishery statistics that, for
five years, under the treaty, the profits
to fishermen have been only $25,000 a
year.
The first Chinese embassy to the
United States presents its credentials.
Oct. 7. B. C. The President by procla-
mation orders disorderly persons in New
Mexico to desist from violence.
Nov. 5. Conn. The election fails to
make a choice of State officers, and it
falls to the Legislature for settlement.
Nov. * Wash. The people ratify the
Constitution.
Nov. * Kan. John P. St. John is
elected governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1877 * * Chicago. The Exposition
building is opened.
* * U. S. Loss by fire in 1877, $68,265,800 ;
insurance loss, $37,398,000.
* * La. By means of jetties, Capt. James
B. Eads secures a 20-f t. channel at the
mouth of the Mississippi River, which
maintains its depth by the force of the
current.
1878 Jan. 1. Colo. The gold and silver
production up to date is 80 tons of pure
gold, and 770 tons of silver, besides a
large quantity of copper and lead.
Jan. 15. Conn. A train of cars falls
through a bridge at Tariffville, killing
16 persons.
Jan. 31. N. C. The Steamer Metropolis,
bound from Philadelphia to Brazil, goes
ashore off the coast in a gale ; about
100 lives lost.
Mar. * S. C. The Legislature passes a
joint resolution to settle certain debts
at the rate of 50 per cent.
It includes all the unfunded debts and
liabilities of the State, including the bills
of the Bank of the State, and so much of
the debt of the State as is known as the
Little Bonanza.
Apr. 29. U. S. The enactment of Con-
gress to prevent the introduction of con-
tagious diseases becomes operative.
Apr. 30. New York. A trial trip is made
of the Gilbert [Metropolitan— Ninth
Avenue] Elevated Railroad. [June 5.
It is opened to the public, from Rector
Street to Central Park.]
May 2. Minn. The "Washburn Flour
Milla explode ; fire follows, which
spreads to other mills, resulting in 17
deaths and the loss of $1,500,000 in prop-
erty.
May 23. La. The first case of yellow
fever is reported. [About 4,500 deaths
follow.]
June 30. U. S. Immigrants for the
year, 138,469.
July 12. La. Yellow fever appears as
an epidemic.
Sept. * - Oct. * Yellow fever rages in the
Southern States ; 20,000 cases and 7,000
deaths are reported. Some of the in-
terior towns in Louisiana are depopu-
lated.
Oct. 8. Mass. An excursion train on
the Old Colony Road is wrecked at
Quincy by a misplaced switch, killing
21 persons and injuring 150.
Nov.* N. Y. Gas stocks fall 12 to 20
per cent on the announcement of Edi-
son's discovery, subdividing the electric
current for household use.
Nov. 25. The Pomerania, a Hamburg-
American mail steamer, is sunk about
midnight off Folkestone by an iron bark
of Carnarvon; 162 persons are saved
and 48 missing.
300 1878, Nov. * -1879, June 30. AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1879 Mar. 4. William R. Shafter is
commissioned colonel — 1st infantry.
July * The Sioux Indians under Sitting
Bull, being defeated in a raid, retire to
Canada, where they remain.
Mar. 19. D. C. The board appointed
to rehear the Fitz-John Porter case
reports, exonerating his conduct. [He
is restored to the army.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1878 * * Mich. J. C. Watson of Ann
Arbor observes two intra-Mercurial
planets.
* * Me. The State presents a statue of
William King, its first governor, to the
Federal Government, to be placed in
Statuary Hall at Washington.
* * New York. The Symphony Society
is organized. The College of Music is
incorporated. The Society of Ameri-
can Art is organized for the advance-
ment of the Fine Arts. Horace Walcott
Robbins andR. Swain Gifford are elected
members of the National Academy of
Design.
* * N. Y. The Vassar College Obser-
vatory is erected at Poughkeepsie.
* * 0. The Cincinnati College of Music
is incorporated. The Bach Society is
organized at Cleveland.
* * PMla. The first telephone exchange
is opened for business.
* * Wis. The "Washburn Observatory
is erected at Madison.
* * Platte River is painted by Worthing-
ton Whittredge.
* * New England Village School is painted
by A. F. Bellows.
* * Capri is painted by G. L. Brown.
* * Landscape is painted by Geo. Inness.
* * Midsummer Bay is painted by J. M.
Hart.
* * Bay of New York is painted by S. R.
Gifford.
* * View on the Schemung River is painted
by J. W. Casilear.
1879 Mar. 21. N. Y. The asteroid
Procne is discovered by C. H. F. Peters
of Clinton. [Philomela, on May 17.]
May 29. Chicago. The Academy of
Fine Arts (Art Institute) is incorpo-
rated.
May 30. Mo., Kan., Neb. An extensive
tornado causes 40 deaths and destroys
much property.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1878.
Dec. 15. Alexander, Barton Stone, brev.
brig.-gen., U. S. A., A59.
Dec. 19. Taylor, Bayard, historian, poet,
novelist, traveler, A53.
Dec. 25. Hoff, Henry K., rear-adm. V. S.
N., A69.
1879.
Jan. 2. Cushing, Caleb, brig.-gen. vols.,
M. C. for Mass., atty.-gen., minister to
Spain, orator, jurist, scholar, author, A79.
Jan. 6. McMichael, Morton, of Phila., ed-
itor, orator, A72.
Jan. lO. Bigelow, Jacob, physician, bota-
nist, writer, A 92.
Jan. 12. Guest, John, com. IT. S. N., A58.
Jan. 21. Hillard, George Stillman, lawyer,
orator, editor, author, A71.
Feb. 2. Dana, Richard Henry, lawyer,
poet, essayist, author, A92.
Feb. 21. Haight, Benjamin J., P. E. clergy-
man, theologian, A70.
Mar. 9. liurritt, Elilm, blacksmith, re-
former, linguist, author, editor, A69.
Mar. 16. Sherman, Thomas West, maj.-
gen. U. S. A., A66.
Mar. 19. Be Koven, James, clergyman,
educator, A 48.
Mar. 25. Malcom, Howard, Bapt. clergy-
man, author, A 80.
Mar. 30. Wood, George Bacon, physician,
medical writer, author, A82.
Apr. 12. Taylor, Richard, lieut.-gen. Con-
federate army, son of Zachary, A53.
Apr. 13. Hays, Isaac, physician, editor,
scientist, of Phila., A83.
Apr. 21. Dix, John Adams, lawyer, A80.
Apr. 25. Ames, Edward Raymond, M. E.
bishop, A73.
Apr. 30. Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell, ed-
itor, writer, A 89.
May 15. Garrard, Kenner, capt. U. S. A.,
A51.
May 17. Packer, Asa, contractor, capital-
ist, R. R. president, M. C. for Pa., donor
Lehigh University, A73.
May 26. Garrison, Win. Lloyd, antisla-
very agitator, editor of Liberator, A58.
June 26. Anderson, Richard H., capt.
U. S. A.,lieut.-gen. Confederate army, A58.
CHURCH.
1878 Dec. 12. Ga. The Georgia Associ-
ation (Congregational) is organized.
* * Ga. The "Woman's Foreign Mis-
sionary Society (Methodist Episcopal
Church South) is organized at Atlanta.
* * The Presbyterian Home Board sends
missionaries to the Jemez Indians.
* * The Central Illinois Conference (Free
Methodist) is organized.
* *The Maine Eldership (Church of
God) is organized.
* * Minn. A Congregational club is
founded at St. Paul.
* * N. Y. The Foreign Sunday School
Association in Brooklyn incorporated.
* * New York. A Chinese School is
organized in the Trinity Baptist Church.
* * The Southern and Western Baptists
withdraw from the consolidated Ameri-
can Baptist Missionary Convention.
* * O. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Cincinnati ;
A. I. Hobbs, president. The General
Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets
at Cambridge ; S. G. Irvine, moderator.
The Baptist Annual Meeting is held
in Cleveland. The Ohio Conference
(Free Methodist) is organized.
* * The "Woman's American Baptist
Home Missionary Society is formed.
* •* Pa. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) meets at Pittsburg; F. L.
Patton, moderator.
* * Tenn. The General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) of Middle Tennessee
is organized.
1879 May 25. New York. St. Patrick's
Cathedral (Roman Catholic) is dedi-
cated by Cardinal McCloskey. (The cor-
ner-stone was laid August, 1858.)
May 26. N. C. The North Carolina Con-
ference (Congregational) is organized.
May 30. N. Y. The General Convention
of the New Jerusalem meets.
LETTERS.
1878 * * Ala. Selma University (Col.
Bapt.) is founded.
* * Boston. The Daily Evening Record is
issued.
* * La. The University of Louisiana
(non-sect.) is organized at New Orleans.
* * Minn. The Journal is issued at Min-
neapolis.
* * Mo. The Southwest Baptist Col-
lege is founded at Bolivar.
* * Neb. Creighton University (Rom.
Cath.) at Omaha is organized.
* * N. Y. The Chautauqua Literary
and Scientific Circle is organized at
the instance of Lewis Miller of Akron, O.
* * New York. The Magazine of Art ap-
pears. The Christian Herald and Signs
of our Times is issued ; also Texas Sift-
ings. The New-Yorker Volkes-Zeitung
founded.
* * O. The Cleveland Press is issued.
* * 0. Ashland College (Ger. Bapt.) is
organized.
* * Pa. Pittsburg College (Rom. Cath.)
is organized.
* * Utah. The Brigham Young Col-
lege is opened at Logan.
* * Wis. The National German-American
Teachers' Seminary at Milwaukee is
opened.
* * The Baptist Review (later Baptist
Quarterly) is first issued.
* * Barriers Burned Away, by E. P. Roe,
appears.
* * Conscience, Heredity, and Marriage, by
Joseph Cook, appears.
* * Driftwood, by Celia Thaxter, appears.
* * The Europeans, by Henry James, ap-
pears ; also Daisy Miller and French
Poets and Novelists.
* * Falconberg, by H. H. Boyesen, appears ;
also Goethe and Schiller.
* * Keramos, by Henry "W. Longfellow,
appears.
* * The Poet and His Master, by Richard
Walton Gilder, appears.
* * Prince Deukalion, by Bayard Taylor,
appears.
* * Roxy, by Edward Eggleston, appears.
* * Sigurd, by E. C. Stedman, appears.
* * Story of a Mine, by Bret Harte, ap-
pears.
* * Thistledown, by William Winter, ap-
pears.
* * Under the Lilacs, by Louisa May Al-
cott, appears.
* * The Vision of Echard, and other
Poems, by John Greenleaf "Whittier,
appears.
* * Songs of Italy, by Joaquin Miller, ap-
pears.
* * Elements of Geology, by Joseph Le
Conte, appears.
* * In the Wilderness, by Charles Dudley
Warner, appears.
* * Poganuc People, by Harriet Beecher
Stowe, appears.
* * Haworth's, by Frances* Hodgson Bur-
nett, appears.
1879 May. * New York. The Uni-
versity Club is reorganized.
UNITED STATES. 1878, Nov. *-1879, June 30. 301
SOCIETY.
Dec. 2. D. C. The 45th Congress:
1878 * * la. The Legislature repeals the the third se8sion opens.
Act to abolish the death penalty, and Dec- * D- C. Congress ; Senate : A bill
empowers the hanging of convicted pris-
oners or their imprisonment for life.
* * Kentucky, The Legislature establishes
a State Board of Health. The Ken-
tucky House passes a bill to reestablish
the whipping post. Vote, 63-21. It is
lost by one vote in the Senate.
* * Md. The Woman's Christian Tem-
perance Union meets in National Con-
vention at Baltimore ; Mrs. Annie
Wittenmyer, president.
* * Mich. A State Insane Asylum is
opened at Pontiac.
* * Mo. A day school for the deaf is
established at St. Louis.
* * Mass. The twelfth National En-
campment of the Grand Army of the
Republic is held at Springfield; Gen.
J. C. Robinson, commander-in-chief.
* * A general assembly of the National
Association of the Knights of Labor is
organized. Terence V. PoWderly is
elected general master-workman.
* * The American Legion of Honor is
founded. The Improved Order of
Heptasophs and the Order of Scot-
tish Clans is founded. The American
Bar Association is organized in New
York.
1879 Jan. 1. Minn. The State inebri-
ate asylum at Rochester is opened.
Jan. 10. N. J. Benjamin F. Hunter
is hanged at Camden for the murder of
J. F. Armstrong, at Camden, on Jan.
23, 1878.
Feb. 15. D. C. "Women are authorized
to practise law before the Supreme
Court, by Act of Congress.
Feb. 26. Boston. The Associated
Charities is organized.
Mar. * -Apr. * A great many negroes
emigrate from the South to the West.
Apr. 10. Vt. John P. Phair is hanged
at "Windsor for the murder of Ann E.
Frieze of Rutland, on June 9, 1874.
Apr. 30. Mass. The Legislature passes
a law abolishing the several boards, and
establishing the Board of Health,
Charity, and Lunacy.
Apr. * Kan. The first influx of refugee
colored people arrives at Wyandotte,
from the former slave States on the
Mississippi.
May 5. Miss. A meeting of the Missis-
It provides for the organization of a
National Board of Health of seven
members.
restricting Chinese immigration is Mar. 4. D. C. The 45th Congress
introduced.
* * D. C. The "usufruct" cipher de-
spatches, relating to the bribery of elec-
tors in Florida, South Carolina, and
Oregon, are exposed.
* * D.C. Congress enacts a law for the
encouragement of timber plantations,
granting a quarter section of land to
any one growing 10 acres of timber on
it for 10 years.
* * D. C. Congress provides for the per-
manent government of the District by
three commissioners.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-82 * * Ala. Rufus W. Cobb.
-82 * * Ariz. (Ter.). John C. Fremont.
-80 * * la. John H. Gear.
-80 * * La. Francis T. Nicholls.
-82* * N.Mex.(Ter.). Lewis Wallace.
-81 * * iV. J. George B. McClellan.
-80 * * O. R. M. Bishop.
-82 * * Ore. William W. Thayer.
-80 * * S. C. William D. Simpson.
-82 * * Va. Fred W. M. Holliday.
-80 * * Vt. Redfleld Proctor.
-82 * * Wis. William E. Smith.
1879 Jan. 1. U.S. Specie payments
are resumed, without excitement or
adds.
The President calls an extra session
of the 46th Congress for March 18.
Mar. 18. D. C. The 46th Congress
opens, in extra session, to provide for
the expenses of the Government.
Congress ; House : Samuel J. Ran-
dall (Dem.) of Pa. is reelected Speaker,
receiving 143 votes ; James A. Gar-
field (Rep.) of O., 125 votes.
Mar. 28. Tenn. The Legislature passes
a bill for the settlement of the State
debt at the rate of 60 cents on the dol-
lar.
Apr. 15. D.C. Congress ; Senate : A.
G. Thurman (Dem.) of O. is elected
President pro tempore. Democrats
control both House and Senate — for
the first time since 1856.
Apr. 21. La. A convention is held at
New Orleans and a new Constitution is
formed ; the capital is changed from
New Orleans to Baton Rouge.
Apr. 26. D. C. The President, by proc-
lamation, orders the removal of settlers
not of the Indian race from Oklahoma,
in the Indian Territory.
excessive demand for gold, after 17 years Apr' 29- Dm C' President Hayes vetoes
of suspension. the Army Appropriation Bill; also
t o ry m T . . tne Legislative, Executive, and Judicial
Jan. 9. Com, .The Legislature elects Appropriation Bill.
Charles B. Andrews (Rep.) governor. T 00 ^ „
v v ' b June 23. D. C. A second Army Ap-
Jan. 20. D.C. Congress: The House propriation BUI is approved,
appoints a committee to investigate the June 28. D c. Congress provides for
•cipher telegrams;" they relate to the appointment of a commission of
the purchase of presidential electors at
the South in the interest of Samuel J.
Tilden.
Feb. 3. D. C. The President approves
the Act of Congress declaring the incor-
poration of the Society of the Jesuit
Fathers of New Mexico to be void.
Feb. 14. D. C. The Chair of the Senate
is first occupied by a colored Senator
— Blanche K. Bruce of Mississippi.
Feb. 15. D. C. Congress authorizes
women to practise before the Supreme
Court.
Congress : The Senate passes the Wil-
lis Bill to restrict Chinese immigra-
tion; the object of this bill is to limit
the number of passengers that may be
brought over by a single vessel. Vote,
39-27.
the
seven members to improve the mouths
of the Mississippi River.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1879.
Revenue : Customs, $137,250,048 ; inter-
nal revenue, $113,561,611 ; sales of public
lands, $924,781 ; premiums on loans and
sales of cold coin, $1,505,048; miscella-
neous items, $20,585,697. Total revenue,
$273,827,184 ; excess of revenue over ex-
penditures, $6,879,301. Expenditures :
miscellaneous items, $65,741,555; War
Department, $40,425,661: Navy Depart-
ment, $15,125,127; Indians, $5,206,109;
pensions, $35,121,482 ; interest on the
public debt, $105,327,949. Total ordinary
expenditures, $266,947,883. Public debt,
$2,340,232. Exports, $710,439,441 ; im-
ports, $445,777,775.
sippi Valley Labor Convention is held Feb. 22. D.C. Congress: The House
to consider the question of the negro passes the Chinese Bill. Vote, 155-72.
exodus. Feb. 25. Va. A new party is organized,
May* Mass. An Advent fanatic as- called Readjusters — of the State debt,
sumes to imitate Abraham in offering jjaj., 1# x>. C. Congress: President
up Isaac, and sacrifices his sleeping Hayes vetoes the Chinese Bill as violat-
child while the mother looks on.
STATE. '
1878 Nov.* D. C. The award of $5,-
500,000 by the Fisheries Commission
is paid to England by the Government,
with a protest against the injustice of
the award. (See May 17.)
ing treaty stipulations without notice.
The House sustains the veto. Vote, 95-
109.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress makes an ap-
propriation of $250,000, the income from
which is to be applied for the support of June 16-21. London. Edward Payson
the American Printing House for the Weston, an American, walks 550 miles
Blind at Louisville, Ky. in six days at Agricultural Hall.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1878 Dec. 18. A gold and a paper
dollar are of equal value for the first
time in 17 years.
* * U. S. Loss by fire in 1876, $64,315,900 ;
insurance loss, $36,575,900.
1879 Jan. 1. Mich. The new Capitol
is formally dedicated.
Feb. 12. N. Y. The new Capitol at
Albany is opened.
Mar. 1. D. C. The internal revenuo
tax on tobacco is reduced.
Mar. 2. Nev. A fire at Reno burns
$1,000,000 worth of property.
302 1879, June 30-1880, Apr. 18. AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1879 Sept. 29. Colo. Maj. Thornbury
and 17 men are killed in a fight with
Indians at Milk Creek, near Rawlins.
Nov. 9. Colo. The Apache Indians re-
treat before Gen. Merritt, then suddenly
turn and attack their pursuers, and kill
32 men.
1880 Feb. 8. Elwell S. Otis is com-
missioned colonel — 20th infantry.
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
1879 July 8. New York. James Gordon
Bennett, proprietor of the New York
Herald, sends out the Jeannette, under
the sanction of Congress, on an Arctic
exploring trips ; it sails from San Fran-
cisco under Capt. G. W. De Long, U. S. N.
[A few survivors reach Siberia and finally
the United States.]
July 10. N. Y. The asteroid Byblis is
discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin-
ton. [Dynamene, on July 28.]
Aug. 16-20. A cyclone wrecks or dis-
ables 300 vessels near the North Atlantic
coast, and damages inland property ;
the wind at Cape Lookout attained a
velocity of 138 miles an hour.
Sept. 11. N. Y. The asteroid Chryseis
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin-
ton. [Pompeia, on Sept. 27.]
Oct. 15. N. Y. The asteroid Hersilia
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin-
ton. [Dido, on Oct. 22.]
Dec. 5. Chicago. The Central Music
Hall is opened.
Dec. * N. J. Edison exhibits his incan-
descent carbon vacuum lamps at
Menlo Park.
* * Colo. The first large discovery of sil-
ver in Gunnison County is made.
* * Mo. The St. Louis Choral Society
is organized.
* * N. Y. A monument to Maj. Andre
is erected at his grave in Tappan by
Cyrus W. Field.
* * S. C. A department of agriculture
is established.
* * Shelford Bidwell announces an im-
proved phonograph.
* * Lieut. Schwatka, of the U. S. N.,
leads a Franklin Search Expedition
overland, and discovers some human re-
mains of Franklin's crew and other
relics ; he sets up memorials, and brings
home the remains of Lieut. John Irving
of the Terror.
-80* * N. Y. The "Warner Observa-
tory is erected at Rochester.
* * Pasture Watching is painted by George
Inness.
* * Lake Nemi is painted by J. F. Cropsey.
* * Quack Doctor is painted by T. W.
Wood,
* * Homeward is painted by Edward
Moran.
* * Clouds is painted by Jervis McEntee.
* * Catskill Brook is painted by Worth-
ington Whittredge.
* * Market Boats is painted by William
Bradford.
* * Back from the Beach is painted by F. S.
Church.
1880 Feb. 16-17. N. Y. The asteroid
Lilaea is discovered by C. H. F. Peters
of Clinton.
Mar. 30. New York. President Hayes
opens the Metropolitan Museum of
Art.
Spring. Ga. A nugget of gold is found
near Nacooche weighing over a pound.
Apr. 18. Mo. An extensive tornado
strikes Mansfield ; 65 persons are killed,
200 injured, and the town destroyed ;
loss, $110,000.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1879.
July 7. Olin, Abrani Baldwin, jurist,
M. C. for N. Y., A71.
July 11. Allen, William, lawyer, M. C,
senator, Gov. of O., A73.
July 18. Barry, William Farquar, brig-
gen, vols., A61.
Aug. 14. Odenheimer, William Henry,
P. E. bishop of N. J., author, A 62.
Aug. 30. Hood, John Bell, lieut. U. S. A.,
lieut.-gen. Confederate army, A48.
Sept. 8. Hunt, William Morris, painter of
Boston, A55.
Sept. 19. Brew, Daniel, capitalist, founder
Brew Seminary, A91.
Oct. 13. Carey, Henry Charles, political
economist, A86.
Oct. 31. Abbott, Jacob, author, Cong.
clergyman, A76.
Nov. 1. Chandler, Zachariah, senator for
Mich., secretary of interior, A66.
Nov. 23. Schaeffer, Charles Frederick,
Luth. clergyman, theologian, author, A72.
Nov. 29. Buddington, William Ives, Cong.
clergyman, writer, A64.
Dec. 6. Bigelow, Erastus Brigham, in-
ventor of weaving machines, A65.
Dec. 19. Fowler, Philemon Halsted, Pres.
clergyman, A65.
1880.
Jan. 10. Leslie, Frank, (Henry Carter),
publisher, A59.
Jan. 24. Brewer, Thomas Mayo, ornitholo-
gist, author, A66.
Jan. 30. Haven, Gilbert, editor, author,
M. E. bishop, A59.
Feb. 5. Borie, Adolph E., sec. navy, A71.
Feb. 17. Lenox, James, founder of Lenox
Library, N. Y. City, A 80.
Apr. 2. Punchard, George, Cong, clergy-
man, editor, A74.
CHURCH.
1879 July 22. Peter Fayssoux, James
Allen Latane, and Alfred Spencer Rich-
ardson are consecrated (Reformed Epis-
copal) bishops.
Aug. 10. Conn. Lawrence S. McMahon
is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop
of Hartford.
Aug. 19. Hubert Bower is consecrated
(Reformed Episcopal) bishop.
Sept. 7. Mich. Samuel Smith Harris is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Michigan.
Sept. 14. John Vertin is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Marquette.
Oct. 28. Alas, ^gidius Junger is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Vancouver Island and Alaska.
Dec. 14. Mont. John B. Brondel is con-
secrated the first (Roman Catholic)
bishop of Helena.
* * III. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Bloomington ;
W. H. Hopson, president.
* * Me.-N. Y. The Portland and the
New York Congregational Clubs are
formed.
* * N. Y. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) meets at Saratoga ; H. H.
Jessup, moderator.
* * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held at Saratoga.
* * O. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) meets at Wooster.
* * O. The "Women's Home and For-
eign Missionary Society (Lutheran.
Church) is organized at Canton.
* * Pa. The "Woman's Foreign Mis-
sionary Society (Methodist Protestant)
is organized at Pittsburg.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at New Wilming-
ton ; William Bruce, moderator.
* * The (Protestant Episcopal) Church
German Society is incorporated.
* * The Synod of the Special South (Re-
formed Episcopal) is organized.
1880 Jan.' 8. N. J. Thomas Alfred
Starkey is consecrated (Protestant Epis-
copal) bishop of Northern New Jersey.
Feb. 1. Dak. Martin Marty is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Sioux
Falls.
Feb. 5. La. John Nicolas Galleher is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of Louisiana.
LETTERS.
1879 Oct. 6. Tex. The Prairie View
Normal School at Hempstead is opened.
Nov. 17. Mich. The Michigan College
of Medicine is opened.
* * Cal. The Free Public Library is
founded at San Francisco. [45,004 vols.]
* * Chicago. The Graphic is issued.
* * Conn. The News is issued at New
Haven.
* * Ga. The Southern Medical CoUege
at Atlanta is opened.
* * Ky. The Polytechnic Society Li-
brary is founded at Louisville. [39,879
vols.]
* * Mass. Kadcliff e CoUege, annex to
Harvard, is founded for the education
of women.
* * Miss. Jackson College (Col. Bapt.)
is founded.
* * Mo. St. Louis College of Physicians
and Surgeons is opened. A manual
training school is established at St.
Louis. Stewartsville College (non-sect.)
is organized at Stewartsville.
* *N.J. The State Normal School is
opened at Newark.
* * New York. John Jacob Astor adds
$250,000 in improvements to the Astor
Library.
Town Topics, The Art Amateur, Brad-
street's, Harper's Young People, and II
Progreso Italo- Americano and The New-
Yorker Herold are issued.
* * N. Y. The Telegram is issued at
Elmira.
* * Ore. Ashland College and Normal
School (Meth. Epis.) is founded.
* * Pa. The Pittsburg Daily Times is
issued.
UNITED STATES. 1879, June 30-1880, Apr. 18. 303
* * Phila. The Neics Is issued.
* * Tex. The Sam Houston Normal
School at Huntsville is opened.
* * Wis. A compulsory education bill
is passed by the Legislature.
* * Archibald Malmaison, by Julian Haw-
thorne, appears.
* * Boys' Froissart, by Sidney Lanier, ap-
pears.
* * Ethics, by John Bascom, appears.
* * Figs and Thistles, and A Fool's Er-
rand, by Albion Winegar Tourgee, ap-
pear.
* * An International Episode, by Henry
James, appears ; also Hawthorne (Eng-
lish Men of Letters Series).
* * Labor, by Joseph Cook, appears.
* * An Old Maid's Paradise, by Elizabeth
Stuart Phelps, appears.
* * Short Studies of American Authors, by
Thomas W. Higginson, appears.
* * Lyrics and Idylls, by Edmund Clar-
ence Stedman, appears.
* * Visions of the Future, by Octavius
B. Frothingham, appears.
* * Old Creole Days, by George W. Cable,
appears.
* * Money, Trade, and Industry, by Fran-
cis A. Walker, appears.
* * Locusts and Wild Honey, by John
Burroughs, appears.
* * Progress and Poverty, by Henry
George, appears.
* * Along the Way, by Mary Mapes Dodge,
appears.
* * My Desire, by Susan Warner, appears.
* * Rudder Grange, by Frank R. Stockton,
appears.
* * Detmold, by W. H. Bishop, appears.
* f Old Friends and New, by Constance
Fenimore Woolson, appears.
SOCIETY.
1879 July 2. O. The corner-stone of
the "Widow's and Old Men's Home
is laid at Cincinnati.
July * Ky. Col. Thomas Buford is ac-
quitted of the murder of Judge Elliott
at Frankfort, on the ground of insanity.
Aug. * Cal. Political disorder abounds ;
Editor De Young shoots and dangerously
wounds Mayor Kallock of San Francisco.
Sept. 20. Cal. Gen. Grant is received
at San Francisco, on his return from
his tour around the world, with a grand
procession and public ceremonies.
Sept. 20. Colo. Indians massacre N. C.
Meeker, the Indian agent, and 12 others,
at the White River agency.
Nov. 18. O. The Associated Charities
is organized at Cincinnati.
Dec. 12. Ind. The Charity Organiza-
tion Society of Indianapolis is organ-
ized.
Dec. 17-24. New York. A banquet is
given in honor of Gen. Grant on his
return from his tour around the world.
* * Ala. An Act is passed granting a pen-
sion of $75 to citizens who lost either a
leg or an arm in the Confederate army.
* * Conn. H. H. Hayden is acquitted of
the murder of Mary Stannard at New
Haven.
* * Ind. The School for Feeble-minded
Youth is opened at Richmond.
* * Ind. The "Women's Christian Tem-
perance Union meets in national con-
vention at Indianapolis; Frances
Willard, president.
* * Kan. The Constitutional Prohibitory
Amendment Bill passes the Legisla-
ture.
* * Minn. The State school for the
feeble-minded is opened at Faribault.
* * Mich. The Prohibitory Bill is voted
down. Vote 50-37.
* * Miss. Mrs. Dorsey of Beauvoir be-
queaths her estate to Jefferson Davis,
to which he retires, and here devotes
himself to literary pursuits.
* * N. C. The colored people organize a
State Industrial Association.
* * N. Y. The Oneida community is
dissolved, owing to opposition led by
Prof. Mears of Hamilton College.
* * N. Y. The 13th National Encamp-
ment of the Grand Army of the
Republic is held at Albany; William
Earnshaw, commander-in-chief.
* * O. Rev. William H. Delano's church
in Garretsville is blown up with gun-
powder by anti-temperance men.
* * The Knights of Labor increase and
flourish.
* * The Equitable Aid Union is organ-
ized.
* * The Gaelic Society is organized.
* * The Order of Chosen Friends is
founded.
* * The Home Circle Association is
founded.
* *The United Order of Pilgrim
Fathers is founded.
1880 Feb. 11. Mich. An Association
of Charities is organized at Detroit.
Mar. 15. Cal. Dennis Kearney, a
" sand-lot " orator and leader, is sen-
tenced to six months imprisonment and
a fine of $1,000 for inciting a riot. [Sen-
tence reversed, May 27.]
Mar. 26. Wis. The State insane asylum
at Milwaukee opens.
STATE.
1879 July 1. D. C. The 46th Con-
gress : the first session closes.
July 4. Cal. The new Constitution
takes effect.
July* John "Walsh, minister to Eng-
land, resigns.
Aug. 19+ . D. C. James Russell LoweU
is appointed minister to England.
Aug. 27. Tenn. The people reject the
scaling down of the State debt. Vote,
30,920 — 19,669.
Oct. * - Nov. * U. S. Election returns
are favorable to Republicans.
Dec. 1. D. C. The 46th Congress:
the second session opens.
Dec. 8. La. The new Constitution
and the debt ordinance are ratified by
the people at the State election.
Dec. 10. D. C. George "W. McCrary,
Secretary of War, resigns ; he is suc-
ceeded by Alexander Ramsey of Minn.
* * The Government reduces the annual
interest charge from $81,639,684 to $61,-
738,838, by issuing low-rate bonds, and
taking up those bearing a higher rate of
interest ; $500,000,000 at 5 per cent, $185,-
000,000 at 4i per cent, and $710,345,950 at
4 per cent.
* * New York. Edward Cooper is
elected the 81st mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-83 * * Cal. George C. Perkins.
-81 * * Colo. F. W. Pitkin.
-81 * * Conn. Charles B. Andrews.
-83* * Del. John W.Hall.
-83 * * Kan. John P. St. John.
-83* *Ky. Luke P. Blackburn.
-80 * * Mass. Thomas Talbot.
-80 * * Me. Alonzo Garcelon.
-83 * * Neb. Albinus Nance.
-85 * * N. C. Thomas J. Jarvis.
-83 * * Nev. John H. Kinkead.
-81 * * N. H. Nathaniel Head.
-83 * * Pa. Henry M. Hoyt.
-81 * * Tenn. Albert S. Marks.
-83 * * Tex. Oran M. Roberts.
1880. Jan. * Me. Republicans claim a
majority of members, and organize the
Legislature.
Jan. 16. Me. The Supreme Court recog-
nizes the Republican Legislature and
Daniel F. Davis (Rep.) assumes the office
of governor.
Feb. 12. D. C. The President issues a
second proclamation against settlers
entering Oklahoma.
Apr. 7. D. C. Congress : Senate : Allen
G. Thurman of O. is elected President
pro tempore. [Again May 6.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1879 June 30. Nev. The completion
of the Sutro Tunnel, four miles long,
is celebrated in the Carson Valley.
Immigrants for the year, 177,826.
Sept. * Tenn. The yeUow fever rages
at Memphis.
Autumn. The grain crops are reported
to be the largest for many years.
Nov. 15. Mass. The French cable
is landed at North Eastham, Cape Cod.
* * Miss. The Mississippi Valley Cotton
Planters' Association is organized.
* * O. The South Side Park at Cleve-
land is purchased.
* * U.S. Loss by fire in 1879, $77,703,700 ;
insurance loss, $44,464,700.
1880 Jan. 13. Ga. The State sells at
auction the Macon and Brunswick
railroad for $1,125,000.
Jan. 14. La. The Legislature passes an
Act establishing a Bureau of Agricul-
ture and Immigration.
Mar. 1. New York. The Second Avenue
Elevated Railroad is opened to Sixty-
Seventh Street.
304 1880, Apr. 23-* *
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1880 Spring. U. S. The Apache In-
dians are driven by the troops into
Mexico ; Victoria, their leader, is killed
and most of the band captured.
Nov. * U. S. About 1,500 of Sitting
Bull's Indians return from British
America and surrender.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1880 May 20. Tenn. A statue of Gen.
Jackson is unveiled on the Capitol
grounds at Nashville.
May 28. Tex. A storm in Fannin
County destroys much property and 40
lives ; 83 persons are injured.
* * Cal. The erection of the Lick Ob-
servatory is begun on Mount Hamilton,
4,250 feet above the sea level. [1888.
Completed.]
June 12. Egypt. The Egyptian obe-
lisk is shipped in a special vessel from
Alexandria for New York. [July 22 it
arrives.]
Nov. 8. New York. Sarah Bernhardt,
the French actress, makes her first ap-
pearance in this country at Booth's
Theater.
Nov. 27. Crittenden, George B., lawyer,
Confederate maj-gen., A68.
Nov. 30. Mackenzie, Robert S., journalist,
author, A71.
Dec. 6. Ketchum, Winthrop W., jurist,
M. C. for Pa.. A60.
Dec. 21. Akernian, Amos T., attorney-gen-
eral, A38.
Dec. 27. Chapln, Edwin H. Univ. clergy-
man, orator, author, A6B.
Dec. 31. Sargent, Epes, journalist, au-
thor, A68.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1880.
Apr. 30. Janney, Samuel M., Quaker au-
thor, A79.
May 1. Heintzelman, Samuel P., maj.-gen.
U. S. A., A75.
May 14. Church, Sanford E., jurist, poli-
tician, of N. Y., A 65.
May 20. Foote, Henry S., senator for
Miss., Gov., A80.
May 27. O'Callaghan, Edmund B., histo-
rian, A83.
May 30. Anderson, Rufus, Cong, clergy-
man, 34 years sec. Am. Board, author, A84.
June 13. Bayard, James A., lawyer, sena-
tor for Del., A81.
July 4. Ripley, George, Unit, clergyman,
transcendentalist, scholar, critic, au., A78.
July 6. Sears, Barnas, Bapt. clergyman,
educator, A78.
Curtis, William E., jurist, N. Y., A54.
July 23. Hering, Constantin, German-Am-
erican physician, author, A80.
Aug. 6. Butler, William O., M. C. for Ky.,
brev. maj. U. S. A., A89.
Aug. 9. Bigler, William, senator for Pa.,
Gov., editor, A66.
Aug- 16. Johnson, Herschel V., lawyer,
senator for Ga., Gov., Dem. candidate for
vice-presidency, A68.
Aug-. 24. Myers, Albert J., chief signal
officer and brig.-gen. U. S. A., A53.
Aug. 28. Jackson, Charles T., physicist,
author, A75.
Aug. 29. Gifford, Sanford R., landscape
painter, A57.
Herbert, Paul O., Gov. of La., A62.
Aug. 31. Adams, William, Pres. clergy-
man, writer, A73.
Sept. lO. Haldeman, Samuel S., natural-
ist, philologist, author, A68.
Sept. 11. Roberts, Marshall O., merchant,
philanthropist, of N. Y., A66.
Sept. 19. Foster, Lafayette S., senator for
Conn., A74.
Sept. 80. McKay, Donald, shipbuilder, A70.
Oct. 2. Hallock, William A., ed., an., A66.
Oct. 6. Peirce, Benjamin, mathematician,
prof, at Harvard, U. S. Coast Survey, A71.
Oct. 13. Sprague, Peleg, politician, jurist,
of Me., A87.
Oct. 20. Child. Lydia M., author, editor,
philanthropist, A78.
Oct. 27. Doggett, David S., bishop M. E.
Church South, A70.
Oct. 28. Seguin, Edward, physician, fdr.
of training school for idiots, A68.
Nov. 4. Lewis, Estella A., poet, dramatist,
author, A56.
Nov. 11. Mott. Lucre tia C, social re-
former, Quaker preacher, A87.
Nov. 23. Watson, James C, astronomer,
author, A42.
CHURCH.
1880 Apr. * The centennial of the birth
of Charming is Celebrated by Unita-
rians.
May 1-28. The General Conference
(Methodist Episcopal) is held at Cincin-
nati.
It decides that " He " " His " and
" Him " in the Book of Discipline, is not
to be construed so as to exclude women
from the office of stewards, leaders, and
Sunday School superintendents.
Henry W. Warren, Cyrus D. Foss,
John F. Hurst, and Frastus O. Haven are
ordained bishops.
June 18. Chicago. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
July 1. Edward Wilson is consecrated
(Reformed Episcopal) bishop.
Aug. 8. John A. Watterson is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of the Diocese
of Columbus.
Sept. 10. Mo. The Roman Catholic Dio-
cese of Kansas City is established.
Chicago. Patrick A. Feehan is pro-
moted (Roman Catholic) archbishop of
Chicago.
Mo. John J. Hogan is transferred to
the (Roman Catholic) Diocese of Kansas
City, and made administrator of the Dio-
cese of St. Joseph.
Sept. 21-24. N.Y. The National Con-
ference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga.
Sept. 23. The Pan-Presbyterian Con-
vention commences in Philadelphia.
Oct. 25. The American Church Build-
ing Fund Commission (Protestant
Episcopal) is established.
Nov. 21. N. Mex. George K. Dunlop
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of New Mexico.
Nov. * Ala. A convention of Southern
Baptists is held at Montgomery; the
Baptist Foreign Mission Convention
of the United States is organized.
Dec. 2. The Kansas Conference (Unita-
rian) is organized.
Dec. 8. Legh Richmond Brewer is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission-
ary bishop of Montana.
Dec. 15. Wash. John Adams Paddock
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
missionary bishop of Washington Terri-
tory.
LETTERS.
1880 Oct. 6. Miss. The State Agricul-
tural and Mechanical College at Spark-
ville opens for white students.
Nov. 2. N. Y. The Long Island His-
torical Society opens its new building
at Brooklyn.
* * Cal. The University of Southern
California is opened at Los Angeles.
* * la. The Dexter Normal CoUege is
opened at Dexter.
* * I. T. The Indian University (Ind.
Bapt.) is founded at Bacone.
* * Ky. The Kentucky College of Agri-
culture and Mechanics is incorpo-
rated.
* * La. The Southern University at
New Orleans is opened ; it is established
for the higher education of colored
young men.
* * La. The States is issued at New Or-
leans.
* * Miss. The Mississippi Agricultural
College (non-sect.) is organized at Jack-
son.
SOCIETY.
1880 May 18. New York. A Board of
Health is authorized.
May. 31. It. I. The League of American
Wheelmen is organized at Newport.
June 8. O. The Grand Army of the
Republic meets in the 14th National
Encampment at Dayton ; John Wagner
of Pa., commander-in-chief.
July 16. N. Y. Chastine Cox, a negro,
is hanged for the murder of Mrs. Jane
D. Hall, on June 10, 1879, in New York.
Aug. 6. N. Y. Pietro Balbo is hanged
for the murder of his wife.
Aug. 20. O. Monroe Robertson, the
murderer of nine men, is hanged at
Greenville.
Sept. 29. Mich. The State opens a
school for the blind at Lansing.
Oct. 5. Tenn. New Rugby is inaugu-
rated by a colony of British farmers,
following the suggestion of Thomas
Hughes.
Dec. * Phila. The Committee of On©
Hundred is organized for the improve-
ment and purification of the city govern-
ment.
STATE.
1880 May 4. D. C. President Hayes a
second time vetoes the Appropriation
Bill.
May 6. Mo. Republicans who oppose
a third term in the presidency hold a
Convention at St. Louis; John B.
Henderson, president.
The precedent set by Washington is
ignored by the "Stalwarts"; this
strong faction, led by Roscoe Conkling
of N. Y., claims that an intervening
presidency makes the precedent inap-
plicable.
May 25. It. I. The people having failed
to choose a governor, the Legislature
elects Alfred H. Littlefield (Rep.).
May * D. C. P. M.-Gen. David McKay
Key resigns.
June 2. D. C. Horace Maynard of
Tenn. is appointed postmaster-general.
June 2-7. III. The Republican Na-
tional Convention is held ; George
F. Hoar of Mass., president. The friends
of Blaine and of Grant conduct a spirited
canvass.
First ballot : James A. Garfield of O.,
0 ; U. S. Grant, 304 ; James G. Blaine of
Me., 284 ; John Sherman of O., 93 ; E. B.
UNITED STATES.
1880, Apr. 21-* * 305
Washburne of 111., 31 ; William Windom
of Minn., 10. The Blaine and Sherman
men unite on the 36th ballot, Garfield,
399 ; Grant, 306 ; Blaine, 42 ; E. B. Wash-
burne of 111., 5; Sherman, 3. Chester
A. Arthur of N. Y. is nominated for vice-
president. Vote, Arthur, 468 ; Wash-
burne, 193.
June 7. D. C. Congress appropriates
$100,000 for the erection of a memorial
of Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown.
June 9-11. Chicago. The Greenback
National Convention is held ; Richard
Trevellick of Mich., president. James
B. Weaver of la. is unanimously nomi-
nated for president, and B. S. Chambers
of Tex. for vice-president. Vote, Cham-
bers, 403 ; A. M. West of Miss., 311.
June 16. D. C. The 46th Congress;
the second session closes.
June 17. O. The Prohibition National
Convention meets at Cleveland, and
nominates Neal Dow of Me. and H. A.
Thompson of O. as presidential candi-
dates.
June 18. New York. Samuel J. Tilden
writes a letter declining to be a candi-
date for the presidency.
June 22-24. O. The Democratic Na-
tional Convention is in session at
Cleveland ; John W. Stevenson of Ky.,
president. Winfield Scott Hancock
of Pa. and William H. English of Ind.
are nominated as presidential candi-
dates.
First ballot : Winfield S. Hancock,
171; Thomas F. Bayard of Del., 153J;
Henry B. Payne of O., 81; Allen G.
Thurman of O., 68J ; Stephen J. Field of
Cal., 65; William R. Morrison of 111.,
62; Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind., 49£ ;
Samuel J. Tilden of N. Y., 38; Samuel
J. Randall of Pa., 0. Second ballot :
Hancock, 320; Randall, 128£; Bayard,
113. William H. English is unanimously
nominated for Vice-President.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal
year. Revenue : Customs, $186,522,065 ;
internal revenue, $124,009,374; direct
tax, $31 ; sales of public lands, $1,016,-
507 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold
coin, $110 ; miscellaneous items, $21,978,-
525. Total revenue, $333,526,611 ; excess
of reven ue over expenditures, $65,883,653.
Expenditures : Premium on loans, pur-
chase of bonds, etc., $2,795,320; miscel-
laneous items, $54.713,530 ; War Depart-
ment, $38,116,916; Navy Department,
$13,536,985; Indians, $5,945,457; pen-
sions, $56,777,174 ; interest on the public
debt, $95,757,575. Total ordinary expen-
ditures, $267,642,958. Public debt, $2,128,-
791,054. Exports, $835,638,658; imports,
$667,954,746.
Sept. 1. S.C. Gov. Simpson resigns, and
is succeeded by Lieut.-Gov. T. B. Jeter.
Oct. 20. U. 8. The " Morey letter,"
a lithographed forgery in imitation of
Garfield's handwriting and signature, ap-
proving Chinese immigration, is widely
distributed for the purpose of impairing
his vote.
Nov. 2. U.S. 24th Presidential Elec-
tion; Republicans elected.
Popular vote : James A. Garfield
(Rep.) of O., 4,454,416; Winfield S.
Hancock (Dem.) of Pa., 4,444,952;
James B. Weaver (Greenback) of la.,
308,578; Neal Dow (Prohib.) of Me.,
10,305; John W. Phelps (American)
of Vt., 707.
Popular Vote for President.
Candidates.
States.
Garfield
Hancock
Weaver
Dow
Ala. . .
56,221
91,185
4,642
Ark.. .
42,436
60,775
4,079
Cal. . .
80,348
80,426
3,392
Colo. .
27,450
24,647
1,435
Conn. .
67,071
64,415
868
409
Del. . .
14,133
15,275
120
Fla. . .
23,654
27,9(i4
Oa. . .
54,086
102,470
' 969
111. . .
318,037
277,321
26,358
443
Ind. . .
232,164
225,522
12,986
la. . .
183,927
105,845
32,701
592
Kan. .
121,549
59,801
19,851
25
Ky. . .
106,306
149,068
11,499
258
La. . .
38,637
65,067
439
Me. . .
74,039
65,171
4,408
93
Md. . .
78,515
93,706
818
Mass. .
165,205
111,960
4,548
'682
Mich. .
185,341
131,597
34,895
942
Minn. .
93,903
53,315
3,267
286
Miss. .
34,854
75,750
5,797
Mo. . .
153,567
208,609
35,135
Neb.. .
54,979
28,523
3,950
Nev.
8,732
9,613
N. H. .
44,852
40,794
' 528
180
N.J. .
120,555
122,565
2,617
191
N. Y. .
555,544
534,511
12,373
1,517
N. C. .
115,874
124,208
1,126
0. . .
375,048
340,821
6,456
i,m
Ore. . .
20,619
19,948
249
Penn. .
444,704
407,428
20,668
1,939
R. I. . .
18,195
10,779
236
20
S.C.. .
58,071
112,312
566
Tenn. .
107,677
128,191
5,917
43
Tex. . .
57,893
156,428
27,405
Vt. . .
45,567
18,316
1,215
Va. . .
84,020
128,586
W. Va. .
46,243
57,391
9,079
Wis. . .
144,400
114,649
7,986
69
Total .
4,454,416
4,444,952
308,578
10,305
Perct. .
48.31
48.20
3.34
0.11
Plur. .
9,464
Kan. The people vote to approve
the prohibitory amendment to the
Constitution. Vote, 92,302-84,304.
Nov. 9. D. C. A treaty with China is
concluded.
Dec. 6. D. C. The 46th Congress : the
third session opens : House : Samuel J.
Randall of Pa. is reelected Speaker.
Dec. 15. D. C. Richard W. Thompson
of Ind., Secretary of the Navy, resigns.
* * Cal. The Legislature passes the De-
bris Relief Bill, providing for a special
tax on miners to relieve agriculturists
who suffer loss by the de'bris washed into
the valley in hydraulic mining.
* * D. C. William B. Woods of Ga. is
appointed Justice in the Supreme Court
of the United States.
* * Ore. The Constitution is amended
to authorize female suffrage.
* * Civil Service Reform Associations
are formed in several cities, chiefly in
the Eastern States.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-86 * * la. Buren R. Sherman.
-83 * * La. Louis A. Wiltz.
-82 * * Mass. John D. Long.
-81 * * Me. Daniel F. Davis.
-83 * * N. Y. Alonzo B. Cwnell.
-84 * * O. Charles Foster.
-83 * * R.I. Alfred H. Littlefield.
-82 * * S. C. Johnson Hagood.
-86 * * Utah (Ter.). Eli H. Murray.
-82 * * Vt. Roswell Farnham .
-84 * * Wash. (Ter.). Wm. A. Newell.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1880 Apr. 23. W.Africa. The steamer
American, Capt. Maclean, founders off
Cape Palmas ; nearly all the passengers
and crew escape in boats.
May 2. New York. The Ninth Avenue
Elevated Railroad is reopened after be-
ing entirely rebuilt.
May 17-24. Tenn. The centennial of
the settlement of Nashville is cele-
brated.
May 30. Chicago. The Government
buildings, including the post-office and
custom-house, are completed.
June 11. N. Y. The steamer Narragan-
sett collides with a vessel near Cornfield
Point Shoal, Long Island Sound ; 27
lives are lost.
June 28. N. Y. The Seawanhaka is
burned off Ward's Island ; 24 lives are
lost.
June * The 10th census is taken.
States, 38 : whites, 43,402,970 ; colored,
6,580,793; (slaves, 0); total population,
50,155,783 ; increase, 30.08 per cent. Cen-
ter of population, eight miles west by
south of Cincinnati ; westward move-
ment in ten years, 58 miles.
July 4. Minn. The second centennial of
the discovery of the Falls of St. An-
thony is celebrated at Minneapolis.
July 7. New York. Dr. Henry S. Tan-
ner successfully closes his fast of 40
days. He drank water occasionally,
but partook of no food ; his loss of
weight was 36 pounds.
The Harvard freshmen defeat those
of Columbia in a boat-race ; time 11.32.
July 21. N. J. Water bursts into the
Hudson River Tunnel while the ex-
cavators are at work, and drowns 20
workmen.
July 22. Mich. The steam-yacht Mamie
collides with the steamer Garland on
the Detroit River ; 16 lives are lost.
Aug. 29. Fla. The steamer City of Vera
Cruz founders in a hurricane off the
coast of Florida, 30 miles from shore ;
only 11 out of 82 persons are saved.
Sept. 17. Boston. The 250th anniver-
sary of the settlement of Boston is cel-
ebrated.
Sept. 28. Ind. The corner-stone of the
new State House at Indianapolis is laid
with ceremonies.
Oct. 10-15. Md. The 150th anniversary
of the founding of Baltimore is cele-
brated by its citizens.
Oct. 15 + Mich. The steamer Alpena
from Grand Haven for Chicago is lost ;
about 70 lives are lost.
Nov. 15. Minn. The asylum for the in-
sane at St. Peter takes fire, and 30 lives
are lost.
Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1880.
Production : Gold, $36,000,000 ; silver.
$38,450,000. Bushels of grain : Indian
corn, 1,754,861,535; wheat, 459,479,503;
oats, 407,858,900 ; barley, 44,113.495: rye,
19,831,595 ; buckwheat, 11,817,327. Bales
of cotton, 5,797,397. Pounds of wool,
232,500,000. Barrels of petroleum, 26,-
286,123. Currency in circulation, Juno
30, $973,382,228; per capita, $19.41. Im-
migrants (fiscal year), 457,257. Miles of
railroads worked, 82,146 ; capital stock,
$2,708,673,375 ; total accidents, 1,078 ; lives
lost, 315; injured, 1,172. Fire waste,
§74,643,400 ; insurance, $42,525,000.
306 1880, **-1881, July 2.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1881 Jan. 24. D. C. Charles H. Tomp-
kins is commissioned colonel — quarter-
master's department.
Feb. 18. D. C. David G. Swaim is com-
missioned brigadier-general
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1880* * Boston. The Boston Sym-
phony Society "is established.
* * Chicago. The audiphone is invented
by R. G. Rhodes.
* * New York. A bronze bust of the poet
Thomas Moore, and a bronze statue of
Robert Burns, are unveiled in Central
Park. George H. Yewell and Benjamin
C. Porter of New York and Louis C.
Tiffany of Chicago are elected mem-
bers of the National Academy of De-
sign. The Madison Square Theater is
opened with the performance of Hazel
Kirke.
* * Ruins of the Parthenon is painted by
S. R. Gifford.
* * On the Plains is painted by Worthing-
ton Whittredge.
* * Muskrat's Nest is painted by F. S.
Church.
* * Touchstone and Audrey is painted by
P. F. Rothermel.
* * Old Church at Arreton is painted by
J. F. Cropsey.
* * The statue of Farragut is executed
by A. St. Gaudens.
* * In a Eye Field is painted by A. C.
Shaw.
* * The Coming Storm is painted by
George Inness.
* * Farmington River is painted by J. M.
Hart.
* * Edge of a Wood is painted by Jervis
McEntee.
* * Bachelor's Breakfast is painted by G.
W. Maynard.
* * Strictly Confidential is painted by T.
W. Wood.
* * Cupid is painted by William Page.
* * The Trappist is painted by Frank B.
Mayer.
1881 Jan. 22. New York. The Egyp-
tian obelisk is erected on its pedestal
in Central Park.
Height, 90 feet ; weight of shaft, 443,-
000 pounds ; cost of removal and erec-
tion, defrayed by W. H. Vanderbilt,
$103,732.
Feb. 15. O. The Cincinnati Museum
Association is incorporated.
Apr. 4. The Chemical Industrial So-
ciety is founded.
June * Lieut. A. W. Greely and 24 others
start on the Lady Franklin Bay Ex-
pedition to Northern Greenland. [July
7. They leave Newfoundland on the
Proteus.~\
June 13. The Jeannette of the De Long
Polar expedition is crushed in the ice,
in 77' 15 N., 155 E.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1881.
Jan. 4. Wood, Alphonso, botanist, au., A71.
Jan. 20. Sothern, Edward Askew, Eng.-
Am. comedian (Dundreary), A55.
Feb. 3. IMman, Jeremiah Lewis, Cong,
clergyman, author, prof, of history, A50.
Feb. 13. Wood, Fernando, M. C. for N. Y.,
A68.
Mar. 14. Emerson, George Barrell, educa-
tionist, writer, A84.
Mar. 24. Hollister, Gideon Hiram, au., A64.
Mar. 26. Lawrence, William Beach, jurist,
author, A81.
Apr. 26. Palfrey, John Gorham, Unit, cler-
gyman, author, professor at Harvard, his-
torian, M. C. for Mass., A85.
Apr. 28. Grigsby, Hugh Blair, historical
scholar, A 75.
June 2. tStreet, Alfred Billings, poet, au-
thor, A70.
June 5. Sabine, Joseph, Eng. bibliophile
in America, A60.
CHURCH.
1880 * * Chicago is created a (Roman
Catholic) archiepiscopal see, with the
bishops of Alton and Peoria suffragans
to it.
* * Chicago. The Synod of Chicago (Re-
formed Episcopal) is organized.
* * Ky. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Louisville ;
T. P. Haley, president.
* * New York. The General Conven-
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.
It constitutes itself a Board of Mis-
sions.
* * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held at Saratoga.
* * O. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Xenia; E. T.
Jeffers, moderator.
* * U. S. Church communicants num-
ber 10,065,963— about one in five of the
population.
* * Wis. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) meets at Madison ; William
M. Paxton, moderator.
* * The Congregational National Coun-
cil meets.
* * The Foreign Missionary Society of the
Mennonites sends its first missionary to
the American Indians.
* * The Educational Department is
added to the American Home Mission-
ary Society.
* *The Woman's Board of Foreign
Missions of the Cumberland Presbyte-
rian Church is organized.
* * The Presbyterian Home Board opens
a school among the CMlcat Indians ;
also a school for the Pueblos.
1881 Feb. 2. Me. The first Young
People's Society of Christian En-
deavor is organized at Portland, by
Rev. F. E. Clark of the Williston Con-
gregational Church.
Apr. 8. Tenn. The Board Of Missions
of the Methodist Episcopal Church
South is chartered by the Legislature.
Apr. * Chicago. The Channing Club
(Unitarian) is organized.
May 1. La. Francis Janssens is pro-
moted Roman Catholic Archbishop of
New Orleans.
May 4. Mo. The "Woman's Western
Conference (Unitarian) is organized
at St. Louis.
May 8. Tex. John C. Neraz (Roman
Catholic) is consecrated bishop of San
Antonio.
May 20. D. C. The General Convention
of the New Jerusalem meets at Wash-
ington.
June.* N. Y. The International Med-
ical Missionary Society is established
for ministering to the poor.
LETTERS.
1880* * Miss. The Shuqualak Female
College (Bapt.) is founded.
* * Mo. Pierce City College (Bapt.) is
founded.
* * Mo. The Sporting News is issued at
St. Louis ; also the Daily Chronicle.
* * New York. The Critic is founded.
* * O. The Farmer'' s Home at Dayton iss.
The Cincinnati Daily Post is established.
* * Phila. Golden Days is issued.
* * Tenn. Memphis Hospital Medical
CoUege of the Southwestern Baptist
University is opened at Memphis.
* * Bible Dictionary (illustrated), by
Philip Schaff, appears.
* * Ben Hur, by Lew Wallace, appears.
* * The Boys' King Arthur, by Sidney La-
nier, appears.
* * Bricks without Straw, by Albion W.
Tourg^e, appears.
* * The Iron Gate, and Other Poems, by
Oliver Wendell Holmes, appears.
* * Jack and Jill, by Louisa May Alcott,
appears.
* * The Kingdom of God, by Edward Ev-
erett Hale, appears.
* * Louisiana, by Frances Hodgson Bur-
nett, appears.
* * Sebastian Strome, by Julian Haw-
thorne, appears.
* * The Stillwater Tragedy, by T. B. Al-
drich, appears.
* * Socialism, by Joseph Cook, appears.
* * History of the United States under the
Constitution, by James Schouler, ap-
pears.
* * A Tramp Abroad, by Mark Twain
(Samuel L. Clemens), appears.
* * An Undiscovered Country, by William
Dean Howells, appears.
* * Voices of Hope and Gladness, by Ray
Palmer, appears.
* * The Emotions, by James M'Cosh, ap-
pears.
* * The Pre-Adamite, by Alexander Win-
chell, appears.
* * Modern Society, by Julia Ward Howe,
appears.
* * The Grandissimes, by G. W. Cable,
appears.
* * Rodman the Keeper, by C. F. Woolsen,
appears.
* * Odd or Even, by Adeline D. T. Whit-
ney, appears.
* * Every Day English, by Richard Grant
White, appears.
UNITED STATES.
1880, * *-1881, July 2. 307
SOCIETY.
1880 * * Chicago. The National Far-
mers' Alliance is founded.
* * la. The State Board of Health is
organized.
* * Kan. A great immigration of
colored people brings 40,000 negroes
into the State.
* * Mass. The antiscreen law respect-
ing liquor saloons becomes operative.
* * N. C. An asylum for insane colored
people is opened by the State at Golds-
borough.
* * Ore. A Constitutional Amendment
authorizing female suffrage is passed
and approved.
* * Phila. Dr. Buchanan is detected in
the extensive and fraudulent sale of
diplomas of Doctor of Medicine— for
$50 each ; he claims to be the dean of
the American University (?) of Phila-
delphia.
* * S. Dak. The State school for deaf
mutes at Sioux Falls is opened.
* * The Memphis Hospital Medical Col-
lege (Southwest Baptist University)
opens.
* * The National Association for the
Protection of the Insane and for the
Prevention of Insanity is organized.
* * Boston. The Woman's Christian
Temperance Union meets in National
Convention ; Frances Willard, presi-
dent. It creates the department of Sci-
entific Temperance Instruction in public
schools.
* * U. S. The census returns show that
5,107,993 white and colored persons, aged
15 years and upward, are unable to
write.
* * U. S. The American Society of Me-
chanical Engineers is organized.
* * The Irish National League of
America is founded.
1881 Jan. 5. B.C. An International
Sanitary Congress meets at Washing-
ton.
Jan. 14. O. The Society for Organiz-
ing Charities is formed at Cleveland.
* * Me. "Women are partially enfran-
chised, being made legal voters for su-
pervisors of schools, and also eligible to
the offices of supervisor and superin-
tendent of school committees.
Feb. 3. Pa. George Smith and Mrs.
Catharine Miller are hanged at Wil-
liamsport for the murder of Mrs.
Miller's husband on Mar. 18, 1880, near
Jersey shore.
Feb. 22. President Hayes issues an order
prohibiting " the sale of intoxicating
liquors at military posts and sta-
tions ; " this order is for the government
of post-traders, or private vendors.
Feb. * Neb. The enactment of the " Slo-
cumb" Law starts the high-license
crusade ; fees for saloons are $500 to
$1,000.
Apr. 30. Md. The Charity Organiza-
tion Society is formed at Baltimore.
June 1+. Ky. Iron workers of Cov-
ington and Newport strike for a new
scale of prices ; after 21 weeks of idle-
ness and the loss of $300,000 in wages,
the strike ends in the defeat of the
strikers.
June 7. D. C. The Society of Associ-
ated Charities is organized at Wash-
ington.
June 11. W. Va. The Legislature es-
tablishes a State Board of Health.
June 15. Ind. The Grand Army of
the Republic meets in its 15th Nation-
al Encampment at Indianapolis ; George
S. Merrill of Mass., commander-in-chief.
June * N. T. The National Temper-
ance Convention meets at Saratoga.
July 2. D. C. President Garfield is
shot in the Baltimore and Potomac
Railroad station at Washington by
Charles Guiteau. (See State.) [Uni-
versal sympathy is expressed for the
wounded President ; deep and prolonged
suspense prevails.]
STATE.
1881 Jan. 6. D. C. Nathan Goff, Jr.,
of W. Va., is confirmed as Secretary of
the Navy.
Feb. 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate
declares the President of the Senate not
authorized by the Constitution to count
and determine the presidential vote.
[The House concurs.]
Feb. 9. D. C. Congress: The Vice-
President in convention of both Houses
counts the electoral vote.
For President : Garfield, 214 ; Han-
cock, 155. Vote for Vice-President :
Chester A. Arthur (Rep.) of N. Y.,
214; William H. English (Dem.) of
Ind., 155 ; B. J. Chambers (Greenback)
of Tex., 0; A. M. Thompson (Prohib.)
of O., 0; S. C. Pomeroy (Amer.) of
Kan., 0.
Mar. 3. D. C. President Hayes vetoes
the Funding Act, which proposes the
funding of about 700,000,000 of the na-
tional debt at 3 per cent.
Mar. 4. £>. C. The 46th Congress
ends.
The Senate meets in special session
on the call of the President (Feb. 28).
24th Administration ; Republican.
James A. Garfield of O., the 20th
President, in the 24th term of the presi-
dency, is inaugurated. Chester A.
Arthur of N. Y. is Vice-President.
Cabinet : James G. Blaine of Me.
(State), William Windom of Minn.
(Treas.), Samuel J. Kirkwood of la.
(Interior), Robert T. Lincoln of 111.
(War), William H. Hunt of La. (Navy),
Thomas L. James of N. Y. (P. M.-Gen.),
Wayne McVeagh of Pa. (Atty.-Gen.).
Mar. 28. D. C. A protest against the
removal of Gen. Merritt from the col-
lectorship of New York, and the ap-
pointment of William H. Robertson,
without the consent of the senators of
N. Y., is presented to President Garfield.
It is signed by Thomas L. James, Chester
A. Arthur, Roscoe Conkling, and Thomas
C. Piatt. [Its influence leads to the as-
sassination of the President],
Apr. 20. D. C. The Assistant Post-
Master-General, Thomas A. Brady,
resigns on the exposure of the " Star
Route" frauds.
May 5. D. C. The Senate confirms the
Chinese Immigration and Commer-
cial treaty, also treaties with Colombia
and Japan.
May 16. D. C. Senators Conkling and
Piatt of N. Y. resign because of a con-
troversy with President Garfield respect-
ing appointments. (See Mar. 28.)
May 20. D. C. The special session of
the Senate closes.
June 24. D. C. Secretary Blaine issues
a circular letter to ministers at European
courts, stating that the United States
will regard with disfavor any movement
of European powers to jointly guaran-
tee the neutrality of the Panama
Canal.
June 30. XT. S. Statistics for the fiscal
year. Revenue: Customs, $198,159,676;
internal revenue, $135,264,386 ; direct
tax, $1,517 ; sales of public lands,
$2,201,863; miscellaneous items, $25,154,-
851. Total revenue, $360,782,293 ; excess
of revenue over expenditures, $100,069,-
405. Expenditures: Premiums on loans,
purchase of bonds, etc., $1,061,249; mis-
cellaneous items, $64,416,325; War De-
partment, $40,466,461 ; Navy Department,
$15,686,672 ; Indians, $6,514,161 ; pen-
sions, $50,059,280 ; interest on the public
debt, $82,508,741. Total ordinary ex-
penditures, $260,712,888. Public debt,
$2,077,389,253. Exports, $902,377,346; im-
ports, $642,664,628.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1880 * * Cal. The poor squatters of San
Francisco are ejected from the Sand
Lots by the Southern Pacific Railroad,
after a conflict, in which several persons
are killed.
* * Fla. About 1,800,000 acres of land
are conveyed to the State under an Act
of Congress.
* * Kan. The people oppose the Green
drive-weU patent as Invalid, and form
four associations in South Kansas to de-
fend users of driven wells in litigation.
* * New York. Bordeaux Line of steam-
ers is established to run between New
York and Bordeaux, France.
* * An international postage rate of
five cents is adopted.
* * The United Pipe-Lines Company be-
gins to lay pipes for conveying petro-
leum long distances.
1881 Jan. 17. S. C. The centennial of
the Battle of Cowpens is celebrated at
Spartausburg ; Gen. Daniel Morgan's
statue is unveiled.
June 1. D. C. The Secretary of War
prohibits the use of tobacco by the
cadets at the West Point Military
Academy.
June 27. Harvard defeats Columbia
in the boat-race ; time, 21.45.
June 30. Harvard Freshmen defeat
Columbia in a boat-race ; time, 9.05|.
* * Immigrants received in 1881, 669,431.
308 1881, July 2-* *
AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1881 Dec. 15. 2f. Y. The old frigate
Constitution (Old Ironsides) goes out of
commission at Brooklyn. (Launched in
1796.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1881 July 16. Minn. A cyclone de-
molishes 100 houses at New Ulm ; 30 per-
sons are killed or injured.
Aug. 12. Greenland. Lieut. Greely's
expedition arrives at Discovery Harbor.
Aug. * Mass. Prof. Dolbear announces
a new system of telephone, with an im-
proved receiver.
Sept. 6. Mass. A dense fog at Salem
makes this the darkest day on record
since the " dark day " of May, 1780 ; a
dry fog extends from New Hampshire
to North Carolina, and largely conceals
the sun.
Dec. * Russia. Two of the Jeannette's
boats, carrying 15 men, arrive at the
mouth of the Lena River, Siberia ; one
boat is missing. [All perish except two,
who were sent forward for relief.]
Dec. * D. C. At Washington Alexander
Graham Bell and Sumner Tainter pro-
duce sound by electricity and light.
* * New York. Frederick A. Bridgman
of France is elected a member of the
National Academy of Design.
* * N. Y. Henry Draper succeeds in
photographing the nebulae in Orion.
* * O. The Case School of Applied
Science is opened at Cleveland.
* * Green River is painted by Thomas
Mo ran.
* * Sketching in the Glen is painted by
J. F. Cropsey.
* * Bird Song is painted by A. F. Bellows.
* * Return of the Fleet is painted by Ed-
ward Moran.
* * Glen Mill Brook is painted by J. A.
Brown.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1881.
July 14. Du Bois, William Ewing, numis-
matist, writer, A71.
Roberts, William Milnor, civil engineer,
A71.
July 17. Tuttle, Charles Wesley, astron-
omer, lawyer, A52.
July 24. Quackenbos, George Payn, edu-
cator, author of text-books, A55.
Aug?. 2. Haven, Erastus Otis, editor, pres-
ident of college, M. E. bishop, AB1.
Aug;. 3. Fargo, William George, president
Am. Express Co., A63.
Aug?. 24. Riggs, George Washington,
banker, of Washington city, A68.
Sept. 8. Lanier, Hugh Sidney, oritic, poet,
litterateur, author, A39.
Sept. 13. Burnside, Ambrose Everett,
maj.-gen. U. S. A., sen. for It. I., Gov., A57.
Sept. 19. Garfield, James Abram, col-
lege pres., maj.-gen. U. S. vols., M. C. for
O., senator, 20th president U. S., A50.
Oct. 2. Harris, Caleb Fiske, book collector,
A63.
Oct. 8. Durant, Henry Fowle, founder of
Wellesley College, A59.
Oct. 5. Robinson, Stuart, Pres. clergyman,
author, editor, A65.
Oct. 12. Holland, Josiah Gilbert (Timothy
Titcomb), author, editor, A62.
Oct. 21. Cox, Samuel Hanson, Pres. cler-
gyman, prof, ecclesiastical history, A88.
Oct, 30. De Long, George W., lieut. U. S. ST.,
arctic explorer, A37.
Nov. 15. Tappan, Henry Philip, Cong,
clergyman, educationist, author, A76.
Dec. 4. Kilpatrick, .Tudson, maj.-gen. of
cavalry, minister, A45.
Dec. 9. Forney, John Weiss, journalist,
The Press, clerk of House, sec. of Senate,
A64.
Dec. 17. Morgan, Lewis Henry, ethnolo-
gist, archaeologist, author, A63.
Hayes, Isaac Israel, Arctic explorer,
author, A49.
Dec. 24. Bacon, Leonard, Cong, clergy-
man, theologian, editor, author, A79.
CHURCH.
1881 Aug. 24. Killan C. Flasch is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
the Diocese of La Crosse.
Oct. 18. N. J. Winand M. Wigger is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
the Diocese of Newark.
Nov. 1. N. J. Michael J. O'Farrell is
first consecrated (Roman Catholic)
bishop of Trenton.
* * Alas. The Presbyterian Home Board
opens a school among the Hydahs in
Southern Alaska.
* * Ind. The Baptist Annual Meeting
is held at Indianapolis. The Annual
Convention (Disciples of Christ) is held
at Indianapolis ; R. Moffett, president.
* * la. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Davenport is established.
* * The first contingent of the Salvation
Army lands in the United States.
* * NJ. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Trenton is established.
* * N. Y. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets at Buffalo ; Henry
Darling, moderator.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Allegheny ;
David W. Carson, moderator. The
General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran)
meets at Altoona.
* * E. B. Kephart is elected first bishop of
the United Brethren.
LETTERS.
1881 * * Ala. The Normal and Indus-
trial School established by the State at
Tuskegee is opened. [Also the Western
Normal College is opened at Shenan-
doah, la. ; the State Normal School at
Plymouth, N. C, and another for col-
ored students at Salisbury ; and the
Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Insti-
tute, at Austin, Tex.]
* * Chicago. The Herald is issued.
* * La. Southern Academic Institute at
New Orleans is opened.
* * la. The Drake University (Disci-
ples of Christ) is founded at Des Moines.
* * III. St. Joseph's Diocesan College
(Rom. Cath.) is chartered at Teutopolis.
* * I. T. The Levering Manual Labor
School (Ind. Bapt.) is founded at We-
tumpka.
* *Ky. The South Kentucky College
(Christian) is organized in Hopkinsville.
* * Kan. Bethany College (Luth.) is or-
ganized at Linds.
* * N. Mex. The University of New
Mexico (non-sect.) at Santa F6 is
opened.
* * New York. The Judge is issued.
* * Pa. The L. P. Linderman Memorial
Library is founded at Bethlehem.
[50,000 vols.]
* * Phila. The Medico- Chirurgical
College opens.
* * S. C. The Cooper Limestone Institute
(Fern. Bapt.) is founded at Limestone
Springs.
* * Tex. Bishop College (Col. Bapt.) is
founded at Marshall.
* * Tex. The State University at Austin
is organized.
* * The Boys' Mabinogion, by Sidney La-
nier, appears.
* * The Choice of Books, by C. F. Richard-
son, appears.
* * Doctor Breen's Practice, by William
Dean Howells, appears.
* * Esmeralda, by Frances Hodgson Bur-
nett, appears ; also A Fair Barbarian.
* * Eve's Daughters, by Marion Harland,
appears.
* * Ilka on the Hill- Top, by H. H. Boyesen,
appears ; also Queen Titania.
* * Josh Billings's Spice-Box, by Henry
Wheeler Shaw, appears.
* * The King's Missive, and Other Poems,
by John Greenleaf Whittier, appears.
* * Memoirs of the Jeffersons, by William
Winter, appears.
* * Rise and Fall of the Confederate Gov-
ernment, by Jefferson Davis, appears.
* * The School of Life, by William R.
Alger, appears.
* * Science of Mind, by John Bascom, ap-
pears.
* * Somebody's Neighbors, by Rose Terry
Cooke, appears.
* * Without a Home, by E. P. Roe, appears.
* * Virginibus Puerisque, and other papers,
Memoirs and Portraits, by Robert Louis
Stevenson, appears.
* * Science of English Verse, by Sidney
Lanier, appears.
SOCIETY.
1881 Aug. 1. N.C. The people reject the
Prohibition Bill. Vote, 48,370-166,325.
Sept. 2+. La. About 10,000 cotton han-
dlers at New Orleans strike for in-
* creased wages ; in two weeks the strike
ends and fails ; loss in wages, $50,000.
Sept. 6. D. C. The wounded President
is removed to Elberon, N. J. ; flowers
are strewn over the railroad in many
places by sympathizing multitudes.
Sept. 13. D. C. Sergeant Mason, one of
the guards, fires at Guiteau, but misses
his mark. [For this act Mason was tried
and sentenced to imprisonment.]
Sept. 20. U. S. Demonstrations of
grief abound from all parties and every
class over the death of the President;
the cities are swathed in black drapery.
Sept. 20. Eng. Queen Victoria cables
as a message of condolence to Mrs.
Garfield : " Words cannot express the
deep sympathy I feel with you at this
terrible moment. May God support you
as He alone can."
UNITED STATES.
1881, July 2-**
309
Sept. 21-28. Eng. The Court is or-
dered to go into mourning because of
the death of President Garfield.
Sept. 23. O. After lying in state at
Washington, the body of President Gar-
field is buried at Cleveland.
Oct. 26. Mo. An Industrial Convention
for the people of the Mississippi Valley
meets at St. Louis.
Oct. * Chicago. The Brewers' Con-
gress opposes woman's suffrage.
" Resolved, That we oppose always and
everywhere the ballot in the hands of
woman, for woman's vote is the last
hope of the Prohibitionists."
Nov. 2. O. The American Association
of Professional Baseball Clubs is or-
ganized at Cincinnati.
Nov. 14. B. C. The trial of Charles
Guiteau begins.
Dec. 22. Wis. The Charity Organi-
zation Society is formed at Milwaukee.
Dec. 24-31. S. C. Several thousand
colored people leave Edgefield County,
being terrorized by violence.
Dec. 27. B. C. An order is issued for
the exclusion of women from the em-
ployment of the Government.
* * Colo. The Legislature provides for an
Industrial School at Golden City.
* * B. C. The "Woman's Christian
Temperance Union meets in a national
convention at Washington ; Prances
Willard, president.
* * B.C. The Star Route frauds against
the Government are discovered. (See
Mar. 1882.)
* * Del. The Legislature passes an Act
which imposes a fine on any person who
marches in a torchlight parade.
* * N. C. The Legislature passes a bill
prohibiting the manufacture and sale
of alcoholic beverages; it is subject
to the approval of the people. This so-
called Prohibitory amendment is voted
down by more than 116,000 majority.
* * New York. The Church Temper-
ance Society of the Protestant Episco-
pal church is organized.
" This Society lays down as the basis on
which it rests, and from which its work
shall be conducted, union and coopera-
tion on perfectly equal terms for the
promotion of temperance between those
who use temperately and those who ab-
stain entirely from intoxicating drinks
as beverages."
* * N.J. The Charity Organization is
formed at Newark for systemizing pub-
lic charities.
* * O. A fund of $364,000 is presented to
Mrs. Garfield by admirers of the mar-
tyred President.
* * The Catholic Benevolent Legion
is founded; also the Order of the
Golden Chain ; the National Union ;
the Order of United Friends ; the So-
ciety of the Knights of Pythias.
* * A movement for land nationaliza-
tion begins.
It is warmly advocated by Henry
George in his book, Progress and Pov-
erty, which condemns compensation to
former holders of land ; the book at-
tracts wide attention.
STATE.
1881 July 2. D.C. President Garfield
is shot and fatally wounded by Charles
J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker,
in the Pennsylvania depot at Washing-
ton. (See Society.)
July 16. N. T. The Legislature elects
Warner Miller to succeed Senator
Piatt. [And Elbridge G. Lapham to
succeed Senator Conkling, on July 22.]
Aug. 12. Capt. Hooper and Mr. Keynolds
of the revenue cutter Corwin take pos-
session, in the name of the United States,
of Wrangel Land, in the Arctic Sea.
Sept. 19. JV. J. President Garfield
dies at Elberon ; public and private
buildings throughout the country are
draped in mourning.
Sept. 20. New York. Chester Alan
Arthur, vice-president, is sworn into
the presidency as the 21st President.
The 24th Administration is con-
tinued by Chester A. Arthur.
Oct. 10. B. C. The Senate meets, in
special session, at the call of President
Arthur. (Sept. 23.) [Closes Oct. 25.]
Thomas P. Bayard of Del. is re-
elected President pro tempore. [David
Davis of 111. is elected Oct. 13.]
Oct. 27. B. C. Charles J. Polger of
N. Y. is appointed Secretary of the
Treasury.
Nov. 4. B. C. Sir Lionel Sackville
West, the new minister for England,
is received by the President.
Nov. 14. B. C. William Windom of
Minn., Secretary of the Treasury, re-
signs.
Nov. * B. C. Wayne McVeagh of Pa.,
Attorney-General, resigns.
Dec. 5. B.C. The 47th Congress opens.
Dec. 5. B. C. John W. Keifer (Rep.)
of O. is elected Speaker. Vote, Keifer,
148 ; S. J. Randall of Pa., 129.
Dec. 12. B. C. Pred. T. Freling-
huysen of N. J. is appointed Secretary
of State.
Dec. 15. B. C. James G. Blaine re-
signs the office of Secretary of State.
Dec. 19. B. C. Benj. H. Brewster of
Pa.is appointed Attorney-General.
Dec. 20. B. C. Timothy O. Howe of
Wis. is appointed Postmaster-General.
Congress grants the postal franking
privilege to the widow of President
Garfield.
* * B. C. Congress passes an act legaliz-
ing trade-marks.
* * B. C. Stanley Mathews of O. and
Horace Gray of Mass. are appointed
Justices of the Supreme Court of the
United States.
* * B. C. Secretary Windom ex-
changes about $500,000,000 in bonds
bearing 6 per cent and other rates of
interest, for 3J per cent bonds.
* * Kan. The Supreme Court of the State
decides that the prohibitory amend-
ment is valid.
* * New York. William R. Grace is
elected the 82d mayor.
' * V. S. Governors inaugurated:
-83 * * Ark. Thomas J. Churchill.
-83 * * Conn. Hobart B. Bigelow.
-85 * * Fla. William D. Bloxham.
-85* * Ind. Albert G. Porter.
-83 * * Me. Harris M. Plaisted.
-83 * * Mich. David H. Jerome.
-85 * * Mo. Thomas T. Crittenden.
-83 * * N. H. Charles H. Bell.
-84* -N.J. George C. Ludlow.
-83 * * Tenn. Alvin Hawkins.
-85 * * W. Va. Jacob R. Jackson
MISCELLANEOUS.
1881 Aug. 24. Eng. Two American sail-
ors arrive at Falmouth after crossing
the Atlantic in the City of Bath, a boat
fourteen feet long.
Sept. 6. Wis. An exposition is opened
at Milwaukee.
Sept. 14. The steamer Asia is wrecked
on Lake Huron; about 100 lives are
lost.
Sept. * Mich. Forest fires devastate over
1,800 square miles in Huron, Sanilac,
and Tuscola counties ; 2,900 families are
burned out, and 138 lives lost.
Oct. 5-Dec. 31. Ga. An International
Cotton Exposition, the first in the
United States, is held at Atlanta.
Oct. 19. Va. The centennial of the
Battle of Yorktown is celebrated on a
grand scale. [Military review, Oct. 20 ;
naval review, Oct. 21.]
Oct. * Md. Citizens celebrate the opening
of the aqueduct supplying Baltimore
with water from the Gunpowder River.
Nov. 4. Colo. Denver City becomes the
permanent capital.
Nov. 9. The American sloop Mischief
defeats the Canadian sloop Atalanta in
a race for the America cup.
Nov. 29. Mo. A Missouri River Im-
provement Convention meets at St.
Joseph.
Dec. 3. Phila. Electric street-lights
are introduced.
Dec. 26. Va. The steamer West Point
takes fire on the York River ; 19 lives
are lost.
Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1881.
Production: Gold, $34,700,000; silver,
$43,000,000; bales of cotton, 6.589,329;
pounds of wool, 240,000,000; barrels of
petroleum, 27,661 ,238. Currency in circu-
lation (June 30), $1,114,238,419 ; per cap-
ita, $21.71. Immigrants received (fiscal
year), 669,431. Miles of railroads worked,
92,971 ; capital stock, $3,117,375,179. Fire
waste, $81,280,900; insurance, $44,641,-
900. Railroad accidents, 1,458; persons
killed, 414; persons injured, 1,597.
* * B. C. Congress awards Mrs. Ida
Lewis Wilson, the daughter of the
keeper of the Lime Rock lighthouse, a
gold medal for heroic services in saving
13 lives at various times.
* * Fla. Philadelphia capitalists pur-
chase 4,000,000 acres of State land
south of the Ocala and east of the Kis-
simmee Rivers for $1,000,000.
* * III. The streets of Aurora are lighted
by electricity — the first city in the
world so lighted.
310 1881, * *-1882, Dec. 28.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1882 May 4. D. C. President Arthur
remits so much of Fitz-John Porter's
sentence by court martial as forever dis-
qualifies him from holding office under
the Government.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1881 * * The Cup that Cheers is painted
by T. W. Wood.
* * Twilight on the Hudson is painted by
Worthington Whittredge.
* * Kaatskill River is painted by Jervis
McEntee.
* * Cows by the Meadow Brook is painted
by A. D. Shattuck.
* * Foggy Day is painted by F. S. Church.
* * Spring is painted by George Inness.
* * View of the Rocky Mountains is painted
by J. W. Casilear.
1882 Mar. 18. N. Y. A new comet
is discovered at the Dudley Observatory
at Albany.
Mar. 23. Russia. The bodies of Capt.
De Long and others of the Jeannette
Polar Expedition are found by G. W.
Melville near the mouth of the Lena
River.
Mar. * A great flood prevails on the
Mississippi and its tributaries ; 85,000
persons are made destitute ; Congress
votes $150,000 for relief.
Apr. 16-17. U. S. An aurora of ex-
traordinary magnificence is observed
throughout the country ; it lasts from
nine in the evening till daylight appears.
Apr. * Tornadoes occur in the South ;
150 people lose their lives.
May* Ind. Ter. A cyclone kills and
wounds 120 people.
May 15. Arctic Sea. A part of Lieut.
Greely's Expedition, under David L.
Brainard, penetrates to latitude 83° 24^
north, longitude 40° 46J' west. A higher
latitude than ever before reached.
June 18. la. A terrific tornado occurs
at Grinnell ; 60 persons are killed and
150 wounded. Property is damaged to
the amount of $600,000.
Dec * III. Sugar is manufactured in
large quantities from sorghum.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1883.
Jan. 4. Draper, John William, chemist,
physiologist, historian (spectrum analysis),
A71.
Jan. 17. Bullock, Alexander Hamilton,
lawyer, Gov. of Mass., writer, A66.
Jan. 21. Pond, Enoch, Cong, cl., au., A91.
Jan. 29. Holley, Alexander Lyman, metal-
lurgist, author, A50.
Jan. 30. Bellows, Henry Whitney, Unit.
cl., au., pres. U. S. Sanitary Commis., A68.
Feb. 19. Johnson, Samuel, Unit, clergy-
man, author, A60.
Mar. 4. Latham, Milton Scott, lawyer,
M. C, senator, Gov. of Cal., A55.
Mar. 21. Dewey, Orville, Unit, clergyman,
writer, A88.
Mar. 24. Dong-fellow, Henry "Wads-
worth, poet, author, prof, of belles lettres
at Harvard, A75.
Apr. 27. Emerson. Ralph Waldo, essay-
ist, philosopher, poet, lecturer, au., A79.
May 3. Maynard, Horace, M. C. for Tenn.,
P. M. G., author, A68.
May 5. Rodgers, John, rear-adm. U. S. N.,
A70.
May 14. Barnard, John Gross, gen., mili-
tary engineer, writer, A67.
May 26. Chester, Joseph Lemuel, genealo-
gist in Eng., writer, A61.
May 30. Rogers, William Barton, physi-
cist, geologist, A78.
June 15. Dennison, William, lawyer, Gov.
of 0., P. M. G., A66.
June 21. Hayes, Augustus Allen, chemist,
writer, A76.
July lO. Giles, Henry, critic, essayist, A73.
July 24. Marsh, George Perkins, philolo-
gist, politician, diplomatist, A81.
Aug1. 8. Warren, Gouverneur, Kemble,
maj.-gen. U. S. vols., military eng., A52.
Aug:. 19. Hill, Benjamin Harvey, lawyer,
M. C, sen. for Ga., Confederate sen., A59.
Oct. 3. Phillips, Adelaide, Anglo-Ameri-
can contralto singer, A49.
Nov. 20. Draper, Henry, scientist, educator,
celestial photographer, A45.
Nov. 22. Weed, Thurlow, journalist, poli-
tician, author, A85.
Deo. 1. Coan, Titus, Cong, missionary at
Hawaii, A81.
Dec. 18. James, Henry, au., novelist, A71.
CHURCH.
1881 * * The American Baptist Publica-
tion Society organizes a special Bible
department, with a secretary, to raise
money for the circulation of the Scrip-
tures at home and abroad.
* * The Reformed Episcopal Synod of
New York and Philadelphia, is organ-
ized.
1882 Jan. 8. S. C. H. P. Northrop is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Charleston.
Jan. 25. Pa. Cortlandt Whitehead is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Pittsburg.
Apr. 30. Tex. N. A. Gallagher is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Galveston.
May 3. Tenn. The General Conference
(Methodist Episcopal South) meets at
Nashville.
May 19. Mich. The Roman Catholic
Diocese of Grand Rapids is established.
June 9. Chicago. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
Sept. 19-22. NY. The National Con-
ference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga.
Nov. 9. Neb. The Nebraska Association
(Unitarian) is organized at Omaha.
Dec. 28. The Utah Association (Congre-
gational) is organized.
LETTERS.
1882. Aug. 16. Mass. The "Harvard
Annex" for the instruction of women,
organized in 1879, is incorporated.
Oct. 1. S.C. The State reopens its mili-
tary academy at Charleston.
Nov. 16. Wis. The Milwaukee Daily
Journal is issued.
SOCIETY.
1882 Jan. 1. Neb. The State Home for
the Friendless at Lincoln is opened.
Jan. 24. D. C. Mrs. "Wharton is tried
and acquitted of the murder of Gen.
W. S. Ketchum.
Jan. 25. D. C. Charles J. Guiteau,
the assassin of President Garfield, is
found guilty of murder, and sentenced
to be hanged.
Jan. 26. New York. The Charity Or-
ganization Society is formed.
Feb. 22. Boston. The National Law
and Order League is organized.
Feb. * Many Jews find refuge in Amer-
ica from European oppression.
Mar. 14+. Mass. About 5,255 weavers
and spinners at Lawrence, unsuccess-
fully strike against reduced wages,
holding out 23 weeks, at a loss of $800,-
000 in wages.
Mar. 22. D. C. The penalty for polygamy
in the territories of the United States is
a fine not exceeding $5,000, and impris-
onment not exceeding five years. (See
State.)
Mar.i* D. C. Some of the Star Route
conspirators are brought to trial.
Indictments are found against the
second assistant Postmaster Thomas J.
Brady, Stephen W. Dorsey, John W.
Dorsey, John M. Peck, and John R.
Miner, who had made fraudulent mail
bids. [The jury disagree on the first
trial ; there are no convictions on the
second trial.]
Apr. 1+. Pa. More than 2,000 coal
miners in Western Pennsylvania un-
successfully strike against reduced
wages, and hold out 20 weeks, at a wage-
loss of $500,000.
Apr. 17+. N. Y. About 5,000 cotton-
mill hands at Cohoes unsuccessfully
strike against reduced wages, and hold
out 19 weeks, at a wage-loss of $541,250.
May9+. O. About 5,000 rolling-mill
hands at Cleveland unsuccessfully
strike for the adoption of the rules of
their Association, for 95 days, at a wage-
loss of $376,250.
June 1+. Pa. About 30,000 iron- workers-
at Pittsburg unsuccessfully strike for
a new scale of prices, and hold out four
months, at a wage-loss of $3,300,000.
June 21. Md. The Grand Army of
the Republic meets in its 16th Na-
tional Encampment at Baltimore ; Paul
Van Der Voort of Neb., commander-in-
chief.
June 30. D. C. Charles J. Guiteau i&
hanged at Washington for the murder
of President Garfield.
June * Conn. James Malley is acquitted
of the murder of Jennie E. Cramer at
New Haven on Aug. 5, 1881.
July 1. Nev. An asylum for the insane
is opened by the State at Reno.
Sept. 11. D. C. The jury on the " Star
Route" trials disagree respecting the
guilt of the principals.
Oct. 11. Mass. The 100th anniver-
sary of the birth of Daniel "Webster is
celebrated at Marshfield.
Oct. 13. Mo. John Cockrill, editor of
the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, is acquitted
of murder in fatally shooting Col. Slay-
back.
Nov. * Neb. The people reject the
amendments to the Constitution, ex-
tending suffrage to women. Vote,
25,756-50,693.
Dec. 17. N. Y. St. Mary's General
Hospital at Brooklyn is opened for the
reception of patients.
UNITED STATES. 1881,* *-1882, Dec. 28. 311
STATE.
1882 Feb. 2. D. C. Congress grants
an additional pension to the widow of
Abraham Lincoln.
Feb. 16. D. C. Congress : The House
fixes its membership at 325, and
changes the apportionment according to
the late census.
Feb. 27. D. C. Congress; House:
James G. Blaine delivers a eulogy at
the memorial services on the late
President Garfield.
Mar. 22. D. C. Congress passes the
drastic Edmunds Bill.
It disfranchises polygamists, and
places the elections in Utah undercharge
of a commission appointed by the Presi-
dent.
Mar. 28. D. C. Congress extends the
northern boundary of Nebraska to the
43d parallel.
Mar. 31. D. C. Congress grants a
pension of $5,000 each to the widows of
James A. Garfield, James K. Polk, and
John Tyler.
Apr. * D. C. Samuel J. Kirkwood of
la., Secretary of the Interior, resigns ;
also "William H. Hunt, Secretary of
the Navy. William E. Chandler of
N. H. is appointed Secretary of the
Navy.
Apr. 4. D. C. President Arthur vetoes
the Anti-Chinese Bill, restricting the
immigration of Chinese for 20 years.
Apr. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate
confirms Henry M. Teller of Colo, as
Secretary of the Treasury, and "William
E. Chandler of N. H. as Secretary of
the Navy. [The latter is appointed
minister to Russia.]
Apr. 28. D. C. Congress passes a
second Anti- Chinese Bill, making the
term of exclusion 10 years, and prohibit-
ing naturalization.
May 3. D. C. President Arthur, by
proclamation, orders disorderly persons
to desist from violence in Arizona.
May 15. D. C. Congress provides for
a Tariff Commission.
It consists of nine civilians, who are to
visit various sections of the country, in-
vestigate the subject of tariff revision,
and report to Congress. Members :
John L. Hayes, president, Henry W.
Oliver, Jr., Austin M. Garland, Jacob
Ambler, Robert P. Porter, John W. H.
Underwood, Duncan F. Kenner, Alexan-
der R. Boetler, and William H. McMa-
hon.
May 19. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the bill extending the national
bank charters 25 years.
May 25-31. D. C. Congress: The
House is in a deadlock over the con-
tested election case of G. M. Mackey of
S. C, vs. Samuel Dibble; Mackey ob-
tains the seat.
May 28. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the General Award Bill, ap-
pointing a court to distribute the re-
maining moneys received in payment of
the Alabama claims. [June 5. Ap-
proved.]
June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal
year. Revenue: customs, $220,410,730;
internal revenue, $146,497,595; direct
tax, $160,142 ; sales of public lands, $4,-
753,140; miscellaneous items, $31,703,643.
Total revenue, $403,525,250; excess of
revenue over expenditures, $145,543,811.
Expenditures : Miscellaneous items,
$57,219,325 ; War Department, $43,570,-
494; Navy Department, $15,032,046; In-
dians, $9,736,747; pensions, $61,345,194;
interest on the public debt, $71,077,207.
Total ordinary expenditures, $257,981,440.
Public debt, $1,926,688,678. Exports,
$750,542,257 ; imports, $724,639,574.
Aug. 1. D. C. President Arthur vetoes
the River and Harbor Appropriation
Bill, because of its excessive amount.
Aug. 2. D. C. Congress : Both Houses
pass the Biver and Harbor Bill over
the President's veto.
Aug. 3. D. C. Congress provides for
the calling of an international confer-
ence to establish a common prime me-
ridian for the world.
Aug. 4. U.S. The Chinese Exclusion
Act becomes operative.
* * D. C. Congress; Senate: George H.
Pendleton of O. introduces a bill for the
reform of the civil service, having as
a conspicuous feature open competitive
examinations. [It attracts little atten-
tion in Congress till after the elections,
which alarm the majority.]
Aug. 8. />. C. The 47th Congress:
the first session closes.
Aug. 23. Chicago. Organization of the
Home-Protection party.
Nov. 7. V. Y. Grover Cleveland
(Dem.) is elected governor by 193,825
majority over Charles J. Folger (Rep.).
Nov. * Va. The people ratify the amend-
ment to the Constitution, abrogating
the clause requiring the payment o*f a
capitation tax as a condition cf suffrage.
Vote, 107,303-66,131.
Dec. 4. D. C. The 47th Congress:
the second session opens.
Congress : The Tariff Commission
reports a bill favoring protection.
Kan. A Democratic governor is
first elected.
Dec. 24. D. C. Gen. N. M. Curtis, hav-
ing appealed to the U. S. Supreme
Court against a fine imposed for vio-
lating the civil service rules, the
court declares the law constitutional
and the sentence affirmed.
Dec. 27. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Pendleton Civil Service Bill is passed.
Vote, 38-5. [All the minority are Dem-
ocrats.]
Dec. 28. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A
bill for the relief of Fitz-John Porter
is introduced. [Passes. Vote, 33-27. It
is strongly opposed in the House.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1881 * * Great Britain pays the United
States $75,000 compensation for damages
done to American fishermen in For-
tune Bay.
* * The Standard Oil Trust is organized
by the petroleum companies.
1882 Jan. 6. la. A railroad disas-
ter causes 21 deaths at New Albion.
Jan. 13. N. Y. A collision on the Hud-
son River Railroad at Spuyten Duyvil
Creek causes nine deaths.
Jan. 28. Chicago. The new cable street-
railroad is publicly tried for the first
time.
Feb. 4. The steamer Bahama, running
between Puerto Rico and New York,
founders at sea ; 20 lives are lost.
Feb. 17. Pa. A fireworks factory at
Chester explodes, and 14 persons are
killed.
V. H. The business center of Haver-
hill is burned ; loss about $2,000,000.
Mar. 30. The steamer Golden City is
burned on the Mississippi near Mem-
phis ; 20 lives are lost.
Apr. 9. New York. The huge elephant
called Jumbo arrives from London.
Apr. 10. La. The second centennial
of the discovery of the mouths of the
Mississippi River by Sieur de La Salle
is celebrated.
July 1. The Columbia Freshmen defeat
Harvard in a boat-race ; time 10.56.
July 3. Columbia defeats Harvard;
time 24.32.
July 4. The steamer Sciota is sunk by a
collision on the Ohio ; 57 lives are lost.
July 20. The steamer Louisiana runs
from New Orleans to New York in 4
days, 14 hours, and 17 minutes.
July 22. Cal. Miners hold a conven-
tion at Nevada City to consider the de-
bris question, as it affects streams of
water.
Aug. 7. The steamer Gold Dust on the
Ohio River bursts her boilers, and
kills 17 persons.
Aug. 19. Ky. The 100th anniversary
of the battle of Blue Licks is cele-
brated.
Sept. 26. Cal. Residents and property
owners in the Sacramento and San Joa-
quin Valleys hold an Anti-D6bris
Convention at Sacramento.
Sept. 29. The steamer Robert E. Lee is
burned on the Mississippi ; 20 lives are
lost.
Oct. 8. Cal. The steamer Arabic runs
from Yokohoma, Japan, to San Fran-
cisco in 13 days, 21 hours, and 43 minutes.
Oct. 10. The bark Malleville runs
aground in Vancouver Sound ; 19 lives
are lost.
Oct. 22-27. Philadelphia celebrates
the second centennial of its settle-
ment.
Oct. 22. The Wambe is wrecked off Van-
couver Island ; several hundred lives are
lost.
Oct. 30. New York. The Park Theater
is burned ; two lives are lost.
Nov. * Cal. The Big Bend gold mining
tunnel is begun. [It is completed April,
1S86 ; length, 12,000 ; size, 12 by 16 feet.]
Nov. * V. J. Work is suspended on the
Hudson River Tunnel from the New
Jersey side, for financial reasons.
312 1882, Dec. 31-1883, June 24. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1882 * * The cruiser Trenton is lighted by
electricity ; the first war-vessel in the
world so lighted.
1883 May* Gen. Crook pursues hos-
tile Apache Indians into Mexico, with
the concurrence of the Mexican Gov-
ernment ; he captures 383 prisoners.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1882 * * Conn. A new observatory is
erected for Yale.
* * Mass. A Veterinary School is es-
tablished at Harvard.
* * New York. Thomas Hovenden of Pa.,
"William J. Linton of New Haven, and
Alfred C. Howland, George H. Smillie,
and Gilbert Gaul of New York, are
elected members of the National Acad-
emy of Design.
* * Nev. Nickel is discovered in Hum-
boldt County.
* * San Juan Abajo is painted by Thomas
Moran.
* * Princess Lily is painted by J. M. Hart.
* * Rugged Maine is painted by William
Bradford.
* * Uncle Ned and I is painted by T. W.
Wood.
* * Cattle is painted by A. D. Shattuck.
* * The Huntsman is painted by George
Inness, Jr.
* * Bathers is painted by G. W. Maynard.
* * Indian Summer is painted by Jervis
McEntee.
* * Venice is painted by G. L. Brown.
* * A colossal statue of Washington is
executed by J. Q. A. Ward. [It is set
up in Wall Street, New York City.]
1883 Feb. 23. A comet is discovered.
Feb. * Floods prevail in Pennsylvania
and Ohio ; 50,000 people in the valley of
the Ohio are rendered homeless ; rise
of the Ohio at Cincinnati, 66 feet ; relief
is sent from all parts of the country.
Feb. * Wyo. The mercury falls to 57
degrees below zero at La Crosse.
Apr. 22. Miss. A cyclone at Beaure-
gard destroys 200 houses and 83 lives.
Apr.* Ga.—La. Tornadoes destroy
millions of property and many lives in
Georgia and Iowa.
May 11. New York. The American
Art Union is incorporated, for the ad-
vancement of art.
May 18. Wis. A cyclone at Racine
kills 16 people and injures 100 ; 52 build-
ings are destroyed ; loss, $175,000.
May 24. N. Y. The East River
Bridge is opened for public use.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1883.
Jan. 2. Krauth, Charles Porterfield, Luth-
eran clergyman, theologian, author, A60.
Jan. 10. Merrill, Lot Myrick, lawyer, sen-
ator, Gov. of Me., secretary of treas., A70.
Jan. 12. Mills, Clark, sculptor, A68.
Jan. 23. Beard, George Miller, physician,
author, A44.
Feb. 2. Greene, George Washington, au-
thor of historical books, A82.
Feb. 9. Dodge, William Earl, merchant, of
N. Y., philanthropist, A77.
Feb. lO. Jewell, Marshall, Gov. of Conn.,
minister to Russia, P. M. <;., A58.
Feb. 14. Morgan, Edwin Dennison, senator
for N. Y., Gov., A72.
Mar. 4. Stephens. Alexander Hamil-
ton, senator for Ga., Gov., Confederate
Vice-President, M. C. for Ga., A71.
Mar. 25. Howe, Timothy Otis, lawyer, sen-
ator for Wis., P. M. G., A67.
Apr. 4. Cooper, Peter, manufacturer,
founder of Cooper Union, Greenback can-
didate for pres., A92.
Apr. 5. Barnes, Joseph K., surg.-gen. U. S.
A., A66.
May 12. Washburn, Israel, M. C, Gov. of
Me., A70.
May 17. Peck, Jesse Truesdell, Chanc. of
Syracuse Univ., M. E. bp., author, A72.
May 28. Sharswood, George, jurist, of Pa.,
legal writer, A73.
June 11. Brooks, Charles T., Unit, cler-
gyman, author, A70.
CHURCH.
1882 * * Cal. The California Conference
(Free Methodist) is organized.
* * The Board of Foreign Missions of
the Methodist Protestant Church is or-
ganized.
* * 111. The General Assembly (Pres-
byterian) meets at Springfield ; Herrick
Johnson, moderator.
* * The Presbyterian Home Board opens
a Choctaw Orphan School.
* * III. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ;
David Paul, moderator.
* * Ky. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Lexington ;
B. B. Tyler, president.
* * Mass. The Connecticut Valley Con-
gregational Club is formed at Springfield.
* * Mass. A Congregational Club is
formed at Fitchburg.
* * N. Y. A Baptist Ministers' Home
is founded at West Farms.
* * New York. The Baptist Annual
Meeting is held.
* ■ The Missouri, Pittsburg, South Da-
kota, and West Kansas Conferences
(Free Methodist) are organized.
* * The American Missionary Society re-
ceives by transfer the Indian missions
of the American Board ; the association
withdraws from work in foreign coun-
tries.
1883 Jan. 27. S. C. H. P. Northrop
is transferred to the Roman Catholic
Diocese of Charleston.
Feb. 24. Miss. Hugh Miller Thompson
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
assistant bishop of Mississippi.
Mar. 31. The Congregational Associa-
tion of Mississippi is organized.
Apr. 22. Mich. Henry Joseph Richter
is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop
of Grand Rapids.
Apr. 23. Wis. Michael Heiss is pro-
moted (Roman Catholic) archbishop of
Milwaukee.
May 17. N.Y. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets at Saratoga ; E. F.
Hatfield, moderator. It organizes the
Board of Aid for Colleges.
May 24. The two Bible Societies organ-
ized by Baptists yield their work and
office to the Missionary Union and the
Publication Society.
May 26. The General Synod of Great
Britain and Ireland (Reformed Epis-
copal) is granted separate organization
by the General Council.
June 1. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June 24. Joseph Rademacher is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Nashville.
LETTERS.
1882 * * Cal. The Normal School es-
tablished by the State at Los Angeles is
opened.
* * Chicago. The College of Physicians
and Surgeons opens.
* * la. The West Des Moines Training-
school is opened.
* * Ida. The Wilbur CoUege (Meth.
Epis.) is founded in Lewiston.
* * III. St. Mary's School at Knoxville
receives its charter.
* * Ky. The Christian College (Disci-
ples) is founded at Columbia.
* * Md. The Westminster Theological
Seminary (Meth. Prot.) is founded.
* * Neb. Gates CoUege at Neligh is
opened.
* * New York. The Argosy and the Morn-
ing Journal are issued.
* * N. Y. The Saturday Globe is issued
at Utica.
* * O. The "Western Reserve College
is removed from Hudson to Cleveland,
and its name changed to Adelbert.
* * O. The Central Ohio College (Dis-
ciples) is founded at East Liberty.
* * Pa. The Holy Ghost CoUege (Rom.
Cath.) at Pittsburg is chartered.
* * Pa. The Pennsylvania Grit is issued
at Williamsport.
* * S. Dak. The Yankton CoUege is
opened.
* * Wash. Spokane College (Meth. Epis.)
is founded at Spokane Falls.
* * W. Va. The Normal and Classical
Academy established at Buckhannon is
opened.
* * History of the American People, by J.
H. Patton, appears.
* * Idyls of Norway, by H. H. Boyesen,
appears.
* * A Modern Instance, by W. D. Howells,
appears.
* * Mr. Isaacs, by F. Marion Crawford,
appears.
* * Prince Saroni's Wife, by J. Haw-
thorne, appears.
* * Sunday Observance and Sunday Law,
by L. W. Bacon, appears.
* * Specimen Days and Collect, by Walt
Whitman, appears.
* * England Withoutand Within, by Rich-
ard Grant White, appears.
* * Prince and Pauper, by Mark Twain,
appears.
* * Life of John Randolph, by Henry
Adams, appears.
* * Anne, by Constance Fenimore Cooper,
appears.
UNITED STATES. 1882, Dec 31.-1883, June 24. 313
* * Life of Hamilton, by Henry Cabot
Lodge, appears.
* * An Echo of Passion, by George Par-
sons Lathrop, appears.
* * Through One Administration, by Fran-
cis Hodgson Burnett, appears.
1883 Apr. 5. Ky. An educational
convention is held at Frankfort ; it or-
ganizes a movement against illiteracy.
SOCIETY.
1882 Dec* U. S. The Indians'
Bights Association is organizeu
Dec. + * D.C. New trial of the " Star
Route " cases begins, and continues for
six months.
There were 296 contracts dishonestly
obtained with worthless bonds for
$8,000,000. A swindle amounting to
$5,000,000 is alleged, in " expediting "
privileges.
* * Chicago. The Charity Organization
Society is formed.
* * Colo. Labor Day becomes a legal hol-
iday, to be observed on the first Monday
in September.
* * la. The Prohibitory Amendment
is adopted by the people; majority—
nearly 30,000 votes.
" No person shall manufacture for sale,
sell, or keep for sale as a beverage, any
intoxicating liquors whatever, including
ale. wine, and hp«r "
ft<>nV£38cr?rly license charges at $50 to
*-uu tor btate purposes, and $500 to $800
£=LCO,inty PurP08es -a minimum of
$550 and a maximum of $1,000.
Apr.2+. Chicago. Over 3,000 bricklayers
successfully strike for increased
wages ; they hold out 68 days at a wage-
loss of $560,000.
June 9. D. C. The remains of John
Howard Payne, removed from Tunis,
are interred with public ceremonies at
Washington.
June 11. D. C. Thomas J. Brady and
the Dorseys are acquitted in the second
Star Route trial.
ale, wine, and beer,
* * Ky. The Woman's Christian Tem-
perance Union meets in national con-
vention at Louisville ; Frances Wil-
lard, president.— The Hatfield faction
in Pike County capture four political
murderers of the McCoy faction, and
shoot them. — The " Regulators " dis-
band, surrender to the civil authorities
at Louisville, and furnish the names of
many members of their organization.
* * Mich. An insane asylum is located
by the State at Traverse City.
* * Miss. The Legislature enacts a law
against the selling or giving away of
intoxicating liquors within five miles
of the University of Mississippi.
* * The Royal Society of Good Fel-
lows is founded.
* *N~ew York. The Actors' Fund is es-
tablished, to provide aid for disabled
and needy members of the theatrical
profession.
* * Va. The Legislature abolishes cor-
poral punishment.
1883 Jan. 4. Tenn. It is announced
that the defalcation of M. T. Polk, the
State treasurer, amounts to $4,000,000.
Jan. 26. D. c. The Marquis of Lorne
visits Washington.
Jan. * Ala. The deficit of the State
treasurer, I. H. Vincent, is found to be
$212,000.
Mar. 21. Pa. N. L. Dukes is acquitted
of the murder of Col. Nutt of Union-
town.
Mar. 28. The Legislature establishes a
council of State charities and correc-
tion.
Mar. * Mo. The Downing Law (high-
license) is enacted.
STATE.
1882 * * r>. C. Samuel Blatchford of
N. T. is appointed justice of U. S. Su-
preme Court.
* * Ky. Commissioners are appointed
to consider railroad affairs.
* * V. S. Governors inaugurated :
-86 * * Ala. Edw. A. O'Neal.
"SSlt j?iz- <~T,er^ Frederick A. Tuttle.
"So 1 I 9a- £leXl H- Stephens.
o? ! ! L?- Samuel I>. M'Enery.
"85 Mass- Beni- F- Butler.
o? * Miss- Robert Lowry.
"SI * * H°n,i- (TerJ- J- Schuyler Crosby.
£ * I %L MeZ £?*»■■>■ L- A- Sheldon.
-06 * * Ore. Z. F. Moody.
~2c ! ! £ a Hu«h S- Thompson.
"i6 I ! I,0- William E. Cameron.
-84 * * It. John L. Barstow.
-88 * * Wis. Jeremiah M. Rusk.
1883 Jan. 4. Boston. Gen. B.F.But-
ler is inaugurated governor of Massa-
chusetts.
Jan. 5. D. C. Congress ; House : The
Pendleton Civil Service Bill is passed.
Vote, 155-47.
101 Republicans, 49 Democrats, and 5
Independents vote for it ; 7 Republicans,
39 Democrats, and one Independent vote
against it.
Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes a Presidential Succession Bill.
Vote, 40-13.
It is designed to provide for a contin-
gency when neither President nor Vice-
President is selected, and where no Pres-
ident pro tempore has been chosen by the
Senate. [Not considered in the House.]
Jan. 10. D. C Congress ; Senate : A
tariff bill is reported.
Jan. 16. D. C. Congress ; House : The
Committee of Ways and Means reports
a tariff bill.
The Civil Service Reform Bill is
signed by the President, and becomes
the law of the land ; it requires compet-
itive examination for admission into
certain departments of the civil service.
Jan. 26. Va. The Legislature passes
the Riddenberger Act, proposing cer-
tain terms of settlement with holders of
State bonds.
Feb. 28. D. C. Congress : A Confer-
ence Committee meets to consider the
tariff bill. [Mar. 2. It reports.]
Mar. 3. B.C. Congress approves the
tariff bill. Vote, Senate, 32-31 ; House,
152-116. The President immediately
signs the bill.
This act reduces the internal reve-
nue and repeals the tax on bank checks,
etc., also on matches and medicinal pre-
parations ; the protective tariff principle
is retained.
Congress authorizes postal notes of
less sums than $5 ; it reduces the rate
of first-class matter from three cents to
two cents per half-ounce.
Mar. 4. D. a Congress removes the
special duty of 10 per cent on goods
imported from ports west of the Cape of
Good Hope.
The 47th C ongress ends.
Mar. 5. D.C. Chief Justice Waite makes
a decision in the case of New York and
New Hampshire vs. Louisiana.
" One State cannot create a contro-
versy with another State within the
meaning of that term as used in the
judicial clauses of the Constitution bv
assuming the prosecution of debts ow-
ing by other States to its citizens."
MISCELLANEOUS.
1882 Dec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1882.
S4fi'££,?£oiOI\i g°ld- «32.500.000, silver,
$46,800,000; bales of cotton, 5,435 845 •
pounds of wool, 272,000,000 ; barre/s of
petroleum, 30,000,000; currency incircu-
■ atlOnJ,Jun0 ^ «1. 174,290,419 ; per cap-
ita, $22.37. Immigrants received (fiscal
JEfSk788'992.- ?liles of railroads worked
104,971 ; capital stock, $3,51 1,035,424 ; to-
tal accidents, 1,365; persons killed 380-
injured, 1,588. Fire waste, $84,505 024 :
insurance, $48,875,131. '
* * Fla. Philadelphia capitalists begin
the drainage of Lake Okeechobee to
reclaim valuable land.
* * N. Y. New York Yacht Club returns
the America cup to one of the surviv-
ing donors, that he may make new con-
ditions.
1883 Jan. 10. Wis. The Newhall
House is burned at Milwaukee, causing
71 deaths; George Scheller, lessee of
the barroom, is arrested on a charge of
arson.
Jan. 19. Cal. A passenger train on
the Southern Pacific is wrecked near
Tehichipa ; 15 persons are killed.
Feb. 13. Ga. Savannah celebrates the
150th anniversary of its settlement.
Mar. 4. The steamer Yazoo sinks in
the Mississippi ; the accident is caused
by an obstruction ; 19 lives are lost.
Mar. 17. Three base-ball clubs form
a tripartite or national agreement — the
National League, American Associa-
tion, and the Northwestern League.
Mar. 24. Distinct telephonic commu-
nication is opened between New York
and Chicago — distance, 1,000 miles.
Mar. 30. O. An accident occurs on
the Cincinnati Southern Railroad near
Mason's Station ; 53 persons are injured.
May 3±. The steamer Grappler is
burned near Vancouver Island ; 70
lives are lost.
May 24. JV. Y. The great East River
Bridge, connecting New York and
Brooklyn, is opened for traffic after 13
years have been spent in its construc-
tion. Cost, $15,000,000. (See Art, 1870.)
May 30. A panic occurs on the East
River Bridge ; 12 persons are crushed to
death, and many injured.
314 1883, June 30.-* *
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1883 July 2. Judson *D. Bingham is
commissioned colonel — quartermaster's
department.
July 3. Matthew M. Blunt is commis-
sioned colonel — the 16th infantry.
Oct. 31. Philip H. Sheridan is ap-
pointed (16th) to command the army,
and (4th) to rank as general.
Nov. 1. D. C. Gen. W. T. Sherman
relinquishes command of the U. S.
Army; Gen. Sheridan assumes com-
mand.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1883 Aug. 12. N. T. The asteroid
Barbara is discovered by C. H. F. Peters
of Clinton.
Sept. 2. Another comet is discovered.
Oct. 22. New York. The Metropolitan
Opera House is opened.
Oct. * Henry Irving (John Henry Brod-
rib) makes his first appearance in the
United States.
Oct. * Ellen Alice Terry Kelly makes
her first appearance in the United
States. (Ellen Terry.)
* * N. J. A 23-inch Clark equatorial,
with several large spectroscopes, is
mounted in the Halstead Observatory
at Princeton.
* * New York. A bronze statue of
Washington is unveiled in Wall Street.
July 13. The steamer Proteus, sent to
relieve the Greely Arctic Expedition of
1881, is crushed in the ice of Smith's
Sound ; it is the second unsuccessful at-
tempt to send relief.
Aug. 21. Minn. A tornado destroys
one-third of the houses in Rochester
and many lives ; property loss, $1,000,000.
* * New York. Frederick Dielman, H.
Bolton Jones, Edgar M. Ward, and
Kruseman Van Elten of New York are
elected members of the National Acad-
emy of Design.
* * S. Dak. Tin is discovered in the
Black Hills.
* * N. Y. The Cseeilia Ladies' Vocal
Society is organized at Brooklyn.
* * The American Climatological Asso-
ciation is organized.
* * Campanini makes his first appear-
ance in the United States.
* * Ancient Mariner is painted by G. W.
Maynard.
* * Cockle Gathering is painted by Edward
Moran.
* * Scene on Long Island is painted by J.
W. Casilear.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1883.
July 4. Purcell, John Baptist, E. C. arch-
bishop of Cincinnati, 0., writer, A83.
July 8. Baldwin, John Dennison, Cong,
cl., editor, author, M. C. for Mass., A74.
July 15. Stratton, Charles Sherwood,
dwarf (Gen. Tom Thumb), A45.
July 21. Milmore, Martin, sculptor, A39.
July 27. Blair, Montgomery, lawyer, P. M.
G..A70.
Aug. 19. Sikes, William Wirt, writer, au-
thor, A47.
Black, Jeremiah Sullivan, jurist, of
Pa., atty.-gen., secretary of state, A73.
Aug. 20. Baker, William Mumford, Pres.
clergyman, novelist, A58.
Oct. 10. Ewer, Ferdinand Cartwright, P. E.
clergyman, author, A57.
Oct. 12. Smith, John Lawrence, mineralo-
gist, chemist, author, A65.
Oct. 22. Reid, Mayne, captain in Mexican
war, novelist, A65.
Nov. 7. Randolph, Theodore Frelinghuy-
sen, Gov., sen. for N. J., A57.
Nov. 13. Sims, James Martin, phys., surg.,
inventor of medical instruments, A70.
Nov. 15. Le Conte, John Lawrence, ento-
mologist, naturalist, author, A58.
Dec. 27. Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson,
brig.-gen. U. S. A., A73.
CHURCH.
1883 July 4. O. Wm. H. Elder succeeds
to (Roman Catholic) See of Cincinnati.
Sept. 16. It. Patrick W. Riordan is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Cabesa.
Oct. 6. The Mormons hold a great meet-
ing at Salt Lake ; 57 missionaries are
sent out to make converts.
Oct. 14. hid. David Buel Knicker-
backer is consecrated (Protestant Epis-
copal) bishop of Indiana.
Oct. 20. N. Y. Henry Codman Potter
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
assistant bishop of New York.
Oct. 21. Va. Alfred Magill Randolph
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
assistant bishop of Virginia.
Dec. 6. Fla. The General Congrega-
tional Association of Florida is organ-
ized.
Dec. 20. N. Dak. William W. Walker
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
missionary bishop of North Dakota.
* * The Women's General Missionary
Society (United Presbyterian) is or-
ganized.
* * Boston. The Unitarian Ministers'
Monday Club is established.
* * The Bureau of Woman's Work is
organized by the American Missionary
Association.
* * The American Board of Commis-
sioners for Foreign Missions transfers
all their Indian missions to the Ameri-
can Missionary Asssociation.
It becomes responsible for the Indian
work of the Congregational Church.
The missions transferred are the Fort
Berthold Mission and school, among the
Mandans, Gros Ventres, and Rees, in
Dakota ; the Santee Mission and a
large normal training-school, at Santee
Agency, Nebraska ; and the Fort Sully
Mission, with its out-stations, on the
Cheyenne. (Cyc. of Missions.)
* * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held at Saratoga.
* * N. Dak. The North Dakota General
Congregational Conference is organized.
* * 0. The General Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) meets at Springfield.
* * O. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Cincinnati ;
D. R. Dangan, president.
LETTERS.
1883 * * Ala. The Normal College for
girls at Livingston and the State Nor-
mal School at Jackson are opened.
* * Ark. Little Rock University (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Little Rock.
* * Cal. Washington College (Disci-
ples) is founded at Irvine.
* * Fla. Stetson University (Bapt.) is
founded at Deland. The State Uni-
versity is removed from Eau Gallie to
Lake City.
* * Ga. The Gammon Theological
School of Clark University is founded
at Atlanta.
* * Ind. The Rose Polytechnic Insti-
tute at Terre Haute is opened.
* * Ky. Home College (Disciples) is
founded at Cambellsburg.
* * Mo. Ash Grove College (Disciples)
is founded at Ash Grove. The St. Louis
Evening Star Sayings is issued.
* * Mont. The College of Montana,
established at Deer Lodge, is opened.
* * N.J. The Evening News is issued at
Newark.
* * New York. The World is bought by
Joseph Pulitzer.
* * Pa. The Press is issued at Pittsburg.
* * Phila. The Ladies' Home Journal is
issued.
* * S. Dak. The State Normal Schools
at Spearfish and Madison are opened.
Sioux Falls University (Bapt.) is
founded. The University of South Da-
kota (non-sect.) is organized at Vermil-
lion. Pierre University (Pres.) is or-
ganized at East Pierre.
* * Tex. University of Texas (non-sect.)
is organized at Austin.
* * Va. The State Normal and Collegiate
Institute i3 located at Petersburg.
Hartshorn Memorial CoUege (Col.
Bapt.) is founded at Richmond. The
Southwest Virginia Institute (Fern.
Bapt.) is founded at Glade Springs.
* * Wash. Witman College at Walla
Walla is opened.
* * From Ponkapog to Pesth, by T. B. Al-
drich, appears ; also Mercedes.
* * The Bay of Seven Islands, by John
Greenleaf Whittier, appears.
* * Beyond the Gates, by Elizabeth Stuart
Phelps, appears.
* * Donald and Dorothy, by Mary Mapes
Dodge, appears.
* * Dr. Claudius, by F. Marion Crawford,
appears ; also To Leeward.
* * The English Novel and Us Develop-
ment, by Sidney Lanier, appears.
* * English Rambles, by William Winter,
appears.
* * Excursions of an Evolutionist, by John
Fiske, appears.
* * Farm Festivals, by Will Carleton, ap-
pears.
* * Fortune's Fool, by Julian Hawthorne,
appears ; also Dust.
* * History of Virginia, by John Esten
Cooke, appears.
* * The Hoosier Schoolboy, by Edward Eg-
gleston, appears.
* * Hot Ploughshares, by Albion Winegar
Tourgee, appears.
* * Lulu's Library, by Louisa M. Alcott,
appears.
1
UNITED STATES.
1883, June 30-* * 315
I
<: * Michael Angelo, by Henry W. Long-
fellow, appears.
* * Portraits of Places, by Henry James,
appears.
* * Common Sense in the Kitchen, by Mar-
lon Harland, appears.
SOCIETY.
1883 June* III. The Legislature
passes the Harper law.
Minimum rates of $500 for the sale of
all kinds of liquors, and $150 for the sale
of malt liquors only, are fixed.
July 19. Pa. The great strike of 67,-
000 telegraph operators, for an ad-
vance of 15 per cent in their wages,
begins at Pittsburg [and extends to sev-
eral States].
July 25. Colo. The Grand Army of
the Republic meets in its 17th National
Encampment at Denver ; Robert B.
Beath of Pa., commander-in-chief.
Aug. 15. The successful strike of tele-
graphers ends.
Sept. 1+. Pa. About 1,200 glass-blowers
of western Pennsylvania successfully
strike against reduced wages, and hold
out 23 weeks at a wage-loss of $526,000.
Sept. 24+. Ky. A national convention of
colored men is held at Louisville ; it
claims civil and political rights.
Sept. *-Oct. * Chief Justice Coleridge
of England visits America.
Oct. 30. N. Y. Edward N. Howell of
Batavia is acquitted of murder in
fatally shooting Johnson L. Lynch of
Utica, his wife's lover.
Nov. 3. Va. A riot breaks out between
the negroes and the white military at
Danville ; seven negroes are killed, and
seven white men wounded.
Nov. 26. New York. The Centenary
of the British Evacuation is cele-
brated by an immense procession.
* * Chicago. The Washington Park
Club is organized.
* * III. The Chicago Voice and Hearing
School for the Deaf established at
Englewood is opened.
* *Ky. — La. The Charity Organization
Society is formed at Louisville ; another
at New Orleans.
* * Mass. The Legislature passes a law
for the bringing of children of worth-
less parents before the court and provid-
ing them with the proper guardianship.
* * Mass. About 50,000 voters vainly peti-
tion the Legislature to submit a Con-
stitutional Amendment against the
liquor traffic.
* *Mich. The Woman's Christian
Temperance Union meets in a national
convention at Detroit ; Frances Wil-
lard, president. It organizes a World's
Woman' s Christian Temperance
Union.
* * Me. The death penalty is restored
to the statutes.
* *Mo. The Legislature passes the Down-
ing High-License law; fee $1,200.
* * Mo. A State Board of Health is es-
tablished.
* * Mont. Mormons expelled from Utah
for their monogamic apostasy settle in
Deer Lodge and Gallatin Counties.
* *N.C. The State hospital for the in-
sane is opened at Morganton.
-85 * * N. Y. Grover Cleveland.
-87* * Nev. Jewett W. Adams.
-87 * * Pa. Robert E. Pattison.
-85 * * R. I. Augustus O. Bourn.
-87 * * Tenn. William B. Bate.
-87 * * Tex. John Ireland.
STATE.
1883 June 30. U.S. Statistics for the
5Sra,Jjre{*r" Revenue: Customs, $214,-
706,497; internal revenue, $144,720,369-
•£22JS2?'*,M?S sales of public lands!
$7,955,864 ; miscellaneous items, $30 796 ■
395. Total revenue, $398,287,582 ; excess
«?QoeJ™n^ OVei ordinary expenditures,
$132,879,444. Expenditures : Miscella-
neous items, $68,678,022; War Depart-
ment, $48,911,383; Navy Department,
$15,283,437; Indians, $7,362,590; pen-
sions, $66,012,574 : interest on the pub-
lic debt, $59,160,131. Total ordinary ex-
penditures, $265,408,138. Public debt
$1,892,547,412. Exports, $823,839,402 ; iml
ports, $723,180,914.
Sept. 19. S. Dak. A Territorial Conven-
tion at Sioux Falls frames a State Con-
stitution.
Oct. 10. U. S. Two-cent letter pos-
tage goes into effect.
Oct. 15. D. C. The IT. S. Supreme Court
decides that the Civil Rights Act of
March 1, 1875, requires that equal privi-
leges be given to colored people and
whites in inns, cars, and theaters, is
unconstitutional except within the
District of Columbia and in the Terri-
tories.
Nov. 6. Dakota adopts by a popular vote
a Constitution erecting South Dakota
as a separate State.
New York. Franklin Ed son is
elected the 83d mayor.
Dec. 3. D. C. The 48th Congress
opens.
Congress ; Senate : George F. Ed-
munds of Vt. is elected President pro
tempore. House : John G. Carlisle
(Dem.) of Ky. is elected Speaker by 191
votes against 112 for J. W. Keifer (Rep.),
and 10 scattering.
Dec. 31. D. C. The reduction of the
public debt since July amounts to 81
millions.
* * Kan. The Legislature provides for a
railroad commission, to regulate the
passenger and freight charges of rail-
roads.
* * Tenn. The Legislature passes a law
for funding the State debt at a discount
of 24 per cent on 6 per cent bonds ; the
others are cut down in like proportion.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-85 * * Ark. Jas. H. Berry.
-87 * * Cal. George Stoneman.
-85 * * Colo. James B. Grant.
-85 * * Conn. Thomas M. Waller.
-87 * * Del. Charles C. Stockley.
-86 * * Ga. Henry D. M'Daniel.
-84 * * Ida. {Ter.) John N. Irwin.
-85 * * III. John M. Hamilton.
-85 * * Kan. George W. Glick.
-87 * * Ky. J. Proctor Knott.
-86 * * Mass. George D. Robinson.
-87 * * Me. Frederick Robie.
-85 * * Mich. Josiah W. Begole.
-86 * * Minn. Lucius F. Hubbard.
-87 * * Neb. James W. Dawes.
-85 * * N. H. Samuel W. Hale.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1883 July 4. N.Y. The first intercol-
legiate boat-race for fours is pulled at
Lake George, 1 J miles straight. Cornell,
11.57 ; University of Pennsylvania, 12.29 ;
Princeton, 12.40 ; Wesleyan, 12.47.
July 23. Md. Near Baltimore a pier
on the Patapsco River gives way, and
70 excursionists lose their lives.
July 24. N. Y. Capt. Matt. Webb is
drowned while attempting to swim
across the Niagara Whirlpool Rapids.
July* New York. Work is suspended
on the Hudson River Tunnel for lack
of funds ; the amount expended on the
abandoned tunnel is $1,000,000.
Aug 1+. Ky. The Southern Exposi-
tion is held at Louisville.
Aug. 11. Mass. "Vineyard Haven is
almost destroyed by fire.
Sept. 1. Ala. The State Agricultural
Department becomes operative ; E. C.
Betts is appointed commissioner.
Sept. 3. Boston. The Foreign Expo-
sition opens.
Sept. 4. III. A railroad accident near
Grayville causes nine deaths.
Sept. 6. N. Y. The new steamboat Maid
of the Mist makes a perilous passage i
through the lower rapids and whirlpools
of the Niagara River.
Sept. 8. Mont. The last spike is driven
in the Northern Pacific Railroad, at
a point near the mouth of Gold Creek ;
the road is 1,674 miles long.
Oct. 1. Miss. An Interstate Levee Con-
vention meets at Vicksburg.
Oct. 3. Pa. The Pittsburg Exposition
buildings burn with the exhibits ; loss,
$1,000,000.
Nov. * Six New England fishing schoon-
ers founder at St. George's Bank ; 76
lives are lost.
Dec. 14. New York. The Standard
Theater is burned.
Dec. 20. N. Y. The cantilever rail-
road bridge across Niagara River is
opened.
* * Florida prospers after long neglect :
its wilderness is boomed by British and
American capitalists.
Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1883.
Production: Gold, $30,000,000; silver,
$46,200,000; bales of cotton, 6,992,234;
pounds of wool, 290,000.000 ; barrels of
petroleum, 23,449,633. Currency in cir-
culation (June 30), $1,230,305,696 ; per
capita, $22.91. Immigrants received
(fiscal year) 603,322. Miles of railroads
worked, 110,414; capital stock, $3,708,-
060,583; total accidents, 1,619; persons
killed, 474 ; persons injured, 1,954. Fire
waste, $100,149,228; insurance, $54,808,-
664 ; lives lost, 447.
* * Phi/a. The William Perm cottage,
erected in ±1683 — the pioneer brick
house — is transferred to Prospect ParU,
and rebuilt.
316 1883, * *-1884, Sept. 14.
AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1884 Apr. 18. Peter T. Swaine is com-
missioned colonel — 22d infantry.
July 2. D. C. President Arthur vetoes
the bill to restore Fita-John Porter
to the army as unjust to other officers.
(See State, Feb. 1.)
July 5. Guido N. Lieber is commissioned
colonel.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1883 * * Geysers is painted by Albert
Bierstadt.
* * Neglecting Trade is painted by T. W.
Wood.
* * Uplands in Autumn is painted by Jer-
vis McEntee.
* * Wawayanda Valley is painted by J.
F. Cropsey.
* * Sunny Day in the Woods is painted by
"Worthington Whittredge.
* * Hillside is painted by A. F. Bellows.
* * July Day is painted by A. C. Shaw.
* * Thomas Le Clear is painted by "Wil-
liam Page.
* * Fishing Craft at Sunset is painted by
"William Bradford.
* * Niagara Falls is painted by George
Inness.
* * Willing Captives is painted by F. S.
Church.
••* * Mother of the Herd is painted by
George Inness.
1884 Feb. 7±. Great inundations oc-
cur in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and other
regions ; about 15 lives are lost and 5,000
people are homeless. [Congress appro-
priates $500,000 for relief.]
Feb. 14. O. The flood in the Ohio
reaches 71| inches at Cincinnati, the
highest water recorded.
Feb. 18. Tornadoes in the Southern
States cause the loss of 600 lives.
May 10. An expedition under "W. S.
Schley sails in search of Lieut. Greely
in the Arctic regions ; a reward of
$25,000 is offered by the Government.
May 24. N.Y. The East River Bridge
is opened.
Depth of the New York foundation be-
low high-water mark, 78 ft., 6 in. ; depth
of the Brooklyn foundation below high-
water mark, 45 ft. Size of the towers at
high-water line, 140 x 59 ft. — at roof
course, 136 x 53 ft. ; height of the towers
above high-water mark, 276 ft., 6 in. ;
height of roadway in the clear in the
middle of the East River, 135 ft. ; width
of bridge, 85 ft. ; length of main span,
1,595 ft., 6 in. ; length of each land span,
930 ft. ; length of the Brooklyn approach,
971 ft.; length of the New York approach,
1,560 ft. ; length of each of the four great
cables, 3,578 ft., 6 in. ; diameter, 15| in. ;
number of steel galvanized wires in each
cable, 5,434 ; weight of each cable, about
800 tons. Ultimate strength of each
cable, 15,000 tons ; weight of steel in the
suspended superstructure, 10,000 tons.
Total cost, $15,000,000. (Houghtaling's
Handbook.)
June 18. Conn. A memorial of Gov-
ernor Buckingham is unveiled at Hart-
ford ; sculptor, Olin L. Warner.
■June 22. Arctic Region. Capt. Schley of
the Thetis finds the seven survivors
of Lieut. Greely's expedition five
miles off Cape Sabins, on Smith's Sound,
17 persons having starved and one acci-
dentally drowned. The expedition had
penetrated to 83° 24' N.
July 17. N. F. Lieut. Greely and
party arrive at St. Johns. [Aug. 1.
They arrive at Portsmouth, N. H.]
Aug. 5. New York. The corner-stone of
the pedestal for the Statue of Liberty
on Bedloe's Island is laid.
Aug. 10-11. U. S. Slight shocks of
earthquake are felt in the region be-
tween New York and Washington.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1884.
Jan. 26. Letcher, John, lawyer, M. C. for
Va., Gov., A71.
Feb. 2. Phillips, "Wendell, lawyer, orator,
antislavery leader, A73.
Feb. 8. Guyot, Arnold Henry, naturalist,
geographer, author, A77.
Feb. 1 6. Williams, Samuel Wells, prof, of
Chinese at Yale, author, A72.
Feb. 27. Hunt, William Henry, lawyer,
sec. navy, diplomatist, A60.
Mar. 21. Abbot, Ezra, Biblical scholar,
theologian, author, A65.
Fuller, George, figure and portrait
painter, A62.
Apr. 17. Appleton, Thomas Gold, author,
poet, A72.
May 2. Toebbe, Augustus Mary, R. C.
bishop of Covington, Ky., A55.
May 6. Gross, Samuel David, surgeon,
author, A79.
May 8. Benjamin, Judah Philip, lawyer,
senator for La., Confederate atty.-gen., sec-
retary of state, A73.
May 12. O'Conor, Charles, lawyer, Dem.
candidate for presidency, A80.
May 13. Mc Cormick, Cyrus Hall, inventor
of reaper for harvesting grain, A75.
June 7. Hoffman, Charles Fenno, poet,
novelist, A 78.
Webb, James Watson, journalist, of
N. Y., A82.
June 8. Swayne, Noah Haynes, jurist, as-
sociate justice of U. S. S. Ct., A80.
June 18. Simpson, Matthew, coll. pres.,
M. E. bishop, orator, A74.
July 1. Pinkerton, Allan, detective, au., Afi4.
Aug. 8. Whitehead, William Adee, histo-
rian, A74.
Aug-. 17. Woodward, Joseph Janvier, sur-
geon, histologist, author, A72.
Aug:. 18. Hudson, Mary Clemmer Ames,
writer, author, correspondent, A45.
Sept. 2. Bowen, Henry, journalist, editor,
Gov., sen. for R. I., A79.
Folger, Charles James, jurist of N. Y.,
secretary of treasury, A66.
CHURCH.
1883 * * Pa. General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ;
William H. McMillan, moderator.
* * Phila. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets ; it pro-
vides for the enrichment of the
Prayer Book.
* * N. C. The Protestant Episcopal
Diocese of East Carolina is established.
* * Congregational Clubs are formed in
Omaha, New Haven, Old Colony, San
Francisco, and Central New York.
* * The Presbyterian Home Board starts
a day-school among the Cherokees at
Fort Gibson ; also a boarding-school
among the Sioux.
* * The Presbyterians begin mission-work
among the Sac and Fox Indians.
* * The Presbyterian Board of Aid for
Colleges is well sustained.
* * The National Council (Congrega-
tional) meets. The committee presents
a Declaration of Faith.
* * The East Michigan Conference (Free
Methodist) is organized.
± * * The Woman's Board of the Evan-
gelical Association (German Churches)
is organized.
1884 Mar. 7. Mont. The Roman Catho-
lic Diocese of Helena is established.
Apr. 17. N. C. A. A. Watson is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of East Carolina.
Apr. 24. Ga. The Southern Conference
(Unitarian and other Christian Churches)
is held at Atlanta.
May 1-28. Phila. The General Con-
ference (Methodist Episcopal) is held.
Charles H. Fowler, William X. Ninde,
Willard F. Mallalieu, John M. Walden,
are elected bishops ; and William Tay-
lor is elected missionary bishop for
Africa.
May 29. Phila. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June 11. N. H. Dennis M. Bradley is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
New Hampshire.
June 17. The Montana Conference
(Congregational) is organized.
June 19. The General Association (Con-
gregational) of Arizona and New Mexico
is organized.
July 31. Minn. Bishop John Ireland
succeeds to the (Roman Catholic) Archi-
episcopal See of St. Paul.
Sept. 14. la. Henry Cosgrove is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Davenport.
LETTERS.
1883 * * His Somber Rivals, by Edward
Pay son Roe, appears.
* * Life of Henry Ward Beecher, by Ly-
man Abbott, appears.
* * Life on the Mississippi, by Mark Twain,
appears.
* * Daniel Webster, by Henry Cabot
Lodge, appears.
* * Spanish Vistas, by George Parsons
Lathrop, appears.
* * History of the People of the United
States, Vol. I., by John Bach McMaster,
appears.
* * The Mate of the Daylight, by Sarah
Orne Jewett, appears.
* * For the Major, by Constance Fenimore
Cooper, appears.
* * A Daughter of the Philistines, by H. H.
Boyesen, appears.
* * The House of a Merchant Prince, by
William Henry Bishop, appears.
* * But Yet a Woman, by Arthur S. Hardy,
appears.
1884 Apr. 7. D. C. Congress passes
an Educational Bill appropriating $77,-
000,000 to be apportioned among the
States, in proportion to illiteracy.
Apr. 23. D. C. Congress grants 46,080
acres of land to the State of Alabama,
for the benefit of the Alabama Uni-
versity.
SOCIETY.
1883 * * The Brewers' and Malsters'
Association define the political atti-
tude of " the trade."
UNITED STATES. 1883, * *-1884, Sept. 14. 317
Circulars will demand answers by all June 23 f. O. Over 2,000 miners in
Hocking Valley strike unsuccessfully
against a reduction of wages, and hold
out nine months, at a wage-loss of
$727,480.
July 4. la. The prohibitory liquor June 30.
law becomes operative.
candidates. It is " Ilesoived, When candi
dates of both and all parties answer in
the affirmative (that is, opposed to Pro-
hibition), each member of this Associa-
tion shall be at liberty to vote as he
deems best. Where they fail to commu-
nicate it will be considered as an answer
in the negative, in which case we shall
withhold our votes or select ah indepen-
dent candidate. When one answers in July 10. * The National Democratic Con-
the affirmative and the other in the neg- vention in its platform declares : "We
ative, we shall always support the man nnnnaoo^m^t,,.™! ,„ v.- v.
who cooperates with us, whatever may °PP°se sumptuary laws which vex the
be his party." citizen and interfere with individual
* O. The Prohibitory Constitutional "berty."
Amendment is adopted by the people July 23. Minn. The Grand Army of
by over 82,000 majority. [Technicali- the Republic meets in its 18th Encamp-
ties defeat its execution.] ment at Minneapolis ; John S. Kuntz of
* O. The Scott Law is passed taxing °' commander-in-chief.
Fourth ballot : Blaine, 544 : Chester A
Arthur of N. Y., 207; George F. Edmunds
of Vt., 41 ; John Sherman of O., 26 ; Jos-
eph R. Hawley of Conn., and John A.
Logan of 111., 7 ; and two each for W. T.
Sherman of O., and R. T. Lincoln of 111.
U. S. Statistics for the fiscal
year. Revenue : Customs, $195,067,490 ;
internal revenue, $121,586,073 ; direct tax,
$70,721 ; sales of public lands, $9,810,705 ;
miscellaneous items, $21,984,882. Total
revenue, $348,519,870 ; excess of revenue
over ordinary expenditures, $104,393,626.
Expenditures : Miscellaneous items,
$70,920,434; War Department, $39,429,-
603 ; Navy Department, $17,292,601 ; In-
dians, $6,475,999 ; pensions, $55,429,228 ;
interest on the public debt, $54,578,378.
Total ordinary expenditures, $244,126,-
244. Public debt, $1,838,904,607. Exports,
$740,513,609 ; imports, $667,697,693.
the liquor traffic; an anti-license ma- Sept. 2. Kan. The Prohibition party July 7. B.C. The 48th Congress : the
jority of 92,268 votes is given,
* * Ore. — S. Dak. An asylum for the in-
sane is completed by the State at Salem.
Also one at Yankton in South Dakota is
opened.
* * Wis. The school for the deaf is
opened at Milwaukee.
* * The Choctaw Indians adopt negroes
into their tribes.
* * U. S. Memorial services are held in
many places celebrating the 400th an-
niversary of the birth of Luther.
* * Va. A Baptist Home for Aged
"Women is founded in Richmond.
* * The National Provident Union is
founded. — The Brotherhood of Kail-
road Trainmen is founded in America.
— The Fraternity of Modern "Wood-
men of America is founded.
1884 Feb.4+. Mass. About 5,000 spin-
ners at Fall River strike unsuccess-
fully against reduced wages, and hold
out 16 weeks, at a wage-loss of $412,950.
Feb. 26+. Ind. About 3,000 miners at
Brazil strike unsuccessfully against
reduced wages, and hold out 14 weeks,
at a wage-loss of $300,000.
Mar. 17+. New York. About 6,000 paint-
ers strike successfully for increased
wages, and hold out three weeks, at a
wage-loss of $324,000.
Mar. 28. O. William Berner, a confessed
murderer, is convicted of manslaughter
at Cincinnati, in killing William H.
Kirk.
Mar. 28-Apr. 3. O. A riot ensues in
Cincinnati upon the lenient verdict of
manslaughter against the murderers,
Berner and Palmer; 20 more murder
cases await trial ; the court-house with
its records is burned, the militia is
called out, and 42 rioters are killed, and
120 wounded.
Mar. * Pa. The Union Veteran Legion
is organized at Pittsburg.
May 17. D. C. Congress prohibits the im-
portation of intoxicating liquors into
Alaska.
June 2. Ore. The people defeat the
Woman Suffrage Amendment. Vote,
11,223-28,716.
June 16f . Pa. Nearly 7,000 miners
in the western part of the State unsuc-
cessfully strike for increased wages
[they lose $727,480 in wages]. -
organizes at Lawrence.
STATE.
1884 Jan. 14. Mont. A Constitutional
Convention meets.
Jan. 21. B. C. Congress: The House
votes to repeal the Iron Clad Oath
Bill of the war period ; only one vote is
cast in the negative.
Feb. 1. B. C. Congress: The House
passes the bill to restore Fitz-John
Porter to the army with emoluments.
Vote, 184-78. [Mar. 13. It passes the
Senate. Vote, 36-25. July 2. The bill is
vetoed by the President ; later the House
repasses it. Vote, 168-78 ; but it fails of a
two-thirds vote in the Senate — 127-27.]
Feb. 15. B. C. The German minister
returns the resolution of the House of
Representatives, laudatory of Herr Las-
ker, by order of Prince Bismarck, who
declines to present it to the Reichstag,
because opposed to his political convic-
tions.
Mar. 3. B. C. Congress: The House
passes the Mexican War Pensions Bill.
Vote, 227-16.
The U. S. Supreme Court decides the
Legal Tender Act for the reissue of
Treasury Notes in time of peace con-
stitutional, and that such notes are a
lawful tender for all debts.
Mar. 11. B. C. Congress ; The Senate
ratifies a commercial treaty with Mex-
ico. Vote, 41-20. House: The Morrison
Tariff Bill is reported ; it aims " to re-
duce import duties and war tariff taxes."
Apr. 7. B. C. The Educational Bill
' passes. (See Letters.)
Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The House
rejects the Morrison Tariff Bill. Vote,
159-155.
May 8. B. C. Congress: The House
passes the bill appropriating $1,000,000
for the New Orleans Exhibition. [It
becomes a law.]
May 29. Ind. The National Green-
back Convention nominates B. F.
Butler of Mass. for President, and A.
M. West of Miss, for Vice-President.
June 6. Chicago. The Republican Na- July 27. O. The first regular trip by
tional Convention nominates James electric street-cars is made in Cleve-
G. Blaine for President. John A. land — East Cleveland Street line.
Logan is nominated by acclamation for Aug. 1. Jay-Eye-See trots one mile in
Vice-President. two minutes and 10 seconds.
first session closes.
July 10. Chicago. The Democratic Na-
tional Convention nominates Grover
Cleveland of N. Y. for President [and
Thomas A. Hendricks of Hid. for
Vice-President] .
Third ballot : Cleveland, 683 ; Thomas
F. Bayard of Del., 81J ; Thomas A. Hen-
dricks of Ind., 45£; Samuel J. Randall
of Pa., 4; Allen G. Thurmanof 0.,4; and
Joseph E. McDonald, 2.
July 23. Pa. The Fourth National Pro-
hibition Convention opens at Pitts-
burg [it nominates John P. St. John
of Kan. for President, and William
Daniel of Md. for Vice-President].
MISCELLANEOUS.
1884 Jan. 5. III. The Convent of the
Immaculate Conception at Belleville is
burned; 38 lives are lost.
Jan. 18. Mass. The steamer City of
Columbus is wrecked on Devil's Bridge,
off Gay Head ; 97 lives are lost.
Jan. 31. Ind. A passenger train is
thrown into White Kiver ; six persons
are killed.
Feb. 28. Phila. Fire destroys 19 build-
ings valued at $1,500,000.
Apr. 18. The Glasgow steamer State of
Florida and the bark Pomona are sunk
in collision in the Atlantic, off the coast
of Canada ; about 123 lives are lost.
May 6, 7. New York. The Marine Na-
tional Bank suspends payment ; Grant
and Ward fail, owing $16,000,000.
May 12, 13. New York. A panic oc-
curs in the stock-market ; Wall Street
is demoralized.
May 14. Pa. A collision of trains near
Connellsville causes 14 deaths.
June 18. Harvard defeats Columbia
in a boat-race ; time, 24.21.
June 26. Columbia Freshmen defeat
Harvard ; time, 9.43J.
July 7. N. Y. The second intercol-
legiate boat-race for fours is pulled at
Saratoga ; 1J miles. Time : University
of Pennsylvania, 8.39J ; Cornell, 8.41 ;
Princeton, 8.49; Columbia, 9.25; Bow-
doin, not timed.
318 1884, Sept. 22-1885, Jan. 29. AMERICA
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1884 Oct. 15. Mass. A Statue of John
Harvard is unveiled at Cambridge.
Oct. 27. Pa. An oil-well is sunk on
Thorn Creek, which immediately flows
about 10,000 barrels daily [the volume
soon diminishes].
Dec. 6. D. C. Thirty-six years after the
laying of the corner-stone, the cap-
stone of the Washington monument
is placed in position. Total cost, about
$1,500,000.
The base of the monument is 55 ft., 1£
in. square, and the walls 15 ft. , J in. thick.
At the 500-foot mark, where the pyra-
midal top begins, the shaft is 34 ft. 5|in.
square, and the walls are 18 in. thick.
The height above the ground is 555 ft.
The pyramidal top terminates in an
aluminum tip, which is 9 in. high and
weighs 100 ounces. The mean pressure
of the monument is 5 tons per square
foot, and the total weight, foundation
and all, is nearly 81,000 tons. (Houghta-
ling's Handbook.)
* * Cal. The Lick Observatory is com-
pleted.
* * New York. An equestrian statue of
Gen. Simon Bolivar is unveiled in
Central Park. The bronze bust of Bee-
thoven, on a pedestal 15 feet high, is
unveiled in Central Park. Thomas
Moran of New York is elected a mem-
ber of the National Academy of Design.
* * Pa. Natural gas is introduced into
Pittsburg as a fuel.
* * U. S. Cocaine is first used as an an-
esthetic in ophthalmic and other surgi-
cal operations.
* * Va. The McCormick Observatory
of the1 University of Virginia is com-
pleted.
* * Springtime in England is painted by
J. F. Cropsey.
* * Around the World is painted by G. W.
Maynard.
* * Crab Catching is painted by Edward
Moran.
* * Colorado is painted by Worthington
Whittredge.
* * Kaatskills in Winter is painted by
Jervis McEntee.
* * So Near and Yet sok Far is painted by
J. M. Hart.
* * Return of Labrador Fishing Boats is
painted by William Bradford, also Lofty
and Lowly.
* * Peaceful Days is painted by A. D.
Shattuck.
* * Pandora is painted by P. S. Church.
* * Portrait of Professor Torrey is painted
by T. W. Wood.
* * Ashen Days is painted by A. C. Shaw.
* * Market Days in San Juan Abajo is
painted by Thomas Moran.
* * View on Kern River is painted by Al-
bert Bierstadt.
* * Bacchantes is painted by Peter F.
Rothermel.
* * Springtime is painted by J. A. Brown.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1884.
Nov. 26. Ivison, Henry, educational pub-
lisher, of N. Y., A76.
Dec. 11. Greene, Samuel Dana, com-
mander U. S. N., A45.
1885.
Jan. 9. Gaines, Myra Clark, heiress, A80.
Jan. 12. Jervis, John Bloomfleld, engineer,
A90.
Jan. 13. Colfax, Schuyler, Vice-President,
M. C. for Ind., speaker, A62.
Jan. 14. Silliman, Benjamin, chemist,
author, professor at Yale, A69.
CHURCH.
1884 Sept. 22-26. N. Y. The Na-
tional Conference (Unitarian) is held
in Saratoga.
Oct. 11. If. Mex. Bishop J. B. Sal-
pointe is promoted (Roman Catholic)
archbishop of Santa F6.
Nov. 7. Md. The Third Plenary
Council (Roman Catholic) meets at
Baltimore ; about 70 bishops and arch-
bishops are present.
Dec. 28. Cal. Patrick W. Biordan
succeeds to the archbishopric of San
Francisco.
* * Can. The International Mission-
ary Union, at Niagara Falls, is inau-
gurated.
* * Cal. P. Manogue becomes first
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Sacra-
mento.
* * Conn. The Eastern Connecticut Con-
gregational Club is formed at Norwich.
* * Ire. The Pan-Presbyterian Con-
vention meets at Belfast; delegates
from the United States attend.
* * Mich. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held at Detroit.
* * Mo. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at St. Louis ;
A. 6. Thomas, president. The Gen-
eral Assembly (United Presbyterian)
meets at St. Louis ; William H. French,
moderator. The Congregational Club
is formed at Kansas City.
* * N. H. The Roman Catholic Diocese
of Manchester is established.
* * N. Y. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets at Saratoga ; Geo.
P. Hays, moderator.
* * The first "Women's Missionary So-
ciety, auxiliary to the Southern Baptist
Convention, is organized.
* * The "Women's Executive (Mission)
Board of the Seventh-day Baptist
church is organized.
* * The Danish (Evangelical Lutheran)
Association is organized.
* * The Woman's National Indian
Association begins mission- work among
the Indians.
* * The Presbyterian Home Board sends
a missionary to the Papagoes in Arizona ;
and continues its work among the Mis-
sion Indians of Lower California.
* * The Wabash, Oregon and Washington,
and West Iowa conferences (Free Meth-
odists) are organized.
* * The West Virginia eldership (Church
of God) is organized.
1885 Jan. 8. Md. William Paret is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of Maryland.
Jan. 25. Ky. Camillus Paul Maes is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Kentucky.
Jan. * William E. Dodge (son of its
former president) is elected president of
the United States branch of the Evan-
gelical Alliance.
LETTERS.
1884 Sept. 25. New York. The Voice
(Prohibition) is first issued.
* * La. The Tulane University (non-
sect.) at New Orleans is opened. The
Storm Lake Normal and Business
School is opened at Storm Lake, and
a Normal School at Woodbine.
* * la. Lenox College (Pres.) is organ-
ized at Hopkinton.
* * Ind. The School of Theology of De
Pauw University (Meth. Epis.) is founded
at Greencastle.
* * N. Dak^ University of North Da-
kota (non-sect.) is organized at Grand
Forks.
* * S. Dak. The State opens an Agri-
cultural College at Brookings.
* * Tenn. Doyle College (Bapt.) is
founded. Bloomington College (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Bloomington.
* * Vt. St. Joseph's College (Rom.
Cath.) is established at Burlington.
* * An American Politician, by F. Marion
Crawford, appears, also A Roman Singer.
* * Beatrix Randolph, by Julian Haw-
thorne, appears.
* * Complete Poems, by Sidney Lanier
appears.
* * The Democratic Party: Its History
and Influence, by J. H. Patton, appears.
* * The Destiny of Man, by John Fiske,
appears.
* * Memorie and Rime, by Joaquin Miller,
appears.
* * Memoir of Margaret Fuller Ossoli, by
Thomas W. Higginson, appears.
* * Montcalm and Wolfe, by Francis Park-
man, appears.
* * Nature's Serial Story, by E. P. Roe,
appears.
* * Newport, by G. P. Lathrop, appears.
* * The Occident, by Joseph Cook, appears.
* * Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain,
appears.
* * The Fate of Mansfield Humphries, by
Richard Grant White, appears.
* * - 89 * * Narrative and Critical His-
tory of America is edited by Justin
Winsor. (8 vols.)
* * The Lady or the Tiger? and Other
Stories, by Frank Richard Stockton, ap-
pears.
* * Choy Susan, by William Henry Bish-
op, appears.
* * A Gentleman of Leisure, by Edgar
Fawcett, appears ; also, Tinkling Cym-
bals, and The Adventures of a Widow.
* * Mingo, by Joel Chandler Harris, ap-
pears.
* * A Country Doctor, by Sarah Orne Jew-
ett, appears.
* * In the Tennessee Mmmtains, by Charles
Egbert Craddock, appears ; also, Where
the Battle was Fought.
UNITED STATES. 1883, Sept. 22-1885, Jan. 29. 319
* * Poems for Children, by Celia Thaxter,
appears.
* * The Study of Hindoo Grammar and
the Study of Sanskrit, by William D wight
Whitney, appears.
* * Doctor Sevier, by George W. Cable,
appears.
•* * Doctor Zay, by Elizabeth Stuart
Phelps, appears.
* * Marse Chan, by Thomas Nelson Page,
appears.
* * Studies in History, by Henry Cabot
Lodge, appears.
SOCIETY.
1884 Sept. * Mrs. Belva Lockwood ac-
cepts the nomination for the presidency
of the United States tendered by the Cal-
ifornia Woman Suffrage Convention.
Nov. 20+. Phila. About 2,000 carpet
weavers partly succeed in a strike
against reduced wages, after holding out
22 weeks at a wage-loss of $312,000.
Dec. * Okla. W. L. Couch establishes an
armed camp at Stillwater, and defies
the troops to eject the intruding settlers.
[They are expelled in January.]
* * Chicago. The Ephphatha School for
the Deaf is opened.
* * D. C. Congress creates a national
Bureau of Labor.
* * Fla. The State institution for the
blind, deaf, and dumb is located at
St. Augustine.
* * la. The Eastern Iowa School for the
Deaf is opened at Dubuque.
* * Mass. A petition having 106,000 signa-
tures vainly entreats the Legislature to
submit a Prohibitory Amendment.
* * Md. The third Plenary Council of
Roman Catholic Prelates, at Baltimore,
declares against the liquor traffic.
" Both love of religion and of country
therefore urge all Christians to use every
effort to stamp out this pestiferous evil."
* * Me. The Constitutional Prohibitory
Amendment is approved by the people
by a vote of three to one.
* * Minn. The Charity Organization
Society is formed at Minneapolis.
* * Mo. The "Woman's Christian Tem-
perance Union meets in national con-
vention at St. Louis ; Frances Wil-
lard, president.
* * Neb. Lands are given by the Govern-
ment to Omaha Indians in severalty.
* * N. Mex. An orphans' home and in-
dustrial school is established at Santa
F6 by the State.
* * New York. The Church Temperance
Society reports that 633 political conven-
tions and primaries, out of a total of
1,002, are held in saloons, and 96 others
in places next door to saloons. The
" Boodle " Board of 24 Aldermen
contains 12 saloon-keepers or ex-saloon-
keepers and four saloon politicians.
* * Utah. The Deaf-Mute Destitute at
Salt Lake City is opened.
* * Va. The Legislature provides for the
establishment of the Southwest Luna-
tic Asylum.
* * The Fraternal Mystic Circle is
founded. The American Society of
Electrical Engineers is organized.
1885 Jan. 9. New York. Richard Short
attempts to kill Capt. Thomas Phelan
as a suspected traitor to the Fenians.
Jan. 12. Miss. The East Mississippi In-
sane Asylum at Meridian is opened.
STATE.
1884 Sept. 24. D.C. "Walter Q. Gresh-
am, Postmaster-General, is appointed
Secretary of the Treasury. [Oct. 28. He
is succeeded by Hugh McCulloch of
Ind. Oct. 14. Frank Hatton of la. is
pointed P. M. G.]
Sept. * Me. The people vote to adopt the
Prohibitory Amendment to the Con-
stitution. Vote, 70,783-23,811.
Oct. 29. New York. Dr. Samuel D.
Burchard, one of a delegation of clergy-
men calling on James G. Blaine, uses
the alliteration, " Bum, Romanism,
and Rebellion," as connected with the
antecedents of the Democratic party.
Democrats immediately use it in the
political canvass. [It is alleged to have
turned New York over to the Democrats
by a majority of 1,047, and thus defeated
the election of Mr. Blaine to the presi-
dency ; 524 votes taken from Mr. Cleve-
land would have changed the result.]
Nov. 4. Mont. The people ratify the
new Constitution.
U. S. The 25th Presidential Elec-
tion ; Democrats elected.
Popular vote: Grover Cleveland
(Dem.) of N. Y., 4,874,986; James G.
Blaine (Rep.) of Me., 4,851,981 ; John
P. St. John (Prohib.) of Kan., 150,626 ;
Benj. F. Butler (People's) of Mass.,
133,825.
Popular Vote for President.
Candidates.
States.
Blaine
Cleveland
Butler
St. John
Ala. .
59,591
93,951
873
612
Ark. .
50,895
72,927
1,847
Cal. .
102,416
89,288
2,017
2,920
Colo. .
36,290
27,723
1,958
761
Conn. .
65,923
67,199
1,688
2,305
Del. .
12,951
16,964
6
55
Fla. .
28,031
31,766
72
Ga. . .
48,603
94,667
' 145
195
111. . .
337,474
312,355
10,910
12,074
Ind. .
238,463
244,990
8,293
3,028
la. . .
197,089
177,316
1,472
Kan. .
154,406
90,132
16,341
4,495
Ky. . .
118,122
152,961
1,691
3,139
La. . .
46,347
62,540
Me. . .
72,209
52,140
3,953
2,160
Md.. .
85,699
96,932
531
2,794
Mass. .
146,724
122,481
24,433
10,026
Mich. .
192,669
149,835
42,243
18,403
Minn. .
111,923
70,144
3,583
4,684
Miss. .
43,509
76,510
Mo.. .
202,929
235,988
2,153
Neb. .
76,912
54,391
2,899
Nev. .
7,193
5,578
26
N.H. .
43,249
39,183
552
1,571
N.J. .
123,440
127,798
3,496
6,159
NY. .
562,005
563,154
16,994
25,016
N. C. .
125,068
142,952
454
0. . .
400,082
368,280
5,179
11,069
Ore. .
26,860
24,604
726
492
Penn. .
473,804
392,785
16,992
15,283
R. I. .
19,030
12,391
422
928
S. C. .
21,733
69,890
Tenn. .
124,078
133,258
' 957
1,131
Tex. .
93,141
225,309
3,321
3,534
Vt. . .
39,514
17,331
785
1,752
Va. . .
139,356
145,497
13k
W. Va.
63,096
67,317
' 8*10
939
Wis. .
161,157
146,459
4,598
7,656
Total
4,851,981
4,874,986
175,370
150,369
Perct. .
48.22
48.48
1.74
1.49
Plur. .
23,005
Dec. 1. D. C. The 48th Congress: the
second session opens.
Dec. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes a bill for the admission of South
Dakota, and forms the domain north of
the 46th parallel into the Territory of
Lincoln ; the House passes the Reagan
Inter-commerce Bill.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-86 * * Dak. (Ter.). Gilbert A. Pierce.
-86* * Ida (Ter.). Wm. N. Bunn.
-86 * * Mont. (Ter.). Piatt Carpenter.
-87 * * N. J. Leon Abbott.
-86 * * O. George Hoadly.
-86 * * Vt. Samuel E. Pingree.
-87 * * Wash. (Ter.). Watson C. Squire.
1885 Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The
House fails to pass the Mexican War
Pensions Bill, after passing the Senate
with amendments. Vote, 129-85 — a two-
thirds vote is required.
Jan. 6. N. Y. Grover Cleveland,
President elect of the United States,
resigns the governorship, and is suc-
ceeded by the lieutenant-governor,
David B. Hill.
Jan. 7. D. C. Congress : The House
defeats a bill for the suspension of
silver dollar coinage.
Jan. 14. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the bill to submit the French,
Spoliation Claims to the decision of
a Court of Claims. [Later it passes the
Senate and becomes a law Jan. 20, 1885.]
In 1799 the Government offset certain
claims of France by surrendering the
claims of American citizens for the
spoliation of their commerce by France
when at war with England, France hav-
ing seized many cargoes of vessels trad-
ing with her enemy.
Jan. 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate
refuses to ratify the Nicaragua treaty.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1884 Oct. * New York. Fares on the
elevated roads are reduced from 10 cents
to five.
Oct. 3. Chicago. The pacer Johnston
covers one mile in 2.06J.
Nov. 18-22. Mo. About 12,000 cat-
tlemen hold a convention at St. Louis,
and organize a National Live Stock As-
sociation.
Dec. 16. La. The World's Industrial
Cotton Exposition is opened at New-
Orleans; President Arthur at Washing-
ton sets the machinery in motion by
electricity. [It closes Mar. 31, 1885.]
Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1884.
Production : Gold, $30,800,000 ; silver,
$48,800,000; bales of cotton, 5,714,052;
pounds of wool, 300,000.000; barrels of
petroleum, 24,218,438. Currency in cir-
culation (June 30), $1,243,925,969; per
capita, $22.65. Immigrants received (fis-
cal year), 518,592. Miles of railroads
worked, 115,672; capital stock, $3,762,-
616,686; total accidents. 1,191; persons
killed, 389; persons injured, 1,760. Fire-
waste, $110,008,611; insurance, $60,679,-
818 ; lives lost, 384.
1885 Jan. 3. Chicago. The County
Court-house and City Hall are opened.
320 1885, Feb. 1-* *
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1885 Mar. 3. D.C. Congress prohibits
the repairing of wooden vessels when
the expense will exceed 20 per cent of
the cost of a new vessel.
Apr. 24. Panama. United States troops
land, arrest Aizpuru, the insurgent
leader, and protect American property
[until the troubles are settled].
May 17. N. Mex. — Ariz. The Apache
Indians under Chief Geronimo take the
war-path. [The Apache Indians con-
tinue to make raids into New Mexico
from Arizona until October.]
July 10. Henry C. Merriam is commis-
sioned colonel — 7th infantry.
Sept. 1. Gen. Crook captures a band of
Apache Indians, who have maintained
warfare for three years. [They escape a
few days later.]
* * N. Y. A pneumatic dynamite tor-
pedo-gun is built, and mounted at Fort
Lafayette. >
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE,
1885 Feb. 21. D.C. The Washing-
ton Monument is inaugurated at Wash-
ington ; orations by Robert C. Winthrop
of Mass., and John W. Daniel of Va.
(See Dec. 6, 1884.)
Mar. 16. An eclipse of the sun is
observed.
Apr. 13. Va. The McCormick Obser-
vatory, costing about $70,000, dedicated.
June 19. New York. Bartholdi's co-
lossal Statue of Liberty is received —
a gift of the French people to the United
States.
July 7. Tenn. A new comet is ob-
served.
Aug. 3. N.J. A terrific storm sweeps
Camden County ; six persons are killed
and 500 buildings destroyed ; property
loss, $500,000.
Aug. 16. N. 7. The asteroid Ilse is
discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton.
Aug. 18. Chicago. The Chicago Opera
House is opened.
Aug. 25±. Ga. — S. C. Savannah and
Charleston are visited by destructive
cyclones ; 22 persons lose their lives ;
property loss, $2,000,000.
Aug. * New York. A mechanical tele-
phone, invented by A. A. Knudson and
T. G. Ellsworth, is announced. A large
galvanometer is made by William A.
Cornell.
Sept. 8. O. Washington Court-House is
nearly destroyed by a tornado.
Oct. 23. Cal. Larkin G. Mead's marble
group, Columbus before Isabella, the
gift of D. O. Mills, is placed in the ro-
tunda of the Capitol at Sacramento.
Nov. 7. Wis. The statue of "Washing-
ton by Parks is unveiled at Milwaukee ;
it is the gift of Miss Elizabeth Planking-
ton.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1885.
Feb. 27. Drake, Francis Samuel, author,
A57.
Mar. 1. Preble, George Henry, rear-adm.
U. S. N., author, A69.
Mar. 18. Warner, Susan (Elizabeth Weth-
erell), novelist, writer, A66.
Mar. 24. Thompson, Jacob, M.C. for Miss.,
secretary of interior, A75.
Apr. 8. White, Richard Grant, author,
critic, A63.
May 4. MacDowell, Irvin, maj.-gen. U. S.
A., A67.
May 15. Sunderland, Le Roy, author, A83.
May 20. Frelinghuysen, Frederick The-
odore, lawyer, senator for N. J., secretary
of state, A68.
June 6. Hough, Franklin Benjamin, phy-
sician, historical writer, A63.
June 21. Coit, Thomas Winthrop, P. E.
clergyman, theologian, A82.
June * Barber, John Warner, historical
writer, A87.
July 6. Gorringe, Henry H., capt. U. S. N.,
A44.
July 10. Gilbert, Ruf us Henry, inventor of
the elevated railroad system, A53.
July 18. Prime, Samuel Irenaus, Pres.
clergyman, author, A72.
July 23. Grant, Ulysses Simpson, gen.
V. S. A., 18th President of U. S., A63.
Aug. 12. Jackson, Helen Hunt (wee Fiske
— H. H.), poet, novelist, A54.
Aug:. 25. Fenton, Reuben Eaton, senator,
Gov., M. C. for N. Y., A66.
Aug;. 29. Alden, Joseph, Cong, clergyman,
president of college, editor, author, A78.
Sept. 3. Gwin, William WcKendree, phy-
sician, M. C, senator for Cal., A80.
Sept. 16. Tefft, Benjamin Franklin, M. E.
clergyman, author, diplomatist, A72.
Oct. 1. Page, William, painter, A74.
Oct. 10. McCloskey, John, archbishop,
first American cardinal, A75.
Oct. 14. Shaw, Henry Wheeler (Josh Bil-
lings), humorist, A67.
Oct. 29. McClellan, George Brlnton,
gen.-in-chief of U. S. armies, candidate for
presidency, Gov. of N. J., A59.
Nov. 8. McCullough, John, Irish-Ameri-
can tragedian, A48.
Nov. 14. Claflin, Horace Brighton, mer-
chant, of N. Y., A74.
Nov. 15. Young, John Freeman, P. E.
bishop, of Fla., A65.
Nov. 17. Seyffarth, Gustav, Luth. clergy-
man, archeologist, Egyptologist, A89.
Nov. 21. Wright, Elizur, journalist, pub-
licist, reformer, A81.
Nov. 25. Hendricks, Thomas Andrews,
Vice-President U. S., M. C, senator for Ind.,
Gov., A66.
Dec. 8. Vanderbilt, William H., railroad
president, capitalist, A64.
Dec. 9. Mulford, Elisha, P. E. cl., au., A52.
Sibley, John Langdon, librarian of Har-
vard, A81.
Dec. 15. Toombs, Robert, senator for Ga.,
Confederate brig. -gen., A75.
Dec. SO. Draper, John Christopher, chem-
ist, author, A50.
CHURCH.
1885 Feb. 1. Bishop William H.
Gross is promoted (Roman Catholic)
archbishop of the province of Oregon.
Feb. 24. Neb. George Worthington
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Nebraska.
Mar. 19. La. Anthony Durier is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Natchitoches.
Apr. 19. Ida. A. J. Glorieux is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Apol-
lonia. [Vicar-apostolic of Idaho.]
Apr. 29. The Conference of the Middle
States and Canada (Unitarian) -is or-
ganized.
May. 1. Ariz. P. Bourgade is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) vicar-apostolic of Ari-
zona.
May 28. Cincinnati. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
June 20. Alas. A band of Moravian
missionaries land on the shores of Alas-
ka, and found the Bethel Mission.
July 25. Mich. The Pentecost Bands
at Parma are organized for home mis-
sion work ; [afterward for foreign work].
Aug. 2. Richard Phelan is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop.
Oct. 2. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Omaha is established.
Oct. 10. New York. Archbishop Cor-
rigan succeeds to the Roman Catholic
See of New York.
Dec. 31. The Chicago Church Extension
Society is organized.
LETTERS.
1885 May 22. New York. The Re-
vised Old Testament is published sim-
ultaneously in London and New York.
Oct. 22. Miss. The Industrial Institute
and College is opened at Columbus for
the education of white girls.
* * Cal. Maclay College of Theology
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at San Fer-
nando.
* * Chicago. The Chicago Training-school
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Chicago.
SOCIETY.
1885 Feb. 2. New York. An attempt
is made to kill O'Donovan Rossa, a
Fenian ; he is shot in the street by Mrs.
Lucille Y. Dudley. [June 30. She is
acquitted, as insane.]
Feb. 14. Phila. The Philadelphia
Methodist Episcopal Hospital is incor-
porated.
Mar. 5+. Pa. About 4,000 miners in
Western Pennsylvania strike unsuc-
cessfully against reduced wages, and
hold out 54 days at a wage-loss of
$344,300.
Mar. 9+. Pa. Over 7,000 miners in West-
ern Pennsylvania strike successfully
for increased wages ; they hold out 29
days at a wage-loss of $323,600.
Apr. 30. N. Dak. A hospital for the
insane is opened at Jamestown.
June 1+. Pa. Over 15,000 iron-workers
in Western Pennsylvania strike suc-
cessfully against reduced wages ; they
hold out 16 days at a wage-loss of $442,-
733.
June 19. New York. Bartholdi's gigan-
tic Statue of Liberty is received with
great ceremonies.
June 24. Me. The Grand Army of
the Republic meets in its 19th National
Encampment at Portland ; S. S. Bur-
dette of Washington, D. C, commander-
in-chief.
July 1+. O. About 3,000 rolling-null
hands in Cleveland strike success-
fully against reduced wages ; they hold
out 88 days at a wage-loss of $410,000.
July 4. Utah. Mormons at Salt Lake
City place the United States flag at half-
mast. (See State, Mar. 23.)
* * Phila. The Woman's Christian
Temperance Union meets in National
Convention at Philadelphia; Frances
WiUard, president. The Social Pu-
rity movement is inaugurated.
Aug. 29+. Wyo. White miners make
murderous attacks on 400 Chinese la^-
borers at Rock Spring; the Federal
UNITED STATES.
1885, Feb. 1-**. 321
Government sends troops to quell the
disturbance after many Chinese have
been massacred.
Sept. 25. S. Dak. The proposed Consti-
tution is framed by a convention at
Sioux Falls, with an article prohibiting
the liquor traffic. (See 1889, May 14,
Oct. 1.)
Sept. 4.+ Pa. About 4,500 miners in
Western Pennsylvania strike unsuc-
cessfully for increased wages, and hold
out four months at a wage-loss of
$549,780.
Oct. 17. Mich. The National Prison
Association meets at Detroit.
Nov. 5. Wash. Gov. Squire issues a
proclamation against riotous Knights of
Labor who attempt to expel the Chi-
nese.
Nov. 14+. Mass. Nearly 6,000 lasters
and bottomers in Brockton partly suc-
ceed in a strike against fixed rates ; they
hold out six weeks at a wage-loss of
$430,000.
* * Ga. The Legislature passes a general
local option law.
Nov. 25. Ga. Prohibitionists have a
majority in the first election held under
the local option law in Fulton County.
Nov. * The Irish Parliamentary Fund
Association is organized.
STATE.
1885 Feb. 4. D. C. Congress: The
Senate passes the Cullom Interstate
Commerce Bill, as a substitute for the
Reagan Bill. Vote, 43-12. [It fails in
the House.]
Feb. 11. D. C. Congress counts the
electoral vote.
Vote for President : Grover Cleveland,
219; James G. Blaine, 182. Vote for
Vice-President : Thomas A. Hendricks
(Dem.) of Ind., 219 ; John A. Logan (Rep.)
of 111., 182.
Feb. 27. N. Y. President elect Cleve-
land publishes a reply to the silver
advocates in Congress, deprecating
further coinage of silver as tending to
produce a financial crisis.
Mar. 4. D. C. Congress passes the bill
retiring Gen. Grant with the full pay
($13,000) of the retired list.
It enlarges the weight of single rate
letters from one-half an ounce to one
ounce, for two cents postage ; news-
papers from the publishers' offices are
reduced to one cent per pound.
The 48th Congress ends.
The 26th Administration; Demo-
cratic.
Grover Cleveland of N. Y., the 22d
President, in the 26th term of the presi-
dency, is inaugurated. Thomas A.
Hendricks of Ind. is Vice-President.
Great rejoicing among Democrats
follows the inauguration of Mr. Cleve-
land, as the party has been excluded
from the administrative offices for 25
years.
Cabinet : Thomas F. Bayard of Del.
(State), Daniel Manning of N. Y.
(Treas.), "William C. Endicott of Mass.
'War), William C. "Whitney of N. Y.
(Navy), Lucius Q. C. Lamar of Miss.
(Interior), William F. Vilas of Wis.
(P. M.-Gen.), and Augustus H. Gar-
land of Ark. (Atty.-Gen.).
Mar. * Edward J. Phelps of Vt. is
appointed U. S. minister to England.
Mar. 23. D. C. The Supreme Court de-
cides that the Edmunds Anti-polygamy
Bill is constitutional.
Apr. 11. D. C. President Cleveland
declines to unite with European govern-
ments in prohibiting alcoholic liquors,
arms, ammunition, and dynamite for
the Pacific Islands.
Apr. 16. N. Y. The Legislature passes
a bill making the grounds bordering the
Niagara Falls a State reservation, free
to visitors ; cost, more than $1,400,000.
May 15. N. Y. The Legislature pro-
vides for the appointment of three forest
commissioners.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal
year. Revenue: Customs, $181,471,939;
internal revenue, $112,498,726; sales of
public lands, $5,705,986: miscellaneous
items, $24,014,055. Total revenue, $323,-
690,706 ; excess of revenue over ordinary
expenditures, $63,463,771. Expenditures :
Miscellaneous items, $87,494,258; War
Department, $42,670,578; Navy Depart-
ment, $16,021,080; Indians. $6,552,495;
pensions, $56,102,267 ; interest on the
public debt, $51,386,256. Total ordinary
expenditures, $260,226,935. Public debt,
$1,872,340,557. Exports, $742,189,755; im-
ports, $577,527,329.
Sept. 25. S. Dak. A convention at Sioux
Falls, called by the Legislature, frames
a State Constitution.
Nov. 4. New York'. William R. Grace is
elected the 84th mayor.
Nov. 9. D. C. President Cleveland
issues a proclamation against the bar-
barous treatment of Chinese laborers
in Washington Territory.
Nov. 25. D. C. Vice-President Thomas
A. Hendricks suddenly dies at his
home in Indianapolis.
Dec. 7. D. C. The 49th Congress
opens.
Dec. * D. C. Congress ; Senate : John
Sherman (Rep.) of O. is elected Presi-
dentpro tempore. House : John G. Car-
lisle (Dem.) of Ky. is elected Speaker.
Dec. 17. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Presidential Succession
Bill ; in case of the decease of both
President and Vice-President, it invests
the presidency in the secretary of state,
or other Cabinet officers in their order.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1885 Feb. 19. Phila. Fire destroys
nine buildings in the business section ;
loss $3,000,000.
Feb. 27. D. C. The National Theater
at Washington is burned.
Feb. * The Alert, used by the United
States in the search for Lieut. Greely,
is returned to the British Government
with thanks.
Apr. 12. New York. Twelve persons
are injured in the coUapse of eight
buildings while workmen are completing
them.
May 14. N. Y. The first five-mile sec-
tion of the Brooklyn Elevated road
is opened.
June 20. Harvard defeats Columbia in
a boat-race ; time, 24.27.
June 25. Harvard Freshmen defeat
Columbia ; time, 12.22.
July 4. Mass. The third intercollegiate
boat-race for fours.
It takes place on Lake Quinsigamond,
near Worcester, li miles straight. Time :
Cornell, 9.10J, followed by Brown, Bow-
doin, and the University of Pennsylva-
nia.
July 15. AT. Y. The Niagara Inter-
national Park, purchased by the
Federal Government for public use, is
opened.
July 30. O. Maud S. trots one mile
in 2.08| at Glenville.
July * A West Shore Road train runs
from East Buffalo to Weehawken, 422.6
miles, in 9.23 hours ; speed, 45 miles per
hour, including stops, or 51 miles actual
running speed.
Aug. 5-7. New York honors the
memory of Gen. Grant by obsequies
worthy of royalty. He lies in state
two days ; and his body is followed to
the grave by a funeral procession six
miles long.
It includes the General's bereaved
family, President Cleveland, Gens.
Hancock and Sherman, and other offi-
cers of the U. S. Army ; Gen. Johnston
and many ex-Confederate officers ;
soldiers, marines, and regiments of
State militia from the Atlantic to the
Pacific ; also many carriages. The pro-
cession starts at nine a.m., and arrives
at the temporary tomb in Riverside
Park on the Hudson at five p.m.
Aug. 14. N. Y. The first of the inter-
national yacht- races near Sandy Hook
is won by the American schooner-yacht
Puritan over the English cutter Genesta;
lead, 16 minutes 48 seconds.
Aug. 29. New York. The first cable-
road begins its service.
Sept. 16. N. Y. The Puritan again beats
the Genesta in a race for the America
cup ; lead, lm. 38s.
Oct. 10. N. Y. Flood Rock in Hell
Gate is blown up with 285,000 pounds
of dynamite and powder.
Oct. 18. N. J. A train is wrecked
near Hackensack ; nine persons killed.
Nov. 10. La. The North, Central, and
South Exposition opens at New Orleans.
Dec. 15. Ga. Two trains collide near
Austell ; 11 persons are killed.
Dec. 26. Gloucester fishing schooners
are lost at sea ; 42 fishermen perish.
Dec. 31. Statistics for 1885.
Production: Gold, $31,800,000; silver,
$51,600,000 ; bushels of grain : Indian
corn, 1,936,176,000; wheat, 357,112,000;
oats. 629,409,000 ; barley, 58,360,000 ; rye,
21,756,000; buckwheat, 12,626,000; bales
of cotton, 5,669,021 ; pounds of wool,
308,000.000 ; barrels of petroleum, 21,847,-
205. Currency in circulation (June 30),
$1,292,508,615; per capita, $23.02. Im-
migrants received (fiscal year), 395,34(1.
Miles of railroads worked, 123,320:
capital stock, $3,817,697,832; railroad
accidents, 1,217; persons killed. 307;
persons injured, 1,538. Fire-waste,
$102,818,796 ; insurance, $57,430,789.
322 1885 **-1886, June 17.
AMERICA:
ARMY -NAVY.
1886 Jan. 21. Gen. Miles, having been
appointed to succeed Gen. Crook, con-
tinues the pursuit of the Apaches;
Capt. Crawford is unintentionally (?)
killed by Mexican troops.
Feb. 7-9. Wash. Troops are ordered
out to suppress the anti-Chinese rioters
at Seattle.
Feb. 19. D. C. Com. James E. Jouett
is promoted rear-admiral. [Also Mar.
4. Com. John H. Russell.]
Mar. 4. D. C. Capt. John Irwin is pro-
moted commodore. [Also May 19.
Capt. James A. Greer.]
Commander Norman H. Farquhar is
promoted captain. [Also May 19.
Commander Theodore F. Kane. Dec.
13. Commander Henry B. Seely.]
Mar. 19. D. C. Oliver O. Howard is
commissioned major-general.
Thomas H. Ruger is commissioned brig-
adier-general.
The military board (Gens. Schofleld,
Terry, and Getty) entirely exonerate
Fitz-John Porter of the charges
under which he was dismissed from the
army.
Mar. 26. D. C. The Government orders
U. S. troops to protect the transportation
of mails against interference by riotous
strikers at St. Louis and other points.
Apr. 20. Zenas R. Bliss is commissioned
colonel — 24th infantry. [Also June 11.
James "W. Forsyth — 7th cavalry. Sept.
6. Thomas M. Anderson — 14th infan-
try. Sept. 16. George H. Mendell —
corps of engineers. Oct. 12. Henry L.
Abbot — corps of engineers. Oct. 13.
Edwin F. Towns — 12th infantry. Oct.
19. Robert E. A. Crof ton — 15th infan-
try.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1885 * * Cal. The Observatory of the
University of the Pacific is erected at
San Jose\
* * Ind. The McKim Observatory is
erected at Greencastle.
* * New York. A bronze statue of Wil-
liam E. Dodge, a philanthropist of
New York, is unveiled. J. C. Nicoll,
F. D. Millet, F. E. Church, and George
"\V. Maynard of New York are elected
members of the National Academy of
Design.
* * The Jack o' Lantern is painted by T.
W. Wood.
* * At the Watering Trough is painted by
J. M. Hart.
* * Sunset is painted by George Inness.
* * Peacocks in the Snow is painted by F.
5. Church.
* * The Strange Gods is painted by G. "W".
Maynard. /
* * The Russet Year is painted by A. C.
Shaw.
* * Christmas Eve is painted by Jervis
McEntee.
* * October in Ramapo Valley is painted
by J. F. Cropsey.
* * Waiting for Dad is painted by Ed-
ward Moran.
* * Morning at Vera Cruz is painted by
Thomas Moran.
* * Sunrise over the Sea is painted by
Worthington Whittredge.
1886 Jan. 19. Cal. Much damage is
done by a gale at San Francisco.
Jan. * New York. A comet is discov-
ered by W. R. Brooks of Geneva.
Mar. 1-3. A heavy snowstorm occurs
in New England, and trains are stopped.
Apr. 14. Minn. A terrific tornado strikes
St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids, killing 34,
and wounding 136 persons ; a great
amount of property is destroyed.
Apr. 29. Ala. Jefferson Davis lays the
foundation of a monument to Con-
federate soldiers of the State at Mont-
gomery.
May 6. Mo. A terrible tornado in
Kansas city kills 70 people and destroys
many buildings.
May 12-15. Destructive tornadoes
sweep through Southern Ohio, Indiana,
and Illinois.
May 19. O. A waterspout devastates
Xenia ; loss, 100 houses and 25 lives.
June 17. N. H. A bronze statue of
Daniel Webster erected in the State-
house Park is dedicated ; it is the gift
of Benjamin Cheney.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1886.
Jan. 16. Hudson, Henry Norman, P. E.
clergyman, Shakespearian scholar, A72.
Jan. 26. Atchison, David R., senator for
Mo., A79.
Feb. 9. Hancock, Winfleld Scott, maj.-
gen., Dem. candidate for President, A62.
Feb. 12. Seymour, Horatio, Gov. N. Y.,
Dem. candidate for President, A76.
Feb. 18. Gough, John B., temperance
orator, A69.
Mar. 27. Hunt, Ward, associate justice
U. S. S. Ct., A76.
Apr. 13. Noyes, John Humphry, commu-
nist at Oneida, N. Y., A75.
Apr. 28. Richardson, Henry Hobson, ar-
chitect, A47.
May 1. Robertson, Charles F., P. E. bishop
of Mo., A51.
Shepard, Charles Upham, physicist,
author, A82.
May 21. Lewis, Dio, physician, lecturer,
A68.
Andrews, Stephen Pearl, author, A74.
May 25. Steele, Joel Dorman, educator,
A50.
June 6. Nevin, John Williamson, Ger. Ref.
clergyman, theologian, A83.
June 7. Hoe, Richard March, inventor of
revolving press, A74.
June 16. Whipple, Edwin Percy, essayist,
critic, lecturer, A 67.
CHURCH.
1885 * * Boston +. The Society of Chris-
tians, professing " to effect physical
healing by mental effort," is organized ;
Mrs. M. B. G. Eddy, leader.
* * Colo. The Colorado Conference (Free
Methodist) is organized.
* * D. C. The Congregational Club is
formed.
* * Kan. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Topeka ; Wil-
liam Johnston, moderator.
* * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held at Saratoga.
* * O. The Annual Convention (Disci-
ples of Christ) is held at Cleveland;
L. L. Carpenter, president. The Gen-
eral Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at
Cincinnati ; E. R. Craven, moderator.
* * Pa. The 32d General Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) meets at Harrisburg.
* * Wis. The Icelanders' Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) is organized.
1886 Jan. 1. Mont. The American
Unitarian Association begins its work
among the Indians.
Jan. 13. New York. The Christian or-
ders of the King's Daughters, and the
King's Sons are founded by ten women.
It is interdenominational, and its in-
dividual members are pledged to render
service of mercy or help ; its motto,
" In His Name." [Jan. 18. The pioneer
circle is formed.]
Mar. 26. Ga. Thomas A. Becker, Roman
Catholic bishop, is transferred to Savan-
nah.
May 5. Va. The General Conference
(Methodist Episcopal South) is held at
Richmond.
W. W. Duncan, Charles B. Galloway,
E. H. Hendrix, and Joseph S. Key are
elected bishops of the Methodist Episco-
pal Church South.
May 26. New York. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
May. * Alas. A band of Moravian mis-
sionaries found the Carmel Mission.
June 7. Md. John Gibbons, Roman
Catholic archbishop of Baltimore, is
created a Cardinal.
LETTERS.
1885 * * Fla. Rollins College (Cong.)
is organized at Winter Park.
* * La. The Normal School is estab-
lished at New Orleans.
* * Mich. The College of Physicians and
Surgeons at Detroit opens.
* * Minn. Macalester College (Pres.) is
organized at St. Paul.
* * Neb. The Nebraska Central College
is opened at Central City.
* * New York. The Cosmopolitan mag-
azine is founded.
* *N.Y. The Brooklyn Institute opens
a training-school for teachers.
* * Pa. Bryn Mawr College (Orthodox
Friends) is organized.
* * Ore. Provision is made for the estab-
lishment of a State Normal School at
Drain.
* * S. Dak. Dakota University (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Mitchell.
* * Wis. The State Normal School at
Milwaukee is opened.
* * A Biography of Emerson, by Oliver
Wendell Holmes, appears.
* * Poets of America, by Edmund Clar-
ence Stedman, appears.
* * Elements of Moral Science, by Noah
Porter, appears.
* * The Insuppressible Book, by Gail Ham-
ilton (Mary Abigail Dodge), appears.
* * Maruja, by Bret Harte, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1885, * *-1886, June 17. 323
* * My Lady Pokahontas, by. John Esten
Cooke, appears.
* * Problems in Philosophy, by John Bas-
com, appears.
* * The Rise and Pall of Silas Lapham,
by William Dean Howells, appears.
* * Studies in Shakespeare, by Richard
Grant White, appears.
* * An Original Belle, by Edward Payson
Roe, appears.
* * The Idea of God as Affected by Modern
Knowledge, by John Fiske, appears.
* * The Silent South, by George W. Cable,
appears.
* * City Ballads, by Will Carleton, ap-
pears.
* * Miss Cadogna, by Julian Hawthorne,
appears ; also, Noble Blood.
* * The Prophet of the Great Smoky Moun-
tains, by Charles Egbert Craddock, ap-
pears ; also, Down the Ravine.
1886 Jan. 3. Md. The Public Li-
brary at Baltimore, the gift of Enoch
Pratt, is opened.
SOCIETY.
1885 * * Boston. The Algonquin Club
is organized.
* * Cal. The State Home for the care
and training of feeble-minded chil-
dren at Santa Clara is opened.
* * la. The prohibitory liquor law is
passed by a Democratic Legislature.
* * Kan. The anti-saloon Republican
movement is organized to induce the
party everywhere to adopt " a platform
of uncompromising hostility to the sa-
loon."
* * Me. A State Board of Health is es-
tablished.
* * N. C. A Baptist Orphanage is
founded in Thomasville.
* * Neb. The Santees are granted lands
in severalty.
* * N. J. A State school for deaf mutes
is opened near Trenton.
* * N. Mex. A State school for the deaf
and dumb at SaD.ta Fe is opened.
* * O. The Legislature establishes a State
Board of Health.
* * The Knights of Temperance (Total
abstainers) are organized under the aus-
pices of the Church Temperance Society.
(Protestant Episcopal.)
* * U. S. Liberal subscriptions are made
for advancing Irish Home Rule in
Ireland.
* * The Daughters of the King are or-
ganized in connection with the Protes-
tant Episcopal Church.
* * U. S. Indians are held responsible
under the laws touching murder, man-
slaughter, rape, assault to kill, arson,
burglary, and larceny.
* * Utah. The insane asylum at Provo
is opened.
1886 Jan. 1+. N. Y. More than 7,000
glove-makers at Gloversville partly
succeed in a strike for increased wages ;
they hold out nine weeks at a wage-loss
of $648,900.
Jan. 21. Judge Brewer of the U. S.
Circuit Court renders his decision in the
case of the State of Kansas ex rel. v.
John Walruff, upholding compensa-
tion for loss in brewing property
occasioned by prohibition laws.
Feb. 7. Wash. An anti-Chinese riot
occurs at Seattle ; 400 Chinese are driven
from their homes by a mob.
Feb. 8. Wash. Gov. Squire proclaims
martial law for the protection of the
Chinese against rioters.
Feb. 27+. N. Y. Nearly 2,000 stove-
molders at Troy strike successfully
for increased wages ; they hold out 17
weeks at a wage-loss of $400,000.
Mar. 6+. About 9,000 employees of the
Missouri Pacific Railroad system strike
unsuccessfully by the order of Mar-
tin Jones, because of the discharge of
Knight of Labor ; they hold out two
months at a wage-loss of $1,400,000;
seven of the strikers are killed by the
militia in East St. Louis, Mo.
Mar. 10. R. I. The Legislature votes
unanimously for the submission of a
prohibition amendment to a popular
vote. [Apr. 7. It is approved by
more than the required three-fifths
vote.]
Mar 17. Miss. A band of 50 whites
kills ten negroes in Carrollton, at the
court-house, who were there confined
pending trial for wounding a white man.
April 16+. New York. About 1,300 em-
ployees of the Third Avenue horse-car
line are partly successful in a strike
against the hours of labor and the dis-
charge of men ; they hold out 60 days at
a wage-loss of $50,000.
April * An ovation is given to Jefferson
Davis on his journey through the South-
ern States.
May 1. New York. About 20,000 cigar-
makers strike unsuccessfully for
fewer hours ; they hold out one day at
a wage-loss of $27,000.
May 4. Chicago. An anarchist mob
creates a riot in which dynamite is
used ; the police disperse the anarchists
by hard fighting ; six of the police are
killed and 61 wounded.
May 5. Wis. An anarchist riot occurs
at Milwaukee ; 10 persons are killed and
15 wounded ; Herr Most, the leader, es-
capes arrest.
May 10+. Chicago. About 12,000 lumber-
shove rs strike unsuccessfully for
fewer hours and more pay ; they hold out
two weeks at a wage-loss of $270,000.
May 12. New York. Herr Most, the
anarchist leader, is arrested for inciting
riots. (See May 5.) [He is fined and im-
prisoned.]
May 18. N. Y. A State Board of Arbi-
tration for labor disputes is provided
for by the Legislature.
May 20. New York. Henry W. Jahne,
one of the "boodle" aldermen, is sen-
tenced to imprisonment.
May 27. Chicago. The grand jury in-
dicts 22 anarchists for murder.
June 2. D. C. President Grover Cleve-
land is married to Miss Frances Fol-
som at the White House.
June 5. New York. About 12,000 street
car employees successfully strike in
sympathy with other strikers, for one
day ; wage-loss, $25,000.
STATE.
1885 * * U. S. Governors Inaugu-
rated:
-89 * * Ark. Simon P. Hughes.
-87 * * Colo. Benj. H. Eaton.
-87 * * Conn. Henry B. Harrison.
-89* * Fla. Edward A. Perry.
-89 * * III. Richard J. Oglesby.
-89 * * hid. Isaac P. Gray.
-89 * * Kan. John A. Martin.
-87 * * Mich. Russell A. Alger.
-89 * * Mo. John S. Marmaduke.
-89 * *N. C. Alfred M. Scales.
-87 * * N.H. Moody Currier.
-86 * *N. Y. David B. Hill.
-87 * * R. I. George P. Wetmore.
-89 * * W. Va. E. Willis Wilson.
1886 Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The
Senate passes the Edmunds Bill for the
suppression of the Mormon hierarchy.
Vote 38-7.
Jan. 25 +. D. C. The Senate and Presi-
dent have a controversy lasting several
months respecting the latter's refusal
to communicate his reasons for the re-
moval of public officers.
Mar. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Blair Educational Bill,
appropriating $79,000,000 to be divided
among the States for free public schools
pro rata to illiteracy.
Mar. 19. D. C. Congress increases
pensions from $8 per month to $12.
Apr. 8. D. C. Congress: The House
defeats the bill for the free coinage of
silver; vote, 126-163.
June 1. Pa. The Legislature passes the
Bullitt Act, granting a reform charter
to Philadelphia. [Operative Apr. 1, '87.]
June 3. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the bill taxing oleomargarine.
Vote, 177-101. [June 20. Passed by the
Senate. Vote, 37-24.]
June 7. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the bill repealing the preemption,
timber culture, and desert-land laws.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1885 * * Chicago. The new Board of
Trade building is completed.
* *New York. The National Brotherhood
of ball-players is organized.
1886 Mar. 14. N. Y. The Cunard
steamer Oregon collides with a schooner
off Long Island ; the steamer sinks, but
no lives are lost.
Apr. 7. Mass. The derailing of a train
near Deerfield causes 12 deaths.
June 7. S. C. The derailing of a train
near Santee Swamp causes seven deaths
and injures 13.
324 1886, June 17 -<
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1886 July 1. D. C. The President
approves the act restoring Gen. Fitz-
John Porter to his rank in the army.
[Aug. 2. He is appointed to a colonelcy.]
Sept. 4. Ariz. The Apaches under
Chief Geronimo surrender to Gen. Miles
at Skeleton Caflon.
Sept. * The Apaches cease their warfare
and surrender. [They are removed to
Florida.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1886 June 21. Mass. Miss Whitney's
marble statue of Harriet Martineau
is dedicated at Wellesley College, Need-
ham.
June 28. The asteroid Aletheia is dis-
covered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton
observatory.
Aug. 31. S. C. A series of earthquake
shocks begin at 9.51 p.m. at Charleston,
and alarm the city ; 57 persons are killed ;
property damages, $500,000,000.
Oct. 2. Can. Col. Gilder's polar expe-
dition starts from Winnipeg.
Oct. 12. A violent gale occurs in Texas
and the Southwest ; more than 250
persons and thousands of cattle are
drowned ; the town of Sabine Pass is
destroyed.
Oct. 28. New York. The Bartholdi
Statue of Liberty Enlightening the
"World set up on Bedloe's Island, in the
harbor, is dedicated by President Cleve-
land ; it is 151 feet in height, and stands
on a pedestal 155 feet high.
Oct. 31. N. Y. The asteroid Prymno
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. [Li-
bussa is discovered, Dec. 22.]
* * Boston. A statue of "William Lloyd
Garrison is unveiled in Commonwealth
Avenue.
* * Cal. The Chabot Observatory is
presented to the city of Oakland.
* * Mass. The Smith College Obser-
vatory is erected at Northampton.
* * New York. The opera Erminie, by
Jacobowski, is first sung in this country.
* * Dr. Mott reports four successful in-
oculations for hydrophobia.
* * J. Alden Weir and C. Y. Turner of
New York are elected members of the
National Academy of Design.
* * The American College of Musicians
is incorporated.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1886.
June 26. Davis, David, senator for 111.,
justice U. S. S. Ct., A71.
July 7. Hayne, Paul Hamilton, poet, of
S. C, A66.
July lO. Brown, Henry Kirk, sculptor, A72.
July 14. Nichols, William Ripley, chemist,
A39.
July 16. Judson, Edward Z. C, story
writer (Ned Buntline), A64.
Aug:. 4. Tilden, Samuel Jones, Gov. of
N. Y., Dem. candidate for President, A76.
Aug. 11. Hamilton, Frank Hastings, sur-
geon, author, A73.
Aug. 20. Stephens, Ann Sophia, author,
A63.
Aug:. 28. Stowe, Calvin Ellis, Cong, cler-
gyman, professor, author, A34.
Aug:. 25. Perkins, Charles Callahan, art
critic, A63.
Sept. 1 7. Durand, Asher-Brown, landscape
painter, engraver, A90.
Sept. 27. Cooke, John Esten, novelist, his-
torian, A50.
Nov. 18. Arthur, Chester Alan, lawyer,
Vice-President, 21st President U. S., A56.
Nov. 21. Adams, Charles Francis, M. C.
for Mass., minister to Eng., A79.
Nov. 23. Brooks, Erastus, ed. New York
Express, A71.
Dec. 8. Lea, Isaac, naturalist, author, A94.
Dec. 24. Short, Charles, scholar, au., A65.
Dec. 26. Log-an, John Alexander, M. C.
for 111., maj.-gen. vols., Rep. candidate for
Vice-President, A60.
CHURCH.
1886 June 21. Chicago. The Western.
Unitarian Association is organized at
Chicago.
Sept. 20-24. N. Y. The twelfth Na-
tional Council (Unitarian) is held in
Saratoga.
Oct. 14. Pa. The Pennsylvania Congre-
gational Association is organized.
Oct. 18. Minn. Mahlon N. Gilbert is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as-
sistant bishop of Minnesota.
Nov. 9. Cal. The Pacific Unitarian Con-
ference at San Francisco is organized.
Nov. 14. Del. Alfred A. Curtis is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of the
Diocese of Wilmington.
* * Chicago. The General Convention
(Protestant Episcopal) meets.
* * Ind. The North Ludiana Conference
(Free Methodist) is organized.
* * Minn. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets at Minneapolis ;
D. C. Marquis, moderator.
* * Mo. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Kansas City ;
F. M. Drake, president.
* * N. J. The Baptist Annual Meeting
is held in Asbury Park.
* * N. Y. The Roman Catholic Diocese
of Syracuse is established.
* * O. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Hamilton ;
John T. Brownlee, moderator.
LETTERS.
1886* * Ark. Ouachita College (Bapt.)
is founded.
* * Kansas Wesleyan University (Meth.
Epis.) is organized at Salina.
* * Kan. Garfield University (Disci-
ples) is organized at Wichita.
* *Kan. Southwest Kansas College (Meth.
Epis.) is organized at Winfield.
* *.Ind. The Indiana Normal CoUege is
opened at Covington.
* * New York. The Forum is issued ; also,
Hlas Lindn, printed in Bohemian ; the
Listy and the Catholic News.
* * N. Y. The Citizen is issued as a daily
at Brooklyn. The Sunday Telegram is
issued at Albany.
* * S. C. The Winthrop Teachers' Train-
ing School is opened at Columbia.
* * Va. The Times is issued at Richmond.
* * Wash. The Northwest Normal School
is opened at Lynden.
* * The Boss Girl, and Other Sketches, by
James Whitcomb Riley, appears.
* * Holy Tides, by Adeline D. T. Whitney,
appears.
* * Jo's Boys, by Louisa M. Alcott, ap-
pears.
* * Little Lord Fauntleroy, by Frances
Hodgson Burnett, appears.
* * The Orient, by Joseph Cook, appears.
* * The Catholic Church in America, by
John Dawson Gilmary Shea, appears.
* * The Casting Away of Mrs. Leeks and
Mrs. Aleshine, by Frank R. Stockton,
appears; also, The Late Mr. Null.
* * Brueton's Bayou, by John Habberton,
appears.
* * The Bostonians, by Henry James, ap-
pears ; also, The Princess Casamassima.
* * The Tale of a Lonely Parish, by
Francis Marion Crawford, appears.
SOCIETY.
1886 June * The Parnellite Fund for
aiding elections in Great Britain is sus-
tained by large contributions.
July 1. R. I. The Prohibition Amend-
ment becomes operative.
Aug. 3. la. Bev. George C. Haddock,
a Prohibitionist, is murdered at Sioux
City by a prominent friend of the
brewers.
Aug. 20. Chicago. Seven Anarchists
are sentenced for murders committed
during the riots. (See Nov. 11, 1887.)
Aug. 26. Cal. The Grand Army of
the Bepublic meets in its 20th National
Encampment at San Francisco ; Lucius
Fairchild of Wis., commander-in-chief.
Aug. * New York. Alfred Packer, one of
six starving miners in Colorado, having
killed and eaten his companions, is con-
victed of manslaughter and sentenced to
40 years imprisonment.
Sept. 23. N. Y. The Unitarian Church
Temperance Society is organized at
Saratoga.
Its purpose is " to work for the cause
of temperance in whatever ways may
seem to it wise and right ; to study the
social problems of poverty, crime," and
disease in their relation to the use of
intoxicating drinks, and to diffuse what-
ever knowledge may be gained ; to dis-
cuss methods of temperance reform ; to
devise and so far as possible to execute
plans for practical reform ; to exert, by-
its meetings and by its membership, such
influence for good as by the grace of God
it may possess."
Oct. 9+. Chicago. Over 9,000 meat-pack-
ers strike unsuccessfuUy against the
10-hour day ; they hold out 11 days at a
wage-loss of $175,000.
Oct. 11. The American Convention of
the Christian Church, in quadrennial
session, declares its hostility to the
liquor-traffic.
It announces " itself as the patron and
aider of all activities and associations
that point clearly, definitely, and wisely
to a direct and immediate erasure of
permissions or sanctions of society or
law upon the iniquitous liquor-traffic."
Oct. 20. III. The Illinois Soldiers' and
Sailors' Home is dedicated at Quincy.
Nov.6+. Chicago. Over 10,000 meat-pack-
ers strike unsuccessfully against an
increase of hours ; they hold out 10 days,
at a wage-loss of $169,680.
UNITED STATES.
1886, June 17-**. 825
Nov. 13. Chicago. The officers of the
Knights of Labor order the pork-pack-
ers to abandon their strike.
Nov. 17. The national organization of
the Union Veteran Legion is formed.
Nov. 27. Cal. The observance of Arbor
day begins ; Adolph Sutro supplies 40,000
trees for the school children to plant.
Nov. * Miss. Many negroes migrate
from the hill-country to the river-bottom
in the Yazoo section.
Nov. * -Dec. * U. S. Speculation be-
comes general.
Dec. * 0. The trades-unions meet in con-
vention at Columbus ; a national orga-
nization is formed, called The Ameri-
can Federation of Labor.
Dec. 20. New York. Alderman Mc-
Quaid is sentenced to seven years' im-
prisonment and fined for bribery, etc.,
in connection with the Broadway car-
line.
Dec. 30. Mich. The Soldiers' Home
near Grand Rapids is dedicated.
* * D.C. Congress enacts that instruction
concerning the nature and effects of
alcoholic liquors shall be given in the
schools of the District of Columbia, and
the Territories, the military and naval
academies, and all other schools under
Government control.
* * D. C. Congress passes a local option
law for the District of Columbia.
* * Ind. The school for the deaf at Evans-
ville is opened.
* * La. Provision is made by the Legisla-
ture for the relief of wounded and dis-
abled Confederate soldiers and for
soldiers' widows.
* * La. A State school for deaf-mutes is
opened at New Orleans.
* * Mass. The State Board of Health is
established as a separate body.
* * Minn. An asylum for the insane is
established by the State at Fergus Falls.
* * Minn. The Woman's Christian
Temperance Union meets in National
Convention at Minneapolis ; Frances
Willard, president.
* * Miss'. The Legislature passes a local
option law.
* * New York. The Commercial Tem-
perance League is organized.
* * O. The Legislature passes the Dow
Law for the regulation of the liquor
traffic.
STATE.
1886 June 17. D. C. Congress;
House : The Morrison Bill to reduce
the tariff taxes about 15 or 20 millions
fails. Vote, 140-157.
June 18. D. C. Congress : The Senate
indefinitely postpones the bill repealing
the Civil Service Law; it passes a Con-
stitutional Amendment Bill, by a two-
thirds vote, substituting April 30 for
March 4 as the beginning of all Presi-
dential and Congressional terms of office.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal
year. Revenue: Customs, $192,905,023;
internal revenue, $116,805,936; direct
tax, $108,240; sales of public lands $5,-
630,999 ; miscellaneous items, $20,989,528.
Total revenue, $336,439,727; excess of
revenue over expenditures, $93,956,589.
Expenditures : Miscellaneous items,
$74,166,930; War Department, $34,324,-
153; Navy Department, $13,907,888; In-
dians, $6,099,158 ; pensions, $63,404,864 ;
interest on the public debt, $50,580,146.
Total ordinary expenditures, $242,483,-
138. Public debt, $1,783,438,697. Exports,
$679,524,830 ; imports, $635,436,136.
June * D. C. Congress passes the
Chinese Indemnity Bill.
July 14. D. C. Congress: The House
passes a resolution ordering the Treas-
ury to pay off the public debt in sums
not less than 10 millions a month. Vote,
209-65. [The Senate approves, but the
President does not.]
July 24. D. C. Congress requires the
Treasury to issue silver certificates,
in one, two, and five dollar notes, rep-
resenting silver dollars, for general
circulation.
July 30. D. C. President Cleveland pro-
motes civil service reform by check-
ing the political activity of Government
officials.
Aug. 2. D. C. Congress passes the
Alien Landlord's Bill, limiting the
holding of land and mines in Territories
by foreigners.
Congress lays a special tax of two
'cents a pound on oleomargarine, be-
sides a tax on the manufacturers and
dealers.
Aug. * D. C. Congress authorizes the
issue of postal letter-sheet envelopes.
Aug. 5. D. C. The 49th Congress:
the first session closes.
Sept. 16. Chicago. A meeting is held
of the National Conference of Anti-
saloon Republicans; about 200 dele-
gates are present.
Nov. 2. Fla. The people ratify the
new Constitution.
In the Congressional elections the
Democrats are successful in 168 districts,
and the Republicans in 152.
Dec. 6. D.C. The 49th Congress: the
second session opens.
Dec. * D. C. Congress ; Senate : John
J. Ingalls of Kan. is elected President
pro tempore.
* * Fishing difficulties engage attention.
American vessels visiting Canadian
ports to buy ice or bait are seized by the
Government, and condemned for acts
" preparatory to fishing in Canadian
waters."
* * Governors Inaugurated :
-88 * * Ala. Thomas Seay.
-90 * * Ariz. (Ter.). C. Meyer Zulick.
-90 * * Dak. (Ter.). Louis K. Church.
-88 * * Ga. John B. Gordon.
-90 * * Ida. (Ter.). Ed. A. Stevenson.
-88 * * la. William Larrabee.
-89 * * Minn. Andrew R. McGill.
-90* * Mont. (Ter.). Preston H. Leslie.
-90 * * N. Mex. ( Ter.). Edmund G. Ross.
-88 * * O. Joseph Benson Foraker.
-88 * * S. C. John P. Richardson.
-90 * * U. (Ter.). Caleb W. West.
-90* * Va. FitzhughLee.
-88 * * Vt. Ebenezer J. Ormsbee.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1886 June 24. Mo. The Merchant's
Bridge spanning the Mississippi at St.
Louis is commenced. [See May 3, 1890.]
June 25. Columbia defeats Harvard
in a boat-race ; time, 21.38.
June * A special theatrical train runs
from Jersey City to San Francisco —
from ocean to ocean — in three days,
seven hours, 39 minutes, and 16 seconds.
June * Pa. The vestibule train is in-
troduced on the Pennsylvania Railroad.
July 3. N Y. The fourth intercolle-
giate boat-race for fours is pulled on
Lake George, 1£ miles straight. Time :
Bowdoin, 8.06 ; University of Pennsylva-
nia, second ; race won by a length and
a half.
Aug. 11. N. Y. Carlisle D. Graham, an
Englishman, in a great buoy-shaped bar-
rel, passes safely through the Niagara
Rapids.
Aug. 14. Mass. E. Hanlan sculls three
miles on Lake Quinsigamond, in 19.23
minutes.
Aug. 18. N. Y. The New York Central
Railroad Company runs a special news-
paper train from Syracuse to Buffalo,
148.77 miles, at an average speed of 61.6
miles an hour.
Aug. 22. N. Y. Wm J. Kendall, in a cork
vest, swims through the Niagara Rapids.
Aug. 25. N. C. A runaway train near
Saluda causes five deaths ; eighty other
persons are injured.
Sept. 7-11. The schooner-yacht May-
flower beats the English cutter Calatea,
in a race for the America cup.
Sept. 14. N. Y. Trains collide on the
Nickel Plate Road at Silver Creek ; 13
persons are killed, and 20 injured.
Oct. 5. Mo. The steamer La Mascotte
burns on the Mississippi near Craw-
ford's Landing ; 34 lives are lost.
Oct. 22. Mass. W. A. Rowe rides a bi-
cycle one mile in 2.29J, at Springfield.
Oct. 28. Wis. A wrecked train takes
fire near Rio ; 22 lives are lost.
Nov. * The schooner Flying Scud, bound
for Alaska, disappears with 24 persons
on board ; fate unknown.
Dec. 2. Cal. A panic in the Stock Ex-
change at San Francisco causes 14 of
the principal brokers to suspend.
Dec. 27. Phila. Fire destroys Tem-
ple Theater, valued at $400,000; two
fireman are killed.
Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1886.
Production : Gold, $35,000,000 ; silver,
$51,000,000; bushels of grain: Indian
corii, 1,665,441,000; wheat, 457,218,000;
oats, 624,134,000 ; barley, 59,428,000 ; rye,
24 489,000; buckwheat, 11,869,000; bales
of 'cotton, 6,550,215 ; pounds of wool, 302,-
000,000 ; barrels of petroleum, 28,064,841
(including all production of oil in Ky.
and Tenn. prior to 1883). Immigrants
received (fiscal year), 334,203. Currency
in circulation, $1,252,700,525 ; per capita,
$21 82. Miles of railroads worked, 125,-
185 ; capital stock, $3,999,508,508 ; total
accidents, 1,211, persons killed, 401 ; per-
sons injured, 1,433 ; Fire-waste, $104,924,-
750 ; insurance, $60,506,567 ; 344 lives lost.
Business failures, 10,568; liabilities,
$113,648,391.
326 1886, * *-1887, Nov. 26.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1887 Jan. 3. D. C. James M. Whitte-
more is commissioned colonel — ord-
nance department. IJan. 10. William
P. Craighill — corps of engineers. Apr.
21. James F. Wade —5th cavalry. Oct.
19. Charles E. Compton — 4th cavalry.
Nov. 17. Charles Page — medical de-
partment.]
Jan. 26. D. C. Com. Lewis A. Kim-
berly is promoted rear-admiral. [Aug.
25. Com. Bancroft Gherardi. Sept. 4.
Com. Daniel L. Braine.J
Capt. William P. McCann is promoted
commodore. [Jan. 29. Capt. Charles H.
Gillis. Sept. 4. Capt. George Brown.]
Mar. 3. Adolphus W. Greely is com-
missioned brigadier-general. [Apr. 16.
Wesley Merritt.]
Sept. 4. D. C. Commander Gilbert C.
White is promoted captain. [Mar. 6.
Commander J. Crittenden Watson.
Aug. 25. Commander Henry B. Kobe-
son.]
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1886 * * November is painted by Jervis
McEntre.
* * Coming in from the Fish Pond is
painted by Edward Moran.
* * The Secret is painted by T. W. Wood.
* * Brook Among the Hills is painted by
Worthington Whittredge.
1887 Mar. 3. Col. Gilder's overland
polar expedition returns to Winnipeg.
Apr. 29. Kan. A violent storm sweeps
Prescott County, killing 20 persons, in-
juring 237, destroying 330 buildings ;
property loss, $1,000,000.
May 13. Tenn. A new comet is discov-
ered by E. E. Barnard of the Vanderbilt
University at Nashville.
Aug. 10. New York. The American
Association for the Advancement of
Science holds its 36th annual meeting
at Columbia College.
Sept. 5-10. D. C. The Ninth Interna-
tional Medical Congress is held in
Washington.
Oct. 7. N. Y. The asteroid Anahita is
discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton.
Nov. 21. New York. A practical pho-
nograph, invented by Thomas A. Edi-
son, is announced.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1887.
Jan. 2. Potter, Horatio, P. E. bishop of
N. Y., A85.
Jan. 11. Youmans, Edward Livingston,
scientist, founder Popular Science Month-
ly, A66.
Jan. 16. Hazen, William Babcock, signal
service officer U. S. A., A57.
Feb. 13. Green, William Mercer, P. E.
bishop of Miss., A 88.
Mar. 8. Beecher, Henry Ward, Cong,
clergyman, author, orator, A74.
Eads, James Buchanan, engineer,
builder of Mississippi jetties, A67.
Mar. 29. Palmer, Kay, Cong. cl.,poet,A81.
Mar. 31. Saxe, John Godfrey, poet, hu-
morist, journalist, A71.
Apr. 12. Lee, Alfred, P. E. bishop of Del.,
A79.
May 30. Poore, Benjamin Perley, author,
journalist, A 67.
June 4. "Wheeler, William Almon, M. C.
for N. Y., 19th Vice-President U. S., AB8.
June 11. Stevens, William Bacon, P. E.
bishop of Pa., A71.
June 16. Hitchcock, Roswell D wight, Pres.
clergyman, author, professor, A 70.
June 17. Hopkins, Mark, president of Wil
liains College, author, A85.
July 18. Hunter, Robert Mercer, M. C,
senator for Va., speaker, Confederate sec-
retary of state, A78.
July 23. Dix, Dorothea Lynde, philan-
thropist, A 82.
Aug. 18. Tower, Orson Squire, phrenolo-
gist, A78.
Aug. 19. Baird, Spencer Fullerton, natur-
alist, author, A64.
Clark, Alvan, optician, telescope maker,
A79.
Aug. 20. Green, Seth, flsh culturist, A72.
Aug. 26. Elliott, Robert W. B., P. E.
bishop of W. Texas, A47.
Oct. 3. Finch, John Bird, philanthropist,
Prohibition candidate for Pres. U. S., A35.
Oct. 22. Washburne, Elihu Benjamin,
M. C. for 111., secretary of state, minister
to Fr., A71.
Oct. 28. Carnochan, John Murray, surgeon,
author, A 70.
Nov. 19. Lazarus, Emma, poet, A38.
CHURCH.
1886 * * A plan of cooperation is
adopted by the American Baptist Mis-
sionary Union and the Baptist General
Association of the Western States and
Territories.
* * The Congregational Clubs of Merrimac
Valley, Newton, Denver, and St. Louis
are organized.
* * The Foreign Missionary Society of
Christian Denomination is organized.
* * The Woman's Auxiliary to the Brook-
lyn Mission and Tract Society is organ-
ized.
* * The Immanuel German Synod (Evan-
gelical Lutheran) is organized.
* * U. S. The "Presbyterian Church
in the United States " formally cele-
brates its quarter centennial.
1887 Mar. 26. Boston. The Channing
Club (Unitarian) is organized.
Apr. 14. R. I. Matthew Harkins is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Providence.
Apr. 19. Archbishop Corrigan is made
assistant at the Pontifical Throne.
May 3. Cal. The General Association
(Congregational) of Southern California
is organized.
May 4. Kan. Elisha Smith Thomas is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as-
sistant bishop of Kansas.
May 27. Ethelbert Talbot is consecrated
(Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop
of Wyoming and Idaho.
Boston. The Unitarian National Bu-
reau of Unity Clubs is organized.
June 9. Detroit. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June 14. D. C. The Bureau of Lndian
Missions (Roman Catholic) is incorpo-
rated.
June 29. Utah. L. Scanlan is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) vicar apostolic
of Utah.
June * Chicago. The first Deaconesses'
Home, of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, is established.
Aug. 2. Neb. The Roman Catholic Dio-
cese of Lincoln is established.
Aug. 9. Wyo. The Roman Catholic Dio-
cese of Cheyenne is established.
Aug. * The first church for the Chi-
nese on the Pacific Coast is dedicated
by the Baptist Home Missionary Society.
Oct. 25. The Arkansas Association
(Congregational) is organized.
Oct. 28. M. F. Burke is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Cheyenne.
* * Colo. The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Denver is established.
Oct. * Colo. Nicholas C. Matz is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Den-
ver.
Nov. 17. Minn. The Minnesota Confer-
ence (Unitarian) is organized at St. Paul.
LETTERS.
1886 * * The Wind of Destiny, by Arthur
S. Hardy, appears.
* * The Golden Justice, by William Henry
Bishop, appears.
* * Olivia Delaplaine, by Edgar Fawcett,
appears ; also, An Ambitious Woman.
* * The Minister's Charge, by William
Dean Howells, appears.
* * Snowbound at Eagles, by Bret Harte,
appears.
* * Their Pilgrimage, by Charles Dudley
Warner, appears.
* * East Angels, by Constance Fenimore
Woolson, appears.
1887 May 20. Cal. The corner-stone
of the Stanford University at Palo Alto-
is laid.
Sept. * Wyo. The University of Wyo-
ming at Laramie is opened.
SOCIETY.
1886 * * Tenn. The State hospital for
the insane is located at Bolivar.
* * Utah. The establishment of an indus-
trial home at Salt Lake City for women
abandoning polygamy is authorized by
Congress.
* * U. S. Teachers in the Indian schools
are required to give instruction on the
effects of alcohol on the human sys-
tem.
* * Wash. The school for defective
youth established by the Government at
Vancouver is opened.
* * The International Young Wom-
en's Christian Association is formed.
1887 Jan. 29. D. C. Congress passes
a bill to grant pensions of $6 and $8
per month to veterans of the war with
Mexico, who are physically disabled or
over 62 years of age.
Jan. * New York. The National As-
sociation of Naval Veterans is organ-
ized.
Feb. 5. Vt. The State locates a
Soldiers' Home at Bennington.
Feb. * N. Y. Mrs. Roxalana Druse, con-
victed of the murder of her husband,
is hanged at Herkimer ; her daughter,
an accomplice, is imprisoned for life.
Mar. 21. N. J. James Titus, the janitor
of Hackettstown seminary, is sentenced
to be hanged for the murder of Tillie
Smith, a servant, on Apr. 9, 18S6. [His
UNITED STATES. 1886, * *-1887, Nov. 26. 327
sentence is commuted to imprisonment
for life.]
May 5. Miss. Roderick Dhu Gam-
brell, a prohibition editor, is murdered ;
Col. J. S. Hamilton is arrested, and
acquitted through partisan influence.
May * Neb. A State institution for
youth of feeble mind is opened at
Beatrice.
May * The Triennial Meeting of the
General Eldership of the Church of
God declares against license.
" All kinds of license or tax favoring
the liquor-traffic, whether high or low,
are wrong in principle, and demand the
opposition of the Church, and of good
men and women everywhere."
June 7. Tex. Bishop H. M. Turner (col-
ored) is mobbed by anti-prohibitionists.
June 16. Mass. Labor Day, the first
Monday in September, is established as
a legal holiday.
June 22. Ky. A murderous feud, in
Rowan County, of ten years' standing,
is closed.
Two families, the Holbrooks and the
Underwoods, living at Morehead, lead
the strife, which began with a charge
of horse-stealing and sometimes rose
to actual war. The sheriff kills Craig
Tolliver and his gang, which ends the
feud.
June * 0. The General Synod of the
German Reformed Church at Akron
resolves against the liquor-traffic.
" We view with profound regret and
sorrow the great evil of intemperance,
— and . . . we here and now, before God
and the nation, record our protest
against it, and earnestly call upon our
synods, classes, and churches to unite
with us in zealous and persistent Chris-
tian efforts looking towards its speedy
extermination."
June * The Reformed (Dutch) Church
in General Synod favors temperance.
" It reiterates the deliverance of
former synods on the subject of temper-
ance, and urges increased interest and
zeal throughout the denomination in
gospel temperance work."
July 1. Kan. The Soldiers' Orphans'
Home at Atchison is opened for the
reception of children.
July 14. New York. Jacob Sharp is
convicted of bribery in securing the
favorable action of the Board of Alder-
men, respecting the Broadway surface
road ; he is sentenced to imprisonment
for four years and to pay a fine of $5,000.
[The Court of Appeals reverses the
sentence.]
Aug. * Mo. Several Raid-Knob " Reg-
ulators " are tried and fined at Ozark.
Sept. 15. Phila. The centenary of the
adoption of the Federal Constitution
in this city is celebrated by a procession
five miles long, which illustrates the
progress of trade and industry.
Sept. 27. Mo. The Grand Army of
the Republic meets in its 21st National
Encampment at St. Louis ; John P. Rae
of Minn., commander-in-chief.
Sept. * The General Conference of the
Evangelical Church declares for pro-
hibition.
It is the duty of Christians " To faith-
fully cooperate with all proper move-
ments for the instruction of the children
and youth, the reformation of the ine-
briate, and the restriction and prohibi-
tion of the liquor-traffic." It also dis-
countenances the use of tobacco.
Sept. 29. Tenn. The Constitutional
Prohibitory Amendment is defeated
by 27,693 majority. Vote, 117,504-145,197.
Oct. 15. Mo. The State insane asylum
at Nevada is opened.
Nov. 11. Chicago. Four of the An-
archists engaged in the May riot : Aug-
ust Spies, Adolf Fischer, George Engel,
and Albert R. Parsons, are executed ;
Fielden and Schwab are sentenced to
imprisonment for life ; Oscar Nebe, for
15 years ; and one, Lingg, escapes by
suicide. Great efforts have been made
to have their sentences commuted.
Nov. 15. New York. The Chamber of
Commerce gives Right Hon. Joseph
Chamberlain of London a banquet.
STATE.
1887 Jan. 3. U. S. Congress extends
the postal free-delivery system so as
to include all towns having 10,000 popu-
lation.
Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Interstate Commerce Dill,
providing for the appointment of five
commissioners with large powers over
railway charges. Vote, 219-41. The Sen-
ate has already passed the bill. Vote,
43-15.
Jan. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Edmunds Canadian Fish-
eries Bill.
Feb. 1. B.C. President Cleveland vetoes
the Dependent Pension Bill.
Feb. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes a bill to refund the States $20,-
000,000 collected by the direct tax Act
of 1861.
U. S. The Interstate Commerce
Bill becomes a law.
Feb. 6. Kan. 'Woman suffrage goes
into effect.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress passes the Fish-
eries Retaliation Bill.
D. C. The President approves the Ed-
munds-Tucker Act for the suppression
of polygamy.
Mar. 4. D. C. The 49th Congress ends.
Mar. 31. D. C. Charles S. Fairchild
of New York is appointed secretary of
the Treasury, as successor to Daniel
Manning.
Apr. * R. I. The Republicans lose Rhode
Island in the State election, for the first
time in 30 years.
June 16. D. C. President Cleveland re-
scinds his order to restore the captured
Confederate flags.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal
year. Revenue : Customs, $217,286,893 ;
internal revenue, $118,823,391 ; direct
tax, $32,892 : sales of public lands, $9,254,-
286; miscellaneous items, $26,005,815.
Total revenue, $371,403,278; excess of
revenue over ordinarv expenditures,
$103,471,098. Expenditures: Miscella-
neous items, $85,264,826; War Depart-
ment, $38,561,026; Navy Department,
$15,141,127; Indians, $6,194,523; pen-
sions, $75,029,102 ; interest on the public
debt, $47,741,577. Total ordinary expen-
ditures, $267,932,180. Public debt, $1,664,-
461,536 [on Dec. 1st]. Exports, $716,183,-
211 ; imports, $692,319,768.
Nov. 19. D. C. British members of
the Joint Commission respecting fish-
eries are received at Washington, —
Joseph Chamberlain, Sir Lionel S. West,
and Sir Charles Tupper.
Nov. 21. D. C. The Fisheries Joint
Commission holds its first meeting at
Washington.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1887 Jan. 7. Cal. Thomas Stevens
arrives in San Francisco from a tour
around the world on a bicycle ; dis-
tance, 11,700 miles ; time, less than three
years.
Feb. 5. Ft. A derailed train takes
fire near White River Junction ; 30 lives
are lost, and 37 persons injured.
Mar. 1. Ala. The steamer W. H. Gard-
ner takes fire on the Tombigbee River ;
21 lives are lost.
Mar. 14. Mass. A train on the Boston and
Providence Railroad breaks through
a bridge near Boston ; 32 persons are
killed.
June 27. Harvard defeats Columbia in
a boat-race ; time, 20.24.
June 30. Columbia Freshmen defeat
Harvard ; time, 11.13J.
July 5. Mass. The sixth intercollegiate
boat-race for fours is pulled on Lake
Quinsigamond, 1 J miles straight. Time,
9.28J ; the Cornells beat the Bowdoins
by two feet.
July 10. N. Y. The yacht Mystery cap-
sizes in Jamaica Bay ; 25 lives are lost.
July 27. III. Trains collide near Hope-
dale ; nine persons are killed, and 15
injured.
Aug. 10. The Inman Line steamer City
of Montreal, from New York to Liver-
pool, loaded with cotton, burns at sea,
400 miles off Newfoundland.
III. An excursion train falls through
a burning bridge near Chatsworth : 75
persons are killed, and 279 injured.
Aug. * Ga. An Interstate Farmers'
Convention meets at Atlanta.
Sept. 15-17. Phila. The Centennial
of the signing of the Federal Constitu-
tion is celebrated.
Sept. 27-29. New York. The schooner
Volunteer defeats the cutter Thistle
(Royal Clyde Yacht Club) in a race for
the America cup.
Sept. 30. N. Y. The new Capitol at
Albany has cost $17,914,875.
Oct. 10. lnd. Trains collide near
Kouts, killing 10 persons.
Nov. 19. The steamer La Bourgogne runs
from New York to Havre in seven days,
eight hours, and 29 minutes.
Nov. 20. Conn. P. T. Barnum's great
menagerie at Bridgeport is burned,
and many animals perish; loss, about
$700,000.
Nov. 26. Cal. The horses Arab and
Conde trot one mile (double) in 2.18J at
San Francisco.
328 1887, Nov. 30-1888, Apr. 7. AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1888 Jan. 31. D. C. Com. Winfield S.
Schley is promoted captain U. S. N.
Mar. * O. The Regular Army and
Navy Union is organized at Cincinnati.
Apr. 6. John It. Brooke is commissioned
brigadier-general. [July 6. Thomas L.
Casey.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1887 Nov. * D. C. S. P. Langley, of
the Smithsonian Institution, makes
public the result of his experiments
relative to the moon's temperature.
Nov. * A graphophone, invented by
Alexander Graham Bell, is announced.
Nov. * D. C. The gramophone, in-
vented by Emilie Berliner of Washing-
ton, is announced.
* * Cal. The Legislature makes an ap-
propriation of §5,000 for the erection of
a monument to the memory of James
"W. Marshall, the first discoverer of
gold.
* * la. An observatory is erected for
the Iowa College.
* * Ind. The Legislature makes an ap-
propriation for the erection of a sol-
diers' and sailors' monument in Clyde
Park, Indianapolis ; cost, $200,000.
* * New York. J. Francis Murphy of this
city is elected a member of the National
Academy of Design.
* * N. Y. The observatory of the Uni-
versity of Syracuse is erected.
* * Pa. The Bucknell University Obser-
vatory is founded at Lewisburg.
* * Paper bottles first appear.
* * The statue of Abraham Lincoln is
executed by A. St. Gaudens for Lincoln
Park, Chicago.
1888 Jan. 11-13. U. S. A terrific
snow-storm prevails in the Northwest ;
more than 200 people perish.
Feb. 19. III. A cyclone visits Mount
Vernon ; 36 lives are lost, and 125 per-
sons injured ; the town is nearly de-
stroyed.
Mar. 11-13. A blizzard of extraordi-
nary severity prevails along the North
Atlantic Coast ; high wind, severe cold,
and much snow combine to interrupt
communication between New York,
Philadelphia, and Boston. Many wrecks
are made, and about 400 lives are lost ;
food is at famine prices in the cities for
a few days.
Apr. 5. Wis. The Layton Art Gal-
lery at Milwaukee is opened.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1887.
Dec. 18. Walter, Thos. Ustic, architect, A83.
Dec. 22. Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer,
author, explorer, geologist, A58.
Dec. 24. Manning, Daniel, secretary of
treasury, A56.
1888.
Jan. 30. Gray, Asa, botanist, author, pro-
fessor at Harvard, A78.
Feb. 5. Tyron, George Washington, con-
chologist, A 50.
Feb. 15. Locke, David Ross, humorous
writer (Petroleum Vesuvius Nasby), A55.
Star. 4. Alcott, Amos Bronson, transcen-
dental philosopher, A89.
Mar. 6. Alcott, Louisa Hay, author, A55.
Mar. 8. Strother, David Hunter, artist,
illustrator (Porte-Crayon), A72.
Mar. 12. Bergh, Henry, founder Society
for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, A65.
Mar. 23. Waite, Morrison Remick, chief
justice U. S., A72.
Mar. 27. Darley, Felix Octavius C, artist,
illustrator, A66.
CHURCH.
1887 Nov. 30. Kan. Kichard Scannell
is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop
of Concordia.
Neb. Thomas Bonacum is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Lin-
coln.
Dec. * New York. The Unitarian Club is
organized.
* * Alas. W. Duncan establishes a vil-
lage of 70 Christian Indians — all of
them removals from British America.
* * Colo. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of Colorado is organized.
* * Ind. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Indianapolis ;
C. L. Loos, president.
* * The Roman Catholic Dioceses of Belle-
ville, 111., Wichita and Concordia, Kan.,
are established.
* * Minn. The Baptist Annual Meet-
ing is held in Minneapolis.
* * Mich. The Western Michigan Con-
gregational Club is formed at Grand
Rapids.
* * Neb. The 33d General Synod
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Omaha.
* * Neb. The 101st General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets at Omaha ; J. T.
Smith, moderator.
* * N. Y. P. A. Ludden is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Syracuse.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Philadelphia;
M. M. Gibson, moderator.
* * The Presbyterian General Assem-
blies, North and South, appoint com-
mittees to consider reunion.
1888 Jan. 6. Tex. James S. Johnson
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
missionary bishop of Western Texas.
Jan. 25. Nev. — Utah. Abiel Leonard is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis-
sionary bishop of Nevada and Utah.
Mar. 11. Pa. Thomas McGovern is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Harrisburg.
Mar. 22. The Cincinnati Church Exten-
sion Society is organized.
LETTERS.
1887 * * Ala. The Normal School is
opened by the State at Troy.
* * Ala. The Age-Herald is issued at Bir-
mingham.
* *Cal. Los Angeles University (Bapt.)
is founded. A State tax is levied for the
University of California of one cent
on each $100 worth of property.
* * D. C. The Catholic University of
America is organized at Washington.
* * Ky. Union College (Meth. Epis.) is
founded at Barbourville.
* * Mo. Missouri Wesleyan Institute
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Cameron.
* * N. C. The State opens the colored
Normal School at Goldsborough.
* * N. Dak. Fargo College is opened.
* * New York. The Evening World is
founded by Joseph Pulitzer ; the Press
by Robert P. Porter. Scribner's Maga-
zine is founded.
* * N. Y. Pratt Institute (non-sect.) is
organized at Brooklyn.
* * O. Shepardson College (Fern. Bapt.)
is founded at Granville.
* * Ore. Mount Angel College (Rom.
Cath.) is organized at Mount Angel.
* * B. I. The Legislature passes a com-
pulsory school law.
* * S. Dak. Black Hills College (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Hot Springs. State
School of Mines at Rapid City opened.
* * Wis. The Normal School at Oshkosh
is opened by the State.
* * U. S. Number of American and im-
ported books published in 1887, 4,437, be-
sides minor cheap libraries.
* * American Literature, by Edwin Percy
Whipple, appears ; also, Recollections of
Eminent Men.
* * American Literature, by C. F. Rich-
ardson, appears.
* * The Broader Range and Outlook of
the Modern College Training, by Richard
Salter Storrs, appears.
* * The Fortunes of War, by Flora Haines
Longhead, appears.
* * A Humble Romance and Other Stories,
by Mary E. Wilkins, appears.
* * The Gates Between, by Elizabeth Stu-
art Phelps, appears.
* * Madrigals and Catches, by Frank
Dempster Sherman, appears.
* * Manual of North American Birds, by
Robert Ridgway, appears.
* * The Empire State, by Benson J. Loss-
ing, appears.
+ * * History of the Inquisition of the Mid-
dle Ages, by Henry Charles Lea, appears.
* * The Hundredth Man, by Fpank Richard
Stockton, appears.
* * Modern Italian Poets, by William Dean
Howells, appears.
* * The Graysons, by Edward Eggleston,
appears.
* * Saracinesca, by Francis Marion Craw-
ford, appears ; also, Marzio's Crucifix,
and Paul Patoff.
* * The House at High Bridge, by Edgar
Fawcett, appears.
* * Old Virginia and Other Stories, by
Thomas Nelson Page, appears.
* * One Hundred Days in Europe, by
Oliver Wendell Holmes, appears.
* * Character Sketches, by James Whit-
comb Riley, appears ; also, Afterwhiles.
* * Ballads About Authors, by Harriet
Prescott Spofford, appears.
* * Thomas Hart Benton, by Theodore
Roosevelt, appears.
* * The Great Cryptogram, by Ignatius
Donnelly, appears.
UNITED STATES. 1887, Nov. 30-1888, Apr. 7. 329
* * Recollections of a Minister to France,
by Elisha B. Washburne, appears.
* * Patrick Henry, by Moses Coit Tyler,
appears.
* * In Realms of Gold, by James Benj.
Kenyon, appears.
* * Seth's Brother's Wife, by Harold Fred-
eric, appears.
* * The White Sail and Other Poems, by
Louise Imogen Guiney, appears.
SOCIETY.
1887 Nov.* Tenn. The Woman's
Christian Temperance Union meets
in National Convention at Nashville;
Frances Willard, president.
Nov. * Minn. The State opens a Sol-
diers' Home at Minnehaha Falls.
Dec. 10. Mich. Ten counties vote on
local option, and all are carried for
prohibition.
Dec. 12. D. C. Senator Blair introduces
a resolution in the Senate proposing
Federal prohibition of the liquor-
traffic.
Dec. 17. The Republican League of
the United States is organized at Chick-
ering Hall, N. Y.
Dec. 24 +. Pa. About 30,000 em-
ployees of the Reading Railroad
unsuccessfully strike for increased
■wages ; they hold out two months, at a
wage-loss of $3,620,000.
Dec* Pa. The Knights of Labor
order colliers and railroad employees to
strike; 50,000 men go out on Dec. 28;
the strike of the railroad employees
ends.
* * Cat. The Asylum for the Chronic
Insane is completed in Santa Clara
County.
* * Dak. The Territorial Legislature
passes a Local Option Law in the
licensing of the liquor-traffic. Michigan
and Montana pass similar laws.
* * 6a. The prohibitionists are defeated
at the Local Option election in Fulton
County.
* * Ind. The Legislature establishes a
School for Feeble-Minded Youth at
Fort Wayne.
* * Kan. The Legislature passes a law
to suppress the sale of liquor as a
beverage at drug-stores.
* * Mass. The Legislature passes a law
prohibiting the begging or peddling
in the streets by children.
* * Mich. The Constitutional Prohibi-
tory Amendment is defeated by 5,645
majority. The Citizens' Union is orga-
nized for prohibition on a non-partisan
basis.
* * Minn. The Legislature provides for
High License where prohibition is not
adopted.
* * N. J. Labor Day, the first Monday
in September, is established as a legal
holiday. The Legislature enacts a bill
giving women a right to vote at school
meetings.
* * Mo. Prohibition is adopted in 50 out
of 78 counties holding elections.
* * New York. Forty-seven women vote
at the election and are not punished.
* * Ore. The Portland Methodist Hos-
pital is founded. The Constitutional
Prohibitory Amendment is defeated
by 7,985 majority. Labor Day, the first
Saturday in June, is made a legal holi-
day.
* * S. C. The Legislature enacts a pen-
sion system for Confederate soldiers,
who receive $5 a month if disabled, and
widows of those killed in the war receive
the same.
* * Pennsylvania enacts the Brooks
Law, a high-license and restrictive
measure.
* * The New England Order of Pro-
tection is founded.
* * Tex. The Legislature votes to sub-
mit a Constitutional Prohibitory
Amendment (80-21 and 22-8). [Later it
is defeated by 91,357 majority.]
* * W. Va. A Democratic House votes
to submit the Constitutional Prohibi-
tory Amendment (55-10).
* * U. S. The General Conference of the
Wesleyan Methodists resolves for
prohibition.
It declares, "That law must be an
adjunct of moral means, in order to
suppress the traffic side of this evil.
The appetite may be reached through
the church and home ; but the public
traffic must be struck through the law,
and back of the law should be a political
organization in sympathy with it, and
pledged to its enforcement, in order to
its efficiency."
* * The Presbyterian General Assembly
proposes to raise a permanent fund of
$1,000,000 for disabled ministers
and their families.
1888 Feb. 26- Apr. 11. 111. A great
strike takes place on the Chicago, Bur-
lington, and Quincy Railroad.
Mar. 25. D. C. The International Coun-
cil of "Women, for the promotion of the
welfare of women, meets at Washington.
STATE.
1887 Nov. * Dak. The people vote to
divide the Territory into North and
South Dakota.
Dec. 5. D. C. The 50th Congress opens.
D.C. The U.S. Supreme Court decides
against the compensation claims of
brewers whose property is impaired in
value by prohibitory laws ; the court
votes 7 to 1 in favor of the decision.
Dec. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John
J. Ingalls (Rep.) of Kan. is reelected
President pro tempore. House : John G.
Carlisle (Dem.) of Ky. is reelected
Speaker.
* * Me. Capital punishment is again
abolished. Labor Day is established.
* * New York. Abram S. Hewitt is elected
the 85th mayor.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
* * Cal. Wash. Bartlett (deceased).
-91 * * Cal. Henry H. Markman.
-88 * * Colo. Alva Adams.
-89 * * Conn. Phineas C. Lounsbury.
-91 * * Del. Benjamin T. Biggs.
-93 * * Kan. Lyman U. Humphreys.
-91 * * Ky. Simon B. Buckner.
-88 * * Me. Sebastian S. Marble.
-90 * * Mass. Oliver Ames.
-91 * * Mich. Cyrus G. Luce.
Mo. A. G. Morehouse (acting).
-90 * * Nev. Christopher C. Stevenson.
-89 * * N. H. Charles H. Sawyer.
-90 * * N.J. Robert S. Green.
-95 * * Ore. Sylvester Pennoyer.
-91 * * Penn. James A. Beaver.
-88 * * R.I. John W. Davis.
-91 * * Tenn. Robert L. Taylor.
-91 * * Tex. Lawrence S. Ross.
1888 Jan. * R. I. The Legislature re-
moves the property qualifications of
voters.
Jan. 19. Wyo. Woman Suffrage is es-
tablished by law.
Feb. 15. D.C. The treaty respecting
American Fisheries is signed at Wash-
ington by the Joint High Commission.
Mar. 14. D. C. A treaty is made with
China prohibiting the immigration of
Chinese laborers for 20 years.
Apr. 2. D. C. Congress : House ; Roger
Q. Mills of Texas introduces the Mills
Tariff Bill.
i
MISCELLANEOUS.
1887 Dec. 31. Ky. Trains collide and
take fire near Greenwood ; six persons
are killed and 21 injured.
U. S. Statistics for 1887.
Production : Gold, $33,000,000 ; silver,
$53,357,000; bushels of grain: Indian
corn, 1,456,161,000; wheat, 456,329,000;
oats, 659,618,000 ; barley, 56,812,000; rye,
20,691,000; buckwheat, 10,844,000; bales
of cotton, 6,513,624 ; pounds of wool,
285,000,000; barrels of petroleum, 28,278,-
866. Immigrants received (fiscal year),
490,109. Currency in circulation, $317,-
539,143; per capita, $22.45. Milesof rail-
roads worked, 137,028; capital stock,
$4,191,562,029 ; total accidents, 1,491 ; per-
sons killed, 656; injured, 1,946. Fire-
waste, $120,283,055 ; insurance, $69,659,-
508 ; lives lost, 622. Business failures,
9,740; liabilities, $130,605,000.
* * Mass. The State sells its interest in
the Hoosac Tunnel and the Troy and
Greenfield Railroad to the Fitchburg
Railroad Company.
* * The Coronet defeats the Dauntless in
a yacht race across the Atlantic;
distance, 2,949 miles ; time, 14 days, 23
hours, and 30 minutes.
1888 Jan. 4. Ire. The ship Alfred D.
Snow is wrecked off Waterf ord ; 28 lives
are lost.
Jan. 10. Mass. A train is wrecked by
a broken wheel near Haverhill ; nine
persons are killed and 13 injured.
Feb. 22. Cal. The ferry boat Julia ex-
plodes her boiler at South Vallejo ; 36
persons are killed.
Mar. 17. Ga. A derailed train breaks
through a bridge near Blackshear; 27
persons are killed and 35 wounded.
Mar. 27. Kan. The town of Ninnescah
is destroyed by a gale.
Apr. 7. O. The Centennial celebration
of the founding of Marietta is cele-
brated.
330 1888, Apr. 7 -Dec. 24.
AMERICA:
ARMY— NAVY.
1888 Apr. 7. Cyrus B.Comstock is com-
missioned colonel — corps of engineers.
[Apr. 24. Edwin C. Mason — 3d infantry.
Apr. 25. Henry "W. Closson— 4th artil-
lery. July 23. Orlando M. Poe — corps of
engineers. Aug. 5. Nathan W. Osborne
— 5th infantry. Aug. 31. Robert P.
Hughes. Oct. 19. Henry C. Hodges —
quartermaster department.]
June 1. B.C. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan
receives the rank of General of U. S. A.
by Act of Congress.
July * Kan. State troops are sent to
Stevens County to preserve the peace,
the sheriff having been murdered in the
county-seat contest.
Aug. 14. Brig.-Gen. John M. Schofield
is appointed 18th commander U. S. A.
Nov. * Ky. State troops are stationed
in Perry County to protect the Circuit
Court from partizans in the «« French-
Eversole" feud.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1888 June * Cal. The Lick Observa-
tory of the University of California is
equipped, having a telescope with an
aperture of 36 inches and a focal length
of 56 feet 6 inches ; it is transferred to
the regents of the University of Cali-
fornia by the trustees.
Aug. 7. N. Y. A new comet is observed
by W. R. Brooks of Geneva.
Oct. 31. Tenn. A new comet is ob-
served by E. E. Barnard of Nashville.
Nov. 25. A storm strikes the Atlantic
Coast region ; it causes 45 deaths and
wrecks 50 vessels.
Nov. * Edison's improved phonograph
is exhibited.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1888.
Apr. 7. Gillmore, Quincy Adams, maj.-
gen. U. S. A., A63.
Apr. 8. Walling, Henry Francis, cartog-
rapher, A63.
Apr. 17. Squier, Ephraim George, archeol-
ogist, A67.
Apr. 18. Agnew, Cornelius Rea, phy-
sician, surgeon professor, A58.
Conkling, Roscoe. lawyer, M. C, sen-
ator for N. Y., A59.
Apr. 26. Lozier, Clemence Sophia, phy-
sician, A76.
May 2. Brown, John H. H., P. E. bishop
of Fond-du-Lac, A57.
May 3. Tarbox, Increase Niles, Cong,
clergyman, author, A73.
May 6. Northen, Amos Henry, geologist,
A75.
June 28. Jarves, James Jackson, art critic,
A70.
Hazard, Rowland Gibson, manufac-
turer, author, A87.
July 19. Roe, Edward Payson, Pres. cler-
gyman, novelist, A50.
Aug. 5. Sheridan, Philip Henry, gen.-
in-chief U. S. A., A57.
Aug. 21. Harris, Samuel S., P. E. bishop
of Mich., A46.
Sept. 6. Wallack, John Johnstone (Lester
Wallack), actor, dramatist, A68.
Sept. 12. Proctor, Richard Anthony, as-
tronomer, lecturer, A54.
Sept. 21. Warren, William, comedian,
A76.
Oct. 16. Wentworth, John, M. C. for 111.,
journalist, A73.
Oct. 19. Welles, Edward R., P. E. bishop
of Wis., A58.
Wight, Orlando Williams, author, trans-
lator, A64.
Dec. lO. LeRoy, Edgar, rear-adm. TJ. S. A.,
A70.
Dec. 22. Hecker, Isaac Thomas, founder
of Paulists, A69.
CHURCH.
1888 Apr. 25. III. John Janssen is con-
secrated first (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Belleville.
May 1. 111. James Ryan is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Alton.
May 1 + . New York. The General Con-
ference (Methodist Episcopal) is held.
The limit of the pastoral term is ex-
tended to five years. Bishops elected :
John H. Vincent, Isaac W. Joyce, Daniel
A. Goodsell, John P. Newman, James N.
Fitzgerald ; James M. Thorburn, mis-
sionary bishop for India.
May. 4. Minn. The Roman Catholic
Diocese of St. Paul is created an arch-
diocese.
May 13. New York. Chinese mission-
work is begun by the Methodist Epis-
copal Church.
May 15. Minn. John Ireland, (Roman
Catholic) bishop of St. Paul, is pro-
moted archbishop of the Province of
St. Paul.
May 18. Mich. The Methodist Prot-
estant General Conference meets at
Adrian.
May 19. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
May 24. Phila. The first century of
the General Assembly is celebrated
by the two Assemblies (Northern and
Southern).
May * Bishop Taylor's Self-support-
ing Missions have received about 100
missionaries in three years.
July 1. Leo Haid is consecrated (Roman
Catholic) titular bishop of Messene
[later, bishop of North Carolina].
July * The Christian Endeavor Societies
report 4,879 organizations in America.
Sept. * The General Synod (Moravian)
meets.
Oct. 18. Del. Leighton Coleman is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of Delaware.
Oct. * D. C. Congress passes an act for
the suppression of lawlessness on the
part of the Mormon hierarchy.
Nov. 4. Mich. John S. Foley is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of De-
troit.
Nov. 30. Kan. John J. Hennessey is
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Wichita.
Nov. * N. J. The Arabian Mission is
organized at the Theological Seminary
(Reformed Dutch) in New Brunswick.
Dec. 12. The American Sabbath
Union is organized, to preserve the
Christian Sabbath as a day of rest and
worship.
LETTERS.
1888 May 10. D. C. Congress passes
the International Copyright Bill.
May 24. D. C. The corner-stone of the
Catholic University of America is
laid at Washington in the presence of
the President and his cabinet.
Aug. 29. Minn. The Normal School
is opened by the State at Moorhead.
Oct. * Ga. The Technological School
is opened at Atlanta as a branch of the
State University.
SOCIETY.
1888 May 18. Mo. David Walker and
three other leaders of Bald Knob ter-
rorists are sentenced to be hanged.
May * The General Conference of the
African Methodist Episcopal Zion
Church (300,000 members) resolves in
favor of temperance.
" This General Conference reaffirms
its stand against intemperance and the
use of intoxicating liquors in any form
as a beverage ; we favor every means that
can be brctught to bear for the destruc-
tion of the traffic in all intoxicating
drinks as a beverage in State and na-
tion. We also heartily recommend that
unfermented wine be used in the sacra-
mental service as far as possible."
May* The General Conference of the
African Methodist Episcopal Church
(400,000 members) resolves in favor of
temperance.
" That we indorse the great Prohibi-
tion movement in this country, . . . and
will use all honorable means to suppress
the evils growing out of intemperance.
. . . That it shall be a crime for any
minister or member of the A. M. E.
Church to fight against temperance, and
if convicted of this crime he shall lose
his place in the Conference and Church."
May * The Bishops' address to the Gen-
eral Conference of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church declares against licensing
the liquor-traffic.
" The liquor-traffic is so pernicious . . .
that the only proper attitude toward it
for Christians is that of relentless hos-
tility. It can never be legalized without
sin. License, high or low, is vicious in
principle and powerless as a remedy."
June 1. Pa. The Brooks Law goes into
effect ; license fee, $500.
June 25. The National Republican Con-
vention resolves for temperance.
" The first concern of all good govern-
ment is the virtue and sobriety of the
people and the purity of the home : the
Republican party cordially sympathizes
with all wise and well-directed efforts
for the promotion of temperance and
morality."
June 30. Since 1840 the average annual
consumption of all kinds of liquors for
each individual has increased from 4.17
gallons to 14.30 gallons ; the average an-
nual per capita consumption of malt
liquors advances from 1.36 gallon to
12.48 gallons. The per capita consump-
tion of wine has nearly doubled. (Cyc.
of Prohibition.)
July * Neb. A Home for Soldiers and
Sailors is opened at Grand Island.
July * N. Y. Contract labor is pro-
hibited in the State prisons.
Aug. 10. Mo. Maxwell, an Englishman,
is executed in St. Louis for the murder
of Mr. Preller.
Sept. 10. O. The Grand Army of the
Republic meets in its 22d National En-
campment at Columbus ; William War-
ner of Mo., commander-in-chief.
UNITED STATES.
1888, April 7 - Dec. 24. 331
Sept.* The "Woman's Republican
League," headed hy J. Ellen Foster, is
organized.
* * Kan. Oskaloosa chooses a woman for
mayor and five women for the city coun-
cil, thus placing the entire control of the
municipal administration in the hands
of women.
Sept. * The General Synod of the Mora-
vian Church favors temperance.
Resolved : " that this Synod is opposed
to all traffic in intoxicating drinks, and
the use as a beverage of hard cider,
beer, ale, whisky, wine, brandy, gin,
rum, patent bitters, etc."
Oct. 23. Minn. The General Conference
of Seventh-day Adventists in conven-
tion at Minneapolis declares : —
" We pledge ourselves to labor earn-
estly and zealously for the prohibition
of the liquor-traffic."
Nov. 14. Mo. Friends of the condemned
Bald Knob outlaws, in revenge, seize
and hang five of the leading witnesses
against their condemned companions.
Dec. 17. New York. A training-school
for nurses is opened at Bellevue hos-
pital.
STATE.
1888 Apr. 13. D. C. Congress;
House : the deadlock on the Direct
Tax Bill is passed.
May 16. Eng. The American Fisheries
Treaty receives the royal assent.
May 17. D. C. James G. Blaine an-
nounces that he will not be a candidate
for the presidency.
May 21. D. C. Congress makes the
Department of Agriculture an exec-
utive department.
May 30+. Ind. The 5th Prohibition
National Convention meets at Indi-
anapolis, and nominates Gen. Clinton
B. Fisk of N. J. for President, and John
A. Brooks of Mo. for Vice-President.
June6+. Mo. The Democratic National
Convention meets at St. Louis, and re-
nominates Grover Cleveland of N. Y.
for President, and Allen G. Thurman
of O. for Vice-President.
June 25+. Chicago. The Republican
National Convention meets, and nom-
inates Benjamin Harrison of Ind. for
President, and Levi P. Morton of N. Y,
for Vice-President.
June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal
year. Revenue: Customs, $219,091,174 ;
internal revenue, $124,296,872; direct
tax, $1,566; sales of public lands, $11,-
202,017 ; miscellaneous items, $24,674,-
446. Total revenue, $379,266,065 ; excess
of revenue over ordinary expenditures,
$111,341,274. Expenditures: Premium
on loans, purchase of bonds, etc., $8,279,-
842 ; miscellaneous items, $72,952,261 ;
War Department, $38,522,436 ; Navy De-
partment, $16,926,438; Indians, $6,249,-
308 ; pensions, $80,288,509 ; interest on
the public debt, $44,715,077. Total ordi-
nary expenditures, $267,924,801. Princi-
pal of the public debt [Dec. 1], $1,680,-
917,706 ; Exports, $695,954,507 ; imports,
$723,957,114.
July 21. DC. Congress: The House
passes the Mills Tariff BiU. Vote, 162
-149. [The Senate delays action, and the
bill fails to become a law.]
Aug. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate
approves the treaty with China pro-
hibiting immigration for 20 years.
Aug. 21. B.C. Congress : The Senate
refuses to ratify the treaty respecting
the American Fisheries ; vote, 30-27.
Aug. 23. D. C. Congress receives a
message from the President respecting
the Fisheries Treaty, and announcing
a policy of retaliation against Canada.
Sept. 8. D. C. Congress : House passes
the Anti-Canada Retaliation Bill.
Oct. 20. D. C. The 50th Congress:
The first session of 321 days closes ; it is
the longest session in congressional
history.
Oct. 23. D. C. President Cleveland ap-
proves the Chinese Exclusion Bill.
Oct. 30. D. C. The Administration sug-
gests to the British government the
recall of the British minister, Lord
Sackville-West, because of his indis-
creet letter, published two weeks before
election, and recommending a corre-
spondent to vote the Democratic ticket
as favorable to British interests. [Presi-
dent Cleveland refuses longer to recog-
nize Lord West, and he retires.]
Nov. 6. U. S. 26th Presidential elec-
tion ; Republicans elected.
Popular vote: Grover Cleveland
(Dem.) of N. Y., 5,536,242 ; Benjamin
Harrison (Rep.) of Ind. , 5,440,708 ; Clin-
ton B. Fisk (Prohib.) of N. J., 246,876;
Alson J. Streeter (Union Labor) of 111.,
146,836; Robert H. Cowdry (United
Labor) of 111., 3,073 ; James L. Curtis
(Amer.) of N. Y., 1,591.
Popular Vote for President.
States.
CANDID/
TKS.
Harrison
Cleveland
Streeter
Fis/c
Ala. .
57,197
117,320
593
Ark. .
58,752
85,962
10,613
514
Cal. . .
124,816
117,729
5,761
Colo. .
50,774
37,567
i ,266
2,191
Conn. .
74,584
74,920
240
4,234
Del. .
12,973
16,414
400
Fla. .
26,659
39,561
403
Ga. . .
40,446
100,449
1,808
111. . .
370,475
348,371
7,134
21,703
Ind. .
263,361
261,013
2,694
9,881
la. . .
211,958
179,877
9,105
3,550
Kan. .
182,904
102,745
37,788
6,779
Ky. . .
155,134
183,800
5,225
La. . .
30,701
85,026
39
127
Me. . .
73,734
50,482
1,345
2,690
Md. . .
99,986
106,168
4,767
Mass. .
183,892
151,855
8,701
Mich. .
236,387
213,469
4,555
20,945
Minn. .
142,492
104,385
1,097
15,311
Miss. .
30,096
85,471
222
218
Mo. . .
236,253
261,954
18,589
4,540
Neb. .
108,425
80,552
4,226
9,429
Nev. .
7,238
5,326
41
N. H. .
45,728
43,456
42
1,593
N.J. .
144,360
151,508
7,933
N. Y. .
650,338
635,965
' 626
30,231
N. C. .
134,784
147,902
O. . .
416,054
396,455
3,496
2*4,356
Ore. .
33,291
26,522
363
1,677
Penn. .
523,585
444,327
3,877
20,708
R. I. .
21,969
17,530
1,251
S. C. .
13,740
65,825
Tenn. .
138,988
158,779
5,969
Tex. .
88,280
234,883
29,459
4,749
Vt. . .
45,192
16,788
1,459
Va. . .
150,438
151,977
1,678
W. Va.
78,171
78,677
1,508
1,084
Wis. .
176,553
155,232
8,552
14,277
Total
6,440,708
5,536,242
146,836
246,876
Per ct. .
47.83
48.63
1.27
2.16
Flur. .
95,534
Nov. * It. I. Republicans regain the as-
cendancy.
Nov. * R. I. An amendment to the Con-
stitution abolishes the property qualifi-
cation for electors.
Dec. 3. D.C. The 50th Congress ; The
second session opens.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1888 May 6. An accident occurs on
the Philadelphia and Reading Rail-
road ; eight persons are killed and 30
wounded.
May * The steamer Etruria runs from
Queenstown to New York in six days,
one hour, and 55 minutes.
June 28. Columbia Freshmen defeat
Harvard in a boat-race; time, 11.54.
June * Wash. A tunnel 16 by 18J feet,
and 9,850 long, piercing Cascade Range,
is completed ; it was begun Apr. *, 1886.
July 4. O. The Centennial Exhibi-
tion for the Ohio Valley and the Central
States opens at Cincinnati.
July 12. Pa. A derailed train breaks
through a bridge near Orange Court-
house ; nine persons are killed and 22
injured.
Aug. 21. N. C. The Interstate Far-
mers' Association meets at Raleigh.
Sept. * The steamer La Gascoigne runs
from Havre to New York in seven days
and 10 hours.
Oct. 10. Pa. A collision of excursion
trains occurs near Penn Haven, on the
Lehigh Valley Railroad ; 61 persons are
killed. [On Oct. 16 a second collision
occurs on the same road, in which 14
persons are killed.]
Nov. 4. Kan. ■ Delegates to the Na-
tional Farmers' Congress and Far-
mers' Trust Association meet in conven-
tion at Topeka.
Nov. 12. The steamer Umbria runs from
New York to Queenstown in six days,
three hours, and four minutes.
Nov. 17+. Fla. Yellow fever prevails
at Jacksonville ; 4,583 cases and 396
deaths are reported.
Nov. 23. Ind. A fire at Fort Wayne
destroys property valued at $300,000.
Dec. 12. Ala. The Southern Interstate
Immigration Convention meets at
Montgomery. Nearly 600 delegates from
the Southern States are present.
Dec. 15. O. Three acres of property are
destroyed by fire in Cincinnati.
Mass. Seven acres of buildings are
burned in Marblehead ; loss, $1,300,000.
Dec. 23. Me. The brigantine Snow Bird
of Brunswick is wrecked; two of the
crew are drowned.
Dec. 24. The steamer Kate Adams burns
on the Mississippi near Commerce Land-
ing ; 33 lives are lost.
La. The steamer John IT. Hannah,
laden with cotton, burns near Plaque-
mine on the same river ; 22 lives are lost,
and many persons badly burned.
332 1888, Dec. 25-1889, Jan. 11. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1888 * * D.C. Congress authorizes the
organization of the Navy Reserves for
«oast and harbor defense.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1888 Dec. 26. New York. Fifty thou-
sand dollars are granted by the Board
of Estimate to the Museums of Art
and Natural History on condition that
they be open and free to visitors on two
nights of the week.
* * Cat. A monument is erected to
Francis S. Key in Golden Gate Park ;
the cost ($60,000) is provided for by the
legacy of James Lick.
* * Md. The linotype, for casting type
by machinery, operated by a keyboard,
is perfected by the inventor, Ottmar
Mergenthalerof Baltimore — speed from
3,000 to 6,000 ems per hour.
* * New York. A bronze statue of Gari-
baldi is unveiled at Washington Square.
* * New York. Thomas W. Dewing, Wal-
ter Shirlaw, and Edwin H. Blashfleld
of New York are elected members of
the National Academy of Design.
* *N. Y. The Smith Observatory at
Geneva is erected.
* * U. S. Paper-pulp is first bleached
by electricity as a process of manu-
facture.
1889 Jan. 1. Pacific Slope. The great
solar eclipse is visible.
Jan. 3. N. Y. Natural gas is struck in
Steuben County. [Also Jan. 20. In
Central Ohio. Oct. 16. In South Dakota.
Nov. 13. Near Chicago.]
Jan. 7. Dak. a valuable deposit of
coal is discovered at Centerville.
Jan. 9. Ind. Shocks of earthquake
are felt in this section.
[Also Feb. 26. A slight shock of earth-
quake is felt at Marion, Ind. Mar. 8.
Another in eastern Pennsylvania, Dela-
ware, and Maryland. May 18. At An-
napolis, Md. June 5. At Nashville,
Tenn. June 7. At New Bedford, Mass.
July 7. At Farmiugton, Me. July 14.
At Covington, Tenn. July 31. In Cali-
fornia. Aug. 10. In the Adirondacks,
N.Y. Aug. 26. In North Carolina. Aug.
28. In Los Angeles, Cal. Sept. 10. At
Wilkesbarre, Ashley, Kingston, and
Pittston, Pa.]
Pa. Tornadoes cause the loss of
many lives and much property in Pitts-
burg, and Beading, also at Sunbury,
where 18 men are buried in the ruins of
the nail-mills ; Buffalo and Lockport,
N. Y., also other towns, suffer ; the upper
Suspension Bridge at Niagara Falls is
wrecked.
CHURCH.
1888 Dec. 28. New York. The Presby-
terian Union of this city gives a recep-
tion to the committees of the two Pres-
byterian General Assemblies.
Dec. 30. The Papal encyclical appears ;
it refers mainly to the materialistic and
atheistic tendencies of the times.
* * The Reformed Episcopal Synod of
Canada is organized.
* * D.C. The Baptist Annual Meeting
is held in Washington.
* * 7a. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Cedar fiapids ;
William T. Meloy, moderator.
* * III. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Springfield;
J. H. Garrison, president.
* * Mo. The English Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) of Missouri is organized.
* * N.J. The International Missionary
Union convenes at Bridgeton.
* * Ore. The Woman's Foreign Mission-
ary Society (Baptist) is organized.
* * Phila. The General Assembly
(Presbyterian) meets ; Charles L. Thom-
son, moderator.
The Board of Home Missions reports
38 .ministers, 25 native teachers, 68
churches, 2,863 church members, 115
teachers, 29 schools, 2,441 scholars.
* * The Brotherhood of Lay Readers (Prot-
estant Episcopal) is organized.
* * The Western Vermont, Brooklyn, and
Fox River Congregational Clubs are
organized.
1889 Jan. 2. D. C. The national Con-
vention of Colored Catholics opens
at Washington.
Jan. 8. New York. The Railroad Branch
of the Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation celebrates its 13th anniversary ;
Cornelius Vanderbilt, C. M. Depew, and
others speak.
The court decides against the Bo-
man Catholic authorities in refusing
burial to the remains of JohnMaguire,
who was identified with the Anti-Poverty
Society.
Jan. 9. New York. A new Joss-house
in Mott Street is consecrated by resident
Chinese.
Colo. The Charming Club of Den-
ver (Congregational) is organized.
Jan. 11. New York. The Church Stu-
dents' Missionary Association begins
its annual conference.
LETTERS.
1888 * * Cal. The Cogswell Polytechnic
College is opened at San Francisco.
* * Chicago. The Saturday Blade is issued.
* * D. C. The National Economist is is-
sued at Washington.
* * Md. The Woman's CoUege (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Baltimore.
* * Minn. The Medical Department of
the University of Minnesota, at Minne-
apolis, opens.
* * Nebraska "Wesleyan University
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Lincoln.
* * New York. Mail and Express is pur-
chased by Elliott F. Shepard.
* N. C. High Point Female College
(Bapt.) is founded.
* * O. The Union Gospel News is issued
at Cleveland.
* * U. S. Number of American and im-
ported books published in 1888, 4,631,
besides minor cheap libraries.
k * R. I. The State establishes an Agri-
cultural School.
k * U. S. Volapiik is reported success-
ful, and spreading in both Europe and
America.
k * American Weather, by Adolphus W.
Greely, appears.
* * Around the World on a Bicycle, by
Thomas Stevens, appears.
* * The Boyhood of Christ, by Lew Wal-
lace, appears; also Life of Benjamin
Harrison.
" * The Black Phalanx, by Joseph T. Wil-
son, appears.
i * A Calabrian Penelope, by Elizabeth
Cavazza, appears.
' * California, by Hubert Howe Bancroft,
appears ; also History of Mexico.
k * Colonial Times in Buzzard's Bay, by
William Root Bliss, appears.
k * The Critical Period of American His-
tory, by John Fiske, appears.
' * A Phyllis of the Sierras, by Francis
Bret Hart, appears.
k * Evolution in its Relations to Religious
Thought, by Joseph Le Conte, appears.
1 * France and the Confederate Navy, by
John Bigelow, appears.
* * The Genesis of the Civil War, by Sam-
uel Wylie Crawford, appears.
* * Gouvemeur Morris, by Theo. Roose-
velt, appears.
* * The Heart of the Creeds, by Arthur
Wentworth Eaton, appears.
* * History of the Christian Church, by
Philip Schaff (vol. vi.), appears.
k * A History of the Negro Troops, by
George W. Williams, appears.
k * John Ward, Preacher, by Margaret
Deland, appears.
* * A Library of American Literature, by
Edmund Clarence Stedman and Ellen
Mackay Hutchinson (vol. i.), appears.
' * Men and Measures of Half a Century,
by Hugh McCulloch, appears.
' * Women and Men, by Thomas Went-
worth Higginson, appears.
1 * Natural Resources of the United States,
by Jacob H. Patton, appears.
' * Negro Myths from the Georgia Coast,
by Charles C. Jones, Jr., appears.
' * The Old Northwest, by B. A. Hinsdale,
appears.
* Philosophy of Theism, by Bordon P.
Browne, appears.
* Political Essays, by James Bussell
LoweU, appears ; also Heart's Ease and
Rue.
* The Viking, by Elwyn Alfred Barron,
appears.
* The Writings of Franklin (10 vols.),
edited by John Bigelow, appears.
* Miss Lou, by Edward Payson Roe, ap-
pears.
* Bonaventure, by George W. Cable, ap-
pears. a
* Romance and Reverie, by Edgar Faw-
cett, appears.
* Free Joe, by Joel Chandler Harris,
appears.
UNITED STATES. 1888, Dec. 25-1889, Jan. 11. 333
* * The King of Folly Island, by Sarah
Orne Jewett, appears.
* * The Despot of Broomsedge Cove, by
Mary Noailks Murfree, appears.
* * A Brother of Dragons, by Amelie Rives
Chandler, appears ; also The Quick or
the Dead, and Virginia of Virginia.
* * Old Fashioned Roses, by James Whit-
comb Riley, appears.
* * With the Immortals, by Francis Marion
Crawford, appears.
* * Two Little Confederates, by Thomas
Nelson Page, appears.
1889 Jan. 2. Boston. The Interna-
tional Copyright Association holds
its annual meeting.
Jan. 4. Pa. George E. Keed is elected
to the presidency of Dickinson College.
SOCIETY.
1888 Dec. 25. O. White Caps cruelly
flog a prominent physician at Hopedale.
Del. A race riot occurs at Wilming-
ton ; one white man is shot in the foot,
and several colored men are cut and
beaten about the head ; seven arrests
are made.
Dec. 27. Dak. At Tripp six men are in-
jured in a riot over the ownership of a
goose. The parties are American and
Russian Mennonites.
Dec. 28. New York. The Excise Commis-
sion makes restrictions for the liquor-
traffic.
" The employment of a bartender un-
der 18 years of age forfeits license ;
women are forbidden to sell or induce
sales of liquor ; licenses are forbidden,
for premises within 200 feet of a ceme-
tery, college, academy, or reformatory.
Dec. 29. la. The Sioux City Law and
Order League commences proceedings
against the transportation companies
that have been nullifying the prohibi-
tory laws.
New York. The Excise Commission
decides that during forbidden hours the
interior of saloons must present an
unobstructed view from the street.
Dec. 30. Mo. Amos J. Stillwell, an old
and wealthy citizen of Hannibal, is mur-
dered by a burglar.
* * Ala. The Alabama Academy for the
blind is opened at Talladega.
* * Chicago. The "Wesley Methodist
Hospital is established.
* * D. C. Congress erects the Bureau of
Labor into a Department.
* * Ky. The Hatfield and McCoy feud
breaks out again ; the State troops are
called out to prevent the McCoys from
taking nine Hatfields from jail to mur-
der them.
* * Ky. The treasurer of the State for
many years, is announced as a defal-
cator to the amount of $229,000 and sus-
pended from office.
* * N.J. A home for the training of
feeble minds is opened near Vineland.
* * O. The Legislature passes the Sun-
day Liquor Law.
* * Phila. The George Nugent Home
is founded at Germantown.
* * Mass. The High-License and Lim-
itation Law is enacted.
* * Wyo. A school building for the deaf
and dumb is erected at Cheyenne.
* * W. Va. The Constitutional Prohibi-
tory Amendment is defeated by 34,887
majority.
* * The Northern Insane Asylum is
opened at Logansport, Ind.; also one in
Nebraska at Norfolk ; in Vermont at
Waterbury ; in Washington at Steila-
coom.
1889 Jan. 2. Ind. President Harri-
son addresses his old comrades of the
Grand Army, at Indianapolis.
O. Brakeman and yardmen of the
Lake Erie and Western road strike at
Lima.
Jan. 3. Minn. The coal-dock laborers
strike at Duluth. [Jan. 4. Riots
occur.]
Jan. 4. la. The officials and strikers of
the Burlington road finally come to an
agreement.
Jan. 7. 'Wash. Alfred Shafford is
lynched for a murder at Gilman.
Jan. 8. N. J. Hunterdon County votes
no license by 500 majority.
STATE.
1888 * * D. C. Congress makes the
Labor Bureau an independent part of
the Government. It authorizes the or-
ganization of the Naval Reserves by
the maritime States.
* * Mass. The Australian Ballot sys-
tem is adopted.
* * Melville W. Fuller of 111. is ap-
pointed Chief Justice of the U. S. Su-
preme Court, and Lucius Q,. C. Lamar
of Miss, an Associate Justice.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-90 * * Ala. Thomas Seay.
-92 * * La. Francis T. Nicholls.
-91 * * Minn. William R. Merriam.
-93 * * Neb. Algernon S. Paddock.
-91 * *N. Y. David B. Hill.
-89 * *R. I. Royal C. Taft.
-90 * * Vt. William P. Dillingham.
1889 Jan. 1. N. Y. Capital punish-
ment by an electrical current becomes
the legal mode.
New York. Hugh J. Grant becomes
the 86th mayor.
Jan. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the Tariff Bill; the House
attempts to amend its rules so as to
facilitate its business, but is defeated by
filibustering.
Jan. 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate
continues to discuss the Tariff Bill ; the
House passes a bill to incorporate the
Nicaragua Canal Company.
Jan. 5. Okla. Martial law is enforced
and order is restored ; the squatters de-
part.
Jan. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes a resolution reaffirming the Mon-
roe Doctrine, as applicable to the con-
struction of a canal across the Isth-
mus of Darien. Vote, 49-3.
Jan. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the Tariff Bill at considerable
length ; John Sherman of O. introduces
a bill providing for changes in the elec-
tion of Representatives; the House
recommits the resolution to change the
rules. Vote, 120-117.
Cal. George Osgoodby is disclosed as
the author of the "Murchison" letter,
whereby he entrapped Lord Sackville-
West into recommending a person to
vote the Democratic ticket as favorable
to British interests.
Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes an anti-free coal amendment to
the Tariff Bill.
Jan. 10. I7id. The Lieutenant-Governor
is prevented by hostile partizans from
entering the Senate chamber.
D. C. Congress : The Senate agrees
to strike off fish from the free list, and
make it dutiable at one-half cent- a
pound ; the House is prevented from
doing business, both in the afternoon
and evening, by dilatory motions.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1888 Dec. 26. III. Gen. John A. Lo-
gan's body is removed to its final rest-
ing-place in Soldiers' Home Cemetery.
Dec. 27. 5. C. The Great Seal of the
Confederate States is given to this State.
Dec. 29. W. I. The American schooner
Jennie Halt is illegally fined $2,000 by
the Spanish authorities at Porto Rico.
Dec. 30. li. I. The steamer Bristol, of
the Fall River Line, is burned at New-
port ; some of her passengers have a
narrow escape.
Dec. 31. Md. The theft of $1,200 from
the Sub-Treasury at Baltimore is discov-
ered.
U. S. Statistics for the year 1888.
Production : Gold, $33,175,000 ; silver,
$59,195,000; bushels of grain: Indian
corn, 1.987.790,000; wheat, 415,868,000;
oats, 701,735,000 ; barley, 63,884,593 ; rye,
28,412,011; buckwheat, 12,000,000; bales
of cotton, 7,017,707 ; pounds of wool, 269,-
000,000 ; barrels of petroleum, 27,608,025.
Currency in circulation (June 30), $1 ,372,-
170,870 ; per capita, $22.88. Immigrants
received (fiscal year), 546,889. Miles of
railroads built, 145,341 ; capital stock,
$4,438,411,342; total accidents, 1,935;
persons killed, 5,282; persons injured,
25,888. Fire-waste, $110,885,665; insur-
ance, $63,965,724 ; lives lost, 447. Busi-
ness failures, 10,587; liabilities, $120,-
242,402.
* * -92 * * Boston. The State House
is enlarged to double its original size.
* * Kan. A convention of delegates at
Abilene inaugurates an agitation for the
removal of the capital.
1889 Jan. 1. Mo. The Richardson
Drug Company's store at St. Louis is
burned ; loss, $200,000.
Jan. 10. U. S. An English syndicate
has purchased 30 breweries, and
seeks control of all others in the
country.
334 1889, Jan. 11 - Feb. 13
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Jan. 16. N. Y. The National
Guard Association meets at Albany.
Jan. 19. The Atlanta sails for Port-au-
Prince to reenforce the Galena.
Jan. 25. Loomis L. Langdon is commis-
sioned colonel — 1st artillery U. S. A.
[Feb. 12. Also Edward M. Heyl. Feb. 17.
Henry M. Lazelle — 18th infantry. Feb.
Adelbert R. Buffington — ordnance de-
partment. June 7. George D. Ruggles.]
Jan. 30. Joseph C. Breckinridge is com-
missioned brigadier-general U. S. A*
Feb. 9. Rear-Adm. Bancroft Ghe-
rardi is ordered to command the North
Atlantic squadron.
Feb. 12. D. C. Commander Silas Casey
is promoted captain U. S. N. [Mar. 2G.
William T. Samson and Bartlett J.
Cromwell. Mar. 31. John W. Philip.
Aug. 4. Henry F. Picking.] Com.
George E. Belknap is promoted rear-
admiral.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 Jan. 13. A mass of the Horse-
shoe Rock drops at Niagara Falls.
Jan. 15. A* 3". Prof. Brooks, at Smith
, Observatory, discovers a comet. [Also
Dec. 25. Another comet.]
Jan. 16±. New York. Henry G. Mar-
quand gives his collection of paintings
by the old masters to the Metropolitan
Museum of Art.
Jan. 17. New York. Mrs. Joseph
Drexel presents to the Museum of Art
the antiquities loaned to it by her hus-
band, and adds a collection of casts and
coins.
Jan. 18. Colo. Avalanches occur in
the southwestern part of the State.
Jan. 19. New York. A carload of min-
eral wax, called ozocerite, arrives from
Utah.
Jan. * Ida. A floating island 300 feet in
diameter is reported at Henry Lake.
Feb. 5. N. Mex. The remnant of a tribe
of cliff-dwellers is discovered in the
San Mateo Mountains. (See Nov. 23.)
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
Jan'. 11. Taylor, Alva B., manuf., A86.
Jan. 13. McGUl, Alexander T., Pres. cler-
gyman, professor at Princeton, A82.
Jan. 14. Phillips, George S., journalist,
A73.
Jan. 19. Mackenzie, Ronald Slidell, brev.
maj.-gen., A49.
Jan. 23. Dolaro, Selina, singer, writer, A 36.
Felton, Samuel Morse, civil engineer,
A79.
Jan. 26. Jones, Roger, brig.-gen., dies in
Va.
Jan. 27. Cazauran, Augustus R., author,
dramatist, A 69.
Jan. 31. Locke, John, poet, journalist, A41.
Feb. 1. Steins, Fredrick W., singer, A53.
Feb. 4. Fisk, Mary H., writer, author, dies.
Cunningham, Thomas, R. C. clergyman
of Elmira, dies.
Feb. 1 1. Dalton, John C, physiologist, A64.
Hunt, Henry Jackson, brev. maj.-
gen., U. S. A., A70.
CHURCH.
1889 Jan. 18. Ariz. John M. Ken-
drick is consecrated (Protestant Episco-
pal) bishop of Arizona and New Mexico.
Jan. 19. N. Y. A split occurs in the
American Salvation Army, one fac-
tion renouncing allegiance to Gen.
Booth.
Jan. * Phila. Two members of the
Kristhena Society sail on the Gallia
for India to seek the tomb of Buddha.
Jan. 20. New York. Archbishop Cor-
rigan's circular is read in all the
churches of his diocese.
It declares that every person attend-
ing the Anti-Poverty meetings is guilty
of a " reserved sin," — one that can be
condoned only by confession to the or-
dinary of the diocese ; the penitent must
hear a letter from the confessor explain-
ing the nature of the offense.
Jan. 23. Pa. A Catholic colonization
society is formed at Pittsburg ; its ob-
ject is to establish colonies in the South.
Jan. 25. O. Boyd Vincent is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of
Southern Ohio.
Jan. 27. N. Y. The 35th anniversary
of the Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation is celebrated in 14 Brooklyn
churches.
Feb. 3+. Kan. The Mennonites are
removing to Colorado.
LETTERS.
1889 Jan. 12. Cardinal Melchers is
directed by the Pope to prepare a report
on the complaint of Irish bishops in
America concerning education.
New York. The New York College
for the Training of Teachers [Teachers'
College] receives a provisional charter.
Jan. 18. Mass. At Haverhill a dis-
agreement exists between the School
Board and the French Catholic paro-
chial school ; legal steps are taken to
enforce the statute respecting public
schools.
Jan. 30. Boston. Oliver Wendell
Holmes presents his valuable medical
library to the Boston Medical Library
Association.
Jan. * Md. Jacob I. Tome, the million-
aire banker of Port Deposit, gives
$2,500,000 to a board of seven trus-
tees to found a training-school in that
town.
It is to be called " The Tome Male and
Female Seminary of Port Deposit ; "
the sum of $500,000 goes for buildings,
and $2,000,000 for maintenance.
SOCIETY.
1889 Jan. 22. Pa. The joint resolution
proposing an amendment to the State
Constitution prohibiting the sale or
manufacture of intoxicating liquors
passes the House. Vote, 132-58.
Jan. 24. Wis. A bill is introduced in
the Legislature making prize-fighting
a penal offense.
Jan. 25. Dak. The House defeats woman
suffrage in committee of the whole.
Vote, 17-28.
Jan. 26. N. Y. A strike for higher
wages and shorter hours occurs on the
Brooklyn street railroads ; the em-
ployees tie up the roads.
Jan. 29. Ark. John M. Clayton (Rep.),
who claims the election, is assassi-
nated while searching for proofs of his
election.
Jan. * Md. An asylum for children of
feeble minds is opened at Baltimore.
Feb. 4. New York. President Cleve-
land becomes a prospective partner in
a law firm.
Feb. 5. Mass. The House votes to sub-
mit the question of prohibition to the
people. Vote, 161-69.
Feb. 7. D. C. Congress : A select com-
mittee of the Senate reports in favor of
woman suffrage. [No further action
is taken.]
Feb. 8. Dak. The "Woman Suffrage
Bill is defeated in the Legislature.
Feb. 11. Nev. The people vote on 14
amendments to the Constitution, in-
cluding one extending to women the right
to hold school offices ; all are adopted
except the one authorizing lotteries.
STATE.
1889 Jan. 12. D. C. Congress: The
Senate continues the debate on the
Tariff; the House is paralyzed by a
deadlock, until J. B. Weaver 'of la.,
a greenback member, makes an agree-
ment with the Democrats ; then the
Pension, Military Academy, and
Consular Appropriation Bills are
W. Va. The State Supreme Court
quashes a motion intended to prevent
the Legislature declaring the vote, which
on the face of the returns elects Nathan
Goff for governor.
Jan. 14. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes a Bankruptcy Bill of 24 articles.
U. S. The electoral colleges of the
different States meet in their respective
capitals, cast their ballots for President
and Vice-President, and appoint mes-
sengers to convey the certificates of
these elections to Washington.
Jan. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the Tariff Bill and considers
the admission of South Dakota.
Jan. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate
debates the Tariff Bill, and receives
the correspondence in the Samoan af-
fair ; also that relating to the seizing of
the Haitian Republic ; the House con-
siders the Territorial Bills providing
for the erection of States.
Jan. 17. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the Tariff Bill, disposes of the
tin-plate paragraph, and reaches the
sugar schedule, and then passes the
Bankruptcy Bill ; the House considers
the Territorial Bills.
Jan. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the sugar-bounty section of the
Tariff BUI. Vote, 37-23. The House
adopts the Springer Omnibus Bill as
a substitute for the Senate bill, admit-
ting South Dakota. Vote,' 133-120.
Jan. 19. D. C. President-elect Harrison
offers the secretaryship of the interior
to Andrew Carnegie. [It is declined.]
UNITED STATES.
1889, Jan. 11 - Feb. 13. 335
Congress: The Senate debates the
Tariff Bill; the House in Committee
of the Whole passes the Fortifications
Appropriations Bill, and the Ford
Committee introduces a bill for the
stringent repression of immigration,
especially of the criminal class.
The Creek Indian delegates cede the
western part of their domain to Con-
gress for $2,280,857. [Ratified by the
Creeks on Jan. 31.]
Jan. 21. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes a substitute Tarriff Bill ; vote,
32-30.
Jan. 25. D. C. Congress : The Senate
asks for a conference with the House on
the Mills Tariff Bill, and discusses the
Trust Bill prohibiting combinations for
the purpose of destroying competition ;
the House adopts several amendments
to the Sundry Civil Bill.
Jan. 26. D. C. Congress: The House
only is in session ; it refers the Senate
Tariff Bill to the Ways and Means
Committee.
Jan. 28. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Senate Pension Bill.
Jan. 29. D. C. Congress; The Senate
decides to discuss Samoan affairs with
open doors, and adopts an amendment
to raise ministers to England, France,
Germany, and Russia to the rank of
ambassadors ; the House appropriates
$500,000 for a Library building.
Jan. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate
considers the Samoan question, and
discusses the British Extradition
Treaty ; the House debates the Okla-
homa Bill providing for its opening to
settlers.
Jan. 31. D. C. Congress : The Senate
adopts the Samoan amendments re-
ported by the Foreign Affairs Committee
and refuses to raise certain ministers to
the rank of ambassadors. Vote, 20-
25. The House discusses and amends
the Oklahoma Bill.
Jan.* Tenn. The Australian Ballot
System is adopted.
Feb. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate
appropriates $600,000 for the pro-
tection of American interests in Sa-
moa; it rejects the Anglo- American
Treaty. Vote, 38-15. The House passes
the Oklahoma Bill. Vote, 148-102.
The President informs Congress that
the State Department is advised that
German troops will be withdrawn from
Samoa, and the neutrality of the islands
preserved.
Feb. 2. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Naval Appropriation Bill
with an amendment devoting $100,000
for a coaling station at Pango-Pango,
Samoa.
Neb. The State Senate accepts the
amendments to the submission resolu-
tion made by the House ; it provides
that the people shall vote at the next
election whether prohibition or high
license shall be incorporated into the
Constitution.
Feb. 3. Eng. Sir Julian Pauncefote
is appointed to succeed Lord Sackville-
Wegt as British minister at Washington.
(See Jan. 8.)
Feb. 5. D. C. Congress: The House
discusses the report on the Nicaragua
BUI.
Feb. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate
debates the Legislative Appropriation
Bill ; the House agrees to the conference
report on the Nicaragua Canal Bill.
Vote, 177-60.
The bill provides for the incorporation
of a company to construct, equip, and
operate a ship canal, either entirely
through the territory of Nicaragua or
in part through the territory of Costa
Rica, and otherwise to have such powers
as have been conferred on the Nica-
ragua Association. The capital stock
of the company is to be $100,000,000,
with authority to increase it to $200,-
000,000.
Secretary Bayard informs the German
minister that Bismarck's proposal for
a conference, concerning Samoa, in
Berlin, has been accepted.
N. Y. The Senate passes the Naval
Militia Bill.
Feb. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate
continues the discussion of the Legis-
lative Bill ; a select committee report in
favor of an amendment to the Constitu-
tion which shall provide for woman
suffrage ; the House debates the Army
Appropriation Bill.
Feb. 8. D. C. Congress : The President
submits the proposal of Germany for a
resumption of the Samoan Confer-
ence. The Senate passes the Legisla-
tive Appropriation and the Pension
Appropriation Bills ; it discusses the
Union Pacific Railroad Funding
Bill ; the House passes the Army Bill,
after making several amendments.
Feb. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the bill to establish a United
States Court in the Indian Territory,
and the Fortifications Bill ; it consid-
ers the Union Pacific Refunding Bill ;
the House debates the Post-office Ap-
propriation Bill.
President Cleveland dismisses Judge
A. P. Edgerton from the Civil Service
Commission.
Feb. 10±. The Legislatures of 10 West-
ern States resolve to investigate the
beef trust.
Feb. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the British Extradition
Treaty; it passes the bill for the pro-
tection of the interests of the United
States in Panama.
The President signs the bill creating
the new Department of Agriculture,
and sends to the Senate the nomination
of the present Commissioner of Agri-
culture, Norman J. Coleman, as Secre-
tary of the Department.
Utah. The Gentiles defeat the
Mormons in the municipal election at
Ogden.
Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: The Presi-
dent transmits the correspondence with
England and other countries relative to
the Bering Sea Fisheries. The Senate
considers the election outrages in
Texas ; it passes the Naval Appropri-
ation Bill; The House discusses the
Smalls-Elliott contest for admission
from South Carolina.
Feb. 13. D. C. Congress : A joint ses-
sion is held, and the electoral vote is
counted; Benjamin Harrison is offi-
cially declared elected President, and
Levi P. Morton Vice-President of the
United States.
Vote : President : Grover Cleveland
(Dem.) of N. Y., 168 ; Benjamin Harri-
son (Rep.) of Ind., 233 ; Clinton B. Fisk
(Prohib.) of N. J., 0 ; Alson J. Streeter
(Union Labor) of 111., 0; R. H. Cowdry
(United Labor) of 111., 0 ; James L. Curtis
(American) of N. Y., 0. For Vice-Presi-
dent : Allen G. Thurman (Dem.) of O.,
168; Levi P. Morton (Kep.) of N. Y., 233;
John A. Brooks (Prohib.) of Mo., C. E.
Cunningham (Union Labor) of Ark., W.
H. T. Wakefield (United Labor) of Kan.,
and James B. Greer (American) of Tenn.,
each 0.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Jan. 13. New York. Many of the
Fifth Avenue stages are withdrawn
from Sunday use.
Jan. 14. O. A passenger train runs
into a freight train at Tallmadge, kill-
ing the engineers, firemen, and eight
passengers.
Jan. 15. Cal. The Santa Monica hotel
is burned.
Jan. 18. President Cleveland is named
as one of the arbitrators in a dispute
between Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Jan. 21. Mich. A car is thrown from
the track at Watersmeet ; the lieuten-
ant-governor and others are killed and
several wounded.
Jan. 22. N. Y. Senator Cantor intrp-
duces the $1,000,000 canal bill at
Albany ; it proposes the enlargement of
the Erie Canal.
Jan. 23. N. Y. The victorious yacht
Volunteer is purchased by the Seawan-
haka Yacht Club.
Jan. 24. The Union Palace Car Com-
pany sells out to the Pullman Car Com-
pany for less than $3,000,000.
Jan. 26. The loss of several vessels and
many lives at sea is reported.
The schooner Annie E. Hall and the
ship Sarah and Emma, each lose eight
lives; the schooner August Elower,
seven ; and the schooner Ella A., nine.
Dak. The railroad taxes are re-
pealed.
Jan. 29. Mich. The first convention
of furniture manufacturers meets at
Grand Rapids.
Jan. * Md. A train is thrown from the
track near Lincoln City, and 36 persons
are injured.
Feb. 1. Pa. A mine explosion at
Plymouth causes the death of six men.
Feb. 2. N. Y. Extensive business prop-
erty in Buffalo is burned, loss
$3,000,000; 1,000 persons are thrown
out of work.
Feb. 5. N. Y. Seven loggers and 24
teams break through the ice, and are
drowned in Pine Lake, Fulton County.
Feb. 6. U. S. A trust is formed of 19
of the largest firms making sewer pipes.
336 1889, Feb. 13 -Mar. 21.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Feb. 14. Rear-Adm. George E.
Belknap is sent to command the fleet
on the Asiatic station.
Mar. 15. Samoan Is. Three war-ves-
sels are wrecked, the Nipsic, seven lives
lost ; the Vandalia, 43 lives lost ; and
the Trenton ; all lost by the same storm.
D. C. The Secretary of War, by spe-
cial order, abolishes Sunday dress-
parades at military posts.
Mar. 17. Okla. The boomers are driven
out by the troops.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 Feb. 18. Ala. Many people are
killed or injured by a cyclone in Bibb
County.
Feb. 21. Jnd. Ter. Gold is discovered.
[Also Apr. 23. In Franklin Co., Va.
Aug. 1. At Arrowrock, Ark. Sept. 20.
At Irvington, N.J. Oct. 3. In Wyo-
ming.]
Feb. 23. N. F. At Saranac Lake the
mercury falls to 34° below zero.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1889.
Feb. 15. McTyeire, Meth. Epis. South, cler-
gyman, editor, bishop, A65.
Feb. 1 9. J ones, J ustin Ed w., publisher, A74.
Feb. 21. Flood, James C.,"bonanzaking,"
of Cal., A 63.
Wharton, Francis, solicitor of State
Department, author, A68.
Hickey, Patrick, editor, author, of
Brooklyn, A 43.
Mar. 5. Booth, Mary Louise, editor of
Harper's Bazar, A58.
Mar. 7. Bartlett, Sidney, lawyer, of Boston,
A90.
Williamson, Isaiah V., philanthropist, of
Phila., A86.
Mar. 8. Ericsson, John, engineer, designer
of Monitor, scientist, A86.
Mar. 9. Townshend, Richard W., 11. C. for
111., A 49.
Mar. 12. Davis, John Lee, rear-adm. V. S.
N., A64.
CHURCH.
1889 Feb. 14. It. The Pope and con-
sistory publicly confirm the new bishops
of Detroit, Natchez, and Wichita.
Feb. 17. Chicago. " BiUy " Sunday, a
well-known base-ball player, makes his
appearance as an evangelist.
New York. A circular letter from
Pope Leo is read in all the diocesan
churches.
It affirms that the rejection of Catho-
lic doctrine is fraught with evil, and that
Christian faith is the cure for all social
evils.
Feb. 21. New York. The Catholic pil-
grims to the Holy Land sail on the
Wieland.
There are over 500 priests and laymen
— the object being to raise money for
the maintenance of shrines and sacred
places in Palestine ; the pilgrimage is
to occupy 84 days.
Feb. 23. D. C. Pope Leo writes a
letter approving the statutes of the
new Catholic university at Washington,
and lauding the zeal and intelligence of
the Catholics of America.
Feb. 27. N. Y. The Federate Council
of the Protestant Episcopal Church of
New York forms a province out of the
five dioceses of the State.
Feb. * New York. The New York Pres-
bytery vote 93 to 43 for a revision of
their creed.
Feb. * Phila. A church for deaf-
mutes is consecrated. It is the only
congregation in the world entirely man-
aged by the deaf.
Mar. 14. O. Thomas Ewing Sherman,
son of Gen. Sherman, becomes a member
of the Society of Jesus. [July 7. He
receives final orders in the priesthood.]
Mar. 18. It. The American pilgrims
visit Rome, and receive the Pope's bless-
ing. (See Feb. 21.)
LETTERS.
1889 Feb. 13. The third annual con-
vention of the American Newspaper
Publishers' Association opens.
Feb. 14. Miss. Mayor R. W. Millsap
of Jackson subscribes $50,000 to build
and endow a college for the Methodist
Episcopal Church South.
Feb. 22. Me. A free public library,
, costing $100,000, is presented by
James P. Baxter to the city of Portland.
Feb. 23. Boston. Amos W. Stetson
of Boston gives to Wellesley College
a fine coUection of paintings, 65 in
number, valued at $30,000.
Mar. 4. Pa. Dedication of a Roman
Catholic school-building in Pittsburg.
Bishop Keane of Wheeling severely
denounces the American public-school
system ; he says that it is a divorce
from moral and religious training, and
that the only way to counteract its
effect is to establish Christian schools.
N. H. At Camden a fine public
library is opened ; it is the gift of
ex-Gov. Smyth to his native town.
Mar. 10. New York. Dr. M'Glynn at-
tacks parochial schools in a public
address.
Mar. 11. Pa. A. J. Drexel purchases the
Lonella Mansion at Wayne, and selects
trustees and managers for the Drexel
Industrial CoUege for Women.
Mar. 13. D. C. Pope Leo issues a
brief approving the statutes of the
Washington University.
SOCIETY.
1889 Feb. 21. Boston. The Board of
Police Commissioners increase the
cost of liquor Hcenses for the year
commencing May 1.
Mar. 1. Ariz. The Legislature passes a
bill, which is signed by the governor,
making train- robbery a capital crime.
Mar. 8. R, I. The House of Represen-
tatives passes a bill to resubmit the
Prohibitory Amendment to the peo-
ple. Vote, 41-25.
Mar. 9. Ind. The Legislature passes a
bill to punish bribers.
Cal. A bill allowing women to vote
for school commissioners passes the
Senate.
Mar. 12. N. H. The people vote on
seven amendments to the Constitu-
tion and reject only one, the prohibition
of the liquor-traffic.
Mar. 14. /. Ter. Boomers are pouring
into the Cherokee strip from Arkansas.
Mar. 21. Conn. The Senate concurs with
the House in passing a bill which pro-
hibits selling, giving, or delivering to-
bacco in any form to persons under
16 years of age ; it also prohibits mi-
nors from using tobacco in cigarettes or
In any other form.
0. A reform ticket is put in the
field in Cincinnati by the Committee of
Five Hundred ; its object is to enforce
the laws, and keep liquor-shops closed
on Sundays.
STATE.
1889 Feb. 13. Congress : The Senate
debates the Texas election outrages ;
the House decides the Smalls-Elliott
election contest in favor of Elliott.
The proceedings of the Senate on the
British Extradition Treaty are mad©
public.
Feb. 14. D. C. Congress : The Senate
receives a resolution calling for the
Byrnes Report on the alleged customs
fraud in New York City : it confirms
the nomination of Carroll D. Wright as
Commissioner of Labor.
Me. The House of Representatives
rejects the Austrahan baUot system.
Feb. 15. B.C. Congress : The Senate
continues the discussion of the Texas
election outrages: The House sends
back to the Senate the Dakota BiU.
Vote, 149-101. It passes the Senate Bill
appropriating $250,000 for the pro-
tection of American interests in Pan-
ama ; Mr. Mills of Texas reports ad-
versely the Senate substitute Tariff
BiU.
Feb. 16. D. C. Congress : The Senate
debates the political outrages in Texas ;
in the House four Revenue Bills are
reported, and the Post-office BiU is
discussed. The Committee on Fish-
eries recommends measures to secure
American rights in Bering Sea.
Feb. 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate
considers changes in the Sundry Civil
BiU ; the House has trouble in consid-
ering the conference report on the Di-
rect Tax BiU because of filibustering ;
a resolution is introduced by J. B. Mor-
gan of Miss, inviting Canadian officials
to visit this country for observation.
Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate
agrees to the Springer House Bill to
admit four new States to the Union —
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana,
and Washington ; the House adopts the
conference report on the Direct Tax
BiU and sends it to President Cleveland ;
the President signs the Nicaragua
Canal BiU.
The State Department is notified that
a supplementary treaty of amity, navi-
gation, and commerce with Japan has
been signed by Minister Hubbard on be-
half of the United States.
Feb. 21. D. C. Congress : The Senate
debates the Sundry Civil BiU; the
House passes the Post-office BiU ; M r.
UNITED STATES.
1889, Feb. 13 -Mar. 21. 337
Randall of Pa. introduces a resolution
calling for the consideration of the
Cowles Tobacco Tax Bill.
II. /. The Legislature approves the
Australian ballot system.
Feb. 22. I). C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Sundry Civil and Agricul-
tural Bills ; in the House Mr. Mills's
resolution regarding the Senate's tariff
action is defeated. Vote, 143-88. The
bills to retire Gen. Rosecrans and to
pension the widow of Gen. Sheridan
are passed ; Mrs. Sheridan is to receive
$50,000.
The President signs an enabling Act
for the framing of State constitutions
for South Dakota, Montana, and
Washington, and for their admission
into the Union ; provision is made for
the division of Dakota.
Feb. 23. D. C. Congress : The Senate
discusses resolutions relative to elec-
tions in the South ; the House debates
the Deficiency Bill, and eulogies are
delivered on the late Congressman
James N. Burnes of Mo.
President Cleveland vetoes the River
and Harbor BiU.
Feb. 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Sioux Bill; also the Army
Appropriation Bill, with some
changes ; Mr. Spooner of 111. introduces
bills for the supervision and protection
of Congressional elections; in the
House bills are introduced to admit into
the Union the Territories of Arizona,
Idaho, Wyoming, and New Mexico.
President Cleveland by proclamation
calls a special session of the Senate
for March 4th.
Cal. The Anti-Insurance Trust
Bill passes the Senate.
Feb. 27. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes a bill to protect salmon in
Alaska rivers ; bills are introduced to
admit Wyoming and Idaho to state-
hood ; the House passes the Indian
Appropriation Bill; obstructive tac-
tics prevent action on the Cowles
bill.
Feb. 28. I). C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Post-office Bill, and votes
down the House amendments to the In-
terstate Commerce Act; the House
considers conference reports on various
appropriation biUs.
Mar. 1. D. C. Congress ratifies the
ceding of one half of the Creek lands
in Oklahoma to the Federal govern-
ment.
Congress: The Senate receives from
Secretary Fairchild the result of the in-
vestigation into alleged sugar frauds ;
the House passes a joint resolution
in favor of commercial union with
Canada.
Mar. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate
considers the Appropriation BiUs, and
passes the Direct Tax Bill over Presi-
dent Cleveland's veto. Vote, 45-9. The
House is occupied with Appropriation
Bills.
The 50th Congress closes.
Ind. Gov. Hovey decides to ask the
courts to pass on the authority of the
Legislature in making appointments.
Kan. The Legislature passes a bill
making trusts, combinations, and
pools illegal.
Mar. 3. I). C. President Cleveland signs
the bill amending the Interstate
Commerce Act.
The 23d Administration; Republi-
can.
Mar. 4. D. C. Benjamin Harrison of
Ind., the 23d President, in the 26th term
of the presidency, is inaugurated. Levi
P. Morton of N. Y. is Vice-President.
The Senate meets in special session
chiefly to consider the nominations to
be made by the President.
W. Va. At Charleston both Nathan
Gof f and President Carr of the Senate
take the oath of office as governor ; they
demand that Gov. Wilson shall vacate
the governorship, which he declines to
do.
Mar. 5. D. C. The Senate receives and
confirms the Cabinet nominations of
President Harrison.
Cabinet: James G. Blaine of Me.
(State), William Windom of Minn.
(Treas.), Redfield Proctor of Vt. (War),
Benjamin F. Tracy of N. Y. (Navy),
John W. Noble of Mo. (Interior), Jere-
miah M. Rusk of Wis. (Agriculture),
William H. H. Miller of Ind. (Atty-
Gen.), John Wanamaker of Pa. (P. M.-
Gen.).
Mar. 6. Ark. A reform ballot law
passes the Senate.
Mar. 7. T>. C. The Senate elects John
J. Ingalls of Kan. president pro tem-
pore.
W. Va. The attorneys of Nathan
Goff begin mandamus proceedings over
the governorship.
Mar. 8. Me. The British schooner Gnaw-
er, from St. John for New York, is seized
at Boothbay for non-entry ; the fine is
$1,500.
Mar. 9. N. Y. Ernest H. Crosby intro-
duces a bill in the State Assembly to
make New York City and Brooklyn
one municipality. [Apr. 4. It is or-
dered to a third reading.]
W. Va. The Supreme Court of W.
Va. decides that the failure of the Legis-
lature to declare the result of the late
gubernatorial election creates a vacancy
which entitles Gov. Wilson to retain
the office until the result is legally de-
clared.
N. Y. Mr. Sheehan introduces in the
Legislature a substitute for the Sax-
ton Ballot Reform Bill.
Mar. 16. Olda. The Seminole Indians
formally convey their lands to Congress,
according to the treaty of 1886.
Mar. 20. New York. Ex-President
Grover Cleveland is elected a member
of the Tammany Society.
Mar. 21. Neb. The Legislature passes
a bill to tax sleeping and dining cars.
R. I. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.) is nom-
inated for governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Feb. 13. Chicago. The South-
ern hotel is destroyed by fire.
Feb. 15 ±. N. Y. The Rochester
breweries are purchased by an English
syndicate. [Mar. 5. Five Chicago brew-
eries are sold for $1,800,000. Mar. 6.
Three leading breweries in New York
are also sold,]
Feb. 17. Chicago. A building 14 stories
high collapses.
Conn. P. T. Barnum's home at Sea
Side Park is burned ; loss, $25,000.
The Park Central Hotel at Hartford
collapses after a boiler explosion ; 50
persons are buried in the ruins.
The Court of Claims gives judgment
for $1,002,517 in favor of the Central
Pacific Railroad, in its suit against
the United States, for withheld divi-
dends.
Feb. 20. Cal. The town of Guerne-
ville, Sonoma Co., is nearly destroyed
by fire.
Fla. The Sub-Tropical Exposition
at Jacksonville opens with a large at-
tendance.
-• — Ky. A railroad bridge at Spottsville
gives way ; 12 men are killed.
Minn. Two children are attacked
and devoured by wolves at Aitkin.
Feb. 21. Belle Boyd, the famous colt,
is sold for $51,000.
Feb. 24. Pa. More than 50 people are
injured in a railroad accident at Roar-
ing Branch.
Feb. 25. Kan. Fire destroys 200,000
bushels of wheat in a flour-mill at
Leavenworth.
Feb. 26. Chicago. The Standard Oil
Company gains control of the gas
companies.
Feb. 28. Mo. A convention of delegates
from commercial bodies assembles in
St. Louis to draft a new bankruptcy
law.
Feb. * Wis. At a fire in Milwaukee,
12 firemen are buried in the ruins of
a building.
Mar. 5. Cal. Many persons start for
the alleged new gold fields in Southern
California. [The fraud is soon exposed.]
Pa. The Reading Iron Works
fail; the liabilities are estimated at
$1,000,000.
Mar. 11. New York. The Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad succeeds after long
endeavor in making close connections
with New York City.
Pa. Five men are killed and 11 in-
jured by a boiler explosion at Pitts-
burg.
Mar. 15. The sugar trust raises the
price of sugar one cent a pound.
Mar. 16. Va. The bark Pettengill of
Portland, Me., is wrecked on the
Virginia Cape ; 14 lives are lost.
338 1889, Mar. 22-May 13.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Mar. 25. Ariz. Chitachuan and
15 Indian warriors are intrenched 14
miles north of San Carlo's agency.
Mar. -26. D. C. Com. David B. Harmony
is promoted rear-admiral.
Apr. 2. The Richmond, Alert, and Adams
are ordered to Samoa.
Apr. 20. Cal. Lieut. Ripley and 29 sea-
men, hurt in the storm off Samoa, arrive
at San Francisco.
Apr. 29. New York. The great centen-
nial parade includes a naval proces-
sion ; 300 vessels sail through the harbor
in celebration of the adoption of the
Federal Constitution.
Apr. 30. New York. A centennial mili-
tary procession of 65,000 men marches
through some of the principal streets.
Apr. * Va. The Pensacola, while being
cleaned and repaired at her dock in
Portsmouth, fills with water and sinks.
May 12. Samoa. The battery of the Tren-
ton has been saved at Apia, and efforts are
being made to save that of the Vandalia.
May 13. Cal. The crusier Charleston
arrives at San Francisco from Santa
Barbara.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 Mar. 28. Tex. Tin ore is discov-
ered in Pecos county.
Mar. * Nero York. John Ericsson ex-
hibits his apparatus for condensing so-
lar rays for motive power.
Mar. * New York. Henry G. Marquand
is elected president of the Metropolitan
Museum of Art. Mrs. John Crosby
Brown presents to the Metropolitan
Museum of Art the finest private col-
lection of musical instruments known
to exist in this country ; estimated value,
$35,000. President Marquand declines a
gift of $10,000 from Mr. Walters of Balti-
more, it being conditioned upon keeping
the doors of the Metropolitan Muse-
um of Art open on Sunday.
Apr. 1. Cal. A new comet is discov-
ered by Mr. Barnard at the Lick Ob-
servatory.
Apr. 2. Pa. A big landslide occurs
on Second Avenue at Pittsburg.
Apr. 3,4. S. Dak. — Minn. "Wind
storms and prairie fires damage and
destroy fully $2,000,000 worth of prop-
erty ; whole villages are swept out of
existence, rendering hundreds of fami-
lies homeless ; several lives are known
to be lost.
Apr. 8. N. Y. Rich strikes of oil are
made at Andover.
Apr. 16. D. C. The annual session of
the National Academy of Sciences
begins in "Washington. [Apr. 17. It elects
Prof. O. C. Marsh president.]
Apr. 19. O. A shower of snails occurs
at Tiffin.
Apr. 22. New York. Centennial Loan
Exhibition opens at the Metropolitan
Opera House. [May 8. It closes.]
Apr. 28. Minn. Relics of the mound-
builders are found.
Apr. * All the States and Dakota Terri-
tory now have Agricultural Experi-
ment Stations established under act of
Congress.
Apr. * N. Y. Natural gas in large quan-
tities is discovered near Canisteo while
drilling an oil-well.
May 3. Ind. A subterranean water-
course, 12 feet wide and 6 feet deep, is
discovered 12 miles from Hartford City.
Dak. A shower of frogs occurs at
Jamestown.
May 9. III. The mercury rises to 94*
at Bloomington — the highest tempera-
ture in May for 25 years.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1889.
Mar. 22. Campbell, John A., associate jus-
tice of XT. S. S. Ct., A77.
Matthews, Stanley, justice IT. S. S.
Ct., A65.
Mar. 23. Tilton, W. S., brig.-gen., dies,
Mass.
Mar. 31. Sleeper, Jacob, philanthropist, of
Boston, A87.
Apr. 4. Remington, Philo, Inventor, manu-
facturer of firearms, A73.
Apr. 7. Vrooman, Henry, sen. for Cal., A45.
Apr. 9. Patterson, Thomas H., rear-adm.,
A69.
Apr. 14. Chittenden, Simeon B., million-
aire merchant, of Brooklyn, A75.
Taylor, William R., rear-adm., A78.
Apr. 25. Pearson, Henry G., postmaster of
N. Y. City, A44.
Apr. 27. Barnard, Frederick Augustus P.,
pres. of Columbia College, author, A80.
Apr. 29. Croly, David G., journalist, of
N. Y., A60.
Apr. 30. Barnum, William H., senator for
Conn., chairman Dem. Nat. Com., A71.
May 9. Harney, William Selby, maj.-gen.
U. S. A., A89.
O'Connor, William Douglas, au., A57.
May 13. Bishop, Washington Irving,
"mind-reader " in N. Y., A42.
CHURCH.
1889 Mar. 26. Wis. Cyrus F. Knight
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Milwaukee.
Mar. * President Harrison and every
member of his Cabinet, excepting Secre-
taries Proctor and Rusk, are Presbyte-
rians. ( World.)
Mar. * Miss Flavin, an English Roman
Catholic, passes through America on her
way to Honolulu to exile herself as a
missionary in the leper Colony.
Apr. 7. Mo. The world's conference
of Latter-day Saints assembles at St.
Joseph.
There are 12 apostles, 70 patriarchs,
3,719 high-priests, 11,805 elders, 2,069
priests, 2,292 teachers, 11,610 deacons,
81,899 families, 115,915 officers and mem-
bers, and 49,302 children under eight
years of age.
Apr. 7-14. New York. A week of prayer
is observed for the Sabbath reform
movement.
Apr. 10. Md. Cardinal Gibbons is-
sues a circular letter calling upon the
Baltimore Roman Catholic clergy to
hold special services on April 30 — Cen-
tennial Day.
Apr. 24. Mo. The Rev. Dr. Bray of St.
Louis is deposed, at his own request,
from the Episcopal ministry.
Apr. 25. Mich. Charles C. Grafton
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Fond du Lac.
Apr. 28. Chicago. The American The-
osophists meet.
New York. Special centennial ser-
vices are held in St. Paul's Chapel.
S. C. A newspaper reporter,
Henry D. Howren, preaches a ser-
mon two hours long to 1,500 people in
the Grand Opera House, Charleston.
Apr. 30. Centennial Celebration.
President Harrison has, by proclama-
tion, appointed this day for general
thanksgiving and prayer throughout the
nation. (See Army and State.)
May 1. O. Leading Roman Catholic
divines and educators form a Roman
Catholic Educational Union.
It aims to give to all who find it diffi-
cult to pursue their studies after leaving
school an opportunity to follow a pre-
scribed course of secular and religious
reading and study.
May ± * Pa. Miss Kate Drexel, daugh-
ter of the Philadelphia banker, and heir-
ess to $2,000,000 (?), becomes a Sister of
Mercy ; she enters the Mercy Convent
in Pittsburg.
May 8. Phila. The 28th International
Convention of the Young Men's
Christian Association is held ; about
1,000 delegates are present.
May 12. Va. Rev. John Jasper's re-
vival at Richmond prospers ; 200 colored
converts are baptized in the James
River.
May 13. New York. The bill to give
school moneys to the Roman Catholic
Protectory is defeated in the Assembly.
LETTERS.
1889 Mar. 25. New York. Mrs. Mar-
garet E. Sangster becomes editor of
Harper's Bazar.
Mar.* Md. Johns Hopkins University
is placed beyond fear of financial dif-
ficulty by means of the Emergency
Fund recently raised by citizens of
Baltimore.
Mar. * Mass. Mary A. Bingham is
chosen president of Mount Holyoke
Seminary.
Apr. 3. N. Y. The Madison Univer-
sity library building at Hamilton is
to be built at once. It is to be three
stories high, 128 feet long, and 82 feet
wide. The whole cost ($100,000) is as-
sumed by James B. Colgate.
Apr. 20. New York. Whitelaw Reid,
having taken office abroad under the
Government, retires from the editorship
and control of the New York Tribune.
Apr. * Colo. Mary Lowe Dickinson is
professionally employed in the Univer-
sity of Denver at a salary of $3,300. The
women of Colorado are raising an endow-
ment fund of $40,000 for a woman's
chair, always to be filled by a woman.
Apr. *± Minn. Ex-G6v. John S. Pills-
bury, one of the regents of the State
University, gives $150,000 for the im-
mediate use of the institution.
UNITED STATES.
1889, Mar. 22 -May 13. 339
Apr. * Mass. Natick elects three women
on its school board.
Apr. * It is said that the author of Listen
to the MocHng-Bird has made $100,000
by that one effort.
SOCIETY.
'1889 Max. 22. N. Y. The Assembly
bill allowing women to vote at muni-
cipal elections is defeated.
Mar. ± * Me. The Legislature passes a
bill providing for a fine of $100, impris-
onment for one year, and disfranchise-
ment for 10 years, for a man who sells
his vote.
Apr. * Wyo. An asylum for the insane
at Evanston is opened.
[Also Aug. 1. At Hastings, Neb. Dec.
15. At Clarinda, la. * * At Evansville
and another at Richmond, Ind. ; hos-
pitals for the insane are provided for in
South California ; at Los Vegas, N. Mex.,
and San Antonio, Tex.]
May 1. Neb. An industrial home for
women and girls is opened at Milford.
May 4. Chicago. Dr. Patrick Henry
Cronin, an Irish dynamiter, is suspected
of treachery, expelled from membership
and condemned to death by members of
the Clan-na-gael. [May 22. His body is
found at Lake View.]
May 8. Ark. The Sheriff of St. Francis
County, the city marshal of Forest City,
and two other citizens, are killed in an
election riot.
May 10. Mo. David and William "Walker
and John Matthews of the Bald Knob
gang are hanged at Ozark.
STATE.
1889 Mar. 22. D. C. Bering Sea is
closed to all nations.
President Harrison issues a proclama-
tion prohibiting under heavy penalties
the killing of any otter, mink, marten,
sable, or fur seal within the limits of
Alaska Territory or the waters thereof
without a special permit from the United
States.
Mar. 25. Mont. Bed Lodge is thrown
open for settlement.
Mar. 26. N. J. The Assembly Speaker
refuses to permit business to be done,
owing to the absence of two members
of his own party.
Mar. 27. President Harrison by proc-
lamation fixes April 22, at noon, as the
date of opening Oklahoma for purposes
of settlement.
N. J. The Assembly passes the Be-
districting Bill ; the governor signs it,
and it becomes law.
Mar. 29. D. C. The President appoints
the three members of the Oklahoma
Commission.
Mar. 30. D. C. The Senate rejects
the nomination of Murat Halstead as
minister to Germany. Vote, 19-25.
Mar. * Ind. The State Senate passes the
bill adopting the Australian system of
secret voting.
Apr. 1. N. J. The Assembly passes the
Ballot Beform Bill. Vote, 48-2.
Apr. 2. D. C. Senate : The special ses-
sion closes.
Chicago. Dewitt C. Cregier, the
Democratic nominee for mayor, is
elected by 10,000 majority.
Apr. 3. N. Y. The Assembly passes the
Cxcise Commission Bill as amended.
Vote, 69-53.
R. I. The election of the State ticket
is in doubt, — a single office excepted.
Apr. 4. Tenn. The Legislature passes
the Doritch Election Bill.
Apr. 5. N. Y. The Assembly orders the
Nixon Dressed Beef Bill to a third
reading. Vote, 55-40.
Apr. 6. D. C. President Harrison is-
sues a proclamation recommending
that the hour of 9 a.m., Tuesday, Apr.
30th, be set apart for Thanksgiving
services in all the churches and public
places of worship in the country as a
part of the celebration of the cen-
tennial anniversary of Gen. Washing-
ton's inauguration.
Apr. 9. N. Y. The Assembly passes the
Saxton Ballot Beform Bill. Vote,
74-44.
Apr. 13. Va. Ballot reform after the
Australian secret system is adopted by
the House. Vote, 63-17.
Apr. 17. N. J. The Senate passes a
substitute for the Australian Election
System Bill.
Apr. 18. III. The House passes an An-
ti-Trust Bill.
N. Y. Senator Fassett and several
other Republican senators, after vainly
protesting against a ruling of Lieut. -
Gov. Jones as unfair, leave the Sen-
ate Chamber amid much excitement.
The Interstate Commerce Commission
decides that the Grand Trunk's ship-
ments to Canadian points are subject to
interstate law.
Apr. 21. New York. Sir Julian Paunce-
fote, the British minister to Washing-
ton, arrives.
Apr. 22. Okla. The Oklahoma coun-
try is thrown open to settlers at
noon.
N. Y. The Senate passes Mayor
Grant's Rapid Transit Bill, and the
New York City Police Commission, Park
Commission, and Police Justice Bills.
Apr. 27. Okla. A municipal govern-
ment is organized in Guthrie by the
election of a mayor and town council.
Apr. 29. New York. The three U. S.
Commissioners to the Berlin Con-
ference respecting Samoa sail ; the
members are William Walter Phelps of
N. J., John A. Kasson of la., and George
H. Bates of Del.
May 1. The railway U. S. mail ser-
vice passes under civil service rules.
May 4. Mo. The Australian election
system is adopted by the Legislature.
May 6. La. Armed men break up an
election in Lafayette to prevent ne-
groes from voting.
May 7. Berlin. The American Com-
missioners of the Samoan Confer-
ence, under instruction from their Gov-
ernment, demand the neutrality of the
islands and the administration of Sa-
moan affairs by Samoans ; they also
urge the claim of the United States to
the right to establish a coaling-station
at Pango-Pango.
May 13. N. Y. Gov. Hill vetoes the
Saxon Ballot Beform Bill.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Mar. 26. Chicago. Forty thou-
sand cases of tea are burned in a
warehouse: loss, about $1,250,000.
Apr. 5. Pa. At Wilkesbarre 16 col-
leries resume work.
Apr. 7. N. C. A fire nearly destroys
Smithfleld ; 28 houses and 32 stores are
consumed.
Ga. Savannah loses $1,250,000 by
fire.
Apr. 10. III. A private car is wrecked
near Joliet ; four persons are killed and
four others injured.
N. Y. The New York Yacht Club
accepts Lord Dunraven's challenge
to sail for the America cup.
Apr. 13. New York. A fire sweeps the
North Biver front between Fifty-ninth
and Sixty-fifth Streets, burning many
valuable buildings of the New York
Central Railroad ; loss, nearly $3,000,000.
Apr. 16. The Bichmond and Alle-
ghany Bailroad is sold to the Chesa-
peake and Ohio, for $5,000,000.
New York. Mayor Grant and the
Board of Control begin the attack on
the electric poles and wires; many
are taken down.
Apr. 17. The Standard Oil Company
absorbs the Ohio Oil Company.
Apr. 21. The 331 passengers and crew
of the steamer Danmark are rescued at
sea by the steamer Missouri.
Apr. 22. Okla. Settlers lay out Guthrie,
and start a bank in a tent on the day
the Territory is opened ; capital, $50,000.
There is a great rush of settlers and
others intothe strip of land now thrown
open ; violence and bloodshed attend
the inrush of people.
Apr. 27. Mo. Grain elevator com-
panies form a combination in St. Louis.
Apr. 28. Out. An excursion train
from Chicago for New York is wrecked
near Hamilton ; 17 persons are killed.
May 8. Mich. At Kalamazoo an engine
collides with a crowded street-car,
killing six persons and injuring others.
May 10. Va. A storm sweeps 25
workmen into the Potomac, and the
wreck of the bridge on which they
worked falls on them.
May 11. If. J. English capitalists buy
several large breweries near Newark.
[May 14. Also, the brewery of George
Ringler and Co., in New York. May 15.
Two more are bought. May 22. The
breweries of St. Paul, Minn. June 14.
The Kastner brewery of Newark.]
340 1889, May 13 -June 26.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 May 21. D. C. President Harrison
issues a proclamation forbidding Sun-
day parades ; general inspection is to
be made on Saturday in place of Sunday.
May 27. III. Troops are ordered to
disperse the striking miners at Braid-
wood. [May 28. The miners are taken
prisoners by militia.]
May 29. Phila. A committee repre-
senting the survivors of the Philadel-
phia Brigade present a handsome new
silk flag to the survivors of Confederate
Gen. Pickett's Virginia division.
June 7. D.C. Col. Kelton is appointed
adjutant-general of the United States in
place of Gen. Drum, retired.
June 10. D. C. The Ossipee has been
ordered to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to look
after national interests.
Pa. Johnstown is under military
rule for the preservation of order.
June 14. Minn. Three companies of
United States troops are sent to the
scene of the reported outbreak among
the Chippewa Indians ; 400 Chippewas
are in war-paint.
June 16. The Kearsarge starts for Port-
au-Prince, Haiti.
June 18. Va. The United States steamer
Constellation goes ashore inside Cape
Henry.
June 21. Md. The Maxim gun is tested
at Annapolis ; one gun fires 750 shots in
a minute, and another 350.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 May 16. Mich. — Wis. Snowfalls
to the depth of from three to five inches.
May 24. Va. A monument is dedi-
cated at Alexandria in commemoration
of Confederate soldiers who fell at this
place.
May 31. Pa. The Johnstown flood.
(See Miscellaneous May 31 and Sept. *)
May * D. C. The site of the new Zoo-
logical Park, for which Congress has
appropriated $200,000, is located along
the banks of Hock Creek, northwest of
Washington ; area, 150 acres.
June 1, 2. Destructive storm in the
Middle States. (See Miscellaneous.)
June 4. New York. The International
Medico-Legal Congress opens in
Steinway Hall.
June 6. N. Mex. Lieut. Schwatka ar-
rives at Dening, and gives the details
of the discoveries of cave- and cliff -
dweUers in Chihuahua.
June 25. R. I. The fortieth meeting of
the American Medical Association
opens at Newport.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1889.
May 16. Rice, Allen Thorndike, ed. North
American Review, Minister to Russia, A36.
May 24. Bridgman, Laura, of Boston,
blind deaf-mute, A 60.
June 1. Moore, S. P., surgeon-gen. of Con-
federate Army, dies.
June 8. Swett, Leonard, lawyer, of Chicago,
A63.
June 17. Gilbert, John Gibbs, actor, in
Boston, A79.
Hosmer, William, clergyman, antisla-
very agitator, temperance advocate, A79.
June 20. Myers, A. C, quartermaster-gen.
of Confederate army, A77.
June 25. Hayes, Lucy Webb, wife of ex-
President, friend of temperance, A58.
June 26. Cameron, Simon, senator for
Pa., minister to Russia, first secretary of
war under Lincoln, A90.
Brown, George Loring, of Mass., painter,
A75.
CHURCH.
1889 May 14. Tenn. The Southern
Baptist Convention, in session at
Memphis, adopts resolutions denouncing
the liquor traffic ; it favors prohibition
and opposes licenses.
The Supreme CouncH of the Catho-
lic Knights of America meets at Chat-
tanooga.
May 14, 15. O. The Epworth League
(Methodist Episcopal) is organized at
Cleveland at a conference of representa-
tives of young people's societies.
May 16. New York. The General As-
sembly (Presbyterian) begins its 101st
session.
Dr. C. L. Thompson delivers the open-
ing address ; and Dr. W. C. Roberts is
chosen moderator. The assembly is com-
posed of 480 commissioners, coming from
28 synods in all parts of the United States
and from China ; it represents 210 pres-
byteries, containing 6,500 churches, with
about 767,000 communicants. The two
paramount questions are the supply of
ministers and the regulations as to the
confession of faith.
(May 22.) It votes to discuss the pro-
posed revision of the Confession of Faith.
(May 23.) It decides to cooperate with
the Southern Presbyterian General As-
sembly of Home Missions.
(May 24.) It votes to ask the presby-
teries to express their desires respecting
the revision of the creed. It agrees to
cooperation.
(May 27.) It adopts an important anti-
license resolution. Vote, 193-82.
It favors vigorous efforts until laws
shall be enacted in every State and Ter-
ritory prohibiting entirely a traffic which
is the principal cause of drunkenness,
and its consequent pauperism, crime,
taxation, lamentation, war, and ruin to
the bodies and souls of men with which
the country has so long been afflicted.
(May 28.) The session closes.
Tenn. The General Assembly
' (Southern Presbyterian) meets in
Chattanooga.
Mo. The General Assembly of the
Cumberland Presbyterians meets in
Kansas City.
(May 20.) It discusses the case of Dr.
James Woodrow, an evolutionist.
(May 23.) It agrees to cooperate with
the General Assembly of Northern Pres-
byterians.
May 18. Boston. Closing session of the
57th annual meeting of the Baptist
Home Missionary Society.
La. James D. Coleman of New
Orleans is elected supreme president of
the CathoHc Knights of America.
N. Y. The Methodist Episcopal
Home for the Aged in Brooklyn is
dedicated.
May 22. Cal. The Greek (Russian)
church at San Francisco is burned ;
arson is suspected.
May 23. Chicago. Pope Leo authorizes
Archbishop Feehan of Chicago to " take
whatever measures he may deem oppor-
tune to declare the Clan-na-Gael in
opposition to the Church."
May 25. D. C. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
May 26. New York. The yearly meet-
ing of the Society of Friends begins
at Rutherford Place.
May 28. New York. Mayor Grant in-
sists that the Metropolitan Museum
of Natural History shall be opened on
Sundays.
Otherwise he will refuse consent to the
issuance of the $400,000 bonds authorized
to be applied to the erection of the
museum annex.
May * Seventy-third annual meeting of
the American Bible Society.
It reports 1,440,455 copies of the Scrip-
tures -issued from the Bible House dur-
ing the year, and 509,782 copies sent to
foreign lands. Receipts : for general
purposes, $499,823.53 ; for permanent
investment, $1,447.72.
May* About 18,500,000 persons are re-
ported as following the International
Sunday-school Lesson Course.
May* Pa. The General Conference
(United Brethren) is held at York.
May * Boston. The Woman's Foreign
Missionary Society (Reformed Epis-
copal) is organized.
June 2. New York. The Roman Catholic
priests read in their churches a pastoral
letter denouncing secret societies as
" the bane of the social order, the danger
of a free people, and the great slavery
of our day."
June 3. Va. A. Van de Vyver, vicar-
general of the Diocese of Richmond
(Roman Catholic), is elevated to the
bishopric.
June 5. N. Y. The 63d annual meeting
of the American Home Missionary
Society opens at Saratoga.
June 9. New York. Collections are
taken in many churches for the Cone-
maugh Valley relief fund.
Pa. The people of Johnstown, in
the Conemaugh Valley, meet for religious
services in ruined churches and under the
open sky. (See Miscellaneous, May 31.)
June 12. Pa. The National Confer-
ence (German Baptist) denounces the
use of tobacco by ministers and deacons,
and declares that it is wrong to install
candidates who use it.
June 13. Pa. The 34th biennial session
(Evangelical Lutheran) convenes at
Pittsburg. It unanimously adopts a
resolution approving the prohibition
amendment to be voted on in Pennsyl-
vania on June 18.
Hundreds of sick persons gather at
the Church of St. Anthony of Padua,
in Allegheny City, in the ljope of being
healed of their diseases.
LETTERS.
1889 May 18. John D. Rockefeller
offers $600,000 for the Baptist Univer-
sity to be established in Chicago, and C.
UNITED STATES.
1889, May 13 - June 26. 341
Hinckeley of Chicago offers $50,000 for
the same purpose — there remains to
be raised only $350,000 of the necessary
$1,000,000.
May 22. Neto York. Joseph Pulitzer,
owner of the World, donates $15,000
to assist poor boys of this city in getting
college educations.
Each boy selected will receive $250,
and 12 boys will be thus assisted each
year until 60 have entered college.
May * Mich. The Michigan House of
Representatives passes the bill to confer
upon women the right to vote at all
school, village, and city elections.
Vote, 58— 23.
June 14. Conn. A complete set of the
publications of Prince Lucien Bonaparte
on the dialects of Europe is presented
to the Yale Library by a citizen of
New Haven.
June 20. N. Y. The Madison Univer-
sity is changed to Colgate University.
R. I. Dr. E. B. Andrews is elected
President of Brown University.
O. Miami University confers degree
of T.Ti.T). upon President Harrison.
June 24. New York. Gen. Daniel Butter-
field presents to the public schools the
gold medal for excellence in marching
in the Centennial parade.
SOCIETY.
1889 May 24. N. Y. Train wreckers
ditch a train in Sullivan County ; 45
passengers are injured.
June 4. New York. Ferdinand Ward
(Grant and Ward) is indicted for finan-
cial frauds.
Conn. The House defeats the bill
giving women the right to vote on
questions pertaining to the sale of in-
toxicating liquors.
June 12. N. J. The Society of the
Army of the Potomac holds its 20th
annual reunion in Orange.
June 20. R. I. The people vote to re-
scind the Prohibitory Amendment.
June 26. hid. The Supreme Court at
Indianapolis decides that a license to
sell liquor is a special tax ; and as the
power to grant, withhold, or annul li-
censes to sell liquor is an exercise of the
police power, it follows that no limita-
tion can be placed upon its exercise by
any statutory provisions.
STATE.
1889 May 13. D. C. Charles Lyman
of Conn, is chosen president of the
Civil Service Commission.
D. C. The U. S. Supreme Court de-
cides that the Chinese Exclusion Act
is valid; it gives an opinion in favor
of the heirs of Myra Clark Gains in their
suit against the city of New Orleans for
property valued at more than $500,000.
May 14. S.Dak. The people approve the
Sioux Falls Constitution. Vote, 37,710
-3,414.
May 21. III. The Chicago Drainage
Bill passes the Senate.
May 22. Conn. The lower House passes
a secret ballot bill. [May 27. It
passes the Senate.]
III. The Assembly passes the Hotch-
kiss Secret Ballot Bill. Vote, 183-9.
May 28. R. I. The people haying failed
to elect a governor, the Legislature
choose H. W. Ladd (Rep.).
D. C. The Wool-growers Associa-
tion petitions President Harrison to
call a special session of Congress to
take action on the tariff.
New York. The Civil Service Com-
mission censures the examining board
of the custom-house.
May * Wyo. A call is issued for a
Constitutional Convention to convene
on Sept. 3, at Cheyenne.
June 7. Conn. Gov. Bulkeley vetoes
the Secret Ballot Bui; it is passed
over his veto. Vote, 121-38 ; after which
it is reconsidered and laid on the table.
June 11. Conn. The Secret Ballot
Bill is amended in the House by ex-
empting city, town, and borough elec-
tions from its operations ; it then passes,
and goes to the Senate. [June 13. Its
passage is defeated. Vote, 19-2. It is
later modified and passed by both
Houses.]
N. Y. Gov. Hill signs the Anti-
Bucket Bill to restrict speculation.
June 12. Calvin S. Brice of O. is
elected chairman of the Democratic
National Committee.
June 17. It is reported that U. S.
revenue cutters are ordered to seize aU
vessels engaged in illicit killing of
seals in Bering Sea.
June 19. Phila. The jury in the hat-
trimmings case returns a verdict
against the Government ; this is a test
case to recover excess of duties levied
on material used as hat-trimmings, and
by the verdict the Government is made
liable for $30,000,000 or more.
June 26. D. C. President Harrison
appoints Ernest H. Crosby Judge in
the International Court of Original
Jurisdiction at Alexandria, Egypt.
O. J. B. Foraker (Rep.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 May 14. N. C. A land syndicate
purchases 30,000 acres of land in Cur-
rituck and Camden Counties for farms.
May 15. Ore. The steamer Alaskan
breaks in two during a storm.
May 18. New York. A second autopsy
is performed on the body of Washing-
ton Irving Bishop, but the cause of
death is not discovered.
May 19. Dak. The Indian council at
Standing Rock decides not to sell their
lands unless they are paid $11,000,000.
May 25. New York. The first expedi-
tion of the Maritime Canal Company
sets sail for Nicaragua.
May 26. Chicago. The funeral of Dr.
Patrick H. Cronin a victim of the
Clan-na-Gael, takes place.
May 29. Tex. The Texan Spring Pal-
ace at Fort Wayne is formally opened ;
it contains a complete exhibit of the pro-
ductions of the State.
May 31. Pa. The Johnstown flood
sweeps the Conemaugh Valley ; it is the
most disastrous flood ever known in
America.
At 3 p.m. the Conemaugh Lake (2J by
1£ miles), 18 miles distant from, and 275
feet above Johnstown, is flooded by
heavy rains; the dam weakens, breaks,
and a flood-wave many feet high runs 18
miles in seven minutes, wben its course
is arrested by the railroad bridge below
Johnstown ; tbe waters being dammed,
houses are swept away by the rising tor-
rents. [Several hundred bodies are found
in an acre of drift near Kearnsville. To-
tal loss of life, 2,142, including 99 entire
families. Contributions for the relief
of sufferers amounting to $2,912,346 are
received from many cities in America
and Europe ; contributions from Phila-
delphia, $600,000; Pittsburg, $560,000;
New York, $516,199; various other cities
contribute through Gov. Beaver, who
turns over $1,236,146.] (See Miscellane-
ous, Sept. *.)
May * New York. The expenses of the
Centennial Celebration are estimated
at $461,000.
The military parade, $120,000 ; the civic
parade, $100,000; the fireworks, $15,000;
naval parade, $5,000 ; the Equitable ban-
quet, $60,000 (including $15,000 for wine) ;
extras for troops, $8,000; the ball, $125,-
000; the loan exhibition, $6,000 ; stands,
$13,000. The receipts are estimated at
$465,000.
May* N. Y. The big Bockaway Beach
hotel, the erection of which cost $1,000,-
000, has been sold for $27,000 to a dealer
in building materials.
May * D. C. The Chinese minister
presents the Smithsonian Institution
with a jewel connected with a dynasty
reigning 3500 years ago.
June 1. Pa. A destructive cyclone visits
Wilkesbarre and vicinity, and destroys
property valued at $1,000,000; 14 lives
are lost and 180 persons injured.
June 1,2. Heavy rains cause destruc-
tive floods in several of the Middle
States ; many persons are drowned ;
Washington alone suffers a loss of a
$1,000,000.
June 2. Pa. About 80 persons watch-
ing the flood from a bridge at Williams-
port are swept into the Susquehanna
River and drowned.
June 6. Wash. Seattle is partly de-
stroyed by fire ; [loss estimated at $15,-
000,000 ; contributions for relief, $36,800].
June 12. Mass. A broken canal wall at
Holyoke releases a flood of water,
which destroys property to the value
of over $100,000; 15,000 are out of
work.
June 13. A trust is formed with
$25,000,000 capital, which includes all
the manufacturers of plug tobacco.
June 25. N. J. A Pottery Trust is
formed at Trenton ; 20 pottery represen-
tatives sign the agreement.
June 26. Pa. A freight-train collis-
ion at. Latrobe kills 25 men and injures
a number of others.
342 1889, June 27 - Aug. 8.
AMERICA
ARMY — WAVY.
1889 June 27. D. C. Secretary Tracy
issues an order reorganizing the vari-
ous bureaus of the Navy Department.
June 28. New York. Col. Emmons
Clark of the 7th Regiment, on retir-
ing, receives from Gov. Hill a commis-
sion as brevet brigadier-general. [Aug.
18. Daniel Appleton is chosen his suc-
cessor.]
Aug. 1. Ga. Veterans of the Con-
federate Third Georgia and the Union
Ninth New York regiments hold their
first friendly union at Fort Valley,
they having met frequently on battle-
fields during the Civil War.
Aug. 4. R. I. The new cruiser Boston
strikes on a rock in Narragansett Bay,
and is seriously damaged.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 June 29. B.C. Washington suf-
fers heavily from the flooded Potomac.
Some of the streets are flooded, and
the only traffic is by means of boats ;
damages, $2,000,000.
June * Fla. Valuable phosphate rock is
discovered atDunellen, Marion County.
June * N. J. A mural statue of ex-Presi-
dent McCosh is presented to Princeton
University by the class of '79 ; it is life
size, in high relief, and cost $10,000.
June * Kan. An ice-dam gives way at
Fort Scott, in Bourbon county, causing
much damage, especially at Uniontown.
June * Okla. Rich iron ore is discov-
ered a short distance from Guthrie.
July 3. Tex. Serious floods are caused
by the heavy rains.
Rivers are swollen and flatlands deso-
lated ; houses are washed away and sev-
eral persons drowned ; crops are badly
damaged. Loss, about $2,000,000.
July 7. N. Y. W. R. Brooks of Geneva
discovers a new comet.
Prof. Campbell's air-ship fails in
its trial trip.
Its navigator, Edw. D. Hogan, makes
an ascension over New York and Brook-
lyn ; but the air-ship fails to submit to
his guidance, and drifts away seaward,
after dropping its propeller to the ground
in Brooklyn. [Hogan is picked up at
sea.]
July 9. N. Y. A flood occurs in the Mo-
hawk Valley ; 10 persons are drowned.
July 22. Me. A plumbago mine is
discovered in Somerville.
July 27. Chicago is visited by severe
wind-storms, causing the loss of
about 20 lives and of property estimated
among the millions.
July 28. Cat. The Broderick Monu-
ment in Laurel Hill Cemetery is re-
stored at Senator Fair's expense.
July * U. S. Doctors are testing the
Brown-Sequard elixir for the renewal
of life with widely varying results.
Dr. Robert Longfellow of Cincinnati
reports the treatment of 49 patients, 40
per cent of whom were greatly bene-
fited; while other physicians report al-
most complete failure in cases treated
by them.
July * Pa. The Lackawanna Valley is
invaded by millions of locusts that
settle on every green thing.
July * Tex. Disastrous floods con-
tinue.
Rain has fallen for three weeks, and
the Colorado River is 31 feet high and
rising.
Aug. 1. Mass. A national monument in
honor of the Pilgrim Fathers is un-
veiled at Plymouth.
Aug. 2. New York. The American Art
Association pays nearly $100,000 for
Millet's Angelus. [Oct. 13. It arrives.]
N. Y. A commission of experts select
a design for a memorial arch to be
erected in honor of Brooklyn's soldiers
and sailors who perished in the war.
It provides for a structure 125 feet wide
and 96 feet high, surmounted by a statu-
ary group ; the height of the arch is to
be 64 feet and the width 65 feet. In front
of each abutment is a pedestal of col-
umns 36 feet high, crowned by a bronze
group 22 feet in height. It will be the
second largest arch in the world, and
will cost $250,000.
Aug. 6. Me. The fishing schooner Fan-
nie Chase finds a big lump of ambergris
floating on the water just outside of
Portland harbor ; value, $25,000.
New York. Seventeen-year locusts
appear in Central Park.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1889.
June 38. Mitchell, Maria, of Mass., astron-
omer, mathematician, A71.
July 1. Woolsey. Theodore Dwight,
pres. of Yale, author, political and legal
writer, A88.
July 6. Watrous, George H., railroad offi-
cial, A60.
July 10. Barlow, Samuel L. M., lawyer,
A63.
July 14. Cole, Asahel N., agriculturist, A68.
July 21. Johnston, Alexander, professor
political economy at Princeton, author,
A 40.
July 24. Turner, Joseph Edward, physi-
cian, founder first inebriate asylum, A 67.
July 26. Pugh, Eliza Loftus Phillips,
writer, dies.
July 31. Kendrick, James Ryland, pro-
fessor, A 86.
Aug. 3. Fitzhugh, William E., U. S. A., in
Phila., A57.
Aug:. 4. Buckner, James F., Confederate
general, dies.
Gray, George Zabriskie, theologian, A51.
CHURCH.
1889 June 27. Mass. Dwight L.
Moody's fourth annual encampment
of college students begins at North-
field.
Wash. The General Congrega-
tional Association of Washington is
organized.
July 9. Bishops and others petition the
Vatican to canonize Christopher Co-
lumbus on the anniversary of the dis-
covery of America. [Their petition is
refused.]
July 14+. It. Pope Leo sustains
Bishop M'Quaid, yet Father Lambert,
who criticised the bishop unfavorably in
the newspapers, is to remain in connec-
tion with the Diocese of Rochester.
July 16. N. Y. A retreat for the physi-
cal recuperation of returned women
missionaries is opened at Round Lake
in Saratoga County.
July 18. Miss. Thomas Heslin is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of the
Diocese of Natchez.
July 25. O. The suspension of Dr.
Quigley of Toledo, formerly of St.
Francis de Sales church, by Bishop
Gilmour of Cleveland, is not approved
at Rome.
July 27. Tenn. Two hundred people
band together to drive Mormon elders
and converts from Wilson County.
July * There are now 7,672 Christian
Endeavor Societies in America.
July* U. S. There are 126 camp-
meetings announced for July, August,
and September.
July * London. The World's Sunday-
school Convention is held ; more than
300 of the 900 delegates present are
from the United States.
July * Ga. A fanatic, calling himself
Christ, deceives and excites the negroes.
They abandon their patches, turn their
cattle on their crops, desert the tur-
pentine farms, sawmills, and planta-
tions ; wives separate from their hus-
bands, and children leave their parents,
to follow him.
July * The General Government provides
for the support of " contract schools"
among the Indians.
Congress appropriates for this work
$506,994. Of this sum the Roman Catho-
lics receive $356,491 ; the Presbyterians,
$47,650; the Congregational Missionary
Society, $16,408 — the remaining $86,455
being scattered in small amounts among
other missionary boards.
Aug. 4. N. Y. Prof . W. R. Harper de-
fends himself at Chautauqua from the
charge of being in sympathy with Ger-
man rationalism.
Aug. 7. N. J. A Deaconess Conven-
tion is in session at Ocean Grove.
LETTERS.
1889 June 30. The Commissioner of
Education reports that the public-
school system is making marvelous
progress in the South ; the increase in
enrollment greatly exceeds the increase
in population.
June* Boston. Several prominent women
appoint a committee of 50 to carry out
plans for taking the city schools out
of politics and sectarian influence.
June * Ind. Ter. The Cherokee Indians
dedicate with great rejoicings their new
seminary for girls at Tahlequah.
The building is three stories high, con-
tains more than 100 rooms, a chapel,
study, and recitation-rooms ; it is steam-
heated, supplied with water-works of its
own, and cost $200,000. The money
comes from the lease of the Indians'
lands to cattle companies.
June * N. Y. Work is begun on Cornell's
new library building at Ithaca ; it will
be the finest university library build-
ing in the country, and have shelf-room
for 475,000 volumes.
July 7. D. C. The. National Edu-
cational Association is in session at
Washington ; it discusses the subject of
denominational schools in a broad man-
ner ; Bishop Keane (Rom. Cath.) of
UNITED STATES.
1889, June 27 - Aug. 8. 343
Washington and Edwin D. Mead of
Boston make addresses.
July 10. Va. Gov. Fitzhugh Lee, a
nephew of Gen. R. E. Lee, accepts the
superintendency of the Lexington
Military Institute, offered to him by
the board of visitors.
July 11. Pa. The American Philo-
logical Society concludes its meeting
at Easton.
July 18. Tenn. The National Teach-
ers' Association is in session at Nash-
ville.
July 21. N. J. The American Insti-
tute of Christian Philosophy holds its
regular summer meeting at Key East
Beach.
July * More than 43,000,000 copies
of the Moody and Sankey Gospel
hymn-books have been issued in this
country and England.
SOCIETY.
1889 June 28. Mich. The Legislature
fixes the retail liquor tax at $500.
July * Wash. The Washington Territory
Constitutional Convention adopts wo-
man suffrage as a separate proposi-
tion, to be submitted to the people with
the Constitution.
Aug. 1. R. I. The Legislature enacts a
high-license law.
STATE.
1889 June 28. D. C. The Criminal
Court orders a nolle pros, in the Star
Route trial cases.
S. Dak. The Republicans call a con-
vention to nominate officers for the new
State; it is to meet at Huron.
June 30. Statistics for the fiscal year.
Revenue: Customs, §223,832,742; in-
ternal revenue, $130,881,514; sale of
public lands, $8,038,652 ; miscellaneous
items, $24,297,151. Total revenue, $387,-
050,059. Expenditures : Premiums on
loans, purchase of bonds, etc., $17,292,-
563; miscellaneous items, $80,664,064;
War Department, $44,435,271 ; Navy De-
partment, $21,378,809; Indians, $6,892,-
208; pensions, $87,624,779; interest on
the public debt, $41,001,484. Total ordi-
nary expenditures, $299,288,978 ; excess
of revenue over ordinary expenditures,
$87,761,081. Public debt (Dec. 1), $1,617,-
372,419. Exports, $742,401,375; imports,
$745,131,652.
June * Conn. The House passes over the
governor's veto the bill prohibiting the
coloring of oleomargarin so as to re-
semble butter.
July 3. Wash. A Constitutional Con-
vention meets at Olympia.
July 20. Okla. The Territorial Con-
vention appoints committees on Organic
Law, the Judiciary, the Legislature,
etc.; it decides to partition the Territory
into 12 counties, and then adjourns until
Aug. 20.
July 27. N. H. The Supreme Court of
the State declares the law requiring a
license for the practice of medicine
and dentistry is unconstitutional.
July 29. The Chippewas sign a treaty
giving their consent to open the White
Earth Reservation for settlement.
Aug. 5. Minn. The Chippewa Indians
on the Gull Lake Reservation sign a
treaty selling over 4,000,000 acres of fine
farming and timber lands to the Govern-
ment.
Aug. 6. Dak. The requisite number of
signatures are obtained for the open-
ing of the Sioux Reservation.
New York. The Civil Service Com-
mission approves of a request that cer-
tain positions in the N. Y. Post-office
shall be reserved from competitive ex-
amination.
Utah. The Gentiles at Salt Lake
City are elected by a majority of 41.
Aug. 7. Mont. At the Constitutional
Convention in Helena, Bozeman is
chosen as the capital.
Aug. 8. The president of the "Western
Union Telegraph Company replies to
recent criticisms of the Postmaster-Gen-
eral concerning the charges for Govern-
ment messages.
He alleges that the Government has
given nothing that cost it anything, or
that was of any value for it to retain ;
also that the Government is the most
favored customer, and that the com-
pany's rate, considering the nature of
the service rendered, is lower than that
given to any other patron.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 June 27. Conn. The seventh in-
tercollegiate university boat-race for
eight-oars and 3 miles straight is rowed ;
Cornell defeats Columbia and University
of Pennsylvania ; time not accurately
taken ; said to be 15 minutes, three sec-
onds, and 15 minutes, four seconds.
Harvard Freshmen defeat Colum-
bia in a boat race ; time, 12.21.
June 28. Chicago loses $290,000 by
the burning of the Burton block.
Minn. Judge Parish directs a verdict
in favor of Fred C. Prentice in his suit
against Mayor Beaser and others for the
possession of one-half the city of
Duluth, valued at $10,000,000.
± Mont. Fierce fires burn over 100
square miles of forest land.
June 29. Chicago suddenly becomes
the second city in the United States.
By a vote taken this day, the suburban
towns of Hyde Park, Lake, Lake View,
Cicero, and Jefferson are soon to be-
come a part of Chicago. The annexed
districts (population nearly 200,000) make
the total population about 1,100,000 ; the
area of the city covers 172.18 square miles
— the largest city area in the country.
June * New York. A second canal con-
struction party leaves for Nicaragua ;
a large quantity of necessary material is
also taken for work on the canal.
Julyl. Colo. Durango is almost totally
destroyed by fire.
Wash. Seattle begins to recover
from the great fire ; telegraph, telephone,
and electric-light service are nearly com-
pleted ; business houses are starting in
tents, and churches resume services.
July 2. Ida. The business portion of
Hailey is destroyed by fire; loss,
$500,000.
Va. A train is derailed on the Nor-
folk and Western Road, at Thaxton ; 30
persons are killed and 60 wounded.
July 4. Wash. Ellensburg is burned ;
10 blocks in the business portion of the
city are consumed, and 100 families
homeless ; loss, $2,000,000.
July 6. Cat. Bakersfield is nearly
destroyed by fire ; loss, $1,250,000.
July 8. Colo. Two of the largest brew-
eries of Denver are purchased by the
English syndicate. [July 19. A Michigan
brewery is bought for $200,000 ; also, on
July 25, breweries in Paterson and New-
ark, N.J.]
Miss. John L. Sullivan wins the
boxing championship of America, de-
feating Jake Kilrain at Richburg. [July
23. He receives the $20,000 stakes and
the championship belt.]
July 11. Minn. An English syndi-
cate combines to purchase several of the
largest flour-mills of Minneapolis.
July 13. O. An English syndicate
becomes the owner of the Cleveland
Otis Steel Company, with a capital of
£900,000.
July 24. Strawboard makers of the
United States unite in a trust under the
name of " The American Strawboard
Company."
July 25. N. Y. Lewis Brothers and
Company, dealers in dry-goods, make
an assignment, with liabilities exceed-
ing $4,000,000.
Md. A "sweet potato trust" is
formed in Baltimore by a combination
of dealers.
The British schooner Black Diamond
is seized by the U. S. revenue cutter in
Bering Sea for illegal sealing.
July 31. N. Y. The City of Paris ar-
rives at Sandy Hook lightship, having
completed her trip in five days, 23
hours, and 10 minutes.
Neb. Negotiations are completed for
the sale of all the breweries in Omaha
to a European syndicate for $1,500,000.
[Aug. 15. The control of the Pittsburg,
Pa., breweries is obtained.]
Pa. The immense plant of the Read-
ing Iron Company, which recently
failed for over $1,000,000, is sold in its
entirety for $150,000 ; it is purchased
for the Philadelphia and Reading Rail-
road Company.
Aug. 1. O. All trotting records, ex-
cept those of Maud S. and Jay-Eye-See,
are beaten at Cleveland by " Guy,"
who trots a mile in 2.1 Of — two sec-
onds more than the record of Maud S.
Aug. 3. Cal. A brandy company is
organized with a capital of $1,000,000.
Aug. 4. New York. Special delivery
letters are distributed for the first time.
Aug. 5. Wash. Spokane Falls suffers
by fire ; 25 blocks are in ashes ; loss,
$10,000,000.
Aug. 7. Wis. A Milwaukee syndicate
buys the Florence, Youngstown, and
Iron River mines in the Menominee
District for $850,000.
344 1889, Aug. 8 -Oct. 1.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Aug. 15. D. C. The Government
orders a multicharge dynamite gun
capable of throwing long shells charged
with dynamite from six to ten miles.
Aug. 19. D. C. The Pension Office at
Washington gives a ruling that dis-
honorable discharge is specific penalty
for a specific act, but is no bar to a
pension in case of disability.
Aug. 20. D. C. The Pension Office issues
an order allowing the evidence of
claimant and one private soldier as
to origin of disability, provided they
are men of reputable character.
Aug. 22. Cal. The cruiser Charleston
makes an official trial trip in Santa
Barbara Bay, attaining a speed of 19
knots an hour ; this more than meets
all requirements excepting that of horse-
power, in which she shows a deficiency.
Sept. 1. Miss. Gov. Lowry goes to Le
Flore county with a company of militia
to prevent a race war.
Sept. 8. Phila. The cruiser Philadel-
phia is launched.
Sept. 19. Term. Survivors of both the
Northern and the Southern armies at
the battle of Chickamauga assemble
at Chattanooga ; they resolve to pur-
chase the battle-field, and turn it into
a national park.
D. C. The man-of-war Galena is
ordered from Haiti to Navassa Island,
where several Americans are reported
to have been killed in a riot.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 Aug. 8. Wis. Clams are found in
the Sugar River at Albany with pearls
between the membrane and shell, some
of which are valued at $100. -
Aug. 10. Neb. A mammoth's skele-
ton, with a backbone 36 feet long, is un-
earthed at St. James ; it was at least 15
feet tall.
Aug. 15. Ind. Gold deposits are dis-
covered in Brown county.
Aug. 16. Pa. Experiments with the
Brown-Sequard life elixir cause the
death of 10 persons at Shamokin.
Aug. 18. W. Va. The Kanawha Valley
is swept by a terrible storm.
A cloud-burst completely floods the
country, destroying many lives and
thousands of dollars worth of property ;
crops are ruined throughout an area of
many miles.
Aug. 20. Cal. San Francisco is infested
with millions of crickets.
Aug. 22. Ind. The corner-stone of the
Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' mon-
ument is laid at Indianapolis, in the
presence of Preside"^ ^Harrison ; the
monument is to br' air s e«it high, and
will cost $222,000. et<>rs are
Aug. 27. N. C.ielixirfortihurst de-
stroys dams/aelyyaryingresu' tearing
up several ni^ngfellow 0f cin«,s esti-
mated at $100,0^^ «£$■ v
N. Y. C. H. F. P*K§icians reporfton
College discovers a new\ca8es treaty
asteroid group^. *
Aug. 28. Can. The annual meeting of the
American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science begins at To-
ronto. [Sept. 3. George L. Goodale of
Harvard University is elected president.]
Aug. 31. Ky. A deposit of asphalt is
discovered near Cloverport, 13 feet thick,
and covering a large area.
Sept. 6. N. Y. The American Social
Science Association ends its session at
Saratoga ; Andrew D. White, president.
Utah. An ice-cave is discovered in
Ashley Valley, one' room of which is over
1,200 feet long.
Wis. Pearl-hunting continues ;
$3,500 is refused for a single pearl.
Sept. 7. O. In Upper Sandusky a natural
gas-well is drilled, which shows a ca-
pacity of 50,000,000 cubit feet daily ; it is
conceded to be the largest gas-well in
the world.
Sept. 10, 11. Immense damage is done
by strong winds and tidal waves at
Coney Island, causing a loss to property
of about $250,000 ; the storm extends
along the New Jersey coast.
The loss in property runs up into the
millions. At the Delaware Breakwater
about 50 vessels are wrecked, and a large
number of lives lost.
Sept. 20. Athens. The Greek Govern-
ment conditionally offers to the Ar-
cheological Institute of America the
privilege of excavating the site of the
ancient oracle of Delphi.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1889.
Aug. 8. Dupont, Henry, gen., A77.
Aug. 12. Mott, Alexander B., physician,
surgeon, A63.
Aug. 14. Loomis, Elias, astronomer, pro-
fessor at Yale, A78.
Aug. 17. Thaw, William, railroad official,
A61.
Aug. 25. Shaw, Henry, millionaire, phi-
lanthropist, A 90.
Aug. 29. Rowe, George Fawcett, actor,
dramatist, A63.
Sept. 6. Ward, Rodney C, brig.-gen. of
vols., politician, A52.
Sept. 10. Cox, Samuel Sullivan, author,
M. C. for N. Y., minister to Turkey, A65.
Sept. 25. Hill, Daniel Harvey, Confed-
erate lieut.-gen., A 68.
Sept. 28. Sturgis, Samuel D., maj.-gen.,
A67.
CHURCH.
1889 Sept. 5. N. Y. Bishop M'Quaid
forbids the sacrament to two of Father
Lambert's friends at Waterloo. [Oct.
13. They resist excommunication and
attend the church.]
Sept. 8. Pa. The Roman Catholic
priesthood of Pittsburg and Allegheny
City are making strenuous efforts to
increase parochial school attend-
ance.
Father Corcoran of St. Agnes Church,
Pittsburg, warns the parents of his
parish against sending their children to
the public schools under penalty of a
denial of absolution.
Sept. 10. Ind. The National Associa-
tion of Colored Baptists holds its an-
nual session in Indianapolis.
The members of a party who were
assaulted at Baxley Station, Ga., while
on their way to attend the gathering,
appear before the meeting and exhibit
their injuries.
Sept. 13. New York. The Jewish con-
gregation Shaar Hashomajim cele-
brates its 50th anniversary, and dedi-
cates its new temple ; the temple of the
congregation of Mt. Sinai is also conse-
crated.
Sept. 27+. N. Y. Rev. George F.
Pentecost of Brooklyn is offered the
pastorate of Clermont Presbyterian
Church, Glasgow, Scotland, with a sal-
ary of $5,000.
Sept. 28. The Colored Protestant Epis-
copal Conference adopts a memorial to
the General Convention of that Church
on the standing of negro preachers.
LETTERS.
1889 Aug. 27. Mich. The Annual Con-
vention of the National Editorial As-
sociation opens at Detroit.
Sept. 5. Pa. President Harrison, P.M.-
Gen. Wanamaker, and Gov. Beaver
speak at the anniversary of the
founding of the Old Log College,
the cradle of American Presbyterianism,
at Hartsville.
Sept. 7. Mass. David Prouty presents
to the town of Spencer a high-school
building costing $46,000 ; it is dedi-
cated with appropriate ceremonies.
Chicago. Mrs. Charles B. Pope
gives a library to the town of Danville,
Vt., to replace one destroyed by fire.
Sept. 17. Conn. Prof. Loomis of New
Haven bequeaths $300,000 to Yale
University.
Sept. 20. New York. The will of Rev.
F. A. P. Barnard of Columbia is made
public ; he bequeaths practicaUy his
whole estate to that institution.
Sept. 21. Pa. Andrew Carnegie agrees
to rebuild the library at Johnstown ;
the one destroyed cost $30,000.
Sept. 24. New York. The Daily Graphic
suspends publication.
Sept. 30±. New York. A law-school for
women is opened by a practising lawyer
— Miss Emily Kempen, LL.D.
SOCIETY.
1889 Aug. 12. Kan. The returns from
the school elections show that many
women are elected to office.
Aug. 14. Cal. David S. Terry is shot
dead at Lathrop by United States
Marshal Wagle, when about to assault
Judge Stephen J. Field.
Aug. 21. Ala. The Southern Interstate
Farmers' Association meets at Mont-
gomery.
Aug. 27. Wis. The Grand Army of
the Republic meets in its 23d encamp-
ment at Milwaukee ; Russell A. Alger
of Mich., commander-in-chief.
Sept. 20. Wyo. The election law
passed by the Statehood convention
provides that women may vote ; that
electors shall be required to read Eng-
lish; that they shall be United States
citizens, and residents of Wyoming for
six months.
UNITED STATES.
1889, Aug. 8 -Oct. 1. 345
STATE.
1889 Aug. 9. New York. Sheriff
Flack resigns as Grand Sachem of the
Tammany Society and from the General
Committee, he having gained unpleasant
notoriety in divorce proceedings against
his wife.
Aug. 15. la- The Republicans nomi-
nate Jos. G. Hutchison for governor.
Aug. 16. 2f. Dak. The Constitutional
Convention decides upon Bismarck as
the permanent capital of the new
State, and agrees upon an anti-trust
clause to be put into its Constitution.
Aug. 17. Mont. The Convention,
having adopted a Constitution, adjourns.
Aug. 22. Va. The Republicans nomi-
nate Gen. Wm. F. Mahone for governor.
Aug. 23. Cat. Judge Levy decides that
the daughter of a slave may inherit.
Aug. 27. Mont. The Democrats nomi-
nate Joseph K. Toole for governor.
Aug. 28. D. C. The President appoints
Charles R. Flint of N. Y. and Henry G.
Davis of W. Va. delegates to the Three-
Americas Congress.
0. The Democrats nominate James
E. Campbell for governor.
Aug. 29. S. Dak. The Republicans nom-
inate Arthur C. Mellette for governor.
Aug. 30. Ind. Ter. The Progressive
party gain in the election in the Chick-
asaw Nation.
Sept. 3-30. Wyo. A Constitutional
Convention is held at Cheyenne.
Sept. 4. la. The Union Labor party
nominates S. B. Downing for governor.
Sept. 5. S. Dak. The Democrats nomi-
nate P. F. M'Clure for governor.
Sept. 6. Wash. The Republicans re-
nominate E. P. Ferry for governor.
Sept. 9. Ind. Ter. Disputes occur in the
Chickasaw Nation over the right of
white men to vote.
New York. Ex-Judge A. B. Tappen
is elected Grand Sachem of the Tam-
many Society, as the successor of Sher-
iff Flack.
N. J. The Democrats nominate Leon
Abbett for governor.
Wash. The Democrats nominate
Eugene Semple for governor.
Sept. 11. D. C. Pension Commissioner
James Tanner resigns his office under
great pressure of public criticism.
[Sept. 12. Resignation accepted.]
Sept. 17. Mass. Colored men in con-
vention pass resolutions demanding
greater recognition in political life.
jy. J. The Republicans nominate E.
B. Grubb for governor.
Sept. 18. Cat. Tsui Kno Yin, the
new Chinese ambassador to the United
States, arrives at San Francisco with
his suite. [Sept. 25. He arrives at
Washington. Oct. 3. He presents his
credentials to President Harrison.]
la. The Democrats nominate Horace
Boies of Waterloo for governor.
Sept. 19. Ga. The Young Men's
Democratic League mass-meeting at
Atlanta resolves adversely as to the pub-
lishing of negro whipping, by the Con-
stitution of that city, and votes down
every resolution that in any way con-
demns such whippings.
Sept. 23. Minn. The Beef Inspection
Law is decided to be unconstitutional
by the U. S. Circuit Court in St. Paul.
Sept. 26. Miss. The Republicans nomi-
nate James R. Chambers for governor.
Mich. Unearned railroad lands
are surrendered to the United States
authorities by the governor.
Sept. 27. Wyo. Cheyenne is selected
as the State capital.
Sept. 30. D. C. The delegates to the
Three- Americas Congress hold a pre-
liminary conference in Washington.
Sept. * N. Mex. A Territorial Conven-
tion at Santa F<5 adopts a State Consti-
tution.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Aug. 9. Pa. Bodies of ten
more victims of the flood are recov-
ered at Johnstown.
Aug. 15. N.J. After an interval of two
years, work is resumed on the Hudson
River tunnel to connect New York
city with Jersey City.
s. New York. The trans-ocean race
between the City of New York and the
Teutonic is won by the former by seven-
teen minutes.
Aug. 16. New York. A terrible gas
explosion occurs on the corner of Grand
and Clinton Streets ; 30 people are in-
jured and two are killed.
Aug. 18+ . Wis. The pearl-finding
craze reaches Prairie du Chien, where
many fine pearls have been found in
near-by streams.
Aug. 21. Minn. A log jam breaks in
the rapids at Big Rock, and 50,000,000
feet of logs go down-stream together.
pa. Allegheny loses $200,000 by
the burning of a large oil refinery.
Aug. 23. Tenn. The first train over
the new railroad is derailed south of
Knoxville ; five persons are killed and
26 injured.
jf . Va. Four persons are killed and
16 injured by a collision on the Balti-
more and Ohio Railroad near Parkers-
burg.
Aug. 25. R. I. Three persons are
drowned by the bursting of a reservoir
dam near Fiskville.
Aug. 26. Cal. A wheat warehouse,
42 cars, three ships, and 10,000 tons of
wheat are burned at Port Costa ; loss,
$700,000.
Aug. 30. Vt. Several persons are killed
in a railway coUision on the Central
Vermont Road near Middlebury.
N. y. The Comstock Tunnel Com-
pany files a certificate of incorporation
at Albany.
The capital of the company amounts
to $4,000,000, divided into $2 shares, and
is organized for general mining purposes.
Fla. A company is incorporated to
cut a canal across the peninsula of
Florida, saving 800 to 900 miles in a voy-
age between New Orleans and northern
ports, and nearly as much in sailing to
Europe ; capital, $60,000,000.
Sept. 1. Minn. The wheat crop of this
State amounts to 50,000,000 bushels.
Mass. Yarmouth celebrates its 250th
anniversary.
Sept. 4. Minn. "Winona loses by fire
22,000,000 feet of lumber, 7,000,000 shin-
gles, a three-story brick warehouse,
sheds, tramway, and other property,
valued at $314,000.
Sept. 15. N. Y. Walter G. Campbell
swims the Niagara Rapids wearing
a cork jacket.
Sept. 16. Mo. The New Era Exposi-
tion main building, with exhibits, at St.
Joseph, is destroyed by fire ; total loss
of exhibits, $259,000.
Sept. 19. The Cincinnati, Washington,
and Baltimore Railroad is judicially
sold for $5,000,000.
Sept. 20. N. J. Large refineries at
Shadyside are burned ; loss, $500,000.
Sept. 21. N.J. A fire destroys the oil-
yards of John Ellis and Co. at Edga-
water ; loss, $250,000.
Sept. 24. III. Trains collide near Au-
burn Park ; six persons are killed and
ten injured.
Sept. 25. Mo. The American Bankers'
Association opens its session in Kansas
City.
Sept. 28. la. At Cresco 22 business
houses are destroyed by fire; loss,
$100,000.
Conn. Milf ord celebrates its 250th
anniversary with splendid ceremonies.
A handsome granite bridge and tower
is dedicated to the memory of the nrst
settlers ; several memorial tablets ana
blocks are dedicated.
N. Y. Several persons are killed a^id
others injured by a collision between
two sections of an express-train at
Palatine Bridge.
New York. The steamer City of New
York arrives after crossing from Queens-
town in six days, four hours, and 17
minutes.
Sept. * N. Y. A break is reported in the
two trans-Atlantic cables belonging
to the Western Union Company.
Sept. * Pa. Thomas J. Stewart, Secre-
tary of Internal Affairs for this State.
reports on the floods of May 31 and
June 1.
The rain of 36 hours in the valleys
of the Conemaugh, Susquehanna and
upper, waters of the Genesee a,ui Poto-
Z^vlrsrcau^ed-Inekimate^s^of
?*«»,%» X • «$a:
$7,OOo"5oO, besides $5,000,000 losses at
Johnstown.
Sept. 30. Mon. Business houses in Butte
are destroyed by fire ; loss, $250,000.
Oct. 1. Kan. Delegates from 15 States
and Territories meet at Topeka to pro-
mote the movement for securing a deep
harbor on the coast of Texas.
346 1889, Oct. 1- Nov. 22.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Oct. 25. Md. The Galena, with
the leaders of the Navassa riot, reaches
Baltimore.
Oct. 26. Cal. The cruiser San Fran-
cisco is launched and christened at the
Union Iron Works' shipyard.
Nov. 4. Ariz. Apaches ambush a
company of soldiers near Fort Hua-
chuca.
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 Oct. 6. /. T. Gold and silver
are discovered in the land of the
Chicaksaw Nation.
Oct. 12. Chicago. The statue of La
Salle, the French explorer, is unveiled.
Oct. 16. New York. An expedition
leaves in the steamer Pensacola for
Africa to view the solar eclipse.
Oct. 24+. Colo. The inflow of water to
the desert lake at Salton has ceased,
and the lake is drying up.
Oct. 30. Del. A monument to Gen.
Caesar Rodney, member of the Continen-
tal Congress and a Revolutionary sol-
dier of Delaware, is unveiled at Dover.
- — N. Y. The corner-stone of the Soly
diers' and Sailors' Memorial Arch,
Prospect Park, Brooklyn, is laid with
becoming ceremonies by Gen. Sherman.
(See Aug. 2.)
Nov. 7±. Cal. Millions of dollars worth
of gold are taken from the bed of the
Feather River.
Nov. 16. N. C. A rich silver vein is
struck, also a gold vein, at Salisbury.
N. Y. A new comet is discovered by
Lewis Swift of the Warner Observatory.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
Oct. 6. Vail, Thomas H., P. E. bishop of
Kan., A76.
Oct. 17. Hartranft, John F., maj.-gen. of
vols., Gov. of Pa., A 59.
Oct. 25. Lesquereaux, Leo, botanist, pale-
ontologist, A 83.
Oct. 26. Koct, Francis M., philanthropist,
banker, dies.
Oct. 30. Taylor, Isaac E., physician, of
New York, A77.
Nov. 13. Dean, Charles, author, historian,
A75.
CHURCH.
1889 Oct.l. 0. The Pope appoints Car-
dinal Gibbons and Archbishop Riordan
to investigate affairs under Bishop
Gilmour in the Diocese of Cleveland.
Oct. 2+. New York. The 34th triennial
meeting of the Protestant Episcopal
General Convention begins its ses-
sions in St. George's church ; the Rev.
Dr. Dix is president-elect of the House
of Clerical and Lay Deputies.
The most important questions to be
considered are the change in the mode
of presentation, the revision of the
Prayer-book, and that of changing the
name of the church.
(Oct. 15.) It appoints a committee to
prepare a standard revised Prayer-book,
to be submitted in 1890.
(Oct. 24.) It adopts a canon on dea-
conesses.
(Oct. 25.) The High Church and Low
Church factions disagree concerning the
proposed revision of the Prayer-book.
Oct. 4. Tenn. White Caps drive Mor-
mon missionaries out of Wilson
County.
Oct. 5. Utah. The Mormon priesthood
is defiant ; its leaders assert that the
revelations given, including polygamy,
come from God and will be successful.
Oct. 9. Mass. The National Council
(Congregational) begins its triennial
session at Worcester.
Oct. 12. O. "William A. Leonard is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of Ohio.
Oct. 13. N.Y. Dr. Talmage's Tabernacle
in Brooklyn is destroyed by fire.
The loss on the building and contents
amounts to between $150,000 and
$200,000 ; the grand organ, which cost
$20,000, is destroyed ; insurance, about
$130,000.
Oct. 15. New York. The American
Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions celebrates the 80th anniver-
sary of the Society. [Oct. 17. It reelects
the Rev. R. S. Storrs of Brooklyn presi-
dent.]
The Presbytery forward a proposed
revision of the Westminster Confes-
sion of Faith to be considered by the
General Assembly.
Oct. 18. Mich. Thomas F. Davies is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop
of Michigan.
Oct. 20. Va. The Rev. S. Van de Vyver
is installed (Roman Catholic) bishop of
the Diocese of Richmond.
Oct. 21. Conn. Isaac C. Lewis, Univer-
salist, deeds a $75,000 block in Mer-
iden to the City Mission (unsectarian)
with the stipulation that it shall be kept
free from incumbrance and the income
used in carrying on mission-work in
that city.
Oct. 22. Capuchins sail from Dublin
for America to collect funds for com-
pleting a memorial church to the tem-
perance apostle, Father Mathew.
Md. The 2d biennial convention of
the Young "Women's Christian As-
sociations of the United States and
Canada begins at Baltimore ; delegates
are present from 50 Associations.
Oct. 26. New York. An archdiocesan
union of the Roman Catholic Total
Abstinence Societies is organized.
Oct. 27. Neio York. The John Street
Methodist Episcopal church cele-
brates the 123d anniversary of Meth-
odism in this country.
Oct. 28. N. Y. Dr. Talmage breaks
ground for his new Tabernacle; a
number of prominent ministers partici-
pate in the ceremony.
Oct. 28-31. Phila. The 13th Na-
tional Unitarian Conference opens.
Oct. 29. Chicago. The 43d annual meet-
ing of the American Missionary So-
ciety begins.
Oct. * J. W. Holt is elected first United
Brethren bishop.
Oct. * New York. The 103d General
ALSsembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Wil-
liam Charles Roberts, moderator.
Oct. * Pa. The 34th General Synod
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Alle-
gheny.
Oct. * The Unitarian Younger Minis-
ters' Association is formed.
Nov. 2-12. Md. The Congress of Ro-
man Catholic laymen formally opens
at Baltimore.
The Centennial of the Establishment
of the Catholic Church in America is
celebrated with great pomp and splen-
dor.
Two Cardinals in scarlet robes, and
hundreds of white-clad clergy, are in the
procession on Sunday. 1,200 delegates
are called to order on Monday by ex-
Gov. Carroll.
(Nov. 3 .) Archbishop SatoUi , the papal
representative, arrives at Baltimore.
(Nov. 11.) Premier Mercier of Canada,
and Daniel Dougherty of New York, ad-
dress the Congress ; the latter speaks in
defense of the Independence of the Holy
See.
Nov. 4. N. Y. The New York Presby-
tery decides in favor of a revision of
the Confession of Faith.
Nov. 8. N. Y. The Plymouth Church,
Brooklyn, votes to install Lyman Ab-
bott as Henry Ward Beecher's successor.
Nov. 15. Phila. Archbishop Ryan sup-
ports the right of Catholic writers to
criticise the faults of priests.
Nov. 16. Chicago. The 2d Annual Con-
ference of the Church of God in Christ
Jesus meets.
Nov. 17. Md. Roman Catholics hold
a high-license mass-meeting in Bal-
timore ; Cardinal Gibbons, Bishop Ire-
land, and others take part.
Nov. 18. Boston. National Guild Alli-
ance (Unitarian) is organized.
LETTERS.
1889 Oct. 2. Mass. Clark University
at Worcester is dedicated.
Oct. 7. New York. Ex-Mayor Seth
Low of Brooklyn is elected to the presi-
dency of Columbia. [Nov. 4. He for-
mally accepts.]
Oct. 12. Pa. Andrew Carnegie ap-
points a Citizens' Committee to select a
suitable site for a $500,000 free li-
brary in Pittsburg which he proposes
to create.
Oct. 17. The New York State school
superintendents decide to revise the
Compulsory Educational Bui, and*
urge its passage by the Legislature.
Oct. 19. N. Y. Brooklyn public schools
are each presented with a United States
flag by U. S. Grant Post of the Grand
Army of the Republic, at the Academy
of Music.
Oct. 20. Boston. Trouble arises over
a school history that had been revised
to meet the requirements of Roman
Catholic critics ; it causes much con-
troversy.
UNITED STATES.
1889, Oct. 1-Nov. 22. 347
Oct. 21. Mass. At Springfield a French
Protestant college is dedicated.
Oct. 23. Mass. At Wellesley College a
School of Art is dedicated.
Oct. 27. Conn. Yale students decide to
form classes for the systematic study
of the Bible.
Oct. 30. New York. The annual fall
meeting of the American Oriental So-
ciety begins at Columbia College.
Nov. 4. Chicago. John Crerar by will
leaves $2,500,000 to found the John
Crerar Library.
Nov. 5. Phila. The University of Penn-
sylvania adopts a modified form of a
coeducational system.
Nov. 8. Md. Mrs. Caroline Donovan
gives $100,000 to Johns Hopkins
University to found a chair of English
literature.
Nov. 9. N. J. Dr. J. E. Rankin of Orange
is elected president of Howard Uni-
versity, as successor to Dr. W. W.
Patton.
Nov. 13. D. C. The new Roman Cath-
olic University of America at "Wash-
ington is opened with customary cere-
monials. [Roman Catholics of America
raise $50,000 to endow a chair in memory
of Father Mathew.]
Nov. 18. New York. Haines W. Cun-
ningham succeeds Robert P. Porter as
editor of the Press.
Nov. 20. Boston. The city provides that
the American flag shall float from each
schoolhouse in this city.
SOCIETY.
1889 Oct. 1. N. Dak. The prohibi-
tion clause of the Constitution is ratified
by a special vote. Vote, 18,552-17,393.
S. Dak. The people approve the ar-
ticle of the Constitution which prohibits
the manufacture and sale of intoxicat-
ing beverages. Vote, 40,239-34,510.
Wash. Prohibition and the woman
suffrage clauses of the Constitution are
rejected by the vote of the people.
Oct. 7. Conn. The vote on the Prohibi-
tion Amendment to the Constitution
is adverse ; majority about 27,000.
Oct. 21. Ky. The Howard faction,
in the Howard-Turner feud in Harlan
County, is defeated by the aid of the
militia.
STATE.
1889 Oct. 1. Mont. The people ratify
the Constitution. Vote, 24,676-2,274.
N. Dak. The people vote to ratify
the Constitution ; it prohibits the
liquor-traffic.
S. Dak. The people adopt the Sioux
Falls Constitution. Vote, 70,131-3,267.
Wash. The people ratify the Con-
stitution. Vote, 40,152-1 1 ,879.
Oct. 2. D. C. Eighteen independent
American nations are represented in
the International American Conference
which opens at Washington ; the Con-
gress organizes; the delegates are re-
ceived by President Harrison and dined
by Secretary Blaine.
Mass. The Democrats nominate ex-
Gov. W. E. Russell for governor.
N. Y. The Civil Service Reform
League adopts resolutions and reelects
George William Curtis president. "
Oct. 8. New York. The Supreme Court
decrees that in all actions for abso-
lute divorce, where no answer is inter-
posed, reference to take proof will not
be granted.
Oct. 9. Minn. The Chippewa Indians
sell their surplus reservation to the
United States.
Oct. 11. N. Y. The International
Congress delegates, in a tour of obser-
vation, reach Albany, and are addressed
at a reception by Gov. Hill.
Oct. 15. New York. Sir Julian Paunce-
fote, the British minister, arrives.
S. Dak. The first Legislature meets
and organizes at Pierre, the capital.
Oct. 23. New York. At a citizens' mass-
meeting a city ticket is nominated in
protest against Tammany Hall, and
in favor of clean municipal govern-
ment. [Oct. 24. The citizens' ticket
is approved by the Republican and the
County Democracy county conventions.]
Nov. 2. D. C. The President proclaims
the State of North Dakota admitted
into the Union as the 39th State. South
Dakota is admitted into the Union as
the 40th State.
Nov. 5. State elections are held in
New York and nine other States, with
unusual Democratic success; Idaho
and Wyoming Territories vote upon
their proposed State Constitutions.
The Democratic plurality for eover-
nor in Iowa is 6,573, but the Republicans
still have a majority in the Legislature.
The Democratic plurality for governor
in Ohio is about 11,000, the remainder
of the State ticket Republican ; the
Legislature is Democratic by 10 majority
on joint ballot.
Nov. 7. N. Dak. The State officials
first assume their places.
Nov. 8. D. C. Montana is admitted
into the Union as the 41st State.
Nov. 9. The free delivery of letters
is extended to all cities in the United
States having 5,000 inhabitants.
Nov. 11. D. C. President Harrison is-
sues a proclamation admitting "Wash-
ington into the Union as the 42d State.
Nov. 12. Ind. The Union League at
Jefferson burns President Harrison
in effigy to express the resentment of
disappointed office-seekers.
Nov. 16. Kan. The Republicans are
making [unsuccessful] efforts to secure
the resubmission of the Prohibition
Amendment to the people.
Nov. 18. N. Y. Judge Edwards decides
that the Republican election inspectors
of Troy must sign the election re-
turns, their duty being to attest the
correctness of the count of the ballots
they find in the ballot-boxes, and not to
judge of their validity.
Nov. 22. Alaska is demanding repre-
sentation in Congress.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Oct. 3. The boilers of the steamer
Corona explode on the Mississippi ; 38
lives are lost.
Oct. 10. New York. The corner-stone
of the new building of the New York
World, at the corner of Park Row and
Frankfort Street, is laid.
The building is to be 13 stories high,
and from the roof will spring a dome 88
feet in height and a cupola 20 feet high,
and the top 300 feet above the sidewalk,,
a 30-foot flag staff surmounting all.
Oct. 24. Mo. The "Wheat-growers'
convention at St. Louis organizes an
association.
New York. The World's Fair sub-
scription-books are opened, and $250,-
000 is at once subscribed.
Oct. 28. S. Dak. Twenty thousand peo-
ple are starving and destitute ; their
condition is due to storms.
Oct. 30. Chicago. A great horse-show
opens ; value of horses exhibited, $5,000,-
000.
Oct. * D. C. The Government is informed
of the awards made at the Paris Expo-
sition.
The United States exhibit is awarded
53 grand prizes, 199 gold medals, 271 sil-
ver medals, 218 bronze medals, 220 hon-
orable mentions.
Oct. * Pa. Gov. Beaver appoints a com-
mission to determine the feasibility of
constructing a ship-canal to connect
the water of Lake Erie and the Ohio
River, in pursuance of a joint resolution-
of the last Legislature.
Oct. * S. Dak. The selection of Pierre as
the capital of the State creates a boom.
Strangers flock into the city by thou-
sands, every train being loaded down
with prospectors and speculators. Over
$500,000 worth of property change hands
in one day. Lots have risen in price
from $100 to $1,000.
Nov. 1. Fla. It is made public, that
over 6,000,000 acres of land are con-
solidated under one management by a
syndicate called the Associated Land
Department of Florida.
Nov. 4. Boston. The Maritime Exhi-
bition opens.
Nov. 5. D.C. President Harrison touches
a telegraphic key and sets in motion the
wheels of the Southern Exposition at
Montgomery, Ala.
Chicago. Horses valued at $2,500,00^
are exhibited at the horse-show.
Nov. 10. Mo. Eighteen breweries in
St. Louis have been sold to an English
syndicate.
New York. The Broadway Road
guarantees an annual payment to the
city of $150,000 for permission to change
its motive power.
Nov. 11. Sunol, the famous trotting
filly, is sold to Robert Bonner for
$45,000.
The steamship Oceanic makes a
record across the Pacific of 13 days,,
14 hours, and four minutes.
348 1889, Nov. 22-* *
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Nov. 22. Boston. The Squadron
of Evolution arrives.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 Nov. 23±. Colo. Remarkable
cliff-dwellings are discovered — one 425
feet long, with 124 rooms on the ground
floor. It is 80 feet high, and would ac-
commodate 1,000 people.
Nov.* III. The State Grange offers
$10,000 for a practical contrivance to
bind grain with straw bands.
Some 40 inventors compete, but only
one machine is entirely satisfactory.
Dec. 9. Chicago. Adelina Patti sings
at the dedication of the Auditorium
building and the Opera House ; Presi-
dent Harrison is present.
New York. Thirteen patients are
inoculated at Mt. Sinai and St. Luke's
Hospitals with Dr. Koch's lymph.
Dec. 13. Pa. The Westinghouse Elec-
tric Company devises a new system of
lighting at Pittsburg.
Dec. 14. The American Academy of
Political and Social Science is
founded.
Dec. 26. New York. The American
Geological Society begins its annual
meeting.
Dec. 27. New York. The American
Society of Naturalists begins its an-
nual session.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1889.
Nov. 23. Ruthven, James Alexander,
lawyer, A68.
Nov. 24 Pendleton, George H.. M. C,
senator for O., Dem. candidate for Vice-
President, Minister to Germany, A 64.
Dec. 6. Davis, Jefferson, senator for
Miss., secretary of war, President of Con-
federate States of America, A81.
Palfrey, F. W., brig.-gen. of vols., histo-
rian, A 58.
Dec. 8. Tuigg, John, bishop of the R. C.
Diocese of Pittsburg, A79.
Dec. 11. Johnson, Oliver, abolitionist, jour-
nalist, A 80.
Dec. 14. Jeffrey, Reuben, Baptist clergy-
man, dies.
Dec. 15. Formes, Carl, basso, A79.
Dec. 21. Day, Benjamin H., founder of
the N. Y. Sun, A80.
Dec. 23. Grady, Henry Woodfen, ora-
tor, editor Atlanta Constitution, A39.
Dec. 29. Romandt, Charles R. von, pro-
fessor in Rutgers, dies.
Dec. 31. Patton, William W., pres. How-
ard University, A 68.
Allen, Horatio, builder of first locomo-
tive in U. S., A71.
CHURCH.
1889 Nov. 23. Greece. Dr. Talmage
preaches on Mars HU1 at Athens ; [he
there secures a stone for his new Taber-
nacle].
Dec. 2. New York. The Reformed
Episcopal Church celebrates the 16th
anniversary of its establishment.
N. Y. The presbytery of Buffalo de-
cides in favor of the revision of the
creed.
O. The General Convention (Prot-
estant Episcopal) opens at Cleveland.
Dec. 4. Boston. A General Christian
Conference under the auspices of the
American Evangelical Alliance of the
United States begins.
Dec. 7. Pa. Bishop Bichard Phelan
succeeds to the Roman Catholic Dio-
cese of Pittsburg.
Dec. 8. New York. Dr. M 'Glynn
speaks at Cooper Union on " Church
Despots and Popular Rights."
Dec! 10. Pa. The Pope decides in
favor of Sister Alphonse, as against
Bishop Phelan of Pittsburg, in the con-
test for supremacy in the Ursuline con-
vent of Mt. St. Ursula at Pittsburg,
restoring the French nuns.
Dec. 11-12. Boston. A Congress of
Churches is held in Tremont Temple
to consider the relation of the secret-
lodge system to civil liberty and the
Christian religion.
Dec. 11. Conn. The Yale Bo man
Catholic Club holds its first meeting ;
it is recognized by President Dwight as
a Yale College organization.
Dec. 15. Conn. Dwight L. Moody
holds services at Yale University.
Md. The Catholic Young Men's
Society is organized at Baltimore.
Dec. 22. Ga. Prayers are offered in
all the churches in Atlanta for Henry
W. Grady's recovery from serious illness.
Dec. 27. Minn. At St. Paul, Rev. John
Shanley of St. Paul, Rev. James McGol-
drick of Minneapolis, and Rev. Joseph
B. Cotter of Winona, are consecrated
Roman Catholic bishops.
LETTERS.
1889 Nov. * New York. Mayor Grant
appoints seven school commissioners —
two of them women.
Dec. 2. New York. Col. John A. Cock-
erill is reelected president of the Press
Club.
Dec. 18. N. Y. The Adelpbi Academy
of Brooklyn is burned ; loss, $75,000.
Dec. 25+ . New York. The Hebrews are
establishing free schools.
Dec. 26-28. New York. The first an-
nual meeting of The Music Teachers'
Association is held.
Dec. 28-31. D. C. The American
Historical Association holds its 6th
annual meeting in Washington.
Dec. 29. N. J. The valuable library of
the late Dr. George L. Janeway is pre-
sented to Rutgers College.
Dec. 30. Mass. A library building
worth $250,000 and containing 10,000
volumes is to be given to Arlington by
Mrs. Maria Robbins of New York.
* * Cat. —N.Y. A Normal School is
opened by the State at Chico ; and an-
other at Oneonta, Otsego County, N. Y.
SOCIETY.
1889 Dec. 16. Chicago. Daniel Cough-
lin, Martin Burke, Alexander Sullivan,
of the Clan-na-Gael, are sentenced to
imprisonment for life for the murder
of Dr. P. H. Cronin. John Kunz is
sentenced to imprisonnierit for three
years, and John F. Beggs is discharged.
[Coughlin is acquitted on a new trial,
Mar. 8, 1894.]
Dec. 18. Neb. A central prohibition
organization is formed by a convention
at Omaha ; 250 delegates represent five
near-by States.
Dec. 19. N. Dak. A prohibitory law
is enacted and signed ; it is to become
effective on July 1st.
STATE.
1889 Nov. 23. Mont. The State Le-
gislature meets for the first time, on
the call of the governor.
Nov. 26. N. Y. Thomas C. Piatt is
removed from the quarantine commis-
sionership by decision of the Court of
Appeals.
Nov. * Wyo. The people ratify the Con-
stitution. Vote, 6,272-1,923.
Dec. 2. D. C. The 51st Congress
opens.
Congress-; Senate : John J. Ingalls
(Rep.) of Kan. is reelected president pro
tempore. House : Thomas B. Beed of
Me. is elected Speaker ; Edward Mc-
Pherson of Pa., clerk.
President Harrison submits to Con-
gress his first message ; he gives warn-
ing of the dangers of an extravagant
surplus, and shows that the revenues of
the last year exceed the expenses by
$105,053,443.24, and that the excess for
this year will be $83,000,000. He favors
a revision of the tariff.
Dec. 3. N. Dak. The first State Legis-
lature meets at Bismarck.
Dec. 4. D. C. President Harrison ap-
points David J. Brewer of Kan. to be
Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme
Court. [Dec. 18. Confirmed by the
Senate.]
Congress; Senate: C. K. Davis of
Minn, introduces the Dependent Pen-
sion Bill, granting pensions to soldiers
who are incapacitated for manual labor,
also for dependent relatives of deceased
soldiers.
J. S. Morrill of Vt. introduces the bill
to repay the direct tax collected from
the States under the Tax Act of Aug. 5,
1861.
J. Sherman of O. introduces the Anti-
Trust Hill, declaring unlawful trusts
and combinations in restraint of trade
and production.
John H. Reagan of Tex. introduces a
bill for the free coinage of silver.
James F. Wilson of la. introduces the
Original Package Bill, subjecting im-
ported liquors to the provisions of the
several States.
H. W. Blair of N. H. introduces the
Educational Bill, appropriating $77,-
000,000 for the extension of common
schools.
Dec. 5. B.C. Congress : In the Senate
John J. Ingalls of Kan. introduces the
World's Fair Bill, to aid in commemo-
rating the 400th anniversary of the dis-
covery of America.
Dec. 7. D.C. The Pan- American Con-
gress provides for 16 committees to be
appointed by the president, James G.
Blaine.
Dec. 9. T>. C. Congress ; Senate : A bill
is introduced for the relief of the as-
UNITED STATES.
1889, Nov. 22-**. 349
signees of John Roach ; a bill to admit
Idaho as a State is introduced by O. H.
Piatt of Conn. ; a resolution by Senator
Sherman of O. in favor of settlement
of international disputes by arbitra-
tion is referred to the Committee on
Foreign Relations.
In the House the Speaker appoints
various committees, with Judge Har-
rison Kelley of Kan. as chairman on
Manufactures, W. McKinley of O. on
Ways and Means, and J. Q. Cannon of
111. on Appropriations.
Dec. 10. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate a bill is introduced proposing New
York as the place for holding the
"World's Fair ; the Federal Elections
Bill is introduced by W. E. Chandler
of N. H.
A Convention of the governors of the
States and Territories opens.
Boston. T. H. Hart (Rep.) is reelected
mayor.
Dec. 11. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate a bill is introduced for a service
pension; the two Houses meet in
joint session to commemorate the cen-
tennial of the inauguration of Presi-
dent "Washington, Chief-Justice Fuller
delivering the oration.
Md. — Va. The Hog Island boundary
dispute between Maryland and Virginia
is settled.
Dec. 12. D. C. Congress ; Senate : M.
C. Butler of N. C. introduces the Negro
Emigration Bill relative to negroes
leaving the Southern States.
John Sherman of O. introduces a bill
to revive the grade of lieutenant-
general in the army.
Dec. 16. D. C. Congress : The Senate
receives from the President the new
Extradition Treaty with England.
New York. The Pan-American Con-
gress delegates are received as guests of
the city.
Dec. 18. D. C. Congress; House:
George W. E. Dorsey of Neb. introduces
a National Bank Circulation Bill,
providing for the issue of circulating
notes to national banks.
Joseph M. Carey of Wyo. introduces a
bill to admit "Wyoming into the Union
as a State.
Dec. 20. D. C. Congress: The House
passes a joint resolution for repairing
damages by the Sacramento floods.
In the House, E. B. Taylor introduces
a Uniform System of Bankruptcy Bill.
John H. O'Neall of Ind. introduces the
Anti-Convict Labor Bill, prohibiting
convict labor on public works.
Dec. 21. D.C. Congress ; House : The
Committee on Appropriations introduce
the District of Columbia Appropria-
tion Bill.
Dec. 24. D. C. Secretary Windom in-
vites proposals for the right to take fur
seals on the islands of St. Paul and St.
George, Alaska.
Dec. 26. D. C. The House Commit-
tee on "Ways and Means begin their
sittings on the tariff.
Dec. 27. D. C. A new design for a navy
flag is adopted, to take effect July 1,
1891 ; it consists of a rectangular arrange-
ment of 42 stars.
Dec. 30. N. Y. The Electrocution
Law is declared to be constitutional
by the General Term at Rochester.
Dec. 31. D. C. The International
Marine Conference finishes its work
and finally adjourns.
Dec. * Mont. The Legislature is in a
stubborn deadlock, the Democratic
members of the Senate absenting them-
selves from that body till the session
expires, and the Republican and Demo-
cratic members of the House holding
separate sessions.
Dec. * W. Va. Gov. "Wilson calls the
Legislature to meet in special session
on Jan. 15 ; the most important business
to be considered is the settlement of
the contest between A. B. 'Fleming and
Nathan Goff for the governorship.
* * Me. The Legislature passes an act
against the organization of trusts.
* * Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., R. I., Wis.
The secret ballot law is enacted.
* * V. S. Governors inaugurated :
-93* * Alas. (Ter.). Lyman E. Knapp.
-91* * Ariz. (Ter.). Lewis Wolfley.
-93 * * Ark. James P. Eagle.
-90 * * Colo. Job A. Cooper.
-91 * * Conn. Morgan G. Buckeley.
-93 * * Fla. Francis P. Fleming.
-93 * * III. Joseph W. Fifer.
-89* * Ind. Alvin P. Hovey (deceased).
-92 * * Me. Edwin C. Burleigh.
-93 * * Mo. David R. Francis.
Mont. {Ter.) Benjamin F. White.
-93 * * Mont. (Ter.) Joseph K. Toole.
-91 * * N. H. David H. Goodell.
N. Mex. (Ter.). L. B. Prince.
-93 * * N.C. Daniel G. Fowle.
-91 * * N. Dak. John Miller.
R. I. H. W. Ladd.
-91 * * S. Dak. Arthur C. Mellette.
-93* * Utah. (Ter.). Arthur L.Thomas.
-91 * * Wis. William D. Hoard.
-90 * * Wyo. (Ter.). F. E. Warren.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Nov. 24. Jap. The Pacific mail-
steamer China is ashore at Yokohama ;
she is valued at $1,000,000.
Nov. 25. III. Edwardsville loses $300,-
000 by fire.
Nov. 26. Mass. A great fire sweeps over
25 acres of Lynn, burning 330 build-
ings, one-third of the business portion of
the town, and rendering 175 families
homeless.
About 7,000 people are thrown out of
work. The loss on buildings alone is
nearly $1,500,000.
Mo. The National Silver Conven-
tion meets in St. Louis ; A. J. Warner
of O. is chosen president.
Nov. 27. -V. J. The German bark Ger-
mania from Stettin is wrecked at Long
Branch; the captain and eight sailors
are drowned.
Nov. 28. Boston. A fire destroys prop-
erty valued at $5,000,000.
Nov. 30. Minn. The Tribune building
is burned out.
At the time of the fire 100 or more men
are at work in the upper stories of the
building ; 10 persons perish in the flames.
Nov. * New York. The proprietor of
Judge offers the Government $100,000
for the privilege of printing adver-
tisements on the back of the United
States postage-stamps. [Declined.]
* * Tenn. The East Tennessee Land
Company is organized with $3,000,000
capital; Gen. Clinton B. Fisk of New
York, president.
Nov. * Va. A fire destroys property in
Petersburg valued at $750,000.
Dec. 7. N. Y. Boscobel, long known as
Henry "W. Beecher's country-place,
is sold for $75,000.
N. Mex. The Cerro Blanco mines
are sold to an English syndicate for
$1,500,000.
Tenn. An English syndicate pur-
chases 86,000 acres of coal and
mineral land in Marion County for
$2,212,000.
Dec. 9. Phila. Spreckel's big sugar
refinery begins operations. Its capa-
city is 2,000,000 pounds every 24 hours.
Dec. 12. New York. The "World's
Fair Guaranty Fund amounts to
$5,224,434; and the "Washington Me-
morial Arch Fund to $61,768.71.
Dec. 14. N. Y. The United Franklin
and Clyde Glass Companies of Syra-
cuse consolidate with a joint capital of
$1,583,500.
The Citizens' Steamboat Company
of Troy decides to sell its boats and
charter to an English syndicate for
$1,000,000.
Dec. 28. Miss. The Citizens' ware-
house, Yazoo City, containing 6,000
bales of cotton and seven freight-cars,
is burned ; loss, $327,000.
W. Va. At White Sulphur Springs,
near Charleston, six cars are destroyed
in a railroad accident caused by the
spreading of the rails. In the wreck 11
people are killed and 25 injured.
Dec. * Kan. Thousands of bushels of
corn are being burned for fuel ; in some
counties the market price of corn is less
than 15 cents per bushel, while coal is
from 25 to 35 cents per bushel.
Dec. * Ky. It is reported that 260,000
acres of coal and timber land near
Middlesborough have been sold to Eng-
lish capitalists for $1,500,000.
Dec. * New York. Nearly 300 miles
of electric wires and about 800 poles
have been cut down to clear the streets.
Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1889.
Production : Gold, $32,800,000 : silver,
$64,646,000; bushels of grain: Indian
corn, 2,112,892,000; wheat, 4!>0,560,000 ;
oats, 751 ,515,000; barley, 65,000.000 • : rye,
30,000,000+ ; buckwheat, 11,000,000+ ;
bales of cotton, 6,935,082 ; pounds of wool,
265,000,000 ; barrels of petroleum, 34,820,-
306. Currency in circulation, $1,380,361,-
649 ; per capita, $22.52. Immigrants re-
ceived (fiscal year), 444,427. Miles of
railroads worked, 152,689; capital stock,
$4,495,099,318; total railroad accidents,
1,569; persons killed, 5,823; persons in-
jured, 26,309. Fire-waste, $123,046,833;
insurance, $73,679,465. Business failures,
11,719 ; liabilities, $140,359,490.
350 1889, * *-1890, Jan. 15.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
J.889 * * D. C. Congress provides for
the establishment of a gun-making
plant at West Troy, New York.
1890 Jan. 11. The Squadron of Evo-
lution in the Mediterranean suffers
severely with influenza ; 180 cases on
the Chicago alone.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 * * Cal. The floods at Los An-
geles change the channel of the river
below the city and turn the water on the
fruit-lands. Damage, $750,000.
* * New York. Hamilton Hamilton of
Mount Vernon, Olin L. "Warner of New
York City, and Augustus St. Gaudens
are elected members of the National
Academy of Design.
* * New York. A committee of experts
is examining the obelisk in Central
Park, endeavoring to devise some means
to preserve it from further cracking and
crumbling. [Coated with paraffin.]
* * S. Dak. Natural gas is discovered in
Kedfleld, Spink county ; the pressure is
so great that sand and gravel are forced
60 feet into the air.
1890 Jan. 3. New York. An Amer-
ican Fine Art Society is formed.
Jan. 6. Professor S. W. Burnham's tele-
gram from South America, announcing
the successful observation of the
eclipse of the sun, is received.
Jan. 8. N. Y. A large spray of cherry-
blossoms is picked from a tree at Nyack-
on-the-Hudson.
Jan. 13. Ky. A tornado strikes Clin-
ton, demolishing 55 houses and killing
11 people.
Jan. 15. New York. Rev. H. B. Elliot
claims to possess Raphael's Madonna
of the Veil, long supposed to be lost.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
Jan. 1. Pierson, Henry R., chancellor of
University of N. Y., A71.
. Jan. 2. Boker, George H., litterateur, dip-
lomat, A67.
Jan. 7. Claflin, Aaron B.. dry-goods mer-
chant, of New York, A83.
Jan. 8. Lapham, Eldredge G., senator for
N. Y., A76.
Radford, W., adm. IT. S. K., A82.
Woods, George L., Gov. of Ore., A68.
Jan. 9. Kelley, 'William D.. M. C. for
Pa., Father of the House, A76.
CHURCH.
1889 * * Boston. The Baptist Annual
Meeting is held.
* * The Roman Catholic Dioceses of
Winona, Minn., of Sioux Falls, S. D.,
and of Jamestown in North Dakota, are
established.
* * Ky. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Louisville ;
N. S. Haynes, president.
* * Neb. The Nebraska Free Methodist
Conference is organized.
* * N. Y. The International Mission-
ary Union convenes at Binghamton.
* * O. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Springfield ; E.
S. McKitrie, moderator.
* * R. I. The Congregational Club is
formed in Providence.
* * The Central Iowa, Eastern Michigan,
Southern California, Puget Sound, Cen-
tral Ohio, Lincoln, and Berkshire Con-
gregational clubs are organized.
* * The Finnish Suomi Evangelical Lu-
theran Synod is organized.
* * The Woman's Missionary Union,
auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Con-
vention, is organized.
1890 Jan. 1. It. The Pope grants
a benediction to the people of America.
Anson R. Graves is consecrated (Prot-
estant Episcopal) bishop of the Platte.
Jan. 5. Mass. The French Canadians
of Fall River protest against the action
of the R. C. congress at Baltimore.
Jan. 10. New York. The Church As-
sociation for the Advancement of the
Interests of Labor is formed.
Jan. 14. It. The Peter's pence,
amounting to $37,000, is received by the
Pope from North America.
LETTERS.
1889 * * la. The Sioux City Training
School for teachers is opened.
* * La. The livening News is issued at
New Orleans.
* * N. Mex. The Legislature provides for
a State University at Albuquerque, a
School of Mines at Socorro, and an
Agricultural College at Las Cruces.
* * New York. Good News is issued.
* * New York. Barnard College (non-
sect.) is organized.
* * O. The Cleveland Daily World is
issued.
* * American and imported books
published during the year, 4,014, besides
minor cheap libraries.
* * Accolon of Gaul, with other Poems, by
Madison Curtis Cawein, appears.
* * American Literature, by Charles F.
Richardson, appears.
* * Appleton's Cyclopedia of American
Biography, by James Grant Wilson and
John Fiske, appears.
* * The Beginnings of New England, by
John Fiske, appears ; also The War of
Independence.
* * Bibliotheca Washing toniana appears.
* * The Century Dictionary, Sec. 1, edited
by William Dwight Whitney, appears.
* * Commodus, by Lew Wallace, appears.
* * Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians,
by John Denison Champlin, appears.
* * George Washington, by Henry Cabot
Lodge, appears.
* * The German Emperor, by Poultney
Bigelow, appears.
* * Greifenstein, by Francis Marion Craw-
ford, appears ; also Sant' Ilario.
* * Herndon's Lincoln, by William H.
Herndon and Jesse W. Weik, appears.
* * History of the United States, by Henry
Adams, appears.
* * History of Utah, by Hubert Howe
Bancroft, appears.
* * Jonathan and His Continent, by Max
O'Rell and Jack Allyn, appears.
* * Liberal Orthodoxy of To-day, by Ly-
man Abbott, appears.
* * Life of General Lafayette, by Bayard
Tuckerman, appears.
* * Narrative and Critical History of
America, by Justin Winsor, appears
complete.
* * The New South, by Henry Woodfen
Grady, appears.
* * Profit-Sharing between Employer and
Employee, by Nicholas Paine Gilman,
appears.
* * Strange True Stories of Louisiana, by
George W. Cable, appears.
* * The State, by Woodrow Wilson, ap-
pears.
* * A Transient Guest and Other Episodes,
by Edgar Evertson Saltus, appears.
* * The Viking Age, by Paul B. du Chaillu,
appears.
* * Studies in the South and East, by
Charles Dudley Warner, appears ; also
A Little Journey in the World.
* * A Hazard of New Fortunes, by William
Dean Howells, appears.
* * City Legends, by Will Carleton, ap-
pears.
* * Passe-Bose, by Arthur S. Hardy, ap-
pears.
* * Jupiter Lights, by Constance Fenimore
Woolson, appears.
* * A Yankee at the Court of King Arthur,
by Mark Twain, appears.
1890 Jan. 2. New York. The Lenox
Lyceum is formally opened.
Jan. 4. New York. The Homeopathic
Medical College is formally opened.
Jan. 7. Conn. The Osborne (recita-
tion) Hall of Yale is dedicated.
SOCIETY.
1889 * * Cal. The Legislature passes an
' act recognizing the Veterans' Home
at Yountville as a State institution, and
making it a beneficiary under an en-
abling Act of Congress.
* * Cal. The Preston School of In-
dustry for Youthful Criminals at lone
City is founded.
* * Colo. The Legislature establishes a
Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Monte
Vista ; also a State Normal School at
Greeley.
* * Ind. The Legislature passes a law
to suppress riotous conspiracy, aiming
especially at the secret societies called
White Caps.
* * Ky. The Circuit Court is suspended
in Perry and Knott counties by the
terrorism caused by savage and lawless
bands of armed men ; the governor
from motives of economy declines to
call out troops to preserve the peace.
* * Minn. Memorial Day, JVlay 30, is
made a legal holiday.
* * N. C. A negro exodus threatens to
depopulate some parts of the State ; it
is encouraged by emigration agents.
UNITED STATES.
1889, * *-1890, Jan. 15. 351
* * Neb. Labor Day, the 1st Monday
in September, is established as a legal
holiday.
* * N. H. The Soldiers' Home is es-
tablished by the State at Tilton.
* * N.J. The local-option and high-
license law is repealed, and another
high-license law enacted.
* * Wis. A local-option bill is passed,
providing for elections on the petition
of 10 per cent of the voters.
1890 Jan. 2. S. Dak. Iaquor-dealera
cause much excitement by continuing
in business notwithstanding the prohibi-
tory law.
S. C. Gov. Richardson makes every
effort to bring to justice the white
lynchers of the negroes who were
confined in Barnwell jail.
N. C. — S. C. The negro exodus
increases.
Over 4,000 have passed through Charles-
ton on their way to Florida, Alabama,
and Southern Georgia.
Jan. 4. S. C. Two Northern detec-
tives are driven out of Barnwell County
by the lynchers' friends.
N. C. A Methodist preacher and his
wife apply to the British minister
for protection from brutal assaults.
New York. A new revolutionary so-
ciety is organized, and called "The
United Irishmen."
Jan. 6. Mo. Alice Jackson, an heiress,
is the second time abducted at St.
Louis.
Neb. The Masonic Grand Lodge
expels saloon-keepers.
Jan. 7. New York. A special meeting of
the Southern Society passes eulogistic
resolutions on the memory of Jefferson
Davis. [Jan. 8. The Vice-President,
W. P. St. John, is offended and resigns.]
Jan. 8. New York. The Business Men's
Association gives a dinner in honor of
the Democratic governors of several
States.
Jan. 9. New York. The Union League
elects Chauncey M. Depew its presi-
dent.
Fla. Ten thousand visitors, repre-
senting every State in the Union, attend
the opening exercises of the Subtropi-
cal Exhibition at Jacksonville ; Gov.
Francis P. Fleming delivers an address.
Jan. 12. New York. Major W. H. Clark
of the Southern Society is arrested for
shooting at Wilton Randolph.
Jan. 13. Mass. Manufacturers of Haver-
hill lock out 3,500 employees who were
preparing to strike.
Jan. 15. Chicago. The Afro- American
Leagues hold a convention.
STATE.
1889 * * D. C. Principal department
officers of the Federal Government.
All appointments were made in 1889 by
President Harrison, except as indicated.
State Department. — William F. Wharton,
of Mass., Assist. Sec. ; Alvey A. Adee, of
N. Y. (1882), Second Assist. Sec; John B.
Moore, of Del. (1886), Third Assist. Sec.
Treasury Department. —(Vacant), of N. Y. ;
Oliver L. Spauldinpc, of Mich. [ 1890] ; Allured
B. Nettleton, of Minn. [1890], Assist. Sees.,
Asa C. Matthews, of 111., First Compt.; Benj.
F. Gilkeson, of Pa., Second Compt.; B. S.
Holliday, of Pa., Commissioner of Customs.
Auditors : George P. Fisher, of Del., First ;
J. N. Patterson, of N. H., Second; William
H. Hart, of Ind., Third ; John K. Lynch, of
Miss., Fourth; L. W. Habercomb, of D. C,
Fifth; Thomas B. Coulter, of O., Sixth.
James N. Huston, of Ind., Treas. U. S.; Win.
S. Rosecrans, of Cal. (1885), Register of the
Treasury ; Edward S. Lacey, of Mich.,
Compt. of the Currency ; John W. Mason, of
W. Va., Com. of Internal Revenue; Win.
W. Bates, of N. Y., Com. of Navigation ;
Alphonso Hart, of O., Solicitor of Internal
Revenue ; Edward O. Leech, of D. C, Direc-
tor of the Mint ; John B. Hamilton, of 111.
( 1879), Supervising Surg.- Gen. of the Marine
Hospital Service ; James A. Dumont, of
N. Y. (1876), Supervising Inspector-Gen. of
Steam Vessels ; Wm. M. Meredith, of 111.,
Bureau of Engraving and Printing; James
H. Windrini, of Pa., Supervising Architect.
War Department. — Lewis A. Grant, of
Minn. [ 1890], Assist. Sec. ; John C. Kelton,
of Pa., Adj.-Gen.; Joseph C. Breckinridge,
of Ky., Ins.- Gen. ; Kichard N. Batclielder,
of N. H. [1890], Q. M. G. ; Beekman Du
Barry, of N.J. [1890], Com.-Gen. ; Charles
Sutherland, of Pa. [1891], Surg.-Gen. ; Wm.
Smith, of Vt. [1890], P. M. G. ; Thomas L.
Casey, of R. I. (1888), Chief of Engineers;
Stephen V. Benet, of Fla. (1874), Chief of
Ordnance; Guido N. Lieber, of N. Y. (1885),
Acting J. A. G. ; Adolphus W. Greely, of La.
(1887), Chief Signal Officer.
Navy Department. —James Russell Soley,
of Mass. [1890], Assist. Sec. Bureaus:
Norman H. Farquhar, of Pa. [1890], Yards
and Docks ; Francis M. Ramsay, of D. C,
Navigation; William M. Folger, of O. [1890],
Ordnance; Edwin Stewart, of N. Y. [1890].
Provisions and Clothing; J. Mills Browne,
of N. H. (1888), Medicine and Surgery;
Theodore D. Wilson, of N. Y. (1886), Con-
struction and Repair ; George Dewey, of
Vt., Equipment and Recruiting ; George W.
Melville, of N. Y. (1887), Steam Engineer-
ing. Wm. B. Remey, U. S. Marine Corps,
of la. (1878), J. A. G. ; Charles G. McCaw-
ley, of Pa. (1876), Commandant of Marine
Corps.
Post-office Department. — James S. Clark-
son, of la., First Assist. P. M. G. ; Smith A.
Whitfield, of O., Second Assist. P. M. G. ,
Abraham D. Hazen, of Pa., Third Assist. P.
M. G.;- James N. Tyner, of Ind., Assist.
Atty.-Gen.; (Vacant), Supt. of Foreign
Mails ; Charles F. Macdonald, of Mass.
(1864), Supt. of Money Order System; J.
Lowrie Bell, of Pa., Gen. Supt. of Railway
Mail Service ; David P. Leibhardt, of Ind.,
Supt. of Dead Letter Office ; Estes G. Rath-
bone, of 0., Chief Post- Office Inspector.
Interior Department. — George Chandler, of
Kan., First Assist. Sec. ; Cyrus Bussey,
of N. Y., Assist. Sec. ; George H. Shields, of
Mo., Assist. Atty.-Gen. Commissioners:
Lewis A. Groff,of Neb., General Land Office;
Green B. Raum, of 111., Pensions ; Thomas
J. Morgan, of R. I., Indian Affairs ; Charles
E. Mitchell, of Conn., Patent Office ; Horace
A. Taylor, of Wis., Railroads; William T.
Harris, of Mass., Education. John W. Pow-
ell, of 111. (1881), Director of Geological
Survey ; Edward Clark, of Pa. (1865),
Architect of the Capitol.
Department of Justice. — Orlow W. Chap-
man, of N. Y., Solicitor- General; John B.
Cotton, of Me. ; William A. Maury, of D. C,
Assist. Attys.-Gen.
Department of Agriculture. — Edwin Wil
lits, of Mich., Assist. Sec.
Government Printing Office. — Frank W.
Palmer, of 111., Public Printer.
Department of Labor. — Carroll D. Wright,
of Mass. (1888), Commissioner.
Library of Congress. — Ainsworth R. Spof-
ford, of O. (1865), Librarian.
Government Directors in the Union Pa-
cific R.R. Company. — Rufus B. Bullock,
of Ga.; Jesse Spalding, of 111.; George E.
Leigbton, of Mo.; John F. Plummer, of
N. Y.; James W. Savage, of Neb. (1885).
Civil Service Commissioners. — Charles
Lyman, of Conn.; Theodore Roosevelt, of
N. Y.; Hugh S. Thompson, of S. C.
Interstate Commerce Commissioners.—
Thomas M. Coolev, of Mich., Chairman ;
William R. Morrison, of 111.; Augustus
Schoonmaker, of N. Y.; Walter L. Bragg, of
Ala. ; Wheelock G. Veazey, of Vt.
Ministers and Envoys. — John R. G. Pitkin,
of La., at Buenos Ayres; Frederick D. Grant,
of N. Y., at Vienna ; Edwin H. Terrell, of Tex.,
at Brussels; Robert Adams, Jr., of Pa., at
Rio Janeiro; Lansing B. Mizner, of Cal., at
Guatemala; Patrick Egan, of Neb., at San-
tiago; Charles Denby, of Ind. (1885), at Pe-
king; John T. Abbott, of N. H., at Bogota;
Whitelaw Reid, of N. Y., at Paris; William
Walter Phelps, of N. J., at Berlin; Rol>ert
T. Lincoln, of 111., at London; Albert G. Por-
ter, of Ind., at Rome; John F. Swift, of Cal.,
at Tokyo ( Yeddo) ; Thomas Ryan, of Kan., at
Mexico; Samuel R. Thayer, of Minn., at The
Hague; John Hicks, of Wis., at Lima; (Va-
cant) at St. Petersburg; Thomas W. Palmer,
of Mich., at Madrid; William W. Thomas,
Jr., of Me., at Stockholm; Solomon Hirsch,
of Ore. (1886), at Constantinople; William
L. Scruggs, of Ga., at Caracas.
1890 Jan. 5. D.C. Henry B.Brown
of Mich, is sworn in as Justice of the
U. S. Supreme Court. [Also Jan. 6.
David J. Brewer of Kan.]
Jan. 7. S. Dak. The first session of
the Legislature of the new State opens.
Jan. 8. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the District of Columbia Appro-
priation Bill introduced Dec. 21.
St. Louis's claims as the site of the
World's Fair are presented to the Sen-
ate Committee.
Jan. 13. D.C. Congress: The Senate
debates concerning the Alaska Seal
Fisheries ; the House in Committee of
the Whole considers the bill to provide
for town site entry of lands in Okla-
homa.
Jan. 15. D.C. The Postmaster-General
orders the establishment of 20 new
branch stations of the New York Post-
office.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889* * Boston. Electric street-rail-
roads are first operated.
* * Kan. The Legislature encourages the
silk industry by appropriating $13,-
000 for the establishment of a silk sta-
tion.
* * Tex. Arbor Day is fixed for the 22d
of February.
1890 Jan. 1. New York. A fire in the
Liberty Silk Mills causes a loss of $250-
000.
Pa. The Shelton Axle Works in the
Wyoming Valley, employing 1,000 men,
is bought by an English syndicate.
S. c. The colored people open
their first State Fair at Columbus.
Jan. 2. N.J. A rubber trust is formed
at Trenton.
Jan. 4. New York. The World's Fan-
Fund amounts to $5,302,265.
Jan. 6. Me. Lewiston loses $500,000
by fire.
Jan. 7. New York. There are 150,000
cases of •' grip " reported.
Jan. 9. Fla. The Sub-Tropical Ex-
position opens at Jacksonville.
A',/ . The caisson of the new bridge
at Louisville breaks, and 14 men are
drowned.
Jan. 11 D. C. The World's Fair Com-
mittee from New York submits its
memorial to the Senatorial Committee,
urging its location in their city.
Ky. At Versailles 35 valuable
horses, including one that cost $51,000,
perish in a fire ; total loss, $360,000.
Wis. Milwaukee millers combine,
•with $5,000,000 capital, to resist English
competition.
352 1890, Jan. 15 -Feb.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 Jan. * It. I. The Cushing is
launched at Providence, the first of
the modern sea-going torpedo boats ;
speed, 22.5 knots per hour.
Feb. 9. D. C. Joseph R. Smith is com-
missioned colonel — medical depart-
ment.
Feb. 28. D. C. Commanders Frederick
Rogers and John F. McGlensey are pro-
moted captains. [Also July 31. Edgar
C. Merriman.]
Feb. * D. C. Congress passes a hill al-
lowing brevet promotion in the army
when engaged in Indian service.
Feb. * The Squadron of Evolution
sails for Villefranche, France ; later it
reaches Toulon.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 Jan. 21. Wash. Ten persons and
thousands of cattle perish by a storm.
Jan. 25. Tenn. Earthquake shocks oc-
cur. [Apr. 24. Also on the Pacific coast
for two hours. May 24. In Montana,
damaging property. May 25. In the
Mohawk Valley, N. Y. May 28. Nine
shocks in Indianapolis, Ind. May 30. At
Dover, Me. Julyl. Three at Santa Rosa,
Cal. July 16. For one minute in Ind.]
Jan. 27. Chicago. The stethotele-
phone is patented by James Louth.
Jan. * The Angelus of Millet is sent
to Chicago for exhibition.
Jan. * Mo. A tornado strikes St. Louis,
blowing down scores of houses and kill-
ing three persons.
Feb. * Ida. The town of Burke is nearly
destroyed by avalanches.
Feb. * JV. H. Steps are taken to make a
State park of the White and Franconia
Mountains district.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
Jan. 17. Henderson, Peter, florist, author,
A67.
Jan. 19. Vallejo, Manuel G., pioneer, A81.
Jan. 22. Forepaugh, Adam, showman,
A59.
Jan. 24. Riddleberger, Harrison H., sen-
ator for Va., A45.
Feb. 22. Astor, John Jacob, Sr., esti-
mated wealth, #150,000,000, A65.
CHURCH.
1890 Jan. 16. It. The Pope issues
an encyclical ordering Catholics to
give implicit obedience to papal man-
dates ; they must obey local laws that
do not entail disobedience to " divine
law."
JV. Y. The Rev. Lyman Abbott is
installed as pastor of Plymouth Church,
Brooklyn, his theology being pronounced
satisfactory by a distinguished Congre-
gational council.
New York. Archbishop Corrigan
sails for Rome. [June 2. He is received
by the Pope. June 6. His action in re-
gard to Dr. Burtsell is confirmed by the
Pope.] (See July 27.)
Feb. 6. la. Non-partisan prayers in
the House are ordered by enactment.
Vote, 48 to 43.
Feb. 8. Wis. The English-speaking
priests of Milwaukee organize as an
American Catholic Clerical Union,
in opposition to the German supremacy
in the diocese.
Feb. 12. Pa. Miss Kate Drexel takes
the black veil at Pittsburg.
Miss Drexel, now known as Sister
Catherine, gives her entire fortune to
the new order which she intends found-
ing, and which will be known as " The
Sisters of the Holy Sacrament," of the
Roman Catholic Church.
Feb. 17. JV.J. Bishop "Wigger, of the
Roman Catholic Diocese of Newark,
orders that all children of Catholic par-
ents be taken from public schools and
sent to parochial schools.
Feb. * Kan. Bishop Fink objects to
Catholics joining the Farmers' Alliance.
Feb. * N. Y. Over 7,000 people welcome
Dr. Talmage in the 13th Regiment Ar-
mory on his return from Europe and the
East.
LETTERS.
1890 Jan. 20. Chicago. Marshal Field
donates $100,000 for the establish-
ment of a Baptist University.
Jan. 22. JV. Y. Syracuse University
receives the "Wolfe Collection of engrav-
ings, etchings, etc., the gift of Gen. Lea-
venworth's widow.
Jan. 30. N. Y. George W. Curtis is
elected chancellor of the New York
Board of Regents.
Jan. * Mo. Property worth $1,000,000 is
acquired for a Methodist college in
Kansas City.
Feb. 3. New York. Seth Low is offici-
ally installed as president of Columbia.
Feb. 6. Pa. Andrew Carnegie's plan
for a public library in Pittsburg, in-
cluding a building to cost $1,000,000, is
made public.
Feb. 20. Pa. The Carnegie Library
in Allegheny is dedicated by Presi-
dent Harrison.
Feb. 21. JV. H. A memorial hall and
library are dedicated at Wolf boro.
SOCIETY.
1890 Jan. 16. Phila. The Johnstown
Relief Committee resolves to give $50
annually to each child orphaned by the
flood, until it is 16 years of age ; total
expenditure, $2,683,747.
Jan. 19. Okla. The manager of the Im-
migration Society reports that 20,000 exo-
dus negroes have settled in Oklahoma.
Jan. 24. Chicago. B. P. Hutchinson is
robbed of from $25,000 to $40,000 by a
confidential clerk.
New York. George H. Lounsberry,
assistant cashier of the Post-office, com-
mits suicide, having defaulted to the ex-
tent of $47,000.
The Knights of Labor and the
Miners' National Progressive Union
agree on the details of a common consti-
tution.
Jan. 25. Eng. Rev. T. DeWitt Tal-
mage of Brooklyn is entertained at Ha-
warden by Mr. Gladstone.
Jan. 31. New York. P.J. Claassen, presi-
dent of the Sixth National Bank, is ar-
rested, and George H. Pell, an accused
broker, is held in $25,000 bail ; the Sixth
National, Equitable, and Lenox Hill
banks are involved. [July 14. James
A. Simmons is arrested, charged with
complicity in wrecking the bank.]
Ind. President Harrison's house,
at Indianapolis, is entered by burglars,
and $1,000 worth of valuables are taken.
Jan. * Minn. The National Convention of
the Master Builders' Association meets
in St. Paul.
Jan.* N.J. A glassmakers' strike
proves successful.
Jan.* Pa. The will of the late John
H. Shoenberger bequeaths to Pittsburg
$1,000,000 for a public hospital.
Jan. * Phila. Miss Carrie Burnham
Kilgore, the fourth of her sex, is ad-
mitted to practise before the United
States Supreme Court.
Feb. 3. Chicago. James J. West is sen-
tenced to five years in the penitentiary
and a fine of $1,000 for the fraudulent
overissue of " Chicago Times " stock
amounting to $13,000.
Feb. 4. New York. The Centennial of
the Supreme Court of the United States
is celebrated at the Metropolitan Opera
House. Ex-President Grover Cleveland
presides ; President Harrison delivers
an address.
Feb. 5. Tex. F. A. Walton, Pacific Ex-
press Company's money-clerk at Dallas,
absconds with $50,000.
Feb. 9. JV". Y. The people of Schenec-
tady commemorate the 200th anniver-
sary of the massacre by the French and
Indians.
Feb. 10. Mo. The temperance women
begin a crusade in Lathrop [and other
towns],
Utah. The Gentiles elect Mormons
to office at Salt Lake City.
The American Newspaper Pub-
lishers' Association assembles.
Feb. 13. JV. J. Over 500 false ballots
are found in the boxes in one assembly
district in Hudson County.
Feb. 15. New York. The first of a series
of mass-meetings is held to promote the
World's Fair.
Feb. 16. Mo. The Missouri temperance
crusade is marked by the forcible de-
struction of a saloon at Spickardsville.
Feb. 28. D. C. Ex-Congressman Taul-
bee of Ky. is shot by Charles E. Kincaid,
a newspaper correspondent, at Wash-
ington.
Feb. 28+. La. The State Anti-Lottery
League is organized at New Orleans to
oppose the renewal of the charter of the
Louisiana State Lottery.
New York. A mass-meeting of
Russian-Americans denounces the
outrages committed upon political ex-
iles in Siberia.
Feb. * Miss. Col. W. L. Hemingway, for 14
years treasurer, is reported to be $250,-
000 short in his accounts with the State.
[Dec. 1. He is convicted by the Supreme
Court of embezzlement ; amount, $315,-
612.]
Feb. * Fla. On© thousand employees of
the Birmingham Rolling-Mill strike.
Feb. * I). C. The Colored Men's Con-
vention at Washington1 elects ex-Gov.
P. B. S. Pinchbeck president.
It urges an educational bill, no sepa-
rate cars for blacks and whites, and re-
UNITED STATES.
1890, Jan. 15 -Feb.*. 353
imbursement for the depositors in the
Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company.
Feb. * />. C The American Shipping
and Industrial League meets at Wash-
ington.
Feb. * N. Dak. The Senate passes a bill
legalizing a branch of the Louisiana
Lottery. Vote, 22-8.
Peb. * N. H. A bitter strike occurs in
the Nashua Mills, owing to a reduction
in wages ; more than 1,400 workers are
idle. [Mar. * It ends successfully.]
Feb.* N. Y. Yardmen, conductors, and
brakemen on the New York Central at
Suspension Bridge strike ; they demand
extra pay for Sunday work.
STATE.
1890 Jan. 15. Kan. A Republican
league meets at Wichita; it advocates
the resubmission of the prohibitory
amendment to a vote of the people.
Jan. id. W. Va. A minority report is
presented to the Legislature declaring
that Nathan Goff received a majority of
the votes cast for governor.
Jan. 20. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the Federal Elections ques-
tion.
Jan. 21. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes two naval bills, and debates the
bill ordering the collection of farm
statistics for the census.
Jan. 22. D. C. Congress : The Senate
puts the Blair Bill on the order of un-
finished business [36 discussions follow] ;
The House passes the Oklahoma Town
Site Bill introduced Dec. 18, 1889.
Jan. 25. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Administrative Tariff Bill
introduced Jan. 14.
John Most is rearrested, the Su-
preme Court having confirmed his con-
viction for using incendiary language in
connection with the Chicago anarchists.
Jan. 27. />. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the resolution concerning the
recent hanging in effigy of Secretary
Proctor at Aberdeen, Miss. ; the House
amends and passes the Fitch Silk Rib-
bon Bill placing a duty of 50 per cent
on silk ribbons.
The correspondence between the Chi-
nese minister and the Secretary of State
relative to the Chinese Exclusion Act is
laid before the Senate.
la. The Legislature, having a tie
vote, has failed to organize for two
weeks ; organization is at length effected
by a compromise, in which a Democratic
speaker and a Republican clerk are
elected; the minor offices are to be di-
vided.
Jan. 28. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Direct Tax Bill for the re-
payment of the war tax of 1861. Vote,
44-7. It debates the Aberdeen outrage
resolution.
Mont. The State Supreme Court de-
cides that the Republican Legislature is
the legal body.
N. Y. The Court of Appeals decides
that the power of inspectors of elec-
tions is ministerial and not judicial.
Jan. 29. D. C. Senate : A bill is intro-
duced to erect a monument to Abra-
ham Lincoln at Gettysburg.
The official representatives of the
United States of Brazil receive a cor-
dlal welcome and recognition at Wash-
ington from President Harrison.
V. Y. The Senate passes the
amended "World's Fair BiU. Vote,
26-3. [Jan. 30. The Assembly rejects the
amendments, and passes the original bill,
which is sent to a Committee of Confer-
ence. Feb. 12. The Conference Commit-
tee disagree. Feb. 19. A compromise
bill passes both Houses.] (See Feb. 18.)
O. A deadlock occurs in the
Senate over an attempt to unseat tbe
lieutenant-governor. [Jan 30. He is
unseated.]
Jan. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Berry Farm Mortgage Cen-
sus Bill introduced Dec. 16, 1889.
Feb. 1. D. C. The Treasury Depart-
ment reports the public debt reduced
$11,500,000 in January.
Feb. 4. W. Va. The Legislature de-
clares A. B. Fleming (Dem.) elected gov-
ernor Vote, 43-40.
Feb. 8. Mont. The Senate secures a
quorum and passes the appropriation
bills. [Feb. 21. The Legislative session
ends without the passage of a single bill.]
Feb. 10. S. Dak. The President's proc-
lamation opens for settlement 9,000,000
acres of the Sioux reservation ; settlers
rush in for first possession.
Feb. 11. Utah. The Salt Lake City
elections result in a complete victory
for the Gentiles — the first in the his-
tory of the city.
Feb. 13. D.C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Piatt Oklahoma Temporary
Government Bill introduced Dec. 5.
1889.
Feb. 15. D. C. Congress: The House
amends and passes the Berry Farm
Mortgage Census Bill. [Feb. 18. Con-
ference report agreed to. Feb. 24. Ap-
proved by the President.]
Feb. 18. N. Y. The Legislative Com-
mittees agree to an amendment to the
World's Fair Bill, that no important
action shall be taken by the board of in-
corporators except by a two-thirds vote.
Feb. 19. la. The Legislative deadlock
is broken, the Democrats getting the
speakership with 14 other offices, and the
Republicans the remainder.
V. Y. The Senate passes the Saxton
Ballot Reform BiU providing a secret
ballot. [Mar. 13. It passes the Assem-
bly after a long struggle. Vote, 72-51.]
(See Mar. 31.)
Feb. 24. D. C. Congress: The
World's Fair is awarded to Chicago.
Vote : Chicago, 157; New York, 107; St.
Louis, 26 ; Washington, 18.
Feb. 25. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the McKenna Bill for the discon-
tinuance of the coinage of the three-dol-
lar and one-dollar silver pieces and the
three-cent nickel piece ; bill introduced
Jan. 21.
Feb. 27. iV. Y. The Legislature passes
the bill for the purchase of lands in the
Adirondacks for a State Park. [Mar.
11. It is signed by Gov. Hill.]
Feb. 28. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the International
Copyright BiU, after eight discussions.
[Mar. 2, 3. Conference report agreed to.
Mar. 3. Approved by the President.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Jan. 16. The A. T.Stewart wiU
case is settled out of court ; the suits are
dismissed.
Jan. 18. O. Six Cleveland breweries are
purchased by an English syndicate for
$975,000.
Jan. 20. III. The business portion of
Utica is burned.
The Baltimore and Ohio road
makes extensions to Lake Erie ; the
Chesapeake and Ohio road secures con-
trol of the Richmond and Alleghany
road.
Jan. 24^ O. A natural-gas explosion
at Columbus blows up two houses, kills
several persons, and injures many
others.
Jan. 25. New York. Miss P. E. Corkran
("Nelly Bly") of the World newspaper
completes a tour around the world in
72 days, six hours, and 12 minutes.
O. Cincinnati has a $3,000,000
fire.
Jan. 27. O. Six persons are killed and
many hurt by an accident on the Louis-
ville, New Albany, and Chicago road.
Jan. 30. Me. Lewiston loses $250,000
by a fire.
New York. Miss Mary Bisland of the
Cosmopolitan Magazine completes a
tour around the world in 75 days and
12 hours, unaided by special convey-
ances.
The Sixth National Bank is closed
by order of the United States Examiner,
and a warrant is issued for the arrest of
its president.
Jan±. * U.S. Cigarette manufactur-
ers, representing a capital of $25,000,000,
form a trust.
Feb. 2. Conn. Five blocks are burned
in Danbury ; loss, $300,000.
Feb. 3. D.C. Secretary Tracy's resi-
dence burns, and Mrs. Tracy, Miss Tracy,
and a French maid lose their lives.
Nev. Cattle-dealers lose heavily
by storms ; estimated loss, $5,000,000.
Feb. 4. Ore. Ten men are killed and 16
wounded in a railroad accident at the
Dalles.
/.'. /. The Providence Ladies' Cy-
cling Club is organized. [It is the first
ladies' club admitted to the League of
American Wheelmen.]
Feb. 8. N. J. Washington Hall, at Pat-
erson, and adjacent building are burned ;
loss, $300,000.
Chicago. Lieut. Schwatka arrives
from Colorado with 11 Torahumari In-
dians, cave-dwellers, the only survivors
of their race.
Feb. 23. Ariz. A reservoir dam on
the Hulapias River bursts; 40 lives are
lost ; property damages, $1,000,000.
Feb. 26. New York. John Jacob As-
tor's will is probated, the bulk of his
estate going to Wm. Waldorf Astor, and
$700,000 to various public institutions.
Feb. * la. An English syndicate pur-
chases the Des Moines starch factories.
This gives it the control of all the large
starch factories with a single exception.
Feb. * Me. A fire in Portland de-
stroys three wharves and 2,000,000 feet
of lumber.
Feb. * New York. The cracker-makers
form a trust with a capital of $3,500,000
354 .1890, Feb. *-Apr. 6.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 Mar. 10. D. C. William Smith is
commissioned brigadier-general.
Mar. 22. /. T. United States troops
drive "boomers" from the Cherokee
strip.
Mar. 29. Mo. Gen. O. O. Howard is
to succeed Gen. Crook in the Depart-
ment of the Missouri.
Mar±. * O. John A. Logan, Jr., a
grandson of the late Gen. Logan, only
five weeks old, is given a commission
as first lieutenant of the Logan Rifles
in the 5th Regiment of the Ohio National
Guard.
Mar. * It. The Squadron of Evolu-
tion visits Genoa [and later arrives at
Naples].
Apr. 5. D. C. Nelson A. Miles is
commissioned major-general.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 Mar. 18. Boston. The new wing
of the Museum of Fine Arts is opened.
Mar. 26. Miss. — La. The Mississippi
levee breaks down at Skipwith, where
the water is up to the eaves of the
houses. The river is also overflowing
the levees at many points in Louisiana.
Mar. 27. Ky. A devastating cyclone
sweeps a tract 1,200 feet wide and three
miles long, killing 120 persons in Louis-
ville ; property loss in the city, $2,500-
000.
Mar. * la. A rich lead-mine is discov-
ered near Dubuque.
Mar. * New York. The advance sale of
seats for the Patti concerts brings
$117,000.
Mar. * N. Y. An Institute of Art and
Sciences in Brooklyn is projected ;
cost, $1,000,000.
Mar. * W. Va. A big oil-well is struck
near Parkersburg ; more than 1,000 bar-
rels of oil are produced in the first 24
hours.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
Mar. 16. Gabriel, the famous mission In-
dian of Cal., A151. (?)
Mar. 21. Crook, George, maj.-gen. U. S.
A., A62.
Mar. 23. Schenck, Robert C maj.-gen.,
M. C. for 0., A81.
Mar. 26. Heiss, Michael, archbishop of
Milwaukee, A72.
Mar. 31. Rowan, Stephen Clegg, vice-ad-
miral U. S. N., A82.
CHURCH.
1890 Mar. 1. New York. The 100th an-
niversary of the death of John "Wes-
ley is observed in Methodist churches.
Mar. 2. XT. Y. D. L. Moody preaches
in Brooklyn to large congregations.
Mar. 5. Mich. The General Convention
of the Seventh-day Adventists con-
venes in Battle Creek ; delegates are
present from 30 States, and from many
European countries.
Mar. 8. New York. Dr. M' Glynn
speaks in Cooper Union on "Arch-
bishop O'Brien, a Canadian dictator."
Mar. 16. O. By a vote of 3 to 2, the
ecclesiastical court finds Rev. How-
ard MacQuearey (Protestant Episco-
pal) guilty of heresy, as charged. [He is
suspended — later deposed.]
Mar. 31. New York. The American
Bible Society reports its income for
the year as $597,693.05.
Mar. * Chicago. Bishop J. J. Esher is
found guilty of lying, slander, and con-
tentions, in the same way that Bishops-
Dubs of Cleveland and Bowman of Al-
lentown were recently found guilty.
The Evangelical Association now has
no bishops in good standing.
Apr. 3. New York. Representatives of
eight prominent mission associations
meet and protest against the Chinese
Enumeration Bill now before the
United States Senate.
LETTERS.
1890 Feb.* N.H. A bequest of $500,000
is made to found an agricultural col-
lege at Dover.
Feb. * New York. A meeting of 2,000
people of the School Conference is held
in Cooper Union.
It protests against the inadequate ac-
commodations of the city schools, from
which some 20,000 children were deprived
admission during the past year, and also
denounces the Compulsory Education
Bill before the Legislature as inadequate
and illogical.
Feb.* New York. Over $85,000 is ob-
tained at the auction sale of the library
of the late S. L. M. Barlow. A true
copie of the Court booke of the Governor
and Society of Massachusetts Bay in New
England goes to the Boston Public Li-
brary for $6,500.
Mar. 18. Wis. The Supreme Court de-
cides unanimously that the Bible has
no place in the public schools.
Mar. * Conn. Hartford citizens sub-
scribe $400,000 for a free public library
and an art gallery in that city.
Mar. * D. C. Senator Morrill introduces
a bill to establish a national educa-
tional fund by setting apart for that
purpose the net proceeds of the sales of
public lands.
Senator Blair introduces a new Edu-
cational Bill, providing for smaller
appropriations than the old bill.
Mar. * N. J. Sixty scholarships in the
Agricultural College are provided for
by a bill passed by the State Assembly.
Mar. * New York. A legacy of $450,000
is left by John Jacob Astor to the Astor
Library.
Mar. * N. Y. Senator Cantor introduces
in the Legislature a pension measure.
It proposes to pension at half-pay
male teachers 60 years old in the New
York public schools who have taught for
30 years. Women teachers who have
served 25 years may be retired on appli-
cation at 50 years of age.
Apr. 1. Wis. The election in Milwaukee
favors the repeal of the State law
prescribing the study of English and
English teaching in the public schools.
Much excitement prevails.
SOCIETY.
1890 Feb. * N. Y. The accounts of
John A. Davis, city treasurer of Roches-
ter, are over $100,000 short.
Feb. * S. C. The white 'longshore-
men of Charleston secede from their
Protective Union because of the admis-
sion of negroes.
Feb. * Tex. Tom James, a young pugilist
of Dallas, is killed in a brutal prize-fight
in that city with Kilrain's boxer, Ben-
ziah.
Feb. * The National Convention of
Builders refuses to declare for the eight-
hour movement ; but they adopt a reso-
lution favoring the payment of workmen
by the hour.
Mar. 3. N. Y. A monster petition for
ballot reform is presented to the Le-
gislature ; it contains more than 50,000
names, and weighs 1,000 pounds.
Mar. 4. Mo. E. T. Noland is charged
with defalcating $32,745, and suspended
from the office of State treasurer.
Mar. 11. Cal. Employment is given
to 1,000 needy men in Golden Gate Park
by public subscription.
Mar. 13. New York. The Russian-
American National League cele-
brates the ninth anniversary of the
assassination of Czar Alexander II.
Mar. 14. New York. The trial of Sheriff
James A. Flack begins. It is alleged
that he obtained a divorce from his
wife without her knowledge. [Flack, his
son William L., who appeared against
his mother, and Joseph Meeks, a lawyer,
are found guilty of conspiracy to obtain
a divorce fraudulently. Apr. 7. Meeks
accepts sentence and goes to jail.] (See
State, Mar. 31.)
Mar. 17. Wash. " Citizen " George
Francis Train and Miss Regina Roth-
schild start from Tacoma, matched for a
race round the world.
Mar. 25. N. J. The corrupt Jersey
City election officers are allowed to
serve again at the approaching election.
Mar. 27. Md. Stevenson Archer, State
treasurer, is declared a defaulter ;
amount, $132,401. [Sentenced to State
prison for five years.]
Mar. 29. Pa. The American Mechan-
ics call for 1,000 armed men to help
raise the American flag over the public
schools of Mucklerat, to which the for-
eigners are opposed.
Mar. 30. New York. The Chinese
Charitable and Benevolent Associa-
tion of this city is incorporated.
Mar. * Boston. George P. Brown, head
of Brown, Theese, and Clark, a big wool-
firm, is charged with stealing $1,700,000,
and absconding.
Mar. * I. T. The Choctaw Indian Nation
passes a law allowing a lottery to op-
erate within its jurisdiction.
Mar * Ky. A bill to abolish lotteries
is passed by the Senate.
Mar. * Ky. "White Caps raid a dwell-
ing near Covington, take out three men
accused of petty thefts, and give each 30
lashes with blacksnake whips.
Mar. * Md. The bill abolishing pool-
rooms passes the Legislature and is
signed by the governor.
Mar. * Miss. The indictments against
J. L. Sullivan for prize-fighting are an-
nulled by the Mississippi Supreme Court.
UNITED STATES.
1890, Feb. *- Apr. 6. .355
Mar. * N. J. The Knights of Labor
and the Farmers' Alliance of New-
Jersey form a new organization, to be
■called "The Industrial Senate."
Its object is the improvement of the
condition of wage-workers and tillers of
the soil.
Mar. * If. J. A bill is passed by the
Legislature prohibiting racing on any
State track more than 30 days in the
year.
Mar. * New York. The shirtmakers'
strike ends by the bosses yielding every
point demanded.
Mar. * New York. The "Woman Suf-
frage League prepares a petition to
the Czar to personally investigate and
reform the workings of the Siberian
system.
Mar. * Pa. About 800 men employed at
the Sheldon Axle Works, in Wilkes-
barre, strike because of injustice done
to three employees.
Mar. * Pa. Over 1,000 bolt-makers in
Pittsburg strike for higher wages.
Mar. * President Corbin of the Reading
Railroad orders all employees dis-
charged who frequent drinking-places,
and the employment of total abstainers
in preference to drinking-men.
Mar. * Wis. The 1,000 employees of the
Lorrie iron-mine at Ashland strike for
higher wages.
Mar. * The striking switchmen on the
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad
gain a complete victory.
Apr. 2. la. Many Anti-Saloon Republi-
cans recommend high license and local
option, instead of prohibition.
Apr. 5. If. J. Election officers are ar-
rested in Jersey City for stuffing ballot
boxes.
Apr. 6. La. Confederate Memorial
Day is observed. The New Orleans
cemeteries are visited by thousands of
persons.
STATE.
1890 Mar. 4. Tenn. The annual as-
sembly of the National League of Re-
publican Clubs meets at Nashville.
Mar. 6. D. C. Congress: Representa-
tives appear before the sub-committee
of the House World's Fair Commit-
tee, and convince the committee that
Chicago has raised §5,000,000 and can
furnish the $10,000,000 guaranty for the
Fair.
Mar. 13. D. C Congress : The House
amends and passes the Oklahoma Tem-
porary Government Bill. [Mar. 23,
Apr. 23. Conference report agreed to.
May 3. Approved by the President.]
Md. The Senate passes a Ballot Re-
form Bill. Vote, 23-1. [Mar. 19. By
the Legislature of Washington. Apr. 8
and May 7. By New Jersey.]
Mar. 17. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the bill fixing April 30 to Oct. 20,
1892, as the period for the "World's
Fair, and requiring that $10,000,000 shall
be provided to meet expenses before the
President invites foreign nations to par-
ticipate ; the bill goes to the House.
The House passes the Morrow Cen-
sus Amendment Bill introduced Feb.
6. [Apr. 1. Laid on table in Senate.]
Mar. 18, 22. D. C. Congress: The
House passes the Timber- Culture Bill
introduced Feb. 19.
Mar. 19. I). C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Urgent Deficiency Bill.
Mar. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate
rejects the Blair Education Bill. Vote,
31-37.
Mar. 21. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the Pension Appropriation
Bill introduced Feb. 18. It appropri-
ates $100,000,000, and every veteran 50
years old who served for 60 days may
receive a pension.
New York. The Court of Appeals
decides that the Electrical Execution
Law is constitutional, on an appeal in
the Kemmler case.
Mar. 25. D.C. Congress: The House
passes the Chicago World's Fair Bill,
but postpones the time of opening to
May, 1893. Vote, 202-49. It authorizes
the appointment of a board of lady
managers.
Mar. 26. D.C. Congress : The House
passes the Wyoming Admission Bill in-
troduced Dec. 18, 1889.
Mar. 27. S.C. The farmers hold a State
Convention in Columbia ; they nominate
Benjamin R. Tillman for governor, and
J. C. Coit for lieutenant-governor.
Mar. 28. I). C. Congress: A bill is in-
troduced in the Senate to provide for a
World's Fair Annex in Washington
or New York in October, 1892.
Mar. 31. D.C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Dependent Pension Bill
introduced Dec. 4, 1889. Vote, 42-12.
(See June 11.) The House passes the
Army Appropriation Bill introduced
Feb. 28.
N. Y. Gov. Hill vetoes the Saxton
Ballot Reform Bill, providing for a se-
cret ballot, on the ground of unconsti-
tutionality ; Senator Fassett introduces
a bill to submit the question of an offi-
cial ballot to the people next November.
New York. Ex-Sheriff Flack is
sentenced to a fine of $500 and two
months' imprisonment ; Referee James
Meeks, $500 and one month ; and William
Flack, the son, $500 and four months on
Black well's Island. (See Society, Mar. 14.)
D. C. Reduction of the public debt
in March, $11,389,857.
Apr. 1. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Fortifications Appropria-
tion Bill introduced Mar. 18 ; it appro-
priates $4,521,678. Vote, 116-66.
The President appoints Col. F.
A. Seeley of Washington and Francis
Forbes of N. Y. as representatives of
the United States to the International
Conference in Madrid.
The new extradition treaty with
England goes into effect.
Apr. 2. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the M'Adoo Hudson River
Bridge Bill, to connect New York and
Jersey City, introduced Jan. 6.
The Pan-American Conference recom-
mends the establishment of an inter-
national monetary union.
la. Anti-Saloon Republicans in
convention agree to advocate a change
in the prohibition law so as to introduce
high license and local option.
N. Y. The Senate passes the bill for
the State care of the insane.
Apr. 3. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Struble Bill to admit Idaho ;
bill introduced Jan. 13.
R. I. The indecisive elections leave
the choice of State officers to the Legis-
lature. [Apr. 13. The Democrats win in
the Legislative contest. May 27. The
Legislature elects Democratic State of-
ficers.]
Apr. 4. N. Y. A Ballot Reform Bill is
introduced in the Assembly ; also a bill
to provide for a non-partisan police
board in New York City.
Apr. 5. D. C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the Oklahoma
Town Site Bill. [May 2-5. Conference
report agreed to. May 19. Approved
by the President.]
It passes the Edmunds Meat Expor-
tation and Lispection Bill introduced
Feb. 19.
Apr. 6. D. C. Congress : In the House
the Democratic Representatives decide
not to carry the new rules before the
Supreme Court.
MISCELLAENOUS.
1890 Mar. 6. N. Y. A rear end collis-
ion near Hamburg, on the Lake Shore
Railroad, causes six deaths, besides 17
wounded.
Mar. 19. Wis. Five miners perish in
a burning mine in Hurley ; over $100,000
worth of property is destroyed.
Mar. 20. Ga. The new Capitol at At-
lanta, costing $1,000,000, is completed.
Mar. 23. Colo. Great prairie fires raging;
1,000,000 acres have been devastated.
Okla. A multitude of "Boomers"
rush into the Cherokee strip.
Mar. 28. Md. The shortage of State
Treasurer Archer is known to be $127,-
000, and may reach double this sum.
Mar. 29. Mo. St. Louis loses $300,000
by a fiie started by an electric-light wire.
Mar. * Ind. Fifteen men are killed in
a burning building in Indianapolis.
Mar. * Mass. Gov. Brackett appoints a
special commission for the extermina-
tion of the gypsy moth.
Mar. * Pa. English syndicates buy six
farms at Lenover ; they will erect two
mammoth cotton-mills, and dwelling-
houses to accommodate 2,000 employees
— the plant will cost $3,000,000.
Mar. * Pa. Street railway franchises
amounting to $60,000,000 are granted in
Pittsburg.
Mar. * U. S. The big smelting organi-
zations form a trust with a capital of
$25,000,000.
Mar. * The deep snow in the Northwest
deprives the cattle of range-grass and
fodder ; they perish by hundreds.
Apr. 1. Utah. Many Mormons are
leaving for Chihuahua, Mex., where
they have purchased an immense tract
of land.
Apr. 3. Cat. The steamship China breaks
the record ; making a trip from San
Francisco to Hongkong in 20 days, in-
cluding a stop at Yokohama.
N. Y. The old Greeley home at
Chappaqua is destroyed by fire ; the re-
mains of Horace Greeley's library and
many unpublished letters are burned.
Apr. 5. N. Y. "Water town loses
$150,000 by fire in its business section.
856 1890, Apr. 6 -Apr.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 Apr. 8. New York. The 7th
Regiment is invited to attend the un-
veiling of a statue to Gen. Robert E. Lee
at Richmond, Va.
Apr. 15. D. C. John K. Mizner is com-
missioned colonel — 10th cavalry.
Apr. 18. Ky. Five militiamen are
wounded in a skirmish with outlaws
in Harlan County.
Apr. 22. New York. The Old Guard
celebrates its 64th anniversary.
Apr. 23. D. C. Charles G. Bartlett is
commissioned colonel — 9th infantry.
Apr. * D. C. Secretary Tracy orders a
court-martial to try Commander Mc-
Calla of the U. S. S. Enterprise, on
charges of cruelty to his crew. [May 15.
He is suspended from rank and duty for
three years.]
Apr. * S. Dak. A band of Cheyenne
Indians is on the warpath, led by a bad
chief called Big Foot ; two companies
of troops are sent to subdue them.
Apr. * Fla. The North Atlantic Squad-
ron is ordered from Key West to Haiti.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 Apr. 6. Boston. The 75th anni-
versary of the Boston Handel and
Haydn Society is celebrated.
Apr. 12. S. Dak. A dust blizzard is
raging.
D. C. President Harrison presents,
in the name of Congress, a gold medal
to Joseph Frances, the inventor of the
life-saving appliances for the ship-
wrecked.
Apr. 13. Ariz. Rich gold deposits are
found in Grand Cafion.
Apr. 19. Ala. Several people are killed
and much property is destroyed by a
tornado in Geneva county.
Apr. 20. New York. A Psychical Re-
search Society is formed.
Apr. 30. Neio York. Ground is broken
for the 'Washington Memorial Arch.
[May 30. The corner-stone is laid with
ceremonies.]
Apr. * Alas. An expedition organized
by Frank Leslie's Illustrated Weekly
starts to explore Alaska.
Apr. * Ark. The streets of Arkansas City
are under water from four to six feet
deep ; the town is deserted by at least
half of its population.
Apr. * Chicago. An imposing monu-
ment in memory of Gen. Grant is near-
ing completion in Lincoln Park.
The pedestal is a solid terrace wall of
granite, pierced by an arch GO feet wide ;
the terrace is 150 feet long and 42 feet
high ; and on it is placed an equestrian
statue of Grant 13 feet in height.
Apr. * Pa. Another flood occurs in
Johnstown ; the water in the streets is
four feet deep.
Apr. * Pa. A rich well of natural gas is
struck at Pittsburg.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
Apr. 13. Randall. Samuel J.. M. C. for
Pa., speaker, A62.
CHURCH.
1890 Apr. 27. N. Y. Members of the
Salvation Army are arrested in
Yonkers for singing in the streets.
Apr. * la. Over 100 Mormon mis-
sionaries are sent out from Des Moines.
Apr. * New York. Bronze doors cost-
ing not less than $100,000 are placed
in Trinity Church, as a memorial to the
late John Jacob Astor.
Apr. * N. Y. Rev. Theodore L. Cuy-
ler, for 30 years pastor of the Lafayette
Avenue Presbyterian Church of Brook-
lyn, retires ; he is presented with a purse
of $30,000. [Dec. 14. Dr. Gregg becomes
his successor.]
LETTERS.
1890 Apr. 9. Mass. Mrs. E. S. B. Mead
is chosen President of Mount Holyoke
College.
Apr. 13. Chicago. The friends of the
public-school system organize for its
protection, owing to the active oppo-
sition of Roman Catholics and Luther-
ans to the Bennett law in Milwaukee.
Apr. 15. Phila. Archbishop Ryan
will be editor-in-chief of The American
Catholic Quarterly Review, beginning
with the July number.
New York. E. L. Godkin of the
Evening Post is arrested on charge of
libel for articles reflecting on Tam-
many leaders.
Apr. 21. If. T. MuratHalstead, of the
Cincinnati Commercial, becomes editor
of the Brooklyn Standard- Union.
Apr. * D. C. Mr. Lawler of Illinois in-
troduces in the House a bill to test the
science of short spelling and to establish
100 schools for that purpose.
Apr. * New York. Andrew Carnegie gives
$10,000 to the Authors' Club, to be
used for the " encouragement of litera-
ture."
Apr. * O. A Catholic Educational
Union, similar to the Chautauqua Cir-
cle, is formed, and is spreading rapidly
in other States.
SOCIETY.
1890 Apr. 7. Chicago. The Board of
Trade attacks the " bucket-shops."
Five thousand carpenters strike for
an eight-hour day and minimum wages of
40 cents an hour. [Apr. 11. The builders
refuse.]
Apr. 8. Chicago. The plumbers' strike
is settled ; the men get a portion of the
increase of wages demanded.
Mass. The Worcester People's Sav-
ings-bank teller, F. Kimball, and $40,000
of the deposits, are missing.
Apr. 10. la. High license is defeated
in the Legislature, and prohibition sus-
tained.
Apr. 12. Ark. "White Caps flog a
preacher of the Latter-day Saints.
Apr. 14. Cal. Several hundred persons
believe the predictions of Mrs. Wood-
worth, George Erickson, and other false
prophets, declaring that San Fran-
cisco, Oakland, Chicago, and Milwaukee
would be destroyed by earthquake and
tidal wave, and go to the hills.
New York. The employees of 70
shops of clothing-makers strike for an
increase of wages ; more than 1,000 men
are out.
Apr. 16. New York. The Working
Girls' Societies of New York, Brooklyn,
Boston, and Philadelphia open a con-
vention.
The Evening Post publishes charges
against Senator Quay of Pennsylvania.
— - Pa. The railroad companies in Pitts-
burg decide not to recognize any fede-
ration of railroad employees.
Apr. 17. Chicago. A conflict between
police and strikers takes place.
Apr. 19. D. C. A General Society of
the Sons of the Revolution is organ-
ized in Washington, with ex-Go v. John
Lee Carroll as general president.
N. Mex. W. H. Pope of Ky., the de-
faulting cashier of the Louisville City
National Bank, with $70,000 of its funds,
is captured.
Apr. 21. Chicago. The eight-hour
movement is spreading. Carpenters
make new demands, requiring boss car-
penters to employ seven-eighths of the
carpenters in the city.
The carpenters' Council refuses to
allow men to work for the masters'
associations.
[Apr. 22. The strikers become riot-
ous. Apr. 25. They assault 32 non-
union men. Apr. 26. The masters
refuse to arbitrate. Apr. 29. The
strikers agree to resume work in con-
nection with the new organization of
employers. May 3. The strike practi-
cally ends in the failure of the car-
penters.]
Apr. 23. New York. A convention of
the General Federation of Women's
Clubs is held.
Apr. 24. New York. The Actuarial
Society of America assembles.
Apr. 28. la. The Supreme Court de-
cides the seizure of beer sent into the
State in sealed kegs from Illinois in
original packages, and sold, to be in vio-
lation of the Constitution.
Apr. 30. New York. Two thousand
framers resolve to strike on May Day.
A mass-meeting is held in Chickering
Hall ; it is called by the Ladies' Health
Protective Association to demand
clean streets.
Apr. * Boston. The bricklayers have
signed an agreement not to strike for
three years in return for eight hours and
an advance in wages.
Apr. * Boston. Nine hours without re-
duction of wages is granted the 2,200
workmen employed in 12 of the marble
factories.
Apr. * Chicago. The Daily News has been
exposing wholesale gambling.
It estimates that the receipts of the
f ambling-houses, which are controlled
y a syndicate, aggregate $10,000,000 a
year, and that $500,000 are paid to mem-
bers of the administration for immunity
from police interference, and a much
larger sum to the police themselves.
Apr. * Ca. Northern-born citizens resid-
ing in Atlanta organize a Northern
Society.
Apr. * La. The Louisiana Lottery
Company offers to pay the State
$12,500,000 for a renewal of its charter
for 25 years.
UNITED STATES.
1890, Apr. 6 -Apr.* 357
Apr. * Mo. Kansas City passes an ordi-
nance fixing eight hours as a day's work
for all city employees and all laborers
employed on city contracts.
Apr. * ST. II. The woman suffragists of
Concord elect Mrs. M. H. Woodworth to
the Board of Education by a majority of
773 in a total of 3,826 votes.
Apr. * Neio York. The Central Labor
Union passes a resolution for purifying
the city government by obtaining evi-
dence against the police protection of
criminals.
STATE.
1890 Apr. 7. D. C. Congress: The
House refuses to suspend the rules
and pass the Dependent Pension Bill.
Vote, 169-87.
Apr. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Anti-Trust Bill introduced
Dec. 4 ; vote, 52-1 (absent, 29) ; the House
reconsiders the vote by which it recently
defeated the bill to appropriate $75,-
000 to supply the deficiency caused by
the Silcott defalcation ; the bill is passed
(the Senate also passes the bill) ; the
House also passes the M'Adoo Alien
Navy Enlistment Bill introduced
Dec. 18 ; referred to Senate Committee
on Naval Affairs.
N. Y. The Senate passes a resolution
providing for the submission of a Pro-
hibition Amendment to the Constitution
to the vote of the people April 17, 1891.
Vote, 58-1.
Apr. 9. V. Y. The Senate passes the
Weekly Payment Bill, a measure fa-
vored by all labor organizations. [May
21. Gov. Hill signs the bill.]
Apr. 10. la. The Legislature defeats
the High-License Bill. Vote, 21-29.
Mass. The House passes a Bill mak-
ing nine hours a legal day's work in
State and municipal employment.
Apr. 11. D. C. Congress: The
World's Fair Bill is reported to the
Senate ; an amendment provides for a
naval review in New York Harbor in
April, 1893.
Apr. 14. D. C. Congress : Both houses
adjourn as a mark of respect to the late
Samuel J. Randall.
The United States Supreme Court de-
cides that the State of California has no
jurisdiction in the case of Deputy-Mar-
shal Nagle, who killed the would-be
assassin of Associate Justice Field.
Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Naval Appropriations Bill.
Vote, 117-100. Introduced Apr. 1.
It passes the Roger bill, introduced
Apr. 4, defining the jurisdiction of the
U. S. Courts.
la. The Legislature gives physicians
and pharmacies the right to sell liquor
free of license tax.
Apr. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate
rejects the Chinese Enumeration Bill.
Vote, 5-12. The Senate now has 47 Re-
publicans and 37 Democrats.
In the House the McKinley Tariff
Bill is introduced by the majority of the
Committee on Ways and Means ; it pro-
poses " to equalize duties on imports and
to reduce the revenue of the Govern-
ment; " a minority report is also sub-
mitted.
Secretary Windom issues the new reg-
ulations governing the landing of im-
migrants.
N. Y. The Senate repeals the Two-
dollars-a-day Bill. Vote, 17-11. It
passes the bill providing for the Hudson
River Suspension Bridge from New
York City to the Jersey shore. Vote,
20-8.
The bridge is to have at least six rail-
road tracks and capacity for four more,
and to cost about $40,000,000. It is to be
finished within 10 years, and will be the
largest bridge in the world.
Apr. 17. D. C. Congress : Senate ;
John H. Regan of Texas introduces a
joint resolution proposing an amend-
ment to the Constitution, for the elec-
tion of Senators by popular vote ; the
House Committee on Rivers and Har-
bors completes its appropriation bill —
$20,901,500.
Mass. The Legislature rejects the
bill to grant municipal suffrage to
women.
Apr. 18. D. C. The Pan-American
Conference ends.
N. H. The Supreme Court decides
that President Taggert of the State Sen-
ate is acting governor.
Apr. 19. D. C. Secretary Blaine makes
a farewell address to the delegates to
the Pan-American Conference.
Samoa. The Samoan treaty is
signed at Apia.
Apr. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Chicago World's Fair Bill,
including an amendment providing for a
naval review. Vote, 43-13.
N. Y. The Senate votes against the
proposal to submit the Prohibition
Amendment to the people in April in-
stead of at a general election.
Apr. 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the District of Co-
lumbia Appropriation Bill. [July 31.
Conference report agreed to. Aug. 8.
Approved by the President.]
The House debates the Legislative,
Executive, and Judicial Appropria-
tion Bills.
N. Y. The Senate amends and passes
the new Saxton Ballot Reform Bill.
[Apr. 29. It passes the Assembly. May
2. Gov. Hill signs it.]
Apr. 25. D. C. Congress : The Presi-
dent approves the act creating the
World's Columbian Exposition.
The bill is entitled : " An act to pro-
vide for celebrating the 400th anniver-
sary of the discovery of America by
Christopher Columbus, by holding an
international exhibition of arts, indus-
tries, manufactures, and the product of
the soil, mine, and sea, in the city of Chi-
cago, in the State of Illinois."
President Harrison signs the joint
resolution of Congress appropriating
$150,000 for the relief of the Missis-
sippi flood sufferers.
Apr. 26. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Legislative, Executive, and
Judicial Appropriation Bill after six
discussions ; bill introduced Apr. 7.
N. Y. The Senate Committee on
Cities, while investigating the munici-
pal department in New York City, learns
how $180,000 was raised to buy the
Board of Aldermen in favor of Hugh J.
Grant.
Representatives of 10 American repub-
lics Bign the International Arbitration
Treaty for the settlement of national
disputes instead of war.
The United States Supreme Court de-
cides that the Iowa law providing for
seizure of liquors in "original pack-
ages " is unconstitutional.
Apr. 29. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Land Grant Forfeiture
Bill, restoring to the United States its
title to lands granted to aid railroads in
certain cases.
It passes the Plumb Land Forfeiture
Bill after seven discussions ; hill intro-
duced Feb. 20.
It amends and passes the Davis De-
pendent Pension Bill. Vote, 179-71.
[June 11, 23. Conference report agreed
to. June 28. Approved by the President.]
Apr. 30. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Worsted Bill introduced
Apr. 21.
Reduction of the public debt in
April, $7,636,901.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Apr. 9. New York. Mayor Grant
appoints August Belmont, C. S. Smith,
J. H. Starin, William Steinway, and
O. B. Potter commissioners of rapid
transit.
Apr. 11. New York. The maiden trip
of the steamship Majestic, in 6 days,
10 hours, 30 minutes, is the quickest
maiden trip on record.
Apr. 12. Boston. Four breweries are
purchased by an English syndicate.
Chicago. A panic occurs in the Board
of Trade.
Apr. 18. New York. Castle Garden
ceases to be the depot for receiving im-
migrants, the Government barge office
taking its place.
Apr. 30. Phila. The suspension of
the Bank of America, a State bank, is
announced.
Apr. * Chicago. Ice-dealers form a trust
and advance prices 25 to 50 per cent.
The crop in the vicinity is 1,000,000 tons
short.
Apr. * Chicago. The World's Fair of
1893 is fully incorporated and orga-
nized.
The directors adopt a report of the
finance committee recommending that
the capital stock be increased to $10,000,-
000.
Apr±.* New York. An English syndicate
buys up the Murphy Varnish Company
of New York, the largest varnish com-
pany in America.
Apr. * N. Y. The water-power of Ni-
agara Falls is to be utilized for mills
and electric lights in Niagara and Buf-
falo.
Contracts are signed for the construc-
tion of a tunnel and raceways under the
falls ; the capital stock of the Niagara
Falls Power Company is $2,000,000.
Apr. * N. Y. A two-thirds interest in
four large paper-mills in New York
State is transferred to an English syndi-
cate for $8,000,000.
358 1890, Apr. * - May 30.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 May 15. D. C. Secretary Tracy
confirms the finding of the court-martial
sentencing Commander McCalla to
suspension of rank and duty for three
years.
May 23. New York. The Pensacola re-
turns from the East Africa eclipse expe-
dition.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 May 3. Mo. The Merchants'
Bridge, 2,420 feet long, spanning the
Mississippi at St. Louis, and costing
$6,000,000, is completed.
May 5. New York. The Metropolitan
Museum of Art is reopened to the
public.
May 6. Tex. A hurricane prevails.
May 9, 10. Pa. Near Franklin a tor-
nado tears a path 300 feet wide and 25
miles long ; two persons are killed and
several others badly hurt ; houses and
barns are demolished, trees uprooted,
and cattle killed.
May 13. New York. The corner-stone
of the Carnegie Music Hall is laid by
Mrs. Carnegie.
May 16. Alas. A volcano is reported
to be in a state of eruption.
May 23. ///. A new wheat-pest, the
saw-fly, appears.
May 29. Md. The 12th annual Congress
of the American Laryngological As-
sociation begins its sessions in Balti-
more.
Va. An equestrian statue of Gen.
Robert E. Lee is unveiled at Rich-
mond.
May 30. O. The Garfield Memorial
is dedicated at Lakeview Cemetery,
Cleveland.
La. The Red River rises many feet,
and sweeps away the levees near Shreve-
port; thousands of homes are rendered
desolate, and immense damage is done
to property and crops.
N. Y. The Northern General As-
sembly (Presbyterian) meets at Sara-
toga ; Rev. W. E. Moore of Columbus,
Ohio, moderator.
The great question that agitates the
conference is the revision of the Confes-
sion of Faith. The change proposed will
blot out of the Confession of Faith —
Reprobation ; the damnation of infants ;
the damnation of the heathen ; the clas-
sification of Roman Catholics as idola-
tors, and the statement that the Pope is
Anti-Christ. Its reports show 133 Pres-
byteries favor revision, 66 oppose any
change, seven decline to express an
opinion, and seven are unheard from.
[May 24. A committee is appointed
to nominate a Committee on Revision.
May 26. Committees on Revision and a
Consensus Creed are appointed.]
May 17. Colo. The Rocky Mountain
Conference of Unitarian and other
Liberal Christian Churches is organized
at Denver.
May 22. Nev) York. Missionaries sail
for the Soudan Ptoneer Mission in Africa.
They are volunteers from the Young
Men's Christian Associations; and all
venture " in faith," with no promise of
financial support except the promises of
the Bible.
May 27. New York. The Jewish Min-
isters' Association of America is in
session.
LETTERS.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
May 3. Beck, James, senator for Ky., A68.
May 18. Ropes, Ripley, of Brooklyn, N. Y..
A70.
May 22. Harper, Fletcher (Harper
Bros.), publisher, A62.
CHURCH.
1890 May 7. Mo. The General Con-
ference (Methodist Episcopal South)
meets at St. Louis. [May 9. It decides
to admit laymen as members. May 19.
Revs. Atticus G. Haygood and Oscar P.
Fitzgerald are elected bishops.]
May 8. S. C. The Episcopal Diocese
votes not to exclude a colored minis-
ter who is at present a member of that
body.
May 15. N. C. The Southern General
Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Ashe-
ville ; Rev. James Park, moderator.
The body embraces 2,321 churches,
■with 1,145 ministers, 161,000 communi-
cants, and over 100,000 Sunday-school
pupils.
1890 May 6. New York. Arrangements
are completed for accepting the gift of
Charles Butler of $100,000 each to
the University of the City of New York
and to Union Theological Seminary.
Steps are taken to unite the two insti-
tutions in an alliance.
May 10. R. I. The School Committee
of Providence banishes the Bible and
devotional exercises from its schools.
May 14. D. C. Senator Edmunds intro-
duces a bill to establish the University
of the United States in the City of
"Washington ; the bill calls for $5,000,-
000, the income of which is to be used
for the expenses of the institution.
May 19±. N. Y. The U. S. Supreme
Court decides the Fisk will case
against CorneU, the University there-
by losing. $2,000,000.
May 22. N. Y. The Presbyterian Gen-
eral Assembly's Committee on Bills and
Overtures presents a report urging that
the Bible be restored to its true
place in our system of education, it
not being sectarian, but the source of
the highest moral teaching.
May 28. Wis. German Catholic socie-
ties organize against the Bennett
Law.
Mass. The New England Intercolle-
giate Association holds its annual ses-
sion in "Worcester.
May 29. Fla. The University of
Florida is founded at Tarpon Springs.
SOCIETY.
1890 May 1. Chicago. About 25,000
men unite in a labor parade.
D. C. The Secretary of War directs
that the provisions as to canteens at
military posts shall be retained, except
that no ardent spirits or wine shall be
sold in canteens , sales of ■ ' light beer ' '
only being tolerated.
Del. A private citizen is allowed the
privilege of whipping a criminal.
U.S. Ex-President Grover Cleve-
land is admitted to practise before the
Bar of the Supreme Court.
May 3. Chicago. Over 7,000 men join
the dissatisfied strikers, making the total
number out 32,000.
Boston. Carpenters prepare letters
urging foreign working men to remain
away.
May 4. Chicago. Leaders among the
striking carpenters endeavorto continue
agitation, and postpone settlement of
the strike. It is commonly believed to
have failed and ended.
May 5. New York. The Society for the
Enforcement of the Criminal Law is
incorporated.
N. Y. The carpenters in New York
and Brooklyn succeed in the eight-hour
strike.
May 7. D. C. The Decennial Conven-
tion of Pharmacists of the United States
is in session at Washington.
New York. The annual meeting and
election of the Civil Service Reform
Association takes place.
May 9. D. C. A reception is given to
Gen. Sherman in Washington.
May 10. la. Liquor- selling under the
"original package" decision is increas-
ing.
Kan. The women who were recently
elected officers of Edgerton all resign
because of criticism ; they say the men
can conduct the government in the fu-
ture.
N. Y. The defalcation of $100,000
by G. P. Whitney in the Albany City
National Bank is reported.
May 11. New York. The Central Labor
Union denies admission to the delegates
from the Saloon-Keepers' Associa-
tion, on the ground that its members are
not wage-workers.
May 13. Fla. A reign of terror at Ce-
dar Keys is caused by Mayor W. W. Cot-
trell, who threatens the lives of all who
oppose him. [May 22. Citizens flee
from the city through fear of the re-
turn of Mayor Cottrell.] (See Nov. 6.)
La. The Louisiana Lottery offers
$1,000,000 a year to the Legislature for
the continuance of its charter.
New York. The 25th anniversary of
the National Temperance Society is
celebrated.
May 14. N. Y. The National Confer-
ence of Charities and Corrections be-
gins at Buffalo.
N. Y. Ex- Alderman John O'Neill
of " boodle " notoriety is released from
Sing Sing.
May 16. Ala. Two Mormon elders are
severely whipped in Clay County by 40
farmers, among whose families the Mor-
mons have been proselyting for several
weeks.
May 19. N. Y. The Democrat and Chroni-
cle of Rochester announced that it will
cease to issue a Sunday edition on
July 6 ; this is in deference to public
sentiment.
UNITED STATES.
1890, Apr. *.- May 30. 359
May 20. Chicago. A strike of waiters
is in full force.
May 21. Cal. Plans for a filibustering
expedition to annex Lower California
to the United States are revealed at Los
Angeles.
D. C. The United States Brewers'
Association, representing $195,000,000
of invested capital, opens its session in
Washington.
S. C. The State Convention of col-
ored people assembles at Columbia to
organize a State branch of the National
Afro-American League.
May 23. Pa. The Cincinnati Brewing
Company, amid much excitement, opens
an " original package" store in
Leechburg, a dry town for years.
May 24. Chicago. An Anarchist plot
comes to naught. A bomb heavily loaded
with dynamite is found at the base of
the Haymarket monument ; but a rain
puts out the fuse and averts the injury.
May 25. Conn. The meeting of the
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engi-
neers at New Haven is addressed by
Chauncey M. Depew.
May 26. Chicago. The friends of Dr.
Cronin are incorporated as an associa-
tion to erect and maintain a monument
to his memory.
iV. J. Indictments are found against
68 elections officers in Jersey City for
ballot-box stuffing.
Miss. The Blue and the Gray hold
a reunion at Vicksburg, amid great en-
thusiasm.
May 27. -N. Y. The missing John
Keenan, ex-alderman of "boodle" no-
toriety in connection with the Broad-
way street railroad, returns, and fur-
nishes bonds in $40,000 to answer the
"boodle" indictment. [June 2. The
indictment against Patrick Farley is
dismissed. June 9. Ex-Alderman John
O'Neil's fine of $2,000 is remitted. July
9. Ex-Alderman DeLacy and " Billie "
Malonev return and give bail in $40,000
for trial.]
May 28. D. C. The National Conven-
tion of State Railroad Commissioners
begins its sessions at Washington.
May 29. D. C. The Judiciary Commit-
tee of the House reports a bill for a
Constitutional Amendment to secure
suffrage to the women of the whole
country. [No further action is taken.]
Miss. A reunion of the Blue and
the Gray is held on the battlefields of
Port Gibson and Champion Hills.
Va. Richmond is decorated wi th Con-
federate flags, in honor of the unveiling
of a statue to Gen. Robert E. Lee.
STATE.
1890 May 1. D. C. Congress: The
House passes the Sherman Anti-Trust
Bill.
[June 18, 20. Conference report agreed
to. July 2. Approved by the President.]
May 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Customs Administration
Bill. [May 27. Conference report agreed
to. June 12. Approved by the President.]
The House defeats the Adams Interna-
tional Copyright Bill. Vote, 98-126.
May 3. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Diplomatic and Consular
Appropriation Bill introduced Apr. 22.
III. The Knights of Labor, Patrons
of Husbandry, and Farmers' Mutual
Benefit Association unite for political
action.
May 5. D. C. Congress : Both Houses
adjourn out of respect to the memory
of Senator James B. Beck, of Ky.
May 7. D.C. Congress: The Senate
begins its debate on the Silver Bill.
(See July 14.) In the House the debate
on the Tariff Bill is opened by William
McKinley of O. for the measure, and
R. Q. Mills of Tex. against it.
N. Y. The Senate passes the Black-
well's Island Bridge Bill : the Assembly
votes to submit the Prohibition Amend-
ment to the people on April 9, 1891.
May 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Dingley Worsted Bill.
May 9. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the regular Pension Bill. [June
24. The Senate recedes from its amend-
ment. July 1. Approved.]
May 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Army Appropriation Bill
with the anti-canteen amendment. [May
28, June 2, 4. Conference report agreed
to. June 16. Approved by the Presi-
dent.]
May 12, 13. D. C. Congress : In the
Senate the Silver Bill is debated ; the
House passes six paragraphs of the Mc-
Kinley Tariff Bill.
May 13. Kan. Judge Crozier decides
that a part of the State Prohibitory Law
is unconstitutional.
May 14. I). C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate G. F. Edmunds of Vt. introduces a
bill for the establishment of a National
University. (See Letters.)
May 17. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes a bill appropriating $300,000 for
an equestrian statue of Gen. Grant at
Washington; bill introduced Apr. 16; re-
ferred to House Committee on Library.
The U. S. Supreme Court declares
Minnesota's Dressed Beef Law uncon-
stitutional.
May 19. Ky. The U. S. Supreme Court
decides in favor of the claim of Ken-
tucky to the ownership of Green Island
in the Ohio.
May 21. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate the Silver Bill and the bill restoring
the control of the liquor-traffic to the
States within their own borders are dis-
cussed ; the House passes the McKin-
ley Tariff Bill. Vote, Yea, 164 Rep. ;
Nay, 140 Dem., 1 Rep. (Wheeler) ; ab-
sent, 6 Rep., 15 Dem.
V. J. State Senator E. P. M'Don-
ald (Dem.) of Hudson County is un-
seated by the Republicans.
May 23. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate the McKinley Tariff Bill is intro-
duced and referred to the Committee on
Finance.
May 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate
refuses to strike out the provision for
three battle-ships in the Naval Bill ;
also rejects an amendment asking Great
Britain to disarm her naval and military
forces in the Western Hemisphere.
It amends and passes the Naval Ap-
propriation Bill. [June 24, 25. Con-
ference report agreed to. July 1. Ap-
proved by the President.]
May 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the *« Original Package "
Liquor Bill in its constitutional as-
pects ; in the House a joint resolution
is offered appropriating $250,000 for
the completion of the Grant monu-
ment at Riverside Park, in New York
City, and referred to the Committee on
Library.
The President transmits to both
houses the plan of the Pan-Ameri-
can Conference for an international
American Bank.
May 28. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the Kiver and Harbor Bill in-
troduced Apr. 18.
The Senate Finance Committee de-
cides to consider the different schedules
of the Tariff Bill separately.
May 29. I). C. Congress : The Sen-
ate passes the " Original Package "
Liquor Bill. Vote, 34-10. Introduced
Dec. 4, 1889.
Di the House aselect committee report
in favor of the enfranchisement of
the women of the whole country, about
13,000,000 in number.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Apr. * W. Va. Hundreds of Cat-
tle are dying for want of food.
Apr.* Publishers of cheap novels form
a trust, and advance the price of paper-
backed books of light reading 33 per
cent.
Apr. * The valleys flooded by the tribu-
taries of the Mississippi River suffer im-
mense damage.
May 5. Pa. Easton celebrates its first
centenary.
May 6. N. J. The Singer Sewing-
machine 'Works at Elizabethport are
partly burned, and 3,500 persons are
thrown out of employment ; estimated
loss, $1,000,000.
May 8. N. Y. Ten lives are lost in fire
in an insane asylum in Preston.
Pa. Five more victims of the Johns-
town flood are found.
May 9. Nero York. The Postal Tele-
graph Cable Company increases its capi-
tal stock from $5,000,000 to $10,000,000.
May 15. Pa. Thirty-one men are buried
by a rock-fall in a mine at Ashley.
May 17. Mich. Grand Rapids loses
$125,000 by fire.
May 20. The steamer Beacon Light
strikes an iceberg, and narrowly es-
capes sinking.
O. The remains of President Gar-
field are placed in the crypt in the
monument in Lake View Cemetery,
Cleveland, their final resting-place.
May 23. N. Y. The Owego National
Bank suspends payment ; its cashier has
departed.
May 24. Wash. George Francis Train
reaches Taeoma.
He completes his trip around the
world in 67 days, 13 hours, three min-
utes, and three seconds, thus beating
Nellie Bly's record by about five days.
May 30. Cal. A train falls through a
drawbridge at Oakland ; 13 persons are
drowned.
360 1890, May 30-June 21.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 May 26±. Miss. A reunion of
soldiers of both he Union and Confed-
erate armies is held at Vicksburg;
it is a great success.
May * The new IT. S. torpedo-boat Gush-
ing surpasses all records, making in
one hour 21.32 knots, or 28 miles.
May * The Squadron of Evolution is
ordered to sail from Europe to Brazil,
to prevent outside interference with the
elections in that country in September.
June 2. Boston. The Ancient and
Honorable Artillery Company cele-
brates its 252d anniversary.
June 3. Pa. The gunboat Bennington
is launched at Chester.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 May * S. C. The largest deposit
of manganese ever found in the United
States is opened at Tredegar, Calhoun
County.
May * Tex. A destructive cyclone
visits Salt Creek, in Hood County, and
kills 15 persons, besides doing great
damage to property.
June 4. New York. A ball of fire
strikes the Commercial Advertiser build-
ing, but does little damage.
June 9. Va. A monument to the Con-
federate dead is unveiled at Petersburg.
June 14. 0. An earthquake is felt
in Toledo.
June 16. Cat. One of the peaks of
Mount Shasta is reported to have dis-
appeared ; it is believed to have fallen
into the crater.
D. C. In the Senate the Finance
Committee restores the duty on works
of art.
June 21. III. Forty lives are lost by
a destructive cyclone ; Paw-Paw is al-
most swept away.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
June 8. Moffat, James Clement, professor
at Princeton, A79.
June 23. M'Crary, George W., secretary
of war, A55'.
CHURCH.
1890 June 1. XT. Y. Many Sunday-
schools in Brooklyn are presented with
United States flags by the Grand
Army posts.
The 7th annual session of the Inter-
national Missionary Union begins at
Clifton Springs.
June 6. The General Synod (Re-
formed) adopts a report recommending
union with the Reformed Church in the
United States.
June 12+. Minn. The Norwegian
Lutheran Church of America holds its
annual session hi Minneapolis. [The
three sects of the church will, as a result
of the meeting, unite under the name of
the United Norwegian Lutheran Free
Church of America.]
+ Mo. The 9th International Con-
vention of Christian Endeavor Soci-
eties meets at St. Louis ; 8,000 delegates
are present, representing 660,000 mem-
bers.
June 14. Wis. The "Welsh Presbyte-
rians — 300 in number — in convention
at Milwaukee, denounce the Supreme
Court of the State for deciding as uncon-
stitutional the reading of the Bible in
the public schools, and decide to indorse
the Bennett law.
June 21. Chicago. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
LETTERS.
1890 May* la. The State Congrega-
tional Association, in session in Des
Moines, decides to take up the fight
for public schools and against the
Catholic position.
May * III. The Lutherans and German
Catholics are about to make a com-
bined attack at the polls on the Com-
pulsory Education Law to secure its
repeal.
May * Wis. Republicans divide on the
Bennett School Law issue.
June 1±. Mass. The Faculty, the Aca-
demic Council, and the corporation of
Harvard, favor reducing the period
of study for B.A. to three years.
Wis. Guido Pnster presents the Ger-
man and English Academy in Mil-
waukee with grounds valued at $20,000,
and $35,000 in cash to erect academy
buildings.
June 9. N. J. Class-day exercises are
held at Princeton ; Mrs. Susan Brown
gives the college $100,000 for a new
dormitory.
June 10. O. Father Quigley, pastor
of St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic
church at Toledo, is indicted by the
grand jury " for misdemeanor, for neg-
lecting to report pupils to the Board of
Education."
June 13. Mass. A young woman of the
Harvard Annex wins the Sargent prize
for a translation from Horace.
SOCIETY.
1890 May 30. Chicago. The Gar-
field Memorial is dedicated at Lake-
view ; President Harrison and others
make addresses.
New York. The Presbyterian General
Assembly, in session at Saratoga, com-
mends prohibition.
" While, as a church, we neither advo-
cate nor antagonize any political party,
we earnestly commend to our ministers
and people, as Christian citizens, such
vigorous, persevering efforts as may
seem wisest to them towards the enact-
ment in every State and Territory of
statutes which shall hopefully secure
entire prohibition of a traffic largely re-
sponsible for the bulk of the drunken-
ness, crime, pauperism, and social mis-
eries which afflict our land."
± New York. A National Conven-
tion of " Christian Scientists " meets.
May * D. C. Members of Congress re-
ceive an appeal from 1,600 unem-
ployed men in San Francisco, stating
the causes of their destitution and ask-
ing a loan of $6,000,000 from the Govern-
ment.
May * Miss. The governor refuses to ac-
cept any aid whatever from the Federal
Government for the flood sufferers, on
the ground that it would demoralize
the plantation hands.
* * New York. The " Consumers'
League " is formed.
Its purpose is to patronize only such
storekeepers as are humane to their
saleswomen ; nearly 100 prominent local
clergymen approve the scheme.
May * New York. The Radical Club
is organized.
May * N. Y. Gov. Hill signs the bill re-
quiring manufacturing, mining, quarry-
ing, lumbering, mercantile, railroad,
steamboat, telegraph, telephone, ex-
press, water, and municipal corporations
to pay their emplftyees weekly.
May* S. Dak. A great number of
woman suffrage societies are organ-
ized in the interest of the "Woman Suf-
frage Constitutional Amendment to be
voted on next fall.
May * The General Conference of the
Methodist Protestant Church declares
against license.
" We are unalterably opposed to any
form of license, high or low, as being
wrong in principle and pernicious in
practice. We believe the time has fully
come when Christian men should rise
above party prejudice and sectional jeal-
ousy, and give their suffrages to any
party which has for its object the protec-
tion of our homes by the destruction of
the unholy traffic."
June 1. Kan. A lively whisky war
prevails over the " original package "
decision.
June 3. Pa. The Amalgamated Asso-
ciation of Iron and Steel Workers is in
session at Pittsburg.
Mont. Three Indian chiefs meet near
the Crow agency to behold the great
spirit ; the Messiah delusion spreads.
June 4. Ind. The Grand Lodge takes a
firm stand in favor of the exclusion of
liquor-dealers from the Order of the
Knights of Pythias.
O. About 1,700 carpenters are
out on strike in Cincinnati.
June 5. Kan. Judge J. S. West of the
United States District Court at Fort
Scott declines to enforce the State
Prohibitory Law in an original pack-
age case.
June 6. Chicago. Irish beer-drinkers
boycott the breweries which have been
sold to English syndicates.
New York. The American Patriotic
League holds its initial meeting in
favor of political purity.
Wash. Seattle celebrates the first
anniversary of the great fire.
During the first succeeding year, out
of the $12,000,000 worth of buildings
destroyed, nearly $6,000,000 have been
rebuilt, and the town is again pros-
perous.
Wis. Indians are mutinous.
A wealthy Norwegian, Segwald A.
Qval, of Eau Claire, provides by will
$1,000,000 for establishing a hospital in
Madison for persons crippled and de-
formed from birth.
UNITED STATES. 1890, May 30 -June 21. 361
June 8. New York. The Central Labor
Union orders a strike against pool beer ;
the Socialists withdraw from the Union.
Wyo. Tongue Kiver settlers are aban-
doning their homes, owing to thefts
and attempted murders by northern
Cheyenne Indians.
June 9. O. Riotous strikers prevent
the running of street-cars in Columbus.
[July 11. The strike paralyzes business
by diverting trade to other cities : mer-
chants are losing thousands of dollars
by the strike. June 13. The strike is
settled by compromise.]
Miss. Ex-State Treasurer W. L. Hen>
ingway is indicted on the charge of em-
bezzling $315,612.19.
June 10. JV. Y. The annual meeting of
the Superintendents of Insane Asylums
begins at Niagara Falls.
Tex. An express-train is held up
and robbed by six masked men.
June 11, 12. New York. About 800
delegates meet in a Temperance Con-
vention ; all sides of the question are
discussed ; the convention is practically
unanimous for prohibition.
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Company issues a circular giving notice
that it will not employ men addicted to
intemperance.
June 13. S. C. Lynchers are ac-
quitted at Lexington.
June 14. Ky. A meeting is held at
Middlesboro to organize permanently
the Grant and Lee Monument Asso-
ciation ; subscriptions amounting to
$14,000 are reported.
Tex. Prominent citizens of Texar-
kana are under arrest for train-robbing.
June 16. La. A pro-lottery man is
lynched by indignant citizens.
June 17 Boston — Chicago. The an-
niversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill
is celebrated.
D. C. Miss Mary B. Caldwell of
"Washington is married to Baron von
Zedwitz, German minister to Mexico.
June 18. O. The switchmen strike
at Cleveland.
New York. Jay Gould is fined $100
for not doing duty as a juryman.
The Reform Party is announced to
meet in convention in Syracuse on Aug. 5.
It favors a national currency, absolute
suppression of the liquor-traffic for bev-
erage purposes' by national Constitu-
tional enactment, no taxation without
representation except in the case of
aliens, etc.
N. Y. The Railway Telegraph
Superintendents begin their convention
at Niagara Falls.
Pa. The freight brakemen at Pitts-
burg strike.
June 19. New York. An association is
organized to work for new excise laws ;
it is to be known as the ' * New York
Citizens' Alliance."
June 21. Ga. A Mormon elder is
tarred and feathered near Gibson.
Mass. The carpenters and joiners
of Worcester agree to strike for nine
hours a day and eight hours on Satur-
day, without reduction in pay.
Mich. Striking miners stop the
work of others in machine and black-
smith shops in the Tamarack mine
region.
STATE.
1890 May 31. D. C. First Assistant
P. M.-Gen., J. S. Clarkson, retires from
office.
Neb. The Legislature is called in
special session to consider railroad and
ballot reform measures.
June 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes an amendment to the Army
Bill providing that no liquor shall be
sold to soldiers by post-traders, and none
by canteens in prohibition States.
Professor "Wiley reports to the Treas-
ury Department that the Government
has lost $1,000,000 by the polariscope
sugar tests in the New York Custom-
house.
Ore. The State election results in
the reelection of Binger Hermann to
Congress, and a probable Republican
majority on joint ballot in the Legisla-
ture : but it gives the governorship to
the Democratic nominee, Sylvester Pen-
noyer.
June 3. New York. The commission
on consolidation of New York and the
neighboring cities holds its first session.
June 4. I). C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the Fortifications
Appropriation Bill. [Aug. 7, 8, 13.
Conference report agreed to. Aug. 20.
Approved by the President.]
III. Gen. John M. Palmer (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
Me. F. M. Hill (Dem.) is nominated
for governor.
June 6. D. C. Congress : Both Houses
consider the silver question; Preston
B. Plumb of Kan. opposes the Republi-
can position on the Silver Bill.
June 9. D. C. Congress : In the House
a substitute for the Silver Bill is
passed. Vote, 135-119. It provides for
the issue of Treasury notes on the de-
posit of silver bullion.
June 10. D. C. Congress: Senator
George F. Edmunds of Vt. introduces a
bill providing that all property of the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints to which it shall appear there is
no lawful private right shall be forfeited
to the State, and devoted to the benefit
of public common schools in Utah. The
House passes the Post-office Appro-
priation Bill introduced Apr. 29.
June 11. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Dependent Pension Bill.
Vote, 145-56.
It provides for the payment of pen-
sions to dependent parents of deceased
soldiers who would have been entitled
to pensions if they had survived. [June
27. Approved.]
June 12. D.C. Congress: W.M.Evarts
of N. Y., John T. Morgan of Ala., and
Z. B. Vance of N. C, speak 011 the Silver
Question ; the House passes the Agri-
cultural Appropriation and Urgent
Deficiency Appropriation Bills.
June 13. D.C. Congress: The Senate
lays on the table the Morrill Silver Bill
after 26 discussions ; it authorizes the
issue of Treasury notes on the deposits
of silver bullion.
III. Gov. Fif er calls a special session
of the Legislature to take action on the
World's Fair.
June 14. Kan. Judge Caldwell of the
U. S. Circuit Court at Leavenworth hands
down an opinion nullifying the prohibi-
tory laws of the State.
June 15. Kan. Judge Ney renders a
decision at Independence that sealed
bottles of beer in sealed cases are original
packages ; but they must be sent from
outside the State, and not from any other
person in the State.
June 17. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Conger Free Coinage Sil-
ver Bill. Vote, 43-24. The House passes
the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill
introduced June 11. [July 7-12. Con-
ference report agreed to. July 14. Ap-
proved by the President.]
June 18. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate the Tariff Bill is reported from the
Finance Committee ; the House receives
the amended Silver Bill from the Sen-
ate, and passes the Indian Appropria-
tion Bill introduced June 4.
June 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate
receives from President Harrison the
report of the Pan-American Confer-
ence Committee on Customs Union.
In the House the Federal Elections
Bill is reported.
June 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the Legislative,
Executive, and Judicial Appropri-
ation Bill. [July 2. The Conferences
having disagreed, the Senate recedes
from its amendments. July 11. Ap-
proved by the President.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 May 30. Utah. The dam of a
reservoir on the Sevier River gives way.
June 2. U. S. The work of taking a
new census is begun.
June 6. Five persons are killed on the
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad in
consequence of a broken wheel.
New York. The Hudson River
Bridge Commission organizes for
work.
Andrew H. Green is chosen chairman ;
Charles N. Vail, secretary ; with Charles
H. Swan, assistant secretary.
June 8. Ire. The steamship City of Home
runs on the rocks at Fastnet ; no serious
damage is done.
Many cattle are dying of starvation
on the Southwestern ranges.
June 9. Mo. Trains collide near War-
renton ; eight persons are killed and 11
injured.
June 11. N. Y. The elevated roads
in the First Ward of Brooklyn are sold
for unpaid taxes.
Southampton, Long Island, cele-
brates its 250th anniversary.
A Canadian schooner is seized
for smuggling Chinese into the United
States.
June 13. New York. The Hamburg
American steamship Columbia arrives,
having made the best record between
Southampton and New York ; time, six
days, 16 hours, two minutes.
June 16. Pa. Thirty-one miners are
killed by a fire-damp explosion in a
mine at Hill Farm, Dunbar.
June 17. Cat. Miles of grain-fields
near Merced are burned over.
June 20. Chicago. The Park National
Bank closes its doors ; its president says
it is solvent.
362 1890, June 21-July 11.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 June 26. The trial trip of the
cruiser Philadelphia shows that her
speed is 19} knots at the maximum.
D. C. Richard N. Batchelder is com-
missioned brigadier-general.
June * Mont. The governor sends the
residents of Miles City 1,000 stands of
arms as a defense against the Chey-
enne Indians.
June * Wis. An uprising of the Me-
nominee and Oneida Indians is
threatened, and troops are called for ;
the disorder is incited by an agent who
had been dismissed by the Government.
July 11. D.C. Alexander McD.McCook
is commissioned brigadier-general.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 July 1. Ind. A monument to
Thomas A. Hendricks is unveiled at
Indianapolis.
Ft. The corner-stone of the Fair-
banks Museum of Natural Sciences
is laid at St. Johnsbury.
July 5. ///. A Soldiers' and Sailors'
Monument is unveiled at Sterling.
July 7. N. Dak. A tornado sweeps
over the State ; several persons are
killed, and an immense amount of prop-
erty is destroyed. [July 7, 11. Tornadoes
visit Illinois.]
July 8. New York. The heat is oppres-
sive ; the mercury reaches 101°, in conse-
quence of which many people are pros-
trated.
July 9. A destructive drought prevails
in New Mexico, Arizona, and some parts
of Colorado, no rain having fallen for
months ; thousands of range-cattle are
lying dead in parched valleys, and thou-
sands more are dying for want of grass
and water.
5. Dak. A vein of lead, containing
80 per cent of the pure metal, is dis-
covered in Rock Bluffs near Bad River.
July 10. N. H. The Signal Station
thermometer at Mount Washington in-
dicates 25° above zero, and the sum-
mit is white with snow.
July 11. Va. A July frost occurs.
N. Y. "Workmen strike natural gas
while drilling for water in Utica.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
July 9. Fisk, Clinton B., abolitionist, pro-
hibitionist, brig.-gen. of vols., candidate for
presidency, capitalist, philanthropist, A62.
July 10. McCreedy, Thomas 0., senator
for Ky., A73.
CHURCH.
1890 June 24. Cal. William F. Nichols
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
assistant bishop of California.
June 24-27. Pa. The 6th Interna-
tional Sunday-school Convention
meets in Pittsburg ; nearly 1,300 dele-
gates are present, representing 112,897
schools, 1,178,301 teachers, and 9,149,997
scholars.
June 26. Wyo. The first Mormon
church in this State is incorporated in
Cheyenne.
June 29. New York. The first rabbi of
the First Hungarian Church meets
with a hearty reception among his
people.
June 30. Mass. The Christian Col-
lege Students' Conference opens at
Northfield.
New York. The corner-stone of a
Baptist institutional church in mem-
ory of Adoniram Judson is laid at the
corner of Thompson Street and Wash-
ington Square.
Phila. The Roman Catholic Ca-
thedral, the corner-stone of which was
laid in 1846, is consecrated.
June * The General Assembly
(United Presbyterian) adopts resolu-
tions prohibiting clergymen, elders, stu-
dents, and laymen from using tobacco
in any form.
June * The Synod (Reformed Pres-
byterian) adopts a petition asking Con-
gress to amend the Constitution so as to
recognize the divinity of Christ.
LETTERS.
1890 June 26. Me. Bowdoin confers
the degree of LL.D. on Speaker Thomas
B. Reed. [Yale confers the same degree
on William Walter Phelps, and Dart-
mouth on Senator George Franklin Ed-
munds.]
June 28. Mr. Stanley's new book, In
Darkest Africa, is published simultane-
ously in the United States, England,
Germany, and other countries.
July 4. Minn. The National Council
of Education begins its sessions at St.
Paul. It has the largest attendance
known in its history.
July 7. Chicago. Papers of incorpora-
tion of the Chicago Baptist University
signed by John D. Rockefeller, Francis
E. Hinnckley, and others, are received by
the Secretary of State at Springfield.
[July 10. The first meeting of the trus-
tees is held.]
New York. Samuel P. Avery gives
$50,000 to establish and endow an archi-
tectural library in Columbia College,
in memory of his son.
O. President Gates of Rutgers is of-
fered the presidency of Amherst. [Aug.
28. He accepts.]
July 8. Conn. The 21st annual conven-
tion of the American Philological
Association opens in Norwich.
July 10. Minn. Archbishop Ireland
addresses the National Education Asso-
ciation at St. Paul on the compulsory
education laws.
SOCIETY.
1890 June 22. Mass. Unknown per-
sons deface with red paint the statue of
John Harvard at Harvard University.
June 23. Kan. A State Convention at
Topeka, having 3,000 delegates present,
protests against the Missouri whisky
invasion and the " original package "
liquor-shops.
N. Y. Mrs. Delia Cross of Brook-
lyn qualifies as captain of the schooner
Oregon, of which she is the owner.
III. The strike of the trainmen
and switchmen puts a complete stop to
the running of trains on the Illinois
Central Railroad. [Jujie 25. The strike
extends to the freight handlers at East
St. Louis. June 27. The strike ends in
a practical victory for the company.]
June 24. Conn. Cornell freshmen de-
feat Harvard and Yale in a boat-race ;
time, 11.16J.
June 25. La. The Assembly favors the
lottery. (See State, June 25.)
Conn. The Intercollegiate boat-
race, three miles straight, takes place
at New London ; Cornell defeats the
University of Pennsylvania; time, 14
minutes and 43 seconds.
June 27. D. C. A dependent pension
bill is approved granting $6 and $12 per
month to ex-soldiers who served 90 days
or more in the Civil War, and who are
physically or mentally disabled from
self-support by manual labor, and to aid
their widows.
June * New York. Nine of the principal
cloak manufacturers lock out their em-
ployees, numbering about 10,000 persons.
[July 8. A parade of 8,000 locked-out
cloakmakers takes place. July 14.
They reject the overtures of the manu-
facturers, and insist that none but union
men shall be employed. July 17. The
strike takes a new start. July 21. The
union makes new demands on the man-
ufacturers' association. July 25. The
strikers return to work.]
June * S. Dak. The Farmers' Alliance
and the Knights of Labor unite and form
a new party, called the "Independent
party," favoring woman suffrage,
graded-service pension, free coinage of
silver, prohibition, and tariff for reveu'ue
only.
June * The Non-Partisan Woman's
Christian Temperance Union is form-
ed of seceders from the older society.
July 1. New York. A meeting of the
Boiler Manufacturers' Association of
the United States and Canada is held.
July 3. Me. Annual reunion of the
Society of the Army of the Potomac
is held at Portland.
Tenn. The reunion of Confederate
veterans is held at Chattanooga.
July 9. N. Y. The 7th annual conven-
tion of the National Confectioners' As-
sociation takes place at Niagara Falls.
July 10. Ga. Fatal fighting between
whites and blacks occurs at Star's
Mill, 15 miles south of Palmetto ; six
white men are shot and a number of
blacks.
N. Y.—Ky. Labor strikes occur at
Poughkeepsie and Louisville.
The 46th annual meeting of the Sons
of Temperance of North America is
held.
A resolution is adopted calling upon
Congress to prohibit the exportation of
intoxicating beverages fr*m the United
States to Africa and the Western Pacific
Islands ; also, that the bill to prohibit
all interstate original-package traffic in
intoxicating drinks in Prohibition States
be speedily passed.
UNITED STATES. 1890, June 21 -July 11. 363
STATE.
1890 June 21. D. C. Congress: The
Senate passes the Edmunds Bill devoting
the property of the Mormon Church
to the common schools of Utah. Intro-
duced June 10. [Sept. 26. The Commit-
tee on Judiciary reports it back to the
House.]
June 23. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Disability Pension Bill and
the Agricultural College Bill intro-
duced Apr. 30.
June 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Post-office Appropriation
Bill, calling for $72,461,691. It passes
the Dolph Bill for the prevention of
collisions at sea introduced May 22.
It amends and passes the Diplomatic
and Consular Appropriation Bill.
[July 7-10. Conference report agreed
to. July 14. Approved by the President.]
It amends and passes the Post-office
Appropriation Bill. [June 28. Con-
ference report agreed to. July 1. Ap-
proved by the President.]
N. Y. The Court of Appeals main-
tains the constitutionality of the Elec-
trocution Law, and affirms the sentence
of William Kemmler.
The Court of Appeals hands down a
decision in the case of the North River
Sugar Refining Company, dissolving the
Sugar Trust on the ground that a trust
to increase prices is illegal, and that a
company by becoming a member of a
trust forfeits its charter.
June 25. D. C. Congress : The House
defeats a motion to concur in the Sen-
ate Free Coinage amendment to the
Silver Bill. Vote, 135-152. A conference
is ordered. (See July 7.)
La. The House of Representatives
passes the bill to submit to popular vote
a constitutional amendment bill extend-
ing the charter of the Louisiana State
Lottery Company for 25 years at $1,000,-
000 a year. [In the Senate the bill is
amended, increasing the amount to be
paid from $1,000,000 to $1,250,000 a year ;
the Lottery Company agrees to the
amendment.] (See July 1.)
Pa. George W. Delamater (Rep.) is
nominated for governor.
June 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate
debates the admission of "Wyoming,
and the House discusses the Federal
Elections Bill providing for Federal
supervision of elections for Members of
Congress.
June 27. B.C. Congress : The Senate
passes the bill to admit Wyoming into
the Union as the 44th State. [June 8.
House concurs. July 10. Approved by
the President.] The House debates the
Federal Elections Bill; the Democrat-
ic Representatives of the Northern States
frame a protest against it, on the ground
of its being unconstitutional ; the Com-
mittee on Banking and Currency report
favorably a bill to charter the Inter-
national American Bank; capital,
$10,000,000. to $25,000,000.
June 28. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Hudson River Bridge Bill.
[July 12. Approved by the President.]
The House Judiciary Committee amends
the Senate Original Package Bill so
as to make it applicable to all articles
whatsoever, declaring that all articles
of commerce shall be considered to be
within the control of a State as soon as
they reach their destination ; the debate
on the Federal Elections Bill is con-
tinued.
The Indian Land Commission has
agreed with the Shawnees, Pottawato-
mies, and partially with the Kickapoos,
for the sale of their lands, paying the
Indians $1.22£ per acre for the land
taken.
June 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Agricultural Appropriation
Bill. [July 3, 10. Conference report
agreed to. July 14. Approved by the
President.] The House continues the
discussion of the Federal Elections
BUI.
U. S. Reduction of the debt in June,
$20,683,726.
Statistics for the fiscal year. Rev-
enue: Customs, $229,668,585; internal
revenue, $142,606,706; sales of public
lands, $6,358,273; miscellaneous items,
$24,447,420. Total revenue, $403,080,983.
Expenditures: Premiums on loans, pur-
chase of bonds, $20,304,244 ; miscellane-
ous items, $81,403,256 ; War Department,
$44,582,838; Navy Department, $22,006,-
206 ; Indians, $6,708,047 ; pensions, $106,-
936,855; interest on public debt, $36,-
099,284. Total ordinary expenditures,
$318,040,711 ; excess of revenue over or-
dinary expenditures, $85,040,272. Ex-
ports, $857,828,684 ; imports, $789,310,409.
Public debt (Dec. 1.), $1,549,206,126.
July 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Idaho Admission BUI.
[July 9. Approved ; Idaho is the 43d
State] ; in the House the debate on the
Federal Elections Bill is continued.
La. The Legislature conditionally
accepts the amended offer of the Louisi-
ana State Lottery. (See June 25.) [July
6. Gov. Nichols vetoes the bill.]
July 2. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Lodge Federal Elections
Bill, after seven discussions. Vote, 155-
149 ; introduced June 19. [July 7. Re-
ferred to Senate. Aug. 7. The Commit-
tee on Privileges and Elections reports
it back.] The measure is stigmatized
as a " Force Bill " and persistently op-
posed by the Democrats, it being chiefly
directed against the election methods
prevailing in some parts of the South.
Me. William P. Thompson (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
The Conference Committee on the Sil-
ver Bill agrees that there shall be a
monthly purchase of 4,500,000 ounces of
silver, with certificates to be issued as a
full legal tender ; that 2,000,000 ounces
of silver shall be coined monthly until
July 1, 1891 ; after that date so much
coined as may be necessary to redeem
outstanding certificates.
N. J. Four delinquent election offi-
cers of the First District of Jersey City
are sentenced by Judge Lippincott to 18
months in State prison and to pay costs
of court.
July 8. D. C. Congress: the House
passes the Senate bill providing for reg-
ulations designed to prevent collisions
at sea. Vote, 125-45.
La. The lower House passes the
Lottery Bill over the veto of Gov.
Nichols. Vote, 68-31. (See Aug. 7.)
July 9. Congress : The House adopts a
resolution requesting President Harri-
son to furnish it with the correspond-
ence between the Government and
Great Britain touching the subjects in
dispute in Bering Sea since Mar. 4,
1889.
July 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate
adopts the Conference report on the Sil-
ver Bill. Vote, 39-26
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 June 24. V. J. The American
Gas Investment Company, with a capi-
tal of $50,000,000, is incorporated at
Trenton.
June 27. Chicago. The "World's Fair
National Commission is assembled and
organized.
It elects Thomas W. Palmer of Mich,
president ; John T. Dickinson secretary ;
and Thomas M. Waller, Conn., M. H.
De Young, San Francisco, Cal., Davidson
R. Penn, Penn., G. W. Allen. N. Y., and
A. T. Andrews. N. C, vice-presidents.
June 28+. Pa. The Roach ship-build-
ing works at Chester are said to have
been sold to an English syndicate for
$3,000,000.
June 30. The Standard Oil Plant at
Louisville is partially destroyed by fire ;
five acres are covered with burning oil.
New York. The new Croton aque-
duct for New York City is completed ;
it increases the water supply from 100,-
000,000 gallons to 250,000,000 gallons a
day, and costs $20,000,000 and about 100
lives.
June * D. C. The 11th census locates the
center of population removed from
eight miles west by south of Cincinnati,
Ohio, to 20 miles east of Columbus, Ind.,
— a distance of 48 miles in 10 years.
Population of each State.
Alabama .
1,513,017
Nevada . .
45,761
Arizona
59,620
NewHamp.
376,530
Arkansas .
1,128,179
New Jersey
1.444,933
California .
1,208,130
New Mex. .
153,593
Colorado .
419,198
New York .
5,997,853
Conn. . .
746,258
N. Carolina
1,617,947
Delaware .
168,493
N. Dakota .
182,719
Dist. of Col.
230,392
Ohio . . .
3,672,316
Florida . .
391,422
Oklahoma .
61,834
Georgia . .
1,837,353
Oregon . .
313,767
Idaho . .
84,385
Penn. . .
5,258,014
Illinois . .
3,826,351
Rhode Isl. .
345,506
Indiana. .
2,192,404
S. Carolina
1,151,149
Iowa . , .
1,911,895
S. Dakota .
328,808
Kansas . .
1,427,096
Tennessee .
1,767,518
Kentucky .
1,858,635
Texas . .
2,235,523
Louisiana .
1,118,587
Utah. . .
207,905
Maine . .
661,086
Vermont .
332,422
Maryland .
1,042,390
Virginia
1,655,980
Mass. . .
2,238,943
Washi'gton
349,390
Michigan .
2,093,889
W.Virginia
762,794
Minnesota .
1,301,826
Wisconsin.
1,686,880
Mississippi
1,289,600
Wyoming .
60,705
Missouri .
2,679,184
Montana .
132,159
Total . .
62,622,250
Nebraska .
1,058,910
July 2. Mass. Haverhill celebrates the
250th anniversary of its settlement.
July 4. Vt. The 100th anniversary of the
settlement of Morristown is celebrated.
July 7. Pa. Roseville is nearly de-
stroyed by fire ; 23 buildings, including
a church, are burned.
July 10. O. Proctor and Gamble's soap-
works in Cincinnati are capitalized for
$6,500,000 ; no share of it goes abroad.
July 11. Chicago. An explosion on the
lake steamer Tioga kills 17 men and in-
jures a number of others.
-'364 1890, July 11 - Aug. 7.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 July 12. Me. The North Atlan-
tic Squadron arrives at Bath.
July 14. D. C. Melville A. Cochran is
commissioned colonel — 6th infantry ;
also Michael R. Morgan — subsistence
department.
The President issues the commissions
df Brig.-gen. McCook and Q.M.-gen. Du-
barry.
.July 25. Mich. Militia men and mol-
ders at Battle Creek engage in a street
■fight.
July 28. D. C. The cruiser Philadel-
phia is placed in commission.
July 29. N. Y. The Squadron of Evo-
lution passes Sandy Hook on its return
from its long foreign cruise.
July 31. D. C. Com. A. E. K. Benham
is promoted rear-admiral.
Aug. 2. Thomas M. Vincent is commis-
sioned colonel.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 July 12. Chicago. The corner-
stone of the new armory of the 1st
Regiment Illinois N. G. is laid ; the
building will be one of the most impos-
ing armories in the country.
July 13. Minn. A destructive cyclone
occurs near St. Paul ; 100 lives are lost,
and much property is destroyed.
V. Y. The first instalment of a
wood department in the State Museum
at Albany is received, consisting of
43 specimens of wood native to New
York State.
July 19. Wyo. The Excelsior Geyser
in Yellowstone Park becomes active —
the first time in two years.
July 20. Chicago. A brilliant meteor
passes over this city, looking like a ball
of fire with a broad trail of light in its
wake, and emitting a hissing sound.
Boston. A monument to Count
Schwab is dedicated.
July 21. Conn., N. Y., Md. Frost oc-
curs at several places in Litchfield
County, Conn. ; in Onondaga Valley,
and Delaware County, N. Y., and in
Maryland.
July 22. Cloud-bursts in Colorado and
Arizona do great damage. Seven lives
are lost in a tornado in Cass County,
N. Dak. [July 26. A cyclone damages
the suburbs of South Lawrence, Mass. ;
loss, $100,000.]
July 27. N.J. A heliographis invented
by Thomas A. Edison ; it will be tested
on the Dunderberg.
July 31. D. C. One hundred years ago
to-day the United States issued its first
patent — to Samuel Hopkins for " mak-
ing pot and pearl ashes."
Mich. Numerous gold nuggets are
found by miners near Ishpeming.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
July 13. Fremont, John C maj.-gen.,
senator for Cal., pathfinder, explorer, A 77.
July 19. Walker, James P., M. C. for Mo.,
dies.
July 27. Collier, Robert Laird, Unit, cler-
gyman, A53.
Aug-. 3. Sands, Elizabeth, army nurse in
the War of 1812, A101.
CHURCH.
1890 July 11. Boston. The centen-
nial anniversary of the first sermon
preached in New England by Rev. Jesse
Lee, the apostle of New England Meth-
odism, is celebrated on the site of the
old Elm Tree on Boston Common.
July 17. Vt. The golden jubilee of
Bishop de Goesbriand is celebrated at
Burlington.
July 18. N. J. Rev. Patrick Corrigan,
Roman Catholic pastor in Hoboken, is
accused by an aged parishioner of wrong-
fully obtaining her property. [Chancel-
lor Bird files an opinion in the case,
setting aside the conveyance.]
July 20. Chicago. A large meeting
adopts resolutions asking the Legisla-
ture to see that the "World's Colum-
bian Exposition is closed on Sunday.
July 23. Mass. The Roman Catholic
archbishops of the United States hold
their annual meeting at Brighton.
July 26. Minn. Archbishop Ireland
is severely criticised in Catholic papers
for saying in his address at the National
Educational Convention that he is the
friend and advocate of State schools.
July 27. New York. Dr. Burtsell, pas-
tor of the Roman Catholic Church of the
Epiphany, preaches his farewell sermon ;
he has been removed by the Propa-
ganda at Rome for his sympathy with
Dr. M'Glynn and the Anti-Poverty move-
ment. [July 31. He celebrates his last
mass in this church. Nov. 7. He decides
to go to the parish at Rondout, N. Y.]
Aug. 1. Mass. The Bible Conference
begins at Northfield.
Aug. 3. Tex. Peter Verdaguer is ap-
pointed (Roman Catholic) vicar-apostolic
of Brownsville.
Aug. 4. New York. The 12th Conven-
tion of the American St. Cecilia Soci-
ety meets in St. Patrick's Cathedral.
LETTERS.
1890 July 13. Conn. The Suffleld Sum-
mer School has 503 summer scholars,
making it the largest in New England,
and perhaps in the country.
July 16. N. Y. William H. Webb en-
dows the College and Home for Ship-
builders with f 1,000,000.
July 24. N. Y. The Regents' Committee
reports that the form of lease from
Catholic churches to Catholic schools
meets all the legal requirements, and
the latter can thereby become a part of
the State system of education.
July 29. N. Y. The Business Educa-
tors' Association of America closes its
12th annual convention at Chautauqua.
July 30. Mass. Merrill E. Gates is
elected President of Amherst CoUege.
July * Boston. The Girls' Latin School
succeeds in dramatizing Vergil's
-33neid, and performing it before the
public.
July * Mo. The Lutheran Synod adopts
resolutions opposing the public school
system as now constituted. The reso-
lutions also approve the opposition made
against the Wisconsin and Illinois school
laws.
Aug. 4+-. U.S. Tolstoi's Kreutzer Sonata
is excluded from the mails.
Aug. 5. Utah. The corner-stone of the
Utah University (Meth. Epis.) is laid
by Bishop Vincent.
Aug. 6. N. J. The annual session of the
American Institute of Christian
Philosophy, at Avon-by-the-Sea, opens.
SOCIETY.
1890 July 12. New York. The 200th
anniversary of the battle of the Boyne
is celebrated by the largest parade of
Orangemen ever witnessed in this city.
Tex. Factions fight at an election
in Ysleta for the partizan control of the
local government ; several are killed or
wounded.
July 14. New York. Frenchmen cele-
brate the 101st anniversary of the fall of
the Bastile.
July 15. la. The citizens of Leland
pass a resolution declaring " that it be
unlawful to sell intoxicating liquors of
any kind in Leland, and that any person
violating this ordinance shall be tarred,
feathered, and cowhided out of the vil-
lage."
S. C. A race-riot occurs in Kearse,
Barnwell County.
July 16. N. J. Nearly 300 workmen
strikeattheCooper, Hewitt and Co. 'slron
and Steel Works, because the firm re-
fuses to sign the new scale of prices sub-
mitted by the Amalgamated Association
of Iron and Steel Workers.
July 17. Kan. Judge Phillips, at To-
peka, grants an injunction restraining
County Attorney Welch and Sheriff Wil-
kerson from interfering with agents of
brewing companies selling original
packages of intoxicants in that place.
July 19. Ala. John Steele, mayor of
Tuscumbia, is shot dead, and several
persons are injured, in a feud.
July 22. Jnd. "White Caps at Lebanon
are sentenced to pay $5,000 damages
to a man they had whipped.
July 23. New York. A strike of the
employees of the Street Cleaning De-
partment occurs.
July 24. Ga. A meeting at Atlanta
protests against the passage of the Fed-
eral Elections BUI (" Force Bill").
— — New York. All union workmen on
public school buildings are ordered to
strike. [July 30. Walking delegates
order more strikes on the school build-
ings.]
July 25. N. H. Mrs. MariUa Ricker
of Dover is admitted to the bar in
Concord, the courts holding that sex is
no disqualification.
N. C. "White Caps kill one man
and tar and feather another in Greene
County.
UNITED STATES.
1890, July 11 -Aug. 7. 365
July 27. New York. The Prison Asso-
ciation meets with success in securing
places for ex-convicts who desire to live
honestly ; it is announced that 1,600 have
secured places during the past year.
July 30. Neb. Several city officials of
Omaha are under indictment for of-
fering bribes in connection with grant-
ing the right of way through the city for
the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific
Railroad.
July * Ala. Six thousand coal-miners
strike for higher wages and against the
sliding scale.
July * Boston. The 6th annual conven-
tion of the National Editorial Associa-
tion is held.
Aug. 4±. Ala. Two men, one white
and one colored, are convicted of
equal guilt in robbing a store in Whist-
ler ; the white man is sentenced to five
years in prison and the colored man to
25 years.
Aug. 5. D. C. Congress passes a bill to
pension army nurses.
Aug. 6. N. Y. William Kemmler, the
first person to suffer the death penalty
by electricity, is executed at Auburn
Prison for wife-murder.
Aug. 7. La. The State Convention of
the Anti-Lottery League meets at
New Orleans with 500 delegates present.
[Aug. 8. It issues an address denoun-
cing the lottery and demanding Congres-
sional action in reference to it.]
STATE.
1890 July 12. D. C. Congress: The
Senate passes the two shipping bills
introduced by William P. Frye of Me. ;
the House adopts the Conference report
on the Silver Bill. Vote, 122-90. (See
July 7.) [July 14. Approved.]
The President sends to Congress the
report of the Pan-American Congress
Conference on monetary union, with
his indorsement.
July 15. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the bill appropriating the $636,189
for additional clerk hire made neces-
sary by the Dependent Pension Act, as
it greatly increases the number of appli-
cations received at the Pension office.
July 16. Wyo. Gov. Warren appoints
Sept. 11 as the date of the first State
election.
July 17. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Land Grant Forfeiture
Bill, after five discussions. [Sept. 11.
Conference report agreed to. Sept. 29.
Approved by the President.] (See
Apr. 29.)
Ind. Judge Howland renders a decis-
ion in the Circuit Court at Indianapolis
in favor of the Germans in reference to
the teaching of German in the public
schools.
Minn. S. M. Owens is nominated for
governor by the Farmers' Alliance.
July 18. Tenn. John P. Buchanan,
president of the State Farmers' Alli-
ance, is nominated for governor by the
Democratic Convention at Nashville.
July 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Sundry Civil Appropria-
tion Bill. [Aug. 25, 26. Conference re-
port agreed to. Sept. 3. Approved by
the President.] The House discusses
the Original Package Bill.
July 21. D. C. Congress : The Senate
begins the debate on the Tariff Bill.
July 22. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the substitute of the Senate
Original Package Bill. Vote, 176-38.
[Aug. 6. Conference report agreed to.
Aug. 8. Approved by the President.]
July 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Indian Appropriation Bill.
[Aug. 13, 15. Conference report agreed
to. Aug. 22. Approved.]
The House passes the Taylor Bank-
ruptcy Bill. Introduced Dec. 20. [Sept.
19. Debated in Senate.]
Minn. William R. Merriam (Rep.) is
renominated for governor.
Neb. L. D. Richards (Rep.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
July 25. B.C. Congress : Senate ; the
House passes a bill granting a pension
of $2,000 per annum to the widow of
Gen. George B. McClellan. Bill in-
troduced Apr. 19.
July 26. B. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the Tariff BUI [also July 28].
It passes the bill to pension the widow
of John C. Fremont. Bill introduced
July 16. [Sept. 24. It passes the House.
Sept. 29. Approved by the President.]
The House adopts the report of the Com-
mittee on Rules recommending the in-
vestigation of the Pension Bureau.
July 29. B. C. Congress : The Senate
discusses the Tariff BiH ; three amend-
ments are defeated.
President Harrison sends a message
to Congress urging legislation which
will enable the Post-office Department
to close the mails against lottery
companies.
July 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate
considers the chemical schedule of the
Tariff Bill, adopting a few amendments.
111. The Legislature agrees to a
change in the Constitution providing
for the issue of $5,000,000 in bonds by
the city of Chicago to aid the World's
Columbian Exposition.
Aug. 4. B. C. Congress : The Senate
discusses the Tariff Bill; the House
goes into Committee of the Whole on
the General Deficiency Appropria-
tion Bill.
Aug. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate
finishes the earthenware and glassware
schedule of the Tariff Bill ; the House
Committee on Foreign Affairs reports a
substitute for two bills on Chinese
immigration ; it prohibits all Chinese
from coming to the United States except
diplomatic and consular officers and
commercial agents.
Til. Gov. Fifer signs the World's
Fair Bill.
OMa. The first territorial election
is held ; a Republican representative to
Congress and a Republican Legislature
are chosen. [Aug. 27. The first Legis-
lature meets.]
Aug. 6. B. C. Congress : The Senate
discusses the metal s'chedule of the Tar-
iff Bill; the House agrees to the Con-
ference report on the Original Package
Bill.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 July 11. O. A derailed train
near King's Mills causes nine deaths,
besides injuring 30 persons.
July 13. Phila. A fire destroys Carey
Brothers' wall-paper factory and other
buildings ; loss, $600,000.
Minn. The steamer Sea Wing is cap-
sized by a cyclone while crossing Lake
Pepin ; the crew and passengers, num-
bering 100, are drowned.
July 15. Minn. The Security Warehouse
Company's warehouse is destroyed by
fire; loss, $1,000,000.
O. Ten persons are killed and about
30 injured by the explosion of 16 tons of
powder near Cincinnati.
July 17. New York. The superintendent
of the census office announces the pop-
ulation of New York City to be
1,513,501, an increase of 25.4 per cent
in 10 years.
July 18. New York. Four floors of the
■Western Union Telegraph Company's
building, including the Associated Press
offices, are burned ; loss, $250,000.
July 21. N. Y. A syndicate is formed
in Brooklyn to secure the payment
of arrears of taxes, giving delinquent
owners the privilege of obtaining prop-
erty in arrears at five per cent, instead
of the charges under the law, and to se-
cure the same by paying arrears at any
time.
July 22. Colo. In a railroad accident
near Limon the engineer is killed and
13 passengers are injured.
July 23. The American schooner Wil-
liam Rice is lost at sea ; 16 persons
perish.
Chicago. The City Council resolves
to fill 150 acres of the lake front to make
part of the World's Fair site. Vote,
44-15.
July 25. N. J. The Edison Industrial
Works, with headquarters at Silver
Luke, are incorporated with a capital of
$1,000,000 in stock, of which $500,000 is
preferred.
N. Y. A combination of the principal
label printers in the country is formed.
July 27. Ida. The town of Wallace
is destroyed by fire.
July 29. Mich. Five acres of valuable
• property are in flames at East Saginaw ;
loss, $750,000.
July 30. N. Y. Seneca Falls loses
$700,000 by fire.
July 31. Mo. A Missouri Pacific pas-
senger-train is wrecked five miles
from Kansas City.
Three of the coaches are thrown down
an embankment and 29 persons are in-
jured, two fatally.
Aug. 6. New York. Mr. Leary's mon-
ster raft arrives at Riker's Island.
It is 1,250 feet long, and contains 8,000
tons of lumber, consisting of Norway
pines, spruce, prince's pine, and hack-
matack.
Aug. 7. N. Y. A coffin trust, called
the National Casket Company, is incor-
porated with a capital of $3,000,000.
366 1890, Aug. 7 -Sept. 4.
AMERICA
ARMY t- NAVY.
1890 Aug. 9. Commodore "William
P. McCann formally assumes command
of the South Atlantic Squadron ; the
Pensacola is designated the flagship with
appropriate ceremonies.
New York. President Harrison is
received on hoard the cruiser Baltimore
■with naval honors, as titular Admiral of
the United States Navy.
He proceeds to Boston in time to be
present at the National Encampment of
the Grand Army of the Republic, the
city being dressed in holiday attire.
The Baltimore is accompanied by the
Atlanta, Kearsarge, and Yorktown.
Aug. 12. Minn. The governor orders
out the militia to quell the riotous
striking lumbermen.
Aug. 23. New York. The cruiser Bal-
timore, with the body of Capt. John
Ericsson on board, sails for Sweden
after a parade and imposing ceremo-
nies in the bay. [Sept. 16. It arrives at
Stockholm.]
Aug. 26. N. Y. The private trial of
Dr. Justin's dynamite shell at Perry-
ville again results in the explosion of
the gun.
Aug. 28. Bernard J. D. Irwin is com-
missioned colonel — medical department.
Aug. * The National organization of the
Regular Army and Navy Union is
perfected.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 Aug. 9. N.Dak. Prof, J. H. Lew-
is, archeologist, is exploring the coun-
try around Jamestown for relics of
mound-builders ; he has already sur-
veyed 200 mounds among the bluffs
bordering the valley and some 35 around
Spirit "Wood Lake.
Aug. 19. Pa. A terrific tornado
sweeps the "Wyoming Valley ; 200 build-
ings are demolished in Wilkesbarre, and
over $1,000,000 worth of property is de-
stroyed ; 180 persons are injured.
Colo., N. Y. Snow falls. [Aug. 23.
Also in western New York.]
New York. The New York Institute
for Eye and Ear Diseases is incorpo-
rated, and opened to the public as a free
hospital.
Sept. 3. Minn. Bones of mound-
builders are exhumed on the shore of
Lake Minnetonka.
The mound opened is about 30 feet in
diameter, and rises seven feet above
surrounding lands.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
Au?. 10. O'Reilly, John Boyle, journalist,
Irish poet, A46.
Aug. 25. Watson, Lewis F., M. C. for Pa.,
A70.
Sept. 4. Noyes, Edward F., judge supreme
court of O., Gov., A58.
CHURCH.
1890 Aug. 9. N. J. The Interde-
nominational Bible Congress opens
at Long Branch.
Aug. 18. Md. The 35th annual Conven-
tion of the German Roman Catholic
Societies meets in Baltimore.
LETTERS.
Aug.* Boston. A Volapuk convention
is held.
Sept. 4. Utah. The Agricultural Col-
lege at Logan is opened.
SOCIETY.
1890 Aug. 8. D. C. Congress makes an
appropriation of $47,000 for the relief of
destitute persons in Oklahoma ; it also
passes the Wilson Bill, under which
the people of Kansas can suppress the
"original package" shops.
N. Y. A strike of the Knights of
Labor on the New York Central and
Hudson River Railroad begins ; engi-
neers, firemen, brakemen, freight hands,
and switchmen, numbering 3,000 men,
stop work, suspending all traffic. The
strike is caused by the dismissal of cer-
tain of their members. [Aug. 10. In-
coming trains are delayed ; no freight
is moved ; all the Brotherhood men on
the Hudson division join the striking
Knights of Labor. Aug. 16. Three hun-
dred switchmen quit work at the West
Shore and New York Central Railroad's
yards in Buffalo. Aug. 20. Master
Workman Powderly issues an official
statement of his side of the Central
Railroad question. Aug. 26. The
Knights of Labor in the employ of the
Railroad company, numbering 1,000, are
ordered out because of the discharge of
some of their members. Aug. 27. The
strike fails, and strikers at Albany ask
to be taken back in the employ of the
company. Aug. 30. The Company re-
fuses to take the Buffalo strikers back
as employees. Aug. 31. Strikers at
Poughkeepsie boycott every business
man who does anything for the working
employees of the Central Road.]
Aug. 9. Me. The New England Mor-
mons are in general session at Jones-
port ; 125 delegates are in attendance.
Aug. 12. Boston. The Grand Army
of the Republic meets in its 24th Na-
tional Encampment ; G. Veazy Whee-
lock of Vt. commander-in-chief.
Aug. 15. D. C. The annual convention
of the Photographers' Association
meets at Washington ; the Memorial
Statue of Daguerre is unveiled in the
rotunda of the National Museum.
Aug. 16. Vt. The 113th anniversary of
the Battle of Bennington is celebrated.
Aug. 17. Mo. The Missouri Pacific ex-
press-train from St. Louis for Kansas
City is robbed near Otterville, by seven
masked highwaymen, of $30,000 worth
of express matter.
Pa. A Farmers' Encampment is
held at Mt. Gretna.
Tenn. The 104th anniversary of the
birth of David Crockett is celebrated at
Lawrenceburg.
Aug. 18. Colo. The remnant of a tribe
of Indians hitherto almost unknown is
discovered in a cafion.
Aug. 19. Boston. The 6th annual con-
vention of the Society of American
Florists begins its session in Horticul-
tural Hall.
N. Y. The 13th annual session of the
American Bar Association opens at
Saratoga, with Henry Hitchcock in the
chair.
New York. The Daughters of the
Revolution is organized. [Mrs. Har-
rison, wife of the President, accepts the
presidency of the society.]
Aug. 21. Boston. The North Ameri-
can Volapuk Association is in session.
Aug. 23. New York. Imposing civic
and naval ceremonies are observed in
memory of John Ericsson on the oc-
casion of the embarkation of his body
for Sweden on the U. S. cruiser Balti-
more.
The International Convention of In-
structors of Deaf Mutes opens; 400 dele-
gates are present.
N. Y. Yardmen on the Delaware
and Hudson Railroad quit work ; they
refuse to handle Central freight.
Aug. 25. New York. The Brick Man-
ufacturers' Association decides to fight
to the last the walking delegates who
boycott brickmakers in the interest of
the striking bricklayers. [Aug. 29. The
boycott on brick is raised. Aug. 30.
brickmakers return to work at the old
rate, 40 cents a thousand.] (See Sept.
3.)
Ind. The Supreme Council of the
Federation of Railway Employees in
session at Terre Haute does not order a
strike, but indorses Powderly's position.
(See Aug. 8.)
O. Steubenville holds a celebration
in honor of Baron Steuben.
Aug. 26. New York. The Bavarian
Volksfest, lasting four days, is opened.
Aug. 27. New York. The 4th annual
convention of the Inspectors of Public
Buildings, Factories, and Workshops of
North America begins in the City Hall.
Chicago. The switchmen's strike
at the Stock Yards is declared off, and
the men return to work.
Aug. 29. 2f. Y. A daring attempt to
wreck an express-train is made near
Albany.
The switchmen and guards are locked
in their houses, and a pile of ties placed
on the track ; but the train is signaled in
time to prevent disaster.
Aug. 31. N Y. Two attempts to burn
crowded tenement houses are foiled ;
seven attempts have recently been made
in Brooklyn.
Aug. * N. Mex. White Caps are ter-
rorizing the people, and Gov. Prince
asks the Secretary of the Interior to
send troops to stop their outlawry.
Sept. 1. O. Eight thousand carpenters
go out on strike in Cincinnati.
New York. Labor Day is cele-
brated in various parts of the country ;
over 20,000 working men parade in this
city.
N. Y. A law prohibiting youths
under 16 years of age from smoking in
public places goes into force.
Sept. 2. N. Y. The New York State
Board of Arbitration begins an investi-
gation of the recent strike on the N. Y.
Central and Hudson River Railroad ;
Mr. "Webb and Mr. Powderly testify.
Twelve hundred members of the Uni-
ted Brotherhood of Progressive Varnish-
ers and Painters go on a strike.
Sept. 3. New York. The walking dele-
gates of the building trades agree un-
conditionally to submit their side of the
brick boycott to the State Board of
Arbitration. [Sept. 4. The brick man-
ufacturers refuse arbitration, and de-
cide to cut off a large proportion of
" contract " brick from the local mar-
ket.]
JV. Y. The American Banking As-
sociation begins its annual session in
Saratoga.
UNITED STATES.
1890, Aug. 7 -Sept. 4. 367
Sept. 4. Mo. White Caps nearly kill
a preacher 65 years old because lie pro-
poses marriage to a widow aged 45.
STATE.
1890 Aug. 7. D. C. Congress: The
Senate disposes of six paragraphs of the
metal schedule of the Tariff Bill; a
substitute for the Lodge Elections Bill
is reported by the Elections Committee ;
it strips the bill of many of its objec-
tionable features ; there will be no troops
at the polls, and the lines and punish-
ments are greatly modified.
La. Gov. Nichols vetoes the bill
• extending the charter of the Louisiana
Lottery.
Aug. 8. D. C. Congress approves the
amendment to the Wilson Original
Package Bill, by which the decision of
the Supreme Court is overruled, and all
intoxicating liquors become subject to
the laws of the State into which they
are brought. It is approved by the
President. The House passes the Gen-
eral Deficiency Bill introduced July
19.
Aug. 9. B.C. President Harrison recom-
mends that Congress provide relief for
the starving families in Oklahoma.
Aug. 11. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate George F. Edmunds of Vt. submits
a resolution limiting all debate on the
Tariff Bill to one five-minute speech
from each Senator on each amendment.
Wyo. The first State Conventions
of the Democrats and Republicans are
held at Cheyenne ; George W. Baxter
(Dem.) and Francis F. Warren (Hep.)
are nominated for governor.
Aug. 12. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate Mr. Quay introduces an amend-
ment to the rules providing for a
postponement of the consideration of
the Federal Elections Bill. The
House Committee favorably reports the
Anti-Lottery Bill introduced July 28.
The House amends and passes the
Dolph Bill for the prevention of collis-
ions at sea. [Aug. 13. The Senate con-
curs. Aug. 19. The President approves.]
Del. Robert J. Reynolds (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
Miss. The Constitutional Conven-
tion meets at Jackson ; its alleged pur-
pose is to secure white supremacy in
the State.
Aug. 13. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate Henry W. Blair of N. H. reports
favorably from the Committee on Edu-
cation and Labor a joint resolution
proposing an amendment to the Consti-
tution to prohibit forever the manu-
facture and sale of all alcoholic
liquors used as beverages.
Cat. Henry H. Markham (Rep.) is
nominated for governor.
Aug. 14. /. T. Gov. Byrd is reelected
by the Indians ; he surrounds the polls
with militia, and does not allow votes
to be cast for his opponents.
Aug. 16. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the River and Harbor Bill.
[Sept. 2+. Conference report agreed to.
Sept. 27. Approved.] The House passes
the Anti-Lottery Bill.
N. Y. The Constitutional Commis-
sion at Albany agrees to the abolition
of the Superior Courts of New York and
Buffalo.
Aug. 18. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the General Deficiency Appro-
priation Bill. [Sept. 29. Conference
report agreed to. Oct. 1. Approved by
the President.]
N. Mex. The Territorial Convention
having reassembled, it proceeds to
amend the Constitution.
Aug. 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate
disposes of 21 paragraphs of the metal
schedule of the Tariff Bill ; the House
passes the Agricultural College Bill.
[Aug. 30. Approved by the President.]
The Treasury Department issues a cir-
cular providing for the immediate re-
demption of $15,000,000 4I per cent bonds
at 104 1.
Aug. 20. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Meat Inspection Bill.
[Aug. 30. Approved.] It lays the bill to
amend the alien land law on the table.
Wis. William D. Hoard (Rep.) is
nominated for governor.
Aug. 21. D.C. Congress: The special
House Committee begins the investiga-
tion of the charges made against Pen-
sion Commissioner Eaum.
Pa. Charles W. Miller (Prohib.) is
nominated for governor.
Aug. 27. -D. C. Congress : The Senate
disposes of the tobacco schedule of
the Tariff Bill.
Wis. The Democratic State Conven-
tion adopts a resolution opposing the
Bennett School Law.
Aug. 28. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate N. W. Aldrieh of R. I. of the Finance
Committee announces two proposed
amendments to the Tariff Bill in the
direction of reciprocity, — one giving the
President power to suspend the free im-
portation of sugar and other articles ;
the other in reference to the Canadian
Fisheries policy ; the House passes the
Conger Lard Bill, introduced July 28,
after six discussions; referred to Senate
Committee on Agriculture and Forestry.
Mich. James W. Turner (Rep.) is
nominated for governor.
Aug. 29. D. C. Congress : The Senate
disposes of the Agricultural and the
wine and spirits schedules of the
Tariff Bill ; the House passes the Om-
nibus Southern War- Claims measure
and sundry private bills.
Aug. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate
rejects J. G. Carlisle's motion to strike
out the wool paragraphs (357 to 309) in
order to put wool on the free list.
Vote, 47-27. The House passes the bill
prohibiting the employment of convict
labor on public works. Bill introduced
Jan. 6. Also the bill to prevent the pur-
chase of supplies, the product of convict
labor, by the United States. Bill intro-
duced Dec. 20.
The Secretary of the Treasury issues
a circular for the redemption of $20,-
000,000 additional 4J per cent bonds.
Sept. 1. T). C. Congress: The Senate
disposes of the wool and silk sched-
ules of the Tariff Bill. John Sherman
of 0. offers an amendment to the Tariff
Bill favoring reciprocity with Can-
ada ; it provides specifically for the free
admission of Canadian coal into this
country in return for the free admission
■of American coal into Canada.
Reduction of the public debt in
August, $833,072.
Ariz. John N. Irwin (Rep.) is nom-
inated for governor.
Wis. Many leading Democrats bolt
their party ticket on the school-law
issue.
Sept. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the sugar schedule of the
Tariff Bill.
New York. A single tax convention
meets, and adopts a platform proposing
a tax on the rental value of land exclu-
sive of improvements, and abolishing all
other taxes.
Sept. 3. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate Messrs. Evarts, Edmunds, and Voor-
hees speak on the sugar schedule of
the Tariff Bill.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Aug. 13. New York. The White
Star steamship Teutonic arrives after
making the voyage from Queenstown
in five days, 19 hours, and five minutes,
the quickest ocean passage ever made.
Boston. The letter carriers of the
United States hold their first annual
convention ; 100 delegates are present.
Aug. 14. Ky. The Kentucky Company's
plant in Louisville is burned ; 25,000
barrels of whisky are consumed.
Aug. 19. 1). C. Congress establishes a
National Park on the Chickamauga
battle-field in Georgia.
Mass. A derailed train near Quincy
causes 20 deaths, besides injuring 31 per-
sons.
Aug. 21. Phila. Four persons are killed
and a number injured by the blowing
down of a wall during a storm.
Pa. A Gravity Road car at Read-
ing breaks loose while going down
grade at the rate of 80 miles an hour ; it
plunges over a 50-foot embankment, kill-
ing four and seriously injuring 16 per-
sons.
Aug. 23. Chicago. Bonner's Sunol trots
(Jhe mile in two minutes, 10£ seconds.
Aug. 26. Chicago. M'Vicker's Thea-
ter is burned ; loss, $200,000.
Aug. 28. N. J. The horse Salvator runs
one mile at Monmouth Park in 1.35J
minutes.
Aug. 30+. N. Dak. A prairie fire rav-
ages many thousands of acres along the
Little Missouri River.
Aug. * La. It is officially reported that
the total loss caused by the recent over-
flow of the Mississippi River in Loui-
siana is $1,213,040.
Aug. * N. Y. S. J. Dixon, a photographer
of Toronto, walks over Niagara Falls
on a slender wire cable.
Sept. 2. III. Shot-tower companies
in the United States form an incorpora-
tion under the laws of Illinois, with a
capital of $3,000,000, to be known as the
American Shot and Lead Company.
Sept. 4. Neie York. Sawyer, Wallace and
Co., one of the largest commission houses
in the country, make an assignment ;
the liabilities are over $1,000,000.
368 1890, Sept. 4-0ct. 7.
AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1890 Sept. 27. N.Mex. Citizens and
soldiers, near Hillsboro, pursue Indians,
-who are charged with killing cattle and
stealing horses.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 Sept. 5. Pa. Two very large
natural-gas wells are developed near
Pittsburg.
New York. The Grant Monument
Association chooses a design by J. H.
Duncan.
The monument is to stand on a base
100 feet square, and in height will be 160
feet from base-line, with an equestrian
statue of General Grant in center of
front, and the same of each of the gen-
erals commanding the four principal ar-
mies on an elevated position behind that
of Grant.
Sept. 10. III. During a shower at Cairo
a number of live fish, four inches in
length, fall in various parts of the city.
Sept. 12. III. The bones of a masto-
don are unearthed.
S. Dak. Gold is discovered.
Sept. 13. Ind. Abiggas-wellisstruck
near Tipton, which, it is estimated, will
reach 20,000,000 cubic feet a day.
Wis. Pearl-producing clams are
found in the Manitowoc River, Chilton.
Sept. 20. New York. The bronze statue
of Horace Greeley in the archway of
the Tribune Building is unveiled, Chaun-
cey M. Depew delivering the oration.
Sept. 24. New York. The famous Emile-
Brugsch-Bey collection of ancient
Egyptian textiles and embroideries is
presented to the Metropolitan Museum
of Art by G. F. Baker of this city.
Sept. 29. New York. The American In-
stitute of Mining Engineers opens its
57th meeting in Chickering Hall.
Oct. 1. Nero York. The Iron and Steel
Institute opens its American meeting.
[Oct. 3. Nearly 350 members leave for
a tour through the manufacturing and
mining sections of the United States.]
Oct. 3. N. Y. The first sod is turned in
the work of constructing the Niagara
Falls Tunnel, for utilizing the water-
power.
Oct. 6. Alas. Prof. Russell and Mark
Kerr (U. S. surveyors) discover an im-
mense glacier, 10 miles wide, flowing
25 miles, and moving 15 feet daily ; they
name it the Lucia Glacier.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
Sept. 8. Christiancy, Isaac P., senator for
Wis., A78.
Sept. 18. Boucicault, Dion, dramatist,
manager, actor, A68.
Sept. 27. Duryea, Abram, brig.-gen. vols.,
organizer of Duryea Zouaves, A75.
CHURCH.
1890 Sept. 6. New York. Rev. George
F. Pentecost starts for India at the head
of an evangelistic mission.
Sept. 7. Pa. The Presbyterian Commit-
tee to revise the "Westminster Con-
fession convenes at Pittsburg. [Oct. 7.
At Allegheny City.]
Sept. 23-25. Pa. The German Cath-
olic Congress meets in Pittsburg.
It protests against the indignities
heaped upon the Pope ; demands that
children be educated as parents see tit :
it affirms both obedience to the United
States and allegiance to the Pope, and
expresses a preference for the German
language. (See page 348.)
Sept. 29. Chicago. The Presbytery pe-
titions the Board of Education to have
the Bible read in the public schools.
Oct. 6. Utah. The 61st Conference of
the Mormon Church at Salt Lake
City decides to abolish polygamy, and
President Woodruff issues an order for-
bidding plural marriages.
Oct. 7. D. C. The Roman Catholic
Young Men's National Union Con-
vention opens with high mass in St.
Patrick's Church, Washington.
LETTERS.
1890 Sept. 8. New York. The public
schools reopen ; about 5,000 children are
turned away for want of room.
Sept. 11. Pa. Rev. John S. Stahr is in-
augurated President of Franklin and
Marshall College, Lancaster.
Sept. 12. N. H. The 12th annual meet-
ing of the American Library Associ-
ation Conference is held at Fabyan.
Sept. 14. Md. Negroes are excluded
from the State Law School.
Fla. St. Leo's College (Rom. Cath.)
is opened in San Antonio.
Sept. 18. III. William R. Harper of
Yale is elected president of the Univer-
sity of Chicago.
Sept. 19. III. J. D. Rockefeller gives
$1,000,000 to the University of
Chicago ; the income of which is to be
used, but the principal to remain intact.
Sept. * Minn. John J. Hill, president of
the Great Northern Railroad, gives $500,-
000 for the erection of a Catholic coUege
at Groveland.
SOCIETY.
1890 Sept. 4. New York. The United
Association of Typothetae is in session.
0. George Gilbert, a Youngstown
miser, dies ; he boasted that his living
the year round did not cost him more
than three cents a day.
S. Dak. The Prohibition Law goes
into effect ; it is bitterly opposed by
saloon-men and their friends in Dead-
wood, Lead City, and in the Black Hills
mining-towns.
Many of the richest corporations in
the country unite in an alliance against
strikes.
They agree to stand by each other
in allowing the strikers against one
firm to remain idle until they see fit to
return to work, and no one firm is to
employ workmen during a strike that
leave others of the confederated firms by
striking.
Sept. 7. New York. The Central Labor
Federation decides to fight the Knights
of Labor for making war on the open
unions. ,
Russian Hebrews organize for edu-
cational, social, and protective pur-
poses, and to promote intelligence by
lectures and a spirit of Americanism
among their countrymen.
W. Va. The Law.and Order League
of Wheeling succeed in stopping every
form of Sunday traffic except drug-
stores ; their headquarters are stormed
by an angry mob, and the president of
the League is badly hurt.
Sept. 10+. Cal. The 40th anniversary
of California's admission into the Union
is celebrated.
±. U.S. The window-glass work-
ers and bottle-blowers, numbering
10,000, decide to leave the Knights of
Labor.
N. Y. The Society of the War of
1812 is formed in the State of New York.
Sept. 11. la. Incendiaries burn nearly
all the business portion of Oxford, as
well as many residences.
Sept. 13. ■ Md. Baltimore celebrates
the anniversary of the battle of North
Point. (See Army, p. 122.)
Sept. 14. Sweden. The body of John
Ericsson is transferrred from the U. S.
man-of-war Baltimore to the custody of
the authorities at Stockholm with im-
posing ceremonies ; the funeral proces-
sion is viewed by 100,000 people.
Sept. 20. Ida. President Rich and
Bishop Donaldson, Mormon dignita-
ries, are under arrest for advising
Mormons to violate the election laws.
O. An unsuccessful attempt is made
to wreck a crowded passenger-train
on the Cincinnati, Sandusky, and Cleve-
land Railroad.
Sept. 22. Boston. Old-time abolition-
ists celebrate the 28th anniversary of
the issuance of the Emancipation Proc-
lamation by President Lincoln.
Sept. 23. N.Y. The mayor of Brooklyn
forbids a meeting of Hebrew anar-
chists.
Sept. 27. O. The entire edition of this
week's issue of the Cincinnati Volks-
freund is seized for violating the anti-
lottery law.
li. I. The Slater- Cotton Cente-
nary at Pawtucket begins with a Sun-
day-school children's celebration ; the
cotton exhibition opens.
Oct. 1. N. Y. Official notice is issued
that no Knights of Labor will be em-
ployed on the New York Central road,
owing to their action in a late strike.
New York. The Convention of the
People's Municipal League is held ;
1,000 delegates attend.
Oct. 3. Mo. Alfred Wanamaker com-
mits suicide in St. Louis, after dissi-
pating a fortune of $60,000; cause,
liquor and domestic trouble.
New York. The Comte de Paris
and the Due d' Orleans arrive. De
Paris is welcomed by his old army com-
rades ; he served as aid to Gen. M'Clel-
lan in the Civil War.
Oct. 6. Chicago. The Board of Health
issues an order forbidding leg-vacci-
nation.
Utah. A general conference of Mor-
mons at Salt Lake City decides to re-
nounce polygamy.
UNITED STATES.
1890, Sept. 4 -Oct. 7. 369
Oct. 7. N. Y. A large number of mer-
chants determine to form a non-partisan
New York State Business Men's Pro-
tective Association, to watch and op-
pose unjust and annoying action by the
Legislature.
STATE.
1890 Sept. 5. D. C. Congress: The
Senate passes over the Stewart Convict
Labor Bill.
Sept. 6. D. C. Congress : The House
passes a bill granting a pension of $100
a month to Gen. H. A. Barnum.
Sept. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate
agrees to the Conference report on the
River and Harbor Bill.
Ky. The State Constitutional Con-
vention begins its session at Frankfort.
Sept. 9. D. C. Congress: The Sen-
ate adopts the Aldrich Reciprocity
Amendment reported from the Fi-
nance Committee, and passes the Tariff
Bill to a third reading.
Del. H. J. Richardson (Rep.) is nom-
inated for governor.
Minn. Thomas Wilson (Dem.) is nom-
inated for governor.
N. H. J. M. Fletcher (Prohib.) is nom-
inated for governor.
Sept. 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the McKinley Tariff Bill with
amendments. Vote, 40 (Rep.)-29 (Dem.) ;
it passes the House bill to set apart a
certain tract of land in California on
which the big trees stand as a public
park.
Sept. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate
considers the Conference reports on the
Land Grant Forfeiture Bill.
S. C. Benjamin R. Tillman (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
Wyo. The Republicans elect the
governor and Congressman, and se-
cure a majority in the Legislature.
Sept. 13. D.C. Congress : The Senate
listens to speeches eulogistic of the late
Samuel J. Randall of Pa., and ad-
journs ; in the House James B. Mc-
Creary of Ky. introduces a resolution
demanding an immediate investigation
of the killing of Gen. Barrundia when
on board an American ship and while
under the protection of the U. S. flag.
New York. The Secretary of the
Treasury consults with bankers and
merchants with reference to the strin-
gency of the money market ; he issues
a call for proposals for the sale of
$16,000,000 in 4 per cent bonds.
Sept. 15. D. C. Congress : The House
non-concurs in the Senate amendments
to the Tariff BiU. Vote, 120-82.
Sept. 16. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Anti- Lottery Bill. [Sept.
27. Approved by the President.] Also
the Land Grant Forfeiture Bills, and
it votes to purchase at a cost not exceed-
ing $30,000 the Townsend National
Records. It amends and passes the
Timber-Culture Bill. [Feb. 28, Mar.
2. Conference report agreed to. Mar. 2.
Approved by the President.]
Conn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.) and
Gen. E. S. Merwin (Rep.) are nominated
for governor.
Okla. The Upper House of the Terri-
torial Legislature passes a bill making
Oklahoma City the capital of the Terri-
tory.
Sept. 17. D. C. Congress : The confer-
ees on the Tariff Bill meet, but without
arriving at any agreement.
Mass. Gov. J. Q. A. Brackett (Rep.)
is renominated for governor.
If. H. H. A. Tuttleof Pittsfleld (Rep.)
is nominated for governor.
Sept. 18. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes a bill to reestablish the grade of
Lieutenant-General of the United
States Army. Bill introduced Dec. 12.
[Sept. 22. Referred to Senate Commit-
tee on Military Affairs.] The House
conferees on the Tariff Bill accept the
Aldrich reciprocity amendment.
Mass. William E. Russell (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
Sept. 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the McKenna Bill for the discon-
tinuance of the coinage of the three-
dollar and one-dollar gold pieces and
the three-cent nickel piece. [Sept. 27.
Approved by the President.] The House
is prevented from doing business by
Democrats purposely absenting them-
selves.
Colo. John L. Routt (Rep.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
Sept. 21. D. C. Notices are issued from
the Post-office Department that all pa-
pers containing lottery advertisements
will render the publishers liable to
arrest.
Sept. 22. New York. Mayor Grant chal-
lenges the correctness of the Federal
census, and decides upon the plan for
taking a new census of the city under
the direct supervision of the mayor and
with the cooperation of the police force
acting as canvassers.
Sept. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes William M. Evarts's substitute for
the House bill defining and regulat-
ing the jurisdiction of the United
States Courts after six discussions.
[Sept. 24. Referred to the House Com-
mittee on the Judiciary.]
The House passes the bill granting a
pension to the widow of Gen. George
B. McClellan. [Sept. 29. Approved
by the President.]
Sept. 25. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes over the O'Neall Anti-Convict
Labor Bill.
Sept. 26. D. C. Congress : In the
House the Conference Committee re-
ports the McKinley Tariff Bill.
Sept. 29. D. C. Congress ; House : The
Conference Committee's report on the
Tariff Bill is adopted. Vote, 152-81.
Sept. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Conference report on the
McKinley Tariff Bill. Vote, 33-27.
[Oct. 1. It is approved by the President.
Oct. 6. The law becomes effective.]
Oct. 1. D. C. Congress provides for
the transfer of the "Weather Service
from the Signal Corps of the Army to
the Department of Agriculture.
It repeals the internal revenue tax
laid on dealers in tobacco ; it reduces
the tax on tobacco and snuff.
The 51st Congress: the first session
ends.
Ida. The Republicans elect the
State ticket and 44 of the 54 members
of the Legislature.
Oct. 7. N. Mex. The people accept the
State Constitution. Vote, 16,180-7,943.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Sept. 5. Mich. Eight miners
are imprisoned by a cave-in in the Lake
Angeline mine.
N. Y. The steamers C. H. Northern
and Continental, ot the New Haven Line,
collide in the East River ; three persons
are injured.
Sept. 6. Okla. President Manvel, of the
Santa F6 Railroad, announces that his
company will supply Oklahoma farmers
with $60,000 worth of seed-wheat at
cost, and wait until harvest for the pay.
[25,000 bushels of seed-wheat are fur-
nished to the farmers along the line of
this road.]
Sept. 7. Colo. Trains collide near Flor-
ence ; five persons are killed and 33 in-
jured.
Wash. A premature explosion bur-
ies 45 men under many tons of rock at
Spokane Falls.
Sept. 9. Chicago. The World's Fair
Directors decide upon Jackson Park
and the Lake Front as the site for the
exhibition.
Sept. 10. Ga. A Direct Trade Con-
vention is organized at Atlanta ; dele-
gates are present from six cotton-pro-
ducing States.
Sept. 15. Chicago. The National Com-
mission of the World's Fair meets to
organize and inaugurate the movement.
Sept. 19. III. Col. George R. Davis of
Chicago is appointed director-general of
the World's Fair.
Pa. Twenty persons are killed and
32 injured in a train accident at Shoe-
niakersville.
Sept. 23. N. J. A fire in the Eagle Oil
Refinery Works, in Bayonne, causes a
loss of $250,000.
Sept. 25. The American fishing schooner
David Crockett is seized in Canadian
waters for violation of the Fisheries
Law.
Sept. 28. Chicago. The Anglo-Ameri-
can Packing Company's buildings are
damaged by fire; loss, $400,000.
Sept. 29. H. I. The centennial of the
establishment of the first American
cotton-mill is celebrated at Providence.
Sept. * D. C. Congress provides for the
improvement of Galveston harbor,
Texas ; estimated cost, $6,200,000.
Sept. * Mich. The longest river tun-
nel in the U. S. is completed, under
the St. Clair River, connecting Michigan
and Canada; it is 6,050 feet in length,
2,300 feet of which is under the river-
bed.
Sept. * Okla. Many families in the Ter-
ritory are in extreme want of food.
370 1890, Oct. 7 -Nov. 19.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 Oct. 10. Kan. President Harrison
attends the reunion of old soldiers at
Topeka.
Nov. 17. S. Dak. Troops are massing
at Pine Ridge Agency in anticipation of
an outbreak of Sioux Indians.
Nov. 18. N. Y. The battle-ship Maine
is launched at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 Oct. 17. Ga. A bust of Sidney
Lanier is unveiled in the library of
Macon.
Oct. 23. N.H. A statue of Gen. Stark
is unveiled in the State-house Park at
Concord ; cost, $12,000.
Oct. 27. S. Dak. Rich placer deposits
of gold are found in the Sioux Reserva-
tion, near Black Hills. [Oct. * Gold is
also discovered in the Arbuckle Moun-
tains, I. T.]
Oct. 30. Md. A monument to explorers
who perished in the Jeannette Explor-
ing Expedition of 1881 is unveiled in the
Naval Academy Cemetery, Annapolis.
Nov. 1±. Millet's famous painting, The
Angelus, is sold by the American Art
Association to persons in Paris for
$150,000.
It is estimated that 400,000 persons
have attended the exhibition since the
picture was brought to America.
Nov. 7. Chicago. The corner-stone of
the "Woman's Temple, which the
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
is building, is laid with impressive cere-
monies ; it is to be in French Gothic
style, 13 stories high, and cost $1,100,000.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
Oct. 12. Belknap, William W., maj.-gen.,
sec. of war under Pres. Grant, A61.
Oct. 13. Miller, Samuel F., justice of U. S.
Supreme Cfc, A74.
Nov. 13. Dexter, Henry M., editor of The
Congregationalist, A69.
■ Appleton, Daniel S., publisher, A76.
CHURCH.
1890 Oct. 8. Minn. The American
Board of Foreign Missions begins its
81st annual meeting in Minneapolis.
{Oct. 10. Rev. Dr. R. S. Storrs of
Brooklyn, N. Y., is reelected President.]
Oct. 13. Neio York. The Presbytery pass
a resolution requesting the Commission-
ers at Chicago to close the coming ex-
hibition on Sundays.
Oct. 14. Mo. Edwin R. Atwill is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of
West Missouri.
Boston. The celebrated * ' Andover
case," which has been pending before
the Supreme Court of Massachusetts for
more than three years, comes up for a
final hearing.
Oct. 17. N. Y. The golden jubilee of
Bishop IiOUghlin is celebrated in
Brooklyn ; he is presented by the priests
of the diocese with a purse of $20,000.
Oct. 21. Boston. The celebration of the
Centennial of New England Meth-
odism opens.
Oct. 27. N. J. The Roman Catholic
churches of the Newark Diocese collect
$20,000 for the poor in Ireland.
Chicago. Archbishop Feehan's sil-
ver jubilee commences with pontifical
high mass in the cathedral.
Oct. 28. Boston. A winter school for
scientific Bible study opens.
Nov. 6-13. Conn. The fifth annual Con-
vention of Christian "Workers in the
United States and Canada meets at Hart-
ford.
Nov. 11. Phila. The 13th Annual Con-
gress of the Protestant Episcopal
Church meets.
Conn. The 9th annual meeting of the
Baptist Congress opens in New Haven.
Nov. 13. New York. The Interstate
Congress of the Salvation Army
opens.
Nov. 17. New York. The conference of
the Protestant denominations of the
State on moral instruction in the pub-
lic schools begins ; Dr. Crosby is chosen
permanent chairman.
LETTERS.
1890 Oct. 8. Mass. The Committee of
the Board of Harvard College reports
unfavorably as to the shortening of
the college course.
Oct. 27. Md. Mrs. Davis, Mrs. Mary Gar-
rett, and other ladies present to the
trustees of Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity $100,000 to found a "Woman's
Medical College ; the money is ac-
cepted subject to the terms.
Nov. 4. Wis. The Bennett School Law
of 1889 is rescinded by the vote of the
people.
It required schools recognized by the
State to use the English language in
teaching reading, writing, arithmetic,
and the history of the United States.
Nov. 11. New York. Henry M. Stan-
ley delivers his first lecture of his
second tour, in the Metropolitan Opera
House.
SOCIETY.
1890 Oct. 8. N. Y. The opening of
the 8th Annual Indian Conference at
Lake Mohonk, for the protection and
elevation of American Indians.
Oct. 9. Ga. The weekly edition of the
Atlanta Constitution is seized for adver-
tising its prize distribution at the
Christmas drawing.
Oct. 10. New York. The Cuban colony
celebrates the 22d anniversary of the
proclamation of Cuban independence.
Oct. 11. D.C. The American Board
of Missions adopts a resolution peti-
tioning Congress to take steps toward
the prohibition of the exportation of in-
toxicating liquors to those countries
where the missions of the Board are
located.
Mo. Four masked men hold up and
rob a train near Schell City.
Mich. The Local-Option Law is
decided constitutional by the Supreme
Court at Lansing ; also, that all citizens,
white and black, have equal rights that
must be observed.
Oct. 12. New York. Thomas F. Gill,
one of the Irish members of the British
Parliament, arrives.
He comes in the interest of the Home
Rule cause [and lectures to many en-
thusiastic audiences of Irish-Americans,
who contribute large sums of money to
aid in the achievement of the legislative
independence of their native land].
Oct. 15. Mo. The 30th annual conven-
tion of the Loyal Legion begins in St.
Louis ; ex-President Rutherford B.
Hayes presides.
±. New York. George William Cur-
tis is chosen president of the National
Civil Service Reform League.
La. David C. Hennessy, chief of
police, is waylaid and shot by Italians
at New Orleans, who are alleged to be
agents of the Mafia ; Hennessy had re-
cently traced a number of grave crimes
to this secret society.
Oct. 16. Va. An emancipation cele-
bration by colored people takes place
at Richmond.
Oct. 20. Cat. The Brotherhood of
Railway Trainmen begins its annual
convention in Los Angeles.
New York. The Comte de Paris is
entertained at a dinner at the Plaza
Hotel by the officers of the Army of the
Potomac.
Oct. 21. N. Y. Patrick Gleason,
mayor of Long Island City, is sentenced
to five days' imprisonment and to pay a
fine of $250, for assault.
Oct. 22. Tenn. The American Hu-
mane Society meets in Nashville.
D. C. The annual convention of the
American Institute of Architects begins
its session at Washington with a large
attendance.
Oct. 24. D. C. The "Wage-workers'
Political Alliance of Washington peti-
tions President Harrison to appoint
Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton a Justice
of the Supreme Court of the United
States in place of the late Justice Miller.
Oct. 27. III. The Illinois Steel Com-
pany of Joliet divides about $4,000
among its employees on a profit-shar-
ing basis.
/. T. Lee Allen, the leader of a no-
torious cattle-thieving band, is captured
by United States officers.
Kan. The Leavenworth Times of this
day is excluded from the mails for
publishing results of a raffle at a Catho-
lic church fair.
Minn. The Chippewas welcome their
old foes, the Sioux, to their village by
a sham fight, after which they smoke
the pipe of peace.
Mo. Telegraphers go out on a
strike at St. Louis.
Oct. 31. New York. Rev. Dr. Heber
Newton asserts that a prominent clergy-
man was offered $1,000 to make a
speech for Tammany Hall.
Oct. * Ala. A colony of about 25 families
of Northern farmers secure 3,000 acres
of farm-land in Cullman County, on
which to locate a cooperative farm.
UNITED STATES.
1890, Oct. 7 -Nov. 19. 371
Oct. 31. la. The prohibition of the sale
of liquor in original packages becomes
effective in this State. (See State.)
Oct. * N. J. All the licensed cigar-
dealers in Cape May City sign a con-
tract, under a forfeiture of $50, not to
sell another cigarette to either man or
boy during the coming winter.
Oct. * Fr. The 12th session of the Con-
gress of Americanists is held in Paris.
Prof. Quatrefages, the founder of the
science of anthropology, presides.
Nov. 1. New York. The General So-
ciety of Mechanics and Tradesmen of
the City of New York celebrates its 105th
anniversary.
Nov. 2. New York. William O'Brien.
John Dillon, Timothy Harrington, and
T. D. Sullivan, the Irish agitators,
arrive. (See Oct. 12.)
Nov. 3. New York. Dr. Crosby, in a
speech, says that he can prove, " for a
Commissioner told him," that a police
captain received $70,000 in blackmail
from the saloons in his precinct.
Nov. 4. Ky. The superintendent of pub-
lic schools and two other persons are
shot in Irvine.
Neb. The people reject a Prohibi-
tory Amendment to the Constitution.
Vote, 82,292 for the amendment ; 111,728
against it.
N. J. Twice in the ninth precinct of
the First Assembly District, Jersey City,
all the Republican ballots are stolen,
but each time discovered and replaced
in time to prevent much loss.
Nov. 5. New York. Henry M. Stanley,
wife, and party arrive on the Teutonic.
T. P. O'Connor, M.P., the last of the
Irish delegation, arrives in New York.
(See Oct. 12.)
Nov. 6. Fla. The notorious ex- Mayor
W. "W. Cottrell of Key West, a fugitive
from justice, is killed by the chief of
police of Montgomery, Ala.
New York. The 250th anniversary
of the death of Gustavus Adolphus is
celebrated with appropriate ceremonies
by the Swedes of the city.
Nov. 7. Fla. The Democrats of Jack-
sonville are accused of suppressing
the entire Republican vote.
N. J. In Newark the anarchists at-
tempt to hold a celebration in memory
of the hanging of the Chicago Hay-
market murderers ; Lucy Parsons and
10 of her followers are arrested.
Phila. The Irish Nationalists hold
a great meeting in the Academy of
Music ; Gov. Beaver presides ; addresses
are made by Messrs. Dillon, O'Brien,
Sullivan, and O'Connor.
Nov. 9. Boston. The visiting Irish mem-
bers of Parliament make addresses in
the Boston Theater and the Globe
Theater.
Chicago. The anarchists celebrate
the memory of the Haymarket mur-
derers.
Nov. 10. New York. A reception is
given to the visiting Irish members of
Parliament at the Metropolitan Opera
House ; $37,000 is subscribed. (See Oct.
12.)
Nov. 11. New York. Henry M. Stan-
ley is warmly received by enthusiastic
admirers of the explorer on his return
to Ameriea.
The 57th birthday of Edwin Booth is
celebrated.
Nov. 13. O. Judge Allen G. Thur-
man's 77th birthday is celebrated by a
grand banquet in Columbus, at which
1,000 guests are present.
Nov. 17. Colo. The Childs-Drexel
Home for Aged and Infirm Printers
is located at Colorado Springs, where 80
acres of land have been given for that
purpose.
Ga. The National "Woman's Chris-
tian Temperance Union meets in
National Convention at Atlanta ; it
reelects as president Miss Frances E.
Willard.
New York. The American Copy-
right League officers are selected, the
president being James Kussell Lowell.
Pa. The first National Non-Parti-
san Woman's Christian Temperance
Union opens its session in Pittsburg,
with Mrs. Ellen J. Phinney in the chair
and about 100 delegates present.
Nov. 19. Boston. The "Women's Na-
tional Indian Association annual meet-
ing opens.
Chicago. The "Women Managers
of the "World's Fair effect a tempo-
rary organization.
New York. Sailmakers go on a
strike for increased wages.
STATE.
1890 Oct. 9. I). C. The Secretary of
the Treasury issues a circular offering to
redeem 4I per cent bonds, with interest
to Aug. 31, 1891.
Oct. 17. la. In the Superior Court Judge
Stoneman decides that the State Prohib-
itory Law is null and void in regard to
the sale of original packages.
Kan. In the U. S. Circuit Court at
Topeka a decision is rendered, allowing
the -reopening of the original package
liquor-houses in the State, and declar-
ing that the Wilson Bill does not restore
the power of the Kansas Prohibitory
Law.
Oct. 20. Miss. The Constitutional Con-
vention refuses to entrust the Legisla-
ture with power to divide the State.
Oct. 31. la. Judge Caldwell of the IT. S.
Circuit Court renders decision in the
Iowa original package case sustaining
the Iowa Prohibitory Law and the Wil-
son Law ; this decision, with that of
Judge Shiras, will prevent the sale of
liquor in Original Packages in Iowa until
the U. S. Supreme Court shall finally
decide upon the validity of the laws
affected.
Nov. 1. J). C. The Treasury Depart-
ment reports the increase of the public
debt $3,668,012 in October.
Miss. The Constitutional Conven-
tion at Jackson adjourns after promul-
gating a new Constitution.
Nov. 4. New York. Hugh J. Grant, the
Tammany candidate, is elected the 89th
mayor.
Wash. The Roman Catholic Bishop
of Nesqually has brought a suit to get
possession of 430 acres of land occupied
as a United States military reservation
at Vancouver, and valued at $750,000 ;
he bases his claim on the ground that a
missionary station was established there
with the 'consent of the Hudson Bay
Company.
State and Congressional elections
are held in many of the States ; the
Democratic party is generally victori-
ous ; the Farmers' Alliance gains a clear
majority in the Kansas Legislature,
having 92 votes, while the Republicans
have 62 and the Democrats 11.
Nov. 8. Wyo. The first State election
is held.
Nov. 13. Wyo. The first State Legis-
lature meets at Cheyenne ; it is Repub-
lican in both branches.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Oct. 7. Del. An explosion kills 12
men and injures 20 more, at the Dupont
Powder Works, near Wilmington.
Oct. 12. Chicago. Four persons are
burned to death in a hotel.
Oct. 15±. Mich. The R. G. Peters
Salt and Lumber Company of Manis-
tee fails ; liabilities, $3,000,000.
Oct. 20. Colo. The last spike is driven
in completion of the Pike's Peak
Mountain Railroad.
Oct. 22. Ky. Trains collide near Sloan's
Valley ; seven persons are killed and 10
injured.
Oct. 29. N. J. The steamer Vizcaya,
bound for Havana collides with the
schooner Cornelius Hargraves off Barne-
gat Light ; 65 lives are lost.
Oct. 30. Pa. A case of leprosy is dis-
covered at Chester.
New York. The police recount of
the city shows the population to be over
1,700,000, instead of 1,513,501 as enume-
lated by the Federal officials in June.
Oct. 31. N. J. The Sugar Trust is
incorporated as " The American Sugar
Refining Company," with a capital of
$50,000,000.
Cat . San Francisco loses $ 500 ,000
by fire.
New York. Judge Pratt grants the
application for receivers for the Sugar
Trust, which takes the matter out of
the hands of the trustees ; many certifi-
cates change hands.
Nov. 3. Phila. The Standard Oil Com-
pany organizes a trust to buy up all the
bulk oil-carrying craft plying between
Philadelphia and Europe; $1,000,000 is
paid for six of the largest tank vessels
afloat.
Nov. 4. Chicago. The area of the city
is increased by annexation to 180.2
square miles.
Nov. 11. New York. Financial dis-
tress increases ; the Clearing House As-
sociation votes its certificates to banks
in need of assistance. [Nov. 17. That
of Boston does the same.]
Chicago. The National World's Fair
Commission passes resolutions accept-
ing the double site — Jackson Park
and the Lake Front — for the Co-
lumbian Exposition.
Mo. Nine men are killed and several
injured by a train falling through the
bridge over the Kaw River at Kansas
City.
Phila. The banking firm of Barker
Brothers and Co. suspends, with liabili-
ties placed at $5,000,000.
Nov. 19. New York. A run on the
Citizens' Savings-bank takes place.
A receiver is appointed for the North
River Bank.
372 1890, Nov. 20-Dec. 29.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 Nov. 22. S.Dak. Armed Indian
warriors, 15,000 strong, appear about
the Pine Ridge Agency ready to dance
or fight.
Nov. 23. S. Dak. The Sioux ghost
dances are discovered to be part of a
plot to draw the United States troops
into ambush.
Nov. 25. New York. Two Brazilian
war-ships arrive, bringing a medal from
the new republic to the President of the
United States.
Dec. 1. hid. Ter. The Cherokee Strip
is cleared of cattlemen, hunters, and
campers by Government troopers.
Dec. 7. S.Dak. The hostile Sioux chiefs
from the Bad Lands come into the Pine
Ridge Agency to hold a powwow with
Gen. Brooke.
Dec. 8. S. Dak. Ranchmen and In-
dians fight each other near the Bad
Lands.
Dec. 13. S. Dak. Troops and Sioux
Indians are in conflict near the Bad
Lands ; troops of the 6th Cavalry cap-
ture Chief Kicking Bear.
Dec. 19. Red Cloud, a Sioux chief,
recommends the surrendering of the
Indians.
Dec. 28+ . The remains of Sitting Bull's
band join Big Foot to avenge the death
of their leader.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 Nov. * Mo. Two great caverns
abounding with onyx are discovered
in the Ozark Mountains, about 70 miles
from St. Louis ; estimated value, $3 to
$15 per cubic foot.
Nov. ±. * Pa. New wells of natural
gas are discovered.
Dec. 5. New York. The Societies of
Ethical Culture begin their annual
convention.
Dec. 8. New York. A meeting is held
to form a sub-branch of the English
Society for Psychical Research.
Dec. 9. 0. The will of Horace Kelley
gives $500,000 for a National Gallery of
Arts to be established in Cleveland.
Dec. 10. New York. Thirteen patients
of Mount Sinai and St. Luke's hospitals
are inoculated with Dr. Koch's
lymph.
1890 BIRTHS — DEATHS.
Nov. 20. Glisson, Oliver S., rear-adm.
U. S. N., A81.
Johnson, Daniel V. M., P. E. clergyman
in Brooklyn, A78.
Nov. 83. Beck with, John Watrus, P. E.
bishop of Ga., A69.
Nov. 24. Belmont, August, banker, of
New York, A74.
Nov. 25. Shillaber, Benjamin P. (Mrs.
Partington), humorist, A76.
Nov. 26. Corrigan, J. H., K. C. priest of
N. J., dies.
Dec. 1. Colby, George, abolitionist, dies.
Dec. 4. Baxter, Jedediah H., surgeon-gen.
TJ. 8. A., A53.
Dec. 16. Terry, Alfred H., maj.-gen. TT. S.
A., A63.
CHURCH.
1890 Nov. 27. New York. Collections
are taken in Soman Catholic churches
for the benefit of the bishops and priests
of the famine-stricken districts in
Ireland.
Dec. 3. Ga. The General Convention
(Congregational) of Georgia is formed.
Dec. 7. New York. Bishop Potter
preaches an illustrated sermon, in
which he shows by diagram that in a
certain section of the city, between
Seventieth and Eightieth Streets, on the
East Side, with a population by census
of 160,000 persons, there are 280 saloons,
and only eight churches, and of the
churches only two or three are Protes-
tant.
A tablet is unveiled in St. Paul's
Chapel, in memory of the centennial
celebration of the inauguration of Pres-
ident Washington.
N. Y. The friends of Father M. J.
Moran, Roman Catholic pastor of the
Church of the Nativity, Brooklyn, give
him a purse of $25,000 on the eve of
the 25th anniversary of his ordination.
Dec. 9. Phila. The American Sabbath
Union begins its sessions.
Dec. 13. Two hundred Protestant
clergymen issue an appeal in defense
of the Christian Sabbath, especially
in connection with the World's Fair.
LETTERS.
1890 Nov. 25. N.J. Prof . Austin Scott
is elected president of Rutgers Col-
lege.
Dee. 1. Pa. William Dudley Foulke is
elected president of Swarthmore Col-
lege.
Dec. 8. New York. By the will of Daniel
B. Fayerweather, bequests aggregating
$2,100,000 are made to hospitals
and colleges.
Dec. 9. N. Y. Steinway and Sons offer
the Board of Education of Long Island
City a free circulating library and
kindergarten school to be maintained
at their expense [the gift is accepted].
Dec. * Conn. New Haven decides not
to furnish free text-books to the
Roman Catholic parochial schools.
* * Webster's International Dictionary, by
Noah Porter, appears.
* * Wilbur Fiske, by George Prentice,
appears.
* * The Principles of Psychology, by Wil-
liam James, appears.
* * A History of Greek Literature, by
Thomas Sergeant Perry, appears.
SOCIETY.
1890 Nov. 21. La. The New Orleans
grand jury finds a true bill against nine
principal members of the Mafia and
eight accessories in the Hennessy
assassination case. (See Oct. 15.)
S. Dak. The Indians at Pine Ridge
Agency are busily engaged in ghost-
dances in honor of the new Christ,
who pretends to give the Indians reve-
lations that the white man will be de-
stroyed and that they will possess all as
of old.
Nov. 22. Ind. A big system of trunk-
robberies is discovered in Indianapolis.
Kan. Two horse-thieves are shot
and five escape of a gang in the western
part of Pratt County ; the sheriff and 100
men are in pursuit.
Nov. 23. New York. A big meeting is
held in Chickering Hall in memory of
the Manchester " martyrs."
Nov. 28. Ga. A Grand Army Post at
Macon buys the site of Andersonville
Prison, and will make of it a Grand
Army park.
Nov. 27. Ala. William B. Hunter, edi-
tor of the Sylacauga Bee, shoots and
kills Town-Marshal Nickerson, who at-
tempted to arrest him for disorderly con-
duct.
Phila. John R. Baker, Jr., the miss-
ing broker, is charged with abstracting
$1,000,000 from the estate of his grand-
father.
Amateur photographers meet to
form a national association.
Nov. 29. Chicago. The Irish delegates
address a great meeting ; Mayor Cregier
welcomes them.
Nov. 30. The Irish delegates in this
country send an address to London, con-
demning Parnell's recent manifesto, and
demanding his retirement from the
leadership, he having become notorious
in a divorce case.
Nov. * D. C. Attorney-General Miller
decides that " guessing contests " con-
ducted "by newspapers are not violations
of the Anti-Lottery Law.
Nov. * Vt. The Legislature rejects a bill
giving municipal suffrage to women.
Vote, 98-118.
Nov.* U.S. The Census Bureau reports
that three-tenths of the population
reside in cities.
Dec. 2. Fla. The National Farmers'
Alliance and Industrial Union Conven-
tion is held at Ocala.
Dec. 3. Mass. "No License" is
adopted in Cambridge City by 564 ma-
jority.
Dec. 4. Cal. King Kalakaua of Ha-
waii lands at San Francisco.
Dec. 7. New York. At Chickering Hall
the Convention of Ethical Culture So-
cieties is addressed by Rev. Stanton Coit
of London, Felix Adler, and others.
Dec. 8. Mich. The annual convention
of the American Federation of Labor is
held at Detroit. Also the National con-
vention of retail clerks of America.
New York. The Society for the Pro-
tection of Legal Rights is incorpo-
rated to render gratuitous legal advice
and services to needy and distressed
persons.
Dec. 9. Ark. A dissappointed lover
kills six persons out of revenge near
Fort Smith, and then kills himself.
Cal. The corner-stone of an Insane
Asylum is laid at Ukiah. [Dec. 16. An-
other at San Bernardino.]
Ky. One White Cap is killed and
two wounded while attempting a raid
upon a farmer at his home in Meade
County.
8. Dak. From 25 to 30 Indians are
killed in a contest to decide whether
Short Bull or Two Strikes shall be chief
at the Pine Ridge Agency.
UNITED STATES.
1890, Nov. 20 - Dec. 28. 373
Dec. 10. N. J. Over 3,000 employees in
the Clark thread mills at Newark and
Kearny strike.
Dec. 14. Chicago. George R. Sims is
sentenced to 15 months in jail for issu-
ing fraudulent decrees of divorce.
Neio York. A general strike is or-
dered on a new school building by the
Walking Delegates' Board.
Dec. 17. New York. Mayor Grant ap-
points " Paddy " Divver, a saloon-
keeper, and J. J. Ryan police justices.
Mass. The poet Whittier celebrates
his 83d birthday at Oak Knoll, his Dan-
vers home.
Dec. 29. D. C. The American Historical
Association, the Geological Society of
America, and the American Economic
Association are in session in Washing-
ton.
* * JV. Dak. A school for deaf mutes is
established at Devil's Lake.
* * Wash. An insane asylum is com-
pleted at Medicine Lake.
Reported members of Masonic
Grand Lodges in the United States
and British America, 673,643.
STATE.
1890 Nov. 25. Neio York. Brazilian
war-ships arrive, bearing an embassy
of peace and a medal for the President
of the United States. [Nov. 26. The
officers are officially received and enter-
tained at dinner.]
Wis. A recount gives the Republi-
cans control of the State Senate ; they
are opposed to a repeal of the Bennett
Law. (See Letters, Nov. 4.)
Nov. 27. U. S. The verified census
returns are published, showing that the
total population of the United States is
62,622,250.
Nov. * Fla. A constitutional amend-
ment is approved by the people, chan-
ging the day of the State election to the
Tuesday after the first Monday in
October.
Dec. 1. D. C. The 51st Congress: the
second session opens.
The debt statement shows an increase
of the public debt in November amount-
ing to $6,130,819.
Dec. 2. D. C. Congress : The Senate
gives the Federal Elections Bill the
first place as unfinished business ; Henry
M. Teller of Colo, and Preston B. Plumb
of Kan. each introduce a bill for the
Free Coinage of Silver, both bills are
referred to the Committee on Finance ;
the bill for Federal supervision of
Congressional elections is debated [till
Jan. 21] ; the House resolves to recon-
sider the Copyright Bill. Vote, 132-74.
Dec. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate
begins to debate the Flections Bill ;
the House passes the Copyright Bill.
Vote, 135-95. The Democrats in caucus
resolve to oppose the Elections Bill to
the end.
N. H. A combination is entered by
members of the Legislature at Concord
to obstruct legislation.
Dec. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the joint resolution to supply
arms against the Indians, to the States
of North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyo-
ming, and Nebraska ; the House consid-
ers the Pension Appropriation Bill.
[Dec. 5. Passed by the Senate. Dec. 11.
Approved by the President.]
N. H. The lower House kills the
Senate bill enacting legislation for the
guidance of the clerk ; 37 Republicans
vote with the Democrats.
Dec. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate
debates the Elections Bill, which is
stigmatized as a Force Bill ; the House
passes the Pension Appropriation
Bill, introduced Dec. 4 ; the bill is so
amended as to reduce the fees of claim
agents ; a bill is introduced to disarm
the Indians, for the protection of set-
tlers, and to punish any persons who sell
arms and ammunition to them.
Dec. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate
debates the Elections Bill.
N. Y. Despite the decision of the
court to recount the vote, the State
Board of Elections declares the opponent
of H. A. Noyes the candidate-elect for
the 28th Congressional District.
Dec. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate
debates the Federal Elections Bill;
the House passes the Atkinson Rail-
road Bill and the Tobacco Rebate Bill.
[Dec. 10. The latter is passed by the
Senate. Dec. 15. Approved by the
President.]
Dec. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the Elections Bill ; the House
rejects the Senate resolution to move
Gen. Grant's body from Riverside to
Arlington. Vote, 153-92.
Secretary Windom announces that no
more 4 per cent bids will be accepted.
Boston. Nathan Matthews, Jr. (Dem.)
is elected mayor.
Dec. 11. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Fortifications Appropria-
tion Bill introduced Dec. 9. It passes
the Deficiency Appropriation BiU in-
troduced Dec. 9.
Dec. 13. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate the debate on the Elections Bill is
resumed ; the House considers the Pub-
lic Lands claims, and passes the U. S.
Land Court Bill.
Dec. 15. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate the Elections Bill is discussed by
Messrs. Wilson, Colquitt, and Vance ;
the House passes the Indian Depreda-
tions Bill.
Dec. 17. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Reapportionment Bill in-
troduced Dec. 9. Vote, 186-82.
Dec. 18. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate John Sherman of O. introduces the
caucus financial measure; it meets
the opposition of the silver Senators.
Dec. 19. D. C. Congress ; Senate : O. H.
Piatt of Conn, introduces a joint resolu-
tion appropriating $100,000 to enable the
President to take action to obtain from
the German government a supply of
Dr. Koch's lymph and the formula
for its manufacture.
It amends and passes the The Defi-
ciency Appropriation Bill. [Jan. 5, 7.
Conference report agreed to. Jan. 12.
Approved by the President.]
Dec. 20. D. C. Congress: the Hoose
discusses the Deficiency Bill, as
amended in the other House, and sends
it back to the Senate.
Dec. 22. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate Messrs. Higgins and Voorhees dis-
cuss the Elections Bill ; E. R. Hoar of
Mass. fails in his attempt to have a
night session.
Dec. 23. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate N. W. Aldrich of R. I. gives notice
of his intention to introduce the Clo-
sure Rule in order to secure a vote on
the Elections Bill, which is further dis-
cussed.
The President nominates Henry B.
Brown of Mich, to succeed Justice Mil-
ler in the Supreme Court. [Dec. 29. He
is confirmed.]
Dec. 24. Phila. Judge Reed delivers a
decision that the State law forbidding
the sale of oleomargarin in original
packages as imported from another
State is unconstitutional.
D. C. A proclamation is issued by
President Harrison, inviting «« all na-
tions of the earth" to participate in
the Columbian Exposition.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Nov. 22. Chicago. The United
States Rolling-Stock Company makes
an assignment, with liabilities at $6,851,-
000, and assets $6,033,000.
N. J. Bamford Brothers' silk-mill
at Paterson is destroyed by fire ; loss,
$400,000.
Nov. 25. Chicago. A big window-
glass trust is formed, to be known as
the American Window-Glass Company,
with a capital of $500,000 ; it comprises
a total of 41 firms.
Nov. 26. D. C. The amount of 4£ per
cent bonds redeemed, under the circu-
lar of Oct. 9, is $31,300, making the total
to date $5,874,500.
New York. About $200,000 in Clear-
ing House certificates are retired.
Miss. Five lives are lost by the
burning of a Mississippi steamer near
Fort Aaauis.
Nov. 28. Phila. B. K. Jamison and Co.,
bankers, fail ; liabilities, nearly $2,000,-
000.
Nov. * III. A new stock-yard com-
pany is organized at Springfield, with
$10,000,000 capital.
Nov. * Neb. A corn famine is threat-
ening.
The yield is less than 10 bushels to the
acre because of drouth ; much suffering
exists ; churches and persons of means
are organizing measures of relief.
Dec. 4. ///. Five men are killed and
three fatally injured by a falling furnace
at Joliet.
Dec. 6. La. The cotton firm of V. and
A. Meyer and Co. of New Orleans fails,
with liabilities aggregating $2,000,000.
Pa. The Oliver Iron and Steel Mills
in Pittsburg are shut down, and tho
3,000 employees are paid off.
Dec. 8. S. Dak. Destitution is an-
nounced as worse than last year.
Dec. 9. Mont. The Crow Indians cede
1,850,000 acres of their lands for $946,000
to the Government.
Dec. 25. Md. Masonic Temple in
Baltimore is destroyed by fire.
374 1890, Dec. 29-1891, Jan. 16. AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 Dec. 29. S. Dak. The U. S.
troops under Maj. Whiteside have a bat-
tle with Indians at Wounded Knee
Creek.
Chief Big Foot's fugitive band is or-
dered to surrender ; they suddenly turn
and attack the troops. Capt. Wallace,
Lieuts. Casey and Mann, besides 2D
others, are killed, and 39 are wounded.
Big Foot's band is nearly exterminated.
Among the killed are 44 squaws and 18
papooses.
Dec. 31. S. Dak. The Indians burn the
Catholic mission at Clay Creek ; six
men of the 7th Cavalry are killed.
* * D. C. The navy yard begins the man-
ufacture of heavy ordnance.
1891 Jan. 1. S. Dak. Gen. Brooke
is relieved of the command at Pine
Ridge Agency, and is succeeded by Gen.
Miles in person.
Jan. 2. S. Dak. The 9th Cavalry ar-
rives in time to prevent a massacre of
the 7th by the Indians at Pine Ridge.
Gen. Miles is encircling the hos-
tiles with troops, hoping to compel their
subjection by starving them and so sav-
ing further bloodshed. [Skirmishing oc-
curs.]
Jan. 7. 5. Dak. Orders are issued di-
recting that army officers act as In-
dian agents at Pine Ridge and other
agencies ; Indians are gradually return-
ing to Pine Ridge Agency, but mean-
while settlers are nocking to the towns.
Jan. 8. Ida. Indians are causing trouble.
Jan. 9. S. Dak. A cordon of troops is
drawn closer around the camp of the hos-
tile Sioux, but peace negotiations con-
tinue. [Jan. 11. Pine Ridge is menaced
by the near approach of 3000 hostiles.
Jan. 12. Gen. Miles holds a conference
with some of the chiefs. Jan. 14. Some
agree to a surrender. Jan. 15. The sur-
render of the Indians is completed.]
Jan. 15. D. C. John J. Coppinger is
commissioned colonel — 23d infantry.
[Also Jan. 31. Alfred Mordecai — ord-
nance department. Feb. 7. Abraham
K. Arnold — 1st cavalry.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 Dec* S. C. P. A. Emanuel
claims to have discovered a process by
which aluminum can be freed from
kaolin at a cost of only $2.50 per ton.
* * Pa. Many monuments are dedi-
cated during the year at Gettysburg by
surviving veterans of the great battle.
* * U. S. The pneumatic tire safety
bicycles are introduced.
* * Thomas A. Edison adapts his phono-
graph to a water-motor.
1891 Jan. 9. O. An earthquake dis-
turbs the people at Toledo.
[Jan. 16. A shock at Pepperell, N. H.
May 20. Seven distinct shocks at Susan-
ville, Cal. June 23. Slight shock at
Charleston, S. C, and June 28, another
at San Francisco, Cal. (See Aug. 9. Cal.)
Aug. 21. Several shocks in the West and
South. Aug. 28. Several in Conn. Oct.
14. Shocks at San Francisco, Cal. Nov.
8. A severe shock, damaging buildings,
in Texas. Nov. 13. A heavy shock
through California.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890.
Dec. 30. Peterson, Theophilus B., pub-
lisher, of Phila., A67.
Dec. 31. Spinner, Francis, treasurer of
U. S., M. C. for N. Y., A88.
1891.
Jan. S. Abbott, Emma, opera singer, A42.
Jan. 7. Devens, Charles, jurist, orator,
U. S. atty.-gen., A71.
CHURCH.
1890 * * Alas. Bethel, in Western
Alaska, on the river Kuskokwim, be-
comes a mission station of the Mora-
vian Brethren.
* * Cal. The South California Confer-
ence (Free Methodist) is organized.
* * I. T. Isidore Robot is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Indian Ter-
ritory.
* * la. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Des Moines ;
T. W. Phillips, president.
* * Kan. Elisha S. Thomas is consecrated
(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Kansas.
* * N. Y. The General Assembly
(United Presbyterian) meets at Buffalo ;
Andrew Watson, moderator.
* * The Toledo Congregational Club in
Toledo, Ohio, and the Northern Iowa
Club, Charles City, Iowa, are formed.
* * Phila. The Medical Mission, de-
signed to reach the masses untouched
by other agencies, is established.
* * U. S. The American Bible Society
reports 2,293,665 copies of Scriptures
issued, and a total of 52,736,075 copies is-
sued to date.
* * U. S. The Woman's Foreign Mis-
sionary Union of Friends is consum-
mated.
1891 Jan. 1. Md. The memorial
church of Corpus Christi in Balti-
more is consecrated by Cardinal Gib-
bons.
Jan. 4. N. J. The First Presbyterian
Church at Newark celebrates the
100th anniversary of the dedication of
the building.
Jan. 7. O. The trial of Rev. Howard
MacQueary (Protestant Episcopal) for
heresy is begun at Cleveland.
[Sept. 23. Under a sentence of suspen-
sion he withdraws from the Protestant
Episcopal Church and joins the Univer-
salists. Sept. 25. He is formally de-
posed, at Trinity Cathedral in Cleveland,
by Bishop Leonard.]
LETTERS.
1890 * * La. The New Delta is issued
at New Orleans.
* * Ind. The Taylor University (Meth.
Epis.) of Fort Wayne is founded.
* * N. Dak. Normal schools are estab-
lished by the State at Valley City and
Mayville.
* * N. Dak. The Legislature establishes
an Agricultural College at Fargo.
* * New York. Das Morgen Journal is
founded by Albert Pulitzer.
* * New York. The Weiber Zeitung (the
Women's Journal), in the Polish tongue
and in Hebrew characters, is issued ;
it advocates the right of women to-
vote.
* * Okla. A university is located at
Norman by the Legislature.
* * Ore. Portland University (Meth.
Epis.) is founded at Portland.
* * Utah. The Methodist University
at Ogden is established.
* * Utah. The Legislature makes pubHc
schools free to all.
* * Wash. The Telegraph is issued at
Seattle.
* * U. S. American and imported
books published during the year, 4,559,
besides minor cheap libraries.
* * The American of 1890, by Henry
Adams, appears.
* * Dramatic Action, by Joseph Jefferson,
appears ; also Autobiography.
* * Boston Unitarianism, by Octavius B.
Frothingham, appears.
* * Civil Government in the United States,
by John Fiske, appears.
* * Clubs for Working Girls, by Maude
Stanley, appears.
* * The Economic Basis of Protection, by
Simon N. Patten, appears.
* * Economic and Social History of New
England, by Wm. B. Weeden, appears.
* * Over the Tea Cups, by Oliver Wendell
Holmes, appears.
* * The Tragic Muse, by Henry James,
appears.
* * Ballads, by Francis Marion Crawford,
appears.
* * Essays, Speculative and Suggestive, by
John Addington Symonds, appears.
* * Five Years with the Congo Cannibals,
by Herbert Ward, appears.
* * A Hazard of New Fortunes, by William
Dean Howells, appears.
* * History of the American Episcopal
Church, by S. D. McConnell, appears.
* * The Life of Bishop Simpson, by George
R. Crooks, appears.
* * The Life of George H.Stuart, by Robert
Ellis Thompson, appears.
* * Alexia, by Mary Abbott, appears.
* * The Negro Question, by George W.
Cable, appears ; also The Silent South.
* * The North Shore Watch and Other
Poems, by George Edward Woodberry,
appears.
* * Pactolus Prime, by Albion Winegar
Tourgee, appears.
* * The Political Beginnings of Kentucky,
by John Mason Brown, appears.
* * A Short History of the Roman People,
by William F. Allen, appears.
* * The Story of Tonty, by Mary Hartwell
Catherwood, appears.
* * The Unknown God, by C. Loring Brace,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1890 Dec. 31. New York.- The Com-
missioners of Excise report 8,885 places
licensed to sell intoxicating liquors in
the city.
The total number of licensed drinking-
places other than hotels, restaurants,
and steamboats, is 6,742 ; there are 1,098.
storekeepers licensed.
UNITED STATES. 1890, Dec. 29-1891, Jan. 16. 375
Dec. * New York. The Sun estimates
that every year 3,000 women find
themselves " stranded. " in this city ;
not only homeless, penniless, and with-
out work, but unable to work.
Dec. * Chicago. The Bureau of Jus-
tice, a society to aid the poor and de-
fenseless in obtaining their rights or
defending themselves against aggression
by legal methods, is organized.
* * U. S. The wrecks of society are
reported : penitentiary convicts, 45,233 ;
prisoners in county jails, 19,538; juve-
niles in reformatories, 14,846; paupers
in almshouses, 73,045. Total prisoners in
the country, 82,329.
* * New York. Sergius Stepniak, the
leader of the Russian Revolutionary
party, arrives.
* *Ia.— 0. Labor Day becomes a legal
holiday — the first Monday in Septem-
ber.
* * Ind. The Marion branch of the Na-
tional Soldiers' Home is opened.
* * Md. A high-license law is enacted
for Baltimore city.
1891 Jan. 2. New York. The New York
Herald fund provides 1,500 newsboys
each with a pea-jacket.
Jan. 9. Pa. G. W. Delamater, late Re-
publican candidate for governor, is ar-
rested for embezzlement.
Jan. 13. Ark. A shortage of $138,800
is discovered in the accounts of William
E. Woodruff, the State treasurer. (See
June 26.)
Jan. 15. Colo. A police official is killed
and an attempt made to kill Speaker
Hanna in the State House by a political
faction ; the Assembly is surrounded by
a cordon of police and State militia.
STATE.
1890 Dec. 30-31. B.C. Congress:
The Senate debates the Elections Bill.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-92 * * Ala. Thomas G. Jones (Dem.).
-94* * Ga. William J. Northen (Dem.).
-94 * * la. Horace Boies (Rep.).
Ida. George L. Shoupe (Rep.) ;
later Norman B. Willey (Rep.).
-91 * * Mass. J. Q. A. Brackett (Rep.).
-93 * * Miss. John M. Stone (Dem.).
-93** N.J. Leon Abbett (Dem.).
-92 * * O. James E. Campbell (Dem.).
-91 * * R. I. John W. Davis (Dem.).
-94 * * S.C. Benj. R. Tillman (Dem.).
-92 * * Ft. Carroll S. Page (Rep.).
-94* * Va. Philip W.McKinney(Dem.).
-93 * * W. Va. A. B. Fleming (Dem.).
1891 Jan. 1. Miss. The new Con-
stitution becomes operative.
Jan. 2. D. C. The Treasury Department
reports the public debt reduced $11,005,-
397 in December.
Kan. The New Legislature stands :
Senate — Republicans, 38; Democrats,
1 ; Alliance, 1. House — Republicans,
26 ; Alliance, 91 ; Democrats, 8.
Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate
votes to set aside the consideration of
the Elections Eill (Force Bill), and
takes up the Finance Bill to provide
against the contraction of the currency.
Vote, 34-29. The House passes the De-
ficiency Bill.
President Harrison submits to Con-
gress the correspondence on the Bering
Sea controversy, with a letter from Sec-
retary Blaine to the British minister.
Lord Salisbury insists that Bering Sea
must be regarded as a part of the Pa-
cific Ocean ; Secretary Blaine answers
that it was not so considered in the
treaties between England and Russia ;
and although he does not contend that
it must be regarded as a closed sea, he
argues that the rights of the United
States extend to the protection of the
seal fisheries.
Mont. A Senate and two Houses
are in session — one Republican and the
other Democratic ; the Democrats, hav-
ing four majority in the Senate, recog-
nize the Democratic House, so also does
Gov. Toole.
Jan. 6. I). C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate the silver debate is continued ; the
House discusses the Shipping Bill.
(See Mar. 3.)
N. H. The Supreme Court of the
State delivers an opinion dismissing
the cases against Clerk Jewett on the
ground of want of jurisdiction ; this
leaves the making up of the roll of
members of the House in Jewett's
hands, which is favorable to the Repub-
licans.
Jan. 7. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate H. M. Teller of Colo, introduces a
bill for negro colonization in Lower
California.
The International Monetary Con-
ference meets in Washington ; Secre-
tary Blaine makes an address of wel-
come.
III. In the Legislature the House
elects a Democratic speaker, and the
Senate a Republican president pro tem-
pore.
N. H. The Republicans of the Legis-
lature organize, and elect Hiram A.
Tuttle governor by a majority of 35.
Jan. 8. Minn. In the Legislature the
Farmers' Alliance candidate, E. T.
Champlin, is elected Speaker.
Neb. The Alliance men on one
side, and the Republicans and Demo-
crats on the other, are struggling for
ascendency in the Legislature.
Jan. 9. D. C. Congress : In the Senate
J. C. S. Blackburn of Ky., and J. T.
Morgan of Ala., speak in advocacy of
the Free-Coinage Amendment to the
Silver Bill.
III. In the Senate a bill is introduced
for the repeal of the Compulsory Ed-
ucation Law.
Neb. James E. Boyd (Dem.) ia
sworn in as governor, but Gov. Thayer
refuses to vacate the office, declaring
that Boyd has never been naturalized,
and therefore is ineligible ; Powers, the
Alliance candidate, takes the oath of
office. [Jan. 15. Gov. Thayer surren-
ders the office under protest.]
Jan. 10. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate the Committee on Foreign Relations,
by unanimous report, recommend that
the bonds of the Nicaragua Canal
Company be guaranteed by the Gov-
ernment to the extent of $100,000,000.
Jan. 12. I). C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate M. S. Quay of Pa. introduces a sub-
stitute for the Elections Bill ; in the
House a select committee is appointed
to investigate the alleged Silver pool.
At Washington the Bering Sea con-
troversy is brought into the Supreme
Court, with the sanction of Great Brit-
ain, upon petition for a writ of prohibi-
tion in re the Canadian sealer W. P.
Sayward, confiscated in 1887 by the Dis-
trict Court of Alaska.
N. Y. The Chamber of Commerce
passes resolutions opposing the Silver
Bill.
Jan. 13. D, C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate Messrs. Sherman, Allison, and Al-
drich speak against free coinage.
Conn. At Hartford the Democratic
candidates for State offices are sworn
in by the Senate, and make formal de-
mands for the offices, which the incum-
bents refuse to surrender.
■ N. J. The Senate reinstates E. F.
McDonald (unseated last May) vice Mr.
Stuhr of Hudson Co., now unseated.
N. Y. The Court of Appeals reserves
judgment in the Flack case, and orders
a new trial.
Jan. 14. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate the Free Coinage Silver Bill,
adopted June 17, 1890, is passed as a sub-
stitute for the Financial Bill. Vote, 39-
27. The Elections Bill is again taken
up. Vote, 34-33, the Vice-President cast-
ing the deciding vote. The House passes
the Army and Navy Appropriation
Bill after five discussions ; bill intro-
duced Dec. 11, 1890.
Colo. Rival factions in the Lower
House of the Legislature quarrel ; troops
are called out and successfully quell the
disturbance.
Jan. 15. I). C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate the consideration of the Elections
Bill is resumed.
Jan. 16. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate the debate on the Elections Bill
continues all night.
It amends and passes the Coin and
Currency Bill to provide against the
contraction of the currency, after four
discussions. Bill introduced Dec. 18,
1890.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for
1890. Production: Gold, $32,845,000;
silver, $70,404,000 ; bushels of grain : In-
dian com, 1,489,970,000; wheat, 399,202,-
000; oats, 523,621,000; barley, 63,000,000;
rye, 28,000,000; buckwheat, 11,000,000;
bales of cotton, 7,313,726 : pounds of
wool, 76,000,000; barrels of petroleum,
45,822,672. Currency in circulation, $1,-
429,251,270; per capita, $22.82; immi-
grants received (fiscal year), 455,302.
Fire-waste, $108,993,792; insurance loss,
$65,015,465. Total railroad accidents,
2,146; 6,335 persons are killed and 29,027
injured. Business failures for the year,
10,673 ; liabilities, $175,032,836.
1891 Jan. 2. New York. The Fifth
Avenue Theater is burned.
Jan. 3±. Pa. The Scottdale rolling-
mills and pipe works and the Charlotte
furnace and coke works are closed in-
definitely; 10,000 men are out of em-
ployment at Scottdale.
Jan. 14. Minn. Station agents and
telegraph operators on the St. Pau\
Railroad resign.
New York. Three fires on the Hud-
son River front destroy a grain elevator
and two large buildings ; loss, $300,000.
376 1891, Jan. 16-Feb. 11.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 Jan. 23. D. C. Daniel W. Flag-
ler Is commissioned brigadier-general.
Feb. 1. Ala. Troops are sent to Car-
bon TTill to quell a race riot ; several
negro miners are shot by the whites.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 Jan. 27 ±. la. A 16-inch vein
of silver is found on a farm near Fair-
port.
Jan. 28. New York. W. W. Astor gives
22 new paintings, valued at $75,000, to
the Astor Library.
Jan. 29. Chicago. The 30-foot model
of a new air-ship is exhibited ; it does
not work.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891.
Jan. 17. Bancroft, George, historian,A90.
Jan. 18. Congdon, Charles T., journalist,
A70.
Jan. 19. Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian
Islands, A55.
Jan. 24. Wadleigh, Bainbridge, senator for
N. H., A60.
Dodworth, Harvey B., band-master,
conductor, of N. Y., A69.
Jan. 27. McEntee, Jarvis, landscape
painter, A63.
Jan. 29. Windom, William, senator for
Minn., secretary of treasury, A64.
Feb. lO. Redpath, James, journalist, labor
reform agitator, A57.
CHURCH.
1891 Jan. 18. New York. The Mar-
onite Syrians dedicate a chapel.
Jan. 20. New York. Rev. Dr. Charles
A. Briggs is installed professor of Bib-
lical theology in Union Theological
Seminary.
Jan. 21. Ala. Henry M. Jackson is
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assis-
tant bishop of Alabama.
Jan. 26. Minn. Archbishop Ireland
of St. Paul issues an edict against church
lotteries in his jurisdiction ; he makes
no exception whatever.
Feb. 6. New York. Archbishop Corri-
gan issues a call for a conference of
the clergy to consider the cases of per-
sons who have attended Anti-Poverty
Society meetings.
LETTERS.
1891 Jan. 24. Boston. The Massa-
chusetts Historical Society celebrates
its centennial.
Jan. 27. It. The Anglo-American
Archeological Society is in session at
Rome, with Lord Dufferin in the chair.
Jan. 28. O. W. G. Ballantine is elected
president of Oberlin as successor to C. S.
Fairchilds.
Feb. 2. Mass. A conditional addition
of $100,000 to Amherst's endow-
ment fund is announced by President
Gates.
Feb. 4. 0. Rev. C. F. Thwing is in-
stalled as President of Western
Reserve University and Adelbert
CoUege in Cleveland.
Feb. 6. N. Mex. New Mexico has a
free-school law for the first time.
Feb. 11. New York. The Board of Re-
gents of the University approves a plan
of University extension. [Feb. 12.
The Regents decide upon three library
degrees, one to be honorary.]
SOCIETY.
1891 Jan. 19. The Woman's Prison
Association reports its wants.
(1) Matrons in station-houses ; (2) a
reformatory for women ; (3) a graded
sentence law, with power to pardon to
be withdrawn from police justices; (4)
all prisoners to serve their sentences in
prisons, not in charitable institutions :
(5) a woman commissioner for each de-
partment of charities and corrections :
(6) that drunkenness should be treated
according to class, whether as inebriates
or criminals.
Va. The first public observance of
Gen. Robert E. Lee's birthday, made
a legal holiday by the previous Legisla-
ture, is celebrated.
Jan. 21. New York. The American So-
ciety of Civil Engineers is in session.
Jan. 24. Kan. The trial of 35 ladies,
who raided the illegal whisky-joints of
Lathrop last February, destroying liq-
uors and bottles, is concluded by an ac-
quittal of the defendants.
Jan. 28. N. J. G. H. Engeman and four
other managers of the Clifton race-track
are fined $1,000 and are to be imprisoned
for one year for allowing pool-selling on
the track.
Jan. 29. New York. William Windom,
Secretary of the Treasury, dies of cere-
bral hemorrhage and coma, at Delmoni-
co's, after making an address as a guest
of the New York Board of Trade and
Transportation.
Jan. 30. New York. Hughes and Buttner,
two bogus divorce lawyers, are sen-
tenced respectively to five and seven
years' imprisonment.
Jan. 31. Ind. White Caps in Harrison
and Crawford Counties whip a farmer's
wife nearly to death, laying the flesh
open the length of her back.
Feb. 1. Ala. Negro miners in consid-
erable numbers at Carbon Hill have
been shot by whites ; troops are sent
to quell the disturbance.
Feb. 3. Ind. The Legislature passes bills,
(1) requiring cigarette dealers to pay a
State license of $200 a year, and (2) to
give wife-beaters at least 60 lashes pub-
licly when found guilty.
Feb. 4±. Cal. The police of San Fran-
cisco are destroying the joss-houses of
the highbinders in that city.
Feb. 6. Tenn. The Morning Journal of
Knoxville is seized by the postmaster
for violation of the. anti-lottery law.
± N. Mex. Two Republican coun-
cilmen are fired upon by assassins in
Santa Fe ; $15,000 reward has been of-
fered for their arrest and conviction.
Feb. 7. Cal. The International Society
for the Colonization of Russian Jews
is incorporated in San Francisco, with a
capital of $1,000,000.
Baron Hirsch authorizes the use of
$2,500,000 to establish a fund for He-
brew immigrants to this country.
[Sept. 4. The fund is denounced by a
mass-meeting of Hebrew working men
in New York.]
Feb. 8. Chicago. Organized labor passes
resolutions against the employment of
non-union labor on the World's
Fair.
Feb. 9. La. The Mardi Gras Festi-
val begins in New Orleans.
New York. The 5th annual conven-
tion of the National Association of
Builders of the United States begins its
session in Masonic Hall ; 300 delegates
are present from the principal cities.
Pa. About 10,000 miners go on a
strike in the Connellsville coke region.
(See Mar. 30 ; Apr. 18.)
Feb. 10. Pa. Some 300 employees of the
Pittsburg and Western Railroad go on
strike.
O. The United Mine Workers of
America are in session at Columbus,
with 300 delegates from 15 States pres-
ent.
STATE.
1891 Jan. 16. Mass. The House of
Representatives adopts by a large ma-
jority resolutions against the free coin-
age of silver.
Jan. 17. D. C. Congress : The Senate,
after a continuous session of 30 hours
devoted to the final discussion of the
Elections BiU, adjourns at 6 p.m. (see
July 2, 1890) ; the House Silver Pool
Investigating Committee begins its
inquiry ; it is alleged that members
speculated in silver during the discus-
sion of the Silver Bill.
Can. The Dominion Ministry return
the trade reciprocity proposals of the
United States Government to the Co-
lonial office ; they express hostility to
full and complete reciprocity, but favor
reciprocity in natural products.
Jan. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Coin and Currency BiU, to
provide against the contraction of the
currency, after 10 discussions. Intro-
duced Dec. 18, 1890.
Jan. 19. Conn. Gov. Bulkeley issues
a proclamation warning the Democratic
claimants from attempting to exercise
the functions of State olficers.
la. At Vinton Judge Hoff holds the
Wilson Bill constitutional, and the Iowa
Prohibitory Law to be in force as to im-
ported liquors.
Jan. 20. D. C. Congress : In the Senate
the Closure Resolution to limit debate
is called up, and obtains the right of
way for consideration on the 21st inst.
It debates the Federal Elections Bill
— the 36th discussion — without decisive
results.
Boston. A meeting of business men
is held in Faneuil Hall to protest against
the free coinage of silver.
Conn. The state Senate allows the
Republican hold-over officers to preside.
Wis. In both Houses of the Legisla-
ture bills are introduced for the repeal
of the Bennett Compulsory Education
Law. [Passed, Feb. 6, signed by Gov.
Peck.]
Jan. 22. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate the Aldrich Closure Resolution
is made the unfinished business ; in the
House the District of Columbia Ap-
propriation Bill is passed after six dis-
cussions ; bill introduced Dec. 17, 1890.
UNITED STATES.
1891, Jan. 16 -Feb. 11. 377
Jan. 23. The Legislatures of Missouri,
North Carolina, and Arkansas pass reso-
lutions against making appropria-
tions for the "World's Fair while the
Elections Bill is pending.
Jan. 24. D. C. Congress: The Senate
takes another recess without voting on
the Closure Resolution.
Jan. 26. D. C. Congress : In the Senate
the Aldrich Closure Resolution is dis-
placed. Vote,s 35-34. The House passes
the Naval Appropriation Bill intro-
duced Dec. 20, 1890.
Senator Cameron of Pa. testifies he-
fore the Silver Pool Investigating Com-
mittee that he bought and sold 100,000
ounces of silver on margin before the
Silver Bill passed the Senate.
Spain agrees to the proposal of the
U. S. Government for the negotiation
of a treaty of reciprocity with Cuba.
Jan. 27. T>. C. Attorney-General Miller
presents his answer in the Bering Sea
case before the U. S. Supreme Court ;
he holds that the seal-fisheries question
is for the Executive, and not for the
Judicial Department.
Jan. 28. Conn. The House Committee
on Canvass of Votes reports that of the
State officers only Nicholas Staub, State
Controller, is elected.
Jan. 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Apportionment Bill for
members of Congress, under the 11th
• census, without amendment, by a strict
party vote (37-24) ; [Feb. 10. Approved.]
It passes the Dunnell Reapportion-
ment Bill. [Feb. 10. Approved by the
President.]
Mont. The contesting parties in the
Legislature agree to a compromise giv-
ing the Republicans 28 members ; and
the Democrats 27, together with the
Speaker, the inferior officers, and the
control of committees.
Jan. 30. D. C. Congress adjourns as
a mark of respect to the late Secretary
Windom, he having been a member
of both Senate and House.
Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Military Academy Appro-
priation BUI introduced Jan. 6 ; four
witnesses testify before the Silver Pool
Investigating Committee.
Neb. The Senate adopts a memorial
to Congress urging the appropriation of
$1,000,000 for the relief of Western
farmers suffering from crop failure.
Jan. * ///. The Legislature indorses the
Free Silver Coinage Bill.
Jan. * La. Judge Buckner of the Baton
Rouge District Court refuses to grant
a writ of mandamus compelling the
Secretary of State to promulgate the
lottery amendment which was passed
by the last Legislature, and which Gov.
Nicholls refuses to sign.
Feb. 1. Mont. Speaker Witter (Rep.)
of the Lower House dies, leaving the
House a tie politically.
Feb. 2. D. C. Congress : In the Senate
the Hawaiian Treaty, the Fortifica-
tions Bill, and the defenseless condition
of the country, are discussed.
The U. S. Supreme Court holds that
it has jurisdiction by way of prohibition
to review the proceedings of the Alaska
Court in the case of the forfeiture of
the Saytnard for unlawful sealing; it
sets the time for the hearing.
Feb. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate
adopts some amendments to the Forti-
fications Bill, and passes the House Bill
extending the time to 30 days for which
the President may designate a temporary
succession to the Cabinet.
Feb. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Fortification
Appropriation Bill, after four discus-
sions. [Feb. 17: Conference report
agreed to. Feb. 26. Approved by the
President.]
It amends and passes the Military
Academy Appropriation Bill. [Feb.
28. Conference report agreed to. Mar.
2. Approved by the President.] It be-
gins the debate on the Nicaragua Canal
Bill. [Nine discussions follow.]
The House passes the Diplomatic
and Consular Appropriation Bill in-
troduced Jan. 13.
The presidents of the State organiza-
tions of the National Farmers' Al-
liance meet in Washington.
The Committee on Silver Legislation
submits a report urging upon Congress
the demand for the free coinage of silver
upon the same terms and conditions that
gold is now coined.
President Harrison asks the Senate to
take action relative to the suppression
of the African slave-trade and liquor-
traffic.
Conn. The Senate refuses to recog-
nize the report of the House Commit-
tee on Canvass of Votes.
N. Y. The Senate passes the hill
providing for the submission of the
Prohibition Amendment to the voters
of the State on April 14.
Feb. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Pension Ap-
propriation Bill. [Mar. 3. A confer-
ence report is agreed to. Mar. 3.
Approved.] The hill appropriates for
pensions $133,173,085.
The President issues a proclamation
declaring that a satisfactory treaty has
been made with Brazil under the terms
of the reciprocity amendment to the
Tariff Bill. (Effective April 1, 1891.)
Ind. The Senate passes a sweeping
measure against trusts.
Feb. 7. D. C. Congresst The Senate
recommits the Eight-hour Labor Bill.
Vote, 27-24. The House passes the
World's Fair clause of the Sundry Civil
Appropriation Bill ; the minority report
of the Raum Investigating Committee
offers a substitute for the majority reso-
lution offered Feb. 6, condemning the
course of the Commissioner of Pen-
sions.
S. Dale. The Senate by one majority
decides to substitute life imprisonment
for the death penalty.
Feb. 9. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Sundry Civil Appropria-
tion Bill, after five discussions ; bill
introduced Feb. 3.
Feb. 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the Army Appro-
priation Bill. [Feb. 16. The House
concurs. Feb. 26. Approved by the
President.] It also discusses Com-
mander Reiter's case in connection
with the Barrundia affair.
Jose1 Martin Barrundia, a Guatemalan
insurrectionist, a passenger on an Amer-
ican vessel touching at San Jos6, is
killed by Guatemalan officials, Aug. 27±,
1890, while attempting his arrest. Com-
mander Reiter of the Ranger refused
to interfere for his protection.
The President approves the Act pro-
hibiting the sale of tobacco to minors
under 16 years of age in the District of
Columbia. .
N. Y. In the State Senate a hill is
introduced to authorize the construction
of two bridges across the East River.
Feb. 11. 1). C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Naval Appro-
priation Bill. [Feb. 21. A conference
report is agreed to and the bill approved
by the President.]
N. Y. The Silver Pool Investigat-
ing Committee continues to take testi-
mony.
The New York Chamber of Commerce
delegation opposes the Free Coinage
Bill before the House Committee on
Coinage.
N. Y. The Assembly passes the Acker
State Care of the Insane Bill appropriat-
ing $454,000, and another for a State
printing-bureau.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 Jan. 18. If. Y. Buffalo loses
$225,000 by fire. [Mar. 10. A like loss.]
O. At Findlay a hotel is wrecked and
several persons are killed by an explo-
sion of natural gas.
Jan. 19. Mo. The American National
Bank of Kansas Citv suspends, with lia-
bilities estimated at $2,250,000.
Jan. 22. Cat. The Funeral Services
of King Kalakaua of the Sandwich
Islands are held in San Francisco.
Jan. 23. N. Y. The Buffalo Clothing
Exchange is burned ; the falling walls
kill two firemen ; loss, $350,000.
Jan. 27. Pa. An explosion of fire-
damp in a shaft at the coke works near
Mt. Pleasant kills 100 miners.
Jan. 29. Cal. The canneries organ-
ize with a capital of $5,000,000.
Feb. 2. Conn. George M. Bradley, the
first patient in the United States treated
with Koch's remedy for tuberculosis,
dies at New Haven.
Feb. 3. N.Y. The Hecla Iron Works,
Brooklyn, take fire ; loss, $400,000.
Feb. 6. III. The Pullman Car "Works
are burned ; loss, $200,000.
N. Y. E. D. Church and Com-
pany's soda works in Brooklyn are
burned ; loss, $200,000 ; 500 persons are
thrown out of employment.
•- Pa. A $4,000,000 contract to fur-
nish armor for the Navy is awarded to
Carnegie, Phipps, and Company of Pitt: -
burg.
The nut and bolt works of J. H.
Sternbergh at Reading are burned ; loss,
$350,000.
Feb. 8. Cal. The San Miguel Consoli-
dating Mining Company is incorporated
with a capital of $15,000,000.
Feb. 9. New York. Table glassware
manufacturers form a trust with a capi-
tal of $1,000,000.
378 1891, Feb. 11-Mar. 9.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 Feb. 12. D. C. Col. Forsyth is
exonerated from charges against him
relative to the fight at Wounded Knee,
in which women and children were
killed.
Mar. 2. U. S. Congress appropriates
$25,000 for the equipment of the Naval
Reserve.
Mar. 6. D. C. The cruisers Philadel-
phia and San Francisco are formally
accepted by the Secretary of the Navy.
Mar. 7. D. C. Secretary Proctor decides
to enlist 2,000 Indians as soldiers.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 Feb. 14. New York. The George
I. Seney collection of pictures (106) is
sold at public auction, and realizes
$300,700.
The American Academy of Po-
litical and Social Science is incorpo-
rated.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891.
Feb. 13. Porter, David D., adm. U.S. N.,
A78.
Stuart, Alexander H. H., M. C. for Va.,
secretary of the interior, A84.
Feb. 14. Sherman, William T., gen. U.S.
A., A71.
Feb. 18. Sibley, Henry H., maj.-gen., first
Gov. of Minn., A80.
Feb. 19. Winchell, Alexander, geologist,
University of Michigan, A67.
Feb. 24. Wilson, Ephraim K., senator for
Md., A70.
Feb. 28. Hearst, George, sen. forCal., A71.
Mar. 3. Furman, James C, Bapt. clergy-
man, president of Furman University, A82.
Mar. 6. Hill, Joshua, senator for Ga., A79.
LETTERS.
1891 Feb. 14. Boston. The New Na-
tion, by Edward Bellamy, appears as a
weekly.
Feb. 17. Prof. A. Graham Bell gives
$26,000 to the Association for Teach-
ing Deaf -Mutes.
Feb. 19. Chicago. H. W. Rogers is in-
stalled as president of the Northwest-
ern University.
Mass. The will of Mary A. Nevins
bequeaths $20,000 to the Nevins Memo-
rial Library of Methuen.
Feb. 28. New York. The Friends hold
an educational conference.
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress passes an inter-
national copyright law. [See July 1.]
Mar. 7. Mass. Harvard receives $100-
000 by the will of Edwin Conant of
Worcester.
SOCIETY.
1891 Feb. 11. New York. The Ameri-
can Newspaper Publishers' Associa-
tion meets in annual session.
Chicago. George J. Gibson, secretary
of the Whisky Trust, is charged with
bribing a gauger to blow up Shufeldt's
anti-trust distillery ; he is arrested and
held in $20,000 bail. [Apr. 20. The Fed-
eral grand jury at Chicago finds a true
bill against him.]
Feb. 12. N. J. People in sympathy with
the striking spinners at the Clark
Thread Works at Kearney join in a
riot, and several thousand dollars of
damage to property is the result.
Feb. 13. Chicago. Italians stop work
on the World's Fair site through fear of
the mobs of unemployed workmen.
Feb. 14. Ind. Charles Putter, teller of
the First National Bank of Evansville,
is a defaulter in the sum of $25,000.
Feb. 16. D. C. Senator Matt. Quay
of Pennsylvania denies aU the charges
that have been made against him reflect-
ing upon his public life.
Neb. S. B. Cowles, bank president of
Clarke, is arrested on the charge of mur-
dering his wife.
Feb. 17. New York. Hebrew private
schools in tenement houses are closed
by the Board of Health, owing to their
filthy condition.
II. I. The National Electric Light
Association is in session at Providence.
Feb. 18. Fla. Two outlaws, Mike
Kelly and Jim Champion, are taken from
jail at Gainesville, and lynched for
murder and robbery.
New York. The People's Municipal
League effects a permanent organiza-
tion.
Feb. 19. New York. The remains of
Gen. W. T. Sherman are escorted by an
imposing parade of soldiers, Grand
Army men, and others to the Pennsyl-
vania Railroad station, en route to St.
Louis.
Feb. 22.-Mar. 1. D. C. The Women's
National Triennial Council is in ses-
sion.
It opens with religious services, and
considers the subject of temperance ;
it eulogizes Mrs. Windom for not serv-
ing wine in social life, and discusses
woman's suffrage.
Ga. A mob lynches two negroes
near Brunswick.
Feb. 23. Tex. John A. Williams, a
notorious train-robber, is sentenced at
Linden to imprisonment for 99 years.
Feb. 25. Fla. A ''bulldozer" is
fined $1,000 and costs in a Federal court.
New York. The opposition to the
Fayerweather will is withdrawn.
The residuary legatees agree to give
the immense sum in their hands to nu-
merous colleges and charitable institu-
tions ; the will, minus the codicils, is
admitted to probate.
Feb. 28. Boston. A strike at Dobson's
plush mill is satisfactorily ended, and
the men return to work.
N. Y. The Senate Committee is again
investigating the Sugar Trust — this
time having several of the prominent
Trust officers before it ; some of its
books are missing.
Feb. * New York. A strike of the em-
ployees of the Troy Laundry Company
ends in victory for the strikers.
Mar. 1. Mo. Eight negroes are injured
in a race-fight in St. Louis.
Md. Cardinal Gibbons, in the cathe-
dral at Baltimore, preaches against
women taking part in politics.
Mar. 2. Del. Ex-State Treasurer Her-
bert is a defaulter to the State to the
amount of $30,000.
Mar. 5. New York. A riot of striking
cloakmakers in Broadway is speedily
quelled by the police.
The Union Prisoners of War Na-
tional Memorial Association holds an
enthusiastic meeting.
The coroner's jury in the case of the
tunnel disaster holds the New York
and New Haven Railroad officials re-
sponsible for the death of the victims.
[Mar. 6. Messrs. Depew, Clark, and
Park, as officials of the road, give bonds
in $25,000 each. Mar. 31. The grand
jury indicts the directors for misde-
meanor in violating New York laws
against heating cars by stoves. May 6.
They are acquitted. (SCe Feb. 20, Mis-
cellaneous.)
Fla. Twenty-six illicit stills are
destroyed, several lots of illicit rum
seized, and 30 men arrested in a ten
days' raid in West Florida.
Pa. Burglars rob the Freeport
bank of valuable bonds, money, and
stamps ; total loss estimated at $59,000.
Mar. 7. Miss. Colored lawyers at
Greenville organize a State Bar Asso-
ciation.
Mar. 8. N. J. Delaware, Lackawanna,
and Western trainmen are discharged
for signing petitions of saloon-keep-
ers for licenses.
Mar. 9. N. Y. A mob of Poles raids
an employing cloakmaker's establish-
ment in Jamaica ; they destroy his sew-
ing-machines and furniture, and scatter
vitriol on his goods and child.
STATE.
1891 Feb. 11. S. Dak. The high-license
men in the House carry the motion to
resubmit the Prohibition question.
Vote, 32-29.
Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the District of Co-
lumbia Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 2.
Conference report agreed to and ap-
proved by the President.] In the House
the appropriation for the clerical force of
the Civil Service Commission is struck
out of the Legislative Appropriation
Bill on a point of order.
N. Y. The Assembly defeats the
" Stadler Special License Bill." Vote,
63-60.
Feb. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate
adopts the Sherman amendment to the
Copyright Bill (vote, 25-24), and lays
the bill aside. The House passes the
Legislative, Executive, and Judicial
Appropriation BiU, after five discus-
sions. Introduced Jan. 10.
President Harrison approves the Act
for the tunnel between Staten Island
and Long Island, N. Y.
Ala. The Senate passes the House
Bill to so redistrict the State into nine
Congressional districts so as to give a
solid white Democratic delegation to
Congress by making two Congressional
districts each 200 miles long and one
county wide.
JV. Y. A bill is introduced in the
State Assembly prohibiting the use of
machinery in the State prisons.
Feb. 16. D. C. Congress : The Senate
adopts an amendment to the Diplo-
matic and Consular Appropriation
BiU, pledging the support and assist-
ance of the United States to any cor-
poration that is willing to undertake
UNITED STATES.
1891, Feb. 11 -Mar. 9. 379
the construction of a telegraphic cahle
from the Pacific Coast to Hawaii ; also
another amendment providing that
Mexico shall rank as a first-class
diplomatic mission.
The House Committee on Coinage
having reported adversely the Coin
and Currency Bill, it is indefinitely
postponed.
New York. The U. S. Senate Com-
mittee begins its investigation of the
Sugar Trust.
Feb. 17. D. C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the Diplomatic and
Consular Appropriation Bill. [Mar.
3. A conference report is agreed to ;
Mar. 2. Approved.]
Feb. 18. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate the Copyright Bill, with the Sher-
man and Frye amendments, is passed
after 15 discussions. Vote, 36-14. [Mar.
3. Conference report agreed to and bill
approved.] The bill for a new Custom
House in Bowling Green, New York
City, is passed ; the House passes the
Indian Appropriation Bill introduced
Jan. 27.
Feb. 19. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the bill for the adju-
dication of claims arising from Indian
depredations. [Mar. 2. Conference re-
port agreed to and bill approved.] John
J. Ingalls of Kan. formally resigns
the office of President pro tempore of
the Senate, which he has held for nearly
four years ; for the first time in the his-
tory of the House that body holds two
distinct legislative sessions during
the same calendar day.
Kan. The House reconsiders the vote
by which the bill authorizing women
to vote was defeated, and passes the bill.
Mass. The Senate passes the Con-
stitutional amendments providing for
biennial instead of annual elections.
Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate
discusses the Nicaragua Canal Bill ;
the House Coinage Committee decides
(vote, 8-4) to report the Senate Free
Coinage Bill adversely, with a. recom-
mendation that it be not passed.
N. Y. Ex-President Cleveland denies
the report of his alleged withdrawal
from the presidential campaign.
Feb. 21. Cal. The State Senate passes
the House bill appropriating $300,000
for its exhibit at the World's Fair.
Feb. 23. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Post-office Appropriation
Bill after five discussions. Introduced
Feb. 6.
Ark. The House puts all the elec-
tion machinery in the hands of the
governor, the people not having any-
thing to do with either judges or clerks
of election.
Feb. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate
confirms by a unanimous vote the nomi-
nation of Charles Foster of O. to be
Secretary of the Treasury, and passes
the bill to establish a U. S. Land
Court. [Feb. 28. Conference report
agreed to. Mar. 2. Bill approved.] The
House passes the Direct Tax Bill.
(See Mar. 2.) Vote, 172-101.
Feb. 25. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the Agricultural Appropria-
tion BUI introduced Feb. 9. It lays on
the table the Flower resolution for the
reenumeration of New York City,
the report of the census officers being
approved as correct.
Feb. 26. I). C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the Sundry Civil
Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 2. The
House concurs ; approved.]
The House passes the General De-
ficiency Bill introduced Feb. 17.
It amends and passes the Post-office
Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 3. Con-
ference report agreed to. Mar. 2. Ap-
proved by the President.]
N. Y. The Assembly passes the Sax-
ton Anti-Pool-Selling Bill.
Kan. The bill providing for the re-
submission of the Prohibitory Amend-
ment to a vote of the people is defeated
in the Lower House.
Feb. 27. D.C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Legislative, Executive, and
Judicial Appropriation Bill. [Mar.
3. Conference report agreed to ; bill ap-
proved.] It passes over the Direct Tax
Bill. [Mar. 3. Approved by the Presi-
dent.]
The House amends and passes the
Shipping BiU or the Postal-Aid Bill
aiming to place the American merchant
marine engaged in the foreign trade on
an equality with that of other nations
competing for the same service. Vote,
139-120. [Mar. 2. The Senate concurs
in the House amendment. Mar. 3. Ap-
proved by the President.]
Feb. 28. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Indian Appropriation Bill
with the House amendment. [Mar. 2.
Conference report agreed to and bill
approved.]
It passes over the Eight-Hour Law
Bill after nine discussions.
Feb. 29. D. C. Congress: The Sen-
ate adopts the lithographers' amend-
ment to the Copyright Bill ; the House
passes the Sundry Civil Bill.
Mar. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate
adopts the House Postal Bill, includes
an appropriation of $1,250,000 in the
Post-office Bill for the foreign mail
service, and amends and passes the
Agricultural Appropriation Bill.
[Mar. 2. Conference report agreed to
and bill approved.] Senator Mander-
son is elected President pro tempore.
The Senate passes the General De-
ficiency Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 2.
Approved by the President.]
The House indefinitely postpones the
bill to provide against the contraction
of the currency.
The President approves the bill for
the repayment of $15,227,632 collected
as a direct tax from th6 States, under
the Act of Aug. 15, 1361, levying $20,000,-
000 for the maintenance of the war.
Mar. 3. D.C. Congress : In the Senate
the International Copyright Bill is
passed without the Sherman amend-
ment; the General Deficiency Bill
is passed with several amendments.
[Mar 3. Conference report agreed to.
Mar. 2. Bill approved.] The Brussels
Treaty is rejected in executive session ;
the House passes the International
Copyright Bill.
Congress passes the French Spolia-
tion Claims Bill, appropriating $1,304,-
095 to pay the findings of the Court
of Claims for indemnity for spoliations
by the French prior to July 31, 1801.
(Senate vote, 41-14 ; House vote, 99-80.)
After an all-night session the usual
resolution of thanks to Speaker Reed
is passed amid great confusion and by
a strict party vote (152-116).
The President approves the Shipping
Bill, providing for the safe transport
and humane treatment of export cattle,
and for the inspection of export live
stock and carcasses.
The 51st Congress, the " Billion
Dollar Congress;" the second session
ends.
Gen. Barrundia's widow makes a claim
of $1,000,000 upon the United States for
the loss of her husband's life.
Mar. 4. N. Y. The State Assembly
passes an amendment transferring
contested election cases from the
Legislature to the Courts. [Mar. 6. It
passes the Senate by a unanimous vote.]
Mar. 9. D. C. Sugar Refineries Com-
pany officials refuse to show the books
of constituent concerns to the Senate
Investigating Committee.
Va. The Legislature passes a gerry-
mandering reapportionment bill, which
is expected to give a Democratic major-
ity of about fifteen on joint ballot.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 Feb. 20. New York. A New
Haven train crashes into a Harlem local
in the Park Avenue tunnel ; six per-
sons are killed and several injured.
Feb. 21. Mo. The remains of Gen.
William T. Sherman arrive in St.
Louis, and are escorted to their resting-
place in Calvary Cemetery by a parade
of soldiers, Grand Army men, and
others.
Feb. 22. Cal. The Elizabeth is wrecked
at the entrance of San Francisco har-
bor; the captain and 17 sailors are
drowned.
Feb. 24. Pa. Four miners are res-
cued after being entombed 20 days at
Jeanesville.
Feb. 28. N. Y. Traffic is resumed on
the Central Railroad notwithstanding
the strike.
Mar. 1. New York. The ashes of Her-
mann Meyer, a Staten Island saloon-
keeper, are, in accordance with his dying
request, scattered to the winds from the
Statue of Liberty after the cremation of
his body.
Mar. 3. Mass. A gingham mill is
burned at Adams; loss, $700,000.
Mar. 7. Tex. Archer City court-
house is burned ; nearly all the county
records are destroyed.
380 1891, Mar. 9 - Apr. 13.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 Mar. 15. Mass. The torpedo-
boat Triana is wrecked off Cuttyhunk,
while taking provisions to the crews of
the stranded Government vessels Galena
and NiHa.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 Mar. 12. New York. Several
men of means subscribe $15,000 to pur-
chase 99 Japanese swords for the
Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Mar. 21. III. Natural gas is discovered
while boring for water at Monticello.
Apr. 3. Conn. New Haven women pre-
sent the Greek tragedy Antigone with
great success.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891.
Mar. 9. Paddock, Benjamin H., Prot. Epis.
bishop of Mass., A63.
Mar. lO. Swift, John F., U. S. minister to
Japan, A62.
Mar. 16. Brady, John K., justice N. Y.
Supreme Court, A69.
Mar. 18. Herndou, William H., law part-
ner, biographer of Lincoln, A73.
Mar. 19. Young, Alexander, " Taverner,"
author, journalist, A53.
Mar. 20. Barrett, Lawrence, tragedian,
A 53.
Upham, Frederick W., Meth. Epis. cler-
gyman, A92.
Mar. 21. Johnston. Joseph E., Confed-
erate gen., A84.
Mar. 22. Wells, Elija R., brev. maj. U. S.
A., A58.
Mar. 23. Robinson, Lucius, lawyer, Gov.
of N. Y., A81.
Mar. 26. Day, Hannibal, brig.-gen., A87.
Mar. 27. MeEnery, John, Gov. of La., A58.
Mar. 29. Crosby, Howard, Pres. clergy-
man, philanthropist, A65.
Apr. 1. Hatfield, Robert M., Meth. Epis.
clergyman, author, A73.
Spear. Samuel T., Pres. clergyman,
author, A79.
Apr. 2. Pike, Albert, poet, journalist, Con-
federate brig.-gen., grand com. of Scottish
Rite of Masonry in IT. S., A82.
Apr. 7. Fowle, Daniel G., Gov. of N. C,
A61.
— - Barnum. Phineas T.. veteran show-
man, A81.
Prime, Edward D. G., Pres. clergyman,
editor New York Observer, A77.
Apr. 12. Tourj^e, Eben, musical composer,
founder N. E. Conservatory of Music, A57.
Waterman, Robert W., Gov. Cal., A65.
Apr. 13. Gilmour, Richard, Roman Catho-
lic bishop of Cleveland, 0., A67.
CHURCH.
1891 Mar. 27. Mo. Archbishop Ken-
rick washes, wipes, and kisses the feet of
12 boys in St. John's Catholic Church,
St. Louis.
Mar. 29. Pa. According to custom, at
5 A.M. 2,000 persons gather and hold
Easter service in the Moravian grave-
yard at Bethlehem.
Apr. 6. O. The 39th annual Confer-
ence of the Reorganized Church of
the Latter-day Saints begins at Kirt-
land.
LETTERS.
1891 Mar. 11. New York. The friends
of university and school extension
hold a mass-meeting, with addresses by
well-known educators. [Apr. 16. The
Legislature appropriates $10,000,000 in
support of the plan of University Ex-
tension.]
Mar. 12. Mass. A copy of the recently
discovered treatise on the Consti-
tution of Athens, by Aristotle, is
received by Harvard. [Mar. 13. Colum-
bia and Cornell also receive copies.]
Mar. 23. Cal. David S. Jordan accepts
the presidency of the Leland Stanford,
Jr., University.
Mar. 30. New York. The American
Society of Authors is organized at
the Fifth Avenue Hotel.
SOCIETY.
1891 Mar. 10. Miss. David H. Poston,
a prominent lawyer of Memphis, is shot
by H. Clay King. [July 3. King is
found guilty of murder in the first de-
gree. Sept. 17. He is sentenced to be
hanged on Nov. 6.]
Mar. 11. New York. James A. Simmons
is found guilty of embezzling $622,000
of the f uuds ol the Sixth National Bank.
[June 26. He is sentenced to six years
imprisonment.]
Mar. 13. Wash. Cattle-thieves in
Douglas and Lincoln Counties run off
12,000 head of cattle and several hun-
dred horses.
Mar. 14. Union Pacific telegraph opera-
tors are required to either abandon
labor organizations or leave their
positions.
La. The jury bring in a verdict of
not guilty at New Orleans in the case
of six of the alleged murderers of Chief
of Police Hennessy, and disagree as
to the others ; a desperate mob breaks
into the jail, and shoots and hangs n
of the imprisoned Sicilians. [Mar. 31.
The remaining prisoners are released
on bail. Apr. 7. The grand jury ac-
tively enters upon an investigation of
the massacre. Apr. 17. Two arrests are
made for the alleged bribery of jurors
in this case.] (See May 5.)
New York. The Sugar Trust is again
under investigation.
Mar. 15. New York. The Parnell dele-
gates arrive from Ireland and are re-
ceived by a friendly delegation. [Mar.
19. They are given a warm welcome at
a meeting in Cooper Union.]
Mar. 16. New York. The Grant Mon-
ument Fund now amounts to $145,-
978.95.
Mar. 18. New York. Gen. Peter J.
Claassen, ex-president of the Sixth Na-
tional Bank, is sentenced to six years in
the penitentiary for embezzlement.
The New York City Woman Suffrage
League gives a reception to Mrs. Clara
B. Colley, editor of the Woman's Tri-
bune, at the Park Avenue Hotel, about
500 persons being present.
Mar. 20. New York. Italians hold a
meeting at Cooper Union to protest
against the New Orleans lynching. (See
Mar. 14.)
Mar. 21. Ga. Robert Willink is killed
by a knock-down blow in an amateur
prize-fight before the athletic club at
Savannah.
la. Three children die in Springville
because of the neglect of their parents
to provide medical attendance.
TV. Va. — Ky. It is announced that
the long-standing Hatfield -McCoy
vendetta is romantically ended by an
engagement of marriage.
Mar. 24. New York. The Sherman
Statue Fund is now reported complete ;
total amount collected, $44,786.
Mar. 26. N. Y. A woman is robbed
in Brooklyn of $1,300 by highwaymen.
Mar. 27. O. Men and women in a tem-
perance crusade wreck a saloon, and
destroy liquors, cigars, and billiard
tables, at Bloomville.
Mar. 29. Ala. Two negroes are
lynched for alleged complicity in burn-
ing the town of Kussellville.
Mar. 30. Ala. The National Real Es-
tate Congress convenes in Birmingham.
Pa. Riotous mobs, numbering be-
tween 2,000 and 3,000 men and women,
terrorize the Connellsville coke regions.
They drive away the non-union work-
ers, tear up railroad tracks, and destroy
much property ; at Leith's works, near
Uniontown, women disarm and beat the
Superintendent, and drive away the
workmen.
[Apr. 2. Striking coke-workers attack
the Moreland works, and are fired upon
by deputy-marshals ; 11 are killed and
over 40 wounded. Apr. 3. The presence
of the militia causes quiet. Apr. 7.
Coke-workers are resuming work.] (See
Apr. 21.)
Apr. 1. Me. The Legislature passes a
rigid temperance law. (See May 4.)
— Mass. — N. H. This day is observed
as a fast-day by the proclamation of
the governors in observance of a custom
which has been continued for many
years.
Apr. 3. La. Detective D.C.O.O'Malley,
accused of jury bribery, surrenders to
the authorities at New Orleans. [Apr.
9. He is arraigned for perjury, con-
spiracy, and attempted bribery of jurors
in the Hennessy case.] (See May 5.)
Apr. 4. N. J. Warrants are issued for
the arrest of the mayor and other offi-
cials of Hoboken, for allowing viola-
tions of the Sunday liquor law. [Apr. 5.
The Sunday law is enforced, and the
theaters are closed.]
Kan. At Osage City, George Hoover,
editor of the Times, is mortally shot
by James McNales.
Apr. 6. New York. The Christian League
for the Promotion of Social Purity
holds its first annual meeting.
Apr. 10. D. C. Inventors and makers
of patented articles organize a Na-
tional Association in Washington.
O. W. Dales, murderer of a police-
man on March 31, is lynched at Ken-
ton.
Apr. 12. N. Y. A free kindergarten
movement is organized at Buffalo.
Apr. 13. N. J. Father M'Nulty of Pat-
terson is beaten by a law-breaking
saloon-keeper.
New York. The American Copy-
right League at its 8th annual dinner
celebrates the enactment of the Copy-
right Law in Congress.
Samuel Fisher, a pool-room " man-
ager," is sentenced by Judge Barrett to
pay $1,000 fine and be imprisoned for
three months.
STATE.
1891 Mar. 10. D. C. Secretary Blaine
receives Lord Salisbury's communica-
tion relating to the Bering Sea negotia-
tions, offering a basis upon which to
settle the difficulty.
UNITED STATES.
1891, Mar. 9 - Apr. 13. 381
R. I. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.) is re-
nominated for governor.
Mar. 11. N. Y. The State Senate passes
the Acker State Care of the Insane
Bill, appropriating $450,000 for that
purpose ; the Assembly passes the An-
ti-Pinkerton Bill, and the measure
providing for a garden over the Forty-
second Street reservoir in New York
City.
Mar. 12. R. I. The Democratic State
Convention renominates the present
State officers.
Cal. The Assembly passes the Anti-
Chinese Bill.
Mar. 13. N. Y. New York makes the
first application for repayment of the
direct tax under the act of the last
Congress ; the sum called for is $2,225,-
000.
Pa. The Interstate Commerce
Commission decides against the present
coal rates of the Lehigh Valley Railroad
and requires a reduction.
Mar. 14. III. The Republican Conven-
tion at Chicago nominates Hempstead
Washburne for mayor.
Mar. 15. D. C. Secretary Blaine sends a
telegram to Gov. Nicholls of La. express-
ing the President's regrets for the law-
less violence of the Anti-Mafia mob,
and demanding protection for Italian
subjects in New Orleans, and the pun-
ishment of the offenders.
Mar. 16. N. Y. The State Assembly
passes the bill incorporating a company
to construct a tunnel between New
York and Brooklyn ; also the bill ex-
empting bank cashiers and tellers from
jury duty.
Mar. 17. D. C. The Secretary of the
Treasury refuses to permit the Assay
office to furnish $1,000,000 in gold bars
for shipment to Europe.
Conn. The House passes the Judson
Bill for taking the controversy respect-
ing the State offices to the Supreme
Court.
N. Y. The Assembly defeats the
Stadler " Dance Hall '* and the Hildreth
Liquor Bills for open sale on part of
Sunday.
Mar. 18. D. C Mr. Cannon, Chairman
of the House Committee on Appropria-
tions of the 51st Congress, makes a state-
ment of the appropriations of that
Congress ; the total is $988,410,120.
Mar. 19. N. H. Anti-license men refuse
to vote in the House, which adjourns for
want of a quorum.
Mar. 21. Chicago. Carter Harrison's
friends bolt the Democratic city con-
vention, and nominate him for mayor ;
the regular convention renominates
Mayor Cragier.
Mar. 23. N.Y. The State Assembly by
a party vote (62-48) refuses to submit the
Prohibition Amendment to the vote of
the people in April ; it substitutes No-
vember.
Mar. 24. Mo. The State receives its
share of the direct tax from the Fed-
eral government.
La. Gov. Nicholls replies to a des-
patch from Mr. Blaine of Mar. 15 con-
cerning the New Orleans lynching
affair.
Mar. 25. N. J. The Legislature passes
a bill at the instance of liquor dealers,
giving absolute power to County Boards
of Excise to grant or revoke licenses at
their pleasure, the Boards to be ap-
pointed by the governor.
N. Y. In the State Senate the Vedder
Bill taxing direct heirs of personal prop-
erty valued at over $10,000 is passed.
Mar. 26. N. H. The House rejects the
Local-Option Bill. Vote, 166-148.
Mar. 27. Me. The House passes a bill
requiring that every voter shall be
able to read and to write his own
name.
Mar. 30. Wyo. The Wyoming forest
reservation is set apart by proclama-
tion of the President. [Another procla-
mation follows Sept. 10.]
Mar. 31. D. C. Baron de Fava, Italian
Minister at Washington, is peremp-
torily recalled by his government on
account of dissatisfaction growing out
of the negotiations concerning the kill-
ing of alleged Italian subjects in New
Orleans ; the correspondence between
Baron de Fava and Secretary Blaine is
made public.
Del. The State Senate passes a Free
School Bill which places white and col-
ored schools on an equal plane.
Me. The Legislature passes the Gen-
eral Temperance Bill, which is charac-
terized by its friends as one of the most
important prohibition measures ever
adopted in the State.
U. S. The new Free Sugar Law
and the new Immigration Law go into
effect.
Apr. 1. R. I. The election returns
are announced.
Davis, Dem., 22,249 ; Ladd, Rep., 20,-
995 ; Larry, Prohib., 1,829 ; Burton, Nat.,
384. Davis lacks 960 votes of the major-
ity over all necessary to elect ; conse-
quently the Legislature will elect a
governor.
Apr. 2. I). C. Minister Rudini informs
the Italian Secretary of Legation at
Washington that his government de-
mands only the prompt prosecution
of the New Orleans lynchers.
Apr. 6. D. C. Congress: George F.
Edmunds resigns the office of U. S.
Senator for Vermont, which he has held
for 26 years ; the resignation will take
effect Nov. 1.
Sir Charles Tupper and his colleagues
of the Canadian Cabinet call upon
Secretary Blaine for the purpose of
continuing reciprocity negotiations, but
leave Washington on being informed of
the desire of the President that the Con-
ference be postponed.
N. Y. In the State Senate the Bill
appropriating $200,000 for the Chicago
World's Fair is unanimously passed.
Apr. 7. Chicago. Five candidates run
for the office of mayor.
The present mayor. De Witt C. Cre-
gier (Dem.), Carter H. Harrison (Per-
sonal Rights League and brewers),
Hempstead Washburne (Rep.), Elmer
Washburn (Citizens and Prohibition-
ists), and Thomas Morgan (Socialist) ;
Hempstead Washburne is elected.
Apr. 8. D. C. President Harrison issues
the Bering Sea proclamation, in com-
pliance with the statute.
Apr. 10. D. C. A despatch from Rome
says that, in case the United States
Government fails to answer by the fol-
lowing day Minister Rudini's note relat-
ing to the killing of Italians in New
Orleans, the American Minister will be
ordered to leave Italy.
Apr. 11. Ky. The Constitutional
Convention completes its work and
adjourns.
Apr. 13. N. Y. In the State Assembly
Speaker Sheehan refuses to permit the
reading of the minority report on the
Schaff Excise Bill, permitting the sale
of liquor on a part of Sunday.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 Mar. 13±. Colo. The city of
Denver is without a mayor ; the acting
mayor, after holding the office for nearly
a year, being declared illegally elected.
Mar. 14. N. Y. Two fires destroy
$600,000 worth of business property in
Syracuse.
Tenn. The Central Insane Asy-
lum, near Nashville, is burned ; six lives
are lost.
Sp. The Anchor line vessel Utopia is
sunk off Gibraltar by collision with the
Anson ; 574 persons perish.
New York. A fire destroys property
worth $1,650,000.
Mar. 18. N. J. The Cordage "Works
at Elizabeth are burned ; loss $600,000 ;
600 hands are thrown out of employ-
ment.
Mar. 21. New York. Hughes wins with
a score of 558 miles the six days go-as-
you-please walking match.
A sperm whale is discovered and
killed near East Hampton, Long Island.
Tex. A soap manufacturing com-
pany is organized at Houston, with a
capital of $15,000,000 ; it proposes to es-
tablish plants in the principal cities in
the cotton-belt of the South.
The grip epidemic is prevalent in
Pittsburg and Allegheny, Pa., in Mil-
waukee, Wis., and Chicago, 111.
Mar. 25. N. C. The Earn line steam-
ship Strathairly is wrecked on the coast ;
19 of the crew of 26 are lost.
Mar. 28. Chicago. It is announced that
the death-rate has been more than
doubled by the prevalence of the grip.
A sash and door combination is
effected.
Mar. 31. New York. Mayor Grant issues
orders for the removal of telegraph
poles and wires from the streets.
Apr. 2±. A combination between
Spreckels and the Havemeyers is
completed ; it is to be known as the
West Coast Sugar Refining Company,
the arrangement being that while one
side is working the other side ceases.
Apr. 4. Ark. The State Legislature re-
fuses to appropriate money for the
World's Fair.
Apr. 11. Chicago. James W. Scott is
chosen to succeed Lyman J. Gage as
president of the Board of Directors of
the World's Fair.
Apr. 12. Chicago. A fire causes a loss
of nearly $1,000,000.
Apr. 13. N. J. Elizabeth loses prop-
erty valued at $750,000 by fire.
382 1891, Apr. 13- May 15.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 Apr. 19. Md. At Baltimore the
" Old Sixth " Massachusetts Volun-
teers are entertained in the city where
they suffered. (See Army, Apr. 19, 1861.)
Apr. 20. D. C. James J. Van Horn is
commissioned colonel — 8th infantry.
[Also George G. Huntt — 2d cavalry.]
New York. The 9th Regiment of
Volunteers entertains the survivors of
the Confederate 3d Georgia Kegiment
with a reception and dinner.
May 6. Cal. The Chilean insurgent
steamer Itata is seized by the authori-
ties at San Diego, at the instance of the
Chilean minister.
May 7. Cal. The Itata, with a deputy
U. S. marshal in custody of it, sails
from San Diego harbor and escapes ;
cannon are hoisted from the hold and
mounted, while the marshal is sent
ashore in a boat, eight miles from port.
May 9. The cruisers Charleston, Balti-
more, and San Francisco are under
orders to recapture the fugitive
steamer Itata.
May 13. Pa. Troops are withdrawn
from the coke region, order being re-
stored.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 Apr. 17. Tex. A fatal tornado
occurs.
[May 19. Tornadoes do much damage
in Texas. Oct. 24. One in Mississippi.
Nov. 27. One at Ked Bud, 111., kills two
persons and wrecks 35 buildings.]
Apr. 25. JV. Y. Natural gas and oil are
discovered at Newfane.
Apr. 27. New York. Ground is broken
for the Grant monument with imposing
ceremonies. (See Sept. 5, 1890.)
May 2. Alas. The exploring party dis-
covers a large lake, which proves to be
a reservoir of Sakhr River ; it is claimed
to be the source of the Yukon River.
May 5. New York. The Carnegie Mu-
sic Hall is opened by singing the dox-
ology, and an address by Bishop Potter.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891.
Apr. 14. Spinola, Francis B., M. C. for
N. Y., A70.
Apr. 17. Hamilton, Charles 8., maj.-gen.
vols., A69.
Apr. 19. Taylor, Alfred, rear-adm. V. S.
N., A81.
Apr. 20. Darling, Henry, president of
Hamilton College, A68.
Pettengill, Samuel M., pioneer advertis-
ing agent, A68.
Thacher, James K., professor physiology
at Yale, A44.
Apr. 23. Moen, Philip L., manufacturer of
farm machinery, A67.
Apr. 29. Long, Armistead L., Confeder-
ate gen., Lee's chief of staff, A 64.
Apr. 30. Conant, Thomas J., Bapt. cler-
gyman, Biblical scholar, A 89.
LeConte, Joseph, physicist, professor
University, of Cal., A73.
May 4. Pratt, Charles, millionaire, philan-
thropist, founder of Pratt Institute, A61.
May 8. Hilgard, Julius E., physicist, super-
intendent coast survey, A66.
CHURCH.
1891 Apr. 26. JV. Y. The Rev. Dr.
Talmage's new tabernacle in Brook-
lyn is formally opened. (The third
Tabernacle.)
Apr. 30. Mass. Rev. Dr. Phillips
Brooks is chosen Protestant Episcopal
bishop of Massachusetts.
May 3. New York. The American Bi-
ble Society celebrates its 75th anniver-
sary.
May 11. New York. The Presbytery
hears Dr. Briggs's protest against the
appointment of the committee to exam-
ine his inaugural address ; hut it de-
clines to censure a sister presbytery.
[May 12. It decides, 44 to 40, to put Dr.
Briggs on trial for heresy.]
LETTERS.
1891 Apr. 16. New York. Rev. James
M'Mahon gives real estate worth $500,-
000 to the Catholic University at
Washington, D. C.
Apr. 19. Md. Col. J. T. Scharf's notable
collection of curios, historical matters,
and manuscripts are presented hy him
to Johns Hopkins University.
Apr. 22. New York. A valuable collec-
tion of books — 11,000 volumes, valued
at $15,000— is given to the Museum
of Natural History.
May 6. New York. The Roman Catho-
lic Press Association of the United
States is in session.
SOCIETY.
1891 Apr. 13. D. C. The President
and Mrs. Harrison and party leave
Washington at midnight for their trans-
continental trip ; the train bears in
letters of gold the inscription, " The
Presidential Special."
[Apr. 14. He is welcomed and makes
addresses at several stopping-places in
Virginia and Tennessee. Apr. 15. He
is welcomed at Chattanooga, Ga. Apr.
16. He is received at Birmingham and
other places along the route from At-
lanta. Apr. 18. He is welcomed at
Houston and Galveston, Tex. Apr. 20.
At San Antonio. Apr. 21. At El Paso,
Tex. Apr. 221-. Along the road from
Tucson, Ariz., to Los Angeles, Cal. Apr.
25. In San Francisco with imposing cer-
emonies. Apr. 30. At Monterey. May
6. At Portland, Ore. May 7. At Seat-
tle, Wash., from whence he returns
East. May 9. At Salt Lake, Utah. May
10. At Glenwood Springs, Colo. May 12.
By an oration at Denver, Colo. May 13.
At Omaha, Neb. May 15. He returns
to Washington.]
Apr. 14. Mo. The Commercial Con-
gress begins at Kansas City ; a letter
from President Harrison is read.
New York. W. Heeney, a Bricklayers'
Union walking delegate, is arrested and
held in $1,000 bail.
Apr. 15. New York. Ex-President N.
Niles of the Tradesman's National
Bank is rearrested and arraigned on a
charge of embezzlement.
Apr. 18±. /. T. Seven negroes are shot
at Okmulgee, capital of the Creek Na-
tion, for the murder of two Creek In-
dians.
Pa. In the Connellsville coke region
strikers attack deputy-sheriffs at one of
the Frick Company's plants ; shots are
exchanged, and one deputy is seriously
wounded. [Apr. 21. Pinkerton guards
arrive and protect property. Apr. 23.
Violence and bloodshed occur ; three
men are shot. May 4. The sheriff's dep-
uties shoot a striker. May 19. Serious
riots occur.]
Apr. 21. Boston. Gen. B. P. Butler is
declared disorderly in the United States
Court, and is quietly ejected by order of
Judge Carpenter.
Apr. 22. Okla. Chief-Justice Green, at
Guthrie, decides that 'women are eligi-
ble to public office ; and, further, that
a woman may, in the absence of a stat-
ute, hold any office not incompatible
with her sex.
Apr. 23. Mich. Street-car strikers in
Detroit cause much disorder.
Neio York. The Patria Club holds its
first meeting.
Apr. 24. New York. The dead body of
a woman, mutilated in the manner of
" Jack the Ripper," is found in a lodging-
house at Water and Catharine Streets.
Apr. 25. Chicago. Over 400 marble-cut-
ters are out on a strike.
N. Y. Women are organized into the
Flushing Citizens' League; officers
are elected.
Apr. 26. Boston. Mrs. Annie Besant
addresses the opening session of the Na-
tional Convention of Theosophists.
Apr. 27. La. The Supreme Court at
New Orleans sustains the application of
the Lottery Company for a mandamus,
despite the veto of Gov. Nicholls.
It compels the promulgation of the
proposed amendments to renew the char-
ter of the Lottery Company for 25 years
at $1,250,000 a year, the same to be voted
on at the election.
Apr. 28. Chicago. The first official act
of Mayor Washburne is to order all the
gambling-houses in the city to be closed.
New York. John T. Hill, deceased,
late president of the Ninth National
Bank, has been discovered to be a de-
faulter to the amount of $400,000.
Apr. 29. N. Y. Arthur C. Gilman, who
died in Flushing, Long Island, is found
to be a defaulter for nearly $223,000.
O. Three recent attempts have been
made to blow up Springfield's new City
Hall, costing $400,000.
Wis. A statue and fountain erected
in Milwaukee, to the memory of Henry
Bergh, is unveiled in the presence of
a large assemblage.
Apr. * A Census Bureau bulletin shows
24.6 per cent increase of white pop-
ulation in the South Atlantic States,
Missouri, and Kansas, and only 13.9 per
cent increase of the colored race.
Apr.* U.S. The Superintendent of Im-
migration reports that the number of
immigrants from Italy exceeds those
from every other country.
Apr. * Del. It is enacted by the Legis-
lature that all tramps may be arrested
and sent to work for 60 days hreaking
stone for mending roads.
They are to work eight hours a day,
and, if refractory, to be put in solitary
confinement on bread and water.
May 1. Ind. About 3,000 miners make
an unsuccessful strike for a wage-scale.
[They hold out for two months at a
wage-loss of $875,000.]
New York. Rev. C. H. Parkhurst
is elected to succeed Rev. Howard Crosby
as president of the Society for the Sup-
pression of Crime.
A meeting is held to celebrate the
abolition of the poorhouse system of
UNITED STATES.
1891, Apr. 13 -May 15. 383
care of the insane ; speeches are made
by Joseph H. Choate, Bishop Potter,
Grover Cleveland, and others.
Work is practically stopped in the
building trades by a strike of the house-
smiths.
Strikes are general in the North
and East for the 8-hour day and higher
wages.
May 2. Kan. The female Mayor of
Kiowa has shut up all its gambling-
houses and saloons, and will allow of
no action to reopen them.
May 3. 2f, Y. Three horse-oar lines in
Long Island City are tied up by striking
drivers.
New York. The Poles of New York
City and Chicago celebrate the 100th
anniversary of the adoption of their
liberal constitution.
May 4. Me. The new liquor law, which
provides for a fine of $100 with 60 days
in jail for the first offense, goes into
effect to-day ; result, a general closing
up of liquor-shops.
May 5. La. The New Orleans grand
jury, after an investigation for six weeks,
indicts O'Malley and five associates
for jury bribing, and accuses three of
the jury of being bribed ; but refuses
to indict the lynchers of the Italians.
[June 8. Bernard Glaudi is convicted
of offering a bribe to a juror. July 24.
The last Mafia bribery case ends ; ver-
dict, not guilty. Oct. 9. The State aban-
dons the case against O'Malley.] (See
Mar. 14.)
Me. The East Maine (Methodist) Con-
ference protests against the acts of the
Administration in endeavoring to en-
large the malt-liquor trade with Cen-
tral American States.
New York. The 26th annual meeting
of the National Temperance Society
is held ; Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler is re-
elected president.
May 6. Mo. The 29th International
Young Men's Christian Association
Convention opens in Kansas City.
N. J. Westfield is terrorized by
tramps.
May 7. N. Y. A memorial service in
honor of Gen. Sherman is held in the
Academy of Music, Brooklyh ; speeches
•by Chauncey M. Depew, Gens. Howard,
Slocum, Swayne, Porter, and others.
The Brooklyn Memorial Hospital
for "Women and Children is formally
opened.
May 8. Del. The lower House of the
Legislature passes the Local-Option
Bill. Vote, 14-4.
N. Y. The will of Mrs. M. A. Os-
borne, admitted to probate, gives Yale
College $150,000 for a memorial hall
to her husband, and makes provision for
a Memorial Home for Aged Women in
Westchester County.
New York. The Lumber Dealers' As-
sociation resolves to boycott the Lumber
Handlers' Union.
Wis. The Grand Lodge of the An-
cient Order of United "Workmen at
Milwaukee decides that liquor-makers
and saloon-keepers are eligible to be-
come members. Vote, 114-81.
May 10. Minn. John Mehan, the leader
of a band of robbers operating in Vir-
ginia, is captured and brought into St.
Paul.
New York. Beth Israel Hospital is
opened in its new house with addresses
by prominent Hebrews.
May 11. Kan. A convict forges his
own pardon and raises a draft from $1
to $20,000, but is discovered before being
released.
N. Y. The 116th anniversary of the
capture of Ticonderoga is celebrated
by the Sons of the Revolution.
May 12. Md. A negro is lynched at
Centerville by masked men after being
sentenced to 21 years for assaulting a
woman.
Phila. The Typographical Union
celebrates the 63d birthday of G. W.
Childs by a banquet.
May 14. La. The mayor of New Orleans
appoints a committee of over 50 citizens
to investigate the matter of oath-bound
societies in the city, and how to sup-
press them.
STATE.
1891 Apr. 14. N. J. Gov. Abbett signs
the Congressional Reapportionment
and Assembly Districting Bill, thereby
giving to the Democrats six out of eight
Representatives, and 40 out of 60 Assem-
blymen.
Apr. 18. N. Y. The Legislature unani-
mously passes a bill appropriating $10,-
000 for carrying out a plan of university
extension under the Board of Regents.
Apr. 19. D. C. It is announced that an
agreement has been reached between
Secretary Blaine and the Belgian Min-
ister by which the Kongo Treaty will
be saved.
Apr. 21. O. The Fourth Annual As-
sembly of League of Republican Clubs
holds its first session at Cincinnati.
Apr. 22. O. James S. Clarkson of
la. is chosen President of the Republi-
can National League at Cincinnati.
Apr. 23. Pa. The House passes an
amended Brooks Wholesale. License
Bill.
Apr. 30. Mich. The Legislature passes
a bill for the election of Presidential
electors by Congressional districts,
with two delegates at large, one each
from the Eastern and Western districts
— a measure to divide the Presidential
vote.
May 5. Neb. The Supreme Court decides
that James E. Boyd (Dem.), being an
alien, is ineligible to the governorship,
and it reinstates Gov. Thayer (Rep.).
May 6. Cal. Upon the representation
of the Chilean Minister, orders are is-
sued from Washington for the seizure
of the steamer Itata, supposed to have
on board arms intended for the Chilean
insurgents ; she is taken in charge at
San Diego by the U. S. marshal.
May 7. D. C. Secretary Blaine's latest
letter to Sir J. Pauncefote, stating the
conditions on which the U. S. Govern-
ment is willing to submit to arbitra-
tion the Bering Sea dispute, is made
public ; it is dated April 14.
May 8. Mass. The House passes a bill
fixing 125 feet as the limit of height for
houses in cities.
May 9. Kan. Mrs. Mary F. Burton,
postmistress, is elected police judge at
Jamestown, Cloud County.
May 14. New York. The Union League
Club memorializes Congress on the dan-
gers of unrestricted immigration, natu-
ralization, and suffrage.
May 15. D. C. Green B. Baum, Jr.,
resigns his position as assistant chief
clerk in the Pension Oifice. (See Feb. 6.)
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 Apr. 14. Mo. The first Western
States Commercial Congress meets at
Kansas City.
[Apr. 17. Two reports are presented ;
after a heated debate, the majority re-
port, favoring unlimited coinage of sil-
ver and a tariff exclusively for revenue,
is adopted.]
Apr. 15. III. The annual meeting of the
■Whisky Trust takes place in Peoria.
It reports sales for the year of 44,748,171
gallons, nearly 4,000,000 gallons over last
year, and 9,000,000 gallons over the pre-
vious year.
Apr. 18. O. The east-bound fast mail
collides with the Toledo Express at
Kipton Station, on the Lake Shore road ;
both engines, three mail-cars, and one
baggage-car are wrecked, and eight per-
sons killed.
Apr. 26. Phila. The National Pub-
lishing Company's building is de-
stroyed by fire ; loss, $200,000.
Apr. 29. Tenn. Nearly 20 acres of build-
ings are burned at Chattanooga ; loss,
$250,000.
Apr. * The Brewers' Journal says £18,-
934,000 of English capital are now in-
vested in American breweries.
May 2±. Forest fires are raging in
Maryland and in the Alleghanies.
May 4. N. Y. Breaker Island Steel
Works are burned ; loss, $400,000 ;
nearly 1,000 employees are deprived of
work.
May 5. Pa. Coal-breakers are burned
at Edwardsville ; loss, $250,000 ; about
800 men and boys are thrown out of em-
ployment.
May 6. N. Y. Acres of lumber are
burning at Long Island City ; loss,
$600,000. /
May 8. N. Y. The school children
throughout the State choose the rose as
the State flower. Vote, rose, 294,816 ;
goldenrod, 206,402.
Phila. The Spring Garden Na-
tional Bank closes its doors by order of
the Bank Examiner ; the Penn Safe De-
posit and Trust Company makes an as-
signment.
May 10. N. Mex. Four tramps and
360 cattle are killed in a train-wreck
on the Santa Fe Road.
New York. F. H. Leggett and
Company's warehouse and stock are in-
jured by fire ; loss, $430,000.
May 11. N. Y. Brooklyn Bridge Trus-
tees formally vote to make the promen-
ade free after June 1.
Pa. In Pine Grove Township 22 oil
and four gas wells take fire.
May 13. O. By the purchase of the
Alexander Plant in Akron, the Stand-
ard Oil Company gains full control of
the oil trade In the United States.
May 14+. Mich. The loss by forest
fires is estimated at over $2,000,000.
384 1891, May 15 - June 17.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 May 16. D. C. Capt. Henry Er-
ben is selected to command Brooklyn
Navy Yard, vice Adm. Braine.
May 17. The ships in the South Pa-
cific, including the Charleston, are
placed under command of Acting
Rear- Adm. M'Cann.
May 19. D. C. Isaac D. de Russy is
commissioned colonel — 11th cavalry.
[Also May 22. La Rhett L. Livingston
— 3d artillery. July 1. William M. Gra-
ham— 5th artillery. James Diddle — 9th
cavalry.]
Com. John Irwin is promoted rear-
admiral. Commander Louis Kempff is
promoted captain. [Also Sept. 27. Fran-
cis J. Higginson. Oct. 2. George W.
Sumner. Nov. 5. Benjamin F. Day.]
May 24. Sealed orders are issued to the
commander of the Rush relative to the
fur-seal fishery in Bering Sea.
June 4. The Chilean insurgent
steamer Itata surrenders to American
naval vessels.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 May 23. Tenn. The bronze
monument to the Andrews raiders
of 1863 is erected in the National Ceme-
tery at Chattanooga.
June 3. 111. A bronze statue of Gen.
Grant is unveiled at Galena ; Chauncey
M. Depew delivers the address.
Md. A monument is erected at Old
St. Mary's to Leonard Calvert, the first
colonial governor.
Miss. The monument to Confeder-
ate soldiers at Jackson is unveiled.
June 6. Cal. The solar eclipse is suc-
cessfully observed at Lick University,
Mount Hamilton.
N. Y. A statue of J. S. T. Strana-
han, philanthropist of Brooklyn, is un-
veiled at Prospect Park.
Pa. A monument to Gen. Har-
tranf t is unveiled at Norristown.
June 9. Cal. A valuable collection of
Russian minerals, containing 800 speci-
mens (valued at $30,000), is presented by
the Czar of Russia to the Art Museum
of Leland Stanford University.
June 10. N. Y. A soldiers' monument
is unveiled at Salisbury Mills.
Va. A Confederate soldiers' mon-
ument is unveiled at Fredericksburg.
June 13. N. Y. A Froebel Society is
incorporated in Brooklyn for the ad-
vancement of education and the promo-
tion of self-culture.
June 14±. Pa. The Burlington Air-
ship Company, with a capital of
$10,000,000, is organized and incorpo-
rated at Burlington.
June 15. D. C. The Signal Service
Bureau declares this to be the hottest
15th of June on record.
June 17. Fla. A monument to Con-
federate soldiers is unveiled at Pensa-
cola ; it is the first to give monumental
honors to Jefferson Davis.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891.
May 80. Taft, Alphonso, atty.-gen., sec. of
war, minister to Russia, to Austria, A81.
May 25. Houk, Leonidas C, M. C. for
Tenn., A55.
May 86. Carter, Samuel P., rear-adm.
U. S. N., A72.
May 27. Van Dyke, Henry J.,Pres. cler-
gyman, A69.
May 30. Barker, Fordyce, physician, sci-
entist, medical writer, A73.
May 3 1 . Brooks, David, electrical inventor,
A71.
June 3. Lossing, Benson J., historian, A78.
June 5. Vibbard, Chauncey, railroad mag-
nate of K. Y., A79.
June 8. Knight, Cyrus F., Prot. Epis.
bishop of Milwaukee, A60.
June 10. Fisher, Charles, comedian, A75.
June 15. Einmett, Joseph K., comedian,
A50.
June 17. Ludington, Harrison, Gov. of
Wis., A78.
CHURCH.
1891 May 16. New York. The protest
of a number of clergymen against the
unorthodox teachings of Rev. Dr. New-
ton is sent to Bishop Potter. [May 19.
The Bishop decides to act.]
May 19. New York. The directors of
Union Theological Seminary receive
a statement from Dr. Briggs, and pass a
resolution commending his views.
May 20. N. Y. Judge Hilton gives
$500,000 to the Garden City Cathedral
(Protestant Episcopal).
May 21. Mich. The 103d meeting of the
General Assembly (Presbyterian) is
held at Detroit ; William Henry Green,
moderator.
[May 22. The committee on the Re-
vision of the Confession of Faith report ;
the Assembly votes to send the report to
the presbyteries for their action during
the ensuing year. May 29. It adopts
the report of the Committee on Semi-
naries. Vote, 440-60. The report disap-
proves of the appointment of Dr. Briggs.]
N. Y. Judge Pratt renders a decision
in Brooklyn, that a religious corpora-
tion is not liable for the negligence
of its servants ; he dismisses a suit
for personal injuries.
May 23. Phila. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
May 24. New York. Rev. Dr. Bridg-
man, who resigned from the Madison
Avenue Baptist Church, is confirmed
by Bishop Potter in the Protestant
Episcopal faith. [Dec. 14. He is or-
dained a deacon.]
May 27. O. The 13th General Coun-
cil (Reformed Episcopal) meets at
Cleveland.
Pa. The 62d Synod (Reformed
Presbyterian) convenes at Pittsburg.
May 31. Md. The Annual Encamp-
ment of Dunkards is held in Hagerstown.
Thomas "W. Campbell is conse-
crated (Reformed Episcopal) bishop.
June 1. U. S. The Young People's
Society of Christian Endeavor re-
ports a membership of 1,000,000.
June 4. Mich. The Diocese of Western
Michigan consents to the consecration
of Dr. PhiUips Brooks as bishop of the
Diocese of Massachusetts ; this gives
him the necessary majority, as 28
Dioceses have given consent. [July 10.
The House of Bishops confirms the elec-
tion.] (See Oct. 14.)
June 8. New York. The official transla-
tion of Pope Leo's encyclical letter on
the condition of labor is made public.
June 10. Pa. The Reformed Presby-
terian Synod at Pittsburg expels five
ministers for asserting the right to vote
and to hold office.
June 15. New York. The 13th annual
Convention of the Jewish Rabbis'
Association of America begins ; it
passes a resolution asking the President
of the United States to protest against
the treatment of Jews in Russia.
June 16. New York. The Hebrew clergy
take action relative to their people
properly observing the Jewish Sabbath ;
they resolve to form a Sabbath League
in every synagogue and temple rep-
resented in the conference.
LETTERS.
1891 May 18. N. Y. Congressman
Belden offers to build and give to Syra-
cuse, a fireproof library and art build-
ing, to cost not less than $150,000.
May 19. Tex. W. M. Rice, formerly of
Texas, now of New York, gives Houston
$200,000 to establish an institute for
the advancement of Literature, Science,
and Art, similar to Cooper Institute of
New York. (See July 21, 1892.)
May 24. Pa. Dr. W. Pepper offers the
University of Pennsylvania $50,000
toward an endowment fund of $250,000,
and $1,000 annually for five years toward
a guaranty fund of $20,000 annually for
five years.
May 25. Conn. The Yale graduating
class of '91 decides, by a vote of 64 to 42,
to wear the cap and gown on Com-
mencement Day.
May 28. D. C. The American Uni-
versity of "Washington (Meth. Epis.)
is chartered.
May 29. N. Y. The will of Charles Pratt
is filed for probate ; his gifts to Pratt
Institute amount to $2,500,000.
June 1. New York. Rev. John Hall re-
signs the chancellorship of the Univer-
sity of the City of New York. [June
11. Rev. H. M. MacCracken is elected
his successor.]
June 15. The "Western Reserve His-
torical Society becomes the owner of
the famous glacial-grooved limestone
ledge on Keeley's Island, Lake Erie.
June 16. N. Y. James B. Colgate, of
New York City, formally presents
$1,000,000 to Colgate University,
at Hamilton, N. Y., to endow the Dodge
Memorial Fund.
D. C. The National Chautauqua
at Glen Echo, near Washington, opens.
SOCIETY.
1891 May 18. New York. The trustees
of the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
by a vote of 12 to 4, decide to open its
doors on Sundays from 1 p.m. to within
half an hour of sunset. [Several thou-
sand petitioners urge Sunday opening.
May 31. About 10,000 visitors appear on
UNITED STATES.
1891, May 15 -June 17. 385
the first Sunday ; the number soon de-
clines to a few hundred.]
May 19. Colo. The Trans-Mississippi
Congress begins at Denver.
Ind. A villainous attempt is made
to wreck an express-train near Wabash
on a 40-foot embankment ; wreckers un-
known.
May 20. 0. The National Brewers'
Association is in session at Cleveland,
with 200 delegates present.
The trustees report that they rejoice
at the defeat of the bill to create a Gov-
ernment commission of inquiry on the
alcoholic liquor-traffic.
May 21. R. I. A State Soldiers' Home
at Bristol is opened.
Another Irish- American Society
is formed to collect funds for Home
Rule in Ireland ; it is called " The Na-
tional Federation of America."
May 22. New York. Eugene Kelley,
treasurer of the Irish Home Rule
Fund, cables $15,000 to Archbishop
Croke in Ireland.
May 23. New York. A. Elbogen, theat-
rical agent, is sentenced to five years
and 11 months imprisonment for kidnap-
ping a girl for immoral purposes.
May 25. Phila. Ex-City Treasurer John
Bardsley is charged with an additional
embezziement of over $360,000 of State
funds. [May 29. He is sent to prison in
default of bail. June 9. He pleads guilty
to 17 of the indictments found by the
grand jury. June 12. Another deficit is
discovered of $400,000; total amount
about $1,000,000. June 27. Another dis-
crepancy is discovered — a due-bill for
$30,000.] (See July 2-13.)
D. C. The Federal Supreme Court
upholds the constitutionality of the
Original Package Law; it does not
annul State prohibitory laws.
May 26. New York. The will of John
T. Parish provides for the distribution
of $280,000 to hospitals and other
public charities.
May 28. New York. An aged couple are
driven by poverty to commit suicide.
Phila. F. W. Kennedy, president of
Spring Garden Bank, is charged with
embezzling $100,000. (See May 8, Misc.)
May 31. La. A negro is burned to
death by lynchers because he kills one
of a mob attempting a raid on his home.
May * Fla. The South Florida Presby-
tery condemns the efforts of the govern-
ment to extend the trade in alcoholic
beverages among semi-civilized people
of the Central American States.
June 1. Boston. The 253d anniversary
of the organization of the Ancient and
Honorable Artillery is celebrated ;
Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage preaches the
sermon in the Old South Church.
U. S. The reported membership of
the Royal Arcanum is 118,454.
June 3. N. Y. The 2d annual session
of the Lake Mohonk Negro Confer-
ence is formally opened ; ex-President
R. B. Hayes is elected chairman.
June 8. Mass. Lizzie "Witherell, 20
years of age, is sentenced to 10 years'
hard labor in the House of Correction
at East Cambridge for burglary.
June 9. N. Y. The Excise Reform
Association is incorporated for the
purpose of promoting the passage of
more stringent excise laws, and the es-
tablishment of an excise system that
shall impose adequate regulations upon
the sale of liquor in this State.
June 10. Mich. Riotous strikers at
Grand Rapids attack the police and are
fired upon ; 13 arrests are made.
Mont. W. J. Penrose, editor of The
Mining Journal and a member of the
Legislature, is shot dead near his home
in Butte.
New York. A $25,000 house is
transferred to Mrs. M. E. Williams, a
Spiritualist medium, by the widow of
the late John Anderson, tobacconist,
for a one dollar consideration.
June 11. Neio York. John H. Starin
gives his annual excursion to Union
veteran soldiers and sailors, about
6,000 in number, with their families.
Pa. The American Protestant
Association, having a membership of
lOOjOOO, holds its annual convention at
Pittsburg.
June 12. Kan. In the District Court,
Topeka, an original package agent,
representing a Kansas City liquor-house,
is fined $1,500, and sentenced to 90 days
in the county jail.
New York. Julio Mergbacher, a
trusted officer of the New York Life In-
surance Company, Spanish-American
Department, has fled the country, leav-
ing a deficit in his accounts of $325,000.
Rutgers Female College brings suit
against Jacob B. Tallman, former pres-
ident and treasurer, to recover $180,000
which, it is alleged, he obtained by
fraud.
June 14. Ariz. The notorious Mexican
stage-robber Geromino is killed, and
his accomplice Leon is under arrest at
Tucson.
Cat. A Chinaman acquitted of the
charge of murdering an Indian is
dragged from the court-room at Bridge-
port, and cut into pieces by Indians.
June 16. New York. The Court of Ap-
peals decides against John Most, the
anarchist. The question involved was,
"Does the constitutional right of peace-
ful assembly and freedom of speech in-
clude the inciting to riot and unbridled
license of the tongue of malicious per-
sons?" [June 19. He is sent to the
penitentiary on Blackwell's Island.]
R. I. The American Society of Me-
chanical Engineers opens its four-
days' session at Providence.
STATE.
1891 May 15. III. The lower House of
the Legislature strikes from the Com-
pulsory Education Bill the provision
requiring the use of the English lan-
guage in private and parochial schools.
May 17. La. Mayor Shakespeare of New
Orleans requests the U. S. Government
to recall the exequatur of Corte,
Italian consul of that city, because
of his assumptions.
May 19. O. The National Union Con-
ference opens in Cincinnati ; commit-
tees are appointed ; (May 20) it adopts
a platform, a name, — The People's
Party of the United States of Amer-
ica, — appoints a national committee,
and adjourns.
May 21. Colo. The silver men are prac-
tically defeated in the Trans-Mississippi
Congress at Denver.
D. C. The President by proclamation
announces that 1,600,000 acres of the
Indian reservation at Fort Berthold,
N. Dak., are open for settlement under
the Homestead Law.
May 26. R.I. The Legislature in grand
committee declares the Republican
candidates for State offices elected.
June 2. D. C. The Secretary of the
Treasury issues a circular giving
notice that the outstanding 4i per cent
bonds, principal and interest, will be
redeemed on Sept. 2, 1891.
June 3. La. A. J. Westf all (People's
Party) is nominated for governor.
Mich. The House passes the Con-
gressional Reapportionment Bill.
[June 19. It passes the Senate.]
Mass. The House passes the bill for
reapportioning the State into Congres-
sional districts.
June 6. Del. At Wilmington the Repub-
licans for the first time in 20 years elect
the entire city ticket.
June 12. Conn. Gov. Bulkeley refuses
to resign his office to the contestant.
June 15. D. C. President Harrison
issues a proclamation declaring a
close sealing season in Bering Sea,
in accordance with the terms of the
modus vivendi between the United States
and Great Britain ; the full text of the
diplomatic correspondence on the sub-
ject is published.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 May 17. Mich. Twenty-two
blocks are burned in Muskegon, includ-
ing the court-house, which cost $100,000.
May 19. Colo. The Trans-Missis-
sippi Commercial Congress meets at
Denver ; 1,200 delegates are present.
N. Y. Near Tarrytown 13 men are
killed, 15 wounded, and a portion of
the New York Central Road track is
wrecked, by a dynamite explosion on a
running car.
May 23. Ala. By a mine explosion
at the Pratt mines, near Birmingham,
11 men are killed.
June 10. Md. The Concordia Opera
House, Baltimore, is burned ; loss,
$280,000.
June 11. Minn. The whaleback
steamer Charles W. Wetmore, laden
with grain, starts from Duluth for Liv-
erpool.
June 13. N. Y. The Long Island Bicy-
cle Railroad Company is incorporated to
operate a single track on Long Island
for twenty miles from Rocky Point
Landing, Suffolk County, to a point on
the Great South Beach.
June 15. Cat. San Francisco receives
the first shipment of block tin from the
Temescal mines.
June 16. N. J. A fire at Seabright,
caused by a drunken stableman, destroys
$350,000 worth of property, and renders
100 families homeless.
0. The American Cereal Com-
pany, incorporated at Columbus, with a
capital of $3,400,000, organizes at Akron.
386 1891, June 17 - July 15.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 July 2. Ariz. The hostile In-
dians are overawed by the troops.
July 14. Cal. The arms and ammuni-
tion on board the Itata at San Diego are
formally libeled by U. S. Marshal Gard.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 June 19. N. Y. A plague of
caterpillars infests the town of Burke,
Franklin County ; they are devouring
herbage in a track nearly a mile in
width.
June 24. N. Y. The statues of Henry
"Ward Beecher in front of the Brook-
lyn City Hall, and of Archbishop
Hughes at St. John's College, Fordham,
are unveiled with impressive ceremonies.
June 27. N. Y. The corner-stone for
the Soldiers' and Sailors' monument
is laid at Yonkers.
June 29. Cal. An inland lake sud-
denly and mysteriously appears in the
lowest part of the Colorado desert.
[July 2. The water continues to rise.
July 8. A stream is discovered which
flows from the Colorado River into the
Salton Lake about eight miles from El
Rio.]
July 4. N. Y. A Soldiers' and Sailors'
monument is unveiled at Owego.
Neto York. A bronze statue of Sam-
uel S. Cox is unveiled ; it is a testimo-
nial to Mr. Cox by the letter-carriers of
the United States, and cost $10,000.
July 5. Conn. The monument to Adju-
tant Campbell of the British army, who
fell in an attack on New Haven, July 5,
1775, is unveiled ; it is erected as a token
of gratitude for his merciful conduct.
July 8. Wash. Gophers and squirrels
are destroying the wheat-crop.
July 11. Ore. A rival of the Mam-
moth Cave in Kentucky is discovered.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891.
June 21. McDonald, Joseph E., senator
for Ind., A72.
July 4. Hamlin. Hannibal, senator for
Me., Vice-President with Lincoln, A82.
July 13. Burgess, Edward, yacht-builder,
A43.
Harrison, Thomas, Confed. gen., A78.
CHURCH.
1891 June 17. Phila. Rev. Isaac
Nicholson is elected Protestant Epis-
copal bishop of Wisconsin.'
June 18. New York. The Industrial
Christian Alliance is incorporated. Its
object is to help men and women, who
have become degraded through misfor-
tune or vice, in such a way that their
self-respect will be reawakened.
June 24. La. Davis Sessums is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant
bishop of Louisiana.
June 29. Mass. The Northfield Con-
ference, under the direction of D. L.
Moody, is opened for the summer. [Aug.
6. He raises $3,600 in ten minutes for
the education of Indian youth.]
July 1. Ida. The Rev. Ethelburt
Talbot, missionary bishop of Western
Idaho, is elected bishop of Georgia.
July 6. Md. The Central Conference
of American Rabbis opens its session
at Baltimore, Dr. Isaac M. Wise of Cin-
cinnati presiding.
July 7. Wis. Father Durin of De Pere
organizes " The Deliverance So-
ciety," which proposes to deliver souls
from purgatory.
July 9. Minn. The tenth annual Inter-
national Convention of the Young Peo-
ple's Society of Christian Endeavor
is opened in Minneapolis ; 14,000 del-
egates are present. [July 10. Centen-
nial Day is observed.]
July 11. New York. A large party of
Methodists starts on the Etruria as pil-
grims to Epworth, England, the early
home of John Wesley, and the birthplace
of Methodism.
LETTERS.
1891 June 19. Pa. Gov. Pattison ve-
toes the Compulsory Education BiU.
June 24. Mass. Merrill E. Gates is in-
augurated president of Amherst College.
June 27. III. The first number of The
National Picket, the official organ of the
Woman's Relief Corps of the United
States, is issued at Monticello.
June 29. Boston. Col. W. W. Clapp re-
tires from the management of the Boston
Journal.
July 1. D. C. President Harrison pro-
claims the benefits of the United States
copyright extended to citizens of for-
eign countries, they having complied
with the conditions imposed.
July 2. N. Y. The first summer meet-
ing of the American Association to pro-
mote the Teaching of Speech to the
Deaf is held at Lake George.
July 3. O. The Cincinnati German
Teachers' Association decides in favor
of printing German literature in Roman
text, and to use English script in all
German writing.
July 5. N. J. The Seaside Assembly
opens as a school of philosophy at Avon-
by-the-Sea.
July 7. N. J. The 23d annual meeting
of the American Philological Associ-
ation meets in University Hall, Prince-
ton.
July 8. N. Y. The University con-
vocation is opened in Albany ; George
William Curtis presides.
Conn. Miss Irene W. Coit of Norwich
is notified that she will be admitted to
Yale ; this is the first time that the Uni-
versity has granted a certificate of ad-
mission to a woman.
July 10. Chicago. The trustees of the
new Chicago University decide to erect
buildings to cost $350,000.
July 11. New York. A charter of incor-
poration is secured for the New York
Law School.
July 14. Minn. The National Edito-
rial Association is in session at St. Paul.
Utah. The Liberals defeat the Mor-
mons in a school election in Salt Lake
City.
SOCIETY.
1891 June 17. Wis. A tie placed on
the track at Coon River Crossing causes
a wreck on the Chicago, Milwaukee, and
St. Paul Railroad ; three persons are
killed and many injured.
N. J. The Master Mechanics of
the United States railroads are in ses-
sion at Cape May.
The International Congress of
Homeopathists opens at Atlantic City.
June 19. Boston. A convention of ac-
tive and retired naval officers meets in
Faneuil Hall.
June 20. Chicago. The Molders' Union
decides that its members shall not work
on any architectural work during the
strike of the architectural iron-workers ;
2,000 molders are influenced by this ac-
tion ; the strike is spreading to other
trades.
Ga. The mayor of Atlanta vetoes
all beer .licenses.
Pa. The fishing-club whose dam
caused the Johnstown disaster has
been [unsuccessfully] sued for several
hundred thousand dollars.
June 22. Ga. Seven guards and con-
victs are killed in an attempted jail de-
livery at Cole City.
Mo. The new Missouri law prohib-
iting pool-selling on races outside the
State goes into effect ; every pool-room
in St. Louis but one is closed.
N. Y. The Italians in Brooklyn pa-
rade in honor of Mazzini's birthday ;
the Italian flag floats over the City Hall,
and Mayor Chapin and other officials re-
view the procession.
June 23. Cal. A trust-deed for $100,000
is executed by Mrs. Leland Stanford in
favor of five free kindergartens in
San Francisco which she has founded.
June 25. The presiding elders of the
negro Methodist Church of the South
adopt a resolution that the colored
people of the South, as a race, boycott
all railroads not providing first-class
accommodations for colored people.
La. The anti-lottery campaign
opens in New Orleans with a large and
enthusiastic meeting in the Grand Opera
House.
June 26. Ark. Ex-state treasurer Wood-
ruff is indicted for embezzlement of
State funds. [Oct. * First trial jury ;
disagree. Apr. 2, 1892. Second trial,
verdict, not guilty ; released.]
Wash. A band of 100 Italians make
an attack on labor camps.
June 27. Mich. Twenty-eight stri-
kers are arraigned at Grand Rapids,
charged with conspiring to destroy the
wheel-pit of the cable street-railroad
with dynamite.
Wis. An Anti-Prohibition Con-
vention is held at Janesville.
June 29. Chicago. Prince George of
Greece arrives at Chicago on his way
to New York.
The Typothetae rejects the request
of Typographical Union No. 6 for a
work-day of nine hours.
Labor Unionists insist on the employ-
ment of union men, ami declare a boy-
cott on two car-lines and a theater.
June 30. Wash. Two persons are killed
and seven injured in a fight between
white strikers and negro laborers.
UNITED STATES.
1891, June 17-July 15. 387
Ind. In Crawford County White
Caps whip a man and his step-daughter
on an unproved charge until they faint
from exhaustion.
U. S. Pensioners in 1891, 156,486;
pensions, $118,548,959. Total amount of
pensions since 1862, $1,277,261,263.
July 1. Wash. Armed men are guard-
ing the striking miners at New Castle.
July 2. Phila. John Bardsley, ex-city
treasurer, is sentenced to 15 years' im-
prisonment and a fine equal in amount
to his embezzlement. (See May 25.)
Pa. The Pittsburg carpenters'
strike, by driving the smaller contrac-
tors to the wall, has strengthened the.
Builders' Association, making it more of
a monopoly than before.
July 3. N. J. The President arrives
at Cape May, where he is to spend the
summer.
N. Y. The reunion of the Army
of the Potomac begins at Buffalo ; the
various corps elect officers, and Gen.
Slocum delivers an address.
July 4. Boston. The Naval Order of
the United States is established.
La. New Orleans celebrates the
Fourth of July for the first time since
1860.
N. Y. The National Prohibition
Park, on Staten Island, near Port Rich-
mond, is formally dedicated.
New York. The letter-carriers of
the United States hold a reunion, and
participate in the ceremonies of unveil-
ing the statue of Hon. Samuel S. Cox.
S. C. J. D. Shaw, editor of the Bish-
opville Eagle, is shot dead at a picnic,
by two drunken men that he and others
were trying to keep in order.
July 5. Cal. A Chinese-Indian feud
is progressing at Bridgeport.
New York. Sir George Baden-
Powell, British commissioner on the
Bering Sea question, arrives.
^— Tenn. A negro is shot by a white
mob at Trenton.
July 6. New York. A notorious diamond-
thief is arrested at the Astor House
after stealing diamonds worth $30,000.
O. A big tri-State labor demon-
stration is held at Stubenville.
July 9. Ga. Fifty armed men break
into the jail at Blackshear, take there-
from a negro prisoner, tie him to a
sapling, and riddle him with bullets.
N. J. Several Jersey City ballot-
box stuffers are sentenced each to 18
months in State prison. [July 24. Three
more are sentenced to like penalty.
Nov. 14. Two more are sentenced to
nine months in the penitentiary. July
9, 1892. Four more are convicted.]
N. Y. Dr. Griffin, Superintendent
of the Brooklyn Health Department, ap-
points a corps of 20 physicians to visit
the sick free of charge in the summer.
Two handsomely furnished robber-
caves containing stolen articles are dis-
covered near Islip, Long Island.
July 12. D. C. Italo-Americans at
"Washington hold a meeting for pro-
moting the World's Fair and honoring
Columbus.
Wis. The Northwestern Saenger-
fest at Milwaukee closes with a deficit
of from $2,000 to $3,000.
July 13. Phila. The treasurers of the
State of Pennsylvania and of the city
of Philadelphia secure upwards of
$1,000,000, which was deposited in
bank in John Bardsley's absence by his
chief clerk.
July 14. Minn. The National Edito-
rial Association opens its 7th annual
convention at St. Paul.
Tenn. The Afro- American League
of the United States meets in annual
session in Knoxville ; the separation of
races on railway trains is denounced.
STATE.
1891 June 17. O. William McKinley,
Jr. (Rep.), is nominated for governor.
June 18. Pa. Gov. Pattison vetoes the
Compulsory Education Bill.
June 20. Russia unites with America
and England for a close sealing season
in Bering Sea,
June 24. D. C. The Treasury Depart-
ment issues a statement showing a net
surplus of $1,566,571.
Conn. Morgan G. Bulkeley's claim
that he is dejure governor of the State
is upheld by a decision of the Superior
Court at Hartford.
la. Horace Boies (Dem.) is renomi-
nated for governor.
June 26. Sp. The new Spanish Com-
mercial Treaty with the United States
is signed at Madrid (operative on Sept. 1).
June 30. D. C. The Weather Bureau
is transferred from the War to the
Agricultural Department, and Mark
W. Harrington appointed its chief.
Statistics for the fiscal year. Rev-
enue: Cust.oms, $219,522,205; internal
revenue, $145,686,249 ; sales of public
lands, $4,029,535 ; miscellaneous items,
$23,374,457. Total revenue, $392,612,446.
Expenditures : Premiums on loans, pur-
chase of bonds, etc., $10,401,221 ; miscel-
laneous items, $110,048,167 ; War Depart-
ment, $48,720,065; Navy Department,
$26,113,896; Indians, $8,527,469; pen-
sions, $124,415,951 ; interest on the public
debt, $37,547,135. Total ordinary expen-
ditures, $365,773,904; excess of revenue
over ordinary expenditures, $26,838,542.
Exports, $884,480,810 ; imports, $844,916,-
196. Public debt (Dec. 1), $1,546,961,695.
July 1. Cal. The Australian Ballot
Law becomes operative.
D. C. President Harrison issues
a proclamation that Belgium, France,
Great Britain, and Switzerland have
complied with the first conditions of
the International Copyright Act ; the
act goes into effect.
The Treasury Department reports a
reduction of $20,000,000 of debt,
and $53,853,808 surplus for the fiscal
year.
la. Hiram C. Wheeler (Rep.) is nom-
inated for governor.
July 2. D. C. At a special meeting of
the Cabinet it is decided to extend the
4| per cent bonds at 2 per cent after
Sept. 2 ; a circular is issued to this effect.
July 7. Cal. The Attorney-General or-
ders that the Itata, now at San Diego,
be libeled for attempting to carry mu-
nitions of war to the Chilean insurgents.
[July 9. Another libel is filed for violat-
ing the Neutrality Law.]
July 9. D. C. President Harrison ap-
points T. C. Mendenhall, of the Coast
and Geodetic Survey, and C. H. Merriam,
of the Agricultural Department, Com-
missioners to visit Alaska and gather
information on the Bering Sea question.
July 15. D. C. The Postmaster-General
issues a notice to bidders to carry the
U. S. mail to foreign countries in vessels
of American build.
O. James E. Campbell (Dem.) is re-
nominated for governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 June 21. O. On the Nickel Plate
Road near Dover 15 cars are wrecked ;
one man is killed and more than 30 are
injured.
June 23. N. Y. Nearly 20 people are
injured by a collision of two trains at
White Plains.
June 24. Conn. Columbia freshmen
defeat Harvard and Yale in a boat-race ;
time, 9.41.
June 25. Conn. In the 9th intercol-
legiate boat-race, three miles straight,
the Cornell crew breaks the record, and
defeats the University of Pennsylvania
by six lengths, and Columbia by 13
lengths ; time, 14 minutes, 27J seconds.
June 27. N. Y. Commissioners con-
demn 50 acres on Plum Island for
Government purposes, fixing the price
at $90,000.
June 30. Colo. The first passenger-train
ascends the inclined railway on Pike's
Peak.
New York. The Board of Aldermen
decide against the Elevated Railroad's
occupancy of part of the Battery Park.
Vote, 16-8.
July 1. Mass. Holden celebrates the
150th anniversary of its settlement.
July 3. O. A freight- train crashes
into an express-train at Ravenna ; the
wreck takes fire from the lamps, and 19
of the passengers are burned to death.
U. S. It is reported that during
the first six months of the current
year 16 complete railroads — mileage,
2,590, bonded debt and capital stock,
$106,531,000 — have been sold to satisfy
creditors' claims.
July 4. W. Va. In an accident on the
Kanawha and Michigan Railroad 14
persons are killed and many injured.
July 6. N. Y. The New York and Brook-
lyn Bridge trustees turn over the
bridge funds to the two cities — $100,000
to Brooklyn and $50,000 to New York.
July 7. New York. The Empire Print-
ing Works are burned ; loss, $175,000.
July 8. O. A large building and a valu-
able stock of furs are destroyed by fire
in Cincinnati ; loss, nearly $900,000.
July 9+. Cal. Bush fires burn over
10,000 acres of grain, feed, and timber
lands.
July 11. Pa. A syndicate purchases for
$1,000,000 the stores of the Cambria
Iron Company at Pittsburg.
388 1891, July 15 -Aug. 15.
AMERICA
ARMY -NAVY.
1891 July 20. Tenn. A body of 1,000
miners at Briceville compel the militia
to withdraw with the convicts sent to
work in the mines ; the governor orders
10 companies of militia to the place.
July 21. N. Y. The Naval Heserve
and the Squadron of Evolution unite
in a drill in the North River.
Aug. 1. D. C. John S. Poland is com-
missioned colonel — 17th infantry.
Aug. 11. N. F. A satisfactory test is
made of the Sims-Edison torpedo-
boat at Willet's Point ; its speed is 20
miles an hour under perfect control.
N. J. A charge of 440 pounds of
powder is used in the 12-inch gun at the
Government proving-grounds, Sandy
Hook ; the French smokeless powder is
also satisfactorily tested.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 July 21. Va. A monument to
"Stonewall" Jackson is unveiled at
Lexington. Gen. Jubal A. Early is the
orator.
July 23. Prof. Herbert B. Adams of
Johns Hopkins University is appointed
chief of the World's Fair Department
of Liberal Arts.
July 28. Commander Perry of the North
Greenland exploring party reports
his vessel, the steamer Kite, ice-bound
in the Straits of Belle Isle.
Aug. 5. Pa. A cloudburst floods the
country near Harrisburg. [Aug. 23. An-
other at Pottsville.]
Aug. 9. Cal. A great earthquake and
tidal wave occur at the mouth of the
Colorado River, accompanied by wonder-
ful phenomena ; the whole region is
stirred by hundreds of mud volcanoes
and sulphur eruptions.
Aug. 12. D. C. The 14th annual con-
vention of the American Society of
Microscopists meets at Washington.
Aug. 13. Mass. The Soldiers' Memo-
rial Monument at Cottage City is dedi-
cated.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891.
July 17. Browne, Thomas M., statesman,
A62.
July 20. Davenport, Fanny E. V., actor,
A62.
July 85. Newcomb, Richard S., lawyer, A47.
July 26. Dillingham, Paul, Gov. of Vt., A92.
July 28. Havemeyer, Frederick C, sugar
refiner, A84.
Aug. 6. Axtell, Samuel B., Gov. of New
Mexico, A72.
Aug. 7. Bocock, Thomas S., speaker Con-
federate Congress, A66.
Aug. 8. Bigelow, Allen Gilman, author,
poet, musician, A37.
Aug. 9. Campbell, Jabez Pitt, bishop Afri-
can Meth. Epis. Church, A76.
Aug. 12. Jones, George, proprietor New
York Times, A80.
Lowell, James Russell, poet, professor
at Harvard, minister to England, A72.
CHURCH.
1891 Aug. 2. N. J. The relics of St.
Quietus the Martyr (discovered in
1849, and given to the Rev. A. Curren by
Pope Pius IX., with authority to expose
them for public veneration) are trans-
ferred with great ceremonial from old
St. Mary's Church to anew resting-place
in Hoboken.
Aug. 13. The Pan-Republic Congress
Executive Committee calls upon min-
isters and others to use for their text on
Discovery Day, Oct. 16, the words cast
on the Independence Bell of Philadel-
phia— a bell rung on July 4, 1776. (See
Lev. xxv. 10.)
LETTERS.
1891 July 17. /. T. The Indian Bureau
makes contracts this year with Cath-
olic Indian Schools directly, instead
of through the Bureau of Catholic In-
dian Missions as before ; amount given,
$400,000, as against $360,000 last year.
July 26. Chicago. Orrington Lunt has
presented $50,000 to found a new library
building for the Northwestern Univer-
sity.
July 27 ±. Pa. The University of
Pennsylvania receives several large
bequests for the " School of American
History and Institutions."
Aug. 15. Tex. The attorney-general de-
cides that nuns are eligible to teach
in the public schools of this State.
SOCIETY.
1891 July 15. Cal. A riot occurs in
San Diego, when deputy marshals try
to arrest some of the Charleston sea-
men ; one sailor is killed and one fatally
wounded.
N. Y. The National Temperance
Convention begins its session at Sara-
toga.
The International Medical Con-
gress, called for the discussion of the
use of alcohol by physicians, meets at
the National Prohibition Park, Staten
Island ; Dr. N. S. Davis of Chicago pre-
sides.
Tenn. Armed miners oppose con-
vict labor in mines ; the authorities de-
termine to have the convicts work, even
if blood is shed.
[July 20. The free miners attack the
militia at Briceville, and force the con-
tractors to withdraw the convict miners
from their work. July 24. A compro-
mise is agreed to ; the convicts are
allowed to return to work without
military protection, and the Legislature
must change the law to suppress such
labor within 60 days.] (See Aug. 31,
Sept. 11.)
July 16. D. C. The Secretary of the
Treasury awards a silver life-saving
medal to Mabel Mason for saving
Thomas Jones from drowning in the
Detroit River on May 11.
Mass. At Greenfield the grand jury
reports the indictment of County Treas-
urer C. M. Moody, who pleads guilty to
the last count — the embezzlement of
$16,000.
Mo. The glassblowers' convention at
St. Louis votes to withdraw from the
Knights of Labor.
N. Y. The National Photogra-
phers' Association is in session at
Buffalo.
July 18. N. H. Prank Almy shoots
Miss Christie Warden at Hanover, be-
cause of her refusal to marry him.
[Aug. 20. Almy is captured in a barn
on the Warden place ; he surrenders only
after long parleying and much shooting
on both sides, in which one man is
wounded.]
N. Y. Charles Runels bequeaths six
thousand dollars to the Methodist
Old People's Home in Brooklyn.
July 19. N. J. A Chinaman is under
arrest for abducting a 15-year-old girl
in Camden.
July 20. Minn. A mass-meeting is held
at St. Paul, to protest against aUowingr
the HaU-Pitzsimmons prize-fight to
take place there.
At the close of the meeting about 5,000
people proceed to the State Capitol to
present a memorial to Gov. Merriam
concerning it. [July 22. The governor's
resolute action prevents the fight.]
R. I. The American "Whist Con-
gress meets at Providence.
July 22. Boston. The Republican Press
Club of Massachusetts is organized ;
Joseph L. Shipley of the Springfield
Union is elected president.
Ca. H. C. Brown, editor of the
Southern Alliance Farmer of Atlanta, is
arrested for editorially advertising a
lottery in his paper.
III. The Highland Association of
Illinois unanimously elects Sir William
Gordon-Cumming honorary chief, in
place of the late Sir John Macdonald.
Minn. The General Grand Chapter
of the Royal Arch Masons of the
United States begins its 28th triennial
convocation in Minneapolis.
July 23. Boston. At a meeting of the
Patriotic Order Sons of America, an
anti-Catholic State ticket is nominated.
New York. The city editor of the
Daily News is indicted for violating
the law forbidding papers publishing
detailed accounts of executions by
electricity.
Phila. The Jewish Alliance of
America issues a circular containing
a detailed plan of distributing Russian
Jews in communities throughout the
West and South.
July 24. N. Y. Augustus Lewis is ar-
rested for bigamy in Ellenville ; he has
no less than eight living wives, ranging
in age from 22 to 50 vears, while he him-
self is but 47 years old.
July 25. New York. S. W. Lewis is con-
victed of defrauding his wife of over
$50,000, and sentenced to seven years
and six months in prison.
July 26. N. Y. Spiritualists open a
Congress at Cassadaga Lake, Chautau-
qua County ; it is to last six weeks.
Tenn. A negro is lynched by men
armed with Winchester rifles, in Jack-
son.
July 27. N. J. The street-car lines of
Newark are tied up by a strike.
July 28. O. W. E. Elliott, former pro-
prietor and editor of the Sunday Capital,
Columbus, who killed a reporter of the
Sunday World, is convicted of murder
in the second degree.
July 29. III. The National Memorial
Hall Association, Grand Army of the
Republic, of Decatur, is incorporated,
its purpose being to build a hall in which
to preserve official records of the Grand
Army, war relics, troph.es, etc.
UNITED STATES. 1891, July 15 -Aug. 15. 389
W. Y. The American Paper Man-
ufacturers' Association begins its 14th
annual meeting at Saratoga.
New York. The New York Herald is
indicted for publishing the details of
the recent executions T>y electricity in
Sing Sing prison.
July 31. III. Farmers notify the mer-
chants of Thompsonville that if the
three saloons located there are not
closed at once they will boycott the
town.
Chicago. Railroad strikers are fined
for conspiracy.
July* U. S. The Knights Templars
report a membership of 85,443.
Aug. 1. Mich. A farmer named Wil-
liam Kepke, in Rogers City, near Alpena,
confesses having killed two men — 16
years ago ; he says he is conscience-
stricken, and can get no rest.
Aug. 2. Neb. A mob of several hun-
dred drunken men attacks the Omaha
and Granite Smelting Works in Omaha,
driving out the workmen in defiance of
all the authorities.
New York. C. E. Goodwin, a commis-
sion merchant, is fatally shot at his own
door by B. C. Webster while under the
influence of liquor.
S. Dak. Judge Aiken puts an estop-
pel upon the wholesale granting of di-
vorces in this State by affirming that
divorce papers will be issued only on
good grounds to actual residents.
Aug. 3. N. J. Asbury Park and Ocean
Grove have a baby parade, which is
two hours in passing.
Aug. 4. La. A bloody fight takes
place near the Texas line between cat-
tlemen and thieves ; 16 men are killed
and several wounded.
Mich. The Grand Army of the
Republic meets in its 25th National
Encampment at Detroit ; [John Palmer
of N. Y., commander-in-chief ; 40,000
veterans march in the parade].
Pa. The Potts ville Iron and Steel
Company are running five large double
furnaces with non-union men.
Aug. 5. D. C. The Catholic Total
Abstinence Union opens its 21st an-
nual session in Washington, Bishop Cot-
ter, of Winona, Minn., presiding; total
membership repr-esented, 53,000, besides
several detached societies.
Mich. The Women's Belief Corps
meets in convention at Detroit, Mrs.
Mary S. M'Henry, national president, in
the chair.
Its membership (77,779) is divided into
2,022 corps, and represents nearly every
State and Territory in the Union.
New York. The police make a raid
on 10 Chinese " fan-tan," dens captur-
ing 36 Chinamen.
The Chamber of Commerce gives a
dinner to the officers of the Squadron
of Evolution.
Aug. 8. Mass. Calvin Page of Boston
recovers his two daughters from the
Pai TJte Indians of Dakota; they had
been held prisoners for 12 years.
Aug. 9. Mich. The mayor of Escanaba
forbids by proclamation ex-Priest Chini-
quy lecturing in the city ; he also for-
bids owners and managers of public
places of assembly renting the same for
the delivery of the Chiniquy anti-Catho-
lic lectures.
N. Y. Brooklyn police capture a
girl burglar, making three females ar-
rested within two weeks for that crime.
Aug. 10. Chicago. The president and
vice-president of the " National Capital
Building and Loan Association of Is orth
America," with stock for $20,000,000, are
arrested by the post-office authorities
for swindling.
Aug. 11. Mass. The 19th annual con-
vention of Fire Engineers assembles
at Springfield.
Aug. 12. Ga. The governor signs the
bill prohibiting the sale of liquor
within three miles of any church or
school, except in incorporated cities ;
this nearly approaches virtual prohibi-
tion in Georgia.
Aug. 13. D. C. President Harrison re-
ceives from Queen Victoria a despatch
expressing her sorrow and regret on the
death of James Russell Lowell.
New York. Over 1,000 cloakmakers,
cutters, tailors, and pressers go out on
strike.
A. Backer, who recently failed for
$4,000,000, is arrested on a charge of
graDd larceny.
Aug. 14. Mass. James Russell Lowell
is buried from Appleton Chapel, Har-
vard University, with simple and unos-
tentatious services.
N. Y. A Brooklyn boy, 15 years old,
one of a gang of " beard-pullers " (He-
brews being the victims), is sentenced to
25 days in jail.
Aug. 15. la. The National Colored
Congress is in session in Red Oak.
New York. The Foresters have a
grand parade of about 15,000 men.
STATE.
1891 July 16. D. C. The Secretary
of the Treasury issues a call on Na-
tional Bank depositories for nearly
$4,000,000 of Government funds in their
possession.
July 25. Alas. The British and
American Bering Sea Commission-
ers meet for consultation at Ounalaska.
July 29. U. S. Senator Quay and
Col. Dudley resign their offices in
the National Republican Committee ;
Gen. James S. Clarkson of la. is elected
chairman.
July 31. D. C. President Harrison is-
sues a proclamation announcing a treaty
of reciprocity with San Domingo.
Aug. 1. D. C. Bering Sea is divided
into districts for patrol purposes ; one
legal warning is given to sealing vessels.
Aug. 3. Ky. In the State election a
Democratic governor and other officers
are chosen, and the new Constitution is
ratified. Vote, 312,950-74,446.
Aug. 6. La. The Farmers' Alliance
and the anti-lottery Democrats unite
upon a joint ticket.
O. John Seitz (People's Party) is
nominated for governor.
Aug. 11. Tex. The people ratify five
Amendments to the State Constitution
so as to authorize : Registration of voters
in cities of 10,000 and over ; legal rate of
interest, 10 per cent, but where in con-
tracts rate is not stated, 6 per cent;
extended facilities for adopting and
enforcing local prohibition ; creation of
additional courts and criminal appeals.
Aug. 13. D. C. The President pro-
claims the Cherokee strip in Oklahoma
closed to settlers.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 July 15. New York. A lumber
raft arrives from St. John, N. B., con-
taining 3,500,000 feet.
Pa. Glassware manufacturers
combine with those of Ohio and West
Virginia, forming one association of 18
firms, called the United States Glass
Company ; capital, $1,000,000.
July 17. Mass. A fire at Lynn de-
stroys two business blocks ; loss, $200,000.
O. Nine men are killed, a number
injured, and two locomotives and 12 cars
wrecked, at Hepburn.
The Southeastern Mississippi Valley
Association of Railroads is organized.
July 19. O. The Standard Oil Com-
pany obtains all the wells of the Mar-
ion Natural Gas Company.
July 22. New York. The Rapid Tran-
sit Commission decides upon a route
for a four-track underground railway
for the East Side.
Wash. Five car-loads of stolen
horses, valued at $10,000, are shipped
from Pampa to Chicago over the Union
Pacific Railroad.
July 23. Mich. The Detroit Street Rail-
ways, over 80 miles long, are purchased
by a New York and Boston syndicate
for about $5,000,000.
July 24. Phila. Campbell and Elliott's
cotton-mills are burned ; loss, $650,000.
July 25. O. An excursion- train is
wrecked near Middletown ; seven per-
sons are killed and many injured.
Tex. Dallaslosesabout$2,000,000
by a fire in its business section.
ins. All the street-railway lines and
electric-lighting facilities in Milwaukee
are placed under the control of the Vil-
lard syndicate.
July 31. Ky. A train is wrecked near
Louisville ; 13 persons are killed and 18
injured.
Aug. 1. Boston. A Kindling Wood
Trust is formed.
Aug. 3. N. Y. The Richmond County
Electric Light, Heat, and Power Com-
pany's works at St. George are destroyed
by fire ; loss, $150,000.
Aug. 5. New York. The White Star
steamship Majestic arrives from Queens-
town, after breaking the record, hav-
ing made the voyage in five days, 18
hours, and eight minutes.
Aug. 6. N. Y. A passenger-train dashes
into the rear end of a freight-train
near Syracuse on the West Shore Road ;
13 persons are killed and over 20 injured.
Aug. 8. Eng. The American dory, Sea
Serpent, Capt. Lawlor, after crossing
the Atlantic, arrives at Cowes, Isle of
Wight.
Mich. Forest fires rage in the north
part of the State.
New York. The price of crude
petroleum jumps from 52 cents to 70J
cents in two hours.
390 18 9 1, Aug. 15 - Sept. 19.
AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1891 Aug. 17. Tex. Troops are search-
ing for Simon Garcia, a notorious
bandit and train-robber, who with 25
followers is raiding the country north of
Brownsville.
Aug. 19. Cal. The cruiser Charleston
leaves San Francisco for Yokohama.
Sept. 7. Secretary Tracy orders the war-
ship Pensacola to proceed at once to
Honolulu to protect American inter-
ests.
Sept. 10. Ii. I. The 150th anniversary
of the Newport Artillery is cele-
brated.
D. C. Charles T. Alexander is com-
missioned colonel — medical depart-
ment. [Oct. 14. Edward P. Pearson —
10th infantry. Dec. 4. Horace Jewett
— 21st infantry.]
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 Aug. 17±. Cal. The amount of
water in the Salton Basin is estimated
at 4,460,544,000 cubic feet. [Oct. 11 i.
The lake is rapidly disappearing.]
Pa. Experiments made in Pittsburg
relating to the properties of nickel-steel
and manganese-bronze result in the
discovery of a new metal with superior
characteristics for all uses.
It is of high tensile strength, impervi-
ous to acids, indestructible by corrosion,
and capable of being wrought while
either hot or cold.
Aug. 18-26. Tex. Gen. R. G. Dyrenforth
conducts experiments for the Govern-
ment, near Midland, for the artificial
production of rain by firing explosives
in the upper air. [Aug. 27. Success re-
ported — later denied.]
Aug. 19. D. C. The American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science
meets at Washington. [Prof. Joseph
Leconte, president.]
Vt. A monument 308 feet high, com-
memorative of the Battle of Benning-
ton, is dedicated at Bennington.
Aug. 20. III. An air-ship at Monti-
cello is guided by means of a sky bicycle
so that it safely lands five miles from
the place of ascension.
Aug. 24. D. C. The American Society
of Geologists meets at Washington.
[It announces the discovery of the
"correlation of geological forma-
tions."]
Aug. 26. D. C. The 5th International
Geological Congress begins its ses-
sions in Washington.
Aug. 31. N. Y. The 26th annual ses-
sion of the American Social Science
Association is opened in Saratoga ; ad-
dress by President Andrew D. White.
Sept. 11. Cal. Petroleum oil is discov-
ered at Cobiago, 50 miles southwest of
Fresno.
Sept. 15. N. Y. The Rensselaer County
Soldiers' and Sailors' monument is
dedicated at Troy. [Sept. 17. Another
at Yonkers.]
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1891.
Aug:. 16. Sorakichi, Matsada R., Japanese
wrestler, A33.
Aug-. 21. Bragg, Walter L., interstate
commerce commissioner, A53.
Aug-. 27. Pomeroy, Samuel C, senator
for Kan., A76.
Aug-. 31. Olmstead, John W., Bapt. cler-
gyman, editor, A75.
Sept. 9. Bundy, Jonas M., journalist, A55.
Sept. 11. Latrobe, John H. B., lawyer,
philanthropist, historian, inventor, A88.
Sept. 14. Loring, George B., commissioner
agriculture, A74.
Sept. 18. Quimby, Isaac F., gen., A70.
CHURCH.
1891 Aug. 16. N. Y. Between 3,000
and 4,000 Roman Catholics, principally
from Troy and Albany, make a pilgri-
mage to the shrine of Our Lady
of Martyrs at Auriesville, the place
where two missionary priests are said
to have been killed by Indians in 1642.
Aug. 26. jV. J. Thirty thousand per-
sons attend the Ocean Grove Camp-
meeting.
Sept. 18. New York. The Temple
Beth-el, one of the largest and most
magnificent Jewish synagogues in the
country, is dedicated with imposing cer-
emonies.
LETTERS.
1891 Sept. 3. N. Y. Horace B. Silli-
man of Cohoes is elected president of
Hamilton CoUege.
Sept. 8. III. Mrs. Emily Huntington
Miller is elected principal of the
"Woman's College of the North-
western University.
SOCIETY.
1891 Aug. 16. JV. J. The Platt-
deutsch Volksvest Verein begins its an-
nual festival at Union Hill.
Aug. 17. Ark. J. L. Bay, an expert ac-
countant, employed to examine the books
of ex-Treasurer Woodruff, is arrested on
a charge of stealing $100,000 in State
script. (See June 26.)
New York. People's baths are suc-
cessfully opened at No. 9 Centre Market-
place, in a thickly settled neighborhood,
by the New York Association for Im-
proving the Condition of the Poor.
Aug. 18. Phila. Charles Lawrence, ex-
cashier of the Keystone National Bank,
is sentenced to seven years' imprison-
ment. [Sept. 7. One of the clerks, J. F.
Lawrence, is arrested.]
N. Y. President Harrison makes
speeches at many cities en route from
Cape May to Bennington, Vt., to attend
the dedication of a battle monument.
[Aug. 25. He speaks at Saratoga, and
makes eight speeches en route to St.
Albans. Aug. 26. He speaks in Vermont
to large assemblies at Richmond, Water-
bury, Montpelier, Plainfield, and St.
Johnsbury. At Montpelier he speaks in
the Capitol to the members of the State
Legislature. Aug. 27. He speaks at
Bellows Falls and other places. Aug.
28. At Rutland and Proctor.]
Aug. 24. Mo. Brutal outrages are per-
petrated by a band of 15 men to drive
the Chinese from Missoula.
Pa. A desperado holds up a train
and robs and shoots several persons
while two of his companions keep guard.
Aug. 25. Conn. The National Conven-
tion of the Daughters of liberty, rep-
resenting a membership of 6,402, opens
at Waterbury.
Aug. 26. Boston. The American Bar
Association meets. [Aug. 28. It votes
medals to David Dudley Field and Lord
Selborne.]
Cal. Three hundred employers orga-
nize a Manufacturers Association in San
Francisco to resist the encroachments of
trades-unions.
Aug. 27. Ky. Two men are killed and
one mortally wounded in. a feud at
Georgetown.
Aug. 28. III. The survivors of the
Black Hawk War of 1831 and 1832
hold their first reunion at Lena ; 17
veterans attend.
Ky. W. Dudley, colored, is taken
from jail and lynched by a mob at
Georgetown.
Phila. Alfred H. Love is elected
president of the Universal Peace
Union.
Aug. 29. Kan. A feud results in the
wilful shooting of J. P. Farr by C. A.
Schultz, both farmers of Doniphan ;
Farr is mortally wounded.
Aug. 30. Ind. The United Brethren
brick church at Bourbon is wrecked by
dynamite.
N. Y. A ruffian enters a convent
attached to the church of Our Mother
of Sorrows, assaults several of the nuns,
and escapes.
Tenn. An ex-preacher, S. C. Stone,
is arrested in Memphis on a charge of
arson.
Aug. 31. Conn. Henry Bushenhagen,
aged 69, and his wife Emily, aged 71, are
killed in Bloomfield by a tramp to
whom they gave shelter ; $200 reward is
offered for his capture.
Chicago. The cabinet-makers are or-
dered out on strike.
Kan. A secret order of boomers
is organized on the border of Southern
Kansas for the purpose of making a
raid on the Cherokee Strip, burning the
grass, killing the cattle, and holding the
land for homes.
N. Y. The American Social Sci-
ence Association opens its meeting at
Saratoga ; president, Andrew D. White.
[It discusses labor _ organizations and
trades-unions.]
Tenn. The Legislature denies the pe-
tition of the free miners, and declares
its contract with the lessee of convict
labor is binding, and must be observed
until the expiration of the lease. (See
July 15.)
Aug. * Kan. "White maskers fasten a
boy 17 years of age to a fence-post, and
give him 100 lashes for knocking down
his father and ill treating his mother
and sisters.
Sept. 1. Colo. Seven masked men
stop a Denver and Rio Grande train,
rob the express-car of $3,600, and es-
cape.
N. J. Large quantities of Paris
green are found in a well at May's
Landing; a timely discovery is made,
but the perpetrators are unknown.
New York. Mayor Gnant welcomes
the State Liquor Dealers' Convention.
He says that there are not enough
police to enforce the Excise Law, and
that he is in favor of legal selling dur-
ing " certain hours " on Sundays.
UNITED STATES.
1891, Aug. 15 - Sept. 19. 391
Sept. 2. Tex. Six masked robbers
attack a Southern Pacific Railroad train
with dynamite and rifles ; they secure
a large sum of money, and escape to
Mexico.
Sept. 3. Chicago. The American Sab-
bath Union representatives argue be-
fore the World's Fair Commission in
favor of closing the "World's Fair on
Sunday.
New York. The police are forbidden
to receive bribes or to spy into illegal
liquor-selling during forbidden hours;
on the other hand, judges refuse to hold
the liquor-dealers, unless the police can
testify that they bought the liquor at
their saloons.
Sept. 5. N. Y. Swiss- Americans cel-
ebrate the 600th anniversary of Swiss
independence.
Tex. A band of train-robbers are
overtaken by a company of rangers ; 13
robbers and two rangers are killed.
Sept. 6. Colored cotton-pickers per-
fect an organization that numbers
half a million throughout the Southern
States ; their- wage-scale demands not
less than $1 per 100 pounds, and board.
Sept. 7. Cal. The brig Tahiti arrives
off San Francisco with a cargo of Gil-
bert Islanders, 300 in number ; they are
thought to be slaves.
Labor Day is generally observed
throughout the country ; there is a gen-
eral cessation of business, and working
men indulge in parades and out-of-door
pleasures.
Sept. 8. Conn. Groton celebrates the
110th anniversary of the Battle of
Groton Heights.
Sept. 9. N. Y. Mrs. Leland Stanford
gives property valued at $100,000 for the
benefit of the Society for the Relief
of Orphans and Destitute Children
in Albany.
The Belief Fund for the sufferers by
the Park Place catastrophe amounts to
$21,997. (See Miscellaneous, Aug. 22.)
Sept. 10. Chicago. P. W. Dittlinger is
arrested for embezzling $16,000 from the
Chicago Building and Loan Association,
of which he was treasurer.
Sept. 11. Tenn. The sub-lessees at the
Briceville mines are arming guards to
prevent interference of free miners with
the convict miners. (See July 15.) [Oct.
31. The armed miners of Briceville visit
two prisons and set 300 convicts free.
Nov. 10. At Oliver Springs 200 more are
set at liberty.]
Sept. 12. Ga. Two men rob the night
express on the Central Railroad 10 miles
west of Savannah.
New York. The 253d anniversary
of the landing of the Swedes on the
shores of the Delaware is celebrated.
Sept. 13. Ga. Georgia pays a pension
of $100 each annually to four thousand
Confederate soldiers' widows.
Sept. 15. The Brotherhood of Teleg-
raphers and the Bailway Telegra-
phers unite, and apply for admission
to the Federal Council of Railway Em-
ployees.
New York. Mexicans celebrate the
81st anniversary of the beginning of the
war for Mexican independence.
Utah. The Irrigation Congress is
in session at Salt Lake City.
Sept. 17. Chicago, The National Asso-
ciation of Military Surgeons is organ-
ized.
Tex. E. M. Tate, editor of the Hop-
kins County Echo, shoots and kills
Everett Moore, editor of the Alliance
Vindicator, at Dallas.
Sept. 18. N. Y. James E. Ostrander of
Kingston is arrested for stealing $75,000
from the Ulster County Savings institu-
tion, of which he was treasurer.
STATE.
1891 Aug. 20. Va. Gen. Mahone
issues a political circular, in which he
says that a fair election cannot be had in
Virginia under the present law.
Aug. 24. D. C. The Secretary of the
Treasury gives notice that the 4£ per
cent bonds will be paid upon maturity,
Sept. 2.
Aug. 26. Ga. The House refuses to
accept for the State the Confederate
Veterans' Home erected by popular sub-
scription, and costing over $50,000. Vote,
94-62.
Aug. 27. Md. W. G. Van Wort (Rep.)
is nominated for governor.
Aug. 31. Term. The Legislature meets
in extra session to consider the State
convict labor system. [Sept. 3. The
lower House votes in favor of convict
leases.]
Sept. 1. D. C. The Treasury Depart-
ment reports the public debt reduced
$5,581,895 in August.
U. S. The reciprocity treaty with
Spain regarding Cuba and Porto Rico
takes effect.
Sept. 3. Ger. The German Govern-
ment removes the prohibition upon the
importation of American pork.
N. Y. J. W. Bruce (Prohib.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
Sept. 4. Chicago. The World's Fair Cor-
poration asks for a loan of $5,000,000
from the U. S. Government, to be repaid
out of the first receipts of the Fair.
Tenn. The House resolution declar-
ing that the General Assembly has no
power to annul the convict lease passes
the State Senate.
Sept. 5. D. C. The Chilean Minister
leaves Washington. [Sept. 7. The State
Department officially recognizes the new
Chilean Government.]
Sept. 9. III. The World's Fair Board
of Control asks for Federal inspec-
tion of the Exposition buildings.
Mass. Charles H. Kimball (Prohib.)
is nominated for governor.
N. Y. J. Sloat Fassett (Rep.) is nom-
inated for governor.
Sept. 12. Tenn. The Legislature kills
the bill for abolishing the convict-lease
system by passing a bill empowering
the governor to keep the National
Guard under arms to prevent and sup-
press unlawful assemblages. [Sept. 14.
The lower House passes the bill
against prize-fighting.]
Mass. Charles W. Lowell (Rep.) is
nominated for governor.
N. Y. Roswell P. Flower (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
Sept. 18. D. C. President Harrison
announces by proclamation that the
ceded Indian lands in Oklahoma Terri-
tory will open to settlement Sept. 23.
The State department at Washington
is formally notified that a band of men
on the Texas frontier contemplates a
forcible invasion of Mexico.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 Aug. 15. Chicago. On 'Change
wheat for December delivery sells at
$1.08, an advance of eight cents per
bushel over the previous day.
Aug. 18. Fla. Jacksonville is greatly
damaged by fire ; loss, $1,000,000.
Aug. 19. New York. The White Star
Line steamship Teutonic arrives from
Queenstown after lowering the trans-
atlantic record to five days, 16 hours,
31 minutes.
Aug. 22. New York. Many persons are
buried beneath the debris of a falling-
building in Park Place ; tire follows
the fall and 61 lives are lost.
Aug. 27. N. C. In a rail-spreading
accident on the Western North Carolina
Road, two miles west of Statesville, 20
people are killed and 30 injured.
Pa. A Philadelphia and Reading
train, consisting of engine, tender, and
three cars, breaks the American rec-
ord by running 12 miles, from Jenkins-
town to the Delaware River, in eight
minutes, 42J seconds ; speed, 82.7 miles
per hour.
Sept. 4. Mich. At a factory near White
Pigeon 16 tons of dynamite explode ;
the building is destroyed and 16 work-
men are killed.
Sept. 5. Mo. Miles of grain-laden cars
are side-tracked at Kansas City, and
the market is choked.
Sept. 7. The cotton crop of the United
States this year is 8,652,597 bales, 1 ,300,000
more than last year.
Sept. 8. Cal. The first car-load of
raisins is shipped from Fresno for New
York.
Sept. 12. N. Y. The first train over
the new route from Oyster Bay, Long
Island, to Wilson's Point, Conn., is run
aboard the transportation boat of the
Sound Ferry, completing the line be-
tween Long Island and Boston.
Sept. 13. Bel. The Delaware Iron Works
at Newcastle are burned ; loss, $300,000;
over 800 persons are thrown out of work.
Sept. 14. N. Y. The New York Central
Company runs a train from New York
to Buffalo, 436J miles, at an average
speed, exclusive of stops, of 61.56
miles an hour.
Sept. 15. New York. Fire destroys the
old Commercial Advertiser building and
the one adjoining ; loss, $300,000.
Utah. The National Irrigation
Congress opens in Salt Lake City.
Sept. 16. /. T. Silver mining begins.
Mich. The great tunnel under the
St. Clair River between the United
States and Canada is opened.
392 1891, Sept. 19- Oct. 19.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 Sept. 20. Va. The Chancel-
lorsville Battle-field Association is
incorporated, with a capital of $100,000
in shares at $10 each.
Its property consists of 845 acres of
land, and covers the field of operations
in May, 1863.
Sept. * Wash. The Federal Government
establishes a naval station at Port
Orchard.
Oct. 5. N. Y. The militia is held un-
der arms at Kingston to protect the
wreckers of the Ulster County Savings-
hank from the enraged people.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 Sept. 22. Mass. The "Worces-
ter Music Festival opens with a per-
formance of Bruck's Arminius.
Sept. 23. Me. A tornado cuts a swath
in the woods, taking everything in its
path for six rods in width and an eighth
of a mile in length.
Sept. 28. D. C. At the Catholic Univer-
sity at Washington a marble statue of
Pope Leo XIII. is unveiled in the pres-
ence of Cardinal Gibbons and Arch-
bishop Corrigan.
Congress passes an act to reserve
the Big Tree Grove in California as a
public park, to be called Sequoia Park.
Sept. 29. Pa. A wonderful oil-well is
opened 18 miles west of Pittsburg; it
flows 10,000 barrels of petroleum in a
day.
Sept. * Pa. A soldiers' monument is
unveiled at Pottsville.
Oct. 3. III. The natural-gas well at
Paw Paw burns out suddenly, leaving
its users in darkness.
Oct. 5±. N. J. Thomas A. Edison in-
vents a new form of electric motor
for street-cars, which he claims will be
from two to three times cheaper than
the cable and trolley systems.
Tex. An old gold-mine in Llamo is
rediscovered.
Oct. 6. Ga. A new mechanical cotton-
picker gives satisfaction to investiga-
tors, and proves a practical success.
Oct. 7. A Piano Manufacturers' Com-
mittee, of which "William Steinway is
chairman, agrees to fix the standard
pitch at 435 vibrations per second
for A in a temperature of 68" Fahr. ;
this pitch has been adopted in France,
Austria, and Italy.
Chicago. The colossal equestrian
statue of Gen. U. S. Grant is unveiled
in the presence of a vast concourse, in-
cluding regulars, militiamen, Grand
Army men, and prominent public men.
(See Apr. 30, 1890.)
Oct. 12. N.J. A monument commem-
orative of the 60th anniversary of the
first operation of a steam railway in
New Jersey is dedicated near Borden-
town.
Oct. 13. Wis. A rich discovery of silver
is made within 20 miles of West Su-
perior.
Oct. 14. N. Y. A granite monument
to the memory of Red Jacket, the chief
of the Six Nations, of the Iroquois
family, is unveiled on the shore of Sen-
eca Lake, near where he was born.
Oct. 17. N. Y. A monument is dedi-
cated to the memory of Gen. Brownell
in Cypress Hill Cemetery by his friends
of the 47th Regiment of Brooklyn.
Oct. 18. The 55 remaining pictures of
the Verestchagin Collection are sold
for $41,880.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891.
Sept. 19. Scott, William L., M. C. for
R. I., A63.
Sept. 21. Whitthorne, Washington C, sen-
ator for Tenn., A66.
Sept. 23. Morehouse, Albert P., Gov. of
Mo., A56.
Sept. 25. Burchard, Samuel D., Pres. cl.,
"Rum, Romanism, Rebellion," A79.
Sept. 26. Hodge, Caspar W., professor
Bible Literature at Princeton, A60.
Sept. 28. Melville, Herman, novelist, trav-
eler, A72.
Oct. 1. Watterson, HerveyM., journal-
ist, A80.
Oct. 12. Bigelow, Hobart B., Gov. of Conn.,
A 57.
Oct. 13. McCawley, Charles G., col. com-
manding U. S. Marine Corps, dies.
Oct. 15. Lee. William H. Fitzhueh, Con-
federate maj.-gen., A54.
Oct. 16. Ingraham, Duncan N., coin. U. S.
N., A 88.
Oct. 17. Parton, James, author, journalist,
A68.
Lincoln, John Larkin, professor at
Brown University, A74.
CHURCH.
1891 Sept. 21. N. Y. The 5th Con-
gress of German Catholics of the
United States begins at Buffalo. A mon-
ster parade of German Catholic societies
takes place.
Sept. 22. ST. Y. The 14th National
Unitarian Conference opens at Sara-
toga.
Sept. 23. New York. The 34th anni-
versary of the Fulton Street Daily
Noon Prayer-meeting is attended by
a large number of people.
Sept. 24. Pa. The Schwenkf elders
hold their 157th annual memorial re-
union in Reading ; they number five con-
gregations, with a total membership of
1,000, all in Pennsylvania.
Sept. 30. New York. The 108th Conven-
tion of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese
of New York meets.
Oct. 2. The Jewish New Year — An-
no Mundi 5652 — begins this evening
with services in the synagogues.
Oct. 5. New York. The delegates to the
2d Ecumenical Methodist Council at
Washington are given a reception by
the Methodists of this city.
[Oct. 7. The Council opens in the
Metropolitan Church. Oct. 14. It votes
in favor of closing the World's Fair on
Sunday. Oct. 17. President Harrison
and Secretary Noble address the Council.
Oct. 20. It approves the proposal to hold
another Council in 1901, and adjourns.]
The Presbytery of New York hears
the charges and specifications against
Prof. Briggs ; it decides to proceed with
the trial, and votes down all efforts to
compromise the matter. Vote, 64-62.
[Nov. 4. It dismisses the charges after
listening to Prof. Briggs's reply.]
Oct. 11. N. J. The First Presbyte-
rian Church at Morristown celebrates
its centennial with appropriate services.
Oct. 14. Boston. Rev. Phillips Brooks
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop for the Diocese of Massachu-
setts in Trinity Church.
LETTERS.
1891 Sept. 21. Tex. Atty .-Gen. Jones
gives an opinion in which he says that
Bible-reading in the public schools
is unconstitutional.
Sept. 24. New York. Col. H. S. Olcott
lectures on "Theosophy and Madame
Blavatsky."
Oct. 1. Tex. The medical branch of the
University of Texas at Galveston is
opened by the State.
Cal. Leland Stanford, Jr., Uni-
versity at Palo Alto opens with 473 stu-
dents ; appropriate exercises are held.
Oct. 7. N. Y. The new Library building
of Cornell University — the gift of
Henry Sage, is formally opened.
The library of History and Political
Science (15,000 volumes), given by ex-
President White, is received at the same
time.
Oct. 14. III. Rev. Hiram Buck gives
$50,000 to the Wesleyan University at
Bloomington.
Oct. 15. New York. The "Woman's
University Club is incorporated.
Its purpose is to promote literature
and art and social welfare among college-
bred women.
SOCIETY.
1891 Sept. 21. N. Y. Italian citizens
in New York and Brooklyn celebrate
the 21st anniversary of the end of
the Pope's temporal power.
Sept. 22. D. C. The Congress of Ameri-
can Physicians and Surgeons opens.
III. The Russian Colonization So-
ciety is permanently organized, with
Senator John M. Palmer as president,
and Rabbi Isaac Rubenstein as director-
general.
Sept. 25. Phila. Lord Hawkes' steam
of cricketers plays the first of eight
games in the United States at Manheim,
against the All-Philadelphia eleven.
[Sept. 28. The Philadelphians win.]
Sept. 27. N. J. The annual convention
of the Brotherhood of Locomotive
Engineers is held in Jersey City.
S. C. The mayor of Spartansburg is
fatally shot by a negro.
Sept. 29. N. Y. The annual convention
of the National Civil Service Reform
League is held in Buffalo. George Wil-
liam Curtis is reelected president.
Sept. 30. Chicago. World's Fair direc-
tors give a banquet to the European
envoys.
Ga. The wharf laborers strike at
Savannah and bring business to a stand-
still.
Ivrt. "White Caps whip a woman
nearly to death.
UNITED STATES. 1891, Sept. 19 -Oct 19. 393
N. Y. A masked robber breaks
into an express-car on the New York
Central Road between Albany and Little
Falls ; he robs the safe of all the money
he can conveniently seize, and escapes.
Tex. A socialist is refused naturali-
zation in Uvalde.
Oct. 1. Ark. Nine negroes are taken
from a sheriff by an armed mob and
lynched.
Chicago. The convention of the Irish
National League of America meets.
Pa. A general strike of railroad
coal-miners of the Pittsburg district
begins ; 10,000 men quit work.
Oct. 2. Ala. Masked white men lynch
a prosperous negro farmer near Chil-
dersburg.
Oct. 3. Boston. A petition with at least
10 miles of signatures in favor of
outlawing the liquor-traffic and
opium-trade is prepared for presenta-
tion to the ensuing great temperance
convention.
N. J. In spite of protest by petition,
saloons are legally forced upon Mill-
ville ; this is the first time in 20 years
that saloons have been permitted.
New York. A daughter is born to ex-
President and Mrs. Grover Cleveland,
and named Ruth.
Oct. 4. N. Y. Two Chinamen, on their
way to Sunday-school, are brutally ill
treated by a gang of drunken roughs in
Brooklyn.
Oct. 5. N. J. Near Newark, Patrick
Brady, after a drunken bout, beats and
kicks his wife to death in the presence
of their children.
Mo. In Stone County, a band of
outlaws armed with Winchester rifles
is discovered in a cave ; the authorities
are guarding the entrance, and intend
" to starve them out."
Oct. 6. N. Y. A convention of Typo-
graphical Unions opens at Syracuse,
to provide a plan for more thorough
organization.
Oct. 7. N.Y. The Lake Mohonk Indian
Conference begins its sessions.
Oct. 8. Colo. The American Humane
Association is in session at Denver.
Chicago. Gen. G. M. Dodge is elected
president of the Society of the Army of
Tennessee.
N. Y. Buffalo lithographers strike
because women are employed.
Oct. 9. Kan. Anti-prohibitionists in
Kiowa petition the woman mayor to
resign because she makes continual
war on the " dives."
Neb. A mob breaks into the jail and
hangs a negro, named Coe, at Omaha.
[Oct. 10. Seven of the mob are arrested
and locked up ; upon threats being
made of liberating them, they are re-
leased on bail. Oct. 15. The assistant
county-attorney and City Councilman
Moriarty, and six other prominent men
of Omaha, are arrested for taking part
in the lynching.]
Oct. 11. La. A hot campaign is con-
ducted on the lottery issue ; party
lines are broken, the division being for
or against the lottery.
Md. Sunday closing is strictly en-
forced in Baltimore.
Druggists may sell on prescription
only, but no proprietary medicines,
mineral waters, or soda-water ; cigar
stores must be closed, and side-doors
to saloons are closely watched ; barber
shops are also closed. [Oct. 12. Much
indignation prevails because 176 persons
have been cited before the grand jury
for violating the law.]
Oct. 12. Robbers partially wreck a
passenger-train on the Central Pacific
Railroad.
Pa. The National Prison Con-
gress is in session at Pittsburg.
[Oct. 13. The Committee on Police re-
ports that the chief superintendents of
police are a unit in placing the chief
detriments to police management to
politics, licentiousness, and gambling,
with lightness of sentences and laxness
of prison discipline, etc., as allowed by
Legislatures.]
Phila. The Human Freedom
League organizes at Independence
Hall.
The American Society of Railway
Superintendents holds its 20th annual
meeting.
Oct. 14. Ind. The National "Water-
ways Convention of about 300 dele-
gates opens in Evansville.
New York. T. H. Stout, a trusted
employee of a Stock Exchange firm, at
present in Europe, is found to be a de-
faulter to the extent of $40,000.
Oct. 15. Chicago. Delegates from 35
cities of the Union organize the United
States Warehousemen's Association.
Oct. 16. Chicago. The Evening Post
says that the street and alley committee
of the Common Council has made a se-
cret demand for $20,000 to pass the
Wabash Avenue cable-loop ordinances,
which it refuses to report.
Ind. The alleged shortage of
County-Auditor Lavelle of Washington
is nearly $100,000 ; this is shown by the
records which a fire at the court-house
failed to destroy.
N.Y. In a suit brought by the Adams
Express Company, an attachment to the
amount of upwards of $700,000 issues
against the property in New York State
of ex-President Hoey, who is directly
charged with embezzlement.
Oct. 19. Ky. The "Wholesale Drug-
gists' Association opens its session in
Louisville.
STATE.
1891 Sept. 23. D. C. President Har-
rison appoints a commission to fix
the true boundary between the United
States and Mexico.
Okla. About 300,000 acres of Indian
lands are thrown open for settlement.
Sept. 26. Pa. Gov. Pattison calls an
extra session of the Senate to investi-
gate charges against the financial offi-
cers of the State.
Sept. 29. Conn. Both claimants to the
governorship agree to take the contro-
versy into the State Supreme Court
for settlement.
Mass. William E. Russell (l5em.) is
nominated for governor.
D. C. The State Department is noti-
fied that the Provisional Government
of Chile withdraws from its position
adverse to the diplomatic rights of the
United States.
Oct. 9. New York. The People's Mu-
nicipal League chooses candidates for
the Assembly on the Ballot Reform
issue.
Oct. 11. D. C. It is stated that the
German Minister has concluded a con-
vention with the State Department
whereby Germany will remove the
duty from American grain, in return
for the continued free admission of beet-
sugar into the United States.
Oct. 16. Wyo. The Shoshone and Arap-
ahoe tribes of Indians cede to the
Federal Government 1,000,000 acres of
their reservation, for which they ar«
to receive 55 cents an acre.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 Sept. 20. Pa. Three persons are
killed and 20 cars of cattle and 40 freight
cars destroyed in a railway accident at
Greenburg.
Sept. 23. Mich. The Union Milla at
Duluth lose $100,000 by fire.
± Minn. Forest fires destroy villages
and large tracts of timber lands.
Property valued at $197,500 is burned
in Minneapolis, and many firemen are
much injured.
Sept. 24. N. J. The Crescent Pottery
in Paterson is burned ; loss, $150,000.
Pa. Trains collide near Zelienople ;
eight persons are killed and five injured.
Sept. 25. Conn. A railway collision
near Hawleyville kills several persons.
N. J. A bomb explosion at Newark
kills 11 persons.
Sept. 27. Boston loses $500,000 by fire.
Tenn. Chattanooga loses $650,000 by
fire.
Sept. 28. New York. John W. Mackay
and party arrive in the private railway
car Grassmere, after making the trip
from the Pacific to the Atlantic in four
days, 12 hours, and 28 minutes.
Sept. 29. Ire. The White Star Line
steamer Teutonic arrives at Queenstown,
after making the eastern passage in 88
minutes less time than any previous
record.
Sept. 30. O. Three persons are killed
and 20 injured by a train collision near
Kent.
Oct. 1. N. C. The Southern Interstate
Exposition at Raleigh opens.
Oct. 4. Cal. Forest fires are raging ;
villages and much property are de-
stroyed in Eldorado County.
Oct. 7. Me. Forest fires do much dam-
age.
Oct. 8. Conn. The tobacco crop is the
largest ever known.
Oct. 11. The U. S. Steamer Despatch is
a complete wreck and fast going to
pieces on a reef near Nicaragua.
Oct. 15. Ky. The Cumberland Valley
Colliery plants at Pineville, and coal,
iron, and timber lands in eastern Ken-
tucky, are purchased by a Belgium
syndicate for $5,000,000.
Oct. 17. Kan. The pontoon bridge
over the Missouri River at Leaven-
worth is destroyed by a storm.
Oct. 18. New York. The horse St.
Blaise brings $100,000 at the Belmont
sale.
394 1891, Oct. 20 -Dec. 1.
AMERICA:
ARMY— NAVY.
1891 Oct. 28. Md. The cruiser De-
troit is launched at Baltimore.
Nov. 4. Neio York. The cruiser Phila-
delphia, the flagship of Adm. Ghe-
rardi, sails for St. Thomas.
Nov. 14=. A test of armor-plates at the
Naval Ordnance Proving-ground demon-
strates the superiority of the superfi-
cially carbonized American nickel-steel
plates.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 Oct. 20. Alas. Prof. Isaac C.
Russell and party climb 14,500 feet up
Mount St. Elias, when they are turned
back by a severe snow-storm.
Oct. 21. Ga. The Grady Monument
at Atlanta is unveiled ; an oration is
delivered by Gov. Hill of New York.
R. I. The Ladd Observatory at
Providence, the gift to Brown University
from Gov. Herbert W. Ladd, is formally
presented ; the cost of the outfit alone
is over $25,000.
Oct. 23. III. Natural gas is struck at
Hillsboro.
N. Y. A landslide at Haverstraw
is the cause of an immense upheaval of
the richest brick clay yet discovered at
that place.
Oct. 26±. Minn. The American Steel
Barge Works at Duluth lay the keel for
the first " whalebacks" to carry 140,000
bushels of wheat, with a draught of 15
feet.
Nov. 1. III. The remains of a masto-
don are unearthed near Onarga.
Nov. 11. Pa. The Butler oil-well,
near Pittsburg, is burning fiercely ; the
burning oil does much damage.
Nov. 23. Meteoric displays are ob-
served in different parts of the country.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891.
Oct. 24. Tiffany, O. H., M. E. clergyman,
orator, A 66.
Oct. 31. Seymour, Truman, maj. -gen., A 67.
Nov. 3. Preston, Thomas Scott, vicar-gen.
R. C. Archdiocese of New York, A 67.
Hart, Anthony C. (Tony Hart), actor,
A36.
Nov. 4. Marks, Albert S., Gov. of Tenn.,
A55.
Nov. 12. Piatt, Donn, journalist, A72.
Nov. 17. Cooper, George H.. rear-adm.
U. S. N., A70.
Nov. 19. Florence, William J., comedian,
A60.
Nov. 21. Htll, Thomas, clergyman, author,
president of Harvard University, A 73.
Nov. 23. Hovey, Alvin P., maj. -gen., Gov.
of Ind., A70.
CHURCH.
1891 Oct. 25. New York. Mrs. Booth-
Clibborn, head of the Salvation Army
branches in France and Switzerland,
arrives.
Oct. 28. Wis. Isaac L. Nicholson
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Milwaukee. [Nov. 10. In his
elevation the ceremony of enthroning
a bishop is first performed in the United
States at Milwaukee.]
Nov. 13. New York. Archbishop Corri-
gan says mercy may be exercised
toward Dr. M' Glynn —
Provided (1) that he himself makes the
request and states his grievances ; (2)
that he publicly condemns all that he
has said and done of an insulting char-
acter as against the archbishop and the
Holy See ; (3) that he be ready to abide
by the orders and submit to the judg-
ment of the Apostolic See ; and (4) that
he promises to abstain from any public
utterance, or assistance at any meeting,
on the matter under consideration.
Nov. 16. New York. The case of the
Rev. Dr. Briggs is appealed by the
Prosecuting Committee to the General
Assembly. [Nov. 21. A number of min-
isters and elders make formal complaint
to the Synod of New York concerning
the dismissal of the Briggs case by the
Presbytery on Oct. 5.]
Nov. 17. D.C. The Episcopal Church
Congress convenes in Washington.
LETTERS.
1891 Oct. 22. N. Y. Thos. C. Hodg-
kins of Setauket gives $200,000 to the
Smithsonian Institution at Washing-
ton, D. C. •
Nov. 4. New York. Sir Edwin Ar-
nold reads and recites to a large audi-
ence in Carnegie Music Hall.
Nov. 7. N. Y. Pratt Institute, Brook-
lyn, has a School for Farming, includ-
ing 160 acres of land, at Glen Cove, L. I.
Nov. 14. Mass. The School Board of
Fitchburg brings charges against four
French citizens who send their children
to a parochial school where half the
teaching is in French, while the law
requires that it shall only be in English.
Nov. 18. N. J. Prof. Guyot's valuable
library is given to Princeton.
Nov. 25. Prof. S. C. Chandler informs
the Boston Scientific Society of a dis-
covery that the pole of the earth re-
volves around a circumference of about
30 feet radius in 427 days, and hence that
all paraUels of latitude are mutable.
SOCIETY.
1891 Oct. 20. O. The United Typo-
thetse of America begins its 5th annual
convention at Cincinnati, with 300 dele-
gates present.
Oct. 21. Chicago. About 700 women
get their names on the registry lists.
Oct. 22. New York. Sir Edwin Arnold,
author of The Light of Asia, arrives.
Oct. 23. Me. Every liquor-dealer at
Bar Harbor has been indicted for violat-
ing the liquor-law.
N* Dak. Gen. Beauregard, Presi-
dent Conrad, Secretary Horner, and
other officers of the Louisiana Lottery,
are indicted at Sioux Falls for violation
of the postal laws ; U. S. marshals start
for New Orleans to make arrests.
Oct. 24. La. Eugene E. Garcia, paying
teller of the Louisiana National Bank,
at New Orleans, is charged with embez-
zling $190,000 of the bank's funds.
Oct. 25. New York. " Prison Sunday "
is observed by the preaching of sermons
on crime and the best means of prevent-
ing and suppressing it, in many pulpits
of this city.
Oct. 29. Pa. Senator Quay enters [a
successful] suit for libel against the Pitts-
burg Post, laying damages at $100,000,
also criminal suits against the editor and
proprietor.
Oct. 31. III. An attempt is made to
wreck a train on the Chicago and Al-
ton Itailroad, near Alton, with the sup-
posed intention of injuring Gov. Fifer,
who was a passenger.
Nov. 2. Boston. President Asa Potter
and Directors J. H. French and T. Dana
of the Maverick National Bank are ar-
rested on a criminal charge of taking
respectively from the bank $1,100,000,
$600,000, and $300,000, giving merely
nominal security.
* * The Non-Partisan Woman's
Christian Temperance Union holds
its annual meeting, and elects Ellen J.
Phinney president, and Jennie F. Duty
secretary ; general organizations are
doing service in seven States.
Nov. 4. N. Y. A tramp murderously
assaults a woman after eating a break-
fast she gave him ; he is under arrest at
White Plains.
Nov. 5. La. W. S. Felton and J. T.
Smith of Bastrop are lynched by a mob.
Neb. A train is held up in Omaha
by masked men, and the mail-car
robbed.
Nov. 6. Cal. A colony of Scotchmen is
swindled out of $265,000 in Southern
California.
Nov. 8. Chicago. A demonstration is
made in memory of the Anarchists
who were hanged. (See May 4, 1886.)
Nov. 10. Boston. The Woman's Chris-
tian Temperance Union holds its first
World's Convention ; Lady Somerset,
president of the British Women's Tem-
perance Association, is present.
[Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt reports
the completion of her tour around the
world, in which she has established so-
cieties in nearly every country. Nov.
17. Miss Frances E. Willard is reelected
president of the International Union.
N. Y. John Blocher of Buffalo be-
queaths his elegant house as a charita-
ble Home for Aged Men ; he supple-
ments the gift with an endowment of
about $2,000,000.
Nov. 11. La. The American Bankers'
Association begins its 17th annual con-
vention at New Orleans.
Nov. 11 f. Mo. The National Farmers'
Congress is in session at Sedalia.
It demands the free coinage of silver
dollars of the value of 100 cents each ;
that national revenue be derived from
taxes and imports on goods which come
into competition with home manufac-
tures, and Federal prohibition of the
sale of intoxicating liquors. It also de-
mands the cession of arid lands to the
various States in which the arid lands
are situated.
Nov. 12. New York. A mass-meeting in
Chickering Hall passes resolutions de-
nouncing the Louisiana State Lottery ;
speeches are made by Seth Low, Father
Elliott, Abram S. Hewitt, Bishop Potter,
and others.
Wis. A daring atteiqpt is made to
rob an express-train on the St. Paul
road, near Milwaukee ; the robbers are
unable to open by force the treasure-
boxes, but they secure about $5,000 in
small packages.
UNITED STATES.
1891, Oct. 20-Dec. 1. 395
Nov. 13. New York. A new society for
suppressing vice is formed ; it is to be
known as " The New York Union of
Religious and Humanitarian Socie-
ties for Concerted Moral Effort."
Nov. 14. Chicago. A number of An-
archists are fined in a police court for
carrying concealed weapons.
Tex. Two negroes are lynched
near Brenham.
Nov. 16. New York. The American
Society of Mechanical Engineers
opens its semi-annual convention.
Nov. 17. Ind. The Supreme Council of
the Farmers' Alliance meets at Indian-
apolis.
Chicago. Union men commit acts of
vandalism on the work of non-union
contractors aggregating $40,000.
Cat. Three Yuma Indians are sen-
tenced to death for murdering an old
medicine man because he failed to bring
rain at the tribe's request.
N. J. The act favoring pool-sellers
is declared unconstitutional by the
Court of Errors and Appeals.
Nov. 18. R. I. Gov. Ladd declines to
interfere to prevent a prize-fight.
Nov. 19. Mass. T. O. H. P. Burnham
of Boston bequeaths over $500,000
to public institutions.
Nov. 21. Mass. Richard Buggies of
Lynnfield is whipped by White Caps.
Mont. Masked men rob an express-
car of $2,000 on a Montana railroad.
Nov. 22. Miss. 'Whites in Attala County
shoot one negro and severely whip sev-
« eral others ; one white man is arrested,
and the others are being sought after.
Nov. 29. New York. Eev. Dr. John Hall,
pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian
Church, is shot at several times by an
insane man.
Nov. * Kan. The Supreme Court de-
cides that colored children cannot be
discriminated against in the public
schools.
STATE.
1891 Oct. 21. D. C. Official notice is
received in Washington that Italy will
henceforth admit American salted
meats.
Oct. 24. D. C. The Government in-
structs Minister Egan to demand
prompt reparation from Chile for
the murder of sailors wearing the naval
uniform of the United States ; the
cruiser Boston leaves Brooklyn navy-
yard for Valparaiso, and the cruiser
Yorktown is also on the way.
Oct. 28. D. C. Senor Pedro Montt,
the new Chilean representative at
Washington, is received by Secretary
Blaine.
Oct. 29. D. C. The State Department
receives from Minister Egan the reply
of the Chilean Junta to the demand
for reparation.
Nov. 1. D. C. A despatch is received
from Capt. Schley describing the brutal
treatment of the Baltimore's sailors
by the Chilean police.
Nov. 2. Wis. Claims have been filed in
one day for every acre of the $2,000,000
worth of pine lands (the Omaha indem-
nity limit) thrown open at the United
States Land Office ; for some lots claims
have been filed several times.
Nov. 4. /. T. Cherokee Indians peti-
tion for the partitioning and allotment
in severalty of nearly 14,000,000 acres
of land in the Indian Territory.
Nov. 10. D. C. In the argument of the
Sayward Case in the Supreme Court, it
transpires that a treaty agreement to
be ratified by the Senate has been
concluded between the U. S. Govern-
ment and Great Britain, to submit the
Bering Sea dispute to arbitration.
Nov. 11. Pa. The State Senate decides
that it has no jurisdiction in the State
Treasurer Bardsley's case.
Nov. 17. Alas. Alaska asks for a ter-
ritorial form of Government.
N. Y. The official canvass in the
State as far as completed makes the As-
sembly a tie, and the Senate Republican
by two, with several Senatorial districts
contested.
Nov. 18. N. Y. Efforts are made in
Dutchess County to count as valid six
defective ballots that were destroyed by
order of the Board of Canvassers at
time of election. [Nov. 20. Judge Bar-
nard decides that the Dutchess County
canvassers must count the votes as re-
turned by the election inspectors.]
Nov. 20. Ind. The Farmers' Alliance
Convention at Indianapolis splits on the
sub-treasury plan.
N. Y. David A. Munro, Jr., is counted
out in Onondaga County by a majority
of the Board of County Canvassers, and
the certificate of election as member of
Assembly is given to Patrick J. Ryan.
The Court orders the returns to be sent
back for correction.
Gilbert A. Dean, Republican Sena-
tor-elect (contested) of the 15th Dis-
trict, dies at his residence in Copake,
Columbia County.
Nov. 21. N. Y. Judge Kennedy of the
Supreme Court orders that the errone-
ous returns of the ist Assembly District
of Onondaga County be sent back to
the inspectors for correction.
The Columbia County Canvassers com-
plete their work, giving the State sena-
torship to Gilbert A. Dean ; plurality, 135.
Nov. 23. N. Y. The County Clerk of
Onondaga is summoned by Gov. Hill to
answer charges brought by the Demo-
cratic supervisors. [Dec. 3. He re-
moves him.]
Nov. 24. Ind. Gov. Alvin P. Hovey
dies at Indianapolis ; Lieut.-Gov. Ira
J. Chase succeeds to the governor-
ship.
N. Y. A Supreme Court order directs
the Sullivan County Canvassers to re-
convene and canvass the vote for As-
semblyman.
Nov. 27. N. Y. Judge Kennedy of Syr-
acuse warns the inspectors of election
that the Court will not permit any un-
necessary delay in complying with its
orders.
Nov. 30. N. Y. The chairman of the
Dutchess County Board of Canvassers
ignores Judge Barnard's order to recan-
vass the vote.
Nov. * III. The Legislature adopts the
World's Pair amendment to the State
Constitution. Vote, 500,299-15,095.
Dec. 1. N. Y. The extraordinary spe-
cial term of the Supreme Court ordered
by Gov. Hill convenes in Syracuse,
Judges Kennedy and O'Brien present ; a
stay of proceedings in the Munro Ryan
mandamus case being moved, the Court
sets down the motion for Wednesday
morning (next day) ; the missing returns
are brought to Judge Kennedy's court.
At Albany, Secretary of State Rice
calls a meeting of the State Board of
Canvassers for Wednesday, Dec. 2;
members of the Board are served with
an order of Judge Edwards of the Su-
preme Court to show cause at Hudson,
on Dec. 5, why a peremptory manda-
mus should not issue to prevent the
canvass of the returns from Dutchess
County.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 Oct. 20. Cal. The horse Sunol
trots one mile in two minutes, 8| sec-
onds, at Stockton, beating the record of
Maud S. one half second.
Five persons are killed and 50 or 60
injured in a railway wreck on the Chi-
cago, Burlington, and Quincy road.
Oct. 21. New York. Decker and Sons'
piano factory and other factories in a
four-story building are burned ; loss,
$125,000.
Oct. 22. Mass. The Glendale Woolen
Mills are burned ; loss, $200,000.
Minn. The flour-mills of Minneapo-
lis are turning out a daily average of
32,767 barrels.
Oct. 24. Wis. Settlers rush to take
possession of the 150,000 acres of land
now opened.
Oct. 26. N. Y. The Empire State
Express, a new train on the N. Y. Cen-
tral Railroad, makes its first run from
New York to Buffalo in eight hours and
42 minutes — two minutes behind sched-
ule time ; distance, 436J miles.
Oct. 29. The steamer Oliver Bierne is
burned on the Mississippi ; 20 lives are
lost.
Nov. 2. Ga. The Southern States
Exposition is opened at Augusta.
Nov. 4. Boston. The failure of the
Maverick Bank causes a run on the
Five Cents Savings-bank.
Nov. 7. Chicago. The Edgmoor Land
Syndicate buys 250,000 acres in North
Dakota, on which to place German
farmers to raise barley for malt pur-
poses.
Nov. 10. Cal. The horse Arion trots
one mile, at Stockton, in two minutes,
10J seconds.
Nov. 11. Ga. Atlanta business prop-
erty is destroyed by fire ; loss, $125,000.
Nov. 16. Mo. St. Louis loses $1,500,-
000 by fire.
Nov. 17. Cal. The horse Palo Alto
trots one mile, at Stockton, in two min-
utes, 8| seconds.
N. Y. By a fire in Brooklyn 70
families are rendered homeless ; loss,
$130,000.
Nov. 18. Colo. A national Mining
Congress meets at Denver ; a great
number of delegates are present.
Minn. Three children are killed
by wolves 10 miles from St. Paul.
Nov. 21. N. Y. Syracuse suffers a loss
of $200,000 by fire.
Nov. 28. O. A train is wrecked near
Toledo ; nine persons are killed and 20
injured.
Nov. * New York. The Grant Monu-
ment Fund amounts to $155,000+.
396 1891, Dec. l.-Dec. *
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
.1891 Dec. 2. Phila. The armored
cruiser New York, " the Queen of the
Navy," is launched at the Cramps ship-
yard.
Dec. 5. Md. The two - thousand - ton
steel cruiser Montgomery is launched
at Baltimore.
.Dec. 12. N. Y. Plans for the new dry
dock at the Brooklyn navy-yard are
published.
It will be the largest dry dock on the
Atlantic Coast ; length, 600 feet ; breadth
at the bottom, 70 feet ; depth, 28 feet.
Dec. 18. Colo. Troops are ordered to
Crested Butte to prevent conflicts be-
tween ttie miners and strikers.
Dec. 22. Tex. U. S. troops break up the
Mexican rebel camp of Catarino
Garza at Betampal Springs.
Dec. 26. Cal. The cruiser San Fran-
cisco sails from San Francisco, carrying
sealed orders.
Dec. 28. Me. The iron gunboat Ma-
chias is launched at Bath.
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 Dec. 11. O. Valuable relics of
mound-builders are found at Chilli-
cothe.
Dec. 17. Phila. The Drexel Institute
of Art, Science, and Industry is dedi-
cated.
Dec. 26. N. J. Gov. Abbett lays the
corner-stone of a Washington memorial
monument in Trenton on the 115th an-
niversary of the Battle of Trenton.
Dec. 30. George W. Vanderbilt gives
the American Fine Art Society a cost-
ly and handsome art gallery adjoining
its new building, the whole valued at
$100,000.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891.
Dec. 6. Ranney, Rufus P., lawyer, states-
man, A78.
Dec. 17. Hand, Daniel, philanthropist, of
Conn., ADO.
Dec. 19. Pattison, Thomas, rear-adm. U. S.
N., A69.
Dec. 20. Plumb, Preston B., senator for
Kan., A54.
Dec. 23. Creswell, John A. J., senator for
Md., postmaster-general, A63.
Dec. 29. Loughlin, John, R. C. bishop of
Brooklyn, A76.
Dec. 30. Stuart, Mary Macrae, philanthro-
pist, A 81.
CHURCH.
1891 Dec. 9. O. The Central States
Conference of Unitarian Churches
is organized at Cincinnati.
Dec. 19. Md. Cardinal Gibbons ordains
the first colored Roman Catholic
priest in America, in the Cathedral of
SS. Peter and Paul, Baltimore.
Dec. 22. D. C. The first annual meet-
ing of the Christian Commission be-
gins at Washington.
LETTERS.
1891 Dec. 17. N.Y. A center for Uni-
versity Extension is formed at Albany.
Dec. 30. Phila. A Convention of Col-
lege Presidents and Professors as-
sembles.
" * Kan. Central College is founded at
Enterprise by the United Brethren.
k * Mont. The Montana University
opens at Helena.
' * N. C. The Legislature establishes a
normal school for colored people at
Elizabeth City.
> * New York. The School of Social
Economics (non-sect.) is opened.
The Morning Advertiser is founded by
Col. John A. Cockerill. The Recorder is
also founded.
1 * Okla. An Agricultural College is
opened by the State at Stillwater.
■ * The Lion's Cub, by Richard Henry
Stoddard, appears.
' * A Successful Man, by Julien Gordon,
appears.
' * Sir William Johnson and the Six Na-
tions, by William Elliot Grifns, appears.
1 * Rhymes of Childhood, by James Whit-
comb Riley, appears.
' * Judaism and Christianity, by Craw-
ford Howell Toy, appears.
1 * Washington Irving ,\>y George William
Curtis, appears.
: * Antiquities of Tennessee and the Adja-
cent States, by Gates P. Thurston, ap-
pears.
1 * Patrick Henry, by William Wirt
Henry, appears.
1 * The Second Administration of Madi-
son, by Henry Adams, appears.
' * Freedom Triumphant, by Charles Carle-
ton Coflin, appears.
' * Races and Peoples : Lectures on the
Science of Ethnography, by Daniel G.
Brinton, appears.
1 * Widow Guthrie, by R. M. Johnston,
appears.
* The Cruise of the Alerte, by E. F.
Knight, appears.
* Wanneta, the Sioux, by Warren K.
Moorehead, appears.
* The Sisters' Tragedy, withother Poems,
by T. B. Aldrich, appears.
* Anne Bradstreet and Her Time, by
Helen Campbell, appears.
* The Pine Tree Coast, by Sfcmuel
Adams Drake, appears.
* Flower de Hundred, by Mrs. Burton
Harrison, appears.
* A Plea for Liberty, edited by Thomas
Mackay, appears.
* Washington's Rules of Civility, by
Moncure D. Conway, appears.
* The Witch of Prague, by Francis
Marion Crawford, appears.
* An American Episcopal Church, by S.
D. McConnell, appears.
* An American Girl in London, by Sara
Jeannette Duncan, appears.
* The Colonies, by Reuben Gold
Thwaites, appears.
* The Life and Times of John Dickin-
son, by Charles J. Stille, appears.
* Woman's Work in America, edited by
Annie Nathan Meyer, appears.
* A Washington Bible Class, by Gail
Hamilton, appears.
* * Alexander Hamilton, by William Gra-
ham Sumner, appears.
* * The Railway Problem, by A. B. Stick-
ney, appears.
* * Principles of Social Economics, by
George Gunton, appears.
* * Our Italy, by Charles Dudley Warner,
appears.
* * Japanese Girls and Women, by Alice
Mabel Bacon, appears.
* * Under the Trees and Elsewhere, by
Hamilton W. Mabie, appears.
* * The American Revolution, by John
Fiske, appears.
* * The Primes arid Their Neighbors, by
R. Malcolm Johnston, appears.
* * Charles Grandison Finney, by G. Fred-
erick Wright, appears.
* * The Century Dictionary, edited by
William Dwight Whitney, completed.
* * Stones of Old New Spain, by T. A.
Jannier, appears.
* * Life of John Boyle O'Reilly, by, J. J.
Roche, appears.
* * Hannibal, by Theodore A. Dodge, ap-
pears.
* * Excursion in Art and Letters, by W.
W. Story, appears.
* * Noto : An Unexplored Corner of Japan,
by Percival Lowell, appears.
* * Spain and Morocco, by Henry T. Finck,
appears.
* * Silva of North America, by Charles
Sprague Sargent, appears.
* * The Oyster, by W. K. Brooks, appears.
* * Criticism and Fiction, by William
Dean Howells, appears.
SOCIETY.
1891 Dec. 1. Mo. A train is held
up near St. Louis, and the express-car
robbed of about $16,000 beside other
valuables.
Minn. Two of a gang of incendiaries
are arrested in St. Paul in the act ; their
plan of working is the burning of houses
on the percentage of insurance plan.
Dec. 3. Ala. Two masked men hold
up a train three miles west of Rome and
rob its safe.
Pa. A new coke- workers' organ-
ization is formed.
Dec. 4. New York. Henry L. Norcross
of Somerville, Mass., a stranger, de-
mands $1,250,000 in the office of
Russell Sage, a millionaire ; being re-
fused, he drops a bag which immediately
explodes, killing himself and another,
injuring Mr. Sage and others, besides
partially wrecking the building.
Wyo. Two ranchmen, John A. Tis-
dale and another man, are shot and
killed in their wagons by ambushed
assassins. Over 100 cowboys are on
the lookout for the assassins.
Dec. 10. D. C. The National Bar As-
sociation, in session at Washington,
elects officers, and fixes Washington as
the permanent place for* the annual
meeting.
New York. The Christmas Society
is organized to give poor children Christ-
mas presents ; it asks for contributions.
UNITED STATES.
1891, Dec. 1- Dec. *. 397
Dec. 11. Conn. A city hospital
founded in Middletown receives its
first patient.
Dec. 12. Colo. At Crested Butte, the
sheriff and a posse, while defending a
mine, are fired upon by a large body of
strikers ; they return the fire, killing
five rioters.
Ga. James Freeman , a farmer, mur-
ders his wife near Keedsville, because
she refused to kill a neighboring farmer.
N. Y. An unsuccessful attempt is
made to wreck a train on the Harlem
road, near Pleasantville.
Dec. 14. Ala. The Eleventh Annual
Convention of the American Federa-
tion of Labor meets at Birmingham.
[Samuel Gompers is reelected president.]
New York. E. M. Field, of Field,
Lindley, "Wieehers, and Company
charged with grand larceny, is arrested
at the asylum where he was confined,
and taken to police headquarters. [He
is pronounced insane by a jury at White
Plains.]
Dec. 15. Chicago. Five highwaymen
stop a big mail-wagon, and compel the
postal employees in charge to throw out
several sacks of mail.
Tex. The Southwest Silver Con-
vention convenes at El Paso ; there are
about 500 delegates present, with as
many more on the way.
Dec. 17. Mo. John L. Ferguson, a book-
keeper in the National Bank of Kansas
City, is arrested for embezzling $20,000.
New York. A meeting to oppose
war and favor arbitration is held in
Cooper Union.
N. Y. Managers of Accident Insur-
ance Companies in the United States
hold their first annual convention at
Niagara Falls.
Dec. 19. Ind. Striking miners attack
a train-load of non-union workers with
stones and pistols.
Dec. 24. The Cherokee Nation elects
C. J. Harris first chief, and Stephen
Tebee second chief.
N. Y. Gov. Hill pardons Roches-
ter's defaulting treasurer, John A.
Davis, sentenced to five years' imprison-
ment in March, 1890.
Dec. 25. Tex. Catarino Garza, the
Mexican outlaw chief, makes an unsuc-
cessful attempt to capture Fort Ring-
gold.
Dec. 27. Fla. Race conflicts occur;
a conductor is shot by a negro when or-
dered to go into the colored people's car.
Dec. 29. D. C. The American His-
torical Society and the American
Forestry Association hold their an-
nual meetings in Washington.
Dec. 31. Ind. In a prize-fight at Indi-
anapolis a woman defeats a man of
some local reputation as a pugilist ; she
gets the stipulated prize of $500.
Dec. * Tex. The asylum for the insane
is opened at Florine.
STATE.
1891 Dec. 2. Ariz. Arizona votes in
favor of a new Constitution.
N. Y. The State Board of Canvas-
sers meets in Albany, and canvasses the
votes for members of Congress.
Dec. 4. N. Y. An agreement is reached
at Albany to permit the State Board to
canvass the votes except those of the
disputed districts. [Dec. 7. It acquiesces
in the submission of the electoral dis-
putes to the Court of Appeals.]
Judge Barnard at Poughkeepsie grants
a motion requiring the marked ballots
cast in the town of Red Hook to be
counted for the Republican candidate
for Senator. The mandamus motion
is argued before Judge Edwards at Hud-
son, and adjourned until Dec. 7 at Al-
bany.
Dec. 7. D. C. The 52d Congress:
the first session opens.
Dec. 8. D. C. Congress : In the Senate
Wilkinson Call of Fla. and F. T. Dubois
of Ida. are sworn in ; C. F. Manderson
of Neb. is elected President^ro tempore,
in the House Charles F. Crisp of Ga.
is elected Speaker.
Dec. 9. D. C. Congress : President
Harrison transmits his third annual
message to Congress ; it announces
reciprocity with Germany ; the House
adjourns until Dec. 12.
N. Y. The " quad " marked ballots
in Dutchess County, 54 in number, are
counted for Deane (Rep.) for State Sena-
tor, and the result filed in the Clerk's
office. Judge Barnard grants an order,
returnable on the 12th inst., restraining
the Clerk from transmitting the returns
to the State Board.
Dec. 10. I). C. Congress : Petitions are
presented in the Senate adverse to open-
ing the "World's Fair on Sunday.
Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate a bill is introduced to provide for
a memorial statue in Washington to
TJ. S. Grant.
Dec. 15. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate several Friends' petitions are pre-
sented remonstrating against the traffic
in intoxicating liquors and firearms
in Central Africa. Bills are intro-
duced, one by Mr. Hiscock, for the erec-
tion of bridges over the Hudson and
East rivers at New York.
Okla. A convention for organizing
the State meets at Oklahoma City.
Dec. 16. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A
large number of bills are introduced ; in
the House the Speaker announces the
Committee on Rules.
La. The Anti-Lottery and Pro-
Lottery wings of the Democratic Party
hold separate conventions. [Dec. 17.
The Anti-Lottery delegates (233 in num-
ber) nominate a full ticket at Baton
Rouge. Dec. 18. The Pro-Lottery wing
places a full State ticket In the field.]
Dec. 17. D.C. Congress : In the Senate
the Standing and Select Committees
are announced. Senator Hill's creden-
tials, signed by himself as governor,
and dated Dec. 5, are presented.
Dec. 21. D. C. Congress: Senator
Plumb's funeral services take place in
the Senate chamber.
Dec. 23. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate bills are introduced ; in the House
the Speaker announces the commit-
tees; in chairmanships, Mr. Springer
of 111. is assigned to Ways and Means,
Mr. Holman of Ind. to Appropriations,
Mr. Mills of Tex. to Interstate and For-
eign Commerce.
III. The Legislature decides that the
alien law is unconstitutional.
Dec. 24. N. Y. Another stay is
granted in the Dutchess County election
case.
Dec. 26. N.Y. Justice Cullen of Brook-
lyn grants an order requiring the State
Board to show cause why they should
not canvass the corrected Dutchess
County returns ; also an order directing
the County Clerk to show cause why he
should not be punished for contempt of
court.
Dec. 27. New York. M. J. Paten6tre,
the new French Minister to the United
States, arrives.
Dec. 29. D. C. Reciprocity agreements
with the West India Islands and
some other British possessions are made
public.
N. Y. The State Board of Can-
vassers give certificates of election to
Osborne and Nichols (Dem.), and Derby
(Rep.), refusing a certificate to Sherwood
(Rep.) ; thus giving a Democratic major-
ity in the Senate. Interest becomes
more intense as the Legislature is to
choose a U. S. Senator.
Dec. 30. D. C. Reciprocity treaties
with Guatemala and Salvador are
signed in Washington.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 Dec. 1± *. Pa. Nearly 20 fur-
naces in the Mahoning Valley shut
down because of the refusal of the rail-
road and coke men to reduce rates ; more
than 10,000 men are idle.
Dec. 2. N. Y. A dynamite explosion
near Haverstraw kills five men, and
greatly damages property.
Dec. 3. N. J. Three men are killed and
15 in j ured by a train coUision. Plain-
field loses $150,000 by fire.
Dec. 4. Cal. Forest fires do much
damage.
Dec. 5. Minn. Six men are killed and
five injured by a falling wall in St.
Paul.
Dec. 7. The Pacific Mail Company's
new steamer Nicaragua is lost in mak-
ing her maiden trip, on the coast of
Salvador ; all on board are saved.
Dec. 8. JV. J. Two silk-mills are
burned and 500 thrown out of work
at Paterson ; loss, $125,000.
Mich. The Deep "Water Conven-
tion at Detroit resolves to ask Congress
to formulate a plan whereby convict
labor of the several States may be uti-
lized in building a ship-canal from Lake
Erie to the seaboard.
Dec. 19. New York. A New York Cen-
tral train runs from New York City to
Buffalo, 436 1-2 miles, in 425 3-4
minutes actual time.
Dec. 24. N. Y. A train is wrecked at
Hastings ; 15 persons are killed.
Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1891:
Production: Gold, $33,175,000; silver,
$75,41fi,565 ; bushels of grain : Indian
corn, 2,060,154,000 ; wheat, 611,780,000 ;
oats, 738,394,000 ; barley, 75,000,000+ : rye,
33,000,000+ ; buckwheat, 12,000,000; bales
of cotton, 8,655,518 ; pounds of wool,
285,000,000; barrels of petroleum, 53,-
986,313. Currency in circulation, $1,500,-
067,555 ; per capita, $23.45. Immigrants
received (fiscal year), 560,319. Miles of
railroad worked, 164,324 : capital stock,
$4,809,176,651. Fire-waste, $143,764,967 ;
insurance, $90,576,918. Total railroad
accidents, 2,444 ; 7,029 persons are killed
and 33,881 injured. Business failures,
$12,394 ; liabilities, $193,178,000.
398 1891, * *-1892, Jan. 20.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Jan. 1. D. C. Secretary Tracy
issues a new order reclassifying the
war-ships of the Navy.
Jan. 2 J:. Tex. Capt. Hardie, 3d cavalry,
disperses a band of revolutionists under
Catarino Garza.
Jan. 4. Tex. Garza and his men are
pursued by United States troopers and
Texan Hangers in Zapata County. [Jan.
10. The pursuit is unsuccessful.]
Jan. 5. Cal. The cruiser Baltimore ar-
rives at San Francisco.
Jan. 6. N. H. The revenue cutter Gal-
latin goes ashore off Manchester-by-
the-Sea.
Jan. 10. D. C. Commander William R.
Bridgman is promoted captain. [Apr. 3.
Alex. H. McCormack. May 5. Albert S.
Baker. May 28. Charles S. Cotton.
July 1. John R. Bartlett.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 * * New York. The Lion Tamer is
first produced in this country at the
Broadway Theatre.
* * New York. Frederick P. Vinton of
Boston, H. Siddons Mowbray, D. W.
Tryon, J. S. Hartley, and Horatio
Walker of New York are elected
members of the National Academy of
Design.
* * Pa. Many soldiers' monuments are
dedicated on the battlefield of Gettys-
burg during the year.
1892 Jan. 15. At some points in the
northwest thermometers mark a tem-
perature as low as 50 degrees below
zero.
Jan. 16. New York. Henry G. Mar-
quand gives $50,000 to the Metropolitan
Museum of Art.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892.
Jan. 2. Meigs, Montgomery Cunningham,
maj.-gen. U. S. A., A76.
Jan. 6. Bomford, James V., brig.-gen.
vols., A80.
Jan. 8. Kodgers, Christopher R. P., rear-
adm. U. S. N., A73.
Jan. 12. Judd, Orin B., clergyman, jour-
nalist, A76.
Jan. 14. Brisbin, James S., brig.-gen. vols.,
A55.
Jan. 15. Wood, Walter Abbott, inventor
of harvesting-machines, A76.
Jan. 20. Cranch, Christopher P., painter,
A79.
CHURCH.
1891 * * Boston. John Brady (auxil-
iary) is consecrated (Roman Catholic)
bishop of Boston.
* * Cal. The General Synod of Califor-
nia (Evangelical Lutheran) is organized
* * Ind. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Princeton ;
Thomas W. Kennedy, moderator.
* * O. The Baptist Annual Meeting
is held in Cincinnati.
* * Okla. Theodore Meerschaert is con-
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Guthrie.
* * Pa. The Annual Convention (Dis-
ciples of Christ) is held at Allegheny ;
D. R. Ewing, president. The 35th Gen-
eral Synod (Evangelical Lutheran)
meets at Lebanon.
* * Tex.— W. Va. Universalist State Con-
ventions are organized.
* * Tex. T. F. Brennan is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Dallas.
* * The Epworth League (Methodist
Episcopal) reports over 200,000 members.
* * The English Synod of the Northwest
(Evangelical Lutheran) is organized.
* * The General Synods (Evangelical
Lutheran) of the Rocky Mountains and
the Nebraska German are organized.
LETTERS.
1891 * * Landscape Gardening, by Sam-
uel Parsons, appears.
* * The Odyssey of Homer, translated by
George H. Palmer, appears.
* * The Spanish Conspiracy, by Thomas
Marshall Green, appears.
* * With the Admiral of the Ocean Sea, by
Charles P. Mackie, appears.
* * Life and Works of Horace Mann ap-
pears.
* * Principles of Political Economy, by
Arthur Latham Perry, appears.
* * The Battle of Seven Pines, by Gusta-
vus W. Smith, appears.
* * Recollections and Impressions, by O.
B. Frothingham, appears.
* * Mechanism and Personality , by Fran-
cis A. Shoup, appears.
* * Murvale Eastman, Christian Scientist,
by Albion W. Tourgee, appears.
* * English Composition, by Barrett Wen-
dell, appears.
* * The Renaissance, by Philip Schaff , ap-
pears.
* * Across Russia from the Baltic, by
Charles A. Stoddard, appears.
* * The Principles of Strategy, by Lieut.
John Bigelow, Jr., appears.
* * Conduct as a Fine Art, by N. Paine
Gilman and Edward Payson Jackson,
appears.
* * The Witch of Prague, by F. Marion
Crawford, appears.
* * The Faith Doctor, by Edward Eggles-
ton, appears.
* * Betty Alden, by Jane G. Austin, ap-
pears.
* * Thrown Upon Her Own Resources, by
Mrs. J. C. Croly (Jenny June), appears.
* * The New Womanhood, by James C.
Fernald, appears.
* * Business Openings for Girls, by Sallie
Joy White, appears.
* * Life of General Houston, by Henry
Bruce, appears.
* * Thomas Hooker, by George Leon
Walker, appears.
* * Colonial Furniture of New England,
by Irving W. Lyon, appears.
* * Lectures on the Constitution of the
United States, by Samuel Freeman Mil-
ler, appears.
* * Huckleberries, by Rose Terry Cooke,
appears.
* * Christopher Columbus, by Justin Win-
son, appears.
* * Siberia and the Exile System, by
George Kennan, appears.
* * Nature and Man in America, by Na-
thaniel S. Shaler, appears ; also, The
Story of Our Continent.
1892 Jan. 6±. Chicago. A college is
established to educate brewers in all
branches of their trade.
Jan. 9. Pa. Andrew Carnegie adds
$100,000 to his gift of $2,000,000 to
Pittsburg for a free library.
Jan. 12. New York. Sir Edwin Arnold
gives the first of a series of readings at
Daly's Theatre.
SOCIETY.
1891 * * Colo. Dr. T. Thacher Graves
is tried at Denver for the murder of
Mrs. Josephine Barnaby at Providence,
R. I., by poison. [1893. Sept. 3. He
commits suicide while awaiting a second
trial.]
* * D.C. Congress passes a bill prohib-
iting the sale of liquor within one
mile of the Soldiers' Home in the city
of Washington — a measure that will
place about one-third of the District of
Columbia under prohibition.
* * Mont., N. H., Term. Labor-day, the
first Monday in September, is established
as a legal holiday.
* * N. C. A school for white deaf and
dumb children is located at Morganton.
* * The Society of Loyal Volunteers
is organized.
* * Neb.— Colo. The Methodist Hospital
and Home is founded in Omaha ; also
another at Denver.
* * N. C. The Legislature enacts that
the birthday of Robert E. Lee (Jan.
19) shall be a legal holiday.
* * N. C. The State incorporates a
Confederate Soldiers' Home near
Raleigh.
* * N. J. The half -holiday bill for the
relief of employees is enacted.
* * N. Mex. A high-license law is en-
acted.
Senator Ingalls arrests widespread
attention by declaring " The Decalogue
and the Golden Rule have no place in a
political campaign. . . . This modern
cant about the corruption of politics is
fatiguing in the extreme." " Purity in
politics is an iridescent dream."
* * A society called The "Woodmen of
the World is founded.
1892 Jan. 2. Tenn. The convict mi-
ners are returned to the mines at Coal
Creek with a guard of soldiers for their
protection from free miners.
Jan. 3. New York A man threatens Jay
Gould with death ; another, insisting on
marrying Miss Helen Gould, has been
arrested.
Jan. 4. N. Y. A train- wrecker is cap-
tured in the act near Rattlesnake Point ;
he is imprisoned in Rochester.
Jan. 5. Ga. Eight men are killed in
a fight in Clinch county.
Kan. The sheriff and sheriff-elect of
Seward county are killed by a mob In
ambush; the district judge is besieged
in his house by 40 men armed with Win-
chesters ; a county-seat war is the cause.
[Jan. 7. Four more men are killed in
a running fight with outlaws near Spring-
field ; State militia occupy the town.
UNITED STATES. 1891, * *-1892, Jan. 20. 399
New York.' Mrs. Robert L. Stuart's
will is filed ; nearly her whole fortune,
estimated at $5,000,000, is left to
public institutions.
Tex. Strikers at Gorcum dismantle
15 locomotives of the San Antonio and
Arkansas Pass Railroad.
Jan. 7. Tex. At Houston an unknown
thief robs the safe in the office of Wells,
Fargo, and Co. of between $200,000 and
$300,000.
Jan. 8. la. Ex-County Treasurer Lane
of Ottuniwa is missing ; shortage, $30,000.
Miss. Two negroes are lynched at
Raysville.
± Neb. C. N. Paul of Hastings re-
signs his office of county treasurer ;
a shortage of $23,000 is made good by
his bondsmen.
Jan. 9. I.T. About 1,000 Indians engage
in a Messiah dance in the Cherokee
Strip.
Jan. 10. Conn. The Brotherhood of
Locomotive Firemen and Engineers in
session at New Haven refuses to allow a
strike on the branches of the Consoli-
dated Railroad with regard to pay.
Ind. The 18 street-car lines of In-
dianapolis are tied up by a strike.
Jan. 12. New York. The will of Mrs.
Elizabeth Coles gives large sums to
the Cathedral of St. John the Divine,
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the
New York Genealogical and Biographi-
cal Society, and for a new college.
Jan. 13. Conn. Two attempts are made
to wreck passenger-trains on the New
Haven Road.
Jan. 14. Pa. The Pittsburg Law and
Order Society begins its prosecution of
newsdealers who sell papers on Sun-
days. [Feb. 23. Seven newsdealers and
carriers are fined $25 each.]
Jan. 15. New York. John Carson, a
Baltimore lawyer, is found dead in the
snow with his throat cut.
Jan. 18. Ala. Harvay Hinton, impli-
cated in the massacre of the M'Millen
family in Choctaw County, is taken
from jail and lynched.
D. C. The American "Woman's
Suffrage Association begins its annual
session at Washington.
New York. The Typothetae cele-
brates the 18Gth anniversary of Benja-
min Franklin's birth with a dinner.
STATE.
1891 * * During the year 1891, Arkansas,
Colorado, Maine, North Dakota, New
Hampshire, Oregon, and Ohio adopt the
Australian ballot system. Illinois
and Pennsylvania adopt ballot reform
bills.
* * U.S.
-93* *
-95 * *
-93 * *
-93* *
-95 * *
-93* *
-95* *
-92* *
-92 * *
-93* *
-93 * *
-93 * *
-95* *
-93 * *
Governors inaugurated :
Ark. James P. Eagle (Dem.).
Cal. Henry H. Markham (Rep.).
Colo. John L. Routt (Rep.).
Conn. M. J. Bulkeley (Rep.).
Del. Robert J. Reynolds (Dem.).
Kan. L. U. Humphrey (Rep.).
Ky. John Y. Brown (Dem.).
Me. Edwin C. Burleigh (Rep.).
Mass. Wm. E. Russell (Dem.).
Mich. Edwin B. Winans (Dem.).
Minn. W. R. Merriman (Dem.).
Neb. James E. Boyd (Dem.).
Nev. Ross K. Colcord (Rep.).
N. H. Hiram A. Tuttle (Rep.).
-93 * * N. Dak. AndrewH.Burke(Rep.).
-95* * Ore. Sylvester Pennoyer (Dem.).
-95 * * Pa. Robert E. Pattison (Dem.).
-92 * * R.I. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.).
-93 * * S. Dak. A. C. Mellette (Rep.).
-93* * Tenn. John P. Buchanan (Dem.).
-93 * * Tex. James S. Hogg (Dem.).
-93 * * IVis. George W. Peck (Dem.).
1892 Jan. 2. D. C. The Treasury De-
partment reports the public debt in-
creased $2,794,749 in December.
Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes a resolution authorizing the
chartering of a ship to carry corn to
the famine-stricken Russians ; in the
House many bills are introduced ; one
to provide for pneumatic postal tubes
between New York and Brooklyn.
Benton M'Millin of Tenn. is chosen
Speaker pro tempore.
Conn. The Supreme Court decides
that Gov. Bulkeley is the lawful ex-
ecutive of the State.
N. Y. In the State Senate Walker
(Dem.) is seated by a party vote for
Sherwood's district, the 27th, although
receiving only a minority vote in that
district ; four notices of contest are
filed to unseat as many Republican Sen-
ators.
Jan. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Mr.
Morrill speaks against free coinage of
silver, and is answered by Mr. Teller.
Jan. 7. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Mr.
Morgan's resolution for an inquiry into
the condition of the Nicaragua Canal
is adopted.
Secretary Blaine notifies the represen-
tatives of countries which have not en-
tered into reciprocity agreements that
the retaliatory clause of the Tariff
Act will be applied by the President on
March 15.
Jan. 8. N. Y. Storm Bmans, the Clerk
of Dutchess County, is on trial for con-
tempt before Justice Cullen of Brook-
lyn ; he obtained the returns in the
Dutchess County election case from the
messengers of the governor, comptroller,
and secretary of state at the offices of
those officials and carried them back to
Poughkeepsie. [Jan. 20. A second hear-
ing is given. Feb. 18. The case dis-
missed without costs.]
Tenn. The Legislature refuses to
make an appropriation for the World's
Fair.
Jan. 9. D. C. The despatch from Sefior
Pereira, the new Chilean Minister of
Foreign Affairs, received at Washington
through Minister Montt, is considered
more conciliatory than those from his
predecessor.
Cal. The testimony of sailors of the
Baltimore taken by Judge-Advocate
Remy at Vallejo tends to show that mobs
in Valparaiso were deliberately orga-
nized to attack the American sailors
from the Baltimore.
Jan. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate
ratines the Brussels treaty to sup-
press the African slave-trade and a
commercial arrangement with the Kongo
Free State ; Henry M. Teller of Colo,
introduces a joint resolution for an In-
ternational Silver Congress [debated
without action] ; in the House William
C. P. Breckinridge of Ky. makes an un-
successful attempt to introduce a reso-
lution aiming at the repeal of the
reciprocity clause of the Tariff Law.
The President proclaims the forest
preserve of New Mexico to be set apart
for public use.
Jan. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: A
bill is passed providing for two new
revenue cutters for the Pacific coast ;
Jos. M. Dolph of Ore. reports favorably
the bill to appropriate $100,000,000
for coast defenses and fortifications.
Jan. 13. D. C. Congress: The resolu-
tion of John H. Mitchell of Ore. for the
relief of the Court of Claims is dis-
cussed and referred ; in the House Wil-
liam S. Holman of Ind. introduces a
resolution to limit expenditures.
The final report of Capt. Schley of
the Baltimore on the affair at Valparaiso
is received at the Navy Department.
N. Y. The World's Fair Bill, ap-
propriating $300,000, is introduced in the
State Senate and ordered to a third
reading.
Jan. 15. D.C. Congress : In the House
a resolution is introduced for the ap-
pointment of a committee of seven to
investigate the census office; the
Holman resolutions are adopted.
Jan. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Mexican Claims Bill, relating to certain
undistributed moneys received from
Mexico, is discussed ; William A. PefFer
of Kan. introduces a joint resolution
favoring the election of President and
Vice-President by a direct popular
vote.
Jan. 19. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the reopening of the La
Abra claim to a large part of the award
of the Mexican Commission ; the heirs of
Benjamin Weil are also claimants. The
House kills the bill to regulate the
printing and distribution of public
documents.
N. Y. Deputy Attorney-General May-
nard is confirmed as a Judge of the
Court of Appeals.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Jan. 7. New York. The Cham-
ber of Commerce passes a resolution
favoring an appropriation of $1,000,000
for the New York exhibit at the World's
Fair.
Jan. 8. /. T. In a coal-mine explo-
sion at McAlester, 100 men are killed
and 115 injured.
Jan. 10. Mo. The main building of the
State University, Columbia, is destroyed
by fire ; loss, $400,000.
Jan. 11. Ind. Two lives are lost and 20
persons are injured by a train falling
over an embankment at Nicholson's
Crossing.
Jan. 15. Two women are burned in
a railroad wreck on the Northern Pa-
cific, caused by a broken rail.
Jan. 18. O. A natural-gas explosion
wrecks two churches and damages about
50 houses at Lancaster.
If. Va. Six men are killed by a pow-
der-mill explosion at Central City.
400 1892, Jan. 20-Feb. 17.
AMERICA
I
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Jan. 29+. Tex. Garza enters
Mexico with 5,000 armed men, and is
welcomed by many of the people.
Jan. 30. Boston. The Common Council
resolves to return a captured battle-flag
to Company C, 12th North Carolina Con-
federate troops.
Z>. C. Caleb H. Carlton is commis-
sioned colonel — 8th cavalry.
[Mar. 9. Also Joseph C.Bailey— medi-
cal department. Apr. 25. John C. Bates
— 2d infantry. May 27. F. C. Ainsworth
— pension department. July 1. Richard
Lodor — 2d artillery. July 4. Andrew
S. Bert — 25th infantrv. July 9. Oliver
D. Green. July 28. David S. Gordon —
16th cavalry. Aug. 16. Anson Mills —
3d cavalry. Sept. 16. Simon Snyder —
19th infantry. Dec. 4. Charles H. Alden
— medical department. Dec. 11. John
G. Chandler — quartermaster's depart-
ment. Dec. 27. Thomas C. Sullivan —
subsistence department.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 Jan. 24. Cal. A meteorite
flecked with gold is found.
Jan. 26. Phila. The National Academy
of Science decides to send a relief ex-
pedition for Lieut. Peary, under Prof.
A. Heilprin. (See June 27.)
Feb. 6. Colo. Gold is found in large
quantities at Squaw Gulch.
Feb. 13. A remarkable display of au-
rora borealis is observed throughout
large sections of the north ; its bril-
liancy causes people in New York to
believe part of the city to be on fire.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892.
Jan. 22. Bradley. Joseph P.. justice TJ. S
Supreme Court, A79.
Jan. 23. Robinson, William E., journalist
M. C. for N. Y., A78.
Hall, John W., Gov. of Del., A75.
Jan. 26. Knapp, Manning M., lawyer, ju
rist, A70.
Jan. 29. Barnum, Henry A., brig.-gen,
politician, A60.
Feb. 2. Hopkins, Moses, capitalist, philan
thropist, A75.
Feb. 7. Bryson, Andrew, rear-adm. U. S
N., A69.
Feb. 9. Knox, John J., comptroller treas
nry, A 64.
Feb. 12. Hunt, Thomas S., geologist, chem
ist, author, A66.
CHURCH.
1892 Jan. 27 ±. New York. Four of
the Methodist churches — St. Paul's,
St. Luke's, St. John's, and Forty-third
Street — agree to consolidate.
Jan. 28. N. Y. Bishop Loughlin of
Brooklyn wills all his property to the
Roman Catholic Church.
Feb. 12. N. Y. The 5th annual conven-
tion of the Young Women's Chris-
tian Association of the State of New
York is held at Schenectady.
Feb. 14. New York. Dr. C. H. Park-
hurst delivers a scathing sermon against
city officials who fail to execute the laws.
LETTERS.
1892 Feb. 6. Chicago. The will of
John Crerar, the millionaire, who left a
large fund for founding a library, is
sustained.
Feb. 7. Hew York. Andrew Carnegie
lectures on the " Gospel of Wealth."
Feb. 9. N. Y. Bishop Doane is the
choice of the caucuses for Regent of
the University at Albany.
Feb. 16. N. Y. The Department of
Superintendence of the National Edu-
cational Association opens its 28th an-
nual meeting in Brooklyn.
SOCIETY.
1892 Jan. 20. New York. The Ameri-
can Society of Engineers holds its
annual meeting.
Jan. 22. N. Y. Collar-starching ma-
chines cause a strike in Troy, and a mob
of 500 persons attacks the new machine
employees.
Pa. Senator Quay wins his suit
against the Pittsburg Evening Post for
criminal libel.
Jan. 23 ±. Two men rob a Missouri Pa-
cific train and kill a policeman. [One
robber is afterwards killed and the other
wounded.]
Jan. 24. Pa. The electric-car strikers
in Allegheny are riotous ; several per-
sons have been hurt.
Jan. 25. Tenn. Miss Alice Mitchell, a
young society woman, cuts the throat of
Miss Freda Ward on the street at
Memphis. [Adjudged insane.]
N. J. Rev. John Weill is sentenced
in Jersey City to five years in the State
prison for robbing 35 churches of altar-
cloths, chandeliers, etc.
Jan. 26. N. Y. Antonio Pagassi is
charged with attempting to wreck the
Sag Harbor express-train near Bellport,
Long Island.
Jan. 30. La. Every Federal officer
in the New Orleans Custom-house is
under arrest for criminal libel at the
instance of the Warmouth faction.
Pa. Four " moonshiners " — man-
ufacturers of illicit whisky — are cap-
tured near Mount Pleasant.
Jan. 31. New York. Railroad em-
ployees from every State in the Union
hold a convention in the Academy of
Music.
O. Tramps seize an Erie and West-
ern Railroad train ; six are captured
and seven escape ; one brakeman is
badly injured.
Feb. 1. New York. Employees of the
Edison Electric Illuminating Company
strike ; cause, nine non-union men are
employed.
Pa. The defendants in Senator Quay's
libel suit against the Beaver Star are
sentenced to imprisonment for six
months, $600 fine each, and costs.
Feb. 2. Oa. David Porter, deputy-col-
lector of customs at Savannah, is killed
by his son, 16 years of age.
New York. Carlyle W. Harris, a
medical student, after an extended trial
for the poisoning of his young wife
(Helen Potts), is convicted of murder in
the first degree.
N. Y. A little boy named Ward
Waterbury is kidnapped in Poundridge,
Westchester County ; the abductors de-
mand a ransom of $6,000.
[The boy is restored to his father the
next day, after being abandoned by the
kidnappers. Mar. 3. Two kidnappers
are sentenced to four years, and one to
two years in the State prison.]
Feb. 4. La. The officers of the Loui-
siana Lottery Company withdraw their
offer to the State for a license.
New York. The Chamber of Com-
merce appoints a committee to solicit
subscriptions for the starving Rus-
sians.
Feb. 5. Pa. David Hastings, the first
of the indicted Allegheny City officials,
is found guilty of embezzlement.
Feb. 8. New York. Temperance socie-
ties hold mass-meetings to protest
against the passage of the Liquor-deal-
ers' Excise Bill by the Legislature.
W. H. Beers resigns as president of
the New York Life Insurance Company,
but will be retained as adviser at
$37,500 a year. [May 13. The legality
of this action is contested in the courts
and denied.]
Feb. 10. New York. St. John's Guild
opens anon-sectarian children's hospi-
tal for the poor.
A building inspector confesses that
he has made false reports concerning
the fire-escapes of the Hotel Royal, in
which many lives were lost by fire.
Feb. 11. Pa. James Wyman, mayor of
Allegheny City, is charged with extor-
tion, and found guilty on two counts.
Feb. 12. III. Abraham Lincoln's
birthday as a legal holiday is cele-
brated for the first time.
Ya. A negro is lynched by a mob
at Roanoke.
Feb. 13. New York. Twelve police
matrons are appointed by the Police
Board.
Feb. 14. Cal. The police of San Fran-
cisco are searching for Sarah Althea
Terry, who has mysteriously disap-
peared.
New York. Rev. C. H. Parkhurst,
president of the Society for the Preven-
tion of Crime, denounces from his pulpit
city officials as a " damnable pack of
administrative bloodhounds."
Feb. 16. Cal. A feud among the
highbinders again breaks out in San
Francisco.
± Ala. George Kaley shoots and kills
O. B. Williamson, Prohibitionist, at the
municipal election at Warrior ; he is
charged by the coroner's jury with wil-
ful murder.
Feb. 17. ST. T. Chief of Police Hackett,
of Tarrytown, kills James Hannon, an
old resident, at a Democratic primary.
The 6th annual convention of the
American Newspaper Publishers'
Association begins.
STATE.
1892 Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: The
Senate discusses Leland Stanford's
Government Land Loan BUI ; in
the House Bland's Free Coinage Bill
is introduced.
Jan. 22. N. Y. The Democratic State
Convention, stigmatized as Gov. Hill's
" snap " convention, opens its session at
Albany ; the convention decides to send
a delegation to the National Democratic
Convention at Chicago under the unit
rule in favor of D. B. Hill for President.
Jan. 23. D. C. The United States Gov-
ernment in an ultimatuirf to Chile de-
mands the withdrawal of the offensive
Matta circular, and an apology with
reparation for the outrages upon the
sailors of the Baltimore.
UNITED STATES.
1892, Jan. 20-Feb. 17. 401
Jan. 24. D. C. Congress: A message
is received from President Harrison
asking for an appropriation for the
World's Fair.
7?. /. Alexander Gibson (Prohib.) is
nominated for governor.
Jan. 25. D. C. Congress : President
Harrison's Chilean message is read in
both Houses, and, with the voluminous
correspondence bearing on the question,
is referred to the Committees on Foreign
Relations.
The Chilean reply to the ultimatum
of the United States is received at Wash-
ington.
It agrees to withdraw SeRor Matta's
offensive note, withdraws its request for
Minister Egan's recall, and proposes to
submit the attack on tbe Baltimore's
sailors at Valparaiso to arbitrament of
some neutral nation, or to the decision
of the Supreme Court of the United
States.
Jan. 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A
resolution for an international silver
conference is reported ; in the House
resolutions calling on the President to
transmit the answer of Chile are re-
ferred ; the House rules are discussed.
The Urgent Deficiency Bill passes both
Houses.
y. Y. In the Legislature bills are in-
troduced to appropriate $800,000 for work
on the new Capitol.
La. The Trans-Mississippi Congress
at New Orleans favors the silver ques-
tion from a bimetallic standpoint.
Jan. 27. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate public building bills are discussed.
A despatch is received at "Washington
from the Chilean Minister of Foreign
Affairs yielding to President Harrison's
demands and expressing regret for
the Valparaiso outrage.
N, Y. In the Senate Jacob A. Cantor
introduces a bill providing for an Adi-
rondack Park.
Jan. 28. D. C. Congress: The Presi-
dent sends to both Houses a message
with the latest Chilean correspond-
ence; he expresses the belief that no
special powers from Congress will be
needed.
N. Y. In the Senate the bill appro-
priating $300,000 for the "World's Fair
Jan. 29. D. C. Congress: Senate not
in session ; in the House the report of
the Committee on Rules is further con-
sidered.
The Ways and Means Committee
adopts Chairman Springer's plan of at-
tacking the tariff by separate bills.
yew York. A number of prominent
Democrats call a mass-meeting to pro-
test against the action of the State Com-
mittee in calling a midwinter conven-
tion.
y. Y. The State Liquor Dealers'
Association Excise Bill is presented in
the Senate by Matthias Endres of Buf-
falo, and in the Assembly by Samuel J.
Foley of New York ; among other things
it provides for opening saloons on Sun-
days at 1 p.m.
Jan. 30. D. C. Secretary Blaine cables
to Minister Egan the Government's
acceptance of Chile's apology for the
Valparaiso outrage, and consent to a
settlement in accordance with President
Harrison's message of Jan. 28.
Feb. 1. D.C. Congress ; Senate : The
Mexican Claims Bills are passed (see
Jan. 19) ; the House debates the pro-
posed rules.
The U. S. Supreme Court decides that
Gov. Boyd is the rightful governor of
Nebraska. [Feb. 6. Gov. Thayer sur-
renders the office to him.] The court
decides also that the Anti-Lottery
Law is constitutional.
Feb. 2. D. C. Congress ; Senate : the
Printing Bill is taken up ; the House
continues to discuss the rules.
Feb. 3. D. C. Congress : The Senate
discusses the Public Printing Bill;
the House discusses the rules.
Feb. 4. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
New York Bridge Bills are unfavor-
ably reported by the Committee ; the
House adopts the new rules.
y. Y. The Assembly passes the Anti-
Pinkerton Bill. Vote, 90-27. [Mar. 2.
Passed by the Senate.]
Feb. 5. D. C. Congress: Senate not in
session ; the House passes the Census
Deficiency Bill.
The proclamation of the President an-
nounces reciprocity arrangements with
the British West Indies.
y. Y. A bill is introduced in the
State Senate providing for the con-
struction of three bridges — two over
the East River, and one over the Harlem.
[Feb. 24. The former passes the Senate.
Feb. 18. The latter passes the Assem-
biy.]
Feb. 6. D. C. Secretary James G.
Blaine writes to the Chairman of the
Republican National Committee an-
nouncing that he is not a candidate
for the Presidency.
y. J. Two race-track bills are in-
troduced in the Assembly. [And greatly
opposed at public meetings in various
parts of the State.]
Feb. 9. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Finance Committee reports unfavorably
three Free Coinage Bills.
Conn. Gov. Bulkeley calls on the
people of the State to meet at Hart-
ford on Washington's Birthday to raise
money for the World's Fair.
Utah. The Liberals at the Salt Lake
City elections carry their ticket by the
heaviest plurality yet obtained.
Feb. 10. D.C. Congress; House: The
Bland Free Coinage Bill is favorably
reported.
It is announced that Great Britain
and the United States have agreed upon
France, Italy, and Sweden as Bering
Sea Arbitrators.
Feb. 11. New York. A mass-meeting
of Democrats to protest against the
early date for the State Convention,
called a " Snap Convention," is held at
Cooper Union.
Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Military Academy Appro-
priation Bill introduced Jan. 25.
Feb. 13. D. C. Congress: The House
adopts a resolution calling for an inves-
tigation of the " sweating system."
Feb. 15. D.C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Public Printing Bill ; an
investigation into the admission of ty-
phus fever immigrants at New York
is ordered ; in the House an inquiry
into the effects on agriculture of the
McKinley tariff is ordered.
The minority report on the Bland
Free Coinage BUI is made public.
Feb. 16. D. C. Congress : In the House
the bill authorizing the interstate rail-
roads to give reduced rates to com-
mercial travelers is passed.
yew York. The State enumerators
begin taking a census of the city under
police escort.
Feb. 17. y. Y. The Assembly passes a
bill for a bridge over the St. Lawrence
at Wolfe Island.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Jan. 20. Ore. The Oregon Pa-
cific Railroad is sold at sheriff's sale
for $1,000,000.
Jan. 21. Boston. The new Chamber
of Commerce is dedicated.
yew York. A fire in Union Square
causes a loss of about $500,000.
Jan. 22. Tnd. The National Surgical
Institute at Indianapolis burns; 21 lives
are lost, and many persons injured.
Jan. 27. Chicago. A School Furniture
Trust is organized, with a capital of
$15,000,000.
Jan. 28. Pa. Five trainmen are killed
by a locomotive explosion at St. Clair.
Jan. 31. Ky. The centennial of tho
admission of the State into the Union is
celebrated at Lexington.
Feb. 3. Va. The historic Appomattox
Court-house building is destroyed by
Are.
Feb. 5. yew York. The Edison and
Thomson-Houston Electric Light inter-
ests consolidate.
Many explosive matches are found
scattered among bales of cotton about
to be loaded into a transatlantic steam-
ship.
y. J. The steamer Venezuela, of the
Red D Line, goes ashore on Brigantine
Shoals in a snow-squall ; the passengers
are brought to New York.
Feb. 6. Va. The steamer Polynesian, of
the Allan Line, goes ashore near Cape
Henry.
The Barbed "Wire Trust of the
United States is dissolved.
Feb. 7. New York. The Hotel Royal
is destroyed by fire in the early morning ;
many lives are lost.
Feb. 8. Term. A fire causes a loss of
$1,000,000 in Memphis.
Feb. 10. yew York. The Sixth Avenue
horse-car road is leased to a Philadel-
phia company for 999 years.
The Philadelphia and Beading
Railroad Company secures control, by
lease, of the New Jersey Central and
the Lehigh Valley Roads.
Feb. 11. Colo. By proclamation of
President Harrison, Pike's Peak is set
apart as a forest reserve.
402 1892, Feb. 18-Mar. 25.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Feb. * The claims of the Balti-
more's seamen against Chile for assault
and murder aggregate $1,305,000.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 Mar. 4. Kan. Gold is discovered
by the fall of a bluff at Plymore.
Mar. 14. Mo. Natural gas is struck in
an artesian well at Kansas City. [June
1. Gas is struck in large quantities at
Danvers, 111. July 15. Also found in
Conway County, Ark.]
Mar. 19. /. T. A large meteor falls in
Eagle County, Choctaw Nation ; it im-
beds itself 20 feet in the earth, while 12
feet remain above ground.
Mar. 24. Ariz. Aztec city buildings
are discovered during the process of
digging on the extension of the Santa
Cruz Canal.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1892.
Feb. 22. Shea, John D. Gilmary, historian,
philologist, A68.
Feb. 28. Cullum, George W.. maj.-gen.
U. S. A., A 83.
Mar. 1. Holden, William W., Gov. of N.C.,
A74.
Mar. 3. Hopkins, Stephen T., M. C. for
N. Y., A43.
Mar. 4. Porter, Noah, clergyman, author,
lexicographer, president of Yale, A 81.
Mar. 6. Pierrepont, Edwards, lawyer,
atty.-gen., minister to England, A75.
Mar. 11. Bedell, Gregory Thurston, P. E.
bishop of O., author, A75.
Mar. 17. Strakosch, Max, opera-manager,
A57.
Mar. 18. Depoele, Van, Charles J., electri-
cian, inventor, A46.
Mar. 19. Lothrop, Daniel, publisher, A60.
Mar. 22. Ajrnew, David Hayes, sur-
geon, professor at University of Pa., A74.
CHURCH.
1892 Mar. 2. Cal. The Korashan
Messiah leaves San Francisco for Chi-
cago with 45 of his followers.
Mar. 11. N. Y. Archbishop Corrigan
announces that Pope Leo has appointed
Charles Edward McDonnell bishop of
Brooklyn. [Apr. 25. Consecrated. May
2. Installed.]
Mar. 13. New York. Dr. C. H. Park-
hurst preaches another sermon on
municipal corruption; he tells his
experience in visiting a number of
places that the authorities allow to
remain open in violation of law.
Mar. 20. N. Y. The First Reformed
Church of Albany celebrates its 250th
anniversary.
LETTERS.
1892 Feb. 19. Pa. The new library
hall at Johnstown, built by Andrew Car-
negie at a cost of $65,000, is dedicated.
Feb. 22. Mich. Ex-President Cleveland
delivers an address on " Sentiment in
Our National Life" at the University
of Michigan.
Feb. 26. New York. The Alumni of
Columbia vote unanimously in favor
of removing the college to the Bloom-
ingdale site.
Mar. 2. N. H. Dr. William J. Tucker
of Andover Theological Seminary is
elected President of Dartmouth.
Mar. 4. Conn. Yale's post-graduate
courses in Philosophy are to be open
without distinction of sex.
SOCIETY.
1892 Feb. 18. New York. Gen. Horace
Porter is elected president of the
Grant Monument Association.
Tenn. The miners of East Tennes-
see are finaUy pacified by the com-
panies' employment of free laborers
instead of convicts.
Feb. 20. Ark. A negro is burned at
the stake at Texarkana for criminal as-
sault on a white woman ; thousands of
spectators are present.
Feb. 21. NY. A train-robber named
Perry shoots an express-messenger on
the New York Central road, near Roches-
ter ; he intimidates the train's crew and
captures the engine, but is chased,
caught in a swamp, and locked up.
[May 19. He is sentenced to State
prison for 49 years and three months.]
N. Y. Licenses are issued so freely
in Brooklyn that there is now one
saloon to 225 of population, — men,
women, and children, — and one for
every 62 male adults in the city.
Feb. 22. Mo. The National Industrial
Conference meets at St. Louis, with
650 delegates present. [It decides to
favor the People's Party in the elec-
tions.]
Feb. 23. New York. Rev. C. H. Park-
hurst is subpoenaed as a witness before
the grand jury concerning the charges
made in his sermon on Feb. 14th.
N. Y. The National Convention
of Electrical Engineers begins its
annual session in Buffalo.
Feb. 27. Chicago. The American Sec-
ular Union — anti-Bible, anti-Sabbath
law, etc. — holds a mass-meeting ; it
demands that the World's Fair shall be
kept open on Sunday.
Ind. Attempts to run street-cars in
Indianapolis are prevented by strikers.
Phila. The will of Mrs. Anna P.
Wilsbach leaves $1,000,000 to be
divided among charitable organiza-
tions.
Feb. 28. Mr. Blaine furnishes the As-
sociated Press with a statement con-
cerning the marriage of his son James
to Miss Nevins, and its results.
Mar. 1. New York. Dr. Parkhurst's
society presents evidence against
liquor-dealers, and Judge Duffy issues
nine warrants for their arrest ; seven
are held in $100 each for trial.
Mar. 3. Cal. J. W. Collins, president
of the broken National Bank, commits
suicide ; he was financially ruined.
Mar. 5. New York. The jury in the
E. M. Field case disagree. (See Dec.
14, 1891.)
Mar. 6. Tenn. Several white men are
killed in one race fight, and several ne-
groes in another, near Memphis.
Mar. 9. Tenn. A mob takes three
negroes from a jail in Memphis, shoots
and kills them.
New York. Gen. George W. Cullum's
will provides bequests of about $690,000
for charitable purposes.
Mar. 10. III. The residents of McLean
County make up a train of 28 cars
loaded with shelled corn for the famine
sufferers of Russia.
[Mar. 15. The steamer Missouri sails
from New York with supplies. The
Chamber of Commerce has raised
$40,268 for the starving peasants.]
± New York. The Bar Association
appoints the following members a com-
mittee to investigate the charges made
against Isaac H. Maynard, recently ap-
pointed judge of the Court of Appeals,
accused of abstracting the Dutchess
County election returns.
F. R. Coudert, J. C. Carter, E. R. Rob-
inson, J. E. Parsons, W. B. Hornblower,
J. M. Bowers, Elihu Root, C. A. Hand,
and Albert Stickney.
[Mar/18. Judge Maynard makes pub-
lic his defense. Mar. 22. The Commit-
tee's report condemns Judge Maynard,
and recommends his removal from the
bench by the Legislature.]
Mar. 14. New York. R. L. Klune. a
post-office clerk, is arrested for stealing
money from letters ; the alleged cause
— the demoralizing Guttenburg race-
track.
Boston. The grand jury indicts Pres-
ident Potter and Directors Frencli and
Dana of the wrecked Maverick Bank.
[June 18. The indictments are quashed. |
Mar. 15. Tenn. H. Clay King shoots ana
kills D. H. Posten. [King is tried and
condemned to death. Aug. 9. The gov-
ernor commutes his sentence to impris-
onment for life.]
Mar. 18. Va. Twomen.LoeHofnin and
Joseph Dye, are lynched near Gaines-
ville.
They were to be hanged on this date
for murdering the Kines family in 1891.
but a stay of proceedings had been se-
cured, hence the lynching.
Mar. 20. New York. E. L. Godkin, ed-
itor of the Evening Post, is arrested on
the charge of criminal libel by grand
juryman Dennis W. O'Halloran, who ob-
jects to being called an ex dive-keeper.
[Mar. 20. The grand jury dismisses the
charge.]
Mar. 21. Chicago. Seven "boodle"
aldermen are indicted, and held under
$12,000 bail each. [Mar. 24. The grand
jury finds fresh disclosures of alder-
manic corruption. Mar. 26. Two more
are indicted by the grand jury ; a mem-
ber of the Board of Education is impli-
cated.]
STATE.
1892 Feb. 18. N. Y. The Assembly
votes to exempt Kings County from the
provisions of the " Greater New York "
Bill ; the Excise Committee of the As-
sembly gives another hearing on the
Liquor-Dealers' Excise Bill ; Bishop
Doane is the principal speaker against
the bill.
Feb. 19. Va. The Debt Bill, with
House amendments providing for the
settlement of the State debt, is passed
by the Senate, and goes to the governor.
Feb. 22. Mo. A National Industrial
Conference meets In St. Louis.
Delegates are present from the Far-
mers' Alliance, the Knights of Labor,
the National Woman's Christian Tem-
perance Union, and other organizations ;
there is an exciting struggle over the
admission of a third-party delegate from
UNITED STATES.
1892, Feb. 18 -Mar. 25. 403
Georgia. [A joint committee appoints
a national convention to be held in
Omaha on July 4.]
N. Y. The Democratic State Conven-
tion assembled at Albany selects a Hill
delegation to the National Demo-
cratic Convention.
It adopts a platform declaring against
the " coinage of any silver dollar which
is not of the intrinsic value of every
other dollar of the United States."
Feb. 24. D. C. Congress : The Presi-
dent sends a message urging a liberal
appropriation for the World's Fair.
Feb. 27. D.C. Congress: In the House
a bill is reported to place binding-
twine, to be used in harvesting grain,
on the free list; the Indian Appro-
priation Bill is amended so as to au-
thorize the President to detail army
officers as Indian agents when vacancies
occur.
Feb. 29. D. C. A treaty to refer the
Bering Sea controversy to arbitra-
tion is signed in Washington.
The Supreme Court affirms the con-
stitutionality of the McKinley Tariff
and Dingey Worsted Bills.
N. Y. The Senate passes the bill for
Sunday opening of the Metropolitan
Museum of Art.
Mar. 1. B.C. Congress : In the House
the Indian Appropriation Bill is
passed ; bill introduced Feb. 12.
Mar. 3. Z>. C. Congress: The House
passes the District of Columbia Ap-
propriation Bill introduced Mar. 1 ; the
Commercial Travelers' Bill is dis-
cussed, but fails to pass.
Mar. 4. D. C. It is announced that the
conference of experts on the Bering
Sea seal question has resulted in a
disagreement.
Mar. 5. D. C. Congress : In the House
the Urgent Deficiency Appropria-
tion Bill for the Department of Agri-
culture is passed; introduced Mar. 1.
Mar. 7. D. C. Congress: In the
House the resolution providing for the
consideration of the Bland Silver Bill
is adopted. Vote, 190-84. The Pension
Appropriation Bill, aggregating $133,-
000,000, is passed.
N. Y. A bill to appropriate $500,000
to complete the Grant Monument in
Riverside Park, New York, is by consent
advanced to a second reading.
Mar. 8. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Bering Sea Arbitration Treaty is re-
ceived, and discussed in executive ses-
sion; the Paddock Pure Food Bill
is discussed and practically completed.
la. The Senate passes a bill allowing
each community to settle the liquor
question for itself by elections to take
place not oftener than once everv five
years. Vote, 27-22. [Mar. 22. The lower
House votes to indefinitely postpone the
Mar. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Pure Food Bill after 17 dis-
cussions ; bill introduced Dec. 10; in
the House the debate on the Free Wool
Bill begins.
The Bering Sea correspondence is
made public.
N. Y. The Senate passes the Free-
dom of Worship Bill. [Apr. 14. It
passes the Assembly.] A resolution is
passed referring to the State Commis-
sion the question of Sunday closing of
the World's Fair.
la. The lower House votes to re-
submit the prohibition question to the
people.
Mar. 10. Z>. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Urgent Deficiency Bill.
[Mar. 15. A conference report is agreed
to. Mar. 24. Approved.]
N. J. The State Senate passes a res-
olution asking the World's Fair Com-
missioners to close the Exposition on
Sundays.
Mar. 12. Ky. The House of Represen-
tatives passes a bill prohibiting lotteries
of all kinds in the State ; dealers are
indictable for felony. [Mar. 15. Gov.
Brown signs the bill.]
Mar. 13. D. C. The President issues
a proclamation announcing reciprocity
with Nicaragua.
Mar. 14. D. C. In an open letter to the
Democracy of the country, ex-Secretary
Bayard warns the party that evil con-
sequences would follow the passage of
a free coinage bill.
Mass. Gov. Russell signs the Anti-
Free-Pass Bill.
N. Y. Senator Hill departs on a
political tour in the South ; [he speaks
in several cities].
Mar. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Military Acad-
emy Appropriation Bill. [July 11.
Conference report agreed to. July 15.
Approved.]
President Harrison, under the Reci-
procity Law, proclaims the higher rate
of duties upon the products of Colombia,
Haiti, and Venezuela.
N. Y. The Senate adopts the pro-
posed amendments to the Constitution,
making the courts arbiters in contested
election cases; the "Greater New
York" Bill is killed in the Assembly.
R. 1. D. Russell Brown (Rep.) is
nominated for governor.
Mar. 16. D. C. Congress : In the House
William J. Bryan of Neb. speaks in
favor of the Free Wool Bill ; the Ter-
ritories Committee reports to the House
in favor of admitting Arizona as a
State, and allowing New Mexico to
form a State government preparatory
to admission into the Union. [June 6.
Both pass the House and fail in the
Senate.]
Mass. The House rejects an Anti-
Cigarette Bill. Vote, 73-113.
Mo. The Congressional Redistricting
Bill as agreed upon in joint Democratic
caucus passes the lower House ; it pro-
vides for 14 Democratic and one Repub-
lican district.
Mar. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Venezuelan Arbitration Treaty is
considered in executive session.
Mar. 21. D. C. Congress: In the
House the Army Appropriation Bill
is passed; bill introduced Mar. 5.
N. Y. The Assembly passes the Roche
Bill providing for a $2,000,000 park
on the West Side in New York City ;
also the bill combining the Supreme,
Superior, and Common Pleas Courts in
New York.
Mar. 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes a bill to improve the Mississippi
River ; bill introduced Feb. 11. [It fails
in the House.] And for the relief of
settlers on public lands ; in the House
debate on the Free Silver Bill is
begun ; evening sessions are ordered.
New York. The Chamber of Com-
merce memorializes Congress to main-
tain the present standard of value in
coin.
Mar. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate
receives from the President Lord Salis-
bury's note on the Bering Sea question
with the rejoinder of the United States
thereto, and considers the same In ex-
ecutive session ; the House debates the
Silver Bill.
Mar. 24. D. C. Congress ; House : The
debate on the Silver Bill is closed
and much filibustering follows.
Mar. 25. I). C. Congress; Senate:
Consideration of the Arbitration
Treaty is finished in executive session,
but no vote is taken.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Feb. 18. La. A fire in New Or-
leans destroys property worth $1,000,000.
Phila. Carl Spreckel's sugar re-
finery is sold to the Sugar Trust for
$7,000,000 in trust certificates.
Feb. 24. Conn. Officials and citizens
subscribe $50,000 for World's Fair
purposes.
Feb. 27. Va. Life-savers rescue 26 of
the crew of the San Albano, wrecked
at Hog Island.
Feb. 28. N. Y. An eight-story clothing-
house and other buildings in Brooklyn
are burned ; loss, $1,000,000 ; several per-
sons are injured.
Mar. 1. Wis. A train is wrecked near
Milwaukee; seven persons are killed.
Mar. 5. New York. The famous Hop-
kins-Searles will case is settled out of
court ; young Hopkins agrees to take
$3,000,000.
Mar. 12. Chicago. Twenty-eight
breweries form a brewing and malting
association with a capital of $20,000,000.
Mar. 17. N. Y. The population of
the State by enumeration is given as
6,479,730, which is 481 ,877 in excess of the
census of 1890 ; the three cities of New
York, Brooklyn, and Buffalo have of this
increase 451 ,791, leaving 30,086 as the gain
in the rest of the State.
Mar. 18. Mo. Liggett and Myers's ex-
tensive tobacco factory in St. Louis is
burned; loss, $340,000.
N. J. The new British steel clipper
ship Windermere runs aground in a
storm at Deal Beach, the crew are taken
ashore by the breeches-buoy.
Mar. 21. New York. The Standard Oil
Trust is dissolved by the vote of its
shareholders.
Mich. A boiler explodes in a lum-
ber-mill at East Jordan, killing seven
men and injuring several others.
404 1892, Mar. 25 -Apr. 27.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Mar. 31. Va. The protected
cruiser Jialeig h is launched at Norfolk.
Apr. 13. Wyo. United States troops
are ordered to quell the cattlemen's dis-
turbances. [Apr. 22. Cattlemen are
brought to Fort Douglas.]
Apr. 15. Tenn. The militia guarding
the convict camp at Coal Creek are fired
upon by miners.
Apr. 16. D. C. The revenue steamers
Bush and Bear are ordered north to
patrol Bering Sea.
Apr. 18. D. C. Frank Wheaton is com-
missioned brigadier-general.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 Apr. 6. Utah. President Wood-
ruff lays the capstone of the Mormon
Temple at Salt Lake City.
Apr. 8. New York. The sale of the
Robertson Collection of paintings
brings $270,380.
Apr. 12. Cal. Earthquake shocks are
again felt. [Apr. 17. Earthquake shocks
are felt in Oregon. Apr. 19. At Wood-
land and elsewhere, Cal. Apr. 21. An-
other in California.]
New York. The corner-stone of the
Grant Monument is laid, President
Harrison spreading the mortar.
In the presence of a vast concourse of
people, Chauncey M. Depew and Gen.
Porter deliver addresses ; National and
State troops parade ; the warship Mian-
tonorrwh fires salutes. A Grant dinner
at Delmonico's follows the conclusion
of the ceremonies, at which Secretary
Elkins, Sefior Romero, and others make
(See Sept. 5, 1890.)
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892.
Mar. 26. Whitman, Walt, or Walter,
poet, A73.
Apr. 4. Singleton, J. W., brig.-gen. vols.,
M. C. for 111., dies.
Apr. 6. Saulsbury, Willard, atty.-gen., sen-
ator for Del., A72.
Apr. 9. Field,Charles W., C on federate ma j.-
gen., A64.
Apr. 10. Sweeney, Thomas W., brig.-gen.
vols., A71.
Apr. 19. Smith, Roswell, pub., founder of
Century Magazine, A63.
Apr. 25. Bradford, William, painter of
Arctic scenery, A65.
CHURCH.
1892 Mar. 28. Pa. A celebration in
honor of Bishop Comenius is held by
school-children in the Moravian church
at Bethlehem.
Apr. 4. Utah. The 62d annual confer-
ence of the Mormon Church begins
at Salt Lake City.
Apr. 7. Mass.-N. H. A Fast-day is
observed by the appointment of gov-
ernors.
LETTERS.
1892 Mar. 29. New York. The Uni-
versity of the City of New York
graduates 162 doctors from the medical
department.
Apr. 3. Cal. Timothy Hopkins presents
a valuable collection of railway litera-
ture fc> Leland Stanford University.
Apr. 4. Pa. The graduate department
of the University of Pennsylvania is
opened to women.
Apr. 5. N. Y. President Charles Ken-
dall Adams of Cornell University re-
signs. [July 30. He accepts the presi-
dency of the University of Wisconsin.]
Apr. 8. New York. J. Pierpont Morgan
makes a provisional gift of $500,000
to the New York trade-schools.
Apr. 11. Conn. Harry Havemeyer,
sugar-refiner, gives $75,000 additional to
the $50,000 previously given for a pub-
lic school building at Greenwich.
Apr. 13. New York. The library of
Emanu-El Theological Seminary is se-
cured for Columbia.
Apr. 16. N.J. The American Library
Association begins its annual meeting
at Lakewood.
Apr. 18. N. r. Prof. Jacob Gould
Schurman is elected president of Cor-
nell, to succeed President Adams.
[Nov. 11. Inaugurated.]
New York. Authors hold a meeting
and form the Association of American
Authors. [June 4. It perfects the or-
ganization.]
Apr. 27. Z>. C. The corner-stone of the
McMahon Hall of Philosophy of the
Catholic University at Washington is
laid with impressive ceremony.
SOCIETY.
1892 Mar. 25. N. Y. Mrs. Mary Lar-
sen, 80 years old, is bound, gagged, and
robbed of $6,000, in Brooklyn.
liar. 26. Boston. The formation of an
Anti-Saloon League is announced ; it
comprises clergymen of all denomina-
tions.
■ N. Y. A watchman in Long Island
City is murdered in the street ; supposed
to be the work of strikers.
Mar. 27. New York. The Central Labor
Union agrees to unite with the " Sweat-
ing" Abolition Union in efforts to
abolish the sweating system.
Mar. 28. Chicago. Colored men hold a
meeting to protest against the Memphis
lynchings of the 9th of March.
The executors of the Fayerweather
will file their inventory ; the sum of
$4,285,000 goes to colleges and hos-
pitals direct.
Mar. 30. Mass. Mayor Graves of Fitch-
burg is found guilty of fraudulently
obtaining money from the county of
Worcester.
Apr. 1. Pa. Moonshiners kill Jona-
than Hochstetter on Laurel Hill Moun-
tain for testifying against them in court.
New York. The grand jury makes a
strong presentment against the police
department for corruption.
Apr. 2. Ind. The State Board of World's
Fair managers vote against the clos-
ing of the exposition on Sunday.
Ky. Revenue officers make a success-
ful raid on moonshine stills in Harlan
County.
O. An unknown negro is lynched
in Millersburg.
Apr. 4. Ida. Six stage-robbers — all
women, dressed in men's clothes — are
arrested near Salmon City.
New York. A mass-meeting of col-
ored people at Cooper Union protests
against the ill-treatment of negroes in
the South.
Apr. 8-K La. A convention of the
United Confederate Veterans is held
at New Orleans.
Apr. 10. Wyo. — Mon. About 500 cow-
boys set out to exterminate the rustlers
(cattle-thieves) of Wyoming and Mon-
tana.
Apr. 12. Pa. It is discovered that the
superintendent of police of Pittsburg,
who died three months ago, was poi-
soned.
Apr. 13. New York. A defalcation of
$32,072.04 is discovered in the United
States National Bank.
A new suit is entered against Henry
Hilton to recover some of A. T. Stew-
art's millions.
Dr. Parkhurst publishes a statement
regarding his action in obtaining evi-
dence against the Police Department.
The first public meeting of the New
City Club is held.
Apr. 15. Mass. Two White Caps are
sentenced to imprisonment in Dedham
Jail for one year each for tarring and
feathering H. N. Pratt.
Apr. 17. N. Y. An unsuccessful attempt
is made to wreck the New York express
on the Lackawanna road near Oswego.
New York. The police make a show
of enforcing the Excise law ; 91 arrests
are made.
Apr. 18. Boston. Nearly 2,000 persons
attend the reception and banquet in
honor of Rev. Dr. E. E. Hale.
New York. J. U. Gamper, a socialist
leader, in a drunken fit nearly kills his
wife and daughter.
Apr. 19. Fla. Pour negroes are lynched
near Ocala.
Apr. 21. New York. Tiffany & Co., jew-
elers, suffer a loss of $50,000 by a forger,
James A. Palmer, who is under arrest.
N. Y. Thomas O'Brien, the notorious
" Bunco King," escapes from his keeper
by a conspiracy while on his way to
Clinton Prison.
[June 2. Keeper Buck is convicted at
Utica of complicity in the escape. June
4. He is sentenced to State prison for
three years.]
The grand jury of Saratoga finds true
bills of indictment against W. H. Gailor
and R. F. Knapp, late members of the
Board of Police Commissioners, for bri-
bery and extortion.
Apr. 23±. N. Y. Prominent Buffalo
lawyers are preparing a testimonial
commending the action of the Bar Asso-
ciation in regard to Judge Maynard ;
it has already been signed by 34 lawyers.
Apr. 23. N.J. Alfred Parkes, who kiUed
his wife with a hammer in Newark, is
sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.
Apr. 24. Chicago. The annual Con-
vention of the Theosophical Societies
begins.
N. J. Armed residents of Passaic and
Clifton raid a gang and capture 19
tramps, who are sentenced at once to 90
days each in the county jail.
Apr. 25. New York. The Baptist pas-
tors indorse Dr. Parkhurst in his cru-
sade against vice.
Apr. 26. New York. F. C. Ewer, a trusted
clerk of the Corbin Banking Company,
is a defaulter to the amount of $12,000;
gambling the alleged cause.
UNITED STATES.
1892, Mar. 25 - Apr. 27. 405
STATE.
1892 Mar. 25. N. Y. The Judiciary
Committees of the Legislature decide to
limit the Maynard investigation to one
day, and to call as witnesses only the
nine members of the Bar Association's
committee. [Mar. 30. F. K. Coudert and
others testify.] Senator Hill arrives in
Albany : the liquor-sellers' Excise Bill is
reported back to the Assembly, with the
local-option clause added, and another
forbidding the licensing of a saloon with-
in 200 feet of a church or schoolhouse.
Fr. The new Franco- American Ex-
tradition Treaty is signed in Paris.
Mar. 26. Miss. The House defeats a
World's Fair appropriation. Vote, 20-
78.
O. The Legislature gives Cincinnati
the right of raising $6,000,000 on
water bonds by a popular vote.
Mar. 28. B. C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the Anti-Chinese
Bill. [May 2-4. Conference report agreed
to. May 11. Approved.]
Mar. 29. B. C. Congress : The Senate
unanimously ratines the Arbitration
Treaty; William M. Stewart of Nev.
gives notice that he will move to take up
his Free Coinage Bill ; the House re-
sumes discussion of the Tariff Bill.
Mar. 30. B. C. Congress; Senate: The
treaty between Great Britain and the
United States for the arbitration of
the Bering Sea difficulty is ratified ;
in the House debate on the Free Wool
Bill is continued.
New York. The Central Bark Com-
missioners ask the Legislature to repeal
the Speedway Act, which provides for
a trotting course in the Park. [Apr. 1.
It is repealed by the Senate. Apr. 14.
By the Assembly. Apr. 25. Approved.]
Mar. 31. B.C. Congress; Senate : The
army provision in the Indian Appro-
priation Bill is adopted ; the House de-
bates the "Wool Bill.
Apr. 1. B. C. Secretary Noble orders
that the Cheyenne and Arapaho
reservation be opened for settlement
April 15.
Apr. 2. B.C. Congress: In the House
general debate on the "Wool Bill is
closed.
Apr. 4. B. C. Congress : In the House
the Chinese Exclusion Bill, prohibit-
ing the entrance of Chinese into the
United States, is passed ; bill introduced
Feb. 19.
N. Y. The Senate passes the Com-
pulsory Education Bill, with New
York and Brooklyn exempted.
Apr. 5. N. Y. The Senate by a party
vote passes the Congressional Reappor-
tionment Bill and the " Huckleberry "
Railroad Bill for New York City. [Apr.
7. The latter passed by the Assembly.
Apr. 20. Approved.]
In Buffalo at a Democratic mass-
meeting, the mayor presiding, the Feb-
ruary State Convention is denounced.
Apr. 6. B. C. Congress : The Assembly
amends and passes the Indian Appro-
priation Bill after five discussions.
[July 7. Conference report agreed to.
July 15. Approved.] In the House the
Committee of the Whole reports the
Free "Wool Bill.
It. I. State officers and Legislature
are elected.
Apr. 7. B. C. Congress: The House
passes the Free Wool Bill introduced
Feb. 15, and takes up the Cotton-Bag-
ging Bill.
TV. Y. The Senate and Assembly pass
the Constitutional Convention Bill.
The Maynard investigation comes
to an abrupt termination ; the Republi-
cans not being allowed to subpoena any
witnesses, none appear.
Apr. 8. B. C. Congress ; Senate : An
amendment appropriating $100,000 for
the Grand Army of the Republic en-
campment in Washington is incorpo-
rated in the District Appropriation Bill.
Apr. 9. B. C. Congress: The House
passes the Free Bagging Bill for cot-
ton ; bill introduced Feb. 15.
Apr. 11. B.C. Congress ; Senate : Ja-
cob H. Gallinger of N. H. advocates his
bill for a sanitarium for pulmonary
patients.
Apr. 14. B. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the amendments to the bill creat-
ing the Circuit Courts of Appeal ; in the
House the reprinting in the Record of
Henry George's book, Protection or Free
Trade ? as the undelivered speeches
of five Democratic members, is dis-
cussed ; Julius C. Burrows's motion to
expunge the matter is voted down.
The payment of an indemnity of $25,000
by the United States to Italy, in repara-
tion of outrages on Italians in New Or-
leans, and the immediate resumption of
full diplomatic relations between the
countries, is announced. (See Society.
Oct. 15, 1S90.)
Ft a. The Republicans, on account of
alleged Democratic election practices
preventing a fair vote, decide to make
no nominations in the State.
Apr. 15. N. Y. In the Legislature the
Assembly passes the "Woman's Suf-
frage Bill. [It fails in the Senate.]
S. Bak. The President by proclama-
tion opens the Sisseton Indian reser-
vation for settlement.
Apr. 16. B. C. It is announced that a
copyright agreement with Germany
has been signed by Secretary Blaine and
the German Minister to the U. S., Theo-
dore von Holleben.
La. Both of the Democratic fac-
tions hold large mass-meetings, refus-
ing to compromise in any way in regard
to the approaching elections.
Mass. The House passes the bill fix-
ing ten hours as a day's work for
railroad employees.
Apr. 18. B. C. Congress ; Senate :
The Bering Sea modus vivendi is re-
ceived from the President ; the House
passes the Naval Appropriation Bill,
introduced Mar. 10 ; it provides for one
new cruiser [New York.]
TV". Y. In the Legislature the major-
ity and minority reports in the Maynard
investigation are submitted. [Apr. 20.
The majority report, exonerating Judge
Maynard, is adopted by a strictly party
vote].
Apr. 19. B. C. Congress : The Senate
approves the Bering Sea modus vivendi.
La. The people vote to reject the
offer of the Louisiana Lottery Com-
pany.
Apr. 25. B. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the substitute for the Gray Anti-
Chinese Bill; it extends the present
laws for ten years.
Apr. 26. B. C. Congress : The Senate
receives a message from the President
declining to transmit the correspond-
ence relative to an International Mon-
etary Conference, as requested.
Secretary Blaine telegraphs a member
of the Republican State Committee of
Maine that the use of his name in con-
nection with the presidential nomina-
tion is entirely unauthorized.
Apr. 27. B.C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Army Appro-
priation Bill. [July 15. Conference
report agreed to. July 20. Approved.]
77/. John B. Altgeld (Dem.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Mar. 29. La. The families of
the lynched Italians at New Orleans
are to receive $20,000, provided their
Italian citizenship is proved.
Mar. 30. New York. A great rubber
trust, to control most of the rubber busi-
ness of the country, is incorporated.
Mar. 31. Colo. The silver-mines are
shutting down on account of the low
price paid for silver.
Kan. Destructive prairie fires are
raging.
Mar. * A train on the New York Central
and Hudson River road runs 21 miles at
the rate of 72.69 miles per hour.
Apr. 2. Miss. Greenville loses $100,000
by fire.
New York. The Mercantile Exchange
appoints a committee of 15 to cooperate
with the Grant Monument Associa-
tion to complete the tomb.
Apr. 3. La. Four cotton compresses,
80,000 bales of cotton, and many dwell-
ings are burned in New Orleans ; the
loss is $2,(350,000.
New York. Seven street-car lines
are secured by a Philadelphia syndi-
cate.
Apr. 9+. Chicago. W. T. Baker is re-
elected president of the World's Fair
Directory ; his salary is reduced one-
half.
La. New Orleans merchants organize
a company with a capital of $500,000 to
fight the rice trust.
Apr. 12. New York. Wm. Murray re-
tires from the office of Superintendent
of Police ; Inspector Byrnes is ap-
pointed his successor.
Apr. 19. /. T. Cheyenne and Arapaho
reservations are thrown open to set-
tlers, and thousands rush in to take
possession.
406 1892, Apr. 28 - May 31.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Apr. 30. N. J. The practice
gunboat Bancroft is launched at Eliza-
bethport.
May 18. Chicago. A military despatch
by bicycle relays is started from Chi-
cago for New York.
[May 23. The Relay Bicyclists com-
plete the work of bringing a message
from Gen. Miles at Chicago to Gen.
Howard at New York city ; time, four
days, 13 hours, and five minutes.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 Apr. 29. If. Mex. Valuable
fossils are found in San Juan County.
Apr. 30. S. Dak. A valuable discovery
of platinum ore is made near Rapid
City.
May 17. D. C. The Congress of the
National Art Association in behalf of
free art opens in Washington.
May 18. la. A flood-wave in the
Floyd River, at Sioux City, drives
8,000 people from their homes ; many
are rescued with great difficulty, and 11
are known to be drowned.
May 21. Mo. It is stated that damages
by flood in and about St. Louis will
amount to $11,000,000; further loss of
life is reported from Arkansas.
May 23. III. The whole Illinois valley
is a scene of desolation caused by
floods.
May 24. Ark. The crops of 40,000 far-
mers are swept away.
May 27. Kan. A cyclone kills 20 per-
sons at Wellington and 11 at Hutchin-
son, and destroys a vast amount of prop-
erty. [July 3. Bethlehem, Pa., loses
$150,000 by a tornado. Oct. 17. A hurri-
cane rages along the Gulf of Mexico.]
May 28. Ark. Gold is found which as-
says from $3.50 to $110 per ton.
May 29. Chicago. The first Bohemian
soldiers' monument in the United
States is dedicated.
La. A monument to Chi efHennessy
is unveiled at Metaric Cemetery, New
Orleans.
May 30. If. Y. A soldiers' monu-
ment is unveiled at Rochester ; Presi-
dent Harrison and Gov. Flower are
present.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892.
Apr. 29. Leidy, Joseph, naturalist, pro-
fessor at University of Pa., A69.
Slay 5. Moore, George Henry, author, li-
brarian, bibliographer, A59.
May 14. Barbour, John S., senator for
Va., A72.
Blanchard, Jonathan, president Whea-
ton College, A81.
May 18. Ely, Alfred, M. C, for N. Y., A77.
May 30. Rutherford, Lewis Morris, physi-
cist, A75.
CHURCH.
1892 Apr. 29. Wis. Archbishop
Katzer of Milwaukee issues a letter
forbidding Catholics joining socie-
ties which bind their members to
observe secrets so strictly that they
cannot be revealed to even the bishop
of the diocese.
May 2. Neb. The General Confer-
ence (Methodist Episcopal) begins its
quadrennial session at Omaha. [It pro-
tests against the State granting money
for sectarian purposes ; declares in
favor of equal lay and clerical repre-
sentation.]
May 5. New York. A relic, said to be a
piece of the arm of St. Anne, the
mother of the Virgin Mary, is placed on
exhibition at St. Jean Baptiste's Roman
Catholic church.
N. Y. Rev. Henry Gabriels is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of the
Diocese of Ogdensburg at Albany.
May 9. Wis. The coronation of the
statue of St. Joseph takes place at De
Pere by favor of Pope Leo. The crowns
are of pure gold studded with precious
stones, and valued at $6,000.
May 14. Cincinnati. The General Con-
vention of the New Jerusalem meets.
May 18. New York. Rev. Thomas Dixon,
Jr., denounces the Tammany Society
and Mayor Grant.
[May 27. Mr. Dixon is held in $1,000
bail for the grand jury in the criminal
libel case of the excise commissioner,
Koch. June 6. He is unanimously sup-
ported by the Baptist Ministers' Confer-
ence. June 30. The indictment is dis-
missed.]
May 19. Ore. The 104th General
Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at
Portland.
[ May 25. The trial of Dr. Charles A.
Briggs for heresy begins. May 28. The
Assembly decides to sustain the appeal
of the Prosecuting Committee. May 30.
It remands the case to the New York
Presbytery for trial.]
May 22. Pa. A priest stops a prize-
fight at Plains, six miles from Wilkes-
barre, after the fourth round was nearly
finished.
May 29. New York. Dr. Rainsford
(Protestant Episcopal) in a sermon fa-
vors making barrooms as good as pos-
sible, and keeping them open at certain
hours on Sunday.
May 31. NY. Father Dent institutes
a slander suit against Bishop Ryan of
Buffalo, claiming $100,000 damages.
This day is observed as a day of fast-
ing, humiliation, and prayer by the col-
ored people of the South.
SOCIETY.
1892 Apr. 28. N.J. Judge Lippincott
of Jersey City sentences two saloon-
keepers to three months' imprisonment
and a fine of $250 each for liquor-sell-
ing on Sunday.
Apr. 29. Ga. The Scotch-Irish Con-
gress is in session at Atlanta.
N. Y. J. D. Sheehan, a pedler. is
murdered by tramps near Stony Point.
Tenn. White Caps are terrorizing
Jackson, Sevier, and Knox counties ;
they are under a leader employed on a
salary, and about fifty persons have been
whipped, some of whom are in a precari-
ous condition.
Apr. 30. New York. The Annual Con-
gress of the Sons of the American
Revolution meets.
^V. Y. Ferdinand Ward's term ex-
pires, and he is released from Sing Sing
Prison.
Tenn. A Nashville mob takes a
negro from jail and hangs him.
May 1. Chicago. Three red flags borne
in the May-Day parade are seized by the
police, and their bearers arrested.
New York. By official orders the
police are restricted from the full en-
forcement of the Excise law.
May 2. New Eng. Granite-cutters and
quarrymen throughout New England
go on strike.
[May 13. A number of strikes are
ordered in New York City to aid them.
May 14. Granite-workers are locked out
in several New England towns. May 17.
They accept the terms offered by the
Thomaston owners, to work the quarries
on the cooperative plan. July 8. The
New York granite-pavers declare their
strike off, and yield to the contractors.
Aug. 27. The Milford branch of the
Quarrymen's Union decides to allow its
members to seek employment.]
May 3. New York. The Pavers' Union
orders its members in this city to go out
on strike in sympathy with granite-
workers.
May 7. N. Y. A conspiracy between;
conductors and outsiders to defraud the
West Shore Railroad is discovered, and
several arrests are made.
New York. The Actors' Fund Fair
at the Madison Square Garden closes ;.
about $170,000 is realized.
Thousands of children attend May-
parties in Central Park.
May 8. N. J. Mrs. Susan B. Palmer
gives 20 city-lots in Passaic for a hos-
pital site.
May 10. N.J. Italian laborers near As-
bury Park put an armed guard over em-
ployers who have not paid their wages.
New York. The National Tem-
perance Society holds its 27th anni-
versary in the Broadway Tabernacle.
May 11. Chicago. The Convention ' of
the Federation of Women's Clubs
opens.
May 12. Colo. The Childs-Drexel Na-
tional Home for Printers, at Colorado
Springs, is formally dedicated.
N. Y. Three assessors of Cohoes
are indicted and two arrested on war-
rants charging them with bribery.
Tenn. The Confederate Soldiers'
Home at the Hermitage (Andrew Jack-
son's home) is opened.
May 15. Cal. Stage-robbers kill the
messenger, and secure $20,000 from the
Wells-Fargo Express Company ; one of
the robbers is captured.
May 17. Ga. Three negroes are taken
from jail in Clarksville and lynched.
May 19. Tex. In Denison four women,
two of them of high social standing, are
shot in widely different partsof the city,
by an unknown assassin.
May 20. Tenn. A mob storms the jail
at Nashville to get a negro prisoner and
lynch him ; the police are armed with
Winchester rifles.
May 21. New York. Eleven King's
Daughters leave America, for Russia,
" In His Name," to distribute money
among the famine sufferers.
May 24. N. Y. A Sanitarium for
Hebrew children at Rockaway Beach.
UNITED STATES. 1892, Apr. 28 -May 31. 407
Long Island, is dedicated ; it has accom-
modations for 100 children and their
mothers, and cost $27,500.
May 25. Boston. The 32d annual con-
vention of the United States Brewers'
Association begins.
New York. The American Fisher.
ies Society begins its annual conven-
tion.
May 26. Cal. Union workmen blow up
a non-union blacksmith shop in San
Diego.
Miss. The levee-guards at Gunnison
shoot and kill a man trying to blow up
the levee with dynamite.
New York. Joseph Barondess, union
cloakmaker, is sentenced to one year
and nine months in the State prison for
extortion. [Pardoned June 4.]
The crusade against protected crime ,
led by Rev. Dr. Parkhurst, is indorsed
at a mass-meeting in Cooper Union.
May 27. New York. Three women
are among the graduates from the Law
School of the University of the City of
New York.
Paving contractors join the quarry-
men in fighting the striking granite-
cutters. (See May 2.)
Utah. N. H. Groesbeck, a Mormon,
is sentenced for the third time to one
year's imprisonment for polygamy.
May 30. III. W. J. Jones, manager of
the Sandwich Manufacturing Company,
is decoyed from his house, robbed, and
murdered.
May 31. New York. M. T. G. Cum-
miskey, of the customs bureau in the
post-office, is charged with stealing — in
all, about $6,000.
May * The General Conference of the
Methodist Episcopal Church con-
demns the liquor traffic.
" License laws are the liquor traffic's
strongest bulwark of defense. They are
wrong in principle and impotent for
good. We are unalterably opposed to
the enactment of laws for that purpose,
because they provide for its continu-
ance, and afford no protection against
its ravages. We will accept no compro-
mise, but demand the unconditional sur-
render of the rebellious business."
STATE.
1892 Apr. 28. Mo. Major Win. War-
ner (Rep.) is nominated for governor.
May 1. D. C. The President proclaims
the completion of reciprocity arrange-
ments with Honduras.
May 2. B.C. Congress: Lithe House,
under suspension of rules, the Free
Binding-Twine Bill is passed ; the bill
to open the Colville Indian Reserva-
tion in Washington is passed ; bill in-
troduced Mar. 15. [May 21. It passes
the Senate. July 15. Approved.] It
passes the Pension Bill for the relief of
survivors of the Indian Wars of 1832-42 ;
bill introduced' Mar. 16. [July 21. The
bill passes the Senate. July 28. Ap-
proved.]
Afass. The Senate refuses a third
reading to a bill granting municipal
suffrage to women. Vote, 32-10.
May 3. D. C. Congress ; Senate : the
report of the Conference Committee
on the Chinese Exclusion Bill is
agreed to ; the House passes the Diplo-
matic and Consular Appropriation
Bill after seven discussions; bill intro-
duced Mar. 28.
May 4. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the Chinese Exclusion Bill.
[May 5. Approved.] The bill to admit
certain foreign-built vessels to Amer-
ican registry is passed ; bill introduced
Mar. 9.
May 7. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Dependent Pensions Bill
introduced Mar. 14.
May 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the House Bill to Encourage
Ship-building by granting U. S. regis-
try to two steamships of the Inman Line
on condition that two others be built
by the company in this country. [May
11. Approved.] The House passes the
River and Harbor Bill, appropriating
$21,300,000, after six discussions ; bill in-
troduced Apr. 9.
Charles Emory Smith tenders his
resignation as Minister to Russia.
May 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the bill for enlarging Yellow-
stone National Park.
May 12. D.C. It is announced that Jus-
tice Harlan and Senator Morgan have
been selected as arbitrators and ex-Min-
ister Phelps as chief counsel for the
United States in the Bering Sea arbi-
tration.
May 14. O. Judge Sage of the U. S.
District Court in Cincinnati decides that
the River and Harbor Act of Congress
is unconstitutional so far as it gives to
the Secretary of War judicial powers.
May 17. Mich. A National League of
College Republican Clubs is formed
at Ann Arbor.
May 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Naval Appropriation Bill
as amended by the Committee, five
Democrats voting with the Republi-
cans. [July 15. Conference report
agreed to. July 20. Approved.]
N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the codes
prepared by the Statutory Revision
Commission, and Senator George F.
Roesch's Factory Bill.
May 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate
passes the River and Harbor Bill.
[July 6. Conference report agreed to.
July 15. Approved.]
President Harrison proclaims reci-
procity with Guatemala, to take ef-
fect May 30.
May 23. Ida. Gov. Willey asks aid of
the United States Government, the strik-
ing miners being armed, and trouble is
feared.
May 26. D. C. Congress: The House
adopts a provision for closing the Gov-
ernment World's Fair exhibit on
Sunday.
Ky. The Legislature orders rail-
roads passing through the State to pro-
vide separate coaches for negroes.
May 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate
makes the Stewart Free Coinage Bill
unfinished business for the following
Tuesday ; the House passes the Sundry
Civil Appropriation Bill after 15 dis-
cussions ; bill introduced Mar. 24. [July
14. It passes the Senate after 11 dis-
cussions. Aug. 6. Conference report
agreed to, and bill approved.]
La. The Legislature passes a bill re-
quiring all persons selling firearms to
take out a license.
May 31. N. Y. The (anti-Hill) protest-
ing Democratic State Convention con-
venes at Syracuse ; a full delegation to
Chicago is chosen, with instructions to
vote as a unit.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Apr. 28. N.J. The steamer Flor-
ida goes ashore near Atlantic City.
f'hita. The Grand Central Theater
is burned and 12 lives lost.
Apr. 29±. Tex. A drought causes dis-
tressing want; 500 families receive
rations.
May 5. Mo. By the collapse of a rail-
way bridge near Medill seven lives are
lost and many persons injured.
May 7. Wash. The 100th anniversary
of the discovery of Puget Sound is
celebrated at Port Townsend.
May 12. N. Mex. The Capitol at Santa
Fe, valued at $1,000,000, is burned.
New York. Wm. Astor bequeaths
the bulk of his estate to his son, John
Jacob Astor, but gives about $150,000 to
public charities.
Term. The steel cantilever bridge
spanning the Mississippi River at
Memphis is opened with elaborate cere-
monies.
May 15. O. A train-wreck in a blind-
ing storm near Cleves causes seven
deaths and many persons injured; loss
to the company, over $100,000.
May 16. Weak levees on the Missis-
sippi give way, and much damage is
done ; women and children are rescued
with difficulty.
May 19. la. The loss of property by
the flood-wave at Sioux City will
reach $1,500,000; about 20 persons are
supposed to be lost.
May 25. Neb. The silver (25th) anni-
versary of the admission of Nebraska
into the Union is celebrated at Lincoln.
May 26. Chicago. The steam propeller
Wergeland arrives from Norway via
the St. Lawrence and the Welland
Canal.
May 27. Chicago. The first elevated
railroad is opened.
May 28. N. Y. A receiver is asked
for to wind up the Empire Order of Mu-
tual Aid at Buffalo ; 45 death claims are
still unpaid, calling for $90,000; assets,
$20,000.
May 30. N. Y. Brooklyn, eastern dis-
trict, loses $175,000 by fire ; over 50 fami-
lies are rendered homeless.
May 31. Cal. The largest gold brick
ever handled — 357 J pounds avoirdupois,
valued at $120,000 — arrives at the mint
in San Francisco from the Harqua Hala
mine in Arizona.
Chicago. In the Board of Trade, the
price of corn drops from $1.00 per
bushel to 49 cents, causing the failure of
Coster and Martin, who were " running
a corner" for May.
408 1892, May 31 -July 1.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 June 8. Minn. Militia are sent
to the Minnesota Company's mines at
Tower, where trouble is feared from
strikers.
June 12. D. C. Commander Smith,
U. S. N., is retired by direction of the
President.
June 28. Va. The armored battle-
ship Texas is launched at Norfolk.
July 1. Fla. Additional troops are
called out at Jackson to intimidate the
negroes ; a number are arrested.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 June 1. Ind. Floods in this
State and elsewhere are still raging ;
estimated loss thus far, $50,000,000.
June 2. Pa. The "High-Water
Mark " Monument is dedicated at
Gettysburg.
It commemorates the terrible struggle
on Cemetery Ridge, which resulted in
the retirement of Gen. Lee's army from
Northern States, and the gradual decline
of the prestige of Confederate arms.
June 5. Pa. New deposits of coal are
found between Pottsville and Tamaqua.
June 20. New York. The University
Settlement opens its first free art ex-
hibition in Allen Street.
June 27. The Peary relief party starts
on its expedition to McCormick Bay, in
the Arctic regions. [Aug. * McCor-
mick Harbor is reached on the return
trip from the Arctic Sea. Sept. * The
successful expedition returns in safety.]
La. The entire country along the
Amity River, between Lake Maurepas
and Port Vincent, is under water.
June * I). C. The American Institute
of Homeopathy meets at Washing-
ton.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892.
June 3. Moore, D. T>. T., editor of rural
papers, A72.
June 9. Dillon, Sidney, president of Union
Pacific K. K., A70.
June 24. Oassidy, G. W., M. C. for Mo.,
A56.
June 29. Bwight, Theodore W., jurist,
professor at Columbia, A70.
CHURCH.
1892 May* Phila. The National
Baptist Congress convenes.
June 13. Pa. A vast concourse of
ailing people at Mount Troy, Alle-
gheny, visit Father Mollinger to be
healed, at the St. Anthony's Day cele-
bration (Roman Catholic). [June 15.
He dies soon after blessing a large as-
sembly. Aged 70 years.]
LETTERS.
1892 June 6. The American Jewish
Historical Society is formed.
June 8. Conn. A new public library,
the gift of Miss Caroline Phelps Stokes,
is dedicated at Ansonia, the building
costing between $35,000 and $40,000.
June 22. Cal. Prof. S. W. Burnham,
the astronomer, resigns his position at
Lick Observatory.
July 1±. 17. Middlebury College re-
ceives $60,000 toward its permanent fund
from C. J. Starr of New York City.
SOCIETY.
1892 June 1. Cal. Highbinders are
rioting in the Chinese quarters at Sac-
ramento ; two Chinamen are killed and
one wounded.,
June 2. N. Mex. An express-train on
the Santa Fe road is held up and
robbed, after a fight with the express-
messengers.
N. Y. In Port Jervis a negro is
lynched for an assault on Miss Mc-
Mahon of that village.
[June 28+ . The grand jury indicts
the officials of Port Jervis for criminal
negligence ; they are acquitted.]
June 3. Fla. By act of the Legislature
Florida observes for the first time Jef-
ferson Davis's birthday as a legal
holiday.
June 4. N. J. Alden Fales, 16 years
of age, is convicted of the murder of
Thomas Haddon at Newark.
June 5. Chicago. The American Insti-
tute of Electrical Engineers begins
its annual session.
June 6. New York. Dr. Robert W.
Buchanan is arrested on a charge of
poisoning his wife ; a week after her
burial he went to Halifax, and remar-
ried his (divorced) first wife.
N. Y. Two Toronto men are arrested
on the Niagara frontier with 6o pounds
of smuggled opium in their possession.
June 8. Boston. The colored citizens
in mass-meeting adopt strong resolu-
tions denouncing the outrages on colored
people in the South, and demanding the
punishment of the lynchers.
Colo. Bob Ford, the slayer of
Jesse James, is shot and killed by Dep-
uty-Sheriff Kelly at Denver.
June 9. Fla. Confederate flags are
carried in a procession of Confederate
veterans in Jacksonville.
June 11. Miss. A mob of white men
shoots every negro it meets on the hills
near Port Gibson.
AT. Y. At a riot among lumber-
men in Tonawanda, several strikers are
shot by officers ; two policemen receive
wounds.
Pa. The annual meeting and parade
of the Society of the Army of the Po-
tomac occurs at Scranton.
June 13. Tenn. A negro prisoner is
protected from a mob and tried accord-
ing to law in open court at Chattanooga.
June 14. Okla. President Harrison
telegraphs the governor to use the most
vigorous efforts to prevent any lynching
at Guthrie, a mob having threatened a
negro, arrested for assaulting a woman.
Phila. The International Typo
graphical Union is in session.
June 15. N. Y. The Master Car-
Builders' Association of the United
States is in session at Saratoga.
New York. John E. Redmond, the
Irish Home Ruler, speaks on the Irish
question in the Academy of Music be-
fore a large audience.
June 16. Ky. For illicit whisky-selling
in Lancaster, a local-option town, a
negro is fined nearly $1,000,000 after
confessing in 1,585 cases, and a white
man $157,700, in 1,577 cases.
June 18. Miss. One negro is lynched,
and another threatened with the same
fate, in McComb City.
Ex-Congressman J. B. Morgan of Mis-
sissippi is killed by Henry Foster, a law-
yer, near Horn Lake.
New York. The will of Sidney Dillon
is made public ; his heirs give $100,000
to various charities.
June 19. Minn. There is trouble with
striking miners at Tower ; the militia
are under arms.
June 20. N. J. The Court of Errors and
Appeals affirms the conviction of the
Jersey City ballot-box stuffers. (See
Feb. 13, 1890.)
[June 28. Thirteen are sentenced to
the State prison and seven to the peni-
tentiary. July 1. Judge Lippincott
sends four more to prison. Aug. 5. The
last of the 67 ballot-box stuffers plead
guilty. Dec. 24. All are released by the
Court of Pardons.]
Pa. The Homestead Steel Works
at Pittsburg are partly closed ; 3,000 men
are thrown out of work.
June 21. D. C. Edwin J. Ryan, United
States Express Company's clerk at
Washington, is missing; also three
packages of new bank-notes, amount-
ing to $50,000.
Phila. The Ladies' National Ten-
nis Tournament opens.
June 22. N. Y. Tramps seize a freight-
train on the New York Central Railroad,
and ride to New York on it.
N. Y. G. E. Carpenter, the assailant
of John E. Searles, Jr., in Brooklyn, is
sentenced to 20 years in the State
prison.
June 24. O. Street-car strikers at
Cleveland use violence.
June 25. New York. The Iron League,
composed of the big local iron firms, dis-
charges all employees who are identified
with the Knights of Labor ; they num-
ber about 1,500.
Pa. The Carnegie Steel Works at
Homestead lock out the strikers, who
demand payment for their labor accor-
ding to a wage scale. (See July 6.)
June 27. New York. A prisoner on trial
in the Court of General Sessions is shot
dead by the brother of the young girl he
had assaulted.
Tenn. W. M. Bates is taken from jail
at Shelbyville by a mob and lynched.
June 28. New York. The Health Board
appoints 50 physicians of the " summer
corps " to serve without charge among
the poor in the tenement-house district.
The grand jury, having dismissed ex-
cise cases without limit, is discharged.
Judge Lacombe delivers an opinion in
favor of the legality of the Whisky
Trust.
June 29. N. Y. The National Savings
Bank, Buffalo, fails in consequence of
the defalcation of $500,000 by Edward S.
Dann, its president.
July 1. N. Y. An Excise Enforce-
ment League is organized in Brooklyn.
STATE.
1892 June 1. D. C. Congress; Sen-
ate : John Sherman finishes his speech
on the Silver Bill ; William M. Stewart
of Nev. follows.
The Treasury Department reports the
public debt increased $4,600,000 in May.
UNITED STATES.
1892, May 31 -July 1. 409
R. I. The Legislature in Grand Com-
mittee elects all the Republican nomi-
nees by overwhelming majorities.
Wis. Gov. Peck calls a special ses-
sion of the Legislature for June 28 to
reapportion the State into Senate and
Assembly districts.
June 2. B.C. Congress; Senate: Wil-
liam M. Stewart finishes his speech on
silver, and the bill goes over.
June 4. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the Postal Appropriation Bill
after eight discussions ; bill introduced
Apr. 16. [June 29. Bill passes the Sen-
ate. July 15. Approved.] The Senate
Committee on Immigration examines
John I. Davenport on the naturaliza-
tion frauds in New York City. [Again
en June 9.]
James G. Blaine tenders his resig-
nation of the portf oho of State, which
the President accepts ; this action is un-
derstood to place Mr. Blaine in the field
as a possible presidential candidate.
June 6. D. C. Congress: The Legis-
lative, Executive, and Judicial Appro-
priation Bill is passed ; bill introduced
May 28. [June 29. Bill is passed by the
Senate. July 20. Approved.] Bills are
passed to admit Arizona and New
Mexico as States.
June 7. I). C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Diplomatic and
Consular Bill. [Juiy 14. Conference
report agreed to. July 20. Approved.]
The House passes the Urgent Defici-
ency Bill.
. Ore. Republicans carry both
branches of the Legislature.
June 7-11. Minn. The Republican
National Convention is in session at
Minneapolis, with William McKinley,
Jr., of O., chairman.
President Harrison is renominated
on the first ballot for presidential can-
didate. Vote, Harrison of Ind., 535J ;
James G. Blaine of Me., 182 J ; William
McKinley, Jr. of O., 182; Thomas B.
Reed of Me., 4 ; Robert T. Lincoln of
111., 1 ; Harrison's plurality, 166.
Vote for candidate for Vice-President :
Whitelaw Reid and Thomas B. Reed are
put in nomination ; but the latter with-
draws before a ballot is taken, and the
former is nominated unanimously.
June 8. D, C. Congress: The House
passes the Agricultural Appropria-
tion Bill introduced June 2.
June 10. T>. C. Congress : In the House
the Committee on Commerce reports in
favor of instituting an investigation
of the Reading combine to control the
price of anthracite coal.
June 15. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Fortifications Appropria-
tion Bill introduced May 3.
June 18. Mich. The Supreme Court de-
cides that the Miner Electoral Law is
unconstitutional.
June 20. D. C. Congress: The Sen-
ate receives a message from the Presi-
dent, calling attention to the failure to
agree upon reciprocity with Canada,
and recommending retaliation upon
the Dominion for unjust discrimination
against American vessels navigating the
Canadian canals.
Me. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.) is nom-
inated for governor.
JuHe 21-23. Chicago. The Demo-
cratic National Convention is in ses-
sion ; W. L. Wilson of W. Va. is chosen
permanent chairman ; the convention
unanimously adopts a platform, includ-
ing a tariff resolution substituted for
that reported by the committee ; late in
the night session Mr. Cleveland is nomi-
nated for President on the first ballot.
Vote, 1st ballot : Cleveland, 617 ; D.
B. Hill of N. Y., 114; Horace Boies of
la., 103 ; A. P. Gorman of Md., 36 ; Adlai
E. Stevenson of 111., 15; J. G. Carlisle
of Ky., 14; W. R. Morrison of 111., 3;
James E. Campbell of O., 2 ; Wm. E.
Russell of Mass., 2; and Robert E. Pat-
tison and Wm. C. Whitney of N. Y., 1
vote each. Whole number of votes cast,
909&. Necessary to a choice, 607.
For Vice-President : Adlai E. Steven-
son of 111., 402 ; Isaac P. Gray of Ind.,
343 ; Allen B. Morse of Mich., 86 ; John
L. Michell, of Wis., 45 ; Henry Watter-
son of Ky., 26 ; Bourke Cockran of N. Y.,
5 ; Lambert Tree and Horace Boies of
la., 1 vote each. Stevenson is nominated
by acclamation.
June 22. Vt. Col. Levi K. Fuller (Rep.)
is nominated for governor.
June 27. />. C. Congress : The House
passes the General Deficiency Bill,,
The National Republican Commit-
tee meets in Washington, and elects W.
J. Campbell of Chicago chairman in
place of Gen. Clarkson.
June 28. I). C. Congress; Senate: The
Agricultural Appropriation Bill is
amended and passed. [July 1. Confer-
ence report agreed to. July 6. Ap-
proved.]
It is announced that from July 1 the
free list on American goods sent to
foreign countries will cover Cuba and
Porto Rico.
Ind. Ira. J. Chase (Rep.) is renomi-
nated for governor.
June 29. J). C. Congress : The Senate
confirms the nomination of John "W.
Foster of Ind. for Secretary of State,
and passes the Dependent Pensions
Appropriation Bill ; total amount ap-
propriated, $144,950,000. [July 9. Con-
ference report agreed to. July 15. Ap-
proved.]
A caucus of Democratic Senators
decides that white supremacy in the
South ought to be the chief issue of the
campaign.
June 29- July 1. O. The Prohibition
National Convention opens at Cincin-
nati ; Col. Eli Ritter of Ind. is chosen
permanent chairman.
John Bidwell of Cal. is nominated
for President on the first ballot. Vote :
Bidwell, 590; Gideon T. Stewart of O.,
179; W. Jennings Demorest of N. Y.,
139 ; H. Clay Bascom of N. Y., 3. For
Vice-President ; first ballot : James B.
Cranfill of Tex., 410 ; Joshua Levering
of Md., 351 ; A. W. Satterly of Minn ,
26; T. R. Carskadon of W. Va., 21;
Cranfill is nominated.
June 30. Statistics for the fiscal year.
Revenue : Customs, $177,452,964 ; inter-
nal revenue, $153,971,072 : sales of public
lands, $3,261,876; miscellaneous items,
$20,251,872. Total revenue, $354,937,784.
Expenditures : miscellaneous items,
$99,841,987 ; War Department, $46,895,-
456 ; Navy Department, $29,174,139 ; In-
dians, $11,150,578; pensions, $134,583,053;
interest on the public debt, $23,378,116.
Total ordinary expenditure, $345,023,329 ;
excess of revenue over ordinary expen-
diture, $9,914,455. Exports, $1,030,278,-
148; imports, $827,402,462. Public debt
(Dec. 1), $1,563,612,455.
July 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes Stewart's Free Silver Bill.
Vote, 29-25. The House passes the
Eight-Hour Labor Bill, for mechanics
and laborers employed on the public
buildings and works ; bill introduced
May 25. [July 25. It passes the Senate.
Aug. 2. Approved.]
Kan. A. W. Smith (Rep.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892. May 31. New York. Gen. Por-
ter announces that the raising of the
$350,000 required for the Grant Monu-
ment at Riverside Park is completed,
with $700 additional.
June 5. Mo. The National Nicaragua
Canal Convention is held at St. Louis ;
25 States are represented.
Pa. The surface of Oil Creek be-
comes a sheet of fire by the bursting of
tanks of oil and gasolene during a flood ;
100 lives are lost.
June 10. X. J. The United States
Cutlery Company is incorporated at
Trenton; capital stock, $1,600,000.
June 14. Ky. A train- wreck at Lone-
some Hollow causes seven deaths.
June 17. N. J. A leather-trust is in-
corporated at Trenton; capital stock,
$1,000,000.
June 21±. Ariz. A great gold-rush is
made for a new mining-camp in Mohave
County, 50 miles north of Kingman.
June 25. Cal. The Commercial Hotel
at Bangor is burned ; six guests perish
and many are injured.
Pa. A train is wrecked near Har-
risburg, causing 12 deaths ; several men
are caught robbing the dead.
June 26. Boston. A balloon is torn in
an attempt to open the valve during as-
cension ; it descends rapidly into the
harbor ; the two aeronauts are killed
and a newspaper reporter is seriously
injured.
-■ — + la. Seven persons are drowned,
many injured, and a vast amount of
property destroyed, by floods in the
West; railroad travel is seriously im-
peded in Iowa.
June 30. Pa. The Homestead works
in Pittsburg are closed on account of
the strike.
July 1. Conn. Yale defeats Harvard
in a boat-race at New London ; time,
20.48.
410 1892, July 1- July 23.
AMERICA:
*
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 July 12. Pa. The State troops
enter Homestead, and take possession
of the mills.
July 14. Ida. A force of 2,000 U. S.
troops arrives at Wardner to suppress
disorders in the Coeur d'Alene mining-
district. [July 23. Order is restored.]
July 16. New York. The Naval Keserve
starts on its annual cruise, and for a
week will be drilled in the art of naval
warfare.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 July 4. Neiv York. Ground is
broken for the Columbus Monument
at Fifty-ninth Street and Eighth Avenue.
[Sept. 16. The corner-stone is laid after
a parade by Italian societies.]
July 11. J). C. The Patent Office at
Washington decides that J. W. Swan,
and not T. A. Edison, invented the
electric-light carbon for incandescent
lamps.
July 13. Miss. Thousands of acres of
cotton and corn are ruined by floods,
and the people are in a destitute condi-
tion.
July 15. Colo. A waterspout almost
sweeps away Canon City.
July 21. Ind. A soldiers' monument
is unveiled at "Winchester, Gov. Chase
making a patriotic address.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892.
July 10. Morgan, George W., organist, of
N. Y., A70.
Bungay, George W., author, journalist,
A74.
July 12. Field, Cyrus W.. financier, ori-
ginator Atlantic cable enterprise, A73.
July 14. Booth, Newton, senator, Gov. of
Cal., A67.
July 18. Cooke, Rose Terry, author, A65.
July 21. Gardner, Henry J., Gov. of Mass.,
A73.
CHURCH.
1892 July 2. Mass. The 7th annual
convention of college students opens
at Northfield.
July 3. S.Dak. A Catholic Congress
of Sioux Indians opens at the Cheyenne
agency ; 6,000 Indians are present.
July 6. New York. The Commission-
ers of Charities and Correction have set
apart a plot of ground attached to the
Bellevue Hospital property for a Ro-
man Catholic chapel, in which pa-
tients of that faith may hear mass.
American Jewish rabbis meet in
convention.
July 7. New York. The 11th Interna-
tional Convention of Christian En-
deavor Societies opens at Madison
Square Garden ; there are 30,000 peo-
ple in attendance.
July 14. Mich. The Baptist Young
People's Union begins its first annual
National Convention in Detroit.
LETTERS.
1892 July 5. R. I. The American
Institute of Instruction opens its 63d
annual convention at Narragansett Pier.
July 6. N. Y. The Chautauqua Col-
lege of Liberal Arts and the Teachers'
Retreat are opened.
New York. It is decided to introduce
the kindergarten system into the
public schools.
July 12. N. Y. President Harrison
speaks before the National Educa-
tional Association at Saratoga.
July 15. N. Y. The annual meeting of
the American Institute of Christian
Philosophy is held at Prohibition Park,
Staten Island; Rev. Charles F. Deems
is reelected president.
July 18. Mass. The Summer School
of Pedagogy and Psychology opens
at Clark University, Worcester, with an
attendance of nearly 200.
July 23. Minn. The State Turnfest, in
session at Duluth, unanimously adopts
resolutions condemning interference
by any religious sect with the public-
school system.
SOCIETY.
1892 July 2. Minn. A train is held
up by robbers near Kasota ; the express-
messenger saves the money in a clever
manner.
July 4. Fla. Three men are shot by
negroes in Jacksonville, while assem-
bled to prevent the lynching of a col-
ored man held under the charge of
murder.
July 5. Conn. The Norfolk Gymna-
sium, erected by Miss Alice B. Eldridge,
opens ; it is built of Roman brick, with
tiled roof.
July 6. Pa. A Riot occurs at the
Carnegie "Works at Homestead.
Three hundred Pinkerton men, at-
tempting to land at the works, are met
by armed workmen, and in the fight
which ensues 11 strikers and 9 detectives
are killed and many wounded ; cannon
and dynamite are used by the strikers,
and the Pinkertons are compelled to
surrender ; the barges on which they
came are looted and burned. (See June
25.)
[July 7. Homestead is quiet.
The locked-out men repair the damage
done to the steel company's plant on the
6th inst. ; five car-loads of Pinkerton
guards are sent from Pittsburg to New
York. All the liquor-stores are closed
by order of the authorities.
July 9. Gov. R. E. Pattison orders the
State troops to Homestead to preserve
order among the strikers.
Ammunition to the extent of 25,000
rounds is sent from the State Arsenal
to Pittsburg ; Homestead is still under
control of the armed workmen.
July 16. The Company gives formal
notice to the strikers, that they will be
discharged unless they return to their
work.] (See July 18.)
Six lynchings occur at different
places in the South.
July 7. N. Y. Nine young burglars,
ages ranging from 13 to 19, are captured
in Brooklyn.
The American Association to Promote
the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf
Mutes meets in convention at Lake
George.
N. Y. Sons of the Revolution cel-
ebrate an anniversary at White Plains ;
Whitelaw Reid delivers an oration.
July 11. N. Y. Further protests are
made to Mayor Boody of Brooklyn
against the action of the Board of Al-
dermen in giving a railway franchise
without remuneration to the city, when
§30,000 was offered for the same.
July 12. Ky. At Paducah 75 armed
negroes have a conflict with a sheriff's
posse, and one of the latter is wounded
fatally.
New York. Over $2,000 are received
at the Produce Exchange for the St.
John's sufferers in Newfoundland.
July 13. Ida. Striking miners blow up
two railroad bridges of the Northern
Pacific road in Occur d'Al§ne country ;
non-union men are put to work in the
mines at Wardner.
July 14. O. Seven members of the To-
ledo Common Council are indicted for
soliciting bribes from the Pluto Oil
Company for permission to pipe certain
streets to furnish crude oil.
July 15. Chicago. German societies
in convention protest against the Sen-
ate's action in requiring the closing of
the "World's Fair on Sunday.
/. T. Train-robbers, after a fight,
open the express company's safe and
secure $50,000 ; several employees are
wounded.
July 16. Mont. The National Mining
Congress in session at Helena declares
in favor of free coinage, and then ad-
journs.
O. Sheriff Herzog of Ashland County
is arrested on the charge of embezzling
$10,000.
July 18. Conn. William W. Backus of
Norwich, recently deceased, leaves by
will $300,000 to Norwich public in-
stitutions.
Pa. Warrants are issued for the ar-
rest of seven leaders of the Home-
stead strike, charged with the murder
of two Pinkerton men on July 6 ; they
are all under arrest except Hugh O'Don-
nell, the chief leader.
[July 19. Gov. Pattison arrives to in-
spect the Pennsylvania militia in camp ;
150 non-union men are at work in the
steel-mills.
July 22. H. C. Frick of the Carnegie
Steel-Works is shot thrice ; Berkman,
his assailant, is arrested. More strikers
are arrested. The Carnegie Works are
now being operated by non-union men.
July 28. It is announced that upwards
of 700 non-union men are at work in the
Carnegie mills at Homestead.
The Pennsvlvania troops take posses-
sion of Homestead ; Mr. Child, of the
Carnegie Company, opens the office and
resumes possession of the works for the
Company ; Gen. Snowden declines a re-
ception.
Aug. 2. W. I. Brennan, representing
the Amalgamated Association of work-
men at Homestead, applies in court for
the appointment of a voluntary trade
tribunal to settle the trouble.
Aug. 3. Several officials of the Car-
negie Company are arrested at Pittsburg
on charge of murder, and released on
$10,000 bail.
Aug. 8. The strikers at the Carnegie
mills at Duquesne return to work. Aug.
25. Upwards of 200 employees of the
29th Street Carnegie mill at Pittsburg
begin a sympathy strike. Aug. 29. Non-
union men are assaulted by strikers at
Homestead. Sept. 19. Berkman is sen-
tenced to 22 years imprisonment.
UNITED STATES.
1892, July 1 - July 23. 411
Sept. 21. Officers of the Carnegie
Steel Company are arrested at Pittsburg
on charges growing out of the Home-
stead riots.
Oct. 2. Five more Homestead stri-
kers are arrested for treason against
the State.
Oct. 11. Indictments are found at
Pittsburg against the strikers' Advisory
Committee at Homestead for treason,
and against Mr. Frick and others for
murder and conspiracy.
Nov. 17. Three hundred mechanics
and day-laborers at Homestead leave
the ranks of the strikers, and are taken
back by the Carnegie Company.
Nov. 18. More Homestead strikers re-
turn to work ; the trial of Sylvester
Critchlow, the first of the strikers
charged with murder during the riot,
begins in Pittsburg.
Nov. 20. The strike at Homestead is
declared off by the Amalgamated Asso-
ciation of Iron and Steel Workers.
Nov. 21. Ex-strikers make a rush to
get their former places in the Carnegie
mills at Homestead, but many of them
are disappointed. [Those who return are
required to sign an agreement not to
join any labor organization.]
July 20. New York. A Tee-To-Tum,
a club for tenement-house people, the
first in this country, is opened in Essex
Street.
R. I. Anthony S. Haswell of East
Providence is lured from his home,
robbed, and killed.
July 23. Russia. Rev. T. DeWitt Tal-
mage of Brooklyn, N. Y., visits the Czar.
STATE.
1892 July 2. D. C. Congress: The
House agrees to several conference re-
ports.
Neb. The National Convention of
the People's Party convenes in Oma-
ha; C. H. Ellington of Ga., temporary
chairman ; after a number of speeches,
a committee on resolutions is appointed,
and the convention adjourns till Mon-
day, July 4.
[July 4-5. The People's Party Con-
vention at Omaha adopts a platform,
and nominates Gen. James B. "Weaver
of la. for President on the first ballot.
Vote : Weaver, 995 ; James H. Kyle of
S. Dak., 295 ; Mann Page of Pa.,Leland
Stanford of Cal., and S. F. Norton of
111., one vote each. Jas. G. Field of Va.
is nominated for Vice-President. Vote :
Field, 733 ; Ben Terral of Tex., 554.]
III. W. Q,. Gresham telegraphs
that he cannot accept a nomination for
the presidency from the People's Party.
July 6. D. C. Congress : In the Senate
the joint resolution is passed for an in-
vestigation relative to the "Slums of
Cities " having more than 200,000 popu-
lation ; bill introduced Feb. 15. [July
18. It passes the House. July 21. Ap-
proved.]
July 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate
Investigating Committee continues its
inquiry regarding the Reading combine
with two other roads for controlling the
price of coal.
July 8. D.C. Congress: The House un-
der suspension of rules passes the Tin-
Plate, Lead-Ore, and Utah Govern-
ment Bills. [They all fail in the Sen-
ate.]
July 9. D. C. Congress: In the House
the Stewart Free Silver Bill is re-
ported favorably without amendment.
It is announced that President Harri-
son is to arbitrate a South American
boundary question.
July 10. Pa. Gov. Pattison issues or-
ders to Gen. Snowden to move with the
entire National Guard of the State
to the support of the Sheriff of Alle-
gheny County at Homestead.
July 12. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate the Anti-Option Bill is put back
upon the calendar.
The President at the call of the gov-
ernor of Idaho orders Federal troops to
the Cceur d'Alene mining region for the
restoration of order.
July 13. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate the Committee of the Whole adopts
the Quay proviso for closing the
"World's Fair on Sundays; the mo-
tion to lay the amendment on the table
is rejected. Vote, 11-45. The amend-
ment is agreed to without division ; the
Peffer proviso that the $5,000,000 should
be paid out of the Treasury for the ex-
penses of the Fair only on condition
that intoxicating liquors should not
be sold within the Fair Grounds is
agreed to. Vote, 28-26. The House re-
jects the resolution reported by the
Committee on Rules, to consider the
Silver Bill. Vote, 136-154. It is there-
by practically killed.
Ida. Gov. Willey issues a proclama-
tion placing Shoshone County under
martial law.
Md. — Va. The Maryland and Vir-
ginia Legislatures appoint committees
to fix the boundary line and determine
upon a plan for the settlement of the
oyster-grounds dispute.
Pa. The Congressional Committee
resumes its investigation of the Home-
stead trouble. [July 14. It is com-
pleted.]
July 14. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate the proviso for closing the "World's
Fair on Sunday, passed in the Com-
mittee of the Whole, is confirmed ;
Peffer's anti-liquor selling proviso is
reconsidered and rejected. Vote, 20-21.
John Sherman of O. introduces a bill
repealing parts of the present law direct-
ing the purchase of silver bullion and
of the issue of Treasury notes thereon.
Minn. Ignatius Donnelly (People's
Party) is nominated for governor.
July 15. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate the Fortifications Appropriation
Bill is amended and passed. [July 19.
Conference report agreed to. July 25.
Approved.]
July 16. D. C. Thomas H. Carter,
ex-Congressman from Mont., is elected
Chairman of the National Republi-
can Committee.
July 18. D. C. Congress; Senate : the
General Deficiency Appropriation
Bill is passed.
July 19. I). C. Congress : The Senate
receives the nomination of George
Shiras of Pa. to be Associate Justice of
the Supreme Court in place of Justice
Bradley, deceased. [July 26. Con-
firmed.] The House non-concurs in the
Senate amendment appropriating$5,000,-
000 for the "World's Fair ; the Sunday-
closing proviso is adopted.
July 20. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the bill to raise life-savers'
pay ; it refuses to give American registry
to Chinese.
Mo. W. I. Stone (Dem.) is nominated
for governor.
N. Y. At a meeting in Madison
Square Garden, New York, Grover
Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson are
officially informed of their nomination
for presidential offices.
July 21. D.C. Congress : The Senate
passes the Retaliation Bill to enforce
reciprocal commercial relations with
Canada in canal tolls ; bill introduced
Jan. 23. [July 22. It passes the Senate.
July 26. Approved.]
The President issues a proclamation
making Oct. 12 a public holiday for the
Columbus celebration.
- — Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
. Pa. William F. Harrity of Pa. is
elected Chairman of the Democratic
National Committee. [Aug. 8. Don
M. Dickinson of Pa. is elected Chairman
of the Campaign Committee.]
Fla. Alonzo P. Baskin (People's
Party) is nominated for governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 July 1. Ire. The Inman Steamer
Chicago is wrecked on the coast, near
Cork. [July 7. The vessel is broken up
by the sea.]
July 3. R. I. Providence suffers a loss
by fire of $500,000.
July 4. New York. The National Ci-
garette and Tobacco Company, incor-
porated in New Jersey, fixes its head-
quarters in this city ; its capital stock is
$2,500,000.
N. J. The city of Paterson celebrates
the centennial of its settlement.
Mass. The city of Quincy celebrates
its centennial.
July 6. Cal. Great forest fires are
raging north of the American River, de-
stroying timber and pasture lands.
Md. Pocomoke City is partially de-
stroyed by fire ; loss, about $230,000.
Ft. A log-jam in the Connecticut
River, near Springfield, suspends travel.
July 9. Cal. The powder-works near
West Berkeley explode, killing 100 Chi-
nese laborers and three Americans.
July 10±. Texas decides to take no
part in the World's Fair [but is well
represented in buildings and exhibits
through the private enterprise of its
citizens].
July 13. III. Sixteen lives are lost by
the capsizing of a steamer at Peoria.
July 19. If. J. The Atlantic Hotel at
Long Branch is burned : the guests lose
$30,000 in clothing and jewelry, either
burned or stolen.
July 20. Cal. The first special fruit-
train for London leaves Sacramento.
412 1892, July 23 - Aug. 21.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 July 24. Pa. Private Thomas
lams, of Co. K, 10th Regt., N. G., hav-
ing called for cheers for the man who
shot H. C. Frick, is strung up by the
thumbs and dishonorably dismissed.
July 26 ±. Pa. Lieut.-Col. Streator's
action in the punishment of Private
lams by hanging him by the thumbs is
strongly criticised by soldiers and civil-
ians. [Aug. 3. He is unanimously re-
elected to his position. (See Nov. 5.)
Phila. The protected cruiser Colum-
bia is launched at Cramps' shipyard.
July 30. Pa. Troops are summoned to
quell a disturbance by strikers in Du-
quesne.
Aug. 3. D. C. Com. James A. Greer is
promoted rear-admiral.
Aug. 11. Boston. The protected
cruiser Marblehead is successfully
launched at South Boston.
Aug. 12. Phila. The corpse of Charles
W. Riggin, of the cruiser Baltimore,
killed in Valparaiso, is lying in state-
in Independence Hall. [Aug. 14. It is
buried with honors at Woodlawn Ceme-
tery.]
Aug. 16. N. Y. The militia intimidate
the strikers' mob in Buffalo.
The separate companies of Rochester,
Elmira, Syracuse, Auburn, and Oswego
are ordered to hold themselves in readi-
ness to proceed to Buffalo. [Aug. 18.
Six New York and Brooklyn regiments
leave for Buffalo. Gov. Flower orders
the mobilization of the State militia at
Buffalo if necessary. Aug. 20. Adj. -Gen.
Porter assumes command at Buffalo.]
Term. Free miners attack the stock-
ade at Oliver Springs, but are repulsed.
Troops arrive from Knox vi lie and Chat-
tanooga.
[Aug. 17. Miners capture the stock-
ade at Oliver Springs, and send the con-
victs and guards to Knoxville. Aug. 18.
Miners make three unsuccessful attacks
on the convict camp at Coal Creek, suf-
fering considerable loss. Aug. 19. Mi-
ners at Coal-Creek Camp are put to rout
by Gen. Carnes, and compelled to deliver
up Col. Anderson, who had been held
captive by them. Aug. 20. A band of
i,ooo miners attacks a company of sol-
diers near Coal Creek ; two miners are
killed.]
Aug. 19. D. C. On application, the Sec-
retary of "War orders 600 stands of
arms to be sent from Indianapolis to
Knoxville.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 July 25. This is the hottest
. 25th of July on record ; many deaths
occur from the heat, and there is much
suffering in all the States east of the
Rocky Mountains.
July 28. Mont. A killing frost occurs.
Colo. Rich ore discoveries are made
at Pitkin, some of the assays running as
high as $1,800 per ton.
July 29. D. C. The National Acad-
emy of Art is established by Congress.
Aug. 3. N. H. A statue in memory of
Senator John P. Hale, an antislavery
leader, is unveiled at Concord.
Aug. 15. N. Y. The American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Sci-
ence begins its session at Rochester.
Aug. 16. Ida. A great glacial field is
found in Central Idaho, beneath which
lies a series of glacial lakes.
Aug. 17. Cal. Sehiaparelli's Canal in
Mars (Ganges) is shown at Lick Obser-
vatory to be double.
Aug. 20. Ark. High-grade silver and
lead ores are discovered about 15
miles from Little Rock.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892.
July 25. Beach, Moses 8., journalist, A69.
July 30. Craig, A. K., M. C. for Pa., A60.
July 31. Kennedy, Anthony, U. S. sena-
tor for Md., A82.
Aug. 9. Denver, .lames W., Gov. of Kan.,
brig.-gen. vols., A75.
McCready, Benjamin W., physician,
professor at Bellevue, A80.
Aug. 14. Warwick, John G., M. C. for O.,
AG2.
CHURCH.
1892 Aug. 4. Mass. The 10th annual
Conference of the Schools of Reli-
gious Workers begins at Northfield.
Aug. 16. JV. F. The Catholic Young
Men's National Union of the United
States begins its annual convention in
Albany.
LETTERS.
1892 July 30. Conn. The first Roman
Catholic summer school is opened at
New London.
SOCIETY.
1892 July 26. New York. A thousand
more men are ordered out by walking
delegates of the Building Trades as
against the Iron League and the Build-
ing Material Dealers' Association.
[Aug. 2. The strike in the building
trades is extending ; work on new build-
ings is practically stopped. Aug. 4.
Many strikers return to work, and are
attacked by others.]
July 27. Mo. The Amerikanische
Christliche Saengerbund is in ses-
sion at St. Louis, with representatives
from 13 American States and Brazil.
Pa. The 300th birthday of Co-
menius, the Czechic theologian and ed-
ucational reformer, is celebrated with
appropriate exercises at Mount Gretna.
July 29. S. Dak. Sioux Falls decides to
experiment with six city saloons —
one for each ward — for a month at least.
July 30. Boston. A.W. Turner, supreme
president of the Endowment Order of
the Red Cross, is arrested, charged with
obtaining money under false pretenses.
Ind. Star City has been in posses-
sion of Italian rioters for four days.
D. C. President Harrison by procla-
mation forbids resistance to the pro-
cesses of the Courts of Wyoming ; the
cowboys subside.
Aug. 1. New York. Armenians hold a
meeting and protest against the per-
secution of their countrymen by the
Turks.
Aug. 2. N. J. An Italian padrone is
under arrest at Newark for brutality to
boys and girls, whom he forced to beg
for his profit.
Aug. 3. N. Y. A well-known Brooklyn
clubman, John L. How, disappears with
$32,000 of trust-funds.
Aug. 4. Cal. Two masked men dyna-
mite and rob a Wells-Fargo express-
car near Collis ; the amount secured is
reported at between $30,000 and $50,000.
Mass. Andrew J. Borden, a
wealthy resident of Fall River, and his
wife, are murdered in their home
in broad daylight by some person or
persons unknown.
[Aug. 11. Miss Lizzie Borden is
arrested for complicity in the murder of
her father and stepmother. Dec. 2. In-
dicted ; later acquitted.]
Aug. 6±. Chicago. One million dollars
in forged deeds have been sold ; the
property so deeded belongs to Mrs.
Hetty Green.
Wis. Three hundred sawmiU
strikers at Stevens' Point return to work,
the proprietors conceding in part the de-
mands of the men.
Aug. 7±. La. The negroes of Kenner
band themselves together for mutual
protection as citizens and to secure
rightful voting privileges.
Aug. 9. Colo. The Knights Templars
of the United States, numbering 100,000,
open the Grand Conclave at Denver.
[Sir Knight Hugh McCurdy of Mich, is
elected Supreme Grand Commander.]
N. J. Sixty-seven book-makers of
Monmouth Park are placed under bail to
appear before the grand jury in October.
Aug. 10. Pa. Iron manufacturers and
Amalgamated Association men in the
Pittsburg district settle their difficulties
by mutual concessions, and 15 mills will
resume work at once.
Term. Gov. Buchanan is de-
nounced and hanged in effigy for
commuting the death sentence of H.
Clay King, the slayer of D. H. Posten ;
King is hurried away to save him from
a mob. (See Mar. 16.)
Aug. 13. N. Y. Lehigh and Erie switch-
men at Buffalo strike for a ten-hour
day.
[Aug. 15. At Buffalo striking switch-
men stop traffic, burn freight-cars with
$100,000 worth of merchandise, ditch pas-
senger-trains, disarm the sheriff's posse,
and defy all civil authority ; the two
local regiments of the National Guard
are called out.
Aug. 17. The strike at Buffalo ex-
tends to the West Shore and New York
Central Railroads ; the entire 4th bri-
gade of the National Guard is on the
ground.
Aug. 18. Gov. Flower orders the entire
National Guard of the State to Buffalo ;
switchmen of the "Nickel Plate" join
the strikers ; trains are moving under
strong guard.
Aug. 20. Riotous strikers at Buffalo
are fired at by soldiers for throwing
rocks at non-union men.
Aug. 22. At Buffalo the switchmen of
the Western New York and Pennsyl-
vania road join the strike ; car-handlers
on the Lehigh quit work ; the 12th regi-
ment is attacked near midnight by a mob
of strikers and others ; much shooting
follows.
Aug. 23. At Buffalo, Lackawanna
switchmen join the strike, and their
places are filled in an hour ; Buffalo,
Rochester, and Pittsburg switchmen
strike ; many collisions occur between
strikers and soldiers and some shooting
follows.]
I
UNITED STATES.
1892, July 23 - Aug. 21. 413
Aug. 13. Term. The free miners become
riotous, and burn the stockade for con-
vict miners at Tracy City. [Aug. 15 .
State troops repulse the miners at Coal
Creek.]
[Aug. 16. Free miners attack the
stockade at Oliver Springs, but are re-
pulsed ; troops arrive from Knoxville
and Chattanooga.
Aug 17. The miners, 3,000 strong, cap-
ture the stockade at Oliver Springs, and
send the guards and convicts to Knox-
ville.
Aug. 19. The hostile miners at Oliver
Springs in East Tennessee are defeated
and routed by the militia.
The strike at Coal Creek is crushed
out by military and civil forces.
Aug. 30. Convicts return to their work
in the coal-mines.]
Aug. 17. Colo. Train-robbers on the
Union Pacific near La Salle are routed
by a self-possessed cowboy, several shots
being fired, and one of the robbers
wounded.
N. Y. The American Association
for the advancement of Science be-
gins its annual meeting at Rochester.
Aug. 20. Ky. Thomas Young of Owens-
boro is sentenced to 99 years im-
prisonment for the murder of his wife.
STATE.
1892 July 23. B. C. Congress; The
Senate passes a bill to establish a Na-
tional Academy and Gallery of Art in
the District of Columbia ; bill intro-
duced May 25. [July 25. It passes the
House. July 29. Approved.]
July 27. D. C. Congress : The House
recedes from its disagreement to the
Senate amendment providing for a Gov-
ernment appropriation of $5,000,000 to
the World's Fair. Vote, 117-105. A mo-
tion to reconsider is pending.
July 28. B. C. Congress : In the House
the filibustering against the "World's
Fair appropriation is continued.
July 29. B. C. Congress : In the House
much excitement is caused by a charge
of drunkenness in the House, pub-
lished in a book by Thomas E. Watson,
M.C. from N. C. [July 30. A committee
takes testimony. Later it reports the ac-
cusations not proven.]
July 30. B. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Anti-Option Bill is laid over until the
first day of the next session ; a resolu-
tion is passed to extend the appropria-
tions for the Civil Service until Wednes-
day ; in the House the World's Fair
Amendment to the Sundry Civil Bill
occupies the time.
The President issues a proclamation
commanding all persons resisting the
laws in Wyoming to disperse.
Aug. 1. B. C. Congress; The House
continues the appropriations of the Sun-
dry Civil Bill until August 4.
A Democratic caucus votes to post-
pone the World's Fair item of the Sundry
Civil Bill until Dec. 7.
Aug. 2. B. C. Congress; Senate: The
Homestead labor troubles are de-
bated ; in the House all business is at a
standstill.
Aug. 3. B.C. Congress : The House is
without a quorum.
W. Va. Thomas E. Davis (Rep.) is
nominated for governor.
Minn. Daniel V. Lawler (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
Aug. 4. B. C. Don M. Dickinson is
chosen chairman of the Democratic Na-
tional Campaign Committee.
Aug. 5. B.C. Congress : Both the Sen-
ate and House pass the bill appropriat-
ing $2,500,000 to the World's Fair,
in memorial half-dollars. In the
House the committee on the Homestead
troubles make a minority report censur-
ing Mr. Frick.
The 52d Congress ; the first session
ends at 11 r.M.
Chinese sailors are forbidden em-
ployment on American ships, American
ships being regarded as American terri-
tory by Secretary Foster.
The President approves the Monetary
Conference Bill.
Neb. Lorenzo Cronuse (Rep.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
N. Y. Judge Ramsey of the State
Supreme Court decides the recent Le-
gislative Apportionment Act uncon-
stitutional, and therefore void.
Aug. 7. B.C. The President announces
the names of the United States repre-
sentatives at the International Mon-
etary Conference as follows : Sen-
ators William B. Allison of la. and John
P. Jones of Nev., Representative James
B. McCreary of Ky., Gen. Francis A.
Walker of Mass., and Henry W. Cannon
of N. Y. [Oct. 13. President Andrews
of Brown University in place of Mr.
Walker, who is unable to serve.]
Aug. 8. B. C. William S. Holman of
Ind. prepares a statement giving the
Democratic version of the extrava-
gant appropriations made by the re-
cent session of Congress.
Aug. 9. N. J. Thomas J. Kennedy
(Prohib.) is nominated for governor.
Aug. 12. New York. The City Reform
Club denounces Tammany Hall's prac-
tice of making the Health Department
a political machine.
. B. C. The President invites foreign
Powers to participate in the Columbian
International Naval Review in New
York Harbor in April, 1893.
Aug. 17. iris. John E. Spooner (Rep.)
is nominated for governor.
Aug. 19. B. C. The U. S. Charge d' Af-
faires at Constantinople is ordered by
the State Department to demand of
the Porte reparation for the burning
of an American missionary's house at
Bourdour, Asia Minor.
President Harrison issues a proclama-
tion retaliatory upon Canada by es-
tablishing tolls on the Sault Ste. Marie
Canal.
Aug. 21. Tenn. The State authorities
ask the War Department at Washington
for artillery ammunition to use in sup-
pressing disorders.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 July 23. B.C. The largest
brewery in Washington is burned ;
loss, $100,000.
July 24. The steamer H. F. Bimock
sinks W. K. Vanderbilt's steam-
yacht Alva off Pollock's Rip Shoals;
Mr. Vanderbilt and a party of friends
narrowly escape drowning.
July 25. Mich. Bay City is greatly
damaged by fire ; loss, one life, and
$1,000,000 in property.
July 26. N. Y. Brooklyn aldermen
override Mayor Boody's veto of the
resolution giving valuable franchises
without cost to two new South Brooklyn
Street Railroad Companies.
There is great mortality in the
Atlantic, Middle, and Western States
caused by continual hot weather ; 50
deaths from heat occur during 24 hours
in New York City on the 30th inst.
July 27. Ga. Augusta loses $400,000
by fire.
New York. The steamship City of
Paris arrives from Queenstown in five
days, 15 hours, and 50 minutes, shorten-
ing all previous records.
July 29. Mich. Ex-Congressman Fisher
of West Bay City, and J. T. Hurst of
Wyandotte, buy 72 square miles of pine
land in the Georgian Bay district.
O. Four men are seriously hurt and
16 injured by a naphtha explosion at
Cold Springs.
Aug. 3. Tex. The plant of the National
Oil Company at Paris is burned ; esti-
mated loss, $250,000.
Aug. 4. Minn. A sluice bank gives
way in St. Paul ; and the water torrent
kills three persons, fatally injures seven,
and sweeps away houses and other prop-
erty.
Aug. 5. Cal. A through train of four
cars, carrying $20,000,000 in gold, and
strongly guarded, leaves San Francisco
for New York. [It arrives Aug. 9.]
Aug. 8. Cal. Six of the largest flour-
ing companies, controlling thirteen large
mills, combine ; capital, $10,000,000.
Conn. Rubber boot and shoe man-
ufacturers in convention at New Haven
combine ; capital, $50,000,000.
Aug. 10. Fla. The American schooner
Eva Bouglass lies off the coast with
several cases of yellow fever on board.
Aug. 14. New York. The Aurania and
Alaska arrive after an exciting race
across the ocean from Queenstown
in which the vessels were constantly
within sight of each other ; the Aurania
wins by 55 minutes.
Aug. 16. N. Y. The wrecking of a
train at Cochecton causes six deaths.
Aug. 17. Chicago. The mare Nancy
Hanks lowers the world's trotting
record to 2.07J, at Washington Park.
H. N. Higinbotham succeeds W. T.
Baker as President of the World's
Fair Directory.
Aug. 18. Chicago. Brewers combine
as the Chicago Brewers' Association,
which includes all who do business in
the city.
Aug. 20. X. Y. Cars are moved on
all the railroads at Buffalo, without any
serious disturbance from strikers.
414 1392, Aug. 21 -Sept. 19.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Aug. 22. N. Y. A mob of stri-
kers attacks the 12th regiment at mid-
night near Buffalo.
[Aug. 23. Collisions between strikers
and soldiers are of frequent occurrence.
Aug. 26. All the militia, except the 4th
brigade, leave for home, order being re-
stored.]
Aug. 27. />. G Congress provides that
monthly pensions of $8 shall be paid to
each of the survivors of the Indian wars
of 1832-42.
Sept. 8. N. Y. Gov. Flower orders the
Naval Reserve, the 13th regiment, and
part of the 69th regiment to Fire Island,
to protect the property.
[Sept. * Judge Barnard's injunction is
vacated, and the Normannia's cabin
passengers are landed. Sept. 14. The
National Guard is withdrawn.] (See
Miscellaneous.)
Sept. 18. N Y. Troops from Brook-
lyn are sent to Fire Island, and the
Wyoming cabin passengers are landed
without opposition, the steerage passen-
gers being landed at Sandy Hook ; strict
quarantine begins. (See Miscellaneous.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 Aug. 21. New York. The mu-
seum of Natural History is to be
opened to the public on Sundays.
Aug. 23. Va. A cloud-burst in Roa-
noke does $100,000 damage in half an
hour. [Sept. 5. Another in Texas nearly
sweeps away the town of Alpine, and
does other damage. Sept. 28. Bruns-
wick, Ga., is damaged by a cloud-burst.]
Sept. 7. New York. The Art Loan Ex-
hibition is informally opened.
Sept. 11. Cal. Prof. Barnard of the
Lick Observatory discovers a fifth sat-
ellite to Jupiter.
Sept. 14. Tex. A rich silver-mine is
discovered at Brackettville.
Sept. 17. Minn. A plague of frogs
visits Little Falls.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892.
Aug-. 22. Bermudez, Edward E., lawyer,
jurist, chief justice of La., A60.
Daboll, William S., actor, A35.
Aug. 23. Clark, Myron H., Gov. of N. Y.,
A 86.
Aug. 31. Curtis, George William, au-
thor, orator, editor Harper's Weekly, A68.
Sept. 5. Dougherty, Daniel, lawyer, ora-
tor, A66.
Sept. 7. Kernan, Francis, jurist, lawyer,
senator for N. Y., A76.
Whittier, John Greenleaf, Quaker
poet, A85.
Sept. 12. Howell, T.C.,rear-adm. U.S. N.,
A73.
Sept. 13. Bruce, David, type-founder, in-
ventor of type-casting machine, A90.
Sept. 16. Watts, Thomas H., Gov. of Ala.,
A72.
CHURCH.
1892 Aug. 31. New York. Cardinal
Gibbons issues a proclamation appoint-
ing special services for the celebration
of the discovery of America, on Sunday,
Oct. 16.
Sept. 12. N. Y. Nearly 1,000 German
Catholics make a pilgrimage from
Schenectady to the shrine of Our
Lady of Martyrs at Auriesville.
Sept. 18. la. The 37th annual conven-
tion of the German Roman Catho-
lic Central Society of North America
opens in Dubuque.
LETTERS.
1892 Sept. 4. Cal. Prof. Bernard
Moses is announced to be the president-
elect of the University of California.
New York. The Standard, the single-
tax paper founded by Henry George in
1887, suspends publication.
Sept. 12. New York. The Roman
Catholic parochial schools contain
36,444 children, taught by 800 teachers,
at an annual expense of $300,000 ; they
own property valued at $4,518,500.
SOCIETY.
1892 Aug. 23. Okla. The Indian
Messiah dance is in progress at Otoe,
near Ponca.
Aug. 24. Mo. The Supreme Lodge of
the Knights of Pythias is in session at
Kansas City.
New York. A. J. Price, book-keeper
for Street and Smith, is a defaulter for
$20,000.
N. Y. Gov. Flower by proclama-
tion offers a reward of $100 for the
arrest and conviction of any one inter-
fering with the railroads.
The State arbitrators are in session
at Buffalo.
Aug. 25. N. J. Chancellor McGill at
Trenton renders a decision against the
coal-combine.
Aug. 26. N. Y. The American Bar
Association, meeting at Saratoga,
elects officers and has a banquet.
Aug. 29. Cal. L. B. McWhirter, a
prominent lawyer and politician, is
shot dead at Fresno by parties un-
known.
± Neio York. The Central Labor Union
having adopted resolutions calling
upon workingmen to leave the mili-
tia, several local unions are amending
their constitutions, to prevent their
members joining any regiment.
Aug. 30. Neio York. Deputy factory
inspectors investigate manufactories
where the sweating-system is still in
force.
N. Y. Striking shoemakers in
Brooklyn assault a party of non-union
workmen ; five arrests are made.
Pa. Another strike occurs at Pitts-
burg, involving 500 men.
Sept. 2. N. Y. The American Social
Science Association at Saratoga dis-
cusses the sweating-system.
Pa. Puddlers in the Elba Mill, Pitts-
burg, are out on strike because they
were asked to work only eight hours a
day.
Hugh O'Donnell and four other
Homestead strikers are arrested on the
charge of murdering J. W. Klein, who
was shot July 6.
Officers of the Order of Solon, a bene-
fit organization, are charged with being
$14,000 short in their accounts.
Sept. 3. Phila. Large discrepancies are
found in the accounts of the social and
beneficiary organization called the Iron
Hall. (See Sept. 13.)
Sept. 5. U.S. Labor Day is generally
observed in the cities throughout the
country.
Sept. 6. Chicago. During a raid by the
police on Garfield Park, James M.
Brown, a noted Texas turfman, fatally
shoots two policemen and is afterwards
killed.
Sept. 7. La. John L. Sullivan is
knocked out by James J. Corbett, in 21
rounds, at New Orleans. Sullivan loses
the boxing championship of America.
Sept. 9. Minn. Simon J. Ahem, a finan-
cier of St. Paul, worth $100,000, is sen-
tenced to 60 days in the workhouse for
criminal libel.
Sept. 12. N. Y. In Brooklyn Judge
Barnard, on the motion of counsel for
the village of Islip, grants an injunc-
tion preventing the landing of the
Normannia's cabin passengers at Fire
Island ; Gov. Flower issues a procla-
mation-commanding the sheriff of Suf-
folk County to preserve the peace. (See
Miscellaneous.)
Sept. 13. Ind. A convention to re-
organize the Order of Iron Hall is
in session at Indianapolis, with 293
branches represented.
[Sept. 16. Samuel T. Hall of Philadel-
phia is elected Supreme Justice. Sept.
21. A plan for the reorganization of the
Order is perfected at Baltimore. Oct.
13. The supreme officials of the Order
are indicted by the Grand Jury of Marion
County for embezzlement of about $200,-
000. Dec. 29. They are arrested at
Baltimore.]
/. T. Several men are murdered
in the political strife between the Na-
tionalists and Progressives of the Choc-
taw nation.
Sept. 14. Pa. Carl Knold and Henry
Bauer are indicted in Pittsburg as ac-
cessories to the attempted assassination
of H. C. Frick.
Evans and Sontag, train-robbers,
kill four men who attempt their arrest.
Sept. 15. Cal. Sheriff Laumeister
of San Francisco is found guilty of con-
tempt of court for refusing to hang a
condemned murderer at the expiration
of a reprieve.
N. H. The locked-out granite-cut-
ters of Concord lease a tract of land,
and will begin business on their own
account.
Sept. 16. New York. An illicit stiU is
seized with 6,000 gallons of wine and
brandy.
N. Y. At Albany a warrant is issued
for the arrest of Labor Commissioner
Peck on a charge of burning the written
replies received from manufacturers —
the confidential documents on which
he based his recent report. [Oct. 24.
The case is dismissed.]
Sept. 17±. Ark. At North Little Rock
about 50 masked men take John Leimor
from his home, strip and lash him with
a bull-whip for whipping his wife.
Sept. 18. Chicago. The Trades and
Labor Assembly, by a vote of 119 to 40,
declines to take part in the dedica-
tion exercises at the World's Fair,
because the gates are to be kept closed
on Sunday.
Sept. 19. D. C. The 26th National
Encampment of the Grand Army at
"Washington is opened by the dedica-
tion of Grand Army Place, and a parade
of troops. •
[Sept. 20. Fifty thousand men
march in the grand parade. Sept. 21.
UNITED STATES.
1892, Aug. 21 - Sept. 19. 415
A. G. Weissert of Milwaukee is elected
National Grand Commander ; the en-
campment closes.]
N. Y. Dennis Sullivan, the superin-
tendent of the Coney Island and Brook-
lyn Railroad, is shot and seriously
wounded by a discharged employee.
Mo. Two men hold up and rob a
train on the Missouri Pacific road, se-
curing several thousand dollars ; no
arrests.
STATE.
1892 Aug. 26. Venez. The American
merchant steamship Caracas reports
that, while in the harbor of Puerto Ca-
bello, six refugees were forcibly taken
from her decks by a. Venezuelan general
and a band of armed men.
Aug. 28. New York. The Socialist
Labor Party nominates Simon Wing
of Mass. for President, and C. H.
Matchett of N. Y. for Vice-President ;
eight delegates are present.
Aug. 30. Neb. J. Sterling Morton
(I)em.) is nominated for governor.
Sept. 1. D. C. A circular is issued by
order of President Harrison requiring
all immigrant vessels from infected
ports to be detained at quarantine 20
days.
Sept. 2. I). C. President Harri son's
letter of acceptance as the nominee of
the Republican Party for the presidency
is published.
Sept. 7. B.C. President McLeod of the
Reading System testifies before the Sen-
ate Committee on Coal.
Conn. Gen. Merwin (Rep.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
N. H. John B. Smith (Rep.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
Luther F. McKinney (Dem.) is nom-
inated for governor.
Sept. 9. D. C. The War Department, by
direction of the President, grants the
use of Sandy Hook for quarantined
steamship passengers.
John Wanamaker, P. M. G., issues an
order authorizing postmasters of free
delivery cities and rural communities
to put up letter-boxes for collection
and delivery of mail at house-doors
by request of citizens.
Sept. 10. New York. A shipload of
arms on the South Portland, supposed
to be for the Venezuela revolutionists,
is detained in port by Collector Francis
Hendricks.
Sept. 12. N. Y. Gov. Flower issues a
proclamation concerning the acquire-
ment of Fire Island, and warning all
persons against illegal interference with
its use as a quarantine station ; the
Islip Board of Health secures from
Judge Barnard a writ restraining the
landing of passengers on the island.
Sept. 13. Conn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.)
is nominated for governor.
N. J. John Kean, Jr. (Rep.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
Sept. 14. Mass. William H.Haile (Rep.)
of Springfield is nominated for governor.
N. J. George T. Werts (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
N. Y. Delegates from every State
and Territory in the Union arrive in
Buffalo to attend the Republican
League National Convention.
Sept. 16. Gens. "Weaver and Field,
in an address to the country, accept the
People's Party presidential nominations.
Sept. 19. Ind. The Hendricks County
Circuit Court declares that the regis-
tration clause of the election law is
class legislation, and therefore uncon-
stitutional ; the State Apportionment
Acts of 1886 and 1891 are declared un-
constitutional by Judge Bundy.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Aug. 23. Mass. The 250th an-
niversary of the settlement of Glouces-
ter is celebrated.
New York. A receiver is appointed
for the Order of the Iron Hall.
Aug. 26. New York. A man attempts
suicide by leaping from the High
Bridge into the Harlem River, but is
only slightly hurt.
City officials are taking renewed pre-
cautions against cholera.
Aug. 27. New York. The Metropoli-
tan Opera House is almost wholly
burned ; loss on scenery and costumes
destroyed, $1,000,000.
Aug. 28. Colo. All the timber on the
mountains from Tin Cup to Texas Creek
has been burned, and fully twenty
square miles of timber are completely
destroyed.
New York. Vessels are detained at
quarantine to be inspected for cholera
cases ; the Health Department takes
active measures to prevent the disease
from reaching the city.
Aug. 30. Wash. The town of Conco-
nully is almost entirely consumed by
fire ; only a few houses remain ; esti-
mated loss, $100,000.
Aug. 31. la. At Independence, the
mare Nancy .Hanks lowers the world's
trotting record to 2.05J, beating her
own record by two seconds.
New York. The Health Board is-
sues orders and rules looking to im-
proved sanitation in ferry-houses, rail-
way-stations, etc., and for the treatment
of people taken suddenly ill in public
places.
The steamer Moravia arrives from
Hamburg with cholera on board ;
she reports 22 deaths on the voyage.
The Normannia, Jiugia, and Stubben-
huk, from Hamburg, follow, are or-
dered to the lower Bay, and quaran-
tined.
Sept. 1. U. S. To shut out the cholera
the Government proclaims 20 days'
quarantine for all European vessels.
+. The steel steamer Western Reserve
is broken in two on Lake Superior ; 26
lives are lost ; two or three vessels on
the great lakes are lost in a storm
with all on board.
Sept. 2. New York. The Inman steamer
City of Berlin, the National Line steamer
Europe, and the Cunarder Gallia are re-
leased from quarantine and allowed
to go to their respective docks.
A conflict of authority arises be-
tween Dr. Jenkins, city health officer,
and the Federal authorities respecting
quarantine arrangements.
Sept. 4. N. Y. Charles F. Peck, the
Commissioner of Labor Statistics, reas-
serts the accuracy of his figures on the
favorable operation of the McKin-
ley Law.
Sept. 5. N. Y. A West Shore express-
train having a defective engine plunges
into the Hudson River; several per-
sons are killed.
Sept. 6. N. Y. A freight blockade 10
miles long occurs on the Reading Road
near Buffalo.
New York. There are 11 new cases
of cholera and one death on board the
ships in the lower Bay.
Sept. 7. Cal. The 42d anniversary of
the admission of California into the
Union is celebrated as a legal holiday.
La. James Corbett defeats John
L. Sullivan at New Orleans, and wins
from him the boxing championship of
America.
New York. Some new cases of chol-
era occur among passengers quarantined
in the lower Bay ; arrangements are
made to place cabin passengers on Fire
Island or Sandy Hook.
Pa. Trains collide at Eckenrode
Mills ; 14 persons are killed.
Sept. 9. N. Y. Gov. Flower directs
Health Officer Jenkins to purchase
land on Fire Island, if necessary, to
establish a quarantine station.
Sept. 10. Neto York. In the lower Bay
11 new cases of cholera break out on
the Scandia ; the Normannia' s passen-
gers are put on the steamer Stonington ;
the Surf Hotel property on Fire Island
is bought for quarantine purposes, and
work begun at Sandy Hook. [Only a
few cases of cholera develop among all
the quarantined passengers.]
Sept. 11. Mass. Nine persons are killed
and 51 injured by a train accident in a
fog on the Fitchburg Railroad at West
Cambridge Junction.
Sept. 14. New York. The Health De-
partment announces that six persons
had died in the city from cholera ;
that careful disinfection of the premises
has followed ; and that there have been
no new cases : there are several new
cases on the steamers down the Bay.
Sept. 15. N.Y. The Normannia' s cabin
passengers are released from quarantine
at Fire Island.
Sept. 16. New York. One new case of
suspected cholera is announced ; the
steamer Bohemia reports 52 cases on her
voyage ; the Normannia's passengers
leave Fire Island for the city.
Sept. 18. N. Y. Troops are sent from
Brooklyn to Fire Island, and the Wyo-
ming's passengers land at the hotel with-
out opposition ; steerage passengers
from the Normannia and Rugia are
landed at Camp Low, Sandy Hook, and
strict quarantine of the place is begun.
[There are nearly 4,000 passengers on
the cholera vsssels.]
416 1892, Sept. 20-Nov. 4.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Oct. 1. Me. Harbor Defense
Ram No. 1 is launched at Bath.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 Sept. 21. Mass. — Conn. Two
statues of Columbus are unveiled, one
at Boston and another at Willimantic.
Sept. 22. Cal. The Mountebanks, an
opera by W. S. Gilbert and Alfred Col-
lier, is first sung in this country at Bald-
win's Theater, San Francisco.
Sept. 26. Boston. The Art Commission
rejects the proposed replica of Buyen's
statue of Columbus to be erected in
this city.
New York. The Fencing Master, an
opera by Reginald De Koven, is first
sung in this country at the Casino.
Sept. 27. Phila. Lieut. Peary makes
a preliminary report of his work to the
Academy of Natural Science.
Sept. * Pa. A soldiers' monument is
unveiled at Mahanoy City.
Oct. 29. Colo. Extensive deposits of
talcose silica, carrying a large percent-
age of corundum or emery, are discov-
ered in Denver.
Nov. 2. New York. A new wing of the
American Museum of Natural His-
tory is opened.
Nov. 4. Chicago. A monument to the
anarchists, Spies, Parsons, Engel, Fis-
cher, and Lingg, is dedicated in Wald-
heim Cemetery.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892.
Sept. SO. Ulman, Daniel, maj.-gen. vols.,
A83.
Sept. 23. Pope, John, maj.-gen. U. S. A.,
A70.
Sept. 24. Gilmore, Patrick S., band-mas-
ter of N. Y., A 62.
Sept. 25. Husted, James W., brig.-gen.
vols., politician, A59.
Oct. 1. Atkins, Hiram, journalist, political
leader in Vt., A83.
Oct. 2. Douglas, John H., Gen. Grant's last
physician, A65.
Oct. lO. Price, T. P>., Confederate brig.-
gen., A61,
Oct. 24. Swinton, William, author, jour-
nalist, writer of school-books, A59.
Nov. 2. Schwatka, Frederick, lieut. U. S.
A., arctic explorer, author, A43.
CHURCH.
1892 Sept. 27. N. J. The German
Catholic Congress opens at Newark
with the celebration of high mass by
Archbishop Corrigan, assisted by other
prelates.
Sept. 28. It. Pope Leo gives orders to
create the Archbishopric of Dallas, Tex.
Oct. 3. New York. Pope Leo's ency-
clical on the Rosary of the Blessed
Virgin is read in all the Roman Catho-
lic churches.
Oct. 4. Chicago. The 83d annual session
of the American Board of Commis-
sioners for Foreign Missions begins.
[Oct. 7. Dr. R. S. Storrs is reelected
president.]
Oct. 5. Md. The Triennial General
Convention (Protestant Episcopal) be-
gins at Baltimore.
[Oct. 6. It begins the work of revising
the Prayer Book. Oct. 7. It sits as a
Board of Missions. Oct. 17. It adopts
a new hymnal. Oct. 25. It elects Rev.
Dr. W. R. Thomas missionary bishop of
Northern Michigan, and adjourns sine
die.]
Oct. 8±. Utah. The Mormons hold
their semi-annual conference in the
Tabernacle at Salt Lake City, Presi-
dent "Woodruff presiding.
Oct. 11. New York. As a part of the
Columbus celebration religious ser-
vices are held in the churches of this
and neighboring cities, some on an elab-
orate scale.
Oct. 17. Mich. Salvationists are at-
tacked in Wyandotte ; five persons are
seriously injured, one fatally.
Nov. 1. New York. Dr. W. M. Taylor
resigns from the pastorate of the Broad-
way Tabernacle.
The trial of Rev. C. A. Briggs be-
gins before the Presbytery of New York.
[Nov. 20. The Presbytery votes to
strike out two charges especially ob-
jected to by the defendant. Vote, 74-54.
Dec. 7. Defendant pleads not guilty.
Dec. 30. He is acquitted. Vote, 6-18.]
LETTERS.
1892 Sept. 29. N. Y. Dr. Anson J.
Upton of Auburn Theological Seminary
is elected chancellor by the Regents
of the University at Albany in place of
George William Curtis, deceased.
Mass. Harvard opens its 256th
year with the largest attendance in its
history.
Oct. 1. Chicago. The University of
Chicago begins its work with inaugu-
ration ceremonies extreme in their sim-
plicity.
Oct. 2. Ind. Dr. G. S. Burroughs of
Amherst accepts the presidency of "Wa-
bash College at Crawfordsville.
± . Minn. At the school elections the
Faribault plan is defeated by a major-
ity of 200 in 1,000 votes ; the nuns wear-
ing their peculiar dress while acting as
teachers is said to have been the cause.
Oct. 3. Wis. The University of Wiscon-
sin organizes a University Extension
department, Lyman P. Powell, formerly
of Johns Hopkins, manager.
Oct. 4. Mich. The Detroit Board of Ed-
ucation practically excludes Roman
Catholic teachers from the public
schools. [Nov. 11. It rescinds resolu-
tions requiring anti-Catholic qualifica-
tions for positions as teachers.]
SOCIETY.
1892 Sept. 20. Ark. Nine negroes
and two whites are shot dead in a
race-war at Thornton.
Ky. J. B. Rucker, editor of the Som-
erset Reporter (Prohibition), is mortally
wounded by an unknown assassin.
±. Cal. The Six Companies issue
another proclamation urging the Chi-
nese in the United States to ignore the
Geary Registration law ; the Emperor
of China is appealed to.
Sept. 21. Kan. Robbers wreck a train
on the Atchison road in an attempt to
secure $1,000,000 known to be thereon;
four persons are killed and 25 injured.
Sept. 22. New York. The Chinese Civil
Rights League holds a mass-meeting
in Cooper Union, protesting vigorously
against the legislation forbidding rights
to the Chinese granted to all others.
Pa. Lieut.-Col. Streator, Col. Haw-
kins, and Assist. -Surg. Grim are indicted
for aggravated assault and battery in
connection with the punishment of Pri-
vate lams at Homestead. [Acquitted.]
(See Army, July 24.)
Sept. 25. Wash. Three highwaymen
shoot the assistant-cashier of a bank in
Roslyn ; they secure $10,000 and make
their escape.
Sept. 26. Colo. A riot occurs at an anti-
Catholic lecture on " Romanist Influence
in Public Schools " at Cheyenne ; two
men are seriously wounded.
Sept. 27. Phila. Four mail-drivers are
arrested on the charge of robbing the
mails.
Sept. 29. N. Y. Three non-union lumber-
shovers at Buffalo are injured by union
men in a riot with clubs and stones.
Tenn. Marshal Brown raids an
illicit distillery in West Tennessee, cap-
turing 1,000 barrels of liquor.
Oct. 1. Cal. J. W. Smith is lynched
at Dunsmir ; he was charged with kill-
ing his wife and 6-year-old daughter at
Castela.
Chicago. Warrants are issued for the
arrest or John Cudahy and Austin J.
Wright, charged with conspiracy to
make a corner in pork.
Oct. 3. New York. Burton C. Webster
is sentenced to 19 years in prison for
killing Charles E. Goodwin in August,
1891.
Pa. A daring attempt is made to
rob a bank in Erie at midday ; the cash-
ier is shot in the face, but the robbers
are captured.
Oct. 5. Kan. Three Dalton brothers
and two members of their gang and five
residents of Coffeyville are killed in an
attempt to capture the former while in
the act of robbing two banks.
Phila. William W. Runk, a wealthy
merchant, kills himself; he had been
speculating with the firm's funds in the
absence and without the knowledge of
his partner while the latter was in Eu-
rope.
Oct. 8. New York. The Columbian
Celebration is begun by special ser-
vices in the Hebrew synagogues, and by
the opening reception at the Art Loan
Exhibition at the National Academy of
Design.
[Oct. 11. It continues with a midday
naval parade in the bay and North
River, and in the evening a Roman
Catholic school children parade, literary
exercises in Carnegie Music Hall, a con-
cert at Seventh Regiment Armory, and
fireworks on the East River Bridge.
Oct. 12. A military and civil parade
takes place in the daytime, including
public school children and college stu-
dents, and a character pageant with
floats in the evening. The Columbus
Monument, the gift of Italy to America,
is dedicated.
UNITED STATES.
1892, Sept. 20 -Nov. 4. 417
Oct. 13. It closes with a banquet
at the Lenox Lyceum : addresses are
made by Vice-President Morton, Secre-
tary Foster, Gov. Flower and others.]
Oct. 15. New York. Dominico L. Ruiz,
consul-general for Ecuador for nine
years at this port, is arrested for for-
gery.
Oct. 17. Ida. A gang of nine horse-
thieves are killed or disabled in a fight
with stockmen.
N. Mex. All the telegraph opera-
tors on the Santa Fe system, 900 in
number, leave their posts at 10. a.m., on
an order of Chief Kamsey to strike,
which proves to be a forgery by a jok-
ing operator; all traffic is suspended
for 12 hours ; the joker is discharged.
New York. Mr. Cleveland declines
to be present in Chicago at the World's
Fair dedication, because he is a candi-
date for the presidency.
Oct. 18. Colo. A strike on the Denver
and Rio Grande Railroad ends.
Oct. 20. O. The annual convention of
the American Street Railway Asso-
ciation opens at Cleveland.
Oct. 23. Mo. Four masked men hold
up Ticket Agent Stokes at the Frisco
Station, and rob both the station and
Oct. 25. Mass. Alderman Bolton is put
on trial at Lawrence for taking bribes
in connection with a liquor license.
Tex. Dr. H. Jones, a prominent
physician, shoots and kills Capt. W. G.
Vial at ex-Confederates headquarters at
Dallas.
Oct. 27. D. C. The funeral of Mrs.
Harrison takes place in the East Room
Of the White House, after which the
funeral train starts for Indianapolis.
(Died Oct. 25.)
Oct. 28. Colo. The National Conven-
tion of the "Woman's Christian Tem-
perance Union is in session at Denver :
500 delegates are present. [Miss Frances
E. Willard is reelected president.]
Oct. 29. Minn. A. E. Law, Northern
Pacific Division superintendent, is fined
$50 or 60 days in the workhouse for
overworking his employees.
New York. Eighty-six Hebrew cloak-
makers are arrested for breaking the
Sunday law.
Oct. 31. S. C. Charleston begins the
celebration of its •« Gala "Week," in
commemoration of its gratitude for as-
sistance afforded after the earthquakes.
Nov. 1. Ala. A train is held up and
robbed on the East Tennessee, Virginia,
and Georgia Railroad.
Nov. 2. Kan. Ford County Bank. Spear-
ville, is robbed by two armed men ;
they are pursued,- but escape with the
booty.
STATE.
1892 Sept. 20. N. Y. An attempt to
appoint none but Democratic election
inspectors in Buffalo is foiled.
Sept. 22. N. Y. The General Term at
Saratoga decides the Apportionment
Act by the extra session constitutional
in the Oneida County case.
Sept. 26. N. Y. Mr. Cleveland's let-
ter, accepting the nomination for
the presidency, is made public.
Sept. 27. Conn. The Supreme Court
decides in favor of the Republicans in
the contested election cases.
Mass. William E. Russell (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
Wis. The Supreme Court practi-
cally decides that the reapportionment
made by the extra session of the Legis-
lature is invalid.
Sept. 28. D. C. The text of the Chilean
claims treaty is made public.
Oct. 1. D. C. The Treasury Department
reports the public debt reduced $708,-
000 in September.
Oct. 2. D. C. Secretary Foster notifies
foreign governments that the Interna-
tional Monetary Conference will
begin in Brussels on the 22d of Novem-
ber.
Oct. 4. New York. Mr. Cleveland ad-
dresses the convention of the National
Association of Democratic Clubs at
the Academy of Music.
Oct. 10. D. C. The Supreme Court
at "Washington opens; George Shiras,
Jr., of Pa. is sworn in as associate
justice.
Wis. Gov. Peck convenes the Legis-
lature for the third time to reappor-
tion the State.
Oct. 12. Va. Republicans make an
agreement to unite with the Third party
in many districts.
Oct. 13. New York. The Court of
Appeals, by a vote of five to two, up-
holds the constitutionality of the Ap-
portionment Act of 1892, affirming that
the courts have no power to interfere
with the discretion of the Legislature.
Oct. 17. B.C. The TJ. S. Supreme Court
decides that the Michigan plan of
choosing Presidential electors by
Congressional districts is constitu-
tional.
Oct. 22. Wis. Both houses of the
Legislature adjourn without agreeing
on an Apportionment Bill.
Oct. 27. D. C. A Treasury report is
issued showing a large increase in the
domestic tin-plate industry during
the last quarter.
Oct. 29. N. Dak. The Turtle Indians
cede all right and title to lands in the
Devil's Lake district, with certain res-
ervations, for $1,000,000 in twenty annual
payments.
Oct. 31. I). C. President Harrison is-
sues a proclamation extending the bene-
fits of the Copyright Law to the citizens
of Italy.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Sept. 20. O. Thirteen persons
are killed and several injured in a col-
lision on the Fort Wayne Railroad.
Sept. 21. New York. Four women are
killed and many injured in a panic
caused by a small fire in a Hebrew syna-
gogue.
Sept. 22. Chicago. Liverymen form a
trust, fixing the price of carriages during
the World's Fair dedication parade at
$22 each per day.
Sept. 25. New York. It is officially re-
ported that there is no cholera, either
in the city or at quarantine.
Sept. 26. Phila. The Board of Health
orders all wells in the city to be filled up.
Sept. 28. Ind. Nancy Hanks trots a
mile in 2.04 on a regulation track at
Terre Haute.
Cal. The 350th anniversary of
the discovery of San Diego Bay is cele-
brated.
Sept. 29. New York. The Aldermen
grant trolley franchises without cost.
Sept. 30. Phila. The beneficial order
of Social Guardians makes an assign-
ment.
Oct. 5. New York. A preliminary chal-
lenge for the America cup is re-
ceived from Lord Dunraven by the New
York Yacht Club. [Dec. 13. The chal-
lenge is accepted.]
Oct. 7. Mass. Woburn celebrates the
250th anniversary of its settlement.
Oct. 8. N. C. Raleigh celebrates its
100th anniversary with an elaborate
street pageant, etc.
Oct. 16. Conn. Stamford begins the
four days' celebration of its 250th
anniversary.
Oct. 18. New York. The Aldermen's
amendment forbidding the use of the
trolley in this city is signed by Mayor
Grant.
Oct. 19. The steamship City of Paris
arrives in New York Harbor, having
made the voyage from Queenstown in
five days, 14 hours, and 24 minutes, thus
beating all previous records on the
westward trip.
Oct. 21. Chicago. Columbian Exposi-
tion dedication.
Pres. Higginbotham of the World's
Columbian Exposition formally pre-
sents the exposition grounds and build-
ings to President Palmer of the World's
Columbian Commission, and they are
dedicated with appropriate ceremonies,
by Levi P. Morton, Vice-President of
the United States, on behalf of Presi-
dent Harrison ; Chauncey M. Depew and
Henry Watterson deliver the addresses.
[Exposition to open May 1, 1893.]
Oct. 24. Pa. Seven persons are killed
and about 25 injured in a collision on
the Reading Railroad near Philadelphia.
Oct. 25. Mo. The wrecking of a train
near Phillipsburgh causes six deaths.
Oct. 26. New York. The Park Board
authorizes the construction of an
aquarium and other improvements at
Battery Park.
Oct. 28. Wis. A fire at Milwaukee
bums 300 buildings, devastating 26
acres, with a loss of four lives and
$5,000,000 ; relief is provided for home-
less people.
Oct. 31. N. J. A forest fire near
Franklin Park destroys 1,000 acres of
timber.
Nov. 1. Neb. The wrecking of a train
near Grand Island causes seven deaths.
Nov. 2±. Pa. Twenty-five miles of for-
est fires are raging along the ridges near
Johnstown.
418 1892, Nov. 4-Dec. 18.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Nov. 5. Pa. In the lams case at
Pittsburg, Col. Hawkins and Lieut. -
Col. Streator are found not guilty of
cruelty. (See July 26.)
Nov. 8±. Ariz. Soldiers are pursuing
Yaqui Indians who are on the war-
path.
Nov. 11. N. Y. The protected cruiser
Cincinnati is launched at the Brooklyn
Navy Yard.
Nov. 28. Com. Skerrett is appointed
to the command of the Pacific Station
Navy.
Dec. 10. Wash. Naval dry docks on
Puget Sound Naval Station are begun.
Dec. 12. Chile. The protected cruiser
Baltimore sails from Valparaiso for San
Francisco, her presence being no longer
necessary.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 Nov. 6. Ky. Gray squirrels are
doing immense damage near Petersville.
hid. A large oil-well, dug near
Camden, flows 2,000 barrels a day.
R. I. Gold is discovered in Lincoln,
the mine assaying $15 a ton.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892.
Nov. 14. Hoey, John, Pres. Adams Ex-
press Co., A68.
— - Merriinou, Augustus S., chief justice of
N. C, A62.
Nov. 29. Scott, John W., Pres. clergyman,
A92.
Wyant, Alexander H., landscape painter,
A59.
Dec. 1. Hoyt, Henry M., Gov. of Pa., A62.
Dec. 2. Gould, Jay, speculator, capitalist,
left #72,000,000, A56.
Dec. 4. JJrice, 1$. W., maj.-gen. V. S. A.,
A86.
Dec. 5. Learning, James R., specialist in
throat diseases, A72.
Dec. 7. Newberry, John S., geologist, A70.
Dec. 15. Gibson, Randall L., senator for
La., A60.
Dec. 16. Brannam, John M., maj.-gen.
U. S. A., A72.
CHURCH.
1892 Nov. 14. O. The trial for heresy
of Rev. Henry P. Smith of the Lane
Theological Seminary is initiated before
the Presbytery at Cincinnati.
[Nov. 21. The trial proper begins.
Nov. 25. The Presbytery sustains the
sufficiency of the third charge, and the
case will go to a formal trial. Dec. 31.
The Presbytery suspends Dr. Smith.
Vote, 31-27.]
Nov. 15. Boston. The "World's Con-
vention of Christiana at "Work is in
session.
Nov. 16. New York. The Roman Catho-
lic archbishops of the United States
meet in conclave.
Nov. 21-23. New York. The Conti-
nental Congress of the Salvation
Army is in session.
Nov. 26±. New York. Many clergymen
and influential church-members are en-
rolled in the Salvation Army's Aux-
iliary League.
Dec. 5. D. C. The Central Conference
of American Hebrew Rabbia is in
session at Washington.
Dec. 12. N. J. Rev. P. Corrigan,
Roman Catholic priest in Hoboken, is
put on trial for criticising Cahenslyism
as manifested at the recent German con-
vention. [Ends in compromise.]
Dec. 18. N. Y. Rabbi H. Rosenberg
is expeUed from the Temple Beth-
Jacob in Brooklyn for eating pork.
LETTERS.
1892 Nov. 13±. Chicago. President
Harper succeeds in purchasing for the
University of Chicago the great 40-
inch lenses made for the University of
California.
Nov. 16. III. The New Natural His-
tory University of Hlinois is dedi-
cated.
Nov. 21. N. Y. A public-school pro-
tection league is formed in Buffalo
by prominent business men, lawyers,
and clergymen, the object being to keep
the control of the schools free from po-
litical interference.
Dec. 1. Chicago. The "Western Asso-
ciated Press reorganizes as " The Asso-
ciated Press."
Ga. Chrisman Hall, costing $30,000,
is dedicated at Clark University in
Atlanta.
Dec. 10. Mass. A $100,000 library is
presented to Fairhaven by the children
of H. H. Rogers of New York City, in
memory of a deceased sister.
Dec. 14. New York. The Teachers
CoUege takes its new name ; its char-
ter becomes absolute.
SOCIETY.
1892 Nov. 4. Cal. The authorities
seize 1,000 five-tael tins of opium con-
cealed in barrels of salmon at San Fran-
cisco.
Neb. W. G. Pollock, a New York
salesman, is shot, and robbed of a $15,-
000 case of diamonds, in a sleeper on a
train in the Missouri Valley ; the thief
escapes.
Nov. 5. Ala. Sixteen persons are in-
dicted for murder and 18 for assault at
St. Stephens, for lynching Chris. Chris-
man in June.
La. John Hastings is lynched at
Jonesville.
The Amalgamated Council of New Or-
leans orders a general strike, to secure
a recognition of unionism.
[Nov. 11. About 25,000 strikers return
to work without having accomplished
the object of the strike.]
Nov. 8. Cal. A masked highwayman
stops a stage between San Francisco and
Sierra City, and secures its express-box.
0. W. J. Gill, a councilman of To-
ledo, indicted for soliciting bribes, is
found guilty.
The entire system of the Consolidated
Street-Railway in Columbus is tied up ;
the conductors and motor-men have
gone on strike.
Tenn. In Melvin a fight, the result
of a long-standing feud, takes place be-
tween the Swofford and Toilette fami-
lies; two of the Swoffords and one of
the Toilettes are killed.
Nov. 9. New York. A confidential clerk
of James E. Ward and Co. is arrested
for embezzling $40,000.
O. A strike on the street-rail-
roads in Columbus stops all the cars.
Nov. 11. Chicago. Ex-Banker S. A.
Kean is arrested on indictment by the
grand jury for feloniously receiving de-
posits at the time of the bank failure.
New York. A memorial service is
held in Cooper Union for the Chicago
anarchists hanged on Nov. 11, 1887.
Nov. 12. Va. Dr. Moffett, a Baptist
pastor in North Danville and Prohibi-
tion leader, is treacherously shot and
killed by J. T. Clark, a lawyer and Dem-
ocratic politician ; Clark is in jail
charged with murder.
Nov. 15. Tenn. The National Far-
mers' Alliance Convention opens in
Memphis. [Nov. 18. H. L. Louckes of
South Dakota is elected president.]
Mo. The Knights of Labor Con-
vention begins in St. Louis.
N. Y. M. A. Schwert, town collector
of Hamburg, is missing ; there is a short-
age in his accounts of more than $15,000.
Nov. 16. N.H. The National Grange,
Patrons of Husbandry, begins its 12th
annual convention in Concord, J. H.
Brigham of Ohio presiding.
Nov. 18. N«w York. W. H. Parsons is
elected president of the National
League for the Protection of Amer-
ican Institutions in place of John Jay,
who resigns in consequence of ill-health.
Tex. Capt. J. G. Bourke, 3d Cavalry,
is killed by a United States deputy-
marshal in a court-room in San Antonio.
Nov. 19. Cal. Highbinders in San
Francisco shoot a Chinaman because he
refused to pay blackmail.
[Nov. 20. Five armed highbinders
are captured in San Francisco while
prosecuting their murderous intentions ;
they wear bullet-proof coats.]
O. Several women are chosen dele-
gates to the Convention of Locomotive
Engineers at Columbus.
Nov. 20. N. J. At Allentown two rob-
bers force the cashier of the bank to
give them $2,700 ; they are afterwards
captured.
Nov. 22. N. Y. A suit is entered in
Brooklyn against the Board of Super-
visors. Cause, waste of public funds in
paying $6,000 for stands on Columbus
Lay and $2,000 for decorations ; the al-
dermen paid $11,000 "for similar purposes.
Nov. 23. Pa. Sylvester Critchlow, the
Homestead striker accused of murder,
is acquitted.
Nov. 25. Chicago. A juryman is sen-
tenced to one year's imprisonment for
trying to secure a bribe.
Wash. Masked men rob the pas-
sengers in a sleeping-car on the North-
ern Pacific Railroad, near Hot Springs.
Nov. 28. Chicago. C. R. Williams, a
trusted employee of Rand, McNally, and
Co. of Chicago, is arraigned for the em-
bezzlement of $25,000.
Nov. 30. Ky. Ex-Speaker Harvey My-
ers of the Legislature is indicted for of-
fering a bribe.
New York. Mrs. A. A. Anderson
gives $350,000 to Roosevelt Hospital
for the erection of a memorial pavilion.
Dec. 1±. Pa. The Pittsburg authorities
are closing all disorderly houses, the
inmates are to be cared for by ministers
and church members so far as possible.
Dec. 3. Md. The National Prison
Reform Association meets in Balti-
more ; Ex-President Hayes delivers the
annual address.
UNITED STATES.
1892, Nov. 4 -Dec. 18. 419
N.J. A license is granted by the
County Court to sell liquor in Vineland
for the first time in its history.
Dec. 6. New York. G. W. Gardner, agent
of the Parkhurst Society is arrested on
the charge of blackmailing a woman.
(A conspiracy.)
New York. Police Superintend-
ent Byrnes makes serious charges in
a newspaper against Dr. C. H. Park-
hurst.
[Dec. 7. Dr. Parkhurst answers the
attack on him made by Police Superin-
tendent Byrnes. He charges that the
police are accomplices of law-breakers,
and receive large sums of money for
the protection of criminals. Dec. 8.
Supt. Byrnes replies. Dec. 9. Dr. Park-
hurst publishes another statement.]
The provisions of the will of Jay
Gould are made public ; the entire es-
tate goes to the family, the great bulk
of it being divided among his six chil-
dren, and nothing for the relief of hu-
man misery.
Dec. 8. III. Telegraph operators on
the Rock Island Railroad strike, but
trains continue to run.
[Dec. 17. Neb. The Rock Island tele-
graph operators at Omaha declare the
strike lost, and favor boycotting the
road.]
Ky. Two negroes and one white man
are taken from jail and lynched by a
mob at Williamsburg.
Dec. 9. If. Y. Teachers in St. Paul's
School, Garden City, go on strike.
Dec. 10. N. Y. The State has formally
assumed the care of all its insane
poor, except those in New York and
Kings Counties.
Dec. 11. Conn. Two thousand per-
sons sign the pledge in New Haven
at a temperance meeting conducted by
Edward Murphy.
Pa. The details of a conspiracy to
poison non-union workmen at Home-
stead are made public in Pittsburg.
Dec. 12. Phila. The 12th annual ses-
sion of the American Federation of
Labor begins.
Tex. Garza, the Mexican rebel, in-
vades Mexico from Texas, burns a bar-
rack, and returns.
Dec. 13. IV. Va. Three robbers board
a train near Huntington, and are stoutly
resisted ; two passengers are shot, one
mortally wounded.
,Wyo. Two armed men raid the
town of Gillette, and escape capture.
Dec. 14. Phila. The American Fede-
ration of Labor resolves that, as the
strike and boycott have failed as weap-
ons of organized labor, a campaign of
education should be inaugurated, look-
ing to the power of the ballot to settle
union supremacy. [It favors the open-
ing of the World's Fair on Sunday.]
Dec. 17. N. C. The revenue authori-
ties capture io illicit stills in Wilkes
County, and three in Catawba County,
with 4,000 gallons of liquor ; they arrest
one moonshiner.
± Wash. A 16-year-old highway-
man is terrorizing ranchers and deputy
sheriffs near Dungeness.
STATE.
1892 Nov. 8. U.S. The 24th Presi-
dential Election ; Democrats elected.
Grover Cleveland (Dem.) of N. Y.,
5,554,226 ; Benjamin Harrison (Rep.)
of Ind., 5,175,202; James B. Weaver
(People's Party) of la., 1,041,028 ; John
BidweU (Prohib.) of Cal., 264,133 ;
Simon Wing (Social Labor) of Mass.,
21,164.
Candidates for Vice-President ; Adlai
E. Stevenson (Dem.) of 111., Whitelaw
Reid (Rep.) of N. Y., James G. Field
(People's Party) of Va., James B.
Cranfill (Prohib.) of Tex., and Charles
H. Matchett (Social Labor) of N. Y.
Cleveland's plurality, 380,810. Total
popular vote, including scattering, 12,-
110,636.
Kan. The proposition to hold a
Constitutional Convention, and to
cessate the enforcement of prohibitory
laws, is adopted at the election.
The People's Party carry Kansas
and,North Dakota, and they will hold
the balance of power in the U. S.
Senate.
N. Y. In the investigation of the
Buffalo election frauds case, the ballots
cast show by count in court that two
Republicans, Quinby and Emerson,
received a majority, instead of a
minority, as returned.
Nov. 23. Pa. The Committee of the
IT. S. Senate, investigating the Pin-
kerton system, begins its sessions at
Pittsburg; H. C. Frick testifies.
Dec. 2. Wyo. John E. Osborne (Dem.),
candidate for governor, takes the oath
of office before the returns are can-
vassed by the State Board of Canvass-
ers.
Dec. 3. New York. Robert A. Pinker-
ton testifies before the Senate investi-
gating committee regarding the Home-
stead troubles.
Dec. 5. D. a The 52d Congress: the
second session opens.
Both Houses meet, but adjourn with-
out transacting business of importance.
Dec. 7. D.C. Congress ; Senate : David
B. Hill of N. Y. introduces a bill to re-
peal the Sherman Silver Law ; the
House passes the bill to stop the reduc-
tion in the Engineer Corps of the
Navy.
III. Judge Gresham declares a part
of Sec. 12 of the Interstate Commerce
Act unconstitutional.
Dec. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the bill to stop the reduction of
the Naval Engineer Corps ; the Chil-
ean Claims Treaty is ratified.
Dec. 9. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the Printing Bill.
Dec. 12. Ind. The Indiana Supreme
Court declares unconstitutional the
Apportionment Act passed by the
Democratic Legislature two years ago.
Dec. 13. D. C. Secretary of State
Foster replies to certain strictures of
Minister Foster of Canada upon the
President's message.
Dec. 14. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the Army Appropriation Bill,
calling for $24,202,739.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Nov. 6. N. Y. Two blocks of
buildings are burned in Brooklyn ; total
loss, $600,000, and fifty families made
homeless.
Pa. The boiler of a locomotive on
the Reading Railroad explodes at Con-
ner's Crossing, killing five men and fa-
tally injuring another.
Nov. 10. Conn. A British syndicate
buys the Piatt and Whitney Works in
Hartford for $2,500,000.
la. Four persons are burned to death
in a railroad accident.
Nov. 11. Me. Camden is almost de-
stroyed by fire ; loss estimated at from
$350,000 to $500,000.
Nov. 15. Tenn. The National Far-
mers' Alliance convenes at Memphis.
Nov. 19. Phila. The coinage of Co-
lumbus souvenir half-dollars is be-
gun at the mint.
Nov. 22. Mass. A kettle made in 1642,
at the Saugus Iron Works, — the first
iron casting in America, — is pre-
sented to the city of Lynn.
Nov. 23. Neb. Four men are killed and
three fatally injured in a railroad col-
lision near Grand Island.
Nov. 25. P. I. "The Breakers," the
summer home of Cornelius Vanderbilt
at Newport, is destroyed by fire ; loss,
$300,000.
Nov. 29. New York. The aldermen give
the Power Company a franchise on
very easy terms. Vote, 15-5.
Nov. 30. La. A Nicaragua Canal
Convention opens at New Orleans. [It
passes resolutions calling on the Govern-
ment to aid the enterprise.]
Nov. * Phila. Electric street-cars are
introduced.
Dec. 3. La. The street-railroad sys-
tems of New Orleans are bought by a
New York syndicate for $10,000,000.
Dec. 6. Phila. The Public Ledger build-
ing is much damaged by fire ; loss,
$250,000.
Dec. 8. N.Y. The Silversmiths' Com-
pany is incorporated at Albany ; capital,
$12,000,000.
Dec. 11. Western subscription book
publishers combine ; capital, $3,500,000.
Mo. The first street-railroad mail-
car, for collecting, sorting, and deliver-
ing postal matter, is introduced at St.
Louis.
Dec. 12. New York. A number of the
overdue German steamer Spree's pas-
sengers arrive on the Etruria.
Dec. 13. Md. Six large warehouses and
16.000 bales of cotton are burned in Bal-
timore ; loss, $700,000.
Dec. 15. Phila. The police census
gives a population of 1,142,653, an In-
crease since 1890 of 95,689.
Dec. 17. Chicago. President Higgin-
botham, of the World's Fair Commis-
sion, accepts from the manufacturers
of the Remington typewriter the bid
of $10,000 for the first Columbian
half-dollar issued from the mint.
Minn. Eight men are killed and sev-
eral injured in a wreck on the Great
Northern Railway at Nelson.
420 1892, Dec. 19-1893, Jan. 10. AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Dec. 22. D. C. John P. Haw-
kins is commissioned brigadier-general.
Dec. 27. Tex. An encounter takes place
between troops and bandits on the Mex-
ican border.
1893 Jan. 6. D. C. Charles M. Terrell
is commissioned colonel — pay depart-
ment. [Jan. 22. Thaddeus H. Stanton
— pay department.]
Jan. 7. HI, Plans are on foot to orga-
nize a Naval Reserve in Illinois.
Jan. 9. D. C. Commander Silas W.
Terry is promoted captain. [Feb. 25.
Merrill Miller. Apr. 27. John J. Reed.
May 9. Mortimer L. Johnson. May 15.
Edwin M. Shepherd. June 27. Bobeley
D. Evans. Sept. 27. George W. Coffin.]
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 * * Pa. Many monuments are
dedicated on the battlefield of Gettys-
burg during the year.
1893 Jan. 2. Mass. E. H. R. Lyman
gives to the city of Northampton the
deed of an Academy of Music, costing
$100,000.
Mont. An avalanche causes disas-
ter near Java Station, on the Great
Northern road ; four lives are lost.
Jan. 6. O. The breaking of an ice-
gorge causes $100,000 damages to ship-
ping in the Ohio River at Cincinnati.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892.
Dec. 24. Dent, Frederick T., brig.-gen.
U. S. A., A72.
Dec. 25. Henrici-, Jacob, communist, at
Harmony, Pa., A89.
Dec. 28. Kimball, Richard Burleigh, au-
thor, A76.
1893.
Jan. 1. Horsford, Eben H., professor of
chemistry at Harvard, A75.
Jan. 2. Lamb, Martha J., historian, A64.
Jan. 3. Pillsbury, Gilbert, abolitionist, A79.
Jan. 6. Cappa, Charles A., band-master,
A 59.
Jan. 7. Low, Abiel A., merchant, philan-
thropist, of New York, A82.
Jan. 10. Kenna, John E., senator for W.
Va., A45.
CHURCH.
1892 Dec. 23. New York. Dr. M' Glynn
is restored to his priestly functions
by the Papal delegate, Mgr. Satolli.
Dec. 25. N. Y. Dr. M' Glynn says
mass in a small chapel in Brooklyn, and
in the afternoon receives a great ovation
from 2,000 people assembled in Cooper
Union.
Dec. 27. New York. The corner-stone
of the (Protestant Episcopal) Cathe-
dral of St. John the Divine, in Morn-
ingside Park, is laid by Bishop Potter,
Bishop W. C. Doane of Albany deliver-
ing the address.
Dec* The Salvation Army of the
United States reports 1,500 officers, 13,000
soldiers, work in 462 cities and towns,
555 outposts established, and 32,433 con-
verts.
* * Fla. "William Crane Gray is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) mission-
ary bishop of Florida.
* * Ga. C. Kinloch Nelson is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal; bishop of
Georgia.
* * III. Charles R. Hale is consecrated
(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Spring-
field.
* * The United German Synod (Evangeli-
cal Lutheran) in Michigan, Minnesota,
and Wisconsin is organized.
* * Pa. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Allegheny ;
David MacDill, moderator.
* * Term. The Annual Convention
(Disciples of Christ) is held at Nashville ;
A. M. Atkinson, president.
* * Tex. George Herbert Kinsolving
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Texas.
* * Wash. Lemuel H. Wells is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of
Spokane.
1893 Jan. 5. O. Authority is given to
mortgage the Boman Catholic cathedral
in Cincinnati, in order to secure $62,000
to be paid as a dividend to the cred-
itors of Archbishop Purcell.
Jan. 6. Okla. Francis K. Brooke is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission-
ary bishop of Oklahoma.
LETTERS.
1892 Dec. 21. Neto York. A new in-
dustrial-school building is opened in
Sullivan Street, under the auspices of
the Children's Aid Society.
Dec. 26. O. John L. Woods, a retired
lumber-dealer, gives $120,000 as a Christ-
mas present to the Medical College of
"Western Reserve University.
Dec. 27. Chicago. John D. Rockefeller
gives $1,000,000 in bonds to Chicago
University, making $3,600,000 as his
total gift to that institution.
Dec. 28. Phila. The 2d annual con-
ference for the advancement of Univer-
sity Extension is held.
Dec. 29. Md. The $500,000 fund for a
woman's medical department in Johns
Hopkins University is completed by a
gift from Miss Mary E. Garrett.
» * N. Y. A coUection of minerals be-
longing to Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond,
late United States Commissioner of
Mines and Mining, is presented to the
Brooklyn Institute.
* * Phila. The Rev. W. Brenton Greene
is selected to fill the chair of Apologet-
ics and Ethics at Princeton Seminary.
* * Boston. The World magazine appears.
* * Phila. Peterson's Magazine (new se-
ries) appears.
* * The Chinese, by Robert Coltman, Jr.
appears.
* * Prisons of Air, by Moncure D. Con-
way, appears ; also Life of Thomas
Paine.
* * Life and Letters of Gen. Thomas Jere-
miah Jackson (Stonewall Jackson), by
his wife, Mary Ann Jackson, appears.
* * Autobiography of Gen. Benjamin F.
Butler appears.
* * Mark Hopkins, by Franklin Carter,
appears.
* * The Lesson of the Master, by Henry
James, appears.
* * A First Family of Tasajara, by Bret
Harte, appears.
* * Concerning All of Us, by Thomas
Wentworth Higginson, appears.
* * Latest Literary Essays and Addresses,
by James Russell Lowell, appears.
* * A History of the People of the United
States, by John Bach McMaster, appears.
* * Moral Teachings of Science, by Ara-
bella B. Buckley, appears.
* * Indika, by John F. Hurst, appears.
* * The Life of Charles Sumner, by Archi-
bald H. Grimk6, appears.
* * The Evolution of Christianity, by Ly-
man Abbott, appears.
* * The Discovery of America, by John
Fiske, appears.
* * The Colonial Era, by George Park
Fisher, appears.
* * The Kansas Conflict, by Charles Rob-
inson, appears.
* * The Quality of Mercy, by William
Dean Howells appears ; also, An Imper-
ative Duty.
* * Sibyl Knox, by Edward Everett Hale,
appears.
* * The Puritan in Holland, England, and
America, by Douglass Campbell, appears.
* * Methods of Industrial Remuneration,
by David F. Schloss, appears.
* * The Life of Joshua R. Giddings, by
George W. Julian, appears.
* * The Naulahka, by Rudyard Kipling
and Wolcott Balestier, appears.
* * Silhouettes of American Life, by Re-
becca Harding Davis, appears.
* * The Wrecker, by Robert Louis Steven-
son and Lloyd Osbourne, appears.
* * Darwin and After Darwin, by George
John Romanes, appears.
* * The Speech of Monkeys, by R. L. Gar-
ner, appears.
* * A History of Peru, by Clements R.
Markham, appears.
* * The Human Mind, by James Sully,
appears.
* * John Winthrop, by Joseph H. Twit-
chell, appears.
* * History of the New World called Am-
erica, by Edward John Payne, appears.
* * State Papers and Speeches on the Tar-
iff, by F. W. Taussig, appears.
* * Primitive Man in Ohio, by Warren K.
Moorehead, appears.
* * Cotton Mather, the Puritan Priest, by
Barrett Wendell, appears.
* * Admiral Farragut, by Capt. A. T.
Mahan, appears.
* * The World's Metal Monetary Systems,
by John Henry Ntrman, appears.
* * Man and the Glacial Period, by G.
Frederick Wright appears.
* * History of the United States from the
Compromise of .'.850, by James Ford
Rhodes, appear?
UNITED STATES. 1892, Dec. 19-1893, Jan. 10. 421
* * The Arctic Seas, by Robert Kelley and
G. S. Davis, appears.
1893 Jan. 3. New York. The public
schools reopen with 148,000 children
in attendance.
SOCIETY.
1892 Dec. 23. N. J. Ballot-box
stuffers are released from prison by
the Court of Pardons. (See p. 408.)
Dec. 24. Boston. The American Folk-
lore Society is in session.
Dec. 25. 0. Linemen in the employ of
the electric companies of Toledo go on
strike, and cut the wires.
Dec. 26. New York. Gifts are made to
thousands of children by the Christ-
mas Society at Madison Square Gar-
den.
Dec. 28. N. Y. The new Hebrew Or-
phan Asylum is dedicated in Brooklyn
with addresses by Mayor Boody, Dr.
M'Glynn, and others.
Wis. The South Side Plant of the
Milwaukee Street-Railroad Company is
destroyed by a bomb explosion. Loss,
$510,000 ; the perpetrator is unknown.
Dec. 30. Ind. White Caps near Ko-
komo take a man from bed, whip him
with hickory switches, and leave him at
a distance from his house in the snow in
his underclothes and bare feet.
Wyo. Two U. S. deputy-marshals
and three desperadoes are killed in a
fight.
Dec. 31. la. W. Mayhor is in jail at Sid-
ney, charged with murdering five wives.
* * Ala. A convention of colored peo-
ple meets at Tuskegee to provide means
for benefiting their race.
* * Ala. A fund of $131,362 is raised by
special tax to pay a pension of $25.60 to
each of the 4,955 disabled Confeder-
ate soldiers.
1893 Jan. 1. The Knights of Pythias
report 413,944 members.
Jan. 3. Ky. Several persons are killed
and wounded in a conflict near Caylers-
ville.
Tenn. Henry Duncan is taken from
jail in London and hanged by a mob.
Jan. 6. N. Y. Kings County Grand Jury
brings in a sweeping indictment against
city and county officials for frauds in
connection with the Columbian Celebra-
tion.
Jan. 8. New York. Dr. M'Glynn at
Cooper Institute states how his restora-
tion to favor with the authorities of the
Roman Catholic Church was brought
about ; he was not required to apologize
or retract anything he had said.
Jan. 9. Boston. Judge Lathrop of the
Supreme Court orders that the Five-
Year Benefit Order be placed in the
hands of a receiver, it having been car-
ried on for the sole benefit of the officers.
STATE.
1892 Dec. 19. D. C. Congress;
House : A bill increasing the pensions
of Mexican "War veterans is passed.
[1893 Jan. 2. Approved.]
Dec. 20. D. C. Congress; Senate: The
sale of Brooklyn Navy- Yard land is
authorized j the bill to repeal the Fed-
eral Elections Law is discussed.
Nero York. The Bar Association
asks the governor not to appoint Judge
Maynard to fill the vacancy in the
Court of Appeals. [Dec. 30. The gov-
ernor makes the appointment.]
Dec. 24. Mont. By a writ of the court
commanding that the votes of the Box
Elder precinct be canvassed, the Legis-
lature is given to the Republicans.
Dec. 27. Ida. The Idaho Apportion-
ment Act is declared unconstitutional
by the Supreme Court.
Dec. 30. 1). C. President Harrison pro-
claims the conclusion of a definite ar-
rangement of commercial reciprocity
with Salvador, to take effect Dec. 31.
* * D. C. Congress appropriates $25,000
for the equipment of the Naval Re-
serve.
Popular Vote for President (Nov. 8).
Candidates.
States.
Harrison
Cleveland
Weaver
Bidwell
Ala. .
9,197
138,138
85,181
239
Ark. .
46,974
87,752
11,831
113
Cal. .
118,927
118,151
25,311
8,096
Colo. .
38,620
53,584
1,687
Conn. .
77,032
' 82,395
809
4,026
Del. .
18,077
18,581
564
Fla. .
30,143
4,843
570
Ga. . .
' 48,305
129,386
42,939
988
Ida. . .
8,599
2
10,520
288
111. . .
399,288
426,281
22,207
25,870
Ind. .
255,615
262,740
22,198
13,044
la. . .
219,373
196,367
20,616
6,322
Kan. .
157,241
163,111
4,553
Ky. . .
135,441
'175,461
23,500
6,442
La. . .
13,331
87,922
13,332
Me. . .
62,878
48,024
2,045
3,062
Md. . .
92,736
113,866
796
5,877
Mass. .
202,814
176,813
3,210
7,539
Mich. .
222,708
202,296
19,892
14,069
Minn. .
122,736
100,579
30,398
14,017
Miss. .
1,406
40,237
10,259
610
Mo. . .
226,762
268,628
41,183
4,298
Mont. .
18,838
17,534
7,259
517
Neb. .
87,227
24,943
33,134
4,902
Nev. .
2,822
711
7,267
85
N.H. .
45,658
42,081
293
1,297
N.J. .
156,080
171,066
985
8,134
N.Y. .
609,350
654,868
16,429
38,190
N. C. .
100,346
132,951
44,732
2,636
N. Dak.
17,519
17,650
O. . .
405,187
'404,115
14,850
26,012
Ore. .
35,002
14,243
26,875
2,281
Penn. .
516,011
452,264
8,714
25,123
R. I. .
27,069
24,335
227
1,565
S. C. .
13,384
54,698
2,410
. .
S. Dak.
34,888
9,081
26,512
Tenn. .
99,973
136,477
23,622
4,856
Tex. .
81,444
239,148
99,638
2,165
Vt. . .
37,992
16,325
43
1,424
Va. . .
113,256
163,977
12,274
2,798
Wash. .
36,470
29,844
19,105
2,553
W. Va.
80,285
84,468
4,165
2,130
Wis. .
170,791
177,335
9,909
13,132
Wyo. .
8,454
7,722
530
Total
5,175,202
5,554,226
1,042,631
262,799
Perct. .
42.82
45.98
8.79
2.17
Plur. .
379,025
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-94 * * Ala. Thomas G. Jones (Dem.).
-94* * Ariz. (Ter.). N.O. Murphy (Rep.).
-94 * * Ga. William J. Northen (Dem.).
-94 * * la. Horace Boies (Dem.).
-94 * * La. Murphy J. Foster (Dem.).
-94 * * Md. Frank Brown (Dem.).
-94 * * Mass. Wm. E. Russell (Dem.).
-94 * * N. Y. R. P. Flower (Dem.).
-94 * * O. Wm. McKinley, Jr. (Rep.).
-94 * * S. C. Benj. R. Tillman (Dem.).
-94 * * Vt. Levi K. Fuller (Rep.).
-96 * * Okla.(Ter-). A. J. Seay (Rep.).
1893 Jan. 2. New York. Thomas F.
Gilroy, 87th mayor, is sworn into office.
Jan. 4. D. C. President Harrison is-
sues a proclamation of amnesty to
Mormons liable to prosecution for polyg-
amy who will refrain from polygamous
marriage.
Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Anti-Option Bill, for the
suppression of speculative transactions ;
the House passes the Fortifications
Appropriation Bill, introduced Dec.
17, 1892.
Jan. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate
receives the report of the Secretary of
State that the pending Chandler Im-
migration Suspension Bill will not con-
flict with treaty obligations ; a bill to
provide a temporary government for
Alaska is introduced. [Referred ; no
action.]
Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the District of Columbia Ap-
propriation BUI, introduced Jan. 5;
also the Military Academy Appro-
priation Bill, introduced Jan. 3.
U. S. The Presidential Electors meet
at the capitals of all the States, and cast
their votes for President and Vice-Presi-
dent.
Jan. 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Quarantine BUI, granting
additional quarantine powers. [No ac-
tion in the House.]
Kan. The Populists and Repub-
licans both claim to have elected the
speaker of the House ; the two factions
organize separate Houses.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Dec. 30. N. Y. A traction
company with a capital of $30,000,000
will pay ten per cent dividends on $12,-
000,000 stock as rental for the lease of
the Brooklyn City Railroad.
Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1892.
Production : Gold, $33,000,000 ; silver,
$82,101,010; bushels of grain: Indian
corn, 1,628,464,000; wheat, 515,949,000;
oats, 661,035,000; barley, 70,000,000± ;
rye, 30,000,000+ ; buckwheat, 11,000,000+ ;
bales of cotton, 9,038,707 ; pounds of
wool, 294,000,000 ; barrels of petroleum,
50,509,136. Currency in circulation,
$1,601,347,187; per capita, $24.44. Im-
migrants received (fiscal year), 623,084.
Miles of railroad worked, 170,668 ; capi-
tal stock, $4,920,555,225. Fire-waste,
$151,516,098; insurance, $93,511,936. To-
tal railroad accidents, 2,327 ; 7,147 per-
sons are killed and 36,652 injured. A
total of 41,682,898 car passengers cross
the Brooklyn Bridge.
* * III. Through the breaking of a levee
of the Mississippi, 80 square miles of
territory are flooded.
* * Mass. The centennial of the found-
ing of Quincy is celebrated.
1893 Jan. 5. Wash. The last spike on
the Great Northern Railroad is driven
at a point of the road in the Cascade
Mountains.
Jan. 6. Colo. An oilery is burned in
Denver ; loss, $290,000.
Pa. Pittsburg loses $275,000 by fire.
Jan. 7. Pa. Three persons are killed by
a natural-gas explosion in Pittsburg.
Jan. 9. N. J. The Central Railroad
withdraws from the Reading combi
nation.
Jan. 10. Boston. A fire causes a loss
of $1,655,000.
422 1893, Jan. 10 -Feb. 8.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Feb. 4. Me. The harbor-de-
fense ram Katahdin is launched at the
Bath Iron Works.
Feb. 8. D. C. The Secretary of War re-
ports that the militia of the United
States numbers 112,496.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 Jan. 12. Phila. The American
Academy of Political and Social
Science is in session.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1893.
Jan. 11. Butler, Benjamin F., maj.-gen.
vols., M. C. for Mass., Gov., A75.
Jan. 15. Ingalls, ltufus, maj.-gen. U. 8. A.,
A73.
Jan. 17. Hayes, Rutherford B., brig.-
gen. vols., M. C. for O., Gov., 19th President
of the U. S., dies at Tremont, O., A71.
Jan. 19. Eichberg, Julius, composer, A69.
Jan. 23. Brooks, Phillips, P. E. bishop
of Mass., author, A58.
Lamar. Lucius Q.. C M. C. for Miss.,
Confederate officer, senator, justice U. S.
Supreme Court, A68.
Jan. 27. Blaine, James G. , M. C. for Me.,
speaker, senator, secretary of state, Rep.
candidate for presidency, A 63.
Campbell, James, postmaster-gen., A81.
Jan. 28. Doubleday, Abner, maj.-gen.
vols., A74.
Feb. 1. Comegys, Joseph P., chief justice
of Del., A80.
CHURCH.
1893 Jan. 14. It. The Pope perma-
nently establishes the Apostolic Dele-
gate to the United States, and confirms
Mgr. Satolli as the first delegate.
Jan. 25. Colo. William Morris Barker
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
missionary bishop of Western Colorado.
Feb. 3. I). C. Mgr. Satolli decides a
controversy between Bishop Wigger
of Newark and Father Killeen ad-
versely to the bishop.
[Feb. 19. Bishop Wigger is rebuked by
Mgr. Satolli in a letter.]
LETTERS.
1893 Jan. 14. Nev. The Virginia City
Territorial Enterprise, the oldest paper
in the State, suspends publication.
Jan. 17±. Wis. M. W. Stryker is inau-
gurated President of Hamilton Col-
lege, and C. K. Adams President of the
University of Wisconsin.
Jan. 23. Conn. The new Yale gymna-
sium is formally turned over to the
university.
Jan. 31. Chicago. The University of
Chicago receives $100,000 toward a cam-
pus fund of $500,000; it is the gift of
Martin A. Ryerson, president of the
Board of Trustees.
Feb. 3. N. H. Rev. Dr. W. J. Tucker
of Andover Theological Seminary is
elected President of Dartmouth.
SOCIETY.
1893 Jan. 11+. Miss. White Caps
are persecuting the Hebrews in Pike
County.
Jan. 13. New York. Charges against
Inspectors Williams and McAvoy and
Captains Doherty, Westervelt, and
Stephenson, are approved by the police
superintendent.
[June 16. The Board declares the in-
spectors not guilty, but says that the
three captains had neglected their duty.]
— N. Y. Levi Coke, Iron Hall treas-
urer in Elmira, is indicted for grand
larceny in misappropriating funds of the
order.
Jan. 14. La. Chief of Police Gaster
of New Orleans is fined $301 for neglect-
ing to enforce Sunday laws.
O. Herr von Koutsky of the week-
ly Volksfreund, Cincinnati, disappears,
leaving his accounts short about $20,000.
Pa. City Treasurer Obold of Reading
is short in his accounts $10,000.
Jan. 15. D. C. The 25th annual con-
vention of the National American
Woman Suffrage Association holds
religious services ; Rev. Anna F. East-
man preaches the sermon.
Mass. Frank Vining of Georgetown
confesses to many forgeries, and is held
in $3,000 bail.
Jan. 17. New York. The Court of Ap-
peals confirms the conviction of Carlyle
W. Harris for the murder of his school-
girl wife.
[May 4. Gov. Flower denies an ap-
plication for clemency. May 8. He is
electrocuted at Sing Sing.]
Jan. 19. III. The Supreme Court reverses
the lower courts in the Cronin cases,
and grants a new trial to ex-Detective
Daniel Coughlin, the surviving convict.
Jan. 20. Pa. HughF. Dempsey, District
Master Workman of the Knights of
Labor, is found guilty as indicted in
the trial of the Homestead poisoning
case. [Mar. 4. He receives a severe
sentence.]
Jan. 24. Chicago. The annual conven-
tion of the National Farmers' Alli-
ance opens with only three States rep-
resented.
N. Y. The bUl legalizing the un-
authorized and excessive expenses of
the Brooklyn officials at the Columbus
Celebration passes the Assembly at Al-
bany.
Jan. 25. Ky. W.Howard is found guilty
of the charge of having killed a dozen
men in the Howard-Turner feud in Har-
lan County.
Jan. 26. Boston. The National Di-
vorce Reform League meets.
N. Y. Frank Duffy, saloon keeper,
kills George Cunningham at Fort Ham-
ilton.
Jan. 28. Kan. Two masked men rob
a bank, kill a pursuer; but are finally
overpowered, and put in jail at Lebo.
N. J. Silk-weavers in Paterson strike
because of a reduction in wages on a
certain class of work.
Jan. 30. N. Y. Many strikers return
to work in the Brooks Locomotive-works
at Dunkirk.
Feb. 1. New York. Anton Kessler
shoots Mrs. Kate Jaeger, and tries to
kill himself.
Tex. A negro held on a charge of
murder is burned alive at the stake by a
mob at Paris.
Feb. 2. Ark. The First National Bank
of Little Rock, wrecked by dishonest
officers, closes its doors.
Cal. The railroad station at Los
Olivos is looted, and Agent Moore mor-
tally wounded, by three masked robbers.
Pa. R. J. Beatty is found guilty on
six indictments as an accomplice in the
Homestead poisonings.
Feb. 3. N. J. Mrs. Abigail Ashbrook of
Willingboro refuses to pay taxes be-
cause she is not allowed to vote.
Feb. 4. /. T. Three men hold up the
agent at Adair railway station, and rob
him of $8,700.
Neb. The National Live-Stock
Association is in session at Omaha.
S. Dak. Four cowboys are killed
by the Two-Strikes band of Indian po-
lice at Pine Ridge Agency for murder-
ing Indians. [The police are officially
commended.]
Feb. 7. Tex. Gov. Hogg, by special mes-
sage, asks the Legislature to take steps,
to prevent mob violence.
Feb. 8. /. T. Deputy Marshalls Rust,
Bruner, and Knight are killed near
Tahlequah by Bill Pigeon, an Indian
desperado.
Pa. The House of Representatives
passes a biU prohibiting the sale of
cigarettes.
STATE.
1893 Jan. 10. N. Y. The Legislature
tries to make legal the acts of the
indicted Brooklyn officials.
[Jan. 12. In the Senate the bill of
John McCarty of Brooklyn, legalizing
the acts of Kings County officials in
expending $60,000 in payment of the
alleged expenses of the Columbian cele-
bration, is amended, and referred to the
Senate Judiciary Committee. Jan. 24.
It passes the Assembly. Jan. 26. Passed
by the Senate. Vote, 26-4. Feb. 6. The
bill is vetoed by Gov. Flower.]
Jan. 12. Kan. In the House the three
Democrats vote with the Republicans ;
Gov. Lewelling recognizes the Popu-
list House by sending a message to the
Speaker.
Jan. 13. B.C. Congress ; Senate : The
Sherman Bill to extend to the North-
ern Pacific Ocean the provisions of
the statutes for the protection of fur-
seals and other fur-bearing animals is
passed ;bill introduced Dec. 20, 1892.
Kan. The Senate recognizes the clerk
of the Populist House. Vote, 23-17. A
mass-meeting is called to censure the
governor and the Populists.
Jan. 14. Kan. The fusion between the
Democrats and Populists is dissolved.
Phila. Senator John Sherman of O.
in a letter to The Philadelphia Ledger
holds the Democrats responsible for the
failure to secure remedial silver legisla-
tion in this session of Congress.
Jan. 16. D. C. Congress ; Senate: The
Anti-Option BiU is discussed ; the Vilas
amendment to confine penal provisions
of the bill to purely speculative transac-
tions is rejected. Vote, 12-33. In the
House a resolution to amend the Con-
stitution of the United States so as to
provide that Senators shall be chosen by
the direct vote of the people is passed.
[No action in the Senate.] The Arkan-
sas Swamp- Land BiU is defeated.
Vote, 68-132.
Jan. 17. D. C. The Senate Finance
Committee reports a bill repealing the
purchase clause of the Sherman Act ;
it provides for the suspension of all
UNITED STATES.
1893, Jan. 10 -Feb. 8. 423
bullion purchases under the Act of
1890 after Jan. 1, 1894 ; an amendment
provides for the issuing of circulating
notes for U. S. bonds deposited by na-
tional banks ; the President's veto (July
29, 1892) of the Claim Bill favoring the
William McGarrahan title to Rancho
Panoche Grande, Cal., is sustained. The
Senate passes the bill to extend free
postal delivery to small towns; bill
introduced Dec. 13, 1892.
Jan. 18. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the bill to extend the free postal
delivery to small towns. [Jan. 25.
Approved.] President Harrison issues
a proclamation concerning the death
of ex-President Hayes, and both
Houses of Congress adjourn out of re-
spect to his memory.
Jan. 19. I). C. Congress ; Senate : Ed-
ward O. Wolcott of Colo, introduces an
amendment to the Silver Purchase
Repeal Bill; it provides for the coinage
of all the silver bullion which has ac-
cumulated in the Treasury under the
Sherman Act. [Debated, but no action
taken.]
Jan. 21. Ky. John G. Carlisle of Ky.
resigns his office as Senator to Gov.
Brown. [He becomes Secretary of the
Treasury.]
Jan. 23. B.C. Congress: The House,
after a stormy debate, passes the Na-
tional Quarantine Bill for the pro-
tection of commerce, introduced Dec. 7,
^1892.
iV. Y. A substitute for the Con-
stitutional Convention Bill is passed
by the Senate at Albany ; it allows each
oi the two great political parties to
choose sixteen delegates at large. [Jan.
26. It passes the Assembly.]
Jan. 24. Chicago. The annual conven-
tion of the National Farmers' Alliance
opens.
Jan. 25. Ida. The Legislature enfran-
chises about 5,000 Mormons.
Kan. In joint ballot the Legislature
(the lower House not yet legally organ-
ized) elects Judge John Martin (Dem.)
U. S. Senator, the Republicans refusing
to vote.
N. Y. The « ' Greater New York ' '
Bill is introduced in the Legislature.
Jan. 27. D. C. James G. Blaine dies
at his home in Washington at 11 a.m.
Congress and many State Legisla-
tures adjourn out of respect to his
memory ; the President announces the
death in a proclamation ordering the
State Department to be draped in mourn-
ing, the flags to fly at half-mast on all
public buildings, and all the Executive
Departments to be closed on the day
of the funeral.
Jan. 28. B.C. Congress: In the Senate
the Hawaiian question and the French
Extradition Treaty are discussed ; the
House orders an investigation of the
"Whisky Trust by the Judiciary Com-
mittee. [Mar. 1. The committee re-
ports ; no action taken.] The Panama
Investigation Resolution, respecting
the use of money and methods, is re-
ported. A special Committee of Five is
recommended, to take evidence and re-
port.
News is received that Queen Lili-
uokalani of Hawaii was deposed on
Jan. 16, without resistance, by revolu-
tionists, who established a provisional
government ; the new government is
recognized by all the Powers except
England ; commissioners are sent to
Washington empowered to negotiate for
annexation.
Jan. 30. D. C. Congress; Senate:
William E. Chandler of N. H. introduces
a resolution requesting the President
to open negotiations with the Hawaiian
Commissioners.
Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Anti-Option Bill after 24
discussions. Vote, 30-29. It amends and
passes the District of Columbia Ap-
propriation Bill. [Mar. 1. Conference
report agreed to. Mar. 3. Approved.]
Feb. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Army Bill.
[Feb. 23. Conference report agreed to.
Mar. 2. Approved.] Also the Forti-
fications Bill. [Feb. 13. Conference
report agreed to. Feb. 21. Approved.]
Feb. 2. D.C. Congress; Senate: The
French Extradition Treaty is ratified ;
the House passes the Sundry Civil Ap-
propriation Bill, introduced Jan. 18.
Feb. 3. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Da-
vid B. Hill of N. Y. gives notice that
he will move to take up the Silver
Repeal Bill on Feb. 6.
The Hawaiian Commissioners ar-
rive in Washington. [Feb. 4. They
present credentials to the Secretary of
State. Feb. 11. They are officially pre-
sented to the President.]
S. Dak. The Local-option amendment
is defeated in the House.
Feb. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the House bill (see
Dec. 15, 1892) relating to the contracts
of common carriers, prohibiting non-
liability clauses ; bill passed the House
Dec. 15, 1892. [Feb. 13. The House
concurs in the amendments. Feb. 14.
Approved.] The House passes the Di-
plomatic, Legislative, and Consular
Service Bill, introduced Jan. 21.
Feb. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Da-
vid B. Hill's motion to take up the
Silver Repeal Bill is defeated. Vote,
23^42. The Senate Quarantine Bill is
passed as a substitute for the House
bill. [Feb. 15. Approved.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Jan. 11. Colo. Twenty-four mi-
ners are killed by an explosion in the
Union Pacific coal-mine, near Como.
Jan. 13. Chicago. A syndicate of capi-
talists and wholesale butchers buys the
Farmers' and Drovers' Stockyards ; cap-
ital, $1,000,000.
Jan. 14. Lithographers of Cleveland,
Chicago, Detroit, Buffalo, and Roches-
ter form a combination.
Jan. 16. U. S. The corundum wheel
makers combine ; capital, $6,000,000.
Jan. 18. New York. The Old Dominion
steamer City of Atlanta is burned in the
East River.
Jan. 19. X. J. Three persons are killed
and eight injured in a collision on the
Pennsylvania Railroad, near Marion.
Jan. 20. D. C. The National Board
of Trade ends its annual session at
Washington.
Jan. 21. 111. In a collision on the
" Big Four " road, near Alton, nine per-
sons are killed, 12 fatally injured, and
100 burned by an exploding oil-tank.
Minn. A fire in St. Paul causes a
loss of $213,000; two firemen are badly
injured.
Mo. A brewery combine is formed
in St. Louis.
Neto York. The French liner La Cham-
pagne sails for Europe with $4,500,000,
the largest shipment yet made of
gold and silver coin.
The French steamer Bretagne sails for
Europe with $4,300,000 in gold.
A'. Y. Many firemen are injured
at a warehouse fire in Brooklyn ; loss,
$135,000.
Jan. 22. Colo. A second expedition sets
out in search of the lost Peg Leg mine
of the desert.
Mo. An elevator and 1,250,000 bush-
els of wheat are burned at St. Louis ;
loss, $1,500,000.
Jan. 25. Manufacturers of sole-leather
in New York and Boston form a trust.
Jan. 27. New York. Twenty-nine la-
bor-unions protest by open letter
against extending the elevated railway
system, and urge that the city build
and operate the underground road as
planned by the Rapid Transit Com-
mission.
Jan. 28. Chicago. Several World's
Fair buildings are damaged by the
falling in of their roofs under a great
burden of snow.
New York. The French liner La Nor-
mandie sails for Havre with $2,850,000
(gold) in her bullion-room.
Jan. 29+. Minn. A syndicate of lum-
bermen concludes a deal transferring
500,000,000 feet of standing pine around
Leech Lake for more than $2,000,000.
Jan. 30. D. C. The funeral services
of James G. Blaine are held in the
Presbyterian Church of the Covenant
in Washington, with many prominent
officials and others in attendance.
Feb. 1±. Colo. Two men from St. Louis
cross the Colorado desert on bi-
cycles, making an average of 56 miles
a day.
N. Y. Fire causes a loss of $200,000
at Little Falls.
Feb. 2. Ark. The First National
Bank of Little Rock fails on account of
the issuance of fraudulent paper by
former bank officers ; liabilities over
half a million.
Feb. 3. Mass. An explosion at the
Star Foundry, Worcester, seriously in-
jures 14 men.
Feb. 4. N. Y. The Deland Chemical
Works, Rochester, are burned ; loss,
$200,000.
Feb. 7. N. J. The bark Alice goes
ashore near Barnegat Inlet ; three of
her crew are drowned.
424 1893, Feb. 8 -Mar. 6.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Feb. 15. Kan. The militia is
ordered out to eject the Republican
representatives from the lower hall of
the Legislature. (See State.)
Feb. 28. Phila. The battle-ship In-
diana is launched at Cramps' shipyard.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 Feb. 11. Ind. Silver and zinc
are found in large quantities.
Feb. 12. O. An oil-well, flowing 1,000
barrels daily, is struck in Middletown
township, on what has been regarded as
" dry territory."
Feb. 18. Mich. Rock which assays 2.43
ounces of gold and .50 ounces of silver
to the ton is discovered in Calhoun
County.
Mar. 1. Neio York. About $108,000 is
realized at the sale of the John Taylor
Johnston paintings.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1893.
Feb. 12. Green, Norvin, president of West-
ern Union Telegraph Co., A75.
Feb. 15. Colgate, Samuel, merchant, of
New York, dies.
Feb. 20. Beauregard, Pierre Gustave
Toutant, col. U. S. A., Confed. gen., A75.
Feb. 23. Hatch, Kufus, financier, of New
York, A60.
Feb. 24. Manvels, Allen, president Atchi-
son, Topeka, and Santa F4 Railroad, A56.
Mar. 2. Bishop, KichardM., Gov. of O., A81.
Mar. 6. Evans, Frederick W., elder of
Shaker Community, A85.
CHURCH.
1893 Feb. 17. New York. Presbyte-
rians issue a letter urging the cessation
of dogmatic warfare in their church.
Feb. 19. New York. Pope Leo's jubi-
lee is celebrated by the Catholic Club.
Mar. 1. New York. A special session
of the Protestant Episcopal House of
Bishops is begun.
LETTERS.
1893 Feb. 14. N. Y. Boardman Hall,
the home of the Law School of CorneU
University, is formally opened, and the
Moak Law Library is presented as a
memorial of Judge Boardman.
Feb. 26. N. Y. The Regents of the Uni-
versity of the State of New York grant
a charter to the trustees of the Catho-
lic Summer School; the institution is
recognized by the laws of the State, and
its acquired property is located on Lake
Champlain, near Plattsburg.
SOCIETY.
1893 Feb. 10. Minn. The House of
Representatives passes a bill making the
using and smoking of cigarettes by
minors a misdemeanor by a fine of $25
to $50, or by imprisonment for 30 days.
Miss. Two negroes are lynched
for robbing and burning a store at
Dickey, Amite County.
W. Va. Non-union men are at-
tacked by a mob at Wheeling ; one of
them will probably die.
Feb. 11. N. Y. The Reform Club is
making an organized effort to abolish
personal taxation in Brooklyn.
Pa. The State is taking steps to es-
cheat the property of the Econo-
mite Society near Pittsburg, it having
only a few surviving members.
Feb. 12. It is alleged that the Wabash
Railroad Company has been systemati-
cally robbed by trusted employees of
over $200,000 worth of valuable mer-
chandise.
N. Y. A "green goods" man is
shot by a South Carolinian in a hotel in
Poughkeepsie.
Feb. 14. New York. G. W. Gardner,
agent of the Society for the Prevention
of Crime, is sentenced to two years' im-
prisonment for extorting blackmail. (A
conspiracy.)
[Nov. 17. The Supreme Court reverses
the verdict, and orders Gardner's re-
lease.]
Feb. 15. New York. The American
Publishers' Association opens its 7th
annual convention.
Feb. 16. Kan. The sheriff at Topeka
swears in a posse of 1,000 men for the
purpose of maintaining the peace ; the
Populists decide thereupon not to at-
tempt to dislodge the Republican House,
and the governor proposes a compromise.
Neio York. A service in memory of
Bishop Phillips Brooks is held in
Carnegie Music Hall.
Feb. 18, The Princess Kaiulani issues
an appeal to the American people
touching her rights as crown-princess of
the Hawaiian Islands.
Feb. 20. New York. Counselor John
W. Goff is fined $200 by Recorder
Smyth for contempt of court in connec-
tion with the Gardner trial.
Pa. A riot between strikers and
non-unionists occurs at the Catsbury
coal-mine, Monongahela City.
Feb. 22. Ind. Dr. Joseph Gardner of
Bedford gives, " as a thank-offering
to humanity," a tract of land— 782
acres in extent — as the headquarters of
the American National Red Cross Asso-
ciation. [Miss Clara Barton, president,
accepts the gift.]
Feb. 24. Cat. John W. Mackay, the
bonanza millionaire, is shot in San
Francisco by William C. Rippey, a fa-
natic, who then shoots himself fatally ;
Mackay's wound is not dangerous.
O. Sympathizers of Gov. McKin-
ley start a one-dollar subscription move-
ment to aid in meeting the financial lia-
bilities against him, his endorsements
having involved his entire fortune.
[Successful, but declined.]
Feb. 25. Chicago. Strikers wreck a
passenger-train.
Pa. The Nanticoke mine strike is
spreading ; 28,000 men and boys are now
out.
Feb. 26. N. J. Sunday: Mass-meet-
ings are held in many cities and towns
to protest against the action of the Le-
gislature in passing pro-racing bills.
[Also on Mar. 5.]
Mar. 3. D. C. The President and
President-elect exchange caUs.
Mar. 6. N. J. Immense numbers of
Jerseymen gather at Trenton, at the
reassembling of the Legislature, with
many remonstrances and appeals in
favor of repealing the race-track bills.
New York. The brownstone United
Charities building is formally pre-
sented by its founder, John Stewart
Kennedy, to the organizations. Opened
for use.
STATE.
1893 Feb. 8. D. C. Congress: The
Senate passes a bill to exempt soldiers
and sailors from competitive examina-
tions for promotion in the Civil Service.
[Feb. 9. The House refers it to the Com-
mittee on Reform in the Civil Service —
no final decision.] The report of the Sec-
retary of War to the Senate shows that
the militia of the United States num-
bers 112,496 men; the Senate con-
firms the Russian Extradition Treaty.
In a joint session of both Houses the
electoral votes are counted.
Vote for President : Grover Cleve-
land (Dem). of N. Y., 277 ; Benjamin
Harrison (Rep.) of Ind., 145 ; James B.
"Weaver (People's Party) of la., 22;
John BidweU (Prohib.) of Cal., Simon
Wing (Social Labor) of Mass., each 0.
For Vice-President : Adlai F. Steven-
son (Dem.) of 111., 277 ; Whitelaw
Reid (Rep.) of N. Y. 145; James G.
Field (People's Party) of Va., 22;
James B. CranfiU (Prohib.) of Tex.,
and Charles H. Matchett (Social Labor)
of N. Y., each 0.
S. Dak. The Reapportionment Act
is found to be unconstitutional.
Feb. 9. D.C. Congress: In the House
the silver adherents score a victory by
sustaining the demand for the previous
question on the Silver Purchase Repeal
Bill. Vote, 152-143. The House passes
the Legislative, Executive, and Ju-
dicial Appropriation Bill, including
amendments that no public building
shall be draped in mourning, nor de-
partment closed out of respect for the
memory of any deceased official, and
prohibiting the use of public funds for
defraying the funeral expenses of any
officer or employee of the Government ;
bill introduced Jan. 26.
N. Y. In the Senate, G. S. Van Gor-
der introduces bills providing for non-
partisan boards of election inspectors.
Feb. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Car-Coupler
Bill, providing for increased safety of
life on railroads by the use of automatic
couplers and air-brakes. Vote, 39-10.
[Feb. 27. The House concurs in the
Senate amendments. Mar. 2. Approved
by the President.] John Sherman of O.
gives notice of an amendment to the
Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill autho-
rizing the sale of 3 per cent bonds.
± Native Hawaiians send an appeal
to the American Government asking
for redress, not annexation ; they say
their country is overrun by foreigners,
who by bringing coolies from the Orient
are propagating leprosy in every village.
Feb. 13. D. C. The committee begins
the investigation of the Panama Canal
matter.
UNITED STATES.
1893, Feb. 8 -Mar. 6. 425
Feb. 14. D. C. Secretary Foster tele-
graphs to Minister Stevens his approval
of the plan for establishing a protecto-
rate in Hawaii.
Feb. 15. I). C. Congress : The Senate
receives the Hawaiian Annexation
Treaty from the President with a
message.
Kan. Republican members take for-
cible possession of the Representa-
tives' Hall in Topeka ; Gov. Lewelling
calls out the militia to help retake the
hall for the Populists.
[Feb. 17. A peace agreement is signed
by representatives of the contesting par-
ties ; it virtually concedes to the Repub-
licans all their demands.]
Feb. 16. D. C. Congress; Senate : The
river and harbor items cut from the
Sundry Civil Bill by the committee
are restored ; in the House the commit-
tee amendments to the Pension Bill are
defeated.
President Harrison gives Secretary of
State Foster authority to issue bonds if
necessary to protect the gold reserve.
The Hawaiian Annexation Treaty
is published.
S. C. Judges Goff and Simonton of
the United States Court decide against
Gov. Tillman's authority to collect
excessive taxes from railroads.
Feb. 17. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Invalid Pension Appropria-
\ tion Bill, introduced Jan. 27.
Feb. 18. B.C. Congress; Senate: The
Sherman amendment, authorizing an
issue of 3 per cent bonds for the re-
demption of U. S. Treasury notes, is
agreed to. Vote, 30-16. [The House
concurs, but the Senate finally recedes
from it.] The appointment of Howell
E. Jackson of Tenn. as Associate Jus-
tice of the Supreme Court is confirmed.
[Mar. 5. He is sworn in.] In the House
the Post-office Appropriation Bill is
discussed.
Ala. The Senate passes a bill which
practically disfranchises negroes.
Feb. 20. B. C. Congress; In the
House the New York and New Jersey
Bridge Bill is passed. [Feb. 21. The
Senate refers it to the Committee on
Commerce.] The Naval Appropria-
tion Bill, introduced Feb. 13, is passed.
'Also the Agricultural Appropriation
Bill, introduced Feb. 4.
Feb. 21. K. J. The Assembly passes
three race-track bills.
[Feb. 22. They pass the Senate and go
to Gov. Werts. Feb. 23. He vetoes the
bills. Feb. 24. They are passed over
the veto.]
Feb. 22. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate Washington's Farewell Address
is read in honor of his birthday ; the
Sundry Civil Bill is passed. In the
House the all-night session adjourns
at 6 a.m.
Feb. 23. B. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Diplomatic and Consular Service
Bill and the Military Academy Bill
are passed. [Mar. 2. Approved.] The
Russian Extradition Treaty is rati-
fied ; in the House a vain attempt is
made to call up the Anti-Option Bill.
Fr. The Commissioners of Arbi-
tration meet at Paris to settle the Bering
Sea fisheries dispute ; they adjourn to
March 23.
Members of the Court : John M. Har-
lan, Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court,
and Senator John T. Morgan of Ala., for
the United States ; Lord Hannen and Sir
John S. D. Thompson for Great Britain ;
Baron de Cource (Pres.) for France ;
Marquis Emilio Viscounti Venosta for
Italy ; Judge Gram for Sweden and Nor-
way. John W. Foster of Ind. is agent,
and Henry W. Blodgett, F. R. Coudert,
and Robert Lansing are counsel for the
United States.
Wyo. Gov. Osborn appoints A. C.
Beckwith (Dem.) U. S. Senator.
The Shoshones and Arapahoes disa-
gree as to giving up their lands — about
two million acres — for settlement by
whites.
Feb. 24. B. C. President-elect Cleve-
land selects H. J. Thurber of Detroit
as his private secretary.
The Secretary of State approves the
action of Minister Stevens in Hawaii
in favoring the new republic.
Feb. 25. B.C. Congress; Senate : The
Legislative, Executive, and Judicial
Appropriation Bill is passed. [Mar. 3.
Approved.] In the House the " silver
men " obstructively oppose the Senate
amendments to the Sundry Civil Bill.
The French Legation at "Washing-
ton is raised to the rank of an embassy
by decree of President Carnot.
Kan. The Supreme Court decides
that the Republican House is the
legally constituted body.
Feb. 26. D. C. The report of Special
Agent Ayer of the Treasury Depart-
ment shows a large increase in the pro-
duction of tin and terne plates and of
block sheets.
Feb. 27. B. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Pension Appropriation
Bill without amendment. [Mar. 2.
Approved.] In the House the Indian
Appropriation Bill is passed ; the Sen-
ate amendment to the Car- Coupler
Bill is concurred in. Vote, 185-84.
Feb. 28. B. C. Congress; Senate:
John Sherman's motion to proceed to
executive business is defeated ; the
Naval and Agricultural Indian Ap-
propriation Bills are passed. [Mar. 3.
All are approved.] The bill introduced
Dec. 7, 1892, putting pig tin on the free
list, is passed. It passes the Tin-Plate
Bill, repealing the duties' bill introduced
Feb. 16. [Mar. 3. The Senate Committee
reports it back with amendments.]
Kan. The Populist members in a
body take their seats in the lower House.
Mar. 1. B.C. Congress; Senate: The
Sherman bond amendment is dropped
from the Sundry Civil Bill, so is the
$800,000 appropriation for the New York
Custom-house ; in the House the Anti-
Option Bill is killed by failing to re-
ceive the vote necessary to take it up
under a suspension of the rules.
Mar. 2. B. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Post-office Appropriation
Bill. [Mar. 3. Approved.] Also the
Deficiency Appropriation Bill. The
House passes the Chandler Immigra-
tion and Contract Labor Bill to prevent
the immigration of Chinese laborers.
President-elect Cleveland arrives
in Washington, and takes up his quar-
ters at the Arlington.
Kan. The Woman's Suffrage Bill
passes both Houses of the Legislature.
Mar. 3. B. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate the bill to repeal the duties on tin
is reported back by the Committee with
amendments. [No final action taken.]
Mar. 4. I). C. Congress: The Senate
passes the McGarrahan Claim Bill,
and tenders votes of thanks to Vice-
President Morton and President pro
tempore Charles F. Manderson ; in the
House ex-Speaker Thomas B. Reed pre-
sents, with a speech, resolutions eulo-
gistic of Speaker Charles F. Crisp, who
replies. The 52d Congress ends.
The 27th Administration; Demo-
cratic.
Grover Cleveland, the 24th Presi-
dent, is inaugurated.
The pageant takes place in a snow-
storm ; the Inauguration Ball presents
a scene of splendor beyond any of its
predecessors.
Mont. Lee Mantle (Rep.) is ap-
pointed U. S. Senator by Gov. Rickards.
Mar. 6. B. C. The Senate meets in spe-
cial session (chiefly to consider the Pres-
ident's nominations) ; it confirms the
nominations for the President's Cabi-
net ; John Sherman of O. introduces a
joint resolution for a constitutional
amendment changing inauguration
day to the 30th of April.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Feb. 11. The Western freight
blockade is broken; trains are run-
ning on the Union and Northern Pacific
Roads.
Feb. 14. New York. The Metropoli-
tan Opera House is bought in by a
representative of the shareholders for
$1,425,000.
Feb. 18. Colo. Three persons are killed
and a number injured in a collision on
the Colorado Midland Railroad near
Hartwell.
The Northern Pacific Railroad in-
vestigating committee makes a report
condemning the present management of
the road.
Feb. 22. New York. President Harri-
son raises the American flag on the
first foreign registered ocean steamer,
the New York, of the American Line,
formerly The City of New York, ot the
Inman Line.
Phila. Four persons are killed and
20 injured by a train collision on the
Pennsylvania Railroad.
Feb. 23. O. Gov. McKinley puts his
property into the hands of trustees for
the benefit of the creditors of a person
for whom he became surety; Mrs. Mc-
Kinley surrenders her private estate for
the same purpose.
426 1893, Mar. 7 -Apr. 10.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Mar. 30. Adm. Gherardi's
squadron sails for Hampton Roads.
Apr. 6f. Fa. About 20 foreign war-
ships gather at Hampton Koads prepar-
atory to the Columbian celebration.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 Mar. 9. New York. An earth-
quake shock is distinctly felt at 12.30
A.M.
Mar. 14. Cal. A meteor falls and ex-
plodes near Los Olivos ; the report is
heard 50 miles away.
Mar. 17. N. H. A valuable collection of
geographical specimens is bequeathed
to Dartmouth College by the late Ralph
Butterfield of Kansas City.
Pa. The books, drawings, manu-
scripts, and herbarium which be-
longed to Bayard Taylor are presented
to the public library of West Chester
by Mrs. Taylor.
Mar. 18. Chicago. The Montana sil-
ver statue of Ada Rehan is cast ; cost
of silver, $70,000. [May 30. Unveiled.]
Mar. 25. Mont. A slight earthquake
shock is felt in Helena.
[Apr. 4. At Los Angeles, Cal. Apr. 8.
Two shocks at Lincolnton, Ga., and in
S. C. Nov. 27. A shock is felt in north-
ern New York, Vermont, New Hamp-
shire, and in Canada. Dec. 16. Another
in Southern Illinois and Indiana.]
Apr. 2±. Okla. A tornado kills 100
persons and injures 500 more.
Apr. 9. Kan. An aerolite strikes and
breaks the arm from the statue of
John Brown at Ossawatomie.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1893.
Mar. 8. Fox, Margaret, spiritualist me-
dium, A59.
Mar. 10. Peabody, Andrew Preston, au-
thor, writer on moral philosophy, 50 years
professor at Harvard, A82.
Mar. 12. Hyatt, James W., treasurer of
United States, A56.
Mar. 13. Kernell, Harry, actor, dies in an
asylum.
Mar. 18. Armstrong, David H., senator for
Mo., A81.
Baird, George A., " Squire Abington,"
dies.
Mar. 22. Saulsbury, Eli, sen. for Del., A76.
Mar. 24. Johnston, John Taylor, founder
Metropolitan Museum of Art, A73.
Shepard, Elliott Fitch, editor Mail
and Express, A59.
Deady, Matthew P., U. S. Dist. Judge,
A69.
Mar. 28. Smith, E. Klrby, Confederate
lieut.-gen., college professor, A69.
Apr. 7. Seney, George I., financier, philan-
thropist, A67.
Kip, William I., P. E. bp. of Cal., A82.
Magrath, Andrew G., war-gov. of S. C,
A 80.
CHURCH.
1893 Mar. 20. Boston. The Baptists
lose by the Tremont Temple fire a
valuable missionary museum and a large
collection of missionary publications,
the work of 70 years. Total loss, $375,000.
Apr. 6. Utah. The Mormons dedicate
the completed temple at Salt Lake
City ; the great edifice was 40 years in
construction.
LETTERS.
1893 Mar. 7. N. J. A bill is intro-
duced in the Legislature providing for a
division of the public school moneys
in aid of parochial schools. [It fails
to pass].
Mar. 11. New York. A meeting of the
University Settlement Society is held
to decide upon plans to help the poor.
Mar. 18. New York. A gift of $200,000
to the Teachers' College is announced.
SOCIETY.
1893 Mar. 7. N. Y. Gross frauds are
alleged in the election at Lansingburg.
One policeman, Officer Gillespie, resigns
when ordered to protect repeaters, and
makes a written statement incriminating
Chief of Police McCabe.
Mar. 8. Mich. The engineers and fire-
men strike on the Toledo, Ann Arbor,
and Northern Michigan road.
Mar. 9. N. Y. Bryce A. White, assist-
ant cashier in the Wallabout Bank,
Brooklyn, is arrested for embezzle-
ment ; amount, $20,000.
Mar. 10. Me. The city clerk of Portland
confesses that the ballots from the first
ward have been tampered with ; the
mayor elected refuses to accept office.
New York. Raids on pool-rooms
are made, but the men arrested are
nearly all discharged.
Mar. 11. Ala. Rev. D. T. Stratton is
beaten and robbed by moonshiners in
Winston.
± Cal. The governor signs the bill
prohibiting prize-fights.
Mar. 12. Mass. Joseph Massey, a jeal-
ous lover at Quincy, shoots MaryLafane
and then himself.
New York. Three boy burglars,
aged 10, 12, and 13 respectively, are ar-
rested and arraigned.
Mar. 14. New York. Dr. Rainsford, rec-
tor of St. George's Protestant Episcopal
Church, in an address on " The Saloon
Question," reiterates his belief that the
only true solution of the problem is a
liquor annex to the churches.
Mar. 17. S. C. B.W.Crowe and family
(white) are driven out of Nebo, because
a daughter taught a negro school.
Mar. 18. N. Y. Seven trainmen on
the Lake Shore Railroad, refusing to
handle Ann Arbor cars, are arrested on
an order from a Federal court.
Mar. 19. New York. Labor men are
indignant at the extraordinary action
of U. S. District Judge Ricks in order-
ing Chief Arthur to withdraw the order
he has issued requiring the Brotherhood
engineers to refuse to handle cars of
non-union or boycotted roads. [Mar. 22.
The firemen join with the engineers to
contest this decision at Toledo. Apr. 2.
The engineers and firemen at Toledo
hold meetings and resolve to stand by
the strikers, no matter what the decision
of the court may be. Apr. 3. An engi-
neer is held for contempt, and a tempo-
rary injunction is granted against Chief
Arthur.]
O. The Big Four yard switchmen at
Springfield strike, and the yards are
again tied up.
Mar. 20. Kan. The people are vigor-
ously contending against the Kansas
City (Mo.) liquor-houses that are run-
ning "joints" in several Kansas
towns ; the State Temperance Union is
waging war on "joints" all over the
State.
Mar. 21. N. Y. A Chinaman in Brook-
lyn has complied with the Registration
Law, and finds himself ostracized by
his countrymen, and is unable to carry
on his business.
Mar. 23. Miss. "White Caps in Copiah
1 " mi I \ shoot and kill a colored man at li is
own door ; E. D.Smith of Crystal Springs
has been recognized and is in jail.
New York. The Galilee Tee-To-
Tum Workingmen's Club on Twenty-
third Street is formally opened.
Mar. 24. Del. The Legislature reenacts
the Delinquent Law, which will disfran-
chise all voters at the next election who
have not paid the required poll-tax.
Mar. 25. Boston. Carriage-makers re-
solve to strike because they cannot get
10 hours' pay for nine hours' work.
La. Judge Billings, at New Orleans,
decides that the ordering of the big
strike in that city in November was un-
lawful.
Mont. The governor of Arkansas is-
sues a requisition for Frank Hickey, a
prisoner in Butte, accused of being the
assassin of John M. Clayton.
New York. The lockout of cloth-
ing-cutters by the Manufacturers' Asso-
ciation begins.
Mar. 27. Cal. Gov. Markham's ap-
proval of the Parole Bill will release
from the two State prisons over
1,000 convicts who have served one
year of their sentence.
Ga. Two "White Caps are shot
dead at Fort Valley by negroes upon
whom they were making a raid ; the
coroner's verdict is justifiable homicide.
Mar. 28. Chicago. Judge Collins de-
cides that acts directed by alleged
spirits are not legal, and that certain
deeds of transferred property are void.
Mar. 30. Neb. The Legislature im-
peaches three State officials.
Mar. 31. Chicago. Charges of levy-
ing blackmail to aid the election of
Carter Harrison are made against mem-
bers of the police force.
Md. A big illicit distillery, valued
at $75,000, is seized in Baltimore.
Neb. The Legislature in joint ses-
sion passes a resolution providing for
impeachment of the Board of Public
Lands and Buildings ; State Treasurer
John E. Hill is sued to recover the
sum of $236,364.60, which it is alleged
was collected, but not transferred to
his successor in office.
Apr. 1. Mass. The weavers in Mill No.
2 in Palmer strike for increased wages.
Apr. 2. N. Dak. Woman's Christian
Temperance Union women at Rola, in
making a circuit of the "joints," are
brutally beaten in one of them.
Apr. 6±. New York. The National Con-
vention of State Boards of Health
is in session ; it considers the danger of
a cholera epidemic.
Apr. 8. Tenn. Among the private pa-
pers of Dr. Francois Fonten»y of Clarks-
ville a written confession is found stat-
ing that he killed Rev. A. M. Feltner,
Episcopal rector, 28 years ago. He
adopted the rector's two children, leav-
ing them his large fortune when he died.
UNITED STATES.
1893, Mar. 7 -Apr. 10. 427
Apr. 9. Chicago. Hotel-keepers and
others are charging exorbitant prices
for accommodations during, the
World's Fair.
A strike of 1,100 men begins in the
shops of the Santa Fe road in various
places.
Apr. 10. Chicago. A strike of 4,000
workmen begins at the World's Fair
buildings, but soon ends.
-V. F. Brooklyn aldermen give away
valuable trolley franchises for which
#250,000 had been offered.
-^— ± S. Dak. A band of cattle-thieves
is broken up, its leaders being wounded
and captured. •
STATE.
1893 Mar. 7. D. C. The members of
the President's Cabinet are sworn into
office all together, for the first time in
the history of the country.
Cabinet: "Walter Q,. Gresham of
111. (State), John G. Carlisle of Ky.
(Treas.), Daniel S. Lamont of N. Y.
(War), Hilary A. Herbert of Ala.
(Navy), Hoke Smith of Ga. (Interior),
J. Sterling Morton of Neb. (Agricul-
ture), Richard Olney of Mass. (Atty.-
Gen.), "Wilson S. Bissellof N. Y. (P. M.-
Gen.).
Mar. 9. D. C. Senate : the Hawaiian
treaty is received from the President.
[Withdrawn by President Cleveland.]
Mar. 11. N.J. The Legislature passes
a bill prohibiting racing in December,
January, and February, and adjourns
sine die.
N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the bill for
the purchase of Fire Island, 125 acres
in extent, for quarantine purposes, on
which is a hotel having 400 feet front,
and 14 furnished cottages are included ;
purchase price, $210,000.
Wash. Gov. M'Graw appoints John
B. Allen to be his own successor in the
U. S. Senate.
Mar. 13. D. C. Senate: A resolution
to limit the business of the special ses-
sion to executive matters is defeated.
Mich. The U. S. District Court en-
joins connecting roads from refusing
to deliver freight to the Toledo, Ann
Arbor, and Northern Michigan road, be-
cause of the action taken by employees.
Cat. The Legislature votes to re-
move the State capital to San Jose\
Mar. 14. N. Y. The Ways and Means
Committee of the Assembly decides to
report favorably the bill for an addi-
tional appropriation of $300,000 for
the "World's Fair.
Mar. 15. D. C. Senate : Arthur P. Gor-
man of Md. offers a resolution recon-
structing the Standing and Select
Committees according to caucus agree-
ment, which is adopted.
Md. The Court of Appeals decides
that a tax upon land alone is uncon-
stitutional, and cannot be enforced.
Mar. 16. I). C. Congress : The Senate
meets, and, without action, adjourns un-
til the 20th inst.
Mar. 18. Mich. At Toledo the U. S.
District Court issues an injunction re-
straining the Locomotive Brother-
hood from boycotting Ann Arbor
freight because of the strike of its em-
ployees. A $300,000 damage claim has
been filed against Chiefs Arthur and
Sargent.
Mar. 20. D. C. Senate : Nominations
are considered.
Cat. Ex-Representative James H.
Blount of Ga. sails from San Francisco
for Honolulu on the revenue-cutter
Jiush, on a special mission to Hawaii by
appointment of the President.
Mar. 21. R. I. D. Russell Brown (Rep.)
is nominated for governor ; David S.
Baker (Dem.) is also nominated.
Mar. 22. D. C. The Senate receives a
number of nominations from the Pres-
ident ; bills against trusts and for the
appointment of a commission to fix the
price of coal are introduced.
Wis. Judge Egan of St. Paul dis-
misses the arrested members of the
Legislature.
Mar. 23. I). C. The Republicans in
caucus determine to oppose the reor-
ganization of the Senate.
Fr. The Court of Arbitration (Be-
ring Sea dispute) opens its first session
in Paris. (See Feb. 23.)
Mar. 28. D. C. In the Senate the reor-
ganization resolution is presented.
Mar. 30. D. C. In the Senate the nom-
inations are considered ; the cases and
connter-cases in the Bering Sea dispute
are received.
Mar. 31. Neb. The Legislature in joint
session passes the resolution for the im-
peachment of the Board of Public Lands
and Buildings. [May 1. The trial begins
at Lincoln.]
Apr. 4. Chicago. Carter Harrison is
elected mayor.
New York. Bankers receive from the
President a proposition for an issue of
bonds.
Fr. Arguments are begun in the
Court of Arbitration at Paris respect-
ing the Bering Sea fisheries.
Apr. 5. D. C. Senate : Nominations
are received.
Fr. In the Bering Sea Court of
Arbitration in Paris Mr. Phelps and Sir
Charles Russell continue their argu-
ments.
N. Y. The Greater New York Bill
is killed in the Senate and recommitted
in the Assembly.
Apr. 6. D. C. Secretary Gresham re-
ceives a despatch from the TJ. S. Minis-
ter to Peru saying that the consular
agency at Mollendo has been attacked
and the agent shot ; and directing that
a demand for reparation be made. [Apr.
10. A satisfactory apology is tendered.]
Apr. 7+. Fr. In the Bering Sea
Court of Arbitration, J. C. Carter con-
tinues his argument in behalf of the
United States. [He continues for sev-
eral days.]
Tex. The House votes for impeach-
ment of Land Commissioner Mc-
Caughey.
The requirements under the Geary
Act are modified ; the Chinese will be
required to furnish but one credible wit-
ness.
Wis. The Assembly passes the Anti-
Pinkerton Bill.
It prohibits the employment of bodies
of armed men not duly authorized under
the laws of the State.
Apr. 10. D. C. Senate : The recent
railroad decisions are discussed.
N. Y. In the Legislature a bill abol-
ishing capital punishment is passed
by the Assembly and defeated in the
Senate.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Mar. 9. Chicago. All the rail-
roads entering Chicago decide to grant
no increase of wages to their switch-
men.
Mar. 10. Boston. Fire destroys
$4,500,000 worth of property.
Mar. 11. Chicago. Bankers offer Secre-
tary Carlisle $3,000,000 gold for
treasury notes.
Ind. Owing to the switchmen's
strike in Chicago, thousands of coal-
miners in Brazil are thrown out of em-
ployment.
Mar. 14. N. H. Fire destroys the cot-
ton-mills at Exeter ; loss, $250,000.
± Pa. The Carnegie Steel Company
orders a new press for its armor-plate
works at Homestead, at a cost of £1,000,-
000, and capable of working in one piece
a two-hundred-ton plate.
Mar. 18. N. H. The Legislature ap-
propriates $10,000 for statues of Gen.
John Stark and Daniel Webster for the
National Statuary Hall at Washington.
N. Y. Ten of the largest manufactur-
ers of iron pipe in the United States
form a trust.
Mar. 20. New York. News is received
of the finding of two life-boats of the
missing steamship Naronic. [Lost.]
Mar. 21. ///. An explosion at Litch-
field wrecks a flour-mill and many other
buildings ; damage to the mill, over
$500,000 ; one person is killed and nine
injured.
Mar. 27. New York. The New York
Times changes hands ; price paid,
$950,000.
Mar. 30. N. J. The American Stave
and Cooperage Company, capital,
$4,000,000, anil a typewriter company,
capital, $20,000,000, are incorporated at
Trenton.
Mar. 31. N.J. The American Press,
for gathering and disseminating news,
is incorporated at Newton ; capital,
$2,500,000.
Apr. 1. Neb. A prairie fire lays waste
20 miles of country between Ogallala
and Preston ; much property and one
life are lost in Perkins, Keith, and Fron-
tier Counties.
Pa. The Higgins Hotel at Brad-
ford is destroyed by tire; five lives are
lost, and more' than 20 persons injured.
A miner's lamp causes an explosion
in a mine at Shamokin ; 10 persons are
killed and several injured; 12 or 15 are
imprisoned in the mine.
Apr. 4. D. C. The gold balance at
Washington is down to $60,000,000.
Apr. 8. O. A big iron and steel syn-
dicate is organized at Cincinnati, in-
cluding over 100 wealthy foundrymen,
machinists, and others ; capital," $75,-
000,000.
428 1893, Apr. 11-May 11.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Apr. 21. Va. The Spanish
squadron, towing the three Columbian
caravels, reaches Hampton Roads.
Apr. 22. Va. The Dolphin, bearing Sec-
retary of the Navy Herbert, arrives in
Hampton Roads ; the ships are all
" dressed " in honor of the silver wed-
ding of King Humbert of Italy.
Apr. 24. Va. The international flotilla
sails from Hampton Roads for New
York. [Apr. 25. It arrives in the lower
Bay.]
Apr. 26. New York. The international
flotilla anchors in the North River in
position for the review ; a reception to
naval officers is given by the Union
League Club. [It is visited by thousands
of people.]
May 5±. N. Y. The naval officers on
their way to Chicago, as the guests of
the New York Central Road in the
"Admirals' Train," stop to see the
Niagara Falls.
May 7. Miss. State troops are ordered
out against White Caps at Brook-
haven.
May 9. New York. The cruiser A tlanta
is ordered to proceed to Nicaragua to
protect American interests during the
revolution.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 Apr. 11. Cal. Jasper is discov-
ered in large quantities near San Diego.
Kan. A tornado causes much de-
struction of property in the towns of
Willis, Everest, and Powhattan.
[Apr. 13. A cyclone strikes Robins-
ville, Miss. ; 17 killed, 50 wounded. Apr.
18. Boles, Ark., destroyed. Apr. 19.
A tornado at Osage City, Kan., kills
two persons, injures several others, and
wrecks 140 buildings. Apr. 23. The
city of Ypsilanti, Mich., is nearly de-
stroyed by a tornado; it strikes else-
where in Michigan, and in other West-
ern and Southern States. Apr. 25. A
cyclone in Oklahoma causes 90 deaths ;
250 persons injured. Apr. 28. The town
of Cisco, Tex., is nearly destroyed.]
Apr. 26. New York. The Audubon
Monument in Trinity Cemetery is un-
veiled. Ericsson's statue in Battery
Park is unveiled.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1893.
Apr. 17. Larcom, Lucy, author, A67.
Apr. 18. Lefferts, John, financier, A31.
Apr. 21. Lowry, Grosvenor P., lawyer,
dies.
Apr. 22. Beale, Edward F., brig.-gen., A71.
Waters, Horace, piano-maker, philan-
thropist, A81.
Apr. 26. Wiltse, Gilbert C, capt. U. S. K.,
A55.
Apr. 27. Corse, John M., brevet maj.-gen.
vols., A 58.
May 2. Stuart, Henry A., ehief engineer
V. S. N., A70.
May 4. Patterson, James W., senator for
N. H., A70.
May 5. Le Compte, Edward W., secretary
of state for Md., dies.
May 8. Lamon, Ward H., biographer of
Lincoln, dies.
May lO. Francis, Joseph, inventor of life-
saving boat, A92..
May 11. Townsend, Edward D.,adjt.-gen.
U. S. A., A76.
Armstrong, Samuel C, principal of
Hampton Normal Institute, A54.
CHURCH.
1893 Apr. 25. La. A Roman Cath-
olic centennial of the completion of
the Cathedral is celebrated by a cleri-
cal parade and pontifical mass at New
Orleans.
LETTERS.
1893 Apr. 12. New York. The 200th
anniversary of the introduction of print-
ing is celebrated.
May 1. N. J. Mayor Haynes of New-
ark, in a message to the Common Coun-
cil, recommends that the parochial-
school buildings from midnight of Sun-
day to midnight of Friday be placed in
charge of the Board of Education
for school purposes — the board to
supply books, furniture, and other sup-
plies, fuel, and janitor ; the church to
use the buildings from Friday midnight
to Sunday midnight.
May 2. New York. The widow of Prof.
John Strong Newberry gives Columbia
CoUege his geological library of 2,500
volumes.
SOCIETY.
1893 Apr. 11. N. Y. V. L. Beding-
field, editor of the Flatbush Press, is
sandbagged and robbed at Flatbush,
Long Island.
New York. Col. E. F. Shepard's
will is filed ; the religious bequests ag-
gregate $250,000.
Apr. 12. Conn. The Senate passes a
bill prohibiting all forms of pool-
selling and gambling. Vote, 20-1.
Va. A convention of Southern gov-
ernors convenes at Richmond to con-
sider the material welfare and develop-
ment of the South.
Apr. 13. O. The boycott of railroads
is declared illegal by Judge Ricks at
Toledo ; contracts with shippers are
binding.
Apr. 15. Chicago. A mass- meeting to
protest against the Russian extradi-
tion treaty is held.
New York. The Duke de Veragua,
a lineal descendant of Columbus, arrives
at this port with his party. [Apr. 18.
He is formally received by the mayor.]
N. Y. Twenty burglaries are re-
ported as occurring during a few hours
in Brooklyn.
Apr. 17. Neb. Several hundred em-
ployees in the Union Pacific shops at
Omaha and elsewhere strike.
N. Y. Indignant citizens of Buffalo
hold a mass-meeting to protest against
the so-called " Sneak Bill," changing
the police commissioners ; the bill was
smuggled through the Legislature, but
an injunction is granted, preventing ac-
tion under it for the present.
Tex. A conspiracy to assassinate
six county officials is discovered at
Sherman ; the leaders are friends of
murderers sentenced to be hanged.
Apr. 18. N. Y. The Anti- Conspiracy
BiU against boycotting passes the New
York Assembly. Vote, G9-54.
New York. The Earl of Craven
(English) and Miss Bradley-Martin of
this city are married in Grace Protes-
tant Episcopal Church.
Apr. 19. Mass. The descendants of
Revolutionary heroes commemorate
the Battle of Lexington.
New York. The Chamber of Com-
merce, Historical Society, and Geo-
graphical Society give at the Waldorf
a reception to the Duke and Duchess
of Veragua.
Apr. 20. La. The second annual con-
vention of the National Seamen's
Union of America opens in New
Orleans.
Apr. 22. Boston. Ex-President A. P.
Potter of the Maverick National Bank
is sentenced to 60 days' imprisonment
and fined $1,000 for false certification of
checks.
Ga. Eleven "White Caps are sen-
tenced to one year's imprisonment in
Carrollton ; one of them is the leading
physician of the town.
Apr. 23. New York. The Theosophi-
cal Society begins its annual conven-
tion, with representatives from the In-
dian, European, and American sections.
Thirty-five Soudanese arrive at
this port, and 60 Koreans arrive at
San Francisco, on their way to the
World's Fair.
Apr. 24. Chicago. The Columbian
Guards at the World's Fair strike ; the
union carpenters refuse to go out as
ordered.
N. Mex. The Union Pacific iron-
workers strike, and the Santa Fe me-
chanics' strike is declared off, and the
men return to work.
Apr. 26. Mass. The Danvers Histori-
cal Society holds a great antislavery
commemoration meeting.
Neio York. The international war-
ships are moved in parade from the lower
Bay to the designated places of anchor-
age in the North River above Thirty-fifth
Street ; naval officers are given a re-
ception by the Union League Club ;
President Cleveland comes to New York
to review the war-ships.
Dr. Robert W. Buchanan is convicted
of the murder of his second wife by
poisoning. [Aug. 14. He is sentenced to
death.]
Apr. 27. New York. President Cleve-
land reviews the international fleet, a
magnificent pageant on the river ;
there is a ball at Madison Square Gar-
den in the evening.
Waiters at Delmonico's and the Grand
Hotel strike.
N. Y. This being Columbian Day, it
is a legal holiday in this State.
Apr. 28. Ind. The Liberty BeU from
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, ar-
rives at Indianapolis on its way to
Chicago ; ex-President 'Harrison deliv-
ers an address on the famous Revolu-
tionary relic before the school children
of the city. [Apr. 29. It arrives at
Chicago.]
UNITED STATES.
1 8 9 3, Apr. 11 - May 11. 429'
New York. Sailors and marines of
the international war-fleet parade.
They are reviewed at the City Hall by
the public officials and by the admirals of
the fleet, after which a dinner in honor
of the naval officers is given by the
Chamber of Commerce. [May 1. A din-
ner is given by the University Club.]
Apr. 29. Chicago. The President and
the Duke of Veragua arrive ; the Wo-
men's Building is finished with the
driving of a golden nail by Mrs. Palmer.
[June 11. The Duke returns to New
York.]
Apr. 30. New York. Many thousands
of people visit the vessels of the inter-
national war-fleet in the Hudson River.
May 1. Chicago. The World's Colum-
bian Exhibition is formally opened
in the presence of an enormous throng
of people.
President Cleveland presses the elec-
tric key which instantly puts in motion
all the vast and intricate machinery of
the Fair.
0. About 22,000 coal-miners strike,
suspending work in every important
mine in the State.
May 2. New York. Ussagah, a Daho-
mey chief, for the Columbian Exhibi-
tion, dies at Ellis Island.
May 3. Ex-President Harrison is
elected Commander of the Military Or-
der of the Loyal Legion.
/. T. Masked bandits hold up a
train and rob its passengers at Pryor
Creek.
N. H. The Mary Hitchcock Me-
morial Hospital, erected by Hiram
Hitchcock in memory of his wife, is
dedicated at Hanover.
May 4. Cat. The Six Companies is-
sue a circular forbidding Chinese
«'to register with white officials," as
the whole matter is to be taken to the
U. S. Supreme Court for settlement.
May 5+ . U. S. Fully 1,000,000 mem-
bers of the Christian Endeavor So-
cieties sign pledges not to patronize
the Fair if it shall be opened on Sun-
day ; other religious bodies take similar
action.
May 6. New York. The corner-stone of
the new St. Luke's Hospital is laid.
N. Mex. Three murderers are
lynched at Las Lunas.
May 7. Chicago. The World's Fair
gates remain closed on this, the first
Sunday after its official opening.
May 8. Mass. Lizzie Borden is ar-
raigned for murder at New Bedford ; she
pleads not guilty. [June 20. She is ac-
quitted.]
New Yoi-k. "White Lotus Day"
is observed by theosophists.
May 10. Ky. The National League
of Republican Clubs meets in Louis-
ville.
STATE.
1893 Apr. 14. D. C. Congress : In
the Senate William E. Chandler of N.
H. speaks in favor of the Roach (ship-
builders) investigation.
News is received that by order of
Commissioner Blount the American
flag has been hauled down from the
government building at Honolulu.
N. Y. The State Assembly passes the
Saxton Anti-Pool- Room Bill, prohib-
iting the sale of pools in pool-rooms.
Apr. 15. D. C. The Senate adjourns
sine die.
New York. The Sub-Treasury re-
ceives orders suspending the issue of
gold certificates.
Apr. 20. N. Y. The Legislature ad-
journs sine die ; before its adjournment
William F. Sheehan secures the passage
of a Buffalo Police Bill, by virtue of
which Controller Gavan alone imme-
diately appoints police commissioners.
Apr. 21. D. C. Secretary Carlisle con-
fers with bank presidents in reference
to the financial situation.
The Czar of Russia signs the extra-
dition treaty between the United States
and Russia.
The offer of the Merchants' National
Bank of Baltimore of $100,000 In gold
for legal tenders is accepted by the
Secretary of the Treasury.
Apr. 25. N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the
Saxton Anti-Pool- Room Bill.
Apr. 27. Utah is admitted into the Un-
ion as the 45th State, by an enabling act.
May 2. Fr. Da the Bering Sea case
Mr. Carter concludes his argument be-
fore the Court of Arbitration, having
spoken forty-five hours.
May 3. Fr. In Paris, Frederick R. Cou-
dert of U. S. counsel begins his argu-
ment before the Bering Sea Arbitra-
tion Court ; he insists on the right of
absolute ownership of seals and the
necessity of prohibiting pelagic sealing.
May 4. D~. C. Secretary Carlisle tem-
porarily suspends the arrest of Chi-
nese under the Exclusion Act.
May 5. D. C. The President decides to
postpone to November the reassembling
of the International Monetary Con-
gress.
Gen. Rosecrans, Register of the
Treasury, resigns.
May 7. D. C. The President announces
that hereafter the White House will be
closed to office-seekers.
May 9. N.Dak. The Prohibitory Law
is declared constitutional by the Su-
preme Court of the State.
May 10. D. C. The President names
James H. Blount of Ga. Envoy Extraor-
dinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to
Hawaii.
May 11. W. W. Tracy of 111. is chosen
president of the National League of
Republican Clubs ; Denver is selected
as the next meeting-place.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Apr. 11. Chicago. Time for
exhibitors at the World's Pair is ex-
tended to April 30.
Apr. 12. New York. The Rapid Tran-
sit Commission grants the extensions
asked for by the Manhattan Elevated
Railway.
Apr. 13. N. Y. Oil-works at Buffalo,
valued at $300,000, are destroyed by Are.
Apr. 14. Ind. Artificial and natural
gas companies consolidate ; capital,
4)1,000,000.
Apr. 15. Chicago. World's Fair Di-
rectorate officers are reelected.
D. C. The New York Sub-Treasury
is advised that no more gold certifi-
cates will be issued from the Treasury
at Washington.
Apr. 16. Phila. Permission is granted
to put the trolley system on every
block of track in the city.
Apr. 17. N.J. America's oldest loco-
motive, the John Bull, starts from Jer-
sey City for the Chicago Fair over the
Pennsylvania Railroad, drawing two old-
time passenger coaches.
Apr. 19. Mass. The Clinton Wire
Cloth Company's factory is burned ;
loss, $400,000.
Apr. 21. Idaho. Wordner loses
$700,000 by fire ; its business district is
destroyed, and many people are home-
less.
Mont. Nine men lose their lives by
fire in a mine at Butte.
Apr. 24. New York. The Spanish
caravels, en route for the World's Fair,
arrive, attract much attention and many
visitors.
Apr. 25. Chicago. Two lives are lost,
and property valued at over $200,000 is
destroyed, by fire in the First Regiment
Armory.
Pa. Trains collide at Somerset,
causing five deaths and much damage
to property.
Apr. 29. Tex. A cyclone devastates
the town of Cisco ; 30 persons are killed
and many wounded.
Apr. 30. la. Six men are burned to
death in Burlington. ,
± O. Ohio Valley sewer-pipe men
form a trust.
May 3. O. The Lewiston reservoir,
the second largest artificial body of
water in the world, breaks its embank-
ments, causing heavy loss in the track
of its flood.
May 5. New York. A wild panic in
the stock-market is narrowly averted ;
values fall to zero ; S. V. White and
others suspend.
The Manhattan Elevated Railroad
rejects the proposition of the Rapid
Transit Commission for an extension of
the elevated system.
May 6. Chicago. The paid admissions
for the day at the World's Fair num-
ber nearly 25,000.
May 7. Ind. A train is wrecked at
Lafayette and 10 persons are killed.
May 9. Chicago. The Chemical Bank
and its branch on the Fair Grounds sus-
pend.
N. Y. A smoker's carelessness causes
a fire in Utica ; loss, $280,000.
May 11. Ark. The first crevasse of
the season occurs on the Arkansas side
of the swollen Mississippi at Lakeport.
Chicago. — Ind. The Columbia Na-
tional Bank suspends ; also the Capi-
tal National Bank of Indianapolis.
[Several other Western banks close
their doors.]
430 1893, May 11 -June 10.
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 May 17. D. C. Col. William P.
Carlin, of the Fourth Infantry, is pro-
moted to brigadier-general.
May 18. D. C. George H. Elliot is com-
missioned colonel — corps of engineers.
And Robert H. Hall colonel — 4th in-
fantry.
May 22. D. C. The Secretary of the
Navy assigns Com. Oscar F. Stanton
as commander of the South Atlantic
station.
The new cruiser New York, on her
official trial trip, makes an average of
21.07 knots an hour.
May 30. D. C. George M. Sternberg is
commissioned brigadier-general.
June 10. Conn. The gunboat Machias
reaches New London, having averaged
15.17 knots on her trial trip, the required
speed being 13 knots.
Phila. The new battle-ship Massa-
chusetts is launched at Cramps' ship-
yard.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 May 14. Chicago. A bronze
statue of the poet Richter is unveiled
in the presence of a large number of
people, mostly Germans.
May 17. Chicago. The National Com-
mission orders the resignation of Theo-
dore Thomas as musical director of
the World's Fair.
May 24. Wash. A gold strike is made
in the O'Kanogan mining district ; two
pounds of gold are assayed from seven
pounds of ore. [Oct. 21. Gold is found
in paying quantities in Tennessee.]
Ga. A monument to the memory
of Alexander H. Stephens is unveiled
at Crawfordsville.
May 26. N Y. The Greek tragedy of
Antigone is given at Poughkeepsie by
Vassar girls.
May 30. Ark. A terrible tornado
leaves 5,000 people of the town of Hope
homeless and destitute ; the authorities
invite assistance.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
May 14. Bissell, William Henry A., P. E.
bishop of Vt., A79.
May 19. Murdoch, James E., actor, elo-
cutionist, A82.
June 7. Booth, Edwin, actor, tragedian,
A60.
CHURCH.
1893 May 14. Boston. Dean William
Lawrence is chosen by the Episcopal
Diocesan Convention to succeed Dr.
Phillips Brooks as bishop of Massa-
chusetts.
Ind. Ex-President Harrison and ex-
Postmaster-General Wanamaker deliver
addresses before the Young Men's Chris-
tian Association Convention in Indian-
apolis.
May 18. D. C. The General Assem-
bly (Presbyterian) begins its session at
Washington : Prof. W. G. Craig, mod-
erator.
AMERICA
[May 24. Prof. Briggs concludes his
argument, and Col. McCook begins on
behalf of the prosecution. May 26.
The General Assembly votes, 410 to 145,
to entertain the Prosecuting Commit-
tee's appeal in the case of Prof. Briggs.
May 29. Prof. Briggs's trial by the Gen-
eral Assembly for heresy begins. May
30. The trial continues. May 31. The
Assembly sustains the appeal against
Prof. Briggs. Vote, 383-116. June 1.
It suspends him from the ministry until
he shall give evidence of repentance ; it
also takes action against the Union
Seminary.]
May 27. N. Y. The General Convention
of the New Jerusalem meets.
May 28. New York. The Infanta Eu-
lalie attends mass in St. Patrick's Cathe-
dral in the morning, and a reception by
the Catholic Club in the evening.
June 4. Rev. Dr. James H. Ecob an-
nounces his withdrawal from the Pres-
byterian Church on account of the
decision in the Briggs case.
June 5. It. Pope Leo thanks Cardi-
nal Gibbons for his argument in favor
of restoring the temporal power of the
Papacy.
June 7. It. The Sacred Congregation
of the Propaganda confirms the scho-
lastic policy of Mgr. Satolli and Arch-
bishop Ireland in the United States.
LETTERS.
1893 May 22. Mass. The Salem Re-
gister, established 1800, suspends publi-
cation.
May 23. Fa. Rev. H. B. Frissell is
chosen to succeed General S. C. Arm-
strong as principal of Hampton Nor-
mal Institute for Indians.
May 31. New York. The University
of the City of New York secures
about eight acres of ground adjoining 20
acres purchased last year ; price, $111,980.
June 10. New York. The Journal of
Commerce and the Daily Commercial
Bulletin are consolidated.
SOCIETY.
1893 May 12. Neio York. Francis H.
"Weeks, the head of West Superior
Land and Improvement Company, the
West Superior Steel Company, the West
Superior Woolen Company, and trustee
of several estates, has absconded. He
is believed to be a defaulter for over
$1,000,000.
[Sept. 9±. He is virtually arrested in
Costa Rica. Nov. 8. He is sentenced to
imprisonment in Sing Sing for 10 years.]
May 13. Chicago. The local directors
of the World's Fair decide to open the
grounds (but not the exhibit build-
ings) on Sunday, May 21, at 25 cents
admission fee.
[May 16. They decide to open the Fair
in all departments, the machinery only
to be stopped.]
Ky. One thousand women of Ow-
ensboro band together and pledge them-
selves to wage a continuous crusade
against the liquor-dealers and manufac-
turers of their city.
O. The Scotch-Irish Congress is
in session at Springfield, with President
Robert Bonner in the chair.
Trim. The grand jury at Chattanooga
returns 35 indictments against citizens
alleged to have been concerned in the
lynching of Alfred Blount, — five for
m urder and 20 as accessories.
May 16. N. H. Geo. H. Abbott (Frank
C. Almy), the murderer of Christie War-
den at Hanover, is hanged at Concord.
May 19. D. C. The President and Mrs.
Cleveland give a reception at the White
House to the members of the Presby-
terian General Assembly.
New York. The Infanta Eulalie is
formally welcomed, and taken by spe-
cial train to Washington. She is accom-
panied by the Saragossa Band, from
Spain.
[May 20. She is received at the White
House. May 25. She is welcomed by
the mayor of New York as the city's
guest. May 29. She visits West Point
and reviews the cadets. May 31. She
reviews the parade of the police of New
York. June 3. She is received by the
mayor x>i Brooklyn. June 6. She ar-
rives at Chicago. June 7. She is re-
ceived by Mayor Harrison.]
May 20. III. W. H. Schureman, pro-
prietor of the Normal Exchange Bank,
of Bloomington, is under arrest charged
with embezzlement.
Tex. The wiU of Henry Rosen-
berg, banker, of Galveston, gives $400,-
000 to family and friends, and $520,000
for benevolences in Galveston — among
them $30,000 for drinking-foutitains and
$25,000 for a public library.
May 22. New York. C. J. Johnson is
convicted of manslaughter in the first
degree for throwing his wife out of an
upper window and Killing her while he
himself was drunk.
May 23. New York. G. A. Whitman,
cashier of the Spooner Manufacturing
Company, is held in $3,500 bail for em-
bezzlement.
Chicago. The World's Fair National
Commission adopts the Judiciary
Committee's minority report in fa-
vor of Sunday opening. Vote, 30-27.
May 26. Chicago. Dircctor-of-Works
Burnham issues, an order announcing
that the World's Fair will be open to
the public on Sunday next, May 28,
until 11 p.m., the buildings closing at
10 p.m.
Tex. Masked robbers hold up a
train at Coleman, and compel the en-
gineer and fireman to help them rob the
express-car.
May 28. Chicago. The World's Fair
gates are open all day (Sunday) ; about
125,000 people are admitted — less than
one-eleventh of Chicago's population ;
British exhibits and the State buildings
remain closed.
May 29. Pa. The Hoy family-
father, mother, and two children — are
found murdered at home in New Haven.
May 30. la. The removal of saloon
screens on Sunday at Fort Dodge by
force of law stops the sale of beer.
May 31. Chicago. Argument begins
in the Federal Court on the proceed-
ings by the Government to close the
World's Fair gates on Sunday.
June 1. The Royal Arcanum reports
143,368 members ; total benefits paid to
date, $23,332,502.
New York. A " cheap-milk de-
pot " is formally opened at the foot of
UNITED STATES.
1893, May 11 -June 10. 431
East Third Street for the heneflt of the
poor people of the neighborhood.
X. Y. The Presbyterian Rest for
Convalescents is formally opened in
White Plains ; it will provide temporary
shelter and care for worthy Protestant
poor discharged from hospitals.
June 3. N. Y. The Long Island Rail-
road Company's general manager issues
an order that heads of departments will
be held responsible if they continue to
employ men who frequent drinking-
places during their leisure hours.
June 4. Chicago. Sunday: The at-
tendance at the "World's Fair to-day
falls short of 60,000. The British exhib-
its and the U. S. Government display
are covered.
June 5. Ky. The Hustler newspaper
office is wrecked by dynamite ; the
paper was edited by Rev. J. J. Dickey,
who secured the enactment of the local-
option law in Breathitt County.
June 6. Cal. The Nawab of Ram-
pur arrives at San Francisco on his
way to Chicago.
Chicago. The World's Congress
on Temperance is in session.
U. S. Officers of the Actors' Fund
report the disbursement of about $450,-
000, and for relief, burials, hospital
charges, etc., $203,500, since organizing
in 1892, and funds on hand amounting
to $230,325.
June 7. Supreme Master S. J. Willey of
the Knights of Pythias is expelled from
the order ; cause, the loss of $80,000
through his operations.
STATE.
1893 May 12. Fr. In the Bering
Sea Arbitration Court discussion takes
place over the forged interpolations in
the American case.
May 15. D. C. The U. S Supreme
Court renders a decision sustaining the
constitutionality of the Geary Chi-
nese Exclusion Act; Justice Brewer,
Justice Field, and Chief-Justice Fuller,
each delivers a dissenting opinion.
May 16. D. C. The Cabinet discusses
the Chinese question without result ;
the Geary Law is practically nullified
by the lack of money to execute it.
New York. The Senate Committee
on Immigration examines Dr. Senner.
[May 17. It inspects Ellis Island and
the method of treating immigrants
there.]
Okla. The Indians cede about
9,409 square miles in the Cherokee Strip
(6,022,754 acres) to the Federal Govern-
ment for $8,300,000, to be paid in five
annual installments, $300,000 at the time
of purchase, besides $110,000 to be paid
other Indians.
May 19. D. C. It is decided that the
Government will pay all bills presented
for the entertainment of the Duke of
Veragua and the Infanta Eulalie as
the nation's guests, except otherwise
provided for by States and cities that
voluntarily give them hospitality.
May 20. Conn. The governor signs the
Anti-Oleomargarin Bill, which will pre-
vent the sale of oleomargarin in the
State.
May 24. New York. The Congressional
Commission appointed to investigate
the Custom-house begins its work.
May 25. China. The coming of the
new Chinese Minister to the United
States is alleged to be deferred, pending
the reply of the Secretary of State to
China's questions.
May 27. D. C. Secretary Smith an-
nuls an order issueu by Gen. Raum
while Commissioner of Pensions respect-
ing disabilities not of service origin.
May 28. D. C. The State Department
is notified by the Chinese Govern-
ment that if the Geary Law is enforced
diplomatic and commercial relations
with the United States will be severed.
May 30. R. I. Two Republicans are
unseated by the Democratic majority
in the House ; because of this the Re-
publican Senate refuses to meet the
House in Grand Committee. [June 3.
Gov. Brown prorogues the State Legis-
lature to January, 1894.] (See Aug. 12.)
June 2. D. C. It is announced that the
Italian Legation at Washington has
been raised to the rank of an embassy,
Baron Fava to be first ambassador.
June 3. N. Y. Judge Edwards of the
Supreme Court denies a motion requiring
the State Board of Canvassers to show
cause why they should not be punished
for contempt of court in the Dutchess
County election case.
June 6. D. C. The Russian Extradi-
tion Treaty is promulgated by Presi-
dent Cleveland.
June 7. D. C. Russia notifies the U.
S. Government of her intention to raise
her legation at Washington to the rank
of an embassy.
June 8. O. William McKinley, Jr.
(Rep.), is renominated for governor.
June 9. D. C. The new Hawaiian Min-
ister, Lorin A. Thurston, is presented
to the President.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 May 11. N. Y. A syndicate is
formed for the construction of a trans-
mission line to convey to Albany and
several other cities the electric power
generated by the tunnel waters of the
Niagara Falls Power Company ; capital,
$4,000,000.
The Empire State express, a regular
passenger-train of four cars, drawn by
locomotive number 999, is run on
the New York Central Railroad, for one
mile, at the rate of 112.5 miles per
hour.
May 14. Mich. Ten miners are kiUed
by the cage striking the timbers and
falling down a shaft in the Calumet and
Hecla Mine.
May 16. Ark. The Grand Lake Levee
and the protective levee at Point Pleas-
ant give way.
May 17. III. A generator explosion
in a glucose factory at Geneva causes
the loss of six lives, besides damage to
the building.
Two more Mississippi crevasses are
reported.
May. 18. Ark. A box containing $10,-
000 is unearthed at Des Arc, under the
house of S. P. Catlin, an eccentric bache-
lor, who died 10 years ago.
May 19. Chicago. The Local Directory
defers opening the gates of the
World's Fair on Sunday, in order to
give the National Commission time to
consider the question.
May 20. Chicago. By the breaking of a
floor at the World's Fair 70 women
drop en masse a distance of 12 feet ; nine
are seriously hurt.
May 21. Mich. Forest fires at Sagi-
naw and elsewhere in the State destroy
12 lives and $1,500,000 in property.
May 22. Chicago. The Swiss exhibit
at the "World's Fair is closed by the
Swiss Commissioner because of the ar-
rest of one of the exhibitors by United
States customs officers.
May 23. La. A crevasse 200 feet wide
occurs near New Orleans.
May 25. Chicago. At the World's Fair,
commissioners from 17 foreign countries
withdraw their exhibits from com-
petition for the awards.
New York. The Dock Board adopts
plans to build new piers and bulk-
heads at a cost of $10,000,000.
May 27. La. The body of Jefferson
Davis is removed from the tomb in New
Orleans, preparatory to its transfer to
Richmond, Va. [Arrives on May 31, and
is interred in Hollywood Cemetery.]
New York. Gold coin amounting to
$2,500,000 is shipped for Europe.
May 28. Chicago. The New York Cen-
tral's "Exposition Flyer" makes its
first run to Chicago [in less than 20
hours].
May 29. New York. Cable-cars begin
regular trips on Broadway.
June 5. Chicago. The exhibits sent
by Queen Victoria of England and
Queen Margherita of Italy are opened
at the World's Fair.
June 6. N. Y. The centennial anni-
versary of the founding of Bath begins.
June 7. N. Dak. The business portion
of Fargo is destroyed by fire ; loss,
$2,500,000; over 2,000 people are home-
less.
Tex. The completion of a great
dam, 1,150 feet long, 66 high, across the
Colorado River at Austin, is celebrated.
By it a lake 22 miles long, with an
average width of 1,200 feet, is formed,
containing a water supply for Austin of
twenty-one billion gallons, and airord-
ing power for the electric-light system
of the city.
June 8. New York. All the members of
the Rapid Transit Commission, ex-
cept John H. Starin, resign.
June 9. />. C. Ford's Theater, Wash-
ington, where Lincoln was assassinated,
collapses while nearly 400 Government
clerks are at work inside ; 21 persons are
killed and about 50 injured.
432 1893, June 10 - July 10.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 June 16. N. Y. The militia
is ordered to Tonawanda on account
of a strike among lumber-shovers.
July 3. New York. The Russian "ar-
mored cruiser Admiral Nachimoff ar-
rives, and anchors in the Hudson River.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 June 22. Kan. A tornado
strikes Perry, in the eastern part of the
State, kills 16 persons, and injures many
others.
June 25. Chicago. Bruce Joy's statue
of Gladstone is unveiled at the
World's Fair.
A granite monument erected to
the memory of the anarchists in the
Haymarket massacre, Spies, Parsons,
Fischer, Lingg, and Engle, is unveiled
in Waldheim Cemetery.
June 28. Mass. The Farragut statue
in Marine Park, South Boston, is un-
yeiled.
July 1. Pa. The statue of Victory is
unveiled at Gettysburg in memory of
fallen soldiers.
July 2. New York. Lieut. Peary's
vessel, the Falcon, starts for Boston on
her way to the Arctic regions in search
of the North Pole ; 12 men accompany
the commander.
July 7. la. Tornadoes occur; more
than 100 lives are lost ; the town of Pome-
roy is demolished.
July 9. Miss. An enormous meteor
falls near Brandon ; though buried in
the earth, it gives out intense heat and
noxious fumes.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
189S.
June SO. Stanford, Leland, Gov., senator
for Ca)., founder of University, A69.
July 7. Blatchford, Samuel, justice U. S.
Supreme Court, A73.
CHURCH.
1893 June 12. New York. The Briggs
case is again brought up in the Presby-
tery.
June 14. China. F. R. Graves is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary
bishop of China.
Japan. John McKim is consecrated
(Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop
of Japan.
It. Pope Leo gives audience to
Dr. M'Glynn, who leaves Rome after
a sojourn of five days. [June 25. He
returns to New York.]
June 29. Mass. The Young Women's
Conference at Northfleld closes.
June 30. O. The Epworth League Con-
ference begins its international session
at Cleveland.
July 9. N. Y. Rev. John S. Penman,
Presbyterian pastor at Irvington, resigns
his charge because of dissatisfaction with
the decision in the Briggs case.
LETTERS.
1893 June 15. Minn. Pope Leo de-
cides that in the Diocese of St. Paul,
Catholic and Protestant children must
be alike instructed, without the exac-
tion of a promise that the latter shall
become Catholics.
June 19. Chicago. The will of John
Crerar is declared valid ; it provides for
the erection of another great library,
having an endowment of $2,000,000.
June 21. Md. Cardinal Gibbons makes
public a translation of Pope Leo's let-
ter" on the public-school question —
public schools are not to be entirely
condemned, but Catholic institutions of
learning are to be multiplied as fast as
possible.
June 25. New York. Several teachers
are dismissed from the Wilson Indus-
trial School because of their activity as
theosophists.
June 28±. New York. The Christian
Union assumes a new name — The Out-
look.
June 29. Pa. The Pennsylvania
Chautauqua holds its opening session
at Mount Gretna.
SOCIETY.
1893 June 10. Chicago. Chief Jus-
tice Fuller grants a stay of proceedings
in the matter of Sunday closing of the
World's Fair, the effect being to permit
the Fair to keep open on the 11th
inst.
Kan. Train-robbers hold up and
rob a train near Cimarron ; a messenger
is fatally shot.
N. Y. A Jewish society is incorpo-
rated in Brooklyn to aid poor Hebrews
in the matter of food, raiment, and ne-
cessaries of life.
June 11. Chicago. The Infanta Eu-
lalie decides to participate in no more
"social functions" in Chicago. [June
24. She sails from New York for
Europe.]
///. Lovejoy Day is celebrated at
Alton in memory of Elijah P. Love-
joy, the first martyr to the antislavery
cause; he was murdered here in 1837.
June 12. Col. The outlaws, Evans
and Sontag, have an encounter witli
officers, in which Sontag is seriously
wounded and captured.
June 13. New York. The president, sec-
retary, and paying teller of the Irving
Savings Institution of this city are
found responsible for the shortage of
$70,000 in the bank's funds.
June 14. The 116th anniversary of the
adoption of the stars and stripes as
the national emblem of the United
States is celebrated by a general nag-
raising in New York, Philadelphia, and
other places.
June 15. Chicago. The attendance at
the World's Fair to-day — German Day
— exceeds that of any other fete day
since the opening of the Exposition ; the
German building is dedicated with ap-
propriate exercises.
New York. Heirs of Jay Gould decide
to contest the payment of $250,000 in-
heritance tax in addition to the $500,000
already paid.
June 16. Chicago. A reception is ten-
dered to ex-President Harrison in the
Ohio building at the World's Fair.
The Congress of the American
Sons of the Revolution meets.
N. Y. Striking lumbermen at Ton-
awanda are causing trouble ; troops are
ordered to be in readiness in case of
outbreak. [June 18. Martial law is de-
clared. June 23. The strike is settled.]
June 17. Chicago. The U. S. Circuit
Court of Appeals unanimously decides
that the World's Fair Corporation has
the right to open the gates on Sun-
day.
The anniversary of the Battle of
Bunker Hill is observed in New Eng-
land cities, and by a Massachusetts cele-
bration at the World's Fair.
June 18. Chicago. The World's Fair
is open (Sunday) ; but the attendance
is small — 57,676 by payment, and nearly
17,000 on passes.
New York. A Boston man jumps
from the Brooklyn Bridge and is
killed.
June 19. D. C. The coroner's jury in
the Ford's Theater disaster renders a
verdict of criminal negligence against
Col. Ainsworth, Supt. Covert, Engineer
Sasse, and G. W. Dant, the contractor.
June 22. Conn. A strike ties up the
horse-car lines in Bridgeport.
June 24. Miss. William Buckley is as-
sassinated by White Caps in Marion
County while on his way home from
court, where he had been a witness
against certain of their number.
June 26. Chicago. Gov. Altgeld par-
dons the anarchists Fielden, Schwab,
and Neebe, at the same time severely
arraigning Judge Gary, who conducted
the trials.
June 27. Boston. The annual meeting
of the Army of the Potomac Associa-
tion is held.
Chicago. The grand jury appoints a
committee of three to investigate all
the known gambling-houses, with a
view to their abolishment.
New York. A jury awards Mrs. Pol-
lock $37,500 against her father-in-law
for alienating her husband's affections.
June 28. New York. The anti-sweat-
er law is to be vigorously enforced ; a
number of clothing-dealers are notified
where not to purchase stock.
The Cabinet of the Epworth League
resolves to withdraw its exhibit from
the World's Columbian Exposition be-
cause of the opening of the Fair on
Sunday.
June 30. Mass. The Young Wom-
en's Conference at Northfleld closes.
July 1. Phila. The garment-work-
ers' strike is ended, the employers con-
ceding all points at issue.
.S. C. The Evans liquor-law be-
comes operative ; the State assumes the
monopoly of the traffic in intoxicants.
July 2. N. Y. The Irish- American
Military Encampment at Newark
opens with a military mass ; total enrol-
ment In the United States, about 40,000.
UNITED STATES.
1893, June 10 - July 10. 433
Pa. New York Day is celebrated
at Gettysburg by the dedication of the
State monument ; speeches are made by
Bishop Potter, Gen. Sickles, and Gov.
Flower.
July 4. Chicago. Independence Day
is celebrated at the World's Fair
with addresses by Vice-President Ste-
venson, H. L. Carson of Philadelphia,
and Mayor Harrison ; the Paul Jones
flag is unfurled, and the new Liberty
Bell is dedicated. About 250,000 people
are present.
July 7. Ky. A negro named Miller,
accused of murdering the Bay sisters,
is lynched by a mob at Bardwell. [July
11. A negro uprising is feared because
of the lynching.]
Mont. The National Free Coinage
Association is organized at Helena.
New York. Anarchists hold a
meeting at the Windsor Theater.
S. C. The Dispensary Law is de-
clared unconstitutional by Circuit
Judge Hudson at Bennettsville.
July 8. Chicago. Mayor Harrison, in
an address of welcome, says that unless
"Congress gives plenty of money we
shall have riots that will shake the
country ; " there are about 200,000 un-
employed laborers in the city, destitute
of money.
N. Dak. D. S. Kreeder, his wife, and
four children are killed by the hired
man, Albert Baunbargar, in Candor.
July 9. Neb. The State Bank at Shu-
bert fails ; its cashier disappears, leav-
ing a shortage of $21,000.
STATE.
1893 June 14. D. C. After the pres-
entation of Baron Fava to President
Cleveland under his new title as Am-
bassador from Italy, the Turkish Min-
ister in behalf of the Sultan presents to
the President a massive gold medal
commemorative of the 400th anni-
versary of the discovery of America.
June 18. /. T. Chief Harris announces
the receipt of a bid and its acceptance
for the Cherokee Strip bonds, involving
about $6,000,006, with accrued interest
of $100,000.
June 22. Fr. Edward J. Phelps of U. S.
counsel begins his argument before the
Bering Sea Court of Arbitration in
Paris.
June 28. N. Y. John Brooks Leavitt
of New York City applies to Judge Bar-
nard for an order requiring the State
Board of Canvassers of 1891 to show
cause why they should not be punished
for contempt of court.
June 30. D. C. The President sum-
mons Congress to convene in ex-
traordinary session on Monday, Aug. 7.
Statistics for the fiscal year. Reve-
nue: Customs, $203,355,017; internal
revenue, $161,027,624; sales of public
lands, $3,182,090; miscellaneous items,
$18,253,898. Total revenue, $385,818,629.
Expenditures : Miscellaneous items,
$103,732,799 ; War Department, $49,641,-
773 ; Navy Department, $30,136,084 ; In-
dians, $13,345,347 ; pensions, $159,357,558 ;
interest on the public debt, $27,264,392.
Total ordinary expenditures, $383,477,-
953 ; excess of revenue over ordinary
expenditure, $2,340,674. Exports, $847,-
665,194; imports, $354,994,622. Public
debt (Nov. 1), $1,549,656,353.
July 1. Cal. Judge Boss at Los Angeles
decides that imprisonment and de-
portation of Chinamen under the
Geary Law, without trial by jury, is
unconstitutional.
July 3. D. C. Secretary Carlisle sus-
pends silver purchases.
July 6. New York. The Chamber of
Commerce by an almost unanimous
vote demands the repeal of the Sher-
man Silver Law.
July 8. Fr. Mr. Phelps concludes his
address before the Bering Sea Tribu-
nal.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 June 10. N. Y. The Lehigh
Valley coal-trestles at Buffalo, contain-
ing 60,000 tons of coal, are burned ; loss,
$500,000.
The Glens Falls Paper Company
increases its capital stock from $330,000
to $2,700,000.
June 11. Chicago. Thirty pieces of lace
belonging to the World's Fair exhibit of
Queen Margherita of Italy are missing.
N. Y. A four days' centennial cele-
bration of the settlement of Caze-
novia begins.
June 13. Conn. The Viking ship ar-
rives at New London.
June 14. N. Y. The Clinton Prison
convicts begin work at grading roads,
according to the new law, under the
supervision of State Engineer Schenck.
June 15. New York. The Clearing-
house Association authorizes the issu-
ing of certificates for the relief of
banks.
June 16 i. N. Y. The storage yard
of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal
Company at Buffalo burns. Fifty thou-
sand tons of hard coal, and trestles, cars,
outhouses, offices, and scale platform,
covering 15 acres of ground, are de-
stroyed ; loss over $800,000.
June 17. New York. The Viking Nor-
wegian ship arrives in the Hudson
River.
June 18+ . La. Two serious crevasses
occur near New Orleans. [Loss esti-
mated at $1,000,000.]
June 19. New York. John Haggerty,
of Cherry Street, jumps, while in-
toxicated, from Brooklyn Bridge
into the East River, and swims safely
ashore.
Wis. — Minn. Lives are lost and
several towns destroyed by forest fires.
June 20. N. Y. A train is wrecked
at Parkville, Long Island ; eight persons
are killed and 29 injured.
June 21. Wis. Seven persons are killed
by lightning during a circus perfor-
mance at River Falls.
June 22. N. Y. The Columbian Lib-
erty bell is successfully cast at the Clin-
ton H. Meneely Bell Foundry, Troy.
June 23. Chicago. The World's Fair
is finally completed.
The money stringency compels
banks in New York and other States to
close.
June 24. N. J. A train wrecked at
Paterson causes five deaths.
N. Y. Three hundred persons are
poisoned by eating ice-cream at the
high-school reception at Rochester.
June 25. Several Southern banks
close their doors.
June 26. Kan. The Tremont Hotel,
in Fort Scott, collapses ; several persons
are killed and wounded.
La. Kescue crevasse near New
Orleans is 600 feet wide, and still en-
larging.
New York. In Wall Street money
rules at 20 and 30 per cent.
The Viking ship starts on her trip
to Chicago for the World's Fair.
Several Western banks suspend
payments.
June 27. N. Y. The summer hotel
Sagamore, at Lake George, is destroyed
by fire; loss, $200,000; guests and em-
ployees are saved.
June 28. Chicago. Western railroads
virtually agree on a one-fare round-
trip rate for the World's Fair.
June 29. Colo. Silver-mines are shut
down ; over 20,000 men are thrown out
of employment.
New York. United action of the banks
relieves the money stress and averts se-
rious trouble.
June 30. Chicago. The management re-
ports that the payments for admission
to the World's Fair during June aver-
aged $80,000 daily.
New York. Clearing-house banks
are renewing loans by a further issue of
over $5,000,000 certificates, whereby an
easier feeling is caused.
July 1. Chicago. President T. W. Palmer
tenders the resignation of his office of
president of the National World's
Fair Commission.
Colo. Eighteen mining properties
are closed in Leadville, owing to the
drop in the price of silver.
S. C. The State begins to sell liquor
in the State dispensaries.
July 3. N. Y. Auburn celebrates its
100th anniversary.
July 5. Kan. Great destitution prevails
in Western sections.
July * U. S. Many business failures
are announced, following a large num-
ber since the opening of the year ; banks
also close their doors, especially in the
West.
July 6. N. Y. A run on a savings-bank
in Watertown is checked by speeches'
and a guaranty from Gov. Flower.
The closing of 300 silver mines,
owing to the fall in the price of silver,
is announced.
A number of Western banks sus-
pend.
July 7. Chicago. The caravels arrive
and are received with much ceremony
at the World's Fair.
July 9. Chicago. A number of firemen
and others lose their lives by the burn-
ing of the cold-storage warehouse
on the World's Fair grounds ; property
loss, $650,000.
New York. A bronze tablet is fixed
on the front wall of the City Hall to
commemorate the reading of the Decla-
ration of Independence by General
Washington to the army, July 9, 1776.
434 1893, July 10 -Aug. 14.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 July 12. B.C. Com. T. *D.
Wilson retires because of poor health.
July 18. Kan. Military companies
are disbanded by the State authorities ;
cause, political dissensions and alleged
use of the troops for political ends.
July 29. Tenn. The troops- which
have been protecting the convict
miners for 18 months against free
miners are sent home.
Aug. 12. Phila. The unarmored
cruiser Minneapolis is launched at
Cramps' shipyard.
Tenn. Three companies of militia
are ordered to Coal Creek to suppress
rioting.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 July 17. Cal. A second comet
is discovered by observers at the Lick
Observatory ; it is enclosed in the tail of
another now prominent in the heavens.
July 20. Phila. The will of Anthony J.
Drexel is filed for probate ; he bequeaths
$ 1 ,000,000 to found an Art Gallery,
or Museum.
Aug. 3. Greenland. Lieut. Peary's ex-
pedition reaches Bowdoin Bay.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
July 13. Enochs, William H., M. C. for 0.,
A51.
July 15. Kelton, John C, brig.-gen. vols.,
A65.
July 16. Jardine, Edward, brig.-gen. vols.,
A 65.
July 18. Auchmuty, Richard T., colonel,
philanthropist, A62.
July 19. Smith, Melancthon, rear-adm.
U. S. N., A83.
Jones, Charles Colcock, author, anti-
quarian, A82.
July 31. Stephenson, John, builder first
street-car in New York City, A84.
Aug. 8. Towle, George Makepeace, au-
thor, A52.
CHURCH.
1893 July 19. New York. Rev. Henry
Adams, late rector of the Church of
the Redeemer, having announced that
he has become a Roman Catholic, is for-
mally deposed from the ministry by
Bishop Potter.
July 20. S. C. Ellison Capers is conse-
crated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant
bishop of South Carolina.
July 25. Tenn. Thomas P. Gaylor
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
assistant bishop of Tennessee.
July * Ind. The Baptist Young
People's Union of America holds its
second annual convention in Indianap-
olis ; 4,000 delegates are present.
Aug. 1-13. Mass. The 11th annual
meeting of the Bible Conference is in
session at Northfield.
Aug. 3. N. Y. Dr. M' Glynn receives
permission from Bishop McDonnell of
Brooklyn to say mass for one month at
the church in Bath Beach.
Aug. 14-29. N. J. The International
Bible Conference is in session at Ocean
Grove.
LETTERS.
1893 July 16. Phila. The Univer-
sity Extension summer meeeting
opens its second week with a largely
increased attendance.
New York. The library of the Orien-
talist, Paul Anton de Lagarde, deceased,
in Gottingen, is purchased for the Uni-
versity of the City of New York.
N. Y. The Roman Catholic sum-
mer school at Plattsburg begins its
sessions.
Aug. 2±. New York. C. H. Jones, for-
merly of the St. Louis Republic, as-
sumes duty as editor of The World.
SOCIETY.
1893 July 10. New York. Gen. But-
terfleld entertains the officers of the
Russian war-fleet now at this port.
[July 13. They arc welcomed by the
authorities at the City Hall.]
July 11. The suit of Wanamaker and
Brown to secure the closing of the
"World's Fair on Sunday is thrown
out of court, the judge holding that they
have no standing in a court of equity.
O. The 27th festival of the North
American Saengerbund begins at
Cleveland.
July 12. Mass. The World's Stu-
dents' Conference at Northfield ends
its sessions.
July 14. Chicago. The Local Directory
of the Fair rescinds its former action,
and votes, 24 to 4, in favor of Sun-
day closing.
0. The Toledo Cadets , O. N. G. , start
for Chicago on military bicycles.
S. C. Gov. Tillman meets with re-
sistance in enforcing the Dispensary
Law ; Charleston liquor-dealers are pre-
paring to protect their premises by arms.
July 15. N. Y. The municipal au-
thorities of Brooklyn are charged with
having illegally expended $627,000 of
excise moneys since 1877.
July 16. N. Y. Merchants at Rocka-
way Beach employ constables to arrest
gamblers whom the police refuse to
touch.
July 17. New York. A pugilist is
killed in a prize-fight.
July 19. New York. Russell Sage is
sued for an alleged breach of promise
of marriage, dating back 25 years.
July 21. New York. The Raja Raja-
gan of Kapurthala (Puniab), with a reti-
nue of servants, arrives here on his way
to the World's Fair.
July 23. Pa. Over 30 men are in-
jured in a race-war between Hungarians
and Poles near Scranton.
July 24. Ore. Fifteen persons, includ-
ing eight Federal employees, are in-
dicted for smuggling Chinamen into the
United States.
July 25. Chicago. About 12,000 com-
mercial travelers, representing every
State in the Union, besides represen-
tatives of England, France, Germany,
Austria, Holland, New Zealand, and
Canada, parade in Chicago. It is Edi-
torial Day at the World's Fair.
± Kan. The strike in the coal-fields
of the Cherokee district is so serious
that Gov. Lewelling calls out the militia.
July 26. New York. Matthew Green
kicks James Halstead till he causes his
death ; Green is admitted to bail in the
Bum of $1,500.
Pa. A Pittsburg laborer kills his
wife and two children ; he then sets fire
to his house to hide the crime.
July 27. New York. The Nawab of
Rampur arrives.
July 28. O. The State Liquor-Deal-
ers' Association decides to enter ac-
tively into politics.
It demands the repeal of the law which
makes it an offense to sell liquor to an
habitual drunkard, a modification of the
Sunday-closing law, and other restric-
tions.
July 29. A mail-pouch containing
$50,000, east bound from Salt Lake City,
is missing.
July 30. Chicago. Two men personate
detectives, and bind and rob Mrs. R.
Amnion of her diamonds and jewelry at
her residence.
Aug. 1. Chicago. The first annual con-
vention of the American Bimetallic
League begins.
N. J. The annual baby parade
takes place at Asbury Park in the pres-
ence of an immense multitude ; there
are 500 babies in the line of carriages.
Aug. 2. Chicago. Five directors of
the World's Fair are fined $1,000 each
by Judge Stein for contempt of court in
closing the Exposition on Sunday, July
23 ; smaller fines are imposed upon Direc-
tor Lawson and Director-General Davis.
N. J. M. P. Smith, tax collector of
South Orange, is arrested on charge of
embezzling township funds to the
amount of$13,000.
Aug. 3. Chicago. It is practically set-
tled that the "World's Fair gates will
be open on Sundays during the rest of
the Exposition.
The grand jury's inquisition concern-
ing the cold-storage warehouse fire at
the World's Fair shows that goods were
taken therefrom by the wagonload, and
that over 100 employees were involved
in the conspiracy. [Aug. 26. About
1,000 sufferers from the fire are receiving
aid from the citizens' committee.]
Colo. Workmen are attacked by
strikers.
Aug. 4. N. Y. Superintendent Brock-
way is charged with cruelty at the
Elmira Reformatory. [Sept. 14. He is
relieved from duty pending an investi-
gation.]
Aug. 6. Cal. Peculations to the ex-
tent of $800,000 from the Pacific Bank
of San Francisco are announced.
Chicago. Sunday : The World's Fair
gates are opened to a small attendance.
Aug. 9. New York. The Thokore of
Marvi, India, arrives, en route to the
World's Fair.
Aug. 10. Tenn. Soldiers at Coal Creek
lynch two men suspected of murdering
one of their comrades.
Aug. 12. Cal. F. Gratefeudof the Bank
of Shasta County is charged with embez-
zling $100,000.
Chicago. Masked robbers are ope-
rating ; one man is seriously injured
while defending his own property.
/. T. U. S. Deputy-Marshal Whit-
master is killed in the Cherokee Strij>
by Laura Maundas, a female horse-thiei .
Aug. 13. N. J. C. Klose, a member of
the German Schuetzenbund in Pateison,
stabs his wife with a bayonet, aftfr
UNITED STATES.
1893, July 10 - Aug. 14. 435
knocking her down with the butt-end of
his rifle.
Chicago. The World's Fair con-
tinues to have a light attendance on
Sunday.
New York. The Shogai Matsura of
Tokio, Japan, visits the Statue of Lib-
erty, when on his way to Niagara Falls
and Chicago.
STATE.
1893 July 12. New York. The hide,
leather, and shoe trades hold a meet-
ing, and adopt an address and resolu-
tions " urging upon Congress the speedy
repeal of the Sherman Law, which
compels the Government to purchase
4,500,000 ounces of silver each month."
July 18. New York. At a special meet-
ing of the Maritime Exchange, resolu-
tions are passed urging the repeal of the
silver-purchasing clause of the Sher-
man Law. j
July 22. Cal. The governor appoints
ex-Governor George C. Perkins to till
the vacancy in the U. S. Senate caused
by the death of Leland Stanford.
July 23. Okla. A Statehood Con-
vention is called to meet at El Reno,
Aug. 8.
July 30. Colo. The Denver Chamber of
Commerce issues an appeal for the free
coinage of silver.
July 31. B.C. Secretary Carlisle declines
to modify his order of July 13 regarding
the authentication by the customs au-
thorities of certificates of identifica-
tion issued by the Chinese Consul at
New York.
Aug. 5. I. T. The Osage Indians re-
fuse to treat with the U. S. Government
for the cession of their reservation of
nearly two million acres of land.
Aug. 7. B.C. The 53d Congress opens.
Both Houses meet in extraordinary
session pursuant to the call of the Presi-
dent for the purpose of repealing the
Sherman silver-purchasing Act; in
the Senate Isham G. Harris of Tenn.
is elected President pro tempore ; in the
House Charles F. Crisp (Dem.) of Ga. is
reelected Speaker. Vote : Crisp, 213 ;
Thomas B. Reed of Me. (Rep.), 121.
Strength of Parties : Senate : 44
Democrats, 37 Republicans, 4 Populists,
and 3 vacancies. House : 216 Demo-
crats, 125 Republicans, 11 Populists, and
4 vacancies.
Aug. 8. D. C. Congress : Both Houses
listen to the reading of the President's
message, which urges the immediate
repeal of the "Sherman Law;" in
the Senate nearly a dozen bills dealing
with the financial situation are intro-
duced, Henry C. Lodge (Rep., Mass.) in-
troducing a resolution to come to a final
vote on repeal of the Sherman Law on
Aug. 22.
Aug. 10. B. C. Congress : The Senate
meets, and adjourns until the 14th inst. ;
the House soon adjourns.
Cal. The Geary Chinese Exclu-
sion Act is enforced ; the first China-
man deported sails on the Rio de Janeiro
from San Francisco.
O. Lawrence T. Neal (Dem.) is nom-
inated for governor.
Aug. 11. B.C. Congress : In the House
an order of procedure is agreed to,
limiting debate to 14 days, with votes
successively upon free coinage and the
repeal of the Sherman Act ; William L.
Wilson of W. Va. introduces a Repeal
Bill aimed at the purchase clause of the
Sherman Act ; Richard P. Bland of Mo.
moves a bill providing for the free
coinage of silver at a ratio of 16
to 1, as a substitute, and debate begins.
[It becomes earnest and almost con-
tinuous.]
Aug. 12. B. C. Congress: The House
continues the debate on the proposed
repeal of the " Sherman Law."
R. I. The Supreme Court of Rhode
Island decides that the governor had
the legal right to adjourn the Legis-
lature.
There was a deadlock between the two
houses, and no choice of State officers
had been made when the governor pro-
claimed the Legislature adjourned ; the
decision leaves the Republican officials
in office to hold over.
Va. The Republican State Com-
mittee decides to make no nominations
for State offices ; the Republicans gen-
erally support the Populist candidates.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 July 10. Colo. Denver is shaken
by an explosion of 8,000 pounds of dy-
namite in storage.
July 11. The trunk lines decide to run
excursion-trains to Chicago at one
fare for a round trip.
July 12. Md. The largest wheat cargo
leaves Baltimore in the Great Northern ;
163,000 bushels.
July 13. N. Y. A train is wrecked at
Newburg, causing five deaths.
Pa. Plate-glass factories in Pitts-
burg close ; 10,000 men are idle.
July 16. Chicago. Four persons are
killed and seven injured by a fireworks
explosion at an Italian picnic.
N. H. The Glen House near Mount
Washington is burned ; loss, $100,000.
July 17. Chicago. Four people are killed
and several injured in a collision be-
tween a Grand Trunk train and a horse-
car.
July 19. Colo. Three national banks
close their doors, following three others
on the 17th inst.
July 20. Minn. The State Supreme
Court decides that boycotting is legal.
N. Y. An explosion in a rubber
cement factory in Brooklyn kills four
persons.
Several small Western banks close
their doors ; the closing of mills and
mines is reported from various parts of
the country.
July 23. La. A fire is caused by light-
ning in New Orleans ; loss estimated at
$250,000.
New York. The Russian war-ship
Emperor Nicholas I. arrives.
July 25. Spreading rails cause a Balti-
more and Ohio World's Fair train to fall
down an embankment ; 30 persons are
injured.
N. Y. More than 50 persons are poi-
soned in Brooklyn by eating ice-cream.
July 28. U. S. It is announced offi-
cially that 105 banks have failed since
Jan. 1st.
July 30. Pa. Pittsburg loses $140,000
by fire.
July 31. Cal. A business block in San
Francisco is burned ; loss, $260,000.
Aug. 1. Chicago. The provision deal
collapses ; great excitement prevails on
'Change, and a number of houses fail.
Savings-banks in New England and
New York give notice that the time-limit
rule will be enforced.
Aug. 2. B.C. The gold reserve in the
U. S. Treasury is above the $100,000,000
limit ; it is the first time since Apr. 20.
N. Y. Levi P. Morton loses $200,000
by the burning of his barn and poultry-
houses at Ellerslie ; incendiarism is sus-
pected.
Ranks in Iowa, Missouri, and Ten-
nessee resume business after a brief sus-
pension.
Aug. 4. Minn. Three banks in St. Paul
close their doors.
N. Y. Nine lives are suddenly lost by
the sinking of a propeller on Lake
George caused by the incompetence of
the pilot.
Aug. 5. Mass. Mills in Fall River, em-
ploying 7,000 hands, close on account of
scarcity of currency.
Pa. The lumber camp of Keshuqua
is burned ; loss, $250,000.
Aug. 6. Me. The reservoir of the
Portland Water Company bursts its
dam, letting loose its 20,000,000 gallons
in 15 minutes ; four lives are lost.
O. Three persons are killed and eight
seriously injured by a train on the
Lake Shore Road, near Lindsey.
Aug. 7. Work is resumed in mills,
factories, and mines in many States.
Aug. 9. New York. The Madison
Square Bank closes its doors, and the
Bank Superintendent takes charge of
its affairs. State Treasurer Danforth,
who had secured a personal loan of
$50,000, withdraws the State's deposit of
$250,000 after the Clearing-house Com-
mittee had begun its investigation.
N. Y. One death from cholera occurs
at quarantine.
Aug. 10. New York. Banks loan large
sums of money on time at 6 per cent ;
money on call very easy at 3 per cent ;
stocks advance an average of 2 and 3 per
cent.
Aug. 11. Chicago. The World's Fair
attendance is on the increase; 419,000
admissions are recorded in four days.
Fla. A yellow fever panic occurs
at Pensacola.
New York. The running time of the
Campania from Sandy Hook to Brow
Head is reported five days, 16 hours, and
30 minutes.
Aug. 12. Wis. Forest fires rage;
Mannville is nearly wiped out, and
another town endangered.
Minn. Minneapolis suffers by fire
to the extent of $1,086,500 ; 15,000 people
are made homeless.
Aug. 14. Chicago. The Senate Hotel
burns ; seven people are killed and a
number injured.
436 189 3, Aug. 14 - Sept. 7.
AMERICA :
I
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Aug. 17. N.Y. The West Point
cadets start for the World's Fair.
Aug. 26. 2T. Y. The Naval Reserves,
250 strong, go on board the New Hamp-
shire, for a week's cruise and a thorough
course of instruction in naval tactics.
Aug. 31. B. C. Samuel Breck is com-
missioned colonel.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1803 Aug. 22. Wis. The American
Association for the Advancement of
Science is in session at Madison.
Aug. 31±. Oa. — S. C. Six hundred
people lose their lives in the cyclone
on the Carolina and Georgia coasts.
[Oct. 2. A cyclone sweeps along the
Gulf coast, causing 2,000 deaths in Loui-
siana and elsewhere.]
Sept. 2. Oa. A cloud-burst at Guyton
does great damage.
Sept. 5. B. C. The Pan-American
Medical Congress in Washington is
opened by President Cleveland.
Sept. 7. N.Y. The Social Science As-
sociation at Saratoga discusses prison
reform.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1893. „ .
Aug. 17. Chipman, J. Logan, M. C. for
Mich., A69.
Aug. 21. McMahon, Lawrence S., R. C.
bishop of Hartford, A 58.
Aug. 28. Harvey, Hayward A., inventor
of Harvey process for armor-plates, A69.
Sept. 4. Bonaparte, Jerome Napoleon, head
of the American Bonapartes, A63.
Sept. 7. Fish, Hamilton, M. C. for N. Y.,
Gov., senator, secretary of state, A85,
CHURCH.
1893 Aug. 15. New York. Mgr. Sa-
tolli celebrates pontifical high mass in
the Cathedral, and Archbishop Corri-
gan expresses loyalty to the Pope and
the Apostolic delegate.
N. J. A large number of Roman
Catholic pilgrims attend and take part
in the ceremonies at the shrine of St.
Anthony at Butler, some kissing the
relics, hoping thereby to be relieved of
disease.
Aug. 28. Chicago. The Jewish Denom-
inational Congress is opened.
Aug. 31. Mo. An International Sun-
day-school Convention meets at St.
Louis.
Sept. 1. New York. Dr. Adolf Stoec-
ker, a noted Anti-Semite leader, and
formerly court chaplain to the Emperor
of Germany, arrives.
Sept. 4. Chicago. The Roman Cath-
olic Congress is opened by Cardinal
Gibbons.
SOCIETY.
1893 Aug. 14. New Eng. During the
last three months 35 post-offices in New
England have been robbed ; total loss,
over $10,000.
Aug. 16. New York. S. V. Keeley, cash-
ier of the New York Club, is arrested on
the charge of embezzlement.
Aug. 17 . Chicago. The Peace Con-
gress at the "World's Fair is in ses-
sion.
It adopts a message of congratulation
to Queen Victoria and President Cleve-
land on the triumph of arbitration, as
exemplified in the recent Bering Sea
decision at Paris.
New York. Unemployed Hebrew
laborers, numbering 50,000, parade the
streets, and wind up by breaking into
Walhalla Hall and fighting the police.
Aug. 18. New York. Dr. Carl Peters,
the German explorer, arrives.
Aug. 19. Pa. An attempt to wreck the
east-bound Philadelphia and Erie ex-
press is foiled by a freight-crew, who
close in on the train-wreckers, and cap-
ture one after a severe fight.
Aug. 20. Chicago. A mass-meeting of
the unemployed, mostly foreigners, is
held ; addresses are made by well-known
labor agitators and anarchists. [Aug.
26. Poles and Bohemians fight the po-
lice ; a number of persons are injured.]
Aug. 21. Ind. T. P. Haughey, president
of the Indianapolis National Bank, is
arrested for embezzlement.
New York. Unemployed workingmen
and anarchists hold a mass-meeting in
Union Square.
Aug. 22. Chicago. The West Point ca-
dets hold a lawn-party at the "World's
Fair.
N. J. Italians in Jersey City refuse
to unload a steamer unless Americans
employed on the piers are discharged.
Pa. Three men are killed in a
fight over railroad tracks at Gilberton.
Aug. 23. Mass. Superintendent San-
born and other Old Colony Railroad
officials are sentenced to one month's
imprisonment for rioting at Abington.
Aug. 25. Cal. M. B. Curtis, "Sam'l
of Posen," who has been tried three
times for the murder of a policeman, is
acquitted.
The National Encampment of the
Farmers' Alliance closes; 10,000 peo-
ple were present, with a total atten-
dance for the week of nearly 75,000.
Aug. 27. Ga. The Brunswick Relief
Committee issues an appeal for contri-
butions to relieve the destitution caused
by the yellow-fever scare.
Ky. P. Humphreys and his mother,
Eliza Humphreys, are killed by William
Meadows at Louisville, as the result of
a quarrel.
Aug. 28. Chicago. The Jewish De-
nominational Congress opens in the
Art Palace at the World's Fair.
N. J. Russian Hebrews are stoned
and otherwise ill-treated while seeking
work in Newark.
N.Y. F. Howlock mortally wounds
his sweetheart and then commits sui-
cide in Brooklyn ; cause, jealousy.
Aug. 30. N.J. The Smith family and
relatives hold a reunion at Peapack, with
10,000 persons present.
Aug. 31. Phila. Emma Goldman is
arrested on the charge of inciting the
anarchists to riot.
Sept. 1. New York. The American Bar
Association at its closing session elects
Thos. M. Cooley of Mich, for president.
Sept. 2. Ark. Sheriff and Tax-Collector
A. Z. Reinhardt of Prairie County is
short nearly $40,000 in his accounts.
Cal. Troops are called for to pro-
tect Chinamen in San Bernardino
County.
Okla. In a fight between outlaws
and U. S. deputy-marshals, seven out-
laws and three U. S. marshals are mor-
tally wounded ; one outlaw is captured.
Sept. 3. Chicago. The Aryan Theo-
sophical Society welcomes the East
Indian representatives who have come
to attend the Religious Congress.
Kan. A train and the passengers
are robbed at Mound Valley ; the ex-
press messenger is killed.
Sept. 4. N. Y. The coroner's jury in
the Paul Halliday murder case in Ulster
County brings in a verdict charging Liz-
zie Halliday, his wife, with murder.
[Sept. 7. Paul Halliday 's body is
found buried under his own house with
three bullet-wounds in it.]
The Crown Prince of Japan visits
West Point Military Academy.
Sept. 5, 6. Ind. The Grand Army of
the Republic meets at Indianapolis in
its 27th National Encampment ; ex-Presi-
dent Harrison reviews the parade of
20,000 veterans. Col. J. G. B. Adams of
Boston is elected commander-in-chief.
Sept. 6. The Pan-American Medical
Congress adopts a resolution recom-
mending the temporary suspension of
immigration from European countries in
which cholera exists.
S. C. Gov. Tillman issues an appeal
to the people of the United States for
relief for the Sea Islands sufferers
from the storm.
STATE.
1893 Aug. 14. B.C. Congress ; Sen-
ate : Daniel W. Voorhees of Ind. intro-
duces a bill permitting national
banks to emit notes to the par value of
bonds deposited ; George G. Vest of Mo.
offers a joint resolution to maintain the
parity of gold and silver and in favor of
the free coinage of silver ; the House de-
bates the Wilson Repeal BUI.
Aug. 15. B.C. Congress ; Senate : The
Voorhees BUI to increase bank issues
is blocked ; the House debates the Re-
peal BUI.
Fr. The Bering Sea Court of Ar-
bitration in Paris decides most of the
technical points against the United
States.
It establishes a close season for seals
from May 1 to July 31, and a protected
zone of 60 miles around the Pribyloff
Islands, and forbids the use of fire-arms,
nets, explosives, and steam-vessels in
pelagic sealing.
Aug. 16. B.C. Congress; House:
William J. Bryan of Neb. speaks against
the repeal.
la. Frank D. Jackson (Rep.) is nom-
inated for governor.
Aug. 17. B.C. Congress; Senate: The
mUeage resolution to permit members
to draw mileage immediately for the fis-
cal year 1894 is passed ; the House de-
bates the Repeal BUI.
Aug. 18. B.C. Congress; Senate: The
Finance Committee reports a bill favor-
ing unconditional repeal of the Sher-
UNITED STATES.
1893, Aug. 14- Sept. 7. 437
man Law ; the House debates the Re-
peal Bill.
Va. Col. C. T. O'Ferrall (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
Aug. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: J.
S. Morrill of Vt. urges the repeal of the
purchase clause of the Sherman Act.
Aug. 22. D. C. Congress: In the
House general debate on the Repeal
Bill is continued. The Midwinter
Fair Bill for San Francisco passes both
Houses. [Sept. 1. Approved.]
Aug. 23. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
motion to refer the Peffer resolution
of inquiry as to the conduct of the na-
tional banks is opposed by D. B. Hill of
N. Y. ; the claim of Lee Mantle of Mon-
tana to recognition as Senator is re-
jected ; it is decided that when a State
Legislature has an opportunity, but fails
to elect a Senator, an appointment by
the governor is void. The House de-
bates the Repeal Bill.
Boston. At a special meeting of the
Executive Council of the Massachusetts
Board of Trade a resolution is adopted
petitioning Congress to repeal the Sher-
man Law.
la. Horace Boies (Dem.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
Few York. Baron Saurma, the first
German Ambassador to the United
States, arrives.
Aug. 24. D. C. Congress: Both
Houses discuss the silver question.
The State Department receives the
decision of the Bering Sea Board of
Arbitration.
Aug. 26. D. C. Congress; Senate:
The debate on the Voorhees Repeal
Bill is resumed ; David B. Hill of N. Y.
makes the principal speech. House :
The debate on the Wilson Repeal Bill
is closed ; Thomas B. Reed of Me. and
Bourke Cockran of N. Y. speak for un-
conditional repeal.
— Okta. The Statehood Executive Com-
mittee meets in Oklahoma City, and calls
a mass Statehood Convention to be held
in Purcell on Sept. 30.
Aug. 28. D. C. Congress : In the House
all the amendments to the Wilson
Bill, providing for free coinage at dif-
ferent ratios (from 17 to 20), and for
the reenactment of the Bland- Allison
Act, are defeated ; the Wilson Bill re-
pealing the purchase clause of the
Sherman Law is passed. Vote, 239-
108 ; not voting, 6. In the Senate J. V.
Cockrell's amendment to the Bank
Circulation Bill is rejected. Vote, 20-
23.
Aug. 29. D. C. Congress ; Senate : D.
W. Voorhees of the Finance Committee
reports the House Repeal Bill with
an amendment substituting the Voor-
hees Bill. [One of the most notable
struggles in Congress ensues.] J. N.
Dolph of Ore. introduces a bill appro-
priating money to enforce the Chinese
Exclusion Bill ; it is referred to a com-
mittee.
Aug. 30. D. C. Congress; Senate:
John Sherman of O. speaks in favor of
the Repeal Bill, followed by Henry M.
Teller of Colo., who attacks the na-
tional banks ; the House passes the Ur-
gent Deficiency Bill. [Sept. 2. Passed
by the Senate. Sept. 14. Approved.]
Aug. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate; Ed-
ward O. "Wolcott of Colo, speaks against,
and Donelson Caffery of La. in favor of,
the repeal of the Sherman Law.
Sept. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Zebulon B. Vance of N. C. speaks
against the Repeal Bill ; the House
discusses the Code of Rules; several
amendments to prevent filibustering
are defeated.
The Treasury Department resumes
the payment of paper money over its
counters at Washington: for the last
ten days only gold has been paid for
treasury checks.
Sept. 2. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
House Repeal Bill is laid over, and
the Dolph Chinese Exclusion Act is
taken up; the House Urgent Defi-
ciency Bill is passed with some amend-
ments.
Tsui Kwo Yin, the retiring Chinese
Minister, takes formal leave of the
President.
By agreement with Canada immi-
grants for this country landing at Que-
bec are to be examined by U. S. officials.
Sept. 4. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Shelby M. Cullom of 111. speaks in favor
of the House Repeal Bill, and Richard
Coke of Tex. and William A. Peffer of
Kan. against it ; the House Committee
on Ways and Means begins the hear-
ings on tariff revision.
Sept. 5. D.C. Congress ; Senate : Wil-
liam M. Stewart of Nev. speaks against
the Repeal Bill; a motion is made to
go into executive session which dis-
closes an unexpected majority against
repeal.
Sept. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate:
Daniel W. Voorhees of Ind. withdraws
his early session resolution; in the
House the Code of Rules is adopted;
the clause borrowed from the rules of
the 51st Congress making 100 members a
quorum of the Committee of the Whole
is stricken out.
Mass. L. A. Banks (Prohib.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
N. Y. The Controller of the State re-
ports property in New York exempt from
State taxation as follows : City property,
$205,410,870; U. S. property, $18,863,000;
N. Y. State property, $500,000; church
property, $55,396,125 ; parsonages, $146,-
100 ; clergymen, $46,500 ; miscellaneous,
$28,068,200 ; total, $308,430,795.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Aug. 14. New York. There are
30 yellow fever patients and suspects in
the harbor.
Receipts of gold from abroad are
large.
Gold commands a premium of 1 to
1$ per cent.
Aug. 15. N. Y. Buffalo grain eleva-
tors are burned; loss, $800,000.
Receivers are appointed for the
Northern Pacific Railroad.
Aug. 16. N. C. A train on the Atlantic
and Danville Road breaks through a
trestle near Milton, killing seven per-
sons and injuring many others.
Aug. 21. Chicago. The live-stock ex-
hibit at the World's Fair is opened to
the public.
Pa. Many iron-mills in and near
Pittsburg resume operations.
Aug. 22. Ga. The mayor of Brunswick
advises the people to leave the city on
account of the appearance of yellow
fever.
Aug. 24. Chicago. A fire burns 150
houses, rendering 3,000 people home-
less ; loss, about $650,000.
Aug. 25. Ga. The inhabitants of
Brunswick, except about 5,000, leave
from fear of yellow fever.
III. The trotting mare Nancy
Hanks makes a record of one mile in
2.08 minutes at Springfield.
Aug. 26. .V. Y. A train is wrecked
by collision on the Harlem road at Ber-
lin; 16 persons are killed, and 50 in-
jured.
Aug. 27. New York. The Columbian
Liberty and Peace Bell arrives from
Troy on its way to Chicago.
N. Y. A Rockaway excursion-train
runs into a Manhattan Beach train
near Long Island City ; 11 persons are
killed, and between 40 and 50 are in-
jured.
Aug. 28. Miss. Three persons are killed
and seven wounded in a railroad wreck
at Gulfport.
Aug. 29. New York. The cost of the
new Croton Aqueduct and the work
on reservoirs to June 30 amounts to
$27,333,924.
Controller Eckels reports that 34
national banks have resumed business.
Aug. 30. A receiver is appointed for the
Nicaragua Canal Construction Com-
pany.
Ga. The steamship City of Birming-
ham arrives at Savannah with the
wrecked passengers of the steamship
City of Savannah.
Aug. 31. Mass. Thirteen persons are
killed and 20 injured by a train falling
through a bridge on the Boston and
Albany Road near Chester.
Sept. 1. N.J. A case of Asiatic chol-
era appears in Jersey City.
New York. The Equitable Mort-
gage Company, one of the largest cor-
porations engaged in lending money on
farm-mortgages, goes into the hands of
receivers ; liabilities about $15,000,000.
Sept. 4. Pa. The Carnegie Steel
Works at Homestead resume operations
with 2,000 men.
Sept. 5. New York. Monetary condi-
tions are becoming normal, currency no
longer commanding any premium.
Pa. The Lalance and Grosjean
works and the National Tube Works
Company at McKeesport, giving em-
ployment to 2,000 men, resume business.
Sept. 6. Vt. The last car of a passenger-
train is wrecked in crossing a bridge
over Otter Creek, which had been weak-
ened by wreckers.
438 1893, Sept. 7-Oct. 4.
AMERICA
ARMY— NAVY.
1893 Oct. 4. Ala. Gov. Jones orders
troops to Decatur, to quell threatened
riots by Louisville and Nashville Rail-
road strikers.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1893.
Sept. 13. Lamberton, Robert A., president
of Lehigh University, A 69.
CHURCH.
1893 Sept. 11. Chicago. The World's
Parliament of Religions opens.
[Sept. 14. Dharmapala, the Hindoo
scholar, assails Christianity, and papers
are read by Cardinal Gibbons, Lyman
Abbott, and others. Sept. 24. The Par-
liament considers the relation of Chris-
tianity to America.]
Sept. 15. The Christian Endeavor
Society reports 37,841 societies, with a
membership of 1,650,000, chiefly in the
United States, Canada, Australia, Great
Britain ; also in all missionary lands.
Sept. 20. Minn. Archbishop Ireland
denies that the Faribault plan is a
failure.
Oct. 1. New York. A monstrance, to
be used in the exposition of the sacra-
ment in St. Patrick's Cathedral, arrives ;
it cost $10,000, not including the jewels
used in its construction.
LETTERS.
1893 Sept. 13. Minn. The Faribault
school scheme fails, as the Catholics
would not consent to the assignment
of two Protestant teachers to the Hill
School.
Sept. 27. N. Y. The Steele Memorial
Library Association is incorporated to
maintain a free public library in Elmira.
Oct. 4. New York. St. Francis Xavier
College opens its doors to women on the
same plane with men, less the degree.
SOCIETY.
1893 Sept. 8. New York. Claus Tim-
merman, an anarchist, is sentenced to
six months' imprisonment for lawless
speech-making at a Union Square meet-
ing.
Sept. 9. B. C. Mrs. Cleveland gives
birth to a daughter; named Esther.
Sept. 11. Chicago. The Parliament of
Religions opens at the World's Fair.
Sept. 12. Ky. Judge Saufley, while in-
structing the grand jury at Danville,
charges that playing progressive eu-
chre in parlors for prizes is one of the
worst forms of gambling, and tells the
jury to spare no man or woman in its
investigations.
Sept. 15. Mich. Train-robbers hold
up a train on the Mineral Range Rail-
road, and secure $75,000.
Sept. 16. Chicago. Trainmen on
Pennsylvania Railroad trains running
out are ordered to arm themselves to
protect the company's property.
Sunday: The attendance at the
World's Fair is increasing, 27,000 pay-
ing visitors having entered before two
o'clock to-day.
Colo. The miners return to work,
a settlement having been effected.
/. T. The Cherokee Strip is opened
to settlers, and about 100,000 persons
rush over the boundary line to secure
the 6,000,000 acres of land.
La. Three negroes are hanged
and one kicked to death by lynchers
near New Orleans, because they would
not or could not tell where an escaped
murderer might be found.
Phil a. The 5,000 ounces of gold
recently missed at the Mint is discov-
ered ; a trusted employee, Henry S.
Cochren, acknowledges having taken it,
and shows where it is secreted.
Sept. 18. B. C. The centennial anni-
versary of the laying of the corner-stone
of the Capitol at Washington is cele-
brated ; President Cleveland and others
make addresses.
/. T. On the arrival of "boomers"
on their fastest horses in the Cherokee
Strip, they find that «• sooners " are in
possession of the best of the land and
the town-lots.
Sept. 19. New York. Mayor Gilroy re-
fuses the application of the United Ital-
ian Societies to display the Italian flag
on the City Hall, on the 23d anniver-
sary of the unification of Italy by Victor
Emmanuel.
Sept. 20. La. Colored people of New
Orleans call upon the governor for pro-
tection, as regulators are preparing for
the torture of one of their number.
Sept. 21. III. Three robbers hold up
an Illinois Central train, but obtain
no booty ; one of the robbers and three
trainmen are shot.
Va. Robert Smith, the negro on
whose account a mob made preparations
for torture at Roanoke for robbing a
woman, is captured, hanged, riddled
with bullets, and cremated.
Sept. 22. Ala. A train is derailed by
wreckers near Birmingham ; several per-
sons are hurt, but none fatally.
N. J. Three hundred wire-workers
in Roebling's mill, at Trenton, strike
against a reduction of wages.
Tex. A claim-jumper named Wil-
liams kills four persons on a claim near
Waukomis.
Sept. 23. III. Fourteen White Caps
in Quincy are indicted for wilful and
malicious murder by the grand jury;
the indicted persons are prominent
farmers and residents of Kingston.
New York. The Lord Mayor of
Dublin arrives at this port ; also Lord
Dunraven, owner of the yacht Valkyrie.
Tenn. The Presbytery of Knoxville
adopts resolutions condemning, in the
strongest terms, the alarming increase
of mob violence ; it orders the resolu-
tions to be read in full to the separate
congregations.
Sept. 25. La. A captured negro is
tortured by a mob in Jefferson Parish ;
fire is applied to his feet to extort con-
fession, but without success.
New York. Bookkeeper E. J. Greene
and Cashier J. F. Collins, of a firm of
cotton-brokers, are arrested for stealing
about $20,000, chiefly by means of
forged checks.
Sept. 26. Boston. John W. Washburn,
treasurer of the Old Colony Railroad and
Steamboat Companies, is announced as
a defaulter.
Chicago. The Odd Fellows have a
day at the World's Fair, and 30,000 mem-
bers are present.
Sept. 27. Chicago. Chas.Belden shoots
three men and one woman at the
Board of Trade.
Miss. White Caps are rousing the
people to madness by burning cotton-
gins, and other outrages.
Ore. The Chinese of La Grande
are driven away by mob violence.
Pa. S. G. Southard of Pittsburg
shoots his wife and kills himself be-
cause he objected to his children being
educated as Catholics.
Sept. 28. Colo. Gov. Waite unearths
great frauds in land-grants because of
perjured testimony and fraudulent sur-
veys, coal-lands being entered as agri-
cultural lands, etc.
Sept. 30. Cal. Members of the Sailors'
Union at San Francisco perpetrate out-
rages upon non-union sailors, besides
robbing them of their money.
Oct. 1. O: Daniel Bauer, a city council-
man of Cincinnati, is indicted on two
charges of soliciting bribes from a per-
son interested in the passage of an ordi-
nance to improve terminal facilities of
that city.
Oct. 2. Me. A labor riot at Auburn
is caused by strikers attacking non-
union shoemakers ; the sheriff calls out
a posse to maintain peace.
New York. Mrs. Catharine Fitzgerald
shoots and kills Mrs. Carrie Pearsall
on Eighth Avenue, and then gives her-
self up to the police.
STATE.
1893 Sept. 7. B. C. Congress ; Sen-
ate : Mr. Stewart ends a three days'
speech on the silver question.
Sept. 8. I). C. Congress; Senate :
Charles J. Faulkner of W. Va. delivers
a speech which is by some construed as
a suggestion of compromise on the sil-
ver question.
Sept. 9. B. C. Congress; Senate;
Henry M. Teller of Colo, speaks against
the Repeal Bill.
Sept. 10. Cal. U. S. Marshal Gard at
Los Angeles is instructed to enforce the
Geary Act for the exclusion of the Chi-
nese.
Sept. 11. B.C. Congress; Senate :
Henry M. Teller of Colo, and James L.
Pugh of Ala. speak against the Repeal
Bill, Mr. Pugh announcing the purpose
of himself and those who agree with him
to fight unconditional repeal by all par-
liamentary methods.
The new Chinese Minister to the
United States confers with Secretary
Gresham on the matter of enforcing the
Chinese Exclusion Law.
Sept. 12. B.C. Congress; Senate:
John H. Mitchell of Ore. speaks against
the Repeal Bill.
New York. The convention called by
the New York Board of Trade and Trans-
portation, consisting of delegates from
various commercial bodies throughout
the country, meets ; resolutions urging
the repeal of the Silver Purchase Law
are adopted. Vote, 185-5.
Sept. 13. B.C. Congress; Senate:
George L. Shoup of Ida. speaks against
the Repeal Bill, and Joseph N. Dolph
of Ore. argues against the free coinage
of silver ; Daniel Voorhees of Ind. tries
UNITED STATES.
1893, Sept. 7 -Oct. 4. 439
unsuccessfully to have a date fixed for a
vote on the Repeal Bill; in the House
a bill is introduced to consolidate Utah,
and Nevada. [No action.]
Sept. 14. B. C. Congress; Senate:
John W. Daniel of Va. speaks against
the Repeal Bill ; an amendment to the
bill is introduced by Charles J. Faulkner
of W. Va.
Secretary Smith takes measures to
relieve the boomers at the Cherokee
Strip from further delay in registering.
Sept. 15. B.C. Congress: Senate:
William Lindsay of Ky. and Anthony
Higgins of Del. speak in favor of the
Repeal Bill.
Sept. 16. B. C. Congress; Senate:
William B. Allison of la. speaks in favor
of the Repeal Bill ; another motion by
Daniel W. Voorhees to have a time fixed
to close the debate is defeated ; in the
House a bill providing for a U. S. bank
in every town of two thousand in-
habitants is introduced. [No action.]
Okla. The Cherokee Strip is opened
for settlement at 12 noon.
Sept. 18. B. C. Congress : No business
is done in either House, the day being
devoted to the celebration of the Cente-
nary of the laying of the corner-stone
of the National Capitol.
There is a procession, and addresses
are made by the President, Vice-Presi-
dent, Speaker of the House, and Justice
Brown of the Supreme Court ; the ora-
tor of the day is William Wirt Henry,
a grandson of Patrick Henry.
Sept. 19. B. C. Congress; Senate:
Roger Q. Mills of Tex. speaks in favor of
the Repeal Bill ; Daniel W. Voorhees
of Ind. makes another vain attempt to
get the anti-repeal Senators to fix a date
for closing debate.
President Cleveland nominates W. B.
Hornblower of N. Y. to be Associate
Justice of the Supreme Court, and J. J.
Van Alen of R. I. to be ambassador to
Italy. [See Oct. 20.]
Sept. 20. B. C. Congress; Senate:
James Z. George of Miss, speaks against
the Repeal Bill and George Grey of Del.
in favor of it ; in the House the Federal
Flections Bill, under exceptional rul-
ings by Speaker Crisp, is reported, and
placed on the calendar.
Sept. 21. B.C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the repeal of the Sherman
Law ; Orville Piatt of Conn, introduces
a motion to establish closure ; the mo-
tion is discussed by Messrs. Piatt and
Henry C. Lodge; Stephen M. White of
Cal. speaks against the Repeal Bill ; in
the House a resolution is adopted that
the Federal Flections Bill be taken up
on Sept. 26, and considered until Oct. 10.
Sept. 22. B. C. Congress; Senate : An
agreement for longer sessions beginning
with the 25th is adopted; Edward O.
Wolcott and Henry M. Teller speak on
the closure resolution; and Senators
George, Henry C. Hansbrough, and Wil-
liam M. Stewart speak against the
Repeal Bill.
Sept. 25. B. C. Congress; Senate:
William M. Stewart of Nev. makes a
personal attack upon Mr. Cleveland,
ridiculing the President and his knowl-
edge of economics ; James Donald Cam-
eron of Pa. and William B. Bate of
Tenn. speak against the Repeal Bill ;
the House adjourns for want of a
quorum.
Sept. 26. D. C. Congress; Senate :
Mr. Stewart accuses President Cleve-
land of using Federal patronage to in-
fluence legislation ; in the House debate
begins on the Tucker Bill providing for
the repeal of the Federal Flections
Laws.
Sept. 27. B. C. Congress; In the
House Thomas G. Lawson of Ga. and
Charles Daniels of N. Y. continue the
debate on the Tucker Bill; a resolu-
tion is passed asking why the lawful
amount of silver was not purchased
during July and August.
Sept. 28. B. C. Congress; Senate:
William A. Peffer speaks against the
Repeal Bill; in the House John C.
Black of 111., Tom L. Johnson of O.,
and C. R. Breckinridge of Ky. speak
on the Tucker Repeal Bill.
Sept. 29. B. C. Congress; Senate:
Isham G. Harris of Tenn. and John T.
Morgan of Ala. speak against the Re-
peal Bill ; in the House, John F. Lacey
of la. and others discuss the Tucker
Repeal Bill.
Sept. 30. B. C. Congress; Senate:
Johnson N. Camden of W. Va. speaks in
favor of the Wilson Repeal Bill; in
the House, the debate on the Tucker
Repeal Bill is continued by Samuel W.
McCall of Mass., Josiah Patterson of
Tenn., and others.
Oct. 2. B. C. Congress; Senate: The
debate on the Repeal Bill is continued ;
in the House, speeches are made on the
Tucker Repeal Bill.
N. Y. The Brooklyn Independent
Committee of One Hundred, for the
purification of government and the over-
throw of ring rule, meets and adopts a
platform. [Oct. 4. William C. Low is
elected president.]
Oct. 3. B. C. Congress; Senate: Jo-
seph N. Dolph of Ore. speaks in favor of
the Repeal Bill, and Thomas C. Power
of Mont, against it ; in the House, Ste-
phen Northway of O. speaks against
the Tucker Repeal Bill, and John C.
Kyle of Miss, in its favor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Sept. 7. III. Eleven persons are
killed and 10 injured in a railway col-
lision on the Pan Handle road, near
Colehour.
Sept. 8. Ire. The Campania reaches
Queenstown after making the voyage
from Sandy Hook in five days, 14
hours, and 55 minutes.
Sept. 10. New York. Fifty-two arti-
sans arrive from Europe on their way to
make a study of the World's Fair and
American industries.
Sept. 11. The yacht Vigilant wins the
third trial race, and is selected by the
America Cup Committee to defend
the trophy against Lord Dunraven's
yacht.
Sept. 12. New York. Emigration from
this port exceeds immigration for the
first time.
Sept. 15. /. T. The boomers on the
Cherokee Strip border register at the
rate of 20 a minute; there are now
about five registered for every lot in
the strip.
Sept. 16. /. T. About 150,000 persons
are pouring into the Cherokee Strip.
Sept. 17. Ga. At Brunswick 19 new
cases of yellow fever are reported ;
the governor of the State issues an ad-
dress asking for aid for the city.
Sept. 19. III. A train is wrecked near
Manteno, causing eight deaths.
New York. A number of Clearing-
house certificates, valued at $1,400,000,
are canceled.
Sept. 21. Ga. There is another death
from yellow fever at Brunswick, and
two new cases of the disease are re-
ported, making 17 now under treatment.
[Sept. 22. Three new cases. Sept. 24.
One death and two new cases. Sept. 25.
Five new cases. Sept. 26. Two new
cases and one death. Sept. 27. Eigh-
teen new cases. Sept. 28. Thirteen.
Oct. 1. Twelve. Oct. 2. Twelve. Oct.
3. Fourteen new cases and three deaths.
Oct. 6. Twenty-four new cases. Oct. 7.
Thirty-one. Oct. 8. Thirty-two. Oct.
12. Eighteen. Oct. 14. Twenty-six.
Oct. 30. Twelve. Nov. 3. Twenty-four.]
Iowa celebrates the 47th anniver-
sary of its admission as a State.
Pa. Five men are killed and 'several
injured in a mine explosion at Wilkes-
barre.
Sept. 22. Ind. Through the leaving
open of a switch by a brakeman, a lim-
ited express vestibuled train runs into
a freight-train near Kingsbury ; 11 are
killed and 21 injured.
New York. The British yacht Valky-
rie arrives after a very stormy voyage of
30 days.
Sept. 23. Minn. A lumber fire in Red
Wing causes a loss of $150,000.
Sept. 24. Wis. Five large mills of the
Illinois Steel Company's plant at Bay-
view will resume operations.
Sept. 25. Mo. A fire in St. Joseph
causes the loss of about $1,000,000.
Sept. 26. S. Bak. Lead City is
burned.
Sept. 27. O. Oak-harness leather men
meet in Columbus to form a trust.
Sept. 29. Cal. The Mariposa arrives
at San Francisco from Australia,
bringing $500,000 in gold consigned to
local houses.
Mich. Twenty-eight miners are
drowned by the Michigamme River
bursting through the roof of the Mans-
field iron-mine.
Sept. 30. O. Forest fires are raging;
Centerburg is burned, with heavy loss.
Oct. 1. Chicago. The Sunday attend-
ance at the World's Fair is greatly
increased.
440 1893, Oct. 4 -Oct. 25.
AMERICA
1
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Oct. 25. D. C. Acting Rear-
Adm. Stanton is removed from com-
mand of the South Atlantic Squadron
for saluting the flag of the Brazilian
insurgents.
[Dec. 20. He is restored, and assigned
to command the North Atlantic Squad-
ron.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 Oct. 4. N. Y. A statue of Al-
exander Hamilton is unveiled in front
of the Hamilton Club House, Brooklyn.
Oct. 12. A West Indian cyclone is raging
along the coasts of Georgia, Florida, and
South Carolina.
Oct. 13. N. Y. A natural gas-well is
tapped by an artesian drill at Malta
Ridge. [Nov. 11. Another is found near
Grand Junction, Colo.]
Oct. 14. Ida. Large numbers of crick-
ets are moving from northern Idaho
south and east, destroying fruit and
grain on their way, to the utter dismay
of the farmers.
Oct. 19. N. J. The monument com-
memorating the victory of Gen.
■Washington over the Hessians is un-
veiled at Trenton.
Oct. 21. N. Y. The Founders' Mon-
ument is unveiled at Southold, L. I., —
this being the 253d anniversary of the
founding of the town.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1803.
Oct. 11. Blackwell, Lucy Stone, aboli-
tionist, woman suffragist, reformer, A75.
Oct. 80. Schaff, Philip, Pres. clergyman,
author, professor sacred literature Union
Seminary, A69.
Oct. 24. Queen, Walter W., rear-adm. XJ.
S. N., A69.
— — Bond, Hugh L., lawyer, jurist, of Balti-
more, A65.
CHURCH.
1893 Oct. 5. Boston. William Law-
rence is consecrated (Protestant Epis-
copal) bishop of Massachusetts.
Oct. 6. Chicago. A Congress of Young
Men's Christian Associations of the
"World opens.
Oct. 7. Utah. The 64th semiannual
conference of the Mormon Church
is held in the Tabernacle at Salt Lake
City.
Oct. 8. Chicago. A great throng of
people attend the opening exercises of
the Evangelical Alliance Congress in
Memorial Art Palace.
Oct. 15. N.C. Joseph B. Cheshire, Jr.,
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as-
sistant bishop of North Carolina.
Oct. 19. N. Y. The Presbyterian Synod,
in session at Rochester, dismisses the
complaints of Prof. Briggs; it will
not interfere with the action of the
General Assembly.
LETTERS.
1893 Oct. 8. Mass. Williams College,
at Williamstown, begins its centennial
celebration with a sermon by the Rev.
Dr. Harry Hopkins.
SOCIETY.
1893 Oct. 5. III. A train carrying
non-union workmen from the Big Four
Railroad shops at Indianola is attacked
by strikers' friends ; one man is killed
and a division superintendent injured.
New York. Joseph Chamberlain,
the English M. P., arrives on the Ma-
jestic.
Oct. 6. New York. The Archduke
Franz-Ferdinand, heir presumptive
to the throne of Austria, arrives at this
port.
Oct. 7. Ala. White Caps are active,
threatening to burn the gin-houses of
farmers who sell cotton for less than
io cents.
New York. Daniel O'Neil, while
drunk, pours kerosene over his baby's
cradle and tries to burn the child; he
then beats his wife for trying to prevent
him.
Oct. 8. J. T. Treasurer McCurtin of the
Choctaw Nation, after making his re-
port to the National Council, disap-
pears ; he is said to be short $io,ooo.
Louisiana is again terrorized by
regulators, and the people in meetings
assembled are calling on Gov. Foster for
help against them.
Oct. 9. Chicago Day at the Fair ; 716,-
881 admissions, the largest number in
one day during the Fair.
Mo. The Pan-American Bimetal-
lic Convention is in session at St.
Louis.
R. I. About 1,800 weavers in the
woolen-mills strike against a reduction
of wages.
Oct. 10. New York. The Bar Associa-
tion by resolution urges upon every
good citizen to oppose "to his utmost
the attempt to reward unworthy con-
duct [of Isaac H. Maynard] by a seat
on the bench of our highest judicial
tribunal." [Oct. 15. Gov. Flower makes
his defense of the appointment.]
Tex. Two masked men stop a
stage in Coke County and rifle the mail-
bags, securing about $3,100.
Oct. 12. New York. The Society for the
Prevention of Crime sends letters to
the police officials, charging them
with neglect of duty.
Oct. 14. Chicago. M. V. Gannon re-
signs the presidency of the Irish
National League of America.
O. The Columbus grand jury has
found over xoo indictments against W.
Z. McDonald, late chief inspector of
workshops and factories.
Oct. 16. Chicago. The World's
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
begins its second biennial session in the
Hall of Columbus of the World's Fair.
It is called to order by Lady Henry
Somerset, vice-president at large, as
Miss Willard is unable by ill health to
be present. [Miss Willard is reelected
president.]
The public-school children of Chi-
cago visit the Fair Grounds ; paid ad-
missions for the day, 234,405.
N. Y. Kingston celebrates the
116th anniversary of its burning by the
British forces ; Daughters of the Amer-
ican Revolution have charge of the ex-
ercises.
New York. Jacob J. Kaiser, over-
§ niter manufacturer, is sentenced to the
tate prison for seven and a half years
for setting fire to his place of business
on Broadway.
Oct. 17. New York. Lord Dunraven
of England is entertained at dinner by
C. Oliver Iselin and the New York Yacht
Club.
Dr. C. H. Parkhurst sends a letter
to Mayor Gilroy and the chairman for
selecting grand jurors.
He charges that Grand Juryman Hugh
Slevin violates the Excise Law, and is
not a fit person to be a grand juror ; a
number of affidavits in proof accompany
the letter.
Oct. 18. Chicago. The American
Bankers' Association Convention be-
gins its session in the Art Institute of
the World's Fair, with W. H. Rhawm
of Philadelphia in the chair.
N. J. The Trenton Battle Monu-
ment celebration begins.
Oct. 19. Md. The anniversary of the
burning of the tea-laden British brig
Peggy Stewart in Annapolis Harbor in
1774, as a protest against the Stamp Act,
is celebrated in Baltimore.
Oct. 20. Va. A mob attacks the jail
at Roanoke ; the militia fire, killing nine
men, and wounding 20 others.
Oct. 21. Ind. Mrs. Augusta Schneider,
a wealthy lady, quarrels with one of her
tenants, and shoots and kills him near
Walton.
Oct. 24. Chicago. Mary Washington
Day is celebrated at the World's Fair
in the New York State building.
STATE.
1893 Oct. 4. I). C. Congress; Sen-
ate: Speeches favoring compromise on
the silver question are made by Joseph
C. S. Blackburn of Ky., Matthew C.
Butler of S. C, and Wilkinson Call of
Fla. ; in the House the repeal of the
Federal Flections Laws is discussed ;
a bill to repeal the Chinese Exclusion
Bill (see May 5, 1892) is reported. [It
is sharply discussed in both Houses, and
specially opposed by members from the
Pacific Coast.]
Oct. 5. D. C. Congress; House: G.
W. Murray of S. C. concludes his argu-
ment against the repeal of the Federal
Flections Laws; a bill is passed pla-
cing the Secretary of Agriculture in
the line of succession to the presidency.
New York. The Chamber of Com-
merce passes a resolution asking the
U. S. Senate to amend its rules so as
to pass the Silver Repeal Bills.
Oct. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : An
amendment to the Wilson Repeal Bill
is introduced by J. C. S. Blackburn of
Ky. ; Senators Call, Butler, and Teller
speak against repeal ; in the House
debate on the Tucker Repeal Bill is
continued.
Oct. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: D.
W. Voorhees of Ind., the Democratic
leader, announces that he will ask on
the 11th inst. for a continuous session
until the Repeal Bill is disposed of;
UNITED STATES.
1893, Oct. 4 -Oct. 25. 441
W. N. Roach of N. Dak. and W. V.
Allen of Neb. speak against the bill ;
the House debates the Tucker Repeal
Bill.
Mass. Fred. T. Greenhalge (Rep.) is
nominated for governor.
Oct. 9. D. C. Congress ; Senate : After
a discussion by several members as to
how far the Repeal Bill would demone-
tize silver, P. M. Cockrell of Mo. speaks
against the Repeal Bill ; in the House
debate on the bill for repealing the
Federal Elections Laws is closed, and
it is decided to pass the bill as it now
stands.
Oct. 10. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Messrs. McPherson and Coakrell speak
on the Silver Repeal Bill; in the
House the Tucker Bill, repealing all
existing Federal Elections Laws, is
passed. Vote, 200-101.
Oct. 11. B.C. Congress ; Senate : The
session is continued all day and all
night ; W. V. Allen of Neb. begins to
speak at 6.30 p.m. against the Repeal
Bill [and continues through the entire
night].
Oct. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Mr. Allen finishes his speech at
eight o'clock in the morning, having
been on the floor 14 and three-quarters
hours; it is the longest continuous
speech ever made in the Senate ; the
session continues all the day and even-
ing.
Oct. 13. B.C. Congress; Senate: The
debate on the Repeal Bill continues,
W. M. Stewart of Nev. holding the floor.
The Senate adjourns at 1.45 A.M., on
the motion of D. W. Voorhees of Ind.,
having been in session 39 hours con-
tinuously; it is found impossible to
compel the attendance of the majority
(43) members.
Oct. 14. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Several important amendments to the
rules are offered ; James K. Jones of
Nev. speaks against the Repeal Bill.
The Secretary of the Treasury's order
that nothing but coin or currency
be accepted in payment of government
taxes is rescinded ; certified checks will
be received.
Oct. 16. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the McCreary Bill, which pro-
vides for the amendment of the Geary
Act, so as to give Chinese residents in
the United States another six months
in which to register. Vote, 178-1. [Nov.
2. It is amended and passed by the Sen-
ate. Nov. 3. Conference report agreed
to and bill approved.]
Boston. The Associated Board of
Trade unanimously adopts resolutions
petitioning the United States Senate to
change its rules so that a vote can be
reached on the Repeal Bill.
Oct. 17. B. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses a proposed amendment to
the rules; Senator Sherman makes a
speech in which he aims to place the
responsibility for the deadlock re-
specting the repeal of the Sherman Law
on the Democrats.
Oct. 18. B. C. Congress: The House
passes the New York and New Jersey
Bridge Bill introduced Sept. 20, author-
izing the construction of a bridge across
the Hudson River.
New York. The Cotton Exchange
passes resolutions calling for the speedy
repeal of the purchasing clause of the
Sherman Law.
Oct. 19. B. C. Congress ; Senate : D.
B. Hill of N. Y. speaks against compro-
mise on the Repeal ; Secretary Carlisle's
statements in answer to the Senate's
resolutions show that the deficit in
revenues may reach $50,000,000
at the end of the fiscal year.
Oct. 20. B. C. Congress : The Senate
in executive session confirms, among
others, the nomination of J. J. Van
Alen of R. I. to be ambassador to Italy.
[The nomination is severely and persist-
ently criticised. Nov. 20. Van Alen
resigns. Dec. 3. The resignation is
made public] The House passes a de-
ficiency appropriation bill. [Oct. 28.
Amended and passed by the Senate.
Nov. 3. Third Conference report made.
Final action not taken]. Also a bill to
remit half the duties on exhibits here-
after sold at the "World's Fair, and
another providing for the destruction
of derelicts along the Atlantic coast.
Oct. 21. B. C. Congress; Senate:
Messrs. Peffer and Jones speak against
repeal.
The Senate agrees to a compromise,
by repealing the purchasing clause of
the Sherman Bill, to take effect Oct. 1,
1894, and eliminating entirely the bond
question ; all greenbacks and Treasury
notes under $10 in value will be retired,
and silver certificates and coined silver
dollars will take their place, the pur-
chase of the four and a half million
ounces of silver to continue, the same
to be coined from time to time as the
seignorage now in the Treasury, also
that which shall grow out of further pur-
chase.
The Treasury's ten days' statement
shows that the gold reserve has de-
creased to $81,700,000, the lowest point
yet reached.
Oct. 23. B. C. Congress: The Senate
still discusses the Silver Repeal Bill ;
the House passes the Printing Bill;
also a bill authorizing the construction
of a new revenue cutter on the lakes.
Oct. 24. B. C. Congress ; Senate : The
silver men abandon filibustering, and
Messrs. Jones and Stewart continue their
speeches begun weeks ago.
Mich. The Supreme Court of the
State declares that the Woman Suf-
frage Law passed by the last Legisla-
ture is unconstitutional.
Oct. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Messrs. Pugh, Stewart, and Jones speak
on the silver question ; a joint resolu-
tion is passed, thanking foreign gov-
ernments for their participation in the
Chicago Exposition.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Oct. 5. N. Y. The Valkyrie and
Vigilant sail for the America Cup,
but, owing to the light wind, are unable
to cover the course in the allotted time.
Oct. 6. New York. The Cunard steamer
Lucania arrives from Queenstown, beat-
ing the record of the Paris by 59 minutes.
Oct. 7. Alas. La grippe is raging with
great violence.
New York. The Vigilant wins the
first race for the America Cup, beating
the Valkyrie by five minutes and 48 sec-
onds, corrected time.
Oct. 8. New York. Five deaths, some
due to cholera, are reported on the Ham-
burg American steamer Russia, arriving
to-day.
Oct. 9. N. Y. Some of the passengers
of the infected steamer Russia are
transferred to Hoffman and Swinburne
Islands.
In the second race between the Val-
kyrie and the Vigilant, the latter wins
by 12 minutes and 23 seconds.
Oct. 10. Ind. Eight persons are killed
in an accident on the Pittsburg, Fort
"Wayne, and Chicago Railroad.
Oct. 13. Mich. Excursion-trains col-
lide at Jackson ; 13 persons are killed
and 40 injured,
N. Y. In the third and deciding race
the Vigilant beats the Valkyrie by 40
seconds, retaining the cup in America.
Oct. 14. Pa. A fire in the telephone
exchange in Allentown destroys prop-
erty valued at $300,000.
Oct. 15. Kan. A head-end collision
occurs on the Chicago, Rock Island, and
Pacific Railroad, at Paxico ; two persons
are killed and several injured.
N. Y. The propeller Dean Richmond,
with a crew of 18, is lost in Lake Erie,
near Dunkirk ; five bodies are washed
ashore.
Oct. 16. Chicago. The "World's Con-
gress of Agriculture opens in the Art
Institute at the World's Fair, S. W.
Allerton presiding.
/// . A train goes over an embank-
ment, and 30 persons are injured, near
Nameoki.
Five persons are killed and five injured
by a premature explosion of dynamite
at Emington.
Oct. 17. B. C. The house in which
President Lincoln died, in Washington,
is formally opened as the Lincoln
Memorial House.
O. Four men are killed and three
injured by a train collision at Wells-
ville.
Oct. 20. Mich. A collision occurs be-
tween passenger-trains on the Grand
Trunk Railroad at Battle Creek ; 26 per-
sons are killed and many injured.
Wash. A fatal boiler explosion oc-
curs at Spokane ; four persons are killed,
and a number badly injured.
Oct. 22. New York. The laboratory of
the Presbyterian Hospital is burned ont.
Oct. 23. Chicago. Figures showing enor-
mous profits of the World's Fair con-
cessionaires are made public ; paid ad-
missions to-day, 231,014 ; total up to this
date, 19,712,996.
442 1893, Oct. 25 -Nov. 15.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Oct. 26. Cal. The battle-ship
Oregon is successfully launched at San
Francisco.
Oct. 29. D. C. Adm. Skerret is trans-
ferred to the command of the Asiatic
Squadron, relieving Adm. Irwin, de-
tached.
Nov. 6. D. C. The President appoints
Gen. George D. Buggies adjutant-
general of the army.
Nov. 11. Cal. The new cruiser Olym-
pia returns to San Francisco from her
trial trip; her maximum speed is 21.26
knots an hour.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 Oct. 31 ±. Peru. Harvard estab-
lishes a new meteorological station on
the Andes, the highest in the world.
Nov. 4. Colo. Rich gold-finds, yield-
ing at the rate of $120,000 per ton, are
struck in El Paso County.
Nov. 6. O. Wilmington is visited by a
tornado; loss, $100,000.
Nov. 11. Wis. Copper-ore is found
while grading streets in Sheboygan.
Nov. 14. N. Y. An oil portrait of
Ezra Cornell is unveiled in the Capitol
at Albany.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1893.
Oct. 28. Harrison, Carter, mayor of Chi-
cago, assassinated, A68.
Nov. 9. Farkman, Francis, historian, A70.
LETTERS.
1893 Oct. 28. Conn. The American
Inter-Seminary Alliance is in session
at New Haven.
Nov. 11. Chicago. John D. Rockefeller
has offered to give $500,000 to Chi-
cago University on condition that
$400,000 more be raised. [It is raised.]
Nov. 15. N.Y. The Rev. Dr. J. R. Day
of New York City is elected ChanceUor
of Syracuse University.
SOCIETY.
1893 Oct. 26. New York. A mass-
meeting under the auspices of the
New York Bar Association is held in
Cooper Union.
It denounces the candidacy of Isaac
H. Maynard for the chief judgeship of
the Court of Appeals. [Nov. 1. The
committee appointed by the meeting
issues an address urging all citizens to
reject Maynard at the polls.]
N. Y. The Bar Association of Buf-
falo holds an anti-Maynard mass-meet-
ing for the same purpose.
Oct. 28. Ark. J. V. Mitchell, clerk of
Faulkner, has disappeared with $10,000
in trust funds.
Chicago. Carter H. Harrison,
mayor of the city, is assassinated in his
own house by Patrick E. Prendergast.
[Oct. 29. Prendergast is committed.]
Minn. The Assembly passes a law
declaring that every public place used
as a pool-room is a public nuisance ;
that owners of buildings renting them
for pool-rooms and frequenters of such
places shall be guilty of misdemeanor,
and liable to fine or imprisonment.
Pa. The 2llth anniversary of the
landing of 'William Penn is celebrated
with impressive ceremonies on the spot
where the landing took place.
Oct. 30. New York. F. L. Mathes, su-
perintendent at the Postal-Telegraph
building, is shot by Thomas Bradley
for refusing to give him work.
A man is arrested for demanding
$5,000 from Edwin Gould at his office.
Oct. 31. Conn. No-license elections
suspend liquor-shops in East Hartford,
Manchester, and New Britain.
Nov. 1. Chicago. Columbian Guards,
Ferris Wheel' employees, and visitors
engage in a free fight in the Midway
Plaisance of the World's Fair. Cause,
the Ferris Wheel people refuse to stop
as directed by the Fair Directory.
N. Y. Counselor W. J. Gaynor ap-
plies for an order of court to compel the
authorities to permit a copy of regis-
tration-lists of Gravesend to be made
by his agents.
[Nov. 2. He finds it difficult to get a
copy ; the town has a population of a
little over 8,000, yet 6,218 names are said
to be registered. Nov. 3. The power of
the Supreme Court is defied at Graves-
end by John Y. McKane ; the copy of
the registry-list is refused. Nov. 4. War-
rants are issued against the election in-
spectors by Judge Cullen.]
New York. Five skilful forgers are
captured by city detectives after the
forgers have secured about $8,000 at the
Bank of the Manhattan Company.
Nov. 2. Minn. The Executive Land In-
vestigating Committee finds that the
State has been robbed of millions of
dollars' worth of lumber by some of its
most prominent citizens ; several of
them have, however, been compelled
to pay large sums for the lumber thus
illegally taken.
N. Y. The effort to have 1,200 iUe-
gally registered names stricken from
the registry-lists at Albany is practically
defeated in court.
Nov. 3. Chicago. A new trial is granted
Daniel Coughlin. accused of complicity
in the murder of Dr. Cronin. [Acquitted
Mar. 8, 1894.] (See Dec. 16, 1889.)
N. J. Judge Dixon sentences the
convicted members of the Board of
Freeholders at Paterson to 18 months'
imprisonment.
Nov. 4. Ga. Gov. Northen pardons
eight White Caps who were sentenced
to the chain-gang.
New Yo*-k. One bogus expressman
and five receivers of stolen goods are ar-
rested for victimizing express companies
of several hundred dollars' worth of
goods at express exchanges.
Nov. 5. N. Y. Twenty-two men sent to
Gravesend to copy registration-lists are
arrested by John Y. McKane, the
chief of police, at the head of a rough
crowd, and thrown into jail, charged
with vagrancy.
They are detained in jail, though any
amount of bail had been offered for their
release ; and also though they had man-
damuses issued by Supreme Court Judge
Cullen to secure copies of the registra-
tion-lists of that town.
[Nov. 6. Judge Cullen releases the
prisoners. Counselor Gaynor secures
an injunction from Judge Barnard re-
straining the Gravesend election officers
from interfering with watchers at the
polls. Nov. 7. As soon as Gaynor's
watchers arrive at Gravesend, McKane
and his backers seize, maltreat, and drive
them out of town ; no regard is paid to
the mandamus from Judge Barnard of
the Supreme Court, against any interfe-
rence, which each watcher has in his pos-
session. Nov. 9. A citizens' meeting is
held in the Academy of Music, Brooklyn,
to take steps toward the prosecution of
McKane for his conduct at Gravesend
before and during the late election. Nov.
13. Another mass-meeting is held for the
same purpose.]
Nov. 7. Miss. White Caps burn the
court-house at Brookhaven ; the Chan-
cery and Circuit Court records are a to-
tal loss, including about 75 indictments
pending against the White Caps.
N.J. Nine deputy-sheriffs are
shot and several others seriously injured
in an incipient riot at Camden.
Nov. 9. New York. A trusted clerk of
J. H. Jacquelin and Company is arrested
for stealing from $n,ooo to $50,000 from
his employers.
W. S. Patton, stock-broker, is arrested
for hypothecating bonds worth $60,000
placed in his trust..
Nov. 10. O. Treasurer M. T. Herrick
of the Society for Savings at Cleveland
has a desperate struggle with a man who
threatened to blow up the place with
dynamite if he did not at once give him
$50,000 in cash ; the outlaw escapes.
Minn. The liabilities of President L.
F. Menage of the insolvent Guaranty
Loan Company at Minneapolis are about
$1,000,000, made by systematic plunder-
ing of the company.
Nov. 11. Ky. Masked robbers stop a
train on the Illinois Central Railroad
and steal $7,000 from the express-car.
Nov. 12. Chicago. The anarchists
have a demonstration in memory of
Spies, Parsons, and the other executed
bomb-throwers.
Wis. Henry Talk confesses setting
fire to five places in Milwaukee.
Nov. 13. Ky. A negro's house at Bards-
town is blown up with dynamite ; the
crime is denounced by the citizens of the
town.
Phila. The General Assembly of the
Knights of Labor is held.
The General Executive Board is ac-
cused of having appropriated $30,000 to
the use of the order, instead of applying
it to the relief of strikers, for whom it is
alleged to have been contributed.
Nov. 14. N. Y. Edward M. Shepard is
appointed by Gov. Flower to aid in the
prosecution of men accused of election
frauds in Kings County, with full power
to act. [Dec. 7. The hearing ends.]
(See Dec. 14.)
Sheriff Beck makes damaging admis-
sions in the investigation of election
frauds in Buffalo.
Nov. 15. Chicago. James Prunty is
killed, and his son and daughter are both
wounded by burglars at their home.
John A. Drake, treasurer of the Indi-
ana, Illinois, and Iowa Railroad, is sand-
bagged, and robbed of $21,000, in his
office.
New York. The Board of Aldermen
begins canvassing the city vote ; it de-
cides to exclude watchers from occupy-
ing a position where the figures can be
seen ; notwithstanding this, one watcher
succeeds in seeing the sheets after they
are read, and files protests and notices
of contests, accompanhd by voters' af-
fidavits.
UNITED STATES.
1893, Oct. 25 -Nov. 15. 443
STATE.
1S93 Oct. 26. D. C. Congress; Sen-
ate: Messrs. Teller, Squire, and Stewart
continue the debate on the Repeal Bill ;
a joint resolution is passed providing for
the removal of derelicts by interna-
tional action ; the House continues the
discussion of the Bankruptcy Bill ; it
passes a joint resolution providing for
the printing of enrolled bills.
Oct. 27. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Messrs. Stewart, Jones, and Teller speak
against the Repeal Bill; William A.
Peffer of Kan. offers aii amendment to
the Voorhees substitute for the Repeal
Bill, providing for the free coinage of
silver ; it is defeated. Vote, 28-39 ; not
voting, 18.
Oct. 28. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate amendments to the Repeal Bill are
rejected, and the measure is reported by
the Committee of the "Whole ; speeches
are made by Senators Wolcott, Sher-
man, Gorman, and Voorhees ; notice is
given that a vote on the main bill will
be asked for at 2 o'clock on the 30th
inst.
Oct. 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate
substitutes the Voorhees Bill for the
Wilson Bill, and passes it. Vote, 43-32 ;
not voting, 10. It declares it to be the
policy of the United States to con-
tinue to coin both gold and silver:
Messrs. Cameron, Morgan, Jones of Ne-
vada, Stewart, and others speak against
the bill.
Oct. 31. D.C. Congress; Senate : The
New York and New Jersey Bridge
Bill is passed without a division ; in the
House the Repeal Bill is received from
the Senate.
Nov. 1. D.C. Congress; House: The
Silver Repeal Bill as amended by the
Senate is passed. Vote, 193-94 ; not vot-
ing, 66.
The President signs the bill, and it be-
comes effective.
Nov. 2. Chicago. Alderman G. B. Swift
is chosen by a Republican aldermanic
caucus as mayor pro tempore.
Nov. 3. D.C. Congress ; Senate : The
bill to amend the Chinese Exclusion Act
is passed ; in the House a resolution is
passed to pay employees during the
interval before the next session, but,
being amended by the Senate, it falls
through.
The Chinese Exclusion Bill is ap-
proved.
The 53d Congress; first session
closes.
Nov. 7. Eleven States hold elections.
The Democrats carry Virginia, Mary-
land, and Kentucky ; and the Republi-
cans, Massachusetts, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Ne-
braska, and South Dakota. Legislatures
only are chosen in Kentucky and New
Jersey.
Nov. 9. D.C. Ratifications of an extra-
dition treaty between the United States
and Norway are exchanged.
N. J. The Supreme Court of N. J.
declares the Gerrymander Act and the
County Excise Law, passed by the
Legislature, unconstitutional.
Nov. 10. D. C. A report by the Sec-
retary of State to the President, dated
Oct. 18, is published, suggesting that
the former government of Hawaii
be restored.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Oct. 23. Mich. A fire in De-
troit causes the loss of seven lives, and
destroys property valued at $800,000.
± The Vanderbilts secure control
of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and
Western Railroad.
Oct. 25. N. J. Four persons are killed
and three injured by a train collision
near Trenton.
Oct. 27. Chicago. Marshall Field offers
to give $1,000,000 to the Columbian
Memorial Museum on condition that
$500,000 in cash be subscribed to its en-
dowment fund, and that $2,000,000 of the
Exposition stock be transferred to its
trustees.
Paid admissions to the "World's Fair
for this day, 250,583.
Pa. A fire in Pittsburg destroys
property worth $1,000,000 ; several per-
sons are much injured.
Oct. 28. Chicago. More than 100 cities
in the United States are represented at
the "World's Fair by their mayors and
officials.
Oct. 30. Chicago. Close of the "World's
Columbian Exposition.
Oct. 31. Chicago. Mayor Carter Har-
rison's body lies in state in the City
Hall, and is viewed by thousands of citi-
zens.
Nov. 1. Cal. The Pacific Mail steamer
City of New York, which went ashore at
the Golden Gate, is abandoned.
Ore. An electric car goes through
an open drawbridge into the river at
Portland ; 20 lives are lost.
Nov. 2. New York. A boiler explo-
sion wrecks horse-car stables, killing
five men and injuring a dozen.
Ire. The Cunarder Campania arrives
at Queenstown, breaking the eastward
record by one hour and 20 minutes.
— - The Ward Line steamer City of Alex-
andria, from Havana to New York, is
reported burned at sea ; about 35 lives
are lost.
New York. The Cunard steamship
Lucania arrives, breaking the western
record by 29 minutes.
Nov. 5. III. Avestibuledtrainonthe
Illinois Central Railroad is ditched, it
is supposed by train robbers; the fire-
man is killed.
Mo. An attempt is made to blow up
with dynamite the dam near Sedalia,
at Water Oaks ; two gates are blown out.
N. J. Three whales are stranded
at Cape May.
Phila. The Old Liberty Bell is
returned from the World's Fair, and
restored to its place in Independence
Hall with impressive ceremony.
* * Chicago "World's Fair Statistics:
Cash Receipts.
Capital stock #5,604, 171.97
City of Chicago 5,000,000.00
Concession receipts 3,699,581.43
Interest 87,081.82
Gate receipts 10,626,230.76
Miscellaneous receipts .... 686,070.49
Souvenir coins and premiums . . 2,448,032.28
Total receipts #28,151,168.75
Summary op Expenditures.
Construction expenditures . . $18,322,622.56
General and operating expenses . 7,127,240.32
Preliminary organization . . . 90,674.97
Assets #2,698,291.01
Liabilities .... 87,660.11
Net Assets 2,610,630.90
Total expenditures . . . #28,151,168.75
Principal Expenditures.
Agriculture #740,655.55
Anthropology 217,638.65
Architecture 398,810.19
Art 801,444.68
Bridging 84,529.19
Ceremonies 333,663.88
Convent La Rabida 25,009.10
Coloring and decorating .... 388,284.31
Concession expenses 128,209.44
Dairy 110,770.16
Damages 197,146.82
Decorations 119,134.81
Donations and charities .... 27,996.17
Dredging 615,144.36
Electrical 1,911,857.04
Engineering, etc 218,229.03
Fencing 95,631.45
Finance 601,230.85
Fire protection 298,254.18
Fisheries 257,466.30
Foreign agents 168,898.17
Forestry 110,533.78
Furniture for buildings .... 125,774.55
Gate expenses 347,352.48
General expenses 1,294,565.92
Grounds 465,480.85
Horticulture and floriculture . . 456,628.25
Installation 387,950.81
Insurance 182,687.03
Janitors 378,038.42
Landscape gardening 551,448.45
Live stock 258,560.87
Machinery 2,786,684.91
Manufactures and liberal arts . . 1,890,198.65
Marine service 58,151.76
Medical and surgical 44,983.03
Mines and mining 327,575.56
Music 600,947.59
National agitation 87,807.56
Piers and breakwaters .... 600,449.11
Police protection 1,301,478.72
Preliminary organization . . . 90,674.97
Public comfort 150,404.23
Railway transportation .... 1,247,101.48
Roadways and sidewalks . . . 394,428.41
Sculpture 866,172.12
Shoe and leather '. . 111,062.13
Special attractions 125,760.75
Stable expenses 110,207.37
Superintendence and inspection . 292,690.30
Transportation exhibits .... 587,231.75
Viaducts 39,637.63
Water and sewage 1,122,770.44
Woman's building 141,032.55
World's congress auxiliary . . . 264,061.03
#25,540,537.79
Total attendance, 27,539,041.
Nov. 8. Chicago. Five people are killed
and 10 injured in a collision on the Rock
Island Railroad.
Nov. 9. O. Five persons are killed and
12 injured by a railroad accident.
Nov. 11. N. Y. The largest elevator
in the world is completed in Buffalo.
Nov. 13. Tenn. Several lives are lost
and property worth $500,000 is destroyed
by fire in Memphis.
Nov. 14. Chicago. L. Z. Leiter con-
tributes $100,000 to the Columbian
Museum Fund, conditioned upon its
being built and retained in Jackson
Park.
Oa. The Augusta Exposition is
formally opened ; a large procession of
military, civic bodies, and firemen takes
part in the proceedings.
444 189 3, Nov. 16 - Dec. 14.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Nov. 23±. The cruiser Colum-
bia's trial speed is 22.8 knots.
Nov. 29. D. C. The annual report of
the Secretary of War shows that the
Army of the United States (Sept. 30,
1893) consists of 2,144 officers and 25,778
enlisted men.
Dec. 5. Cal. The U. S. steamer Corwin
sails from San Francisco for Honolulu.
Dec. 7. The official trial of the cruiser
Marblehead takes place on Long Island
Sound ; her average speed proves to he
18.94 knots.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 Nov. 16. New York. The Society
of Naval Architects and Marine En-
gineers opens its convention.
Nov. 25. New York. A statue of Capt.
Nathan Hale is unveiled in City Hall
Park, a short distance from the spot
where he was hanged as a spy by the
British on Sept. 22, 1776.
Nov. 26. New York. Dr. Dawbarn of
the New York Polyclinic Hospital makes
a successful operation on a patient with
a fractured vertebra, with the pros-
pect of perfect recovery.
Dec. 6. D. C. A statue of Gen. James
Shields is unveiled in Statuary Hall, at
the Capitol in Washington.
Dec. 12. Mass. James A. Garland of
New York defrays the entire expense of
four series of art lectures at Harvard ;
he also presents to the University $25,000
worth of rare gems.
BIRTHS —DEATHS.
1893.
Nov. 16. Beers, William II., president N.Y.
Life Insurance Co., dies.
Nov. 18. Deems, Charles F., Meth. cler-
gyman, scholar, A73.
Nov. 21. Rusk, Jeremiah M., secretary
of agriculture, A63.
Nov. 22. Coleman, William T., head of
Cal. vigilance committee in 1856, A69.
Nov. 25. O'Neill, Charles, M. C. for Pa.,
A72.
Dec. 1 . Lilley, William, M. C. for Pa., A62.
Billings, Edward C, judge U. S. Court,
A64.
Dec. 2. Pope, Hamilton, brig.-gen. vols.,
A76.
Dec. 3. Lyman, Theodore B., P. E. bishop
of N. C, A78.
CHURCH.
1893 Nov. 17. Pope Leo's encyclical
enjoining upon Roman Catholics the
study of the Scriptures is made public.
Dec. 10. New York. Mohammedanism
makes a more open demonstration
in this country, a muezzin, or public
crier, making call to prayer in Union
Square.
Dee. 11. New York. The American
Sabbath Union is in session ; Rev. G.
S. Mott, acting president.
LETTERS.
1893 Nov. 28. Eng. The unveiling of
the memorial to James Russell Low-
eU in the Chapter House of Westmin-
ster Abbey takes place.
Dec. 6. Mass. The authorities of Har-
vard call the Annex Radclif f e CoUege,
after Ann Radcliffe, an Englishwoman
who contributed £100 to Harvard Col-
lege in 1643.
* * U. S. Number of newspapers pub-
lished, 20,015.
* * The Prince of India, by Lew Wallace,
appears.
* * The Great Remembrance and Other
Poems, by Richard Watson Gilder, ap-
pears.
* * The Army of Northern Virginia in
1862, by William Allan, appears.
SOCIETY.
1893 Nov. 16. Ind. Citizens of Clark
County organize to hunt down a gang
of burglars.
Viola Dietrick, the head of a gang of
women outlaws in Kokomo, is sen-
tenced to one year in the penitentiary.
Nov. 17. Chicago. Vigorous measures
are taken to rid the city of criminals.
Orders have been issued that every per-
son found in the streets between the
hours of 1 and 5 a.m. shall be stopped
by officers, not in uniform, and obliged
to give an account of themselves.
Several railroad companies are swin-
dled by counterfeit tickets to the amount
of $100,000 issued by scalpers.
New York. The decision against
W. R. Laidlaw in his suit for damages
received at the office of Russell Sage,
and in effect saving the latter from hurt
by the dynamite-bomb explosion caused
by Norcross is reversed, and a new trial
may be had.
N. Y. Gov. Flower addresses com-
munications to officials and others in Al-
bany and Kings County, urging them to
take part in the prosecution of persons
alleged to be guilty of electoral frauds.
Nov. 18. Chicago. The examining phy-
sicians in the case of Prendergast, the
assassin of Mayor Harrison, say he is
sane.
Nov. 19. Boston. Trainmen are at-
tacked by tramps armed with clubs and
stones ; car-windows are smashed, and
one man is injured.
N. J. All the train-hands of the lie-
high Valley road go on strike along the
main line of the road, though trains keep
running on the branches in the coal-
regions. [Nov. 25. The strike is practi-
cally broken ; at Wilkesbarre a regiment
of soldiers is ordered out.]
New York. Henry Karsten, under the
influence of drink, compels his wife to
drink carbolic acid, and the woman will
probably die.
Nov. 20. Ind. Four men are fired on
and one killed, while attempting to kid-
nap the 12-year-old daughter of Joseph
Kraft, a wealthy citizen of New Albany.
/. T. The "White Caps and Vigi-
lance Committees of the Cherokee Strip
are terrorizing " sooners," and claim and
lot jumpers, by threatening to hang them
if they return after being expelled.
Nov. 22. New York. Burglars make
a raid near Central Park, securing plun-
der of much value.
Nov 23. N.Y. The National Grange
of Patrons of Husbandry is in session
at Syracuse ; it demands the removal of
Secretary Morton of the Department of
Agriculture.
New York. John Y. McKane brings
suit for $100,000 against the New
York World, as representing the Press
Publishing Company, for libel ; but he
will withdraw the suit if the statements
are retracted. [It is not pressed.]
The German-American Union, formed
of German Cleveland Democrats, plans
the purification of the city govern-
ment.
Nov. 25. N. J. John Slidell and Ed-
ward Munn, two Princeton students,
are convicted of assaulting a Chinaman,
and attempting to burn off his cue with
a hot flat-iron.
N. Y. Chief of Police McGrane
and two police officers are arrested in
Albany, for interfering at the polls on
election day.
Nov. 26. Ind. Robber tramps are
beaten off in an attempt to hold up the
fast express-train on the Lake Shore
Road near Goshen.
Clinton Jordan of Seymour kills his
wife, sister-in-law, and their parents ;
he then kills himself.
Nov. 27. Ind. A large mass-meeting is
held at Terre Haute, to provide for rais-
ing funds to relieve distress among
the unemployed.
Phila. The Knights of Labor are
in session ; General Master Powderly's
resignation is accepted, and James R.
Sovereign is elected as his successor.
Nov. 28. III. Piano-tuner J. G. W.
Morrison of Springfield is stoned to
death by a mob near Winchester.
Nov. 29. New York. Police Captain
Devery is finally indicted by the grand
jury.
Dec. 1. Conn. The town of Danbury
votes $50,000 for the relief of the
locked-out hatters.
Dec. 4. Miss. The mayor of Hazle-
hurst is killed by Keeley Miller, who
had been convicted several times for
violating gambling-laws ; he is under
arrest for his latest crime.
New York. The League for the Pro-
tection of American Institutions is-
sues an address to the public.
O. Two clerks of the Lake Shore
road are arrested at Cleveland, charged
with wholesale forging of passes.
Dec. 5. Ind. The Fort Wayne grand
jury indicts the Fort Wayne Club offi-
cers and members for selling liquor with-
out license, for violating the eleven
o'clock closing law, and for Sabbath
desecration.
Dec. 6. O. The grand jury of Putnam
County finds indictments against ex-
Treasurer Crawfls and others for em-
bezzling $25,000 of the county funds.
Dec. 7. Chicago. Some 25,900 names,
out of a total of 57,000, upon investiga-
tion are found to be illegally registered
in the lodging-house districts.
Ind. Burglars steal $ 1 5 ,900 at the
noon hour from the South Bend National
Bank.
La. A verdict is given against the
city of New Orleans, for $5,000, in the
Mafia trouble. [Dec. 19. A second
verdict for $5,000.]
Dec. 8. New York. Dr. Parkhurst an-
nounces that the Society for the Pre-
vention of Crime will receive and help
all of the women driven from disorderly
houses who desire to reform.
UNITED STATES.
1893, Nov. 16-Dec. 14. 445
Dec. 10. Cal. The business manager
and the owner of the San Francisco Ex-
aminer have been indicted for violating
the Anti-Lottery law.
Chicago. Efforts are being made to
raise a fund of $1,000,000 to relieve
distress of the unemployed ; over 116,000
persons are out of work.
Dec. 11. N.Y. The Brooklyn Commis-
sion of Audit on the Columbian-stand
bills finds that, of the $11,700 paid,
$8,300.10 was overcharged.
Tex. An express-train is side-
tracked and robbed near Austin by seven
men, many passengers losing their valu-
ables.
Dec. 12. Chicago. A. S. Robertson,
wholesale stamps-department cashier,
is found bleeding and unconscious in
his office ; $7,000 in packages are miss-
ing.
N. J. A den of robbers is discov-
ered in the woods near Hackensack,
with a large stock of stolen property.
Dec. 13. New York. The books of N.
J. Schloss and Co., upon investigation,
are found to have been falsified by the
clerk to the extent of $1,000,000.
Dec. 14. Cal. Chris Evans, the out-
law, is found guilty of murder, and sen-
tenced to imprisonment for life.
New York. The Union League Club
resolves to pledge support to an anti-
Tammany Hall movement.
N.Y. Judge Barnard adjudges John
Y. McKane, Justice Newton, and three
election inspectors guilty of contempt
of court, and sentences them to be im-
prisoned for 30 days and pay a fine of
$250.
[Dec. 16. Justice Cullen issues an or-
der in the McKane case to show cause
why a stay pending appeal should not
be granted. Dec. 18. An extraordinary
Court of Oyer and Terminer opens in
Brooklyn to try the Queen's County
election cases, by order of Gov. Flower ;
Justice Cullen presides.]
STATE.
1893 Nov. 17. Cal. Instructions from
Washington are received at San Fran-
cisco that Chinese registration is to
begin Dec. 20.
Nov. 20. D. C. Secretary Gresham
makes public the correspondence be-
tween Commissioner Blount and the
State Department in the Hawaiian
matter.
Nov. 24. W. P. Alexander of Hawaii
makes a reply to Mr. Blount's report.
Phila. The Commercial Exchange
by resolution protests against the im-
position of an income tax.
Nov. 27. D. C. The proposed new-
Tariff Bill, prepared by the Ways and
Means Committee, is made public.
Nov. 29. D. C. President Cleveland ap-
points John R. Proctor of Ky. on the
Civil Service Commission, vice G. D.
Johnston, removed.
Ex-Minister John L. Stevens issues
a statement intended as an answer to
the report of Commissioner Blount.
Dec. 1. D. C. The public debt state-
ment shows a deficit for the current
year of $75,000,000.
Dec. 2. Chicago. The Democrats nomi-
nate John P. Hopkins for mayor as
successor to Carter B. Harrison ; the
Republicans nominate George B. Swift.
Dec. 3. D. C. The annual report of the
Controller of the Currency is made pub-
lic.
The total amount of bank-notes in
circulation on Oct. 3t was $209,311,393,
being a net increase during the year 01
$36,886,972.
Colo. "Woman Suffrage is carried
by 6,347 majority; Gov. Waite accord-
ingly issues a proclamation giving
women the right to vote at all elections
in the State.
Dec. 4. D. C. The 53d Congress ; the
second and regular session opens at
noon.
Kan. Gov. Lewelling addresses a
letter to the Boards of Police Commis-
sioners in all cities of the first class, in-
structing them not to enforce the statute
providing for the sentence of vagrants
to work on the streets and rock-pile, as-
serting that the law is unconstitutional.
Dec. 5. D. C. Congress: The House
resumes debate on the Bankruptcy Bill
providing for a uniform system of bank-
ruptcy.
Dec. 6. D. C. Congress : The Senate,
by resolution, calls upon President
Cleveland for all correspondence in
the Hawaiian matter.
Dec. 7. D.C. Congress ; Senate : D.
B. Hill of N. Y. gives notice that on the
11th inst. he will call up the House Bill
for the repeal of the Federal Elec-
tions Laws.
N. Y. The General Term of the Su-
preme Cgurt at Albany decides that the
State Board of Canvassers of 1891 was
in contempt of court for canvassing the
Mylod return of the Dutchess County
Senatorial election ; for aiding in can-
vassing this return Judge Maynard was
denounced by the Bar Association of
New York City, at the last election.
Dec. 8. D. C. Congress ; In the House
the Bankruptcy Bill is defeated. Vote,
111-142.
N. T. Justice Sutherland of Coney
Island is ordered to show cause why he
should not be removed from office for
alleged violations of the election law.
Dec. 11. B.C. Congress; Senate:
George F. Hoar of Mass. introduces a
resolution of inquiry whether any per-
son whose name has not been submitted
to the Senate has been appointed since
the 4th day of March, 1893, to represent
the United States in the Hawaiian
Islands ; in the House a bill to abolish
postal notes is introduced.
Ga. The Legislature declares in fa-
vor of the free coinage of silver.
Dec. 12. D. C. Congress; the Ways
and Means Committee completes its
revision of the tariff ; all Republican
amendments are voted down.
Dec. 13. D. C. Congress; In the
House Mr. Hill's resolution calling for
information in regard to Hawaii is
unanimously adopted ; a bill for the ad-
mission of Utah as a State is passed.
The bill conditions its admission on
anti-polygamy action and other terms.
N. Y. The State Board of Canvassers
canvasses the vote for State officers ;
the Republicans have a majority of 41 in
the Constitutional Convention.
Dec. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate : D.
W. Voorhees of Ind. introduces a bill to
coin the seigniorage in the Treasury,
and to renew silver-bullion purchases
and silver coinage at the rate of $2,000,-
000 a month ; in the House a bill admit-
ting Arizona to the Union as the 46th
State is passed. Vote, 185-60.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Nov. 17+. Chicago. World's
Fair assets are shrinking at the rate of
$10,000 a day ; the contractors are cart-
ing away the property which the man-
agers expected to sell to raise money to
pay stockholders.
Nov. 18. N. Y. On the Erie Canal a
successful test of an electric canal-boat
is made.
Nov. 22. Mass. Several blocks of build-
ings are destroyed by fire at Springfield ;
loss, $1,000,000.
Nov. 23. Mich. A fire in Detroit
causes the loss of seven lives ; property
loss, $800,000.
Freight-trains are moved at vari-
ous points on the Lehigh Valley Rail-
road, notwithstanding the strike.
Nov. 24. Ga. The Southern Asso-
ciated Press unites with the reorganized
Press Association at its annual meeting
at Augusta, paying by contract to the
latter $20,000 for its news.
Nov. 28. N. Y. A four-masted schooner
is ashore near Bellport, Long Island,
with the crew as well as the captain and
his wife and son lashed in the rigging ;
life-savers are powerless to help.
Nov. 29. New York. The Rapid Tran-
sit Commission agrees upon a West
Side route. [Dec. 4. It adopts an East
Side route.]
Mills and factories are shutting down
or reducing wages because of the threat-
ened tariff changes.
Dec. 4. V. Y. Locomotive works at
Rome are destroyed by fire ; loss,
$500,000.
Dec. 5. N. J. The old Iron Pier at
Long Branch, built at a cost of
$200,000, is storm-wrecked.
Dec. 5. fa. The Crystal Ridge Mine,
near Hazelton, in which several men are
imprisoned, is burning.
Dec. 6. Mass. The steamer Jason is
wrecked off Cape Cod ; 20 lives are lost.
Va. The Steam Engineering Build-
ing at Norfolk is burned ; loss, $250,000.
Dec. 8. D. C. Over 50 bond and invest-
ment companies throughout the country
are denied postal privileges by the
Washington authorities.
The reorganization committee of the
Nicaragua Canal Construction Com-
pany reports a plan providing for a new
company to absorb the old one.
Dec. 9. Mo. St. Louis suffers from a
water-famine.
A four-train collision occurs on
the Northern Pacific Railroad between
Boulder and Jefferson City ; the prop-
erty loss is heavy.
Dec. 10. N. J. Several mills and fac-
tories at Paterson and Passaic close,
and large numbers of employees are
thrown out of work.
446 1893, Dec. 15.-**.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Dec. 19. The cruisers San
.Francisco and New York are ordered to
proceed to Rio de Janeiro as soon as
possible, in order to notify Adm. Mello
that he must not interfere with United
States merchant-vessels while loading
or unloading cargoes. [Dec. 20. The
Miantonomoh and Bennington are also
ordered to follow.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 Dec. 17. N. Y. A freshet at
Buffalo causes a property loss of $100,000,
and drives 2,500 people from their homes.
Dec. 27. Conn. The 12th annual meet-
ing of the American Society of Natur-
alists opens at Yale.
Dec. * During the last three months 25
asteroids have been discovered by the
photographic process.
* * Boston. A statue of Columbus is
unveiled.
* * New York. Robert Blum of New York
is elected a member of the National
Academy of Design.
* * Pa. Many monuments are dedicated
on the Gettysburg battle-field during
the year.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1893.
Dec. 16. Black, James, first prohibition
candidate for President of U. S., A 70.
Dec. 31. Wheeler, Nathaniel, sewing-ma-
chine inventor, A73.
CHURCH.
1893 Dec. 27. It. The offering of Pe-
ter's Pence since the beginning of Pope
Leo's jubilee amounts to $4,900,000.
Dec. * U. S. The Epworth League of
the Methodist Episcopal Church reports
10,972 chapters and 650,000 members.
* * la. — N. Dak. TJniversalist State Con-
ventions are organized.
* * 111. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ;
James Bruce, moderator.
* * The Catholic Benevolent Legion
reports 32,000 members, and $4,272,356 in
disbursements since its organization in
1881.
* * New York. The Brotherhood of
Philip and Andrew holds its first fed-
eral convention.
It is composed of members of four
Evangelical denominations : the Re-
formed Church in America, the Reformed
Church in the United States, the Con-
gregational Church, and the Presbyte-
rian Church. It aims to Christianize
young men, and reports 130 chapters and
3,536 members.
* * Vt. The Universalist State Conven-
tion is organized for Vermont and the
Province of Quebec.
LETTERS.
1893 * * The Aim of Japan, by Rev. John
Batchelor, appears.
* * The Influence of Sea-Power upon the
French Revolution and Empire — 1793-
1812, by Capt. A. T. Mahan, U. S. N.,
appears.
* * Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, by
Henry C. Whitney, appears.
* * The Dawn of Italian Independence, by
William R. Thayer, appears.
* * The Campaign of Waterloo, by John
Codman Ropes, appears.
* * Susy : A Story of the Plains, by Bret
Harte, appears.
* * The Chosen Valley, by Mary Hallock
Foote, appears.
* * From Dusk to Dawn, by Katherine
Woods, appears.
* * First Days Among the Contrabands, by
Elizabeth H. Botume, appears.
* * Division and Reunion, 1829-1889, by
Woodrow Wilson, appears.
* * The Realm of Music, by Louis C.
Elson, appears.
* * The Children of a King, by F. Marion
Crawford, appears ; also Pietro Ghisleri.
* * How to Know the Wild Flowers, by
William Star Dana, appears.
* * Katherine North, by Maria Louise
Pool, appears.
* * Prisoners and Paupers, by Henry M.
Boies, appears.
* * The French War and the Revolution,
by William M. Sloane, appears.
* * From Chattanooga to Petersburg under
Generals Grant and Butler, by William
F. Smith, appears.
* * Abraham Lincoln, by John J. Morse,
Jr., appears.
* * Ventilation and Heating, by John S.
Billings, appears.
* * The Arctic Problem, by Angelo Heil-
prin, appears.
SOCIETY.
1893 Dec. 16. Chicago. Samuel
Gompers is reelected president of the
American Federation of Labor.
Dec. 17. N.J. Relief measures are
taken in Passaic, and coal-stations are
established in Paterson, in aid of the
unemployed.
New York. The licensed push-cart
venders are circulating a protest ad-,
dressed to Mayor Gilroy against being
required to ■• tip " policemen in order
to make a livelihood.
Dec. 22. Fla. Gov. Mitchell an-
nounces that he will use every means to
prevent the Corbett-MitcheU prize-
fight at Jacksonville.
[Dec. 28. The two pugilists are ar-
rested at Jacksonville to test the valid-
ity of the State law against glove-fights.]
Dec. 26. Nero York. Eight more arrests
are made for election frauds ; this makes
80 men now under indictment.
Dec. 27. New York. Dr. Parkhurst
gives testimony before the extraordi-
nary grand jury on the charges against
Police Inspector Williams.
* * U. S. Numerous benevolent and
social organizations report the num-
ber of their members and disbursements
of benefits.
The Ancient Order of Foresters : mem-
bers in America, 30,428 ; total members,
115,000; benefits, $991,832.
The Ancient Order of Hibernians of
America : 100,000 members, and $439,542
in disbursements during the last fiscal
year.
The Ancient Order of United Work-
men : members in America, 325,000 ;
benefits, $6,015,021 ; total benefits, $49,-
405,900.
The Brotherhood of Railroad Train-
men : numbers, 25,000 ; total benefits,
$1,671,983.
The Benevolent and Protective Order
of Elks : numbers in the United States,
about 35,000 ; total benefits, $500,000+.
The Catholic Knights of America :
members, 24,000 ; benefits, $636,917 ; total
benefits, $5,179,300.
The Catholic Mutual Benefit Associa-
tion : members, 38,000 ; total benefits,
$3,650,000.
The Catholic Benevolent Legion:
members, 32,000; benefits, $795,500 ; total
benefits, $4,272,356.
Equitable Aid Union : members, 37,-
460; benefits, $914,424; total benefits,
$5,416,824.
The Freemasons : 722,333 members in
the United States and British America.
The Fraternity of Modern Woodmen :
members, 85,312 ; benefits, $695,000 ; total
benefits, $2,854,000.
The Home Circle : members, 7,000 ;
benefits, $145,000 ; total benefits, $1,-
250,000.
The Fraternal Mystic Circle: mem-
bers, 13,000 ; benefits, $128,994 ; total
benefits, $501,328.
The Improved Order of Heptasophs
report 15,217 members, $173,000 in bene-
fits distributed during the last fiscal
year, and $1,012,000 since organization in
1878.
The Independent Order of Rechabites :
members in America, 2,360.
The Improved Order of Red Men :
members, 133,632 ; degree of Pocahontas,
19,918; total, 153,500; total benefits,
$13,000,000. •
Independent Order of B'nai B'rith :
members, 30,000; total benefits, $37,605,-
744.
The Junior Order of United American
Mechanics : members, 175,000 ; benefits,
$289,790; total benefits, $1,220,338.
The Knights and Ladies of Honor :
73,000 members, and $7,033,411 benefits
distributed since organization.
Knights of Honor : members, 129,128 ;
total benefits, $40,423,392.
Knights of the Maccabees : members,
96,338 ; total benefits, $1,869,541.
The Independent Order of Odd Fel-
lows : 746,484 members.
The National Provident Union : mem-
bers, 7,000 ; benefits, $167,000 ; total bene-
fits, $851,950.
The National Union : members, 44,-
678; benefits, $745,000; total benefits,
$3,680,448.
The New England Order of Protec-
tion : members, 14,996 ; benefits, $133,000 ;
total benefits, $558,000.
The United Order of Pilgrim Fathers :
members, 15,690; total benefits, $1,-
153,000.
The Order of the Golden Chain : 8,500
members, and $1,196,514 in disburse-
ments since organization in 1881, and
$223,384 during the last fiscal year.
The Order of Chosen Friends : mem-
bers, 41,274; benefits, $1,019,500; total
benefits, $7,936,450.
The Order of Scottish Clans : mem-
bers, 4,027; benefits, $71,5Q0 ; total bene-
fits, $327,974.
The Order of United American Me-
chanics : members, 50,464.
The Order of United Friends : mem-
bers, 20,164 ; benefits, $495,121 ; total
benefits, $3,429,999.
UNITED STATES.
1893, Dec. 15-**. 447
The Royal Society of Good Fellows :
11,055 members, and $1,540,312 disburse-
ments since organization.
The Royal Templars of Temperance :
members, 27,311; benefits, $139,742 ; total
benefits, $5,479,762.
The United Order of the Golden
Cross : 20,257 members ; benefits during
last fiscal year, $327,431 ; total benefits,
$2,787,563.
The 'Woodmen of the World : mem-
bers, 23,000; benefits, $162,000; total
benefits, $385,000.
STATE.
1893 Dec. 15. D. C. Congress;
House : A bill admitting New Mexico
as a State is favorably reported from the
Committee of the "Whole. [June 28, 1894,
amended and passed.]
Dec. 18. D. C. Congress: A message
from the President on Hawaii is read
in both Houses ; Senate : The bill to
admit Arizona is referred to the Com-
mittee on Territories. [Aug. 3. Reported
back with amendment.]
Dec. 19. D. C. Congress: In the
House, C. A. Boutelle of Me. moves im-
mediate consideration of his resolution
on Hawaii ; the motion is fiercely con-
tested and defeated ; the "Wilson Tar-
iff Bill to reduce taxation and provide
revenue is introduced. [Jan. 8±. De-
bated 45 times before the House ; Feb. 1.
Amended and passed.]
It puts on the free list raw sugar,
wool, coal, lumber, and iron ore ; it re-
duces the high-tariff duties on many ar-
ticles, but recognizes the principle of
protection.
Dec. 20. D. C. Congress : The annual
report of the Secretary of the Treas-
ury is sent to the Senate and House.
After its reception both Houses of
Congress adjourn until Jan. 3.
Mr. Carlisle estimates that there will
he a deficit of $28,000,000 at the end of
the present fiscal year, and asks for
authority to issue $200,000,000 of bonds
to meet that deficit and maintain the
coin reserve ; in the House the New
York and New Jersey Bridge Bill, as
amended in the Senate, is passed ; the
minority report of the Committee on the
Wilson Tariff Bill is presented.
Dec. 21. Chicago. John P. Hopkins
(Dom.) is elected mayor ; plurality, 1290.
Dec. 28. U. S. A large number of pe-
titions adverse to the Wilson Tariff
Bill are receiving many signatures.
Dec. 31. D. C. The opinion of Justice
Harlan of the Bering Sea Court of
Arbitration is made public.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated :
-97 * * Ariz. Louis C. Hughes (Dem.).
-95 * * Ark. Win. M. Fishback (Dem.).
-95 * * Colo. Davis H. "Waite (Silver).
-95* * Conn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.).
-95 * * Ida. Wm. J. McConnell (Rep.)
-97* * III. John B. Altgeld (Dem.).
-97 * * Ind. Claud Matthews (Dem.).
-95 * * Me. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.).
-95 * * Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.).
-95 * * Minn. Knute Nelson (Rep.).
-97 * * Mo. "William J. Stone (Dem.).
-95 * * Mont. John E. Rickards (Rep.).
-95 * * JV. H. John B. Smith (Rep.).
-96 * * N.J. George T. Werts (Dem.).
-97 * * JV. C. Elias Carr (Dem.).
-97* * N.Mex.(Ter.). W.T.Thornton
(Dem.).
-95 * * JV. Dak. Eli C. D. Shortridge
(Silver).
-95* *S.Dak. C. H. Sheldon (Rep.).
-97 * * Utah. Caleb "W. "West (Dem.).
-97 * * Wash. John H. McGraw (Rep.).
-97 * * W. Va. "W. A. MacCorkle (D.).
-97 * * Wyo. John E. Osborne (Dem.).
* * D. C. Principal department offi-
cers of the Federal Government, the
ambassadors, ministers, and envoys to
foreign countries. All appointments
were made in 1893, except as noted.
State Department. — Edwin F. Uhl, of Mich.,
Ass't Sec. ; A. A. Adee, of D. C. (1882), Sec-
ond Ass't Sec. ; W. W. Rockhill, of N. Y.
[1894], Third Ass't Sec.
Treasury Department. — W. E. Curtis, of
N. Y., Charles S. Hamlin, of Mass., Scott
Wike, of 111., Ass't Sees. ; R. 15. Bowler, of
O., Compt. of Treas. ; Charles H. Mansur, of
Mo. [1894], Ass't Compt. ; J. M. Conistock,
of N. Y., Chief Customs Div. Auditors:
E. P. Baldwin, of Md., Treas. ; T. Stobo
Farrow, of S. C, War Dept. ; Sain'l Black-
well, of Ala., Int'r Dept. ; Chas. B. Morton,
of Me., Navy Dept. ; Thos. Holcomb, of Del.,
Slate, etc. ; G. A. Howard, of Tenn., P. 0.
Dept. Daniel N. Morgan, of Ct., Treas. of
U. S. ; James F. Meline, of O., Ass't Treas. ;
James F. Tillman, of Tenn., Register of
Treasury; James N. Eckels, of 111., Compt.
of Currency; Jos. S. Miller, of W. Va.,
Com. Internal Revenue; E. T. Chamber-
lain, of N. Y., Com. of Navigation ; Robt.
T. Hough, of O., Solicitor Internal Revenue ;
Robert E. Preston, of D. C, Director of
Mint; Walter Wyman (1890), of Mo., Su-
pervising Surg. -Gen. of the Marine Hospi-
tal Service; J. A. Dumont, of N. Y. (1876),
Supv. Insp.-Gen. Steam Ves. ; C. Johnston,
of Ky., C'h. Bur. Eng. and Printing.
War Department. — Joseph B. Doe, of Wis.,
Ass't Sec; Gen. George D. Ruggles, Adj.-
Gen. ; Brig.-Gen. Joseph C. Breckinridge,
of Ky. (1889), Insp.-Gen. ; Brig.-Gen. Rich-
ard N. Batchelder, of N. H. (1890), Q. M. G. ;
Brig.-Gen. Michael R. Morgan [1894], Com.
Gen. ; Brig.-Gen. George M. Sternberg,
Surg.-Gen. ; Brig.-Gen. William Smith, of
Vt. (1890), P. M. G.; Brig.-Gen. Thomas L.
Casey, of R. I. (1888), Chief of Engineers;
Brig.-Gen. Daniel W. Flagler, of N. Y.
(1891), Chief of Ordnance; Col. Guido N.
Lieber, of N. Y. (1884), Judge Adv.-Gen.;
Brig.-Gen. Adolphus W. Greely, of La. (1887),
Chief Signal Officer.
Navy Department. — William McAdoo, of
N. J., Ass't Sec. Chiefs of Bureaus:
Com. E. O. Matthews [1894], Yards and
Docks; Rear-Adm. Francis M. Ramsay
(1889), Navigation; Capt. W. T. Sampson,
Ordnance; Paymaster-Gen. Edwin Stewart,
of N. Y. (1890), Supplies and Accounts;
Surg.-Gen. J. Rufus Tryon, Medicine; Philip
Hichborn, Construction ; Commander F. E.
Chadwick, Equipment. Gedrge W. Melville,
of Pa. (1887), Engineer-in- Chief ; Capt. Sam-
uel C. Lemley (1892), Judge Adv.-Gen. ; Col.
Chas. Heywood (1891), Commandant of Ma-
rine Corps.
Post-Office Department. — Frank H. Jones,
of 111., First Ass't P. M. G. ; Charles Neil-
son, of Md. [1894], Second Ass't P. M. G.;
Kerr Craige, of N. C, Third Ass't P. M. G. ;
John L. Thomas, of Mo., Ass't Atty.-Gen. ;
N. M. Brooks, of Pa., Supt. Foreign Mails ;
Edward M. Gadsden, of Ga., Supt. Money-
Order; Jas. E. White, of 111., (1890), Gen.
Supt. Railway M. S. ; Bernard Goode, of
Mich., Supt. Dead Letter Office; M. D.
Wheeler, Chief P. 0. Inspector.
Interior Department. — William H. Sims, of
Miss., First Ass't Sec. ; J. M. Reynolds, of
Pa., Ass't Sec. Commissioners: S. W.
Lamoreaux, of Wis., Land Office; William
Lochren, of Minn., Pensions; Daniel M.
Browning, of 111., Ind. Affairs; John S.
Seymour, of Ct., Patents ; W. T. Harris, of
Mass., Education ; Wade Hampton, of S. C,
Railroads. C. D. Wright, of Mass. (acting)
Supt. of Census ; Chas. D. Walcott, of N. Y.,
Director of Geol. Surv.
Department of Justice. — Lawrence Max-
well, Jr., of O., Solicitor-Gen. ; Edward B.
Whitney, of N. Y., Holmes Conrad, of Va.,
Joshua E. Dodge, of Mass., Charles B.
Howry, of Miss., John I. Hall, of Ga., John
L. Thomas, of Mo., Assistants.
Department of Agriculture. — Charles W.
Dabney, Jr., of Tenn. [1894], Ass't Sec. ; M.
W. Harrington, of Mich. (1882), Chief
Weather Bureau.
^Government Printing1 Office. — T. E. Bene-
dict, of N. Y. [1894], Gov't Printer.
Department of Labor. — Carroll D. Wright,
of Mass. (1888).
Librarian of Congress. — Ainsworth R. Spof-
fordof O. (1865).
Government Directors in the Union Pa-
cific K. R. Company. — E. Ellery Ander-
son, of N. Y. ; J. W. Doane, of 111. ; Fitz-
hugh Lee, of Va. ; J. W. Paddock, of Neb.
Civil Service Commissioners. — Charles Ly-
man, of Conn. ; Theodore Roosevelt, of
N. Y. ; J. R. Proctor, of Ky.
Interstate Commerce Commission. — Wm.
R. Morrison, of 111., Chairman ; James D.
Yeomans, of la. ; Judson C. Clements, of
Ga. ; Martin A. Knapp, of N. Y. ; Wheelock
G. Veazey, of Vt.
Ambassadors. — James B. Eustis, at Paris ;
Theodore Runyon, at Berlin ; Thomas F.
Bayard, at London ; Wayne MacVeagh, at
Rome.
Ministers Plenipotentiary. — W. J. Bu-
chanan, at Buenos Ayres ; Bartlett Tripp,
at Vienna ; James S. Ewing, at Brussels ;
Thomas Moonlight, at La Paz ; Thomas L.
Thompson, at Rio de Janeiro ; James D.
Porter, at Santiago; Charles Denby (1885),
at Peking ; Luther F. McKinney, at Bogota ;
Lewis Baker, at Managua ; John E. Risley,
at Copenhagen ; E. H. Strobel [1894], at
Quito ; Eben Alexander, at Athens ; P. M.
B. Young, at Guatemala ; A. S. Willis, at
Honolulu ; Edwin Dun, at Tokio ; Isaac P.
Gray, at City of Mexico ; W. E. Quinby, at
The Hague; Granville Stuart [1894], at
Montevideo ; James A. McKenzie, at Lima ;
George W. Caruth, at Lisbon ; Clifton R.
Breckinridge [1894], at St. Petersburg ; Han-
nis Taylor, at Madrid ; Thomas B. Ferguson
[1894], at Stockholm ; James O. Broadhead,
at Berne ; Alexander W. Terrell, at Con-
stantinople ; S. Haselton [1894], at Caracas.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Dec. 15. Ky. More than 20 work-
men are killed by the fall of part of a
bridge in course of erection across the
Ohio River at Louisville.
JV. Y. A train falls through a tres-
tle near Dunkirk ; 11 persons are killed.
Dec. 17. Great distress is reported
among the unemployed and their
families in Brooklyn and places in New
Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Dec. 23. Pa. The Homestead iron-works
are closed indefinitely ; 3,800 are out of
work.
JV. Y. A large right whale is
caught and killed near Southampton,
Long Island.
Dec. 28. Tex. A block of mercantile
houses in Hillsboro is burned ; loss,
$275,000.
Dec. 30. JV. F. The plant of the Onon-
daga Iron Company in Syracuse, which
cost $400,000, is sold by the sheriff for
$41,000.
Dec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1893.
Production: Gold, $35,955,000; silver,
$77,575,757 ; bushels of grain : Indian
corn, 1,619,496,131; wheat, 395,131,725;
oats, 638,854,850 ; barley, 69,869,495 ; rye,
26,555,446 ; buckwheat, 12,132,311 ; bales
of cotton, 6,717,142 ; pounds of wool,
303,000,000 ; barrels of petroleum, 48,412,-
666. Currency in circulation, $1,596,701,-
245 ; per capita, $23.85. Immigrants re-
ceived (fiscal year) 502,917. Fire-waste,
$167,544,370 ; insurance loss, $105,994,577.
Total railroad accidents, 2,307 ; 7.346
persons are klled and 40,393 injured (year
ending June 30).
448 1893, * *-1894, Jan. 24.
AMERICA :
ARMY -NAVY.
1894 Jan. 18. The official trial board
of the new unarmored cruiser Olym-
pia announces her speed at 21.69 knots.
Jan. 21+. The speed made by the un-
armored cruiser Montgomery on her
trial run is 19.056 knots an hour.
Jan. 23. D. C. Com. John George
Walker is promoted rear-admiral U. S. N.
[Also Apr. 11. Com. Francis M. Ram-
say. Nov. 11. Com. Charles C. Carpen-
ter.]
Commander Henry Glass is promoted
captain U. S. N. [Also Apr. 11. Com-
mander Philip H. Cooper. Apr. 16.
Commander Henry C. Taylor. July 10.
Commander George H. Wadleigh. July
21. Commander A. S. Crowninshield.
July 31. Commander Frank Wildes.
Sept. 7. Commander James H. Sands.
Sept. 16. Commander Yates Stirling.
Not. 11. Commander William C. Wise.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Jan. 1. Cal. A memorial in
honor of the landing of Sir Francis
Drake on the Pacific coast is unveiled
in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.
Jan. 3. N. Y. A large coal-deposit
is found at Thod Bottom, Delaware
County.
Jan. 20. Kan. A party of 10 men from
Winnipeg are killed by an avalanche in
the Rocky Mountains.
Tex. A hurricane at Dallas destroys
property valued at $100,000.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Jan. 2. Potter, Orlando B., capitalist, A71.
Wheeler, H. H., president American Dis-
trict Telephone Co., A56.
Craig, Oscar, president State Board of
Charities, A58.
McNierney, F., R. C. bp. of Albany, A66.
Jan. 3. Sanger, A. L., president Board of
Education, A52.
Clarkson, Lloyd, officer of G. A. R., A63.
Jan. 5. Singer, Otto, music-teacher, com-
poser, A61.
Jan. 10. Bolles, Frank, secretary of Har-
vard University, dies.
Fairfax, Donald McNiell, rear-adm.
TJ. S. N., A70.
Jan. 15. Losse, W., lawyer, jurist, A7I.
Jan. 16. Beardsley, Nelson, president Cay-
uga Bank, N. Y., for 54 years, A86.
Jan. 19. Gaston, William L., lawyer, Gov.
of Mass., A74.
Jan. 20. Shafer, Helen, pres. of Wellesley
College, A54.
CHURCH.
1894 Jan. 21. New York. A small
portion of a bone of the Blessed Brother
Gerard is exhibited in one of the
churches ; it is venerated and kissed by
many Roman Catholics.
LETTERS.
1893 * * Voodoo Tales as Told Among
the Negroes of the Southwest, by Mary
A. Owen, appears.
* * Hypnotism, Mesmerism, and the New
Witchcraft, by Ernest Hart, M.D., ap-
pears.
* * The New Era, by Josiah Strong, ap-
pears.
* * The Silver Situation in the United
States, by F. W. Taussig, appears.
* * Major-General Wayne, by Charles J.
Stille, appears.
* * The Meaning and Method of Life, by
George M. Gould, appears.
* * A New England Boyhood, by Edward
Everett Hale, appears.
* * A House-Hunter in Europe, by William
Henry Bishop, appears.
* * Science and a Future Life, by Frederic
W. H. Myers, appears.
* * The People's Money, by William L.
Trenholm, appears.
* * Many Inventions, by Rudyard Kip-
ling, appears.
* * English History for American Readers,
by Thomas W. Higginson and Edward
Channing, appears.
* * Louis Agassiz, by Charles F. Holder,
appears.
* * Thomas Jefferson, by James Schouler,
appears.
* * General George H. Thomas, by Donn
Piatt, appears.
* * General Greene, by Francis Vinton
Greene, appears.
* * Twenty Years at Sea, by Frederick
D. Thompson, appears.
* * General Johnston, (Joseph E.), by
Robert M. Hughes, appears.
* * The Gilded Man, by A. F. Bandelier,
appears.
* * The Arctic Journal, by Robert E.
Peary, appears.
1894 Jan. 5. New York. The New
York State Art Teachers' Association
is in session in Art Association Hall.
Jan. 12. R. I. President Andrews of
Brown University declines an offer
of the co-presidency of the University
of Chicago.
Jan. 19. Mass. Biarvard defeats Yale
in the joint debate at Cambridge.
SOCIETY.
1894 Jan. 1. Boston. The Knights of
Labor enter a protest against the low
rate of wages — $1.50 a day — paid by the
Citizens' Relief Committee to the men
employed by.it.
Jan. 3. Chicago. It is announced that
W. Campbell, president of the Illinois
Electrical Forging Company, has disap-
peared, and $215,000 are also missing.
O. Burglars at Kenton torture an
old man by burning his feet with hot
irons to make him tell where his money
is secreted ; they secure about $100 in
money and valuables.
Jan. 4. New York. Dr. Parkhurst's so-
ciety issues a statement of its efforts to
secure the indictment of Police Inspector
Williams and Capt. Schmittberger, and
the evidence in the cases. (See Sept. 11.)
Jan. 6. New York. W. H. Grimm is sen-
tenced to Sing Sing prison for four years
and six months for marrying four wives
— all are now living.
Jan. 7. Chicago. By order of Chief of
Police Brennan, all the gambling-houses
are closed.
Ky. White Caps terrorize three
counties ; one man is killed and many
severely whipped.
Mich. C. W. Leggett of Ganges is seri-
ously injured by opening a box received
by mail which proves to be an infernal
machine.
Jan. 9. Cal. A gigantic smuggling
ring, employing three vessels in its
operations, is discovered at San Fran-
cisco ; several arrests are made.
N. Y. John Y. McKane and his
associates decline to plead in Brooklyn,
and their counsel move to quash the
indictments against them. [Jan. 11.
Denied by Judge Bartlett. Jan. 12.
McKane pleads " not guilty " to several
indictments.]
Jan. 10. Mo. Five masked men stop
and rob an express-train near St.
Joseph.
Jan. 12. Kan. A colored man in Sabina
is allowed by a jury two dollars for the
loss of his son, who was hanged by a
mob last April.
O. A negro is hanged by a mob
near Cincinnati for the murder of an old
couple a month ago.
Jan. 13. Ala. Burglars raid the vil-
lage of Courtland, Lawrence County,
breaking open every business house in
the place.
Jan. 16. Wis. R. J. Peschmann, lessee
of the Cream City Hotel bar, Milwaukee,
confesses to murdering Mrs. Annie
Schrums for her money, and setting fire
to her room in his hotel to cover the
crime.
Jan. 17. N. Y. The cruelty case against
Superintendent Brockway of the Elmira
Reformatory is dismissed. [Mar. 19.
The report of the State Board of Chari-
ties sustains most of the charges against
him. Dec. 10. Gov. Flower dismisses
the charges.]
S. Dak. Alexander Ross, cashier of
the First National Bank of Lead City,
is arrested for embezzling funds of the
bank to the amount of $24,893.
Jan. 19. New York. Three New York
policemen are arraigned by the Lexow
Committee, charged with levying black-
mail on pushcart venders ; all plead not
guilty.
The fourth annual dinner in honor of
the birthday of Gen. R. E. Lee is given
by the Confederate Veteran Camp of
New York.
Jan. 21. Conn. The Bridgeport Trac-
tion Company's men strike ; the mayor
reads the riot act to the men.
Fla. Troops are ordered to Jackson-
ville by the governor to stop the Cor-
bett-Mitchell prize-fight proposed to be
fought there.
Jan. 23. Colo. President M. H. Smith
of the Bank of Sterling is sentenced to
the penitentiary for three years for re-
ceiving money on deposit after the
bank became insolvent.
Pa. Treasurer W. T. Zell is de-
clared an embezzler by officers of the
Lehigh and Wilkesbarre Coal Company.
Jan. 24. Fla. Judge Call issues an in-
junction restraining the sheriff of Duval
County from interfering with the Cor-
bett-MitcheU fight.
STATE.
1894 Jan. 2. D. C. Congress: The
majority of the House Ways and Means
Committee decides to recommend an
income tax of two per cent on incomes
over $4,000 a year, to advance the tax on
UNITED STATES. 1893,* *-1894, Jan. 24. 449
whisky ten cents a gallon, and to im-
pose a tax of two cents a pack on play-
ing-cards.
The Treasury Department reports the
public debt increased $7,000,000 in De-
cember.
Jan. 3. B. C. Congress: In the Senate
William P. Frye of Me. introduces a
resolution ordering Executive non-in-
terference in Hawaiian affairs pending
investigation ; in the House Charles A.
Boutelle of Me. endeavors to have his
resolution on the Hawaiian question
considered before the Tariff Bill, but
fails ; Richard P. Bland's biH to coin
the silver bullion held in the Treasury
is referred to the Committee on Coin-
age, Weights, and Measures.
Jan. 4. B. C. Congress: Senate does
little business ; House without a quo-
rum.
New York. The Chamber of Com-
merce declares in favor of an issue of
$200,000,000 in Government bonds.
Jan. 5. B.C. Congress : Senate not in
session ; House without a quorum.
Jan. 6. B. C. Congress : Senate not in
session ; House without a quorum. A
resolution ordering the sergeant-at-arms
to arrest absent members is adopted.
Jan. 7. U. S. It is announced that the
U. S. revenue cutter Corwin, at San
Francisco, brings news that the Queen
of the Hawaiian Islands has notified
Minister Willis that she is willing to
comply with the conditions he demanded
of her, but had heretofore rejected ; also
that the U. S. Minister requested the
Provisional Government to resign in
her favor, and it refused to comply
with the request.
Jan. 8. B. C. Congress : In the House
"William L. "Wilson of "W. Va. begins
debate on the Tariff Bill after the
date for a final vote on the bill has been
fixed for Jan. 29. [The Tariff is dis-
cussed almost exclusively till the final
vote is taken. The Federal Elections
Bill nearly monopolizes the business of
the Senate.]
N. J The race-track laws passed
by the last Legislature are declared un-
constitutional by the State Supreme
Court.
Jan. 9. B. C. Congress: The Senate
decides to take up the bill for the repeal
of the Federal Elections Law as " un-
finished " business on Jan. 15.
N. J. The Democratic Senators
hastily organize ; President Adrian re-
fuses to accept the credentials of the
Republican Senators-elect ; the Repub-
licans retire to a Senate committee-room
and organize, making two bodies ; Gov.
Werts sends his message to the Demo-
cratic body.
Jan. 10. Colo. The extra session of the
Legislature meets at Denver ; the Senate
refuses to print Gov. Waite's message.
N. J. The Republican Senators
force their way into the Senate-chamber
at Trenton ; a bill repealing the race-
track law is passed by both Houses, and
sent to Gov. Werts for his signature.
Jan. 11. D. C. Mr. Carter resigns the
chairmanship of the Republican Na-
tional Committee at its session in
Washington, and Joseph H. Manley is
elected his successor.
N. J. The Democrats again seize the
Senate-chamber at Trenton, and forci-
bly eject several (Rep.) Senators-elect.
Utah. In accordance with the man-
date from the U. S. Supreme Court, the
Supreme Court of Utah enters a decree
ordering the receiver to turn over to the
First Presidency of the Mormon Church
all money in his possession — $438,174 —
derived from personal property.
Jan. 13. B. C. Congress: Senate not
in session ; the President sends to the
House the Hawaiian correspondence
accompanied by a brief message.
Jan. 15. B.C. Congress; House : De-
bate on the Tariff BUI uuder the five-
minutes rule is begun.
A letter written by Secretary Carlisle
to the chairman of the Senate Commit-
tee of Finance, urging the immediate
anthorization of an issue of bonds, is
made public.
Mass. A bill providing for biennial
sessions is introduced into the Legisla-
ture.
N. Y. John Y. McKanc tries to
wrest the gavel from the Supervisor at
Large at the meeting of the Kings County
Board of Supervisors, and with his col-
leagues undertakes to carry on a meet-
ing in violation of the law.
Jan. 16. D. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate debate is begun on the bill for the
repeal of the Federal Election Laws.
N. J. Both of the Senates appoint
committees of conference ; standing
committees are announced in the House
and Republican Senate.
W. Va. The Senate provides that the
State's portion of the debt of the old
State of Virginia he settled by commis-
sioners appointed by both States.
Jan. 17. B.C. Congress ; Senate : The
Civil Service extension and the repeal
of the Federal Election Laws are dis-
cussed; the House votes that the wool
schedules of the "Wilson Tariff Bill
shall go into effect with the rest of the
act.
Secretary Carlisle issues a circular
offering for public subscription $50,-
000,000 ten-year 5 per cent bonds.
Jan. 18. B. C. Congress ; Senate : W.
A. Peffer of Kan. and W. V. Allen of
Neb. introduce resolutions denouncing
the proposed bond-issue ; in the House
J. C. Burrows's amendment, substi-
tuting the wool schedule of the McKin
ley Bill for that of the bill now under
discussion, is defeated.
Jan. 19. B. C. Congress : Senate not
in session ; the House passes the Okla-
homa Town Sites Entry Bill, requir-
ing railroads to establish stations and
depots at town sites fixed by the In-
terior Department, in the Territories.
Jan. 20. B. C. Congress: Senate not
in session.
President Cleveland vetoes the New
York and New Jersey Bridge Bill.
Jan. 22. B. C. Congress: In the Sen
ate another message and more corre-
spondence on the Hawaiian question
is received from President Cleveland ;
amendments to the "Wilson Bill, re-
pealing the bounty on sugar and putting
refined sugar on the free list, are adopted
in the House Committee of the Whole.
la. The Supreme Court at Des
Moines decides that the Prohibition
Amendment of 1882 was not constitu-
tionally adopted, and is therefore void.
N. J. The Democratic Senators re-
iect the Republican propositions for
larmony ; the Republican Senators send
a communication to Gov. Werts, asking
his cooperation in organizing the lawful
Senate.
Jan. 23. B. C. Congress: The House
votes down amendments to the Wilson
Bill putting a duty on coal.
Jan. 24. B. C. Congress: The House
rejects all amendments to the iron ore
schedule of the Tariff Bill; the In-
ternal Revenue Bill is reported, with
the income tax included, by the com-
mittee, who vote 9-7.
N. Y. The Forestry Commission
proposes to acquire 1,200,000 acres in
the Adirondacks, and 100,000 acres in
the Catskill region, for State-park pur-
poses, at a total cost of $3,515,134.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Jan. 2. Kan. Four persons are
killed and as many injured by a train-
wreck near Lawrence.
Jan. 3. O. A fire in Toledo destroys
property valued at $1,000,000.
Jan. 6. Kan. A large body of under-
ground water is found in Ford and ad-
joining counties ; farmers intend to sink
wells about one mile apart, and dig
ditches in order to irrigate the country
thereabouts.
Jan. 8. Chicago. The Manufacturers'
Building in the World's Fair grounds,
containing 20,000 cases of exhibits await-
ing removal, the Music Hall, the Peri-
style, and Casino are burned ; loss on
buildings, $800,000 ; on exhibits, $200,000.
Jan. 15. N.J. Eleven persons are killed
and 44 injured by a train collision at
Hackensack.
O. Organized unemployed men in
Cincinnati refuse to accept work from
the Associated Charities at $1 a day.
Jan. 17. N. Y. The cost up to 1894 of
the unfinished State Capitol at Albany
is $20,726,971.15.
Wash. Over 12,000,000 bushels of
wheat are destroyed by rains in east-
ern Washington.
Jan. 19. Ky. The City Council of Louis-
ville annexes all suburbs, including
five towns, adding 20,000 to the city's
population.
Cal. The Chinese Six Companies
order their laborers to register. [Many
of them do so.]
Jan. 23. New York. The Normannia,
of the Hamburg-American Line, is com-
pelled to return to port much dam-
aged by a tidal wave; loss, $50,000 to
the vessel and about the same to the
cargo.
Jan. 24. Tenn. At Coal Creek 50 con-
victs escape from a stockade.
Tex. By the explosion of a stick of
dynamite in a train smoking-car stove
at Marcos, two men are killed and six
seriously injured.
450 1894, Jan. 25 - Feb. 20.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 Jan. * U. S. The Naval Re-
serve numbers 2,456 men.
Feb. 2. The war-ship Kearsarye is
wrecked on a rock in the Caribbean Sea,
two officers and crew being saved.
Feb. 11. D. C. The militia force of
the United States as reported to Con-
gress aggregates 112,000 men.
Charles R. Barnett is commissioned ma-
jor— quartermaster department. [Feb.
22. Henry S. Kilbourne — medical de-
partment. Mar. 1. Gilbert S. Carpen-
ter— 4th infantry. Mar. 8. Carle A.
Woodruff— 2d artillery. Mar. 12. Ab-
ram A. Harbach — 18th infantry. Mar.
13. James C. Merrill — medical depart-
ment.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Jan. 27. N. Mex. Gold is dis-
covered near Sorocco.
Feb. 7. Cal. An earthquake shakes
San Jose.
[Also May 24. St. Louis, Mo. July 30.
Three shocks at Los Angeles, Cal. Aug.
10. Three shocks at Memphis, Tenn.
Nov. 23. Slight shocks in Connecticut
and West Virginia.]
Feb. 8. La. A tornado strikes Port
Hudson, demolishing a number of
houses. [Feb. 19. Arkansas is visited.]
Feb. 10. Ind. A vein of gold assaying
$80 a ton is discovered in a stone-quarry
near Portland.
Feb. 13. N. Y. Surveys are being made
for the new East River bridge in Wil-
liamsburg, Brooklyn.
Okla. — /. T. More than 30 persons
perish in a blizzard ; thousands of cat-
tle are lost.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Jan. 29. Calkins, W. H., lawyer, jurist,
A52.
Feb. 3. Childs, George William, editor
Public Ledger, philanthropist, A64.
Feb. 4. Wilkinson, Morton 8., senator for
Minn., lawyer, A75.
Feb. 9. Houk, George W., M. C. for O.,
dies.
Casey, T. A., vicar-gen. of R. C. diocese
of Erie, dies.
Feb. 1 7. Rotton, Otto, physician, of Brook-
lyn, A 83.
Feb. 19. Keppler, Joseph, cartoonist, an
editor of Puck, A56.
Feb. 20. Smith, John M., horticulturist,
A83.
CHURCH.
1894 Feb. 2. Vt. Arthur C. A. Hall
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)
bishop of Vermont.
Feb. 9. N. Y. Plymouth Church,
Brooklyn, observes the 7th anniversary
of the death of Henry Ward Beecher.
Feb. 18. la. Protestant ministers at
Sioux City make a concerted attack
upon the American Protective Asso-
ciation, and urge their congregations
to shun it.
New York. Russians for the first time
in this city attend the service of the
Greek Orthodox Church conducted
in the native language.
SOCIETY.
1894 Jan. 25. Conn. A dozen Dan-
bury hat manufacturers reopen their
shops, but less than 50 men return to
work. [Jan. 26. Hundreds return. Feb.
1. The union men decide to work in non-
union factories; the strike has collapsed. ]
Fla. The Corbett-Mitchell prize-
fight takes place at Jacksonville with-
out interference ; Corbett wins in the
third round ; both men are arrested, and
give bail.
/. T. A band of train-robbers is
captured by police ; one of the gang is
killed and another wounded.
N. Y. The trial of John Y.
McKane begins at Brooklyn.
Phila. The National Conference
on Good City Government begins a
two days' session.
Jan. 26. Chicago. Alderman Jeremiah
H. Mulvihill is fatally wounded in " Ed."
Hussey's saloon by " Mike" Frewer.
Jan. 27. N Y. Robert Morrison shoots
and mortally wounds his mother at
Kingsbridge because she reprimands
him for getting drunk.
N. Y. Two Italian counterfeiters
are arrested while at work in South
Brooklyn, and four presses, a forge,
seven dies, crucibles, gold, silver, tin,
and other metals and machinery, are
seized.
Pa. A mob of strikers makes an
attack upon working miners at Wood-
ville ; rioting squads of about one hun-
dred men each are going from mine to
mine intimidating miners at work.
Jan. 28. N. J. The certificate of incor-
poration of the Daisy Fields Home
and Hospital for Crippled Children,
located at Englewood, is filed.
Jan. 30. S. C. Liquor-stores in
Charleston are raided by the police and
an armed force.
Jan. 31. Cal. A gang of ruffians makes
an attack upon the private car of Mrs.
Leland Stanford at Vina.
Feb. 1. Pa. Ten anarchist miners
are arrested in a settlement of Slavs
and Italians near Mansfield.
N. C. — Tenn. A fight takes place
between farmers while working on the
road on the Madison County line, next
to Tennessee ; six are killed and 14
wounded.
Feb. 3. Boston. Albert Johnson shoots
his sweetheart, Carrie Andrews, and
kills himself, on account of breaking of
her engagement.
Ind. James Arnold, of the bank of
James Arnold and Co., Columbia City,
flees ; he is charged with embezzling
$100,000.
Feb. 4. N. Y. A shortage of $19,000
is found in the accounts of Cashier W.
D. Lohmann of the Brooklyn Excise
Department ; he has disappeared.
Feb. 5. Ky. A fatal fight occurs at
Harlan Court-house ; one man is killed
and one fatally injured.
New York. Inspector Williams re-
ports that he could find nothing immoral
in Capt. Slevin's precinct, as charged by
Dr. Parkhurst.
Tenn. President G. N. Henson, of
the Citizens' Bank and Trust Company
of Chattanooga, shoots and kills J. B.
Werts, a well-known insurance man,
and is arrested.
Feb. 6. New York. A police census
shows that 52,592 males and 14,688
females are out of work, their fami-
lies including 206,701 persons ; 39,311
families are in need of assistance.
Feb. 7. New York. Hungry people aro
flocking to relief-stores.
Feb. 8. Tex. Sheriff A. Dickson is
shot and killed by the Texan outlaw
Braddock, and one of the sheriff's posse
kills Braddock.
Feb. 9. N. Y. John W. Love, resident
of Watkins, and cashier of the First Na-
tional Bank of that village, absconds
with $50,000 of the bank's funds.
Feb. 11. Ind. The grand jury of Whit-
ley County returns twenty indictments
against three banking officers for swin-
dling 150 farmers out of their wheat and
money.
Mo. Judge Caldwell at St. Louis re-
fuses to restrain the Northern Pacific
Railroad employees from striking while
the road is in the hands of a receiver.
Feb. 12. New York. The committee ap-
pointed by Mayor Gilroy to consider
means to help the unemployed de-
cides to raise $500,000, and subscribes
$60,000 at once.
Pa. The trial of 58 striking miners
for rioting begins at Pittsburg.
Feb. 13. Ky. A fight occurs between
the Turner-Nolin families in Harlan
County ; one woman is killed.
S. C. The Charleston Chamber of
Commerce celebrates its 110th anniver-
sary with a banquet.
Feb. 14. N.J. Silk-workers at Phillips-
burg are attacked by strikers.
Feb. 15. B.C. The 26th annual conven-
tion of the National "Woman Suffrage
Association opens at Washington, with
delegates from all parts of the United
States.
N. Y. The jury in the John Y. Mc-
Kane case, after being out 20 hours,
returns a verdict of guilty, with
recommendation for mercy on ac-
count of the many respectable witnesses
that testified to his generally good pri-
vate character.
[Feb. 19. He is sentenced to imprison-
ment for six years in Sing Sing.]
New York. D. J. Buckley, convicted
of having permitted repeating at an elec-
tion, is sentenced by Judge Barrett to a
fine of $500 and imprisonment for one
year in the penitentiary.
Feb. 16. Cal. A Southern Pacific ex-
press-train is ditched and robbed ; the
robbers kill two men and injure two
others.
Ind. Supt. John Dingledey, of the
Wernie Orphans' House, Richmond, is
convicted of cruelty to the inmates, and
fined.
New York. All the large silk facto-
ries shut down on account of a strike of
the employees for higher wages.
Matthew Green is convicted of man-
slaughter in the second degree for kick-
ing to death James Halstead in July
last. [He is sentenced to imprisonment
for five years.]
Feb. 17. Chicago. The Continental Na-
tional Bank is swindled by cashing two
raised checks — one for $3,500 raised
from $35, and one for $3,300 from $33.
Ind. A large number of men at In-
dianapolis call upon the mayor and
Board of Public Works, demanding
employment.
New York. The Citizens' Relief
Fund for the unemployed amounts to
$75,000.
UNITED STATES.
1894, Jan. 25 -Feb. 20. 451
Patrick J. Finn is arraigned for ab-
stracting packets from the mails in the
post-othee ; he admits his guilt, and is
held in $1,500 bail.
Feb. 18. New York. An attempt to ar-
rest four Italians results in a community
fight on the East Side.
O. Three thousand miners are
thrown out of employment in conse-
quence of a dispute as to wages.
Pa. A non-unionist kills a man in a
saloon brawl in Sayre for calling him a
" scab."
STATE.
1894 Jan. 25. D. C. The Democratic
caucus in Washington votes to make the
Internal Revenue Bill, including the in-
come-tax, an amendment to the Tariff
Bill.
Jan. 27. B.C. Congress ; House : The
time for the debate on the Tariff Bill
is extended until Feb. 1, and several
amendments to the bill are adopted.
Jan. 29. D. C. Congress ; House : The
Internal Revenue Bill is offered as
an amendment to the Tariff Bill, and
supported by Benton McMillin of Tenn.
[Jan. 31. Accepted.]
President Dole's reply to Minister
Willis's demand for more specific charges
is received at Washington.
Jan. 30. D. C. Congress; Senate:
John Sherman of O. upholds the right
of the Secretary of the Treasury to
issue bonds.
Boston — New York. New York
bankers agree to subscribe for $30,000,-
000 of the new U. S. bonds, and a Boston
syndicate will take $8,000,000.
N. Y. The Senate unanimously adopts
resolutions for investigating the New
York City Police Department (Lexow
Committee). [Jan. 31. The Committee :
Senators Lexow, O'Connor, Robertson,
Pound, Saxton, Cantor, and Bradley.]
Two bills are presented in the Legisla-
ture to remove restrictions on Sunday
liquor-selling in New York City and
Brooklyn.
Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate
debates the Stewart bond resolution
denying the legality of the sale.
Feb. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate
debates Secretary Carlisle's bond is-
sue ; in the House the tariff debate
closes; the Wilson Bill passes. Vote,
204-140.
Secretary Herbert sends a despatch to
Adm. Benham approving his course at
Rio de Janeiro on Jan. 30. (See p. 558.)
Feb. 2. I). C. Congress : In the Senate
W. F. Vilas of Wis. defends the purpose
of the Secretary of the Treasury to use,
for current expenses, the money received
from the sale of bonds ; the Tariff Bill
is received from the House, and referred
to the Committee on Finance.
Feb. 3. D. C. Congress ; House : The
Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill is
introduced.
The Secretary of the Treasury an-
nounces that the entire $50,000,000 of
the new bond issue has been awarded.
Ga. The Controller refuses to audit
the bills of the State militia ordered out
hy Gov. Northen to prevent the Corbett-
Mitchell fight.
N. J. Gov. Werts refuses to receive
bills passed by the Legislature ; the bills
are left on his desk by the Committee.
Feb. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate
Finance Committee decides to give no
tariff hearings ; in the House debate on
the Hawaiian Resolutions is finished ;
the Blair amendment and the Hitt sub-
stitute are rejected.
Feb. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate
repeals the Federal Election Laws.
Vote, 39-28. [Approved Feb. 8.] The
House approves of the McCreary Ha-
waiian resolutions. Vote, 177-78. R.
P. Bland of Mo. precipitates a fight over
silver by the introduction of the bill for
the coining of seigniorage ; it is ap-
proved by the majority of the Committee
on Coinage, Weights, and Measures.
Feb. 8. D. C. Congress; House: The
Bland Bill to coin the silver seignior-
age is taken up.
Kan. The Supreme Court at Topeka
renders a decision that Gov. Lewelling
cannot remove Mary Ellen Lease from
the State Charities Board.
N. Y. The Greater New York Bill
passes the Assembly. Vote, 106-7. [Apr.
27. It passes the Senate.]
The scheme of consolidation having
been approved by a majority of the citi-
zens, a commission is provided for by
the Legislature to give it effect. The
combined area is 359.75 square miles ;
combined population, 2,985,422. New
York, Brooklyn, Richmond County,
Flushing, part of Hempstead, Jamaica,
Long Island City, Newtown, Jamaica
Bay, East Chester, West Chester, and
Pelham towns are all united in one
municipality.
Feb. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate
is not in session ; in the House debate
on the bill to coin silver seigniorage
is continued.
The envoys of Brazil and the Ar-
gentine Republic submit their cases
to President Cleveland, who has con-
sented to act as arbitrator in the boun-
dary disputes between the two countries.
Feb. 12. D. C. Congress : The House
amends and passes the Urgent Defi-
ciency Appropriation BiU introduced
Feb. 7.
Ark. Judge Williamson of the State
Circuit Court at Little Rock decides
that the State tax on express and other
corporations is unconstitutional.
Feb. 13. D. C. House debate on the
Bland Seigniorage Bill is continued.
Mass. The House passes a bill to
abolish the annual Fast Day. Vote,
109-59. [It becomes a law.]
Feb. 14. D. C. Congress : The Senate
debates the bill for the extermination
of the Russian thistle (bill introduced
Feb. 1). [Nine discussions follow]. In
the House the debate on the Bland Bill
is continued.
Feb. 15. D. C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the Town Sites
Entry Bill. [Aug. 1. House concurs.
Aug. 10. Approved by the President.]
President Dole's (Hawaii) reply
to Minister Willis's recent questions is
made public.
Feb. 16. D. C. Congress ; House : The
Boutelle Hawaiian Resolution is
passed ; the President is requested to
furnish information on Hawaii.
Feb. 17. Kan. Mrs. Lease refuses
propositions made by Gov. Lewelling.
He proposes that she stop fighting the
State Administration, resign from the
State Board of Charities, keep out of
the Populist State Convention, and ac-
cept a place on the Board of Regents of
the State University, and be paid all ex-
penses she has incurred.
Feb. 20. D. C. Congress: Senate :
John W. Daniel of Va. continues his
defense of the Administration's Ha-
waiian policy ; the Finance Committee
reports the revised Tariff Bill.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Jan. 25. N. Y. The turbine
wheels of the great Niagara tunnel
are started.
Jan. 26. N. J. The 100th anniver-
sary of Westfield is celebrated.
Jan. 27. Cat. The Midwinter Fair
in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, is
formally opened.
Jan. 28. Me. A fire at Bath destroys
$500,000 worth of property.
Feb. 1. Chicago. A warehouse is burned;
25 employees are rescued ; loss, $130,000.
Feb. 2. Mass. Spanish doubloons, jew-
elry, and gold watches are found by
workmen in an old colonial hotel in
Waltham.
Feb. 3. Ky. The Lincoln Homestead
in La Rue County is bought by a syndi-
cate.
Feb. 4. New York. The Chinese cele-
brate their New Year.
Feb. 5. Ga. A fire in Savannah de-
stroys property worth $500,000.
Feb. 9. Me. The first steel sailing-
ship ever built in New England is
ready for launching at Bath.
Feb. 10 ±. Boston. The Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is
putting forth effort to suppress the
ornamental lizard traffic.
Mich. The large agricultural im-
plement works at Lansing are destroyed
by tire, caused by the explosion of a
molding-pot ; the loss is estimated at
$750,000.
Feb. 11. Conn. Fire partially destroys
the Colt's Firearms Factory at Hart-
ford ; loss, $250,000.
Feb. 12. O. Four men are killed in a
railroad collision, which occufs be-
cause of the signals being hidden by
snow.
Feb. 13. Chicago. More "World's
Fair buildings are burned by incen-
diaries.
Pa. At Plymouth 13 men are buried
alive by a cave-in in a mine.
Feb. 16. Chicago. It is announced that
a dividend of 10 per cent will be paid to
"World's Fair stockholders.
Kan. Much destitution is reported.
Feb. 17. Ind. Near West Muncie a
4,000,000-foot gas- well, belonging to
the Indiana Iron Company, takes fire.
Feb. 18. Chicago. Another fire of in-
cendiary origin occurs in the Illinois
Building at the World's Fair.
O. Pending their acceptance of the-
terms of the operators, 3,000 miners are
thrown out of work.
452 1894, Feb. 20 -Mar. 15.
AMERICA :
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 Mar. 1. I). C. Alfred T. Smith is
commissioned colonel — 13th infantry.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Feb. 23. New York. The north-
ern lights make a splendid display over
this city and vicinity.
Feb. 24. Colo. The heaviest snowfall
in 12 years covers Colorado.
Feb. 25. O. A phenomenal oil-well is
opened in the Fostoria fields, flowing oil
over the whole neighborhood at the rate
of 7,500 barrels a day.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Feb. 22. Woodward, E. T., com. U. S. N.,
dies.
Feb. 24. Munro, Norman L., publisher of
cheap libraries, dies.
Feb. 25. Mackaye, Steele, dramatist, ac-
tor, dies.
Mar. 1. Downey, John G., Gov. of Cal.,
A67.
Mar. 2. Early, Jubal A., Confed. gen., A78.
Mar. 7. Frost, Rufus S., president National
Association Woolen Manufacturers, A68.
Mar. 10. Nevins, N., bandmaster, leader
of troops through Ga., A61.
LETTERS.
1894 Feb. 21. N. ¥. One death oc-
curs and several persons are prostrated
by chlorine gas conveyed by Cornell
Sophomores into the banquet-hall of
the Freshmen.
Mar. 13 Pa. The Central Board of
Education at Pittsburg, by a vote of 29
to 2, refuses to pay any teacher ap-
pearing in the public . schools in the
garb or insignia of any religious
order, the same being in conflict with
the State Constitution.
Mar. 14. Mass. The will of Mrs. Mary
Hemenway of Milton provides that the
income of an estate of $15,000,000
shall be used for educational pur-
poses.
SOCIETY.
1894 Feb. 20. Boston. After listen-
ing to addresses by socialist and anarch-
ist speakers, about 2,000 unemployed
working men march to the State
House and demand work ; they are dis-
persed by the police.
0. Gov. and Mrs. McKinley's
debts are all paid and their property
returned to them by trustees who have
raised the money without the governor's
consent.
Tex. Three men and a child are
shot to death in the Grand Central
Depot in Houston by Jim Mitchell of
Richmond, Fort Bend. County.
Feb. 21. New York. Erastus "Wiman
is arrested and committed to the Tombs
on two indictments charging forgery.
[He is finally acquitted."]
The Newspaper Publishers' Asso-
ciation of America begins its sessions ;
200 representatives are present.
Feb. 22. Ala. The third annual Tus-
kegee Negro Conference meets ; 600
black-belt negro farmers are present.
N. Y. The new rules of the Brook-
lyn Excise Commissioners bring out the
fact that brewers have $5 00,000
invested in saloons, and have a large
number of licenses locked up in their
safes.
Feb. 23. Boston. The Municipal
League perfects a permanent organiza-
tion for purifying city politics.
New York. The offices of 16 physi-
cians charged with criminal operations
are raided by Central Office detectives.
Neb. A gang of female counter-
feiters is discovered in Omaha.
Feb. 24. Pa. Richard Prior kills
Christian Ehrleck at his residence at
White Oak Run, fatally wounds his
wife, steals what money he can find,
and makes his escape.
Feb. 28. Minn. Bad-Debt Agency
swindlers defraud a number of people ;
aggregate amount of frauds, $30,000.
Tex. Two smugglers, with 1,746
opals hid in the lining of their coats, are
captured at El Paso.
Mar. 1. N. Y. F. Koelzler, of Dolge-
ville, kills his wife and four children,
and then kills himself.
Mar. 3. Miss. A Populist member of
the Missouri Legislature kills a Demo-
cratic member at Kosciusko ; two other
men are killed at the same time.
W. Va. Striking miners burn a
railroad bridge and commit other acts
of violence.
[Mar. 5. They burn coal-cars and at-
tempt the destruction of other property ;
the governor calls out the militia. Mar.
28. Striking miners fight the working
miners ; a number are killed and
wounded. June 1. Strikers destroy the
Shore Line Railroad bridge at Cannel-
ton, over which coal is shipped north.
June 2. Strikers compel the train-crews
to return the loaded coal-trains to the
Wheeling-Creek mines. June 4. Four
working miners are fired upon at Pow-
ellton, from ambush, while returning
from work.]
Mar. 5. Ala. Six Federal officers at
Birmingham are indicted for defrauding
the Government of nearly $250,000.
Mar. 6. New York. The aldermen re-
quest Mayor Gilroy to fly the Irish flag
on the City Hall on St. Patrick's Day.
Police Captains Price and Martens are
on trial before the Police Commissioners.
[Mar. 16. Capt. Westervelt also. Apr.
9. Capt. O'Connor. Apr. 20. Capts.
Martens and Slevin are charged with
neglect of duty. Aug. 1. The Police
Commissioners dismiss the charges
against Capt. Price.]
N. Y. Robert Ross, a watcher at the
polls, is killed and several wounded at a
polling-place in Troy.
[Mar. 8. Citizens in mass-meeting
name a Committee of One Hundred to
secure the punishment of the murderer.
Mar. 11. The committee is constituted
a permanent body to secure good govern-
ment.]
Mar. 8. Chicago. Daniel Coughlin is fi-
nally acquitted of the charge of com-
plicity in the assassination of Dr. P. H.
Cronin.
Mar. 9. N. J. Strikers make trouble at
Paterson ; the police protect non-union
men from being stoned.
Mar. 9-Dec. 29. New York. The
Lexow Senate Committee (appointed
Jan. 31) investigates numerous charges
publicly made against the Police De-
partment by Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst
and others ; chief accusation, bribery
and complicity with criminals.
(Mar. 9.) The committee holds its
first meeting in the County Court-house ;
William Sutherland, counsel.
(Apr. 13.) William W. Goff is ap-
pointed counsel.
(June 1.) Evidence shows that the
police levied blackmail upon keepers of
disorderly houses.
(June 7.) Civil Justice Roesch ad-
mits that he received $100 from Mrs.
Thurow which he formerly denied ; he
says it was a fee to him as a lawyer in
payment for counsel given to his client.
(June 8.) More witnesses testify to
police blackmail and intimidation, es-
pecially implicating Capt. Price and his
ward man.
(June 13.) Evidence of blackmail and
extortion implicating Police Captain
Murphy is brought out.
(June 14.) Evidence shows that pro-
tection has been given by police to
" green goods " swindlers in return for
money.
(June 15.) Evidence is given proving
the existence of a Bohemian liquor-
dealers' organization to secure police
protection.
(June 18.) Testimony associates Po-
lice Justice Patrick Divver with "bun-
co " swindlers.
(June 21.) Evidence before the Sen-
ate Committee shows that business
men, including shipowners, have been
obliged to pay tribute to the police to
secure immunity from persecution in
various ways.
(June 26.) Testimony before the Lex-
ow Committee shows that many mer-
chants have been blackmailed by police-
men ; also that one police captain paid
$15,000 for his appointment.
(June 27.) " Chinatown " is shown to
be a fruitful place for police blackmail.
(June 30.) The committee adjourns
to Sept. 10.
(Sept. 10.) Testimony is given charg-
ing police captains with receiving bribes
from " green goods " swindlers.
(Sept. 11.) Police Inspector Williams
is accused of receiving a bribe of $500
when captain.
(Sept. 12.) The committee adjourns
to Oct. 1.
(Oct. 2.) Testimony shows that there
has been absolute disregard of law by
the police, and that they have been
shielded from punishment.
(Oct. 3.) A policeman, proved to be a
blackmailer, threatens his accuser, in
the court-room, with murder,
(Oct. 9.) Policeman DeGann testifies
that, because he refused to pay to Capt.
Schmittberger all instead of half of the
money he got for working overtime, he
was transferred to another post.
(Oct. 11.) A. F. Forget, of the French
Line of steamers, testifies that Capt.
Schmittberger demanded and got $500
from him for dock privileges. [The
captain is indicted by the grand jury
for perjury, and arrested on Oct. 27.]
(Oct. 16.) Testimony is given relative
to colonization and registration frauds.
(Oct. 18.) Testimony shows that ex-
Assemblyman Philip Wissig and his son
threatened to kill an innocent man, and
that the son made a brutal assault on
him.
(Oct. 29.) Police Commissioner John
C. Sheehan in his testimony blames Su-
perintendent Byrnes for the police cor-
ruption of the city, the superintendent
not having enforced the laws.
(Oct. 30.) Police Commissioner Shee-
han defies the committee by refusing to
produce his private bank-books, which
he has been ordered to do.
UNITED STATES.
1894, Feb. 20 -Mar. 15. 453
(Nov. 1.) Commissioner W. S. An-
drews, ol the Street Cleaning Depart-
ment, is ace used of having received a
bribe of $500 when a member of the Ex-
cise Board.
(Nov. 2.) Police Justice Hogan and
several police captains are implicated in
testimony.
(Dec. 6.) Evidence shows that money
was paid to police to protect prize-fights.
(Dec. 13.) A city contractor testifies
that he had sent a number of checks to
Richard Croker as head of Tammany
Hall ; also that a fund of $15,000 was
raised for Police Captain Creeden about
the time of his promotion to his present
office.
(Dec. 18.) Evidence shows that large
payments of money were made to In-
spector Steers.
(Dec. 21.) Evidence implicates In-
spectors Williams and McAvoy, Com-
missioners Martin and Sheehan, and
other officials, in wrong-doing.
(Dec. 29.) The committee holds its
last session ; Superintendent Brynes is
examined, and then the committee ad-
journs without day.
Mar. 10. Chicago. The Columbian
Guards strike at Jackson Park ; only
eight are left to guard the "World's Fair
Buildings.
N. Y. Investigation shows that about
$200,000 of school funds paid to John Y.
McKane during 1893 have not been ac-
counted for.
Mar. 11. Boston. Mrs. Mary Lease of
Kansas speaks at a meeting of the unem-
ployed on the Common.
Conn. The police capture 67 Chi-
nese gamblers at New Haven.
Ind. John Rodgers, with stolen goods
in possession, is shot by vigilants at
Frankfort.
New York. The Charity Organiza-
tion Society is organizing a movement
to furnish work for unskilled women.
Mar. 12. N. Y. The Brooklyn Alder-
men, by a vote of 8 to 7, resolve to have
the Irish flag displayed on the City
Hall on St. Patrick's Day, with the Na-
tional and State flags. [Mar. 13. The
Board of Supervisors order the Irish flag
to be displayed on the Court-house and
the Hall of Records. Vote, 17-10. Mar.
16. The supervisor-at-large vetoes the
resolution.]
Mar. 13. N. J. Striking dyers control
Paterson all day, destroying goods and
compelling men to quit work.
N. Y. The chief of police at Utica
orders the immediate stoppage of gam-
bling at saloons and cigar-stands.
O. Andrew Sauer, formerly cashier
of the Defiance Savings Bank, is arrested
on the charge of embezzling $37,000 of
the bank's funds.
Okla. Two robbers compel railroad
station agent Rusk to go to the depot at
Woodwark, open the safe, and deliver
to them its contents, amounting to
$10,000.
Mar. 14. Mo. An order is issued at St.
Louis to the Police Department to ar-
rest saloon-keepers and others having
nickel-in-the-slot machines in their
places of business.
N. Y. Mayor Schieren orders the
stoppage of boxing exhibitions in Brook-
lyn.
Justice K. F. Sutherland of Gravesend
is found guilty of misdemeanor for his
•connection with election frauds.
[Mar. 19. He is sentenced to imprison-
ment for one year and $500 fine. Mar. 22.
Justice Newton pleads guilty and is sen-
tenced to nine months' imprisonment
and $500 fine. Mar. 26. The court sen-
tences . 16 election inspectors to impris-
onment for various terms, varying from
29 days to six months ; three are fined
$500, and three $250.]
STATE.
1894 Feb. 20. Va. Two oyster schoon-
ers from Maryland are captured in Vir-
ginian waters. Gov. O'Ferrall sends a
special message on the oyster question
to the Legislature, asking for legislation
to enable him to protect the interests of
the State.
Pa. Galusha A. Grow is elected
Congressman at large by a plurality of
over 180,000.
Feb. 21. B. C. Congress; Senate: A
warm debate takes place on the com-
position of the Finance Committee ;
House, no quorum.
N. J. Qivo warranto proceedings to
determine the legal Senate of New
Jersey are begun in the State Supreme
Court at Trenton.
Feb. 22. B. C. Congress : In the Sen-
ate Washington's Farewell Address is
read ; House, no quorum. Excitement
is caused by Richard P. Bland's denun-
ciation of filibusters as revolutionists.
la. The House passes the hill grant-
ing municipal suffrage to women. Vote,
51-44.
Feb. 23-24. B. C. Congress: Senate,
not in session ; House, no quorum.
Feb. 23. N. Y. The Assembly passes a
bill to enforce payment to the State by
racing associations of a 5 per cent tax
on their gross receipts.
Feb. 25. B. C. Congress: The House
debates the Hatch Anti-Option Bill,
regulating the sale of agricultural prod-
ucts, defining " options " and " futures,"
and imposing taxes thereon. [May 18.
Substituted.]
Mar. 1. B. C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the Urgent Defi-
ciency Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 7.
Conference report agreed to. Mar. 19.
Approved by the President.]
The House passes the Bland Silver
Bill, providing for the coinage of silver
bullion (seigniorage) held in the Treas-
ury, after 20 discussions ; bill introduced
Jan. 3.
Mar. 2. B. C. Congress: The House
passes the Fortification Appropria-
tion Bill introduced Dec. 19, 1893.
Mar. 6. B. C. Congress ; Senate : The
motion of William M. Stewart of Nev.
to take up the Bland Seigniorage Bill
is discussed.
Senators make personal explanations
regarding their alleged obstruction of
the Tariff Bill in Committee ; David B.
Hill introduces a hostile resolution in-
structing the Finance Committee to
change the Wilson Bill so as to obtain
a sufhcient revenue without an income
tax.
Mar. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate : The
Bland Bill is pushed to the point of
final passage by the Democrats and Sil-
ver Republicans ; a vote is avoided by a
motion to adjourn ; in the House the
Pensions Appropriation Bill passes
after five discussions without a divis-
ion; bill introduced Jan. 27.
Mar. 8. B. C. Congress ; Senate : John
Sherman delivers a speech against the
Seigniorage Bill ; the Tariff Bill, as
revised by the Democrats of the Senate
Finance Committee, is presented to the
full Committee; the House passes the
bill to abolish the Customs Bureau of
the Treasury Department; the Wilson
Tariff Bill as amended is published, the
income-tax feature remaining.
N. Y. Gov. Flower transmits a mes-
sage to the Assembly vetoing the Troy
Bipartisan Election Inspectors Bill.
Mar. 9. B.C. Congress ; Senate : An
agreement is reached to take the vote on
the Bland Seiniorage Bill on Mar. 15.
Mar. 10. B. C. Congress : Senate not
in session ; in the House the District of
Columbia Appropriation Bill is passed.
Mar. 12. B.C. Congress; Senate:
Wm. A. Peffer of Kan. introduces a
resolution to investigate alleged trans-
actions in Sugar-Trust stock by mem-
bers of the Senate, in connection with
the Tariff Bill ; on motion of Matthew
S. Quay of Pa., the resolution is tabled.
Associate Justice Edward D. White
takes his seat on the bench of the U. S.
Supreme Court.
Mar. 14. B.C. Congress; Senate:
William B. Allison's motion to recon-
sider the vote on the third reading of
the Seigniorage Bill is defeated. Vote,
28-45. Charles F. Manderson's motion
to recommit the bill is defeated.
Mar. 15. B. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Bland Silver Bill after 10
discussions. Vote, 44-31. [Mar. 30. Ve-
toed.]
It. I. D. Russell Brown (Rep.) is re-
nominated for governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Feb. 20. Chicago. By the burning of
a warehouse 600 people are thrown out
of work ; loss, $600,000.
Feb. 22. Conn. A new town hall, the
gift of Mrs. Abbie P. Rogers of New
York, is opened at Fair Haven.
Feb. 24. Chicago. Another "World's
Fair fire occurs ; it is in the Agricultu-
ral Building, the dome of which falls in.
Feb. 25. O. In Niles 100 families are
without food, and the authorities are
unable to help for lack of funds.
Mar. 5. Md. Annapolis celebrates its
bicentennial as the seat of State gov-
ernment.
Mar. 6. Ala. Three persons are killed
and many injured by a dynamite ex-
plosion during a fire in Cullman ; loss,
$100,000.
Mar. 7. JV. T. The Forestry Con-
gress is in session at Albany.
Mar. 8. Chicago. Abandoned World's
Fair Exhibits are sold by auction ; the
unused tickets — about 3,500,000 — sell
for $11,000.
Mar. 15. N. Y. Mayor Schieren vetoes
the aldermanie resolution to display
the Irish flag on Brooklyn City Hall
on St. Patrick's Day.
454 189 4, Mar. 15 - Apr. 4.
AMERICA
ARMY — WAVY.
1894 Mar. 18. Colo. The Federal
troops are withdrawn from Denver.
Mar. 22. A court-martial for the trial
of Commander Heyerman for the loss
of the Kearsarge is begun.
Mar. 27±. The stranded war-ship
Kearsarge is set on fire, and her hull
broken up.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Mar. 19. Tex. Two terrific wind
and rain storms kill 20 persons, and de-
stroy much property.
Mar. 20+. Neb. A blizzard is raging
in the northwestern part of Nebraska
and in the Black Hills region ; the loss
of range-cattle is put at 75 per cent.
Mar. 23 ±. Wyo. The extinction of both
elk and buffalo in the Yellowstone
National Park is threatened by lawless
hunters, it being impossible to prevent
their wanton destruction.
Mar. 24. Utah. Gold that assays about
$20 to the ton is found at Lehi.
Mar. 25. Wyo. The terrible Western
blizzard rages without abating for 76
hours, making all roads impassable ;
stockmen experience heavy losses.
Mar. 31. Va. Scientists of the Bureau
of Ethnology discover an Indian soap-
stone near Clifton Station, Fairfax
County.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Mar. 18. Campbell, Allan, civil engineer,
A79.
Mar. 19. Whitney, W. D., com. V. S. N.,
A71.
Mar. 26. Colquitt, Alfred Holt. Gov.,
senator for Ga., A70.
Mar. 28. Curtis, George Ticknor, lawver.
A82.
Mar. 31 Austin, Jane Goodwin, author,
novelist, A63.
CHURCH.
1894 Mar. 21. N. Y. Father A.
Lambert, of the Redemptorist order,
has left the Roman Catholic Church ;
the alleged cause is its dominating spirit,
not only in spiritual, but also in '.' purely
scientific, social, and even political mat-
ters."
LETTERS.
1894 Mar. 19. Cat. Ex-President Har-
rison lectures on " The Acts of Parlia-
ment and the Rights of the Colonists,"
at Stanford University, Mayfleld.
Mar. 28. Md. Gov. Brown returns to
the Senate the bill providing free
school-books in the public schools
of that State.
Mar. 29. N. Y. The Legislature elects
Rev. Sylvester Malone of Brooklyn a
member of the Board of Regents.
Apr. 2. Cal. Ex-President Harrison
lectures at Stanford University. Sub-
ject : " The Development of the Na-
tional Constitution Outlined, the Early
Attempts of the Colonies to Unite Before
the Revolution."
SOCIETY.
1894 Mar. 15. Colo. A conflict be-
tween State forces under Gov. Waite
and the city forces of Denver com-
manded by the sheriff is prevented by
Federal troops.
The trouble is the result of an attempt
of Gov. Waite to oust police commis-
sioners whom he accuses of corruption.
[Mar. 18. The Federal troops are with-
drawn.]
New York. The will of R. S. Ely is
filed for probate ; it bequeathes from
$50,000 to $100,000 to Yale University,
$20,000 to St. Luke's Hospital, besides
other public bequests.
N. Y. Mayor Schieren vetoes the
aldermanic resolution to display the
Irish flag on Brooklyn City Hall on St.
Patrick's Day.
The street-car lines of Long Island
City and vicinity are tied up by stri-
kers ; many become disorderly.
Mar. 17. Mass. " Fast Day " in Mas-
sachusetts is abolished by an Act of
the Legislature; April 19, the anniver-
sary of the Battle of Lexington, will be
observed in future as a public holiday.
Mar. 18. Chicago. L. S. Irwin, special
agent and attorney for the Chicago Six
Companies, is arrested on the charge of
smuggling Chinamen into the United
States.
Mar. 19. Miss. In the trial at Jackson
of the Rev. Mr. Ratcliff, the slayer of
Mr. Jackson, his fellow legislator, the
jury brings in a verdict of not guilty.
New York. Counterfeiters are cir-
culating a large number of facsimile
one-dollar pieces — about $500,000 ; they
have a profit of fifty-one cents on each
dollar.
Mar. 20. D. C. Senator Colquitt of
Georgia is stricken with a second para-
lytic shock at Washington.
New York. The Hospital Saturday
and Sunday Association's Fund of
$48,000 is distributed among 32 institu-
tions.
Mar. 21. la. The lower House passes
the tax bill, which provides for a re-
stricted local option for the cities and
towns of the State, and allows the
assessment of a tax of $600 on any real
estate upon which liquor is sold. Vote,
53-45.
Mar. 22. New York. An incendiary
puts 65 lives in peril by starting fire in
a hallway of a six-story rear tenement-
house.
Pa. At Johnstown four masked
men break into the house of a widow 84
years old, string her up until nearly
insensible, burn her feet, rip off her
clothes, and subject her to other indig-
nities ; they secure only 70 cents.
Mar. 23. Cal. William Herrick, a bank
cashier, is shot and killed at his desk in
San Francisco by a noted criminal who
attempts to r»>b the bank ; the murderer
is arrested.
N. Y. Jacob A. Moore, aged 85, and
his housekeeper, Mrs. Raymond, aged
90, are found murdered in their house at
Bushville, Sullivan County.
Mar. 25. Ga. Lillian Willis kills her
father during a family q uarrel at H omer ;
the jury acquits the girl because of its
being done to save her mother's life.
■ O. Depositions show that David R.
Paige, the fugitive aqueduct contractor,
issued forged paper to the extent of
$3,000,000.
Coxey's "Army of the Common-
wealth," a band of unemployed men,
marching to Washington to petition for
relief, moves from Massillon to Canton,
eight miles ; one-third of the army de-
serts.
[Apr. 1. It reaches Beaver Falls, Pa
Apr. 2. It is at Sewicklev and Economy,
Pa. Apr. 3. At Allegheny, Pa. Other
" armies " start from St. Louis, Mo., and
Los Angeles, Cal., for Washington, D.C.
Apr. 5. Coxey's army reaches Home-
stead, Pa. ; Huns and Slavs join it.
Apr. 6. At McKeesport. Apr. 9. At
Uniontown, in the coke region of Pa.
Apr. 17. In Maryland, and advancing
in canal-boats on Washington.! (See
Apr. 21.)
Mar. 26. New York. W. T. Zell, treas-
urer of the Lehigh and Wilkesbarre Coal
Company, who defrauded the company
of $93,000, surrenders to the police.
Mar. 28. Chicago. W. L. Clifford is
shot by Guy T. Olmstead, who is nearly
lynched by infuriated onlookers, but
rescued by police and lodged in jail.
New York. F. E. Edgar, a discount
clerk of the Tradesmen's National Bank,
is a defaulter to the extent of $17,000 of
the bank's funds.
Mar. 30. New York. In the suit by W.
R. Laidlaw against Russell Sage for
damages because of injuries received by
bomb explosion in the latter's otfice, the
jury gives $25,000. [Appeal taken.]
S. C. Three counties are in rebel-
lion against the Liquor Dispensary
Law ; two citizens and two detectives
are killed.
Mar. 31. S.C. Militiamen revolt when
ordered by Gov. Tillman to suppress
the whisky disturbance in Darlington
County.
The governor has possession of all the
telegraph lines ; a mob seizes the State
Dispensary at Florence, and with axes
bursts open the barrels of liquor, de-
stroying the whole stock. [Apr. 6. The
militia are withdrawn.]
Apr. 2. Neto York. Patrick Diwer re-
sumes his place on the Police Court
bench without replying to the charges
of wilful violations of law alleged
against him by witnesses in the Lexow
investigation.
Pa. A strike of large proportions
begins in the coke-district ; rioting and
destruction of property follow.
[Apr. 4. Strikers and working men
fight ; six persons are killed, and one
mortally wounded. Apr. 7. At Con-
nellsville the places of the foreign la-
borers are filled with English-speaking
workmen, and the strike ends. Apr. 13.
Strikers, by abuse, compel working men
to stop work.] (See Apr. 24.)
Apr. 3. Mo. One man is killed and five
wounded in an election fight at Kansas
City.
Old a. Two whites and five In-
dians are killed in a fight between white
settlers and Indians in the Cheyenne
country.
S. C. Gov. Tillman suppresses oppo-
sition to the Dispensary Liquor Law
by assuming control of the police and
the marshals of all incorporated towns.
Apr. 4. Kan. Women are elected to
fill the city offices in Spring Hill, includ-
ing the offices of mayor, councilmen,
and police justice.
UNITED STATES.
STATE.
1894 Mar. 16. New York. Acting Mayor
George B. McClellan signs the resolution
of the Board of Aldermen ordering the
raising of the Irish flag over the City
Hall on St. Patrick's Day.
N. Y. Assemblyman Lawson intro-
duces a bill prohibiting the display upon
public buildings of any except the na-
tional colors. [Apr. 10. Passed. Vote,
79-29.]
Mar. 17. Colo. Gov. Waite agrees to sub-
mit the Denver Police Board trouble
to the Colorado Supreme Court. (See
Society.)
Mar. 19. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A
message is received from the President
enclosing Secretary Gresham's report on
the Blueflelds (Nicaragua) incident,
stating that no English protectorate was
intended.
New York. The Civil Service Re-
form Association transmits a memorial
to the State Senate charging Gov. Flower
with violating the State Civil Service
Law, and asking for legislative investi-
gation.
N. Y. The "side-door" saloon bill,
providing for Sunday traffic after one
o'clock p.m., is killed in the State As-
sembly. Vote, 62-53.
The report of the State Board of Chari-
ties upon the Elmira Reformatory sus-
tains the charges of cruelty against Supt.
Brockway. [Dec. 10. Gov. Flower dis-
misses the charges.]
Mar. 20. B.C. Congress; Senate:
The revised Tariff Bill is reported from
the Committee on Finance ; it is an-
nounced that the debate will begin on
April 2. The House passes the Civil
Appropriation Bill (introduced Feb. 3)
after nine discussions.
Mar. 21. N.J. The Supreme Court hands
down a decision upholding the Republi-
can Senate as the legal Senate, and de-
claring that under the State 'Constitu-
tion the Senate is not a continuous body ;
Justice Abbett dissents.
New York. The bankers who took up
the recent bond issue pass a resolution
urging the President to veto the Bland
Bill.
Mar. 22. B. C. Congress; Senate: A
resolution is introduced by George F.
Hoar of Mass. in relation to the death
of Kossuth, and passed ; a new treaty
with China, negotiated by Secretary
Gresham, is discussed ; the House passes
the Military Academy Appropriation
Bill introduced Feb. 20.
N. J. Members of the Democratic
Senate join the legally declared Senate ;
Gov. Werts sends in several judicial
nominations, which are confirmed.
Mar. 24. B. C. Congress: Only the
House in Session ; the Postal Appro-
priation Bill is introduced.
Colo. The Supreme Court decides
that Gov. Waite had no right to order
out the militia to put his appointees into
office.
Mar. 25. B. C. Congress: Senate;
Several amendments to the Tarriff Bill
are disposed of ; much opposition is
made by Democratic members to its in-
come-tax feature.
Mar. 26. B. C. Congress : Both Houses
adjourn out of respect to the late Sen-
ator Colquitt of Ga.
Colo. Judge Glynn renders a decision
favorable to Gov. Waite and his Denver
Board of Police ; there are now two po-
lice forces in the city.
N. J. Gov. Werts vetoes one of the
race-track repeal bills passed by the
Legislature.
Mar. 27. N. J. The Assembly passes
the race-track repeal bill over Gov.
Werts's veto.
N. Y. Gov. Flower refuses audience
to a citizen delegation from Troy, bear-
ing a petition requesting him to entrust
the prosecution of election frauds in that
city to the attorney-general, there being
no confidence in the district attorney.
B. C. Congress : Funeral services
are held in the Senate chamber for Sena-
tor Alfred H. Colquitt of Ga.
John M. Reynolds, assistant Secretary
of the Interior, renders a decision which
enlarges the pension roll.
Mar. 28. B. C. Congress; Senate:
Joseph N. Dolph of Ore. introduces a
resolution abrogating the Clayton-Bul-
wer Treaty; it is referred to the Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations.
N. Y. The Senate passes the Non-
partisan Election Inspectors' Bill.
Mar. 29. D. C. Congress: The House
receives President Cleveland's veto
message on the Seigniorage Bill.
The answer of President Dole of the
Provisional Government of Hawaii to
the demand by Minister Willis for more
specific charges is received at Washing-
ton.
Ga. Gov. Northen appoints Speaker
Charles F. Crisp to be U. S. Senator
as successor to A. H. Colquitt, deceased.
[Mar. 30. Declined.]
N. Y. The Senate votes for a legisla-
tive investigation of the management
of the Elmira Reformatory.
Apr. 2. B. C. Congress ; Senate : D.
W. Voorhees of Ind. opens the tariff
debate in a three hours' speech ; the
Bering-Sea Bill is reported and slightly
amended.
Ga. Patrick "Walsh, editor of The
Augusta Chronicle, is appointed by Gov.
Northen to succeed the late Senator
Colquitt as U. S. Senator.
Apr. 3. B. C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Bering-Sea Bill, to give
effect to the award rendered by the Tri-
bunal of Arbitration of Paris ; bill in-
troduced Apr. 2, 3. [Apr. 5. Passed by
the House. Apr. 10. Approved.]
N. Y. At the Gravesend municipal
election the anti-McKane ticket is
chosen by a majority of 273, and in New
Utrecht the reform ticket is elected.
8, C. Gov. Tillman issues a procla-
mation assuming entire control of the
police and marshals in the cities and
incorporated towns of the State ; he
makes a statement in defense of his
course ; the militia leave Columbia for
the scenes of the dispensary trouble.
Apr. 4. B. C. Congress ; in the Senate
W. B. Allison of la. concludes his speech
in opposition to the Wilson Tariff Bill,
and R. Q. Mills of Tex. defends it.
1894, Mar. 15 -Apr. 4. 455
House : The motion to pass the Seign-
iorage Bill over the President's veto is
defeated. Vote, 144-114.
N. J. Gov. Werts signs the bill mak-
ing women eligible to office of notary
public, and issues the first commission
to Miss Ida Phares.
N. Y. Gov. Flower summons the
managers of the Elmira Reformatory
to appear before him, and answer the
charges against them.
R. I. The Republicans carry the
State election by increased pluralities.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Mar. 18. Colo. The Union De-
pot at Denver is destroyed by fire ; loss,
$300,000.
la. A prairie fire rages on the Mis-
souri River bottoms below Sioux City.
Mar. 19. Colo. The troops are with-
drawn from Cripple Creek, order be-
ing restored.
Mar. 21. Cal. Ex-Senator Fair supports
an attempt to corner wheat in San Fran-
cisco.
Neb. An interstate Irrigation Con-
vention meets at Omaha.
Mar. 23. Pa. At the Acme f Powder
Company's works at Black's Run, 10,000
pounds of dynamite explode ; five
persons are killed, and one is injured ;
five buildings are destroyed ; loss,
$12,000.
Mar. 26+. N. Mex. — Ariz. A man
named Reavis claims the Peralta
grant, which includes 12,800,000 acres
of land in New Mexico and Arizona.
Mar. 27. New York. The State of Geor-
gia arrives with a hole in her bow
caused by ice-floes.
Mar. 28. New York. Smallpox is de-
clared epidemic by the health authori-
ties.
Mar. 29. Tex. Great destitution is re-
ported ; many are on the verge of
starvation.
Mar. 30. Chicago. The last of the
World's Fair Columbian Guards are
formally mustered out of service.
Cal. The Supreme Court of the State
renders a decision which fixes the capi-
tal at Sacramento.
III. Five lives are lost, 10 persons
injured, several houses damaged and
two wrecked by the collapse of a
steam-pipe of the Peoria Water Com-
pany.
Mar. 31. La. A break occurs in the
levees near Shreveport and at Harri-
son's Bluffs.
Cal. The Somali, England's largest
merchantman, arrives at San Francisco,
147 days out from Hongkong, having
been given up as lost.
Apr. 2. Cal. The " Industrial Army"
leaves Los Angeles ; it announces its
purpose to visit Washington.
Apr. 3. Cal. An "Army" starts
from San Francisco for Washington.
456 1894, Apr. 5 - Apr. 23.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 Apr. 10. D. C. Adm. Benham
is retired from active service in the
navy under the age pf limitation.
Apr. 11. D. C. Capt. Thomas O. Self-
ridge is promoted commodore U. S. N.
[Also Apr. 16. Capt. Joseph N. Miller.
July 10. Capt. Montgomery Sicard.
July 21. Capt. Edmund O. Matthews.
July 31. Capt. Charles S. Norton. Sept.
7. Capt. Robert L. Phythian. Nov. 11.
Capt. Rush R. Wallace.]
Apr. 13. S. C. Gov. Tillman is reor-
ganizing the militia ; he dismisses the
captain of one of the rebellious com-
panies who refused to proceed against
illegal, defiant liquor-dealers.
Apr. 17. D. C. John E. Greer is com-
missioned major — ordnance depart-
ment. [May 16. William R. Hall— med-
ical department. June 6. George H.
Torney and Marshall W. Wood— medical
department. Aug. 8. C. A. H. McCauley
— quartermaster department. Aug. 13.
Daniel W. Burke— 23d infantry. Aug. 16.
George W. Davis — 11th infantry. Sept.
2. John Pitman — quartermaster depart-
ment. Sept. 12. F. H. Hathaway —
quartermaster department. Sept. 17.
Frederick A. Mahan — corps of engi-
neers. Oct. 8. John J. Clague — sub-
sistence department. Oct. 10. John
G. Trumbull — 1st artillery. Oct. 11.
Thomas M. K. Smith — 1st infantry.
Oct. 25. David H. Kinzie — 5th artillery.
Nov. 10. William M. Wallace— 2d cav-
alry. Nov. 26. Jacob H. Smith— 2d in-
fantry. Dec. 29. Charles W.Miner— 6th
infantry. Dec. 31. Joshua W. Jacobs
— quartermaster department.]
Apr. 19. Pa. The 18-inch armor-
plate designed for the battle-ship In-
diana is shattered by a shot from a 12-
inch gun at the Indian Head Proving
Grounds.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Apr. 15. New York. A statue
to the memory of Father Drumgoole is
unveiled by Archbishop Corrigan.
Apr. 17. Okla. A tornado destroys 15
houses, kills two persons, injures several
others, besides doing much damage to
property.
[May 11. One destroys property at
Dalton, O. May 17±. Much property-
destroyed in Ohio. June 25. The vil-
lage of Keighley, Butler County, Kan.,
is devastated. June 26. Houses are
demolished in Louisville ; also in Jeffer-
son, Ind. Sept. 22. Michigan and Min-
nesota are visited. Oct. 1. Wichita,
Kan., is visited. Nov. 3. At Willis,
Tex., three churches and many houses
are demolished.]
Apr. 20. D. C. The annual convention
of the American Meteorological So-
ciety opens at Washington.
Apr. 22. N. Y. Swarms of 17-year
locusts appear in and near Nyack.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Apr. 5. Corey, Charles, insanity expert,
A64.
Apr. 9. Graham, John, criminal lawyer,
dies.
Apr. 13. Field, David Dudley, lawyer,
jurist, A89.
Apr. 14. Slocum, Henry W., maj.-gen.,
corps commander under Sherman, A67.
Vance, Zebulon B.. Gov., senator for
N. C, A64.
Apr. 17. Knabe, Ernest J., piano-manu-
facturer, A57.
Apr. 22. Waterbury, N. J., lawyer, A75.
CHURCH.
1894 Apr. 5. Chicago. Methodist min-
isters pass resolutions asking Pope Leo
to extend the same religious freedom in
South America that is enjoyed in North
America — as Methodist missionaries are
being maltreated by Roman Catholics in
Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia.
Apr. 21. The Judiciary Committee
of the General Assembly (Presbyterian)
recommends the entertaining of Prof.
H. P. Smith's appeal from the Ohio
Synod, and the Assembly adopts the
order.
(Apr. 25.) The trial for heresy is con-
tinued.
(Apr. 26.) The General Assembly, by
a vote of 396 to 101, convicts Prof. Smith
of heresy.
Apr. 22. New York. The 58th anniver-
sary of the Protestant Episcopal Mis-
sionary Society for Seamen is cele-
brated.
LETTERS.
1894 Apr. 6. New York. Twenty-nine
young women graduate from the wom-
en's law-class of the University of New
York.
Apr. 7. U. S. The American and
the Union News Companies refuse to
handle W. T. Stead's book, If Christ
Came to Chicago.
Apr. 8. D. C. The 50th anniversary of
the organization of the American So-
ciety of Religious Education is cele-
brated in Washington.
Apr. 9. N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the
Anti-Hazing Bill, to prevent disor-
derly conduct in colleges.
Apr. 14. Boston. Women are admitted
to the privileges of the club-house of
the University Club.
Apr. 15. Phila. The trustees of the
University of Pennsylvania decide
to lengthen the course to four years in
the scope and organization of the Whar-
ton School of Finance and Economy.
Apr. 16. Cal. Ex-President Harrison
delivers his final lecture of the course
before the Stanford University ; sub-
ject, " The Institution of State Govern-
ments."
SOCIETY.
1894 Apr. 5. N. J. The Law and
Order League of Franklin Park or-
ders aU negroes to leave the town
before the 7th inst.
Okla. In an Indian outbreak 42
lives are lost ; the fight between cow-
boys and Indians is still going on.
Apr. 6. Cal. An unemployed army,
600 strong, causes trouble in *he city of
Oakland, refusing to leave tutil com-
pelled by over 1,000 citizens.
Chicago. About 3,000 striking
painters are locked out by 75 firms.
D. C. The testimony in the Breck-
inridge-PoUard case at Washington is
closed.
[Apr. 14. The jury returns a verdict
of $15,000 for Miss Pollard.]
III. Frye's "army" is compelled
by the chief of police to leave East St.
Louis.
Apr. 9. New York. A census of Ba-
loons open on Sunday, March 18, is
published in the City Vigilant.
It reveals that in 19 Assembly districts
2,960 saloons were open ; that in from
10 minutes to half an hour 3,312 persons
entered them, not counting eight police-
men, while 39 policemen were seen in
the immediate vicinity.
Police Captain W. G. Devery is
acquitted of the charge of wilful neg-
lect.
N. Y. Articles of incorporation are
filed at Albany by the Patriotic League
of the Revolution, with headquarters
in Brooklyn ; its object is to preserve
relics of the Revolution, and to foster
patriotism.
Pa. The coke-region strikers agree
to work on the H. C. Frick scale.
Apr. 10. Okla. Robbers try to hold
up a Rock Island train ; the express-
messenger shoots one dead, the train-
men capture another, and the rest flee
without securing booty.
Apr. 12. Utah. The Salt Lake " In-
dustrials " (unemployed workingmen)
seize a train at Provo City ; the leaders
are put in jail. [Apr. 14. They are sen-
tenced to imprisonment in Montana for
like offense. Apr. 19. They capture two
trains of the Northern Pacific road in
Montana. Apr. 30. The governor of
Idaho appeals to the Federal authori-
ties to provide quarters for " Industri-
als" under arrest.]
Apr. 13. Ga. Thirty masked illicit
distillers, called Moonshiners, whip six
farm-laborers near Calhoun, Gordon
County. They compel women thinly
clad to stand in the night air to witness
the whipping ; one laborer is missing
and supposed to be dead.
U. S. Employees on the Western Di-
vision of the Great Northern Railroad
strike against a wage-reduction, and
allow nothing but mail to be moved.
[Apr. 28. The Knights of Labor are
called out in aid of the Railway Union
strikers. May 1. The strike is declared
off, President Hill having agreed to the
former scale of wages for a large num-
ber of employees.]
Apr. 14. N. Dak. A general strike is
ordered along the Montana Central and
Great Northern from Larimore to Spo-
kane, Washington.
Apr. 16. Cal. A highwayman robs the
stage near Milton of the Wells-Fargo
treasure-box, containing $2,000.
N. Y. Ernest Knigge, of the Citizens'
League for good government at Coney
Island, is assaulted and badly injured in
his store by two masked men.
Apr. 17. Cal. Bands of unemployed
men loot the houses of Chinese and
Japanese on ranches.
Ind. W. M. Copland shoots his
brother-in-law, W. H. Bruning of New
York, in ex-Attorney-General Miller's
office at Indianapolis ; he also accident-
ally wounds his own lawyer.
New York. Police Captain O'Connor
and three of his men are put on trial
charged with being in collusion with
pool-sellers.
UNITED STATES.
1894, Apr. 5. -Apr. 23. 457
Apr. 18. Boston. The celebration of
Patriots' Day is inaugurated at the
historic old North Church, where, 119
years ago, warning lights gave Paul
Revere the signal that started him on
his memorable ride.
Mich. Two strikers are killed and
several others, including a sheriff, in-
jured in a labor conflict at Detroit.
N. Y. Gov. Flower appoints three
commissioners to investigate the man-
agement of the Elmira Reformatory
under Superintendent Brockway. [Dec.
10. The governor dismisses the charges.]
Apr. 19. Okla. A fight takes place be-
tween United States marshals and sev-
eral outlaws of the " Bill " Dalton gang :
three bandits, a woman and girl, and
two marshals are killed.
Pa. The coke- workers at the Ma-
honing and Atlas plants of the Cambria
Iron Company return to work.
Apr. 20. Neb. A mob seizes 40 box-
cars at Omaha for the use of Kelly's
" Industrial Army ; " Kelly refuses to
use them.
Apr. 21. D. C. The Commissioners is-
sue a proclamation warning Coxey's
army against violating the laws of the
District by organizing processions and
meetings.
Ga. White Caps shoot and kill Henry
Woolley, a Murray County farmer, while
plowing.
N. Y. An Anti- Compulsory Vac-
cination League is organized in Brook-
lyn at a meeting of physicians and
laymen.
U . S. In obedience to the order of
the national organization, 130,000 miners
strike.
Apr. 22. D. C. Bills for the creation
of an American organization similar
to that of the French " Immortals"
are submitted to the House of Repre-
sentatives. ,
i Fla. Roman Catholics drive agents
of the American Protective Association
out of Palatka.
La. In a race conflict one white
and one negro are killed ; 13 negroes
are imprisoned, and posses are scouring
the country hunting other negroes.
STATE.
1894 Apr. 5. Md. Gov. Brown signs
the bill which prohibits all-the-year-
round racing and book-making.
S. C. Gov. Tillman issues a proc-
lamation restoring the civil status in
Florence and Darlington Counties, and
ordering the militia home.
Apr. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: The
Bering-Sea question is discussed ; ob-
jections are taken to England's con-
struction of the Paris award.
Apr. 9. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate D. B. Hill of N. Y. makes a speech
on the Tariff Bill, opposing the income
tax.
U. S. The U. S. Chilean Claims
Commission expires by limitation after
awarding damages to the amount of
$240,000 against Chile.
Apr. 10. D. C. Congress : Senate : The
Wolcott resolution to coin standard
Mexican silver dollars, under some
agreement with Mexico, is passed.
The caucus of House Democrats adopts
a resolution in favor of the repeal of
the tax on State-bank circulation.
/. T. The Creeks reject the propo-
sition of the Dawes Commission for a
change in the character of the Territo-
rial government, over 2,000 Indians at
the national meeting at Okmulgee vot-
ing against the change.
— — A*. J. Many of the charter elections
result iu sweeping Republican victories,
causing a revolution in several munici-
pal governments.
Apr. 11. B.C. The Bear, the Hush, and
the Corwin are ordered to get ready to
patrol the Bering Sea and prevent illegal
sealing.
Apr. 12. D. C. Congress : The House
filibusters over a new rule to fine mem-
bers $10 each for not voting.
Apr. 13. D. C. Congress; Senate: D.
B. Hill of N. Y. intimates that he is
in favor of adopting the Reed rule of
counting a quorum in the Senate ; in
the House, after failing to get a quorum
to act on the journal, the Democrats
hold a caucus, and decide upon a policy
which practically amounts to counting
a quorum.
Apr. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate : W.
A. Peffer introduces, by request, a bill
to prohibit any person from owning
more than one hundred acres of land ;
it is referred to the Committee on Fi-
nance ; the Tariff Bill is debated ;
seven items on the chemical schedule
are disposed of.
Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate
disposes of 18 paragraphs of the Tariff
Bill ; in the House a new quorum-count-
ing rule is practically agreed upon by
the Democrats in the Committee on
Rules ; it is aimed against obstructive
action by an adverse minority, and de-
signed to facilitate the transaction of
business by the majority.
Apr. 17. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A
committee is appointed to investigate
the alleged attempts at bribery and the
Sugar Trust's campaign contributions ;
the House adopts a rule to count a
quorum, embodying ex-Speaker Reed's
principle, — counting those who refuse
to vote as present. Vote, 212-47.
Apr. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate:
The Tariff Bill is discussed by Senators
Morrill, Turpie, Cameron, and Quay,
David Turpie defending the bill.
Secretary Herbert receives charges of
armor-plate frauds against the Carnegie
Company.
Apr. 19. S. C. The Dispensary Li-
quor Law is declared unconstitutional
by the State Supreme Court, one judge
dissenting.
Apr. 20. N. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the
bill for a Bi-partisan Police Commis-
sion in New York City, on the ground
that it is bad in principle, and designed
in the interest of party politics rather
than public good.
Apr. 21. I). C. The bribery investi-
gation is begun by the Senate Commit-
tee ; Eppa Hunton of Va. and James H.
Kyle of S. Dak. testify. (See Apr. 17.)
[Apr. 23. Investigation completed.]
Secretary Lamont reduces War De-
partment expenses about $250,000 by the
discharge of 22 clerks.
Apr. 22. Ala. Congressman Wm. C.
Oates is nominated by the Democrats
for governor, defeating the anti-Admin-
istration men.
Apr. 23. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate a test vote is taken on the Tariff
Bill, a motion to lay it on the table
being defeated.
N. Y. Bradley's Bridge Trustees
Bill passes the Senate. Vote, 20-10.
Pa. Gen. Daniel H. Hastings (Rep.)
is nominated for governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Apr. 8. Pa. At the abandoned
workings at Leggett's Creek mine 12
acres of Scranton cave in.
Apr. 9. Wis. Davidson's Theater at
Milwaukee burns ; nine firemen are
killed, and many injured.
Apr. 10. N. Y. A three-story apart-
ment-house in Brooklyn collapses and
takes fire ; two persons are killed, and
eight burned and bruised.
Apr. 11. N. J. In two wrecks on the
coast 15 sailors lose their lives.
Apr. 12. V. Y. The American Glu-
cose 'Works in Buffalo are burned ;
loss, $1,200,000.
Apr. 13 ±. Mass. Two vessels are lost
off the coast, with all on board ; many
other shipping disasters occur as a re-
sult of the great storm.
Apr. 14. N. J. The Central Traction
Company files articles of incorporation
with the Secretary of State.
± Neb. Judge E. S. Dundy, of the
U. S. District Court in Omaha, restores
the rate of wages of the employees of
the Union Pacific Railroad.
N. Y. Corporation Counsel McDon-
ald begins action to recover $1,289.50
overcharge by, and paid illegally out
of public funds by city officials to,G. F.
Miller, for dinners and wines during the
Columbian celebration in Brooklyn.
Apr. 16. New York. The Coffee Ex-
change decides to adopt the clearing-
house system. Vote, 94-90.
Apr. 17. Wash. The Bering-Sea fleet
sails from Port Townsend.
Apr. 18. III. The annual meeting of
the Whisky Trust is held in Peoria.
Apr. 20. Cal. A liberty tree is planted
in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, by
the Daughters of the Revolution.
The soil around its roots comes from
more than one hundred and fifty historic
spots in different parts of the country.
Apr. 22. D. C. The Pan-American
Bimetallist Convention meets in
Washington.
458 1894, Apr. 23 -May 11.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 May 10. D. C. John W. Barlow
is commissioned colonel — corps of engi-
neers. [May 16. Joseph P. Wright —
medical department. June 28. Francis
L. Town — medical department.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 May 6. Hail-storms do much
damage in many parts of the country,
both East and West.
May 10. Va. The monument to the
mother of George "Washington is
dedicated at Fredericksburg ; President
Cleveland is present.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Apr. 30. Hatton, Frank, postmaster-gen-
eral, editor Washington Post, A50.
Stockbridge, Francis B., senator for
Mich., A68.
May 1. Abell, G. W., publisher of Balti-
more Sun, A52.
May 7. Barrow, Frances Elizabeth, writer
(Aunt Fanny), dies.
CHURCH.
1894 Apr. 29. Monsignor Satolli or-
ders that only English shall be used
in Catholic Cathedral churches of Amer-
ica.
May 4. Tenn. The General Confer-
ence (Methodist Episcopal South) meets
at Memphis.
May 10. N. Y. The 25th anniversary
of the pastorate of Rev. Dr. Talmage
in Brooklyn is celebrated.
LETTERS.
1894 May 6. N. C. Secretary Hoke
Smith delivers the commencement ad-
dress at the University of North Car-
olina.
SOCIETY.
1894 Apr. 23. New York. Dr. Park-
hurst notifies Police Captain Martens of
a " dive " within 30 yards of the police-
station.
Apr. 24. Pa. Eight strikers are
killed and many wounded in a fight
with deputy-sheriffs in the coke-region.
[Apr. 27. Strikers and operators are
said to be arming and preparing for a
conflict ; Gov. Pattison addresses the
strikers and counsels peace and modera-
tion. May. 4. Women lead an attack
of rioters ; three Hungarians are shot ;
a company's official is fatally beaten.
May 9. The strike is renewed with vio-
lence. May 24. Five strikers are killed
while making an attack on a coke-plant.]
(See June 5). [July 24. Strikers make
some demonstrations of violence till
driven off by the sheriff. Aug. 17. Coke-
workers in the Connellsville region
abandon the strike, denouncing their
leaders for false representation.]
Apr. 25. Colo. A conflict between strik-
ing miners and deputy-sheriffs takes
place at Cripple Creek.
[May 20. A reign of terror prevails ;
strikers plunder shops of provisions and
arms. May 25. The strikers and dep-
uty-sheriffs come into conflict. May 26.
The strikers blow up the Company's
buildings and wreck the shaft with dy-
namite.]
O. A young woman is killed in
the street in Cincinnati by Father D.
O'Grady, a jealous Roman Catholic
priest.
Apr. 26. Mont. Hogan's " Industrial
Army " is captured at Forsyth, for steal-
ing a train, and taken to Helena under
an escort of Federal troops and deputy-
marshals.
[May 15. One member is sentenced to
imprisonment for six months, and 40
others for two months.]
Apr. 27. III. In the coal-region armed
strikers are driving out working miners.
Sheriff Lenz, of Marshall County, asks
aid from the State authorities ; the First
Regiment Illinois National Guards is
ordered to the scene of trouble.
La. Eight negroes are lynched.
Okla. Vigilance committees attack
a band of horse-thieves ; they kill five,
and capture and hang two.
Apr. 28. la. A gang of tramp thieves
is corralled in a barn in Missouri Valley ;
on being called to surrender, they open
fire, killing the city marshal and wound-
ing two of his officers.
Ind. A gang of 25 masked men
armed with axes visit Bert Willis's sa-
loon at Burlington, and destroy the stock
and fixtures, burning them in a bonfire.
0. Galvin's "Industrial Army"
seizes a train ; four companies of militia
and Battery H are ordered to Mount
Sterling and rescue it.
Apr. 30. Chicago. Proceedings are be-
gun against the Chicago Gas Trust
and the American Tobacco Company,
both doing business as trusts in violation
of law.
New York. Five men who have been
burning stables to get insurance money
are arrested.
May 1. D. C. Coxey's "army" enters
Washington ; the " general " is not al-
lowed to make a demonstration at the
Capitol ; Browne and Jones, two other
leading men, are arrested for disorderly
conduct.
[May 2. " Gen." Coxey is arrested.
The " army " diminishes rapidly. May
8. Found guilty of trespassing on the
Capitol grounds. May 9. The House
Committee on Labor gives Coxey a hear-
ing respecting the trespass and the duty
of the Government to laborers. May 21.
Coxey, Browne, and Jones are sentenced
to confinement in jail for 20 days.]
la. " Gen." Kelley, of the " Indus-
trial Army," refuses to leave Des Moines
when ordered to go by the city author-
ities.
III. — Tenn. Several hundred more
coal-miners go out on strike ; all the
miners at Coal Creek, Tenn., stop work.
(See May 28.)
May 2. Minn. A mob of strikers com-
pels over 300 workers at Mountain Iron
mine, of the Rockefeller group, to quit.
[May 3. Troops are ordered to the
Messaba Iron range, the strikers threat-
ening destruction to life and property.]
Mo. The grand jury at Kansas City
returns indictments against 13 partici-
pants in the recent election riots ; three
for murder in the first degree.
O. Conflicts occur between the po-
lice and riotous mobs in Cleveland ; the
local militia are called to the armory.
[May 8+. Militia men are discharged
by their employers for aiding to sup-
press the strike.]
May 3. N. Y. Commercial Bank offi-
cers are indicted in Brooklyn, charged
with violating the law of 1892, and wreck-
ing the bank.
May 5. Ark. A negro in Ouachita
County, supposed to have smallpox, is
burned in his cabin, which has been
fired by persons unknown.
Phila. Barney Sacks, a confectioner,
shoots his mother and kills himself.
May 7. Ala. Striking coal-miners
destroy property in two mines where
men refusing to join the strike are at
work.
[June 7. Strikers blow up mine ma-
chinery with dynamite at Horse Creek,,
discharge guns into the Company's
stores and houses, and wreck freight-
cars. June 18. Miners vote to continue
the strike ; two bridges are blown up.
July 16. Miners murderously attack
negro workmen, killing eight ; troops
areordered out to quell the disturbance.]
May 8. The miners' strike is spreading
in Maryland, West Virginia, and Illinois.
New York. Maj.-Gen. O. O. Howard
is chosen president of the National
Temperance Society at its annual
meeting.
S. C. The Supreme Court of the State
decides that the Evans Liquor Law is
valid.
May 9. Boston. The second annual con-
vention of "Working Girls' Clubs is
held ; over 100 delegates from 14 promi-
nent American cities attend.
Neb. The Hibernian Convention in
session at Omaha decides to form Co-
lumbian Leagues in each State to off-
set the American Protective Association
societies.
Pa. A. Woodley shoots and kills
Jennie Buchanan in Allegheny ; he
wounds himself, and is imprisoned.
± Pa. — Colo. Trains are stolen by
bands of Coxeyites ; in Pennyslvania the
stealers are sent to jail for 20 days.
Phila. The General Federation of
Women's Clubs begins its second bi-
ennial session, with 325 delegates from
37 States, and 500 other women present.
[Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin, of Chicago,
president.]
May 10. Wash. Two deputy-marshals
and several citizens are shot in a conflict
with Coxeyites who have stolen a train
at Yakima.
May 11+. Chicago. The Pullman
Palace-Car Works are closed against
the employees, they having struck for
higher wages.
(May 22.) The American Railway
Union declares a boycott upon all Pull-
man cars, unless the company consents
to arbitrate the differences with its strik-
ing employees.
(June 25.) All the shops of the Car
Company are closed except the Delaware
works.
(June 26.) The boycott of the Pull-
man cars goes into effect.
(June 27.) The boycott extends to all
roads entering Chicago; one railroad
yields, and runs trains without Pullman
cars.
(June 28.) The railway strike spreads
to 20 roads in the West, and paralyzes
travel from San Francisco to Chicago ;
nearly 40,000 men are said to be involved.
(June 29.) The operating of the roads
is seriously crippled by trainmen joining
the strikers.
(June 30.) Strikers spike switches in
Chicago ; police protection is asked.
(July 5.) Rioting occurs along three
miles of the Lake Shore and Rock Island
tracks. Mayor Hopkins and the Council
Committee meet the American Railway
UNITED STATES.
1894, Apr. 23 - May 11. 459-
Union officials ; Eugene V. Debs issues
a statement ; eight more companies of
regulars are ordered to Chicago.
(July 6.) A mob burns 225 cars along
the line of the Pan Handle Koad ; side-
tracked produce-cars are looted. War-
rants are sworn out for the arrest of
Debs and Howard ; Gov. Altgeld orders
out two brigades of militia ; about 50
fires start in the Stock-yards district.
(July 7.) The mob continues the
burning of cars, and rioting. Over
$1,000,000 damage is already done by
incendiaries ; the Government assumes
control of the Northern Pacific as a
Post and Military Road ; over 100,000
men are out of work in and near Chi-
cago.
(July 9.) Rioting and disorder ; the
Pullman Company finally refuses to sub-
mit the controversy with its employees
to arbitration, and a general strike of
the labor-unions may take place.
(July 10.) Debs, Howard, and other
strike leaders are arrested for conspir-
acy to obstruct the mails ; they are re-
leased on bail. The Knights of Labor
are asked by the General Master Work-
man, Sovereign, to join the strike ; the
trades-unions of Chicago go out on a
general sympathetic strike.
(July 11.) The appeal to the Knights
of Labor to join the strike is but slowly
responded to ; only about 15,000 men go
out in Chicago, and none go out else-
where. A dressed-beef train of 50 cars
bound for New York leaves under pro-
tection of soldiers. A bomb is sent to
Vice-President Wickes, of the Pullman
Company, the messenger saying that he
received it from a lady.
(July 12.) Trains move more freely
•without attendant disorder ; reports
from the Middle, Western, and South-
western States show that the strike is
breaking all along the line.
(July 13.) President Debs offers to
declare the railroad strike off if the gen-
eral managers will take back the strikers
not accused of crime, but the managers
refuse to consider the proposition ; the
strike is near its end ; Samuel Gompers
issues a statement declaring a general
sympathetic strike of the Federation of
Labor inexpedient.
(July 14.) President Debs declares he
will continue the strike if necessary ;
strikers return to work in several places ;
the Chicago Building Trades' Council
rescinds its strike order.
(July 17.) President Debs and three
other strike leaders are lodged in jail at
Chicago on the charge of contempt of
the Federal Courts ; telegrams sent by
them to strikers after the issue of the
injunction are produced in evidence ; the
prisoners refuse to be bailed out.
(July 18.) About 100 Pullman strikers
return to work.
(July 21.) Several directors of the
American Railway Union are arrested.
Several hundred workmen apply for re-
instatement by the Pullman Company.
(July 31.) Half the militia guarding
Pullman is withdrawn.
(Aug. 2.) Business is resumed at Pull-
man ; 300 strikers return to work.
[Others follow.]
(Aug. 5.) This colossal strike is de-
clared off by a vote of the American
Union ; the Chicago and Eastern Illi-
nois and the Santa Fe' roads are ex-
cepted.
(Aug. 7.) The last of the Illinois Guard
are ordered home.
(Aug. 14.) George M. Pullman issues
a statement defending his company's
character.
STATE.
1894. Apr. 24. D. C. Congress;
Senate : the Wilson Tariff Bill is dis-
cussed, Roger Q. Mills of Tex. closing the
general debate in a speech favoring the
bill with the income-tax provision ; the
House passes the Post-office Appro-
priation Bill introduced Mar. 24, after
five discussions.
The Senate Investigation Committee
examines three newspaper correspond-
ents on the Sugar Trust charges.
N. J. The Assembly passes the bill
forbidding pool-selling and book-mak-
ing.
O. The House of Representatives
passes the bill granting to women the
suffrage in school elections.
Apr. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate:
Rapid progress is made on the metal
schedule of the Tariff Bill.
The Coinage Committee of the House
decides to defer the consideration of the
Meyer-Bland Seigniorage Bill, and
discuss the Bland Free Coinage BLU
instead.
Apr. 26. D.C. Congress; Senate : W.
V. Allen's Coxey resolution, assert-
ing the right of unarmed companies of
men to enter upon the Capitol grounds,
is opposed by several Senators ; the
House passes the Diplomatic and Con-
sular Appropriation Bill introduced
Mar. 5 ; a lively debate is caused by the
resolution already adopted to impose
fines on absentees.
N. Y. Gov. Flower having signed the
bill, the town of Flatbush becomes the
29th ward of Brooklyn ; the governor
signs the bill providing for the estab-
lishment of a State Colony for Epilep-
tics, to be known as " the Craig Colony,"
in honor of the late Oscar Craig of Roch-
ester.
Apr. 27. D. C. The briefs in the John
Y. McKane case are submitted to the
Supreme Court of the United States, in
Washington. (See Society, p. 442.)
N. T. Gov. Flower vetoes the Blan-
ket Ballot Election Bill, for secret vot-
ing.
Apr. 29. D. C. Congress: The report
of a compromise among Democratic
Senators is made public.
The concessions made to the conserva-
tives include a change of the sugar duty
to an ad valorem basis, and the limiting
of the operation of the income tax to
five years only.
Apr. 30. N. J. The Senate repeals, by
a strict party vote, the gerrymander
laws of the last Assembly, also the law
providing for the election of Assembly-
men by counties.
May 2. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the Dockery Commission Bill,
to- consider improved methods of ac-
counting in the Treasury Department ;
it passes the Army Appropriation
Bill introduced Mar. 19.
May 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate
disposes of the first paragraph of the
Wilson Tariff BUI.
N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the annex-
ation bills uniting all the Kings County
towns to the city of Brooklyn.
May 4. D.C. Congress: The House
passes the River and Harbor Appro-
priation Bill introduced Mar. 31.
May 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the Chinese Treaty in execu-
tive session ; the amended Tariff Bill
(about 400 amendments) is presented in
Committee to the Republican Senators ;
the House passes the Dunphy Hudson-
River Bridge Bill, to connect New
York and Jersey City ; bill introduced
Mar. 27.
A". Y. The General Term of the Court
of Common Pleas decides that the Ives
Pool Bill is unconstitutional.
The Republican delegates to the Con-
stitutional Convention name the offi-
cers : president, Joseph H. Choate ; vice-
presidents, ex-Lieut.-Gov. Alvord and
W. H. Steel of Oswego; clerk, C. E.
Fitch, ex-editor of the Rochester Demo-
crat and Chronicle; Sergeant-at-arms,.
W. W. Bennett, a war veteran.
May 8. N. Y. The Constitutional Con-
vention is organized at Albany by the
election of Joseph H. Choate of New
York as president.
S. C. The Supreme Court at Colum-
bia decides that the State is practically
under prohibition.
May 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the Tariff J3ill; an amend-
ment to levy duties on goods in bond,
on the date the bill goes into effect, is
agreed to ; the Lodge amendment, for
the imposition of discriminating duties
on England, as a means of forcing the
acceptance of bimetallism by that coun-
try, is laid on the table ; the Russian
Bering Sea Treaty is ratified.
N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the " Huc-
kleberry " Railroad Bill and the bill ap-
propriating $350,000 for improving the
canals of the State.
May 10. D. C. Congress; Senate : The
Tariff debate is continued ; the Allen
resolution for an investigation of the po-
lice treatment of the Coxey " Army "
is discussed, Senators Stewart and Tel-
ler defending Coxey, and Senator Hoar
opposing the resolution. [It fails to
pass.]
New York. Richard broker resigns
as a member of the Executive Commit-
tee and as chairman of the Finance
Committee of Tammany Hall; John
McQuade is selected to take his place.
N. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the non-
partisan Park Commission Bill, as too
partisan.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Apr. 27. A7. T. Gasport is
nearly burned out.
Apr. 29 ±. La. The loss by the burning
of the St. Charles Hotel in New Orleans
reaches $500,000.
May 3. N. Y. The second annual meet-
ing of the National Association of
Wholesale Lumber Dealers begins its
sessions at Buffalo.
The Wilson Line steamer Persian Mon-
arch, from London for New York, runs
ashore at Eastport, Long Island.
May 6. New York. The steamer La
Champagne of the French Line, from
Havre to New York, runs aground in
the Narrows near Fort Lafayette.
May 9. Me. Norway loses $300,000
by fire.
May 10. Chicago. The National Bur-
ial-Case Association is in session.
460 1894, May 11 -June 4.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 May 12. la. The torpedo boat
Ericsson is launched at Dubuque.
June 2. />. C. Orders are sent to the
cruiser Baltimore to proceed to Korea
to protect Americans whose lives and
property are in danger.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 May 12. New York. Sunol's
statue of Columbus is unveiled in
Central Park by Vice-President Steven-
son.
May 15. Phila. The 15th annual meet-
ing of the American Medico-Psycho-
logical Association begins.
May 16. Phila. The 23d annual conven-
tion of the American Fisheries Society
begins.
May 18+. The worst storm of the sea-
son is raging on Lake Michigan ; about
20 lives are lost.
May 22. N. Y. — Pa. The floods are
subsiding ; the loss in Lycoming County,
Pa., alone is estimated at $3,000,000.
May 23. O. The second concert of the
Music Festival at Cincinnati takes
place under the lead of Theo. Thomas.
May 24. Conn. The bust of Harriet
Beecher Stowe is unveiled at the
Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford.
May 28. III. Locusts appear in large
numbers.
May 29. D. C. The Triennial Con-
gress of American Physicians and
Surgeons opens in Washington.
May 30. New Fork. The statue of
Horace Greeley, erected by Typo-
graphical Union No. 6, is unveiled ; it
stands at the corner of Broadway and
Thirty-third Street.
Va. A mpnument to the Soldiers
and Sailors of the Confederacy is un-
veiled at Richmond.
May 31. Colo. The damage to property
at Pueblo from cloudbursts amounts to
$600,000 ; hundreds of people are home-
less.
June 2. Chicago. The Field Columbian
Museum, occupying the Art Building at
the World's Fair, is formally dedicated.
Colo. Snow seven feet deep lies on
Pike's Peak.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
May 15. Shaffer, Chauncy, criminal law-
yer, A75.
May 20. Lionberger, John K., financier,
dies.
CHURCH.
1894 May 13. N. Y. Dr. Talmage's
Tabernacle in Brooklyn is again de-
stroyed by tire.
May 14. New York. The annual meet-
ing of the American Society of Com-
parative Religions is held.
The Roman Catholic Parochial
School Exhibit opens, with addresses
by Archbishop Corrigan, W. Bourke
Cockran, and others.
May 16. Va. John B. Newton is con-
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) assist-
ant bishop of Virginia.
May 22. Chicago. A Liberal Religious
Congress is in session.
Representatives are present from the
Universalist, Unitarian, Independent,
Reformed Hebrew, and higher Orthodox
churches, and the Ethical Culture So-
ciety.
LETTERS.
1894 May 24. Conn. Judge Shum-
way of the Superior Court at Hart-
ford finds that the law authorizing the
School Board to order all school chil-
dren vaccinated, and to exclude those
not vaccinated from the schools, is con-
stitutional.
Mass. Miss Agnes Irwin of Philadel-
phia is chosen Dean of Badcliffe Col-
lege at Cambridge.
May 26. N. Y. Rev. A. V. V. Raymond
is formally installed as the president of
Union College.
May 27. Phila. Some of the most com-
prehensive collections of educational
exhibits at the World's Fair are secured
for an economic and educational mu-
seum, by action of the City Council in
appropriating $10,000. (Made in 1893.)
SOCIETY.
1894 May 11. Ky. The women of Lex-
ington are boycotting merchants who
support the candidacy of Col. Breck-
inridge for Congress.
May 14. Mel. The American Order
of Steam Engineers begins its sessions
in Baltimore ; it is opposed to strikes
and boycotts as interfering with indi-
vidual rights.
N. Y. Dr. Talmage begins his tour
around the world.
New York. The arrest of two young
pickpockets leads to the discovery of a
regular school for thievery, and its mode
of working.
May 15. New York. The New York
Chapter of Colonial Order is incor-
porated.
Its object is to cherish American tra-
ditions, and to promote patriotism and
loyalty to national institutions.
May 16. New York. A man in Fast
Twelfth Street, desperate through pov-
erty, kills his mother and himself.
N. Y. In Waverly, Alanson Hyatt,
under the influence of drink, kills his
wife, wounds his mother, and kills him-
self.
May 17. P. I. Burglars enter the
Wakefield post-office and carry off $5,000
in securities and $1,400 worth of stamps.
May 18. New York. Bookkeeper J. J.
Kean, of the Harlem River Bank, is ar-
rested on a charge of stealing between
$ig,ooo and $20,000.
May 20. W. Va. In Mason County,
White Caps lynch three negroes, char-
ging them with stealing horses, sheep,
and cattle.
May 21. New York. The first pawn-
shop of the Provident Loan Society
opens for business in the United Chari-
ties Building, and has considerable pat-
ronage during the day.
iV Y. The strike of the employees
of the Atlantic Avenue Railroad iu
Brooklyn ends [temporarily].
[May 26. The Company's trolley lines
are tied up by a strike, the employees
objecting to being compelled to provide
uniforms ; there is no disorder.]
May 23. Tex. Robbers raid the First
National Bank, Long View, securing
about $2,500. In a fight which ensues
two citizens and one robber are killed
and several other persons injured, some
fatally.
May 25. N.J. Edward Bull of Kearney,
influenced by jealousy, kills his wife
and tries to kill himself.
Okla. Thirty well-known citizens of
Tecumseh are indicted for horse-steal-
ing ; the territory of their raids extends
from Arizona to Arkansas, and they are
charged with many murders.
May 26. N. Y. Adolph Brenner, an an-
archist, makes an attempt to murder an
entire family in Brooklyn ; he lodges a
bullet in his own head.
May 27. Ind. The striking miners
stop all coal-laden cars on the Evansville
and Terre Haute Railroad ; Gov. Altgeld
is appealed to for troops.
[May 29. The strikers attempt to close
mines and seize coal-trains ; the gover-
nors of coal-producing States are asked
to act as an arbitration committee. June
2.. Gov. Matthews orders out the militia
to prevent lawlessness by the strikers.
June 27. Operators agree to the miners'
demands and work is resumed. July 8.
There is a pitched battle between the
regular troops and a mob of strikers at
Hammond ; one man is killed and four
are wounded. July 10. Incendiaries fire
a trestle bridge over the Calumet River,
near Hammond, preventing a two-sec-
tion train from reaching that city. July
15. Strikers wreck a freight-train at
Indianapolis.]
Pa. Four men are shot and many
badly hurt in a riot in the congregation
at St. Casimir's Polish Roman Catholic
Church at Freeland ; four Poles are ar-
rested ; cause, dissensions respecting a
priest.
May 28. hid. — 111. A Federal Gov-
ernment injunction is issued prohibit-
ing strikers from interfering with coal-
trains ; more troops are ordered out in
Illinois to preserve order.
N. Y. Kenneth F. Sutherland, the
fugitive Gravesend justice, returns to
Brooklyn and surrenders himself. [He
pleads guilty to one of the eight indict-
ments against him in connection with
election frauds ; he is sentenced to im-
prisonment for two years and eight
months and to a fine of $500.]
New York. Delegates of the Na-
tional Municipal League meet and
organize.
May 29. New York. Catharine M. Fitz-
gerald, Inspector McLaughlin's sister,
charged with murdering Carrie Pear-
sail last October, is acquitted on the
ground of insanity.
May 30. Ga. An Immigration Con-
gress is opened at Augusta, four South-
ern governors attending ; every Southern
State is represented by delegates.
May 31. It adopts the Atwood plan of
colonization by county organization.
O. Sheriff Riley calls on Gov. Mc-
Kinley for troops to release a train seized
by miners in Athens County ; the gov-
ernor orders out the militia to prevent
strikers from interfering with coal-
trains.
UNITED STATES.
1894, May 11 - June 4. 461
Pa. Gov. Pattison issues a warning
proclamation to the rioters in the
coke-regions.
June 1. Ga. A dynamite bomb explodes
almost under the House of D. C. Wall,
railroad engineer, Atlanta.
June 2. Colo. Fully armed and equipped
miners surround Cripple Creek.
[June 4. Prominent men are held as
hostages by striking miners. June 5.
The miners and operators come to an
agreement. Aug. 5. The strike having
failed, the miners go back to work at
the former wages.]
Mass. A union of all the textile trades
in Fall River, to be known as the Amal-
gamated Association, is formed.
N. Y. Japanese residents in Brook-
lyn hold a meeting, and organize a so-
ciety for the social, intellectual, and
moral welfare of their fellow-country-
men.
June 3. A7. Y. The Temperance Con-
gress opens at Prohibition Park,
Staten Island ; Gen. Neal Dow speaks.
The Mutual Employment Society,
recently incorporated, has for its object
the securing of work for deserving ap-
plicants without regard to creed or na-
tionality, and without expense to the
employers.
June 4. N. Y. Twelve inspectors of
Staten Island are sentenced for election
frauds to different terms of imprison-
ment, and some of them to pay a fine of
$250 in addition.
STATE.
1894 May 11-12. D. C. Congress:
The Senate votes on several amendments
to the Tariff Bill ; the duties on tannic
acid, tartaric acid, and alcoholic per-
fumery are fixed.
May 14. D. C. Congress: The Senate
disposes of seven items on the chemical
schedule of the Tariff Bill.
N. J. Gov. Werts vetoes 10 reform
bills on the ground that they are too
partisan.
N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the Pound
Compulsory Education Bill.
May 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes several paragraphs of the chemi-
cal schedule of the Tariff Bill; the
House passes the Naval Appropria-
tion Bill after five discussions ; bill in-
troduced Apr. 18.
May 16. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-
ate fifteen paragraphs of the chemical
schedule of the Tariff Bill are disposed
of; H. C. Lodge of Mass. offers a resolu-
tion for an inquiry into charges of at-
tempts to bribe Senators to vote against
the Tariff Bill, and the charge that the
sugar schedule was drawn in return for
campaign contribution to the Demo-
cratic party. [May 17. Appointed.]
May 17. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the Agricultural Appropria-
tion Bill introduced Apr. 30.
May 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate
completes the debate on the chemical
schedule and the earthenware and glass
schedules ; the resolution for longer
hours is agreed to.
AT. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the bill
appropriating $25,000 for the expenses
of investigating the police and other
departments of New York City (Lexow
Committee), on the ground that the com-
mittee is too partisan.
Judge Gaynor decides that a health
commissioner cannot imprison persons
who decline to be vaccinated unless in-
fected with disease or exposed to con-
tagion.
May 19. D. C. Congress; Senate: The
Petfer resolution for a committee to give
a hearing to Coxey's army is discussed ;
the Populist Senators favor it, and pro-
test against the proposal to treat the
army as law-breakers.
May 20. N. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the
New York City Bipartisan Police Com-
mission Bill ; also the police bills for
Albany, Troy, and Richmond County, all
on the ground of being too partisan.
May 22. D. C. Congress : The Senate
fixes the duty on iron ore at 40 cents a
ton ; the House in Committee of the
Whole, while considering the Legisla-
tive, Executive, and Judicial Appro-
priation Bill, strikes out the item for
salaries of the Civil Service Commis-
sion and its employees. Vote, 109-7.
It aims to destroy the commission.
May 23. D. C. Congress : The Senate
discusses the Tariff Bill.
Bering Sea. Three schooners, while
fishing for seals in the open sea, are
seized by Capt. May of the Hyacinth,
who, after confiscating their guns and
papers, sends them home.
May 24. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
resolution against the use of force in
favor of Hawaiian royalty is discussed ;
the House amends and passes the Le-
gislative, Executive, and Judicial
Appropriation Bill, with the item for
salaries of the Civil Service Commission
restored ; bill introduced May 15.
N. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the bill
providing that no other than American
flags float above public buildings, except
on special occasions when foreigners of
rank visit the country.
May 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
consideration of the metal schedule of
the Tariff Bill is finished ; David B.
Hill's motion to put lead ore on the free
list is defeated. Vote, 3-52. The House
begins the debate on the bill to repeal
the 10 per cent tax on State bank cir-
culation. [Five discussions follow.]
May 29. D. C. Congress : The Senate
Committee makes a partial report on
the Sugar Trust scandal, recommend-
ing the prosecution of the newspaper
correspondents who decline to give the
names of their informants ; the Vest
resolution opposing the annexation of
Hawaii is tabled. Vote, 36-18.
tf. Y. Over 200,000 women pe-
tition the Constitutional Convention for
equal suffrage.
May 30. La. The U. S. Court of Ap-
peals of New Orleans decides that the
city is not liable for damages for the
deaths of the Italians lynched in the riot
of 1890.
Phila. The Federal Court dismisses
the motion made on behalf of the Gov-
ernment to enjoin the Gettysburg Elec-
tric Railroad Company from building a
trolley road on the battle-field.
May 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate
passes a resolution declaring for non-
interference in Hawaiian affairs; the
lumber schedule of the Tariff Bill is
finished.
Secretary Carlisle and Senators Mc-
Pherson, Mills, and Harris testify before
the Senate Committee in relation to the
Sugar Trust charges.
June 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate
begins the consideration of the sugar
schedule.
New York. Business men hold a mass-
meeting to protest against the proposed
income tax.
June 3. JJ. C. The gold reserve is
again a source of anxiety, having fallen
to about $79,000,000.
New York. Yen Ching, Chinese am-
bassador, and Ziar Yen Foo, his secre-
tary, arrive from Havre, on a tour of
inspection to the Chinese embassies at
different countries.
June 4. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
sugar schedule of the Tariff Bill is dis-
cussed, the Republicans attacking it ;
the House debates the Bank Tax Repeal
Bill.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 May 11. New York. Tip, the
big elephant of Central Park, having
become dangerous, is killed by cyanide
of potassium concealed in capsules hid-
den in " mash."
May 13. N. Y. Dr. Talmage's Taber-
nacle, the Hotel Regent, and other
buildings in Brooklyn are burned ; loss,
$1,000,000.
May 14. Pa. About 30 persons are in-
jured by an explosion and fire at Brad-
ford.
May 15. Boston. The baseball buildings
and about 12 acres of adjoining prop-
erty are burned, rendering several hun-
dred families homeless.
May 17. Boston. Many valuable port
records and over $150,000 worth of prop-
erty are destroyed by fire.
Nev. Sheep perish by thousands in
a snow, rain, and wind storm in the
Sierra Nevada foot-hills.
May 18. Md. A number of leading
capitalists, bankers, and railroad officers
organize at Baltimore, under the title of
the Southern Immigration Land and
Title Company, for the purpose of devel-
oping the South.
Phila. The Order of Tonti makes
an assignment to the Land Title and
Trust Company; assets, $1,250,000.
May 19. Chicago. The population is
now reported at 1,700,000.
May 25. Chicago. The Viking ship is
donated to the Field Museum, Jackson
Park, by the generosity of its pur-
chasers.
May 26. Chicago. The French Repub-
lic begins a suit in the U. S. Circuit
Court for $1,000,000 alleged damage to
the French exhibit by the fire in the
Manufactures Building at the World's
Fair.
May 28. Mass. Wakefield celebrates its
quarter-millennial.
May 30. Wis. A train is wrecked by
an open switch on the Wisconsin Cen-
tral Railroad, near Marshfield ; four
men are killed, four missing, and 15 peo-
ple injured.
462 1894, June 4 - June 27.
AMERICA:
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 June 13. R.I. The Naval War
College opens at Newport.
June 18. N. Y. Of the 96 applicants
for admission to the West Point Mili-
tary Academy, only 41 are accepted.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 June 4. Ore. Great damage is
caused by floods at Portland ; much of
the business part of the city is under
water.
June 6. Cal. The 45th annual conven-
tion of the American Medical Asso-
ciation begins its sessions in San Fran-
cisco, with 2,000 delegates present.
June 9. Wyo. A rich gold strike is
made in Dutch Tom Gulch.
June 14. N. Y. The corner-stone of a
monument to the memory of Wash-
ington and Rochambeau is laid at
Dobbs Ferry.
June 18 ±. Pa. Another Arctic Ex-
pedition— Henry G. Bryant, leader —
starts for the relief of Lieut. Peary in
the far north ; it is organized under the
auspices of the Philadelphia Geographi-
cal Club.
June 21. New York. The memorial
bust of Postmaster H. G. Pearson in
the Post-office Building is unveiled.
June 25. New York. The Saengerf est
closes with its final concert this evening
in Madison Square Garden, with an im-
mense audience present.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
June 4. Van Zandt, Charles C, Gov. of
R. I., A64.
June 7. Price, R. M., Gov. of N. J., A76.
Whitney, "William Dwight. philolo-
gist, professor at Yale, A67.
June 1 7. Phelps, William Walter, M. C.
for N. J., minister to Germany, A55.
CHURCH.
1894 June 8. D. C. Several Roman
Catholic prelates meet, and reorganize
the Catholic Indian Bureau under a
' new Papal charter.
June 9. Boston. The General Conven-
tion of the New Jerusalem meets.
June 13. N. Y. The 11th annual meet-
ing of the International Missionary
Union opens at Clifton Springs, with
about 150 mission-board representatives
from all parts of the world present.
June 25. N. Y. The Ancient Order of
Hibernians, in its State Convention at
Rochester, receives recognition by the
Church authorities in that diocese for
the first time.
LETTERS.
1894 June 5. N. Y. The Board of Re-
gents votes to extend the system of free
libraries.
SOCIETY.
1894 June 4. Boston. The Ameri-
can Sugar Refining Company files its
answer to the information recently
brought by the Attorney General which
asks for an injunction to prevent it
from doing business until it files a state-
ment of its business as required by law ;
the answer denies the constitutionality
of such requirement.
June 5. Md. Two regiments leave Bal-
timore for the Cumberland coal-region
to preserve order.
[June 7. Striking miners at Frostburg
make night attacks on the pickets of the
troops guarding the town.]
N. J. The Supreme Court at Trenton
rejects the application of Miss Mary
Phillbroke to be permitted to stand ex-
amination for admission to the bar.
Pa. Strikers at McKeesport seize
the plant of the National Tube Works,
and assault the non-union employees ; a
cannon is planted to guard against Pink-
erton police ; the town is virtually in
the hands of the strikers.
[June 10. Strikers and deputy-sheriffs
have a conflict at Lemont in the coke-
district : one striker is killed and two
wounded: June 18±. Many miners re-
turn to their work. June 21. Two regi-
ments and a troop of cavalry are ordered
to Jefferson County to prevent rioting
and dynamiting. More miners go to
work. July3±. Rioting is renewed by
coal-miners ; troops are called out.]
June 6. III. A coal-miners' riot takes
place at Wesley ; one man is killed and
several are seriously injured.
[June 9. Troops are hurried to Pana
to prevent violence. July 5. It is al-
leged that the mayor of Springfield en-
courages the strikers to obstruct railway
traffic]
Mont. Gov. Rickards, by proclama-
tion, forbids the sun-dance of the In-
dians at Great Falls, and orders the
local authorities to enforce the prohibi-
tion.
O. Gov. McKinley orders out 1 ,200
troops to prevent seizure of coal-trains
by strikers.
[June 8. Coal-trains move under mili-
tary protection. June 9. Strikers burn
bridge No. 4 to delay the conveyance of
the militia to Flushing. July 3. Troops
are ordered out to protect moving coal-
trains. July 11. At the yards in Toledo,
12 roads are tied up.]
W. Va. Coxeyites steal a train at
Kanawha; a company of militia is or-
dered to the scene of trouble.
June 7. N. J. Mayor Lebknecher of
Newark refuses to fly any but American
flags on the City Hall.
June 8. Chicago. The Municipal Order
League secures the appointment of a
woman as Inspector of the Bureau of
Street and Alley Cleaning.
June 9. Ind. Six men are arrested in
Indianapolis for car-robbing ; they con-
fess that Claude McAlpin was kidnapped
and sent bound and gagged in a box-car
to Mexico to prevent him from telling
the authorities what he knew about the
robberies.
La. City Councilman John T. Calla-
han of New Orleans is indicted for ac-
cepting a bribe of $500. [Aug. 22. Found
guilty.]
June 10. Chicago. John Cane, a tinner,
while crazed with liquor, wounds five
men with an ax ; lynching is threatened
by a crowd surrounding the police sta-
tion.
June 11+. O. A conference of miners
and operators is held at Columbus.
It agrees on a compromise wage scale
of 60 cents a ton in Ohio and 69 cents
in Pennsylvania ; strikers continue de-
struction of railroad property in Ohio
and Alabama.
New York. The trial of Police Cap-
tain J. K. Price begins.
Pa. W. Webber kills his father-in-
law, Justus Klemmer, and tries to kill
his wif e ; he is under arrest in Reading.
June 13. Ga. A colored criminal is
skinned alive by a lynching mob.
Chicago. The American Railway
Union and the Knights of Labor effect
a coalition.
New York. Before leaving for Eu-
rope, Richard Croker, the Tammany
boss, resigns membership in the Man-
hattan Club.
June 14. D. C. A former employee of
the Carnegie Company testifies as to
the plate-armor frauds ; he makes start-
ling charges of deliberate deception
against a superintendent.
N. J. John Kauffmann, under the
influence of poverty and despair, kills
his wife and three children and hangs
himself at Camden.
June 15. New York. Erastus Wiman
is convicted of forgery in the second
degree. [June 19. He is sentenced to
five years and six months imprisonment,
and later acquitted. June 25. Proceed-
ings are stayed.]
0.+ Miners' conventions in a num-
ber of coal-carrying districts vote to
return to work under the Columbus
compromise agreement. [The net loss
of the great coal-strike is estimated at
$20,000,000.] (See June 11.)
June 16. Fa. The Court of Appeals
decides that Mrs. Belva Lockwood may
practise law in Virginia.
June 17. Cal. Several hundred il-
licit brandy distilleries are discovered
in the mountain districts ; they are
worked mostly by Italians.
Chicago. Sympathizers with Irish
Home Kule organize a committee to
raise money in aid of the struggle in
the British House of Commons ; about
$10,000 are already subscribed.
New York. Harvey Curtis shoots
Philip Moran to prevent him, while
drunk, from shooting his daughter, to
whom Curtis is betrothed.
June 18. Mont. The Cree sun-dance
is held at Havre in spite of the authori-
ties ; great barbarities are practised by
the Indians.
Pa. Over 15,000 miners resume work
in the soft-coal region ; big plants in
Pittsburg start up ; the Central Penn-
sylvania operators refuse to yield, and
are still out.
June 20. If. Y. The 11th annual en-
campment of the Sons of Veterans is
held at Middleport.
June 21. Mass. Emil C. Knappe is ar-
rested in Boston on the charge of em-
bezzling $49,000 of the funds of the
Chicopee National Bank of Springfield.
N. J. A robbers' den is found on
the Kearney meadows ; several of the
gang are arrested.
New York. A reception is given to
Miss Frances E. Willard on her arrival
from Europe.
June 22. New York. The great Saen-
gerfest begins with a to»chlight proces-
sion, in which 10,000 singers take part.
The new State Club is formally
opened in the presence of a large as-
semblage.
UNITED STATES.
1894, June 4- June 27.
463
jf Y, Mrs. Halliday is sentenced at
Monticello to die by electricity in the
week beginning Aug. 6.
June 23. Colo. Adj.-Gen. Tarsney, the
representative of Gov. Waite in the mi-
ners' strike, is kidnapped, taken away
in a carriage, and tarred and feathered
by masked men at Colorado Springs.
jy. Y. "White Caps beat Patrick Ed-
wards of Livingston Manor for drunk-
enness, and duck him in a mill-race.
June 24. D. C. The California contin-
gent of the " Army of the Unemployed "
arrives at Washington, 125 strong.
June 25. Chicaao. Ex-Treasurer W. A.
Simrott of the Switchmen's Mutual Aid
Association absconds ; his accounts are
short $25,000.
Ga. Six masked men hold up a
train on the Savannah, Florida, and
Western Railway near Thomasville, and
rob the express-car of $1,222; the pas-
sengers are not molested.
iV. J. Edward R. Christopher, auditor
of the Prudential Life Insurance Com-
pany of Newark, is arrested on a charge
of embezzling about $n,ooo of the com-
pany's funds.
June 27. xMass. The Young Women's
Conference at East Northfield is con-
cluded by Mr. Moody.
iV. Y. The second annual convention
of the Intercollegiate Prohibition As-
sociation of the United States begins
its three days' session at Prohibition
Park, Staten Island.
Pa. Mrs. Wightman of Pittsburg is
bound and gagged in her home by two
men, who rob the house of valuables.
STATE.
control of railroads, with other planks,
numbering 16 in all.
June 12. I). C. Congress: The House
practically legislates the Indian Com-
mission out of office by refusing to
make an appropriation for it.
S. Dak. Legal proceedings are begun
in Pierre to test the constitutionality
of the Apportionment Act under which
the Legislature was elected.
June 13. B.C. Congress; Senate :
The wool schedule is discussed.
Kan. L. D. Lewelling (Populist) is
renominated for governor.
June 15. I). C. Congress; Senate:
Several amendments to the wool sched-
ule of the Tariff Bill are defeated by
very small majorities.
The Senate Investigating Commit-
tee begins the examination of Senators
in alphabetical order.
It asks searching questions relative
to sugar-stock holdings ; it also makes
inquiry with reference to campaign con-
tributions by the Sugar Trust.
June 16. D. C. Congress: the House
passes the Indian Appropriation Bill,
after 11 discussions : bill introduced Apr.
30.
June 18. D. C. Congress : The Senate
makes rapid progress with the Tariff
Bill free list ; an amendment by David
B. Hill for free coal is defeated ; the
House passes the substitute for the
Hatch Anti-Option Bill (see Feb. 25)
after five discussions. [Aug. 2. Re-
ported back by the Senate with amend-
ments.]
O. The Supreme Court of Ohio de-
cides that the Holcomb Law, taxing the
business of dealing in cigarettes, is valid.
June 25. B.C. Congress : Both Houses
adjourn out of respect to the memory
of President Carnot of France, whose
death is reported.
June 26. D. C. Congress : The House
passes the General Deficiency Bill
introduced June 18.
The House subcommittee resumes the
armor-plate investigation respecting
alleged defects.
Colo. The National Republican
League Convention opens in Denver.
June 27. Boston. Judge Colt decides
that Japanese, as Mongolians, are de-
barred from naturalization.
Pa. The Democrats nominate Edi-
tor Singerly of the Philadelphia Rec-
ord for governor.
1894 June 5. D. C. Congress: The
Senate amends and passes the Dunphy
Hudson River Bridge Bill. [June 6.
House concurs. June 8. Approved.]
Me. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.) is re-
nominated for governor.
O. The State is carried by the Re-
publicans ; the Populists suffer severe
losses.
June 6. D. C. Congress: The House
rejects the bill to suspend the 10 per
cent tax on bank-notes issued by State
banks, after five discussions. Vote, 172-
102.
The Senate Bribery Investigation
Committee examines Congressman Cad-
mus of N. -J. in relation to the Sugar
Trust's connection with the Tariff.
[June 7. It decides to subpoena mem-
Ibers of the Sugar Trust. June 8. Mr.
Terrell testifies. June 12. President
H. O. Havemeyer. June 13. John E.
Searles, treasurer.]
June 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses the agricultural schedule of
the Tariff Bill under the five minutes'
rule ; it disposes of several paragraphs.
The United States makes a claim on
Spain for reimbursement of sums im-
properly collected as duties in Cuba.
Pa. About 150 delegates in session
at Pittsburg organize a new political
party. It is to be known as " The Pro-
Igressive American Party," which will
favor non-interference with public
schools, protective tariff, a prohibitive
immigration law for 25 years, national
June 19. D. C. The Senate Investi-
gating Committee concludes its work
For the present time.
The Treasury gold reserve falls to
$60,000,000: bank presidents decide to
furnish their, own gold for export.
June 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate
finishes the consideration of the free list
of the Tariff Bill ; salt remains on the
free list.
Cal. M. W. Estee (Rep.) is nominated
for governor ; the State Convention de-
clares for free coinage of silver and
woman suffrage.
June 21. D. C. Congress; Senate:
The income-tax section of the Tariff
Bill is reached ; Senators Hill, Hoar,
and Higgins oppose the tax ; the Senate
Investigating Committee reports the
contumacy of Messrs. Havemeyer and
Searles ; a minority dissenting report is
filed.
June 22. D. C. Congress : The Senate
discusses the income tax, but no vote
is reached ; incomes above $3,000 to be
taxed under an adopted amendment;
the House amends and passes the sub-
stitute Anti-Option Bill. Vote, 150-87.
Prof. Mendenhall, in charge of the
Coast and Geodetic Survey, tenders his
resignation to President Cleveland, on
the ground of official interference with
the working of the bureau.
June 23. D.C. Congress: The Senate
debates the income tax; the limit of
exemption is restored to $4,000.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 June 6. N. Y. Onondaga cele-
brates its centennial.
June 8. Colo. Fifteen Coxeyites are
accidentally drowned in the Platte
River, near Brighton.
June 10. N.J. Locusts on the rails stop
a Long Branch train near Avenel.
June 14. N.J. The " corner-stone " of
the "Atlantis" Hotel is laid at sea,
19 miles east of Sandy Hook, and 11
miles from the Long Island shore ; the
"stone" is a tin cylinder surmounted
by a Hag with a red border, a white cen-
ter, and bearing the initial " A."
New York. "Flag Day" is cele-
brated, but without suspension of busi-
ness.
June 17. Scot. The Ethiopia, Anchor
Line steamer, reports having struck an
iceberg on her way from New York to
Glasgow, and having been saved from
sinking only by bags of flour jammed in
a hole at her bow.
June 18. New York. Bank presidents
hold a conference on gold exports.
r, I, The steamer Plymouth runs on
the rocks at Rose Island, near Newport.
June 19. O. Many mines are re-
opened.
June 20. Ala. In the Mary Lee mine,
near Birmingham, 50 miners are en-
tombed by a fire.
June 22. Mo. The Williams Palace
Car Company at St. Joseph is capitalized
at $3,000,000 to compete with the Pull-
man and Wagner Companies.
June 24. Cal. Fruit-canners organ-
ize a trust, and incorporate under tne
name of the California Cannery Com-
pany, with a capital of $500,000.
y, J. The overloaded tug James D.
Nicoll sinks off the Navesink High-
lands ; 13 lives are lost.
O. Three persons are killed and sev-
eral injured by a train- wreck at Chilli-
cothe.
June 26. Pa. The Edgar Thomson
Steel Works of the Carnegie Works at
Braddock resume operations, giving
employment to 1,500 men.
464 1894, June 28-July 17.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 July 10. Cal. United States
troops start from San Francisco for
Sacramento, which for 12 days has been
under mob rule.
July 14. Mass. The cruiser Minne-
apolis, on her trial trip in Massachusetts
Bay, develops a speed of 23.05 knots, un-
official time.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 July 4. O. A Soldiers' Monu-
ment is dedicated at Cleveland.
N. Y. A monument to the mem-
ory of Capt. Nathan Hale, the mar-
tyred patriot, is unveiled at Huntington.
July 5. N. Y. The Society for the
Promotion of Music begins its 16th
annual meeting at Saratoga.
July 7. S. Dak. Twenty bridges are
washed away by a heavy hail-storm and
cloudburst at Hot Springs.
July 9. Wash. The town of Conconully
is visited by a destructive cloudburst.
July 15. S. Dak. The prairie fire is
still burning on the ceded lands at
Pierre.
The tract burned over is 50 by 90 miles
in extent. A Russian settlement on
Yellow Medicine Creek is wiped out ;
several settlers are seriously burned.
July 16±. N.J. Forest fires are ra-
ging ; between 6,000 and 7,000 acres of
land are burned over.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
June 28. Temple, W. G., rear-adm. U. S.
N., A70.
June 30. Law, Sallie C. G. (Mother of the
Confederacy), A84.
July 1 1 . Fry, James B., maj.-gen. IT. S. A.,
A67.
July 13. Graham, George R., founder of
Graham's Magazine, A81.
CHURCH.
1894 July 1. N. J. The new audito-
rium at Ocean Grove is formally opened
with impressive services, 7,000 persons
present.
N. Y. Rev. Thomas M. A. Burke
is consecrated as the fourth (Roman
Catholic) bishop of Albany.
July 11-15. O. The National Conven-
tion of the Young People's Society of
Christian Endeavor is in session at
• Cleveland, with 10,000 delegates in at-
tendance.
LETTERS.
1894 June 28. Me. Bowdoin College
celebrates its 100th anniversary.
July 2. N.J. The 10th annual conven-
tion of the National Editorial As-
sociation begins its sessions at Asbury
Park.
July 5. N. Y. The 32d convocation of
the Regents of the University opens
in the Senate Chamber at Albany, with
over 200 educators present.
Phila. The American Society opens
the first meeting for University Ex-
tension.
July 8. N. Y. The Long Beach (Long
Island), Summer Parliament opens.
July 9. N. H. The 64th annual conven-
tion of the American Institute of
Instruction opens at Bethlehem.
July 15. N. Y. The Roman Catholic
summer school at Plattsburg opens.
SOCIETY.
1894 June 28. New York. Richard
Worthington, formerly book-publisher,
is arrested on the charge of embez-
zling $19,085.71 belonging to the Wor-
thington Company.
N. Y. A Brooklyn tailor, M. Gessner,
kills Annie Sauter, his employer's
daughter, and theu kills himself.
June 29. D. C. The Washington grand
jury finds indictments against brokers
who refused to give information to the
Senate Investigating Committee, in
connection with sugar speculation.
June 30. Ind. The American Wire Rod
and Wire Nail Mills at Anderson shut
down ; 800 operatives are out of work ;
the men demand the wage-scale with the
Amalgamated Association.
The strike on the Western railroads
is spreading.
July 1. Cal. Federal troops are or-
dered to Trinidad to suppress riotous
strikers.
July 3. Chicago. The jury, after two
hours' deliberation, returns a verdict
that Patrick Eugene Prendergast is not
insane, and that therefore he is respon-
sible for the murder of Mayor Carter
Harrison. [July 13. He is hanged.]
N. Y. "Boodle" Alderman H.
W. Jaehne of New York is pardoned by
Gov. Flower.
N. Y. The jury in the " Bat" Shea
trial in Troy returns a verdict of murder
in the first degree. [July 10. Sentenced
to be executed in the week beginning
Aug. 21.]
Mich. Rioting exists among coal-
miners ; troops are called out.
July 4. Cal. Violence by strikers re-
sults in the ordering out of the militia.
[July 10. Troops start for Sacra-
mento ; the city has been under mob-
rule for a week. July 11. Strikers at
Sacramento wreck a train, killing the
engineer and three soldiers and injuring
four others. July 12. D. Warden is
arrested at Sacramento as leader of the
train-wreckers. July 14. Regulars fire
into a mob at Sacramento, mortally
wounding two men. July 16. Strikers
attack a freight-train in West Oakland ;
they are repulsed by troops and several
are injured ; 21 are arrested.]
New York. The Society of the Cin-
cinnati holds its annual meeting, and
elects Gen. John Cochrane of N. Y.
president.
Okla. Seventy-five masked men
overpower the guards and burn the Rock
Island Railroad Bridge at Waukomis,
south of Enid ; the soldiers at Round
Pond are fired on.
Ida. Masked men in the Coeur
d'Alene region kill a non-union man
and kidnap four others.
Mass. Over 83,000 worth of statuary
is maliciously destroyed on the estate
of the late S. D. Warren at Waltham.
N. J. A national Good Roads
Convention opens at Asbury Park.
July 6. Minn. In Duluth dockmen
strike for increase of pay.
N. Y. The Constitutional Convention
rejects a resolution introduced by M. I..
Towns of Brooklyn condemning the act.
of the Federal Government in sending
troops to suppress the railroad strike.
July 7. Cal. President Kingsbury, of
the National City American Railway
Union, and a yardman are arrested at
San Diego, on the charge of conspiracy ;
Rev. N. E. Ravelin is arrested on an in-
dictment by the Federal grand jury at
Los Angeles, charging him with inciting
to insurrection against the authority of
the United States.
July 8. N. Y. The American Railway
Union men in Buffalo are ordered to
strike to-morrow.
W. Va. Kelly's band of Common-
wealers are arrested for stealing a
train.
They are divided into three companies ;
two are sent into Ohio, one is sent into
Kentucky, and the remainder, about 70,
are taken by police to Huntington.
N. Y.+ Labor-unions in New York,
Boston, and elsewhere pass resolutions
of sympathy with the railroad strikers.
July 9. Boston. An attempt at jail-
delivery by 100 prisoners is made in the
House of Corrections.
± Mich. Mayor Pingree of Detroit
and a number of other mayors favor
joining in a request to George M. Pull-
man to consent to arbitrate ; a mass-
meeting in Detroit adopts a resolution
asking Congress to pass a law providing
for arbitration in strikes.
N. J. Newark police capture nine
train-plunderers, and recover a large
quantity of stolen goods buried near
their camp.
July 10. Phila. George Bellwear, a
post-office clerk, is arrested for stealing
and rifling the mails ; he makes a f uU
confession of guilt.
July 11. New York. Michael Brady,
Police Captain Stephenson's ward man,
is dismissed from the force for accepting
a bribe.
July 12. N. J. The Orangemen of
Jersey City parade for the first time
since 1870, and without disturbance.
New York. Judge Barrett gives a
certificate of reasonable doubt in the
case of Erastus Wiman, under sentence
for forgery.
[July 13. He is released on $30,000
bail, pending the decision of the Court
of Appeals.]
A mass-meeting is held in Cooper
Union to indorse Eugene V. Debs
and the great railroad strike at
Chicago.
JV. Y. The Brooklyn authorities,
fearing disturbance, refuse to allow
Orangemen to parade.
Phila. Green-ribbon men attack
parading Orangemen with brickbats,
causing a small riot in which some are
wounded ; a number of participants are
arrested.
July 13. Mont. Highwaymen hold
up an express-wagon in Montana, and
take everything of value from it, in-
cluding a package of $11,600 shipped by
a grocery firm.
Okla. Two bridges are blown up,
a large extent of track is destroyed,
and a freight-train of 13 cars is thrown
into a river, killing three men and in-
juring others ; the governor is appealed
to for protection.
UNITED STATES.
1894, June 28 - July 17. 465
July 14. Conn. The chief of police of
Bristol orders that all nickel-in the slot
machines be removed from the cigar-
shops of the city.
Team. A negro barn-burner is
lynched in Dixon County by a body of
masked men.
July 15. Pa. A house in Harrisburg,
occupied by a man who went to work in
a striker's place in the coal-mines at
Punxsutawney, is wrecked by dynamite.
July 16. Mich. A Grand Trunk train
is wrecked near Battle Creek ; one man
is killed and several persons are seri-
ously injured ; strikers suspected of the
crime.
New York. The Police Board de-
cides to try Capt. Doherty and Wardmen
Hoch, Levy, and Meehan on the charge
of bribe-taking.
[Oct. 20. Doherty and six other ex-
pohce officers of various ranks are ar-
rested on indictment for blackmail.]
July 17. Okla. Rioting and destruc-
tion of bridges occur on the Bock Island
Railroad ; a dynamite bomb is thrown
under a train carrying soldiers.
STATE.
1894 June 28. D. C. Congress; Sen-
ate : A motion to strike out the income-
tax section of the Tariff Bill is defeated.
Vote, 40-23. The House passes the bill
to admit New Mexico to statehood in
the Union.
June 29. B.C. Congress; Senate :
The consideration of the Tariff Bill in
Committee of the Whole is finished, and
the measure reported.
Mass. The Senate adopts the amend-
ment submitting the Elevated Railroad
Bill to the voters of Boston for approval
or rejection.
June 30. D.C. The Treasury statement
for the fiscal year places the deficit at
$71,500,000.
July 1. D. C. At a conference between
the President, Attorney-General Olney,
and others, it is decided to apply for
sweeping injunctions against the rail-
road strikers in the West. (See So-
ciety.)
The Administration appoints special
counsel and takes steps to enforce the
carrying of mails on the railroads in
the West.
July 2. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Tariff Bill is considered ; a defeat of
the one-eighth cent tax on refined sugar
is prevented by Senator Quay's vote;
the sugar schedule is amended so that
the duty and repeal of the bounty will
take effect upon the passage of the bill.
——The U. S. Courts in Chicago issue an
injunction against the strikers ; Fed-
eral troops are ordered out in Colorado,
and State militia put into active service
in Illinois, to prevent interference by
strikers.
July 3. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The
Wilson compromise Tariff Bill is
passed; only one Democratic Senator,
David B. Hill, votes against it ; the Re-
publicans vote solidly against it. Vote,
39-35.
Edwards and Shimer, newspaper cor-
respondents who refused to answer in-
quiries of the Senate Investigation
Committee, are indicted by the Wash-
ington grand jury.
Attorney-General Olney orders the in-
dictment of President Debs of the
Railroad Union.
The blockades in Illinois are broken
with the aid of Federal troops ; violence
by railroad strikers in California occa-
sions the calling out of the militia.
July 5. D. C. Congress: Only the
House is in session ; the Tariff Bill is
received from the Senate, having 633
amendments; it provides for higher
rates than the House Bill.
President Cleveland replies to a pro-
test from Gov. Altgeld against sending
Federal troops to Chicago.
— 7N. Y. The Constitutional Conven-
tion reconvenes at Albany.
July 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Sev-
eral measures bearing on the railroad
strike at Chicago are introduced ; in the
House the amended Tariff Bill is re-
ferred to the Committee on Ways and
Means; the House passes the bill, in-
troduced Apr. 6, providing for the taxa-
tion of national banks.
July 9. D. C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the Naval Appro-
priation Bill. [July 19. Conference
report agreed to. July 30. Approved.]
The Democratic members of the Tariff
Conference Committee meet.
The President issues a second proc-
lamation, covering nine Western States
and Territories, ordering rioters to dis-
perse.
July 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the Post-office Ap-
propriation Bill. [July 11, 12. House
concurs. July 24. Approved.]
The resolution of W. A. Peffer of Kan.,
declaring it the duty of the government
to control all railroads engaged in in-
terstate commerce and work the coal-
beds, is taken up.
New York. The Lexow Commit-
tee's witnesses refuse to obey the sum-
mons of the Police Commissioners to
give evidence at an investigation held
by the latter.
V. J. A convention to revise the ju-
diciary is in session at Trenton.
July 11. D. c. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Military Acad-
emy Appropriation Bill. [July 16.
Conference report agreed to. July 30.
Approved by the President.]
It amends and passes the Pensions
Appropriation Bill. [July 13. Con-
ference report agreed to ; approved.]
It amends and passes the Diplomatic
and Consular Appropriation Bill.
[July 19. Conference report agreed to.]
John W. Daniel's resolution indorsing
the action of President Cleveland in the
railroad strike is passed unanimously.
July 12. D.C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Army Appro-
priation Bill. [July 27. Conference
report agreed to. Aug. 7. Approved.]
It amends and passes the Fortifica-
tion Appropriation Bill. [Aug. 6.
Conference report agreed to. Aug. 8.
Approved by the President.]
President Cleveland consents to ap-
point a commission to investigate the
strike against the Pullman Car Com-
pany under the Arbitration Law of 1888.
July 13. D. C. Congress : The Senate
amends and passes the River and Har-
bor Appropriation Bill. [Aug. 6.
Conference report agreed to. Aug. 20.
It becomes a law without the Presi-
dent's approval.]
July 16. B.C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Legislative,
Executive, and Judicial Appropria-
tion Bill. [July 25. Conference report
agreed to. Aug. 8. Approved by the
President.] The House passes a resolu-
tion indorsing President Cleveland's ac-
tion during the recent strike.
— — JV". Y. The special Senate Commit-
tee begins its investigation of charges
P,ro"eh* against Gov. Flower by the
Civil Service Reform Association.
New York. Mayor Gilroy accepts the
resignation of John McClave as Police
Commissioner, and appoints Michael
Kerwin his successor.
July 17. D.C. Congress: The Senate
passes the Agricultural Appropria-
tion Bill with an amendment appro-
priating $1,000,000 to exterminate the
Russian thistle. [July 31. Conference
report agreed to. Aug. 10. Approved
by the President.] The House passes
the Bailey Uniform Bankruptcy BUI.
The President signs the bill enabling
Utah to become a State. (Jan. 4, '96.)
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 June 29. Conn. A brass tablet
is unveiled in Hartford, to commemorate
the meeting of Washington and Rocham-
beau in the city in 1775.
June 31. Cal. A break in a levee at
Sacramento floods 500 acres of fine land.
July 1. New York. The steam yacht
Aztec is run down by the steamer Sam.
Sloan in Hell Gate.
July 2. Chicago. The Gas Trust is of-
ficially dissolved.
Me. Five persons are killed and
others injured in a train- wreck near
Moosehead Lake, caused by a tie on the
track.
July 4. Conn. About 50 persons are in-
jured by a train collision on the Nau-
gatuck division of the New Haven road
at Seymour.
July 5. Chicago. Several of the World's
Fair buildings are destroyed by an in-
cendiary.
July 9. O. Several railroads at To-
ledo are tied up.
July 11. Ind. The Big Four System
at Indianapolis drops 6,000 men from its
pay-roll, it having suffered heavily from
the boycott, and uses Wagner cars ex-
clusively.
July 13. N.J. The New York and
Philadelphia Traction Company is in-
corporated at Trenton ; capital, $10.-
000,000.
July 14. New York. The East River
Tunnel to Long Island City is com-
pleted.
It is eight feet high and 10 feet wide :
it is to be a conduit for the big mains of
the East River Gas Company.
466 1894, July 17 - Aug. 4.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 July 21. The cruiser Columbia
starts on her voyage to Bluefields, Nica-
ragua, to protect American interests.
ART —SCIENCE— NATURE.
1894 July 17. Wis. The army worm
is doing thousands of dollars damage.
July 18. Minn. Forest fires are raging
and doing great damage.
N. Y. A Soldiers' Monument is
dedicated at the Soldiers' Home at Bath.
It is the gift of the late Samuel Dietz of
New York City.
July 22. Wyo. The Yellowstone
Park geysers are unusually active, the
new Crater Geyser throwing rocks of 25
pounds weight to the height of 200 feet.
July 26. Ariz. In an observation made
at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff,
it is found that the light from the
" larger lakes " of Mars is unpolarized,
and that the light from the polar sea is
polarized. Hence the "polar sea" is
probably water, and the " lakes " prob-
ably not.
July 28. Cat. Central and northern
California are illuminated by a brilliant
meteor.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
July 23. Low, Fred. F., Gov. of Cal., A66.
July 84. Montague, George, banker, dies.
July 25. Soule, Wilson, millionaire, phi-
lanthropist, of Rochester, A41.
McCullough, J. B., Meth. clergyman,
editor, A71.
Aug-. 1. Holt, Joseph, judge-advocate-gen-
eral U. S. A., A87.
Aug-. 3. Andrews, Judson B., superinten-
dent insane asylum, ABO.
CHURCH.
1894 July 18. New York. Ninety pil-
grims leave this port for Lourdes on the
Paris; they are under Rev. E. H. Por-
cile, who takes several thousand dollars
of "Peter's pence" to Pope Leo from
Brooklyn.
Mgr. Satolli affirms a ruling of
Bishop J. A. Watterson of Colum-
bus, O.
He says he will withdraw his approba-
tion from any Roman Catholic society
in his diocese that has a liquor-dealer
or saloon-keeper among its officers ; and
will, furthermore, refuse absolution to
any of the latter who sell on Sundays
or carry on business in a forbidden or
disedifying way.
July 28. Wis. The episcopal residence
of Archbishop Katzer is assessed at
$103,150; the Board of Assessors, by
a vote of 16 to 7, decide that the prop-
erty must pay the tax. [The case will
be appealed.]
July 31. N. J. Ocean Grove cele-
brates its 25th anniversary.
July * The 3d annual convention of the
Baptist Young People's Union of
America is held at Toronto, Canada ;
2,000 delegates present.
Aug. 1. Mass. D. L. Moody's Confer-
ence for Bible Study at Northfield
opens.
LETTERS.
1894 Aug. 3. New York. The Chinese
News is issued ; Yung Kwai, editor ; it
is printed in Chinese, on light buff paper,
and illustrated.
SOCIETY.
1894 July 17. Utah. Three strikers
are caught removing rails on the Union
Pacific as the overland flyer is due ; they
are imprisoned.
July 18. B. C. Mgr. Satolli makes a
decision adverse to the liquor-traffic.
(See Church.)
July 19. New York. The trial of the
accused police officials begins before the
Police Board.
July 21. The Southern Pacific Railroad
strike is declared off ; the strikers will
be taken back.
July 22±. O. The Mobile and Ohio
Railroad Company orders the dismissal
of all American Railway Union men.
July 23. S. C. Gov. Tillman proclaims
that the State dispensaries for the sale
of liquor will be reopened on Aug. 1.
[Aug. 1. Opened.]
July 24. Chicago. The Federal Court
refuses to release President Debs and
his associates on their answers to the bill
of complaint.
N. J. The annual convention of the
International Orders of King's
Daughters and King's Sons opens at
Ocean Grove.
July 25. D. C. President Cleveland ap-
points John D. Kernan of New York and
N. E. Worthington of Peoria, 111., mem-
bers of the commission to investigate
the late railroad strike.
July 26. New York. Police Captain
Doherty and his ward men, Hoch and
Meehan, are found guilty of extortion
and neglect of duty, and dismissed from
the force ; charges are preferred against
live police sergeants and two patrolmen,
who are suspended until trial. (See
July 16.)
July 27. D. C. Carroll D. Wright re-
ports to the President the result of his
investigation of the slums in large
cities.
Tenn. Convicts cause a dynamite
pipe explosion at a mine at the Tracy
City coal-mines, killing a mine official
and wounding two guards ; many of the
convicts defy the guards.
July 28. Minn. Masked miners at-
tack the crew of a Milwaukee Short
Line freight-train at Saint Paul, injuring
some, and driving others into the woods
near the city.
Wyo. Firemen on the Wyoming di-
vision of the Union Pacific Railroad are
being dismissed for incendiary remarks
during the strike.
July 29. ///. A non-union engineer at
Danville Junction is shot.
The Straw-Haulers' Association,
composed of farmers, boycotts the Van-
dalia Paper Mill Company because of
a quarrel between union and non-union
straw-haulers.
July 30. New York. Archbishop Cor-
rigan approves of Mgr. Satolli's
views relative to the exclusion of liq-
uor-dealers from Roman Catholic soci-
eties.
He says " that acceptance of principles
is not to be confounded with the blind
application of the same on all occasions
and under all circumstances."
Neb. Beef-killers at the South
Omaha packing-houses strike for the
pay ruling during 1893.
O. About 100 men employed at the
Baltimore and Ohio shops at Chicago
Junction are discharged because they
refuse to withdraw from the American
Railway Union.
Okla. The courts are busy with
divorce suits brought by people from
every State in the Union.
July 31. Pa. In a bar-room fight
at a mining-camp seven miles east of
Pittsburg, called Yale, six men are
killed, and seven men and eight women
wounded.
Aug. 1. N. Y. Burglars wreck and loot
the Glen Cove post-office, securing about
$1,200 in postage-stamps, and over $400
in cash.
New York. A strike of workmen
on public school buildings is ordered.
[Aug. 2." A strike of 2,000 mechanics
and workmen is declared.]
Okla. Bandits attack a bank in
Chandler, securing $200 ; one citizen is
killed and an outlaw shot in the effort
of the band to escape.
Aug. 2. N. Y. The prosecution in the
Elmira Reformatory investigation closes
its case.
New York. Russell B. Hoyt is ar-
rested, charged with extensive coun-
terfeiting.
Chicago. B. R. Tufts, chief postal
clerk of the Rock Island road, between
Chicago and Iowa City, is arrested on
the charge of robbing the mails of
about $10,000.
Wis. The forest fires are extin-
guished by rains ; 28 carloads of lum-
ber, with supplies of bedding and
clothing, arrive for free distribution
among the survivors.
Aug. 3. Colo. A highwayman holds up
the Truckee and Tahoe stage, and robs
15 passengers.
Mo. Coal-shafts at Fulton are
fired by strikers ; loss, $40,000.
N. Y. An unsuccessful attempt is
made to wreck a passenger-train by an
open switch at the outskirts of Water-
town.
The Constitutional Convention rejects
an amendment offered by Mr. Titus of
New York, providing for the free sale
of liquor in cities on Sundays. Vote,
50-86.
STATE.
1894 July 18. Z>. C. Congress: The
Senate amends and passes the Indian
Appropriation Bill. [Aug. 8. Confer-
ence report agreed to. Aug. 16. Ap-
proved.]
The Tariff Bill conferees disagree,
and decide to report their disagreement
to Congress.
Secretary Gresham instructs the U. S.
Minister to Japan to offer to the Jap-
anese government the good offices of the
United States in the Korean dispute.
July 19. D. C. Congress; House:
Chairman Wilson reports the disagree-
ment of the second Tariff Conference
Committee. The House is much opposed
to the Senate's amendments.
President Cleveland approves the joint
resolutions permitting Capt. T. O. Self-
UNITED STATES.
1894, July 17 - Aug. 4. 467
ridge, U. S. N., to receive a decoration
from the President of France, and Proi.
Asaph Hall to accept a gold medal from
the French Academy of Science.
July 20. D. C. Congress; Senate:
President Cleveland's letter to Chairman
Wilson on the tariff situation, opposing
the admission of free raw materials, is
the subject of a sharp debate ; the House
passes the Stone bill for the restric-
tion of immigration ; bill introduced
■Jan. 16.
The Senate Sugar Investigating
Committee reopens its inquiry to ex-
amine brokers charged with having
bought sugar stocks for Senators.
Orders are issued to the superinten-
dents of the mints at San Francisco,
Carson City, Philadelphia, and New Or-
leans, to coin an unlimited number of
silver dollars during the present month.
N. Y. The Socialists, through Gideon
J. Tucker, ask that amendments be pro-
vided by the Constitutional Convention,
requiring the State to purchase all rail-
roads, and increase the number of public
schools.
July 21. D. C. Congress: The House
agrees to a joint resolution proposing an
amendment to the Constitution so as to
elect TJ. S. Senators by a direct vote
of the people. Vote, 134-48. Bill intro-
duced Feb. 3.
Senator Allen's report of the results
of the sugar and bribery investiga-
tion is made public ; it exonerates the
Senators, and recommends legislation
against lobbying and similar practices.
The gold reserve in the U. S. Treas-
ury is reduced to below $61,000,000.
Chicago. Merchants and bankers ap-
peal to President Cleveland not to with-
draw the U. S. troops from the city at
present.
July 23. D. C. Congress; Senate : Ar-
thur P. Gorman of Md. makes a bitter
attack upon President Cleveland, al-
leging that he expressed approval of the
Senate Bill when it was under discussion
in that body. (Tariff discussion.)
S. C. Gov. Tillman issues a proclama-
tion reestablishing State control of the
liquor-traffic, and ordering the county
dispensers to open their dispensaries on
Wednesday, Aug. 1.
July 24. D. C. Congress ; Senate : D.
B. Hill of N. Y. in reply to Senator Gor-
man defends the President, and fa-
vors concessions by the Senate. The di-
rect vote resolution is refered. [No final
action taken.]
N. Y. The Constitutional Conven-
tion sends to the third reading the pro-
posed amendment to prevent the rail-
roading of bills through the Legislature.
July 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate : W.
F. Vilas of Wis. defends President Cleve-
land's letter (See July 20) ; D. B. Hill's
motions for free coal and iron ore are
voted down ; the House passes the bill
providing that life-saving stations shall
be kept open 10 months instead of eight.
The Japanese Minister at Washing-
ton is recalled, and his successor named.
Wis. W. H. Upham (Rep.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
July 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate
sends the Tariff Bill back to conference
without instructions ; motions to recede
from Senate amendments on sugar are
defeated.
July 28. D. C. Congress: The House
passes a joint resolution extending
current appropriations until Aug. 14.
July 30. D. C. Congress: In the
House, C. A. Boutelle of Me. presents
a resolution for the recognition of the
Hawaiian Republic; referred to the
Committee on Foreign Affairs. [Fails
to pass.]
Secretary Gresham orders Minister
Denby to return to Peking, believing war
between China and Japan inevitable.
The conferees on the Tariff Bill meet
and adjourn without agreement.
July 31. D. C. Congress: The Tariff
Bill conferees fail to agree.
Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.) is renom-
inated for governor.
Aug. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate: W.
E. Chandler of N. H. offers a resolution
calling for an investigation of the rela-
tions of the Nova Scotia coal syndicate
to the Tariff Bill ; the House passes the
Agricultural Appropriation Bill, the
Senate having withdrawn its amendment
regarding the Russian thistle.
The Armor-plate Investigating Com-
mittee of the House visits the Carnegie
Works at Homestead.
Aug. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the Civil Appropri-
ation Bill after six discussions. [Aug.
15. Conference report agreed to. Aug.
20. Approved by the President.]
The Sugar Investigating Commit-
tee makes a report signed by all the
members ; a supplemental report is made
by Senators Davis and Lodge.
Ga. W. Y. Atkinson (Dem.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
Aug. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the General Defi-
ciency Bill. [Aug. 17. Conference re-
port agreed to. Aug. 24. Approved.]
Aug. 4. 1). C. Congress: The Senate
amends and passes the State Taxation
of National Banks Bill. [Aug. 7. House
concurs. Aug. 16. Approved.]
The tariff conference fails to agree on
a report.
Tenn. The Democrats lose heavily in
the elections.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 July 17. Chicago. The City
Council passes an ordinance giving the
Universal Gas Company the right to
build works and lay mains in all the
streets and alleys of Chicago, the gas to
be sold to consumers at $1 per 1,000
feet, and 10 per cent of all receipts to be
paid into the city treasury.
Ire. The Vigilant wins the yacht-
race in Belfast Lough.
July 18. Cat. News is received that
Hawaii was formally proclaimed a re-
public on the 4th of July, with S. B.
Dole as president.
July 20. Ire. The Vigilant is beaten
by the Britannia for the eighth time
in a race over the Dublin Bay course.
July 21. Ala. Birmingham loses over
$500,000 by the burning of several large
business houses, including the Caldwell
Hotel.
Eng. The Vigilant again beats the
Britannia, this time under conditions
favorable to the latter.
July 22. V. J. Five sailors are res-
cued from the masts of a sunk schooner
off Seabright.
July 23. Ark. — O. Eight persons are
killed in a railroad wreck ; and three
killed in a collision on the " Big Four"
road near Cincinnati.
Eng. The Britannia defeats the
Vigilant in a race.
July 24. Boston. The vote taken on the
Meigs Ellevated Railroad Bill shows
15,492 for, and 14,214 against its con-
struction.
July 25. D. C. Three firemen and over
200 horses lose their lives at the burn-
ing of the warehouse and stables of the
George W. Knox Express Company in
Washington.
July 26. N. Y. The Higgins Soap
Company is forced into the hands of a
receiver Dy the alleged swindling opera-
tions of David Coleman through adver-
tisements of money to invest, and oper-
ating with false checks.
July 28+. Wis. — Minn. Thousands of
people are made homeless by forest fires ;
40 lives are lost at Philips.
July 29. Conn. The bodies of three
missing boys are found in the locker of
a caboose car at the freight-yards in
Hartford, a spring-lock shutting the
door.
la. A fire at Belle Plaine causes
a loss of nearly $500,000.
July 31. K. Y. Work is begun on the
hydraulic canal to supply 100,000 horse-
power at Love's Model City, near Lewis-
ton.
Aug. 1. Eng. Mr. Gladstone declines,
because of old age and infirmity, the
latest invitation to visit the United
States.
A fishing-schooner is run down in
a dense fog by the White Star steamer
Majestic ; two lives are lost.
Aug. 2. Chicago. The Pullman shops
are reopened with 300 men at work in
the passenger-car repair department.
Aug. 4. Chicago. The Columbian Ex-
position Salvage Company files a
claim for $236,000 damage done to the
property in Jackson Park by rioters on
July 5, when several of the buildings
were burned.
Colo. While crossing a stream near
Berwin a stage-coach is washed away
by a cloudburst flood ; five lives are lost ;
the mail-sacks and one body are found.
Eng. The Vigilant wins the race
at Cowes, beating the Britannia by four
minutes and 29 seconds.
468 1894, Aug. 4 -Aug. 23.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 Aug. 6. Pa. A naval reserve
of 84 men is formed, and will proceed
at once to Philadelphia for six days'
training at the League Island Navy Yard.
Aug. 9. Ariz. Troops are withdrawn
from service along the Southern Pacific.
Aug. 13. D. C. Ham. S. Hawkins is
commissioned colonel — 20th infantry.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Aug. 9. N. J. The statue of
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen in Military
Park, Newark, is unveiled.
Aug. 16. N. Y. The annual meeting
of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science begins in
Brooklyn.
Aug. 18. N. Y. Oil is discovered on the
Scott farm, six miles from Dunkirk.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Aug. 4. Barnard, B. M., juristof N. Y., A54.
Irick, John S., gen., railroad and bank
president, A83.
Aug. 6. Blair, Austin, war Gov. of Mich.,
A76.
Aug:. 7. Strong, James, professor Brew
Seminary, author, A 72.
Aug-. 14. Adams, John Quincy, politician
of Mass., A61.
Aug-. 16. JJewell, John, president Lake
Shore Railroad, A64.
Aug. 17. Kobinson, Charles, Gov. of Kan.,
A77.
CHURCH.
1894 Aug. 14. New York. Three cor-
ner-stones of the new Salvation Army
building to be erected in this city are laid.
Aug. 16. N. Y. The chiefs of the Six
Nations assemble with the Onondagas
for a great council near Syracuse ; they
have in view the preservation of their
traditional religion.
The Indians dance every night in the
Long House of the nation, and the lead-
ing chiefs urge their people to cast aside
Christianity, and return to the faith of
their fathers. The council is to continue
for five days.
Aug. 19. N. Y. Over 2,000 pilgrims
visit the shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs
at Auriesville, near Tribes Hill.
Aug. 21. O. The convention of the
new Independent Polish Catholic
Church is held at Cleveland, with
Bishop Vilatte of Wis. presiding.
LETTERS.
1894 Aug. 8. N. Y. Chautauqua
and the Catholic Summer School at
Plattsburg exchange greetings by tele-
grams.
Aug. 18. Mo. Catholic priests of Kan-
sas City recommend to Bishop Fink the
abandonment of parochial schools;
also that the pupils, about 1,000 in num-
ber, take advantage of their rights to
attend the public schools.
Aug. 20. Pa. Judge Parker, in the Gal-
litzen School Case, decides that nuns
having certificates issued by the county
superintendent may be employed as
teachers while wearing their peculiar
garb; but that sectarian books or secta-
rian instruction must not be used or
given, nor the public-school property
used for other than free-school purposes.
Aug. 22. if, Y. Wells CoUege, at
Aurora, elects W. E. Waters, of the
University of Cincinnati, as president.
SOCIETY.
1894 Aug. 4. Mo. Miss Ella Lunney
shoots and kills Eugene McEnroe near
Lenora.
N. J. John Connors, farmer of Mor-
risville, a drunkard and wife-beater,
shoots his wife and kills himself.
N. Y. Chu Nong shoots Chu Hi ng
in Albany because the latter owed him
money he could not collect.
Pa. Miners riot at Barnesboro, and
burn coal-tipples.
Aug. 5. New York. In a fit of melan-
cholia J. B. Hunt kills his wife and
shoots himself.
Cal. W. B. Melville, collecting clerk
of the Bank of California, San Fran-
cisco, is sentenced to San Quentin Peni-
tentiary for eight years for embezzling
$24,000.
Aug. 6. New York. A man crazed by
drink gashes a woman with a razor on
board the C. H. Northam in the East
River.
Aug. 8. N. Y. At Long Beach the little
daughter of Mr. Ryder is lured away by
parties unknown.
The New York Constitutional Conven-
tion votes against a proposal to abolish
capital punishment.
New York. Police Captain Devery
is said to be too ill to appear for trial ;
his appearance is excused pending a
report from a committee of police sur-
geons. [Aug. 31. Found guilty of bri-
bery, and dismissed.]
Pa. Cashier H. A. Gardner of the
Second National Bank, Altoona, ab-
sconds, taking with him $150,000 of the
bank's funds.
Aug. 9. Md. Eighty-eight members of
Coxey's commonweal army are arrested
at Hyattsville and sent to jail.
Aug. 10. Cal. The silver men and
others at Los Angeles form a secret
political order called the United Sons
of America.
Neb. The Nebraska militia is in
authority at South Omaha ; striking
packers are forbidden to congregate,
and saloons are closed.
N. J. Tramps overawe the crew and
hold up a train at Cranford ; three are
captured by the police.
New York. A thief is captured while
trying to steal a tray of diamonds, val-
ued at $5,000, from the jewelry store of
J. H. Johnston, in Union Square.
Aug. 11. Chicago. The Sunday Obser-
vance Association asks aid of the courts
to prevent the playing of baseball on
Sunday.
III. The State attorney-general be-
gins action to declare void the char-
ter of the Pullman Company, on the
ground that it has engaged in business
not authorized by the charter.
N. Y. Two men and a complete illicit
still outfit are captured near Fulton
Ferry in Brooklyn.
Term. A negro is lynched at Hum-
boldt for barn-burning.
Va. The militia break up the Cox-
eyite camp ; the campers are driven
over the State boundary into the Dis-
trict of Columbia.
W. Va. Dr. J. W. Davis, a prominent
physician of Montgomery, is killed by a
man in ambush while returning home
from visiting a patient.
Aug. 12. Chicago. The Pullman Com-
pany orders the eviction of strikers
from houses which they rent from the
Company.
Ind. A number of Populist leaders
are arrested in Indianapolis for holding
a political meeting on the Sabbath.
/. T. Two more members of the Bill
Cook gang of outlaws are shot dead in
a conflict with the Uchee scouts under
command of " Jim " Sapulpa.
Aug. 14. Chicago. Alderman John
Coughlin receives an infernal machine ;
he opens it without causing an explosion.
Kan. Populist Jerry Murphy, the
city jailer at Leavenworth, after re-
ceiving an order of dismissal from the
office, unlocks the prison doors and
liberates the prisoners.
New York. The trial of five police
sergeants, on charge of accepting bribes,
is concluded ; the announcement of the
result is deferred.
The American Chemical Society
begins its sessions.
Aug. 15. N. H. At Henniker, A. Mc-
Lean, a young man 18 years of age,
shoots and kills Miss Nettie Douglass,
15 years of age ; he is arrested.
New York. The National Associa-
tion of Newspapers, Booksellers, and
Stationers opens its 11th annual conven-
tion.
Four police sergeants, found guilty
of accepting bribes, are expelled from
the force ; one, because of general good
conduct, is allowed to retire on half
pay.
N. Y. The Constitutional Conven-
tion rejects the proposal to submit the
woman-suffrage question to popular
vote.
Aug. 16. Chicago. The strike at the
stock-yards is declared off, the men
agreeing to work at former wages.
Aug. 17. N. Y. Moses Weldon, a
farmer living near Fort Plain, is fleeced
out of $4,000 by confidence men, who
escape capture.
New York. Mrs. Rhoda Sanford, the
keeper of a disorderly house, testifies
before the Police Board to having made
payments for "police protection."
Aug. 18. Mass. Edward Crosby is
killed by burglars while trying to cap-
ture them in his brother's house in Mer-
rimac.
S. C. Another judge declares the
Liquor Dispensary Law unconstitu-
tional.
Aug. 19. Chicago. Detectives arrest
four expert Polish counterfeiters ; much
spurious silver coin is in circulation.
Aug. 20. Chicago. Two men and a boy
are arrested on the charge of attempting
to wreck a Great Western train near
Maywood on July 6.
Gov. Altgeld visits Pullman, and
finds wide-spread destitution among the
ex-workmen. [Aug. 21. He appeals to
the public for aid.]
Conn. Mrs. Bobbins, who swin-
dled many Harvard men in New York
last May, is arrested in Hartford for a
similar offense.
UNITED STATES.
1894, Aug. 4-Aug. 23. 469
The Convention of the Brotherhood
of Locomotive Firemen passes resolu-
tions condemning sympathetic strikes.
Mass. More than 10,000 textile work-
ers in New Bedford strike against a re-
duction of wages ; nearly three-fourths
of Fall Kiver mill employees are idle.
[Aug. 23. At Fall River 23,000 cotton-
mill operatives are locked out. Oct. 11.
Most of the operatives return to work,
and the mills are reopened. Oct. 20.
The strike of spinners ends at New Bed-
ford by an agreement.]
New York. The striking tailors are
permanently enjoined from interfering
with employers.
Charges of bribery are preferred
against Police Captain Stephenson.
[Sept. 6. Dismissed from the force.]
(See Dec. 10.)
Aug. 21. Mich. Prof. Ely, of the Mich-
igan University at Ann Arbor, is put on
trial for teaching socialistic and an-
archistic doctrines.
Phila. Anthony Comstock causes
several arrests for publishing and dis-
tributing vile books and photographs.
Aug. 22. N. J. Alderman Parks of
New York City is arrested on the charge
of running a gambling establishment
at Asbury Park.
N. Y. The National Council of the
Daughters of Liberty begins its 17th
annual convention in Brooklyn ; 400
delegates are present from 25 States,
representing 30,000 members.
The American Forestry Associa-
tion holds its 13th annual meeting at
Brooklyn.
The 17th annual meeting of the
American Bar Association opens at
Saratoga.
Aug. 23+-. Chicago. The hearing in the
contempt cases of President Eugene
V. Debs and his associates is begun in
the Federal Court before Judges Gross-
cup and Woods.
(Sept. 23, 25.) The Government closes
its case ; the defense decides to intro-
duce no testimony ; oral arguments are
heard by the court on Sept. 25.
(Dec. 14.) Debs is sentenced to six
months' imprisonment for contempt of
•court ; his associates in the American
Union railroad strike are sentenced to
three months. They obstructed railroad
traffic in disregard of an injunction.
STATE.
1894 Aug. 6. D. C. Congress: The
Senate passes the bill for the deporta-
tion of alien anarchists, and discusses
the Chandler resolution for the investi-
gation of the Nova Scotia coal syndicate.
It amends and passes the Stone bill for
the restriction of immigration. [Aug.
8. The House non-concurs.] (See July
20); the House recalls the River and
Harbor Bill from conference for cor-
rection.
A caucus of Democratic Representa-
tives is called on the tariff situation ;
the conferees fail to agree.
Alabama is carried by the Demo-
crats, Col. Oates being elected governor.
La. The convention of sugar-planters
in New Orleans decides to withdraw
from the Democratic party, and act with
the Republicans in national elections.
Aug. 8. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A
few unimportant bills are passed by
unanimous consent in the absence of a
voting quorum ; the House passes sev-
eral bills appropriating money for pub-
lic buildings and non-concurs in the
amended Anti- Anarchist Bill.
The President formally recognizes the
Hawaiian Republic. *
N. C. The Democrats in State Con-
vention declare for free silver.
N. Y. The Constitutional Convention
adopts the report adverse to abolishing
the death penalty. Vote, 85-55.
Aug. 9. D. C. Congress: The House
debates the Administration's Hawaiian
policy.
The Tariff Conference Committee
reaches no agreement.
Aug. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate : D.
B. Hill's resolution that the tariff con-
ferees report an agreement or disa-
greement causes a lively debate ; no
action follows.
Aug. 13. D.C. Congress : The Senate
ratifies the new Chinese treaty regu-
lating immigration. Vote, 47-20. The
House, carrying out a Democratic caucus
program, passes the Wilson Tariff Bill,
concurring in all its amendments. Vote,
182-106. Separate bills for free coal,
sugar, iron ore, and barbed wire are
passed, and sent to the Senate. [Aug.
20. Amended by the Senate Committee
on Finance, and reported back to the
Senate.]
Aug. 14-16. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
The four free raw material bills passed
by the House are debated and referred
to the Committee on Finance. [Aug. 30.
Reported back with amendments. Dec.
12. Passed over.] D. B. Hill gives no-
tice of an amendment providing for the
repeal of the income tax.
Aug. 15. D.C. Congress : The Senate
passes an Anti- Anarchist Bill for the
exclusion and deportation of alien an-
archists; bill introduced Aug. 15. [Aug.
21, 24. Consideration objected to in the
House.] A letter from Secretary Carlisle
is read, saying that the Free Sugar bill
would cause a deficit of $30,000,000 ; the
House attends to routine business.
The Tariff Bill is placed in the hands
of the President.
O. The Populists and Labor Party
form a coalition.
Aug. 17. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A
resolution is offered by E. Murphy, Jr.,
of N. Y. against further tariff legisla-
tion this session. [Aug. 18. Passed.]
Aug. 18. Tex. Charles A. Culbertson
(Dem.) is nominated for governor.
Aug. 19. D. C. Congress is ready to
adjourn, and is waiting for the Presi-
dent's action on the Tariff Bill.
Aug. 21. Del. Joshua H. Marvil (Rep.)
is nominated for governor.
Aug. 22. Neb. Thomas J. Majors (Rep.)
is nominated for governor.
Tenn. H. Clay Evans (Rep.) is nomi-
nated for governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Aug. 4±. Neb. Drought suffer-
ers in the western part of the State ask
for relief.
Aug. 5. New York. Capt. A. Freitch
starts alone from the Battery for Queens-
town in a forty-foot boat, schooner-
rigged, with a centerboard.
Aug. 6. Eng. The Vigilant wins the
race around the Isle of Wight, beating
the Britannia by six minutes, and the
Satanita by 40 minutes.
D. C. A 2,000-mile bicycle relay
run begins at Washington at noon, to
convey a message from the White House
to the governor of Colorado at Omaha.
[It ends Aug. 10 at 8.12 p.m., nearly 27
hours ahead of time.]
Nero York. The authorities seize 51
packages of cheese, the baciUus of
diphtheria being found in them, owing
to the milk having come from a farmer
in whose family a fatal case of diphtheria
had occurred.
Aug. 8. Vt. Stowe celebrates the cen-
tenary of its settlement.
Aug. 9. Chicago. Business is resumed
at Pullman; the big Corliss engine
starts, and over 1,000 men commence
work.
Eng. The Britannia defeats the
Vigilant in a race at Cowes.
Pa. Eight acres of land cave in
over the Hampton Mine at Scranton ;
a number of dwellings are wrecked.
Aug. 10. la. It is discovered that a
firm in Sioux City slaughters cheap
ranch horses, and ships the product
to Jersey City as " dried beef."
In a train wreck and fire on the
Rock Island Railroad 11 lives are lost ;
one man is arrested for wrecking the
train.
Aug. 14. Eng. The Satanita defeats
the Britannia in a race at Ryde ; the
Vigilant is not in the race.
Aug. 15. New York. The Cunard Line
steamer Campania arrives after making
the passage from Queenstown in five
days, nine hours, and 29 minutes,
over three hours less than the run of any
other steamer. (See p. 471, Aug. 31.)
Aug. 18. Chicago. Four French exhib-
itors, having had goods in the Manufac-
tures Building at the time of the fire on
Jan. 8, commence action against the
World's Columbian Exposition Com-
pany for $16,000 damages.
Aug. 20. The Bering-Sea fleet officers
report the number of seals at the seal
islands to be much less than in former
years.
Aug. 21. New York. Julius de Marcus
and Mrs. Juliette Fournier, of Brooklyn,
are found shot and dead in Central
Park, having committed suicide through
love-craze.
Aug. 23. Va. J. M. Winstead, presi-
dent of the Piedmont and People's Sa-
vings-bank, of Greensboro, N. C, jumps
from a City Hall tower in Richmond,
a height of 170 feet, and is terribly
mangled.
470 1894, Aug. 23-Sept. 18.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 Sept. 12. D. C. Charles G. Saw-
telle is commissioned colonel — quarter-
master department. [Oct. 8. John W.
Barringer — sustenance department.
Oct. 25. Royal T. Frank — 1st artillery.
Nov. 10. Edwin V. Sumner — 7th cav-
alry. Nov. 26. Daingerfield Parker —
18th infantry. Dec. 31. Mar. I. Luding-
ton — quartermaster department.]
Sept. 17. D. C. The War Department
issues an order concentrating the
army, and doing away with several
posts.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Aug. 25. Wyo. Grasshoppers are
devouring the grass in Cheyenne.
Aug. 26. Tex. Boll-worms are destroy-
ing a large portion of the cotton-crop in
Dallas County.
Sept. 1. Tex. Hundreds of lives are
lost in the floods.
Sept. 3. Mich, Minn., Wis. The forest
fires are partially quenched by rain.
The total number of lives lost is esti-
mated at from 800 to 1,200 ; relief work is
in progress in the stricken territory.
Sept. 4. The members of the Cook Arc-
tic Expedition arrive at North Sydney,
Cape Breton, on a fishing-schooner, the
Miranda having been abandoned at sea
in a sinking condition. [Sept. 11. Ar-
rive in New York.]
Sept. 7. Pa. The largest steel plate yet
made is rolled at Chester by the Well-
man Iron and Steel Works ; it is 450
inches long, 130 wide, and 1J thick.
Sept. 8. JV. J. An oil-well is discov-
ered on a farm in Finderne.
■ Pa. A cloudburst at Bethlehem
causes much damage.
Sept. 15. New York. The relief steamer
Falcon returns from the Arctic to New-
foundland with all the members of the
Peary expedition except Peary and two
companions, who are to spend another
year in the polar region.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Aug. 27. Shaw, D. B., M. C. for Mich.,
A40.
Thaxter, Celia, author, A58.
Aug. 28. Stevens, Simon, lawyer, aboli-
tionist, A64.
Sept. 1. Banks, Nathaniel P., maj. -gen.,
editor, lawyer, M. C, Gov. of Mass.,
speaker, A78.
Sept. 2. Kirkwood, Samuel J., Gov. of la.,
secretary of interior, A81.
Sept. 4. Willing, James C, president Co-
lumbian University, A69.
Sept. 5. Stoneman, George, Gov. of Cal.,
gen., A72.
Sept. 7. Talladee, C. W., inventor, A64.
Sept. 1 1 . Pico Pio, Gov. of the two Cali-
fornias, A94.
Sept. 14. McCauley, E. Y.,rear-adm. U. S.
N., A67.
CHURCH.
1894 Sept. 1. Pa. The Poles and
Greek Catholics of Hazleton form
a new church, to be known as the
American Catholic.
Sept. 17. New York. The German
Roman Catholic Central Verein,
with 110 delegates in attendance, is in
session.
LETTERS.
1894 Aug. 26. N. Y. Allen Barlow
of Binghamton leaves all his property,
valued at $100,000, to found an industrial
training-school in that city.
Aug. 28. JV. Y. Judge Bartlett denies
the application to compel school prin-
cipals to admit pupils who refuse to be
vaccinated.
Sept. 15. N. Y. The Constitutional
Convention passes the Educational and
the Charities amendments, the latter
providing for educational require-
ments in sectarian charitable insti-
tutions.
SOCIETY.
1894 Aug. 25. III. A railroad detec-
tive is shot by masked train-robbers on
a train near Deertield.
La. Louis O. Desforges, city council-
man of New Orleans, is indicted on the
charge of soliciting a bribe of $7,500
from the Louisville and Nashville Bail-
road Company.
Mich. Three members of the Detroit
School Board — Messrs. Walsh, Lip-
hardt, and Lichtenberg — are held for
trial on the charge of bribery in connec-
tion with school supplies.
N. Y. The American Bar Associa-
tion at Saratoga elects James C. Carter,
of New York City, its president.
Aug. 26. Tex. Hubbell Smith, charged
with forgery, is arrested in Fort Worth ;
$560,000 in cash, stocks, and bonds are
found upon him.
Aug. 27. Chicago. George M. Pullman
testifies before the National Labor Com-
mission.
(Aug. 29.) The commission finishes
the hearing of testimony.
N. Y. John J. Huber kills himself
after attempting to kill his boarding-
mistress in Brooklyn because she re-
fuses to leave her husband.
Aug. 28. Colo. Gov. Waite is ar-
rested on a charge of unlawfully open-
ing and retaining a letter ; he is released
on bond. [Aug. 31. Acquitted.]
Ky. The Breckinridge Congres-
sional election contest is developing
much personal bitterness.
La. Councilman Numa Douboussat
of New Orleans is arrested after taking
a bribe of $ioo to vote for an ordinance
pending in the City Council.
Aug. 31. La. The New Orleans grand
jury adjourns after indicting 11 council-
men and the city engineer for bribery.
New York. Charles Fiegenbaum kills
Josephine Hoffman, a widow, at whose
house he boarded.
JV. Y. Judge Gaynor decides the Act
not unconstitutional that makes it a
crime to receive betting money out-
side of a race-track.
Sept. 1. Ark. Ten of a gang of 20
counterfeiters captured in Arkansas are
in the penitentiary awaiting trial.
Kan. Two masked men enter a
bank at Tescott, kill the cashier, and, se-
curing a considerable amount of money,
start South.
JV. Y. The Non- sectarian Hospital
and Home for Epileptics in Brooklyn
is formally opened.
Tenn. Six negroes are taken from
a deputy-sheriff by lynchers, shot and
killed at Millington, on the Chesapeake
and Ohio Railroad.
Sept. 2. JV. J. Edward Mehaffey, while
drunk, kicks his wife to death, in Harri-
son, because she refuses to give him
money she had saved to pay debts.
Sept. 3. JV. Y. The American Social
Science Association begins its annual
session in Saratoga.
The new Odd Fellows' Home at
Lockport is dedicated with imposing
ceremonies ; Grand Sire C. L. Campbell
making the principal address.
New York. A strike of several
thousand garment-workers begins in
this city and Brooklyn with the object
of abolishing the " sweating " system.
[Sept. 4. A number of clothing con-
tractors accept the terms of the striking
garment-workers. Tailor strikers in
Brooklyn invade a shop, sack it, and
assault the proprietors. Sept. 6. The
strikers win. Sept. 19. The manufac-
turers, having failed to ratify the agree-
ment entered, 3,000 employees continue
the strike.]
Labor Day is observed throughout
the United States.
Sept. 4. Chicago. The hearing of the
contempt cases against President Debs
and other officers of the American Rail-
way Union is renewed.
B. F. Gaston, who has been swindling
negroes by a'bogus scheme of emigration
to Africa, is killed by enraged victims.
Sept. 5. Pa. Another strike is on in
the southern end of the coke-region be-
tween Uniontown and Fair Chance.
-. — Wis. Four ex-supervisors, three pres-
ent supervisors, and four contractors are
arraigned in Milwaukee, charged with
conspiracy to defraud the county.
Sept. 6. New York. Police Superin-
tendent Byrnes makes a report to the
Police Board of the abuses existing in
the force ; the board unanimously dis-
misses Capt. John T. Stephenson, and
resolves to abolish the position of ward
man.
Sept. 8. Ga. Union and non-union
longshoremen fight a pitched battle in
Savannah.
Sept. 9. La. Link Waggoner, a noted
desperado, is shot and killed by a mob
in the parish jail at Minden.
Sept. 10. Miss. The governor and other
officials are arrested on the charge of
imitating U. S. currency in the issue of
money warrants designed for circulation
in payment of State obligations.
Pa. The Grand Army of the Re-
public meets in its 28th National En-
campment at Pittsburg. [Col. Thomas
G. Lawler, commander-in-chief.]
Sept. 11. Ky. The attendance at a bar-
becue given at Paris by the supporters
of Mr. Owens, the opponent of Brecken-
ridge, is estimated at nearly 25,000.
Sept. 12. Ariz. Two masked men
hold up a stage and rob the passengers
of valuables and $500 in coin.
Sept. 14. La. A suit for the impeach-
ment of Mayor Fitzpatrick is begun in
a New Orleans court on behalf of 25 rep-
resentative citizens.
JV. Y. A race-fight occurs at New
Rochelle ; three white men are shot, and
several negroes are arrested.
Sept. 15. Cal. The Idaho stage is held
up ten miles north of Ukiah by a masked
highwayman, and the Wells-Fargo treas-
ure-box taken.
JV. C. Fifteen farmers of Guilford,
tried for forcing four Mormon mission-
aries out of the couuty, are acquitted.
UNITED STATES. 1894, Aug. 23 -Sept. 18. 471
Utah. Enoch Davies, wife-mur-
derer, is shot by order of court at Lehi
J unction.
Sept. 16. N. Y. Farmer Whittemore's
wife is killed, and he and his daughter
are badly injured at Glens Falls by Leon-
ard Blodgett, a (arm-band ; the criminal
is being sought for by several hundred
men.
I. T. The Doolin gang, in revenge,
string an Indian up by his heels, and
shoot him through the head, near Minco.
Sept. 17. Pa. Carrieri and Levato, pri-
vate bankers in the Italian quarters in
Pittsburg, flee, taking with them about
$10,000 of deposits.
N. Mex. Striking miners on the
Santa F6 system resume work.
Sept. 18. Chicago. Gamblers resist a
raid on their headquarters by detec-
tives ; while the light la going on the pro-
prietor, Harry Varnell, secures from a
neighboring magistrate warrants for the
arrest of the detectives.
Mo. Masked robbers attempt to
hold up a Santa F6 train ; armed men on
hoard give them a hot reception ; the
engineer is shot.
STATE.
1894 Aug. 23. D.C. Congress ; Sen-
ate : There is no quorum ; the House re-
ceives the report of the committee on the
armor-plate frauds ; the Carnegie Com-
pany is found guilty of gross neglect of
duty, and the charges are sustained.
Secretary Carlisle directs that the U.
S. flag shall be displayed over all public
buildings under the control of the Trea-
sury Department during business hours,
unless stormy weather prevents.
S. Dak. Charles H. Sheldon (Rep.)
is nominated for governor, and a plat-
form adopted declaring for free silver.
Aug. 24. D. C. Congress: Both
Houses pass a resolution for an ad-
journment sine die on Tuesday, Aug. 28.
Aug. 25. N. Y. The Constitutional Con-
vention favors the abolition of prison
contract labor.
Aug. 26. I). C. The Administration de-
cides to recognize the sovereignty of
Nicaragua over the Mosquito reserva-
tion.
U. S. The Central Labor Union de-
cides to unite with the People's Party
in the fall election campaign.
Aug. 27. D. C. Congress: No quorum
present in either House.
Aug. 28. U. S. The Wilson Tariff
Bill becomes law without President
Cleveland's signature.
The Income Tax Appendix to the
Tariff Bill provides for a tax of 2 per
cent on incomes above $4,000 ; it lays a
tax of two cents on every pack of play-
ing-cards, and $1.10 on each gallon of
proof liquor, and the same tax on nine
gallons below proof.
I). C. The 53d Congress ; the sec-
ond session ends.
Sept. 1. U . S. Canada accepts the lum-
ber reciprocity provision of the new
Tariff Law.
Sept. 3. Ark. The Democrats elect
their state ticket by 30,000 plurality ;
the Populists fail to carry a single
county.
Sp. Spain cancels the reciprocity
treaty between the United States and
Cuba.
Sept. 4. Nev. Senator John P. Jones,
a Republican for over twenty years,
joins the Populists because of the atti-
tude of the Republicans toward silver.
Sept. 5. Colo. David H. Waite (Pop.) is
nominated for governor.
N. II. Charles A. Busiel (Rep.) is
nominated for governor.
Sept. 6. New York. The citizens' meet-
ing called by the Chamber of Commerce
issues an address asking for support in
the movement against Tammany Hall,
and provides for a Committee of Seventy.
Wis. George W. Peck (Dem.) is nom-
inated for governor.
Sept. 11. N. Y. The Constitutional
Convention passes several amendments,
including one to abolish coroners.
Sept. 12. Colo. H. W. Mclntyre (Rep.)
is nominated for governor.
Nev. The Democratic Convention
demands unlimited silver coinage.
N. Y. The Constitutional Conven-
tion passes an amendment prohibiting
free railroad passes and prison contract
labor.
Utah. The Republican Convention
declares for free silver coinage at the
ratio of 16 to 1.
Sept. 14. N. Y. The Constitutional
Convention passes an amendment for
separate municipal elections.
Sept. 17. La. The Sugar-Planters'
Convention at New Orleans unanimously
decides to join the Republican party on
national issues, as it favors a protective
tariff.
Nev. Senator John P. Jones, hav-
ing joined the Populists, is asked by the
Republicans to resign his seat.
Sept. 18. N, Y. Levi P. Morton (Rep.)
is nominated for governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Aug. 24. New York. The Ameri-
can Line steamer New York arrives after
making the trip from Southampton in
six days, eight hours, 38 minutes —
one hour less than any previous record.
Wash. A fire in a mine imprisons
the men at work ; 37 bodies are brought
to the surface.
Aug. 27. N. II. Forest fires in the
Blue Hills burn over 400 acres of wood-
land, destroying 2,000,000 of cut timber,
1,600 cords of wood, and 100 cords of
bark, besides much standing timber.
Mo. By the collapse of a bridge
over a ravine at Fairmount Park, Kan-
sas City, 20 persons are injured.
Aug. 28. Mich. Forest fires destroy
property to the value of over $1,000,000.
New York. The cable-steamer Mac-
kay-Bennett arrives.
She has cable on board, to connect New
York with Waterville, Ireland, by way of
Coney Island, and Canso, Nova Scotia.
Aug. 30. D. C. A convention to pro-
mote Southern development is opened
in Washington.
Aug. 31. New York. The Cunard Line
steamer Lucania arrives, after making
the voyage from Queenstown in five
days, eight hours, and 38 minutes —
the quickest western trip yet made.
Ire. The Campania, of the Cunard
line, arrives at Queenstown after lower-
ing the eastern trip by one hour and 13
minutes, having made it in five days,
10 hours, and 47 minutes.
Sept. 1. N. Y. Atty.-Gen. Hancock of
Albany decides that steamers and
steam-cars having liquor licenses
may sell while temporarily in dock or
at station, as well as in transit.
Tex. In the vicinity of Uvalde 300
miles of railroad track are under
water, and heavy rain is still falling.
Sept. 2. N. J. Two excursionists are
killed and several injured by a rear-
end train collision on the West Jersey
Railroad in Camden.
Wis. Hundreds of lives are lost,
about 12 towns and villages burned, and
an enormous amount of property is de-
stroyed in the Northwest by forest fires.
Cornell University loses heavily, having
$1,000,000 invested around Long Lake in
pine lands that are completely divested
of standing trees.
Sept. 3. Colo. The Irrigation Con-
vention begins its session in Denver.
Sp. A decree canceling the recipro-
city treaty between Spain and the United
States in regard to Cuba is gazetted in
Madrid, to go into effect as soon as the
new customs tariff in America is en-
forced.
Tex. Over 1,000 men begin work
repairing 40 miles of the Southern
Pacific Railroad destroyed by a flood.
Sept. 4. Minn. Over 400 bodies of
forest-fire victims are recognized ;
medical aid reaches Hinckley and Pine
City ; 16 towns are destroyed, 20 partly
burned, and 24 counties affected.
Mich. The fires in the woods are
being checked or extinguished by rain.
Sept. 5. N. Y. The Standard Oil Com-
pany secures control of all the Brooklyn
gas-companies except the Williamsburg
and Nassau.
Sept. 8±. Minn. The death-list in Pine
County alone by forest fire is 700.
O. The centennial celebration at
Defiance overcrowds the city.
Sept. 9. Minn. Forest fires fanned by
the wind are again threatening several
towns ; inhabitants are fleeing to places
of refuge.
Sept. 10. O. The town of Dalton is
burned by an incendiary fire ; loss,
$250,000.
Sept. 11. Midi. Forest fires are again
raging. [Sept. 15. Quenched by rain.]
Sept. 13. Mo. A train is blown from
the track by a wind-storm ; two persons
are killed and 20 injured.
Pa. McKeesport celebrates the
centennial of its settlement.
Sept. 14. Nev. The Neio York, of the
American Line, arrives, after making
the passage from Southampton in six
days, seven hours, and 14 minutes.
Sept. 15. Pa. A fire in the business sec-
tion of Scran ton causes a loss of $300,000;
three firemen are badly injured.
472 1894, Sept. 19 -Oct. 18.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 Oct. 4. Phila. The Union League
Club tenders a reception to Adm. Ben-
ham, and presents him with a gold
medal for his heroic action at Bio Ja-
neiro. (See Brazil.)
Oct. 8. D. C. Michael B. Morgan is
commissioned brigadier-general — sub-
sistence department.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Sept. 26. The great West India
cyclone reaches the Florida and Georgia
coasts ; it causes great damage to the
cotton and rice crops.
Oct. 13. Cal. Mammoth caverns (sur-
passing the Kentucky Mammoth Cave)
are discovered in the Guyamaca range,
in Southern California.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Sept. 86. Thompson, Launt, sculptor, A61.
Sept. 30. Blakeman, B., publisher, A70.
Oct. 3. Swing, David, clergyman, college
professor, A64.
Oct. 7. Holmes, Oliver "Wendell, poet,
author, A85.
Curtin, Andrew G., war Gov., A77.
CHURCH.
1894 Sept. 23. New York. The 37th
anniversary of the Fulton Street
Prayer-meeting is celebrated.
Sept. 24. N. Y. The Biennial Confer-
ence of the American Unitarian As-
sociation begins at Saratoga.
Sept. 26. New York: A Holiness Con-
vention is in session, with a large at-
tendance of delegates.
Sept. 29. New York. A monastic
brotherhood is instituted in the Prot-
estant Episcopal Diocese of New York
by Bishop Potter, the members taking
vows of celibacy for a term of five years.
Oct. 2. N. J. Judge Van Syckel, in his
charge to the grand jury at Elizabeth,
says that lotteries at church fairs and
festivals are illegal.
Oct. 10. Phila. The annual conference
of the Roman Catholic archbishops
in the United States is in secret session.
Oct. 14. N. Y. The golden jubilee of
Key. Sylvester Malone, pastor of the
Boman Catholic Church of SS. Peter and
Paul of Brooklyn, is celebrated.
LETTERS.
1894 Sept. 19. The German Verein re-
solves that " we do not ask for our
school-work any State subvention ; we
assume most willingly these sacrifices
to secure the eternal and the temporal
welfare of our children."
Sept. 21. The plans for the Roman
Catholic Summer School of Amer-
ica, to be of six weeks' duration, are
arranged ; in connection with this system
reading-circles are to be formed.
Sept. 28. N.J. The students of
Princeton at a mass-meeting decide
that hazing ought to be abolished.
Oct. 2. Pa. Thaddeus Stevens's will is
sustained after 20 years of litigation ; an
Industrial School is to be established in
Lancaster.
SOCIETY.
1894 Sept. 18. New York. Dr. Park-
hurst, speaking before a branch of the
City Vigilance League, says there is no
part of the city government that is
not corrupt, even the judges paying
money for their places on the bench.
Phila. The United Typothetse
Convention begins its eighth annual
session.
Sept. 19. Chicago. Judge Gibbons di-
rects a judgment of ouster against
the "Whisky Trust; its existence is
declared illegal.
Sept. 20. Boston. Five thousand gar-
ment-makers strike for shorter hours
and higher wages. [Sept. 24. 1,000 re-
turn to work. Sept. 27. Many return
under favorable terms.]
Okla. Farmers capture Perry Cook
near Lincoln with several stolen horses
in his possession ; they lynch him.
Sept. 21. Ky. At Lexington J. D. Liv-
ingstone is stabbed by Col. Breckin-
ridge's son, Desha.
N.J. The Newark garment- workers
go out on a strike.
New York. Several men hold up
an Eighth Avenue street-car, and after
robbing the passengers make their es-
cape ; one suspect is arrested.
The National Society of Electro-
Therapeutists holds its annual meet-
ing; Dr. W. L. Jackson is elected presi-
dent.
Sept. 22. New York. The shirt-makers
vote to go out on strike for higher
N. Y. Excise Commissioner Krug of
Newtown is arraigned for accepting a
bribe, and held for trial in the sum of
$3,500.
Constitutional Convention Dele-
gates Kurth and Deterling of the Sixth
District of Brooklyn are arrested, and
held in $1,000 bonds to appear for trial
on the charge of bribery brought against
them by the Albany Argus. [Dec. 5.
Discharged by the Albany grand jury.]
Sept. 23. Ark. Prof. G. F. Ellis is mor-
tally wounded by President G. L. Bry-
ant of the Texarkana Interstate Normal
and Business College ; the latter is ar-
rested.
N. J. After holding up near 100
people on a road near Newark, tramps
to the number of about 40 are dispersed
by a dozen men armed with sticks ; five
are arrested.
Sept. 25. New York. A Builders' League
is organized for fighting labor-unions
and walking delegates.
O. The body of General Freight
Agent J. B. Caven, of the Valley Bail-
road Company, is found riddled with
bullets in a street in Cleveland.
Sept. 27. D. C. H. W. Howgate, former
chief of Weather Bureau at Washington,
is arrested on the charge of stealing
$370,000 of government funds.
Sept. 28. New York. George Appo, who
gave testimony before the Lexow Senate
ommittee against the " green goods "
men, is found with his throat badly cut.
Pa. B. Armstrong of Allegheny City
is convicted of offering a bribe of $300 to
Councilman John Born to vote for a cer-
tain engineer for the new water-works.
Sept. 30. Minn. Seven lives are sacri-
ficed by a drunken husband and father
at Chaska by driving his team into the
river.
Oct. 1. 1). C. The grand jury indicts
Messrs. Havemeyer, Searles, and
Seymour for refusing to testify before
the Senate Sugar Investigating Com-
mittee.
The U. S. Court of Appeals reverses
Judge J en k i n s' s decision regarding
strikes in the case of the Northern Pa-
cific employees ; he affirms the right to
abandon a train.
Ky. Many illicit stills are destroyed ;
over 100 moonshiners are to be tried in
Louisville.
Oct. 3. The U. S. Circuit Court of Ap-
peals renders another labor decision
supporting Judge Bicks in denying an
engineer's right to abandon a train.
Oct. 4. la. The Society of the Army of
the Tennessee at its meeting in Council
Bluffs elects its officers ; Gen. Granville
M. Dodge, president.
Oct. 5. Chicago. Ex-Gov. J. T. Bever-
idge and two others are arrested on the
charge of using the mails in the interest
of a lottery scheme.
Ind. After a fight with bank-rob-
bers near Bloomfield, one of them is
shot and three run down ; $6,100 of bank
funds is found in their possession.
O. County Commissioners Cassidy,
McDonald, and Biggert are indicted at
Columbus for bribery and misconduct in
office.
Oct. 6. Tex. Henry Gibson, colored, is
lynched at Fairfield by unknown par-
ties.
Mich. The City Council of Grand
Haven orders the closing of all restau-
rants, livery-stables, cigar-stores, news-
stands, and drug-stores, on Sunday, in
accordance with law.
Oct. 7. Ind. John McCarthy, failing to
obtain a liquor license in Bushville,
shoots J. G. Wolf, of the committee
opposing his application.
O. Four leading druggists of Cincin-
nati are arrested for selling adulterated
drugs.
Oct. 8. N. Y. The Commercial Trav-
elers' Home Association of America
meets in Binghamton.
They give a reception and banquet to
Gov. Flower, of New York, and Gov.
Pattison of Pennsylvania, at the State
Armory.
S. C. The Dispensary Law is de-
clared constitutional by the Supreme
Court.
New York. Six thousand cloak-
makers vote to go on strike in New
York and neighboring cities to assist the
1,500 who are out.
[Oct. 11. In New York they are at-
tacked by the police when holding a
mass-meeting. Oct. 12. They obtain
their demands and the strike ends.]
Oct. 11. N. Y. The Indian Mohonk
Conference is in session.
Oct. 12. Cal. The Lakeport stage is
held up by a highwayman near Pieta
Station, and the Wells-Fargo box taken.
Two robbers hold up the overland
express near Sacramento, and secure
$50,000.
I). C. Two employees of the Bureau
of Engraving and Printing in Washing-
ton are charged with stealing more
than 200,000 postage-stamps.
Ind. The 18th annual convention of
the American Humane Association
at Evansville closes its session ; John
G. Shortall of Chicago, president.
UNITED STATES.
1894, Sept. 19-Oct. 18. 473
New York. A woman's movement
against Tammany is organized.
Va. A train is held up by seven
masked men near Quantico : its safe is
plundered of about $180,000; $1,000 re-
ward is offered for the arrest of any of
the robbers.
Oct. 13. Colo. Masked men rob a
gambling-house in Denver while in full
operation, securing about $400.
Pa. A boy is shot and killed, and
four persons are badly injured, in a
drunken riot at Maltby, a small Hunga-
rian settlement near Wilkesbarre.
Oct. 15. D. C. The young Japanese
Prince Yamashina and traveling com-
panions arrive in Washington.
O. Clarence Robinson confesses at
Cleveland that he and his wife murdered
Montgomery Gibbs, the Buffalo lawyer.
[Oct. 18. Indicted.]
Ore. The Pacific Express office in
The Dalles is robbed of $14,000 at an
early hour.
Oct. 17. Chicago. An international
anti-gambling association is formed.
Mass. A large number of Fall River
weavers strike again, after a brief re-
sumption of work. [Oct. 27. The stri-
kers yield, and decide to resume work.]
New York. The Brotherhood of
Tailors celebrates with a big parade
and mass-meeting their deliverance from
the " sweating " system, and the aboli-
tion of piece-work.
0. A mob of would-be lynchers
is fired on by militiamen at Washington
Court House ; two men are killed and
several wounded ; the prisoner is a negro
convicted of assault on a white woman,
and sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.
Oct. 18. Fla. Fifteen hundred cigar-
makers go on strike.
STATE.
1894 Sept. 19. Conn. O.Vincent Coffin
(Rep.) is nominated for governor.
O. The Democratic State Convention
adopts a free-silver plank and a resolu-
tion in favor of the popular election of
Senators.
S. C. John Gary Evans (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
Sept. 20. ' N. Y. The Constitutional
Convention passes an amendment for
home rule for cities.
Neb. The Democrats favor fusion
with the Populists.
Sept. 21. N.J. The commission revis-
ing the judicial system practically com-
pletes its labors at Trenton, and the
changes proposed are published.
N. Y. The Constitutional Convention
passes an amendment prohibiting pool-
selling and all forms of gambling.
Sept. 22. Ky. The official canvass in
the Ashland District gives W. C. Owens
as Representative in Congress a plurality
of 225 over W. C. P. Breckinridge.
Sept. 25. N. C. The Republicans favor
fusion with the Populists.
Sept. 26. N. Y. Senator D. B. Hill
(Dem.) is nominated for governor.
Sept. 27. D. C. President Cleveland is-
sues a proclamation granting amnesty
to persons convicted of polygamy.
Neb. Six counties bolt the fusion
ticket of Democrats and Populists, and
nominate a straight Democratic ticket.
. Sept. 28. Conn. Ernest Cady (Dem.) is
nominated for governor.
N. Y. The amendments of the
Constitutional Convention are to be sub-
mitted to vote in three sections, as fol-
lows : 1. The legislative apportion-
ment. 2. The canals. 3. All the rest.
The Convention adopts the proposed
Constitution. Vote, 95-75. [Sept. 29.
Adjourns.]
Oct. 2. N. J. The Legislature meets,
and passes a resolution for adjournment
sine die.
« N. Y. The Democratic members of
the Constitutional Convention issue an
address arraigning the Republicans for
partisanship.
Oct. 3. Ark. At Little Bock a tor-
nado kills four persons, while several
are missing, and many injured; prop-
erty worth $1,000,000 is destroyed.
± Wis. Settlers in the Black Brook
section, near Grantsburg, burned out
by forest fires, are in a pitiable con-
dition.
Oct. 4. D. C. Action begins at Wash-
ington to compel the Treasury to pay
sugar bounties for the year ending
June 30, 1895.
New York. The Committee of Sev-
enty, the Good Government clubs, and
several anti - Tammany organizations
agree with the Republicans on a muni-
cipal ticket ; W. L. Strong, a Republican
business man, and John W. Goff, the
counsel of the Lexow Committee, are
nominated respectively for mayor and
recorder. [Oct. 9. This ticket is in-
dorsed by the State Democracy faction
and the Anti-Tammany Democracy ; also,
Oct. 12, by the Republican County Con-
vention. Nov. 6. The ticket is elected.]
O. The Democratic Executive Com-
mittee issues an address declaring that
the tariff is settled, and that the money
question is the chief issue now before
the people.
Oct. 6. Mass. Fred. T. Greenhalge
(Rep.) is nominated for governor.
Oct. 8. Mass. William E.Russell (Dem.)
is nominated for governor.
Oct. 9. N. Y. The Anti-Hill or Inde-
pendent State Democrats nominate a
third gubernatorial ticket, placing Ev-
erett P. "Wheeler at the head, and
accept Lockwood and Brown of the reg-
ular Democratic ticket.
Oct. 10. New York. The Tammany
County Convention nominates Nathan
Strauss for mayor and Frederick Smyth
for recorder.
Oct. 12. D.C. District Judge McComas
refuses to issue a mandamus directing
Secretary Carlisle to pay the sugar
bounty this year.
Oct. 13. D.C. The grand jury in Wash-
ington indicts H. O. Havemeyer and J.
E. Searles of the Sugar Trust, and A. L.
Seymour, a New York broker, for re-
fusal to answer questions by the Senate
Investigation Committee. [Oct. 18. The
president and treasurer are arraigned in
Washington on the charge of contempt
of the Senate, and held in $5,000 bail
each.]
U. S. The deficit in the national rev-
enues since Sept. 1 is over $18,000,000.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Sept. 22. Kan. Land caves in
at the junction of Harvey, Butler, and
Marion Counties to the depth of 35 feet ;
the cave-ins extend in a crooked, stream-
like course a distance of 24 miles.
Sept. 23±. la. — Minn. About 75 per-
sons are killed and many times that num-
ber injured by the storm in northern
Iowa and southern Minnesota.
Ore. Portland loses three lives,
$2,000,000, and one steamer by fire.
Sept. 25. Chicago. Gov. Altgeld alleges
that the Pullman Company has es-
caped taxation on about one-third of its
assets.
Sept. 28. Chicago. A fountain given
by the National Woman's Christian
Temperance Union, of Chautauqua
County, is unveiled in the corridor of
Willard Hall ; Miss Willard makes the
address.
Sept. 29. la. A Chicago Great West-
ern passenger-train is saved from
plunging through a burned bridge
between Dundee and Lamont by a
seven-year-old girl, who flags the train
with her red apron.
U. S. Nearly all the tin-plate mills
close because of controversies respect-
ing wages.
Sept. 30. Pa. The entombed miners
at the Northwest Colliery at Simpson,
near Carbondale, are rescued.
Oct. 4±. Fla. At Key West 50 victims
of wrecks caused by the recent storm
are washed ashore.
Oct. 5. Mich. Six men are killed and
12 injured by falling walls at a fire in
Detroit.
Oct. 6. Ala. One man is killed and
four persons hurt by a train falling
through a bridge over the Coosa River
at Anniston.
Pa. A new wheel trust is formed ,
which controls nearly all the factories
west of the Alleghanies.
Oct. 7. Tenn. An express - train is
wrecked by unknown persons on the
Southern Railway, near Bristol.
Oct. 11. N. Y. The members of the
President's Cabinet attend the cere-
monies at the dedication of the old
Holland Purchase Land Office at
Batavia, to the memory of Robert
Morris, the financier of the American
Revolution ; Secretary Carlisle delivers
the address.
Pa. Twenty-seven boilers ex-
plode at a Shamokin colliery ; five men
are killed and six injured.
Oct. 13. Miss. Biloxi is nearly de-
stroyed by fire ; loss, $200,000.
Oct. 14. La. Near New Orleans 15 per-
sons are injured and $40,000 worth of
railroad property is destroyed by a train
collision at a crossing.
Oct. 16. N. Y. Kingston celebrates
the 117th anniversary of the burning
of the town by the British.
Tex. Fire destroys property at Hous-
ton valued at $500,000.
Oct. 18. The Northern Pacific Bail-
road report shows a deficit of over
$6,000,000 for the year.
Mass. Attleboro begins a two days'
celebration of the 200th anniversary of
its incorporation.
474 1894, Oct. 19 -Nov. 21.
AMERICA
ARMY — WAVY.
1894 Oct. 25. D. C. James W. For-
syth is commissioned brigadier-general
— general officer.
Nov. 8. D. C. Gen. O. O. Howard is
retired from the active list of the regu-
lar army.
Nov. 9. D. C. Gen. Alexander McD.
McCook is promoted to the office of
major-general, and succeeds Gen. How-
ard.
Nov. 10. I). C. • Rear-Adm. Gherardi
is retired, having reached the age of
limitation, after 48 years' service in the
navy.
Gen. Miles is assigned to the Depart-
ment of the Coast, Gen. Ruger to com-
mand at Chicago, and Gen. Forsyth to
California.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Oct. 19. N. Y. A monument
to the memory of the Tarrytown
heroes of the Revolution is unveiled in
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery.
Oct. 24. Phila. An equestrian statue
of Gen. George B. McClellan is un-
veiled.
Nov. 5. New York. A new wing of the
Museum of Art is opened.
Nov. 15. Okla. A blinding sand-
storm occurs ; it is especially severe in
the Cherokee Strip. The authorities
order fires extinguished in the business
section of Guthrie.
Nov. 18. New York. The statue of
Thorwaldsen is unveiled in Central
Park.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Oct. 19. Booth, Samuel, mayor of Brook-
lyn, A76.
Oct. 81. Bedle, Joseph D., Gov. of N. J.,
jurist, A63.
Winslow, Samuel, mayor of Worcester,
A67.
>ct. 85. Hopkins, W. E., com. U. S. N.,
A73.
Ford, John Bruce, publisher, A78.
Oct. 86. Alexander, S. I)., clergyman, A75.
Oct. 30. Peterson, R. E., founder Peter-
son's Magazine, A82.
Nov. 16. McCosh, James, president
Princeton, author, Pres. clergyman, A83.
Winthrop, Robert C, philanthropist,
litterateur, A85.
Nov. 17. Shedd, William G. T., prof., A74.
CHURCH.
1894 Oct. 19. New York. Archbishop
Corrigan secures a branch of the Sul-
pician Order of Priests of Canada.
Gen. William Booth of the Salva-
tion Army arrives from Montreal.
Oct. 22. New York. Gen. Booth, the
head of the Salvation Army, is given a
grand reception in Union Square ; clergy-
men welcome him in an address.
Oct. 23. Mass. The convention of the
American Missionary Association
opens at Lowell.
New York. A second great meeting
of the Salvation Army to welcome
Gen. Booth is held in Carnegie Music
Hall, Chauncey M. Depew making the
address.
Oct. 25. Pa. The Pittsburg conference
of the Evangelical Church, representing
100 congregations, votes to establish the
New Evangelical Church.
Nov. 1. New York. Prayers are offered
at the Greek chapel for the repose of
the soul of the dead Czar.
Nov. 8. N. Y. The resignation of Dr.
Talmage as pastor of the Brooklyn
Tabernacle is accepted.
Nov. 13-15. Mich. The Baptist Con-
gress, representing the Baptist churches
throughout the country, is in session at
Detroit.
LETTERS.
1894 Nov. 12. Pa. The Pennsylvania
Supreme Court sustains the decision of
a lower court refusing to enjoin Catho-
lic nuns from wearing their garb
while performing their duties as teach-
ers in public schools.
Nov. 15. New York. The formal open-
ing of the Teachers CoUege in its
new building takes place with suitable
ceremonies and addresses.
SOCIETY.
1894 Oct. 19. Tex. Pour masked
men hold up a train, and secure over
$4,000.
Oct. 21. /. T. Robbers hold up a
train on the Missouri Pacific Railway ;
they shoot and wound several passen-
gers, but secure little booty. [Two hun-
dred men are called out to pursue them.]
Oct. 22. N. Y. Mayor Schieren lays
the corner-stone of the German Hos-
pital in Brooklyn, after a parade by a
large number of German organizations.
N. Y. Patrick Riley, an expert dy-
namiter, is committed to White Plains
jail on the charge of attempting to blow
up a large frame building occupied by
about 100 Italian laborers.
New York. Ex-Police Sergeant
Liebers, indicted for blackmail, sur-
renders himself.
Oct. 23. Tenn. A colored woman, di-
vorced from her husband in Shelby
County, is allowed $2 a month alimony.
Chicago. Hoodlums attack a train
and burn cars in one of the suburbs.
Oct. 24. O. The national convention of
the Phi Gamma Delta College Fra-
ternity opens in Columbus for a three
days' session ; 150 delegates are present.
Chicago. A Russian emigrant, Simon
Rauskin, breaks windows when refused
work, and stones the officer who arrests
him.
/. T. The Cook gang raid towns,
and rob cotton-pickers at work ; a strong
force of Indian police and deputy-mar-
shals are in pursuit of the criminals.
[Oct. 29. Five of the outlaws are taken .
Nov. 4. Two officers and one of the
Cook gang are killed and two other out-
laws wounded. Nov. 9. The gang raids
Lenapah, I. T., killing one man and rob-
bing a store. Nov. 14. It holds up a
train of cars in Indian Territory ; large
rewards are offered for the capture of
the outlaws. Nov. 17. The marshals
surround the gang and kill " Cherokee
Bill." Nov. 19. The officials request
the assistance of U. S. troops. Nov. 23.
Two of the gang are arrested. Nov. 25.
Several more arrested. Nov. 28. Four
more are taken.]
N. J. Clemens Warner is stabbed
and killed at Sayreville by W. Hart,
who escapes.
Oct. 25. New York. The Woman's
Municipal League holds a mass-meet-
ing in Cooper Union; President Low,
C. S. Fairchild, Henry George, and Dr.
Parkhurst make addresses.
Oct. 26. Conn. J. A. Francis, teller of
the City Bank of Hartford, is in jail on
the charge of being a defaulter for about
$23,000.
Oct. 27. N. Y. The post-office at
Brewsters is robbed of between $400
and $500 in cash and stamps.
Oct. 28. O. Incendiaries burn the
home of J. S. Coxey (Coxey's Army),
near Massillon.
Pa. A miners' boarding-house near
Wilkesbarre is wrecked by unknown
dynamiters ; three men are killed and
several wounded.
Oct. 30. Chicago. A clerk is overpow-
ered and about $6,000 worth of jewelry
and watches stolen from a jewelry store
by two robbers, who make their escape.
Oct. 31. Ky. A mob in Crittenden
County lynches " Eddy " Martin because
he refused to turn State's evidence
against his friend, Pauper Commis-
sioner Goode.
Nov. 1. Chicago. T. Brady is arrested
with three others for holding up a
street-car and attempting to rob its pas-
sengers, taking from one a diamond pin.
Nov. 2. New York. The grand jury in-
dicts more police-officers for bribery.
Nov. 3. N. Y. Dr. T. DeWitt Tal-
mage, after an all-around-the-world
tour, arrives in Brooklyn.
:N. Y. William Gipps, of Buffalo,
kills his mother and seriously wounds
his father.
Nov. 7. Chicago. Several men are shot
at the polls ; a defeated candidate shoots
two men, and a gang of eight men fire
volleys at election officers at one polling-
place, wounding three men ; no arrests
are made.
Tex. W. A. Turner, express-agent at
Wylie Station, is arrested, charged with
taking $1,500 from a Wells-Fargo Ex-
press Company envelope, and substitut-
ing paper.
Nov. 8. O. Ex-Treasurer Mandru's ac-
counts in Stark County show a shortage
of $19,444; false and duplicate entries
appear in the cash-book.
Nov. 9. O. The First National Bank at
Oberlin is broken into and robbed of
about $500 in silver.
Nov. 1Q. Ala. Four thousand ne-
groes are preparing to leave for Liberia,
Africa, under the auspices of the Inter-
national Migration Society.
Md. The 20th annual convention of
the American Bankers' Association
begins in Baltimore.
Nov. 11. Neio York. Charles Miller,
watchman in a stone-works at Harlem,
is found murdered ; there is no clue to
the perpetrators of the crime.
Nov. 13. La. The Knights of Labor
meet in convention in New Orleans.
Nov. 16. O. The 21st national conven-
tion of the Woman's Christian Tem-
perance Union meets in Cleveland.
[Miss Frances E. Willand is reelected
president.]
Miss. Mayor J. W. Harman of Lulu,
and Henry Lawrence, a leading jeweler
of the town, are shot and killed by J. W.
Bond and his brother.
UNITED STATES.
1894, Oct. 19 -Nov. 21. 475
Nov. 17. /. T. The Chotopa Protec-
tective Association is organized with 62
business men as members to guard the
town against the Cook gang.
X. Y. A Law Enforcement
League is organized in Brooklyn ;
George F. Elliott, president.
Pa. Nearly 3,000 men go out on
strike at Reynoldsville and Dubois.
Nov. 18. Xew York. Richard Leach
kills his housekeeper in West Forty-
ninth Street, and alter attempting to
kill himself, surrenders to the police.
Nov. 19. Phila. H. H. Holmes, Mrs.
Carrie Pitezel, and Jephthah 1). Howe
are arrested for participating in a
fraudulent life-insurance scheme.
Xew York. The conference to form a
State Federation of Women's Clubs
begins its session ; Mrs. J. C. Croly is
elected president.
Tenn. Several lynchers of six ne-
groes near Kerrville are identified, and
their names given at the trial of two
suspected men.
Nov. 20. Ala. Three negro laborers
are killed by whites at Williams's lum-
ber-camp in Escambia County.
Ark. Amy Seymour shoots and
kills Judge Ferrefl in Jonesboro, and
is arrested.
La. The Knights of Labor reelect
General Master Workman Sovereign.
Nov. 21. Xew York. The American
Authors' Guild is in session, James
Grant Wilson presiding.
Charges of neglect of duty are pre-
ferred against District-Attorney Fel-
lows, and laid before Gov. Flower.
[Nov. 27. He files his answer. Dec.
22. The governor dismisses the charges.]
Mass. The American Protective As-
sociation, 1,200 strong, parades in Con-
cord ; it is stoned, and a number in-
jured.
STATE.
1894 Oct. 19. Chicago. A Federal
grand jury indicts officials of the Santa
F6" Railroad for violation of the Inter-
state Commerce Law in paying rebates.
Xew York. Nathan Strauss with-
draws from the Tammany city ticket,
and ex-Mayor Hugh J. Grant is nomi-
nated for mayor by Tammany Hall.
Oct. 26. D. C. The German Ambassa-
dor informs Secretary Gresham that the
importation of cattle and fresh beef
from the United States to Germany will
soon be prohibited.
Oct. 28. Xew York. The Committee
of Seventy issues an address charging
tyranny, corruption, and criminality
against Tammany Hall.
Oct. 29. I). C. Secretary Gresham pro-
tests against Germany's prohibition
of importation of American cattle.
Oct. 30. D. C. The Treasury Depart-
ment is informed tftat Quebec, having
revoked its discriminating stumpage
dues on lumber exported from the prov-
ince, Canadian lumber will under the
new tariff come into this country free.
President Cleveland sends a cable-
gram of sympathy in reply to one
from Czar Nicholas II. announcing the
death of the emperor's father.
Nov. 2. D.C. President Cleveland signs
an order extending the classified system
in the civil service.
Nov. 3. D.C. Secretary Carlisle decides
that ex-Vice-President Morton's coach-
man, J. I. Howard, comes under the
contract law as a domestic servant, and
therefore ought not to be deported. He
is released from detention.
Nov. 4. X. Y. The Committee of
Seventy issues a final appeal to New
York citizens to vote for honest govern-
ment.
Nov. 6. Xew York. Tammany's ticket
is defeated by 45,000 majority.
U. S. The Democracy of the solid
South is broken ; West Virginia is Re-
publican ; in Missouri Republicans elect
the majority of Congressmen ; in Ten-
nessee the Republicans elect their candi-
date for governor [who is later declared
not elected by the Legislature].
Nov. 7. AT. Y. The Constitutional
Amendments are carried by majorities
ranging from about 14,000 for the Su-
preme Court judges to over 3G,000 for the
State apportionment. The Greater New
York consolidation scheme is carried in
all but two places, Mount Vernon and
Flushing.
Nov. 8. Xew York. Judge Fitzgerald
calls attention to the neglect of the dis-
trict attorney's office relative to the
indictments brought for illegal regis-
tration.
Nov. 9. Mo. The Federal grand jury at
Jackson refuses to indict the State au-
thorities for the printing of State war-
rants in imitation of United States
currency.
Xew York. The Committee of Sev-
enty decides to continue in existence,
and cooperate in securing " an honest,
efficient, economical, and non-partisan
government."
Nov. 12. D. C. The Federal Commis-
sion appointed to investigate the Pull-
man strike submits its report to the
President. (See Society.)
Nov. 13. D. C. Secretary Carlisle is-
sues a circular calling for bids for a
second issue of $50,000,000 of bonds.
Xew York. A Tenement House
Commission opens its investigations.
Nov. 17. D. C. It is announced that the
President will extend the civil service
regulations to the Internal Revenue
Office.
Nov. 19. /. T. Officials request that
troops be sent to suppress lawlessness.
Nov. 20. D. C. Gold is withdrawn
from the Treasury for the purchase of
bonds.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Oct. 20. Chicago. Clothing man-
ufacturers organize the Merchants' As-
sociation of Chicago ; capital repre-
sented, over $15,000,000.
Oct. 22. X. Y. The dwelling-house of
the Rev. Ross Taylor at Nyack is
burned in the night ; four children are
lost.
Oct. 26. Mich. One man is killed and
11 are entombed alive in the Pewabic
mine at Iron Mountain. [Oct. 27. Res-
cued.]
X. J. The Great "White Spirit
(Distilling) Company files papers of in-
corporation at Trenton, with a paid-up
capital of $5,000,000 ; its headquarters
are to be in Boston.
Xew York. The Cunard steamer Lu-
cania arrives after reducing the west-
ern record by 20 minutes.
Oct. 28. Pa. Two men are killed and
several injured by a rear-end train
collision on the Pennsylvania road,
near Philadelphia.
Oct. 30. Ger. The embargo on Amer-
ican cattle is extended to all parts of
the empire.
Xew York. Seven persons are killed
in a tenement-house fire on the West
Side.
Nov. 2. Xeb. Three firemen are buried
under tons of brick and timber at a big
fire at South Omaha; property loss,
$500,000.
Nov. 3. Ind. The Scottish Rite Build-
ing, the Natural Gas Building, and the
Indiana Medical College, in Indianap-
olis, are burned ; loss, $200,000 and a
valuable Masonic Library.
Nov. 4. Cal. A fire in San Francisco
causes a loss of $300,000.
± La. Race troubles in New Or-
leans cause incendiary fires.
Nov. 5±. Chicago. A number of fami-
lies leave Pullman for Hiawatha, Kan.,
to join the new cooperative colony
there, some of them former employees
in the Pullman shops.
Ga. Fires break out in four foreign
steamers loading cotton at Savannah.
Nov. 6. D. C. The Court of Appeals
decides against the Blodgett claim,
which has clouded titles to real estate
in the finest residential part of Wash-
ington.
Ga. Fire is discovered on six more
cotton-steamers at Savannah ; loss, $50,-
000. R. F. Harmon, the stevedore in
charge of the non-union men, is threat-
ened with death, by letter.
Nov. 7. Pa. Six men are killed and
$200,000 worth of property is destroyed
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in
a collision caused by disobedience to
orders.
Nov. 10+. /. T. Near Wilburton 400
Choctaws are on the war-path.
X. Y. . The four-masted coal-laden
schooner Massasoit, of Taunton, Mass.,
is driven ashore in a blinding snow-
storm on Long Beach, Long Island ; the
captain, wife, and crew of 11 men are
rescued by the life-saving patrol.
± Forest fires are raging in west
Tennessee, north Mississippi, and east
Arkansas ; several plantations are dev-
astated, and the tenants left homeless.
Nov. 12. Phila. The new steamship
St. Louis, of the American Line, is
launched.
Nov. 15. Pa. A big coal-breaker
near Plymouth is burned; loss, nearly
$200,000; about 300 people are thrown
out of work.
Nov. 19. Xew York The right to tax
in this city the estate of Jay Gould
and the property of his children, who
declare they reside elsewhere, is affirmed
in the Supreme Court.
476 1894, Nov. 21 -Dec. 14.
AMERICA
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 Nov. 21. D. C. Gen. Miles
formally takes command of the Mili-
tary Department of the East.
Dec. 3. Md. The unarmored cruiser
Baltimore is ordered to proceed to Taku,
and furnish a guard of marines for duty
at the American legation at Peking.
Dec. 13. Utah. The invading Ute In-
dians agree to return to Colorado ; the
Utah militia returns to Salt Lake.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Nov. 25 ±. Ariz. The discovery of
a wonderful village of cliff-dwellers in
the Bradshaw Mountains is announced.
The houses number 260, and some have
been explored ; large quantities of pot-
tery and some agricultural (?) instru-
ments have been found.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Nov. 21. Wynian, Andrew A., jurist, A64.
Adams, James T., jurist, dies.
Nov. 22. Walters, W. T., philanthropist,
art collector, A74.
Nov. 30. Brown, Joseph E., Gov., senator
for Ga., A75.
Brush, G. R., medical inspector U. S. N.,
A59.
Dec. 4. Abbett, Leon, Gov. N. J., jurist,
A58.
Dec. 6. Campbell, A. J., M. C. for N. Y.,
A66.
Dec. 7. Browne, John M., medical director
U. S. N., A63.
Dec. 12. Wright, J. H., broker, dies.
CHURCH.
1894 Dec. 10. New York. The Amer-
ican Moslem Institute unanimously
repudiates Mohammed Alexander Bus-
sell Webb, who is charged with drunken-
ness.
Dec. 13. Boston. The 16th annual ses-
sion of the Church Congress (Protes-
tant Episcopal) of America opens.
LETTERS.
1894 Dec. 1. N. Y. The Brooklyn
Catholic Historical Society is incor-
porated for purposes of historical and
literary research with a Catholic trend.
Dec. 4. N. Y. The Brace Memorial
Farm School in Westchester County is
formally opened.
Dec. 12. Mass. Dr. Dudley A. Sargent
of Harvard proposes to make athletics
a part of the regular curriculum for a
degree.
Phila. Ex-minister W. Potter pre-
sents to the University of Pennsylva-
nia a complete set of Hansard's Par-
liamentary Debates — 459 volumes, and
covers the proceedings of the British
Parliament from 1803 to 1891.
SOCIETY.
1894 Nov. 22. New York. Charges
against Police Justice Divver are filed
with Chief Justice Daley, of the Court
of Common Pleas, by W. H. Hale, a
Brooklyn lawyer.
[Dec. 17. Further charges are made
and his trial begins. Dec. 28. Found
not guilty.]
Nov. 23. La. The Knights of Labor in
convention at New Orleans by resolu-
tion protest against the issue of $50,-
000,000 bonds by the Government as
an outrage on the toiling masses.
Nov. 24±. New York. The Shoe and
Leather National Bank is discovered to
have been robbed of $354,000 by Samuel
C. Seeley, a bookkeeper.
[Nov. 25. Frederick S. Baker, an ac-
complice, is found drowned in Hemp-
stead Harbor, Long Island. Dec. 11.
Seeley is arrested in Chicago, and later
sentenced to imprisonment for eight
years.]
Tex. Two thieves who raided
Shiner, robbing A. G. Wangeman of
about $20,000, and setting fire to the
busiest part of the town, are arrested.
Nov. 25. Minn. Herant M. Kiretsch-
jian, secretary of the Phil-Armenic As-
sociation of the Northwest, has issued
an appeal from Minneapolis to the
people of the United States, soliciting
contributions for the suffering Arme-
nians.
Nov. 26. /. T. A freight-train is fired
on by seven mounted bandits, but no-
body is hurt ; the engineer refused to
stop the train.
Nov. 27. Chicago. Lawyer E. P. Hil-
liard is killed in his office by E. C.
Hastings, a milkman.
New York. The City Vigilance
League gives a dinner in honor of Dr.
Parkhurst.
Nov. 28. Ore. Six masked men raid
a gambling hotel in Baker City ; they
secure about $1,200 and escape.
O. Strikers set fire to the stave-
sheds of the Shelley Brothers' factory in
Holgate ; damage about $24,000.
New York. An Ulicit distiHery in
Bivington Street is raided ; the appara-
tus and a quantity of raw material are
seized.
Tex. Sheriff McGee is kfiled at Ca-
nadian City by bandits who try to rob
an express-train.
Dec. 2. New York. John Burns, the
English labor leader and socialist, ar-
rives.
Dec. 3. N.J. The Hoboken post-office
is robbed of $7,350 in stamps by the use
of duplicate keys.
Dec. 4. New York. The new Seton
Hospital for consumptives at Spuyten
Duyyil Parkway is opened by Arch-
bishop Corrigan.
Dec. 6. Conn. The National "Wo-
man's Indian Association is in session
at New Haven.
Tex. Three men hold up a train,
and secure $140,000.
Dec. 7. N. Y. Parts of the eastern dis-
trict of Brooklyn are raided by thieves.
Utah. Settlers arm to drive the
Utes out of southeastern Utah.
Dec. 8. Minn. The convention of the
National Municipal League opens in
Minneapolis.
/. T. Col. A. J. Blackwell is tortured
in David by Cherokee Indians for selling
land in their reservation.
<S. C. The House passes a bill de-
claring that intoxication and the use
of obscene and profane language are
misdemeanors.
Ky. Two unknown masked men
force an entrance into the house of
Thomas Edgerton at Springfield, and
shoot and kill him in the presence of
his wife and five children.
Dec. 9. la. The Sioux City grand jury
return 52 indictments against ex-county
officials and members and ex-members
of the Board of Supervisors.
Tex. Ex-Cashier W. F. Brice, of the
City National Bank of Quanah, is
charged with embezzlement, aggregat-
ing $37,500, of which $20,000 is from
Kansas City, $10,000 from St. Louis, and
$7,500 from New York banks.
Dec. 10. Colo. The convention of the
American Federation of Labor opens
in Denver. John Burns, M.P., the Eng-
lish labor leader, makes an address.
New York. The trial of ex-Capt.
Stephenson for blackmailing and ac-
cepting a bribe is begun. [He is found
guilty on Dec. 12, and on Dec. 26 sen-
tenced to three and a half years impris-
onment and to pay a fine of $1,000.]
Dec. 11. New York. The members of
Typographical Union No. 6, by a
vote of 1,049 to 484, adopt a resolution
calling for the destruction of the
liquor-traffic in both State and na-
tion.
O. Two counterfeiters, with a com-
plete counterfeiting apparatus and bat-
teries and a quantity of spurious coins,
are captured in Mansfield.
D. C. The Labor Commission ap-
pointed to investigate the great railway
strike reports.
It recommends that there be a per-
manent United States Strike Commis-
sion of three members, with powers
similar to those vested in the Interstate
Commerce Commission, to deal with
disputes between railroad companies
and their employees, etc.
Dec. 12. O. W. H. Price, printing-press
manufacturer, is killed by a burglar at
his home in Cleveland.
Dec. 13. Chicago. The National Civil
Service Beform League reelects Carl
Schurz president, and passes resolu-
tions demanding further extension of
the classified service.
The Congress of Arbitration and
Conciliation is in session.
Colo. A third woman is found
strangled in Denver by unknown per-
sons.
N. H. Frank A. McKean, cashier of
the Indian Head National Bank of
Nashua, is missing ; shortage, $30,000.
New York. Police Captain West-
ervelt is put on trial before the Police
Board for allowing policy shops to be
run in his precinct.
Dec. 14. Ariz. One train-robber is
sentenced to death in the District Court
of Pinal County, and another to 30 years'
imprisonment.
D. C. A big strike of street-rail-
way employees begins at Washington.
Tenn. Chancellor A. Allison, of the
Davidson County Chancer* Court, is
instantly killed by Clerk G. K. Whit-
worth, of the same court, who at once
fatally wounds himself with the same
revolver; he was incensed by Mr. Alli-
son's appointing another clerk in his
place.
UNITED STATES.
1894, Nov. 21 -Dec. 14. 477
STATE.
1894 Nov. 21. D.C. The commission
appointed to investigate the present sys-
tem of tribal government of the Indians
recommends its abolition.
Nov. 22. Tex. A grand jury returns in-
dictments against the Standard Oil
Trust for violation of the laws of the
State.
Nov. 23. D. C. The new commercial
treaty between the United States and
Japan is signed in Washington.
Nov. 24. D. C. Bids for the new loan
are opened at the Treasury Depart-
ment ; proposals aggregating over $154,-
000,000 are received. [Nov. 26. Secretary
Carlisle awards the whole issue of the
new bonds to the Stewart syndicate
at its bid of 117.077.]
Nov. 30. N. Y. Gov. Flower on techni-
cal grounds refuses to grant extradition
papers for the officers of the Standard
On Company to the governor of Texas.
Dec. 1. Ala. W. C. Oates is inaugu-
rated at Montgomery as governor of
Alabama ; Capt. Kolb, the defeated
(Populist) candidate, also takes the oath
of office, but there is no disturbance.
Dec. 3. D. C. The 53d Congress ; the
third session opens.
Only routine business is transacted in
both Houses ; the President's message
is read.
Dec. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate
discusses a closure resolution, and re-
fers a resolution calling for information
as to the surrender of the two Japa-
nese students by the American Consul'
in Shanghai, China. [Dec. 28. The Gov-
ernment demands satisfaction for their
surrender.] The House passes the Print-
ing Bill.
Dec. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate
debates the Morgan Bill to amend the
act incorporating the Maritime Canal
Company of Nicaragua. [39 discus-
sions follow.]
The Treasury reserve reaches its
highest recent mark, standing at $111,-
142,000.
Dec. 7. D. C. Congress: The House
refers to the Committee on Privileges
and Elections the Federal Elections
Bill providing for the repeal of all stat-
utes relating to supervisors of elections
and special deputy-marshals. [1895.
Feb. 7. Passes Senate. Feb. 12. Ap-
proved by the President.]
It is announced that President Cleve-
land will send an independent commis-
sion to investigate the outrages com-
mitted by Turks and Kurds upon the
defenseless Armenians.
The Chinese treaty, regulating im-
migration, is ratified in Washington.
Dec. 8. New York. Sir Julian Paunce-
fote, British Ambassador, arrives on his
way to Washington. «
Dec. 9. Cat. The Republicans decide to
contest the election of James H. Budd
as governor, on the ground of extensive
frauds.
Dec. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A
resolution asking Secretary Gresham
for the correspondence in the Bering
Sea damage cases is passed ; in the
House, R. Hitt of 111. introduces a reso-
lution calling for the papers touching
the proposed payment of $425,000 to
Great Britain under the Bering Sea
award; Joseph L. Rawlins of Utah
introduces a bill annexing to Utah that
portion of Arizona north of the Colo-
rado River.
The President sends the report of the
Strike Commission to Congress.
Dec. 11. D. C. Congress: The House
passes the railroad Anti-Pooling Bill
after four discussions. Vote, 166-110.
Bill introduced May 31. [Dec. 13. Sen-
ate : Referred to the Committee on In-
terstate Commerce.]
Boston. The Republicans elect Ed-
win U. Curtis mayor. Plurality, 1,600.
S. C. Ex-Gov. Benjamin R. Tillman
is elected Senator over Senator M. C.
Butler. Vote, 131-21.
Dec. 12. D.C. Congress; Senate: A
motion to take up the bill repealing the
differential duty on refined sugar is
defeated. Vote, 23-27. A motion to con-
sider a closure resolution is defeated.
Vote, 24-34 ; in the House the Committee
of the Whole refuses to strike out from
the Urgent Deficiency Bill the appro-
priation for the collection of the in-
come tax. Vote, 54-127.
N. Y. Consolidation is carried in
Brooklyn by an official majority of 277.
Dec. 13. D.C. Congress; Senate: The
Nicaragua Canal Bill is discussed.
The Senate Rules Committee reaches
a deadlock on a proposal to adopt clo-
sure on revenue and appropriation bills ;
Senator Gorman is absent.
Secretary Carlisle issues a circular
calling for bids for a third issue of
$50,000,000 of 5 per cent ten-year
bonds.
Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: The House
passes a resolution calling for the cor-
respondence in relation to Secretary
Gresham's promise to pay $425,000 dam-
ages to Canadian sealers.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Nov. 21±. Wis. The survey un-
der Congressional authority of a route
for a proposed 22-foot ship-canal from
Lake Superior through White Birch, to
the Mississippi River, near Saint Louis
or Minneapolis, is completed.
Nov. 22. New York. Gold is bought
by intending subscribers for Govern-
ment bonds at a slight premium.
Nov. 23. The steamer Ozama of the
Clyde Line is lost off the Carolina coast.
Nov. 24. Ind. Suit is filed at Winamac,
involving land worth over $200,000,
on which over 100 farmers are settled.
A syndicate representing 30 banks
in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and
Chicago, bids 116.8808 for any part of the
government bonds offered for sale, or
117.077 for the whole $50,000,000.
Nov. 26. Mo. The Trans-Mississippi
Congress meets in St. Louis. [Nov. 28.
It demands free silver at the ratio of J6
tol.]
Neb. Judge Dundy at Omaha de-
clares the Nebraska Maximum
Freight Bate Law unconstitutional.
Nov. 27. New York. Over $26,000,-
000 in gold is deposited in the Sub-
Treasury in payment of the new bonds.
Pa. Judge Dallas declines to order
the Reading receivers to reinstate the
discharged employees.
Nov. 28. Conn. The schooner Annie J.
Pardee is wrecked off Saybrook; the
life-saving men are unable to rescue the
captain and crew of nine.
0. The Lozier Bicycle Works at
Toledo are burned ; loss, $500,000.
Nov. 29. Mass. A train strikes a
large vehicle loaded with football
players and others at Southbridge, kill-
ing two and injuring many, several
fatally.
Nov. 30. Wash. Fourteen acres cf
filled-in land at Tacoma are engulfed
by the waters of Puget Sound.
Dec. 5. D. C. The Governments' special
report estimates that over 75,000,000
bushels of wheat of this year's crop
will be fed to stock because of the Jow
price of wheat in the market.
± AT. Y. The tramp steamer Dorian
runs down the schooner Clara E.
Simpson off Eaton's Neck, Long Island
Sound ; three lives are lost.
Dec. 6+. Tex. Western Texas is swept
by fire ; 25,000,000 acres of grass are con-
sumed.
Dec. 7. Turk. By invitation of the Sul-
tan of Turkey, an American will ac-
company the Commission of Inquiry to
Armenia. [Later, he is rejected.]
Dec. 8. N. Y. A wharfage trust is
organized in Brooklyn, having a capi-
tal of $30,000,000.
New York. The French Line steamer
La Bourgogne sails for Havre with
$1,250,000, the first large shipment of
gold for many months.
Dec. 9. Pa. The Shenango Glass
Works at Newcastle are burned ; loss,
$100,000 ; 300 men are thrown out of work.
Dec. 10. Conn. A sperm-whale nearly
40 feet long is caught in Fisher's Island
Sound.
N. Y. James Mahar, an American,.
dies of starvation in the Brooklyn City
Hospital, having been eight days with-
out food while unsuccessfully looking
for work.
Dec. 11. Chicago. Two persons are killed
and 10 seriously injured by a cable-car
collision.
Ar. I'. Birge's wall-paper factory
in Buffalo is destroyed by fire ; loss,
$500,000 ; over 500 employees are thrown
out of work.
Pa. Pittsburg car-lines consoli-
date under the Second Avenue Trac-
tion Company, with a paid-up capital of
$5,000,000.
Dec. 13±. D. C. Secretary Lamont de-
cides that the New York and New Jersey
bridge, over the Hudson, must be a
suspension bridge.
478 1894, Dec. 14 -Dec. 30.
AMERICA
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Dec. 15. la. Important gold
discoveries are made in Iowa Gulch.
Dec. 27+. Boston. The American
Chemical Society opens its 10th gen-
eral meeting with 75 members present.
N. J. The 3d annual meeting of the
American Psychological Association
begins at Princeton College.
* * Boston. The public library build-
ing is completed at a cost of $2,000,000.
* * Mass. Alvan G.Clark of Cambridge is
making a 40-inch lens for the Chicago
University.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894.
Dec. 14. Polhemus, John, publisher,
printer, A68.
Porter, Josiah, adj.-gen., A63.
Dec. 15. Lord, John, historian, lecturer,
dies.
Dec. 16. Gilfillan, James, jurist, A65.
Dec. 19. Kelly, Eugene, banker, A88.
Dec. 20. Alcorn, J. L., Gov. of Miss., sen-
ator, A78.
Dec. 26. Simpson, James, merchant, A47.
— — Van Fleet, Abraham, vice-chancellor,
N. J., A. 64.
Dec. 29. Fair, James, " bonanza million-
aire," senator for Cal., A63.
Dec. 30. Fitzgerald, John, president Irish
National League of America, A 65.
CHURCH.
1894 Dec. 14. Md. The Unitarian
Conference of churches in the Middle
States and Canada begins its session in
Baltimore.
Dec. 20. An Evangelical Alliance
Committee urges Secretary Gresham
to influence the protection of Christians
in Armenia.
Roman Catholics in this country
are forbidden, by order of Pope Leo,
to belong to the Sons of Temperance,
the Knights of Pythias, or the Odd
Fellows.
Dec. 30. New York. A mass-meeting is
held to protest against the Armenian
persecutions, Chauncey M. Depew
being the chief speaker.
* * The Slavonian Synod (Evangelical
Lutheran) is organized.
* * Ore. The General Assembly (United
Presbyterian) meets at Albany ; John
A. Wilson, moderator.
* * Wash. The Universalist State Con-
vention is organized.
LETTERS.
1894 Dec. 27. Phila. The first Con-
gress of Philologists ever held in this
country opens.
* * Poems Here at Home, by James Whit-
comb Riley, appears.
* * Ivan the Viking, by Paul du Chaillu,
appears.
* * Pudd'nhead Wilson, by Mark Twain,
appears.
* * Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia (new
and enlarged edition), Charles K. Adams,
editor, appears.
* * A Mound of Many Cities, by Frederick
Jones Bliss, appears.
* * A Student's Text-Book of Botany, by
Sidney H. Vines, appears.
* * Basal Concepts in Philosophy, by Al-
exander T. Ormond, appears.
* * Roger Williams, by Oscar S. Straus,
appears.
* * The Animal as a Machine and a Prime
Motor, and the Laws of Energetics, by
Robert H. Thurston, appears.
* * A Protegte of Jack Hamlin's, by Bret
Harte, appears.
* * Overheard in Arcady, by Robert S.
Bridges, appears.
* * Modern Mystics and Modern Magic,
by Arthur Lillie, appears.
* * Edward Livingston Youmans, by John
Fiske, appears; also A History of the
United States for Schools.
* * Dante Gabriel Rossetti, b.y P. G.
Stephens, appears.
* * A Short History of the Crusades, by
Jacob Isidor Mombert, appears.
* * Congregationalists in America, by Al-
bert E. Dunning, appears.
* * Modern Methods of Sewerage Disposal,
by George E. Waring, Jr., appears.
* * A History of the United States, by
Allen C. Thomas, appears.
* * A History of the Congregational
Churches in the United States, by Wil-
liston Walker, appears.
* * An Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine,
Biology, and Allied Sciences, by George
M. Gould, appears.
* * A History of the Mental Groicth of
Mankind in Ancient Times, by John S.
Hittell, appears.
* * A Historical Sketch of Unitarian
Movement since the Reformation, by Jo-
seph H. Allen, appears.
* * A Traveler from Altruria, by William
Dean Howells, appears.
* * Climbing and Exploration in the Ka-
rakoram-Himalayas, by William Martin
Conway, appears.
* * A Champion of the Cross, by Charles
F. Sweet, appears.
* * The Silva of North America, by
Charles S. Sargent, appears.
* * The Sherman Letters, edited by Rachel
Sherman Thorndike, appears.
* * The Study of Animal Life, by J. Ar-
thur Thomson, appears.
* * Life of Frances Power Cobbe, by Her-
self, appears.
* * Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, by
Lafcadio Hearn, appears.
* * Wealth Against Commonwealth, by
Henry Demarest Lloyd, appears.
* * The Interpretation of Nature, by Na-
thaniel Southgate Shaler, appears.
* * The History of Illinois and Louisiana
under French Rule, by Joseph Wallace,
appears.
* * The Growth and Influence of Classical
Greek Poetry, by J. C. Jebb, appears.
* * In the Land of the Cave and Cliff-
Dwellers, by Lieut. Frederick Schwatka,
appears.
* * Economic Geology of the United States,
by Ralph S. Tarr, appears.
* * The First Stages of the Tariff Policy
in the United States, by William Hill,
appears.
* A Standard Dictionary of the English
Language, Isaac K. Funk editor-in-
chief, appears.
* * Reed's Rules, by Thomas B. Reed, ap-
pears.
* * Essay Horace Chase, by Constance
Fenimore Woolson, appears.
* * Trilby, by George duMaurier, appears.
* * Roman and Medieval Art, by W. H.
Goodyear, appears.
* * Louisiana Studies, by Alcee Fortier,
appears.
* * Sewage Disposal in the United States,
by George W. Rafter, appears.
* * The Story of Two Noble Lives, by
Augustus J. C. Hare, appears.
* * Japan, by David Murray, appears.
* * Pomona's Travels, by Frank R. Stock-
ton, appears.
* * Marion Darche, by F. Marion Craw-
ford, appears ; also, Katherine Lauder-
dale.
* * The Copperhead, by Harold Frederic,
appears.
* * Brothers and Strangers, by Agnes
Blake Poor, appears.
* * The Monism of Man, by David Allyn
Gorton, appears.
* * Leonidas Polk, Bishop and General,
by William M. Polk, appears.
* * The Pottery and Porcelain of the U. S.,
by Edwin Altee Barber, appears.
* * Studies of the Stage, by Brander Mat-
thews, appears.
* * TJie Ore Deposits of the U. S., by
James F. Kemp, appears.
* * Landmarks of a Literary Life, by Mrs.
Newton Crosland, appears.
* * Total Eclipses of the Sun, by Mabel
Loomis Todd, appears.
* * An Essay on Judicial Power and Un-
constitutional Legislation, by Brinton
Coxe, appears.
* * Cartier to Frontenac, by Justin Win-
sor, appears.
* * History for Ready Reference, by J. N.
Larned, appears.
* * Samuel Longfellow, by Joseph May,
appears.
* * The Art of Music, by C. Herbert and
H. Parry, appears.
* * Personal Recollections of Nathaniel
Hawthorne, by Horatio Bridge, appears.
* * Wah-Kee-Nah and Her People, by
James C. Strong, appears.
* * Good Old Dorchester, by W. D. Orcutt,
appears.
* * Art in Theory, by George Lansing
Raymond, appears.
* * Secularism, its Progress and Morals,
by John M. Bonham, appears.
* * On the Offensive, by George J. Put-
man, appears.
* * Recollections of a Virginian in the
Mexican, Indian, and Civil Wars, by
Dabney H. Maury, appears.
UNITED STATES.
1894, Dec. 14 -Dec. 30. 479
* * Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works, by
John G. Nicolay and John Hay, appears.
* * General Scott, by Marcus J. Wright,
appears.
* * The Evolution of Woman, by Eliza
Burt Gramble, appears.
* * The Spanish Pioneers, by Charles F.
Lummis, appears.
* * Famous Companies and Their Works,
by J. K. Paine, Theodore Thomas, and
Karl Klauser, appears.
* * History of the Philosophy of History,
by Robert Flint, appears.
* * A History of the United States Navy
from 1775 to 1893, by Edgar Staunton
Maclay, appears.
* * The Recipe for Diamonds, by C. J.
Cutcliffe Hyne, appears.
* * Pastime Stories, by Thomas Nelson
Page, appears.
* * The Holy Cross, by Eugene Field,
appears.
* * Bayou Folk, by Kate Chopin, appears.
* * Pembroke, by Mary E. Wilkins, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
1894 Deo. 15. Chicago. President C.
S. Purinton of the Purinton Brick Com-
pany disappears with $40,000 of the
funds belonging to the company.
New York. The Police Board under
pressure restores Capt. Creeden to his
office.
Dee. 16. Pa. David Slocum of Wash-
ington township, and his aged wife, are
bound, and robbed of their life savings
of over $ 9.U00, by a band of armed men ;
preparations for torture are discovered.
la. J. R. Huntington, clerk in the
Council Bluffs Citizen's Bank, kills him-
self after wounding C. A. Crowell and
F. N. Hayden, bank inspectors ; cause, a
shortage is discovered.
Dec. 17. Ind. John McBride is elected
president of the American Federa-
tion of Labor, with headquarters in
Indianapolis.
Dec. 18. N. J. Five farm-hands are in
jail at Freehold for burning bams and
stables through revenge ; total loss,
150,000.
Dec. 19. New York. A Committee of
Fifty, with Seth Low as president, is
organized to study the liquor-prob-
lem, with a view to public and private
action.
JV. Y. A national bank at Rome is
robbed of $40,000 by a cashier and teller.
Dec. 22. Judge Woods, in the case of
Debs and the other A. R. U. officers,
grants a stay until Jan. 8, that the de-
cision may be tested in a higher court ;
the sentences are made cumulative in-
stead of concurrent.
Dec. 24. Ca. A race-war breaks ont ;
seven negroes are lyndaed for the mur-
der of a constable.
Dee. 25. O. Nine non-union glass-
workers, arriving at Martin's Ferry, are
assaulted and two terribly beaten by the
local men ; the union denounces violence.
An attempt to burn the city of Zanes-
ville is partially successful.
The commander-in-chief of the Sons
of Veterans refuses charters to camps
composed of negroes in the South.
Dec. 26. Mo. The sheriff-elect of St.
Louis is indicted for election frauds and
bribery.
JV. H. The will of N. B. Gale, ad-
mitted to probate at Laconia, gives
$100,000 to the town for hospital,
library, and park purposes.
New York. Coupon Clerk E. R. Car-
ter, of the National Bank of Commerce,
is arrested for stealing about $30,000 of
the bank's funds.
The American Economic Associa-
tion meets.
Dec. 27. N. ./. The annual meeting of
the American Psychological Asso-
ciation begins at Princeton College.
Dec. 28. New York. The Federation
of East Side Workers, representative
of churches and benevolent societies
working below Fourteenth Street and
east of Broadway, adopts a constitution
and elects officers.
Okla. A train is held up, but the
highwaymen are put to flight.
Dec. 30. N. Y. A bookkeeper of the
Hudson River National Bank of Hud-
son is found to be $14,000 short in his
accounts ; he is arrested.
* * D. C. Congress makes Labor Day,
the first Monday in September, a legal
holiday.
STATE.
1894 Dec. 14. D. C. The Treasury
reserve has fallen to $96,341,884, a loss
of $14,799,116 in eight days.
± Under authority of a Joint Com-
mittee of the two Houses of Congress a
bill is drawn, the purpose of which is to
provide for earlier and more frequent
promotion of naval officers.
JV. Y. The State officers who can-
vassed the Mylod returns from Dutch-
ess County in 1891 appeal their case to
the Court of Appeals.
Dec. 17. D. C. Congress : The Senate
debates the Springer substitute for the
Carlisle Currency Bill, exempting the
notes of State banks from taxation. [15
discussions follow.]
JV. Y. Gov.-elect Morton decides not
to appoint 12 additional justices of the
Supreme Court, for which the new Con-
stitution makes certain provisions.
Dec. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate :
David B. Hill of N. Y. speaks in favor
of closure ; the debate on the currency
reform is begun in the House.
Dec. 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate
receives the report on Hawaii ; the
House continues to debate the Cur-
rency Bill.
Dec. 21. D. C. Congress ; House: A
substitute for the Carlisle Currency
"Rill is introduced by William M.
Springer of 111., and made the subject
of debate.
JV. Y. For contempt of court, the
Court of Appeals reaffirms its sentence
against the State Board of Canvassers
of 1891 for their action in regard to the
Mylod returns from Dutchess County,
fining its Ave members $550.
Dec. 22. D. C. A suit to test the con-
stitutionality of the income tax is be-
gun in the Supreme Court.
Dec. 23. Tex. Gov. Hogg sends a req-
uisition to the governor of Florida for
the person of H. M. Flagler, of the Stan-
dard Oil Company. [Dec. 25. Gov.
Mitchell honors it.]
Dec. 28. Mo. The conference of the
Populists opens at St. Louis.
Dec. 29. D. C. President Cleveland
signs the act establishing a national
military park on the Shiloh battle-field.
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : —
-96 * * Ala. William C. Oates (Dem.)#
-96 * * Alas. James Sheakley (Dem.).
-95 * * Ida. Wm. I. McConnell (Rep.).
-96 * * la. Frank I). Jackson (Rep.).
-95 * * Mass. F. T. Greenhalge (Rep.).
-96 * * Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.).
-96 * * O. Wm. McKinley, Jr., (Rep.).
-97 * * Okla. Win. C. Renfrew (Dem.).
-95 * * li. 1. D. Russell Brown (Rep.).
-96 * * S. C. John Gary Evans (Dem.).
-97* * Va. Charles T.O'Ferrall (Dem.).
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Dec. 15. Mo. Two lives are lost
and much damage donje to property by
a cyclone near Attalia.
Dec. 17. New York. Judge Truax sets
aside the deed of gift made by the ex-
ecutors of the Fayerweather will.
Dec. 20+. Many vessels are reported
lost on the Pacific coast.
Dec. 21. JV. J. In Salem 14 persons are
bitten by a mad dog.
Dec. 22. Penn. Cedarcroft, near Ken-
nett Square, the former home of Bayard
Taylor, is burned.
Dec. 23. Neb. The people of the drought-
blighted counties are starving and in
need of clothing.
Dec. 24. Pa. The cut in wages is
posted at the Carnegie Steel Works at
Homestead ; several high-priced men are
dismissed ; the rents of the company's
houses are materially reduced.
Dec. 25. Pa\ . Fatal collisions occur
on the Pennsylvania and Big Four rail-
roads ; a train is wrecked on the Atlantic
and Pacific.
Dec. 26. Boston. The Denison Manu-
facturing Company celebrates its 50th
anniversary by distributing among the
employees a sum equal to five dollars
each for each year's service, the total
gift amounting to $33,000.
Tex. Sixteen persons are hurt in a
railroad collision.
Dec. 27. N. J. A State court declares
boycotting to be illegal, and a trades-
union is enjoined from boycotting a
newspaper.
N. Y. A fire in Buffalo causes a loss
of $300,000.
Dec. 29. Ore. Over 40 lives are lost
at a Christmas festival at Silver Lake
through a fire caused by the upsetting
of an oil-lamp.
Okla. Payne County court-house, with
all the county records, is burned.
A';/. Louisville loses about $300,000
by fire.
Dec. 30. Flo. The fruit-growers' loss
from freezing weather during the last
72 hours is estimated at $3,000,000.
Ida. The mineral output for the
year 1894 : Gold, $1,879,000 ; silver,
$2,359,000; lead, $3,406,000.
JV. Y. The Delavan House in Al-
bany is burned.
480 234 b. c.-a. d. 1883, Aug. 18. A N N A M.
Annam is a coast country of southeastern Asia, under the protection of France, and having Hue' for its capital. Th»
government is an absolute monarchy, with a French resident. The religions are Buddhism, Confucianism, spirit worship, and
the Christian faith. Area of Annam, about 27,020 square miles ; population, about 6,000,000.
French Cochin-China is a French colony south of Annam, on the extremity of the peninsula. Area, 23,082 square miles ;
population, 2,034,453.
Cambodia is a dependency of France, lying between Siam and French Cochin-China ; Pnompenh is its capital. Area, 38,600-
square miles ; population, about 1,500,000.
Tongkino (Tunking, Tonkin, or Tonquin) is a French colonial possession, lying northeast of Annam, with Hanoi for its
capital. Area, 34,740 square miles; population, about 9,000,000.
For convenience of classification these four countries are here combined under Annam, and each item is prefixed with a
locality word.
ARMY — NAVY.
234 * * b. c. Annam is conquered by
the Chinese.
907 ± * * a. d. An anti-Chinese revolt
breaks the rule of the foreigners.
1406 * * Annam is reconquered by the
Chinese. [1428. Expelled.]
1789 ** Cochin-China. Bishop Pi-
gneaux de Beshaine of Ardan lands
at the head of a well-armed force of
adventurers.
1802 * * Tongking is reconquered by
the Annamese, aided by the French.
1843 Jan.* Cochin-China. A French
frigate anchors off Touron and demands
the release of the captive missionaries.
[They are delivered, and embark.]
1847 ** Cochin- China. ThienTu, hav-
ing continued his persecutions of the
French missionaries, Adm. Lapierre ap-
pears before Touron, and after some
resistance dismantles the fortifica-
tions, but is unable to secure liberty
for missionaries in Annam.
1858 Aug. 31. Cochin-China. A Franco-
Spanish squadron under Adm. Rigault
de Genouilly anchors off Touron ; an
ultimatum is sent to the king because
of the persecutions of Christians and
the murder of M. Diaz; the city is
stormed.
1859 Feb. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. Adm.
Genouilly, with five vessels, bombards
Saigon, and forces its surrender.
The booty consists of 400 cannon, 6,000
rifles, 160,000 pounds of powder, and
$500,000 in specie ; the French lose 200
killed and wounded.
1860* * Tongking. M. Dupuis, an
adventurer and merchant, makes an
armed invasion.
1861 Feb. * Fr. Cochin-China. Adm.
Gamier subdues the revolting natives.
1862 Dec. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. An
insurrection breaks out against the
French. [1863. Feb. * The revolt is
suppressed.]
1872 * * Tongking. M. Dupuis ascends
the Red River with an armed flotilla.
[Mar. 4. He reaches the head of navi-
gation at Manghao.]
1873 Oct. 8. Fr. Cochin-China. Fran-
cis Gamier' s expedition, escorted by
two men-of-war, sails from Saigon for
the mouth of the Red River ; the entire
force numbers less than 200 men.
Nov. 5. Tongking. Garnier's expedition
arrives at Hanoi.
Nov. 20. Tongking. M. Dupuis attacks
the citadel of Hanoi, and carries it by
assault ; it is the first step in the con-
quest of the Red River valley.
Dec. 11. Tongking. Nam-Dinh is cap-
tured from the Annamese by the
French, after a short resistance. [It is
soon evacuated.] The whole delta of
the Red River is now in the possession
of the invaders.
Dec. 21. Tongking. A force of Chinese
Black Flags and Annamese surround
the citadel at Hanoi ; the small garri-
son makes a vigorous defense ; Francis
Gamier and M. Balny D'Avricourt
lead sorties from different gates, and
both are killed.
1874 Jan. 8. Tongking. The French
evacuate Ninh-Binh. [Jan. 10. They
evacuate Nam-Dinh, and strengthen
the garrison at Hanoi. July * The
French garrison is withdrawn from
Hanoi.]
1883 Mar. 26, 27. Tongking. An at-
tack of the Black Flags on Hanoi is
repulsed by the French.
Mar. 27. Tongking. The French bom-
bard and capture Nam-Dinh.
Mar. * Fr. Cochin-China. The French
Red River expedition of 620 men and
10 war-vessels is organized by Capt.
Henri Riviere.
Apr. 2. Tongking. Riviere's expedi-
tion arrives at Hanoi.
Apr. 26. Tongking. Hanoi is as-
saulted and captured by the French.
May 8. Tongking. Lin-Yun-Fu, sus-
tained by his Black Flags, declares hos-
tilities against the French.
May * Tongking. Capt. Riviere with a
force of 230 men is besieged at Hanoi
by the Black Flags.
May 16. Tongking. The French des-
troy Gia-lam, and retire to their ships.
May 19. Tongking. The French make
a sortie at Hanoi, and are driven back
by the Black Flags ; Riviere and three
other French officers are killed ; the
French garrison is shut up in the citadel.
June 16. Tongking. Gen. Bouet ar-
rives at Hanoi with reenforcements,
and assumes command.
July 5. Tongking. The French repulse
an attack at Haiphong.
July 11. Tongking. The Black Flags
are repulsed at Nam-Dinh. [July 19.
Col. Badens makes a successful sortie
at Nam-Dinh. [Also on Aug. 7.]
July 20. The French Capt. Morel
Beaulieu offers protection to the na-
tives who have been deserted by Annam,
and made to suffer on all sides during
the war.
Aug. 15. Tongking. Gen. Bouet with
a force of 1,500 men makes a sortie
against the Black Flags near Hanoi ;
the French are repulsed, and forced to
return.
Aug. 18-20. Cochin-China. A French
squadron under Adm. Courbet bombards
and cajptures the forts at Hu6 ; the
Annamese- suffer heavy loss. [Aug. 20.
An armistice is arranged.]
CHURCH.
1555 * * Cambodia. Gaspar da Cruz, a
Dominican from Portugal, introduces
Christianity.
1626 * * Tongking. Many Jesuits ar-
rive, including the celebrated mission-
ary Alexander of Rhodes.
1780± * * Tongking. French missiona-
ries reintroduce Christianity ; it spreads,
rapidly.
1800+ * * Annam. French priests claim
to have converted the emperor, and
establish a hierarchy of great influence.
1821 * * Opposition to French mis-
sionaries becomes strong under the new
ruler ; persecution is encouraged [and is
continued after his death under three
emperors].
1833 * * Tongking. Francis Gagelen,
Jesuit missionary, is strangled. [1834.
M. Ordorico is beheaded. 1835. M.
Marchaud is torn to pieces, after suf-
fering torture by hot irons.]
1836 * * Tongking. Six missionaries
are beheaded, and one is strangled.
[1839. Another missionary is executed.]
1841 * * -42 * * Tongking. Three mis-
sionaries are killed, and several more
are imprisoned.
1851 * * -58 * * Annam. Ten French
missionaries are beheaded, and Ro-
man Catholic natives are persecuted.
May 4. Cochin-China. M. Schoffler, a
French missionary, is beheaded by order
of the grand mandarins, for preaching.
1857 * * Tongking. Bp. Diaz, the Span-
ish vicar-general, is beheaded after suf-
fering cruel torture.
1858 July 27. Tongking. The French
missionary, Bp. Melchior, is murdered
with great barbarity.
1860 Nov.* Tongking. The Abb e
Neron is brutally murdered by anti-
French fanatics. [1868. July * By or-
der of the bonze, several native Chris-
tians are massacred.]
1883 * * Annam. Christians are massa-
cred at the instigation of a native
prince.
ANNAM.
234 b. c.-a. d. 1883, Aug. 18.
481
STATE,
214+* *b.c. Annam. The Chinese
invade and annex the country.
112* *B.C.-968* *A. D. Tongking is a
dependency of China.
110 * * b. c. -907 * * A. D. Annam. Chi-
nese vassal governors hold authority
in the South.
263 * * a. d. Annam. The Chinese do-
mination ends.
767 * * Tongking. The capital is
founded (La Thang).
* * * Annam is again subject to China.
806 * * Cochin-China. The name Koue
Tchen is first applied to Southern Tong-
king. (Corrupted into Cochin-China.)
907± * * Annam. Native chiefs who are
weary of Chinese rule lead a successful
revolt.
970+ * * Annam is under independent
native princes, who are only nominal
vassals of China. [1280. The Chinese
attempt its complete suhjugation.]
1406 * * Annam is again subdued hy
the Chinese.
1427* * Tongking. Le-Loi obtains the
throne hy violence ; he virtually sepa-
rates the province from Annam, and by
a successful rebellion becomes indepen-
dent of China.
1428* * Annam. China abandons its
rule of Annam. [1471. Annam is con-
quered by Tongking.]
1553 * * Annam throws off the yoke
of Tongking.
1610* * Annam. Tsiampa is occupied by
the Annamese, and the aborigines are
driven from the plains into the hill
country.
1650+ * * Annam virtually consists of
two kingdoms ; the northern is ruled
by the Le dynasty, and the southern by
the Nguyen family.
1780± * * Tongking. Gia-Long is de-
throned by an invading successor of
Nguyen-Dzo, the late viceroy.
1787 Nov. 28. Fr. Cochin-China. France
obtains the peninsula of Touron and the
Isle of Pulo-Condore by the treaty of
"Versailles.
French influence becomes dominant
through the instrumentality of Bishop
1848 * * Annam. Tu Due, the younger
son, succeeds his father, Thien Tu, as
king ; he cruelly persecutes the native
Christians and their missionaries.
1851 * * Annam. Nu-Phong, the elder
brother of Tu Due, leads an unsuccessful
rebellion to wrest the kingdbm from him.
1858 * * Annam. The king orders M.
Diaz put to death because a French
vessel happens to be cruising near the
coast.
1859 Oct. * Tongking. The French
government determines to intervene
in behalf of Christians.
1860 Oct. 15. The treaty of Tien-tsin
is signed ; it assures the whole of the
Oriental seas to the French.
1861* * Tongking. The pretender, Le
Phung, leads a revolt [which is
successful for a time in resisting the
French; subdued in 1866].
1862 June 5. Annam. The treaty of
Saigon is signed ; peace is made with
Prance under the pressure of an invad-
ing army and a dangerous rebellion
and prepares for an armed occupa-
tion.
1882 Jan. * Fr. Adm. La Pierre is
appointed to the chief command of the
French forces in Tongking.
Apr. * The Tongkingese authorities are
exasperated at the presence of an armed
French flotilla in the Red River ; they
regard it as a menace and a gross infrac-
tion of the treaty of 1874.
* * Tongking, France asserts her claim
to a protectorate.
* * Tongking. The Annamese repel an
invasion of a French force sent by Le
Myre de Villers, governor of Saigon.
1883 * * Tongking. China becomes an
ally of Annam, its tributary, in resist-
ing French aggressiveness.
Apr. 21. Tongking. Capt. Riviere is-
sues an ultimatum at Hanoi.
He demands from the mandarins a
treaty for French supremacy, and threat-
ens to bombard the citadel if thej r re-
fuse TThe mandarins reply that they
have no power to consider treaties.]
The Emperor Tu Due re-
* Tongking.
sists the aggressiveness of the French.
Three of the lower provinces are ceded Annam. The Emperor Tu Due
to the French •, Christianity is tobetol- " / _. ,__ ._ ^+v>wvnaA_
erated and an indemnity paid.
Uly ZU. jLimwii. mv"»-r
dies ; Hiep-hoa is enthroned.
Pigneaux de Beshaine, chief of the Jes-
uit mission at Bangkok, Siam.
1788 * * Tongking. The king is de-
throned and exiled; he appeals to
France, through the French missiona-
ries, for aid.
1802 * * Tongking is conquered, and
reunited to Annam.
1820 * * Annam. Gia-Long, the king,
dies; he had named his younger son,
Minh-Mang, as his successor. [The new
king is bitterly opposed by his eldest
brother, Canh-Dzue; he meets with great
difficulty in suppressing a rebellion.]
1821** Annam. The anti-foreign
party becomes powerful after the death
of Gia-Long.
1840 * * Annam. Thien Tu succeeds
his father, Minh-Mang, as king, and re-
news the persecution of Christians.
Dec. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. An insur-
rection breaks out against France in the
ceded provinces.
1863 Sept. * Annam. Ambassadors
are sent to France to regain the ceded
provinces. [Their mission is unsuccess-
ful.]
1864 * * Cambodia. Phara-Norodom
is crowned king.
1867 June 25. Fr. Cochin-China. The
revolt against the French continues.
The French occupy the three lower
provinces, and by proclamation annex
them to France.
1870* * Tongking. M. Dupuis, a
Frenchman, explores a part of the Red
River. [1872. May * On behalf of the
French government he issues a procla-
mation to the people.]
1873 Dec. 21. Tongking. M. Philas-
tre, the new French envoy, arrives at
the delta of the Red River ; he learns
that the French occupy the forts, and
that Gamier is dead. [He introduces a
pacific policy.] (See Army.)
1873 i * * The French determine to ex
Swarms with f or-
The Portuguese
The Dutch es-
MISCELLANEOUS.
1295 * * Cambodia is a vast and im-
portant country.
1590± * * Cambodia.
eign adventurers.
1600+ * * Cambodia.
establish factories.
1635 ± * * Cambodia.
tablish factories.
1641 * * Cambodia. A Dutch expedition
explores the Great Mekong River
for 1,000 miles.
1643 * * Cambodia. Many Europeans
are butchered at the instigation of the
Portuguese.
1702 * * Cambodia. The English es-
tablish a factory off the coast.
1799 * * Tongking. Pigneaux de Be-
shaine, Jesuit bishop, dies
1820 * * Annam.
dies.
1840 * * Annam.
king, dies.
1848 * * Annam.
dies.
Gia-Long, the king,
Minh-Mang, the
Thien Tu, the king,
pel the Chinese from the valley of the ig58 July 27. Tongking. Bishop
_ . „. __j ~— »w TViTxrlrinc ... . j „A
Red River, and annex Tongking
1874* * The French protectorate is
threatened by the Black Flags; vig-
orous measures are taken for its de-
fense.
Mar. 15. Fr. Cochin-China. A treaty
with the French is concluded at Saigon.
The king is to be independent of China,
the ports Ire to be opened to commerce,
the Christian religion to be tolerated
and the six lower provinces to be finally
abandoned to France.
A
Melchior is murdered.
1860 Nov. * Tongking. Abb6 Neron
is murdered.
1866+ * * Fr. Cochin-China. A French
expedition under Capt. Doudart de
Lagree ascends the Mekong to Middle
China.
1879 * * Annam. Bun-Lan, or Thau-
Khai, the emperor, is born.
1883 May 20. R. T. Riviere, French
commander, dies.
Annam. Tu Due, the king,
Aug 31. Fr. Cochin-China. A com-
mercial treaty is signed by France and J^20-
Annam at Saigon. ' *_T>ec * Tongking. The unarmed
1881 * * France resents the intrusion ■*««•- * h froIU an parties
of China in Tongking ; it refuses to rec- native* .suite
ognize the latter's claims of suzerainty, In the war.
482 1883, Sept. 1-1893, May 17.
ANNAM.
ARMY— NAVY.
1883 Sept. 1-3. Tongking. Gen. Bouet
makes a successful sortie in tlie direc-
tion of Sontay. [Sept. 3. He beheads a
number of Annamese prisoners.]
Sept. 15. The Annamese troops dis-
band. The Yellow Flags continue hos-
tilities.
* * Tongking. Col. Badens with a small
force surprises the citadel of Ninh-
Binh; it surrenders without bloodshed.
Sept. 20. Tongking. It is announced
that Adm. Courbet supersedes Gen.
Bouet.
Nov. 17. Tongking. The Black Flags
make a fierce attack on the French at
Hai Dzuong, and are repulsed by the aid
of the gunboat Carabine.
Dec. 16. Tongking. Adm. Courbet
shells and captures the forts at Sontay ;
French loss, 75 killed and 245 wounded.
[Dec. * Sontay is fortified, and the
French advance.]
1884 Jan. 1, 2. Tongking. Pirates
attack Nam-Dinh.
Jan. 20±. Tongking. Chinese reen-
forcementa arrive to assist the natives
against the French.
Mar. 12. Tongking. Gens. Negrier,
Briere de PIsle, and Millot defeat the
Chinese at Bac-Ninh ; the Celestials
hastily retire from the city.
Mar. 22. Tongking. The citadel of
Thai-Nguyen is captured by a French
force under Gen. Briere de l'Isle.
Apr. 9. Tongking. The Chinese set
Honghoa on fire, and retreat from the
town.
June 23. Tongking. A rash attempt is
made by Col. Dugenne with 700 men to
occupy Langson; the Chinese resist,
and kill 10 of the French.
Aug. 30. Tongking. Gen. Briere de
l'Isle succeeds Gen. Millot as com-
mander of the French forces.
Oct. * Tongking. Fighting is renewed
between the French and the Chinese.
Oct. 6-8. Tongking. The Chinese
regulars attack the French under Gen.
Negrier, who repulses them, killing
many of the Chinese.
Oct. 10, 11. Tongking. The Chinese
are again defeated, with a loss of 3,000,
by Col. Donnier, near Chu ; French loss,
20 killed and 90 wounded.
Oct. 13. Tongking. The Chinese are
again repulsed at Tuguen Qua-Hung,
losing many men.
Nov. 20±. Tongking. The Black Flags
are defeated by the French.
Dec. * Tongking. The French retire to
the hill country before the approach
of a great Chinese army.
Dec. * The defeat of Chinese pirates is
announced.
1885 Jan. * The arrival of 10,000
men increases the army of Briere de
l'Isle to 40,000 men.
Jan. 3±. Gen. Ne"grier defeats 12,000
Chinese in a great battle east of Chu.
Feb. 2. The French forward move-
ment begins.
Feb. 6. Tongking. The French capture
Dong Song after a severe fight, taking
three forts and a large amount of sup-
plies and ammunition.
Feb. 8. Tongking. The Chinese, 10,000
strong, attack the French near the
frontier, and are repulsed.
Feb. 10. Tongking. The column moves
forward, and the Chinese fall back.
Feb. 12. Tongking. The Chinese give
battle, and are driven back.
Feb. 13. Tongking. The citadel of
Langson is finally occupied by the
French without resistance, as the gar-
rison retires.
Feb. 24. Tongking. Tuyen-Kouan is
attacked by the Chinese, but they are
repulsed by the French.
Feb. 27. Tongking. Gen. Negrier cap-
tures a large quantity of war material,
stores, and ammunition from the Chi-
nese.
Mar. 2. Tongking. The siege of Tu-
yen-Kouan is raised after 18 attacks by
the Chinese in as many days, the French
having lost 463 men.
Mar. 4-7. Tongking. Col. Duchesne
again defeats the Chinese. [Mar. 22.
Again at Dong-Dang.]
Mar. 24. Tongking. The French and
Chinese fight a severe battle on the
frontier.
Mar. 27. Tongking. The Chinese de-
bouch in great numbers before the
French position at Ki-Lua ; the latter
fall back on Dong-Song and Than-
Moi.
Mar. 28. Tongking. The Chinese drive
the French back in great confusion, and
retake Dang son; Gen. Negrier is
wounded.
Mar. 30. Tongking. Col. Herbenger
evacuates Dong-Song on the approach
of the Chinese.
Apr. 3. Tongking. Preliminaries of
peace are signed.
Apr. 14. Tongking. The Chinese, un-
informed of the peace, attack the
French at Kep, and are repulsed.
Apr. * Tongking. Gen. de Courcy is
appointed to the command of the French
forces in the field.
Apr. * The Chinese reward Luh Vinh
Phuoc, the chief of the Black Flags,
for his services against the French.
May 5. Tongking. The Chinese troops
evacuate Langson, and proceed to
withdraw from the province.
July 2. Cochin-China. The Annamese
at Hue revolt, and surprise the French
in a night attack.
July 5, 6. Cochin-China. The regent
Thayet, with 30,000 men, treacherously
attacks Gen. de Courcy at Hue\ but is de-
feated and captured. [July 10. French
reenf orcements arrive at Hue.]
Aug. 24+. Tongking. The citadel of
Than Hoa is occupied by the French
without resistance.
Aug. * The Black Flags raid five mis-
sionary stations, and massacre the priests
and 10,000 native Christians.
Sept. * Cochin-China. Two French
missionaries are reported killed and
24,000 native Christians massacred at
Kuang-Tri.
Oct. * Tongking. Gen. Jounont attacks
Than-Moi, and routs its defenders after
fighting three days.
Oct. * Tongking. Black Flag bands
annoy the French.
Dec. * Tongking. Gen. Negrier defeats
the Black Flags.
1886 Nov. * Tongking. Dasurrections
break out against the French, but are
soon suppressed.
1887 Jan. * Tongking. Insurgents are
again active. [Apr. 19. Col. Bose cap-
tures Mupng.]
1888 Sept.* Tongking. A native guard
is organized by the French for the pur-
pose of suppressing piracy.
1889 Jan. 17. The pirates are de-
feated by Gen. Borgnis des Bordes.
Mar. 16. Doivan, the chief of the Bac-
Ninh pirates, surrenders, and quiet
follows.
1890 Nov. 8±. Tongking. Piracy is
rampant, the French outposts being at-
tacked constantly.
1893 May 17. Siam. A bloody battle
occurs between the French Annamese
garrison at Khong and the Siamese,
on the boundary line of Annam and
Siam ; the Siamese government repudi-
ates responsibility in the matter.
CHURCH.
1885 Aug.i * -Dec. * Annam. About
22,000 native Christians are massa-
cred.
1886 Aug. * Tongking. Seven hun-
dred Christians are massacred by the
Black Flags, who destroy 30 villages.
1890 * * Annam. There are no Protes-
tant missions in the country.
The educated classes follow Confu-
cius, Buddhism is tolerated by the
government, and many of the natives
profess Roman Catholicism. Some Ro-
man Catholic authorities claim 420,000
members, under 125 European priests
and 264 native priests, in seven apostolic
vicariates.
STATE.
1883 Apr. 25. Fr. Cochin-China. The
Emperor Hiep-hoa is forced, by a French
naval demonstration, to sign a treaty
at Saigon.
Terms : A French protectorate and the
exclusion of foreign powers, except as
approved by the French Government;
ANNAM.
1883, Sept. 1-1893, May 17. 483
Bink Tuan is ceded to France ; French
occupation of the forts on the H u6 River ;
French administration of customs ; ports
to be opened and an indemnity to be
paid by Annam, etc.
Oct. * Cambodia. The king, Norodom,
recognizes the French protectorate
by treaty.
Dec. 14. Annam. Anti-French fanatics
kill King Hiep-hoa, and Yoe-Duc
succeeds him.
1884 Mar. 26±. Annam. An Airnam-
ese prince is executed for instigating
the massacres of Christians.
May 11. China. Capt. Founder and Li-
Hung-Chang, the imperial prime minis-
ter, sign a treaty at Tien-tsin ; the
French protectorate of Annam and Tong-
king is recognized, and the Chinese
troops are withdrawn from the north-
ern provinces.
June 6. The Annamese sign a convention
which compels the acknowledgment of
the French protectorate.
July 1±. Tongking. The Chinese de-
cline to ratify the treaty of May 11, and
refuse to pay indemnity for the killing
of French citizens at Langson.
July 18±. Tongking. The Chinese de-
mand the evacuation of Langson and
other places held by the French.
Aug. 2. Annam. The king's death is an-
nounced, and his young brother, Kien-
phouc, is his successor.
1885 Apr. 5. China. The prelimina-
ries of peace are signed at Peking.
The Chinese agree to evacuate Tong-
king, and France will take it under its
protectorate, and also evacuate For-
mosa.
June 9. « China. The Treaty of Tien-
tsin is ratified by the French and Chi-
nese.
July 2. Annam. The Annamese rise
in revolt against the French.
Sept. 14±. Annam. Chaul-Mong, the
adopted son of Tu Due, is proclaimed
emperor.
Sept. 19. Annam. The emperor is
crowned, and named Douck-Hanh.
1886 Jan. 31. Tongking. Paul Bert
is appointed French resident. [Nov.
11. He dies.]
Jan. 28. Annam. The emperor, Douck-
Hanh, dies.
Jan. 30. Annam. Thau-Khai, the
young son of Douck-Hanh, succeeds to
the throne.
Apr. * Cambodia. The rebellion led by
Prince Si-Votha is broken, and he sues
for peace.
1888 Sept. 8. Tongking. M.Richaud
succeeds Paul Bert, deceased January,
1887.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1884 Jan, 1,2. Tongking. Pirates de-
vastate Nam-Dinh, and kill the people.
1889 Jan. 29. Annam. Douck-Hanh,
the king, dies.
Feb. 27. Tongking. Gen. Des Bordes
of the French army is murdered.
ARABIA AND THE MOSLEMS.
Arabia is a large peninsula of Western Asia, and is destitute of any permanent river ; its area is estimated at 1,200,000 square
miles, and its population at 5,000,000. The country has no common government ; its political divisions are various, and include
three Turkish provinces : Hedjaz along the coast of the Red Sea, Yemen farther south, and El Hassa bordering the Persian
Gulf ; three sultanates, Oman along the gulf of the same name, El Nejd in the interior, and Hadramant in the south ; Aden, in
the extreme south, is a British protectorate. The religion of the people is Mohammedan, and their language is Arabic. About
185,000,000 Mohammedans are at the present time scattered over northern Africa, southern Asia, and southeastern Europe.
Authorities are not agreed concerning the precise dates of the chief events connected with the life of Mohammed. Many of
the Moslem dates are of uncertain value.
ARMY — NAVY.
1438* *-1388* *b.c. Setil.(Sethos),
the ruler of Egypt, sends a military ex-
pedition into Arabia.
25 * * b. c. The Romans send an expe-
dition into Arabia under C. iElius Gallus.
His army consists of 10,000 Roman in-
fantry, 500 Jews, and 1,000 Nabatheans ;
they suffer greatly from the climate,
and return without making conquests.
500* *a.d. The Mustareb, or Northern
Arabs, revolt, and in the battle of Ha-
zaz forever break the yoke of Yemen.
529* * The Abyssinians numbering
70,000, under Aryat, invade Yemen to
avenge the persecution of Christians.
562 * * Chosroes, king of Persia, makes
an expedition against the Christian king-
dom founded in Arabia by Abyssinians.
* * The Abyssinians are driven out, and
Arabia becomes a province of Persia.
569* *King Abraha of the Abyssin-
ian dynasty, advancing for conquest, is
defeated near Mecca.
ART — LETTERS — NATURE.
500± * * Antar, or Antarah, chief and
poet, flourishes.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
267+ * * Odenathus, warrior, husband of Ze-
nobia, is assassinated.
645 1 * » Abdallah-Ben Abd-el Moottalib,
merchant, father of Mohammed, born. [570.
Dies. A25±.]
571 * * Abu Bekr, father-in-law and suc-
cessor of Mohammed, born. [634, Aug. 22.
Dies. A63.]
CHURCH.
500 * * A stone temple or shrine at
Mecca of unknown antiquity is visited
by worshipers, and greatly enriched with
offerings.
529 * * The Abyssinians under Aryat
proclaim the Christian religion [and
maintain it for 76 years through the
southern half of the peninsula].
STATE.
*
1919 * * (?) b. c. Chaldea. Ishmael,
the son of Abraham, is born ; from him
the Arabs claim descent.
1550 * * -1305 * * b. c. The dynasty
of Hammurabi reigns in Chaldea.
1438 ** -1388 ** b. c. Seti I. (Se-
thos), king of Egypt, reigns ; his expe-
dition penetrates Arabia and advances
to the Euphrates.
722 * * -705 * * b. c. Sargon, king of
Assyria, having destroyed the kingdom
of Israel, extends his conquests into
Arabia, and exacts tribute.
400± * * b. c. Yemen, the oldest mon-
archy of Arabia, is established.
[It continues for about 2,500 years ;
ruling the southern half of the penin-
sula directly and the northern half in-
directly.]
105 * * a. d. The Romans, by the gov-
ernor of Syria, take possession of the
country from the northern end of the
Red Sea, and call it the Roman province
of Arabia.
5th century. The northern Arabs re-
volt against the king of Yemen ; the
Koreysh tribe begins to develop.
522 * * King Caleb, or Elesbaan, of Abys-
sinia, extends his kingdom into
Arabia.
529 * * The Yemen monarchy is over-
thrown by invading Abyssinians under
the king of Axoum, the capital of Abys-
sinia, to which Yemen (ATabia Felix)
belonged by right of conquest.
562* * Chosroes overthrows the
Abyssinian kingdom in Arabia, and
places Sai'f , leader of the native Homer-
ites, in power.
MISCELLANEOUS.
500 * * An important coast trade along
the Red Sea brings wealth to the Ko-
reysh Arabs.
* * The annual fair of Okad, near Mecca,
becomes a national assembly ; races,
games, and commerce the chief attrac-
tions.
[It becomes the central emporium of
all the Arab tribes, and a truce exists
between warring tribes when present on
the fair grounds.]
484 570, ** -775,
ARABIA
ARMY — NAVY.
6th Century. The heroic period of the
northern Arabs ; a series of wars among
"Mustareb" tribes.
623 * * The Holy "War begins ; Mo-
hammed attacks and plunders a Mecca
caravan.
624* * Mohammed defeats the Ko-
reyshites in the battle of Bedr.
±* * Mohammed is at war with the
Jews.
625 * * Mohammed is defeated in the
battle of Ohod by idolaters led by
Abu Sofian.
627 * * Mohammed is besieged in Me-
dina by the Koraish, 40,000 strong; part
of his followers turn against him ; the
siege is raised in 14 days. [It is called
the War of the Fosse, or Ditch.]
628 * * Mohammed leads his followers in
a successful war against several Jew-
ish tribes.
629 * * Syrid. Mohammed's followers,
led by Kaled, defeat an army of 100,000
Romans and allies at the battle of
Muta; for his bravery Mohammed
names Kaled " The Sword of God."
630 * * With 10,000 men Mohammed en-
ters Mecca in triumph.
631* * Mohammed proclaims a holy war
against the Byzantine empire ; it proves
an utter failure.
632 * * -34 * * The Mohammedans sub-
due large parts of Asia, Africa, and
Europe.
634 * * Syria. The Saracens (Mohamme-
dans) besiege and capture Damascus.
634* *-44* * TheMohammedans
make conquests in Persia, Palestine,
and Phoenicia.
637 * * Persia. The Saracens defeat the
Persians at the battle of Jaloulah, or
" Battle of the Bridge."
640 Dec. 22. Egypt. The Saracens
under Amru take Alexandria.
642 * * Persia. In the battle of Neha-
vend, " Battle of Victories," the Sara-
cens defeat the Sassanidae (Persians) ;
their empire is destroyed.
645 * * -656 * * Othman (Osman) sub-
dues northern Africa, and captures
Rhodes and Cyprus.
Civil wars occur with much blood-
shed.
656 * * First civil war ; at a battle near
Basrah, "the Day of the Camel,"
Ali defeats the rebellious friends of the
murdered Othman, including Ayesha,
one of the wives of Mohammed, who
rode up and down the battle-field
mounted on a great camel.
683 * * Hosein besieges Medina, and
destroys the temple ; he raises the siege
on hearing of the death of Calif Tezid.
692 * * Mecca is taken after a siege of
eight months by Hejaj, the general of
Ahdalmelik.
710± * * Musa, the Saracen governor of
Egypt, extends Arabian conquests
along the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
Ocean.
711* *Tarik, the Saracen general,
crosses to Spain, and overthrows the
kingdom of the (Catholic) Visigoths
at the battle of Jeres de la Frontera.
[Spain is conquered after a struggle
of eight years.]
725 * * Turkey. The Saracens invade
Constantinople with 120,000 men, be-
sides 1,800 who approach by sea; the
Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire.
732 * * Fr. The Saracens enter Gaul,
and are defeated and routed by Charles
Martel in a great battle between Tours
and Poitiers. [This battle is said to
have changed the history of Europe.]
* * Civil wars are renewed with the
Shiites, or followers of Ali.
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS —
NATURE.
610± * * The Koran, the sacred book of
the Mohammedans, is divulged by Mo-
hammed. [First published by Abu-Bekr
635+.]
622 July 15. The Mohammedans be-
gin their era from the Hegira, or
flight of Mohammed from Mecca to
Medina.
700* *-800* * The medical schools of
Bagdad and Salerno flourish. (?)
705 * * The mosque at Mecca is erected
by the calif, El Madgy.
750 * * Sp. John, Bishop of Seville, pre-
pares an Arabic Bible.
760+ * * Astronomy and geography
are sciences cultivated by the Arabs.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
671+ * * Mohammed, religious teacher,
founder of Mohammedanism, born. [632,
June 8. Dies. A61+.]
581 * * Omar I., calif and captor of Jerusa-
lem, born. [644. Dies. A630
* * * Antar, warrior and poet, b. and d.
600+ * * Ali-Ibn-Abi-Talib, son-in-law of Mo-
hammed, born. [661. Assassinated. A59+.]
621 * * Kahadijah, wife of Mohammed, dies.
633 * * Fatima, only daughter of Moham-
med, A26+.
665 * * Othman, calif, is murdered.
662 *,* Kaab, poet, dies.
663 * * Amru. general, dies.
680 * * The sons of Ali murdered.
700+ * * Amru-el-Kais, poet, dies.
705 * * Abd el Mealiek, calif, A 60.
713 * * Mansur, Al, Abou Jaffar Abdallah,
second Abbasside calif, founder of Bagdad,
born. [775+. Dies. A63+.]
720+ * * Abu-Moslem, general, born. [755+.
Dies. A35+.]
765+ * * Jobeidah, wife of Harun-al-Kas-
chid, born. [831. Dies. A66+.]
765+* * Harun al Kaschid ("Aaron the
Just"), calif of Bagdad, born. [809. Dies.
A44+..]
* * * Geber, Aboo-Moossah-Jaafar-al-Sofee,
alchemist, born and died.
CHURCH.
570 * * The Christian Abyssinians vainly
endeavor to seize the keys of the
holy temple from the Koreyah Arabs.
* * The religion of the Arabs sinks into
idolatry or indifference.
571 July 16. Mohammed is born.
604 * * Mohammed sets forth his creed.
606* *-611* * Mohammed often retires
to a solitary cave near Mount Hara,
and gives himself up to religious medi-
tation. Here he has his first vision;
he says the chief part of the Koran is
brought to him by the angel Gabriel.
He comes into connection with the
Hanifs, or penitents, who seek deliv-
erance from sin and reject idolatry.
610+ * * Mohammed appears in Mecca
as a prophet.
611 * * Kadijah becomes Mohammed's
first convert.
612 * * or 613 * * Mohammed publicly
announces himself a prophet, and is
met with imprecations and maltreat-
ment.
613+ * * Mohammed has made no con-
verts beyond his family and friends.
621+ * * Mohammed makes his alleged
ascent into heaven.
622 * * Mecca. Mohammed's cause is
greatly advanced by the addition of
12 pilgrims from Yathreb.
July 16. The Hegira ; Mohammed flees
from Mecca for an asylum in Medina
[where he becomes a political leader
and a religious reformer].
He makes Friday the principal day
for worship, and Mecca the principal
place; for the Jewish fast he substi-
tutes the month Ramadan.
* * Mohammed endeavors to gain over to
his religion the Jews in Medina, but
fails, and becomes their irreconcilable
enemy.
623 Dec. * Mohammed commences
the Holy War (mission work) by at-
tacking a Mecca caravan, which he
plunders.
Mohammed produces the 8th chap-
ter of the Koran, which he alleges
came to him from heaven.
625 * * Banu Nadir, the Jew, is ex-
pelled from Medina with his powerful
family.
626 * * Mohammed prohibits wine and
games of chance.
627 * * A heroic spirit is exhibited by
the 600 or 700 Jews who are martyred
by Mohammed.
628 * * Rapid spread of Islamism.
629 * * Kalid, Amru, and Othman,
who presided over the Kaaba, become
Mussulmans, increasing Mohammed's
power and influence ; he is acknowl-
edged in all the country between the
Euphrates and the Red Sea.
630 Jan. * Mohammed with 10,000 men
enters Mecca on a pilgrimage, and
destroys the idols.
632 * * Mohammed and 40,000 adherents
perform the pilgrimage to Mecca.
June 8. Mohammed dies. He was
slowly poisoned by a Jewess. (?)
* *-34* *The Koran is collected
[later enlarged by the Soona, an oral
tradition].
AND THE MOSLEMS.
570, **-775,
485
634+ * * A mosque is erected on the
site of Solomon's temple at Jerusa-
lem.
642 * * In Egypt the Christians (Copts)
aid the Arabians under Omar, out of
hostility to the Greek Orthodox Church.
644 * * The Christian Berbers in North
Africa are won over to Islamism by
Othman.
679 * * The great schism takes place.
Separation of believers into two par-
ties, the Soonees, Sunnites (Tradition-
alists), who accept the addition, and the
Sheeah or Shiites (Separatists), who
reject it, and regard AH (son-in-law)
as Mohammed's rightful successor.
720 * * The successful Saracens threaten
to encircle Christendom, and to
speedily destroy the Christian faith.
732 * * Charles Martel saves Christian
Europe from becoming a Moorish Eu-
rope by winning the battle against
Abd-er-Rahman between Tours and Poi-
tiers. (See A. and N.)
750* *Bise of the Motazilites, who
originated the Mussulman theology.
STATE.
622 Mar. * Seventy Moslems from
Yathreb conclude an offensive and
defensive treaty with Mohammed at
Akaba, near Mecca.
July 16. The Hegira, or flight of Mo-
hammed from Mecca to Medina, takes
place. [It is the beginning of the Mo-
hammedan era ; Mohammed becomes a
great political and religious leader.]
628 * * Mohammed organizes a pilgrim-
age to Mecca.
* * Mohammed receives the homage of his
followers under a tree near Medina.
* * The Meccans refuse Mohammed ad-
mission to the city ; they make a treaty
with him at Hodaibiya, agreeing to a
truce for 10 years.
* * Mohammed sends letters to the
kings of Persia and Abyssinia, ana the
chiefs of several Arab tribes, demand-
ing of them to become followers of his.
630 * * Mohammed takes possession of
Mecca. [His final and complete suc-
cess is assured.]
632* * On the death of Mohammed, Abu-
Bekr his father-in-law, is elected his
successor — calif. [He reigns two years.]
634 Aug. 23. Abu-Bekr dies, and
Omar becomes calif. [He bears the
title Emir-al-Mumenin, Commander of
the Faithful, which all succeeding ca-
lifs assume.]
* * The Yemen monarchy is ab-
sorbed in the Mohammedan conquest.
642 * * Persia is conquered by the Ara-
bians.
644 * * Omar is assassinated, and Oth-
man (Osman) becomes caliph. [He
reigns 12 years ; he extends the king-
dom into northern Africa.]
655 * * Othman is murdered by fanatics
during an insurrection, and Ali, the
husband of Fatima and son-in-law of
Mohammed, becomes calif ; he is recog-
nized by only part of the Arabs.
[The followers of Ali, known as Shi-
ites, recognize him as the first legiti-
mate successor of Mohammed ; their
opponents are the Sunnites, who recog-
nize the first four califs as legitimate
successors ; the Mohammedans of Persia
are mostly Shiites, those of the Turkish
empire and India mostly Sunnites.]
* * Moawiyah is supported as calif in
Syria.
660 * * Ali [the sixth of this name] is
assassinated, and Hassan his son be-
comes calif.
661 * * Hassan resigns, and Moawiyah
succeeds him ; he is the great-grandson
of Mohammed.
661 * * -750 * * The dynasty of the
Ommiades.
[Moawiyah changes the royal resi-
dence from Medina to Damascus,
and makes the office of calif hereditary.]
679 * * -683 * * Yezid I., son of Moa-
wiyah, is calif.
680 * * Abdallah revolts, amd is pro-
claimed calif at Medina by the people
of Mecca and Medina.
683 * * Moawiyah II., son of Moawiyah
I., is calif.
683 * * -684 * * Merwan I. is calif.
684 * * -705 * * Abdalmelik is calif.
* * * The glory of the Moslem empire
culminates.
* * * The decline of Arabia commences.
705* *-715* * Walid I. is calif ; Spain
becomes part of the Moslem empire.
710± * * Conquests are extended
through North Africa to the Atlantic
under Musa, the Arab governor of
Egypt.
715* *-717* * Soliman is calif .
717 * * -720 * * Omar II. is calif.
720 * * -724 * * Yezid II. is calif.
* * * The Mohammedan Berbers, shep-
herds of Mount Atlas, parts of North
Africa, and other people of African,
Roman, and Greek descent, become
mixed with the Arabs, and are called
Moors.
720 * * Fr. The Saracens advance be-
yond the Pyrenees.
724* *-743* * Hashem is calif .
He is very strict in the practice of
religious duties, and an avowed enemy
of luxury.
743 * * -744 * * "Walid H. is calif.
744 * * Yezid HE. becomes calif ; he
dies of the plague after reigning five
months.
* * Ibraham becomes calif ; he is de-
posed after reigning three months.
* *-750* * Merwan II. is calif .
The calif ate reaches its greatest ex-
pansion, and includes within its domin-
ion southwestern Asia from the Indus
to the Mediterranean and the Cauca-
sus, all northern Africa, Sardinia, Cor-
sica, and parts of France and Spain.
750 * * Dynasty of the Abbassides.
* * Abul Abbas, a great-grandson of an
uncle of Mohammed, having overthrown
Merwan II., the Abbassides com-
mence their reign, Abul Abbas being
made calif by the soldiers.
754 * * -775 * * Al Mansur is calif ; he
introduces learning among the Arabs.
756* *The separate califate of Cor-
dova is established in Spain by Abd-er-
Rahman.
* * * Fr. The Moslems advance north-
ward and invade Gaul, where they are
repulsed.
759 * * Pepin delivers France from the
last vestige of Mohammedan rule.
762+ * * Bagdad, in Asiatic Turkey, a
city on the Tigris, is founded by Al
Mansur, and becomes the seat of the
Saracen empire. The golden period
of the Saracenic empire begins.
775 * * -785 * * Al Mahdi is calif.
MISCELLANEOUS.
571+ * * 629 * * Mohammed rises from
obscurity to power.
(571) He is born.
(577+ * *) He loses his mother, and is
committed to the care of a slave.
(579+ * *) He, having lost his grandfather,
is adopted by his uncle Abu Talib.
(594+ * *) He earns his living as a shep-
herd.
(595 * *) He enters the house and business
of Kadijah.
(598± * *) He marries Kadijah.
(606+ * *) He settles the dispute of the
chiefs respecting the restoration of the
sacred black stone on the rebuilding of
Kaabeh.
(619 * *) He loses his uncle, and three
days later his wife ; he seeks solace
by marrying several wives — Ayesha,
seven years of age, and Sawda, and
Hafsa ; the second became his bride
only two months after the death of the
first wife.
He gives his daughter Fatima in mar-
riage to Ali-Ibn-Taleb.
(622 * *) The Koreyshites attempt to as-
sassinate the prophet ; he hides in a
cave.
(627 * *) He marries Zainab, the divorced
wife of his adopted son Zaid.
(628 * *) He marries Safiya, whose father
and husband he had killed.
(628+ * *) He marries Jeweira, a woman
of great beauty.
An attempt is made to poison the
prophet, but he is delivered.
(629 * *) He claims a revelation from
heaven permitting him to have as many
concubines as he may wish ; he takes
Mary.
641 * * Egypt. The Saracens burn the
great library at Alexandria. (?)
644 * * Omar is murdered by a Persian
slave.
692 * * Abd- Allah Ebn Zobeyr is slain
in storming the walls of Mecca.
695 * * Abdalmelik coins the first Ara-
bian money ; Somyor, a Jew, is his mint-
master.
486 776, * *-1807,
ARABIA
ARMY — NAVY.
920 * * Mecca is stormed by the revolt-
ing Karniathians under their leader,
Suleyman Aba-Jahir.
1258 * * The Tartars take Bagdad, and
end Moslem rule in that city.
1517* * The Turks conquer Egypt
and Arabia, and thereby transfer the
sovereignty to the Ottoman sovereign.
1630 * * The Yemenites expel the Turks
from their native province.
1650+ * * The Yaarebah princes drive
the Portuguese princes out of Mus-
cat.
1737 * * Nadir Shah attacks the king-
dom of Oman, and takes the principal
towns, and slaughters many of the in-
habitants.
1797 * * The Turks with an army of
5,000, and 5,000 Arabian allies, invade
Hasa for the suppression of the Waha-
bis ; they besiege Hofhuf, the capital,
and retire unsuccessful.
1801 * * The Wahabis invade Bagdad
and besiege and plunder Kerbala.
1802 * * The Wahabis subdue Tail, the
pleasure-ground of Mecca, with much
bloodshed.
1803 Apr. * Mecca is taken by the
Wahabis.
1804 * * Sayyid, at the head of the Wa-
habis, conquers Medina, plunders the
tomb of the prophet of its accumulation
of rich offerings, and treats the people
with much severity.
* * -11 * * The "Wahabis are at war
with their neighbors and especially with
the Turks.
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS —
NATURE.
8th Century. Geber (Abu Musa Jaffaral-
Sofi) the chemist flourishes.
813 * * -842 * * Alkindius writes on
astronomy and medicine.
818 * * Al-Mamun patronizes literature
and learning.
820+ * * Aristotle is first translated
into Arabic.
900± * * Albategnius, the great astron-
omer, determines the length of the
tropical year.
950 * * Alfarabius, writer and scientist,
linguist, and compiler of an encyclope-
dia [the first], familiar with all branches
of science, dies at Damascus.
995+ * * Astronomers have a sextant
whose radius is 59 feet, nine inches.
* * Azzarkal, the mathematician and
astronomer, flourishes.
961 * * -976 * * The Society of the
Brothers of Purity or Sincerity,
founded at Basra, prosecutes philosophic
and scientific studies.
961 * * -976 * * Spain. Learning is en-
couraged by Alhakun, Calif of Cor-
dova ; the catalogue of his library fills
44 volumes.
Twenty-seven free schools are opened
in Cordova for the poor ; knowledge is
widely distributed in Mohammedan
Spain.
10th Century. Hydropathy is practised.
978+ * * Spain. The successor of Ha-
kem burns every book in the royal
library which treats of philosophy or
astronomy.
* * The Society of Brothers of Basra
write a cyclopedia of knowledge in 51
treatises.
1000+ * * Avicenna, the physician and
scholar, flourishes [the most learned
man of his time].
1006 * * The Talmud is translated into
Arabic. (?)
1008± * * Ebn Junis draws up astro-
nomical tables. (?)
1030+ * * Alhazen discourses on the
nature of sight, and writes a treatise on
optics.
1045 * * -1070 * * Spain. Avicebron,
the Hebrew poet, better known as Solo-
mon ben Gabriol, writes his philosophi-
cal work, Fountain of Life.
1050+ * * Magnifying glasses are in-
vented by Alhazen.
1150* * Philosophical books are
burned at Bagdad by command of the
calif.
1180 * * Philosophy revives in Spain,
and is cultivated by Avenpace, Ibn-
Tofail, and Averroes.
1185 * * Death of Ibn-Tofail in Mo-
rocco, a writer of romance and phi-
losophy, and a treatise on medicine,
and also one on astronomy.
1192 * * At Bagdad the books of a phy-
sician are publicly cursed and burned,
and their owner is imprisoned.
1195* * Spain. Philosophers are ban-
ished and their works burned ; Ben-
Habib is condemned to death for philos-
ophising.
1253 * * Spain. Alphonsine (astro-
nomical) tables, composed by Al Ragel
and Al Kabitz, are drawn up under the
auspices of King Alfonso X. of Castile.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
776 + * * Albumazar, astronomer, born. [885.
Dies. A109+.]
780 * * Alhakem Ibn Atta, prophet, dies.
806 * * Abu Teman, poet, born. [845 (?).
Dies. A39+.]
852+ * * Khazes, or Rasis, physician, born.
[932. Dies. A80±.]
890+ * * Masudi, Abu Hasen Ali ben Husein
ben-Ali, historian, born. [956. Dies. A66+.]
932 * * Abu Faras, poet, born. [968. Dies.
A 36.]
850* * Albategnius, Mohammed ben
Jabir, astronomer, born. [929. Dies. A79±.]
950 * * Alfarabius, writer on all branches of
science, dies.
965 * * Al Jlootenabbee, poet, dies.
* * * Al-Kindi, philosopher, dies.
970 * * Abu el Ala, blind poet, born. [1057.
Dies. A87+.]
979 * * Ibn-Yunas, Ali-Ibn-Abd-er-Rahman,
poet, astronomer, born. [1008. Dies. A30.]
980 * * Avicenna, physician, author, born.
[1037. Dies. A57.]
994+ * * Ali Ibn ul Albas, physician, dies.
* * * Azzarkal, mathematician, astronomer,
born and dies.
1038(?) * * Alhazen, philosopher, mathema-
tician, dies.
1045 * * Hariri, Abu Mohammed Kasem ben
ali, poet, born. [1122+. Dies. A77+.]
1058 * * Alg-azel, scholar, teacher, philoso-
pher, mystic saint, born. [1111. A53.]
* * * Abdallah ben Yasim, scholar, soldier,
dies.
1072+ * * Avenzoar, physician, born. [1162.
Dies. A90+.]
1087+ * * Abu Abdallah Mohammed,
founder of the Almohades, born. [1130.
Dies. A43 + .]
1099 * * Edrisi, geographer, born. [1164.
Dies. A 65.]
1 1 10+ * * Abu-el-Kasim, surgical writer, dies.
1138 * * Avempace, philosopher, dies.
1149+ * * Averroes. Ibn Hoshd, philosopher,
physician, born. [1198. Dies. A49+.]
± * * Fakhr-ed-Din, Ad-Razi, physician, born.
[1210. Dies. A61+.]
1161 * * Abdul Latif, writer, born.
1185* * Ibn-Tofail, writer of romance and
medicine, dies in Jlorocco.
1193 Mar. 24. Saladin Yusuf Ibn Ayub,
sultan of Egypt and Syria, dies.
1231 * * Abdul Latif, writer, A70.
1256 * * Abu Hayyan, Athir-el-Dur, author,
born. [1344. Dies. A88.]
1259 * * Othman, founder of the Ottoman
Empire, born. [1326. Dies.]
1273+ * * Abu el Feda, warrior, author, born.
[1331. Dies. A58+.]
1275* * Adh ahahebi, historian, born. [1275.
Dies. A73.]
1332 * * Ibn Khaldun or Khaldoun, histo-
rian, born. [1406. Dies. A 74.]
1608+ * * Abu el Fazl or Aboulfazl, vizier,
historian, dies.
1691+ * * Abd el Wahab, founder of the
Wahabis, born in Nejd. [1787. Dies. A96+.]
1803 * * Abd el Aziz, Wahabi chief, assas-
sinated.
1807* * Abd el Kader, warrior, born. [1883.
Dies. A76.]
CHURCH.
890 * * The Karmathian Mohammedan
sect arises [and in 900 devastates the
East].
900 * * General skepticism develops
in the heart of Arabia among the
Karmathites.
930 * * The Kaabeh is ruined, and the
sacred black stone is carried to Hasa
[where it remains 22 years].
1730± * * Rise of the Wahabis — the
Arabic Puritans.
They seek to reform Islamism ; con-
demn fine dressing, use of tobacco and
wine, the honors paid to shrines, and
inculcate hatred to foreigners, espe-
cially the Turks. The reform spreads
swift and wide in Arabia.
1805 * * Nearly all Arabia accepts the
reformed Islamism of the Wahabis.
STATE.
785* *-786* * Al Hadi is calif .
786* *-809* *Harun-Al- Rase hid
(Aaron the Just) is calif ; he is a patron
of learning and an enlightened ruler.
800* *-941* * N. Africa. The Ag-
labite dynasty is in power at Kairwan
and Tunis.
808* *-908* * y. Africa. The Ed-
risite dynasty, founded by Edris, a
descendant of Ali, the son-in-law of
Mohammed, reigns at Fez.
809 * * -813 * * Al Amin is calif.
813 * * -833 * * Al Mamun, son of
Harun-al-Raschid, is calif ; he is a lib-
eral patron of schools and science.
820 * * The Arabian monarchy is dis-
membered.
AND THE MOSLEMS.
776, **-1807,
487
* * -872 * * The dynasty of the Taher-
ites is in power at Khorassau.
833 * * -841 * * Al Motassem is calif.
He has 40,000 Turkish slaves, bought in
Tartary; they become the disposers of
the throne ; he builds Saumara, and
makes it the seat of government ; the
califate gradually declines.
[841-847, Al Wathek is calif ; 847-861,
Al Motawakkel ; 861-862, Al Mostan-
ser ; 862-866, Al Mostain ; 866-869, Al
Motaz; 869-870, Al Mohtadi.]
870* *-892* *A1 Motamed is calif.
He reestablishes the capital at Bag-
dad; the Turkish guards lose some of
their prestige and power.
872* * Persia. Yakub Ebn Seis, the bra-
zier, overthrows the Taherites, and
founds the Saffarian dynasty.
890* *-951* *TheKarmathians,
prompted by skepticism and injustice,
revolt, and sever Arabia from the em-
pire ; they condemn the pomp of the
court at Bagdad, and war against it.
892 * * -902 * * Al Motadhed is caliph.
* * Turkestan becomes independent under
Ismail Samani.
902 * * -908 * * Al Moktafi is calif.
902± * * Ismail Samani conquers Persia.
908 * * The Fatimites, descendants of
Fatima, daughter of Mohammed, appear
in Egypt. [They claim the califate in
western Africa, with Kairwan for the
capital, and subvert the Aglabite and
Edrisite dynasties.]
* * -932 * * Al Moktader is calif,
935 ± * * Algeria. The town of Algiers
is founded by the Arabs near the site
of ancient Icosium.
932* *-934* * AlKaher is calif. [934-
940. Al Radhi is calif. A tribute of
60,000 dinars is annually paid to the
Karmathians. 940-944, Al Motaki ; 944-
945, Al Mostakfi.]
* * * Ahmed, the Buyide, vizier of the
calif of Bagdad, engrosses all politreal
power ; he establishes the office or ap-
pointment of Emir Al Omra ; his descen-
dants continue his claims.
945 * * -974 * * Al Moti is calif.
958 * * -972 * * Maiz Ad Din, a calif
of the Fatimite dynasty, subjects regions
of Africa and Egypt to Moslem rules ; he
builds Cairo.
961± * * Afghanistan. The principality
of Ghazni is established.
972* *-973* * Cairo becomes the
capital of the Fatimite Arabs in Egypt.
974 * * -991 * * Al Tai is calif.
983 * * -1056 * * Insurrections occur
in Persia, and Imad Al Daulah founds
the Buyide or Deylimite dynasty.
991 * * -1031 * * Al Kader is calif.
997* *-1028* * Afghanistan. Mari-
na ud is sultan of Ghazni, which he en-
riches with the immense spoils obtained
in 12 expeditions against Hindustan.
1031 * * -75 * * Al Kaim is calif.
1032± * * Afghanistan. The principal-
ity of Ghazni declines.
1055 * * Togrel Beg conquers Persia ;
after capturing Bagdad he marries the
daughter of Al Kaim and becomes Emir
Al Omra.
1075 * * -94 * * Al Moktadi is calif.
* * * Hassan Jubah of Kishapur, " the
old man of the mountain," raises an in-
surrection ; his followers are called as-
sassins and are numerous in Persia and
Syria.
1074 * * Syria. Shah, the leader of the
Seljuks, captures Jerusalem ; by insult-
ing and robbing Christians his followers
furnish a cause for the crusades.
1092 * * Syria. Melek Shah dies, and
the kingdom of the Seljuks is divided
and declines.
1094* *-1118* * Al Mortader is
calif.
1096* * Syria. Mustali, the eighth
Fatimite calif of Egypt, takes Jerusa-
lem.
1099 * * Syria. The Crusaders capture
Jerusalem from the Moslems. [1111.
They take Sidon and Berytus (Beyrout)
from the Mohammedans.]
1104 * * Syria. The Crusaders under
Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, take Acre.
[1109. They take Tripoli in North
Africa.]
1118* *-35* * Al Mostarshed is calif .
1135 * * -36 * * Al Raschid is calif.
He defeats the Turks in their attempt
to capture Bagdad.
1136* * Assassins cruelly murder Al
Raschid.
-1160 * * Al Moktafi is calif.
1147 * * Syria. The second crusade,
urged by Pope Eugenius, begins.
1160 * * -70 * * Al Mostanjed is calif.
* * * Great disorders occur in Persia;
the governors of provinces assume inde-
pendence, and are rivals for supreme
authority.
1170 * * -80 * * Al Mostadhi is calif.
* * * Saladin, vizier of Egypt, proclaims
Al Mostadhi calif of Egypt.
* * * Saladin, having become Sultan of
Egypt, conquers Syria, Mesopotamia,
and Arabia.
1180 * * -1225 * * Al Naser is calif.
* * * The assassins murder many emi-
nent Mohammedans and Christian lead-
ers.
1183 * * Afghanistan. The principality
of Ghazni falls.
1187* * Saladin defeats the Christians
at Tiberias.
1191 July 17. Syria. The Crusaders
capture Acre.
1192 * * Syria. Richard, King of Eng-
land, the lion-hearted, takes Jaffa, and
forces Saladin to make peace.
1193 Mar. 24. t Egypt. Saladin dies,
and his dominions are divided.
1206 * * -27 * * Mongolia. Genghis
Khan rules the Mongols.
1225 * * -26 * * Al Zaher is calif ; he
reigns only a few months.
1226 * * -40 * * Al Mostanser is calif.
1240* *-58* * Al Mostasem is calif .
1256* *-65* * Persia. Houlakou,
grandson of Genghis Khan, is sultan.
He exterminates the assassins, captures
Bagdad, destroying 1,600 ,000 people, puts
Mostasem the calif to death, thus ending
the califate of Bagdad ; the califate is
transferred to Egypt [where it continues
as a spiritual power until 1577].
1291* * Syria. The Mohammedans cap-
ture Sidon.
The Knights of St. John yield the
last stronghold of the Christians to the
Arabs in the surrender of Acre.
1508 * * The Portuguese occupy Mus-
cat.
1517 * * Selim I., the Turkish or Otto-
man sultan, after conquering Egypt, ob-
tains the investiture of the califate,
which thus becomes a politico-religious
office.
1518 * * The Ottoman sultan receives the
nominal allegiance of many of the Arab
tribes.
1630 * * The Yemenites, after having ex-
pelled the Turks, establish a kingdom
of 30 small provinces.
1650 ±* * The Portuguese surrender
Muscat to the Yaarebah princes.
1737 * * -41 * * The kingdom of Oman
(Muscat) is under Persian rule.
1741 * * Ahmad Ebn Saood founds a
dynasty in Oman after repelling the
Persian invaders.
1765 * * Abd-el-Aziz, one of the Waha-
bis, reigns in Nejd, assuming the titles
of imam and sultan; he extends his
dominions.
1775 * * Sayyid succeds his father, Ah-
mad Ebn Saood, in Oman (Muscat).
1803+ * * Saood, son of Aziz, com-
mences his prosperous reign at Mecca
over the Nejd kingdom ; he soon dic-
tates on what terms yearly pilgrimages
may be made from all parts of the Mo-
hammedan world.
1804 * * Sultan Saood reigns in the
kingdom of Oman.
MISCELLANEOUS.
800± * * The first apothecary's shop
in the world is established at Bagdad.
1243 * * -58 * * During the reign of
Mostasom the sacred black stone is
fixed in the threshold of the principal
entrance of his palace at Bagdad. [This
entrance, the " Porte," becomes by
eminence the title of his court.]
1300 * * Coffee is introduced. (Arabia.)
1454 * * Coffee comes into repute in
Arabia.
1804 * * The Sultan Saood, of the king-
dom of Oman, is killed.
488 1810, * *-1893, Apr. 12.
ARABIA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1810* *-1819* *The British subdue
the Wahabi pirates.
1811 * * -15 * * Mehemet Ali, Egyp-
tian vassal of the Sultan of Turkey,
conquers the Wahabis ; Arabia becomes
[for a few years] an Egyptian prov-
ince.
1812 * * Jouson Beg, son of Mehemet
Ali, storms and captures Medina, the
" City of the Prophet," and massacres
the garrison and inhabitants.
1816 Sept. * Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt,
adopted son of Mehemet Ali, lands at
Yembo to complete the subjugation of
the Wahabis.
* * The Wahabis surrender their last
stronghold at Dereyeeyah, after a siege
of five months by Ibrahim, the pasha
of Egypt.
1817 * * Toorkee, son of Abdallah, or-
ganizes guerrilla bands, and finally
drives the Turks out of the eastern and
central provinces.
1858 July 25, 26. Consuls and Chris-
tians having been massacred at Jiddah,
Com. Pullen with the Cyclops of the
British navy bombards the town.
1871 Jan. 30±. • Sa'id Toorkee takes
the city of Muscat, and kills the chief.
1883 Oct. * The sultan's rebel brother
besieges Muscat till driven away by
the British ship Philomel.
1890 Nov. 17. The Porte calls upon
Arab chiefs to form a corps of 100,000
foot-soldiers and 10,000 cavalry, to
act in conjunction with Turkish troops
in time of need.
1891 Aug.± A revolt in Yemen is
crushed by the Turks.
Ahmed Ritshdi Pasha, the Turkish
commander, enters the capital with
fourteen camel-loads of hands, cut from
rebel chieftains.
Sept. 23. The Governor of Yemen and
all Turkish officials are driven out of
Sana by insurgents, who capture
Hodeida.
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS —
NATURE.
1859 * * Tischendorf obtains the Codex
Sinaiticus, a manuscript of the Septua-
gint and Greek New Testament, from
the Convent of St. Catherine on Mount
Sinai.
1874 Feb. * Charles T. Beke an Eng-
lish traveler claims to have discovered
the Mount Sinai of the Bible.
1893 Apr. 12. A complete Syrian text
of the Four Gospels is discovered in
the Convent of Mount Sinai.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1814* * Sa'id Toorkee, sultan of Muscat,
born. [1888, June 6. Dies. A74.]
1818 Dec. 19. Abdallah, the Wahabi
chief, is beheaded in Constantinople.
1820 Bou Ma'za, Si Mohammed, dervish,
fanatic, born.
1870* * Feysal, aged and blind, is assassi-
nated.
CHURCH.
1810 * * The "Wahabis allow no pilgrims
to visit the holy places except those who
join their reformation of Islam. It
occasions war.
1853 * * Only 50,000 pilgrims visit
the holy shrine at Mecca. ,
1858 June 15. At Jiddah, the seaport
of Mecca, the Mohammedans massacre
26 Christians, including the English
and French consuls and part of their
families.
* * A host of pilgrims arrive ; 60,000 visit
Mecca.
1865 * * The "Wahabis are reported to
be in a prosperous condition, and the
sect extended into India.
* * The Keith Falconer Mission of the
Free Church of Scotland is opened at
Sheik Othman, 10 miles from Aden.
1889 Aug. 1. The Reformed (Dutch)
Mission of South Arabia is organized
as an undenominational mission.
STATE.
1811* *-15* *The "Wahabis ter-
ritory is conquered by the Turks under
Mehemet Ali, and it becomes an Egyp-
tian province.
1814 * * Abdallah succeeds his father
as ruler of the Wahabis in Nejd.
1815 * * The treaty of peace, con-
cluded with the Wahabis by Jouson,
is rejected both at Cairo and Constan-
tinople.
1816* *The Turks establish despotic
rule in Arabia, which is aggravated by
the licentiousness of their officers.
1818* *The Wahabis revolt under
Toorkee, and reestablish their govern-
ment, after driving the Turks out of the
central and eastern provinces.
1839 * * Aden, on the south coast, be-
comes a British possession by treaty
with Oman.
1842 Koorshid Pasha, the representa-
tive of Egyptian rule, is crowded out by
Feysul, son of Toorkee, and Asseer is
added to the now independent Wahabis
empire.
1856 * * The death of Sayyid is followed
by a contest for the throne ; his son,
Sayyid Thuwainy, finally gets Oman,
and Majd gets Zanzibar, near the Afri-
can coast.
1858 Aug. 6. Eleven of the assassins
of the Christians and consuls at Jiddah
are executed. [Their leaders suffer
later.]
1868 Oct.* Syud Redin, Imam of
Muscat, is driven away, and the chief,
Azan bin Gheo, seizes authority.
1870 Aug. * Syud Redin attempts to
regain his office at Muscat.
Oct 7. Af. Sayyid Thuwainy obtains
Zanzibar on the death of his brother.
1871 Jan. 30±. Sayyid Toorkee cap-
tures Muscat, and kills Chief Azan bin
Gheo.
1875 Dec. * Sayyid Aseer is deposed
in Muscat by his brother Sayyid Toor-
kee.
1880 Mar. 21. The Grand Sheriff (gov-
ernor) of Mecca, is assassinated by a
fanatic.
1882 June * Muscat is agitated by a
rebellion against the Sultan.
1891 Sept. 23. The governor of Ye-
men and all the Turkish officials flee
from Sana to escape the rebels.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1812 Aug. 9. A caravan consisting of
2,000 is destroyed by a blasting wind
while crossing the deserts of Arabia
when returning from Mecca ; only 20
persons are saved.
1828* *Abd-el-Kader of Algeria
makes his second pilgrimage to Mecca,
and receives the title Hadji.
1856 * * The Sultan Saood (son) dies,
after reigning 52 years.
1866* *Thoweynee, the sultan of
Oman, is assassinated by his own son.
1877 * * Capt. Richard F. Burton ex-
plores the ruined cities of Midian, find-
ing many relics and gold.
1886* *Nov. 18. Five Arab horses,
sent by the sultan of Oman, are pre-
sented to Queen Victoria.
1889 * * Dec. 10. Cholera is raging at
Bagdad.
1890 Jan. 22. The authorities forbid
pilgrimages to Mecca on account of
the prevalence of cholera.
Jan. * A great flight of locusts, cover-
ing 2,000 square miles, is reported to have
passed across the Bed Sea from Africa
to Arabia.
July 8. A terrific hurricane at Mus-
cat demolishes many dwellings and kills
over 700 persons.
July 13. Pilgrims returning from
Mecca are quarantined at Ellir
20 days before proceeding through the
Suez Canal.
July 17. Deaths from cholera in
Mecca average 50 daily.
[Cholera continues to prevail in
Mecca. July 29, 140 deaths on this day.
Aug. 7, 175 deaths. 1893. Apr. 21. It
is again prevailing. June 9, 60 deaths ;
June 10, 70 deaths ; June 27, 900 cases
reported ; July 2, 440 deaths ; July 4,
260 deaths; 1894. July 1, 400 deaths.]
Aug. 7. At Jiddah 100 deaths from
cholera are daily reported. [1894.
Sept.i * A total of 11,000 deaths of pil-
grims are reported.]
ARGENTINE.
1515, * *-1823, Oct. *. 489
The Argentine Republic, formerly called the Argentine Confederation, and earlier the United Provinces of La Plata, is
a country in the southern part of the American continent, and mostly in the south temperate zone. It lies, for the most part,
between the South Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Andes on the west ; it is separated from Uruguay and Brazil by the Rio
Uruguay, from Paraguay by the Parana, Paraguay, and Pilcomayo rivers ; Bolivia borders the extreme north, and Chile lies on
the west and south. Extreme length, 2226 miles ; extreme breadth, 920 miles ; area, 1,168,682 square miles ; estimated population,
4,086,492.
The country is divided into 14 provinces and nine territories ; Buenos Ayres is the capital. The executive of the government
is a president ; the Congress consists of 30 senators and 86 deputies. The Roman Catholic religion is the prevailing faith, but
other religions are tolerated ; the population is chiefly of Spanish descent ; the Spanish language is generally spoken. Many
immigrants have arrived during recent years.
ABMY — NAVY.
1535 * * Buenos Ayres. Pedro de Men-
doza, having founded, a settlement,
conquers the adjacent country ; his
force comprises 2,000 men.
1806 June 26. Buenos Ayres. England
and Spain at war. Sir Home Popham
and Gen. Beresford take the city after
slight resistance by the viceroy, Sobre-
monte, who retires.
Aug. 12. Buenos Ayres. Spaniards
under Viceroy Sobremonte attack the
city, and the British under Gen. Beres-
ford surrender.
Oct. 29. Buenos Ayres is retaken
from the Spaniards by the British.
1807 Feb. 3. Sir Samuel Auchmuty
with a British force takes Montevideo
by storm.
July 7. Montevideo is evacuated by
the British.
1808 May* Buenos Ayres. General
Whitelock with 8,000 men attacks the
city, but is forced to capitulate, and
agrees to abandon both sides of the
River La Plata within two months.
1814* * Montevideo, adhering to
Spain, is compelled to surrender
to the revolutionary army of the prov-
inces.
* * Civil war rages much of the time
under various leaders [until 1852].
1817 * * The combined armies of the
Argentine Republic and Chile defeat
the Spaniards at Chacabuco.
1818 * * The allied armies again defeat
the Spaniards at Maypu.
CHURCH.
1610 * * Christianity is first introduced
by the Jesuit fathers.
1620 * * Buenos Ayres becomes a bish-
opric by creation of Pope Paul V.
1820 Nov. 19. Buenos Ayres. The first
Protestant worship in the city is held
at the home of Mr. Dickson, an English-
man, by Mr. James Thompson, a Scotch-
man. [1821. Mar. 23. The first Sunday-
school is opened.]
1823 Oct.* Buenos Ayres. The mission
of the American Board is opened by
J. C. Brigham and Theophilus Marvin.
STATE.
1515 * * Spanish explorers, led by Juan
Diaz de Solis, searching for a south-
west passage, enter the Rio de la
Plata, and land on the north coast.
1519 * * Magellan enters the fresh-
water sea Plata, but does not go ashore.
1527 * * Sebastian Cabot enters the
Plata, and anchors opposite the site of
Buenos Ayres ; he starts a settlement
on the Parana, called San Espiritu,
which is soon deserted.
1534 * * Pedro de Mendoza sails from
Cadiz for the Plata River, with the lar-
gest and wealthiest expedition that has
yet left Europe. [1535. Jan. * He ar-
rives in the Plata.]
1535 Feb. 2. Buenos Ayres. Mendoza
lands his expedition, and Santa Maria
de Buenos Ayres is founded.
1536 Aug. 15. One of Mendoza's cap-
tains ascends the Parma, and makes a
settlement at Asuncion.
1537 * * Buenos Ayres. The settlement
is burned by the Indians, and the Span-
iards sail for Corpus Christi, together
with reenforcements just received from
Spain.
1542* * Buenos Ayres is reestab-
lished by a fresh expedition under
Cabesa de Vaca ; it forms part of the
province of Peru.
1543 Feb. 3. Buenos Ayres. Indian
hostilities again compel the Spaniards
to evacuate their settlement.
1559 * * Hurtado de Mendoza, the sol-
dier, poet, and historian, crosses the
Andes from Chile, and founds the city
of Mendoza.
1565 * * Spaniards from Peru, led by
Diego de "Villarsel, found the city of
Tucuman.
1570 * * The Spanish court cripples
the colonies by restrictions on naviga-
tion and commerce.
1573 * * Spaniards from Peru found
Cordova.
* * Juan de Garay leads out an expedi-
tion, and founds Santa Fe\
1580 * * Buenos Ayres. Garay makes a
third and successful attempt to found
the city ; the colony prospers.
± * * Don Juan de Garay is made lieu-
tenant-governor.
1602 * * Spain permits the colonists to
export two ship-loads of produce each
year, with 50 per cent customs duties
added.
1620* * Buenos Ayres ia separated
from Asuncion; and the provinces on
both sides of Paraguay are designated
as the government of Rio de la Plata,
and are subject to the viceroyalty of
Peru.
1665 * * Spain relaxes its restrictions
on commerce.
1774 * * Free trade is permitted with
several American settlements.
1775 * * Buenos Ayres is separated by
the Spaniards from Peru ; they make
it the capital of the province of Rio de
la Plata and the seat of a viceroyalty.
[It includes the territories now known
as Bolivia, Paraguay, and the Argentine
Republic]
1810 May 25. The revolutionary
movement against Spain takes form ;
a provisional government of nine per-
sons is established, with the consent of
the viceroy, to govern the provinces of
the Rio de la Plata.
1811* * The Confederation joins
the insurrection of the other provinces
against the rule of Spain.
1813 Jan. 31. Buenos Ayres. A con-
gress meets and elects Posadas dictator
of the Confederation.
* * * A sanguinary struggle with the
adherents of Spain ensues in all the
country of the River Plata. [The party
of independence is finally victorious.]
1816 Mar. 25. A new congress of dep-
uties elected by the people meets at
Tucuman; it elects Payridon Presi-
dent of the Republic.
July 9. The Declaration of Indepen-
dence from Spanish rule is formally
made by the Congress, and a title chosen,
The United Provinces of La Plata.
[Comparatively good order follows.]
1817 * Buenos Ayres is involved in war
with Brazil; the Portuguese having
taken possession of Banda Oriental [Uru-
guay] and anarchy ensuing, both parties
struggle to possess the country.
1822 Feb. ** Buenos Ayres is recog-
nized as a part of the Argentine Repub-
lic, and declared the seat of govern-
ment.
Mar. 1. Buenos Ayres. A general con-
gress of all the liberated States meets
and decrees an amnesty ; the war con-
tinues.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1537 * * An exploring expedition of
200 men is massacred by the Indians.
1570 * * Spain cripples the colonists
by restricting navigation and commerce.
1793 Mar. 30. Juan Manuel de Ro-
sas, dictator, is born.
1800 Mar. 19. Justo Jos<5 TJrquiza,
general, is born.
1811 Feb. 11. Domingo Faustino
Sarmiento is born. [He becomes dis-
tinguished as an educator, author, jour-
nalist, minister to the United States,
and President of the Republic]
490 1821, June 26-1889, Apr. 30. ARGENTINE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1821 July 9. Gen. San Martin leads
his victorious troops from Chile, and
makes a triumphal entry into Lima,
the stronghold of Spanish power in
America.
1824 Dec. 9. The Republican army
gains a decisive victory over the
Spaniards at Ayacucho, in the Peru-
vian districts of the Amazon.
1826* *-28* *War with Brazil is
waged for the possession of Uruguay.
1828 * * A rebellion breaks out against
the party in power.
The Unitarians (Anti-Federalists), sup-
ported by Gen. Lavalle and his troops,
rebel against the Federals in power and
defeat them ; President Dorrego is cap-
tured and shot.
1829 * * Federalists led by Gen. Rosas
defeat Gen. Lavalle.
1838* *-40* *War with France
occurs.
* * Buenos Ayres. The French blockade
the city because of a dispute with Gen.
Rosas.
1839 * * Gen. Lavalle, encouraged by the
blockade, rallies the Unitarian party.
1840 * * Gen. Lavalle invades Buenos
Ayres, but is routed by the Federal
army under Gen. Pacheco ; he is cap-
tured and finally shot.
1845 Mar. 28. Gen. Justo Jose Ur-
quiza, while assisting Oribe against the
government of Montevideo, defeats Gen.
Rivera at India Muerta.
* * Buenos Ayres. The British inter-
vene, blockade the city, and claim free
navigation of the River La Plata.
Nov. 20. The combined British and
French fleets land a force to attack
Gen. Rosas in his intrenchments at
Punta de Obligata, and drive him out.
1847 * * Buenos Ayres. The allies raise
the blockade.
1851 Oct. 2. Gen. Urquiza having
joined forces with Brazil and Monte-
video, Gen. Oribe is compelled to ca-
pitulate, and the nine years' siege of
Montevideo ends.
1852 Feb. 3. Gen. Urquiza, command-
ing the combined army of Entre Rios
and Brazil, defeats and overthrows Gen.
Rosas at Monte- Caseros, " The Gate
of Buenos Ayres," which brings the
victor to the office of provisional dic-
tator of the Argentine Confederation.
Buenos Ayres capitulates, and the civil
war ends.
Sept. 11. Buenos Ayres. A rebellion
breaks out against Urquiza, caused by
the alleged non-recognition of the po-
litical and commercial preeminence of
Buenos Ayres. [He is deposed.]
Dec. 28. Buenos Ayres. Urquiza in-
vests the city, but soon retires.
Apr. * Buenos Ayres. The fleet of the
Confederation blockades the city, Ur-
quiza commanding the besiegers.
Apr. 18. Buenos Ayres. Urquiza de-
feats his opponents' squadron. [July
13. The besiegers withdraw, and the
civil war is ended.]
1859 Oct. * Civil war : Hostilities are
resumed between the Confederate gov-
ernment at Parana and the independent
government at Buenos Ayres.
Oct. 23. The Confederate forces un-
der Gen. Urquiza defeat Col. Mitre1 at
Cepeda, in the province of Buenos
Ayres ; Urquiza enters Buenos Ayres.
1860 May* Gen. Urquiza resumes
the command of the Federalist army in
San Juan.
1861 Sept. 11. The war is renewed
and ended ; the Congressional army is
defeated at Pavon, in the province of
Santa Fe\ by Gen. Mitre\ [This battle
ends the Federalists' system.]
1864 * * Paraguay begins a war with
Brazil [and soon involves Argentina].
1865 Apr. 13. Paraguayans commence
hostilities by firing upon two Argen-
tine vessels in the port of Corrientes.
[Apr. 14. They take possession of the
town.]
1866 * * The allies carry on the war
against Paraguay.
1867 Jan. * Another rebellion breaks
out under Saa and Videla in Buenos
Ayres ; the main army is recalled from
Paraguay.
1870 Mar. 1. The war with Para-
guay ends by the shooting of Lopez
at Aquibana.
* * Civil war breaks out in Entre Rios
because Congress sends troops to secure
a free election.
1873 Jan. * The army of Entre Rios is
completely routed by national troops
and the war ends.
Dec. * The defeat of Lopez Jourdan,
the rebel, is announced.
1874 Dec. 2. Civil war : The revolu-
tionary forces are defeated in battle ;
Gens. Mitre1 and Arredondo are made
prisoners, and the abortive revolution
ends.
CHURCH.
1836 * * Buenos Ayres becomes a mis-
sion of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, U. S. A.
1851* * Mission-work is begun by Capt.
Allen Gardiner in Ooshooia, Terra
del Fuego.
Sept. * Capt. Gardiner and his missionary
associates starve, owing to a mistake
in not landing, with their supplies, pow-
der and shot to enable them to obtain
game.
Oct. * Supplies for the starved mission-
aries at Ooshooia arrive too late.
1853 * * Buenos Ayres. The American
Presbyterians open a mission. [It
closes in 1859.]
1855 * * A mission is started on Keppel
Island, West Falklands, Terra del
Fuego, having an industrial farm, a
school and workshop, with one cate-
chist and a farm bailiff.
1859 Nov. 6. Two missionaries, while
conducting their first service, are mur-
dered by the natives in Terra del
Fuego.
1863 Jan. * Missionaries again visit
Terra del Fuego.
1864 * * A mission is opened at Pata-
gones, or El Carmen, by the South
American Missionary Society.
1868 * * A mission settlement is formed
on Navarin island, Terra del Fuego.
1869 Jan.* Ooshooia, in Terra del
Fuego, becomes a station of the South
American Missionary Society. [1889.
It reports 300 natives baptized.]
1874* *A Girls' Boarding-School is
founded in Rosario by the Methodist
Episcopal Church, U. S. A.
1879 * * Cordova has a mission of the
South American Society, with one mis-
sionary.
1886 * * Buenos Ayres. A Theological
Institute is founded by the Methodist
Episcopal Church, U. S. A.
STATE.
1824* * Bolivia. Paraguay and Uruguay,
after much struggling, finally establish
separate republics.
1825 Jan. 23. Buenos Ayres. A Na-
tional Constitution for the States of
[the present] Argentine Republic is de-
creed ; 13 independent States are
confederated, and entitled "The Ar-
gentine Confederation." Rivadaria
(Unitarian) is elected President.
Feb. 2. The British government rec-
ognizes the independence of the Repub-
lic, and enters into a commercial treaty.
1827* *By mediation of England
Banda Oriental [Uruguay] is made in-
dependent of both Buenos Ayres and
Brazil.
1827 * * -1857 * * No meeting of the
National Congress.
July * Dorrego (Federalist) is elected
President of Buenos Ayres.
1828 * * A rebellion breaks out ; Presi-
dent Dorrego is captured and shot by
Unitarians (Anti-Federalists).
Gen. Rosas becomes the leader of the
Federalist party, which aims to secure
the practical independence of the prov-
inces.
1829 Dec. * Buenos Ayres. Gen. Juan
Manuel de Rosas is made dictator of
Buenos Ayres by Act of Congress, and
by his arbitrary conduct becomes a ter-
ror to both parties.
1832 Dec. * Buenos Ayres. The dicta-
tor Rosas is deposed.
1835 Mar. 7. Buenos Ayres. Gen. Rosas
is reelected dictator, and becomes the
sole and uncontrolled ruler of Buenos
Ayres [for 15 years].
1840 * * A new treaty of peace is made
between the Confederation and Monte-
video.
1842 * * Gen. Rosas joins Gen. Oribe,
the exiled president of Uruguay, in an
endeavor to subject Montevideo to
Buenos Ayres, the former1 city being
the center of the Unitarian party and
a refuge for exiles.
1846 * * Gen. Urquiza is elected gov-
ernor of the province of Entre Rios.
ARGENTINE. 1821, June 26-1889, Apr. 30. 491
1851* *Gen. Urquiza overthrows
Gen. Bosas at Montevideo, and is made
dictator.
1852 Feb. 3. Buenos Ayres capitu-
lates to Urquiza.
May 31. Justo Jose de Urquiza is
elected provisional president; Vin-
cente Lopez is elected governor of
Buenos Ayres.
June 23. Urquiza, having won over the
army by a sudden coup d'Mat, puts him-
self at the head of the Government as
dictator.
Urquiza acknowledges the indepen-
dence of Paraguay.
Sept. 10. Urquiza is deposed [and
soon heads a revolt].
±* * Urquiza is duly elected President
by the other 13 provinces.
Sept. 11. Buenos Ayres secedes from
the Confederacy ; the revolution is led
by Gen. Bartolome' Mitre ; Valentine
Alsina is elected governor.
Sept. * Urquiza leaves Buenos Ayres
to attend the Congress at Santa Fe\
Oct. * Urquiza secures by treaty the free
navigation of all rivers flowing into the
La Plata.
Nov. 20. The Congress of the Con-
federation meets, and directs Urquiza
to suppress the rebellion in Buenos
Ayres.
Dec. * Another revolution in Buenos
Ayres changes the governor ; Gen. Pin-
tos takes the office.
1853 Jan. 22. The Federal Congress
meets again to form a constitution ; it
favors the war against Buenos Ayres.
May 1. The new Constitution is pro-
mulgated ; it makes Buenos Ayres the
capital of the Confederation. [May 23.
It becomes effective.]
Oct. 12. Buenos Ayres secedes again,
and forms an independent State ; Dr.
D. Pastor Obligado is elected its first
governor.
Nov. 20. Gen. J. Urquiza is elected
President for six years.
1854 Jan.* A new Constitution is
formed in Buenos Ayres.
* * The seat of government is changed
to Bajada del Parana.
* * Filibusters enter the province of
Buenos Ayres, and Urquiza repels them.
Dec. 20. A treaty of peace is signed by
Buenos Ayres and the President of the
Republic.
1855 Jan. 8. Another treaty of peace
is signed by Buenos Ayres and the Re-
public; with the former treaty it pro-
vides for independent government
and for mutual assistance.
Oct. 10. Negotiations are opened for a
union of the two sovereignties.
Dec. 24. Argentine refugees from
Montevideo, under Gen. Floras, invade
Buenos Ayres, and a counter invasion
follows, causing much irritation.
1856 Mar. 18. The Argentine Govern-
ment withdraws from the treaties of
1854 and 1855.
July 19. The Confederate Congress
at Parana establishes differential duties
against Buenos Ayres [commencing Feb.
1,1857].
1857 May * Dr. Valentine Alsina is
elected governor of Buenos Ayres.
* * The union of the two republics is re-
stored by treaty.
* * Pastor Obligado is elected governor
of Buenos Ayres for a term of five years.
1859 Nov. 11. Buenos Ayres, by a
treaty, rejoins the Confederation, of
which Urquiza resigns the presidency.
1860 Feb. 8. Dr. S. Derqui is elected
President of the 14 provinces.
Nov. * An insurrection breaks out in
San Juan. [1861. Sept. 17. Hostilities
are renewed. 1862. Jan. * The insur-
rection is suppressed.]
Oct. 12. Gen. Bartolome Mitre is
elected President of the new Argentine
Republic for six years, and assumes the
office. [Prosperity follows.]
1865 Mar. 29. Paraguay officially
proclaims war against the Confedera-
tion because of a declaration made in
Congress on Mar. 18. [The war contin-
ues until 1870.]
Apr. 13. The Argentines are sur-
prised by the sudden hostilities of
President Lopez of Paraguay. [Apr. 16.
War is declared.]
May 1. The Argentine Republic, Brazil,
and the Banda Oriental [Uruguay] unite
in a treaty to overthrow President
Lopez, and yet preserve the indepen-
dence of Paraguay.
May 25. Buenos Ayres. ANational
Congress opens.
1867 * * Urquiza, nominally under the
order of the National government, prac-
tically maintains a position of neutral-
ity in the province of Entre Rios.
1868 Oct. 12. Col. Domingo F. Sar-
miento is peacefully elected President
for a term of six years.
1871 Apr. 11. Urquiza is assassi-
nated at his residence by well-known
officers of his army ; Lopez Jourdan
is elected governor in his place by the
Legislature of the province of Entre
Rios.
* * The new governor in his inaugural
address assumes responsibility for
the assassination; and Congress
refuses to recognize his office, on the
ground of undue influence upon the Le-
gislature ; it sends troops into the prov-
inces to secure a free election.
1873 Jan. 3. A treaty of peace is
made with Brazil.
1874 Sept. 24. A revolution is de-
clared by the defeated party in the
national election, led by Brig.-Gen.
Mitre, who unsuccessfully appeals to
arms for the overthrow of President-
elect Avellanda.
Oct. 12. Don Nicolas Avellanda is
constitutionally installed President of
the Republic for a term of six years.
Sept. * -Nov. * Buenos Ayres. An in-
surrection under Gen. Mitre breaks
out. [Dec. 2. The insurrection is sup-
pressed.]
Dec. 17. A state holiday is observed
for rejoicing over the restoration of
peace.
1876 May 16. The national- bank spe-
cie payments are suspended by the
Government.
Dec. 12. The rebellion is at an end,
and Gen. Lopez Jourdan is captured.
1879 May * A revolution breaks out
in the province of Jujuy.
1880 Feb. * Buenos Ayres. A revolu-
tion breaks out.
June * -July * A settlement is made
of disputes with Buenos Ayres.
Oct. 12. Gen. J. A. Roca of the Anti-
Buenos Ayres party is elected President
of the Republic in opposition to Dr.
Tejedor.
Oct. * The revolt in Buenos Ayres is
ended by mutual concessions.
1881 July 23. By treaty with Chile,
Patagonia and Terra del Fuego arc
divided between the two States.
1882 Nov. 24. La Plata, the new
capital of the province of Buenos Ayres,
is founded by Dr. Roca, the governor.
1883 Aug. * Buenos Ayres. A general
amnesty bill is passed.
1889 Apr. 30. A treaty defining the
boundary between the Republic and
Bolivia is signed.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1821 June 26. Bartolome' Mitre,
general, statesman, and author, is born.
1852 * * Gen. Bartolome Mitre estab-
lishes La Nacion. [It soon becomes the
most important paper in the Platine
region.]
* * The currency is greatly depreci-
ated ; the Government votes $5,000,000
to reimburse those who created the
insurrections, giving two generals
$227,000, and two majors $128,000.
1857 * * Historia de Belgrano, by Barto-
lome' Mitre, appears.
1860 Mar. 20. An earthquake at
Mendoza destroys about two-thirds of
the city, and 7,000 lives are lost.
1871 Apr. 11. Justo Jose" Urquiza
is assassinated, A 71.
1872 Jan. 1. Native Gauchos mas-
sacre the foreigners in the Tandel dis-
tricts.
1875 Feb. 28. Buenos Ayres. A mob
burns the Jesuits' College and the
archbishop's palace ; several priests are
killed [order is finally restored by pro-
claiming martial law].
1876 May 16. Buenos Ayres. The na-
tional bank is closed, and the Govern-
ment suspends specie payments.
1877 Mar. 14. Eng. Juan Manuel de
Rosas, dictator, dies near Southamp-
ton, A84.
1882 Feb. 15. Buenos Ayres. The Gov-
ernment opens an exhibition.
1884 * * Historia de San Martin, by Bar-
tolom<5 Mitre, appears.
492 1889, Feb. 11-1894, May 25. ARGENTINE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 July 21. Several army officers
are under arrest at Buenos Ayres for
conspiracy to overthrow the President
of the Republic.
July 26. Buenos Ayres. A revolution
breaks out, followed by three days'
fighting, with the loss of upwards of
1,000 lives.
July 28. Buenos Ayres. The Govern-
ment forces are defeated, with heavy
loss, and a truce for twenty hours is
agreed to. During the fighting 1,000
men are killed and 5,000 wounded.
Feb. 21. Buenos Ayres is declared in
a state of siege.
1891 Mar. 2. Buenos Ayres. Insur-
rectionary troubles break out ; tbe
state of siege is resumed.
1892 Apr. 10. Elections for dele-
gates to choose a president, are held,
and the state of siege is afterwards re-
imposed.
Sept. 25. The city of Rosario is cap-
tured by the insurgents, and the na-
tional troops are forced to retreat.
Sept. 29. The insurgents at Rosario
surrender to the national forces. [Oct.
1. The city of Rosario is recaptured,
and the rebellion is entirely suppressed.]
Oct. 5. The rebels are in full retreat,
with cavalry in pursuit.
Dec. 26. Troops are mobilized to sup-
press the spreading rebellion in the
province of Corrientes.
1893 Jan. 12. The insurgents surren-
der to the Government.
Aug. 1. The insurrection continues ;
several towns are taken by the insur-
gents.
Aug. 2. The government of Santa Fe"
surrenders to the insurgents. [Aug. 3.
The vice-governor is killed by rebels.]
Aug. 15. A state of siege is proclaimed
in the disturbed provinces.
Aug. 18. It is announced that the reb-
els have defeated the Government
troops in the province of Corrientes.
Sept. 26. The city ofTucuman is wrested
from the insurgents ; the revolution-
ary junta are arrested and confined.
1894 Feb. 15. The insurgents are in
possession of the State of Parana, and
disaffection is spreading elsewhere.
CHURCH.
1891 Sept. 5. The Government makes
known its objection to an extensive
settlement of Jews in the country.
1893 July 4±. The Government de-
cides to send a representative to the
Vatican to adjust with Pope Leo all
questions that have arisen between
Church and State in the republic.
STATE.
1889 Dec. 15. Buenos Ayres. The
Federal Congress opens in extra ses-
sion.
1890 Apr. 4. Buenos Ayres. The Min-
istry resigns.
June 7. Buenos Ayres. Defalcations
are discovered in the Custom House
amounting to $10,000,000 annually. [A
financial crash follows.]
July 17. Buenos Ayres. The President
of the Republic sends a message to the
House of Deputies asking it to authorize
the issue of $6,000,000 in paper cur-
rency.
July 22. Buenos Ayres is greatly agitated
over the discovery of a conspiracy
to overthrow the government ; 4,000
troops and 3,000 armed policemen gar-
rison the Government buildings and the
Cathedral.
July 26. Buenos Ayres. A revolution
breaks out, caused by financial distress
following a period of maladministration
and extravagance ; the shops are closed,
and the troops and revolutionists are
fighting in the streets ; the Minister of
Finance is a prisoner in the hands of
the revolutionists.
July 24. Buenos Ayres. Seflor Racedo,
Minister of War, resigns, causing a
Ministerial crisis.
July 30. Buenos Ayres. Quiet is re-
stored ; the revolutionary leaders agree
to the terms of the Government, and a
general amnesty is granted.
Aug. 2. Buenos Ayres. The crisis con-
tinues; the Director-General of Posts
and Telegraphs resigns.
Aug. 5±. Buenos Ayres. President Cel-
man resigns, and Seflor Pellegrini acta
in his stead.
Aug. 7. Buenos Ayres. President Cel-
man's resignation is accepted, and
Seflor Carlos Pellegrini succeeds him.
Oct. 5. Buenos Ayres. The Federal Con-
gress passes the Conversion Law.
Oct. 7. Buenos Ayres. A panic is
caused by a rumor that a new revolu-
tion has broken out ; detachments of
cavalry patrol the streets.
1891 Feb. 17. Buenos Ayres. A con-
spiracy to assassinate the principal
members of the Government is discov-
ered.
Mar. 15. Buenos Ayres. The state of
siege is raised; the elections pass off
quietly, the Union Civica being victo-
rious.
Apr. 8. Buenos Ayres. The Cabinet
suspends payment of deposits in the
provincial and national banks.
June 3. Buenos Ayres. Five banks
are compelled to close their doors ; the
Chamber of Deputies passes a bill ex-
empting banks from legal process
for one month.
June 25. A provisional government
is set up by insurgents in Catamarca.
July 1. The provincial revolutions are
suppressed.
July 23. Buenos Ayres. Both Houses of
the Federal Congress vote a reduction
in the duties on petroleum and rice.
Sept. 24. Buenos Ayres. The Govern-
ment abolishes its legations at Vienna,
Lisbon, Berlin, and Mexico, thereby sav-
ing $100,000 a year.
Sept. 30. Buenos Ayres. The Govern-
ment suspends gold payments for two
years.
1892 Feb. 8. The Conciliation party
defeats the Radicals in the national elec-
tions.
Apr. 2±. Buenos Ayres. A state of
siege is again proclaimed. [Apr. 4.
Quiet is restored.]
Apr. 10. The provincial election of
delegates to choose a president passes
off quietly.
Oct. 12. Buenos Ayres. Saenz Pena is
inaugurated President. [Oct. 14. The
new Cabinet is formed with Tomas An-
chorena as Minister of Foreign Affairs.]
Dec. 2. Buenos Ayres. A Cabinet crisis
is settled by the resignation of the Min-
ister of the Interior.
Dec. 12. .Buenos Ayres. Differences
arise in the Cabinet. [Many Federalists
are arrested on the frontier, in the
province of Corrientes.]
1893 Feb. 6. The wheat tax causes
an armed revolt in the province of Santa
Fe\
June 7. Buenos Ayres. The Cabinet
resigns. [June. 8. A new Ministry is
formed. Aug. 1. The insurrection con-
tinues. Aug. 8. The revolution is
ended, the governor of the province of
Buenos Ayres having resigned.]
Sept. 1. Buenos Ayres. Thirty Radical
leaders are arrested for conspiring to
overthrow the Government. [Oct. 3.
The rebellion is entirely suppressed.]
1894 Apr. 17. Buenos Ayres. The au-
thorities turn over to the Brazilian
Minister Admiral Mello's fleet of five
vessels now at that port. (See Brazil.)
May 25. Buenos Ayres. A plot is dis-
covered to blowup the Congressional
buildings and the Bourse ; two Aus-
trians and an Italian are arrested.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Feb. 11. A report is issued
showing that in January, 1888, steamers
took 29,000 immigrants to Buenos
Ayres.
Apr. 9. The premium on gold reaches
64 per cent. [July 27. 75 percent. Sept.
13. 125 per cent.]
Jan. 26. Brazil and the Republic sign a
boundary treaty.
June 9. Buenos Ayres. The premium
on gold is 134 per cent. [July 8. Panic ;
gold 195 per cent. July 10. 320.]
July 12. Buenos Ayres. The financial
panic subsides, and the premium on
gold falls to 198 per cent. [Aug. 30. It
is 141 ; Oct. 1, 143; 1891, Jan. 20, 216;
Mar. 5, 271 ; May 7, 252 ; Aug. 5, 301 ;
Oct. 16, 353 ; Nov. 13, 263.]
1891 Mar. 2. Buenos Ayres. The state
of siege is resumed, and business is
paralyzed.
Mar. 6. Buenos Ayres. Business is
suspended by a decree for two days.
Mar. 14. Buenos Ayres. The banks
reopen for business.
ARGENTINE. 1891, Mar. 2-1894, May 25. 493
Mar. 19. Buenos Ayres. Ex-President
Mitre is cordially welcomed.
Mar. 28. An attempt is made upon the
life of Gen. Boca, Prime Minister of
the Republic.
June 31. Buenos Ayres. The banks
open their doors for the first time
since the recent revolt.
Aug. 14. Baron Hirsch signs a docu-
ment empowering Dr. Lowenthal and
others to expend 10,000,000 pesos for
land to provide homes for the expa-
triated Russian Jews.
Aug. 23. Buenos Ayres. A panic is
caused by the report of the failure of
the Provincial Mortgage Bank.
Aug. 25. A plot to blow up public
buildings at Cordova is discovered.
Sept. 24. Buenos Ayres. The first col-
ony of Hebrew immigrants, consist-
ing of 150 families, sent to the Republic
by the benevolence of Baron Hirsch,
arrives.
Oct. 11. The Government appropriates
$100,000 to take part in the Chicago
"World's Fair.
* * Civilization is developing in Terra
del Fuego under the teachings of mis-
sionaries ; and at Ooshooia shipwrecked
crews are now guided to places of safety
instead of being massacred as in former
years.
1892 Dec. 24±. Buenos Ayres. An
anti-Chilean demonstration is made.
Dec. 30. Buenos Ayres. Several police-
men and firemen are arrested, charged
with conspiring to burn the city.
1893 Aug. 27. The censorship of
the press is established.
Sept. 22. Revolutionists tear up rail-
road tracks in the provinces of Cordova
and San Juan.
Sept. 27. Buenos Ayres. Col. Espina
is arrested for inciting a revolt ; he is
convicted, and sentenced to be shot.
[Sept. * Sentence commuted to 20 years
imprisonment.]
Oct. 11. Some of the disbanded rebel
soldiery engage in brigandage among
the foreign settlers.
Oct. 13. The end of the revolt is cele-
brated with a Te Deum and military
fetes.
Nov. 15. Buenos Ayres. Six anarchists
are expelled.
AUSTRALIA.
Australia is an island-continent lying south of Asia, between the South Pacific Ocean on the east and the Indian Ocean on
the south and west.
It is a British possession, and is divided into five colonies : Victoria at the extreme south, with the smallest territory and the
largest population, capital Melbourne ; New South Wales in the southeast, capital Sydney ; Queensland in the east and north,
capital Brisbane ; South Australia in the central part, with the northern territory extending from the Indian Ocean to the
Arafura Sea, capital Adelaide ; Western Australia is an extensive region in the western part of the island, capital Perth.
Area of the whole country, 2,944,628 square miles ; population in 1891, 3,173,000, comprising about 3,118,125 white people, chiefly
of British descent, the remainder being aborigines.
Each colony has a governor appointed by the Crown, who is aided by a cabinet or Executive Council ; each has a Legislative
Council and a Legislative Assembly for the enactment of laws.
Note. — The abbreviations used to denote the colonies of Australia are as follows : N. S. W. for New South Wales ; Que. for Queensland ;
S. A. for South Australia ; Vic. for Victoria; W. A. for West Australia; Tas. tor Tasmania.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1601 * * Manoel Godinho De Exedia,
a Portuguese, is said to have discovered
Australia.
1606 Mar. * The Dutch, sailing in the
Duyfhen, discover Australia.
* * Luis Vaez de Torres, a Spaniard,
follows the western coast.
June * Torres discovers Torres Strait,
north of Queensland.
1616 * * W. A. Dirk Hartog, a Dutch
navigator, visits Shark Bay, and surveys
part of the west coast.
1618 * * The north coast is surveyed by
Zeachen, a Diitch navigator, also by
Peter Carpenter.
1622 * * The Dutch ship Leeuivin, or Lion-
ess, follows the south coast.
1623 Jan. * Carstenz, a Dutch navi-
gator, names the great north gulf Car-
pentaria, in honor of Peter Carpenter.
1627 * * Peter Nuyts surveys the south
coast [Nuyts' Land]. [No further com-
munication is had with civilization for
half a century.]
1628* *Gen. Peter Carpenter ex-
plores the north gulf.
* * W. A. Dutch traders explore De
"Witt's Land on the western coast.
1642 Nov. 16. Abel Janssen Tas-
man, a Dutch navigator, discovers the
island [called by him Van Diemen's
Land, and after his name, Tasmania].
1644 * * Tasman explores the northwest
coast [from Arnhem Land to Dampier
Archipelago].
1689 Jan.* "William Dampier, an
English buccaneer, while searching for
Dutch booty, begins to explore the west
and northwest coasts.
1699 * * W. A. Dampier, commanding
the Roebuck, explores 900 miles of the
northwest coast.
1763* *-1806* * Explorations are
made by the English navigators, Samuel
Wallis and Philip Carteret.
1770 Apr. 28. Capt. James Cook
makes an important visit in the bark
Endeavor, when returning from the
Royal Society's expedition to observe the
transit of Venus at Tahiti ; he is accom-
panied by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr.
Solander . [They land at Botany Bay, and
call the country New South Wales.]
* * * N. S. W. Port Jackson is visited
and named by Capt. Cook, who takes
possession in the King's name.
1772 Mar. 25. Capt. Cook makes a
second voyage of exploration.
1773 * * Capt. Furneaux, in the Ad-
venture, explores the coast of Tasmania
and Bass Strait.
1774* * Norfolk Island, 1,050 miles
northeast of Sydney, is discovered by
Cook. [It is a dependency of New South
Wales.]
1777 * * Capt. Cook appears again on
his third voyage.
SOCIETY.
1786 * * Eng. The Government is em-
barrassed in the disposal of its convicted
criminals. It proposes a penal colony.
(See State.)
STATE.
1660 * * Eng. The first Council of
Trade and Plantations is created.
1665 W. A. The country is named
New Holland by order of the States-
General.
1688* *The English first visit the
country ; Capt. Dampier lands, and re-
mains five weeks.
1697 * * A Dutch expedition, under
Vlamingh, visits the island.
1699 * * Vlamingh comes again to make
researches for the English government.
1705 * * An unimportant Dutch expe-
dition arrives.
1768* * Eng. A separate Colonial
Office is formed. [1781. It is abolished.]
1783 * * Eng. Parliament passes a new
Act authorizing the transportation of
convicts.
1786 * * Eng. Orders in Council fix on
the east coast of New Holland [N. S. W.]
for a penal station.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1531+ * * Australia is known to the
French previous to this date.
494 1788, Jan. 2-1841,
AUSTRALIA.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1789 * * -92 * * William Bligh is sent
to the South Seas to procure valuable
plants for introduction into the West
Indies.
1795 * * N. S. W. George Bass and
Matthew Flinders begin the survey of
the coast in the Botany Bay region.
* * N. S. W. A Government Gazette is
first issued.
1797 * * John Macarthur begins the
breeding of sheep in a scientific man-
ner.
* * N. S. W. Coal is discovered at Point
Solander on the Hunter River.
1798* * Vic. Bass Strait is discovered
by George Bass and Matthew Flinders.
* * Tas. Bass and Flinders, in a small
sloop, survey Van Diemen's Land.
1800 * * Vic. Flinders makes exten-
sive surveys by order of the British
Government.
* * Capt. Grant surveys the coasts.
1801 * * -05 * * Flinders explores the
north, east, and south coasts.
1802 * * Vic. Flinders drops anchor in
Port Phillip.
1803 * *N. S. TV. The Sydney Gazette
and the New South Wales Advertiser is
authorized to be issued.
1813 * * N. S. W. Macquarie sends an
exploring-party into the interior to find
pasture for cattle ; Bathurst pastures
are reached, and a road 130 miles long
is made.
* * N. S. W. Wentworth, Lawson,
and Bloxland penetrate the Blue
Mountain region, and discover fine pas-
ture lands.
* * N. S. W. Bathurst Plains are dis-
covered.
1817 May 1-Aug. 29. An expedi-
tion, led by Lieutenant Oxley, follows
down the Lachlan River.
1821 * * The Philosophical Society of
Australia is founded.
1823 * * Que. Maneroo Plains are ex-
plored by Capt. Currie ; Moreton Bay
and Brisbane River are explored by
Oxley.
* * N. S. W. Gold-mines are known to
be in the country.
1825 * * Pastures near Moreton Bay are
explored ; one is named Brisbane.
1827 * * N.S. W. Allan Cunningham,
an eminent botanist, leads an important
expedition northward until he beholds
the Darling Downs.
1828 * * -31 * * Gov. Sir Ralph Darling
sends Capt. Charles Sturt to explore
the course of the large rivers flowing
northeast and northwest into interior.
1829 * * S. A. The Murray River is
explored by Capt. Sturt.
1830+ * * N S. TV. — S. A. Capt. Sturt
explores the country, following water-
courses to Lake Alexander.
1831 * * -36 * * N.S. W. Sir Thomas
Mitchell's expedition explores the
branches of the Darling River.
* * N. S. TV. An expedition led by Capt.
Charles Sturt explores the Murrum-
bidgee River, traveling 2,000 miles.
* * * Capt. Parker and Mr. Kent ex-
plore the country ; Parker is killed by
the natives.
1836 * * S. A. The Library of the In-
stitute is founded at Adelaide.
* * N. S. TV. Thomas Mitchell, sur-
veyor-general, makes extensive explora-
tions of river courses, and discovers
Australia-Felix.
1837 Dec. 3±. Sir George Grey and
Lieut. Lushington arrive at Hanover
Bay, and thence explore northwestern
Australia.
1838 Nov.* -39 July* S. A. Edward
John Eyre makes an overland journey
with a flock of sheep from Adelaide to
Albany, Western Australia. [He again
makes the journey with 3,000 sheep.]
1839* * N. S. W. Count Strzelecki,
a Prussian geologist, discovers gold in
Bathurst, Wellington, and other places,
but keeps the discovery a secret.
1840 * * N. S. IV. Count Strzelecki
makes explorations in the Australian
Alps, and visits the thickly wooded coun-
tries of Gippsland.
* * Eyre explores southwest Australia
from Spencer Gulf to King George's
Sound.
CHURCH.
1793 Aug. *N. S. TV. The first
church is built.
1795 * * Australia becomes a mission-
field of the English Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel.
1802* *N. S. TV. The first brick
church is erected.
The first clergymen are chaplains ;
they traffic in whisky, and with a few
noble exceptions they aggravate the
miseries of the people.
1815 * * N. S. TV. Sydney becomes a
mission-field of the English Wesleyans.
1817 Mar. * The Auxiliary Bible
Society is established.
1823 * * Rev. Dr. Lang, a clergyman
from Scotland, begins mission-work
among the aborigines.
1825 * * The London Missionary So-
ciety engages in mission-work.
1831 * * After six years of failure the
London Society gives up its mission-
work, but the colonial government
continues it.
1832 * * N. S. TV. A mission is opened
at Wellington.
1835 Sept. * N. S. TV. Bishop Pold-
ing, the first Catholic bishop, arrives.
1836* * N. S. TV. The bishopric of
Australia (R. C.) is established.
June * * Bishop Broughton, the first
Protestant bishop, arrives.
* * N. S. TV. Sydney is created a metro-
politan bishopric.
1838 * * S. A. The Dresden Luther-
ans open a mission among the abo-
rigines.
1840 * * Three missionaries arrive
from England to work among the abo-
rigines.
SOCIETY.
1788 Jan. 2. Convict criminals first
arrive from England to found a penal
station.
Of the 1,044 people with whom Capt.
Phillip founds the first settlement in
Sydney, seven-tenths are convicted
criminals, and the remainder the
guards of the convicts ; among them
is one woman to three men.
1795+ * * Life is held cheaply ; murder
is committed at any time for two or
three days' rations.
1804 * * N. S. TV. An insurrection of
convicts occurs.
1807 Feb. * N. S. TV. Gov. Bligh pro-
hibits the payment of bills for liquor
in labor of goods, in order to curtail the
traffic.
1810 * * A free-school system, a public
market, and the Sydney races are es-
tablished.
1822 * * N.S. TV. The flow of free im-
migration begins.
1824 * * Que. A penal settlement is
established at Moreton Bay. [1825. The
first party of convicts arrives.]
1829 * * Trial by jury in civil actions
is introduced.
1830 Mar. * TV. A. Fifty ships arrive,
conveying 2,000 emigrants; they
bring with them £1,000,000 in cash.
1832 * * Vic. Edward Henty comes
from Tasmania with cattle and sheep,
and establishes himself as the first
settler.
1837 * * New South "Wales becomes
the sole receptacle for felons.
1838* * N. S. TV. "The assignment"
system of employing convicts is dis-
continued.
1839 * * The transportation of con-
victs from England is suspended.
* * TV. A. Almost universal bank-
ruptcy prevails, owing to overspecula-
tion in land, building, and other enter-
prises.
STATE.
1788 Jan. 18. N. S. TV. A free Euro-
pean settlement is begun by Capt.
Arthur Phillip at Botany Bay.
Capt. Phillip's expedition consists
of two men-of-war and six transports,
carrying about 550 male and 200 female
convicts, 40 free women, marines and
crews, making a total of about 1,100
people at the time of embarkation, May
13, 1787.
Jan. 24. N. S. TV. A French expedi-
tion arrives six days too late to claim
possession.
Jan. 26. N. S. TV. The British flag is
first raised at Sydney Cove by Capt.
Phillip.
Capt. Arthur Phillip, the governor,
founds Sydney, near Port Jackson, as
an English penal station, with 1,030 per-
sons, 800 of whom are convicts. [Feb. 7.
He proclaims the colony organized.]
AUSTRALIA.
1788, Jan. 2-1841,
495
Oct. * N. S. W. Another colony is
planted on Norfolk Island.
* * Norfolk Island, about 900 miles east,
is settled by people from Port Jackson,
New South Wales.
1790 * * N. S. W. The colony receives
a large reenforcement. [1792. Gov.
Arthur Phillip resigns.]
1795 Sept. * N. S. W. Capt. Hunter,
who succeeds Gov. Phillip, arrives ; the
white population is less than 4,000.
1800 Sept. 28. N.S.W. Capt. Philip
Gidley King is appointed governor.
1801 * * Eng. The Colonial Office is
reconstructed, and combined with the
"War Department.
1803 Oct. * Vic. A convict colony
is planted at Port Phillip. [It departs
within four months.]
* * Tas. The English colony of Van
Diemen's Land is established as an
auxiliary penal station. [1812. It is
made a single colony. 1823. It is par-
tially separated from New South "Wales.
1825. It is fully separated, and becomes
a province.]
1804* *JV. S. W. About 300 Irish
convicts unite in the first and last in-
surrection by convicts, which is speedily
quelled.
1805 * * N. S. W. John Macarthur,
called the Father of New South Wales,
commences sheep-farming at Camden.
1806 * * N. S. W. Capt. William Bligh
is governor. The Government officials
make a rich monopoly of the rum-
traffic, and mutiny when disturbed.
1808 Jan. 31. N. S. W. Gov. Bligh
is deposed for his tyranny by insurgent
military and colonial forces under Maj.
Johnston.
1809 * * N. S. W. Col. Lachlan Mac-
quarie assumes the governorship. [He
holds the office for 12 years.]
1814* * N. S. W. Civil courts are
created. -
1817 Feb. * N. S. W. Barron Field,
the first judge, arrives.
1821 Dec. 1. N. S. W. Gov. Sir
Thomas Brisbane arrives, and assumes
the governorship. [He introduces free
institutions.]
1823 * * Que. Surveyor Oxley practi-
cally rediscovers Queensland and founds
Brisbane.
* * Eng. The first Australian Constitu-
tion is granted.
1824 * * N.S. W. The first land regu-
lations are issued. The first chief jus-
tice arrives. The freedom of the
press is formally proclaimed.
* * Vic. Hamilton Hume and Capt. Ho-
vell, by an overland journey from Syd-
ney, visit Port Phillip at Corio Bay.
1825 * * Vic. A temporary settlement is
made by Capt. "Wright near Western-
port Bay.
Dec. 18. N. S. W. Sir Ralph Darling
is governor.
1826 * *W.A. The settlement of King
George's Sound is established as a
military station.
1827 * * N. S. W. The prosperous colony
supports its own civil government.
1828 July 15. N. S. W. The Home
Government grants a second constitu-
tion ; it increases the governor's council
from seven to fifteen.
* *W. A. Col. Thomas Peel projects the
Swan River settlement.
1829 Jan. 17. Western Australia is
formed into a province, and Capt. [Sir
James] Stirling is appointed lieuten-
ant-governor. [June 21. He arrives.]
July 13. N.S.W. The Legislative
Council holds its first meeting at Syd-
ney.
Aug. * W. A. Capt. Stirling's expedi-
tion arrives at the entrance of Swan
River.
1830 Mar. * TV. A. About 50 ships
at Swan River land 2,000 immigrants,
who bring with them £1,000,000; they
proceed to survey the land and erect
dwellings.
Apr. 21. N.S.W. The Legislative
Council passes a Bushranger's Act
through all its legislative stages, which
practically places the country under
martial law.
1831 * * N. S. W. Land grants are reg-
ulated by a uniform method of public
sale at auction.
* * W. A. Settlements are made at
Perth, Freemantle, and Guildford.
* * N. S. W. Sir Ralph Darling, the gov-
ernor, returns to England, and Sir Rich-
ard Bourke succeeds to the governor-
ship.
1833 * * N. S. W. The Commissioners
of Crown Lands are appointed.
1834 Aug. 15. Eng. Parliament passes
the South Australian Act.
* * S. A. The boundaries of the prov-
ince are established.
* * Vic. The Henty family settle [at
Portland].
1835 May 29. Vic. Geelong is set-
tled by John Bateman's company, which
obtain deeds of land from the abori-
gines.
Aug. * S. A. The territory is separated
from the mother colony, granted to the
South Australia Colonization Asso-
ciation, and erected into a province.
[Aug. 29. Vic. Melbourne is founded.]
Nov. * Vic. Port Phillip is colonized
by the Port Phillip Association from
Tasmania.
1836 July * S. A. The country is col-
onized by the British; Adelaide is
founded.
Dec. 28. S.A. The first governor,
Capt. Hindmarsh, arrives ; he officially
proclaims the colony.
* * N. S. W. Temporary grazing li-
censes for "squatting" are issued for
outlying districts.
* * Vic. Gov. Bourke recognizes the set-
tlement at Port Phillip by a proclama-
tion, and appoints a police magistrate.
1837 Nov. * Vic. Melbourne is laid
out as a town.
* * Vic. Sir Richard Bourke, governor
of New South Wales, selects sites for
towns at Port Phillip, and orders the
survey of the lands ; Capt. Lonsdale is
appointed governor.
1838 Feb. 24. N. S. W. Sir George
Gipps is governor. [The practice of
assigning the service of convicts to
settlers is abandoned.]
* * Vic. Sir George Gipps is governor.
1839 * * Vic. The colony at Port Phillip
is called Victoria, and Charles J. La-
trobe is appointed lieutenant-governor.
Port Phillip has a population of 6,000.
* * N. S. W. New Zealand is incorpo-
rated with this colony. The colonial
statute provides for the border police
to keep order in pastoral districts.
Sept. 30. Vic. Charles J. Latrobe,
superintendent of Port Phillip, arrives
at Melbourne.
1840* * Eng. The Colonial Land and
Emigrant Commissioners are appoint-
ed to assist the Colonial Secretary in the
disposal of Australian Crown lands, and
to promote emigration.
* * N. S. W. Important land regula-
tions are issued.
* * Vic. The town of Portland is laid
out ; Melbourne is divided into two dis-
tricts, north and south.
1841 * * S. A. Capt. George Grey is
governor at Adelaide.
* * N. S. W. New Zealand is detached
from the province of New South Wales.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1790 * * The store-ship Guardian is lost
with much needed supplies.
1795 * * N.S. W. Cattle become accli-
mated.
1805 * * A colonial ship is built.
1806 * * A great flood prevails in the
valley of the Hawkesbury River ; it is
followed by famine.
1827 * * -29 * * N. S. W. The colonists
pass through a severe commercial crisis
caused by speculation and drought.
1835 May * Vic. John Bateman pur-
chases a large tract of land from the
natives near Port Phillip, and with 15
associates [takes possession of 600,000
acres].
* * Vic. John Pascoe Falkner and others
encamp on the site of Melbourne.
1839 * * S. A. Speculation causes al-
most universal bankruptcy.
* * -42 * * There is a great influx of im-
migrants drawn by the prosperity of the
colony and the discovery of rich copper-
mines at Burra Burra ; speculation is
rampant, and insolvencies follow.
1841 * * The latest census reports a pop-
ulation of 87,200 males, 43,700 females.
May * N. S. W. Sydney is first lighted
with gas.
* * _43 * * N. S.W. A severe commer-
cial crisis is caused by extravagance,
inflated prices, and speculation.
* * On the discovery of gold agriculture
is for a time abandoned.
496 1841, * *-1866, May *
AUSTRALIA.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1841 * * S. A. Silver ore is discovered
on the Mount Lofty range.
1842**5.^4. Rich copper ore is found
near Kapunda Station ; the Surra
Hurra mines are also opened.
1843 * * W.A. The explorers Landor
and Lefroy visit the country.
1844* * S. A. Gold is discovered at
Echunga.
* *N. S. W. The Parliamentary Li-
brary is founded at Sydney.
1845 Dec. 17. Leichart's expedition
arrives at Port Essington, in North Aus-
tralia.
* * S. A. Capt. Charles Sturt advances
to the middle of the continent, for the
most part over a stony desert.
1847 * * Leichart again attempts to
cross the continent from east to west,
starting at Fitzroy Downs [and is never
heard from].
1848 Apr. 3. Dr. Leichart's last de-
spatch is sent from Gogoon. [He meets
his death either by enemies or by starv-
ing-]
Aug. 13. Que. E. B. Kennedy's first
expedition starts to explore the penin-
sula of Cape York.
Dec. 13. Que. Kennedy is killed by
the natives.
* * A. C. Gregory makes an exploration
of the interior.
* *N.S.W. A Board of National Edu-
cation and a Denominational School
Board are formed.
* *N.S. W. The Sydney University is
founded. [1850. Incorporated.]
* *N. S. W. Count Strzelecki makes
extensive explorations in New South
Wales and Tasmania.
1851 Feb. 12. N.S.W. Gold is dis-
covered by Edward H. Hargreaves, a
returned gold-seeker from California ;
great excitement follows.
Feb. * Que. Gold is discovered in Sum-
merhill Creek on the Macquarie Plains.
July * N. S. W. Dr. Kerr, a squatter,
discovers a mass of virgin gold weigh-
ing more than 100 pounds, on Meroo
Creek.
Aug.* Vic. The gold-fields at Ballarat
are discovered.
Oct. * Vic. Gold discoveries are made
at Melbourne which surpass all others.
1852 Oct. 11. N.S.W. The Univer-
sity of Sydney is inaugurated.
1853 * * Vic. The Public Library is
founded at Melbourne.
1855 * * Vic. The University of Mel-
bourne is founded.
* * -58 * * Vic. A. C. Gregory makes
further explorations in the interior.
1856 * * W.A. The Freemantle Gazette
is issued at Albany.
1858 June * Que. Gold is discovered
at Canoonan.
* * -62 * * J. MacDonall Stuart's ex-
pedition solves important problems re-
specting the inland lakes.
1860 Mar. * S. A. J. MacDonall Stu-
art attempts to cross the continent
from Adelaide northward and fails,
though a reward of £10,000 is offered.
Aug. 20. Robert O'Hara Burke, Wil-
liam John Wills, John King, and others
start inland from Melbourne for the
purpose of exploring the continent from
south to north ; all except King perish.
* * S. A. The Government offers a re-
ward of £10,000 for the first person to
cross the continent from south to north.
1861 May 13. N. 8.' W. The Great
Comet is first seen at Sydney.
* * S. A. John MacD. Stuart makes ex-
plorations.
1862 Jan. 22. Stuart starts on his
third and most successful journey across
the continent.
Aug. * MacDonall Stuart and M' Kin-
lay complete the journey across the
continent from south to north.
CHURCH.
1841 * * New Zealand is detached from
the bishopric of Australia.
* * N.S. W. The vices of the white
man demoralize the mission at Welling-
ton, and it is broken up.
* * Five more missionaries go to teach
the aborigines.
1842 * * Tasmania is detached from
the bishopric of Australia.
1847 * * Vic. The bishopric is di-
vided; the sees of Adelaide, S. A.,
Newcastle, W. A., Sydney, N. S. W.,
and Melbourne, Vic, are erected ; the
bishop of Sydney is metropolitan.
1849 * * W. A. A Roman Catholic
mission is begun, with 10 priests, 14
monks, and seven nuns.
1850 Feb. * Vic. A band of Moravian
missionaries lands at Melbourne.
* * N. S. W. A mission among the
natives is opened by William Ridley.
* * Moravians open a mission at Lake
Bogo.
* * S.A. The English Bible Christian
Foreign Missionary Society sends out
James Way and James Rowe.
1856 * * The Moravian missionaries at
Lake Bogo retire.
1857 * * W. A. The diocese of Perth
is established.
1858 * * Moravians reopen the mission
at Lake Bogo.
* * S. A. George Taplin, a Scotchman,
opens a mission for the Aborigines'
Friends' Association on the shores of
Lake Alexandria.
He translates parts of the Bible into
Narrenjeri, writes a grammar of that
tongue, and makes a careful study of
22 native languages.
1859* * Que. Brisbane is made a
bishopric.
* * Vic. The Ebenezer mission is
begun by the Moravians.
1862 * * S. A. — Vic. Adelaide and Mel-
bourne become mission-stations of the
New Connection Methodists.
* * Vic. Rama hyuck, Gippsland, be-
comes a mission-station of the Moravi-
ans. The Presbyterians open a mission
at Ramahyuck. Mr. Buhner is sent
to Gippsland to open a mission.
1863* *N.S. W. The diocese of
Goulburn is established.
1864 ** N.S.W. A Missionary Jubi-
lee is celebrated at Sydney, and £12,000
is subscribed for a Wesleyan College
and for the relief of church property.
SOCIETY.
1841 * * -46 * * Mrs. Chisholm estab-
lishes a "Home for Female Emi-
grants."
1848 Sept. 4. N. S. W. Transporta-
tion of criminals to the colony ceases.
* * W. A. The colonists petition that
convicts be sent out to them.
1849 * * W. A. Convicts arrive and
are kindly treated.
* * Vic. The Hashemy arrives laden with
convicts ; the indignant colonists drive
the vessel to Sydney. [The convicts are
welcomed by the squatters of Darling
Downs.]
* * Strong opposition is made to trans-
portation, which has been revived by
Lord Grey.
1850 * * W. A. Convicts arrive, and
are welcomed by the colonists because
of the scarcity of labor.
1852 * * Vic. There is a great flow of
immigration to Melbourne from Eu-
rope, America, and China, averaging
2,000 arrivals each week ; the newcom-
ers are attracted by the gold-fields. [The
population of Victoria is doubled in one
year.]
1853 * * Tas. The transportation of
convicts to Van Diemen's Land ceases.
* * Vic. Social disturbances occur in
the gold-fields.
1854 Oct. 8. Vic. The Victoria
Bank at Ballarat is broken into, and
robbed of £14,300 and 200 ounces of
gold-dust.
1855 Nov. 30. Vic. A mass-meeting
is held at Ballarat on the payment of
gold licenses. [Riots follow, and the
flag of the Southern Cross is raised ; 30
rioters and a few soldiers are killed on
Dec. 3.]
1858 July * Archdeacon C o w p e r
dies at the age of 80, after a residence
in Australia of about 50 years.
* * Vic. The mayor of Melbourne visits
England to congratulate the Queen
on the marriage of the princess royal.
1861 * * JT. S. W. Miners engage in an
anti- Chinese riot, with great barbarity.
1862 * * N. S. W. The country is ter-
rorized [for many years] by the exploits
of the bushrangers.
1864 Oct. * Vic. The vigorous opposi-
tion to the reception of convicts causes
a shipload to be sent back to England.
1865 * * W. A. The transportation of
criminals to the colony is abandoned
by the Home Government notwithstand-
ing the protests of the settlers.
AUSTRALIA.
1841, * *-1866, May *. 497
STATE.
1842 * *tf.S. TV. The first representa-
tive constitution is granted by the pas-
sage of an Imperial statute; the Gov-
ernment nominees in the colonial
council are reduced to a minority, — 12
out of 36, — only half of whom are to be
office-holders.
* * A new set of land regulations is
issued for all the colonies ; they divide
the mother colony into three land dis-
tricts, Northern (Moreton Bay), Middle
(Sydney), and Southern (Port Phillip).
* * Eng. The Crown Land Sales Act,
for New South Wales, passes Parlia-
ment.
* * N. S. TV.— Vic. Sydney is incorpo-
rated ; Melbourne receives its charter.
* * Vic. Agitation of separation from the
mother colony begins [and grows rap-
idly].
* * Que. Moreton Bay [Brisbane] is pro-
claimed a free settlement.
1845 * * S. A. Maj. J. H. Robe is gov-
ernor.
1846 Aug. 3. JV. S. TV. Sir Charles
Fitzroy, the governor, arrives. [1850.
He is appointed governor-general.]
* * Que. An abortive proclamation of
"North Australia" is issued. [1849.
It is revoked.]
1847 * * N. S. TV. Granting of pastoral
leases (1 to 14 years) is authorized by
the Crown.
1848 * * N. S. TV. The constitution is
proclaimed. [Sept. 4. Eng. The trans-
portation of convicts is abolished by
Orders in Council.]
* * S. A. Sir Henry Fox Young is
governor.
1849 * * TV. A. Convicts are first trans-
ported to this colony.
1850 Aug. 5. S. A. An improved
representative government with a new
constitution is provided ; all the colonies
except Western Australia have similar
forms of government.
Nov. 11. If. 6. TV.— Vic. A vessel ar-
rives bringing tidings of the separation
of Port Phillip from New South
"Wales [public rejoicing continues for
five days at Melbourne].
* * Vic. Port Phillip is separated from
New South Wales, and erected by the
government into a province called Vic-
toria.
1851 June 9. Vic. A gold discovery
committee is appointed at Melbourne,
which is authorized to offer rewards for
discoveries.
July 1. Vic.—N. S. TV. Port Phillip
and New South Wales are legally sepa-
rated ; Victoria, with a population of
77,000, becomes a separate province of
the British realm.
Aug. 20. S. A. The new Legislative
Council (General Assembly) meets for
the first time.
* * Vic. Melbourne becomes the capital.
* * Eng. The custom-houses of Aus-
tralia are transferred to the manage-
ment of the colonies.
1852 * * The gold revenue is trans-
ferred to the colonial exchequers.
* * The Home Government requests each
colony to form a constitution for it-
self.
* * Vic. The Legislative Assembly at
Melbourne first meets.
1853 Mar. * Vic. Mints are estab-
lished, s
Dec. 21. N. S. TV. A constitutional
bill is passed, to be submitted to the
Imperial Parliament at London.
1854 June* Vic. Sir Charles Hot-
ham, the governor, arrives.
Dec. 3. Vic. Insurgent miners en-
trench themselves at the Eureka stock-
ade, Ballarat.
* * Eng. A separate Colonial Office is
created.
* * JV. S. TV. Sir William T. Denison
is governor.
1855 July 16. iV. S. TV. A new con-
stitution is granted by the English
Parliament ; it provides for representa-
tive government.
Nov. 23. Vic. A representative con-
stitution is proclaimed.
* * N. S. TV. Sir Charles Fitzroy retires
from the governor-generalship ; the full
title of governor is now given to the
rulers of the other colonies. A mint
is established at Sydney.
* * A federal council is formed by the
advocates of colonial federation ; its
decisions have no authority.
1856 May 22. JV. S. TV. The first
parliament under responsible govern-
ment is opened at Sydney by Sir William
Denison.
* *iV. S. IF. A select committee is
appointed to consider the best means
of legislating on matters of a common
interest and looking toward federation.
* * Vic. The ballot system is intro-
duced into the electoral law. Sir Henry
Barkly is governor.
1857 Nov. 26. Vic. The first parlia-
ment is opened at Melbourne. The
federation of the colonies is proposed
by Sir Charles Gavan Duffy; a select
committee to consider the proposal is
appointed as in New South Wales.
1858 * * N. S. TV. Manhood suffrage
is carried by a majority vote.
1859 Dec. 4. Que. The Moreton Bay
District is separated from New South
Wales by the Home Government, and
made an independent colony called
Queensland; population, 30,000. [Sir
George F. Bowen is appointed gover-
nor.]
1860 May 29. Que. The first parlia-
ment opens at Brisbane under the
ministry of Mr. Herbert.
* * iV. S. TV. Sir John Young is ap-
pointed governor.
1861 Nov.* TV. A. JohnS. Hampton
is appointed governor.
Nov. * S. A. Sir Dominic Daly is gov-
ernor. [1862 Mar. * He assumes office.]
1862 * * N. S. TV. Primogeniture is
abolished.
1863 May* Vic. Sir Charles Dar-
ling is appointed governor. [Sept. 11.
■ Gov. Darling arrives at Melbourne.]
1865 Jan. * Vic. The House of As-
sembly passes a new tariff act. [The
Legislative Council rejects it.]
Mar. 22. Vic. The parliament at
Melbourne passes an important land
act.
July * Vic. Gov. Darling raises money
for colonial uses by irregular methods.
[This action of Gov. Darling precipitates
a crisis.]
Dec. * Vic. The parliament at Mel-
bourne is prorogued.
1866 Apr. * Eng. The governor of
Victoria, Sir Charles Darling, is re-
called.
Apr. * Victoria is disturbed by minis-
terial difficulties ; M. McCulloch ia
appointed premier.
May* Vic. The House of Assembly
votes £20,000 to Lady Darling on
her departure with her husband, the
ex-governor. [1867. Aug. 20. The Legis-
lative Council rejects the resolution, and
a ministerial crisis follows.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1843 * * Vic. Agnes Booth, actor, is
born.
1844 Aug. 15. N.S. TV. Ludwig Lei-
chart's expedition leaves Moreton Bay,
on the east coast, and journeys inland.
1846 * * The census reports 114,700
males, 74,800 females.
1850 * * N. S. TV. The first sod is turned
for the construction of the first rail-
way. [The enterprise fails.]
1851 Aug. * Gold-mines begin to be
worked ; a great rush of people follows.
* * The census reports males 106,000 ;
females, 81,000 (exclusive of Victoria,
80,000).
1852 * * Vic. Adelaide receives during
the year £2,216,157 in gold from Mel-
bourne, chiefly for provisions, supplies,
etc.
1853 * * Vic. Melbourne is greatly im-
proved by new buildings.
* * N. S. TV. A second attempt is made
to construct a railway.
1855 * * N.S. TV. A railway is opened
from Newcastle to Maitland.
Dec. 31. Sir Charles Hotham, governor,
dies.
1857 June* N. S. TV. The Catherine
Adamson is wrecked 25 miles from Syd-
ney ; 20 lives are lost.
1859 Aug. 6. The steamer Admella is
lost ; 49 persons perish.
1861 Oct. 1. Vic. A grand Exhibi-
tion of Colonial Products and indus-
tries is opened by the governor at
Melbourne.
1864 Sept. 20. N. S. TV. Aaron Bu-
zacott, a missionary of the London
Society, dies, A64.
1865 June 29. N. 8 . TV. The Roman
Catholic cathedral and much other
property at Sydney are destroyed by fire.
498 1866, May *-1887, Apr. 22. AUSTRALIA.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1866 May * K. S. W. The Royal So-
ciety of New South Wales is estab-
lished.
* * N.S. W. The Public Schools Act
is passed, providing for two classes of
schools and a Council of Education.
1867 * * S.A. Francis Cadell, an ex-
plorer, navigates the Murray River to
the junction of the Barling.
* * Que. The Gympie gold-field, 130
miles from Brisbane, is discovered.
1868 Mar. 28. N. S. IV. The founda-
tion of Capt. Cook's monument at
Sydney is laid by the Duke of Edin-
burgh, son oi Queen Victoria.
May * Vic. Woolen and paper manu-
factories are established.
1869 * * Vic. The great telescope is
set up at the Melbourne Observatory.
* * N. S. W. The Free Public Library
is founded at Sydney.
1870 Sept. * W. A. Gold is discov-
ered.
Nov. * Capt. Cadell makes explorations
in South Australia, and discovers the
mouth of the River Roper.
1871 Nov. * Vic. Capt. Burton dis-
covers gold in the Bendigo fields.
1878 Feb. 2. N. S. W. Capt. Cook's
statue is uncovered at Sydney.
1880 * * N. S. IV. State aid to denomi-
national schools is abolished ; a Minis-
ter of Public Instruction is created.
1882 * * Piturine, a narcotic, is first
extracted from the dried leaves of the
Duboisia pituri.
Dec. 18. Ernest Morrison sets out to
walk across the continent, southward,
from the Gulf of Carpentaria to Mel-
bourne. [Hfe accomplishes the journey
in 120 days.]
1886 May* W. A. A gold-field is
discovered at Perth.
Oct. * S.A. Alluvial gold is discovered
at Tatutpa, Waukaringa.
CHURCH.
1866* * S. A. The Moravians estab-
lish a mission for the aborigines at
Copperamana [which is abandoned in
1872].
1868 Nov. 30. JV. S. W. The new
cathedral at Sydney is consecrated.
1869* * N. S. W. The dioceses of
Bathurst, Armidale, and Grafton are
established.
1872 Oct. 25. N. S. TV. The Synod
of the Church of Australia assembles at
Sydney.
Dec. 15. Vic. John Geddie, mission-
ary in the South Seas, dies in Geelong,
A57.
* * A mission in the Southwest is
opened under Mr. Clark.
1873* *The Primitive Methodist
Church heroically attempts to found a
mission on Frazer's Island [afterwards
at Mackay] ; the endeavor fails.
1875 * * Vic. The diocese of Ballarat
is established.
1877* * S. A. Hermannsburg is
founded by the Hermannsburg Mission.
The mission works among the black
natives, who prove themselves very apt
in learning, and as apt in forgetting.
1878 * * Tag. Penguin becomes a mis-
sion-station of the United Methodist
Free Churches.
* * Que. The diocese of North Queens-
land is established.
* * The Bavarian Lutherans reoccupy
the mission-station in Copperamana.
1883 * * N.S. W. The diocese of Riv-
erina is established.
1884 Jan. 1. N.S.W. Alfred Barry
is consecrated bishop of Sydney and
metropolitan of Australia.
1885 * * N. S. W. The archbishop of
Sydney, Patrick F. Moran, is created
a cardinal.
SOCIETY.
1867 Nov. 23. Vic. The Duke of
Edinburgh arrives at Melbourne.
* * Vic. An address is presented to the
Duke of Edinburgh by Edward
Hently, the first settler, and others.
1868 Feb. * N. S. W. The Duke visits
Sydney.
Mar. 12. N. S. TV. At a picnic at Port
Jackson, a Fenian named O'Farrell
shoots the Duke of Edinburgh in the
back. [The Duke soon recovers from his
wound. Apr. 4. He sails for England.]
Apr. 21. N. S. TV. O'Farrell, the
would-be assassin of the Duke of Edin-
burgh, is executed at Sydney.
1879 Feb. 8-10. N. S. TV. A band of
thieves from Victoria, known as the
"Kelly Gang," seize and plunder the
town of Jerilderie.
1880 June 27, 28. Vic. Ned Kelly
and several of his gang of bushrangers,
robbers, and murderers, are captured
and sent to Melbourne. [Nov. 11. Kelly
is hanged.]
* * Vic. An International Temperance
Convention in Melbourne passes a reso-
lution urging each colony to form an
alliance for securing local option.
1885 * * Que. Laws favorable to local
option are passed.
* * Vic. Chinese immigrants are al-
most entirely excluded.
STATE.
1866 Aug. 13. Vic. The new gover-
nor, John H. T. Sutton, arrives at
Melbourne.
1867* * N. S. TV. The Earl of Bel-
more is governor.
Mar. * Vic. The Ministers from the
Australian colonies hold a postal con-
ference at Melbourne to improve postal
communication with Europe.
Dec. 30. Vic. The parliament at Mel-
bourne is dissolved.
1869* * Eng. Sir Benjamin C. C. Pine
is appointed governor of Western Aus-
tralia.
Mar. 12. Vic. The Ministry resigns,
in consequence of the governor's objec-
tion to the insertion of the Darling
grant in the Appropriation Bill.
Apr. 7. Eng. Frederick A. Weld is
appointed governor of Western Aus-
tralia.
May * W. A. Sir Benjamin C. C. Pine
assumes office as governor.
July * Vic. The McCulloch Ministry
settles the Darling grant question.
Oct. * Vic. The McPherson Ministry
is formed.
Dec. * S. A. Sir James Fergusson is
governor.
* * Que. Gov. Sir George Ferguson
Bowen retires from the governorship,
and Gov. Blackall succeeds him.
1870 Apr. * Vic. A new McCuUoch
Ministry is formed, which includes
McPherson.
May * Eng. Premier McCulloch is
knighted by the Queen. [June 14. Vic.
He resigns his office.]
June * Vic. The union of the five colo-
nies in a federation is discussed in the
Assembly at Melbourne.
* * Eng. Representative government
is granted to Western Australia.
* * TV. A. A Legislative Council is
elected on the model of the Constitu-
tions of 1850, consisting partly of nomi-
nee and partly of elected members.
1871 Apr. 8. Que. The Marquis of
Normanby is governor.
July 13. Eng. Lord Kimberley, British
Colonial Secretary, expresses dissatis-
faction with the complex tariff system
of the four colonies.
July * Vic Sir Charles Gavan Duffy
becomes premier.
Sept. 27. Delegates from the four
Australasian colonies meet to con-
sider the interference of the British
Government with their local fiscal
arrangements.
1872 May 29. Vic. Premier Duffy
resigns on an adverse vote in the As-
sembly.
June * Vic. Mr. Francis forms a Minis-
try at Melbourne.
Dec. * N. S. TV. Sir Hercules Robin-
son is appointed governor.
* * The members of parliament begin to
receive salaries of £300 a year.
1873 Jan. * N. S. TV. Delegates from
the several colonies meet in conference
to discuss customs union, postal af-
fairs, and arrangements respecting rail-
Feb. * Vic. Sir George F. Bowen suc-
ceeds Sir John H. T. Sutton (Viscount
Canterbury) as governor.
* * Que. The Ministry present a free-
trade budget.
Apr. * N. S. TV. Sir Hercules Robin-
son, governor, arrives. ,
June * S. A. Sir Anthony Musgrave
is governor.
1874 Sept. 22. Que. William W.
Cairns is appointed governor.
AUSTRALIA. 1866, May *-1887, Apr. 22. 499
Oct. 7. W. A. William C. F. Robin-
son is appointed governor.
1875 Aug. * Vic. A ministerial crisis
is caused by the rejection in parliament
of the free-trade policy proposed by
Premier Kerford ; the premier resigns,
Sir William Sto well, the acting governor,
refusing to dissolve parliament.
Oct. * Vic. Graham Berry, the premier,
being defeated in his proposed protec-
tion scheme, resigns ; the objectionable
feature of the scheme is the proposal to
tax the richer more heavily than the
poorer colonies.
Oct. * Vic. A coalition Ministry is
formed by Sir James McCulloch.
Nov. * Vic. The Ministry proposes an
income tax, with a tax on land and
realized property.
1876 June * Vic. Parliament passes
the income-tax bill by a majority of
three.
Mar. * - June * Vic. The Administra-
tion becomes involved in a dispute with
the Messrs. Stevenson respecting the un-
dervaluation of their goods in the pay-
ment of duties ; the Stevenson letters
are unlawfully opened by the Govern-
ment.
1877 Jan. * Que. Sir Arthur Ken-
nedy is governor.
Jan. * S. A. William W. Cairns is
governor.
May * Vic. The elections favor the Pro-
tectionists, and Premier McCulloch re-
signs ; Graham Berry is again ap-
pointed premier.
June * S. A. W. F. D. Jervois is gov-
ernor.
Oct. 30+ . Vic. Premier Berry's Appro-
priation, Defense, and Exhibition Bills
are rejected by the Legislative Council.
Oct. * Vic. Parliament enacts a land-tax.
* * W. A. Maj.-Gen. Sir Harry g^t.
George Ord is governor.
1878 Jan.* Vic. The Legislative
Council dismisses the county court
and judges; the Ministry is approved
by the governor, Sir George F. Bowen.
Feb. 13+. Vic. Overruling the Coun-
cil, the Assembly orders that public
creditors shall be paid by its vote
alone.
Dec. 10. Vic. The Marquis of Nor-
manby is appointed governor.
1879 May 3. JV. S. W. Lord Augus-
tus F. Loftus is appointed governor.
[Aug. 4. He arrives at Sydney.]
Sept. * Vic. A reform bill is introduced
in parliament by Premier Berry. [Dec. *
It is withdrawn.]
1880 Feb. 9. Vic. Parliament is dis-
solved.
Feb. 28. Vic. The elections favor the
opponents of the Ministry. [Mar. 2. The
Ministry resigns. Mar. 3. The James
Service Ministry is formed. June 24.
Parliament rejects the new reform bill.
June 29. The Assembly is dissolved.
July 14. The Service Ministry re-
signs.]
July 28. Vic. Graham Berry again
forms a Ministry.
* * W.A. Sir W. F. Robinson is gov-
ernor.
* * Most of the colonies impose a poll-tax
of £10 on all Chinese immigrants.
* * Vic. A Federation Council meets
at Melbourne ; it adjourns to Sydney. .
1881 July * Vic. Parliament refuses
Premier Berry a vote of confidence ; Sir
Brien O'Loghlen becomes premier, and
forms a new Ministry.
* * N. S. W. A conference is held at
Sydney to pave the way for federation.
1882 Nov. * S.A. Sir W. Robinson
is governor.
* * W.A. Sir Frederick Napier
Broome is governor.
1883 Jan. 3. JV.S. W. The Ministry
resigns ; Alexander Stuart forms a new
administration.
Mar. * Que. Sir Anthony Musgrave is
governor.
Apr. 4. Que. The Queensland Govern-
ment takes possession of New Guinea
in the name of the Crown.
* * An Australasian army and navy
are being slowly developed for colonial
defense.
Dec. 6. JV. S. W. A conference of
delegates representing all the colonies
opens at Sydney ; it recommends the
annexation of New Guinea.
Dec. 7. JV. S. W. The Intercolonial
Conference at Sydney adopts a scheme
for federation, and the creation of a
federal council for Australasia.
It prepares a bill [which is passed by
the Imperial Parliament as the Federal
Council Act] ; it agrees on a scheme for
the introduction of an intercolonial ju-
dicial system, and fails to agree upon a
restrictive policy respecting Chinese
immigration. [Dec. 8. The Conference
closes.]
1884 Mar.* Vic. The Marquis of Nor-
manby resigns the governorship.
[Apr. 10. Sir Henry Brougham Loch
is appointed governor.]
June 30. Vic. Premier Service favors
a bill for the confederation of the
colonies.
Aug. * The federation scheme is ac-
cepted by Victoria, Tasmania, and
Queensland.
Nov. 1±. N. S. W. The federation
scheme is rejected in the Legislature
by a majority of one.
Dec. * Germany protests against the an-
nexation by Great Britain of New Guinea
and the other islands.
1885 Jan.* Woodlark and other
islands in the East Indian Archipelago
are formally taken possession of in the
name of the British crown.
Feb. 1. The colonies offer to the Home
Government military contingents for
the reenforcement of Gen. Gordon in the
Soudan war.
Feb. 23. JV. S. JV. A military contin-
gent, 800 strong, is ordered for the Sou-
dan, and £30,000 are raised as a patriotic
fund.
Mar. 3. JV. S. W. The military contin-
gent embarks for Suakim ; the patriotic
fund is increased to £45,000.
May * The military contingent returns
from Suakim.
Dec. 9. All the colonies except New
South Wales and New Zealand unite in
a confederation.
Dec. 11. Lord Derby announces that the
consideration of the federal scheme is
deferred.
Dec. 12. JV". S. W. Lord Carrington
assumes office as governor.
Dec. 17. N.S.W. The ministry re-
signs ; a new administration is organ-
ized by Sir John Robertson.
* * The Federal Council of Austra-
lasia is established.
1886 Feb. 18. Vic. Duncan Gillia
forms a new Ministry.
Feb. 25. JV. S. W. Sir John Robertson
and Patrick Jennings form a coalition
Ministry.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1866 Oct. 25. Vic. The Interna-
tional Exhibition is opened at Mel-
bourne.
1868 Feb. 19. S.A. Sir Dominic
Daly, governor, dies.
1869 * * JV. S. IV. The railway is ex-
tended to connect Sydney with Goul-
burn.
18TO Aug. 30. JV. S. W. The Gov-
ernor-General, Lord Belmore, opens the
Intercolonial Exhibition at Sydney.
Sept. 8. Vic. The Industrial Mu-
seum at Melbourne is opened.
1872 Aug. 22. S. A. Adelaide and
Port Darwin are connected by tele-
graph.
1874 Apr. 11. Vic. An Industrial
Exhibition is opened at Melbourne by
the governor.
1878 * * S. A. The first railway is be-
gun at Port Augustus.
1879 Sept. 17. JV. 5. W. An Inter-
national Exhibition is opened by the
governor.
1880 Oct. * Vic. An International
Exhibition is opened at Melbourne.
1882 Jan. 16. JV. S. IV. The Wolver-
ene is presented by the British Govern-
ment to the colony of New South Wales.
Sept. 22. JV. 5. W. The Exhibition
Building at Sydney is burned down.
1883 June* Vic. Direct railway
communication between Melbourne
and Sydney is completed.
1886 Mar. 30. The Ly-ee-Moon, an
iron steamer, is wrecked off Green Cape ;
76 persons perish.
1887 Mar. 23. JV. S. W. A mine ex-
plosion occurs at Bulli colliery, near
Sydney ; 85 men are killed.
Apr. 22. A violent hurricane destroys
a pearl-fishing fleet on the northeast
coast; 650 persons are lost.
500 1887, Oct. *-1894, Nov. 29. AUSTRALIA.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1889 Apr. 10. N. S. W. A committee
at Sydney reports on M. Pasteur's sug-
gestion of a means to exterminate rab-
bits.
Apr. 18. N. S. W. Destructive floods
occur.
May 29. N. S. W. The Meteorological
Society reports a destructive hurri-
cane extending along the entire coast,
and a rainfall never before equalled ;
railroad traffic is suspended and several
lives are lost.
July 21. Que. Warner Davidson dis-
covers a bright comet.
1890 Jan. 5. Que. Floods covering
an area of 500 square miles do great
Feb. 16. Que. Great floods again pre-
vail.
Mar. 1. Que. Floods damage the town
of Brisbane to the amount of $1,500,000.
Apr. 3. Que. A cyclone does great
damage.
May 11. Que. Darling is surrounded
by floods.
July 11- Aug. * Vic. Floods damage
the city of Melbourne to the amount of
$2,000,000.
1891 Jan. 31. Que. Floods cause
great loss of life and property.
Feb. 1. Que. The country suffers again
from floods.
Feb. 6. Que. Floods prevail ; a large
number of persons are drowned ; part of
the city of Brisbane is submerged.
Feb. 7. Que. Brisbane is in darkness ;
water is 30 feet deep in its principal
streets ; 500 houses are demolished.
Feb. 8. Que. The floods have sub-
sided ; loss of life and property is greater
than at first reported.
Feb. 10. Que. The loss by the flood is
estimated at $15,000,000.
Feb. 19. Que. — Vic. Brisbane and
other places are flooded ; three vessels
are stranded in the Botanical Garden at
Melbourne.
1893 Aug. 9. W. A. A great dis-
covery of gold is made at Coolgardie,
near Perth.
CHURCH.
1887 * * Que. Bowen, on the extreme
northeast coast, becomes a mission-
station of the Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel, with one missionary.
1889 * * Vic. Bamahyuck, a Moravian
mission-station, reports one missionary
and wife.
* * Vic. The Ebenezer Mission reports
one married and one unmarried mission-
ary ; the mission buildings are on a plot
of ground given by the Government ; the
success of the work far exceeds the an-
ticipation of the missionaries.
* * iV. S. W. Norfolk Island is a mis-
sion-station of the Society for the Prop-
agation of the Gospel ; it has one
missionary.
* * Macleag is a station of the Hermanns-
burg Evangelical Lutheran Mission.
1890 * * S. A. Burkujanna is reported
as a prosperous mission-station of the
Hermannsburg Society.
Apr. 9. Que. At Townsville, C. G.
Barlow is installed in the bishopric of
North Queensland.
1891 Jan. 1. Vic. At Melbourne the
Anglican Cathedral is consecrated
with imposing ceremonies.
SOCIETY.
1888 Oct. * Vic. Strikes are frequent
among workmen, and opposition to Chi-
nese immigration is very strongly ex-
pressed.
1889 Apr. 30. Vic. John Dillon,
M.P., the Irish home ruler, addresses a
monster meeting at Melbourne.
June * N. S. W. The courts of Sydney
decide that publishers of newspapers
cannot collect pay for Sunday adver-
tisements, the contracts being illegal.
1890 May 11. N. S. W. Messrs. Dil-
lon, Deasy, and Esmonde, Irish
home-rule advocates, arrive at Sydney.
May 16. Vic. Immense meetings are
held at Ballarat in favor of Irish home
rule.
June 21. Vic. Cardinal Mo ran, the
chief justice, and the premier of Queens-
land, are proposed as arbitrators of
the labor troubles in Australia.
June 28. Vic. Strikers are becoming
disorderly.
June 29. The shipping-trade strike
has spread to New Zealand.
Aug. 7. N.S. W. Strikersholdalarge
demonstration in Sydney, and adopt
resolutions declaring that the men will
stand firm.
Aug. 31. Vic. The full police-force of
Melbourne and 1,000 special constables
are on duty ; 40,000 men, represent-
ing all trades, form in procession and
parade the streets ; there is no disturb-
ance.
Sept. 10. N. S. W. The conference of
employees at Sydney condemns boy-
cotting and upholds freedom of con-
tract.
Sept. 11. N. S. W. In consequence of
the strikes 7,000 men are out of work in
the New Castle district.
Sept. 15. N. S. W. The Labor Con-
ference at Sydney adopts a proposal to
call out all the shearers, wool-shed labor-
ers, and carriers, a procedure that will
affect 80,000 men.
Sept. 19. N. S. W. The mayor of Syd-
ney reads the riot-act to the strikers.
[Sept. 26. Labor troubles continue.]
1891 Feb. 24. Que. Troops and
armed strikers are face to face at Cler-
mont.
Apr. 28. A scheme is drafted to bring
Hebrew immigrants from Poland and
the southeast of Europe, and locate
them on lands in Australia.
May 2. The promoters of Hebrew emi-
gration from Europe are informed that
Russian exiles are not wanted.
July 31. JV. S. W. The Assembly re-
jects the bill granting the right of suf-
frage to women. Vote, 57-34.
1892 Mar. 27. Vic. Attempts are
made to lynch F. B. Deeming.
Mar. 28. Vic. The coroner's jury finds
Deeming guilty of murdering his wife
and four children at Rainhill. [Apr. 28.
His trial begins in Melbourne. May 9.
He is convicted, and sentenced to be
executed ; he confesses that he mur-
dered his wife. May 23. He is hanged.]
* * N. S. W. White workmen protest
against the introduction of colored
labor.
Aug. 11. N.S.W. The shearers' strike
is declared settled.
Oct. 5. Que. A labor vessel, while re-
cruiting off the coast of Malayta, Solo-
mon Islands, is attacked by natives,
looted, and its crew are killed.
Nov. 2. JV". S. W. Strikers on the docks
resort to dynamite just as business is
beginning to revive.
STATE.
1887 Oct.* W. A. The Legislative
Council petitions for a change from a
Crown colony to representative gov-
ernment.
* * London. A conference of delegates
from the colonies adopts a scheme of
Australasian naval defense.
Nov. 24-25. Eng. Parliament passes,
as the Australasian Naval Force Act,
the scheme adopted by the colonial con-
ference. [It is approved by the Queen. J
* * London. Parliament passes the Brit-
ish Settlements Act.
1888 Jan. 16-19. To*. The Fede-
ration Council meets at Hobart.
May 16-18. N. S. W. The Legislative
Assembly passes a Chinese restriction
bill, regardless of the treaties of Nanking
and Peking.
June 14-16. A conference of the
Australian colonies appeals to the Im-
perial Government for restriction of
Chinese immigration.
Nov. * Que. Sir Henry Arthur Blake
is appointed governor. [He is objected
to, and he resigns.]
Aug. 13. London. The act for Impe-
rial defense passes Parliament ; it pro-
vides for defraying the expenses of a
naval defense of the Australasian colo-
nies.
Dec. * Que. Sir Henry Wylie Norman
is appointed governor.
Dec. * S. A. The Earl of Kintore is
governor.
* * London. An Imperial statute is passed
providing for the maintenance of a
naval force of seven me/i-of-war at
the Australian station, three of them to
be kept in reserve.
1889 Jan. 29-Feb. 4. Tas. The Fed-
eration Council meets at Hobart.
AUSTRALIA. 1887, Oct. * -1894, Nov. 29. 501
Feb. 2. Tas. The Federation Council
adopts an address to the Crown.
It views with deep anxiety recent
events in Samoa, favors treaties guar-
anteeing Samoan independence, and ex-
presses the opinion that foreign domina-
tion of Samoa (by Germany) endangers
the safety of Australia.
Feb. 2. N. S. W. Parliament is dis-
solved.
Mar. 6. N. S. W. The Ministry re-
signs after defeat on the question of
protection. [Mar. 14. Sir Henry Parkes
forms a new Ministry.]
Apr. 10. N.S.W. TheGovernment
proposes to abolish all specific duties
and to adopt direct taxation.
June 7. Vic. Parliament is opened
at Melbourne by Acting-Gov. W. C. F.
Robinson.
June 22. Vic. Gov. Sir Henry
Brougham Loch accepts the governor-
ship of Cape Colony.
June 24, 25. S. A. J. A. Cockburn
forms a new Ministry.
July 16. London. The House of Lords
votes in favor of granting the petition of
Western Australia for responsible gov-
ernment. [The question is deferred in
the Commons.]
July 22. Vic. The Earl of Hopetoun
is appointed governor.
July 31. N. S.W. The Legislative As-
sembly passes a bill providing for the
payment of yearly salaries to its
members.
Nov. 10. N. S. W. At a public meeting
in Sydney resolutions are adopted in
favor of colonial federation.
Dec. 9. The federation proposal is ac-
cepted by Victoria, Queensland, South
Australia, Western Australia, and Tas-
mania. [New South Wales and New
Zealand reject it.]
1890 Feb. 6. Vic. The Australasian
Federal Conference opens at Mel-
bourne ; the prime minister of Victoria
is elected chairman.
June 5. S. A. Parliament opens at
Adelaide ; the prosperous condition of
the colony is reported.
June 10. Vic. The Legislative Assem-
bly unanimously approves the scheme
for the federation of the Australian
colonies, and appoints delegates to the
convention for that purpose.
June * The scheme for the federation
of the colonies grows in favor.
July 27. AT. S. W. The Earl of Jer-
sey is appointed governor.
Aug. 7. Que. The Cabinet resigns,
owing to a lack of support in parlia-
ment on its budget proposals.
Aug. 8. Que. A new Cabinet is
formed, with Mr. Griffiths as prime
minister.
Sept. 11. N. S. W. The Legislative As-
sembly adopts Sir Henry Parkes's
scheme for federation. Vote, 97-11.
Sept. 21. Vic. A Decimal Coinage
and Metrical "Weights and Measures
Act is passed by the Legislative Assem-
bly.
Nov. 4. Vic. A new Cabinet is an-
nounced at Melbourne.
Dec. 8. Que. The Government accepts
the Anglo-Mexican treaty of Nov.
27, 1888.
* * W. A. The colony receives a bicam-
eral constitution and responsible gov-
ernment.
1891 Mar.* N. S. W. A Federal
Convention at Sydney [after five
weeks] agrees upon a constitution to
be submitted to the several colonies.
It provides for a federal executive,
legislature, and judiciary.
Mar. 2. N. S. W. The Australasian
Federal Convention meets in the Par-
liament House at Sydney, having seven
representatives from each colony, except
New Zealand, which sends only three;
Sir Henry Parkes is elected president.
Apr. 9. N. S. W. The Australasian
Federal Convention adopts the draft
of a constitution.
The Federal Parliament is to consist
of two houses somewhat resembling
the Congress of the United States of
America ; each colony to be represented
by an equal number in the Senate for
the protection of colonial rights ; mem-
bers of the popular chamber to be chosen
according to the population ; each colony
to elect its own governor, but tbe gov-
ernor-general to be appointed by the
Crown.
* * N. S. W. The Federal Conven-
tion at Sydney closes.
* *A bill to constitute a "Common-
wealth Australia" is afterwards in-
troduced into the parliaments of the
several colonies. [The people evince
but little interest in the matter.]
May 25. The colonies decide to join the
International Postal Union in Oc-
tober.
June 30. N. S. W. The complete elec-
tion returns show that the Opposition
has elected 57 members, the Ministerial-
ists 51, the Labor Party 26, and the In-
dependents 3 ; grouped according to
tariff policy, tbe representatives will
number 75 for protection, and G2 for
free trade.
July 31. N. S. W. The Legislative
Assembly rejects the motion of Sir
Henry Parkes in favor of woman suf-
frage. Vote, 57-34.
Sept. 6. Vic. The Legislature passes
the Federation Bill, but adopts an
amendment excluding New Zealand
from the federation.
Oct. 18+ . N. S. W. Sir Henry Parkes,
premier, resigns. [Oct. 23. A new cabi-
net is formed by Mr. Dibbs.]
Dec. 19. N. S. W. Parliament, adopts
a protective tariff bill after a sitting
of 36 hours. Vote, 60-3.
1892 Jan. 6. S. A. A new Ministry
is formed.
1893 Feb. 3. N. S. W. Robert W.
Duff is appointed governor.
Mar. 24. Que. The Intercolonial
Postal Conference at Brisbane agrees
to a resolution to establish a Pacific
cable between Australia and Vancouver.
Apr. 29. Australian savings-banks
are to be consolidated with the postal
service.
1894 Nov. 29. The Australian pre-
miers convene to discuss Imperial fed-
eration and intercolonial free trade.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1887 * *N.S. W. The Government
offers a reward of £25,000 for the de-
vising of means of exterminating Eu-
ropean rabbits, which have become a
destructive pest.
1888 Aug. 1. Vic. The Interna-
tional Exhibition is opened at Mel-
bourne.
Aug. 21. N. S. W. Richard Jonis dies,
A76.
Sept. 28. Sir Thomas Cockburn
Campbell, 4th baronet, politician, dies,
A47.
Oct. 9. Que. Sir Anthony Musgrave,
governor, dies.
1889 May 25. iV. S. W. A great
storm causes loss of life.
June 22. N. S. W. At Newcastle 70
miners are entombed in a pit ; all are
rescued except two.
1890 Feb. 22. Vic. The West Mel-
bourne docks are opened.
Apr. 5. Vic. The Melbourne Exhi-
bition closes with a deficit of about
$1,000,000.
July 12. N. S. W. J. B. Watson,
" Quartz Reef King," dies, A64.
Oct. 1. N.S. W. Sydney suffers a loss
of £750,000 by fire.
1891 Feb. 7. S. A. The wheat crop
is 12,600,000 bushels, with probably 9,000,-
000 bushels available for export.
Aug. 28. V. S. W. By a collision of
steamers near Sydney, 26 lives are lost.
Dec. 1. Eng. Charles Perry, first bishop
of Melbourne, dies, A84.
1892 Mar. 5. Vic. The Mercantile
Bank, Melbourne, suspends, though
having an excess of assets.
1893 Feb. 4. Fr. The French Cabinet
approves the proposition to lay a cable
from the French colony of New Cale-
donia to Australia.
May 15. N.S.W. Sydney Linton, bishop
of Riverina, dies, A51.
1894 Apr. 4. Vic. The Commercial
Bank of Melbourne suspends payment.
Apr. 6. Vic. The Colonial Bank,
Alexandria, suspends.
Apr. 20. The (Australian) Joint-Stock
Bank of London fails.
Apr. 25. The London Chartered
Bank suspends ; the suspension of tha
Standard Bank of Australia follows.
May 9. Vic. The Bank of Victoria,
Melbourne, suspends ; liabilities, £2,400,-
000.
June 15. Three more bank failures
are reported ; the London Stock Ex-
change is panicky ; three defaulters are
posted.
June 16. Vic. The City of Mel-
bourne Bank fails.
502 179. B.c. -ad. 1127,** AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
Austria-Hungary is a state of Central Europe, having Vienna for its oapital. Area, 240,942 square miles ; population in
1890, 41,358,886. It is one of the great powers, and has a constitutional government administered by an hereditary monarchy.
The people comprise several races ; of these about one-half are Slavs, one-fourth Germans, one-sixth Magyars, and one-fifteenth
Roumanians. The greater part of the people are Roman Catholics in religion, but the Protestants and Greek Catholics each
number several millions of adherents. Little is known of the peoples dwelling before the Christian era in that part of the
basin of the Danube which now belongs to Austria-Hungary.
Note. — The very extensive literature of this country is almost entirely omitted in these pages to economize space.
ARMY — NAVY.
115 * * B. c. The country of theTaurisci
is invaded by the Roman consul, Marius
^Emilius Scaurus, who meets the Ger-
man tribes as he advances northward.
17 * * A. d. Maroboduus, a prince of
the Marcomanni, is conquered by the
Germans under Arminius.
169* *-180* *War between the
Goths and the Romans.
170 * * The legate Vindex is defeated
by barbarians, and loses 20,000 men.
174 * * The Roman army is saved from
the Quadi, as by a miracle.
356* *-359* * Aust.-Hung. The Ale-
manni, Quadi, and Sarmatae invade
Rhaetia and Pannonia, and ravage the
country till they are repulsed with great
loss.
788 * * The Avari cross the river Enns,
and attack Bavaria, but are repulsed by
Charlemagne.
806 * * The Pranks invade Bohemia
with three armies, and force the inhabi-
tants to pay tribute.
892 * * The Hungarians attack Mora-
via without success.
907 * * Hung. The Hungarians terribly
defeat the Germans at Presburg.
910 * * Ger. The Germans are again de-
feated near Augsburg, in Bavaria.
* * * The Germans defeat the Hungari-
ans before Wels.
924 * * It. The Hungarians invade
Italy, and burn Pavia.
933 * * Ger. The Hungarians are re-
pulsed by Henry of Saxony before
Merseburg.
936 * * Bohemia is invaded by two Ger-
man armies, which enter by way of
Thuringia and Saxony.
955 * * Hung. Otho, Emperor of Ger-
many, repulses the Hungarians, con-
quers their territory, and annexes it.
1025+ * * Bohemia. Bretislav 1. con-
quers Silesia and Lesser Poland, and
takes Cracow by assault.
1067 * * Transylvania. The invading
Cumans (or Polovtses) are defeated at
the battle of Cserhalom.
1089 * * Hung. King Ladislaus I. con-
quers Croatia.
1102 * * Hung. King Coloman wrests
Dalmatia from the Venetians.
1127 * * Galicia. Stephen II. of Hun-
gary avenges his father by conquering
Premysl. [He is soon driven away, and
loses many towns on the coast of the
Adriatic]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
453 * * Attlla. " The Scourge of God," King
of the Huns, dies in Hungary.
869 * * Arpad, founder of the Hungarian
monarchy, born.
885 Apr. 6. Methodius, Greek mission-
ary to Slavonians, dies.
892 * * Savatopulk, King of Moravia, dies.
907 * * Arpad, King of Hungary, A 38.
955 * * Adalbert, Saint, Apostle to Prus-
sians, born.
967 * * Boleslav, King of Bohemia, dies.
979* * Stephen I., Saint, born at Gran,
Hungary.
991 * * Leopold I., Margrave of Austria, dies.
997 * * Adalbert, Saint, patron saint of Bo-
hemia, murdered.
1038 Aug-. 15. Stephen I.. Saint, King of
Hungary, A59.
1044 * * Aba Samuel, or Aba Samu, King of
Hungary, dies.
1047 * * Andrew I., King of Hungary, is as-
sassinated.
1061 * * Bela I., King of Hungary, killed by
the fall of a tower.
1063 * * Andrew, King of Hungary, dies.
CHURCH.
366 * * It. St. Damasus is pope.
367 * * It. Ursicinus is (anti) pope.
±* *TJlfilas (Wulfila), the scholar,
preaches to the Arian Goths, and makes
a Gothic translation of the Scriptures.
380 * * Hung. A Church Council is
held at Sirmium ; it condemns the doc-
trine of the Arians.
381 * * Aust. A Church Council is held
at Aquileia; it condemns the Arians.
384 * * It. Siricius is pope. [398, St.
Anastasius ; 795, Leo III.]
710 * * Aust. St. Emeran of Poictiers
founds the bishopric of Salzburg.
804 * * Hung. The Greek missionaries,
Cyril and Methodius, preach to the
Slavs, and adapt the Greek alphabet to
the Slavonian language.
845 * * Bohemia. Fourteen nobles are
baptized at Regensburg.
863 * * or 864 * * Moravia. St. Cyril
and his brother Methodius propagate
Christianity among the Moravians.
874+ * * Bohemia. Christianity is in-
troduced ; Borivoy, the first Christian
prince, builds the first Bohemian
church, and dedicates it to St. Clement.
891* * It. Formosus is pope. [896,
Boniface IV. ; 985, John XVI.]
906 * * Bohemia accepts Christianity
through the effort of Princess Dubravka,
who first converted her husband, Prince
Mieczyslaw.
925 * * Bohemia. St. Ludmila is canon-
ized. [934, St. Wenceslaus,]
974 * * Hung. The Pope is informed of
the conversion of 5,000 Hungarians
by Pilgrim.
983 * * Bohemia. St. Adalbert is bishop
of Prague.
989 * * Bohemia. St. Adalbert becomes
discouraged with the vices of the clergy,
and retires to a monastery.
992 * * Hung. Christianity is intro-
duced in the reign of Geyza, who mar-
ried Clotilde of France, a Christian
princess.
994± * * Hung. Duke Stephen is bap-
tized. [He completes the conversion of
his people.]
996* * It. Gregory V. is pope. [999, Sil-
vester.]
1000 * * Hung. Stephen establishes the
Roman Catholic religion ; he receives
the title of Apostolic King from the
Pope. [The title is still used.]
1003* * It. John XVII. is pope; soon
dies ; later John XVIII.
1032 * * Bohemia. Prince Oldric founds
the Monastery of Sazava, in which
the Slav liturgy is used.
1060+ * * Hung. Bela I. suppresses a
new rising of the pagans against Chris-
tianity.
1088* * It. Urban II. is pope. [1099,
Pascal II.]
1092 * * Hung. Ladislaus promulgates a
law in opposition to a recent decision
of Pope Gregory VII., permitting the
priests to marry.
1096* * Hung. The First Crusade
crosses Hungary ; depredations abound.
LETTERS.
864 * * The Greek missionaries preach in
Slavonia, and adapt the Greek alpha-
bet to the Slavonic.
SOCIETY.
921* * Bohemia. Saint Ludmila Is
murdered.
1047 ** Hung. King Andrew is assas-
sinated by his brother.
1063 * * Hung. King Solamon is de-
posed by his son.
1108* * Bohemia. The turbulent fam-
ily of the Vesovici is massacred.
STATE.
179 * * B. C. Aust. Istria becomes a Ro-
man province.
129* * b. c. Aust. Hlyria and Dalma-
tia become Roman provinces.
14 * * b. c. The country is inhabited by
the Taurisci, a Celtic race [later called
Norici], whom the Romans incorporate
with their armies, or transport to other
lands.
30+ * * A. d. Hungary, a part of an-
cient Pannonia, and Dacia become
subject to the Romans in the reign of
Tiberius.
33+ * * Aust. The Romans annex CEster-
reich (" Eastern kingdom^" east from
Germany, anciently called Noricum)
and part of Pannonia.
274* *The Goths, after conquering
Dacia, erect the double kingdom of the
Westgoths and the Eastgoths.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 179, b.c.-a.d. 1127,
503
376+* * Hungary is invaded by the
Huns, who drive out the Goths.
437* * Hung. Attila [known as the
Scourge of God] becomes king of the
Huns. [ He conquers Pannonia and other
countries.]
447 * * Hung. The Romans abandon
Sirmia to Attila, engaging to pay him
heavy tribute
5th and 6th Centuries. The country is
successively overrun by the Boii,
Vandals, Heruli, Rugii, Goths, Huns,
Lombards, and Avari.
500 * * Hungary is held by the Lom-
bards.
550± * * Hung. The Czechs, or Slavs,
take possession of the plains of Hun-
gary.
568* *Hungary is overrun by the
Avari.
The river Runs divides the people of
German origin from the Avari, who come
from the East.
748 * * Aust. Borut is prince of Carin-
thia. [750, Karat; 753, Chotimir ; 772,
Valaduc]
* * Bohemia. Premysl becomes duke.
* * Hung. Pagan princes rule [till 870] .
759 * * Bohemia. Prague is founded.
791 * * -796 * * Aust. Charlemagne
delivers Austria from the pagans, —
Huns, Avari, and others.
817+** Aust. Louis the German, son
of Louis le Debonnaire, defeats Radbod,
the margrave (lord or governor) of Aus-
tria, and annexes his dominions.
823 * * Hung. Ljudevit becomes prince
of Croatia.
Borna succeeds Ljudevit. [830, Povin;
892, Matimir ; 900, Kresimir ; 958, Kresi-
mir II.; 968, Zedeslav ; 970, Drzislav.]
870 * * Bohemia. Borzivoj becomes
duke. [Dukes rule the country till
1198.] <
874+ * * Moravia throws off the German
yoke.
876 * * Austria is enlarged by the addi-
tion of Bavaria.
883 * * Aust. The Bavarian descendants
of Radbod the margrave revolt against
Charles the Fat, Emperor of the
Franks.
884* * Hung. The history of Hun-
gary properly begins with the appear-
ance of the Magyars.
889 * * Hung. "Arpad, the founder of
the Hungarian dynasty, and chief of
the Magyars, flourishes. [He conquers
all of Hungary and Transylvania ; kings
of his line follow until 1309.]
* *± Hung. Pesth [Budapest] is
founded.
890+ * * Moravia under Savatopulk is a
powerful state.
* * Austria loses Pannonia, which goes
to Croatia.
894 * * Moravia is invaded by a great
host of Hungarians, of Finnish origin,
having according to tradition 216,000
warriors.
* * Bohemia. Spitchnev I. becomes
duke.
900 * * Moravia is invaded by Bava-
rians and Czechs.
912* * Bohemia. Vratislav is duke.
[925. Vacslav the Saint is duke. 936,
Boleslav. 967, Boleslav II.]
937 * * Austria is destroyed as a march
and absorbed by the Magyars, whose
frontier is bounded by the river Enns.
950 * * Bohemia is forced to pay trib-
ute to Otho I., Emperor of Germany.
955 Aug. 10. Aust. The Bavarian
Ostmark is reestablished on the Lech-
feld (Augsburg) by the defeat of the
Hungarians. [Later it is transformed
into the duchy of Austria.]
* * Hung. Otho I. takes territory from
the Hungarians, and annexes it to Ger-
many.
962 * * The German states become [con-
tinuously] connected with the Holy
Roman (German) Empire.
972* * Hung. Geiza, the first pacific
king of pagan Hungary, is enthroned.
973 * * Aust. The dynasty of Leopold
of the House of Babenberg begins. [It
lasts 263 years.] Leopold I. is margrave.
976 * * Aust. Henry of Scheyer is in-
dependent duke of Carinthia. [978, Otho
of Wormsf eld ; 995, duke the second
time ; 1014, Conrad I. of Wormsf eld ;
1012, Adelbero of Eppenstein ; 1035, Con-
rad I. of Wormsfeld.]
984 * * Vienna is the capital of Austria.
991 * * Aust. Ottocar I. is margrave of
Styria. [1038, Ottocar III.]
994 * * Aust. Henry I., son of Leopold
I., is margrave.
997 * * Hung. Duke Stephen (Samt)
assumes the title of king.
[He extends his kingdom eastward, and
gives a constitution and written laws.
Hungarians honor him as the second
founder of their nation, the first being
the legendary Arpad.]
1000 Aug. 15. Hung. Stephen is
crowned at Gran with a crown sent by
the pope.
* * Aust. Kresimir I. is king of Croatia.
[1035, Stephen I. ; 1056, Kresimir II.]
1002+ * * Bohemia resists Boleslav the
Brave of Poland.
* * * Hungary receives an extensive im-
migration of Germans.
1004 * * Bohemia. Jaromir becomes
duke. [1012, Oldric ; 1037, Betislav I.;
anarchy follows.]
1018 * * Aust. Albert I. the Victorious
(over the Magyars) is margrave. [The
ostmark almost doubles its size under
his rule.]
1030 * * Styria is created a margravate.
1038 * * Hung. Peter I., nephew of
Stephen I., is enthroned.
1039 * * Aust. There is an interreg-
num in Carinthia. [It continues till
1046.]
1040+ * * [Austria] is taken from the
Hungarians and joined to Germany.
1041 * * Hung. Aba or Owen becomes
king.
* * Bohemia is conquered by the German
Emperor Henry III., who devastates the
country.
1044 * * Hung. Peter the German is
again enthroned.
1046 * * Hung. Peter is dethroned by a
popular assembly at Csanad.
* * Hung. Andrew I. becomes king.
[He is assassinated in 1060 by his brother
Bela.]
1047 * * Aust. Welf of Altorf becomes
the independent duke of Carinthia.
[1057, Conrad III. ; 1059, Berthold.]
1055 * * Bohemia. Spitchnev II. be-
comes duke. [1061, Vratislav II. ; 1110,
Borzivoj.]
1056 * * Aust. Ernest the Valiant be-
comes margrave.
1060 * * Hung. Bela I. deposes Andrew
and becomes king.
1061 * * Hungary is overrun by Poles.
1063 * * Hung. Salomon becomes king.
[1077, Ladislaus the Saint.]
1073* * Aust. Markhardt of Eppenstein
becomes hereditary duke of Carinthia.
[1076, Liutold ; 1090, Henry, Margrave of
Istria; 1122, Henry IV.; 1124, Egelbert,
margrave of Istria ; 1134, Ulrich I.]
1074 * * Aust. Slavisa becomes king of
Croatia. [1076, Demetrius Zvonimir ; in
his reign Croatia attains the zenith of
her power.]
1075 * * Aust. Leopold II. the Hand-
some becomes margrave. [He resists
the Emperor until reduced to submis-
sion.]
1086 * * Bohemia. The Emperor rewards
Vratislav II. with the title of king.
1087 * * Aust. Stephen II. becomes
king of Croatia by conquest. [1102. He
assumes the title.]
1092 * * Aust. Ottocar IV . becomes mar-
grave of Styria. [1122, Leopold the
Strong ; 1129, Ottocar V.]
1095 * * Hung. Koloman, the nephew
of Ladislaus, becomes king.
1096 * * Aust. Leopold III. the Saint
becomes margrave " by the grace of
God."
* * Werner is the first named Count of
Hapsburg; in this family is established
the House of Hapsburg [from which
the Imperial House of Austria is de-
rived].
1100 * * Hung. Croatia is united with
Hungary on the death of Stephen II.,
its king.
1102 * * Hung. Koloman is crowned
king of Croatia and Dalmatia, after
conquering the former.
1114* * Hung. Stephen II. (Thunder),
13 years of age, becomes king.
1120* * Bohemia. Vladislav I. be-
comes duke. [1125, Sobieslaus I. ; 1140,
Vladislav II.]
1126* * Bohemia. The Emperor bei.ig
defeated, renounces his claims, and rec-
ognizes Sobieslaus as prince.
MISCELLANEOUS.
453 * * Hung. Attila, the chief of the
Huns, drinks so freely of honey and
water on his wedding-day that he dies
of suffocation.
504 1131,** -1326,
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1140* * Aust. Guelf attempts to recon-
quer Bavaria from the margrave of
Austria, and is defeated in the battle of
Weinsberg.
1203 * * Hung. The Venetians, aided by
the Crusaders, take Zadar from Hun-
gary.
1240+ * * Hungary is terrorized by an
invasion of Mongols, who are irresisti-
ble for a time.
1241* * Hung. The Mongols are
checked by a defeat at Grobnik. [They
reappear, devastate the country, and
commit horrible cruelties.]
1246* * Hung. Bela IV. defeats the
Emperor Frederick II., on the banks of
the Leitha, where Frederick is killed.
1255 * * Bohemia. Rudolph, Count of
Hapsburg, Emperor of Germany, assists
King Ottocar in his crusade against the
pagans of Prussia.
1260* * Bohemia. Ottocar is compelled
to cede Styria to Hungary, but soon re-
gains it as the fruit of a great victory.
* * Moravia. Bela IV. of Hungary is
defeated by Ottocar on the plains of
Moravia; 18,000 men are killed.
1270± * * Aust. War breaks out be-
tween Bohemia and Hungary ; the Ma-
gyars ravage Austria, and carry away
16,000 captives.
1274 * * Bohemia. Rudolph marches
against Ottocar as a rebel.
1275 May 15. Ottocar, having refused
to pay homage to the Emperor for bis
lands, is placed under the ban of the
Empire.
1276 * * Vienna. The Emperor Rudolph
takes the city.
* * King Ottocar of Bohemia is forced to
sign a treaty by which he surrenders to
the Emperor, Austria, Styria, Carinthia,
and Carniola, and holds Bohemia and
Moravia as fiefs of the Empire.
1278 Aug. 26. Aust. Rudolph of Haps-
burg, having secured Ladislaus IV., the
King of Hungary, as an ally, defeats the
Bohemians in the battle of Marchfeld,
near Vienna, one of the most terrible of
the Middle Ages ; Ottocar is killed.
1290 * * Bohemia. King Weneeslaus
takes possession of Cracow and Lesser
Poland.
1314 * * -22 * * War rages between
Louis, Duke of Bavaria, and Frederick
of Austria ; they are rivals for the Im-
perial crown.
1315 Nov. 15±. Switz. The revolt-
ing Swiss Confederates (1,400) under
Unterwalden utterly defeat the Aus-
trians (15,000) under Duke Leopold in
the mountain-pass at Morgarten ; 1 ,500
men, the flower of the Austrian chiv-
alry, perish.
1322 Sept. 28. Ger. Frederick, Duke
of Austria, contending for the crown of
the German Empire, is defeated and
captured by Louis, Duke of Bavaria,
at. the battle of Ampfing, near Muhl-
dorf , Bavaria.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1173 * * Stephen III., Kingof Hungary, dies.
1176 * * Andrew II., King of Hungary, born.
1197 * * Henry VI., Emperor of Germany, d.
1198 * * Leopold VI., the Glorious, Duke, is
killed in battle.
1207 * * Elizabeth, Saint, b. at Presburg.
1218 * * Rudolph n.. Emperor of Germany,
born.
1230 * * Leopold VI., Duke of Austria, dies.
1231 * * Elizabeth. Saint. A 24.
1236 * * Andrew II., King of Hungary, A60.
1246 June 15. Frederic II.. the Fighter,
the last male of the House of Bamberg, is
killed in battle with the Hungarians.
1253 * * Weneeslaus, King of Bohemia, dies.
1278 Aug:. 26. Ottocar II., King of Bohe-
mia, is killed.
1291 July 15. Rudolph I., Emperor of
Germany, dies.
1301 * * Andrew III., King of Hungary, d.
1 305 * * Weneeslaus 1 1 ., K ing of Bohemia, d.
1307 * * Rudolph, King of Bohemia, is killed
in the war.
Gessler, Hermann, the Austrian bailiff, is
killed by William Tell. (?)
1308 * * Albert, Emperor of Germany, is
murdered by John the Parricide.
1313 * * Henry VII., Emperor of Germany,
dies.
1316 * * Charles TV., Emperor of Germany
and King of Bohemia, born.
CHURCH.
1140+ * * Bohemia is visited by Cardi-
nal Guido, who supervises the organiza-
tion of the church, and imposes celibacy
on the clergy.
1147 * * Bohemia. Ladislaus II. goes on
a crusade.
1187 ** Bohemia. The bishop of
Prague, being a prince, refuses obedi-
ence to the Prince of Bohemia.
1189* * Hang. The Third Crusade,
led by Frederick Barbarossa, crosses
the country, and is received with great
magnificence.
1198 * * It. Innocent III. is pope.
1200+ * * Vienna. The Jews have a syn-
agogue.
1205+ * * Berthold, of scandalous life,
is bishop of Bulgaria; he and his sister,
the queen, surround themselves with
favorites of infamous characters, until
he is driven out by the people ; the
queen is killed by them.
1216* * It. Honorius is pope. [1227,
Gregory IX. ; 1241, Celestine IV. ; 1243,
Innocent IV.]
1217 * * Aust. Duke Leopold VI. be-
comes a crusader, and goes to the Holy
Land.
* * The Fifth Crusade is led by King
Andrew II.
+ * * Hung. The clergy are scandal-
ously corrupt.
1279* * Hung. The Synod of Buda
places a limit on the knowledge which
monks are allowed to acquire.
LETTERS.
1147+ * * Hungarian students begin to
find their way to Paris.
13th Century. Bohemia. The Univer-
sity of Prague is in existence as a
" studium generale," and the earliest in
German States.
13th Century. Bohemia. The only
schools in the country belong to the
monks.
1290 * * -1310 * * Bohemia. The lhiko-
pis Kralodworsky is written.
1314* * Bohemia. Rhyming Chronicle of
Bohemia, by Dalimil, appears.
SOCIETY.
1131 * * Hung. Bela II., King of Hun-
gary, has his eyes put out by his royal
uncle.
1132 * * Hung. Bela II. orders 68 of his
enemies to be slain.
1174* * Hung. King Bela III. intro-
duces the Greek civilization into
Hungary.
1192* * Aust. Leopold V., Duke of
Austria, detains Richard I. of Eng-
land a prisoner, when returning in
disguise from the Crusade, but he is
compelled to surrender him to the Em-
peror Henry VI.
1290* * Hung. Ladislaus, the Cuman, is
assassinated by the Cumans.
1297 * * Bohemia. The coronation of
Weneeslaus II. is one of the most bril-
liant ceremonies and immense festivals
of the Middle Ages.
1306 * * Weneeslaus III. is assassi-
nated.
1308 May 1. Albert I., Duke of
Austria, is assassinated by his nephew,
John of Austria.
STATE.
1131 * * Hung. Stephen II. abdicates,
and Bela II. (blinded by Koloman) is
enthroned.
1136* * Aust. Albert H., and later
Leopold IV., son of Leopold III., be-
come margrave ; the accession of Leo-
pold occasions war. [1141, Henry laso-
mirgott.]
* * Vienna is made an Imperial city.
1138 * * Austria is enlarged by the ad-
dition of Bavaria.
1141* * Hung. Geiza H., 10 years of
age, is enthroned. [German immigrants
arrive and found 24 towns in the valley
of the Maros.]
1143 * * Aust. Henry H. becomes in-
dependent duke of Carinthia.
1156* * Aust. Henry II. is made the
first duke of Austria.
The margravate of Austria, founded
by Charlemagne, is separated from Ba-
varia, which is surrendered to Henry
the Lion, and made an hereditary duchy,
by the Emperor Frederick I. The terri-
tory west of the Enns is annexed.
Sept. 21. Aust. An Imperial edict de-
clares the duchy hereditary, even in
the female lines, and other privileges.
* * Bohemia. Silesia is restored to Bohe-
mia by Frederick, and Ladislaus re-
ceives the title of king for himself and
his successors.
1161 * * Hung. Stephen HI. and Ste-
phen IV. are enthroned. Stephen IV.
and Ladislaus, his uncle, are rivals. An-
archy prevails.
1164* * Aust. Ottocar VI. becomes
margrave of Styria. •
1173 * * Hung. Bela HI. is enthroned.
He marries Margaret of France, the
widow of Prince Henry of England.
Bela promotes civilization, and divides
the country into counties.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
1131, **-1326,
>05
H74 * * Bohemia. Sobieslaus II. is
enthroned.
1177 * * jUst. Leopold V. the Pious be-
comes duke. [1198, Leopold VI. the
Proud, brother of Frederick.]
1178+ * Bohemia. Vladislav II. abdi-
cates, and retires to a convent.
1180 * * Aust. Ottocar VI. of Styria re-
ceives the title of hereditary duke
from the Emperor.
1189* * Bohemia. Konrad Otho is
enthroned.
1192 * * Bohemia. Premysl Ottocar is
enthroned.
* * Austria annexes Styria. [A perma-
nent union.]
* * Aust. Leopold V. captures Rich-
ard I. of England.
Richard is passing through his domin-
ions incognito, on his return from the
crusade.
[1194±. The ransom paid for his re-
lease is used to enlarge Vienna and
enclose it with walls.]
* * The Emperor Frederick II. receives
Carniola.
1194* * Aust. Frederick I. the Catholic
becomes duke.
1196 * * Hung. Emerich, son of Bela
III., is enthroned.
1201 * * Aust. Bernard becomes in-
dependent duke of Carinthia. [1269,
Premysl Ottocar II.]
1204 * * Bohemia is confirmed in the
use of the royal title by the Pope.
* * Hung. Ladislaus H., the young son
of Emerich, is enthroned (six months a
king).
1205 * * Hung. Andrew H., son of
Bela III., is enthroned.
1222 * * Hung. The Golden Bull, or
the charter of Andrew II., is granted ;
it is the Magna Charta of Hungary, and
the foundation of its national liberties.
1230* * Aust. Frederick II. the
Fighter becomes duke.
* * Bohemia. Wenceslaus I. succeeds
Ottocar his father.
1231 * * Hung. The Golden Bull is
again solemnly confirmed.
1235 * * Hung. Bela IV. is enthroned ;
the Emperor Frederick II. makes a
claim for tribute.
* * * Aust. The Emperor Frederick II.
declares Austria and Styria to have
lapsed to the Imperial Crown, and
appoints Otto, Count of Eberstein, to
rule these provinces, as his lieutenant.
1246* * Aust. The Babenberg line of
kings becomes extinct by the death of
Frederick II. [An interregnum fol-
lows in the rule of Austria till 1273.]
Bohemia and Hungary both claim the
inheritance, and struggle for its posses-
sion.
* * Aust. Ladislaus, the margrave of
Moravia, assumes authority over the
provinces of Austria, in the right of
Gertrude his wife, the niece of Freder-
ick II. The Emperor is a rival claimant.
1247 * * Moravia. Ladislaus dies with-
out heirs.
1250 * * Aust. Hermann, the margrave
of Baden, marries Gertrude, and as-
sumes authority in Austria.
1251 * * Aust. The states of Austria in-
vite Premysl Ottocar to become their
ruler.
1253 * * Bohemia. Premysl Ottocar
H. is enthroned.
He acquires the duchy of Austria, and
reconquers Styria from the Hungarians.
* * Aust. Albert III. becomes count of
Tyrol. [1254, Meinhardt I.; 1258, Mein-
hardt II.]
1254 * * -73 * * Ger. Interregnum in
the Holy Roman Empire.
1256 * * Aust. Ulrich III. becomes in-
dependent duke of Carinthia.
1269 * * Bohemia. Ottocar inherits
Carinthia, a part of Carniola, and Fri-
uli, by the bequest of Ulric.
1270* * Hung. Stephen V. is en-
throned.
* * Aust. Premysl Ottocar marries the
daughter of the King of Hungary.
1272 * * Hung. Ladislaus m. the Cu-
men is enthroned.
* * Bohemia. Ottocar declines the
throne of the German Empire, which
is offered by the German princes.
1273* *-1740* * The Hapsburg dy-
nasty.
1273* *-91* * Rudolph I., Count of
Hapsburg in Switzerland, and Duke
of Austria, is elected Emperor of Ger-
many by the three archbishops of Mainz,
Cologne, and Treves.
* * Hung. Ottocar refuses homage to
Rudolph of Hapsburg.
* * Vienna is the real capital of the Ger-
man Empire.
1276* * Aust. Rudolph I., Emperor
of the Holy Roman (German) Empire,
becomes duke.
1278* * Bohemia. Wenceslaus II.
succeeds Premysl Ottocar.
1280 Sept. * Bohemia. A truce is en-
tered by Otto and the nobles.
1282 * * Aust. Albert I. and his brother,
Rudolph II., become dukes of Austria,
Styria, and Carinthia, by the investment
of their father, the Emperor.
The duchies of Austria, Styria, Ca-
rinthia, and Carniola are given as Im-
perial fiefs to Rudolph's sons.
1283 * * Aust. Albert I. becomes sole
ruler of Austria, Styria, and Carniola.
* * Bohemia. Wenceslaus II. comes out
of prison, after a delay of five years, and
ascends the throne.
1286 * * Aust. The Emperor bestows
Carinthia upon Menhardt II., count of
Tyrol.
1289 * * Hungary and Poland are in-
vaded by the Moguls.
1290* * Hung. Andrew m. the Ve-
netian, the son-in-law of the Emperor, is
enthroned.
1292 June 24. Aust. Adolf of Nas-
sau is elected Emperor of Germany, and
crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle.
Albert I., the Emperor's son, is dis-
placed by the opposition of the Arch-
bishop of Mainz, in order to favor Adolf,
the prelate's relative.
1295 * * Aust. Henry of Carinthia be-
comes count of Tyrol, and independent
duke of Carinthia.
1298 ** -1308 ** Ger. Albert I.,
Duke of Austria, succeeds Adolf as
Emperor of Germany.
1301 * * Hung. Andrew III. dies, and
the Arpad or native dynasty (Ma-
gyars) expires.
* * Hung. Prince Wenceslaus of Bohemia,
a usurper, 12 years of age, is elected king.
1305* * Hung. Otto of Bavaria, a
usurper, is enthroned.
June * Bohemia. Wenceslaus HI., a
frivolous and debauched prince, is en-
throned, after the death of Wenceslaus
II.; he is the last of the dynasty of the
Premyslides. [1306 Aug. 4. Assassinated.]
1306 * * Bohemia. Rudolph of Haps-
burg is enthroned.
1307 ** Bohemia. Henry, Duke of
Carinthia and Count of Tyrol, is en-
throned.
* * Switzerland revolts from the rule
of the House of Austria because of op-
pression. [William Tell shoots Gess-
ler.(?)]
1308* * Hung. Charles Robert of An-
jou is elected. [He really becomes king
two years later, when Hungary comes
under the rule of the House of Anjou.]
May 1. Ger. Albert I. is assassinated
by his nephew, John, near the Hapsburg,
while attempting to enslave the Swiss.
[His death is terribly avenged by Eliza-
beth, his widow, and Agnes, his daugh-
ter.]
Albert I. is succeeded by his five sons,
Frederick, Leopold, Henry, Albert, and
Otto.
* * Aust. Frederick I. and Leopold I.
become dukes.
* * Hung. Otto abdicates.
* * -1313 * * Ger. Henry VII., Count
of Luxemburg, a half-Frenchman, is
Emperor.
1310 * * Bohemia. Blind John of Lux-
emburg is elected king by the National
Assembly. [The House of Luxemburg
retains the crown 127 years.]
1314 * * -30 * * Frederick of Austria
is King of Germany.
1314 * * Ger. Frederick HI. of Haps-
burg, Duke of Austria, son of Albert, is
set up as king in opposition to Louis,
Duke of Bavaria. [War follows for
eight years. Frederick is defeated.]
* * Galicia. Cracow is the capital of the
Franks.
1322 * * Ger. Frederick HI. is taken
prisoner by Louis of Bavaria at Ampfing.
1325 * * Ger. Frederick HI. is re-
leased on condition that he renounces
the throne of the Empire.
1326 * * Bosnia. Herzegovina is
united with Bosnia.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1194* * Vienna is walled and en-
larged, the cost being met by the
£40,000 ransom money paid for the re-
lease of Richard 1. of England.
506 1326, ** -1436, **. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1332 * * Aust. King John of Bohemia
is defeated at Mailberg, and forced
to purchase a peace.
1344 * * _82 * * Hung. Louis I. the
Great, King of Hungary and Poland,
prosecutes many campaigns.
1346 Aug. 26. Fr. Blind King John
of Bohemia fights for Philip of France
in the battle of Cr6cy, and is killed.
1348 * * Hung. Louis I. invades Italy,
and punishes the accused murderers of
his brother Andrew, King of Naples.
1356 * * Hung. The first war between
Hungary and Venice occurs.
1386 July 9. Sivitz. The Swiss gain
a great victory over Leopold in the
battle of Sempach ; Leopold is killed,
and the liberty of Switzerland is as-
sured.
At this battle, according to tradition,
Arnold von Winkelried, rushing upon
the Austrians, gathers a number of their
spears against his breast, and falls
pierced through, thus opening a way for
his countrymen. (?)
1388 Apr. 9. Sioitz. A small body of
Swiss defeat the Austrians at Naf els.
1396 Sept. 28. Bulgaria. Battle of
Nikopoli. The Turks under Sultan
Bajazet I. defeat the allied Christian
powers under Sigismund, King of Hun-
gary ; 20,000 of the Allies are killed.
1400 * * Ger. The Emperor Rupert de-
clares war against Wenceslaus, King
of Bohemia.
1419 * * -36 * * Bohemia. The Hussite
War.
It is occasioned by Catholic oppression,
and indignation at the execution of John
Huss, the religious reformer. John
Ziska is leader of the Hussites.
1420 July 14. Bohemia. The Impe-
rialists under Emperor Sigismund are
defeated by John Ziska at the siege of
Prague.
1421 * * Bohemia. The German Impe-
rial troops are repulsed from the bor-
der as they enter.
1422 Jan. 8. Bohemia. Sigismund is
driven back by the Hussite troops to
Deutsch-Brod.
* * Bohemia. The Hussites ravage the
neighboring country, and make a skilful
use of gunpowder and clumsy cannon.
* * Bohemia. John Ziska gives Sigismund
a terrible defeat on the banks of the
river Sazava ; the Czechs are masters
of their own land.
1426 * * Bohemia. The Hussites defeat
the Saxons and Misnians in a bloody
battle under the walls of Ousti.
1428 * * -29 * * Bohemia. The Hus-
sites, led by Procopius the Great,
carry on an aggressive war, and devas-
tate part of Hungary and Silesia.
1430 * * Bohemia. Andrew Procopius
leads a great expedition of the Hussites
into Germany, where they become a
terror to the inhabitants.
1431 * * Bohemia. Procopius defeats
the Imperial army near Domazlice
(Tauss), and routs it with great loss.
1434 May 30. Bohemia. The Ta-
bontes (Hussites) are crushingly de-
feated by the Calixtines and Roman
Catholics in battle at Bohmisch-Brod ;
Andrew Procopius is killed.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1326 * * Leopold, Duke of Austria, dies.
1330 * * Frederick, Duke of Austria, dies.
1331 * * Engelbert, historian, Benedictine
monk of Austria, dies.
1335 * * Henry, Duke of Tyrol, dies.
1339 * * Otto, Duke of Austria, dies.
1346 Aug:. 26. John, King of Bohemia
(blind), is killed at Cr^cy.
1358 July 20. Albert II., Duke of Austria,
dies.
1360* * Ziska, John, general, born.
1361 * * Wenceslaus, Kingof Bohemia, born.
1365 * * Budolph V., Duke of Austria, dies.
Jerome of Prague, Bohemian martyr, born.
1369* * Multasche, Margaret, Countess of
Tyrol, dies.
1373 * * Huss, John, Bohemian religious
reformer, born.
1378 * * Charles I., Emperor and King of
Bohemia, dies.
1382 * * Louis the Qreat, Kingof Hungary,
dies.
1386 * * Leopold III., Duke of Austria, falls
in battle.
1395 * * Albert III., Duke of Austria, dies.
1400 * * Huniades, Joannes Corvinus, Hun-
garian general, born.
1404 * * Albert IV., Duke of Austria, dies of
poisoning.
1415* * Huss. John, Bohemian reformer,
burned, A40+.
1416 May 30. Jerome of Prague. Hussite
martyr, burned A51.
1419 * * Wenceslaus, Emperor of Germany,
King of Bohemia, A58.
1420 * * Podiebrad, George, King of Bohe-
mia, born.
1424 * * Ziska. John, leader of the Huss-
ites, A64.
CHURCH.
1342 * * It. Clement VI. is pope.
1347 * * Bohemia. Charles I. founds the
Benedictine monastery of Emaus at
Prague.
1350± * * Conrad Waldhauser and
Milic of Moravia, the great preachers,
attempt to reform the morals of the
people, and reprove the vices of the
clergy.
1350+ * * Persecution of the Jews.
* * The Flagellants become conspicuous.
1352* * Innocent VI. is pope. [1362,
Urban V.]
1356 Apr. 7. Vienna. Rudolph IV.
lays the foundation of the cathedral
of St. Stephen. [A splendid specimen
of Gothic architecture.]
1358 * * Rudolph IV. becomes duke, and
proceeds to finish the church of St.
Stephen.
1393 * * Bohemia. King Wenceslaus at-
tacks John, Archbishop of Prague,
because he refuses to surrender one of
bis castles.
1395+ * * Aust. The sect of the Vau-
dois prospers, notwithstanding the re-
pressive measures of Albert IV.
1400 * * Aust. Duke Albert IV. makes
a dangerous pilgrimage to the Holy
Land, and is applauded as Mirabilia
Mundi.
1403 * * Bohemia. The University of
Prague condemns 45 propositions
taken from the works of Wyclif .
1408 * * Bohemia. A meeting of the na-
tion is held at the University of Prague,
and it is decided that the 45 'Wyclif
articles are not necessarily heretical.
1409 * * It. A General Council is held
at Pisa, to end the schism of Avignon
(2 popes).
1410 * * It. John XXIII. is pope. [1417,
Martin V.]
1412 * * Bohemia. John Huss is under
the ban of the Pope.
* * It. Pope John XXIII. promises ple-
nary indulgences to those who aid his
cause against the King of Naples ; Huss
denounces the trade in indulgences.
1414 Nov. 1.-18 * * Ger. The 17th
General Council of the Church is held
at Constance in Baden, for the suppres-
sion of the Hussite heresy, the removal
of schism, and the reformation of the
Church.
Nov. 28. Ger. John Huss is arrested
at Constance for heresy, in disregard of
the solemn pledge of the Pope for his
personal safety ; his enemies allege that
it is wrong to keep faith with a heretic.
[Dec. 4. He is cast into the dungeon of
the Dominican monastery.]
1415 June 5, 7, 8. Ger. Huss ap-
pears before the Council, and is required
to make immediate recantation.
July 6. Ger. John Huss, cited to ap-
pear before the Council for the last time,
and answer respecting the doctrines of
transubstantiation, is condemned, and
immediately burned as a heretic.
* * Bohemia. The Hussites form a party
within the Church; they refuse obedi-
ence to foreign priests, or either priests
or bishops who transcend the Word of
God.
* * Bohemia. The assembled Hussites de-
clare John Huss a saint and a martyr,
and fix his festival on July 6, the day
of his death.
1416 May 30. Ger. Jerome of
Prague is burned at Constance for the
heresy of Protestantism.
1419 * * -36 * * Bohemia. The Hussite
War.
The Bohemians demand communion
in both kinds, bread and wine, for the
laity as well as the clergy, and rapidly
spread their doctrine.
1419 * * Bohemia. On the death of King
Wenceslaus churches and monaster-
ies are attacked and pillaged, and the
Catholic priests driven out of the towns
to make place for the Hussites.
1420* * Bohemia. The Taborites sepa-
rate from the Bohemian and the national
church by choosing a bishop to conse-
crate their priests.
± * * Bohemia. The Hussites declare
their creed in four articles.
Communion in both kinds ; freedom
of preaching: secularization of church
property ; and the punishment of mortal
sins and offenses against ecclesiastical
law with only temporal penalties.
1422+ * * Bohemia. The Taborites split
into sects.
Some preach a community of goods,
and even of marriage. John Ziska burns
some of them alive.
1424 * * Clement VII. is (anti) pope.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1326, * *-1436, * * 507
1431 * *-49 * * Switz. The 18th Gen-
eral Council of the Church at Basel.
The moderate Hussites enter a treaty.
* * It. Eugenius IV. is pope. [1439. Felix
V. is (anti) pope. 1447. Nicholas V. Is
pope. 1455. Calixtus III.]
1433 Jan. 6. Switz. Procopius, with
100 other Hussites, enters Basel to attend
the council of the Church.
1434 * * Bohemia. The Taborites (Huss-
ites) are annihilated in battle at Boh-
misch-Brod.
LETTERS.
1348 Jan. 26. Bohemia. Pope Clem-
ent VI. authorizes a " studium gene-
rale" at Prague in all the faculties.
* * Bohemia. The Emperor Charles IV.
founds the University at Prague.
1364 May * Gal. The University of
Cracow is founded by King Casimir
the Great.
Sept. * Galicia. Urban V. constitutes
the University of Cracow a "stu-
dium generale " in all the faculties save
theology.
1365 * * Vienna. University of Vienna
founded by Rudolph IV.
1367 * * Hung. The University of
Fiinfkirchen is founded by King Louis.
1367 * * Bohemia. Thorn. Stiny's book
for his children is written.
1380 * * Bohemia. A complete version
of the Bible in the Slavonic appears.
1389+ * * Hung. The University of
Ofen is chartered by Boniface IX.
1398 * * Bohemia. John Huss is a to-o-
fessor at Prague.
1400 * * Galicia. The University of
Cracow, which has hitherto had only
a nominal existence, is reconstituted
[and prospers].
1402 * * Bohemia. Baron Andreas de
Duba writes his judicial constitution
for Bohemia.
* * Bohemia. John Huss is rector of the
University.
1409 * * Bohemia. Hussite troubles
drive aH. the German professors and
students, numbering 5,000, out of the
University of Prague ; they go to Leip-
sic, where Frederick the Warlike
founds a university.
1415 * * Bohemia. The Church Council
of Constance suppresses the Univer-
sity of Prague as the seat of heresy.
SOCIETY.
1393 * * Hung. The female sovereign is
called King because of an aversion to
the name Queen.
STATE.
1330 * * Frederick III. dies.
* * Aust. Albert n. and Otto, his
brother, become dukes.
* * Margaret Multasche becomes count-
ess of Tyrol.
She marries John Henry, son of John
of Bohemia. [Later she repudiates the
marriage.]
1335 * * Aust. The dukes acquire Ca-
rinthia by inheritance.
* * Bohemia. King John divides the
reign with his son Charles as coregent.
1339 * * Aust. Albert H. is duke and
sole ruler.
1342* * Hung. Louis the Great of
Anjou is elected king. Hungary attains
the climax of its power.
* * Tyrol. Margaret is divorced from
her youthful husband.
1346 * * Bohemia. Charles I. (IV.), son
of John, is enthroned.
1347 * * -78 * * Ger. Charles TV. is
emperor.
1354± * * Bohemia annexes Silesia.
1358* * Aust. Rudolph IV. the
Founder is duke.
* * Hungary acquires the Danubian
principalities by conquest.
1363 * * Bohemia. Wenceslaus, son of
the Emperor Charles, is king.
* * Austria acquires Tyrol as a bequest
from Margaret Multasche.
1365 * * Aust. Albert m. and Leo-
pold III., two brothers of Rudolph IV.,
succeed him as dukes of Austria, with
undivided territory.
1370 * * Poland. Louis of Hungary is
proclaimed king of the Poles.
1376 * * Bosnia is no longer ruled by
chiefs, but erected into a kingdom.
* * Bohemia. King Wenceslaus, son
of Charles IV., is elected king of the
Romans.
1378 * * -1400 * * Wenceslaus is Em-
peror of Bohemia and Germany.
1379 * * Aust. Albert III. and Leopold
III. divide their possessions.
Albert takes the duchy of Austria, and
Leopold the duchies of Styria, Carinthia,
Camiola, Tyrol, and Outer Austria.
1382 * * Hung. Mary, called King
Mary, is enthroned.
Anarchy follows ; much blood is shed.
Elizabeth, the queen of Louis, is
drowned.
* * Aust. The town of Aquileia volun-
tarily unites with Austria ; it is a valu-
able addition of sea-front for the ducby.
1385* * Hung. Charles Durazzo
(Charles II.), the Pretender, claims the
throne. [He is assassinated.]
1386+ * * Hung. Mary reigns con-
jointly with her consort, Sigismund of
Brandenburg, a son of the Emperor
Charles V. Hungary suffers from the
severity of their rule.
* * Aust. William and Leopold be-
come dukes.
July 9. Switz. Duke Leopold of Styria
is killed at Sempach while waging war
against the Swiss, who resisted his op-
pressions.
1387 * * -1437 * * Hung. The House
of Luxemburg rules Hungary.
1389 * * Bosnia. The King of Bosnia
is defeated by the Turks, and becomes
their vassal.
1392 * * Hung. Mary dies, and Sigis-
mund reigns alone as King of Hungary.
1393 * * Hung. The rule of Sigismund
is so oppressive that the Hungarians
invite the invasion of the Turks for
their relief.
1394 * * Bohemia. The nobles force the
cruel Wenceslaus to virtually abdi-
cate.
1395 * * Aust. William I. and his
brothers, with their cousin, Albert
TV., are dukes of Austria.
1397 * * Hung. The Diet of Temesvar
provides for representative govern-
ment.
1400 * * -1410 * * Ger. Rupert, the
elector palatine, is elected emperor in
place of Wenceslaus by the archbishops,
the three ecclesiastical electors. Only
his own party respect his authority.
1401 * * Hung. Sigismund is made a
prisoner in his palace. [He is soon lib-
erated.]
1404 * * Aust. Albert V. succeeds his
father, Albert IV., as duke.
1406* * Aust. Frederick of the Empty
Purse becomes duke. [The nobles of
Tyrol oppose him.]
1410 * * -37 * * Ger. Sigismund, King
of Hungary, is emperor, the first Hun-
garian chosen to the Imperial office.
1411 * * Aust. Albert V. obtains Bohe-
mia and Moravia.
* * Aust. Frederick TV. becomes duke
of Tyrol and Outer Austria.
* * Aust. Ernest is duke of Styria, Ca-
rinthia, Carniola, and Trieste.
The provinces are divided into the
ducbies of Austria and Carinthia and
the county of Tyrol.
1415 * * Bohemia. An insurrection
follows the burning of the Reformers
Huss and Jerome of Prague for heresy.
(See Church.)
July * Bohemia. The Hussites at Prague
rise against Wenceslaus, pitch his anti-
Hussite sheriffs out of the windows, and
compel the king to appoint others, fa-
vorable to their party.
1419 Aug. 16. Bohemia. King Wences-
laus dies.
** Bohemia. Sigismund takes the
throne.
[He is soon driven out of the country.]
* * Hungary loses its lands on the Dal-
matian coast in a war with Venice.
* * Bohemia. Many of the Hussites form
a political party, and rise in arms under
John Ziska. They build the city of
Tabor.
1422 * * Aust. Albert V. marries the
daughter of Sigismund, whose dowry is
Moravia.
1424 * * Aust. Albert VI. of Styria is
duke of Carinthia, Carniola, and Iri-
este ; Gratz is the capital.
1435 * * Hungary reorganizes the army.
1436 * * Bohemia. The Compactata
with the Estates is accepted. (Church.>
MISCELLANEOUS.
1349* *The black death prevails
throughout Austria and all Europe.
508 1437, * *-1526,
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1443 * * Servia. Ladislaus VI. and Jo-
annes Huniades defeat the Turks at
Wish, or Kunobitz.
1444 * * Hungary makes a truce with
Turkey for 10 years ; it is broken by
Ladislaus IV., tinder the persuasion of
the Pope.
Nov. 20. Bulgaria. The Turks under
Amurath II. defeat the Hungarians
under Joannes Huniades and King La-
dislaus near Varna ; Ladislaus and a
great number are killed, and Huniades
is taken prisoner.
1448 Oct. 19. Servia. Huniades is
defeated by the Turks under Amurath
on the plain of Kossova; Huniades'
army is annihilated.
1456+ * * Hung. The Magyar fleet de-
feats the galleys of the Turks on the
Danuhe.
July 21. Servia. Huniades repulses an
attack of Mahomet II. on Belgrade.
The defeated Turks are routed, leav-
ing 24,000 of their dead on the ground,
and abandoning all their splendid ar-
tillery.
1457 * * Aust. War breaks out between
the Emperor of Germany and his
relatives, on the division of Austria.
1458* *-90* * Hungary is at war
with Bohemia and Turkey.
1462 * * Aust. The Emperor Frederick
III. is besieged at Vienna by his
brother and cousin, till released by
George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia ;
this ends the war respecting the di-
vision of Austria.
1468 * * Bohemia. George Podiebrad
captures the principal fortresses of his
rebellious Catholic subjects, and sends
his son Victoria to invade Austria, and
punish the emperor for encouraging the
rebels.
1468* *-69* * Bohemia. Matthias
Corvinus, son of Joannes Huniades,
invades Moravia and Silesia, where he
is welcomed by the Catholics and pro-
claimed king ; George Podiebrad forces
him to sign a truce at Vilemov.
1471 * * -72 * * Bohemia is again in-
vaded by Matthias, but with small
success.
1472 * * -73 * * Aust. The Turks in-
vade Carinthia and Carniola.
1475 * * Hung. Matthias secures Mo-
ravia and part of Silesia by conquest.
1477 * * Hungary is at war with Fred-
erick Augustus I., Elector of Saxony,
an ally of the Emperor Frederick III.
1479 July 14. Bohemia. The war with
Hungary ends by the peace of Olmiitz.
(See State.)
Nov. 13. Transylvania. The Hungari-
ans under Stephen Batory totally de-
feat the Turkish invaders on the plain
of Kenyermezo.
1480 * * Bosnia. Sarajevo is taken by
King Matthias.
1492 * * Hung. Bajazet II. leads the
Turks into the valley of the Save, and
defeats the Hungarian army.
1493 * * Aust. The Turks again invade
Carinthia and Carniola.
1513 * * Hung. The insurrection of the
Kurucs crusaders, a peasant rising
against the nobles, breaks out ; Dosza,
the leader, is defeated by John Szapol-
yai near Temesvar.
1515 * * Aust. The peasant war breaks
out in Carniola.
1521 * * Servia. The Sultan Solyman
the Magnificent besieges and takes
Belgrade, and annexes it to his do-
minions.
1526 * * -32 * * Hung. War with the
Turks, caused by an insult to Turkish
ambassadors by Hungarians.
1526 Aug. 26. Hung. The Turks
under Solyman, 100,000 strong, and hav-
ing 300 cannon, defeat the Hungarians
at Mohacs ; the Hungarian King Louis,
seven bishops, 22 barons, and 22,000 men
are left on the field. [Buda is captured.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1497 * * Aust. A mine of quicksilver
is discovered by accident in Illyria,
yielding 1,200 tons annually.
1512± * * Aust. Albert "Durer is made
court painter by Maximilian.
1515 * * Tyrol. The rolling-machine
is invented by Hall.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1437 * * Sigismund, King of Bohemia, dies.
1439 * * Albert II., Emperor of Germany,
dies.
Frederick, Duke of Austria, dies.
Albert V.. Emperor of Austria, dies.
1443 * * Matthias I. Corvinus, general,
King of Hungary, born.
1444 Nov. lO. Ladislaus IV. (or VI.),
King of Hungary, killed in battle, A44+.
1456 Sept. 10. Huniades, Joannes,
Hnngarian general, A56.
1457 * * Ladislaus V., Duke of Austria, dies.
1457 * * Ladislaus the Posthumous, King of
Hungary and Bohemia, dies.
1463 * * Albert VI., the Prodigal, Duke of
Austria, dies.
1471* * Podiebrad, George, King of Bohe-
mia, A51.
1490 * * Matthias I. Corvinus, King of Hun-
gary, A47.
1493 Aug. 19. Frederick IH., Emperor
of Germany, A78.
1498 * * Clovio, Giulio, painter, b. in Croatia.
1506 * * Philip, the Handsome, Duke of Aus-
tria, dies.
1516 * * Ladislaus VI., King of Bohemia and
Hungary, dies.
1518+ * * Zrinyi, Niklas, Count, Hungarian
general, born.
1519 * * Maximilian, Emperor of Germany,
dies.
1526 Aug. 29. Louis, King of Hungary
and Bohemia, dies in battle, A20.
CHURCH.
1440* *Hung. — Bohemia. Ladislaus
TV., King of Poland, a Protestant
leader, becomes king.
1448 * * Bohemia. The Pope sends Car-
dinal Carvajal on a mission ; he arrives
at Prague. He arouses fresh resentment.
15th Century. It. Leopold III. of Aus-
tria is canonized by the Pope ; he had
founded monasteries and favored the
church.
1457+ * * Bohemia. The Moravian
Brothers first appear.
1458* * It. Pius II. is pope. [1464,
Paul II.]
1465 * * Bohemia. The Pope issues an
anathema against George, as a re-
lapsed heretic, forbids his subjects to
recognize his authority, and proclaims a
crusade against the Hussites.
1468 * * Bohemia. The Pope threatens
George with excommunication unless
he abandons the Utraquist (Hussite)
faith.
1471* * It. Sixtus IV. is pope. [1484,
Innocent VIII.]
1485+ * * Bohemia. The Catholics and
Utraquists (Hussites) at Kutna Hora
agree to a treaty, providing that in the
future all religious parties will tolerate
each other.
1492 * * It. Alexander VI. is pope ; Rod-
eric Borgia. [1503, Pius III. (21 days) ;
Julius II. ; 1512, Leo X.]
1495+ * * Ger. The Edict of Worms,
Hesse-Darmstadt, prohibits all new doc-
trines.
1516 * * -26 * * The Reformation of
Luther spreads into Bohemia.
1517+ * * Period of the Beformation.
1522 * * It. Adrian VI. is pope. [1523,
Clement VII.]
1523 * * Bohemia. The Utraquist Synod
adds to the confession of faith several
articles borrowed from Luther.
LETTERS.
1440 * * Vienna. The Imperial Li-
brary of Vienna is founded by Fred-
erick HI.
1453 * * -1517 * * Period of the Re-
naissance. (See State.)
1460±* * Bohemia. History of the World ,
by Paul Zidek, appears.
1464 * * Bohemia. Albr. Kostka de
Postupic writes his travels in France.
1465 * * Bohemia. Lew de Rosmital
writes his travels through Europe.
1473 * * Hungary receives the art of
printing from Germany.
1473+ * * Hung. Matthias Corvinus pat-
ronizes literature and the arts; a
large library is established at Buda,
with 300 copyists of manuscripts.
1476 * * Bohemia. Printing is intro-
duced.
1491 * * Bohemia. Mart. Kabatnik
writes his travels in Asia Minor and
Egypt.
1493 * * Bohemia. John de Lobkowic
writes his travels in Palestine.
15th Century. Bohemia. Citbor de Cim-
burg writes his political work ; The Art
of Governing is written by Vict. Corn,
de Wzehod ; the great Encyclopedia, by
Paul Zidek, is written ; many works on
economy, popular medicine, etc., appear.
1500 * * Aust. The Imperial Library
at Vienna is enlarged by Maximilian I.
* * * Bohemia. History of the World, by
Paul Zidek, appears.
1505* * Hung. Ladislaus sanctions the
founding of a university at Breslau.
1524 * * Bohemia. Barton's work on
the religious troubles is published.
1526* *-1630* * Bohemia. The Czech-
ic literature attains its golden age.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
1437,**-1526,
i09
SOCIETY.
1471 * * Bohemia. Ladislaus makes the
peasants serfs of the soil, by prohibit-
ing their leaving the place where they
are born.
1513 * * Hung. Dosza, the leader of
the revolting peasants, is captured by
the nobles, seated on a throne of fire,
and crowned with a red-hot crown.
STATE.
1437 * * Bohemia is practically under
George of Podiebrad.
* * Bohemia. Albert V. of Austria is
accepted by the estates of Bohemia and
Hungary as successor of Sigismund.
1438 * * Hung. Albert V. of Austria is
enthroned.
* * Ger. Albert V., Duke of Austria, is
enthroned Emperor of Germany and
Bohemia, as Albert II., while King of
Hungary.
[The House of Austria Alls the throne
of Germany for 368 years, except for a
brief interval. Albert obtains the
crowns of Hungary, Bohemia, and Ger-
many by marrying Elizabeth, the
daughter of the Emperor Sigismund, and
becomes Albert II. (the Great), Emperor
of Germany.]
1439 * * The Emperor Albert II. dies.
An interregnum occurs in the German
Empire.
* * Elizabeth becomes sole sovereign of
Hungary.
June 29. Aust. Frederick IV. dies, and
is succeeded by his son Sigismund, who
becomes the Count of Tyrol, and Duke
of Outer Austria, with Innsbruck as the
capital. 4
* * Bohemia. — Hung. Ladislaus V.
Posthumous, son of Albert V., the Duke
of Austria, is elected king by the parti-
zans of Queen Elizabeth.
* * The ordinance called the Pragmatic
Sanction is issued, for settling the suc-
cession for the Empire of Germany in
the House of Austria.
1440 Feb. 2. Ger. Frederick III.
(or IV.) the Pacific, cousin of Albert V.,
becomes emperor. [He is the last em-
peror crowned by the Pope.]
* * Herzegovina is made a duchy by
the Emperor Frederick IV.
* * Bohemia. The succession is infringed
by the election of Ladislaus III., the
king of Poland, as king.
* * Austria has Zurich for an ally.
* * Hung. Ladislaus m. of Poland is
elected king by the strong Huniades
party.
1442 * * Hung. The party favoring Lad-
islaus III. finally secure the throne.
1444 Nov. 10. Bulg. Ladislaus HI.
of Poland falls at Varna.
Hung. Ladislaus, an infant son
of Albert V., succeeds his father. [He
is poisoned in infancy.]
* * Hung. An interregnum.
* * Hung. Joannes Huniades is elected
governor for the period of the king's
minority.
1451 * * Bohemia elects George Po-
diebrad regent ; the emperor confirms
the election.
1453 Jan. 6. Aust. Frederick III.,
Emperor of Germany, as the head of the
House of Hapsburg, erects the duchy of
Austria into an archduchy with sov-
ereign power.
May 29. (Modern history begins with
the fall of Constantinople, which ends
the Eastern Empire.)
* * Hung. The young king, Ladislaus
the Posthumous, is allowed to return
from Austria.
1453* *-1517* * Period of the Re-
naissance.
The " new birth " of art, letters, trans-
formation of state policies, development
of discoveries, and quickening of the
desire for freedom of intellect and con-
science.
1457 * * Hung. — Aust. Ladislaus IV. ,
Posthumous dies childless, and the
crowns of Hungary and Bohemia pass
into the hands of native kings for a
time.
* * Aust. The emperor Frederick III. and
Albert VI. both claim to be dukes of
Austria.
* * Hung. Matthias Corvinus, son of
Joannes Huniades, is elected king. [He
advances the kingdom to the highest
point in its history.]
1458 * * Bohemia. George Podiebrad
is elected provisional king, and [be-
comes freed from the rule of Austria
and Hungary], He is a leader of the
Protestants, and favored by the Catholic
nobles.
[This Protestant nobleman reigns over
the Czechs for 13 years.]
1463 * * Aust. On the death of Albert,
the Emperor Frederic HI. is sole ruler
of Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Tri-
este. [He unites all the domains of the
House of Hapsburg.]
* * Bosnia is incorporated with Turkey.
[The Bosnians make many ineffectual
efforts to recover their independence.]
1466 * * Bohemia. Podiebrad is ex-
communicated by Pope Paul II. for
heresy. A few of the royal towns rebel,
and join an invading Imperial army.
1468 * * Bohemia. Matthias Corvinus
of Hungary, instigated by the Pope, at-
tacks George Podiebrad in the hope of
uniting the crowns of Bohemia and Hun-
gary on his own head.
1469 May 3. Bohemia. Matthias Cor-
vinus is crowned. [A rival soon ap-
pears.]
1471* * Bohemia. George Podiebrad,
fearing the dismemberment of the
kingdom, sacrifices the interests of his
family by offering the crown to a for-
eigner, Kasimir, King of Poland.
* * Bohemia. Ladislaus of Poland
is elected king by the Utraquists.
The legalized oppression of the people
begins in this reign. The peasant is
made a serf of the soil. The nobles are
advanced and become oppressive to the
peasants.
1477 * * Belgium. Maximilian, son of
the Emperor Frederick HI., acquires
Burgundy and the Netherlands by
marrying Mary, the daughter of Charles
the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.
1479 July 14. Bohemia is given to
Matthias by the Peace of Olmiitz ; he
also obtains Moravia, Silesia, and Lu-
satia.
1485 * * Aust. Matthias, King of Hun-
gary, takes Vienna.
The Emperor Frederick III. is obliged
to flee out of Austria for his life. He
recognizes the claim of Matthias to the
crown.
1490* * Hung. Matthias Corvinus
dies ; Ladislaus II. is his successor.
Hungary and Bohemia are united, and
the Emperor Maximilian claims both
kingdoms.
1493* *-1519* * Ger. Maximilian I.,
son of Frederick III. (Archduke of Aus-
tria), is emperor.
[He transfers the government of the
Netherlands to his son Philip. He adds
Tyrol and parts of Bavaria to his em-
pire. All Austrian lands are in his pos-
session.]
1495 * * Ger. An Imperial Diet is held
at "Worms.
1496 * * Austria and Spain are united.
Philip I. of Austria marries Joanna,
the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella ;
she is also heiress of the Spanish-Ameri-
can colonies.
1499 * * Switz. The Peace of Basle is
concluded after 200 villages and castles
have been destroyed, and more than
20,000 men have been killed.
By it the Swiss are finally released
from all obligations toward the House of
Austria and the Emperor of Germany.
1501 * * Aust. Maximilian forms a
College of Government, called the
Aulic Council, at Vienna.
1509 * * Bohemia. — Hung. Louis, son of
Ladislaus II., only three years of age,
becomes king.
1512 * * Germany is divided into 10
circles at the Diet of Cologne, and Aus-
tria forms one of them. Bohemia and
Hungary, as independent kingdoms,
are not included.
1516* * Hung.— Bohemia. Louis II.
becomes king.
1517 * * Bohemia. The representative
system is adopted ; the citizens of the
towns are allowed to vote at the Diets.
1519 June 1. -56 * * Ger. Charles,
Duke of Austria and King of Spain, suc-
ceeds his grandfather, Maximilian 1., to
the throne of the Empire as Charles V.
1526 * * Hung. King Louis H. falls in
battle with the Turks at Mohacs.
Dec. 16. Hung. Ferdinand I. of Aus-
tria is proclaimed king. [John Zapolya
is rival king of Hungary in Transylvania.
Ferdinand acquires right to the crowns
of Bohemia and Hungary by marrying
Anne, sister of the deceased Louis II.]
The [continuous] rule of the Horse
of Hapsburg begins. Austria, Bo-
hemia, Hungary, Moravia, Silesia,
and Lusatia are united.
Hungarians insult the Turkish am-
bassador, causing war.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1465 * * Bosnia. Serajevo, the capital,
is founded by two nobles.
510 1526, ** -1620,
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1529 * * Aust. Solyman unsuccessfully
besieges Vienna, being forced to raise
the siege after loosing 70,000 of his army
of 300,000 men ; he returns to Buda.
* * -32 * * Austria suffers from inva-
sions of the Turks.
1532 * * Hung. A great Imperial army
is sent from Germany to aid Hungary,
which is invaded and ravaged by Soly-
man.
1542 * * -44 * * Hung. Solyman again
invades Hungary and Austria.
1552* * Transylvania. Erlau is un-
successfully besieged by the Turks,
8,000 of whom perish.
1559 * * Aust. Carniola suffers greatly
from an invasion of Turks.
1564 * * Hungary is partly abandoned
to the Turks.
1566 * * Hung. Solyman with 65,000 men
besieges the heroic Nicholas Zrinyi
with 3,000 men in Szigeth ; after one
month the Turks are successful ; Soly-
man dies in camp.
* * Hung. A truce is made with Sultan
Selim II., eaeh side to hold its own pos-
sessions.
1604 * * Hung. The revolting Protes-
tants under Stephen Bocskai are aided
by the Turks.
1606 * * Hung. The revolt ends, peace
being made with Emperor Rudolph.
1611 * * Bohemia. The Archduke
Leopold of Styria, instigated by Rudoph
II., advances with an army of 12,000
men, captures several cities, and reaches
Prague. [An army raised by the Diet
soon drives him back.]
1618* *-48* *The Thirty Years'
War.
A long struggle occurs between Roman
Catholicism and Protestantism, followed
by political wars against the House of
Hapsburg, and wars of conquest on Ger-
man soil by Sweden and France.
* * -23 * * Bohemia. War against the
oppressors of Protestants; part of
the Thirty Years' War. It is occasioned
by questions relating to authority over
churches.
1619 * * -40 * * Bohemia is subdued.
* * Bohemia. The Protestant Union
sends troops to aid the Bohemians.
* * Bohemia. Count Thurn, leading the
Protestant revolt, marches on Vienna,
and besieges Ferdinand II. ; he is obliged
to retire.
Nov. * Bohemia. Thurn appears, the
second time before Vienna and again
retreats.
* * Hungary is invaded by Gabriel
Bethlen.
1620 * * Hung. Bethlen makes peace
with the Emperor.
* * Bohemia. The army of the Catholic
League, commanded by Count Johann
Tilly, is joined by Maximilian of Bavaria
and the Imperial army in invading Bo-
hemia.
Nov. 8. Bohemia. Battle of "White
Mountain.
The troops of Frederick V., com-
manded by Christian of Anhalt, are de-
feated by the Imperialists under Tilly
and Maximilian, and the Bohemian Prot-
estants are subjugated ; 10,000 dead men
are left on the held.
Nov. 9. Bohemia. Frederick V., the
Elector Palatine and chief of the Ger-
man Protestant Union, flees to Holland.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1533 Feb. 6. Dudith", Andrew, Hungarian
reformer, born.
Sept. 7. Elizabeth, Princess, born.
1540* * Zapolya, John, King of Transyl-
vania, dies.
1560 * * Zapolya, John, rival King of Hun-
gary, dies.
1561 * * Bucquoi, Charlesde L., Count, born.
1564 July 25. Ferdinand I., Emperor of
Germany, A60.
1566 * * Dominis, de, Marco Antonio, scien-
tist, born.
Sept. 5. Zrinyi, Nicholas, Hungarian general,
A48.
1576* * Maximilian II., Emperor of Ger-
many, dies.
1 5 78 * * Clovio, Giulio, Croatian painter, A80.
1583* * Wallenstein. Albrecht "W. E.
von. Count, general, born in Bohemia.
1584 * * Gallas, Matthias von, general, born.
1588 * * Gondola, Giovanni, poet, born.
1589 * * Dudith, Andrew, Hungarian re-
former, A 56. v
1592* * Comenius. John Amos, Bishop,
born in Moravia.
1599 * * Piccolomini, Ottavio, Austrian gen-
eral, born in Italy.
1601 * * Anne, wife of Louis XIII., born.
1607 * * Hollar, Wenzel, engraver, born in
Bohemia.
1608 * * Montecuculi, Raimondo, Count, gen-
eral, born in Italy.
1612 Jan. 20. Rudolph II., Emperor of
Germany, A60.
1619 Mar. 20. Matthias, Emperor of Ger-
many, A62.
1620 * * Gyongyosy, Stephen, poet, born in
Hungary.
CHURCH.
1529* * Ger. The Evangelicals are
called Protestants.
1530 June * -Nov. * Bavaria. The
Diet of Augsburg meets to settle reli-
gious disputes ; it forbids all innova-
tions.
1531 Feb. 27. Ger. The Schmalkal-
dic League, favorable to Protestant-
ism, is agreed upon by the majority of
the Protestant princes and the imperial
cities, at Schmalkalden, Hesse.
1532 * * Bavaria. The religious peace
of Nuremberg is favorable to the
Protestants.
1534 * * It. Paul III. is pope.
1540* * Fr. The order of Jesuits is
formed by Ignatius Loyola at Paris.
[It successfully opposes the spread of
Protestantism.]
1545 Dec. 13-63 Dec. 4. Tyrol. The
Council of Trent. The reformers are
absent. [It is reckoned the 18th Gen-
eral Council by the Roman Catholic
Church, which accepts its decisions as
the standard of faith, morals, and disci-
pline.]
It is called to reform ecclesiastical
abuses, and proceeds to counteract, and
endeavors to crush, the Reformation.
It enacts, with anathemas, the leading
doctrines of the Reformation ; namely,
(1) that all the books of Scripture, in-
cluding the Apocrypha, are contained in
the Vulgate version, and have the same
divine authority ; the Church is its sole
interpreter. (2) That the traditions are
accepted as the unwritten Word of God,
and are equal with the Scriptures. (3)
The Vulgate is the only authentic ver-
sion of Scripture, and this alone is to
be read. (4) Individual interpretation
of Scripture contrary to the teaching of
the Church and the universal consent
of the Fathers is prohibited. (5) Faith
is the foundation of justification, but is
not exclusive of good works ; justifica-
tion includes sanctiflcation of the inner
man. (6) The seven sacraments are ap-
proved, — baptism, confirmation, the
Lord's Supper, penance, extreme unc-
tion, orders, and matrimony.
The doctrines of transubstantiation
and purgatory are affirmed ; the grant-
ing of indulgences is approved, and cler-
ical celibacy and auricular confession
are declared to be divine requirements.
[1564. Jan. 26. Approved by the Pope.]
1548± * * Hung. The Evangelical
Church is organized on the basis of the
Augsburg confession.
1550 * * Austria has 200 parishes with-
out priests, and 268 which have become
Protestant.
* * It. Julius III. is pope. [1555, Marcel-
lus II. ; later Paul IV. ; 1559, Pius IV.]
1552* * Vienna. Because of Protestant
sentiment the procession of Corpus
Christi is abandoned.
* * Aust. The Jesuits settle.
July 16. Bavaria. The Convention of
Passau. The free exercise of religion
by certain Protestants till the next Diet
is secured.
1555 Sept. 25. The religious Peace
of Augsburg, Bavaria, is entered.
1560 * * Tyrol. The Jesuits arrive.
1564 * * Aust. The Jesuits arrive in
Styria.
* * Bohemia. Ferdinand I. obtains the
Pope's sanction, and authority from the
Council of Trent, to permit the use of
the sacramental cup.
1566 * * It. St. Pius V. is pope. [1572,
Gregory XIII.]
* * Bohemia. Ferdinand I. summons the
Jesuits to Prague, in an attempt to
resist the progress of the Reformation ;
he founds an archbishopric for the
Catholics.
1572 * * Aust. Maximilian II. grants
freedom of conscience in his Aus-
trian dominions.
* * Aust. The Jesuits are settled in
Gratz.
1576± * * Aust. A counter-reforma-
tion is aided by the Jesuits.
* * Ger. Enthronement of Emperor
Rudolph, who becomes a tool of Jesuits
and a persecutor of Protestants.
1585 * * It. Sixtus V. is pope.
* * Reaction is against Protestantism.
1590 * * It. Urban VII. is pope for 12
days. [Gregory XIV. ; 1591, Innocent
IX., two months, and dies ; 1592, Clem-
ent VIII.]
1602 * * Bohemia. Rudolph renews the
persecutions.
1605 * * It. Leo XI. is pope, and dies
the same month ; he is succeeded by
Paul V.
1606 June 22. Vienna. The Peace of
Vienna grants toleration to Protestants.
1608 * * The Protestant Union, Fred-
erick IV., leader, is formed.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
1526,**-1620, **. 511
1609 * * The Catholic League, with
Maximilian I., Elector of Bavaria,
leader, is formed.
1618 * * -48 * * Bohemia — Ger. The
long struggle between Roman Catholi-
cism and Protestantism is known as the
Thirty Years' "War; it originates in
the insurrection of the Protestants of
Bohemia.
LETTERS.
* * * Aust. Ferdinand II. founds 16
colleges for the Jesuits, besides many
convents.
1531* * Hung. The Protestant college
at Debreczin is founded.
1547 * * Aust. Ferdinand I. establishes
the censorship of the press.
* * Bohemia. Sixt. de Ottendorf 's work
on the Diet is published.
1576 f * * Bohemia. Prague becomes
one of the most learned cities of
Europe.
* *-1612* * Bohemia. The arts and
sciences are zealously cultivated by all
classes of society.
1581 * * Moravia. The University of
Olmiitz is founded.
1586 * * Aust. The University of
Gratz (Catholic) is founded.
16th Century. Bohemia. Literature
nourishes.
Weleslawin, Paprocky, and Hayek of
Liboczun write popular histories ; Wrat-
islas and Prefat write their travels ;
Nicolas Konec, Dobrensky, and Lom-
nicky write various didactic works^
1601 * * Bohemia. Johann Kepler is
appointed principal mathematician to
the Emperor Rudolph at Prague.
1604 * * Bohemia. The Supplement to
Vitellio is published by Kepler at
Prague.
1609 * * Bohemia. Astronomia nova, seu
Physica celestis, tradita Commentariis
de Montibus Stetlse Mortis, is published
by Kepler. It announces [" Kepler's
Laws "].
1611* * Bohemia. Dioptrica is pub-
lished by Kepler ; it describes the astro-
nomical telescope with two lenses.
1612 * * -26 * * Johann Kepler is pro-
fessor of mathematics at Linz.
1618 May 8. Bohemia. Kepler dis-
covers the laws which regulate the
periods and the motions of the planets.
* * Bohemia. Kepler discovers his third
law.
1619 * * Bohemia. Harmonice mundi is
published by Kepler.
STATE.
1526 * * Transylvania. John Zapolya
becomes prince of this province.
* * Croatia is united with Austria.
1527 * * Hang. John Zapolya of Tran-
sylvania contests the crown, is elected
by a party of nobles, and crowned a
rival king.
1529 Aug. 5. Margaret of Austria
and Louise of Savoy negotiate the Peace
of Cambray.
* * Turkish invasions distract Austria.
1531 Feb. 6. The majority of Protes-
tant princes and the imperial cities unite
on the Schmalkaldic League.
* * Hung. The rival kings enter a truce.
1536+ * * Hung. Solyman presses
Hungary very hard.
1538 * * Hung. John Zapolya, the ri-
val king, enters a treaty of compromise
with Ferdinand I., King of Hungary
and Bohemia, and founds the princi-
pality of Transylvania.
* * It. The Truce of Nice ends the war
between Charles V. and Francis I.
1540 * * Transylvania. The people of
Transylvania set up John Sigismond,
son of Zapolya, as king, with the Turks
as allies.
Nov.* Hung. John Zapolya is crowned
anti-king.
1541 * * Hung. The Turks compel Fer-
dinand I. to pay an annual tribute of
30,000 ducats for possession of Hungary.
159S Oct. 25. Ger. Charles V. abdi-
cates a great empire.
He resigns the Empire of Germany,
the sovereignty of Austria, Bohemia,
Hungary, the Netherlands, and their
dependencies [and Spain Feb. 6, 1556].
1556 Aug. * Ger. Ferdinand I. be-
comes emperor.
* * Aust. The High Council of War
is founded.
1558 * * Ger. Ferdinand I. is confirmed
in the Empire by vote of the Diet.
1562 * * Bohemia. Maximilian, son of
Ferdinand II., is elected King of Bo-
hemia and of the Romans.
* * Ger. Ferdinand II. concludes a treaty
with the Turks, acknowledging their
right to conquests in Germany, and
agrees to pay an annual present, a trib-
ute in disguise.
1563 * * Hung. Maximilian, son of Fer-
dinand II., is crowned.
* * Bosnia is completely conquered by
the Turks.
1564 July * Ger. Ferdinand I. dies,
and is succeeded by his son Maximilian
EC. to the throne of the Empire, and to
the crowns of Austria, Hungary, and
Bohemia. He is favorable to Protes-
tants.
* * Aust. Duke Ferdinand, a younger
son of Ferdinand I., receives Tyrol and
Lower Austria.
Charles, a third son of Ferdinand I.,
is made master of Styria, Carinthia,
Carniola, and Gortz.
1571 * * Transylvania. Stephen Ba-
tory Zapolya becomes grand prince.
1572 * * Hung. Rudolph II., son of Maxi-
milian II., is crowned.
1575 * * Transylvania. Christopher
Batory becomes grand prince.
* * Bohemia. Rudolph H. is crowned.
1576 * * Aust. Rudolph II. is enthroned
emperor. [He favors the arts and sci-
ences.]
1581 * * Transylvania. Sigismund Ba-
tory becomes grand prince.
1601 * * Hung. The archduke Ferdi-
nand is defeated at Kanizsa, losing all
his artillery and a large number of pris-
oners, who are beheaded.
* * Transylvania. Sigismund B a t o r y
(second time) is grand prince.
1602 * * Transylvania. The Emperor
Rudolph becomes prince.
1604 * * Hung. The persecuted Pro-
testants revolt under the leadership of
Bocskay.
1605 * * Transylvania. Stephen Boc-
skay becomes grand prince.
1606* * Vienna. The Peace of Vienna
is signed.
* * Transylvania. Sigismund Rakoczy
becomes grand prince.
1608 * * Aust. Matthias, by force of
arms, obtains the title of Governor of
Austria, Moravia, and Hungary. Peace
is made by the treaty of Libno.
* * Transylvania. Gabriel I. (Batory)
becomes grand prince.
* * Hung. Matthias U. is king.
* *± The Emperor Rudolph is compelled
to cede Hungary to his brother Matthias.
1609 May 4. Bohemia. The Evan-
gelicals and the Bohemian Brothers,
being refused the recognition of their
rights, organize an independent Diet.
July 9. Bohemia. Rudolph II. is forced
by an armed revolt to sign a letter of
majesty.
The Bohemian confession, the admit-
tance of Evangelicals and Bohemian
Brothers to the consistory, and their
right to govern the University of Prague,
are recognized as the fundamental and
perpetual law.
1611 May 26. Bohemia. Matthias is
elected king by the Diet, as successor to
Rudolph, who is forced to abdicate the
throne.
Bohemia and Austria are also ceded
to Matthias.
1612* * Rudolph's brother, Matthias
II., is Emperor.
1613 * * Transylvania. Gabriel II.
(Bethlen Gabor), a Protestant, is grand
prince.
1617 June 8. Hung. Ferdinand II.,
cousin of Matthias, is crowned.
1618 May 16. Bohemia. Ferdinand
II. is crowned.
May 23. Bohemia. The Protestants
revolt, and throw the king's lieutenants
from the windows of the castle of Prague :
they fall 70 feet into the ditch and sur-
vive. [A provisional government by 30
directors is formed.]
1619* *-37* * Hung. King Ferdi-
nand LT. is Emperor of Germany. [He
reunites all the Austrian domains except
Tyrol.]
Sept. 5. Bohemia. The emperor is
deposed by the revolting Bohemians for
oppressing the Protestants, and Freder-
ick, the elector-palatine, is elected king,
[this brings on the 30 years' war].
Sept. 26. Bohemia. The Diet elects
Ferdinand II.
1620 Aug. 25. Hung. The Diet pro-
claims Gabriel LT. (Bethlen) king.
512 1620, **-1705, **.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1625 * * The Protestants And an ally in
Christian IV., King of Denmark, and
receive aid from England.
1626 Apr. 26. Ger. The Protestants
under Count Mansfeld are defeated by
Wallenstein at Dessau.
Aug. 27. Brunswick. Tilly defeats the
Danish king at Lutter.
1627+ * * Aust. The peasants, under
the hatter Fadinger, revolt in Upper
Austria, and organize an army 70,000
strong ; the revolt is gradually sup-
pressed, and many of its leaders are
executed.
1629 * * Ger. The Catholic armies, led
by Gen. Albrecht Eusebius "Wallen-
stein, enter Denmark, and, meeting
ineffective resistance, compel a humili-
ating peace, which is concluded at
Lubeck.
* * Ger. The Catholic princes, alarmed
at Ferdinand's power, demand the dis-
missal of Wallenstein, which is con-
ceded.
1630 June * Prussia. Gustavus
Adolphus, King of Sweden, lands an
army of 8,000 men in Pomerania to aid
the Protestants ; it is soon increased to
15,000.
* * Prussia. Gustavus conquers Pom-
erania, Mecklenburg, and part of Bran-
denburg.
1631 May 20. Prussia. Catholics un-
der Tilly take Magdeburg by assault,
sack the city, and inflict barbarous
atrocities on the defenseless inhabi-
tants ; 30,000 (?) inhabitants are massa-
cred.
* * Bohemia is entered and Prague cap-
tured by the Saxons under Arnim.
Sept. 7. Saxony. Gustavus, being reen-
forced, commands an army of 40,000
Swedes and Saxons ; he defeats 40,000
Catholic Imperialists under Tilly at
Breitenfeld, near Leipsic ; a great
number of the Imperialists are killed.
1632 Apr. 15. Bavaria. Tilly is again
beaten at the passage of the River
Lech, where he is fatally wounded.
* * Bohemia. "Wallenstein is recalled
by Ferdinand ; he drives the Saxons out
of Bohemia.
Nov. 16. Saxony. Gustavus Adolphus
with an army of 18,000 defeats Wallen-
stein with 30,000 at Lutzen ; Gustavus
is killed.
1634 Feb. 25. Bohemia. Wallen-
stein is assassinated by some of his
own officers in the castle of Eger.
Sept. 6 (jr. s.). Bavaria. The Protes-
tants under Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-
Weimar, are defeated at Nordlingen
by the Imperialists under Ferdinand III.
and Gen. Matthias Gallas.
1636* *The war assumes a new
phase. France and Sweden are allied
against the Empire and the Lutheran
states of Germany, which are aided by
Spain.
Oct. 4 (n. s.). Prussia. The Swedes un-
der Marshal Baner gain a brilliant vic-
tory over Saxons under Elector Johann
Georg I. and Austrians under Gen. Hatz-
feld at Wittstock.
1645 Mar. 6. Bohemia. The Swedish
Gen. Lennart Torstenson gains a bril-
liant victory over the Imperialists under
Hatzfeld at Jankau.
* * Moravia. The plague causes Tors-
tenson to abandon the siege of Brunn ;
he returns to Bohemia.
* * Bohemia. Torstensoil resigns through
illness ; he is succeeded by Karl Gustaf
Wrangel, another Swede.
1646* * Bohemia. Wrangel departs,
and joins Gen. Vicomte de Turenne, a
French Protestant, at Giessen, Germany.
1647 * * Ger. The Truce of Ulm.
The Elector Maximilian is forced by
the Swedes and French to conclude a
truce, and to renounce his alliance with
the emperor.
1648 * * Bohemia. The Swedes under
Count Konigsmark of Germany take
Prague.
Oct. 24. The Thirty Years' War
ends in the Peace of Westphalia. (See
State.)
1661* *64* * Hung. War with the
Turks.
It is caused by a dispute concerning
the election of a prince in Transylvania.
1664 Aug. 1. Hung. The Turks under
the Grand Vizier Koprili are defeated
by Imperialists under Montecuculli and
French auxiliaries, in the battle of St.
Gothard (Kormend), and driven from
Hungarian soil.
1678* * Hung. The Protestants re-
volt, under Michael Teleki and Emeric
Tokolyi, against intolerable oppression
by the Catholic governor-general, Am-
bringen.
1679 * * Kether lands. The war breaks
out again ; the struggle is in The Neth-
erlands and along the Rhine.
1680 * * (1600?) Aust. The army is now
formed into regular regiments ; the
standing army begins to grow.
1683 July* Vienna. The Turks un-
der Kara Mustapha, aided by the Hun-
garians, besiege Vienna, which is
heroically defended by Rudiger von
Starhemberg.
Sept. 12. Aust. John Sobieski, King
(John III.) of Poland, aided by the Duke
of Lorraine, defeats 100,000 Turks
under Kara Mustapha in a terrible battle
at Vienna, and raises the siege.
* * * Aust. A small fleet is established
on the Danube.
1686 Sept. 2. Hung. The Imperial-
ists under the Duke of Lorraine retake
Buda, and the Mohammedans are de-
livered up to the fury of the soldiers.
1687 Aug. 12. Hung. Charles of Lor-
raine defeats the Turks at Mohacs.
1691 Aug. 19. Hung. The Imperial-
ists under Prince Louis defeat the Turks
under Koprili at the battle of Slanka-
men on the Danube ; Koprili is killed.
1697 Sept. 11. Hung. The Imperial-
ists under Prince Eugene defeat and
rout the Turks at Zenta ; more than
10,000 of them are killed.
1698 * * Bosnia. Serajevo is taken by
Prince Eugene of Savoy.
1701 * * -14 * * War of the Spanish
Succession.
England, The Netherlands, Prussia,
Portugal, and Savoy take sides with the
Emperor of Germany against France.
(See Germany.)
1704 Aug. 13. Bavaria. Battle of
Blenheim.
The allied English and Austrians, led
by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince
Eugene, defeat the French and Bavari-
ans under Marshal Tallard ; French and
Bavarian loss, 12,000 killed, 13,000 prison-
ers, including Tallard.
ART —SCIENCE — NATURE.
1667 Apr. 6. Aust. Ragusa is ruined
by an earthquake ; 5,000 persons perish.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1621 * * Bucquot, Charles de L., Count, A60.
1624 * * Dominis, tie, Marco Antonio, divine,
scientist, A58.
1684 * * Aldringer, Johann, Austrian field-
marshal, dies.
Feb. 25. WallenBtein, AlbrechtWenzel
Eusebius von. Count, general, assassi-
nated, A 51.
1637 Feb. 15. Ferdinand IV., Emperor
of Germany, dies.
1638 * * Gondola, Giovanni, poet, A50.
1647 * * Gallas, Matthias, general, A63.
1654* * Ferdinand IV., King of Hungary,
dies.
1656 * * Piccolomini, Ottavio, general, A57.
1657 Apr. 2. Ferdinand III., Emperor of
Germany, A49.
1659 * * Apaczai, Joannes, Hungarian schol-
ar, dies.
1663 * * Eugene, Prince of Savoy, general,
born.
1666* * Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII.
of France, A64.
1671 * * Comenius, John Amos, Moravian
bishop, educator, A79.
1676 * * Rakoczy, Franz Leopold, prince, b.
1677 * * Hollar, Wenzel, Bohemian engra-
ver, A70.
1681 * * Montecuculi, Kaimondo, Count, gen-
eral, A73.
1704* * Gyongyosy, Stephen, Hungarian
poet, A 84.
1705 * * Browne, Maximilian Ulysses, Aus-
trian marshal, born in Switzerland.
May 5. Leopold I., Emperor of Ger-
many, A65.
Sept. 24. Daun, Leopold Joseph Maria von,
Count, neld-marshal, born.
CHURCH.
1620 * * Ger. Christian of Anhalt and
the margrave, John George of Bran-
denburg-Jagerndorf , are put under the
ban by the Pope.
* * Bohemia. Ferdinand renews the
persecutions, which cause a renewal
of the war.
* * Aust. A violent anti-reformation
movement develops. [And later in
Silesia.]
1621 It. Gregory XV. is pope. [1623.
Urban VIII.]
1624 * * Bohemia. An Imperial decree
banishes the Bohemian Brothers, and
restores Catholicism to their churches.
1629 * * Ferdinand aims at the complete
extirpation of Protestantism.
Mar. 6. The Edict of Restitution is
issued.
It requires the restitution of secular-
ized ecclesiastical property, and that
Protestants relinquish benefices which
they had appropriated.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
1620, **-1705,*
513
1631 * * Bohemia is entered by a Saxon
army, and the Jesuits are driven out
of Prague.
1644+ * * Transylvania. The Re-
formed religion is introduced by the
grand prince.
1671 Apr. 30. Hung. The execu-
tion of three counts by the emperor,
contrary to law, becomes a signal for
both patriots and Protestants to rise
against their persecutors.
LETTERS.
1623 * * Aust. The University of Salz-
burg is founded.
1624 * * Bohemia. Ferdinand II. im-
ports Benedictines from Montserrat.
* * * Bohemia. Jesuits escorted by sol-
diery ransack every house for Bohe-
mian books, and burn all published
after 1414 as heretical. [The Jesuit
Ant. Konias boasted of having destroyed
by burning 60,000 Bohemian books.]
1627 * * Bohemia. Rudolphine Tables is
published by Kepler.
1630 * * Aust. Pansophioi Prodomus, by
John Amos Comenius, appears at Lissa.
1631* * Aust. Janua Linguarum Rese-
rata, by John Amos Comenius, appears
at Lissa ; [being translated into twelve^
European languages, also Arabic, Per-
sian, and Turkish].
1635* * Hung. The University of
Budapest (originally at Tyrnau) is
founded.
1658 * * Aust. Orbis Sensualium Pictus,
by John Amos Comenius, the first chil-
dren's picture-book, appears.
1672* * Tyrol. The University of
Innsbruck is founded by the emperor.
SOCIETY.
1668 * * Hung. Eleonora di Gonzaga,
wife of King Leopold I., institutes the
Order of Ladies of the Star of the
Cross.
1671* * Aust. An order of police di-
vides laymen into five classes, and in-
structs each class what it ought to
wear and to eat.
1675 * * Austria founds a German Uni-
versity at Czernowitz, to Germanize the
land.
1676 * * Aust. Taxes are laid on bil-
liards, playing-cards, and hair-powder.
1696 * * Vienna. A lottery is opened
for raising funds to establish a soldiers'
hospital. [It still remains one of the
financial institutions of Austria.]
1705 * * Aust. Recruiting is carried
on by officers and sergeants who prom-
ise money and booty to volunteers.
STATE.
1620 Nov. 9. Bohemia. The Bohe-
mians are subdued by the victory of
Ferdinand near Prague.
1621 Feb. 20. Bohemia. Ferdinand
II. begins the merciless persecution of
his subjects who were involved in the
revolt, yet trusted in his mercy, and did
not flee when they could do so.
June 21. Bohemia. The king executes
leaders of the revolt.
1622 Feb. 3. Bohemia. Ferdinand II.
issues a decree of semi-amnesty to
revolutionists.
1623 * * Aust. Ferdinand II. cedes
Western Austria and the Tyrol to his
brother Leopold.
1625 * * Hung. Ferdinand III. succeeds
his father as king.
1627 Mar. 15. Bohemia. Ferdinand
II. grants a new constitution, and
adds a fourth estate, the clergy, which
shall be superior to the other three.
1629 * * Bohemia. The Protestants are
awed into submission by the defeat of
their allies in battle.
* *-48* * Transylvania. George I.
(Rakoczy) is grand prince.
1635 May 30. Saxony concludes a
peace with the emperor, exempting the
Lutherans from the Edict of Restitution.
* * Bohemia. The Peace of Prague,
between the emperor and the Elector of
Saxony is signed. (See Germany.)
1637 Feb. 15. Ger. The King Ferdi-
nand TTT. succeeds his father as Em-
peror of the Holy Roman Empire.
1644 * * Transylvania. George Ra-
koczy leads an unsuccessful revolt
against Austria.
1647 * * Hung. Ferdinand IV. be-
comes king.
1648 Oct. 24. The Peace of West-
phalia is signed.
* * Prus. The Protestant princes of Ger-
many, having sought the aid of Gustavus
Adolphus of Sweden against the oppres-
sions of the House of Austria, the treaty
of Westphalia as an international code
follows. It proclaims the legal recogni-
tion of the independence of Switzerland,
which had long been practically recog-
nized. (See Germany.)
* * Austria secures Bohemia by treaty.
(See Germany.)
1655 * * Hung. Leopold I., the second
son of Ferdinand II., is king.
1658 * * Leopold I. is Emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire.
He pushes the Hungarians into a re-
volt, in which the Turks come to their
aid.
[Leopold adds one-third to the terri-
tory of Austria.]
1660 * * Transylvania. John Kemin
is elected prince.
1661 * * Transylvania. The election of
John Kemin leads to a war with the
Turks.
1662 • * -89 * * Transylvania. Mi-
chael I. (Apafy) is grand prince.
1665 * * Aust. Western Austria and
Tyrol are returned to Austria.
1670 * * Hung. A conspiracy to throw
off the yoke of Austria with the aid of
the Turks is discovered and frustrated.
1682 * * Hung. A conspiracy of the
magnates is detected.
1683 * * Vienna. Leopold I. flees away
on the approach of the Turks.
Sept. 15. Vienna. Leopold I. returns.
* * Hungary is subdued, and united to
Transylvania; it is changed from an
elective to an hereditary kingdom.
1687± * * Hung. The Diet of Presburg
confers the hereditary succession to
the throne of Hungary, upon the male
line of Austria.
* * Hung. Joseph I., son of Leopold L,
becomes king.
1689 * * -91 * * Transylvania. Emilo
Tokoly is grand prince.
May 12. Vienna. The grand alliance
is signed at Vienna.
The Emperor of Germany and the
Dutch States-General unite to prevent
the union of the French and Spanish
crowns. [Later England, Spain, and the
Duke of Savoy join the alliance.]
1690 Apr. * Hung. Leopold claims
Bosnia and Bulgaria, and raises an
army.
* * -99 * * Transylvania. Michael II.
is elected [last] prince.
1691 * * Hung. Nearly 40,000 families of
Servian colonists settle on the banks
of the Maros.
* * Aust. A capitation tax is laid which
spares neither priests nor nobles.
1697 * * Netherlands. The Peace of
Ryswick.
All parties are in about the same po-
sition as at the beginning of the war,
but the ambition of France is checked.
1699 Jan. 26. Aust. The Peace of
Karlowitz is signed by Turkey and the
Allies, Germany, Russia, Poland, and
Venice.
Turkey cedes to Hungary the country
between the rivers Danube and Theiss,
Transylvania becomes a part of the
Austrian dominion, and Herzegovina is
ceded to Turkey. The Sultan agrees to
abstain from aiding Hungarian malcon-
tents.
Feb. 6. Bavaria. The Prince Elector
of Bavaria suddenly dies.
* * Sp. New intrigues are developed by
France and Austria at Madrid.
1700 * * Charles JX of Spain, dying
without leaving any issue, occasions the
War of the Spanish Succession.
The Emperor Leopold's wife was the
second sister of the late king, and Leo-
pold claims the crown for his younger
son.
1701 Sept. 7. A Grand Alliance of
the naval powers is formed with
Leopold against France, to secure the
Spanish succession to Leopold I.
1703* * Hung. An insurrection of the
peasants, incited by Francis Rakdczy,
breaks out, in which some of the nobles
join.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1679 * * Aust. The plague breaks out
with great violence.
1691 * * Aust. The severity of winter
drives the wolves into Vienna, where
men are attacked and cattle devoured
by them.
514 1705, * *-1757,
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1706 May 23. Belgium. The Allies
under Marlborough defeat the French
under Marshal de Villeroy at Ramlllles.
The Allies lose 4,000 men. (Old Style,
May 12.)
Sept. 7. It. The Allies under Prince
Eugene defeat the French in Pied-
mont, and compel them to raise the
seige of Turin.
1708 July 11. Belgium. The Allies
under Marlborough and Prince Eugene
thoroughly defeat the French besie-
gers under the Due de Vendome at
Oudenarde.
1709 Sept. 11. Fr. The Allies lose
20,000 men, but defeat the French un-
der Marshal Villars at Malplaquet.
1716 * * Austria is again at war with
the Turks.
Aug. 5. Hung. The Turks under the
Grand Vizier, Damad All, are totally
defeated by Prince Eugene at Peter-
wardein.
1717 Aug. 16. Servia. Prince Eu-
gene takes Belgrade from the Turks
after a siege.
1733 * * -35 * * War of the Polish
Succession, following the death of
Augustus II.
The Emperor Charles VI. is at war
1742 * * Aust. -Hung. Two armies are
raised for defense.
One besieges the French, who have
taken Prague in Bohemia, which they
are compelled to abandon ; another con-
quers Bavaria.
May 17. Bohemia. Frederick the Great
defeats the Austrians under Charles
of Lorraine at Czaslau, and Chotusitz,
and thereby gains all the fortified posi-
tions in Silesia.
* * Bohemia. The Allies are driven out
by the Austrians.
1743 June 27. Bavaria. Battle of
Dettingen.
The Pragmatic ariny (52,000) under
King George II. of England and the
Earl of Stair defeats the French (60,000)
under Marshal Noailles ; the Allies are
driven out of Bavaria.
1744* *-45* *The Second Silesian
War.
Frederick II. suddenly renews hos-
tilities, and invades Bohemia with 80,-
000 men.
* * Bohemia. Prague is taken by Fred-
erick II. Later he is driven back into
Saxony.
1745 Apr. 15. Bavaria. The invad-
ing Austrians under Prince Karl von
Batthyanyi defeat the French and
Bavarians at Pfaffenhofen.
* * Belgium. The French begin the con-
quest of the Austrian Netherlands.
1734 May 7. Wurmser, Dagobert Sigimund
von, general, born.
1732 Dec. 13. Katona, Istoan or Stephen.
historian, born.
173C * * Clerfayt, de, Francois S. C. J. de
Croix, Comte, general, born.
1734* * Kempelen, Wolfgang von, Baron,
Hungarian mechanician, born.
1735 Feb. 1. Alvinczy, Joseph von, gen-
eral, born. ' B
Ligne, de, Karl Joseph, Prince, general, au-
thor, born.
Rakoczy, Franz Leopold, Prince of Transyl-
vania, patriot, A5H.
1736 Apr. 81. Eugene, Prince of Savoy,
French-Austrian general, dies at Vienna,
A73.
1737 * * Eckhel, Joseph Hilray, numismatist,
born.
1740 Oct. 20. Charles VI.. Emperor of
Germany, A56.
1741 * * Beniowsky, Moritz A., adventurer,
born.
1742* * Born, Ignaz von, Hungarian min-
eralogist, born.
1747 May 5. Leopold H., Emperor, born.
1749 * * Trench, Franz, von der, Baron, gen-
eral, A 38.
1752 Aug. 24. Mack, Leiberich von,
Baron, general, born.
1753* * Dobrowski, Josef, Slavic philologist,
born.
1 754 * * Zach, Franz Xaver von, astronomer,
born.
Vega, Georg von, mathematician, born.
1756 * * Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius, Hungarian
author, born.
1757* *Uran, Daniel, Austrian fresco
painter, A63.
Browne, Maximilian Ulysses, general, A52.
Bartsch, Johann A. B. von, engraver, born.
with France on behalf of Augustus III. June 4. Prussia. Frederick II. defeats
of Saxony, who has been elected King
of Poland by his partizans ; Austria is
driven out of most of her possessions in
Italy.
1736 * * -39 * * Hung. An unsuccess-
ful war with the Turks, the allies of
Russia. The Turks are finally ex-
pelled.
1738 May 27. Servia. The Turks
defeat Charles VI., and capture Or-
sova ; they compel him to treat for
peace.
1740 * * -45 * * Prussia. The Silesian
Wars.
the Austrians and Saxons under Charles
of Lorraine in the battle of Hohen-
friedberg, in Silesia, losing 2,000 men ;
the defeated lose 4,000 killed and 7,000
prisoners.
Sept. 30. Bohemia. Frederick II. de-
feats the Austrians under the Duke
of Lorraine in the battle of Soor ;
Prussian loss, 3,000 ; Austrian loss, 8,000 1705 * * Joseph I., son of Leopold King
and 22 guns. of Hungary, is elected Emperor of the
Dec. 15. Saxony. Leopold of Dessau, Holy Roman Empire.
CHURCH.
1722 * * Saxony. The Moravians form
a settlement called Herrnhut (the
Watch of the Lord) on the estate of
Count Zinzendorf , in North Germany.
1724* * It. Benedict XIII. is pope.
[1730, Clement XII. ; 1740, Benedict
XIV. ; 1758, Clement XIII. ; 1769, Clem-
ent XIV. ; 1775, Pius VI.]
STATE.
The province of Silesia is claimed by
Frederick II. of Prussia.
1740 * * -48 * * War of the Austrian
Succession.
It is a war of spoliation caused by rival
claimants for the throne, after the death
of Charles VI., who desired his daughter
Maria Theresa to succeed ; the counter-
claimants are the electors of Bavaria
and Saxony, the kings of Poland and
Spain ; Sardinia and Prussia also claim
Eortions of the Empire ; Maria Theresa
as an ally in Great Britain.
Prussia. First Sile-
1740* *-42*
sian War.
It is caused by Prussia attempting to
take Silesia from the Austrian Empire.
* * Prussia. Frederick II. of Prussia
sends troops into Silesia. [1741
captures Glogau.]
1741 Apr. 10. Prussia. Prussians led
by Count Schwerin and Leopold of
Dessau gain their first victory, totally
defeating the Austrians under Gen.
Neipperg at Mollwitz in Silesia.
* * Austria and Bohemia are invaded
by the allied French and Bavarian
army.
commanding the Prussians, defeats the
Austrians and Saxons at Kesselsdorf .
1746 Oct. 11. Belgium. The French
under Marshal Saxe totally defeat the 1708 Jan. 3
Austrians and their allies at Rocoux, the emperor.
and so complete the conquest of the
Austrian Netherlands.
1756* *-63* * The Third Silesian War,
or the Seven Years' War.
Frederick II. renews the war for the
possession of Silesia, against Austria,
Russia, and France.
* * Aust. The army under Marshal
Browne advances to relieve Saxony,
held by the Emperor Frederick.
Oct. 1. Bohemia. The Austrians under
Marshal Browne are defeated at Lobo-
sitz by the Prussians under Frederick
the Great.
He Oct. 16. An army of Saxons numbering
18,000 surrenders ; they are forced into
the Prussian service.
1706* *-ll* * Transylvania. Francis
Rakoczy is grand prince by the choice
of the malcontents.
It. Mantua is ceded to
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1708* * Francis I. (Stephen), Emperor,
husband of Maria Theresa, born.
1711 Feb. 2. Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von,
Count, statesman, born.
1716 Feb. 2. Landon, Gideon Ernst von,
Baron, general, born.
1720* * Hell, Maximilian, astronomer, born.
* * Aust. The allies demand the sur-
render of the Spanish monarchy to
Charles of Austria.
1711 * * Death of the Emperor Joseph
I. ; Charles becomes heir of all the Aus-
trian possessions.
* * -40 * * Charles VI., Emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire, the brother of
Joseph I., King of Hungary and nominal
King of Spain, is elected.
[He is tolerant to Protestants, and for-
bids Catholic hostilities against them. J
Apr. 11. Netherlands. Peace of Utrecht.
(See France.)
1713 Apr. 19. Vienna. The Emperor
announces the Pragmatic Sanction.
1. It decrees that the lands belonging
to the Austrian Empire shall be indivis-
ible. 2. That Maria Theresa, his eldest
daughter, shall be the* heir if males
should fail. 3. If this line should be-
come extinct, the daughters of Joseph
I. and their descendants shall inherit.
1714 Mar. * -Sept. * Peace of Rastatt
and Baden.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1705, * *-1757, * * 515
The German frontier is restored to the
lines fixed by the treaty of Ryswick ;
Austria takes the Spanish Netherlands,
Milan, Naples, and Sardinia, amounting
to 191,350 square miles, and gives up
Spain.
1715 Nov. 6. The barrier treaty is
made with the Dutch. (See Belgium.)
Nov. 15. Naples and Sicily are an-
nexed to the dominions of Charles VI.
1718 July 22. Servia. The Peace of
Passarowitz, between Germany, Ven-
ice, and Turkey, closes the war with
Turkey.
Austria cedes certain commercial
rights, annexes the Banat of Temesvar,
a part of Bosnia and Servia, with Bel-
grade and Little Wallachia. Venice re-
tains her conquests in Dalmatia, but
cedes Morea to the Turks.
Aug. 2. The Quadruple Alliance is
formed by Great Britain, France, and
the Emperor Charles VI. [Later joined
by Holland.] (See Germany.)
1720 Apr. 21. Aust. The estates of
Lower Austria agree to recognize Maria
Theresa as rightful heir, if there should
be no male heirs.
1771 Sept. 2. The estates of Silesia
follow the example of Lower Austria.
Mar. * Croatia signs the approval of the
Pragmatic Sanction.
1722 * * Transylvania approves the
Pragmatic Sanction.
June * Hung. Charles VI. opens the Diet
which ratifies the Pragmatic Sanction.
1723 Oct. 16. Bohemia. The Diet of
the Estates approve the Pragmatic
Sanction.
* * Hung. The Emperor Charles VI.
settles his dominions on his daughter
Maria Theresa, in accordance with the
Pragmatic Sanction of 1713.
* * Hung. The Diet reduces the Servian
colonists to the condition of serfs.
1725 Apr. 30. The Emperor of Ger-
many and the King of Spain enter the
Treaty of Vienna. [Of short duration.]
The Spanish dominions in the posses-
sion of each party are confirmed to
them. The emperor privately engages
to use force to restore Gibraltar to
Spain, and use his offices to enthrone
the Pretender in Great Britain. The
king guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction.
1731 Mar. 16. Vienna. The Treaty
of Vienna is signed by Charles VI. of
Germany, George II. of England, and
the States of Holland.
It guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction,
but neither France, Spain, nor Sardinia
has signed it.
July 22. Spain accedes to the Treaty
of Vienna.
1733 * * Austria becomes involved in
the controversy concerning the Polish
Succession ; with Russia, she prompts
the election of Augustus III., Elector of
Saxony, as king, who is chosen by a
minority.
1734 * * Hung. Hungarian and Servian
peasants unite in a remarkable re-
volt under the leadership of Pero Tze-
gedinac. [They are soon subdued, and
cruelly punished.]
1735 Oct. 3. Vienna. The prelimina-
ries of Peace are signed at Vienna.
(See France.)
1736 * * Francis, Duke of Lorraine,
marries Maria Theresa.
1738 Nov. 18. Charles VI., Emperor
of Germany, and Louis XV., King of
France, enter the Treaty of Vienna.
(See France.)
1739 Sept. 18. Servia. Treaty of Bel-
grade. Charles VI. is forced to restore
to the Porte, Orsova, Belgrade, and
Little Wallachia, after the fortifications
are destroyed.
1740 Sept. 20. Hung. The Diet ac-
cepts Francis I., the prince-consort, as
co-regent with the queen.
Sept. 21. Hung. Maria Theresa pre-
sents her infant son to the Diet. " Mo-
riamur pro rege nostro Maria Theresa .' "
Oct. 20. Hung. Maria Theresa, the
eldest daughter of Charles VI., and wife
of the Duke of Lorraine, on the death
of her father, becomes Queen of Bo-
hemia and Hungary, and Archduchess
of Austria.
Charles VI. is the last of the male line
of the House of Hapsburg. [The queen
also comes to the throne as Empress of
Germany.]
* * Aust. Maria Theresa is accepted
the sovereign of the Austrian States.
The claimants for the Austrian inherit-
ance are Charles Albert, Elector of Ba-
varia, Philip V., King of Spain, and
Augustus III. of Saxony.
* * Prussia claims a portion of Silesia;
war follows.
1741 * * Hung. Maria Theresa is en-
thusiastically received by the Hunga-
rians, and crowned as queen.
May * Bavaria. The Alliance of
Nymphenburg is formed ; France, Ba-
varia, and Spain secretly unite against
Austria. [Later Saxony joins, and after-
ward Prussia.]
May * Hung. Maria Theresa convokes a
Diet.
* * Bohemia. The Elector of Bavaria
claims Bohemia, takes possession, and
is proclaimed king.
1742 Jan. 24. Oer. Charles Albert,
Elector of Bavaria, is chosen emperor,
with the title of Charles VII. The Crown
leaves the House of Austria [for a short
time].
* * Hung. Maria Theresa forms an alli-
ance with England.
June 11 — July 28. Prus. Treaty of
Breslau and Berlin.
Maria Theresa concludes a treaty of
peace with Prussia, by which Silesia
and Glatz are ceded to Frederick II. of
Prussia.
1743 Apr. * Bohemia. Maria Theresa
is crowned Queen of Bohemia at Prague
by the Bishop of Olomuc.
July * Prus. The Emperor Charles
VTI., being defeated by the Austrians,
becomes a refugee in Frankfort.
* * Sardinia concludes a separate peace
with Austria.
* * Saxony concludes a separate treaty
with Maria Theresa.
1744 * * Prus. Frederick II. forms an
alliance with Charles VII., and France
and begins the second war, to secure
his possessions in Silesia.
1745 Jan. 20. The Emperor Charles
VII. dies.
Jan. * An alliance is formed by Austria,
Saxony, England, and Holland, against
Prussia, which is jealous of the success
of Austria.
Apr. * The separate Peace of Fiissen.
Prussia enters a separate peace with
Austria, and restores all conquests to
Bavaria. The Elector of Bavaria sur-
renders all claims to the Austrian suc-
cession, and promises to vote for Francis
Joseph, the husband of Maria Theresa,
in the imperial election.
Sept. 13-65 * * Francis I., the hus-
band of Maria Theresa, and the Duke
of Lorraine, is Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire. The crown returns
to the House of Austria.
Dec. 15. Saxony. The Peace of Dres-
den is concluded between Prussia and
Austria (Saxony). Possession of Silesia
is confirmed to Prussia.
1747 May* Hung. Elizabeth, Em-
press of Russia, enters a defensive
alliance with Maria Theresa.
1748 Oct. 7. Pi-us. The Treaty of
Aix-la-Chapelle is signed by Great
Britain, France, Holland, Germany,
Spain, and Genoa. It terminates the
war of the Austrian Succession.
Parma, Piacenza, and Gustalla are
given up to Spain. All the hereditary
estates are retained by the empress ex-
cept Silesia. Its loss to a smaller power
is considered by Austria as a disgrace,
and she seeks by intrigue to regain the
lost province. The Pragmatic Sanction
is made a part of the international law
of Europe.
1749 May 14. Hung. A patent is is-
sued, separating the administration
of justice from provincial business.
1750+ * * Hungary loses about 100,000
citizens by a great exodus of Servians
to Russia, because of the suppression of
the frontiers of Tisza and the Maros.
1756 * * Aust. Elizabeth, the Empress
of Russia, becomes an ally of Austria.
(See May, 1747.)
May 11. Austria and France enter into
a defensive alliance by the treaty of
Versailles.
Its secret clauses agree that Austria
shall reconquer Silesia and her lost
Italian possessions.
1757 Jan.* Aust. A treaty is made be-
tween Austria and Russia concerning
the partition of the Prussian mon-
archy when subdued.
May * Aust. An offensive treaty is
made between Austria and France con-
cerning the division of Prussia.
France places 105,000 men and 12,000,000
of florins at the service of its ally.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1711* *-14* * Hung. One and a half
million of cattle die of the cattle-
plague.
1715* * Hung. Helen-Judith, the joined
twins, are born. [They die in 1723.]
516 1757, **-1790,
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY— NAVY.
1757 * * War is declared iipon Fred-
erick II. in the name of the Empire ;
Hanover, Hesse, Brunswick, and Gotha
are his allies ; four columns of Prus-
sians invade Bohemia.
May 6. Bohemia. The Prussians under
Prince Henry defeat the Austrians in
a great battle near Prague ; the Aus-
trian Gen. Browne is mortally wounded,
and the Prussian Marshal Schwerin is
killed ; Prussian loss, 18,000 ; Austrian
loss, 20,000.
June 18. Bohemia. The Austrians
under Marshal Daun (53,000) defeat the
Prussians (34,000) under Frederick the
Great at Kolin ; Frederick is compelled
to raise the siege of Prague and evacuate
Bohemia.
July 26. Hanover. Frederick's Allies
under the Duke of Cumberland are de-
feated by the French under Marshal
d'Estrees at Hastenbeck.
Aug. 30. Prussia. The invading Rus-
sians under Gen. Stefan Apraxin defeat
the Prussians under Von Lehwald at
the battle of Gross-jagerndorf , and
then retire from Prussia.
Nov. 5. Prussia. Frederick, at the
head of 22,000 Prussians, defeats the
French under Prince de Soubise and
the Imperialists under the Prince of
Saxe-Hildburghausen, with a total of
43,000 men, in a great battle at Ross-
bach in Saxony, and then enters Silesia.
Prussian loss, 500; allies, 1,700 killed
and 7,000 prisoners.
Nov. 22. Prussia. Battle of Breslau,
Silesia : The Austrians defeat the Prus-
sians, and capture the Duke of Bruns-
wick-Bevern.
Dec. 5. Prussia. Frederick II. by su-
perior tactics (30,000+ men) defeats the
Austrians (80,000+) under Charles of
Lorraine and Marshal Daun at Leu-
then, Silesia ; Austrian loss, 7,000, be-
sides prisoners ; Prussian loss, 5,000.
1758 * * Moravia. Frederick II. is un-
successful in the siege of Olmiitz.
* * Bussia. The Russians under Wil-
helm, Count of Fermor, advance to join
the Austrians.
* * Ger. Ferdinand of Brunswick
drives the French back across the Rhine.
June 23. Prussia. Ferdinand of Bruns-
wick routs the French under the Count
of Clermont at the battle of Crefeld.
Aug. 25. Prussia. Frederick the
Great defeats the Russians at Zorn-
dorf ; Prussian loss, 11,000 men ; Russian
loss, 1,529 ; the Austrians now advance
upon Lusatia.
Oct. 14. Saxony. The Austrians (65,-
000) under Count Daun surprise and
defeat Frederick (42,000 men) at Hoch-
kirch, killing several of his generals,
and taking his camp and ammunition.
Austrian loss, 6,000+ ; Prussian loss,
9,000±.
1759 July 23. Prussia. The Rus-
sians defeat the Prussians under Gen.
H. von Wedell at Kay, losing 8,000+
men ; the victors soon unite with the
Austrians under Baron von Laudon.
Aug. 1. Prussia. Duke Ferdinand of
Brunswick, commanding the English
and German forces, defeats the French
under Contades at the battle of Min-
den, and compels their retreat.
Aug. 12. Prussia. Frederick II. is to-
tally defeated by the Austrians and
Russians (60,000±) under Count Peter
Soltikoff and Baron'Laudon at Kuners-
dorf ; Prussian loss, 18,500 ; allies, 16,-
000. [The Austrians overrun Saxony,
and soon take Dresden.]
Nov. 20. Saxony. The Prussian Gen.
Fink (12,500+ men) surrenders to Baron
Daun at Maxen.
1760 June 23. Prussia. The Aus-
trians, numbering 30,000, under Mar-
shal Laudon, surround and defeat 8,000
Prussians at Landeshut, Silesia.
Aug. 15. Prussia. Frederick gains a
victory at Xdegnitz over the Austrians
under Marshal Laudon ; it prevents the
union of the Austrian and Russian
armies.
Oct. 3. Prussia. Berlin is taken by
the Russians and Austrians, and the
city burned ; the allies retire on the
approach of Frederick.
Nov. 3. Saxony. The Austrians under
Count Daun are defeated by Fred-
erick at Torgau.
1761 Aug. 12. Ger. The Austrians
and Russians unite their armies (130,-
000) against the Prussians (30,000), but
take no decisive action.
Oct. 1. Prussia. The Austrians take
Schweidnitz.
Dec. 13. Prussia. The Russians take
Colberg.
1762 Mar. 16. Bussia. Peter III.
concludes the Truce of Stargard with
Frederick II., and 'withdraws from
bis alliance with Austria.
July 21. Prussia. Frederick II. de-
feats the Austrians under Marshal
Daun at Burkersdorf.
Aug. 16. Silesia. Frederick II. again
defeats the Austrians under Marshal
Laudon at Reichenbach.
Oct. 9. Silesia. Frederick II. takes
Schweidnitz.
Oct. 29. Saxony. Prince Henry of
Prussia and Gen. Friedrich Wilhelm von
Seydlitz (13,000) defeat the Austrians
and Imperial forces (30,000) at Freiberg.
[The preliminaries of peace are soon
signed.]
1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. The Seven
Years' War is ended by the Peace of
Hubertsburg ; Prussia gains Silesia ;
estimated loss of fighting men, 853,000.
1778 * * -79 * * War of the Bavarian
Succession.
Lower Bavaria is invaded by Austri-
ans, but there is no battle ; the Peace
of Teschen, concluded May 12, 1779, ends
the war.
1778 July* Bohemia. Frederick II.
and Prince Henry invade Bohemia.
1788-91 Austria is at war with Tur-
key, in the hope of sharing with Rus-
sia in the spoliation of Ottoman terri-
tory.
Dec. * Aust. Joseph II. resigns the
command of the army against the
Turks, after losing 45,000 men by sick-
ness and in fighting.
1789 Sept. 29. Servia. Austrians un-
der Marshal Laudon capture Belgrade
from the Turks.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1763 June 28. Hung. Comorn, Pesth,
and other sections are much damaged
by an earthquake.
1774± * * Aust. Animal magnetism,
professing to cure diseases by sympa-
thetic affection, is practised by Father
Hehl, a Jesuit, at Vienna.
1786 May 1. Vienna. Mozart's Le
Nozze di Figaro appears.
1787 Oct. 29. Bohemia. Mozart's
Don Giovanni appears at Prague.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1759 * * Kazinczy, Francis, Hungarian au-
thor, born.
1763 * * Chasteler, du, Jean, Marquis, born.
1765 Aug. 18. Francis I.. Emperor of
Holy Roman Empire, husband of Maria
Theresa, A57.
1766* * Daun, Leopold J. M. von, Count,
fleld-mar8hal, A61.
Radtzky, Joseph Wenzel, Count, general, b.
Fejer, Gyorgy, antiquary, born.
1767 Nov. 22. Hofer, Andreas, patriot
of Tyrol, born.
1768 * * Abel, Joseph, painter, born.
Bubna Littis, Ferdinand, Count, born.
Francis I., Emperor, born.
1771 * * Charles, or Karl, Archduke, born.
Schwarzenberg, Karl P. von, marshal, born.
1772 * * Kisfaludy, Sandor, Hungarian poet,
born.
1773 May 15. M e ttern i ch. Clemens
Wenzel von, prince, Aust. statesman, b.
Csokonai, Vitez Mihaly, poet, born.
1778 * * Gausbacher, Johann, composer, b.
1780 Nov. 29. Maria Theresa, Empress
of Germany, Queen of Hungary and Bohe-
mia, A64.
1781 * * Hormayr, Joseph von, historian, b.
1786 * * Mailath, Janos Nepomuk, Count, b.
Haynau, Julius Jacob von, Baron, gen., b.
Dobrentei, Gabor, author, born.
Beniowsky, Moritz August, Count, Hunga-
rian adventurer, A 45.
Fay, Andreas, novelist, born.
1788 * * Hess, Heinrich von, Baron, Aus-
trian general, born.
Kisfaludy, Karoly, dramatist, novelist, born.
1790 Feb. 20. Joseph H., Emperor of
Germany, A49.
Kolcsey, Ferencz, orator, born.
Laudon, Gideon Ernst von, Baron, mar-
shal, A74.
Csoma de Kbros, Sandor, Hungarian scholar,
traveler, born.
CHURCH.
1763 * * Aust.-Hung. Maria Theresa
reforms ecclesiastical abuses, abol-
ishes the Inquisition, and suppresses
the Order of Jesuits.
* * * Hung. Maria Theresa forbids
priests having anything to do with the
making of wills.
1776** Hung. Religious toleration is
granted.
1780 * * Aust. Abbeys are suppressed
by Joseph II.
* * Aust. Reforms are introduced.
The right of granting marriage dis-
pensations is transferred from the Holy
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
1757,**-1790,*
517
See to the bishops of Austria ; heads of
religious orders must reside in Austria ;
papal bulls must receive Imperial sanc-
tion before they are published, and two
bulls defining the prerogatives of the
Pope are not to be taught ; money is not
to be sent to Rome, nor students from
Austria to there attend the Collegium
Germanicum.
1781 * * Aust. An edict of toleration
is issued ; Lutherans, Calvinists, and
non-Uniat Greeks are granted the pri-
vate practice of their religion.
1782 * * Vienna. Futile journey of
Pope Pius VI. to Vienna to prevent
ecclesiastical changes.
1783 * * Bavaria. Violent proceedings
occur in the case of the bishop of Passau.
1784 * * Hung. The Protestants are per-
mitted to worship in churches.
1788 * * Aust. -Hung. In the last eight
years 700 monasteries have been closed,
and 36,000 members of orders released.
Yet 1,324 monasteries and 27,000 monks
and nuns remain.
LETTERS.
1722 * * Bohemia. A national museum
is founded by the efforts of Leopold
Krakowski Kolowrat.
1740 * * Schools have hitherto been in
the hands or under the control of the
clergy ; they are now placed under
state control.
1745 * * Tyrol. The University of Inns-
bruck receives its library from Maria
Theresa.
1749 Feb. 7. Vienna. A law is passed
reserving to the state the sole right of
choosing the professors of the Uni-
versity at Vienna.
1762 ** Vienna. Gluck's Orfeo ed
Euridice appears.
1763* * Maria Theresa establishes
many schools.
1766 * * Hung. The commission of in-
struction and the censorship of the
press is founded.
1768 * * Hung. Constitutio Criminalis
Theresiana is published.
1770 May* Vienna. The first normal
school opens.
Sept. 24. Hung. An imperial resolution
is issued announcing, "The organiza-
tion of the schools is and always must
be an affair of state."
1774 * * Bohemia. Maria Theresa de-
crees the use of the German language
in the higher and middle schools.
1780 * * Emperor Joseph urges the ex-
clusive use of the German language
in the schools.
1781 * * -87 * *, 91 * * Hung. Un-
grisches Magazin is issued at Presburg.
1782 July 16. Aust. Mozart's Die
Entfuhrung aus dem Serail appears at
Vienna.
* * Tyrol. The University of Innsbruck
is reduced to the status of a lyceum.
1784 * * Galicia. The University of
Lemberg is founded.
1788 * * Hung. Magyar Museum is is-
sued.
1791 Sept. 30. Bohemia. Mozart's
Die Zauberflote appears at Prague.
** Tyrol. The University of Inns-
bruck is restored to its privileges by
the emperor.
SOCIETY.
1763* * Hung. Maria Theresa im-
proves the condition of serfs.
1770 * * Hung. Maria Antonia (Marie
Antoinette) marries the Dauphin of
France.
1776 * * Hung. Maria Theresa abolishes
punishment by torture and feudal
service.
1777 * * Hung. Torture as a criminal
punishment is abolished.
1781 * * Hung. An edict of tolerance
is issued by Joseph II.
1782 * * Hung. Joseph II. causes the
slave-trade to be abolished.
1783 Jan. * Aust. The marriage law-
is passed, which makes it a civil con-
tract and permits divorce.
1785 * * Aust. Freemasonry is offi-
cially recognized.
STATE.
1760 * * Hung. Maria Theresa institutes
a Council of State, to assist in the ad-
ministration.
1762 May 5. The Peace of St. Peters-
burg is signed.
Peter III., having come to the throne,
makes peace with Frederick ; Russia
restores her conquests, and both parties
agree to withdraw from all hostile alli-
ances.
1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. Peace of
Hubertsburg is signed by the Em-
press and the King of Prussia, and ends
the Seven Years' War.
It ratifies the Peace of Breslau and
Berlin, and also that of Dresden. Fred-
erick II. agrees to vote for the Archduke
Joseph at the election of the King of
Rome. No territorial changes are ef-
fected in any of the countries.
1764 * * Joseph H., son of Maria The-
resa, is crowned King of the Romans.
* * Hung. Maria Theresa associates her
son Joseph (II.) with herself in the gov-
ernment of the Hapsburg dominions.
* * Hung. Maria Theresa provides a com-
pilation of uniform laws for the whole
of her dominions ; eight volumes are
completed.
1765 Aug. 8. Joseph H. succeeds his
father as Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire ; for the Austrian lands he is
only co-regent with his mother, Maria
Theresa.
1772 July 25. The treaty for the par-
tition of Poland is signed (first divis-
ion). Austria secures East Galicia and
Lodomeria.
1773 Dec. 29. Galicia. The estates,
clergy, nobles, and citizens take the
oath of allegiance to the Austrian dy-
nasty, and the government is set up with
German officials.
1775 May 7. Galicia. Bukowina is
acquired by a treaty with the Turks.
* * Bohemia. The peasantry revolt.
1779 May* Silesia. Peace of Teschen.
1. It abrogates the treaty of Vienna
with Charles Theodore ; Austria sur-
renders much of its claim, and retains
only the district of the Inn in Bavaria.
2. Austria agrees to a union to be formed
between the margravates of Ansbach
and Baireuth with Prussia. 3. Saxony
obtains certain rights and 9,000,000 rix
dollars.
* * A dispute between Frederick II. and
Emperor Joseph respecting Bavaria is
settled without war.
* * Hung. The lands between the Maros
and the Tisza, the Danube, and the Car-
pathians are absorbed into the kingdom.
1780 Nov. 29. Hung. Maria Theresa
dies.
* * Hung. Joseph EL becomes King of
Hungary on the death of his mother,
Maria Theresa.
1782 * * Ger. The emperor controls
the Pope, Pius VI.
* * * Joseph II. attempts to improve the
legal system of the Empire.
1783* * Hung. Frederick II. proposes
a union of the German princes against
the encroachments of Joseph II.
1784 Aug. 27. Aust. A protective
tariff customs is established.
1785* * Hung. Joseph II. favors a plan
for the exchange of territory.
Charles Theodore is to exchange the
whole of Bavaria for the Austrian Neth-
erlands (Belgium) except Luxemburg
and Namur, as the Kingdom of Bur-
gundy. [It provokes the formation of
the League of the German Princes.]
July * Prussia, the electorate of Saxony,
and Hanover inaugurate the League
of the German Princes, to resist the
encroachments of the emperor. [Bruns-
wick, Mainz, Hesse-Cassel, Baden, Meck-
lenburg, Anhalt, and the Thuringian
lands, later join the League.]
* * Hung. Great opposition is made to
the emperor's removal of the crown
to Vienna; so he permits its return.
1788 * * Bohemia. Joseph II. announces
that the Diet will deliberate only on
such subjects as are presented by the
sovereign, and it will only be convoked
when he deems it best to do so.
1789 Dec. 8. Hung. Joseph II. is con-
strained to restore to the Hungarians
their confiscated privileges.
* * Belgium. The people rise in revolt
against the Emperor's progressive meas-
ures in the Netherlands.
1790 Jan. 20. Hung. Joseph II. is
constrained to withdraw all his re-
forms, and restore things to the condi-
tion of 1780.
* * -91 * * Ger. Leopold II., the heir
of the Austrian monarchy, succeeds his
brother.
* * Ger. Leopold II., Emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire, guarantees inde-
pendence of Hungary with its rights.
* * Belgium. Leopold II. suppresses the
insurrection.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1763 * * Maria Theresa fosters industry
and commerce, after the seven years
of war.
518 1791, Jnly *-1810, Feb. 20. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1792 * * "War with France by the first
coalition ; Austria, Prussia, and Great
Britain are allies. (See France.)
Apr. 28. Flanders. The French en-
ter Flanders [and are routed].
* * Fr. Austrians with allies enter
France, and march toward Paris till
their advance is checked.
Nov. 6. Belgium. Austrians under the
Duke of Saxe-Teschen are decisively
defeated by the French Republican
army, under Gen. Charles Francis Du-
mouriez, at Jemappes.
1793 Mar. 18. Belgium. The French
under Gen. Dumouriez are defeated in
a great battle at Neerwinden by the
Austrians under the Prince of Coburg.
Sept. 11. Fr. Quesnoy is taken by the
Austrians.
1794 Jan.* Netherlands. The Aus-
trians, Dutch, English, and Hanove-
rians unite under the Austrian Prince
of Coburg as allies against the French.
May 22. Belgium. The French attack
the allies at Tournay; an indecisive
action.
June 26. Belgium. Austrian troops
under Prince Coburg are defeated by
the French general, Jean Baptiste Jour-
dan, at Fleurus.
1795 Jan. * Belgium. The allies
withdraw, and Austria and England
are left alone to fight the French.
Sept. 6. Prussia. The Austrians are
driven back from Diisseldorf by the
French under Gen. Jourdan.
Oct. 11. Prussia. The Austrians under
Compte de Clerfayt defeat the French
under Marshal Jourdan at Hockst, and
drive them back across the Rhine.
1796 * * The French send out three
armies, one under Jourdan to attack
the allies on the lower Rhine, another
under Gen. Jean Victor Moreau on the
upper Rhine, and another in Italy.
May * Ger. The French cross the
lower Rhine, and press the Austrians
back.
May 10. It. Bonaparte pursues the
Austrians in northern Italy.
May 15. It. Bonaparte enters Mi-
lan; the Austrians retire.
June 16. Ger. The French are forced
to return by Archduke Charles of
Austria, brother of the Emperor Francis.
* * Ger. The Austrians are defeated
in unimportant conflicts on the upper
Rhine.
July. * It. Bonaparte commences the
siege of Mantua [continuing till Feb-
ruary, 1797].
Aug. 3. It. Bonaparte defeats the
Austrians under Count Wurmser at
Lonato and [Aug. 5] Castiglione in Lom-
bardy.
Aug. 5. It. Wurmser is again defeated
at Medola ; the Austrians seek shelter
in the mountains of Tyrol.
Aug. 24. Bavaria. The Austrians un-
der the Archduke Charles defeat the
French under Marshal Jourdan at
Amberg.
Sept. 3. Bavaria. The Austrians again
defeat the French under Jourdan at
Wiirzburg.
Oct. 20. Ger. Gen. Moreau is driven
back, and the French army recrosses
the Rhine.
Nov. 12. It. The Austrians under
Baron von Alvinczy repulse the French
under Bonaparte at Caldiero.
Nov. 15-17. It. The Austrians
(40,000+) under Alvinczy are attacked
and defeated at Areola by the French
(18,000+) under Bonaparte, Due de Mas-
s&a, and Marshal Augereau.
1797 Jan. 14. It. The Austrians un-
der Alvinczy are severely defeated by
the French under Bonaparte at Rivoli.
Feb. 2. It. Mantua capitulates to
Bonaparte after a siege of eight months.
Mar. * -Apr. * It. Bonaparte crosses
the Alps into northern Italy to meet
Archduke Charles advancing from Ger-
many with the Austrian army.
Oct. 17. It. The war with France
ends by a treaty of peace concluded at
Campo Formio.
1799 Mar. 13. France again declares
war against Austria.
Mar. 26. Baden. Austrians under Arch-
duke Charles defeat the French under
Marshal Jourdan at Stockach.
Apr. 27. It. The French under Gen.
Moreau are defeated near Cassano
by the Austrians and Russians under
Suvaroff.
June 17-19. It. The Austrians and
Russians under Suvaroff defeat the
French under Marshal Macdonald in
a protracted fight on the banks of the
Trebbia. (Battle of Parma.)
Aug. 15. It. The Russians and Aus-
trians under Suvaroff defeat the
French under Gen. Joubert at Novi ;
Joubert is killed. French loss, 11,000+.
1800 May 4. Baden. The Austrians
under Gen. Kray are defeated at
Stockach by the French under Gen.
Moreau.
June 14. It. Great battle of Ma-
rengo ; the French under Bonaparte
defeat the Austrians, who capitulate.
(See France.)
July 15. An armistice is concluded at
Parsdorf [but hostilities are soon re-
newed].
Dec. 3. Bavaria. The Austrians under
Archduke John are crushingly de-
feated by the French and Bavarians
under Moreau at Hohenlinden. (See
France.)
Dec. 25, 26. It. The Austrians under
Bellegarde are severely defeated in the
passage of the Mincio by the French
under Gen. Guillaume M. A. Brune.
1801 Feb. 9. Fr. A treaty of peace
is concluded at Luneville.
1805 Sept. 9. The Austrians, after join-
ing the English and Russian alliance
against France, cross the Inn and in-
vade Bavaria.
Oct. 17. Wurtemberg. The Austrian
general, Karl Mack, with 30,000+ men,
surrenders Ulm to Bonaparte.
Oct. 29-31. It. The Austrians under
the Archduke Charles defeat the
French under Marshal Massena at
Caldiero.
Nov. 14. Vienna. The French under
Marshal Murat capture the city.
Dec. 2. Moravia. Battle of Austerlitz ;
Napoleon defeats the united forces of
Austria and Russia. (See France.)
Dec. 26. Hung. The Peace of Pres-
burg is concluded with France.
1806 Jan. 12. Vienna. The French
evacuate the city.
* * Bohemia. The French army occupies
Prague.-
1808 June 9. A decree is issued for
raising an army of conscripts [300,000
men, in addition to the regular army of
350,000 men].
1809 Apr. * War is renewed with
France.
Apr. * Alsace. An indecisive battle is
fought between the Austrians and
French at Thann.
Apr. 20. Bavaria. The Austrians under
the Archduke Charles are defeated by
the French under Napoleon at Abens-
berg.
Bavaria.. The Austrians attack and
take Ratisbon, and secure the bridge.
Apr. 22. Bavaria. The French 75,000
strong, under Marshal Davout, defeat
the Austrians 40,000 strong, under Arch-
duke Charles, at Eckmiihl; Charles
withdraws to Bohemia.
May 11. Aust. Napoleon crosses the
island of Lobau to the left bank of th©
Danube.
May 13. Vienna. The French under
Napoleon take the city a second time.
May 21, 22. Aust. Battle of Aspern
and Essling; Napoleon for the first
time is defeated by the Archduke
Charles ; Marshal Lannes is mortally
wounded, and the French (180,000+) are
forced to recross the Danube. (See
France.)
June 14. Hung. The Austrians under
the Archduke John are defeated at
Raab by the French under Prince
Eugene.
July 5, 6. Aust. Battle of Wagram,
near Vienna ; Napoleon, with an army
of 150,000 men, totally defeats the Aus-
trians (120,000) under the Archduke
Charles, and pursues him towards Mo-
ravia. Loss on each side, 25,000+.
July 11. Aust. At the battle of Znaim,
between the Austrians and the French
under Marshal Massena, the fighting is
stopped by news of an armistice.
Oct. 14. Vienna. Peaee is concluded
with France.
Aust. Andreas Hofer, a patriotic
Tyrolese, having headed an insurrection
and driven out the Bavarians from
Tyrol, lays down his arms at the treaty
of Vienna.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1791, July *- 1810, Feb. 20. 519
1810 Feb. 20. It. Hofer, being ac-
cused of treason, is shot at Mantua by
the French. [His family is ennobled
in 1819 under the title of Von Passeyr.]
• ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1795 * * Vienna. Beethoven publishes
his three trios known as Opus 1; also
Adelaide.
1796* * Vienna. Dr. Franz Joseph Gall,
a German physician, the original ad-
vocate of phrenology, gives his first
lecture.
* * Vienna. Beethoven publishes three
piano sonatas.
1798 * * Vienna. Lithography is in-
vented by Alois Senefelder.
1799 Mar. 19. Vienna. Haydn's Cre-
ation appears.
1800 * * Vienna. Beethoven becomes
deaf. He publishes Prometheus and
Mount of Olives ; also his 1st Symphony.
[1802, 2d Symphony ; 1803, Kreutzer So-
nata; 1804, Ero'ica Symphony ; 1805-06^
Fidelio. (The latter is rewritten in 1814) ;
1806, 4th Symphony; 1808, Symphonies 5
and 6 ; 1812, 7th Symphony ; 1813, Battle
Symphony ; 1814, 8th Symphony ; 1815,
Meeresstille ; 1824, 9th Symphony; also
other works.]
1808* * Vienna. A Musical Festival
for Haydn is held.
1809 * * Etching on stone is used by
Alois Senefelder.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1791 * * Czerny, Karl, composer, born.
Hanka, Venceslav, philologist, born.
Born, Ignaz von, Hungarian mineralogist,
philologist, A 49.
Dec. 12. Maria Louisa, daughter of Fran-
cis I., Empress of France, born.
Szechenyi, Istian, Count, Hungarian states-
man, born.
1792 * * Aulich, Louis, general, born.
Mar. 1. Leopold II., Emperor of Holy
Roman Empire, A 45.
Klein, Johann Adam, painter, born.
Hell, Maximilian, Hung, astronomer, A72.
1794 * * Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, states-
man, A83.
1796 * * Josika, Miklos, Baron, novelist, b.
1797 * * Buol-Scliauenstein, Karl Ferdinand
von, statesman, born.
Pfeiffer, Ida Laura, traveler, born.
Leopold 1 1., Grand Duke of Tuscany, born.
Wurmser. Dagobert Sig-mund von, gen-
eral, A 73.
1798 * * Chmel, Joseph, historian, born.
Palacky, Francis, historian, born.
Clerfayt, de, Francois, S. C. J. de Croix,
Coinpte, general, A 65.
1799 * * Guylay, Franz, Count, born.
Negrelli-Moldelbe, Aloys von, engineer, b.
Celakowsky, Frantisck Ladislav, poet, born.
Frivaldsky, Enrich, Hungarian naturalist, b.
1800* * Unger, Franz, Austrian paleontol-
ogist, born.
Vorosmarty, Mihaly, poet, born.
Czuczor, Gergely, writer, born.
1801 * * Pinsker, Simcha, scholar, born.
Jellachich von Buzim, Joseph, Baron, Ban
of Croatia, general, born.
Fogarasy, Janos, Hungarian lexicographer
and jurist, born.
Ebert, Karl Egon, Bohemian poet, born.
1802 Apr. 27. Kossuth, Louis. Hunga-
rian orator, statesman, born.
1803 Oct. 17. Deak. Francis, Hungarian
statesman, orator, born.
Amerling, Frederick, painter, born.
1804 Mar. 14. Strauss, Johann, com-
poser, b.
Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus, botanist, born.
Benedek, Ludwig von, general, born.
Kempelen, Wolfgangvon, Baron, Hungarian
mechanician, A70.
I >:i in mines, Janos, Hungarian general, born.
Kokitansky, Karl, pathologist, horn.
1805 Nov. 24. Omer Pasha, gen., born
in Croatia.
Csokonai,Vitez Mihaly, Hungarian poet, A32.
1807 * *Batthyanyi,Kasimir, Count, born.
1809 * * Gai, Ljudevit, Croatian journalist,
born.
Horvath, Mihaly, Hungarian historian, b.
Auenbrugger, Auenbrug Leopold von, phy-
sician at Vienna, inventor of percussion,
A87.
CHURCH.
1800* * It. Pius VII. is pope. [1829.
Pius VIII.]
LETTERS.
1805 * * Galicia. The University of
Lemberg is united with that of Cracow.
STATE.
1791 July* Ger. Leopold II. by cir-
cular letter calls on all the sovereigns
of Europe to come to the aid of the
King of France against his revolting
subjects.
Aug. 4. Austria is required to surren-
der her late conquests from Turkey by
the treaty of Sistova.
Aug. 27. Saxony. Leopold LT. meets
William LT. at Pillnitz, to devise
means for upholding the throne of
France against its people.
1792 Feb. 7. Aust. Leopold II. en-
ters a definitive treaty of alliance with
William II.
Nov. 6. Belgium. After the battle of
Jemappes, the Austrian Netherlands
faU into the hands of the French;
Luxemburg is excepted.
* * Bulgaria. The Emperor Francis I.
(Francis II. of Germany) succeeds his
father, Leopold II., as Emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire [till 1806].
1795 * * Galicia. Cracow, Poland, is
awarded to Austria. [Annexed again in
1846.]
1796 Apr. * Austria loses Lombardy
by the conquests of the French, and it
is incorporated in the Cisalpine Repub-
lic.
1797 Apr. 18. Aust. Preliminaries
of the Peace of Leoben are concluded
between Bonaparte and Archduke
Charles.
Oct. 17. It. France and Austria con-
clude a treaty of peace at Campo
Formio.
I. Open articles : Austria cedes the
Netherlands to France, and in return re-
ceives the greater part of the Venetian
territories, including the city of Venice,
Istria, and Dalmatia on the east shore
of the Adriatic ; it also recognizes the
Cisalpine Republic, and indemnifies the
Duke of Modena with Brisgau. France
retains the Ionian Islands, and the ques-
tion of peace with the Empire is to be
settled by a Congress to meet at Ras-
tadtt.
II. Secret articles : Austria agrees to
cede to France the territory on the left
bank of the Rhine between Basle and
Andernach, including Mainz ; the Rhine
to be free to the vessels of France and
Germany : Genaany is to indemnify the
princes who have lost by the cession of
their territory. France 12 to lis* influ-
ence to secure to Austria Salzburg nut
part of Bavaria. Each guarantees that
Prussia shall flot be recompensed for
the Rhenish cggsion by acquisitions else-
where. The ceded territories have a
population numbering 3,500,000.
1800 * * Aust. Bonaparte makes pro-
posals of peace, which are rejected.
1801 Feb. 9. Fr. Treaty of the
Peace of Luneville, between the Re-
public of France and the German Em-
peror, with more losses of Austrian
territory.
Terms : 1. Cessions made by the treaty
of Campo Formio are confirmed. 2.
Tuscany is ceded to Parma, and Ger-
many is to indemnify the loss. 3. The
left bank of the Rhine is ceded to France
by Germany as far as the Dutch territo-
ries ; Germany to indemnify the princes
for the loss of their territory. 4. The
Batavian, Helvetian, Cisalpine, and Li-
gurian Republics are recognized. The
German and Belgic territory ceded is
25,180 square miles, having a population
numbering nearly 3,500,000. It marks
the beginning of the end of the Holy
Roman Empire.
1804 Aug. 11. Aust. Francis II. pro-
claims himself hereditary Emperor of
Austria, and unites his dominions un-
der the title of the Austrian Empire.
1805 Dec. 26. Hung. Francis II. is
forced to sign the humiliating Peace of
Presburg.
Napoleon requires him to cede the an-
cient states of Venice to Italy ; a large
part of Austrian territory is ceded to
Bavaria; it includes the principality of
Eichstadt, part of Passau, Augsburg,
the Tyrol, and all his dominions in Swa-
bia, in Brisgau, and Ortenau ; 28,000
square miles, having a population num-
bering 2,700,000, is transferred by Aus-
tria ; an indemnity of £1,600,000 is to be
paid to France.
* *The Third Coalition is formed
against France by England, Russia,
Austria, and Sweden.
1806 July 12. Fr. The Confedera-
tion of the Rhine is signed at Paris ; it
destroys the integrity of the German
Empire.
Dissolution of the old German or
Holy Roman Empire.
Aug. 6. Ger. Francis II. lays down
the crown.
1808 * * Fr. Bonaparte remonstrates
with Austria for increasing her army.
1809 * * The people of the German
States are summoned to take up arms
against French supremacy. Tyrol
alone responds with a force, which is
led by the patriotic Andreas Hofer.
Oct. 14. Vienna. The Peace of Schon-
brunn or Vienna, between Napoleon
and Francis I. of Austria. (See Ger-
many.)
Austria cedes to France 32,000 square
miles of territory, containing three and
a half millions of people, and compris-
ing the maritime provinces ; to Bavaria,
Salzburg and Berchtesgaden, the Inn-
viertel, and part of Hausruckviertel.
Russia receives East Galicia, and the
duchy of Warsaw takes West Galicia.
Napoleon receives the lands beyond the
Suave, together with Villach, Istria,
Hungarian Dalmatia, and Ragusa, from
which, with the Ionian Islands, he forms
the Illyrian Province!;. Austriajoins the
Continental systeln, breaks off her al-
liance with England, and pays an indem-
nity. The Tyrolese are abandoned by
t]i*iir allies, to resist Napoleon alone.
1810* * It. Southern Tyrol is annexed
to Italy.
520 1810, Feb.* -1848, May 15. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY— NAVY.
1812 * * Austria and France are at war
with Russia. *
Austria furnishes an army of 30,000
men. which shares Napoleon's adversi-
ties in Russia.
1813 Aug. 12. Aust. War is declared
against France.
Austria unites with the allies to place
three armies in the Held ; the Bohemian
army is under Marshal Karl Philip Von
Schwarzenberg, and with it are three
monarchs, Alexander, Francis, and
Frederick William.
Aug. 28. Saxony. Napoleon drives
away the allies under Prince Schwarz-
enberg from the siege of Dresden.
Aug. 29. Saxony. Napoleon with 130,-
000 French defeats the allies (200,000+)
under Marshal Schwarzenberg at Dres-
den ; Gen. Moreau is killed.
Aug. 29, 30. Bohemia. The French
under Gen. Vandamme are defeated
near Kulm by the allies under Count
Ostermann and Marshal Kleist.
Oct. 16. Saxony. The allies defeat Na-
poleon at Leipsic, — also called the bat-
tle of the "nations." (See France.)
Napoleon proposes peace, but no reply
is returned.
Oct. 19. Saxony. Napoleon's defeated
army retreats.
1814 Mar. 31. Fr. The allies enter
Paris.
1815 May 2, 3. It. Marshal Murat
having declared for Napoleon, the Nea-
politans are defeated by the Austrians
under Gen. Bianci at Tolentino.
May 22. It. Naples is captured, and
Marshal Murat flees to France.
1821 * * It. Austrian forces subdue
the popular uprising of Liberals in
Naples and Sardinia, restoring the se-
verest absolutism in government.
1828 Aug. 5. Bulgaria. Czar Nich-
olas arrives before Varna, which is
besieged by a Russian army. [Oct. 11.
The town is taken.]
1831* * It. Austria assists in suppress-
ing insurrections in Modena, Parma,
and Romagna.
1832 Jan. * It. The Pope invokes the
aid of Austria against the Italians, and
its troops enter Bologna.
1847 Mar. 23. It. Charles Albert of
Sardinia enters Milan at the head of
his army.
1848 * * War between Austria and
Sardinia.
Mar. 22. It. Milan revolts against
the rule of Austria.
Apr. 26. Galicia. An insurrection
breaks out in Cracow [It is soon sup-
pressed].
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1811 Apr. * Hung. An inundation at
Pesth, caused by the overflow of the
Danube, destroys 24 -illagea ; many
people are swept away.
1813 Summer. An appalling in-
undation occurs in Hungary, Austria,
and Poland.
1814 * * Vienna. A sewing-machine
is made by Madersberger.
1817 * * Aust. Papyrography (paper
plates for lithography) is invented by
Alois Senefelder.
1820 * * Vienna. The spinning-ma-
chine for flax is invented by Philippe
H. Girard, a Frenchman.
1826 Feb. 28. Bohemia. Biela's
Comet is discovered by M. Biela, an
Austrian officer, at Josephstadt.
1828 * * Silesia. Hydropathy (treating
diseases by water) is suggested by Vin-
cenz Priessnitz of Grafenberg.
1830 Feb. * Vienna. The dwellings of
50,000 Viennese are under water.
* * -34 * * Bohemia. The " polka " dance
is introduced. [It is said to have ob-
tained its name in Prague.]
1834 * * Tyrol. The Emperor erects a
statue in Innsbruck to the memory of
the patriot, Andreas Hofer.
1846 * * Vienna. The Imperial Acad-
emy of Sciences is founded.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1810 Feb. 20. Hofer. Andreas, Tyrolese
patriot, executed, A 43.
Nov. 20. Alvinczy, Joseph von, Austrian
general, A 75.
Hunfalvy, Pal, Hungarian philologist, born.
1811 Oct. 22. Liszt, Francis, Hungarian
pianist, composer, born.
Hyrtl, Joseph, anatomist, born.
Kittrow, Karl Ludwig, astronomer, born.
Teleki, Ladislaus, patriot, born.
Katona, Istian or Stephen, Hungarian his-
torian, A79.
1812 * *Garay,Janos, Hungarian poet, born.
Kmety, George, Hungarian-Turkish general,
born.
1813 * * Sumor, Janos, Cardinal, born.
Eotvos, Josef, Baron, born.
Miklosich, Franz, Styrian philologist, born.
1814* * Pulszky, Francis Aurelius, Hunga-
rian patriot, author, born.
Heller, Stephen, composer, born.
Ligne, de, Karl Joseph, Prince, general, A79.
1815 * * Dudik, Beda Franz, historian, born.
1816 * * Ambros, August Wilhelm, historian,
born.
1817 * * Albrecht, Frederich Rudolph, Arch-
duke, general, born.
1818* * Gasser, Valhorn Joseph, sculptor,
von, born.
Gorgey, Arthur, Hungarian gen., born.
Barach, Moritz, novelist and poet, born.
Abel, Joseph, painter, A50.
1819 * * Arany, Jomos, Hungarian poet, b.
1820 * * Klapka, Gyorgy, Hungarian gen., b.
Schwarzenberg, Karl P. von, marshal, A49.
Bartsch, Johann A. B. von, engraver, A63.
1821 * * Scherzer, Karl von, traveler and
publicist, born.
1822 * * Petofl, Sandor, poet, born.
1823 Mar. 8. Andrassy, Gyula (Julius),
Hungarian statesman, born.
1825 * * Jokai, Maurus, Hung, novelist, born.
Chasteler, du, Jean G.J. A., Marquis, general,
A62.
Bubna Littiz, Ferdinand, Count, gen., A52.
1827 * * Tegethoff, Wilhelm von, Baron, b.
1828 Oct. 22. Hack, Leiberich Karl
von. Baron, general, A76.
1829 * * Czermak, Johann Nepomuk, Bohe-
mian physiologist, born.
Gindelv, Anton, historian, born.
Kisfaliidy, Karoly, Hungarian dramatist,
A40.
Dobrowski, Josef, Bohemian author, A76.
1830 July 20. Janauschek, Francesca,
M. R. (Fanny), Bohemian actor, born.
Francis Joseph, Emperor, born Aug. 18.
1331 * * Beer, Adolf- Austrian historian, b.
1832 * * Goltmark, KV1' Hungarian com-
poser, born.
Zach, Franz Xaver von, astronomer, A78.
Laub, Ferdinand, violinist, ^orn.
1834* * Senefelder, Aloys, Austrian inventor
of lithography, dies at Munich, A63.
1835 Mar. 2. Francis I., Emperor, A67.
1836 * * Sacher-Masoch, Leopold K. von,
novelist, born.
1838* * Kolcsey, Ferencz, Hungarian poet,
orator, critic, A 48.
Jagic, Vatroslay, Croatian philologist, born.
1839 * * Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius, Hungarian
author, A55.
Peschka-Leutner, Minna, Austrian singer, b.
1840* * Leitner, Gottlieb Wilhelm, Hunga-
rian linguist, born.
1842 * * Csoma de Koros S. H., scholar, A52.
Uifalvy, de, Charles Eugene, Hungarian lin-
guist, born.
1844 * * Gansbacher, Johann, Austrian com-
poser, A 34.
Kisfaludy, Sandor, Hungarian poet, A72.
Deniflg, Friedrich H. S., Tyrolese philoso-
pher, Dominican, born.
1845 * * Doczi, Lajos, Hungarian poet, born.
1847 Dec. * Maria Louisa, Empress of
France, Duchess of Parina, A60.
Holub, Emil, Bohemian traveler, born.
Charles, or Karl, Archduke of Austria, com-
mander, A76.
Jungmann, Joseph Jakob, Bohemian philol-
ogist, A74.
CHURCH.
1816 Dec. 23. Hung. Bible societies
are prohibited.
1819 * * Aust. The Marburg Bible so-
ciety is organized.
1846 * * It. Pius IX. is pope.
1848* * Aust. The Jesuits are ex-
pelled.
LETTERS.
1810* * Aust. The University of Salz-
burg is suppressed.
* * -12 * * Vienna. Anatomy and Physi-
ology of the Nervous System, and of the
Brain in particular, is published by Drs.
Gall and Spurzheim, phrenologists.
1811 * * Prussia. The University of
Breslau is enlarged by the incorpora-
tion of that of Frankfort-on-the-Oder in
Silesia.
1816* * Silesia. The University of
Cracow is opened on an independent
basis.
1817 * * Bohemia. Venceslav Hanka dis-
covers the liukopis Kralodworsky in a
church steeple at Knosinhof; it com-
prises 14 lyric poems written between
1290 and 1310.
* * -41 * * Tudomdnyos gyujeU.mi.ny is
issued.
1825 * * Hung. The Hungarian Acad-
emy is established by the Diet.
1827 * * Casopis Ceskebo Museum is is-
sued.
1835 * * Griseldis, by Eligius F. J.
Munch-Bellinghausen, appears.
1841 * * The King and the Peasant, by
Miinch-Bellinghausen, appears.
SOCIETY.
1810 Mar. 11. Aust. Emperor Na-
poleon Bonaparte marries the Arch-
duchess Maria Louisa, daughter of the
Emperor of Austria, by proxy, at Vienna.
Apr. 2. Paris. Napoleon marries
Maria Louisa of Austria.
1815 Feb. 8. Vienna. The Congress
determines to abolish slavery.
* * Austria unites in the Pentarchy of
Great Powers, and she becomes an ef-
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1810, Feb. *- 1848, May 15. 521
fective enemy of popular liberty in
various parts of Europe.
1819 * * Aust. The Emperor ennobles
the family of Andreas Hofer, the
Tyrolese patriot-martyr.
STATE.
1810 Apr. 2. Paris. Napoleon mar-
ries Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis
1. of Austria and Maria Theresa of
Naples.
1812 * * Austria is obliged to enter an
alliance with France against Russia.
1813 Feb. * Prussia and Russia invite
Austria to enter the Alliance of Kalish
against France.
* * Austria enters the Coalition, agree-
ing to furnish an army of 200,000 men.
Aug. 12. Austria, having failed as a
peacemaker, declares war against
France.
Sept. 9. Bohemia. An Alliance is
formed at Teplitz against France,
between Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
1. The union to be maintained and
the territories of each to be guaranteed.
2. Each to assist the others to the extent
of 60,000 men or more. 3. No separate
peace or armistice to be made. Secret
articles provide for the restoration of
Austrian and Prussian boundaries as
they were in 1805.
Oct. 8. Aust. The Treaty of Ried is
entered between Austria and Bavaria,
which abandons Napoleon, and joins the
alliance against him, and is to have her
territories maintained.
Oct. 17. By the defeat of Napoleon at
Leipsic, Germany regains her inde-
pendence and the Confederation of
the Rhine is dissolved.
1814 Sept.* -1815 June 9. The
Congress of Vienna settles the con-
flicting boundary claims of several
States.
The emperors of Austria and Russia,
the kings of Prussia, Denmark, Bavaria,
and Wurtemberg, and very many princes,
are present in person. (See France.)
Nov. 1. Aust. A general conference
is held at Vienna. .
1815 Mar. 13. Austria joins seven
other powers in proclaiming the ban
against Napoleon.
Mar. 23. Vienna. The Treaty of
Vienna is signed ; Italian provinces are
restored to Austria with additions in-
cluding : —
Lombardy, Venice, Illyrian Provinces,
Dalmatia, the Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Salz-
burg, the Innviertel and Hansruck-
viertel.
Mar. 25. Vienna. Austria, Great Brit-
ain, Prussia, and Russia conclude a new
alliance, and each agrees to furnish an
army of 180,000 men, and all Europe is
invited to join them.
May 15. Vienna. By the Treaty of
Vienna, the allies agree to the enlarge-
ment of the Dutch territories in the
Netherlands and vesting their sover-
eignty in the House of Orange.
June 14. Vienna. By the Treaty of
Vienna, Denmark exchanges Swe-
dish Fomerania and Rugen for Lau-
renburg, Prussia.
Sept. 26. The Holy Alliance is formed
between the emperors of Austria, Rus-
sia, and the Kingdom of Prussia, on a
theoretical basis favoring morality
and religion. [It soon becomes an al-
liance for the protection of absolute
monarchy.]
Nov. 20. Paris. The Second Peace of
Paris is signed. (See France.)
Nov. 27. Galicia. A new constitution
is granted for Poland, and Cracow is
declared to be a free republic.
* * Aust. West Galicia is recovered by
Austria.
1819 Aug. 1. Bohemia. A Congress of
ministers assembles at Karlsbad ;
Frince Clemens W. Metternich of
Austria is the leader.
It resolves on the supervision of uni-
versities, and unites in the censorship
of the press.
1820 May* Aust. The final Act of
Vienna is signed.
Oct. 20. Aust. The Emperors Fran-
cis I. and Alexander of Russia meet at
Troppau.
Nov. 10. Aust. The Emperors meet.
[Dec. 17. They adjourn to Laibach.]
1821 Jan.* Aust. The Congress of
Laibach.
The Emperors of Russia and Austria,
the King of the two Sicilies, the Duke of
Modena, with representatives of France,
Great Britain, Prussia, Sardinia, and
other states, resolve to intervene in
Piedmont and Naples for the repression
of revolutions. (See Army.)
1822 Oct. * -Dec. * It. Congress of
Verona.
The sovereigns of Prussia, Austria,
Russia, and the Two Sicilies, and Sar-
dinia, with the Duke of Wellington, the
Duke of Montmorency, Prince Metter-
nich, and others ; Metternich presides.
It considers the Grecian and Spanish
disturbances.
1825 * * Hung. The Diet meets.
1828 * * Austria joins with England in
interference to prevent the fall of
Constantinople, and in bringing about
peace.
1830 July* It. In Lombardy 30,000
troops are required to maintain Im-
perial authority.
1833 * * Bohemia. The sovereigns of
Austria, Prussia, and Russia meet at
MUnchengratz.
** Bohemia. A Ministerial confer-
ence assembles at Teplitz.
* * The Zollverein, or German Cus-
toms Union of the North German
States, is founded.
1834* * Aust.
at Vienna.
Ministerial conference
1835 Mar. 2. Aust. Emperor Ferdi-
nand I. succeeds his father (Ferdinand
V. of Hungary).
Metternich, the Prime Minister, is the
leader of the reaction throughout Eu-
rope in favor of absolute monarchy ;
censorship of the press and the require-
ment of passports are strictly enforced.
1838 July 3. Aust. A new commer-
cial treaty is entered with England.
1840 * * Austria joins an alliance against
Mehemed Ali. (See Germany.)
* * The armed intervention of England
and Austria forces the viceroy of Egypt
to surrender his high claims in Syria,
and content himself with the hereditary
rule over Egypt, under the over-lordship
of Turkey.
1846 Feb. 22-27. Silesia. An at-
tempted revolution in Austrian Po-
land fails.
* * Aust. The Court is alarmed by an in-
surrection in Galicia against repres-
sion.
Nov. 16. The Courts of Austria, Russia,
and Prussia revoke the treaty of Vi-
enna ; Austria occupies Cracow.
It constitutes Cracow a free republic,
and it is declared Austrian territory.
[England, France, Sweden, and Turkey
protest against this annexation.]
1847 Mar. 23. Aust. Charles Al-
bert, King of Sardinia, enters Milan.
Oct. 3. Hung. Ban Jellachich is ap-
pointed governor.
1848 * * -49 * * Uprising of the Hun-
garians for independence.
Mar. 4. Hung. A new constitution is
promulgated.
Mar. * The rebellion spreads into Tyrol
and Lombardy and into Germany.
Mar. 13-15. Vienna. Popular agitation
for reforms and a liberal constitution
becomes violent; the Viennese follow
the example of the Hungarians, and the
monarchy is in great peril ; Prince Met-
ternich, the Minister, resigns, and flees
the city, which falls into the control of
the burgher-guard and the students.
* * Hung. Louis Kossuth and Count
Batthyanyi are at the head of the pro-
visional government in Hungary.
Mar. 18. It. The Emperor, from his
refuge in Milan, abolishes the censor-
ship of the press, and calls a conven-
tion of the states.
Mar. 23. //. Austrians evacuate Milan,
and Sardinians, led by King Charles
Albert, enter.
Apr. * The Hungarians' demand for a
separate Ministry is granted by the
Emperor.
May 15. Vienna. A second outbreak
forces the convening of a Constituent
Diet.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1814 * * Aust. The state factories begin
the manufacture of cigars, which are
not yet commonly seen in Europe.
1828 * * Aust. Two Englishmen form a
steamboat company for the navigation
of the Danube.
1830* * Hung. Steamboats run between
Vienna and Budapest in Hungary.
1832 * * Aust. A railroad is built con-
necting Budweis and Lintz.
1834 * * Hung. Steamboats descend the
Danube as far as Orsova.
522 1848, May 17-1850,**. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1848 May 29. It. The army of Charles
Albert, King of Sardinia, defeats the
Austrians under Marshal Joseph Wen-
zel Kadetzky at Goito; the latter re-
treat.
Bohemia. An insurrection breaks
out at Prague.
June 15. It. Padua surrenders to
the Austrians.
July 20. Bohemia. The insurgents at
Prague submit, and the state of siege
is raised.
July 25. It. The Sardinian army
(25,000) is defeated by Austrians (33,000)
under Marshal Radetzky at Custozza.
Aug. 4. It. Milan is retaken by the
Austrian army.
Aug. 9-49. Mar. 20. It. A truce is
declared.
Sept. 11. Hung. The Hungarians, after
much agitation for civil rights, which
are refused by Austrians, rise in re-
bellion.
Sept. 29. Hung. The Hungarians at
Velencze defeat Baron von Jellachich,
the Ban of Croatia, who fights in the
interests of the Imperial Government.
Oct. 11. Vienna. The Hungarians
approach within six miles of Vienna ;
the emperor flees from the city.
Oct. 16. Hung. Alfred Zu, Prince
Windischgratz, is appointed com-
mander-in-chief of the Austrians.
Oct. 23. Vienna. Windischgratz and
Jellachich with 100,000 men besiege the
Hungarians at Vienna.
Oct. 27. Aust. Kossuth withdraws
his army from near Vienna.
Oct. 28. Aust. Vienna is bombarded
by Windischgratz and the Ban Jel-
lachich ; the city is set on fire in many
places.
Oct. 30. Hung. Jellachich defeats and
routs the army of Hungarians sent to
relieve Vienna, at Schwechat.
Oct. 31. Aust. Vienna is taken by
storm by Windischgratz after severe
fighting.
Dec. 21. Ihmg. The Hungarians are
defeated by the Austrians at Szaikszo.
Dec. 29. Hung. The Hungarians under
Gen. Perczel are again defeated at
Moor by the Ban Jellachich.
1849 Jan. * Hungary is entered by
an Austrian army.
Jan. 5. Hung. Budapest is taken by
Prince Windischgratz.
Jan. 21. Transylvania. The Austrians
are defeated at Hermannstadt by the
Polish Gen. Joseph Bern.
Feb. 4. Transylvania. Gen. Bern is
defeated by Austrians under Gen. Pulch-
ner at Hermannstadt.
Feb. 9. At Piski the Austrians defeat
the Hungarians under Gen. Bern.
Feb. 14. Hung. The Austrians take the
fortress of Essek from Hungarians.
Peb. 26, 27. Hung. The Hungarians
under Gen. Henryk Dembinsky are dis-
astrously defeated at Kapolna.
Mar. 5. Hung. The Hungarians under
Gen. Janos Damjanies defeat the
Austrians under Gen. Grammont at
Szolnok.
Mar. 11, 20. Transylvania. Hungari-
ans under Gen. Bern defeat and rout
the Russian allies at Hermannstadt
and Brasso.
Mar. 21. It. Austrians under the Arch-
duke Albert defeat the Sardinians under
the Duke of Genoa at Mortara.
Mar. 23. It. Austrians under Marshal
Joseph W. Kadetzky defeat the Sardini-
ans under Charles Albert at Novara,
and compel the conclusion of a peace.
Mar. 25. The armistice of seven
months expires, and the war with Den-
mark is resumed. (See Germany.)
Mar. 30. It. Gen. von Haynau with
the Imperialists takes and sacks Bres-
cia, after a great and bloody battle ; he
treats his prisoners with great cruelty.
Apr. 2. Hung. The Austrians are de-
feated at Hatvan by the Hungarians.
Apr. 4. Hung. The Austrians are de-
feated at Lapio-Bicske. [Apr. 6.
Again at Isaszeg.]
Apr. 6. Hung. The Austrians under
Prince Windischgratz are defeated at
Godollo by the Hungarians under Gen.
Gbrgey.
Apr. 10. Hung. Austrians are defeated
at "Waitzen by the Hungarians.
Apr. 18. Hung. The Imperialists are
defeated at Gran.
May 1. Russia decides to join Austria
against Hungary.
May 16. It. Bologna is taken by the
Austrians, after a siege of eight days.
May 21. Hung. The Hungarians under
Gen. Gorgey storm and capture Buda.
[July * Recaptured.]
June* Hung. Julius Jakob, Baron von
Haynau, takes command of the Aus-
trian army.
June * Hung. A Russian army of 130-
000 men crosses the frontier to aid the
Austrians.
June 18. It. Ancona is taken by Aus-
trians after a bombardment.
June 19. Transylvania. Hungarians
under Gen. Bern, outnumbered three to
one, are defeated by the Russians at
Hermannstadt.
June 28. Hung. Raab is stormed and
taken by the Austrians.
July 14 Hung. Baron von Jellachich
is defeated at Hegyes.
July 15-17. Hung. An indecisive ac-
tion occurs at "Waitzen between the
Russians and the Hungarians under
Gen. Gorgey.
July 31. Hung. The Hungarians under
Gen. Bern are defeated at Schassburg
by the Russians under Gen. Luders.
July * Hung. The Hungarians are de-
feated at Acs. Budapest is recovered
by the Austrians.
Aug. 5. Hung. Hungarians under Count
Dembinsky are defeated by Baron von
Haynau at Szorek.
Aug. 9. Hung. Hungarians are again
defeated at Temesvar by Baron von
Haynau ; the Hungarian army is almost
destroyed.
Aug. 11. Hung. The Hungarians are
defeated at Arad.
Aug. 13. Hung. Gen. Arthur Gbrgey,
after being made dictator (Aug. 11) by
the resignation of Kossuth and others,
surrenders at Vilagos to the Russian
Gen. Rudiger ; the Hungarian army
numbers 24,000 men with 140 guns. [He
is regarded as a traitor by the Hunga-
rians.]
Aug. 23. It. Venice is taken by the
Austrians under Marshal Radetzky,
after a long siege.
Sept. 27. Hung. Komorn yields, and
the Hungarian war ends in the sup-
pression of the revolution.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1848* * Blum, Robert, political agitator,
writer, shot at Vienna, A41.
Lembery, Count, killed at Pesth.
Lenz, Oskar, geologist, born.
Hormayr, Joseph von, Baron, Tyrolese his-
torian, A67.
Dec. 2. Francis Joseph, emperor, born.
1849* * Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus, Hun-
garian botanist, dies Mar. 28, A45.
Petofi, Sandor, Hungarian poet, A27.
Aulich, Louis, Hungarian general, A57.
Batthyanyi, Louis, Count, Hungarian pa-
triot, A40.
Sept. 25. Strauss, Johann, Austrian
musical composer, dies, A 45.
1850 Dec. lO. Bern, Joseph, Polish gen-
eral in Hungarian service, dies, A55.
Janisch, Antonie, musician, born.
Gyrowetz, Adalbert, Bohemian composer,
A87.
SOCIETY.
1849 * * Austria has 530 public hospi-
tals, 40 lunatic asylums, 40 lying-in
establishments, 33 foundling hospitals,
1,351 institutions for aged indigent per-
sons, and 7,173 poor-houses.
STATE.
1848 May 17. Aust. Ferdinand and
the empress flee to Innsbruck, and
find personal safety among their faith-
ful Tyrolese.
May 18-49. * * Prussia. The German
National Assembly meets at Frank-
fort, and creates a provisional Parlia-
ment. [It is disturbed by the strife of
factions.]
The Assembly meets in the church of
St. Paul, and proceeds in the effort to
prepare a constitution for the German
Empire, which shall be harmonious with
the governments of all the states.
May 20. Hung. The Ban of Croatia
summons the Diet of the Croatian-
Slavonic nation.
REVOLUTION.
May 25. Aust. An attempt to dis-
solve the Academic Legion creates a
riot, and streets of Vienna are barri-
caded.
A committee of guards, citizens, and
students is formed to preserve order and
is finally legalized by the Prime Minis-
ter, and it assumes the authority of gov-
ernment.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1848, May 17-1850,
i23
May 29. Ger. The Archduke John
of Austria is elected Administrator of
the Empire at Frankfort.
June 2. Bohemia. An anti-German
gathering, meeting at Prague, is called
the Slavonic Congress.
It aims to unite the Slavonic people
of Austria to resist the extension of
German culture and influence.
June * Prussia. The President of the
National Assembly at Frankfort is
Baron Heinrich von Gagern of Bai-
reuth ; he favors the union of the Ger-
man States on the basis of the exclusion
of Austria. Four parties appear in the
Assembly.
June 11. Prussia. The Archduke
John enters Frankfort.
Anton Von Schmerling of Austria is
Minister of Foreign Affairs and the In-
terior. [The Ministry soon discovers
that it lacks authority.]
June 12. Bohemia. An uprising of
the Czechs in Prague is suppressed 1%-
Gen. Alfred Zu Windischgratz.
June * Aust. The emperor returns
from Innsbruck.
June * Hung. The Hungarians change
the seat of government to Sezegedin.
July 22. Vienna. The first Reichstag
meets.
[The Diet declares its sittings per-
manent, and elects a Committee of
Safety ; it is later forced to remove
from Vienna, and is established at
Kremsier, Moravia.J
Sept. 11. Hung. A counter revolu-
tion, chiefly by Slavonians, is led by
Jellachich, Ban of Croatia.
It is instigated and supported by the
Austrian government and in opposition
to Hungary. (See Army.)
Sept. 28. Hung. Count Lamberg, the
military governor, is murdered by a mob
at Budapest.
The Hungarian Diet appoints a pro-
visional government under the patri-
ots Louis Kossuth and Louis Batthy-
anyi.
Oct. 6. Aust. The emperor openly de-
clares against the Hungarians.
He annuls the decrees of the Diet,
suspends the civil authorities, and makes
.Jellachich, the anti-Hungarian revolter,
the commander of the Austrian army.
* * Hung. The Diet denies the authority
of the emperor, organizes a Commit-
tee of Safety, with Louis Kossuth,
president.
Vienna. A second insurrection
breaks out.
The garrison departs to suppress the
Hungarians, and a revolt follows. A
deputation asks their return, and being
refused, the people take the arsenal by
storm, and murder Count Latour, the
Minister of War.
Oct. * Aust. The National Diet peti-
tions the emperor for a new Ministry,
the revocation of the edict against the
Hungarians, and the dismissal of Jella-
chich, with amnesty for rioters.
Oct. 7. Aust. The emperor returns an
evasive address, and [flees to Olmiitz,
Moravia.]
Oct. 11. Aust. The Hungarian army
approaches within six miles of the city.
Nov. 2. Vienna. The Imperialists are
in possession.
Dec. 1. Francis Joseph, son of Arch-
duke Francis Charles by the Princess
Sophia, daughter of Maximilian I. of
Bavaria, is declared of age.
Dec. 2. Aust. Ferdinand abdicates
the throne of the Empire in favor of his
nephew Francis Joseph, his brother
Francis Charles having declined it.
Reign of Francis Joseph, Emperor
of Austria and King of Hungary. [The
emperor at the present time.]
Dec. 5. Prus. The National Assem-
bly is dissolved, and substituted by a
constitution providing for two cham-
bers, the second elected by universal
and equal suffrage.
Dec. 8. Hung. The Diet refuses to rec-
ognize the abdication of Ferdinand I.
It denounces as traitors all who ac-
knowledge the Emperor of Austria as
the King of Hungary.
* * Hungary is treated as a conquered
country, and subjected to great cruel-
ties.
1849 Mar. 4. Aust. The emperor dis-
solves the Austrian Reichstag at Krem-
sier, arrests its liberal members, gives a
new constitution of his own for Aus-
tria, and abolishes the ancient Hunga-
rian constitution, annihilating the in-
dependence of Hungary, and making it
a Crown land of Austria.
Apr. 14. Hungary declares herself
free. On motion of Kossuth the Diet
deposes the House of Hapsburg-Lor-
raine. Kossuth is made governor of
Hungary.
Apr. 26. Hung. Russian interven-
tion in aid of Austria against Hungary
is agreed upon.
May * Prussia. A party in the German
National Assembly at Frankfort at-
tempts to form Germany into an inte-
gral empire, from which Austria is
excluded.
* * Bosnia, A rebellion breaks out.
May * Prussia. Many representatives
to the Parliament of Frankfort are re-
called. [It adjourns to Stuttgart.]
June 18. Wurtemberg. The rump Par-
liament at Stuttgart, having dwindled
in number and influence, is dispersed by
the Wurtemberg government.
June * Prussia. It is decided that the
administrator of the German states shall
be superseded by a central power to be
executed by Austria and Prussia al-
ternately, "for the German Con-
federacy."
Aug. 11. Hung. Kossuth accuses Gb'r-
gey of treachery in surrendering the
army, resigns his office, and retires into
exile.
Aug.* Aust. The whole Lombard-
Venetian kingdom is again subject
to Austria.
Aug. 21. Hung. The patriots Kossuth,
Bern, and others flee to Turkey, and
are protected at New Orsova.
Oct. 6. Hung. Count Batthyanyi, a
conservative Hungarian, is executed at
Budapest, and 13 patriots at Arad, who
had voluntarily surrendered ; Gorgey is
spared.
Oct. 19. Hung. Amnesty is granted to
patriots who return from their refuges.
* *Aust. Prince Felix Schwarzenberg
resumes the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
1850 * * Prussia advocates a German
Federal State with Austria excluded.
Feb. 27. Bavaria. A treaty is signed
at Munich by Austria, Bavaria, Saxony,
and Wurtemberg, for the maintenance
of the German Union.
Mar. 20. Saxony. The Parliament of
Erfurt (Central Germany) is opened,
and proceeds to consider a new German
Union. [Apr. 27. It concludes its dis-
cussions.]
May 9-16. Prussia. A congress of
German princes assembles in Berlin.
The opposition of the Elector of Hesse-
Cassel, Frederick William I., to the pro-
posed union is made known.
Sept. 2. Prussia. Austria attempts to
frustrate the plans of Prussia by
means of the Frankfort Parliament,
which reopens, with representatives
from Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Han-
over, Wurtemberg, and other states.
Sept. 7. Prussia. Hesse- Cassel is pro-
nounced in a state of war by the
elector ; resistance is given to the un-
popular Minister, Hassenpflug, and other
officials, and the courts.
Oct. 2. Prussia. The Diet appoints
General Haynau military dictator
in the electorate of Hesse.
Oct. 14. Prussia. The Elector of
Hesse-Cassel formally applies to the
Frankfort Diet of Princes for assistance
to reestablish his authority in Hesse.
Nov. 6. Prussia. An Austro-Bava-
rian force of 10,000 men enters Hesse,
and war is imminent.
Austria delivers her ultimatum at
Berlin, demanding that Prussia evacu-
ate Hesse in eight days, dissolve the
Erfurt League, and recognize the Diet ;
Frederick William responds by calling
out the entire military force of the
kingdom.
Nov. 7. Prussia. A Prussian force en-
ters Cassel in the north.
Nov. 28, 29. Moravia. A conference
is held at Olmiitz, under the mediation
of Czar Nicholas, respecting Hesse-Cas-
sel.
Efforts for union are made, and Prus-
sia, represented by Von Manteuffel,
yields to all the demands of Austria rep-
resented by Schwarzenberg ; the Danes
are to have Schleswig-Holstein, and the
Elector of Hesse is to be restored to his
authority.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1850 July 18. Galicia. Cracow is
nearly destroyed by fire.
'524 1851, Feb. 17-1861, Nov.* AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1851 July 19. It. Marshal Radetzky
from Mouga declares the Lombardo-
Venetian kingdom to be in a state of
siege.
1853 Feb. 6±. It. Marshal Radetzky
suppresses an outbreak in Milan.
1854 Aug. * lioumania. The Austrians
enter the Danubian principalities
of Wallachia and Moldavia.
Sept. 6. Roumania. The Austrian army
enters Bucharest, the capital of Wal-
lachia.
1855 June 24. Aust. The army is
reduced to a peace footing.
1857 Mar. * Austria recalls her troops
from the Danubian provinces.
1859 Feb. * -Mar. * Austria prepares
for war by increasing ber armies in
Italy, and fortifying the banks of the
River Ticino, which forms the boundary
between her Italian provinces and Sar-
dinia.
* * Aust. "War with France and Sar-
dinia. (See State.)
Apr. 26. It. An Austrian force under
the Hungarian Gen. Franz, Count Gyu-
lai, crosses the Ticino into Sardinia.
Apr. 27. It. Trench soldiers enter
Piedmont, Sardinia.
May 3. Fr. Emperor Napoleon III.
declares war against Austria because
of her invasion of Italy.
May 20. It. Battle of Montebello,
in Piedmont. The Austrians under Gen.
Stadion are repulsed by the French un-
der Gen. Forey, with a loss of 1,000 killed
and wounded.
May 30-June 1. It. The Austrians are
again defeated at Falestro in Loin-
bardy.
June 4. It. Battle of Magenta: The
Emperor Francis Joseph with 75,000+
Austrians is defeated by 55,000± French
and Sardinians led by Napoleon III.
(nominally) and Marshal McMahon ; the
allies' loss, 4,000 killed and wounded ;
the Austrians' loss, 10,000, besides 7,000
prisoners.
June 8. It. The Austrians are again
defeated at Melegnano near Milan.
June 24. It. Battle of Solferino in
Lombardy : The French and Sardini-
ans, commanded by Napoleon III. and
King "Victor Emmanuel, defeat the Aus-
trians under Francis Joseph and Gen.
Hess, after fighting 15 hours ; Austrian
loss, 630 officers, 19,311 soldiers ; loss of
the allies, eight generals, 936 officers,
and 17,305 soldiers killed or wounded.
This battle closes the war.
July 6. It. An armistice is agreed to
between the French and Austrians.
July 12. Fr. The preliminaries of
peace are signed at Villafranca. (See
State.)
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1851* * Dobrentei, Gabor, Hungarian au-
thor, A 35.
Fejer, Gyorgy, Hungarian antiquary, A 85.
1882 * * Celakowsky, Frantisck Ladislav,
Bohemian poet, A53.
Kollar, Jan, Hungarian poet, scholar, A59.
1853 Mar. 14. Haynau. Julius Jacob
von. Baron, Austrian general, dies, A67.
Garay, Janos, Hungarian poet, a 41.
1854 * * Batthyanyi, Kasimir, count, states-
man, A47.
1855 * * Sophia, princess, born.
JIailath, Jamos Nepomuk, count, Hungarian
historian, A 69.
1856* * Vorosmarty, Mihaly, Hungarian
poet, A56.
Gisela, princess, born.
1857 June 16. Oerster, Etelka. Hunga-
rian vocalist, born.
Czerny, Karl, composer, A 66.
Sophia, princess, dies at Buda.
1858 Jan. 5. Radetzky, Joseph Wenzel.
marshal, A92.
Aug-. 21. Rudolph, archduke, born.
Pfeiffer, Ida Laura, Austrian lady traveler,
A61.
Chmel, Joseph, Austrian historian, A60.
Negrelli-Moldelbe, Aloys von, engineer, A59.
1859 Mar. 19. Jellachich, von, Joseph,
de Buzin, ban of Croatia, general, A58.
June 11. Metternich, Clemens Wenzel
Lothar von, prince, diplomatist, chief
minister, A86.
1860 * * Szeehenyi, Istvan, count, Hunga-
rian statesman, A 69.
Kraitsir, Charles, philologist, A54.
CHURCH.
1852 Jan. 1. It is announced that the
emperor has restored the Boman
Catholic clergy to influence, and re-
established the Jesuits.
1856 Aug. * The emperor signs a
concordat with the Pope, giving the
Church of Rome greater power than
it ever had before ; the clergy are to
have unlimited control of all ecclesias-
tical and educational matters.
1858 * * Bohemia. T. Mertel is conse-
crated cardinal deacon and vice-
chancellor of Bohemia.
1860 Jan. 6-10 and Feb. 18. Aust.
Decrees are issued removing Jewish
disabilities.
1861 Apr. 8. Civil and political rights
of Protestants are assured throughout
the entire Empire, except in Hungary
and Venice.
LETTERS.
1851 * * Aust. There are 262 colleges
(Gymnasia) and 38 schools for the study
of the technical sciences, 12 agricultural
schools, three mining-schools, and 11
academies of midwifery, 10 universi-
ties, eight academies for technical sci-
ences, five mining and agricultural acad-
emies, and nine academies of surgery.
1853 * * Ziva is issued.
1855 Aug. 18. A decree is promul-
gated requiring parents to send their
children to school.
Aug. * The emperor signs a concordat
giving the clergy unlimited control of
all educational matters.
* * Hung. Budapesti Szemle is issued.
1857 * * The Gladiator of Ravenna, by
Miinch-Bellinghausen, appears.
1861 Feb. 26. The statutes of the
new constitution are published.
SOCIETY.
1851 Sept. 22. Hung. Louis Kos-
suth, the patriot, and 35 other Hunga-
rians, are sentenced to death in contuma-
ciam at Budapest.
1853 Feb. 18. Vienna. Libenyi, a
young Hungarian, attempts to assassi-
nate the emperor.
1854 Apr. 24. Francis Joseph mar-
ries Elizabeth of Bavaria.
1857 May. * Aust. The emperor vis-
its Hungary.
1860 Jan. 6-10. Aust. The oppres-
sive laws against the Jews are annulled.
STATE.
1851* * Saxony. A conference of
Ministers is held at Dresden to promote
the union of the German States ; Otto
Theodore, Baron Manteuff el, of Prussia,
is president, and Felix Ludwig Schwarz-
enberg represents Austria.
Feb. 17. Hung. The Austrian and
Turkish governments come to a settle-
ment respecting Hungarian refugees ;
all except Kossuth, Batthyanyi, and six
others receive full and entire amnesty
on condition of their not entering Hun-
gary.
Aust. Charles Loring Brace, an
American traveler and philanthropist,
is arrested and imprisoned.
He is charged with " being a member
of the democratic committee, an agent
of Ujhazy and Cretz, and of traveling
with revolutionary writings, to spread
revolutionary movements.
May 15. Saxony. The old confedera-
tion of the German States is reestab-
lished by the Conference at Dresden.
July * Aust. A new tariff is adopted.
Aug. 20. Aust. The emperor issues
cabinet letters declaring his ministers
" are responsible to no other political
authority than the throne," " the Reichs-
tag is to be considered the council of
the throne," and the Minister-President
is to take " into ripe and serious consid-
eration the possibility of carrying out
the constitution of March 4, 1849."
Oct. * Aust. Jews are permitted to study
law.
Dec. 31. Aust. The Emperor Francis
Joseph revokes the liberal constitu-
tion of March 4, 1849.
* * Bosnia. Omer Pasha quells the re-
bellion.
1852 Jan. 15. Aust. Trial by jury is
abolished.
* * * Aust. Absolutism is gradually
reestablished in the Empire.
Apr. 5. Prince Schwarzenberg, the
Prime Minister, dies.
Apr. * Count Buol Schauenstein is ap-
pointed Prime Minister, and a change
of commercial policy follows.
May 9-16. Saxony. A Diet is con-
vened at Erfurt for the reorganization
of Germany under the presidency of
Prussia.
[Later a rival Diet is convened at
Frankfort under the leadership of Aus-
tria; the lesser States are invited to
send representatives to both.]
Dec. * Aust. The bill establishing bien-
nial parliaments becomes a law.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1851, Feb. 17-1861, Nov.*. 525
1853 Feb. 1. Austria oilers herself
as a mediator between the Turks and
Montenegrins.
Feb. 19. Vienna. Treaty of Vienna ;
a commercial treaty for twelve years is
signed by Austria and the Zollverein.
Feb. * Austria sides with Montene-
gro against Turkey, and demands the
redress of their grievances, which is
granted.
June 21. Turkey. Martin Koszta is
seized at Smyrna.
This Hungarian refugee, who had de-
clared at New York nis intention of
becoming an American citizen, and hav-
ing a U. S. passport in his pocket, is
seized by Austrian authority, and placed
in confinement.
July 2. Capt. Ingraham, of the U. S.
sloop-of-war St. Louis, at 8 A.m., de-
mands the surrender of Koszta by
4 p.m., and threatens to take him by
force if necessary. [It is finally agreed
to leave Koszta in the hands of the
French consul, where he remains until
released. Congress votes a medal for
Capt. Ingraham.]
Aug. 1. Vienna. The Austrian Govern-
ment issues a circular letter addressed
to the Courts of Europe, protesting
against the conduct of Capt. Ingraham.
Aug. 29. Vienna. Austria protests
against the proceedings of Capt. Ingra-
ham to the Government of the United
States.
1854 Apr. 9. Vienna. The Treaty of
Vienna; the representatives of Great
Britain, France, Austria, and Russia
sign a treaty to maintain the Turkish
Empire.
Apr. 20. Austria and Prussia unite in
an alliance offensive and defensive,
while otherwise neutral in the war.
June 14. Austria agrees with Turkey
to occupy the Danubian provinces.
Aug. * The Russians retire from the
Turkish territory in the Danubian prin-
cipalities, and the Austrians enter and
oppose their union.
Dec. 2. Austria joins the allies against
Russia. •
1855 Aug. 18. Aust. A concordat
with the See of Rome confers extraor-
dinary rights upon Roman Catholic
bishops and the Jesuits, whereby they
acquire great power in the Empire.
1856 Feb. 1. Vienna. The prelimi-
naries of peace are signed at Vienna.
April 16. Paris. Buol and Hubner, the
representatives of Austria, sign the
Treaty of Paris, terminating the war,
abolishing privateering, and defining the
rights of neutrals in time of war.
May 20. Switz. The Austrian minis-
ter at Berne is recalled.
July 16. Aust. A general amnesty is
granted for all political offenders of
1848-1849.
Nov. * Austria proclaims her neutrality
in the Eastern war.
-55 * * Vienna. Conferences respect-
ing the Russo-Turkish war are held.
* * -55 * * Hungary continues in a dis-
turbed state.
1857 Jan. 25. It. Amnesty is granted
to political offenders in northern Italy.
Feb. 10. It. The Sardinian press as-
sails Austria with great freedom ; Aus-
tria remonstrates.
Mar. 23-30. Austria and Sardinia
sever their diplomatic relations.
Mar. * Austria withdraws its army from
Moldavia and Wallachia [Roumania].
-58* * Aust. The fortifications of Vienna
are demolished, and the city enlarged
and beautified.
Apr. 19. Austria sends an ultimatum
to Sardinia.
May * Hung. The emperor and empress
visit Hungary to conciliate the people,
but they are coldly received.
Oct. * Aust. Alexander II. of Russia
visits the emperor.
1858 * * Hung. By an imperial decree,
agricultural colonists, if of one nation-
ality and creed, are allowed to settle in
\ various parts of Hungary, with special
exemptions from taxation.
1859 Jan. 1. Fr. Emperor Napo-
leon ITT, addresses Baron von Hubner,
the Austrian Ambassador, in words omi-
nous of war, because of Austrian diplo-
macy in Sardinia. [Great excitement
follows in European cities.]
Jan. 4. Aust. Emperor Francis Jo-
seph replies to Napoleon's address,
using the identical words.
Feb. * Austria prepares for war, and
fortifies the banks of the Ticino on her
frontier.
Apr. 19. Austria announces an ulti-
matum, which requires the disarma-
ment of Sardinia, and the dismissal of
volunteers' from other states within
three days.
Apr. 26. Sardinia refuses the demand
of Austria.
Apr. 29. Austria declares war
against Sardinia.
Mar. * -Apr. * Russia intervenes in the
interest of peace, while the preparations
for war go on.
May 13-18. Count Buol Schauen-
stein, the Foreign Minister, resigns, and
Count Rechberg is appointed to suc-
ceed him.
June 6. It. An armistice arrests hos-
tilities.
July 11. The Emperors of Austria and
of France meet at Villafranca.
July 12. It. The preliminaries of
peace are arranged between Austria and
France at Villafranca. Lombardy, as
far as the Mincio, is to belong to Sar-
dinia, and the four great fortresses of
Mantua, Peschiera, Verona, and Leg-
nano remain with Austria.
Aug. 8-Sept. * Sieitz. A fruitless con-
ference of envoys is held at Zurich to
finally settle the new treaty.
Sept. * Aust. An imperial patent is is-
sued, granting increased privileges to
Protestants.
Nov. 10. Switz. The Treaty of Zurich
is signed.
Austria gives up Lombardy, excepting
the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera,
to Napoleon for transfer to Sardinia.
Italy is to be formed into a confederation
of states under the honorary presidency
of the Pope, and Austria is to be a mem-
ber on account of Venezia ; Tuscany and
Modena are to be restored to their
princes. Certain revolted legations are
to be returned to the Pope, but " with-
out foreign intervention."
1860 Mar. 5. Vienna. The Reichs-
rath, the representative council, is re-
constituted by a decree of the emperor,
its numbers increased, and its powers
enlarged.
Mar. 24. Austria advertises for a new
loan, and issues a protest against the
occupation of Tuscany by Sardinians.
May 31. Vienna. The Reichsrath
meets.
Oct. * Hung. Francis Joseph, Emperor
of Austria, is crowned King of Hungary
at Budapest.
1861 Jan. 7. Hung. Amnesty is pub-
lished in Hungary and Croatia for po-
litical offenses.
Feb. 26. Aust. A Liberal constitu-
tion for a united monarchy is published,
though opposed by the nobility and the
clergy.
A fundamental law is passed providing
for a close Diet for the Germano-Slavonic
lands, and provides for a Reichsrath
composed of two bodies representing a
united monarchy (Hungarians, etc.),
with the exception of Venice.
Feb. 27. Hung. The former constitu-
tion is restored by decree to Hungary,
Croatia, Slavonia, and Transylvania.
Feb. * Hung. The Hungarians and
other non-German nationalities resist
the new constitution, and demand
separate constitutions with special min-
istries.
Apr. 8. Civil and political rights are
granted to Protestants throughout the
entire Empire except in Hungary and
Venice.
May 1. Vienna. The new Reichsrath
opens.
The upper House consists of 17 spirit-
ual, 55 nereditary, and 39 peers. The
lower House consists of 136 elected
deputies. No representatives are pres-
ent from Hungary, Transylvania, Vene-
zia, the Banat, Slavonia, Croatia, and
Istria.
[A liberal constitution is adopted by
the Reichsrath.]
* * Hung. The Diet is opened by the
emperor.
Nov. * Hung. The Diet of Croatia is
abolished.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1853 Sept. 8. Hung. The crown of
St. Stephen, King of Hungary, and the
royal insignia are discovered, and sent
to Vienna.
* * Aust. The rocks obstructing the
navigation of the Danube below Grein
are removed.
1857 * * Hung. The railway is opened
from Szegd to Temisvar, also from
Szolnok to Debreczen.
* *-58* * Vienna. The fortifications
are demolished, and the city enlarged
and beautified.
526 1861, Dec. *-1867, Nov. * AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1861 Dec. * Herzegovina. An anti-
Turk insurrection breaks out.
1862 Sept. 22. Herzegovina. Vucato-
vitch, the leader of the insurrection
against the Turks, surrenders to Kur-
chid Pasha, and the insurrection ends.
1864 * * "War with Denmark.
Jan. * Austria joins Prussia to prevent
the incorporation of Schleswig-Hol-
stein with Denmark.
Feb. 1. Prussia. Advance of the
Austro- Prussian army into Schleswig.
Feb. * Prussia. The Austrians advance
upon Danewerk, fighting their way.
Feb. 6. Prussia. The Austrians advance
at Oversee, and drive out the Danes.
Apr. 18. Prussia. The Duppel forts
are stormed by the Prussians, and the
entrenchments captured.
May 12-June 26. Truce and peace
conference is held at London. (See
Germany.)
Oct. * The war with Denmark ends.
(See State.)
1866 May * Ger. The emperor orders
the whole army to be on a war footing.
June 7. Ger. The Prussians enter
Holstein, and drive out the Austrians
without bloodshed.
June 16-July 22. The Austro-Prus-
sian War of seven weeks. (See Ger-
many.)
It is provoked by the quarrel respect-
ing the government of Holstein, but
really caused by the fact that each
power is too great to submit to the
supremacy of the other.
Saxony. The Prussians march upon
Dresden, and the Saxon army retires
into Bohemia to join the Austrians.
The army of the Confederation
against Prussia, at the western seat of
war, is under Prince Charles of Bavaria.
June 18. Prussia. The Austrians en-
ter Silesia while the Prussians enter
Dresden, Saxony.
June 20. Saxony. The Prussians oc-
cupy all Saxony except Konigstein.
June 22 -July 14. The Prussians and
the Italians are successful.
[June 22-25. They enter Bohemia.
June 24. Italians defeat Austrians at
Custozza, It. June 27. Austrians de-
feat Prussians at Trautenau ; are de-
feated at Nachod. June 28. Hanoverians
surrender at Trautenau ; Austrians de-
feated at Soor and at Skalitz. June 29.
Are defeated at Gitschin. July 3. De-
cisively defeated at Sadowa. July 4.
At Dermbach. July 4-14. Defeated at
Hammelburg, Kissingen, Fredericks-
hall, Hausen, and Waldashach.] (See
Germany.)
July 10-22. The Prussian success
continues.
[July 10. Prussians enter Prague.
July 12. Enter Briinn, and reach Vi-
enna. July 14. Austrians are defeated
at Aschaffenburg. July 15. At Tobits-
chau. July 16. Prussians enter Frank-
fort, Hesse-Nassau. July 17. Occupy
Darmstadt. July 27. Bombard Wiirz-
burg. July * Send a corps into Hun-
gary ; commence the siege of Vienna.
July 22. Begin the engagement at Blu-
menau, which is arrested by tidings of
an armistice.] (See Germany.)
July 26. Moravia. Preliminaries of
peace are signed at Nikolsburg.
Aug. 2. Ger. The truce is proclaimed
in Bavaria.
The Prussians enter Wurzburg.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1862 Feb. 4. An inundation of the
Danube causes much destruction and
great distress.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1861 * * Teleki, Ladislaus, Hungarian pa-
triot, A50.
Hanka, Venceslav, Bohemian philologist,
A70.
1862 * * Gyulay, Franz, count, Hungarian
general, A63.
1863 Dec. 18. Ferdinand Francis, arch-
duke, heir-presumptive, born.
1864 * * Fay, Andreas, Hungarian novelist,
A78.
Magyar, Laszlo, Hungarian traveler, in Af-
rica, A 47.
Pinsker, Siincha, Austrian-Jewish scholar,
A63.
1865 * * Kmety, George, Hungarian-Turkish
general, A55+.
Oct. 28. I?uol-Schauenstein, Karl Ferdi-
nand von, Austrian prime minister, A68.
Josika, Miklos, Hungarian novelist, A 69.
1866 * * Czuczor, Gergely, Hungarian poet,
scholar, A 66.
1867 June 6. Matilda, archduchess, dies.
CHURCH.
1864 * * Bohemia. Prague becomes a
mission-station of the Free Church of
Scotland.
1867 Nov.* Hung. The "Naza-
renes," resembling Quakers, multiply.
LETTERS.
1863 Mar. 29. Hung. Newspapers
charged with publishing seditious
speeches are confiscated by the Gov-
ernment.
SOCIETY.
1866 Jan. 29. Hung. The emperor
and empress arrive at Pesth.
1867 June 10. Hung. The corona-
tion gift to the Emperor Francis Jo-
seph, of 50,000 ducats, is bestowed on
orphans and invalids.
June * Great excitement prevails over
the military execution of Maximilian
in Mexico.
July 27. Vienna is visited by the Sultan.
STATE.
1862 Nov. 18. Hung. Amnesty is
offered for political offenses, and a
cessation of prosecutions.
Dec* Bosnia. Herzegovinians, prompted
by the Prince of Montenegro, revolt
against the Turks.
1863 Mar. 30. Prussia. The incor-
poration of Schleswig with Denmark
leads to the armed interference of Aus-
tria and Prussia to execute the decree
of the German Confederation.
May * Aust. The Imperial crown of
Mexico is offered to the Archduke
Maximilian by an assembly of Mexican
notables, by the instigation of Napoleon.
* * Prussia. The Emperor Francis Jo-
seph invites the various potentates of
Germany to attend a congress at
Frankfort to consider schemes for the
reorganization of Germany.
Aug. 16. Prussia. Francis Joseph opens
the Congress at Frankfort ; the King
of Prussia refuses to attend, and the
meeting is fruitless.
Oct. 20. Aust. Transylvanian depu-
ties first take their seats in the Aus-
trian Reichsrath.
1864 Apr. 10. Aust. Archduke Max-
imilian definitively accepts the crown
from a Mexican deputation, and becomes
the nominal Emperor of Mexico.
May 12.-June 26. Prussia. A truce
is accepted in the war and peace
conference at London. Austria and
Prussia secede from the. London pro-
tocol, and the war breaks out anew.
May 29. Mex. Maximilian and Char-
lotte land at Vera Cruz.
Oct. 30. Vienna. Treaty of Vienna;
Austria, Denmark, and Prussia sign a
treaty by which Denmark cedes the
duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Lau-
enburg to the allies.
1865 June 6-9. Hung. The emperor
is welcomed at Budapest, and a new
policy, restoring the rights of Hun-
gary, is inaugurated.
Aug. 14. Aust. The Treaty of Gas-
tein, between Prussia and Austria, is
signed.
1. Both Holstein and Schleswig under
the common sovereignty of both powers.
But Austria to have the provisional ad-
ministration of Holstein, and Prussia
that. of Schleswig. 2. Rendsburg to be
a fortress of the Confederation, and Kiel
one of its harbors ; this harbor to be
used in common, but Prussia to have the
chief command there ; a military road,
a telegraph and postal line, through Hol-
stein, are guaranteed to Prussia. 3. The
Emperor of Austria surrenders all his
rights to the Duchy of Lauenburg to the
King of Prussia for two and a half mil-
lions of rix dollars.
* * Prussia. Von Gablenz is governor
of the Duchy of Holstein.
* * Austria, being much opposed to the
increase of Prussian power, disputes
the agreement, and enters into an agree-
ment with the middle states of Ger-
many.
Sept. 12. Aust. An Imperial decree re-
convokes a Transylvanian Diet.
Sept. 21. Aust. An Imperial rescript
suppresses the representative con-
stitution of the Empire, preparatory to
giving autonomy to Hungary and
other provinces.
Nov. 11. Hung. The moderate party,
led by Francis Deak, rejects autonomy,
and demands the restoration of the
Hungarian monarchy, with a respon-
sible government.
Dec. 14. Hung. The emperor visits
Budapest, and opens the Reichstag.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1861, Dec* -1867, Nov.*. 527
Passive resistance by non-payment of
taxes leads the emperor to consider the
demands of Hungary for self-govern-
ment.
Dec. 20. Hung. Carl Szentivanyi is
elected president of the Reichstag.
1866 Jan. * While professing to desire
peace, Austria and Prussia both pre-
pare for war [which will determine the
supremacy of one or the other].
Mar. 27. Italy enters an alliance
with Prussia against Austria.
May 19. Prussia. The Diet at Frank-
fort calls on Austria and Prussia to
disarm.
* * Prussia calls upon Saxony, Hanover,
and Hesse to replace their troops on
a peace footing, in disregard of the de-
cree of the Diet, and to join a new con-
federation under her lead.
June 13. Hanover. Prussia, being re-
fused in her demands, invades Hano-
ver, whose king retreats ; also Elec-
toral Hesse, whose elector is made a
prisoner, and taken to Stettin.
June 14. Prussia. Austria alleges the
treaty is broken by the invasion of
Holstein by Prussian troops, and is sus-
tained by the vote of the Diet.
Representatives of Prussia invite the
members of the Diet to enter a new
confederation in which Austria will
be excluded, as the Germanic Confed-
eration is dissolved.
The Diet at Frankfort decrees the
mobilization of the whole army of the
Confederation, with the exception of
the three Prussian corps.
June 16. Aust. The war with Prussia.
It is caused chiefly by the general de-
sire for a unity of German States by re-
organization, and the constant obstacle
to such unity arising from divers inter-
ests of two great powers, only one of
which was peopled by Germans, and Ger-
manic in its interests.
A special provocation exists in the
• quarrel respecting the government of
the North Albingian duchies. Italy
participates in the war for the purpose
of acquiring Venezia. Each power pro-
fesses to be forced into the war by the
military preparations of the other.
The Germanic Confederation falls
to pieces ; the powerful State of Prussia
secedes from the Confederation, -which
is thereby dissolved.
June 18. Saxony. Prussia Invades
Saxony, whose king and army retire to
Bohemia.
Prussia declares war against
Austria.
June 20. Italy declares war against
Austria.
July 3. Bohemia. The victory of the
Prussians at Sadowa secures Prussian
supremacy in Germany, and estab-
lishes North German unity.
Venezia is given to Italy, and it also
leads to the legislative independence of
Hungary.
July * Aust. Francis Joseph appeals to
the mediation of France.
Aug. 23. Bohemia. The Peace of
Prigue, between Prussia and Austria,
is signed.
Terms : 1, Austria recognizes the dis-
solution of the German Confederation,
and consents to the reorganization or
the German States with herself ex-
cluded, and farther consents to the an-
nexations proposed by Prussia. Saxony
is secured against an alteration of her
boundary. 2. Austria's rights in Schles-
wig-Holstein are transferred to Prussia,
provided that the northern districts of
Schleswig are united with Denmark if
its inhabitants shall so vote. 3. Aus-
tria is to pay twenty million rix dollars
($15,000,000) as the costs of the war. 4.
Venetia is ceded to Italy. (Arranged
from Ploetz.)
* * Prussia. The Prussian Monarchy
is enlarged.
Sehleswig-Holstein, Hanover, Elec-
toral Hesse, Nassau, and the free city of
Frankfort are incorporated with Prus-
sia, adding 39,000 square miles of terri-
tory and three and a half millions of
people, thus securing her supremacy
over the German States. (Arranged
from Ploetz.)
Oct. 3. Vienna. The Peace of Vienna,
between Austria and Italy, is signed.
Austria recognizes the kingdom of
% Italy, to which Venice is united, and
consents to the union.
Oct. * Hung. The Moderate and Na-
tional party in Hungary demand au-
tonomy, and are exasperated by the
delay to grant it.
Oct. 11. It. The iron crown of Italy,
which was removed from Monza to Man-
tua by the Austrians, is surrendered
with this city.
Oct. * Hung. The Hungarian legions
which joined the Prussian army against
Austria are allowed to return to their
allegiance.
Oct. 30. Aust. Friederich Ferdinand,
Baron Von Beust, a Protestant and a
Saxon, becomes Minister of Foreign Af-
fairs, and proceeds to reorganize the
state on a liberal basis.
Oct. * Galicia. Count Goluchowiski, a
Pole, is made governor.
Nov. 19. Hung. The Reichstag is
opened at Budapest by an Imperial
decree [which promises to do justice to
the constitutional demands of the Hun-
garians].
Dec. 15. Hung. Francis Deak replies
to the Imperial decree, and is sustained
by the Reichstag in demanding the
retoration of the Hungarian con-
stitution.
Dec. 25. Hung. The union of Tran-
sylvania with Hungary is ratified by its
Diet.
1867 Jan. 3. Vienna. A special ses-
sion of the Reichsrath is called for
Feb. 23.
Jan. * Hung. Hungarians oppose the
convocation of the Reichsrath.
Feb. 4. Aust. The autonomy of Hun-
gary is announced ; Premier Richard
Von Belcredi resigns.
Feb. 7. Vienna. Baron Von Beust,
the Minister of Foreign Affairs, is ap-
pointed Premier.
Feb. 17. Hungary becomes reconciled
by the adoption of a dual system of
government.
Its self-government is secured by the
restoration of the constitution of 1848,
and the appointment of Julius Andrassy
as Premier "of a separate Hungarian Min-
istry.
Spring. Vienna. The emperor sum-
mons the Reichsrath to assemble for
reorganization of the State in a liberal
sense ; it is one result of the unsuccess-
ful war.
May 22. Vienna. The Germano-Sla-
vonic Reichsrath is opened by the em-
peror in person.
May+ * Separate government is de-
manded by the Czechs, Slavonians, and
others, who strongly oppose absorption
into the dual government.
May 25. Hung. A protest is made by
Croatia, a Crown land, against incor-
poration with Hungary.
May 27. Hung. The Croatian Diet
at Agram, embracing Slavonia, is dis-
solved.
June 8. Hung. The Emperor Francis
Joseph and the Empress Elizabeth are
crowned at Budapest, as sovereigns of
Hungary.
June 9. Hung. The emperor grants
the Hungarians amnesty for political
offenses.
June 19. Mex. The Archduke Maxi-
milian is executed as a usurper. (See
Mexico.)
June 23. Vienna. Baron Von Beust
is made President of the Federal Coun-
cil, — Chancellor of the Empire.
July * Hung. Louis Kossuth is elected
a deputy of the Reichstag.
Aug. 18. Aust. Napoleon HI. visits
Francis Joseph at Salzburg.
Sept. 13. Vienna. The plan for the di-
vision of the public debt and other
finances of Austria and Hungary is
signed.
Sept. 23. Vienna. Deputations of Hun-
garians sign a financial convention
with Austria.
Sept. 28. Aust. The Church is aroused,
and 28 bishops demand that the con-
cordat respecting education and
marriage be observed, and oppose the
proposed change.
Oct. * Hung. Kossuth writes a letter
censuring the course of the moderate
party.
* * Bohemia. The Czechs insist that the
emperor shall be crowned King of Bo-
hemia at Prague.
Oct. * Aust. The emperor, in a letter to
Cardinal von Rauscher, proposes the
complete liberty of conscience, in
opposition to the agreement with the
Papal power.
Oct. 22. Ger. King "William I. of
Prussia meets the Emperor Francis Jo-
seph at Oos, near Baden-Baden.
Nov. * Vienna. The Reichsrath ap-
proves the Austro-Hungarian dualistic
government.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1866 * * Aust. An Imperial commission
undertakes to construct a new channel
for the Danube near Vienna.
528 1867,Nov.*-1878,Sepfc26. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1868 Oct. 11. Aust. -Hung. Frederick
von Beust, the Premier, calls for a
standing army of 800,000 men.
1869 Feb. 9. Hung. The Royal
Hungarian Guard is organized.
Feb. 20. Aust.-Hung. The frigate
Radetzky is blown up ; 300 lives are lost.
1870 Dec. * Aust.-Hung. The army
consists of 864,869 regulars and 187,-
527 landwehr (militia).
1875* * The Herzegovinians revolt
against the Turks because of exces-
sive taxation and the abuse of power ;
they are supported by Montenegro and
Servia.
July 12. Herzegovina. The Turks are
defeated in an uprising at Nevesinje.
Aug. * Herzegovina. Seryer Pasha de-
feats the insurgents.
* * The leaders of the revolt are Peko,
Palovich, Socica Ljubibratich, and
others.
1876 Jan. 18-20. Herzegovina. The
insurgents are defeated at Trebinje,
and their leader is killed.
Apr. 29. Herzegovina. Mukbtar Pasha
defeats the insurgents, and revictuals
the besieged force at Nicksich.
May * -June * Herzegovina. Unimpor-
tant engagements occur.
June * Herzegovina. The new Sultan,
Murad V., grants an armistice. (See
State, 1878, June, Treaty of Berlin.)
July* The principalities join in the
struggle against the Turks [and the
Russo-Turkish War follows].
1877 Apr. 12. Bosnia. The Czar of
Bussia declares war against Turkey,
because of its refusal to grant justice to
Bosnia.
1878 July 31-Aug. 1. Bosnia — Her-
zegovina. An Austrian force enters
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is resisted
by a part of its inhabitants.
Aug. 4-6. Bosnia. The Bosnians aided
by the Turks vigorously resist the Aus-
trian advance.
Aug. 4. Herzegovina. Herzegovinians
resist the Austrians at Mostar, the
capital.
Aug. 7, 8. Bosnia. The Austrians de-
feat the Bosnians at Zepce and Maglai.
Aug. * Bosnia. Travnik is occupied
by the Austrians.
Aug. 16. Bosnia. The Bosnians are de-
feated at Han Belalovich by Gen.
Filippovic.
Aug. 18. Bosnia. The Austrians un-
der Gen. Tegetthoff defeat the Bosnians.
Aug. 19. Bosnia. The Austrians bom-
bard Serajevo, the capital, and take it
by storm.
Sept. 7. Bosnia. The fortress of Tre-
binje is surrendered without a battle.
Sept. 10. Bosnia. The Austrian ad-
vance is checked at Behacs. [Sept.
19. It takes Behacs.]
Sept. 21. Bosnia. The Austrians take
the fortress of Senkorics, and capture
military stores.
Sept. 25. Bosnia. Zwornik is surren-
dered to the Austrians with its strong
fortress.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1868 Sept. 18 k. Vienna. The new
Palace of Fine Arts is founded by the
emperor.
1873 * * Vienna. The 3d International
Medical Congress is held.
1874 Sept. 25. Vienna. Part of the
Austro-Hungarian polar expedition
arrives.
* * Vienna. The minor planets, Aus-
trea, Melibcea, and Siwa, are discovered
by J. Palisa. [1875. He discovers Po-
lana, Adria, Abundantia, Hilda, Scylla,
and Xanthippe.]
1875 June 26. Hung. Storms kill
people at Budapest.
1876 July 17. Aust. An earthquake
is felt throughout the Empire.
1877* * Vienna. The minor planets,
Eurykleia and Belisana, are discov-
ered by J. Palisa.
[1878. Also Elsa, Istria, and Deiopeia.
1879. Also, Nausikaa, Arete, Penelope,
Callisto, Martha, Hedda, Lacriosa, Isa-
bella, and Isolda. 1880. Medea, As-
chera, Eudora, Thursnelda, Bianca.
1881. Stephania.]
1878 Aug. 30. Hung. The town of Mis-
kolcz is destroyed by a waterspout;
many lives are lost.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1868 * * Gasser, Hans, Aust. sculptor, A51.
1870* * Unger, Franz, Austrian paleontolo-
gist, A70.
Leopold II., Grand Duke of Tuscany, Arch-
duke of Austria, A73.
1871 Feb. 3. Eotvos, Jozef, Hungarian
author, patriot, and minister, A58.
Apr. 7. Tegethoff, Wilhelm von, Austrian
admiral, A44.
Omer Pasha, Austrian-Turkish general,
A69.
1872 * * Gaj, Ljudevit, Croatian author, jour-
nalist, A63.
May 28. Sophia, Archduchess of Austria,
mother of the emperor, A67.
1873* * Czermak, Johann Nepomuk, Bohe-
mian physiologist, A45.
1875 June 29. Ferdinand III., Empe-
ror, A82.
Nov. 24. Rauscher, Cardinal, prince bishop
of Vienna, dies.
Klein, Johann Adam, Hungarian painter,
A83.
Laub, Ferdinand, violinist, A43.
1876 Jan. 20. Deak. Francis, Hungarian
statesman, orator, A73.
Ambros, August Wilhelm, Austrian histo-
rian of music, A60.
1878 Mar. 8. Francis Charles, Archduke
of Austria, the emperor's father, A76.
Horvath, Mihaly, Hungarian historian, A69.
Fogarasy, Janos, Hungarian lexicographer
and jurist, A 77.
Rokitansky, Karl, Austrian pathologist, A74.
CHURCH.
1869 Jan. 1. Aust. Great opposi-
tion to the Government is made by the
clergy.
* * Bohemia. The Moravian Brethren un-
dertake to plant a mission.
* * Aust. The Bishop of Lintz is sen-
tenced to three months' imprisonment
for using seditious language ; pardoned
by the emperor.
1870 July 30. The Government sus-
pends the concordat with Rome in
consequence of the promulgation of the
doctrine of papal infalhbiHty.
1871 July 26. Vienna. The "Old
Cathohcs" hold their first meeting.
1872 * * The American Board com-
mences its missions.
Prague in Bohemia, Briin in Moravia,
and Innsbruck in Tyrol, are speedily
occupied.
1873 * * Hung. John Simor is conse-
crated cardinal priest.
1874 Mar. 7. It. The Pope issues an
encyclical letter condemning the new
ecclesiastical laws.
Apr.* Aust. The bishops protest
against the new ecclesiastical laws;
both of the political parties adopt the
motto, "A free church in a free state."
LETTERS.
1869 * * Croatia. The University of
Z&gr&b, Agram, is founded.
1872* * Hung. The University of
Kolozsvar, Klausenberg, is founded.
1874 * * Croatia. The University of
Agram is opened.
1875* * Aust. The University of
Czernowitz is founded.
SOCIETY.
1868 Dec. 14. Hung. A Jewish
Congress at Budapest is opened by the
minister of public worship, Eotvos.
1869 Mar. 9-10. Croatia. The sover-
eigns visit Agram.
1870 June 9. Hung. The remains
of Louis Batthyanyi, the Hungarian
patriot, are reinterred with much cere-
mony in the public cemetery, Pesth.
1873 Apr. 28+. Vienna. The Prince
of "Wales visits Vienna. [June 1-7,
The Czar ; July 30±, The Shah of Per-
sia ; Sept. 17-22, King Victor Emman-
uel; Oct. 17-23, Emperor William of
Germany.]
Dec. 2. Vienna. Great rejoicings oc-
cur in celebration of the 25th anniver-
sary of the accession of the emperor.
1874 Feb. 27. Ofenheim, the rail-
way financier charged with fraud, is ac-
quitted.
July* Aug.* Eng. The empress
visits the Isle of Wight.
Aug. 1. Vienna. An international
Sanitary Congress closes.
* * Vienna. A Cremation Society is
founded.
1875 Apr. 5. It. The emperor is
warmly received at Venice by the King
of Italy.
June 28. Bohemia. The czar and
emperor meet at Eger.
STATE.
1867 Nov. * Hung. George Klapka
and other Liberals in the Reichstag
join Francis Deak.
Dec. 29. Hung. The emperor approves
the Hungarian bills for Jewish eman-
cipation, and for a financial arrange-
ment with Austria.
Dec. 30. Vienna. Prince Auersperg,
as Premier, organizes a new Ministi y.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1867, Nov. *- 1878, Sept. 26. 529
1868 Mar. 21-23. Vienna. The up-
per House of the Reichsrath passes the
Civil Marriages Bill, annulling cleri-
cal jurisdiction over marriages.
* * Aust. The Roman Catholic clergy
become amenable to civil law.
* * Aust. Secular education is placed
under the control of the state.
Apr. 14. Hung. Kossuth resigns as
an elected member of the Reichstag.
May 25. Vienna. The emperor assents
to the Civil Marriages Bill.
May 27. Hung. Croatia accepts union
with Hungary.
* * Aust. The disabilities of the Jews
in municipal and communal affairs are
abolished by the Galician Diet.
Oct. 10. Bohemia. The habeas corpus
act is suspended because of riots at
Prague.
Nov. 24. Hung. Croatian deputies first
take their place in the Reichstag.
Dec. 10. Hung. The Reichstag of 1865
closes.
Dec. 14. Hung. Jews, under Jdzsef
Eotvos, Minister of Worship and Educa-
tion, and patriot, open a congress.
1869 Jan. * Aust. The clergy strongly
oppose the Government.
Mar. 9, 10. Aust. The sovereigns of
Austria-Hungary visit Agram in Croatia.
Apr. 22. Hung. The Chamber of
Deputies assembles at Budapest.
Oct. * Aust. A successful insurrection
arises in Dalmatia.
Dec. 13. Vienna. The emperor opens
the Reichsrath.
1870 Jan. * A Ministerial crisis oc-
curs.
Apr. 4. Vienna. The Ministry resigns,
and a new one is formed with Count
Potocki as Premier.
July 18. Vienna. Austria-Hungary an-
nounces its neutrality in the Franco-
Prussian war.
July 30. Vienna. Austria-Hungary de-
clares the concordat of the Pope is
suspended in consequence of the pro-
mulgation of the decree establishing the
infallibility of the Pope.
The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
becomes the official title of the
Empire.
Sept. 14 -Oct. 5. Bohemia. An agita-
tion for self-government pervades the
kingdom, and addresses are sent to the
emperor.
Sept. 17. Vienna. The emperor opens
the Reichsrath at Vienna; Bohemian
deputies are absent.
Sept. 29. Vienna. The Federal and
National parties in the Reichsrath con-
tend for supremacy.
Nov. 22. Vienna. The Reichsrath ad-
journs.
1871 Jan. * The emperor recognizes
the new German Empire.
Feb. 8. The Government grants com-
plete amnesty for political offenses.
Feb. * Potocki, the Premier, is dis-
missed, and succeeded by Count Hohen-
wart.
Feb. 20. Vienna. The Reichsrath
opens.
Sept. 6-8. The Emperors of Austria-
Hungary and Germany meet at Salz-
burg.
Oct. 25. Aust. The dissension between
German and Slavonian parties causes
a Ministerial crisis; the Hohenwaft
Ministry at Vienna resigns.
Nov. 4. Vienna. Baron Kellersberg,
Premier, forms a new Ministry.
Nov. 8. Von Beust is dismissed from
the control of the Government.
Nov. 13, 14. Vienna. Count An-
drassy becomes Minister of Foreign Af-
fairs, and Count Lonyay Premier of
the Hungarian Ministry.
Nov. 25. Vienna. A new Ministry is
formed by Prince Auersperg.
Bee. 28. The Reichsrath opens.
1872 Mar. 13. A new constitutional
law is promulgated, which authorizes
the emperor to order new elections of
the Chambers.
Apr. 16. Hung. The Reichstag of 1869
is dissolved.
July* Hung. The Constitutional
party is sustained by the electors.
Sept. 4. Hung. The Reichstag opens
at Budapest.
Sept. 6-8. Ger. The Emperors of Aus-
tria and Germany and other sovereigns
meet at Berlin.
Dec. 2. Hung. The Lonyay Ministry
resigns.
Dec. * Hung. Szlavy succeeds in organ-
izing a new Ministry.
1873 Mar. 10. The Reichsrath be-
comes a national representative as-
sembly by a change in the law, which
puts the elections in the hands of the
body of electors instead of the pro-
vincial Diets.
Oct. 30. National elections for the
Reichsrath are held ; 228 Constitution-
alists and 125 Federals are chosen.
Nov. 5. The Reichsrath opens.
Nov. * Hung. Budapest is formally de-
clared the capital.
Dec. 2. Amnesty is granted to polit-
ical offenders on the 25th anniversary
of the emperor's accession.
* * The Government requires 55 per cent
of the taxes of Croatia to be paid to
Hungary.
1874 Feb. 11. Hung. The Szlavy
Ministry resigns.
Feb. 26 -Mar. 1. Hung. Baron von
"Wenckhein forms a coalition Ministry.
Mar. 20. Hung. The coalition Ministry
resigns, and is succeeded by a Bitto
Ministry.
Spring. A bill for abolishing the con-
cordat is introduced, and measures for
restricting the power of the clergy
pass both Houses.
Apr. * The bishops oppose the new
ecclesiastical laws. " A free church in
a free state " is the popular aphorism
of both political parties.
July * Bohemia. The ' * Young Czech ' '
party is rejected by the electors.
Aug. 14. Hung. The Reichstag
closes.
1875 July * Hung. The Government is
sustained in the elections.
Aug. 22. Herzegovina. The Great
Powers agree to send a commission
to redress grievances.
Sept.+ * Herzegovina. The Bosnians
join the insurgents against the Turks.
Oct. 20. Hung. Koloman Tisza be-
comes Premier.
1876 July 8. Bohemia. The czar and
emperor meet at Reichstadt, and unite
in a policy of neutrality respecting
the war between the Servians and the
Turks.
Nov. * The expenditures of the Govern-
ment are found to exceed the revenue.
1877 June 26. The Austrian and
Hungarian Ministers announce their
policy of neutrality in the Turco-
Russian war.
Aug. * Bosnia. The revolt against the
Turks is subdued.
1878 July 13. Ger. The Treaty of
Berlin is signed. It provides that
Austria shall have the administration of
the Turkish provinces of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, and to occupy them with
Austrian troops, together with Sandshak
of Novi Bazar. Count Andrassy is
the representative of Austria in the
Congress. (See Germany, State.)
July * Bosnia revolts against annexa-
tion to Austria.
July 29. Austrian troops enter Bosnia
and Herzegovina, in accordance with
the Treaty of Berlin. (War follows.)
Sept. 26. Hung. A Ministerial crisis
occurs ; the Minister of Finance resigns.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1868 July 26. Vienna. A German
sharpshooting match opens.
1869 Oct. * Aust. A Corespondenz
Karte (postal card) first appears in
Europe.
1873 May 1. Vienna. The emperor
opens an International Exhibition.
May 7±. Hung. Twenty-one persons are
killed in a railroad accident near
Budapest.
May 9. Aust. Europe suffers from
financial distress, and many failures
occur at Vienna.
June 24. Hung. The Fiume railroad
is partly opened.
Aug. 18. Vienna. The Archduke
Albert presents the prizes awarded to
exhibitors at Vienna.
Oct. 24. Vienna. The emperor opens
the water-works.
1876 May 30. Vienna. The new
channel of the Danube is opened.
1878 Mar. 8. The Sphinx is burnt at
sea near Cape St. Elie ; 500 persons
perish.
530 1878, Sept. 28-1889, Feb. 5. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1878 Sept. 28. Bosnia. Livno, after
bombardment, is captured by the Aus-
trians.
Nov. 9. Bosnia. The war ends. [No
further resistance is offered to the Aus-
trians ; an amnesty follows.] Austrian
losses, about 5,000 killed, wounded, and
missing.
1879 Sept. 8. Bosnia. Austrians oc-
cupy Novi-Bazar without opposition.
* * Herzegovina. Austrian forces oc-
cupy the Lim country.
1882 Jan.* Dalmatia, Herzegovina,
Bosnia. Austrian troops arrive to sup-
press disturbances.
Jan. 16-31. Herzegovina. The insur-
gents are defeated in several small
engagements.
Feb. 16+ . Herzegovina. Insurgents are
suppressed at Glavalicevo.
Feb. 25. Herzegovina. The insurgents
are defeated at Cettinje.
Mar. 14. Herzegovina. The capture of
Dragali by the Austrians is announced.
May 12+ . Herzegovina. The insurrec-
tion is almost suppressed, and the
fighting is chiefly by guerrilla bands.
Nov. 7, 8. Vienna. The army is used
to suppress a riot of shoemakers and
others.
1883 Sept. 8-10. Croatia. The mili-
tary authorities are resisted, and re-
volters are suppressed.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1879 Mar. 12, 13. Hung. Heavy rains
cause the dams on the River Theiss to
give way, and a flood-wave destroys
6,235 houses out of a total of 6,566
houses in Szegedin.
Nov. 10-16, Dec. 8. An earthquake
in South Austria does much damage ;
lives are lost in Agram.
1882 Apr. 1. Aust. An Interna-
tional Art Exhibition is opened at
Vienna.
Apr. 2. Aust. The Austrian Polar Ex-
pedition starts in the Polar.
* * Vienna. J. Palisa discovers many
minor planets.
Minor planets : Eos, Lucia, Rosa,
Oceana, Henrietta, Weringia, Agathe,
Adalinda, and Vindabona. 1883. Russia
and Carolina. 1884. Vera, Honoria, Ad-
rastea, Ida, Kriemhild, and Sita. 1885.
Walpurga, Silesia, Lameia, Bettina,
Sophia, Dresda, and Mathilde. 1886.
Augusta, Oppavia, and Valda. 1887.
Anna, Aline, and Justitia. 1888. Sapi-
entia, Atropos, Philagoria, Adelheld,
Paulina, Ccelestina, Thule, Philia, and
Lucretia. 1889. Oct. 3. Huberta.
1883 Jan. 10. Hung. Raab is partly
submerged by floods.
June 21+. An overflow of the River
Neisse does much damage in Silesia.
Aug. 22. Aust. The Austrian Polar
Expedition returns to Drontheim.
Sept. 15. Aust. Anlnternational
. Exhibition of graphic art is opened at
Vienna.
1884 Dec. 10. Aust. A destructive
storm visits Vienna.
Dec. 26-31. Earthquake shocks are
felt.
Dec. 28. Slight shocks of an earth-
quake are felt in Carinthia and Styria.
1885 Jan. 27-28. Aust. Slight earth-
quake shocks are felt in Styria.
1887 June 3+. Another inundation
visits Szegedin.
Sept. 29. Hung. A bronze statue of
Francis Deak, the orator and states-
man, is unveiled by the emperor.
1888 Mar. * An inundation afflicts Hun-
gary.
May 13. Vienna. The Maria Theresa
monument is inaugurated in the pres-
ence of the emperor and empress.
Sept. 15. Aust. A Meteorological
Congress opens at Vienna.
1889 Jan. 15. The Danube River is
firmly fr6zen for 18 miles below Vienna.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1880 Oct. lO. Giskra, Karl, Austrian
statesman, dies.
Haymerle, Heinrich von, Baron, statesman,
dies, A53.
1881 Apr. 27. Benedek, Ludwig von,
Austrian general, dies, A77.
1884 Oct. 3. Makart, Hans, historical
painter, A40.
1885 Jan. 5. Auersperg, Adolph, Prince,
Austrian statesman, dies.
1886 Oct. 34. Beust, Frederich Ferdi-
nand von, Liberal statesman, chancellor,
A 84.
July 81. Liszt. Franz, Hungarian pianist,
composer, dies, A75.
1887* * Amerling, Frederick, Austrian
painter, A84.
1888* * Heller, Stephen, Hungarian com-
poser, A74.
1889 Jan. 5. Reichbauer, Herr, ex-Presi-
dent of the Austrian Reichsrath, dies.
Jan. 17. Murska, di, lima, operatic singer,
A46 + .
Jan. 80. Rudolph, Archduke, crown
prince, A31.
CHURCH.
1878* * It. Leo XIII. is pope.
1879 * * Aust. F. Von Fiirstenberg, the
Archbishop of Olmiitz, is consecrated
cardinal priest. [1884. Nov. 10. Celes-
tine Ganglbauer, Archbishop of Vienna.
1885. J. Mihalovitz, Archbishop of Za-
gabria."
1889 Feb. 4. The emperor addresses
the Holy Father on the death of Prince
Rudolph, the crown prince; [the Pope
replies].
LETTERS.
1881 Feb. 11. Bohemia. Lectures in
the Czechic language are established
in the University of Prague.
Sept. 20-29. Vienna. An Interna-
tional Literary Association meets.
[1888. Sept. 19. Meets again.]
SOCIETY.
1879 Apr. 24. Aust. The emperor
and empress celebrate their silver
wedding.
1881 May 10. Aust. The Archduke
Budolph is married to Stephanie Clo-
tilde of Belgium.
July * Bohemia. Czech and German stu-
dents engage in riots at Prague.
Oct. 28.-31. Vienna. The King and
Queen of Italy are welcomed.
1882 Jan. 19. Vienna. Johann Zich
throws a stone at the Russian Ambas-
sador.
* * Aust. An attempt is made by Over-
dank, a soldier, to assassinate the
Emperor Francis Joseph.
Feb. * Mohammedans sympathize
with Christian insurgents.
Sept. 29. Hung. An anti-Jew riot
breaks out at Presburg, and martial
law is proclaimed.
Nov. 7-8. Aust. A riot of Shoe-
makers occurs.
Dec. 20. Aust. Overdank, a soldier,
who attempted to assassinate the em-
peror, is executed.
Dec. 27. The 600th anniversary of
the House of Habsburg is celebrated
throughout the Empire.
Dec. * Bohemia. Forty-five socialists
are sentenced to imprisonment at
Prague.
1883 Mar. 29. Hung. The chief jus-
tice, George von Mailath von Szekhely,
is murdered.
June * Hung. Ten Jews are tried at
Nyireghyhaza charged with the murder
of Esther Solymosi, a Christian maid,
on Apr. 1, 1892 ; Joseph Scharf is one
of them.
July * -Aug. * Hungary is disturbed
by anti-Jewish riots, especially at
Pesth, Zala, and Egersseg.
Aug. 3. Hung. The ten Jews tried at
Nyireghyhaza are acquitted of the mur-
der of Esther Solymosi.
Aug.* Croatia. Riots prevail in Agram
and other places against the Jews ; the
Slavs also make anti-Hungarian dis-
turbances.
Sept. 20. Croatia. Ten rioters are
killed.
Sept. 30. Croatia. The Government
sentences 38 rioters to imprisonment.
Oct. 6. Hung. Three men are convicted
of the murder of Chief Justice
Szekhely.
1884 Jan.* Aust. Two police detec-
tives are assassinated ; a great conspir-
acy is suspected.
Feb. 9. Vienna. Much Socialistic dis-
affection ; another policeman is mur-
dered, and the excitement increases.
Mar. 15+. Vienna. The Government
expels 700 Socialists.
Apr. 17±. Turk. The Crown Prince
Rudolph and the princess visit Con-
stantinople.
Apr. 22. Aust. Hugo Schenk and
Schlossarck are executed for the mur-
der of several servant girls.
Aug. 8. Vienna. Corporal Hermann
Stellmacher, the assassin of Detec-
tive Bloch, is executed.
Dec* Aust. Startling bank frauds are
discovered ; some of the culprits com-
mit suicide.
1886 Sep. 26. Aust. A great Inter-
national Hygienic Congress is opened
by the crown prince at Vienna.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1878, Sept. 28-1889, Feb. 5. 531
Sept. 27. Aust. Incendiary fires occur
in the suburbs of Vienna.
Oct. 10. Aust. The discovery of a con-
spiracy to buna Vienna is announced,
and 17 men are arrested.
1888 May 14. Aust. The National
Industrial Exhibition, celebrating the
fortieth year of the emperor's reign, is
opened at Vienna.
June 22. Aust. A grand funeral of
Beethoven is celebrated at Vienna on
the transfer of his remains from Wah-
ring Cemetery to that of Simmerung.
June 27. Hung. Agrarian riots at
Foeldvar are suppressed with force.
Oct. 3±. Vienna. The German Em-
peror William II. visits Vienna.
1889 Jan. 2. Aust. A Socialist Con-
gress is held at Hainfield.
Jan. 15. The Government sentences 19
Nazarenes, seven of whom are women,
to imprisonment for various terms for
inciting people to refuse to do mili-
tary duty.
Moravia. Eleven hundred textile
workers strike for an increase of
wages.
Jan. 30. Aust. The Archduke Ru-
dolph, the crown prince, commits
suicide.
Hung. Hussars disperse a mob at
Pesth.
Feb. 5. Aust. Several persons are
arrested in Capes for repeating rumors
that the crown prince met his death
at the hands of the husband of the woman
he had betrayed. (See Feb. 25.)
STATE.
1878 Oct. 4. Hung. The Tisza Min-
istry resigns.
Oct. 22. Aust. The Auersperg Liberal
Ministry resigns.
Oct. * Bosnia, with the exception of Novi
Bazar, is occupied by Austria-Hungary.
Dec. 5. Hung. The Tisza Ministry is
reorganized, and resumes office.
1879 Feb. 15. Vienna. Dr.Stremayr,
Premier, forms a new Ministry.
July 11±. The elections return a Lib-
eral majority to the Reichsrath.
Oct. 7. Aust. A secret treaty of de-
fense against Russia is signed by Austria
and Germany.
Oct. 8. The Reichsrath opens at Vi-
enna ; the Czech deputies are pres-
ent.
Premier Andrassy, Minister of
Foreign Affairs, resigns, and retires
from political life ; he is succeeded by
Baron von Haymerle.
1880 * * B o s n i a becomes quiet, and
the reformation of the Government ad-
vances.
June 8. All the diets of the Empire
open.
1881 July * Bohemia. Marshal Krause
is appointed governor of Prague.
Nov. 18+. Gustave, Count Kalnoky,
becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs.
1882 Jan. 16. Herzegovina. An in-
surrection breaks out.
Jan. * Troops are required to suppress
an insurrection in southern Dalma-
tia, Herzegovina, and Bosnia.
May 29 ±. The "New German Peo-
ple's Party" issues a manifesto.
Oct. 26. The Herzegovinian insurrec-
tion is suppressed.
1883 Sept. 6±. Hung. Gen. Ram-
berg, a special commissioner, super-
sedes the Ban of Croatia.
Sept. 22. Hung. The Croatians are
aroused against Hungary, and demand
separation.
Sept. * The Imperial Government at-
tempts to conciliate the Slavs in their
jealous opposition to Germans and Ma-
gyars ; they desire autonomy.
Dec. * Vienna. The Reichsrath first
meets in the new house.
Bee. 4. Hung. Count Khun-Heder-
vary becomes Ban of Croatia.
Dec. 17. Hung. The Croatian Diet
opens at Agram in an important session.
1884 Jan. 22. Hung. The Croatian
Diet is dissolved.
Jan. 30. Vienna. In apprehension of a
great conspiracy at Vienna, Premier
Taaffe restricts public meetings, the
press, trials by jury, and other rights.
Feb. 15. Vienna. The Reichsrath ap-
proves the repressive police measures
of the Government.
Mar. 13+. Hung. The Government ar-
rests many Socialists at Budapest.
Mar. 15+. Vienna. Seven hundred
persons suspected of conspiracy are
expelled.
June 13+. Hung. A majority of the
Reichstag are elected by the Liberals.
Aug. 27. Hung. The Croatian Diet is
again dissolved, and political disagree-
ments continue.
1885 Apr. 22. Aust. The Reichsrath
is dissolved.
Apr. 30. Vienna. The reform Act
adopted by the upper House of the
Reichsrath is approved by the emperor.
Aug. 25, 26. Moravia. The emperor
and Alexander III., Czar of Russia,
meet at Kremsier.
Sept. 22. Vienna. The new Reichsrath
assembles.
1887 Feb. 26. Vienna. The Reichs-
rath votes increased army estimates.
Mar. 5. Hung. The Reichstag votes
increased army estimates.
Mar. 13. A treaty of alliance is signed
with Germany and Italy.
Oct. * Vienna. Premier Taaffe makes a
change in the Ministry.
Nov. * Hung. The Croatians finally
abandon the movement for autonomy.
Dec. 19. Vienna. The Reichsrath votes
money for war preparations.
1889 Jan. 10. Vienna. Herr von
Tisza, the Prime Minister, threatens to
resign unless the army bill is passed by
the Reichsrath.
Jan. 29. Hung. The military bill is
passed by a majority of 126 votes.
Jan. 31. Vienna. The Archduke Charles
Louis, the emperor's brother, is offici-
ally announced as heir to the throne.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1879 Aug. 8, 9. Bosnia. A great fire
renders 20,000 persons homeless in Sera-
jevo.
1880 June 10-30. Hung. IvanZmer-
tych, a Hungarian, rides his velocipede
from Ostend, Belgium, to Budapest.
1881 Dec. 8. Vienna. The Ring
theater is burned, and 447 lives lost.
1882 Sept. 23. Hung. A railway
bridge over the Drave falls, and.about
27 soldiers in a train are drowned.
1883 Aug. 16. Vienna. The electric
exhibition is opened.
Sept. 2. A princess is born to the Arch-
duke Rudolph and the Princess Stepha-
nie of Belgium ; they were married May
10, 1841.
Sept. 12. Vienna. Bicentenary of the
siege of Vienna raised by John Sobieski,
King of Poland, is celebrated.
1884 June 1. — Oct. * Aust. There are
882 cases and 544 deaths from cholera
in Triest.
Sept. 20. Tyrol. The emperor opens the
Arlberg railroad tunnel on the line
connecting Innsbruck with Bregenz.
Oct. * -Dec. * Hung. Cholera prevails,
principally in Budapest and Szegedin ;
966 cases and 499 deaths are reported.
1885 May 2. Hung. The emperor
opens a National Exhibition at Buda-
pest.
Nov. 4. Hung. The National Exhibi-
tion at Budapest closes.
1886 Aug. 17, 18. Vienna. Joseph
Pircher, a gilder, secretly climbs up the
steeple of St. Stephen's, and places a
banner on its cross, 432 (German) feet
high.
Sept. 2. Hung. Budapest celebrates the
bicentenary of its recapture from the
Turks by Imperialists under the Duke
of Lorraine.
1887 July 5. Hung. Twenty-seven
persons are killed by the accidental ex-
plosion of dynamite at Jasz Bereny,
near Budapest.
Dec. 16. Vienna. The Invalide Russe
causes a panic at the Bourse.
1889 Jan. 3. Hung. The maize ring
syndicate collapses.
Jan. 5. Vienna. The Greek Govern-
ment borrows 20,000,000 francs from a
bank.
Jan. 9. Hung. Diphtheria is prevalent
in Nago, the schools are closed, and 20
children die in one day.
Jan. 30. Aust. The Archduke Ru-
dolph, the crown prince, is found
dead in his bed by his valet ; apoplexy
is announced as the cause ; suicide by
a pistol-shot is the rumored cause of
his death.
532 1889, Feb. 6-1890, May 20. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Feb. * Hung. The Army Bill of
M. Tisza awakens much opposition in
Budapest.
June 16. Bosnia. Insurgents at Novi-
Bazar attack the Turks.
June 22. Aust. .The Government pro-
poses the addition of 14 heavy bat-
teries to the armament.
July 24. Aust. The infantry is in-
creased by an addition of 9,000 men,
thus raising the service to a war-footing.
Aug. 23. Aust. The War Office decides
to supply the army with smokeless
powder.
Sept. * Grand military maneuvers take
place.
1890 Feb. 4. Hung. The landwehr
on a peace footing is to consist of 28 in-
fantry regiments and 60 squadrons of
cavalry.
Apr. 28. Galicia. Troops are detailed
to keep the peace.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 Apr. 6. Hung. A terrible storm
demolishes many houses, and in some
cases whole villages have been set on
fire by lightning and destroyed.
May 17. Moravia. At Boskowitz eight
persons are killed by lightning.
Thirty persons are killed by a storm
at Zino.
June 3, 4. A great storm prevails,
causing great loss of life and property.
May 21. Bohemia. Forty-five persons
lose their lives through floods.
July 29. Hundreds of lives are lost,
crops destroyed, and many buildings
damaged in Transylvania and Buko-
wina by a cyclone.
Aug. 4. Vienna. A new asteroid of
the 13th magnitude is discovered by Dr.
Palisa.
Aug. 21. Aust. Several parts of Aus-
tria are visited by hail-storms, and
many persons are killed.
Nov. 12. Hung. The Government has
purchased 10,000 hotels throughout
the country for schoolhouses.
Dec. 2. Aust. Traffic is blocked by snow
for 36 hours.
* * The invention of another smokeless
gunpowder, having greater carrying
power than ordinary gunpowder, is re-
ported.
It creates a very thin, transparent
smoke, which is so slight that imme-
diately after firing one shot aim can be
taken again.
1890 Jan. 14. Vienna. Astronomers
announce that the Star of Bethlehem
has made its seventh appearance since
the birth of Christ.
Jan. 15. Aust. Earthquake shocks
are felt.
Jan. 18. Aust. Several earthquake
shocks occur at Carinthia.
Jan. 21 + . Vienna. Dr. Weichselbaum,
of the University of Vienna, discovers
the bacillus of influenza. (An-
nounced.)
He finds in it some similarity to the
pneumonia bacillus, but is sure that it
is a distinctly different microbe.
* * Vienna. J. Palisa discovers the minor
planets Bruna, Alice, Ludovica, There-
sia, Baptistina, Thora, and Bavaria.
[1891. Olga, Fraternitas, Chaldea, Con-
stantia, Katharina. 1892. Tamara.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1889 Feb. 11. Pitra, John Baptiste, Car-
dinal, dies.
Mar. 21. Pettenkofen, August von, Aus-
trian painter, dies.
Aug. 5. Philillovich, Joseph, Baron de
Philippsberg, general, A71.
1890 Feb. 18. Andrassy. Gyula (Ju-
lius), Count, Hung, iniii., statesman, A67.
CHURCH.
1889 Feb. 6. At Laibach a crowd
smashes the bishop's windows, and
forces the sexton to toll the bell for the
crown prince.
At Meran the priests refusing to offi-
ciate at requiem mass for the deceased
crown prince, the people enter church,
and conduct the service.
Mar. * Aust. The hostility to evangeli-
cal work by Protestants increases.
Apr. 29. Vienna. A Catholic Congress
of nobles and clergy meets.
May 2. Vienna. The Catholic Congress
closes.
* * Hung. F. de Paul Schonborn, Arch-
bishop of Prague, is consecrated a car-
dinal priest.
* * Croatia. The British and Foreign
Bible Society reports 4,000 copies of
Scripture sold.
* * Bohemia. F. M. Charles, Archbishop
of Prague, is consecrated cardinal priest.
1890 Feb. 7. The Minister of Worship
and Public Instruction favors the adop-
tion of the bill regulating Jewish re-
ligious societies ; that is, that they may
be independent in the control of reli-
gious concerns among themselves.
Mar. 5. The Government excludes the
Old Catholics from the Roman decree,
and they are thereby compelled to be-
come a separate religious society.
* * Aust. A. Dunajewsky, Bishop of Cra-
cow, is consecrated cardinal priest.
LETTERS.
1889 June 21. The government sup-
presses Socialist paper, Gleichheit.
SOCIETY.
1889 Feb. 6. Aust. The Emperor
Francis Joseph in a proclamation thanks
his peoples for their sympathy in his
affliction.
Feb. 12. Hung. Students make another
riotous protest against the army bill at
Pesth.
Feb. 15. Hung. The Hungarian stu-
dents' riot at Pesth is quelled ; several
arrests are made.
Feb. 22. Aust. Galician miners em-
ployed in Silesian coal-pits are ordered
to quit the country.
Feb. 25. Aust. The Countess of La-
rish, daughter of the Duke of Bavaria,
is sentenced to perpetual exile for the
part she played in the death of Rudolph.
Feb. 27. Aust. Baron Hirsch donates
120,000 francs yearly to relieve trades-
men threatened with financial ruin.
Mar. 2. Hung. Six Hungarian stu-
dents are arrested at Budapest for
making demonstrations.
Mar. 12. Vienna. Signor Romano, a
painter, commits suicide.
Apr. 1. Aust. The Countess Jose-
phine Radetkzy shoots herself.
Apr. 7. Hung. Szil, a wine-store keeper,
is crushed to death in a wine-press by
robbers.
Apr. 10. The Meyerling estate,
owned by the late Crown Prince Ru-
dolph, is to be used for religion and
benevolence — the main building for a
Carmelite nunnery, and other parts
as an asylum for aged and infirm
residents.
Apr. 12. Vienna. Count Festitich
sues for separation from his wife on the
ground of adultery.
Apr. 18. Aust. Labor riots continue.
Apr. 20-24. Vienna. A strike of tram-
car men takes place with anti-Semitic
rioting at Vienna ; the military are
called out to restore order.
May 10. Bohemia. The street-car
companies of Prague yield to the de-
mands of their striking drivers.
May 24. Moravia. At Saar 10,000
miners strike.
May 30. Vienna. Prince Alexis
Schwarzenberg is fatally wounded in
a duel with a lieutenant of Hussars.
June 1. Bohemia. The strikes are
spreading; over 1,500 men are out.
June 14. Aust. Eleven thousand tex-
tile workers at Briinn strike for higher
wages.
June 19. Bohemia. The police of
Prague forbid the Russian author,
Filipoff, to lecture in the city.
June 22. Bohemia. Two riotous mi-
ners are killed and 12 wounded by gen-
darmes during a labor demonstration at
Kladno ; striking miners wreck and fire
many buildings.
July 11. Aust. At Briinn 6,000 striking
spinners resume work.
Aug. 23+. Vienna. The Shah of Per-
sia visits Vienna. [Aug. 27. At Buda-
pest.]
Nov. 4. Aust. The Archduke John
will take the name of Johann Orth, and
enter a London ship-building yard.
Nov. 29. Hung. A plot to assassi-
nate Premier Tisza is discovered and
frustrated.
Dec. 8. Hung. Count Karolyi and
Count Lazaro fight in a duel at Buda-
pest,
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1889, Feb. 6-1890, May 20. 533
1890 Jan. 3. Aust. A letter con-
taining $90,000 is stolen in transit
between Vienna and Budapest.
Jan. 5. Hung. The editor of Zustavo
kills the editor of Branik in a duel at
Neusatz.
Jan. 17. Bohemia. The Czechs and
Germans are reconciled.
Feb. * Bohemia. Five hundred strikers
destroy the machinery of a glass-fac-
tory at Gablonz ; the police kill two of
the strikers.
Feb. * Bohemia. The manufacturers
concede the demands of the striking
weavers.
Mar. 10. Bohemia. Prague students
are dispersed by the police, and a num-
ber placed under arrest.
Mar. * Bohemia. The trade societies of
Prague have resolved that the eight-
hour movement shall begin on May 1.
Apr. 1. Vienna. Ten thousand build-
ers' employees and 800 bakers' appren-
tices strike.
Apr. 8. Vienna. Many persons are in-
jured by rioting strikers; 37 men are
arrested.
Apr. 11. Aust. The Emperor Wil-
liam visits the Empress of Austria.
Apr. 14. Vienna. Six thousand car-
penters of Gratz strike for more wages
and shorter hours.
Apr. 17. Aust. Labor riots break out ;
troops and striking miners tight.
Apr. 22. Aust. Socialists join train-
strikers in Vienna in fighting the police
and soldiers with stones and revolvers.
Apr. 23. Oalicia. Anti-Semitic riots
break out in Biala ; 20 persons are killed
and others wounded.
Apr. 25. Vienna. Schools are to be
closed and martial law proclaimed on
May Day, owing to expected trouble
from strikers. v
Apr. * Aust. The miners in the large
collieries of Count Wilczek are on
strike. Troops have been called out
to preserve peace.
May 10. Vienna. Col. Frederick
Grant, the new American Minister,
arrives.
May 11+. Vienna. The Rothschilds
inform the emperor that, unless oppres-
sion of the Jews ceases, they will
move their banking-house to Budapest.
May 20. Bohemia. In a collision with
troops at Pilsen five miners are killed
and seven wounded.
STATE.
1889 Feb. 7. Vienna. The emperor
receives the presidents of the two
Houses of the Reichsrath, and thanks
them for the condolence tendered by
those bodies on the death of Crown-
Prince Rudolph.
Feb. 28. Hung. The action of the
Opposition becomes so violent that
its debate has to be postponed in the
lower House of the Reichstag, on the
resumption of the debate on the army
bill.
Mar. 16. Hung. Count Szapary is
selected as Premier and Minister of the
Interior.
Mar. 19. Hung. Herr Tisza, the ex-
Premier, is vindicated.
Mar. 20. Hung. Prime Minister Tisza
is hooted at and pelted with stones
while leaving the Chamber of Deputies.
Mar. 22. Hung. Herr Orlean in the
Diet denounces the police for inter-
fering with the students' demonstra-
' tions.
Mar. 23. Hung. Herr Fabinyi, Min-
ister of Justice, and Baron von Orczy,
of the Interior, resign ; the latter is to
be succeeded by Herr Baross, Minister
of Public Works.
Apr. 8. Hung. The new army bill as
amended by the Diet is adopted by the
Ripper House.
Apr. 30. Vienna. The Government
serves notice upon tramway com-
panies that their property will be se-
questered unless reforms promised to
their employees are completed by May
15.
May 11. Vienna. The lower House of
the Reichsrath adopts the budget,
which shows a surplus of 2,770,059
florins.
June 13. Vienna. Austria, Russia, and
Germany send an identical note to the
Swiss Government, advising it to deal
more severely with anarchists and so-
cialists.
June 24. Hung. A second strategic
railroad from Hatvan to Miskolcz is
commenced.
June 25. Hung. The Government for-
bids any demonstration at the Ra-
vanitza Monastery on the anniversary
of the battle of Kossova.
Oct. 21. Vienna. A decree is issued
that state officials shall continually
wear uniform on and off duty.
Dec. 5. Vienna. The Diet passes a bill
to incorporate the suburbs of Vienna
with the city itself.
Dec. 10. Vienna. The Archduke
Charles Louis is appointed putative
regent.
Dec. 13. Vienna. A Bulgarian loan
recently effected is a cause of complaint
by Russia against Austria as a violation
of the Berlin Treaty.
Dec. 30. Hung. In the Reichstag all
the German candidates are elected on
the second ballot.
Dec. * Vienna. The Government has
warned Servia that there must be a sus-
pension of friendly relations, between
the two countries unless the attacks of
the Servian press upon Austria are
stopped.
1890 Jan. 1. Hung. Prime Minister
Tisza declares that he believes in the
triple alliance as the basis of peace.
Jan. 10. Bohemia. The Emperor Francis
Joseph personally attends to the settle-
ment of disputes between the Czechs
and Germans.
Jan. 13 ±. Hung. The Reichstag pro-
vides for the construction of war vessels
to protect its interests on the Danube.
Vienna. The Minister of War states
that the peace of Europe is not secure,
and therefore a considerable increase
in the army is necessary.
Jan. 24. Hung. The Finance Minister
and the Rothschild syndicate enter into
an agreement for the conversion of
302,000,000 florins of 5 per cent
rentes into 4 per cent gold rentes.
Jan. * Bohemia. The Diet has accepted
.the result of the German-Czech Confer-
ence.
Mar. 11. Hung. Herr Von Tisza, Prime
Minister, resigns. Count Von Szapary
is appointed to succeed him, and to form
a new Ministry.
Mar. * Aust. The Government proposes
modifying her stringent laws against
the Socialists.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Feb. 14. Vienna. An electrical
joint-stock company, with a capital
of 2,000,000 florins, is organized.
May 9. Vienna. The grain-market is
boycotted by Hungarian merchants,
on account of the growth of anti-Sem-
itism.
May 22. Aust. The train bearing the
empress and her suite from Wiesbaden
to Vienna is derailed while being
switched.
Aug. 10. Vienna. A water famine is
threatened.
* * The crops are much below the aver-
age.
Aug. 19. Hung. An explosion of a
dynamite cartridge at Doman kills five
persons.
Aug. 26. Vienna. The great shortage
in the wheat crops reported seriously
affects the Chicago market, U. S. A.
Sept. 5. Aust. A portion of the quay
falls into the river at Szegedin.
Nov. 20. Vienna. Four thousand em-
ployees are out of work in the mother-
of-pearl button factories.
Dec. 5. Hung. A sugar factory at
Swolerlowes collapses, and eight per-
sons are killed and many injured.
Dec. 24. Vienna. Influenza is spread-
ing, and has developed into lung inflam-
mation.
Dec. 27. Aust. Aloys de Nagy, Count
Karolyi, formerly ambassador to Great
Britain and Germany, is killed while
hunting.
1890 Feb. * Vienna. A life-insurance
company announces that it will issue its
policies without medical examinations.
Mar. * Vienna. The importation of cer-
tain American proprietary medicine
is prohibited by the Government.
Apr. 19. Hung. Hundreds are dying
of famine in Biezwaag and Bistritz.
534 1890, May* -1892, Aug.*. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 Sept. 17. Aust. The Archduke
Frederick is appointed to the command
of the fifth army corps.
1891 Apr. 8. Russia masses troops
on the frontier.
June 21. Istria. The naval work-
shops at Pola are destroyed by fire.
Oct. 19. Aust. The Government orders
the strengthening of the frontier
guards by a large number of troops.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 July 16. Aust. Heat is intense
in central Austria and on the Alps from
Graubuenden to Lower Austria.
Aug. 2. Aust. The city of Lintz is in-
undated by an overflow of the Danube.
Aug. 9. Bohemia. "Waterspouts and
storms inundate the western and cen-
tral portion of Bohemia.
Aug. 30. Aust. Several earthquake
shocks are felt in the Danube Valley,
Vienna, from Amstettin to Grein.
Sept. 3. Bohemia. A part of the city of
Prague, also many villages in the Dan-
ube Valley, are submerged by an over-
flow of the Moldau River, causing
loss of life and property.
Sept. 4. Aust. The Drave River over-
flows its banks, and vast tracts of land
in Carinthia are laid waste.
Nov. 13. Aust. The Government re-
quests the medical faculty to send pro-
posals to Prof. Koch for the establish-
ment of hospitals.
Nov. 15. Vienna. Drs. Nothnagel, Bill-
roth, and Kowalski, of Vienna, praise
Prof. Koch's remedy for tuberculosis,
and say that it is the greatest discov-
ery since that of Dr. Jenner.
Nov. 26. Bohemia. Property valued at
500,000 florins at Carlsbad is damaged by
floods ; also damage is done at Rostock,
Jena, Badkoesen, and other places.
1891 Jan. 10. Aust. An avalanche
buries a train near Klagenfurth, Carin-
thia. At Triest, Carniola, an engine
freezes fast to the rails ; traffic is sus-
pended.
Jan. 12. Galicia. A destructive hurri-
cane prevails.
Jan. 13. Bosnia. An avalanche buries
many houses in snow, and causes the
loss of many lives.
July 24. In the Tyrolean Alps large
tracts of land are devastated by ava-
lanches.
Aug. 18. Aust. Forty persons are
drowned by a cloudburst at Kollman.
Aug. 27. During a thunder-storm light-
ning strikes a church at Tualis, and
kills several members of its congrega-
tion. At Piau a hunting-party is also
struck by lightning, killing one and
seriously injuring four others.
Oct. 19. Vienna. The Museum of
Pine Arts is opened by Emperor Fran-
cis Joseph.
1892 Apr. 20. Tyrol. Much property
is destroyed and several lives are lost by
a storm.
Apr. 24. Vienna. A colossal eques-
trian statue of Marshal Kadetzky is
unveiled.
May 13. Hung. Many miners are
drowned by a sudden flood resulting
from a waterspout.
June 8. Disastrous floods sweep the
Danube Valley.
July 25. Moravia. The famous
"Robber Tower" at Znaim, one of
the oldest relics of the Middle Ages,
falls, killing five persons.
Aug. 3. Aust. A waterspout at Triest,
Carniola, does much damage to property.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1890 Oct. 9. Leidesdorf, Professor, lunacy
specialist, dies in Vienna.
Dec. 28. Karolyi, Gustav Siegmund,
count, statesman, minister, dies.
1891 Jan. 5. Saxe-Weimar, Prince Gus-
tav of, Austrian field-marshal, A64.
Jan. 18. Salvator Charles, Archduke of
Austria, A52.
Jan. 23. Simor, Janos, cardinal archbishop
and primate of Hungary, A74.
Aug. 28. Taglioni, Marie, dancer, A58.
Nov. 23. Henry, archduke of Austria,
Austrian field-marshal, A63.
Dec. 14. Sigismund, archduke of Austria,
A65.
1892 Jan. 8. Brucke, Ernest W., physiol-
ogist, A73.
Feb. 4. Ponsa, Magdalen of Vienna, A 117.
May 17. Klapka, Gybrgy, Hungarian gen-
eral, A72.
Aug:, 19, Furstenberg, cardinal Land-
grave F., prince archbishop of Olmiitz,
A78.
CHURCH.
1890 Nov. 8. Hung. The Roman Cath-
olic Primate orders the clergy to give
no attention to instructions emanating
from the Minister of Public "Worship.
1891 Jan. 3. The emperor purposes to
erect a memorial monastery on an
island in the Adriatic in honor of his
brother Maximilian, shot in Mexico, and
of his son, the late Crown Prince Ru-
dolph.
Dec. 17. The Methodist Church in
Vienna is closed by decree.
Its pastor is prohibited from preach-
ing within the capital, because one of
its articles of belief denounces the sac-
rifice of the mass as " a blasphemous fa-
ble and a dangerous deceit." An appeal
against the decree is proposed.
1892 Jan. 26. Austria seeks to recon-
cile the Vatican and the Quirinal.
Mar. 10. Hung. The primate, arch-
bishops, and bishops of the Roman
Catholic Church memorialize Francis
Joseph against civil marriage meas-
ures as being hostile to that Church.
Apr. 10. Vienna. An attempt is made
to assassinate the Primate of Hun-
gary.
May 28. Aust. The Vatican and Quiri-
nal come to an agreement concerning
the appointment of the Patriarch of
Venice, they jointly agreeing upon
Santo, Bishop of Treviso.
June 8. Galicia. Archbishop Sembra-
towics is assaulted by 40 Polish stu-
dents in Lemberg because he visited
Pope Leo, his doing so being considered
as an act of treason to the Greek Catho-
lic Church.
LETTERS.
1891 Jan. 13. Galicia. By agreement
with the Austrian Government, Baron
Hirsch plans to subsidize schools for
Jewesses, and will invest £500,000 in
the enterprise.
SOCIETY.
1890 May 24. Bohemia. Tramway
drivers are out on a strike at Prague ;
the lines are at a standstill.
May 27. Bohemia. The tram-car em-
ployees at Prague are fined by munici-
pal authorities $5,000 for the cessation
of traffic caused by the strike.
July 31. Aust. The Archduchess
Maria Valeria is married to the Arch-
duke Francis Salvador at Ischl.
Sept. 4. Vienna. The International
Agricultural Congress is opened.
Oct. 1. Vienna. The Emperor of
Germany arrives.
Oct. 19. Vienna. The tramway em-
ployees strike.
Nov. 17. Transylvania. Six persons
are killed and 16 injured in a church
fight.
Nov. 21. Aust. Two cashiers of a War-
saw bank are murdered on the Vienna
mail-train, and robbed of 55,000 roubles.
Dec. 1. Vienna. The Sanitary Coun-
cil decides to prohibit unauthorized
inoculations.
1891 Jan. 18. Vienna. Sadullah Pa-
sha, Turkish Ambassador to Austria,
dies from self-inflicted injuries.
Feb. 3. Vienna. Ten thousand shoe-
makers go out on strike.
Mar. 6±. Bohemia. The leaders of the
Old Czechs declare their purpose to
retire from public life.
Mar. 7. Galicia. In an anti-Semitic
riot one Jew is killed and a number of
Jewish shops are destroyed.
Mar. 10. Hung. The Chamber of Mag-
nates passes the Sunday-Rest Bill,
which defines Sunday as extending from
the close of Saturday to 6 a.m. Monday.
Mar. 27. Tyrol. At Keufstein a promi-
nent merchant is by mistake murdered
by a Mafia assassin.
May 20. Hung. Ex-Queen Natalie is
warmly received on her way to Bucha-
rest.
June 22. Hung. A fierce riot breaks
out at Balonya, in which four men are
killed and seven wounded.
July 27. Galicia. "Wholesale customs
frauds are discovered in the Duchy of
Bukowina.
Aug. 12. Aust. Several Servians are
decorated by Emperor Francis Joseph.
Sept. 6. Aust. The emperor decorates
a number of the German emperor's
attendants.
Sept. 27. Bohemia. The Emperor Fran-
cis Joseph is splendidly received at
Prague.
Oct. 1. Bohemia. Thirteen bombs are
exploded under a bridge near Prague,
a few hours before the arrival of a train
bearing the emperor.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1890, May*- 1892, Aug.* 535
Oct. 5. Carniola. An attempt is made to
blowup the episcopal palace at Triest.
Nov. 5. Galicia. Poles in Galicia form
a secret organization to keep alive the
remembrances of the Polish struggle
of former years.
1892 Feb. 7. Vienna. Extensive re-
lief is given to sufferers from the pre-
vailing famine.
Mar. 1. Vienna. The starving poor
fight at a distribution of bread.
Mar. 12. Vienna is shocked by a num-
ber of mysterious murders committed
in " Jack-the-Ripper " fashion.
Mar. 13. Vienna. A collision occurs
between the police and working men.
Mar. 28. Bohemia. The Czechs of
Prague attempt to celebrate the birth-
day of Comenius, notwithstanding the
Government's prohibition. The police
several times disperse the crowds,
after hard fighting, in which many are
wounded with clubs and swords.
Apr. 11. Vienna. Incendiary fires are
still of frequent and alarming occur-
rence.
May 8. Hung. A notary's house in Ve-
reez is wrecked by a dynamite ex-
plosion.
May 12. Hung. Anarchists make an
attempt to blow up a crowded street-
car in Budapest.
June 5. Bohemia. Twenty-seven volun-
teer rescuers lose their lives at the
burning Birkenberg silver-mine.
June 6. Hung. Hungarians welcome
Francis Joseph on the anniversary of
his coronation as King of Hungary in
Budapest.
June 13. Bohemia. A miner confesses
that he purposely fired the Birkenberg
silver-mine.
July 19. Hung. Riotous reapers at
Bebar are fired upon by gendarmes ;
twelve are killed and many wounded.
STATE.
1890 May 3Q. Hung. The lower House
of the Reichstag rejects the bill restor-
ing citizenship to Louis Kossuth.
July 24. Vienna. Austria and Bulgaria
agree to silence concerning negotiations
between them for a commercial treaty.
Aug. ± * Vienna. The Government
consents to the independence of Bul-
garia on Aug. 15.
Aug. 7. Vienna. The Government
grants 500,000 florins ($1,000,000) for
repairing the damage done by floods and
assisting the sufferers.
Aug. 28. Hung. Herr Abranyi resigns
his seat in the Reichstag, as a result of his
publishing an interview with Bismarck.
Oct. 2. Aust. Anti-Semitic members
are elected to the lower House.
Oct. 30. Hung. The Anti-Semitic
Party in the Reichstag is dissolved,
after existing for ten years.
Dec. 2. Vienna. Count Kalnoky opens
the conference between Austro-Hun-
garian and German delegates, called for
the purpose of negotiating a commercial
treaty.
Dec. 4. Vienna. The Reichsrath as-
sembles ; the Budget for 1891 places the
expenditure at 564,473,940 florins.
Dec. 13. Vienna. The Democratic
Association, having for one of its ob-
jects an agitation in favor of universal
suffrage, is broken up by the police.
1891 Jan. 25. Vienna. The Reichs-
rath is dissolved by an unexpected
decree.
Jan. 27. Vienna. Austria resumes dip-
lomatic relations with Brazil, the em-
pire having given way to a republic under
Deodora da Fonseca, president.
Feb. 4. Vienna. The finance minis-
ter resigns.
Mar. 5. Vienna. The returns of the
elections show that in the urban dis-
tricts of Bohemia twelve German Liber-
als, eleven Young Czechs, and three
German Nationalists are elected to the
lower House of the Reichsrath.
Mar. 10. Hung. The Chamber of Mag-
nates at Budapest passes a Sunday-
Rest Bill. (See Society.)
Apr. 11. Vienna. The Reichsrath is
opened by the Emperor Francis
Joseph with a speech strongly favoring
peace.
June 12. Vienna. The estimates of the
Budget Committee of the Reichsrath
show a surplus of 3,915,987 florins.
June 17. Vienna. The Emperor Fran-
cis Joseph gives special audience to
Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria.
June 20. A great Central European
Customs League has been formed by
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and
Switzerland.
June 30. The triple alliance of Ger-
many, Austria, and Italy is renewed for
six years.
Aug. 29. Vienna. The Government is
watching the massing of Russian
troops along her frontier, and in conse-
quence adds 18,000,000 florins to her war
budget.
Sept. 7. Austria, as a reply to the Turco-
Russian Convention, wiUannex Bosnia
to her dominions.
Dec. 1. Vienna. Austria decides to
participate in the "World's Fair at
Chicago.
Dec. 4. Vienna. The removal of the
prohibition on American pork is
formally announced.
Dec. 10. Hung. The Reichstag is pre-
paring to celebrate the one thousandth
anniversary of the establishment of the
Kingdom of Hungary by a National Ex-
hibition in 1895.
Dec. 16. Vienna. Herr Gregr, the
leader of the Young Czechs in the
Reichsrath, demands the complete na-
tional emancipation of Bohemia.
1892 Jan. 4. Hung. The Emperor
Francis Joseph dissolves the Diet.
Jan. 30. Hung. Returns from the elec-
tions show gains by the Opposition or
Liberals.
Feb. 23. Vienna. It is announced that
reciprocity negotiations are to be
opened with the United States.
Apr. 28. Vienna. A motion is made
in the lower House of the Reichsrath to
impeach the Minister of Justice.
July 10. Tyrol. The Provincial Diet of
Southern Tyrol unanimously resolves
to request the government to make
Triest a free port.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 May* Vienna. The emperor
opens an International Agricultural
Exhibition.
June 24. Hung. A second strategic
railroad is commenced from Haven to
Miskoleg.
July 17. Hung. A fire at Rosenau de-
stroys the parish church, the synagogue,
and twenty houses.
Aug. 1. Galicia. A mine explosion
suffocates 80 miners.
Aug. 4. Hung. One hundred and eighty
houses and large stores of corn are
burned in Puespolk Hatval.
Aug. 8. Hung. Fire almost destroys
the town of Moor ; 10 lives are lost.
Aug. 25. Hung. Tokay, the center of
Tokay-wine trade, is destroyed by fire.
Oct. * Vienna. The press bitterly at-
tacks the McKinley Bill of the C S.
Congress, calling it " a measure of vio-
lence worthy of a nation accustomed to
the use of the revolver."
Nov. 17. Aust. A ship capsizes off the
Dalmatian coast, and 38 persons and a
number of animals are lost.
1891 May 20. Vienna. The Interna-
tional Postal Congress opens.
July 1. Aust. Triest by law ceases to
be a free port.
Sept. 3. Hung. The town hall at Som-
erein is blown up by gasoline, injur-
ing three persons.
Nov. 14. Vienna. A panic occurs on
the Bourse, caused by a reported utter-
ance of the emperor, to the effect that
the European situation was critical.
Dec. 21. Vienna. The extension of
Vienna's boundaries is celebrated by
the people.
1892 Jan. 2. Hung. Many persons are
reported to have died of starvation.
May 11. Galicia. A raft upsets near
Brody, and 60 persons are drowned.
May 27. Vienna. The Chamber of Com-
merce votes 10,000 florins towards defray-
ing the expenses of the exhibit at the
"World's Fair to be opened at Chicago,
U. S. A.
June 1. Bohemia. A fatal fire is ra-
ging in a silver-mine at Birkenburg ; 400
miners are missing. [June 2. Over 100
bodies are taken out, no person escaping
alive.]
Aug. 25. Aust. Two dynamite ex-
plosions occur at Triest causing only
slight damage.
536 1892, Sept. 14-1894, May 8. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Mar. 31. Aust. The Sylander
cuirass is adopted ; it is made of bullet-
proof cloth one-third of an inch thick.
Apr. 2+. Aust. The War Office is plan-
ning to increase the peace effective of
the army.
Sept. 18. Aust. The Emperor "Wil-
liam of Germany leads a charge at
the maneuvers.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 Sept. 26. Vienna. The two hun-
dredth anniversary of the founding of
the Academy of Art is celebrated.
1893 Jan. 4. Aust. A disastrous
gale at Triest, Carniola, wrecks vessels
and destroys life.
May 8. Aust. The long drought is
broken.
May 21. Hung. The Honved monu-
ment at Budapest is unveiled ; the Em-
peror Joseph is present.
Aug. 9. Aust. Earthquakes and a
cloudburst in Styria and North Styria
cause loss of life and destruction of
property.
Sept. 28. Tyrol. The Emperor Francis
Joseph unveils at Innsbruck the statue
of Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolese pa-
triot, shot by the French, Feb. 20, 1810.
Dec. 29. Galicia. Snow is six feet
deep.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892 Nov. 2. Iranyi, D., Hungarian leader,
A70.
1894 Mar. 20. Kossuth, Louis, Hunga-
rian patriot, dies at Turin, A92.
CHURCH.
1893 Nov. 6. The Catholic clergy bit-
terly oppose the bill making the civil
service compulsory in all cases of
marriage. (See State, Oct. 5.)
* * Hung. L. Schlauch, Bishop of Gross-
Wardein, is consecrated cardinal priest.
* * Hung. Claudius Veszary, Primate of
Hungary, is consecrated cardinal priest.
LETTERS.
1893 Sept. 14. Bohemia. The author-
ities issue an Imperial decree establish-
ing a press censorship over the Czech
papers published in Prague.
SOCIETY.
1892 Sept. 14. Carniola. Miss Jane
Armstrong of New York kills herself
in Triest after losing her fortune at
Monte Carlo.
Sept. 18. Hung. Kossuth's ninetieth
birthday is celebrated at Budapest.
Sept. 21. Louis Kossuth forbids his
sons visiting Hungary so long as that
country recognizes the Emperor of Aus-
tria as king ; the sons are invited to
represent their father at the unveiling
of a memorial in the church at Tallva.
Oct. 31. Hung. Count Julius Szapary,
the Minister-President, is shot at as he
sits in the dining-car of a train near
Budapest.
Nov. 6. Hung. The emperor refuses
the permission asked by the Hungarian
Premier, to introduce the compulsory
Civil Marriage Bill.
Nov. 10. Aust. Victor Raindle, the
legal adviser to the Imperial family,
confesses to embezzling trust funds ;
deficit, 370,000± florins.
Dec. 26±. Hung. During the Trefort
Ministry at Budapest an embezzle-
ment of 4,000,000 florins occurred in
the Department of Education and Pub-
lic Instruction. (Announced.)
1893 Jan. 24. Vienna. DukeAlbrecht
of Wurtemberg and Archduchess
Margaret Sophie are married.
Mar. 2. Hung. Three rioters are killed
in Szobozlo, the riot growing out of
the imposition of new market tolls.
Apr. 10. Vienna. An attempt is made
to assassinate the Primate of Hun-
gary.
May 11. Aust. Hebrew officers at Trop^
pau, Silesia, defend themselves against
anti-Semites, 12 of the latter being
wounded.
May 17. Bohemia. A fight between
Czechs and Germans occurs in the
Diet.
June 2. Bohemia. Disorder is preva-
lent.
Hung. A dynamite bomb is ex-
ploded in a railway car at Mohacs,
killing one person and badly injuring
two others ; strikers suspected.
June 17. Aust. Working men are agi-
tating for universal suffrage.
June 18. Vienna. Working men and
police are in collision ; a commissary of
police is killed, five policemen are seri-
ously injured, and 26 working men
wounded.
July 8. Aust. Over 50 students are
arrested in Gratz for raising a disturb-
ance in the streets.
July 9. Vienna. Socialists make a
demonstration in favor of universal
suffrage. [Aug. 20. Another demon-
stration.]
Aug. 18. Croatia. Several men are ar-
rested in Biskupitz for making a trade
of crippling children for begging pur-
poses ; five mutilated children found,
and instruments used seized.
Sept. 12. Bohemia. The Young Czechs
in Prague continue the anti-German
agitation ; a number of arrests are
made.
Sept. 24. Aust. At Bruenn 88 alleged
Anarchists are arrested.
Sept. 25. Aust. A formidable Anar-
chist plot is discovered by the police,
and many arrests are made.
Nov. 3. Vienna. Socialists storm a
meeting of German Liberals, and, after
a sharp fight, are repulsed by the police.
Dec. 9. Ger. The absconding Vienna
banker, Le June, is arrested in Berlin.
Dec. 15. Bavaria. The emperor visits
Munich in order to be present at the
wedding of a member of the reigning
family of Bavaria.
1894 Feb. 25. Aust. Cashier Ferles,
who embezzled 102,000 florins from
the Department of Public Debt at Vi-
enna, commits suicide.
Mar. 4. Hung. More than 300,000 per-
sons join in a demonstration in Buda-
pest in favor of the Civil Marriage
Bill.
Mar. 21. Hungary is in mourning for
Louis Kossuth.
Mar. 22. Hung. Students in Budapest
compel several places of amusement to
close, as a mark of respect for Kossuth.
± "Working men in Lower Austria,
Moravia, and Bohemia are holding
meetings in favor of universal suffrage.
Mar. 23. Hung. Mobs of students
and citizens are dispersed by troops in
Budapest ; many students are wounded.
Mar. 24. Hung. In the riots at Bu-
dapest over 40 soldiers suffer from
injuries received from stones, clubs, and
other weapons.
Mar. 28. Vienna. The Socialist As-
sembly passes a resolution insisting
upon universal suffrage, and advocates
a general strike as a means of obtain-
ing it, if necessary.
Mar. 30. Aust. The Government for-
bids the officers of the reserve and Hun-
garian officials to act in any capacity at
Kossuth's funeral.
The remains of Kossuth arrive on
Hungarian soil early in the morning ;
and at Budapest, later in the day, 300,000
persons line the streets through which
the funeral procession moves from the
railroad station to the Museum.
Apr. 8±. Vienna. Twenty-five mass-
meetings are held by the working men
in favor of obtaining a Universal Suf-
frage BUI from the Government.
Apr. 28. Bohemia. Prince Charles of
Bourbon (pretender to the Spanish
throne) is married to Princess Maria
Bertha De Rohan in the cathedral at
Prague, Cardinal von Schonborn, Arch-
bishop of Prague, officiating.
Apr. 30. Vienna. A three hours' fight
between strikers and police takes place.
STATE.
1892 Oct. 11. Vienna. The German
and Austrian emperors hold a frater-
nal conference.
Oct. 26. Hung. A Cabinet crisis is
averted.
Nov. 5. Vienna. The Reichsrath con-
siders a plan to join the Oder and Dan-
ube Rivers by a canal to make water
connections with the Baltic and Black
Seas.
Nov. 6. Hung. The Emperor Francis
Joseph refuses the request of the Pre-
mier for permission to introduce the
Compulsory Civil Marriage Bill.
[Nov. 9. Count Szapary resigns in conse-
quence. Nov. 16. A new ministry is
formed by Dr. Wekerle.]
1893 Mar. 20. Vienna. The Czech or
native Bohemian party introduces a bill
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1892, Sept. 14-1894, May 8. 537
in the lower House of the Reichsrath
for the virtual establishment of uni-
versal suffrage.
Apr. 6. Hung. Count Apponyi, in the
Diet, criticises the emperor for not
visiting Budapest in five months.
Apr. 12. Vienna. A sensation is caused
in European capitals by the reception
of M. Stambuloff by the emperor.
Apr. 21. Vienna. Count Kalnoky, the
Premier, gives notice to Col. F. Grant,
Minister of the United States, that an
exequatur would not be granted to Max
Judd as American Consul General at
"Vienna.
May 17. Bohemia. The Czechs and
Germans have a collision in the Land-
tag.
May 25. Hung. The Young Czechs
are to be excluded from all Imperial
Delegations' committees at Prague.
May 27. Vienna. The emperor gives
audience to Hungarian and Austrian
delegations, and says that the Govern-
ment is bound, in the interest of the
defense of the Empire, to develop the
military organization by a progressive
and uniform process.
Sept. 12. Bohemia. The Anti-Ger-
man agitation of the Young Czechs
continues in Prague ; thirty-eight Young
Czechs are arrested.
Sept. 13. Bohemia. The Government
suspends some of the rights of the citi-
zens of Prague in order to put a stop to
the Young Czech agitation.
Sept. 14. Hung. The session of the
Austro-Hungarian Delegations
opens at Budapest, and the budget is
presented.
Sept. 17. Hung. In the Austro-Hunga-
rian Delegations the Young Czechs
protest against the foreign policy of
Count Kalnoky, which imposes a griev-
ous burden upon the people through the
triple alliance.
Sept. 26. The Emperor William and
the Emperor Francis Joseph meet at
Hetzendorf.
Oct. 3. Hung. A bill granting liberty
of worship to all sects is debated in
the upper House ; the Catholic prelates
are in opposition.
Oct. 5. Hung. The upper House of the
Reichstag passes the bill granting lib-
erty of worship to all religious be-
liefs.
Oct. 10. Hung. The Government is
sustained by the rejection of " no confi-
dence" in the lower House of the
Reichstag.
Vienna. The Reichsrath is opened,
and the Prime Minister introduces a bill
extending the right of suffrage.
Oct. 18. Vienna. Herr H. Von Henger-
var is named as the Ambassador to
Washington, U. S. A.
Oct. 19. Vienna. A Cabinet crisis is
averted by Count Taaff e's offer to aban-
don the Franchise Bill.
Oct. 23. The Austrian and Hungarian
Governments concur respecting the
terms of an Austro- Russian Trade
Treaty.
Vienna. The Suffrage Bill is dis-
cussed in the lower House of the Reichs-
rath.
Oct. 29. Vienna. The emperor has de-
cided to dissolve the Reichsrath.
Oct. 30. Vienna. The Cabinet re-
signs; the leaders of the Opposition
submit a coalition program to the
emperor.
Nov. 3. Vienna. The Emperor Francis
Joseph requests Prince Windisch-
graetz to form a Ministry.
Nov. 5. Vienna. Prince Windisch-
graetz forms a new Ministry.
Nov. 6. Vienna. The emperor gives his
assent to the introduction of a bill mak-
ing the civil service compulsory in
all cases of marriage ; the Catholic
clergy are bitterly opposed to the bill.
Nov. 14. Vienna. The Prime Minister
announces a new Franchise Bill to be
presented at the opening of the Reichs-
rath, Nov. 23, though not based upon
universal suffrage.
Nov. 23. Vienna. A Young Czech test
motion for urgency is defeated in the
Reichsrath by a vote of 171 to 87, after
the Premier had stated the new Cabinet's
policy.
Dec. 2. Vienna. The Government sub-
mits the Civil Marriage Bill to the
Diet.
Dec. 9. Vienna. The upper House of
the Reichsrath adopts the Convention
with Great Britain for the protection
of literary copyright.
Dec. 10. Vienna. The Hungarian laws
dealing with disputesbetween Church
and State have received the royal sanc-
tion.
Dec. 11. Vienna. Francis Joseph has
received ten thousand telegrams from
different parts of Hungary, conveying to
him homage and congratulations for his
action in sanctioning the ecclesiastical
bills.
1894 Jan. 15. Bohemia. The trial of
77 members of the Omladina Society,
on the charge' of high treason, is begun
at Prague.
Feb. 6. Hung. A bill making civil
marriage compulsory is passed by the
House of Representatives. Vote, 281-106.
Mar. 28. Hung. The Emperor Francis
Joseph commends the concessions
made by the Ministry to the Hungarian
popular sentiment respecting the fu-
neral of Louis Kossuth.
Apr. 10. Hung. Francis Kossuth, who
has become a subject of the King of
Hungary, proposes to carry on his
father's work by taking an active part
in politics. [Nov. 26. He takes the oath
of allegiance to the king.]
Apr. 11. Vienna. The Premier speaks
in the lower House of the Reichsrath in
defense of the Cabinet's Electoral Re-
form Bill.
Apr. 26. Austria and Hungary are to
share the benefits of the Russo-German
commercial treaty.
May 8. Hung. The trial of 23 mem-
bers of the Executive Committee of
the Roumanian National Party be-
gins at Klausenburg ; it issued a docu-
ment denouncing the union of Austria
and Hungary ; it also declared that the
union of Transylvania with Hungary
unjustly deprives the former of its
autonomy.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Sept. 19. Galicia. Cholera is
spreading.
Sept. 21. Hung. Fire does great dam-
age in the town of Paks ; hundreds of
people are homeless, and 400 buildings
are destroyed.
Oct. 1. Berlin. The Austro-German
military ride from Berlin to Vienna
and return is commenced. [Oct. 4. Com-
pleted, 10 per cent of the horses having
been killed by overwork in the ride.
The best records are made by 12 Aus-
trian officers.]
Oct. 4. Hung. Cholera is spreading in
Budapest.
Oct. 8. Hung. Fifty-three cases and 19
deaths are reported from cholera in
Budapest. [Oct. 21. Eighteen new cases
and eight deaths are reported. Nov. 18.
Eleven new cases.]
1893 Jan. 24. Bohemia. Eighty
miners are killed and many injured by
an explosion of fire-damp at Dux.
Jan. 27. Hung. An explosion fol-
lowed by fire occurs in a coal-mine ; 19
bodies are recovered, and 130 men still
in the burning mine.
Feb. 11. The empress contributes
$40,000 to a new reading-room in
the Vatican.
Mar. 29. Aust. Many deaths from
cholera are reported.
June 3. Galicia. Eighteen people are
drowned by floods.
Aug. 14. Great destruction of life
and property is caused by floods.
1894 Jan. 14. Hung. Thousands of
peasants are on the verge of starva-
tion.
Mar. 22. Hung. Kossuth's remains
are to be buried at Budapest, where the
students compel several places of amuse-
ment to close until the interment.
Mar. 25. Hung. Kossuth's library is to
be placed in the National Library at
Budapest.
M!ar. 31. Hung. The bodies of Kos-
suth's wife and daughter, taken from
the English cemetery at Genoa, are in-
terred together after simple but impres-
sive services at Budapest ; his remains
are lying in state, and viewed by a con-
tinuous stream of people in the National
Museum.
Apr. 20. Vienna. An International
Exhibition is opened by Emperor Fran-
cis Joseph.
Apr. 27. Aust. Seven cave-explorers
are imprisoned by floods at Luglock,
Gratz. [May 7. They are rescued ; all
are alive, but one woman is insane.]
538 1894, May 9-Dec. 21. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ART — LETTERS — NATURE.
1894 June 7. Vienna. A fierce hail-
storm occurs.
Oct. 12+. Vienna. Jubilee of the mu-
sician, Johann Strauss, is celebrated.
CHURCH.
1894 May 11. Hung. Pope Leo
thanks Cardinal Veszary for his
efforts in defeating the Civil Marriage
Bill at Budapest, and gives his blessing
to all who aided him.
Aug. 1. Hung. Pope Leo sanctions a
form of prayer appealing to the Virgin
and the patron Saint Stephen to save
Hungary from the enemies of the
Church.
The prayer is to be repeated daily in
the Hungarian churches by everybody
attending them, and the Pope therewith
grants 300 days' indulgence.
Sept. 28. Hung. Pope Leo in a letter
to the Hungarian bishops instructs them
to work for a modification of the laws
relative to children of mixed mar-
riages. (See State, Oct. 29.)
SOCIETY.
1894 May 9. Aust. Nine striking
miners are killed and 20 wounded in a
battle with the police.
May 30. Vienna. Prince Augustus of
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and the Arch-
duchess Caroline Immaculata of
the Tuscan branch of the Hapsburg-
Lorraine are married.
July 9. Bohemia. One person is killed
and several are severely injured by a
bomb explosion in Pilsen ; other bombs
are found and fuses extinguished in time
to prevent explosions.
July 29. Aust. The Archduke Wil-
liam is thrown from his horse, receiving
injuries from which he dies in a few
hours.
Sept. 2. Hung. The International Hy-
gienic Congress opens in Budapest.
Sept. 26. Vienna. Seventy Socialists,
including many party leaders, are ar-
rested.
Sept. 30. Vienna. A demonstration in
behalf of universal suffrage is held ;
15,000 persons march in the parade.
Oct. 12. Vienna. The Johann Strauss
Jubilee begins.
Oct. 13. Tyrol. A ' ' Jack-the-Bip-
per " is arrested on the charge of killing
and mutilating two women near Amras.
Oct. 14. Vienna. The Strauss Jubi-
lee is celebrated ; he is in receipt of
numerous gifts and messages.
Dec. 7±. Hung. Francis Kossuth at-
tends a banquet given in Budapest by
independent members of the Hungarian
Diet, and promises to advance all his
father's ideas except those regarding
the dynasty.
Dec. 8. Vienna. It is announced that
the bodies of Stanislas Helicius, a leader
of the Young Czechs, and his wife
were found on their doorstep near
Prague.
Dec. 13. Hung. Ten thousand persons
march in procession through the streets
of Budapest, in order to celebrate the
passage and royal sanction of the Re-
ligious Freedom Bills. Of this number
5,000 carry torches.
STATE.
1894 May 9. Hung. Great excitement
prevails in Budapest over the debate on
the Civil Marriage Bill in the House
of Magnates ; the members of the body
favoring the measure are threatened by
postal card that if the bill is adopted
the Chamber wiU be blown up. The
bill is rejected. Vote, 139-118.
May 10. Vienna. The government's
policy in the recent strike is sustained
in the lower House. Vote, 182-83.
May 21. Hung. The House of Repre-
sentatives again passes the Civil Mar-
riage Bill. Vote, 271-105.
May 25. Hung. The lower House at
Budapest passes by a large majority a
bill transferring the registration of
marriages, births, and deaths from
the clergy to state officials, supple-
mentary to the Civil Marriage Bill.
May 28. Hung. The Council of Minis-
ters demands that the emperor create
enough new members to insure the pas-
sage of the Civil Marriage Bill in the
House of Magnates.
May 31. Hung. The Ministry under
Dr. Wekerle resigns, because the king
refuses to insure the passage of the
Civil Marriage Bill by creating Liberal
Magnates.
June 1. Hung. The emperor instructs
Count Khuen Hedervary, the Ban of
Croatia, to form a new Hungarian Min-
istry.
June 3. Hung. All the men asked to
join the new Hungarian Cabinet refuse
to serve. The Liberals unanimously
ask Dr. Wekerle to retain the Liberal
leadership.
June 4. Hung. The emperor has sum-
moned Dr. "Wekerle to an audience at
Budapest.
June 5. Hung. The emperor has an-
other conference with Dr. "Wekerle.
June 6. Hung. Dr. "Wekerle forms
a new Hungarian Cabinet.
June 10. Hung. The emperor yields to
the demand that D. von Szilagyi be ap-
pointed a member of the Wekerle Cabi-
net as Minister of Justice.
June 12. Hung. The emperor recog-
nizes the Hungarian Civil Marriage
law as a political necessity.
June 21. Hung. The House of Mag-
nates at last passes the Civil Marriage
Bill. Vote, 128-124. [June 30. Parlia-
ment adjourns.]
The object of the bill is to establish
a uniform marriage contract and guar-
antee its equal binding force. It pro-
vides that the civil contract must pre-
cede any religious ceremony.
July 6. A commercial treaty between
Russia and Austria-Hungary is ratified.
Oct. 29. Hung. Three bills granting
freedom of religious worship and
recognizing the Jewish religion are
passed by Parliament. [Dec. 10. Ap-
proved by the king.]
Dec. 21. Hung. Dr. Wekerle resigns.
[1895. Jan. 16. A new ministry is
formed by Baron Banffy.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 June 15. Aust. Two hundred
miners are killed by explosions in
coal-mines at Karwin.
July 9. Bohemia. Several dynamite
bombs are found in Pilsen; one explodes
and injures several persons.
Aug. 28. Bohemia. The town of Plass,
including the castle of the Metternich
princes, is devastated by fire.
Sept. 2. Hung. The International Hy-
gienic Congress is opened in Budapest.
Sept. 15. Gaticia. Cholera is spreading.
BALUCHISTAN.
Baluchistan is a territory of southwestern Asia, having Khelat for its capital. Area estimated at 130,000 square miles ;
population, 500,000+. The Khan is under the influence of the British, who maintain a garrison at Quetta, and pay a subsidy.
The southeastern part of Afghanistan is called British Baluchistan.
ARMY — NAVY.
1778 * * Nusseer Khan, the usurper,
routs the Afghan army sent by Ahmed
Shah to subdue him.
* * The Afghans defeat Nusseer Khan
in a pitched battle.
* * Nusseer Khan is besieged in Khelat,
but finally obtains a treaty of«peace from
the Afghans.
1839 * * A detachment from the British
army in Afghanistan storms and cap-
tures Khelat, the capital, to punish the
treachery of Muhammad Khan.
About 400 Baluches are killed, includ-
ing Merhab Khan, and 2,000 prisoners
are taken.
1840 July * The British garrison at
Khelat is overpowered by the natives.
Nov. * The British retake Khelat and
hold it [for a short time].
1875 * * The military power of the
Khan is less than 40,000 men, if all should
respond to his summons.
1880 July* The Khan proffers military
aid to Gen. Boberts, after the latter's
defeat by the Afghans.
STATE.
1739 * * Nusseer Khan becomes Beg-
ler-bey after assassinating his tyranni-
cal brother, Hajee Muhammad Khan.
BALUCHISTAN.
1739,** -1893, Aug.* 539
1778 * * Nusseer Kbaa declares his do-
minions independent of Afghanistan,
and war with the Afghans follows.
1795 * * Nusseer Khan dies in extreme
old age.
June * Muhammad Khan, the oldest
of three sons, succeeds his father.
His weak and tyrannical reign reduces
his dominions by the revolt of many
provinces.
* * A rebellion by Beheram Khan is
quelled.
1839* *Mehrab Khan annoys the
British.
* * The British establish a governor at
Khelat, the capital.
1840 * * The British governor and gar-
rison are overpowered by the natives.
1841 * * Nusseer Khan, son of Mehrab
Khan, is enthroned by the British, who
evacuate the country after securing a
satisfactory treaty.
1854 * * Meer Nusseer Khan rules the
Khelat State.
May 14. Meer Nusseer Khan concludes
a treaty with Great Britain, by which
his government is to be subsidized ; the
terms of the treaty are arranged by Gen.
John Jacob.
1856 * * Meer Nusseer Khan dies.
* * Meer Khodadad, 12 years of age,
succeeds his brother as khan.
1857 * * The British send a political
agent, Maj. Henry Green, to aid the
Khan in controlling his people during
the revolt in India. [Maj. Malcolm
Green follows him.]
1863 * * Khodadad Khan is attacked
and severely wounded by his cousin,
Shere dil Khan, while riding ; he then
flees to British territory.
* * Shere dil Khan is elected and pro-
claimed ruler.
1864 * * Shere dil Khan is murdered
in the Gundava Pass.
* * Khodadad Khan is restored by his
revolting subjects.
A condition of irrepressible anarchy
prevails ; the rulers of several provinces
revolt.
1873* *The British withhold the
stipulated subsidy, as the conditions
have not been observed.
1874* *The British suspend diplo-
matic relations with the Khelat State.
1875 * * Maj. Robert Sandeman ne-
gotiates a new treaty.
* * The annual revenue of the Khelat
State is about 300,000 rupees, equal to
$150,000.
1877* *A British force occupies
Quetta, which soon becomes a peaceful
and prosperous station.
1887 * * The announcement is made that
Quetta, with the districts of Pishin Thai
Chotiali, and Sibi, are to become Brit-
ish territory.
1893 Aug.* Mir Muhammad suc-
ceeds to the office of khan.
MISCELLANEOUS.
* * * The Church Missionary Society
establishes a mission station at
Quetta.
1889 * * The mission station at Quetta
reports one missionary and his wife, 18
persons baptized, and 11 communicants.
* * * Three of the four Gospels have
been translated into Baluchi.
* * * A railroad connects Quetta with
the Punjab in India.
* * *The population is estimated at
500,000.
* * * The religion of the Baluchi is Mo-
hammedanism.
BELGIUM.
Belgium is a state of Western Europe, having Brussels for its capital. Its area is 18,600 square miles ; population in 1895,
6,410,783. It is divided into the provinces of Antwerp, Brabant, East Flanders, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxemburg, Namur,
and West Flanders. The government is a constitutional monarchy administered by an hereditary monarch. The people are
chiefly Roman Catholics, and speak the French and Flemish languages.
Note. — The following abbreviations are here used to locate the events described : Ant., Antwerp; Bra., Brabant; E. F., East Flanders;
H., Hainaut; Lim., Limburg; Lux., Luxemburg; L., Liege; N., Namur; W. F., West Flanders; Brussels, the capital, is also used as a locality
word.
ARMY — NAVY.
51 * * B.C. Flanders is conquered by
Julius Caesar.
1382 Nov. 27. A. D. At Rosebecque
Charles VI. of France defeats the
Flemings, who had revolted against
their count.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
930 * * Hucbald of Flanders invents a
system of scales wherein the semitone
is always between the second and third
of a tetrachord.
1014 Sept. 28. Nearly the whole of
Flanders is submerged in a storm.
1108 * * W. F. Ostend is inundated
and entirely covered by the sea.
1320 * * Very delicate lace is made in
Flanders.
1340 * * The iron manufacture is well
established ; coal is alleged to have been
used at Marche-les-dames.
1350 * * Ant. The Gothic cathedral of
Notre Dame at Antwerp is founded.
1402 * * Oil is first used in painting
by Jan Van Eyck.
1415 * * W.F. Jan and Hubert Van Eyck
of Bruges, two brothers, become foun-
ders of the Flemish school of painting.
1432 * * E.F. Jan Van Eyck is exempt-
ed from taxes at Ghent on account of
his great merit as a painter.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1058 * * Bouillon, Godfrey, de. hero of
the First Crusade, born. [1100. Dies. A42.]
1318* * Goethals, Hendrik, Flem. theolo-
gian, born. [1293. Dies. A75.]
1285 * * Maerlant, Jakob van, Flem. poet,
born. [1309. Dies. A65.]
1340* * Artevelde, Philip van, revolutionary
leader, born. [1382. Dies. A 42.]
1366 * * Eyck, Hubert van, Flem. painter,
born. [1426. Dies. A60.]
1390 * * Bruges, John of. Flem. painter,
born. [1440. Dies. A50.]
Eyck, Jan van, Flem. painter, born. [1440,
July 9. Dies. A50.]
1403 * * Chastelain, Georges, Flem. chron-
icler, born. [1475. Dies. A72.]
1420 * * Goes, Hugo van der, Flem. painter,
born. [1480+. Dies. A60+.J
CHURCH.
1010* * Brussels. The Cathedral of
St. Gudule is begun.
1099 * * Lux. Godfrey of Bouillon, of
the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, founds
the order of Knights of the Holy
Sepulchre.
1206* *-20* * L. St. Francis estab-
lishes the Beguine order of Nuns at
Liege.
1273 * * Brussels. The Cathedral of
St. Gudule is completed.
SOCIETY.
1338 * * Ant. A magnificent tourna-
ment celebrates the birth in this city
of the Duke of Clarence, son of Edward
III. of England.
STATE.
51 * * b. c. Belgium becomes a part of
the Roman Empire by conquest under
Julius C«sar.
1st Century. The inhabitants are chiefly
Celtic tribes.
5th Century. The inhabitants are chiefly
Germans.
837 * * Antwerp falls into the hands of
the Northmen.
870 * * After the treaty of Mersen the
Netherlands provinces chiefly belong
to Germany, and form a dependence
of the duchy of Lotharingia.
1008 * * Antwerp is a marquisate of
the Holy Roman Empire.
1406 * * Ant. The marquisate of Ant-
werp returns to Brabant, after being
held by the Count of Flanders and the
House of Burgundy.
LETTERS.
1426 * * Bra. The University of Lou- 1448 *
vain is established ; it is controlled by
the authorities of the Catholic Church.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1570 * * Antwerp is very pros-
perous; 2,500 ships are seen in the
river at one time.
540 1450, * *-1678, Sept. 17.
BELGIUM.
ARMY — NAVY.
1451 * * E. F. Ghent rebels against
Philip of Burgundy.
1539 * * E. F. Ghent rebels against
the Emperor Charles V.
1564 * * 1648 * * War of Liberation
in the Netherlands.
1566 * * A great insurrection is pro-
voked in the Netherlands by an attempt
of Philip to establish the Inquisition.
1567 * * The Duke of Alva with 20,000
Spaniards arrives to suppress the re-
volt.
1568 * * Bra. William of Orange en-
ters Brabant with an army, but the
Duke of Alva declines a battle.
1572 * * William of Orange is elected
commander-in-chief of the rebel forces.
* * Brille on the mouth of the Meuse is
captured by the Water Beggars. Rapid
spread of the insurrection.
1574 Apr. 14. Spaniards win a vic-
tory at Mookerheide, where two
brothers of the Prince of Orange fall.
Oct. * William of Orange relieves Ley-
den.
1576 * * Antwerp is taken by the Span-
iards, and given up to three days of pil-
lage.
1583 * * Antwerp is besieged by the
Due d'Alencon, who is successfully re-
sisted.
1584 July 10. William of Orange is
murdered by Balthazar Gerard.
1585 Aug. 17. The Duke of Parma
makes a triumphal entry into Antwerp
after a successful siege.
1601 July * W. F. The Spaniards be-
siege Ostend.
1604 Sept.* W. F. Ostend capitu-
lates to the Spaniards.
1622 Aug. 30. H. The indecisive bat-
tle of Fleurus is fought between the
Catholic League under Gonzales de Cor-
dova and the Protestant Union.
1667 * * -68 * * War of Conquest on
account of the Spanish Netherlands.
Brabant, Flanders, etc., are claimed
by Louis XIV. on the death of his father-
in-law, Philip IV. of Spain.
* * Part of Flanders and Hainaut are
conquered by the French under Tu-
renne.
1672 * * -78 * * Second War of Con-
quest by France against Holland.
1678 Mar. 9. Ghent is taken by
Louis XIV. of France.
* * -79 * * Peace of Nimeguen, Hol-
land. France and the United Provinces
sign a treaty of peace.
ART — SCD2NCE — NATURE.
1450 * * Ant. The Church of St. James
is erected at Antwerp.
1468 * * A severe winter occurs in Flan-
ders ; the wine distributed is cut by
hatchets.
147 1 * * Hand guns are used by 300
Flemings who accompanied Edward IV.
of England when he landed at Raven-
spur.
1475 * * Diamond polishing is invented
by Ludwig von Berkem.
1518 * * Ant. The cathedral of Notre
Dame in Antwerp is completed.
1531 * * Ant. The Exchange, one of
the finest buildings of its kind in Europe,
is built at Antwerp.
1537 * * The dissection of the human
body is performed by Vesalius.
1544 * * A severe winter occurs in Flan-
ders ; the wine is frozen' solid.
1556 * * Mercator's Charts are pub-
lished, in which the world is treated as
a plane ; Gerard Mercator, or Kauff-
niiinn, is the alleged constructor.
1603 * * Democritus and Heraclitus is
painted by Rubens.
1608* * Ant. Bubens is called to
Antwerp by the death of his mother.
1609 * * Van Dyck is apprenticed to
Hendrik Van Balen.
* * Ant. Bubens is made court painter
by the Archduke Albert of Antwerp.
1611* * Ant. Bubens agrees to paint,
for the Guild of Harquebusiers, the
great altar piece [which since 1614 has
decorated their altar in the Antwerp
cathedral], containing the famous De-
scent from the Cross, the Visitation-, the
Presentation, the St. Christopher, and a
Hermit.
Bubens builds and decorates for
himself a beautiful house in Antwerp.
1615 * * Ant. Anthony Van Dyck
enters the studio of Rubens.
1619 * * Battle of the Amazons is painted
by Bubens.
1620 * * Rubens procures Van Dyck a
commission to paint an altar piece.
1622 * * Fr. Rubens is called to Paris
by Maria de Medici, to decorate the
Luxembourg palace with twenty-one
great pictures representing the events
in her life up to the period of her recon-
ciliation with her son, Louis XIII.
1624* *Van Helmont introduces the
term gas.
1629 * * Portrait of Charles I. of Eng-
land is painted by Bubens.
1638 * * Crucifixion of St. Peter is painted
by Bubens.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1450* * Despres, Josquin, Flem. musician,
born. [1530±. Dies. A80.]
1455* * Lefevre, Peter B., bishop, born.
[1537. Dies. A82.]
1460* * Matsys, Quentin, Flem. painter.
born. [1529. Dies. A69.]
1462 * * Badius, Jodocus or Josse, Flem.
poet, born. [1535. Dies. A73.J
1485*. * * Cleef or Cleve, Joost van, Flem.
painter, born. [1530+. Dies. A45.]
1495 * * Memling, Hans, Flem. painter, dies.
1497* * Coxcie, Michael, Flem. painter,
born. [1552. Dies. A55.]
1499± * * Mabuse, Jan or Gossaert, Flem.
painter, born. [1562. Dies. A63±.]
± Lombard, Lambert, Flem. architect, born.
[1568. Dies. A59±.]
1510* * Yples, Charles de, painter, born.
[1563. Dies. A53.]
± Cleef, Henry van, painter, born.
1518 * * Mercator, Gerard, Flem. geog., b.
1513* * Baius, Michael, Flem. cl., born.
[1589. Dies. A76.]
1520+ * * Flori8, Frans, Flem. painter, born.
Lasso, Orlando, composer, born.
1522 * * Busbecq, Augier Ghislen, Flem.
scholar, traveler, born.
Horn, Philip de Mont, Flem. statesman, bom.
[1568. Dies. A46.J
Egmont, I .amoral, Flem. count, born. [1568.
Dies. A46.J
1524 * * Bologna, Giovanni di, Flem. sculp-
tor, born.
1526 * * Colin, Alexander, sculptor, born.
1531 * * Brederode, Hendrik, Flem. count,
born. [1568. Dies. A 370
1533* * Vermeulen, Jan, Flem. theologian,
born. [1585. Dies. A52.]
1548 * * Ayala, Balthasar de, Flem. jurist, b.
Aldegonde, Philippe van Marnix, Seigneur
de Mont-saint, diplomatist, litterateur,
born. [1598. Dies. A50.]
Mander, Carel van, Flem. painter, born.
1550* * Steenwyk, Hendrik, Flem. painter,
born.
1555 * * Calvart, Dionisi, Flem. painter, b.
1556 * * Bril, Paulus, Flem. painter, born.
1557 * * Oort, Adam van, Flem. painter, b.
1530 * * Balen, Hendrik van, Flein. painter,
born.
Gruter or Gruytere, Jan, Flem. antiquary, b.
1569 * * Breughel, Jan, Flem. painter, born.
1570 * * Floris, Frans, Flem. painter, A50.
1577 June 27. Rubens, Peter Paul, Flem.
painter, born.
* * Helmont, Jean Baptiste van, Flem. phys.,b.
1578* * A lard, Francis, Flem. Protestant
theologian, dies.
1579 * * Snyders, Franz, Flem. painter, b.
1582 * * Crayer, Gaspard, Flem. painter, b.
Teniers, David, the elder, Flem. painter, b.
1584 * * Ayala, Balthasar de, Flem. jurist,
A36+.
1589 Cleef, Henry van, painter, A79+.
1592 * * Honthorst, Gerard, Flem. painter, b.
Busbecq, Augier Ghislen, Flemish scholar.
A70.
1594* * Duquesnoy, Francois, Flem. sculp-
tor, born.
Mercator, Gerard, Flemish geographer, A82.
Jordaens, Jakob, Flem. painter, born.
1597 * * Hock, Jan van, Flem. painter, born.
1599 * * Utrecht, Adriaan van, Flem. painter,
born.
Eykens, or Eyckens, Pieter, historical paint-
er, born. [1649. Dies. A50+.J
Miel, or Meel, Jan, Flem. painter, born.
Van Dyck. Sir Anthony. Flem. painter, b.
1600 * * Oost, Jacob van, Flem. painter, b.
1602 * * Champagne, Philippe de, Flem.
painter, born.
1604 * * Steenwyk, Hendrik, Flem. painter,
A54.
1606 * * Peters, Francis Lucas, painter, born.
Mander, Carel van, Flem. painter, A58.
Clouet, Peter, Flem. engraver, born.
1607 * * Queliyn, Erasmus, Flem. painter, b.
1608 * * Bologna, Giovanni di, Flem. sculp-
tor, A84.
1609 * * Armmius or Harmensen, Jakobus,
dies, A49.
1610* * Ostade, Adrian. van, Flem. painter,
born.
Teniers, David, the younger, Flem. painter, b.
1611 * * Hobbema, Mynderhout, Flem. paint-
er, born.
1612 * * Colin, Alexander, sculptor, A86.
1614 * * Wouters,' Francois, Flem. painter, b.
Peters, Bonaventure, Flem. painter, born.
Coques, Gonzales, Flem. painter, born.
1616* * Bourignon, Antoinette, Flem. fa-
natic, born.
1619 * * Calvart, Dionisi, Flem. painter, A64.
1625 * * Lingelbach, Jan, Flem. painter, b.
Berchem, Nicholas, Flem. engraver, A 65.
Fyt, or Feyt, Jan, Flem. painter, born.
1626 * * Bril, Paulus, painter, A70.
1627 * * Gruter, Jan, Flem. antiquary, A67.
1630* * Queliyn, Hans Erasmus, Flem.
painter, sculptor, born.
1632 * * Balen, Hendrik van, Flem. painter,
A72.
1634 * * Meulen, Antoon Frans van der,
Flem. painter, born.
1635 * * Peters, John, painter, born.
1640 May 30. Rubens, Peter Paul, Flem.
painter, A63.
Hennepin, Louis, Flem. monk missionary, b.
1641 * * Van Dyck, Sir Anthony, Flem.
painter, A42.
Oort, Adam van, Flem. painter, A84.
1642 * * Breughel, Jan, Flem. painter, A73.
1644* * Helmont, Jean Baptiste van, Flem.
physician, A67.
1646 * * Cleef, Jan van, Flem. painter, born.
Duquesnoy, Francois, Flem. sculptor, A52.
1649 * * Teniers, David, the eWer, Flem.
painter, A67.
1650* * Hock, Jan van, Flem. painter,
A47. (?)
1651 * * Utrecht, Adriaan van, Flem. painter,
A52.
1652 * * Peters, Bonaventure, marine paints
er, A38.
BELGIUM.
1450, * *-1678, Sept. 17. 541
1854 * * Peters, Francis Lucas, painter, A48.
1655 * * Koos, Philip Peter, Flem. painter,
1656 * * Moemen, John Francis van, Flein.
1651?*1*6 Snyder's, Franz, Flem. painter, A78.
Lapide, Cornelius, Flem. commentator, dies.
1659 * * W outers, Francois, Flem. painter,
1660**' * Honthorst, Gerard, Flem. painter,
16636*' * Audenaerde, Robert van, Flem.
painter, born. [1743. Dies. A80 ]
1664 * * Miel, Jan, Flem. painter, A65.
1669 * * Crayer. Gaspard de, Flem. painter,
1671 *' * Oost, Jacob van, Flem. painter, A71.
Fvt. Jan, Flem. painter, A46. .
1672 * * Breughel, Abraham, Flem. paint-
1674'* °* Champagne, Philippe de, Flem.
painter, A72. . .„
1677 * * Peters, John, marine painter, A4^.
1678 * * Quellyn, Erasmus, Flem. painter,
A71
Jordaens, Jakob, Flem. painter, A84.
CHURCH.
1516* *-56* *The Protestant reli-
gion begins to spread through Belgium
amid much persecution.
1556 * * -98 * * Reign of Philip II. ; he
cruelly opposes Protestants and intro-
duces the Inquisition.
* * Switz. George David, a Flemish fa-
natic, professing to be the Messiah, and
founder of the Davidists, dies at Basel.
1567 * * The Duke of Alva arrives
with 20,000 Spaniards to subdue the
Protestants ; by cruelty and oppression
he drives them to rebellion.
* * William of Orange is converted to
Protestantism.
1568 Feb. * A sentence of the Inquisi-
tion condemns to death, as heretics,
nearly all the inhabitants of the Nether-
lands.
1597* * Brussels. Lady Mary Percy
founds a convent. [In 1794 the nuns
are forced to leave for England.]
LETTERS.
1529 Oct. 14. Brussels. Placards an-
nounce death by burning to persons
concealing prohibited books.
1605 * * Ant. Nieuve Zijdinghen is is-
sued at Antwerp.
1637 * * -44 * * Gazette Extraordinaris
Postt%jdinghen is issued.
1649 * * Brussels. Courrier viritable des
Pays-Bas is issued.
1667 * * E. F. Gazette van Ghent is is-
sued at Ghent.
STATE.
SOCIETY.
1385 * * The counts of Flanders being
without male heirs, their possessions
go to the House of Burgundy [which
soon gains possession of all the Nether-
lands].
1567 * * The Duke of Alva persecutes
the Protestants, devastating the coun-
try, and erecting scaffolds in every city.
1584 July 10. William the Silent,
Prince of Orange, is assassinated at
Delft by Balthazar Gerard.
1609 Oct. 13. Rubens marries Isa-
bella Brandt.
1477 * * Mary of Burgundy, heiress of
Charles the Bold, marries the Archduke
Maximilian, son of Emperor Frederick
IV., and thus transfers the Nether-
lands to the House of Austria.
1493 * * Maximilian I. becomes Em^
peror of Germany.
14JJ4* * Maximilian resigns the gov-
ernment of the Netherlands to his son,
Philip the Handsome, 17 years of age,
who becomes regent.
1496* * Philip marries Johanna,
daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of
Castile, having one son [later Charles V.].
1507 * * Brussels becomes the capital
of the low countries under Philip the
Handsome.
1516 * * -56 * * Keign of Charles I.
(Emperor Charles V.), King of Spain.
1544 * * William of Orange, "The
Silent," inherits the estates of Brabant,
Flanders, Holland, and the small prin-
cipality of Orange in France, from a
childless cousin.
1556* *-98* * Philip H. reigns; he
is son of Charles I., King of Spain, and
inherits the Netherlands on the abdica-
tion of his father.
1567 Apr. 22. William of Orange
resigns his offices, and, with many thou-
sand Netherlanders, leaves his country
on the arrival of the Duke of Alva.
1568 * * The long war of liberation
begins.
It is caused by the fact that ancient
and important privileges are jealously
prized, while the Spanish garrison the
penal edicts against heretics, the deed
of the introduction of the Spanish In-
quisition, lead to a league of the nobles,
headed by Philip Marnix of St. Alde-
gonde.
* * Offense is given Spain by the pres-
entation of the petition of 300 nobles
("Beggars"), the insurrection of the
lower classes, and the destruction of
images, and sacking of churches.
Feb. * By a sentence of the Inquisition
all the inhabitants of the Netherlands,
with a few exceptions, are condemned
to death.
June 5. Brussels. Lamoral, Count Eg-
mont, Horn, and many Protestants
are executed.
* * The estates of Protestants who fail
to appear before the Spanish tribunal
are confiscated; that of William of
Orange is among those confiscated.
1572 * * Many cities of Holland raise
the standard of William of Orange,
who is appointed leader of the rebellious
provinces.
1573 * * The Duke of Alva is recalled
at his own request ; Luis de Requesens
y Zuniga is his successor.
1576 * * Requesens dies of fever.
* * E.F. Pacification of Ghent.
All the provinces of the Netherlands
unite to drive out the Spaniards, after
the sacking of Antwerp, Maastricht,
Ghent, and other cities by royal troops ;
national and religious differences are
ignored.
1577 * * Don John of Austria succeeds
Requesens, but is not recognized by the
majority of the provinces ; he fails to
quiet them.
1578 * * Don John dies.
* * Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma,
is governor; he subdues the southern
provinces (Belgium), which adhere to
the Catholic faith ; he promises the res-
toration of their old political freedom.
1579 Jan. 23. The Union of Utrecht
founds a famous republic.
Seven provinces declare their indepen-
dence of Spain: Holland, Zealand,
Utrecht, Gelderland, Groningen, Fries-
land, Overyssel ; William of Orange is
made stadtholder ; the southern portion
(Belgium) continues under Spanish rule.
1584 * * Maurice of Nassau succeeds
his murdered father as head of the Seven
Provinces.
1598 * * -1621 * * Philip ILT. of Spain
reigns.
He cedes Belgium to his daughter Isa-
bella and the Archduke Albert, her hus-
band.
1609 * * -21 * * A truce is maintained
by the Netherlands and Spain, on the
basis of possession at the time.
1621 * * King Albert dies without is-
sue, and the country reverts to Spain.
* *-25* * Philip TV. of Spain reigns.
1646 * * Peter Stuyvesant is appointed
governor of New Netherlands, America.
1648 * * The independence of the Re-
public of the United Provinces is recog-
nized by Spain and the Empire, at the
Peace of Westphalia.
1659 * * By the Treaty of the Pyrenees
the county of Artois, Thionville, and
other districts are ceded to France by
Spain.
1664 * * The New Netherlands (Amer-
ica) is granted to the Duke of York.
1668 * * By the Peace of Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, Lille, Charleroi, Oudenarde,
Courtray, and other towns are ceded to
France.
1678 * * -79 * * The Peace of Nime-
guen restores to Spain some of the ter-
ritory previously ceded, but cedes to
France Valenciennes, Nieuport, Cam-
bray, St. Omer, Ypres, and Charlemont.
[These are in part returned at the Peace
of Ryswick.]
1678 Sept. 17. France cedes to
Spain Limburg, Ghent, Waes, etc.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1450+ * * Trade flourishes in Flanders ;
all the nations of Europe have ware-
houses at Bruges and Ghent.
1516 * * A post-office is established be-
tween Vienna and Brussels.
1531 * * The Exchange is built in Ant-
werp.
* *The rising Commercial Company is
sacrificed to the jealousy of the Dutch.
1585+ * * The glory of Antwerp rap-
idly declines.
1648 * * The Scheldt is closed to the
commerce of Antwerp by the treaty of
Westphalia.
542 1680, * *-1831, Aug. 2.
BELGIUM.
ARMY — NAVY.
1690 July 1. The Prince of Wal-
deck is defeated by Marshal Luxem-
burg at Fleurus.
1692 July 1. Namur is taken by the
French.
1695 Aug. * Brussels is bombarded
by the French under Marshal Villeroi ;
14 churches and 10,000 houses are con-
sumed.
Sept. * Namur is retaken from the
French by King William III. of England.
1706 May 23. Bra. Battle of Ramil-
lies.
The allies under the Duke of Marl-
borough defeat the French and Bava-
rians under Marshal de Villeroi ; the
French are seized with panic, and the
defeat becomes a rout. French loss, 13,-
000 ; allies' loss, 3,500. [The French soon
lose all the fortresses in the Low Coun-
try.]
* * E.F. Ghent is taken by the British
under the Duke of Marlborough.
1708 July 11. The allies under Marl-
borough and Prince Eugene defeat
the French besiegers under Louis Jo-
seph Due de Vendome and the Duke of
Burgundy at Oudenarde.
1745 May * The French commence the
subjugation of the Austrian Nether-
lands by an army under Marshal Mau-
rice of Saxony.
May 11. H. Battle of Pontenoy, near
Tournay. The French under Marshal
Maurice of Saxony defeat the army of
the Pragmatic Sanction (English, Han-
overians, Dutch, and Austrians) under
the Duke of Cumberland, with the loss
of 12,000 men ; the French lose nearly
the same number.
1746 Feb. 16. Brussels
Saxe takes the city.
1748 * * The French retire by treaty
from their conquests in the Austrian
Netherlands.
1756 * * W.F. The French garrison
Ostend for Maria Theresa.
1789 Dec. 11. Brussels. Uprising
against the Austrians ; the garrison is
compelled to capitulate.
1790 Nov. * An Austrian army en-
ters Belgium, and easily subdues the
people.
1792 Nov.* Brussels. The French
under Gen. Dumouriez take the city.
* * Antwerp is occupied by the French.
1793 * * E. F. Ghent is taken by the
French.
Nov. 6. H. At Jemappes the French
Republican army, 40,000 strong, under
Gen. Dumouriez, defeat 19,000 Aus-
trians, and drive them from their de-
fenses ; the Austrians lose 10,000 men
and the French 12,000. [The victory
gives to France the country to the south
of Li^ge.]
1794 June 26. H. The army of
France under Marshal Jourdan defeats
the allies under the Prince of Coburg
at Fleurus; it overthrows the rule of
Austria.
1814* * French troops occupy 1798* * Verboeckhoven, Eugene, painter b.
Antwerp
1815 June 16. Bra. The allies, under
the Duke of Brunswick, the Prince of
Orange, and Sir Thomas Picton, repulse
the French, under Marshal Ney, at
Quatre-Bras.
H. Napoleon defeats the Prussians
under Bliicher at the battle of Ligny,
near Fleurus.
June 18. Bra. Battle of Waterloo.
Napoleon, with an army of 71,947 men,
having 246 guns, is defeated by the al-
lies under Wellington, who have 67,661
men and 156 guns ; the battle rages from
10 A. m. till Ave P. m., when reenforce-
ments arrive for the allies, — 16,000
Prussians, and by seven o'clock 50,000
men and 104 guns under Bliicher ; Wel-
lington moves the whole army forward
and crushes the French. Loss, allies,
4,206 killed, 14,539 wounded.
1830* *-31* * Civil "War; the Bel-
gians rise against the House of Orange.
1830 Sept. 23. The state troops
enter the city [and, after fighting the 1741 * * Maria Theresa opposes undue
revolutionists three following days, re- power of the clergy.
1800* * Rogier, Charles' Latour,' statesman!
born.
Gachard, Louis Prosper, archivist, born.
1801 * * De Smet, Peter John, Jesuit mission-
ary, born.
Plateau, Joseph Antoine F., physicist, born.
1802 * * Beriot, Charles Auguste de, violin-
ist, born.
1804* *Altmeyer, Jean Jacques, historian,
born.
1805 * * Duyse, Prudens van, poet, born.
1806 * * Wiertz, Antoine Joseph, painter, b.
Geefs, Willem, sculptor, born.
Schendel, Petrus van, painter, born.
1808 * * Geerts, Charles Henri, sculptor, b.
1810 * * Gallait, Louis, painter, born.
1812 * * Conscience, Hendrik, Flem. novel-
ist, born.
1813 * * Keyser, Nicaise de, painter, born.
1815 * * Chavee, Honore Jos., philologist, b.
Leys, Jean Auguste Henri, painter, born.
[1869. Dies. A54.]
1816 * * Clesse, Antoine, song-writer, born.
1818 * * Potvin, Charles, poet, born.
Juste, Theodore, historian, born.
1820 * * Vieuxtemps, Henri, violinist, born.
Portaels, Jean Francois, painter, born.
1821 * * Brialmont, Alexis Henri, engineer,
born.
1822 * * Laveleye. Bmile Louis Victor,
political economist, writer, b.
18SO* * Pauwels, Ferdinand, painter, born.
CHURCH.
tire without results].
Oct. 27. Ant. The state troops, being
attacked by revolutionists, bombard
Antwerp with red-hot balls.
Dec. 23. Ant. Revolutionists take
Antwerp ; the citadel is not captured.
1831 Aug. 2. The Dutch army in-
1765 * * Joseph II. excites the religious
antagonism of the people by curbing
the power of the priests.
1815 * * The differences in religion
make the union of Holland and Belgium
difficult ; Catholics and Protestants op-
pose each other.
vades Belgium with 45,000 infantry and 1818 * * The Jesuits are expelled.
1827 * * The Government enters into a
concordat with the Pope respecting
bishoprics.
6,000 cavalry
BIRTHS — DEATHS
1680* * Bourignon, Antoinette, Flem. fa-
natic, A 64.
1683* * Helmont, Segres Jacob van, Flem.
painter, born.
Marshal 1684* * Coques, Gonzales, Flem. painter,
A70.
1685 * * Ostade, Adrian van, Flem. painter.
A75.
1687 * * Clouet, Peter, Flem. engraver, A81.
Lingelbach, Jan, Flem. painter, A62.
1690 * * Dens, Peter, Flem. theologian, born.
Teniers, David, the younger, Flem. painter.
A80.
Rega, Henri J., Flem. physician, born.
Meulen, Antoon Frans van der, Flem.
painter, A5fi.
1699 * * Hennepin, Louis, Flem. monk mis-
sionary, A59.
Hobbema, Minderhout, Flem. painter, A71.
1705 * * Hoos, Philip Peters, Flem. painter.
A50.
1715 * * Quellyn, Hans Erasmus, Flem.
painter, A86.
1716 * * Cleef, Jan van, Flem. painter, A70.
1726* * Helmont, Segres Jacob van, Flem.
painter, A 43.
1735 * * Feller, Francois X. de, author, born.
[1802. Dies. A67.]
1740 * * Bloemen, John Francis van, Flem.
painter, A84.
1754* * Kega, Henri J., Flem. physician,
A64.
1764 * * Dael, Jan Frans van, painter, born.
1768* * Mons, Jean Baptist e van, pomolo-
gist, born.
1773 * * Brie, MatthaeusZ. van, Flem. paint-
er, born.
1775 * * Dens, Peter, Flem. theologian, A85.
1784 * * Fgtis, Francois Joseph, composer, b.
1785 * * Gerlache, Etienne C., Baron, histo-
rian, statesman, born.
1786 * * Potter, Louis Jos. de, revolutionist,
born.
Brie, Philip Jacob van, Flem. painter, born.
1787* * Navez, Francois Joseph, Flem.
painter, born.
1790 * * Leopold I., king, born.
1793* * Willems, Jan Frans, Flem. histo-
rian, born.
1796 * * Quetelet, Lambert Adolph Jacques,
astronomer, statistician, writer, born.
LETTERS.
1750+ * * The Belgian Academy of
Sciences is founded by Maria Theresa.
1756 * * -93 * * Journal Encyclopidique
is issued by P. Rousseau at Liege.
1772* *-1818* * L'E sprit des Jour-
naux is issued at Liege.
1773 * * Brussels. The Academy of
Belles Lettres is founded.
1788 * * Lux. Journal historique et lit-
tiraire is issued at Luxemburg [then at
Maestricht].
1816 * * A new university is founded
at Liege.
* * E. F. The University of Ghent
is founded.
1820 * * E.F. Den Vaderlander is is-
sued at Ghent.
1826 * * The Government is strongly op-
posed in its attempt to regulate the
education of the Belgians and to im-
prove the education of the priests.
1827 * * The Government enters into a
concordat with the Pope respecting
education.
1830± * * Brussels. The Moniteur Beige
is issued. ,
* * Brussels. Le National is issued.
SOCIETY.
1830 Aug. 25. The revolutionary
mob attack the National, a Government
BELGIUM.
1680, * *-1831, Aug. 2. 543
newspaper, also the residence of its
editor at Brussels.
Aug. * Riots against the Dutch break
out in nearly all the cities of Belgium.
STATE.
1697 Sept. 30. Peace of Ryswick,
near The Hague.
The conquests of France and Holland
are restored, and the chief fortresses of
the Spanish Netherlands to be garrisoned
by Dutch troops as a barrier between
France and Holland. (See France.)
1701 * * -14 * * War of the Spanish
Succession.
1701 Sept. 7. A grand alliance of
the naval powers is formed with the Em-
peror Leopold I., against France, aim-
ing to secure to the Austrian House the
Spanish possessions in the Netherlands,
and other objects. (See France.)
* * Brussels is taken by the French.
1703 * * Marlborough invades the Span-
ish Netherlands.
1706 June 6. Antwerp surrenders
to the allies.
* * Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Ostend, and
other places are taken from the
French by the allies after the vic-
tory of Marlborough at Ramillies over
Villeroi.
1713 Apr. 11. By the Peace of
Utrecht, Belgium is assigned to Aus-
tria, and called Austrian Nether-
lands.
1714* * Austria takes possession of
the Spanish Netherlands.
1715 Nov. 16. The Barrier treaty is
signed, by which the Dutch reserve the
right to garrison Namur, Menin, Ypres,
Tournai, and other towns.
* * By treaty Belgium delivers over to
Holland, her commercial rival, several
of her fortresses as a barrier against
France.
* * Holland closes the Scheldt, to di-
vert the trade of Antwerp to itself.
1748 * * The whole country, which had
fallen into the hands of the French, is
restored to Austria by the Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle.
* * Prosperity attends the mild rule of
Maria Theresa and her husband, Fran-
cis of Lorraine.
1781 * * Joseph II. of Austria and Em-
peror of Germany compels Holland to
evacuate the Belgian fortresses.
* * Reaction follows hasty advancement.
* * Joseph II. offends the States by
attempting to overturn civil govern-
ment in order to reform abuses.
1785 * * Joseph II. proposes exchange
of territory.
Bavaria to be ceded to Austria in ex-
change for the Austrian Netherlands
(Belgium), excepting Luxemburg and
Namur, as the kingdom of Burgundy ;
the League of the German Princes is
formed against the proposal and it fails.
1789* *-90* * Unsuccessful revolt
from Austria.
1789 Dec. 27. Bra. The States make
a declaration of independence.
1790 Jan. 11. Other provinces having
asserted independence, they all unite
to form an independent state, called
United Belgium, and establish a con-
gress.
Feb. * Emperor Joseph II. dies.
Mar. 3. Leopold II., Emperor of Ger-
many, promises to restore the Consti-
tution if the States return to their
allegiance ; the people refuse, and war
follows.
1791* *The former Constitution
* (Maria Theresa's) is restored, and peace
follows.
1792 * * Austria is at war with France,
and Belgium suffers.
* * Belgium is conquered by the
French.
1794 June 26. The defeat of the Aus-
trians at the battle of Fleurus ends
Austrian rule in Belgium.
* * The French make Antwerp the cap-
ital of Deux Nethes.
1795 * * Antwerp is annexed to the
Republic of France.
* *-1806* *The Batavian Republic
is founded, which surrenders Dutch
Flanders to France.
1797 Oct. 17. By the Peace of
Campo-Formio, Austria cedes Bel-
gium to France, and the dream of inde-
pendence is dissipated.
1805 Dec. 26. Peace of Presburg
between France and Austria. The
Netherlands is transformed into the
kingdom of Holland.
1810 Apr. * The Netherlands is an-
nexed to France by Napoleon, who
claims the country as " the alluvial de-
posit of the French rivers."
1813 Nov. 15. An uprising takes
place in Holland against the French.
1814 May 30. Belgium is ruled by an
Austrian governor [for some months
after the fall of Napoleon], by decree of
the first Peace of Paris.
1815 Mar. 23. Belgium is united
with Holland.
Belgium is given to Holland as a re-
ward for great service to the allies, ren-
dered by Prince William Frederic of
Orange-Nassau ; the Dutch accept it as
the spoils of victory.
May 31. Aust. The Congress of Vi-
enna determines the relations and
boundaries of the new kingdom of the
Netherlands.
Aug. 24. The new Constitution is pro-
mulgated, and is detested by the Bel-
gians.
1829 * * The Dutch Government decides
on energetic proceedings with the
Belgians.
* * -1830 * * Only one of the seven Gov-
ernment Ministers is a Belgian ; the
State is" ruled in the interests of Hol-
land.
May * The Dutch disregard 640 peti-
tions against a new law of the press.
Aug. 28. Prominent citizens at Brussels
prepare a petition to the king, asking
for reforms in government to secure
the rights of the people. [They receive
an unsatisfactory reply.]
* * The representatives of the citizens
demand a separation from Holland,
and also pledge therewith loyalty to the
House of Orange.
* * The kingdom of the Netherlands is
verging to dissolution of the enforced
union of the Protestant commercial
State of Holland with the Catholic man-
ufacturing State of Belgium, which is
pervaded with French culture.
Aug. 25. There is an outbreak of a
mob in Brussels, after a performance
of the Muette de Portici ; the mediation
of Prince William of Orange fails of suc-
cess.
1830* * Revolution and indepen-
dence.
Sept. 13. Special meeting of the
States-General at The Hague.
It provokes renewed hostility by its
dilatory action ; the riot is converted
into a revolution.
Sept. 20. Brussels. The council of the
king orders the troops to take posses-
sion.
Oct. 4. The Dutch Government is de-
posed.
Oct. * When too late the council consents
to separate administration of govern-
ment.
Nov. 10. Brussels. A national Bel-
gian Congress meets; 200 deputies
present.
Nov. 18. A declaration of indepen-
dence is made by the Congress.
* * A provisional government is organ-
ized.
Dec. 20. Eng. The Conference of
London, called by Holland, proclaims
the dissolution of the kingdom of the
Netherlands, and procures cessation of
hostilities. .
1831 Jan.* The allied powers acknowl-
edge the independence of Belgium.
Feb. * Belgium adopts a liberal mon-
archy as its form of government.
Feb. 3. Due de Nemours is elected
king, but declines, as his father, the
French king, refuses his consent.
Feb. 24. Baron Surlet de Chokier is
elected regent.
June 4. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Co-
burg is elected king by the National
Congress. Vote, 152-40; 4 absent.
July 12. Leopold accepts the crown.
July 19. Brussels. Leopold publicly
enters the city.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1723 * * The Ostend East India Com-
pany is established.
1731 * * The Ostend East India Company
is dissolved.
1798 * * The English destroy the works
of the Bruges Canal at Ostend.
1803* * Napoleon visits Antwerp, a"nd
expends £2,000,000 sterling in the con-
struction of docks.
544 1831, Aug. 9-1880, June 28. BELGIUM.
ARMY — NAVY.
1831 Aug. 9. Brussels. The Dutch at-
tack the city, and the king narrowly es-
capes capture in the retreat of his forces.
Aug. * France sends 50,000 troops to
assist Belgium against the Dutch, who
enter an armistice.
1832 Nov. 30. Ant. The French un-
der Marshal Gerard besiege Antwerp.
Dec. 4. Ant. The French bombard the
citadel at Antwerp.
Dec. 23. Ant. Marshal Gerard takes
the citadel from Gen. Chass6.
1833 * * The war with Holland ends.
1853 May 10. It is voted to increase
the army to 100,000 men.
1860 Aug. * The military volunteer
movement proves successful.
* * Ant. The new fortifications are
erected at Antwerp.
1870 Sept. 1-2. Many French sol-
diers cross the line into Belgium after
suffering defeat at Sedan ; they are dis-
armed and interned.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE .
1836 * * Quetelet discovers the perio-
dicity of meteoric showers, occurring
ahout the 10th of August.
1853 * * Brussels. The first Interna-
tional Statistical Congress is held,
largely due to the work of M. Quetelet.
* * A Maritime Conference is held, to
obtain uniform meteorological observa-
tions.
1860 * * N. A Government Agricul-
tural Institute is founded at Gembloux.
1861 Apr. 25. A partially articulate
electric telephone is exhibited at
Frankfort by Philip Reiss.
Aug. 17-20. Ant. A Fine Arts Fete
is held in Antwerp.
1865 Sept. 22-25. Brussels. An In-
ternational Society Science Associa-
tion is in session.
1867 * * Monteflore-Levi and Kunzel in-
vent an alloy of copper, tin, and phos-
phorus known as phosphor-bronze.
1865 July 26. L. A monument to
Charlemagne is unveiled at Liege.
Aug. 2. Ant. A statue of Leopold is
unveiled at Antwerp.
1870 * * The Royal Botanical Garden is
laid out at Brussels.
,1871* * Ant. The first International
Congress of Geographers is held at
Antwerp.
1872 * * Ant. The Exchange in Ant-
werp, rebuilt in the same Gothic style
as before, is reopened.
1877 Aug. 20±. The Plantin Mau-
retus Museum at Antwerp is opened.
1878 * * King Leopold II. convenes a
Congress of African travelers and
explorers for the study of the Upper
Kongo.
1879 Oct. 1. Bra. A statue of Van
de Weyer is inaugurated at Louvain.
* * Brussels. Physicians use vaccine
direct from the animals.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1834 * * Hiel, Emanuel, poet, born.
1835 * * Leopold II., Louis Philippe Marie
Victor, King of the Belgians, born.
1838 * * Alma-Tadema, Laurence, painter, b.
1837 * * Flanders, Philip, Count of, King
Leopold's brother, born.
1839 * * Brie, MatthaeusZ. van, Flem. paint-
er, A66.
1840 * * Dael, Jan Frans van, painter, A76.
Brie, Philip Jacob van, Flem. painter, A54.
1842 * * Mons, Jean Baptiste van, pomolo-
gist, A74.
1846 * * Willeins, Jan Frans, Flem. philolo-
gist, A53.
1850 * * Louise, Queen, dies.
1858 * * Louise, Princess, born.
1859 * * Leopold Ferdinand, Prince, born.
Potter, Louis Jos. de, revolutionist, A73,
Duyse, Prudens van, Flem. poet, A54.
1865 * * Wiertz, Antoine Joseph, painter,
A60.
Leopold I., Georges Chretien Frederick, King
of the Belgians, A75.
1869* * Leopold Ferdinand, crown prince,
duke of Brabant, dies.
Baldwin, heir of Philip, Count of Flanders,
born.
Navez, Francois Joseph, painter, A82.
1870* * Beriot, Charles Auguste de, violin-
ist, A68.
Schendel, Petrus van, painter, A64.
1871 * * F6tis, Francois Joseph, composer,
A87.
1873 * * De Smet, Peter John, Jesuit mis-
sionary, A 72.
1874 * * Quetelet, Lambert Adolph Jacques,
astronomer, statistician, writer, A78.
Weyer, Sylvanus van de, statesman, A72+.
1877 * * Altmeyer, Jean Jacques, historian,
A73.
CHURCH.
1834 * * The Antwerp and the Belgian
Foreign and the Ghent Bible Society
is organized.
1839 * * The Belgian Bible Association
is organized.
1842 * * The Clerical Education Bill
passes.
1844 * * The Netherlands Society for
Promoting Christianity among the
Jews is founded.
1857 June* The Religious Chari-
ties Bill meets with great opposition.
* * The population is chiefly Roman
Catholic ; all ministers are paid by the
State.
1862 Jan. * Bitter dissensions arise
between the Roman Catholics and the
Protestants.
1866 * * Religious houses for males
number 178 ; for females 8,144, with 15,205
persons in the latter.
1874 * * The Government has a sharp
conflict with the Papacy respecting ec-
clesiastical orders and educational
laws.
1875 May * -June * Riots expressive
of popular opposition to religious pro-
cessions occur.
Sept. * A Roman Catholic pastoral of
the heirarchy against the Government
plan of mixed education is published ;
the sacraments of the Church are re-
fused to parents and teachers who con-
form to the education law.
1879 Jan. 16. The Roman Catholics
are successful in the elections ; riots
follow at Brussels and Antwerp.
1880 June 28. Ecclesiastical dis-
putes lead to a suspension of diplomatic
relations with Rome.
LETTERS.
1831 * * Brussels. The Independent is
established.
1833 * * The magazine Messager des Sci-
ences historiques appears at Ghent.
1834 Brussels. The Free University
of Brussels is founded.
* * Nederduitsche Letter oefenig en is is-
sued.
1835 * * Brussels. The Observateur is
founded.
* * Ant. The Prkcurseur is issued.
* * -43 * * Revue Beige is issued.
* * -44 * * Biographie Universelle des Mu-
siciens appears.
1836 * * -46 * * Belgiesch Museum is is-
sued.
1837 * * -48 * * Revue de Bruxelles is
issued.
1840 * * -43 * * Kunst- en Letterblad is
issued.
1842 * * Bulletin de V Industrie is issued.
* * -43 * * Trisor National is issued.
1843 * * Annates des Travaux Publics is
issued.
1844 * * The Glaneur Missionaire ap-
pears.
* * Vlaemoche Rederyker is issued.
* * -47 * * Revue de IMge is issued.
1846+ * * Broderland is issued.
* * -51 * * Revue de Belgique is issued.
1850 * * Chritien Beige et l' Union is
founded.
1852 * * The Precis Historiques, Littt-
raires et Scientifiques appears.
1854 * * The T&ligraphe is issued at
Brussels.
* * The Revue Catholique appears.
* * Brussels. Revue Trimestrielle is is-
sued.
1858 * * Journal des Beaux-Arts is issued.
1868 * * Revue de Belgique is reissued.
* * Athenmum Beige is issued.
SOCIETY.
1832 Aug. 9. King Leopold marries
the daughter of Louis Philippe, King of
France.
1834 Apr. 5. Brussels. Riots occur.
The mob destroys the furniture of 16
houses in resentment for a display of an
attachment to the House of Orange.
1852 Aug. 10. The Queen of Eng-
land is warmly received on her visit.
Oct. 18. King Leopold and his son visit
England. [1860. June* He repeats his
visit.]
1853 Aug. 22. Leopold marries Arch-
duchess Maria Henrietta of Austria.
1856 Sept.* Brussels. An Interna-
tional Philanthropic Congress is held.
1861 Aug. 17-20. Ant. A Fine Arts
Ffite is given.
1862 Sept. 22-25. Brussels. An in-
ternational association for the ad-
vancement of social science meets.
1863 Aug. 3. Ant. A fete is given to
celebrate the abolition of the Scheldt
dues and the opening of the port.
BELGIUM. 1831, Aug. 9 -1880, June 28. 545
1866 July 5. Leopold II. and his
queen visit England. [July * They go
to Ghent]
Oct. 12-16. A national rifle-meeting
is held.
Oct. 20. Brussels. Benjamin S. Phil-
lips, Lord Mayor of London, with
1,100 volunteers, visits Belgium ; the
king gives a magnificent banquet in
their honor.
1867 Jan. 18. The Chambers vote
against the bill to abolish capital
punishment.
Feb. 1-2. The miners of Marchienne-
au-Pont become riotous on account of
a reduction of wages, and are suppressed
by the military.
Apr. 25. Philip, Count of Flanders,
marries Mary, Princess of Hohenzol-
lern-Sigmaringen.
July* About 2,400 soldiers of the
guard civique and volunteers cross over
to England.
July 12. London. Thomas Gabriel, the
Lord Mayor, receives the Belgian
visitors.
July 13. Eng. The Prince of Wales
receives the Belgian soldiers at Wimble-
don. [July 16. They arrive at Wind-
sor.]
1868 Mar. 25-29. Riots break out
in the mining-districts, and 10 lives are
lost in suppressing them by the military.
Nov. 6-13. Brussels. An Interna-
tional Congress of Working men is
held.
1869 Sept. 19. L. An international
rifle-meeting is held.
1873 May 22. Brussels. Alexander
II., Czar of Russia, visits the city.
1875 Feb. 4. Princess Louise mar-
ries Philip, Duke of Saxony.
Aug. 22-25. The king's silver wed-
ding is celebrated.
Sept. 27-Oct. 2. Brussels. The fourth
International Health Congress is
held.
Sept. * E. F. Socialists hold a great
congress at Ghent.
Dec. 3. Eugene T'Kindt de Roodenbeck,
a clerk of the Bank of Belgium, is
convicted of 149 thefts amounting to
20,000,000 francs ; For tamps, the gov-
ernor, is also convicted of fraudulent
transactions.
1877 Aug. 13. Ant. The centenary of
Kubens's birth is celebrated.
1879 May 29. King Leopold II. visits
England.
* * The " La Ligue Patriotique contre
l'alcoolisme " is started under the title
"L'Association Beige contre l'abus des
boissons alcooliques."
Its work is (1) to collect and dissemi-
nate information regarding the drinking
habits of the people, and the evils re-
sulting therefrom ; (2) to endeavor to
get temperance legislation enacted.
1880 Mar. * Princess Stephanie is
betrothed to Archduke Rudolph of
Austria.
STATE.
1831 Nov. 15. London. The five great
powers convene, and sign 24 articles of
pacification.
1832 Aug. 9. King Leopold I. mar-
ries Louise, eldest daughter of Louis
Philippe, King of France.
Oct. 4. Charles L. Rogier is appointed
Minister of the Interior.
Oct. 22. France and England sign a
convention against Holland.
1833 May 21. A preliminary conven-
tion with Ho.lland is signed.
1839 Apr. 19. London. A final settle-
ment and peace with Holland are made
by a treaty signed.
1857 Nov. 9. A new Ministry is
formed under Charles L. Rogier.
Dec. 10. The Chambers reassemble.
1859 May * The king proclaims the
neutrality of Belgium in the Italian
war.
1860 June 13. Loyalty to the king
is warmly expressed on the circulation
of vague rumors of annexation to
France.
July 21. The octrois, taxes levied at
the gates of towns on articles of food,
are abolished. [The popularity of the
Government is increased thereby.]
1861 May 1. A commercial treaty
with France is signed.
1862 Aug. 22. The Chambers adopt a
commercial treaty with Great Britain.
Feb. 4. The Ministry having resigned,
it again resumes office.
July 17. The Chambers are dis-
solved.
1864 Aug. * The Liberals have a ma-
jority in the election.
1865 Dec. 17. Leopold II. succeeds
his father.
1866 Nov. 13. The Chambers are
opened by the king.
1838 Jan. 3. A new Liberal Anti-
clerical Ministry under Herbert J. W.
Frere-Orban is formed.
1870 June* The Catholics unite with
the Radicals or Progressionists and
some offended Liberals.
June 19. The Frere-Orban Ministry
resigns.
July 3 . Baron D' Anethan's Catholic
Ministry is formed.
Aug. 9. Belgium signs a treaty of its
neutrality as between Great Britain
and Prussia.
Aug. 1 1 . The treaty for the neutrality
of Belgium is signed by France.
Nov. 22-25. Brussels. The Ministry is
opposed by M. Bara and others ; riots
occur.
1871 Dec. 7. Baron D'Anethan re-
signs, and Julius Malou, a moderate
Catholic, forms a Ministry.
1872 Feb. 17. Ant. The Due de
Bordeaux (Comte de Chambord), the
Bourbon heir to the French throne, ar-
rives. [Feb. 27. Popular demonstrations
cause him to retire from Belgium.]
Mar. 29. The commercial treaty with
France is denounced by the Govern-
ment.
1873 Feb. 5. A new treaty of com-
merce is signed with France.
July 27-Aug. 28. Brussels. An in-
ternational conference respecting the
rights of neutrals is held, but no results
are obtained.
1874 * * The Government has a sharp
conflict with the Papacy respecting
ecclesiastical orders and educational
laws.
1875 Feb. * The German Government
complains of Belgian publications up-
holding the censured German ecclesi-
astics.
Apr. 15. Germany protests against the
Duchesne proposal to the archbishop
to assassinate Bismarck.
June 13, 14. A Catholic minority is
returned by the elections.
June 20. The Catholic Malou Ministry
resigns, and Herbert J. W. Frere-
Orban forms a new one.
1879 July 1. The new law of public
instruction is sanctioned by the king,
Leopold II.
1880 June* Elections for Parlia-
ment are held.
The Liberals and the Clerical party
oppose each other regarding education,
and the former are sustained by the
elections.
June 18. Diplomatic relations with
Rome are suspended by the recall of
the representative to the Vatican on
account of ecclesiastical disputes.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1853 * * Brussels. A maritime con-
ference is held to obtain uniform mete-
orological observations.
1858 Aug. 2. Ant. The Exchange at
Antwerp is burned.
June * H. A railroad accident occurs
near Mons, and 21 are killed.
1860* * Ant. The ancient fortifica-
tions are destroyed.
1861 Dec. 2. Ant. The great Napo-
leon wharf is burned ; loss, £400,000 and
25 lives.
1862 Aug. * Great distress prevails,
caused by the decline of trade.
Dec. 31. Population, 4,836,566.
1865 Dec. 1. Population, 4,984,451.
1866 Dec. 31. Population, 4,829,320.
1870 Dec. 31. Population, 5,087,105.
1874 Sept. 5. Brussels. The Belgian
Industrial Exhibition is opened.
1876 June 26. Brussels. The king
opens an international exhibition of
articles relating to health and safety.
Sept. 27-Oct. 2. Brussels. A health
congress is in session.
1878 July 28. L. A gigantic dam
for supplying water is inaugurated at
La Gillepe, near Verviers.
1879 Dec. 31. Population, 5,530,146.
1880 June 16. Brussels. The king
and queen open the National Exhi-
bition.
546 1880, July 18 -1892, Mar. 17. BELGIUM.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1880 July 21. A statue of Leopold
I. is unveiled at Laeken.
1884 Aug. * Henry M. Stanley re-
turns from the Kongo, and reports to
King Leopold II.
Sept. 29. Brussels. An International
Artistic Convention is held.
1890 June 15. Bra. A monument
to the Duke of Brunswick is unveiled
on the spot where he fell at Quatre Bras,
Waterloo.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1881 * * Vieuxtenips, Henri, violinist, A61.
Verboeckhoven, Eugene Joseph, A83.
1882 * * Monckhoven, Desire von, savant,
A51.
1883 * * Geefs, Willem, sculptor, A77.
Conscience, Hendrik, Flem. poet, A73.
Deschamps, Cardinal, archbishop of Mech-
lin, the primate, dies.
Plateau, Joseph Antoine F., physicist, A82.
1885 * * Rogier, Charles Latour, statesman,
A 85.
1887 * * Keyser, Nicaise de, painter, A74.
Gallait, Louis, painter, A77.
1888 * * Juste, Theodore, historian, A70.
1889 * * Clesse, Antoine, poet, A73.
Nov. 24. Pendleton, George H., U. S. min-
ister to Germany, A64.
Paepe, Dr. Casar de, socialist, dies.
CHURCH.
1880 Oct. 10. A royal decree is issued
in favor of American missions in Kongo
Free State, Africa, for the evangeliza-
tion of the natives.
Dec. 5. The Salvation Army is recog-
nized in Ghent as a sect, and persons
who disturb its meetings are fined.
* * Archbishop Goossens of Mechlin is
created a cardinal priest.
1891 Feb. 11. The Mechlin Catho-
lic Congress decides to convoke an in-
ternational congress to claim the resto-
ration of the Pope's temporal power.
LETTERS.
1884 Sept. 27. Brussels. The Inter-
national literary Association meets.
1889 Jan. 16. Brussels: A letter
from Henry M. Stanley, dated Aug.
17, 1888, is received, confirming the news
of his arrival on the Aruwhimini.
SOCIETY.
1880 July 18. The national inde-
pendence is celebrated by a great jubi-
lee.
Sept. 6-10. An international con-
gress in the interest of commerce and
industry is held.
* * Brussels. An international congress
discusses the temperance question.
Aug. 16. Brussels. A patriotic fete is
given in connection with the exhibition.
1882 Nov. * Public interest is felt in
the trial of Armand and L6on Pelt-
zer for the murder of Wilhelm Bernays,
whose wife was an alleged accomplice in
the crime.
Dec. 22. The two murderers, Armand
and L£on Peltzer, are sentenced to be
executed. [The sentence is commuted.]
1883 Feb. 23. Dynamiters cause one
death by an explosion at Ganshoren.
Oct. 18. Netherlands. Amsterdam gives
the king and queen a hearty welcome.
1885 * * Ant. An international con-
gress against the abuse of alcoholic
liquors is held.
It leads to the introduction into Bel-
fium of the Swiss temperance society,
nown as "La Croix Bleue" (the Blue
Cross), a total abstinence organization.
1886 * * Labor strikes are numerous.
Mar. 22-29. The coal-miners on
strike between Namur and Liege be-
come riotous ; many are killed and
wounded by the military ; convents and
country houses suffer from maurauders.
Mar. 27, 28. H. Riotous demonstra-
tions occur at Charleroi, Mons, and other
places.
Apr. 7. The workmen allege that the
disorders are caused by the criminal
classes.
May 30. The strikers renew the agita-
tion, aided by French dynamiters;
universal suffrage is demanded.
June 2. A scandalous sensation is
caused by the trial of M. Vandersmis-
sen, a clerical member of the Chamber,
who is convicted of killing his wife ;
he is sentenced to penal servitude for 15
years.
1889 Jan. 16. Brussels. A letter from
Henry M. Stanley to Tipoo Tib is re-
ceived.
Jan. 28. The king establishes the Afri-
can Society of the Red Cross.
Feb. 5. Collisions occur between the
striking glass-workers and the police
at Charleroi.
Apr. 10. The Duke of Nassau, the
new regent, is warmly welcomed at
Luxemburg.
Brussels. Gen. Boulanger of France
is present at a soirie given in the city.
Apr. 19. The Government decides to
inform Gen. Boulanger that he will
not be allowed to conspire in Belgium
against France.
May 5. King Leopold proposes another
Kongo conference.
May * -June * Strikes continue.
June 6. H. The Marchioness De
Chasteleer is murdered at Chateau
Moulbaix at Mons.
June 14. Ant. The stokers on steam-
ships strike. [June 19. The Red Star
Line increases wages and the strike
ends. Oct. 15. The engineers of
trans-Atlantic steamers strike. Nov. *
The dock laborers strike.]
June 24. Brussels. The Shah of
Persia arrives.
July 6. Brussels. An African Con-
ference is held.
Aug. 7. Brussels. The International
Penal Law Congress assembles.
Oct. 29. H. At Mons 4,000 hands join
the strikers. [Oct. 30. A strike of
miners begins. Dec. 30. The miners'
strike ends.]
Oct. * Bmssels. The Patriotic League
establishes a " cafe populaire."
All spirituous liquors are excluded ;
there is a reading-room fitted up. with
a library and newspapers, and amuse-
ments are provided.
Nov. 18. Brussels. The Antislavery
Conference opens.
Nov. 24. King Leopold receives the
members of the Antislavery Con-
ference.
Dec. 2. The Antislavery Conference re-
commends the establishment of mili-
tary stations with exceptional powers
in all the African territory for the sup-
pression of the slave traffic.
Dec. 7. A package of 750,000 francs
is stolen between Ostend and Antwerp
while on its way to Amsterdam.
1890 Jan. 5. Brussels. The Anti-
slavery Society arranges for an expedi-
tion to Lake Tanganyika.
Jan. 22. The Miners' Conference
opens.
Jan. 27. Brussels. The Antislavery
Conference resumes its sessions.
Mar. 28. The Antislavery Conference
adopts regulations restricting the liquor
traffic in Africa.
Apr. 19. Henry M. Stanley arrives
from Africa with several of his com-
panions.
Apr. 20. Brussels. Stanley is the re-
cipient of many honors ; he is a guest
of King Leopold. [Apr. 26. Stanley
leaves for Dover.]
May 20. Brussels. An International
Miners' Conference opens ; it adopts
resolutions favoring a working-day of
eight hours.
July 2. Brussels. The General Act of
the Antislavery Conference is signed.
July 21. The 60th anniversary of
Belgian independence and the 25th
year of the reign of King Leopold are
celebrated in Brussels.
Aug. 10. Brussels. A Socialist dem-
onstration in favor of universal suffrage
is held ; 40,000 persons take part in it.
Aug. 14. Brussels. The Working Men's
Suffrage Congress is held.
Aug. 21. H. Eight thousand miners
strike in the Borinage District.
Sept. 7. L. The Social Science Con-
gress opens in Liege ; 2,000 delegates are
present from all parts of Europe.
Oct. 7. Ant. The gendarmes quell a
riot at Malines ; several rioters are
wounded and 20 arrested.
Oct. 27. King Leopold starts for Ber-
lin to visit the Emperor of Germany.
Nov. 9. Many public meetings are held
in favor of an eight-hour working-day
and universal suffrage.
Dec. 25. Brussels. A delegation from
the Radical Association presents a
petition to the Municipal Council in
favor of universal suffrage.
1891 Jan. 1. Brussels. At a meeting
of the Royal Geographical Society,
King Leopold severely criticises Stan-
ley's " pitiless mode of action."
BELGIUM.
1880, July 18-1892, Mar. 17. 547
Jan. 29. Brussels. The funeral of
Prince Baudouin takes place.
Feb. 9. King Leopold receives a dele-
gation of the Workman's Council of
Industry, and pledges to support the
demand for universal suffrage.
Feb. 17. Meetings of workmen are held
throughout Belgium with the object of
organizing for a general strike, be-
cause of the Chamber of Deputies refus-
ing to grant the people's demand for
universal suffrage.
Mar. 29. The police at Seraing arrest
three anarchists with 500 pounds of
dynamite in their possession.
Apr. 5. Miners declare in favor of a
general strike in case the Government
refuses to assent to the revision of the
Constitution.
May 5. Houses in Liege and Mons are
damaged by dynamite cartridges.
May 8. About 200,000 men are out on
strike. [July 9. The miners' strike
ends.]
May 9. Brussels. The Federation of
Labor party decides to support the coal-
miners' strike.
May 10. Many arrests for intimidating
workmen have been made at Liege and
Charleroi.
Aug. 16. Brussels. The International
Socialist Workmen's Congress
opens.
Aug. 19. Brussels. In the International
Socialist Workmen's Congress, British
delegates refuse to adopt the radical
reports of the Committee ; an American
delegate advocates a labor war.
Aug. 30. Brussels. Gen. Boulanger
commits suicide in a cemetery. [Oct. 3.
His funeral takes place.]
1892 Mar. 17. Brussels. A dynamite
cartridge is found on the door-step of a
judge's house.
STATE.
1882 Aug. 17. The Representatives
pass the Parliamentary Reform Bill.
1884 June 10±. The elections return
to the Parliament a majority of Cleri-
cals, owing to the dissensions of their
opponents.
June 11. The Liberal Ministry under
Frere-Orban resigns.
June 12, 13. A moderate Catholic
Ministry under Julius Malou is formed.
June * The Senate is dissolved.
July * The new Senate is organized by
the Clericals.
Aug. 30. The Chamber of Representa-
tives adopts the Educational Bill;
vote, 80-49.
Sept. 7. Riots are incited by the Lib-
erals at Brussels and Antwerp.
Sept. 10. The Senate adopts the Edu-
cational Bill ; vote, 40-25.
Sept. 13. Royal assent is given to the
Educational Bill.
Oct. 19. The communal elections
take place, and return a great Liberal
majority to Parliament.
* * A Ministerial crisis ensues, and
Malou, Jacobs, and Woeste, Catholic
members, resign.
Oct. 24. Auguste Bernaert becomes
Premier with Catholic Ministry.
Nov. 11. Parliament opens.
1889 Feb 24. Brussels. The Radical
Congress supports military educa-
tion, but demands abolition of the con-
script law.
Apr. 9. The Government warns Gen.
Boulanger to refrain from political
agitation.
Apr. 19. Notice is served on the Govern-
ment that the doings of the Boulan-
gists in Brussels displease the French
Government.
Apr. * The Government asks Gen. Bou-
langer to leave. [He goes to London.]
July 23. The Chamber of Representa-
tives votes 10,000,000 francs for the Kon-
go Railroad.
July 27. The Senate sanctions the
credit asked for by the Government for
the Kongo Railroad.
Nov. 30. The Minister of Justice of
Brussels drafts a bill to deprive un-
worthy parents of the guardianship of
their children, to educate abandoned
and depraved children, and increase the
severity of the penalty for demoralizing
children.
1890 Jan. 5. The Government stops
the exportation of coal because of the
small supply.
Jan. 16. Premier Bernaert introduces
a relief bill, devoting 1,000,000 francs
to the relief of disabled workmen.
June 18. King Leopold appoints Henry
M. Stanley governor of the Kongo
State. [He is to enter upon the duties
of the office in 1891.]
July 8. The Premier introduces the
Kongo State Bill in the Chamber of
Representatives.
July 19. The Chamber of Representa-
tives passes the bill which empowers the
Government to purchase the Kongo
Free State within 10 years, the other
powers having consented to it. [July 28.
It adopts the Kongo Bill.]
July 30. The Senate ratines the grant-
ing of a loan of 25,000,000 francs to the
Kongo State.
Nov. 27. A bill extending the fran-
chise is introduced in the Parliament
by the Premier.
1891 Jan. 20. Brussels. About 4,000
persons march in the procession to the
Hotel de Ville, and present to the Burgo-
master a petition for the revision of the
Constitution.
Mar. 18. Brussels. The Chamber of
Representatives adopts the general act
of the Antislavery Conference, with
the clauses annexed relating to tariff
duties in the Kongo basin.
Apr.* Ant. The Government raises
Antwerp to the rank of a first-class
port.
Aug. 21. The Senate votes $15,000,000
to fortify the Meuse.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1882 Dec. 17. Brussels. The Com-
mercial Museum is opened.
1883 Oct. 15. Brussels. The king
opens the new Palace of Justice.
Dec. 6. Brussels. The Parliament
Houses are burned and the library is
destroyed with a loss of $2,400,000.
1885 May 2. Ant. The king opens
the Universal Exhibition.
July 26. Ant. The new quays are
opened by the king.
Aug. 8. Brussels. An international
railway congress meets.
1887 Dec. 31. Population, 5,974,743.
Mar. 5. A mine explosion at Mons
colliery causes the loss of about 87 lives.
1888 Nov. 13. A mine explosion at
Dour causes the loss of 121 lives.
1889 Feb. 3. Brussels. A train col-
lides with a bridge near Gronendael ;
14 are killed and 50 injured.
Mar. 29. The mail-boats Countess of
Flanders and the Princess Henriette
collide in a fog; the captain of the
former and 14 others are killed ; Prince
Napoleon Bonaparte escapes.
June 6. Subscriptions are being taken
to build a railroad from Kongo Falls to
Stanley Pool, Africa, 262 miles through a
mountainous country.
Sept. 6. Ant. A dynamite explosion
in a cartridge factory kills 16 persons,
injures some 550 others, and destroys
much property, valued at 30,000,000
francs.
Dec. 13. Ant. The influenza appears.
Dec. 24. Brussels. The prevalence of
influenza causes the public schools to
close.
1890 Jan. 1. The castle of Laeken,
the surburban residence of the king and
queen, is partially destroyed by fire.
1891 Jan. 3. The Scheldt is closed by
ice.
Sept. 19. A mine explosion at Char-
leroi kills 29 persons.
1892 Jan. 3. Influenza rages all over
the country.
Jan. 6. Brussels. Dock improvements
are inaugurated.
Jan. 24. Brussels. The Duke of Ar-
enberg's castle is burned ; the Count
Egmont cabinet, remaining unchanged
since 1567, and the Pavilion Egmont,
with all the valuable treasures con-
tained therein, are totally destroyed, to-
gether with many other works of art.
Jan. 31. H. One-fourth of the town of
Chimay is destroyed by fire.
Mar. 11. A fire-damp explosion oc-
curs in the Anderlues colliery ; 200
miners lose their lives.
548 1892, Apr. 2-1894, Dec. 23.
BELGIUM.
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Apr. 17. The Government calls
out all the militia ; rioting occurs in
the streets of Antwerp, Mons, Gram-
mont, and other places.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Dec. 23. Great damage is caused
by a storm.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894* * Solvyns, Baron, diplomatist, dies.
Rltter, Frederick L., musical composer, A57.
< 'hiiiuiy, Prince Joseph de, statesman, A56 .
SOCIETY.
1892 Apr. 2. The Conservative As-
sociation declares against universal suf-
frage.
Apr. 5. It is discovered that 200 dyna-
mite cartridges have been stolen from
a colliery.
May 2. Two houses in Liege are par-
tially wrecked by dynamite cartridge
explosions.
May 4. Important arrests of Anar-
chists are made, a plot having been
discovered to cause many explosions.
June 14. At the elections disorders oc-
cur between the Liberals and Catholics.
June 22. Bra. Rioting occurs at Lou-
vain between students and Socialists ; 40
arrests are made.
June 27. Brussels. The Socialists
overpower the police, injuring sev-
eral with their own weapons ; many ar-
rests are made.
July 19. L. At Liege 16 Anarchists are
placed on trial.
Aug. * E. F. A fashionable cafe in Os-
tend is dynamited; three persons are
fatally hurt and several wounded.
Nov. 7. E. F, A violent Socialist dem-
onstration takes place at Ghent.
Nov. 8. Brussels. The universal suf-
frage movement is the cause of re-
newed rioting. [Nov. 18. Continued.]
1893 Jan. 8. Brussels. The cashier
and clerk of the Brussels branch of the
New York Life Insurance Company
abscond, it is alleged, with $225,000.
Jan. 10. L. The Catholic Club at Sera-
ing is destroyed by a dynamite explo-
sion, supposed to be the act of German
Socialists.
Jan. 19. Brussels. A large body of un-
employed are charged and dispersed
by gendarmes ; many are hurt.
Apr. 2. E. F. Socialists meet in con-
vention at Ghent ; a resolution is passed
for a general strike in case Parliament
grant plurality of votes to property own-
ers and holders of university diplomas.
Apr. 11. Workmen go on strike be-
cause the Chamber of Deputies have
voted against universal suffrage.
Apr. 12. Rioting occurs, growing out
of the strikes ordered on account of re-
jection of the Universal Suffrage Bill.
[Apr. 18. The bill passes.] (See State.)
Apr. 13. Rioting continues ; several
fights occur between gendarmes and
strikers.
Apr. 14. The strikes spread; much
rioting follows.
Apr. 15. Rioting continues ; in a con-
flict between gendarmes and strikers,
one woman is killed and several men
wounded.
Apr. 16. The strike spreads and rioting
continues ; the mayor of Brussels is
severely beaten by Socialists ; the situ-
ation at Mons is serious.
Apr. 17. Disorder prevails in many cit-
ies ; the Government promptly subdues
the riotous strikers by military force.
(See Army — Navy.)
Apr. 19. Work is resumed, and quiet
reigns.
May 22. Brussels. The International
Congress of Miners opens.
May 23. Brussels. Two of the French
delegates to the Miners' Congress are
expelled from Belgium by order of
the Government.
May 24. Brussels. The Miners' Con-
gress votes for the eight-hour day and
for an international strike to compel its
establishment.
Aug. 30. IT. Ten thousand coal-
miners strike in the Charleroi district.
1894 Apr. 18. Ant. Mine. Joniaux, a
prominent woman of Antwerp, is ar-
rested on a charge of poisoning three
relatives to get insurance money.
Apr. 22. L. There are bomb explo-
sions in Liege.
May 3. L. Two persons are injured and
a house is wrecked by a bomb explo-
sion at Liege ; the perpetrator is not
known.
May 24. Anarchist munitions of war
are found.
May 28. Brussels. Prince Charles of
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Prin-
cess Josephine of Flanders, niece of
the King of Belgium, are married.
STATE.
1892 May 10. The Chamber of Repre-
sentatives decides to revise the Con-
stitution and to increase the electorate.
Vote, 131-7.
June 11. Count Merode, son of the late
President of the Senate, is appointed
Minister of Foreign Affairs, as suc-
cessor to Prince de Chimay, deceased.
June 16. The election of members of
the Constituent Assembly results in a
small Liberal majority.
July 12. It is announced that the Parlia-
ment will meet as a Constituent As-
sembly.
July 26. The Chamber of Representa-
tives passes the bill providing for a re-
vision of the Constitution. Vote, 104-18.
Nov. 19. Brussels. The Chamber re-
jects a motion favoring universal suf-
frage. Vote, 89-21.
Nov. 22. Brussels. The International
Monetary Conference meets. [Nov.
25. The American delegates submit pro-
posals outlining the policy of the United
States ; Senator Allison speaks. Dec. 17.
It suspends its sessions until May 13,
1893.]
1893 Jan. 17. Brussels. Unemployed
workmen in a body make known their
starving condition to the Minister of
Public Works and to the Chamber of
Representatives.
Mar. 26. Ant. An unofficial referen-
dum favors manhood suffrage. Vote,
15,794-2,907.
Apr. 18. The Chamber of Representa-
tives, terrified by the riotous uprising,
passes a Universal Suffrage Bill with
a plural voting clause ; the labor lead-
ers recommend discontinuance of the
strike.
Apr. 21. The Senate approves the bill
extending the suffrage.
June 1. A clause is adopted in the
Chamber making it compulsory on the
newly enfranchised electors to record
their votes.
July 13. The Chamber votes such a re-
vision of the Constitution as will enable-
Belgium to acquire colonies.
July 15. The Chamber of Representa-
tives adopts a proposal that three-
fourths of the Senate shall be elected
by universal suffrage, and the other
fourth by communal councils.
Sept. 2. The Senate passes a bill for the
revision of the Constitution, by a
large majority.
The struggle for revision of the Con-
stitution is thus completed after four
years' discussion.
Dec. 30. The new Spanish provisional
commercial treaty becomes operative.
1894 Mar. 16. The Chamber rejects
the Cabinet's project of proportional
representation. Vote, 75-49.
Mar 20. The Cabinet resigns in con
sequence of the failure of the Propor-
tional Representation Bill.
June 6. The Chamber passes the Elec-
toral Reform BiU. Vote, 70-44.
Sept. 20. Parliament is dissolved.
Oct. 15. Returns show that in the elec-
tions the Liberals lose 31 seats in the
Chamber of Representatives, some of the
Catholic gains arising from the fact that
many priests have three votes.
Dec. 6. The Socialist Representatives of
the Chamber refuse to cheer for the
king, and an uproar results.
Dec. 13. Brussels. Parliament con-
venes.
BELGIUM.
1892, Apr. 2-1894, Dec. 23. 549
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Sept. 13. Cholera reports show
several deaths in Belgium. [Sept. 15.
Spreading in Antwerp. Oct. 11. A few
eases yet at Antwerp.]
Nov. 20. Brussels. The International
Monetary Conference begins its ses-
sions.
[Nov. 28. It appoints a committee to
consider the Rothschild proposition
for purchasing £5,000,000 silver annu-
ally ; Mr. Cannon is the committeeman
for the United States. Nov. 30. The
committee holds its first meeting. Dec.
1. It reports unfavorably on the Roths-
child plan. Dec. 6. The Rothschild plan
is withdrawn from consideration. Dec.
8. President Andrews of Brown Uni-
versity, U. S. A., addresses the Confer-
ence. Dec. 9. Bimetallists in the Con-
ference express indignation at the
obstruction offered by Great Britain.
Dec. 11. Senator Allison, U. S. A., tells
the Conference that American delegates
might accept a different ratio than 16
to 1 between gold and silver. Dec. 14.
Bimetallists in the Conference charge
duplicity on the part of their opponents.
Dec. 15. The committee makes its re-
port, which formulates no plan. Dec. 17.
The Monetary Conference reserves final
judgment on the propositions submitted,
and votes to resume its sittings May 13th
next.]
1893 Aug. 10. Ant. Four cases of
cholera reported. [Dec. 13. Cholera
breaks out at Namur. Jan. 17. Twelve
deaths from cholera occur at Auvelais.]
Dec. 10. Ant. Twenty thousand tons
of grain are burned; total loss,
$1,000,000.
1894 Jan. 12. Ant. The Jesuit Col-
lege is burned ; loss, $200,000.
May 5. Ant. King Leopold, with a
number of royal and notable person-
ages, opens the "World's Exhibition.
July 4. Ant. The American section
of the exhibition is dedicated.
Nov. 12. Ant. The "World's Exhibi-
tion is closed.
Dec. 16. Bra. A monument to the
memory of Father Damien, the mis-
sionary to lepers, is unveiled at Louvain.
BOKHARA.
Bokhara is a khanate of Central Asia subject to Russian influence, and having Bokhara for its capital. Its area is estimated
at 92,000 square miles ; its population numbers about 2,500,000. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism.
ARMY — STATE.
323 * * b. c. Bokhara is overrun by the
Mongols and Thibetans.
6th Century. Bokhara is conquered by
the Turks.
7th Century. The country is conquered
by the Chinese.
705+ * * The country is conquered by
the Arabs.
707 * * The Arabs occupy Samarcand.
856+ * * Yacubbin-Leis is governor.
876+ * * The country is conquered by
Ismael, the first sovereign of the Sas-
S'anean dynasty [which is maintained in
power for about 200 years].
1216 * * The country is subdued by the
celebrated Mohammed Shah Khare-
zln.
1220 * * Mohammed is dispossessed by
Genghis Khan, who devastates the
country.
* * * Octai Khan, son of Genghis Khan,
is ruler, and the country prospers.
1372 * * The handsome college of Ab-
dullah is erected at Bokhara, the
capital.
1400± ** Tamerlane conquers the
country.
1404 * * Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, a
Spanish ambassador to Tamerlane, is
the first European to visit the country.
1505+ * * The country is overrun by
the Uzbeck Tartars under Ebulkher
Khan, the founder of the Shei'bani dy-
nasty, with which the history of the coun-
try properly begins. [They have held it
till modern times.]
1558 * * -59 * * Anthony Jenkinson, the
English traveler, visits the country.
J.580+ * * A Kirghiz invasion desolates
the country.
* * * A disputed succession distracts
the people.
1598 * * Eaki Mehemet Khan ascends
the throne, introducing the dynasty of
the Ashtarkhanides.
1605 * * Veli Mehemet is enthroned as
the successor of Mehemet Khan, his
brother.
1629* *The mosque of Mesdjdi
Mogak is built at Bokhara, the capital.
* * * Veli is supplanted by his nephew
Imamkuli.
1680 * * Subhankuly is enthroned.
1702 * * Subhankuly dies, and a war of
succession ensues between his two sons.
1707 * * Obeidullah finally triumphs
over his brother, and ascends the
throne.
1740* * Obeidullah, a feeble king, is
murdered by Rehim Bi Atalik, his
vizier, who takes his throne.
1781** Mir Maasum, the usurper, re-
conquers from the Afghans territory
south of the Oxus.
1802 * * Mir Maasum dies, and is suc-
ceeded by his fanatical son, Emir Said
Khan.
1820 * * Meyendorff and Nagri visit
the country.
1826 * * Nasrullah Bahuder, a royal
oppressor, is enthroned ; he murders his
brother, and is cruel to his people.
1832 * * Sir Alex. Burnes visits the
country.
1866 * * Mir Maasum proclaims a holy
war against the Russians.
* * A Russian army invades Bokhara.
May * The Bokharians are decisively de-
feated at Irdjar, on the left bank of the
Jaxartes.
1867 July 11. The Bokharians reluc-
tantly sign a forced peace with the
Russians.
* * The war is renewed by the Bokha-
rians.
1868 May 25. The Russians again de-
feat the Bokharians.
May 26. The Russians occupy Samar-
cand.
June 13-20. The Russian garrison at
Samarcand is besieged, and finally re-
lieved by Gen. Kaufman.
Nov. * Russia secures Samarcand by
treaty.
1873 Dec. * A new treaty with Russia
is published. No foreigner is to be ad-
mitted without a Russian passport.
1885 Nov. 12. Seid Abdul Ahad be-
comes ameer.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1264 * * -74 * * The brothers Polo,
the Venetian travelers, visit the coun-
try.
[1740. By Cladisheff the traveler.
1838. By Robert Wood. 1841. By Kan-
ikhoff and Lehmann. 1842-43. By
Gen. Mikhaelovski Danilevsky. 1842.
By Dr. Joseph "Wolff. 1862. By Ar-
menius Vambery, the Jewish trav-
eler.]
1888+ * * The Bokharians claim to have
365 mosques in the capital city ; the
most important is one originally built
by Tamerlane and restored by Abdullah
Khan, occupying a square of 300 feet and
a dome 100 feet high.
* * * Bokhara now, as for a long time
past, is the intellectual center of
Central Asia, and is celebrated for its
schools. About one-fourth of the people
are able to read and write.
* * * The Russian Trans-Caspian Rail-
road runs through Bokhara from Char-
gui on the Oxus to a station near the
capital and thence to Samarcand.
550 1544,* *-1894, July 7.
BOLIVIA.
Bolivia is a state of central South America, without a seacoast, and having a movable capital. Its area is 576,360 square
miles ; the population is estimated at 1,434,800. It has a republican government, administered by a President ; its Congress con-
sists of a Senate and Chamber of Deputies, who represent the eight political departments of the country. Its religion is Roman
Catholic, and its language Spanish.
ARMY — NAVY.
1780 * * -82 * * An insurrection of In-
dians breaks out.
All Spanish possessions within their
reach are burned ; 20,000 besiege the city
of La Paz, where their leader, Tupac
Amaru, is captured by the Spaniards,
and cruelly put to death.
1782 * * The Spaniards subdue the In-
dians.
1809 July* -25 Aug.* Civil war
is carried on intermittently between the
Spanish loyalists and the patriot forces ;
actions occur chiefly in the Argentine
provinces of Salta and Jujuy, and on
the shores of Lake Titicaca.
1811 May * The patriot army cele-
brates its second victory over the
Royalists, near Lake Titicaca.
June * The patriots are defeated by
the Spanish force under Gen. Goyeneche,
and are driven back into Jujuy.
1815 * * The patriots are totally routed
between Potosi and Oruro by the
Royalist army.
* * The Indians of the Southern prov-
inces rise against the Spaniards for a
short time.
1816 * * The maneuvers of the Spanish
Gen. Jose" de la Serna are completely
defeated.
* * -22 * * Guerrilla warfare is main-
tained by the patriots of Upper Peru
[Bolivia].
1823 June * The army of Gen. Santa
Cruz enters Upper Peru in two di-
visions.
July * -Aug. * The whole country be-
tween La Paz and Oruro is occupied by
Gen. Cruz, till driven back and finally
routed.
1824 * * Great victory of patriots at the
battle of Ayacucho in Lower Peru ; it
secures independence.
* * Gen. Sucre leads a part of his suc-
cessful army into Upper Peru.
1825 Feb. * Universal uprising of pa-
triots in Upper Peru, and capture of La
Paz.
Mar. * The Spanish Gen. Olaneta is
mortally wounded by some of his own
troops, who had revolted.
1835 Nov. 20. President Santa Cruz
leads an army into Peru, and, at the
battle of Yngavi, defeats one of the fac-
tions struggling for supremacy.
1841 Aug. * Peruvians invade Bo-
livia, and besiege La Paz with the
hope of annexing that province, but are
defeated, routed, and many are killed.
* * Bolivians invade Peru, but are pro-
hibited from conquest by the Chileans.
1865 Feb. * The revolutionary troops
under Gen. Melgarejo defeat Presi-
dent Acha near Potosi.
1866 Jan. 24. Melgarejo completely
defeats Arguedas at Viacha.
1867 * * -70 * * Civil war prevails.
1872 * * The Indians again revolt.
Jan. 28. Gen. Ramon Gonzalez defeats
8,000 Indians at Cururuyuqui.
1879 Apr. * Bolivia and Peru unite in
war with Chile.
1883 * * Peace is made with Chile.
1888 May* An uprising of Indians
in Sucasica is suppressed.
1891 Aug. 13. The state of siege in
Bolivia is raised.
1893 Jan. ±* An attempted revolt
under Gen. Camacho is suppressed.
1894 June 16. Bolivia and Ecuador
in peace are preparing for war by
making large purchases of war material.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1783 * * Bolivar, Simon, liberator, born.
1793 * * Sucre, Antonio Jose' de, patriot,
born. [1830. Murdered. A37.]
1794+ * * Santa Cruz, Andreo, President,
"born. [1865. DiesA71±.]
1810* * Morales, Augustin, general. Presi-
dent, born.
1818 * * Melgarejo, Mariano, soldier, born.
1830* * Bolivar, Simon, liberator of Bo-
• livia, A47.
1861 Oct. 25. Cordova, Jorge, President,
assassinated, A39.
1871 Nov. 23. Melgarejo, Mariano, sol-
dier, A53.
1872 Nov. 28. Morales, Augustin, general,
President, assassinated, A62.
CHURCH.
1827 * * A translation of the New
Testament from the Vulgate into
Aimara, the language of the Republic,
is made by Pazos Ranki.
1832 * * The Gospel of St. Luke is is-
sued in the Aimara language by the
British and Foreign Bible Society.
1887 Oct.± * Strong opposition is
made at La Paz to the stay of the
Jesuits.
SOCIETY.
18th Century. Universal abuse and ex-
tortion are practised by the Spaniards
in their intercourse with the Indians.
The 1,400 mines of Peru are worked by
compulsory labor, the Indians being
chosen by lot, which is regarded as
equivalent to a sentence of death.
A tribute of $8 is required of every
Indian between 18 and 55 years of age.
The Indians are compelled to
marry early in life, the men at 15 years
and the women at 13, to increase the
taxable population and mine-workers.
The Indians, by the law of reparti-
miento, are compelled to purchase
worthless articles at extravagant
prices. [Such abuses finally lead to the
insurrection of the Indians in 1780.]
1836* * Slavery is abolished by the
Government.
1891 Aug. 17. A plot to assassinate
the President is discovered ; a number
of persons are arrested on suspicion.
1894 July 7±. Ex-President Arce is
assassinated at La Paz, and his body
horribly mutilated by his murderers.
STATE.
[Note. — For the early history of the country
see Peru, of which Bolivia forms a part till
1825.]
1780* *-82* *The unendurable out-
rages practised on the Indians by the
Spaniards occasion the insurrection, led
by the Inca Tupac Amaru, who devas-
tates the country from Cusco to Jujuy.
1782 * * The Spaniards succeed in put-
ting down the insurrection.
1825 Aug. 6. The Declaration of In-
dependence is made by an Assembly
of 54 deputies, at Chuquisaca.
Aug. 10. The country is named Bolivia
in honor of Gen. Bolivar, its deliverer.
Oct. 6. The first Assembly of Depu-
ties is dissolved, and a new Congress
is summoned.
1826 May 25. The Congress assem-
bles at Chuquisaca, and considers the
Constitution prepared for the new Re-
public by Bolivar.
* * The Constitution is approved, and
Gen. Sucre is chosen President for life.
* * Repeated risings occur against the
Republic, till finally President Sucre
is driven from La Paz.
1828 Apr. * A new Congress assem-
bles at Chuquisaca, which modifies the
Constitution, and chooses Marshal
Santa Cruz for President.
1829 * * A revolution led by Gen.
Blemco temporarily overthrows the
Government.
1831 * * President Cruz restores order,
repairs the finances, and promulgates
the code of laws which bears his name.
1835 * * Much internal disorder pre-
vails.
* * President Santa Cruz enters Peru to
assist one of the factions aiming to con-
trol the Government.
1836 Oct. 28. Peru. President Santa
Cruz seeks to unite Peru and Bolivia by
the forming of the Peruvian-Bolivian
Confederation, with himself at its head
as " Protector."
1839 Jan. * Peru. Gamara and other
fugitive Peruvians, having obtained aid
from Chile, attack and defeat President
Santa Cruz at Yungay. [Santa Cruz
leaves the country, and the Confedera-
tion is broken up.]
Feb. 9. Gen. Velasco becomes Presi-
dent. •
1841 * * Jose" Ballivian becomes Pres-
ident.
1848 Dec* Gen. Belzu becomes
President, by a successful military
revolution.
BOLIVIA.
1544,**-1894, July 7. 551
1853 * * Free trade is proclaimed.
1855 * * Gen. Jorge Cordova becomes
President.
1857 Sept.* A revolt spreads through-
out the country, and compels the Presi-
dent to go into exile.
1858 Mar. 31. Jose" Maria Linares
by revolution seizes the government,
and proclaims himself Dictator.
I860* * Jorge Cordova becomes
President under the Constitution.
1861 * * Fresh disturbances arise, and
Maria De Acha is chosen President.
1862 * * A treaty of peace and com-
merce with the United States is ratified.
1863 * * A similar treaty with Belgium
is ratified.
1865 Feb. * De Acha becomes Dic-
tator.
Mar. * De Acha subdues a rebellion
under Belzu.
Feb. * A military revolution is led by
Maria Melgarejo, who assumes the
government after defeating President
De Acha.
1866 Jan. * Dictator Melgarejo pub-
lishes an amnesty.
Oct. 17. Melgarejo puts down a revolt.
1867 Dec. 21. Melgarejo proclaims an
Amnesty.
* * _70 * * Civil war prevails.
1871 * * A. Morales becomes Presi-
dent.
1873 Apr. * Don Adolfo Ballivian is
chosen President.
1874 Feb. 14. Dr. Thomas Frias be-
comes President.
Sept. * An insurrection led by Corral
is suppressed.
1876 May 4. Gen. Hilarion Daza be-
comes President.
1880 June 1. A revolution breaks
out ; President Daza is deposed, and
Gen. Campero is accepted as his suc-
cessor.
Oct. 28. The Constitution is adopted.
1882 Chile takes the seacoast from
Bolivia, at the end of the war.
1883 Dec. * A treaty of peace is
signed with Chile.
1886 * * A boundary treaty is made
with Peru.
1887 Feb. 16. A boundary treaty is
signed by Bolivia and Paraguay.
Apr. 7. The Minister at Washington is
recalled, and the legation is with-
drawn.
1888 Aug. 15. Aiceto Arce becomes
President.
Oct. *. The President suppresses a revo-
lution.
1889 Jan. 1. The Chilean tariff
comes into operation in Bolivia.
1891 May 29. The recognition by
Bolivia of the Chilean rebels is for-
mally published ; it is asserted that
Bolivia will furnish them troops on con-
dition of Chile canceling the Bolivian
debt.
1892 May 3. The presidential elec-
tion is held ; Ex-President Pacheco is
elected, and Gen. Cumacho is defeated.
* * A treaty is entered with Chile.
Aug. 6. President Baptist a assumes
office, and the recently elected Con-
gress opens its first session. '
Aug. 7. An insurrection is successful ;
many prominent men are exiled.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1544* * The silver mines of Potosi
are discovered.
1660 * * A mine is discovered in the
district of La Paz from which the silver
may be cut out with a chisel.
1877 * * La Paz is lighted with gas.
1887 * * Don Aiceto Arce undertakes to
found a college on a grand scale at
La Paz.
1890 Jan. 13. The reported shortage
of the banks of La Paz amounts to
$300,000.
1892 May 15. A branch railroad is
completed to the mining district of
Oruro.
BORNEO.
Bokneo (Pulo Kalamantin) is the largest island of the East India group. Area, 286,161 square miles. It has no political
unity, and its inhabitants are of various races. The estimated population of the Dutch division in the south is 1,100,000 ; of the
British territory in North Borneo, 175,000 ; and in Sarawak, 300,000. Sarawak, Brunei, and North Borneo constitute a British
protectorate.
ARMY — STATE.
1503 * * -07 * * Ludovico Barthema
visits the Archipelago [and makes men-
tion of the island].
1518 * * The island is discovered by Lo-
renzo de Gomez, a Portuguese [or by
Don Jorge de Menezes in 1526].
1573 * * Spaniards appear as rivals of
the Portuguese traders, but are not
successful.
1575 * * There is an extensive Chinese
immigration.
1580 * * The Sultan of Brunei, being de-
throned, appeals to the Spaniards,
who restore him.
1608* * Samuel Blommaert is ap-
pointed Dutch resident.
1609 * * The English appear in the island.
1645 * * The Spaniards send an expedi-
tion to punish the natives for piratical
depredations.
1698 * * The English have an impor-
tant settlement at Banjermassin.
1733 ± * * The Dutch bring about the
expulsion of the English traders, and
secure a monopoly of the trade on the
west and south coasts.
1756 * * The English obtain possession
of the island of Balambangan, and all
the northeast promontory of Borneo.
1774** The English conclude a
treaty with the Sultan of Brunei.
1775 * * The English military post is
surprised and destroyed by the na-
tives, who resent the cession of their
territory.
1779+ * * The Dutch acquire authority
over all strangers.
1795 * * English influence is at an end.
1809 * * The Dutch abandon their set-
tlements by order of Marshal Hermann
"W. Daendels, governor of the Dutch
East Indies.
1810 * * The natives increase in pirati-
cal lawlessness and violence.
1811 * * The Sultan of Banjermassin
appeals to the English for help, and
makes a treaty with them.
* * An expedition is sent by the British
against Sambas.
1813 * * The British punish the pirates
of Borneo.
1818 * * The Dutch possessions are re-
stored, and Dutch influence revives.
1823 * * The Sultan surrenders half the
kingdom of Banjermassin to the Dutch.
[1825. He makes further concessions.]
1836 * * The Sultan of Sooloo makes his
submission to the Spaniards.
1825 * * The piracy carried on by the
natives is unendurable.
CHURCH.
16th Century. Antonio Ventimiglia, a
Theatine monk, attempts to Christian-
ize the natives, and meets an untimely
death.
1836* *The Reformed (Dutch)
Church of America establishes and
sustains a mission, under the manage-
ment of the American Board.
MISCELLANEOUS.
15th Century. Early in this period the
Portuguese begin trade in Brunei, and
later in various maritime states.
1580 * * The Spaniards gain favor, and
enjoy trade with the island.
1604 * * The Dutch trade with Borneo
on the west coast.
1609 * * The Dutch factories are estab-
lished.
1623 * * The Dutch factories are aban-
doned.
1776 * * The Dutch reestablish their
factories.
552 1839, * *-1889, Oct. 4.
BORNEO.
ARMY — STATE.
1839 * * -40 * * Sarawak, the most
southerly province of Brunei, rebels
against the tyranny of the governor.
1840 * * Sir James Brooke assists the
Sultan, Muda Hassim, in suppressing the
Sarawak rebellion.
1841* * An English settlement is
made at Sarawak by Sir James Brooke.
[He reforms government, and introduces
a code of humane laws.]
* * Sir James Brooke is appointed ra-
jah of Sarawak by Muda Hassim. [Sept.
24. His title is continued by the Sultan.]
1843 Mar. * * Capt. Sir Henry Keppel
of the British navy and Rajah Brooke
chastise the pirates of the Seribas
Kiver.
1844 * * The British defeat the pirates
of Batang Lupar.
* * The Sultan of Kuti acknowledges the
Dutch protectorate.
1846 Dec. * The British conclude a
treaty with the Sultan.
The Island of Labuan, northwest of
Borneo, is incorporated with the British
Empire, and possession is formally
taken by its representatives.
The English form a settlement on the
island of Labuan, and later work a coal-
mine there.
* * Rajah Brooke is appointed governor
of the British colony of Labuan, and
consul-general of Borneo.
1847 * * The Sultan of Brunei agrees
to make no cession of territory without
the consent of representatives of Great
Britain.
Oct. * Rajah Brooke visits England.
±* * Rajah Brooke succeeds in restoring
order in the district.
1849 * * Rajah Brooke attempts to con-
clude a treaty with the Sultan, but in
deference to Spanish protests it is not
ratified.
* * Rajah Brooke leads an expedition
against the Seribas and Sakuran Dyaks,
who persist in piracy ; he defeats them,
destroys their fort at Patusan, and kills
a great number of the pirates.
1851 * * The Sultan acknowledges all
his territories to be integral parts of
Spain.
1857 Feb. 17, 18. Rajah Brooke sup-
presses an insurrection of Chinese, in
which a number of Europeans are mas-
sacred ; 2,000 Chinese are killed.
* * -60 * * Capt. J. Johnson (Capt.
Brooke), a nephew of Rajah Brooke, is
made governor in the absence of the
Rajah on a visit to England.
1858 * * Sir J. Brooke makes an unsuc-
cessful appeal to the British Cabinet for
help. [1860. Nov. 20. He returns from
England.]
1859 May 1. A terrible massacre of
Europeans takes place at Kalangan,on
the south coast.
1868 * * Charles Johnson, a younger
nephew of the Rajah, becomes governor.
1870 June * An expedition of Malays
and Dyaks under the Rajah of Sarawak
inflicts severe punishment on a maraud-
ing tribe of Dyaks.
* * The Sultan of Sooloo rebels against
Spain, and [a desultory war follows].
Nov. 8. The British Borneo Company
is gazetted.
Nov. * Spain makes a threatening pro-
test, and declares a blockade ; she stops
British and German vessels ; a diplo-
matic dispute follows.
1877 * * Great Britain, Germany, and
Spain agree to freedom of trade in
the Archipelago.
* * Dent's Company takes possession.
1878 * * Spain reduces its vassal, and
exacts a new declaration of allegi-
ance. [The British government protests
against the protectorate.]
1881 * * Alfred Dent secures a charter
for his possessions in northern Borneo.
1883 * * Civil administration is organ-
ized.
1884 * * The British Company's terri-
tory is enlarged.
1885 * * North Borneo, Sarawak, and
Brunei are formed into a British pro-
tectorate. [1888. North Borneo alone.]
1889 * * A rebellion against the British
breaks out.
Feb. 10. The rebels are defeated in
North Borneo.
CHURCH.
1839 * * Mandomai becomes a mission-
station of the Rhenish Society.
1848 * * The Dutch Government embar-
rasses the mission-work of Americans,
and the American Board withdraws
its missionaries.
1851 * * Sarawak becomes a mission-
station of the British Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel.
1853 * * Lundu becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the British Society for the Propa-
gation of the Gospel.
1855 Oct. 8. Rev. F. J. Macdougall is
consecrated bishop at Calcutta, the first
of the English bishops consecrated in a
province ; his bishopric is the island of
Labuan, near the north coast.
1858 * * A revised version of the New
Testament is published in the Dyak
language.
1859 * * Mandomai ceases to be a mis-
sion-station of the Rhenish Society.
1864 * * Undop becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the British Society for the Propa-
gation of the Gospel.
1866 * * Kwala Kapnas becomes a mis-
sion-station of the Rhenish Society.
1869* *Mandomai again becomes a
mission-station of the Rhenish Society.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1868 June 11. Sir James (Rajah)
Brooke dies in England.
1881 Nov. 8. The North British
Borneo Company is chartered.
1889 Oct. 4. Six Chinese despera-
does are executed for conspiracy at
Sarawak.
BRAZIL.
Brazil is a republic of South America, having an estimated area of 3,209,878 square miles, and an estimated population (1888)
of 14,002,335. The government is administered by a President ; the Senate has 63 and the Chamber of Deputies 205 members, rep-
resenting 20 States. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic, and Portuguese is the language of the people, who are Brazilians,
Indians, negroes, and mixed races, with numerous colonists, chiefly Germans, Italians, and SwiuS.
ARMY — NAVY.
1560* *The Portuguese destroy the
French settlement at Rio de Janeiro.
1567 Jan. 21. Mem de S& utterly de-
feats the French and their Indian allies
at Rio de Janeiro.
1586* *An English force led by
Witherington plunders Bahia.
1591* *The Spanish colony of SSo
Vicente is burned by the English
under Thomas Cavendish.
1593 * * James Lancaster captures
Pernambuco from the Spaniards.
1595 * * English under Lancaster take
Olinda.
1624 * * A Dutch fleet takes Bahia.
1625 May* The Dutch are compelled
to capitulate to the Portuguese and
natives at Bahia.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1549+ * * Gold is discovered at Bahia.
1553+ * * Manuel de Nobrega, chief
of the Jesuits and joint provincial, es-
tablishes a college, named SSo Paulo.
[It greatly benefits the rising state.]
1629 * * Gold-mines are discovered in
Minas, Goyaz, and Cuyaba by slave-
hunting expeditions.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1526 * * Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, explorer, il.
1596 * * Mascarenhas, Garcia de, poet, born.
CHURCH.
1500 Apr. 26. Easter is celebrated
by religious services at Porto Seguro,
by the Portuguese commander, Pedro
BRAZIL.
1499, June *-1630,** 553
Alvarez Cabral, who commemorates
the event by the erection of a stone
cross. [He names the country, The
Land of the Holy Cross.]
1549 Apr. * Six Jesuits arrive at
Bahia with the first governor-general ;
they undertake the spiritual culture of
the savages, and the Portuguese, who
are scarcely less savage.
* * Abandoned priests foster the licen-
tiousness of the colonists, and oppose
the efforts of the Jesuits.
1552 * * The first bishop arrives, and
checks the disorders of the priests.
1553 * * Luis de Gran, at the head of
a company of Jesuits, arrives.
* * Nobrega, the chief of the first mis-
sion, is appointed joint provincial.
* * Governor-General Duarte opposes the
good work of the Jesuits.
* * Fr. Coligni sends a Protestant col-
ony under Nicolas de Villegaignon, in
two ships, to the Bay of Rio de Janeiro.
1555 * * Riode Janeiro. The first Prot-
estant mission in the world is opened.
The Church of Geneva sends 14 mis-
sionaries to Brazil, who land on an
island in the harbor.
1556+ * * Chevalier de Villegaignon, the
leader of the Protestant colony, joins
the Catholics, and dissension follows.
1558 * * The Jesuits have more success
under the rule of the new captain-gen-
eral, Mem de S3.
1559± * * The French Huguenots are
persecuted at Rio de Janeiro by their
false leader, Villegaignon, and are
obliged to return to France. [Coligni's
Protestant colony at Rio is entirely
hroken up by the Portuguese.]
SOCIETY.
1629 * * Raids into the interior to pro-
cure Indians as slaves commence ; the
converted Indians of Jesuit missions in
Paraguay are not spared.
DISCOVERY — STATE.
1499 June * Brazil is discovered by
Vincente Yafiez Pinzon, a companion of
Columbus ; he coasts with four ships
from near Cape St. Vincent to the mouth
of the Amazon.
1500 Apr. 22. Pedro Alvarez Ca-
bral, a Portuguese commander, driven
by adverse winds out of his designed
course for India, arrives at Porto
Seguro ; he takes possession of the
country for the crown of Portugal,
and calls it Tierra de Santa Cruz.
May 2. Cabral, continuing his voyage,
sails for India, after despatching a small
vessel to Lisbon, to announce his dis-
covery.
1501 May 10. Port. The King sends
Amerigo Vespucci with three vessels
to explore the country discovered by
Commander Cabral.
Aug. 16. Vespucci arrives at Cape St.
Roque, in " the Land of Parrots."
1502 Jan. 1. Vespucci discovers and
names the Bay of Rio de Janeiro.
1503 * * Christovao Jaques, a Portu-
guese, coasts southward to about 52°
south on the coast of Patagonia.
* * Vespucci arrives again with six ships,
visits Bahia, and builds a fort at Cape
Frio, which he leaves in charge of 12
men with guns and provisions.
[The Portuguese Government nearly
forgets its possessions in South America
for 30 years, while private citizens de-
velop a small trade with the country.]
1504* *A Portuguese colony is
planted on the coast at All Saints [in
Bahia], and others follow.
* * Brazil begins to be named for South
America.
1510 * * Diego Alvarez, a Portuguese,
is shipwrecked on the coast near Bahia.
He gains the friendship of the Indians.
1511 * * The Portuguese appear in Rio
de Janeiro Bay.
1515* * Brazil is colonized by the
Portuguese ; it is their first agricul-
tural colony.
1521 * * Port. John HE. becomes King
of the Portuguese.
1527 * * Christovao Jaques, the Portu-
guese governor, founds the first settle-
ment at Pernambuco.
1528 * * Governor Jaques is recalled.
1530 * * Brazil is divided into captain-
cies by the Portuguese, and is first per-
manently occupied.
1531 Jan. 1. Martin Affonso de
Sousa, possessing a grant from John
III., arrives with an expedition, and
gives its name to Rio de Janeiro.
* * Sousa establishes a settlement at Sao
Vincente Piratininga, in the [present
province of Sao Paulo].
* * Pero Lopes de Sousa, receiving a
captaincy, founds a settlement at Sao
Amaro, near his brother.
* * Vasco Fernandes Coutinho brings
over a company of colonists, including
60 fidalgos, and sinks a fortune in at-
tempting the settlement of " Our Lady
of the Victory."
* * Pedro de Campo Tourinho takes
up the captaincy of Porto Seguro.
[Sugar-works are established.]
* * Jorge de Figueiredo, receiving the
captaincy of Ilheos, sends out Fran-
cisco Romeiro to take possession.
* * Francisco Pereira Coutinho re-
ceives the captaincy of the coast from
the Rio SSo Francisco to Bahia.
[Later all the bays and creeks are
added to the grant.]
* * The captaincy of Pernambuco is
granted to Don Duarte Coelho Pereira.
* * Pedro de Goes obtains the captaincy
of Peraiba [but is driven off by the
natives after a struggle of seven years].
* * Joao de Barros, the historian, re-
ceives the captaincy of Maranhao, but
his grand expedition is wrecked and the
effort fails.
1548 * * Jews banished from Portugal
come to Brazil.
* * The colony attains sufficient impor-
tance to attract the attention of the
mother country.
The power of captaincies is revoked ;
their grants are continued ; a governor-
general is appointed with civil and crimi-
nal powers ; the judicial and financial
functions of each province are vested
in the Ouvidor.
1549 Apr. * Thome" de Sousa arrives
at San Salvador [Bahia] to establish
a city, and as the first governor-gen-
eral of Brazil.
He brings 220 persons in the king's
pay, 300 free colonists, and 400 convicts.
1553 * * Duarte de Costa succeeds to
the office of governor-general.
1555 * * Nicolas Durand Villegaig-
non establishes a colony on an island
near Rio de Janeiro, bearing his name.
1557 * * Port. Sebastian becomes King
of the Portuguese.
1558 * * Port. Mem de Sa is sent out
as governor-general.
* * Huguenots and colonists from Genoa
found a settlement at Rio de Janeiro.
1560 * * The Portuguese capture the
French settlement at Rio de Janeiro.
1567 * * The Portuguese found a colony
on the ruins of the French settlement at
Rio de Janeiro.
* * Sebastian is founded.
1572 * * Mem de S3 ceases to be gov-
ernor-general ; an attempt is made to
divide the colony.
1574 * * The colony is divided into
two governments.
1578 * * The territory is reunited into
one province as an appanage of Spain,
with Diego Laurenco da Veiga as
governor.
* * Portugal is annexed to Spain.
* * Port. Philip II. of Spain usurps
the crown of Portugal, and the colonies
are neglected.
* * Port. Henry, the Cardinal, brother
of John III., becomes King of Portugal
as Henry I.
1586 * * English anti-Spanish adven-
turers transiently destroy prosperous
settlements.
1612 * * The French plant a colony on
the Island Marajo.
1615 Dec. * Belem, or Para, is founded
by Caldeira.
1618 * * The French settlement at
Marajo is surrendered to Spain.
1624 * * Invasion of the Dutch.
1630 * * The Dutch seize the coast,
and establish a colony at Olinda in Per-
nambuco ; Count Maurice comes as
Dutch governor [and prosperity follows].
MISCELLANEOUS.
1515 * * Brazil is the first American col-
ony founded on an agricultural basis ;
all others were mining speculations.
1549 * * The languishing Portuguese col-
onies become prosperous by the dis-
covery of gold.
554 1630, * *-1863, June 18.
BRAZIL.
ARMY — NAVY.
1630* *The Dutch take Olinda after
a feeble resistance.
1649 * * War with the Dutch colo-
nists begins.
* * The Brazil Company of Portugal send
out their first fleet to aid the colonists
against the Dutch.
1654 * * The Dutch yield Olinda, and
Brazil is fully restored to the Portu-
guese.
1710* *A French squadron lands
1,000 men under Duclerc at Rio; half
are killed in battle, the remainder cap-
tured and barbarously treated.
1711 Sept. 12. A French squadron
with 6,000 troops, under Adm. Duguay-
Trouin, attacks Rio de Janeiro, and
takes the town after a battle of four
days.
Oct. 10. To prevent the burning of
Rio de Janeiro by the French, the
governor capitulates. (See State.)
1809 * * An expedition captures French
Guiana for annexation to Brazil.
1817 * * A force of 5,000 troops totally
defeats the Artigas, and occupies
Montevideo in Uruguay.
1823 * * Port. The Cortes sends a large
force to Bahia to suppress the revolu-
tion.
July 2. Bahia, the headquarters of the
Portuguese troops, is so vigorously be-
sieged by the patriots that the Portu-
guese army is forced to reembark.
* * The Brazilian squadron under Sir
Alex. Inglis Cochrane attacks the Por-
tuguese vessels, and captures several.
1825* * The war against Buenos
Ayres is sustained in a feeble way.
1828 * * The army is defeated by the
Argentines, through the incapacity of
its leader.
1834 * * Para and Rio Grande, the re-
bellious provinces, are subdued.
1849 * * The Ministry send reenf orce-
ments to Paraguay and Montevideo
against the army of Buenos Ayres.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1710± * * Diamonds are discovered in
Minas.
1722 ± * * The Arabian coffee-plant is
introduced from Cayenne. [1810. It be-
comes an article of commerce.]
1729 * * Diamonds are discovered in
Sezzo Frio.
1807* *The National Library is
founded at Rio de Janeiro.
1808 * * The first printing-press is
set up.
1809* * Rio de Janeiro. The king in-
troduces the cultivation of the tea-
plant in the botanical gardens.
1810 * * Swedes erect two small refining
furnaces at Ipanema.
1817 * * Rio de Janeiro. A National
Museum of natural history is founded.
* * The first daily newspaper is estab-
lished at the capital city, the Diario do
Rio.
1823 * * Rio de Janeiro. Journal de Com-
mercio is issued.
1838 * * The Historical, Geographical,
and Ethnographical Institute of Brazil
is founded.
1841 * * Beds of bituminous coal are
discovered along the banks of the Tu-
barao.
1844 * * Diamonds are discovered north
of the river Paraguass.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1656* * Mascarenhas. Garcia de, poet, AfiO.
1684* * Andrada, Gomes Freire de, Portu-
guese governor of Kio, Count of Bobadilla,
born. [1763. Jan. 1. Dies. A79.]
1765 June 13. Andrada e Silva, Jose1
Bonifacio de, statesman, mineralogist,
born. [1388. Apr. 6. Dies. A73.J
1773 Nov. 1. Andrada Machado e Silva,
Antonio Carlos Ribeiro de, statesman, born.
[1845. Dec. 5. Dies. A72.J
1774* * Gonzaga, Thomaz Antonio, poet,
born. [1807. Dies. A33.]
1798 * * Pedro I., emperor, born.
1806 * * Porto- Alegre, Manoel de Araujo,
poet, born.
1807 Jan. 22. Andrade Neves, Jos6 Joa-
quim de, general, born. [1869. Jan. 6.
Dies.]
1811* * Magalhaens, de Domingos, Jose
Goncalves, poet, born.
1816 * * Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de,
historian, born.
1822 Mar. 14. Theresa, princess, Em-
press, born.
* *Goncalvez Diaz, Antonio, poet, born. [1864.
Dies. A40.]
1825 * * Pedro II., emperor, born.
1826 Apr. 30. Peixoto Floriano, gen.,
President, born.
1827 Aug:. 5. Fonseca, Manuel Deodoro-
da, gen., 1st President, born.
1834 Pedro I., emperor, A36.
1840 * * Tavares-Bastos, Aureliano Candido,
patriot, born.
1842 Apr. 29. Eu.IiOuisP. M. F. G. d'Or-
leans, Comted', prince, general, born.
1844 Moraes, Prudente de, President, b.
1846 Isabella, princess, born.
CHURCH.
1566 * * In order to terrify his country-
men, John Boles, a Huguenot mission-
ary, is put to death by the Portuguese
after an imprisonment of eight years.
1577 * * Many of the Protestant colo-
nists return to France.
1594 * * French Catholics establish a
colony on the Island of Maranhao.
1620 * * Jesuit settlements are formed ;
communism prevails.
1760 * * Great opposition is made to
the Jesuits under a false pretext ; they
are expelled from the country.
1761 * * Rio de Janeiro. The Imperial
chapel is erected.
1836 * * Rio de Janeiro. The Methodist
Episcopal Church of the United States
sends Rev. Mr. Spaulding as a mission-
ary to Rio de Janeiro.
1838* * Rio de Janeiro. Rev. D. B.
Kidder (U. S. A.) joins the Methodist
mission. [1841. The Methodist mis-
sion is closed through financial embar-
rassments.]
1851+ * * -53 * * Rio de Janeiro. Rev.
J. C. Fletcher labors as missionary.
1854± * * Rio de Janeiro. Rev. Dr.
Kalley, a Scotch physician, begins
evangelistic labor at his own ex-
pense. [He continues his work for
several years.]
1859 Aug. * Rio de Janeiro. Mission-
aries of the Presbyterian Church
(North, U. S. A.) arrive.
1860 * * Rio de Janeiro becomes a mis-
sion-station of the Southern Baptists
(U. S. A.).
* * The Protestant Episcopal Church
(U.S.A.) starts its first mission in Brazil.
1861 May* Rio de Janeiro. The Pres-
byterian mission is opened for public
preaching. [1862. It is organized as a
church, with two members.]
SOCIETY.
1630 * * The Dutch send an expedition
to Africa, and capture a Portuguese
settlement in order to obtain slaves
for the colony at Olinda.
1637 * * Maurice, the Dutch governor,
promotes the amalgamation of the
various native races with the colonists.
1640 * * Numerous southern tribes are
reduced to slavery by the Portuguese.
* * A hardy race of men appear at Sao
Paulo from the intermarriage of colo-
nists with the natives.
1830 * * Rio de Janeiro. Political dis-
orders are caused by the enemies of the-
emperor.
1831 Apr. * Dom Pedro embarks for
Portugual.
1841 * * Rio de Janeiro. The hospital
of Dom Pedro lx. (La Misericordia)
is erected. A lunatic asylum is also-
erected with funds obtained by selling
titles of nobility at a fixed tariff.
1843 Sept. 4. It. Dom Pedro II.
marries Princess Theresa of Naples.
1852 * * The slave-trade is suppressed.
1861 June 7±. Natives plunder the
wreck of the British ship Prince of
Wales at Albardas, and kill some of the
crew.
STATE.
1636 Jan. * -44 May * Maurice of
Nassau is governor-general of the Dutch
conquests in Brazil ; the colony prospers
under his administration.
* * Brazil. Maurice, the Dutch gov-
ernor, promotes the amalgamation of
the natives and colonists by marriage.
1640 * * Numerous Southern tribes are
reduced to slavery by the Portuguese.
* * Brazil is restored to the possession
of the Portuguese by the Spaniards.
* * Port. John of Braganza becomes
king of the Portuguese.
1641+ * * A feeble attempt is made for
independence.
1644 * * The Dutch recaU Count Mau-
rice.
1645 * * The tyranny of the Dutch
drives the colonists of the North to re-
volt, Joao Fernandes Vieyra is leader.
1654 * * After overthrowing the Dutch,
the colonies again unite under the
royal authority of Portugal.
1661* *The Dutch surrender the
country.
BRAZIL.
1630, * *-1863, June 18. 555
1667* *The French colonists are
driven out of Villegaignon by the Portu-
guese, who found the city of Sao Sebas-
tiao, or Bio de Janeiro.
1682 * * An insurrection of the Dutch
breaks out at Maranham.
1710 * * The French invade Eio de Ja-
neiro.
1711 Oct. 10. The governor-general
signs a capitulation as required by
Duguay-Trouin, the French admiral, and
pays 610,000 crusados, 500 cases of sugar,
and provisions for the fleet.
1720 * * The district of Minas, having
five settlements with royal charters, sep-
arates from Sao Paulo.
1721 * * Port. King John V. abolishes
the Brazilian Company, which had
done much for the country.
1730 * * The discovery of diamonds is
first announced to the Government.
1755 * * Marquis de Pombal, the gov-
ernor-general, reestablishes a Brazilian
Company to trade exclusively with
Maranhao and Para.
1759 * * Pombal charters another Bra-
zilian Company for Paraiba and Per-
nambuco.
1763 * * The capital is transferred
from Bahia to Eio Janeiro.
1774 * * Maranhao (Northern Brazil) is
attached to Brazil.
1777 * * Court intrigues force Pombal
from his prosperous governorship.
* * Port. Donna Maria Francesco and
her husband, Peter III., succeed to
the throne.
1789 * * A conspiracy for independence
is formed in Minas, under the lead of
Silva Xavier ; it is unsuccessful.
1808 Jan. 21. The Queen Donna Ma-
ria 1., the royal family, all the great of-
ficers of state, and numerous nobility,
driven out of Portugal by Napoleon,
arrive at Bahia.
Mar. 7. The royal fugitives arrive at
Bio de Janeiro ; they set up their court
there, with Don John as regent.
1809 * * The Portuguese retaliate upon
the French by sending an expedition to
capture French Guiana and annex it
to Brazil. [1815. It is restored to France
by the Treaty of Vienna.]
1815 Jan. 16. Brazil becomes a
kingdom by decree of the regent ; the
Portuguese sovereignty is entitled the
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil,
and Algarves.
1816 Mar. * Donna Maria dying, the
regent, Don John, becomes King of the
Portuguese, as John VI.
1817 * * A conspiracy against the Gov-
ernment is formed in Pernambuco, and
a republic is established for 90 days.
* * A conspiracy to establish a republi-
can government is smothered at Bahia.
1821 Feb. 26. A revolt breaks out
among the Portuguese troops at Bio de
Janeiro. [They compel the king to ap-
point a new Ministry, and grant a repre-
sentative system of government.]
* * Port. The Cortes recall King John
VI. from Brazil.
* * Port. John VI. returns, and Dom
Pedro, his son, becomes regent of Brazil.
Brazil becomes an independent
state.
1822 Sept. 7. The independence of
Brazil is proclaimed.
Oct. 12. Dom Pedro is proclaimed at
Bio de Janeiro the constitutional Em-
peror of Brazil.
Dec. 1. Dom Pedro I. is crowned Em-
peror of Brazil.
1823 May* The constitutional As-
sembly opens at Bio de Janeiro, the
capital of the Empire. [There is much
angry contention over a proposed new
Constitution.]
July * The emperor resolves to dismiss
from the Ministry the two brothers An-
dradas, and is much opposed.
Nov. * The emperor dissolves the con-
tentious Assembly, and exiles to
France two Ministers, the Andradas
brothers ; he calls a new Assembly to
deliberate on amore liberal Constitution.
* * A republic is proclaimed in the
provinces of Pernambuco and Ceara ; a
rebellion breaks out in Cisplatina.
1824 Mar. 25. The emperor ratifies
the new Constitution.
1825 * * Brazil declares war against
Buenos Ayres for the possession of Uru-
guay.
Aug. 29. By treaty Brazil assumes the
Portuguese debt of £2,000,000, and
Portugal recognizes its independence.
1826 * * A treaty is made for the aboli-
tion of the slave-trade.
1827 * * The public debt is consoli-
dated.
1828* * Great disaffection exists
toward the Government because of the
foreign policy of the emperor and finan-
cial embarrassments.
1829 * * At the elections many ultra-
Idberals are elected to oppose the Gov-
ernment in the Assembly.
1830 * * The Chambers abolish the death
penalty for political offenders.
1831 Mar. * The emperor selects a
Ministry favorable to absolutism and
opposes the Liberals ; much excitement
follows ; public meetings of protest
are held in which the troops take part.
Apr. 7. A revolution occurs at Bio de
Janeiro ; Dom Pedro I. abdicates in
favor of the heir apparent, who is only
five years of age.
* * Dom Pedro H., a minor, becomes
emperor.
* * A provisional Ministry is formed.
Fierce political struggles take place
between the Republican partv and the
Government, and an Imperial party fa-
voring the restoration of Dom Pedro.
1834 Aug. 12. The regency is re-
formed by reducing its three members
to one, who is to be chosen by the whole
body of electors.
Sept. 18. Ex-minister and priest, Diego
Antonio Ferjoo, is elected regent.
* * A rebellion breaks out in the prov-
inces of Para and Rio Grande.
* * Araujo Lima is elected regent.
* * The Republican Government is dis-
credited by many disorders.
1840 May 12. The Constitution is
again reformed.
July 23. The Legislature passes a biU
dispensing with the age qualification of
the em peror, and declaring Dom Pedro.
II. emperor.
1848 * * Great Britain is hostile because
of Brazil's neglect to suppress the slave-
trade according to the treaty of 1826.
1849 * * The Ministry conclude an al-
liance with the governors of Monte-
video and Paraguay, pledging the
integrity of the republics of Uruguay
and Paraguay against annexation by
Buenos Ayres.
1855 * * The emperor sends a squad-
ron, 11 men-of-war and 11 transports,
up the Parana to settle the question of
a right of way and other disputes ; but
the expedition fails.
1862 June 17. British officers are
arrested at Bio de Janeiro for disor-
derly condnct. [Diplomatic correspon-
dence follows.]
Dec. 31. Brazil refusing to make repara-
tion to England for the plunder by Bra-
zilians of the wrecked ship Prince of
Wales, the British make reprisals, seiz-
ing five Brazilian merchant-ships. (See
Society.)
1863 Feb. 26. London. Brazil by its
Minister pays, under protest, to Great
Britain an indemnity of £3,200.
May * London. Brazil, through its Min-
ister, requests the British to express
regret for taking reprisals. [Befused,
and diplomatic intercourse is sus-
pended.]
June 18. A dispute occurs with Great
Britain respecting the arrest of British
officers at Rio de Janeiro, and the con-
troversy being referred to the King of
the Belgians for arbitration, he decides
in favor of Brazil.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1640 * * A mining craze injures the set-
tlements.
1649 * * Port. The Brazil Company
sends out its first fleet.
1686 * * The terrible malady called bixa
[supposed to be a modified form of chol-
era] makes its first appearance at Per-
nambuco.
1849 * * The yellow fever first ap-
pears ; it is introduced by the slave-
trade.
1850 * * A steamship line to Europe
commences its trips.
1852 * * Railways are commenced.
1854 * * Rio de Janeiro is lighted with
gas.
Apr. 30. The first railroad is opened.
in the presence of the emperor.
556 1863, Oct. *-1890, Mar. *.
BRAZIL.
ARMY — NAVY.
1864 * * Paraguay, under the dictator,
Lopez, commences war on Brazil with-
out previous declaration. [It continues
for six years.]
Oct. 7. The U. S. war-steamer Wachusett
seizes the Confederate privateer
Florida in the port of Bahia, while claim-
ing the protection of Brazil.
1865 Jan. 2. Uru. War with Uru-
guay. A force of Brazilians bombards
and take Paysandu, and set out for
Montevideo. [The war ends.]
* * -70 * * "War of the Triple Alli-
ance or Paraguayan War. (See Para-
guay.)
Aug. * Uru. The emperor joins the
army.
Sept. 18. Uru. At Santayuna on the
Uruguay the three allies under Gen.
Flores defeat the Paraguayans.
The allies receive the surrender of
Uruguayana.
1866 Feb. 25. Uru. An indecisive
battle is fought at Paso de la Patria.
Apr. 16-17. Arg. Rep. The allies are
victorious on the Parana.
May 2. Arg. Rep. The Paraguayans are
again defeated at Estero Velhaco.
May 24. Arg. Rep. Another battle is
fought at Estero Velhaco without de-
cisive results.
June 14. Arg. Rep. The Paraguayans
bombard the camp of the allies on
the Parana River.
July 16-18. Para. The allies are de-
feated in a battle at Tuyuty.
Sept. 17, 19, 22. Para. The allies are
defeated in an attack on Curupaiti, and
lose many men.
Oct. 18. Para. The Paraguayans bom-
bard the camp of the allies.
Oct. 30. Para. The allies repulse the
Paraguayans at Tuyuty.
1867 June 13. Para. The Brazilians
defeat the Paraguayans at Corumba,
and take the city.
Sept. 24. Para. The Paraguayans
have the advantage in an indecisive
action.
Oct. 3. Para. The Paraguayans are
defeated. [Oct. 31. Defeated again.]
Oct. * The allies decline a peace pro-
posed hy Gen. Lopez.
Nov. 3. Para. The Paraguayans are
severely defeated at Tuyuty.
Nov. 6. Para. Gen. Lopez decrees
freedom to slaves who shall enlist as
soldiers.
1868 Feb. 17. Arg. Rep. The allies
send three monitors up the Paraguay
River.
Feb. 21. Para. The allies force the
passage of Humaita with six iron-
clads, and the Paraguayans abandon
Asuncion.
June * Para. The Paraguayans con-
tinue the struggle.
Dec. 11. Para. The allies totally de-
feat Gen. Lopez at Villeta.
1869 Mar. 24. Para. The allies ap-
point Comte d'Eu commander of the
united army.
May 8. Para. The Paraguayan gar-
rison of Hosario is surprised and
captured.
Aug. 12, 16, 18, 21. Several severe
conflicts take place, in which Gen.
Lopez is defeated.
1870 Apr. 1. Para. Gen. Lopez is
defeated and killed by the allies, near
the Aquidaban, and the war ends.
1890 Jan. 2. Two regiments refuse
to recognize the Republic ; a fierce fight
follows ; 100 soldiers are killed.
Jan. 14. Mutineers are shot and the
ringleaders arrested.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1864 * * The publication of the Imprensa
Evangelica is begun by missionaries. •
1865 July * A scientific expedition
under Louis Agassiz is favored by the
Government.
1870 * * The Presbyterians (North) of the
U. S. A. open an American School at
Sao Paulo.
1871 June * -Aug. * The emperor and
empress visit public and scientific insti-
tutions and the manufactories of Europe,
for the promotion of the arts and sciences
in Brazil.
1874 * * Rio de Janeiro. Fifty news-
papers and reviews are issued in this
city.
1885 * * Miss Bruce founds a girls'
school in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro,
which is directed by the Methodist Epis-
copal Church (U. S. A.).
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1875 Pedro, prince, heir to the throne, b.
1878 Varnhagen, Francisco A. de, historian,
A52.
CHURCH.
1863 Oct. * Sao Paulo is occupied as a
mission-station by Rev. A. L. Blackford
of the Presbyterian Church (U. S. A.).
1865* * Presbyterians organize a
church at Sao Paulo. [A training-
school follows.] They organize another
in Brotas.
1869 * * The Southern Presbyterian
Church (U. S. A.) starts a mission in
Campinas, province of Sao Paulo [from
which many churches amestablished].
1871 * * The Presbyterians open a mis-
sion at Bahia.
1873 Sept. * -Dec. * The Government
prosecutes the Archbishop of Pernam-
buco and other Catholic prelates for
infraction of the Constitution.
* *Pernambuco becomes a mission-
station of the Southern Presbyteri-
ans (U. S. A.). Dr. Kalley organizes a
church.
* 'Southern Presbyterians (U. S. A.)
open a day and boarding school at
Campinas.
1874± * * Presbyterians send a mission-
ary to Sorocaba. [The work extends
rapidly. Four churches are organized
in a few years.]
1875 * * Presbyterians start a mission
and organize a church at Cachoeira.
* * Sao Paulo becomes a mission-station
of the Southern Methodists (U. S. A.).
* * Rio de Janeiro becomes a mission
station of the Southern Methodists
(U. S. A.).
1876 * * Dr.Kalleyretire8 from mission-
work in Brazil, leaving two churches
with pastors.
1877 * * Rev. E. Vanorden starts an
independent mission in the city of Rio
Grande do Sul. [It becomes a Presby-
terian church.]
1881 ** The" Southern Baptists
(U. S. A.) start a mission.
* * The Methodist Episcopal Church
South (U. S. A.) opens a boarding-
school for girls at Piracicaba.
1882+ * * Presbyterian mission-stations
are opened in the provinces of Ceara,
Maranhao, and Alagoas.
1884 * * A Presbyterian church is or-
ganized in Larangeiras, and another
in Campanha, province of Minas
Geraes.
* * Presbyterians start a mission-station
in Bagagem, province of Goyaz.
* * Two Presbyterian churches are
organized in the province of Parana.
[A phenomenal growth follows.]
1885 * * Rio de Janeiro. The Presby-
terian Church reports more than 320
members received ; the church becomes
self-supporting.
* * Maranhao becomes a mission-station
of the Southern Presbyterians (U. S. A.).
1886* *The Southern Methodists
(U. S. A.) send Rev. J. Ransome to in-
augurate mission-work in Brazil. [1887.
A church is organized.]
1887 * * Bagagem becomes a mission-
station of the Southern Presbyterians
(U. S. A.).
1888 * * Para has a Methodist Episcopal
church with 29 members.
Aug. * The Presbyterians (North and
South) unite their missions in Brazil,
by forming them into one Presbyterian
synod.
1889 Nov. 24. The United States of
Brazil is officially blessed by the
Roman Catholic archbishop.
1890 Jan. 8. The Government decrees
the separation of church and state,
guarantees religious liberty and equal-
ity, and to continue the life stipends
granted under the monarchy.
SOCIETY.
1864 Oct. 15. The Princess Isabella
marries Louis Comte d'Eu, son of the
Due de Nemours.
1865 Feb. 7. Eng. The Comte d'Eu
and Princess Isabella, visiting Eng-
land on their marriage tour, land at
Southampton.
BRAZIL.
1863, Oct. *-1890, Mar. * 557
1866 July 15-22. Rio de Janeiro. The
Duke of Edinburgh visits the city.
1871 Sept. * A law is enacted that
every child born of slave parents from
this date shall be free, and all slaves
belonging to the state or Imperial house-
hold are to be free at once.
Nov. * Slaves owned by the state become
henceforth free on joining the army as
soldiers.
1872 Mar. 31. The emperor and
empress return from Europe to Brazil.
1874 July 20-26. The military and
citizens attack and kill a band of Ger-
man fanatics, popularly styled
Muckers (hypocrites) at Porto Alegre.
Their leader is Jacobina Maurer, who
claims to be a prophetess and a female
Christ ; Hans Georg Maurer is her priest,
and they destroy the property of their
neighbors who refuse to be converted.
1876 May 10. U. S. A. The em-
peror and empress attend the open-
ing of the Centennial Exhibition a»
Philadelphia.
1877 Sept. * Rio de Janeiro. The em-
peror and empress return from
Europe.
1884 * * The slave population is reported
at 1,200,000.
1889 Mar. * Rio de Janeiro. Agitation
for the overthrow of the Brazilian mon-
archy becomes threatening ; the Govern-
ment prohibits public discussion and
suppresses Republican newspapers ;
riots are frequent, and a number of
people are killed at Rio de Janeiro.
July 17. Rio de Janeiro. Dom Pedro
is fired at by a Portuguese in a theater,
but escapes unhurt.
Nov. 30. Dom Pedro arrives at St.
Vincent, Cape Verde Islands ; he is
courteously received by the Brazilian
and resident foreign Ministers.
Dec. 26. Rio de Janeiro. Martial law
is proclaimed.
Dec. * Port. The deposed emperor
arrives at Lisbon.
1890 Jan. 16. Fr. The ex-Emperor
Dom Pedro arrives at Cannes.
Jan. * Civil marriage is established by
law.
STATE.
1864 Aug. 30. A new Ministry is
formed, with F. J. Furtado, president.
May 1. Brazil signs a treaty of alliance
with the Argentine Republic and Uru-
guay against Gen. Lopez of Paraguay.
1865 Aug. * Diplomatic relations with
Great Britain are restored.
1870 June 20. A treaty of peace is
made with Paraguay.
Sept. 29. A new Ministry is formed
under Viscount St. Vincent.
1872 Sept. 27, 28. A bill for the
gradual extinction of slavery is passed
by the Senate.
Oct. 21. The emperor, as umpire, re-
ports the just boundary line between
United States and the English posses-
sions in Canada. (The San Juan
Question.)
1873 Jan. * A treaty is made with the
Argentine Republic.
1876 June 25. The Duke de Caixias
is appointed president of the Ministry.
1884 Aug. * -Sept. * The law abol-
ishing slavery is nullified by the plant-
ers ; the agitation against slavery in-
creases ; the Emancipation Bill of Sefior
Dantas is rejected by Ohe Assembly, and
a Ministerial crisis follows ; it is esti-
mated that there are 1,200,000 slaves in
Brazil.
* * The antislavery policy of Dantas, the
Liberal Minister, is supported by the
emperor.
1885 May 5. Dantas resigns because
of a hostile majority in the Assembly.
* * A law is passed declaring all sexage-
narian slaves free.
1888 May 10, 14. A law is passed
for the immediate total abolition of
slavery.
1889 May 4. The Assembly is opened
by the emperor.
June 10. A Liberal Ministry is formed.
July 29. The Government appoints a
commission to represent Brazil in the
International Congress to be held in
Washington.
Aug. 29. The Government negotiates a
loan of $10,000,000 at 4 per cent,
the issuing price being 90.
Sept. 13. The general elections result
in the return of 95 Liberals and 30 of
opposition parties.
REVOLUTION : A REPUBLIC.
Nov. 15. A revolution takes place;
the emperor, Dom Pedro, is dethroned,
and Brazil proclaimed a republic, with
Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca as Presi-
dent.
Nov. * Dom Pedro refuses the offer of
a pension from the new Government.
Nov. 16. The emperor and his fam-
ily are placed on board the Alagoas in
the harbor of the Rio de Janeiro. [They
sail for Portugal accompanied by an
iron-clad.]
Nov. 18. The new republic is consti-
tuted as the " United States of Bra-
zil."
Nov. 21. The provisional Government
decrees suffrage to all males who are
able to read and write.
Nov. 22. The provisional Government
confirms all pensions hitherto granted.
Uruguay and Argentine Republic
recognize the United States of
Brazil.
Nov. 26. French officials in Brazil are
instructed to hold friendly relations with
the new Government.
Nov. 27. The provisional Government
directs that Brazilian Ministers are to
give Dom Pedro a genial reception
on landing.
Nov. 29±. France, Switzerland, and
the United States informally recognize
the Republic of Brazil.
Nov. * The provisional Government
adopts the old flag.
Dec. 6. The Portuguese Minister
recognizes the provisional Government.
Dec. 9. Dom Pedro declines to abdi-
cate.
Dec. 21. A decree is issued banish-
ing the ex-Emperor Dom Pedro and
the other members of the royal family.
Dec. 26. The provisional Government
decrees that traitors to the Republic
shall be tried by a military tribunal.
1890 Jan. 6. The new Government in-
creases the duty on coffee from 11 to
15 per cent.
Jan. 17. Arg. Rep. The Argentine
Republic formally recognizes the Re-
public of Brazil.
Jan. 19. The Government divides the
country into three banking districts,
and establishes three issue banks, with
$250,000,000 capital.
Jan. 26. Civil marriage is established
by Government decree.
Jan. 29. The United States formally
recognizes the Republic of Brazil.
Jan. * A decree is issued that foreigners
residing in Brazil shall be considered
citizens unless they register declaration
to the contrary ; another decree orders
the discontinuance of the use of the
saints' names in the calendar, and
the substitution therefor of Comte's Posi-
tivest Calendar.
Feb. 1. Sefior Ribero, Brazilian Min-
ister of Agriculture, resigns his port-
folio.
Feb. 2. The banking-law is revised ;
the Republic is divided into four bank-
ing-districts, with a total paper cur-
rency of 200,000,000 milreis.
Feb. * Sefior Aristides Lobo, Minis-
ter of the Interior, resigns because of a
disagreement with President Fonseca.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1867 * * Six short lines of railroad are
in operation.
1873 * * There are 15 lines of railroads.
1874 June * The submarine telegraph
cable connecting Brazil with Europe is
completed.
1889 Jan. 3. The Pernambuco steamer
Stephen D. Hooper, from Calcutta for
New York, is burned at sea.
June 15±. Small-pox and yellow fe-
ver are raging in virulent form ; the
death-rate of victims in some places
reaches 70 per cent.
1890 Jan. 7. Port. The body of the
late Empress of Brazil is placed in the
Pantheon of the Braganzas in Lisbon.
Jan. 24. Rio de Janeiro. The National
Bank of the United States of Brazil is
incorporated, the capital, $100,000,000,
being quickly subscribed.
Mar. * Yellow fever again prevails.
558 1890, Mar. 21-1893, Dec. 26.
BRAZIL.
ARMY— NAVY.
1890 Mar. 21. An ironclad is launched
at Rio de Janeiro.
May 15. An uprising in Bio Grande
do Sul is put down by force.
1891 Jan. 20. Near Rio de Janeiro
160 prisoners overpower their guards,
seize two forts, and demand the res-
toration of Da Fonseca. [The forts are
recaptured.]
Dec. 10. In a revolt against the Peixoto
government at Campos 10 persons are
killed.
Dec. 23. The fighting against the au-
thorities is renewed.
1892 Feb. 19. After serious fighting
in the province of Ceara, the Governor
is deposed, and the insurgents assume
control.
Apr. 11. A seditious movement in Rio
de Janeiro is promptly suppressed, and
a three days' state of siege is pro-
claimed. [Apr. 14. Raised.]
May+ * A Brazilian turret-ship and
120 lives are lost at the mouth of the
Rio de la Plata.
June 7. Rebels in Matto-Grosso are
put to rout, and two rebel gunboats
surrender to the Brazilian Minister in
Paraguay.
1893 Mar. 27. The troops of the State
of Rio Grande do Sul have a desperate
battle with the revolutionists; there
are heavy losses on both sides.
May 19. In Rio Grande do Sul the
Government troops are drawn into an
ambuscade and routed by the in-
surgents.
July 16. The Jupiter, with the rebel
Adm. Waudenkolk on board, is cap-
tured by two Brazilian gunboats.
July * An important battle occurs in
Rio Grande do Sul, in which the Govern-
ment troops are routed and their com-
manding officer killed.
Sept. 7. The squadron revolts, and
the Government is unable to prevent
the bombardment of Bio de Janeiro
by its own vessels.
The Italian cruiser Dogali is or-
dered to protect Italian residents at Rio
de Janeiro.
Sept. 8. The foreign admirals agree to
prevent the bombardment of Bio
de Janeiro by the insurgent squadron.
Sept. 13. Adm. Mello, commander of
the rebel Brazilian fleet, cannonades
Bio de Janeiro for six hours without
doing much damage.
Sept. 18. The rebel fleet again bom-
bards Bio de Janeiro for three hours,
after which it sails southward.
Sept. 20. Adm. Mello demands the
surrender of Bio de Janeiro, threat-
ening another bombardment if his de-
mand is not immediately complied with.
Sept. 23. A part of the rebel fleet
blockades the port of Santos in S2o
Paulo ; the insurgents in the province
of Tucuman are driven back.
Sept. 26+. Rio de Janeiro. Some of the
forts hold out against the bombard-
ment by the rebel fleet, which attempts
to capture the city.
[Sept. 30. Adm. Mello refrains from
bombarding the city on the request of
the commanders of the foreign war-
ships. Oct. 1. He bombards the city,
causing a panic. Oct. 6. He again bom-
bards the city. Oct. 10, 12, 16. He bom-
bards the forts. Several men are killed
on the 12th. Oct. 17. Rebel shells greatly
damage the city. Nov. 8. Two of the
rebel war-ships are badly damaged by
the fire of the forts. Nov. 12. The offi-
cers of the insurgent fleet decide to raise
the Imperial flag. Nov. 13. The fleet and
forts have a severe engagement ; many
killed and wounded. Nov.* A number
of houses are burned, and the gas-house
is destroyed. Nov. 22. The rebel war-
ship Javary is sunk by the fire of the
Nictheroy battery ; all on board are lost.
Dec. 2±. Fort Villegaignon, held by the
rebels, is destroyed. Dec. 12. Adm. da
Gama notifies the foreign vessels that
he assumes command of the rebel fleet.
Dec. 13. He gains possession of Copas
Island and Enchado, in the bay. Dec.
14. The port is entirely closed. Dec.
14+. The Nictheroy battery arrives off
the coast in support of the Government.
Dec. 16. President Peixoto recovers the
island of Gobernador in the harbor.
Dec. 20. Adm. Mello sails to meet the
Nictheroy battery off the coast. 1894.
Jan. 8. The commanders of foreign ves-
sels refuse to protect the Island of En-
chado, used for hospitals, from the rebel
fire. Jan. 13. A mutiny on the Nicthe-
roy is suppressed. Jan. 14. The rebels
on Cobras Island bombard the shore bat-
teries of the Government. Jan. 15. The
rebels are ambuscaded and killed on an
island in the harbor. Jan. 21. The rebels
are reenforced by Gen. Saraiva and 8,000
troops from Paranagua. Jan. 29. The
rebels capture Bom Jesus Island in the
harbor ; 25 killed and many wounded.
Jan. 30. The rebel fleet fires on Ameri-
can merchant vessels : Adm. Benham, of
the Detroit, returns their fire, and Adm.
da Gama ceases his attack. Feb. 14. A
rebel transport is sunk by an explosion.
Mar. 3. The Government establishes a
cordon of troops along the bay shore..
Mar. 10. The Government fleet arrives.
Mar. 13. The Government refuses terms
of surrender, and reopens fire on the
rebels, who abandon Forts Villegaignon
and Cobras; their war-ships are hidden
among the merchantmen. Mar. 14+.
The rebels surrender unconditionally to
President Peixoto. Mar 16±. Adm. da
Gama and his staff take refuge on a
Portuguese war-ship. President Peixoto
demands their surrender of the Lisbon
Government. Mar. 19. Adm. da Gama
and 70 of his officers sail on two Portu-
guese war-ships for Buenos Ayres.]
Sept. 29. The city of Desterro surren-
ders to a part of Adm. Mello's fleet, also
the island of Santa Catharina with its
military stores.
Oct. 12. The rebels surprise and defeat
the Government troops at Bio Grande
do Sul.
Nov. 28. An indecisive battle is fought
at Bio Grande do Sul ; the Government
commander is captured, and the rebels
claim the victory ; losses heavy.
Dec. 28±. The Government announces a
victory at Bio Grande do Sul ; and an-
other at Nictheroy.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1890 Apr. 17. Beligious instruction
in the State schools is suppressed by the
Government.
Nov. 11±. President Fonseca compels
the newspapers of Rio Janeiro which
do not support him to suspend pub-
lication.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891 Jan. 22. Constant, Benjamin, minis-
ter of war, dies at Rio de Janeiro.
Dec. 5. Pedro II., ex-emperor, dies in
France, A66.
1892 Aug:. 23. Fonseca Manuel Deodo-
roda. ex-president, gen., A 65.
CHURCH.
1890 Apr. * Beligious instruction in
the state schools is suppressed.
SOCIETY.
1890 Mar. * Leagues are formed in
Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Para, Santos, and
Pernambuco, Brazil, to boycott Brit-
ish, in favor of using American goods.
Mar. 2. Fr. The ex-Emperor Dom
Pedro refuses to receive the proceeds
of a forced sale of his property.
Apr. 5. Fr. The ex-Emperor Dom
Pedro is seriously ill.
Apr. * Liberty of the press and of pub-
lic meetings is proclaimed.
Nov. 15. Rio de Janeiro. The first an-
niversary of the proclamation of the
republic is celebrated.
Dec. * Rio de Janeiro. It is announced
that all the jewels of the ex-empress
have been stolen. In the collection
were the finest Brazilian diamonds in
the world.
1891 Apr. 28. A scheme is advocated
for transporting Hebrews from Po-
land and southeastern Europe to unoc-
cupied land in Brazil.
Oct. 9. Rio de Janeiro. Bioting occurs.
1892 Jan. * Election riots occur in
Pernambuco.
June 21. Fifteen lives are lost in the
seditious disturbances in Rio Grande
do Sul.
July * Italian riots occur.
1893 Oct. 9. Rio de Janeiro. The
panic is subsiding, and business is re-
sumed.
1894 Nov. 16. Rio de Janeiro. Biot-
ing occurs in the streets.
Dec. 7. Rio de Janeiro. A plot to kill
both President Moraes and ex-President
Peixoto is exposed ; two men having
bombs have been arrested.
STATE.
1890 Apr. 20. Gen. Peixoto assumes
the War portfolio in place of Gen. Con-
stant, who becomes Minister of Educa-
tion, Posts, and Telegraphs.
Apr. 24. A Cabinet crisis in the repub-
lic occurs, and some of the Ministers
resign.
Apr. 27. President Fonseca receives
the resolutions of congratulation by
the Congress of the United States of
America. .
May 15. An uprising in Bio Grande
do Sul is suppressed by the military.
May 19. The Government decrees that
after July 1 all customs duties must
be paid in gold.
BRAZIL.
1 8 9 0, Mar. 21 - 1 8 9 3, Dec. 26. 559
May 29. Conspiracies unsettle confi-
dence in the Government.
May * The Government decides to ac-
cept the arbitration clause adopted
by the Pan-American Congress in Wash-
ington.
June 22. The Constitution is signed
by President Fonseca.
June 23. A new Constitution is pro-
mulgated.
It is based on that of the United
States ; it provides for a Senate and
House of Representatives, for President
and Vice-President having official terms
of six years, and for a Supreme Court.
Aug. 3. A decree is promulgated at Kio
de Janeiro establishing the National
Mortgage Bank with a capital of
100,000 contos of reis, gold.
Sept. 3. At Rio de Janeiro a decree is
issued granting a Government guaran-
ty of State loans amounting to 50,-
000,000 milreis.
Sept. 15. The elections for members
of the Constituent Assembly begin in
Rio de Janeiro. [The Government can-
didates receive 300,000 votes, and the op-
position, 100,000.]
Sept. 25. Viscount Pacoarcos is ap-
pointed Portuguese Minister to Brazil.
Sept. 28. The Minister of Education
resigns his portfolio.
Nov. 17. The Government rescinds
the decrees of banishment against
ex-Premier Preto and the ex-presidents
of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul.
Nov. 21. The Constituent Assembly
at Rio Janeiro recognizes the legality of
the Provisional Government. Vote, 175-
47. It asks it to continue its functions
until a vote is taken upon the question
of a federal Constitution.
Dec. 5. The Republic is recognized
by Germany. [Dec. 9. By Spain. 1891.
Jan. 6. By Denmark.]
Dec. 9. Two Brazilian banks consoli-
date by decree of the Government under
the title of Banco de Republica.
1891 Jan. 21. In the Assembly the
Constitution is read for the first time.
Jan. 22 ±. The Ministry resigns.
Jan. 22. A new Ministry is formed.
Feb. 24. The Assembly finally adopts
the proposed Constitution; the
United States of Brazil is now a repub-
lic de jure.
Feb. 25. Gen. Deodoro da Fonseca
is formally elected President.
Feb. 26. Gen. Fonseca takes the oath
of office as President.
May 19. The Government decides that
all custom duties must be paid in
gold.
Nov. 5. President Fonseca proclaims
himself dictator, dismisses the Con-
gress, and asks the nation to elect new
representatives.
Fonseca is supported in his dictator-
ship by both the army and the navy.
Nov. 10. The province of Rio Grande
do Sul declares its independence of
the Republic, also the province of Grao
Para.
Nov. 13. The governor of Rio Grande
do Sul is deposed, and a provisional
government is formed.
Nov. 17. Gen. Barrelto Lieta is chosen
governor of Porto Alegre by the Na-
tionalist party of Rio Grande do Sul.
Nov. 18. The Junta is in full control of
the province of Rio Grande do Sul,
and preparing for war.
Nov. 19. The Junta of Rio Grande do
Sul adopts a new flag.
Nov. 22. Dictator Fonseca appoints
Feb. 26 as the date for holding the elec-
tion, and summons Congress to meet
May 3.
Nov. 23. Rio de Janeiro. President and
Dictator Fonseca is deposed by an up-
rising of the people ; he resigns his office.
Nov. 24. The insurrection in Rio
Grande do Sul ends with the resigna-
tion of Fonseca.
Nov. 25. Gen. Floriana Peixoto be-
comes President ; he issues a manifesto
summoning Congress to reassemble
Dec. 18 ; the manifesto is received with
general satisfaction.
Nov. 30. Rio Grande do Sul refuses
to comply with orders of the Govern-
ment to reinstate the former State
officers.
Dec. 5. The Government and the
Church coming in collision, it is de-
cided to separate their interests.
Dec. 10. A revolt breaks out in
Campos against the Peixoto Govern-
ment ; 10 persons are killed.
Dec. 15. The governor of the State of
Sao Paulo, yielding to popular demand,
resigns.
Dec. 23. Another revolt occurs in the
State of Rio Grande do Sul.
Dec. 27. A revolt breaks out in Des-
terro, capital of the province of Santa
Catharina.
1892 Jan. 19+ . Near Rio de Janeiro
160 prisoners overpower the guards,
seize two forts, and demand the res-
toration of Fonseca ; the forts are re-
captured.
Jan. 22. The Chambers are prorogued
until May.
Jan. 23. Rio de Janeiro. The Chambers
confer unlimited powers on President
Peixoto.
Feb. 19. The governor of the province
of Ceara is deposed by armed insur-
gents, who assume control.
Apr. 11±. Rio de Janeiro. A seditious
movement is suppressed.
Apr. 12. The Legislature of Matto
Grosso declares its independence of
Brazil.
A majority of Congressmen decide
to approve the acts of the Govern-
ment without proceeding to the election
of a President.
Apr. 17. The blockade of the State of
Matto Grosso is raised.
June 20. The governor of Rio Grande
do Sul is deposed by adherents of
Fonseca.
July 3. Diplomatic relations between
Italy and Brazil are strained on ac-
count of recent Italian riots in Brazil.
July 4. Congress extends the term
of President Peixoto to the end of 1894.
July 23. The Chamber of Deputies
passes the bill granting amnesty to all
political exiles.
Dec. 16. A revolt to make ex-Gov.
Portella President is suppressed.
1893 July 11. The Government for-
bids the use of cipher codes in tele-
graphic communications.
July 23. A revolution to depose the
Governor breaks out in the State of
Santa Catharina.
Sept. 6. The officers of the naval fleet
at Rio de Janeiro demand the resig-
nation of President Peixoto for veto-
ing a bill making it impossible for the
Vice-President to become President.
Sept. 9±. Rio de Janeiro. Martial law
is proclaimed.
Sept. 20. A dm. Mello of the insurgent
fleet demands the surrender of Rio
de Janeiro under penalty of bombard-
ment if refused.
Oct. 7. President Peixoto is invited by
foreign powers to withdraw his troops
from Rio de Janeiro under penalty of
having the insurgents recognized as
belligerents.
Oct. 23. Senor Frederico Lorefia is pro-
claimed provisional President by
Adm. Mello.
Nov. 17. Adm. Mello proclaims Count
d'Eu's eldest son, the grandson of
Dom Pedro, as Emperor of Brazil.
Rio de Janeiro. The naval repre-
sentatives of eight nations agree not
to allow munitions of war to be landed.
Dec. 17. Rio de Janeiro. Adm. Mello of
the rebel fleet is aided by a royalist
manifesto issued by Adm. da Gama.
Dec. 26. Rio de Janeiro. The foreign
Ministers decide not to recommend that
belligerent rights be granted to the
insurgents.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Aug. 2. Rio de Janeiro. A cof-
fee syndicate, with a large capital, is
organized.
1891 Mar. 7. Yellow fever is again
prevalent.
Sept. 1. The new submarine cable
line, providing direct communication
between Brazil and the United States,
is formally opened.
Sept. 14. Rio de Janeiro. Yellow fe-
ver is raging.
1893 Sept. 7. The Government stops
all general communication by wire
with Europe.
Sept. 30. Brazil orders quarantine
against all European ports.
Nov. 11. Brazil buys five fast sea-
going steamers in West Prussia, to
be converted into warships to operate
against the rebel Brazilian fleet.
560 1894, Jan. 2 -Dec. 1.
BRAZIL.
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 Jan. 2. Adm. da Gama issues an-
other manifesto.
Jan. 11. The rebels are repulsed at Nic-
theroy, and lose many prisoners.
Jan. 14. The rebel war-ship Aquidaban
opens fire on Ponta da Arora.
Jan. 16. The rebel force besieging Bage
is routed with heavy loss ; the forts at
Nictheroy repulse an attack from the
rebel fleet.
Feb. 9-12. The rebels are repulsed at
Nictheroy; they claim to have cap-
tured Ave towns in the State of Rio
Grande do Sul.
Feb. 12. The rebels are defeated at Rio
Grande do Sul, losing 250 killed and
wounded.
Feb. 13. The rebels are repulsed at
Nictheroy ; Adm. da Gama is wounded,
and four officers and 200 men are killed
and wounded.
Mar. 2. The rebels are defeated at
Larondi.
Mar. 19. The U. S. fleet at Rio de Ja-
neiro disbands.
Mar. 23. Adm. Mello, as head of the
provisional government, declares the
war will be continued.
Mar. 26. Adm. da Gama and officers
arrive at Buenos Ayres.
Apr. 9. Adm. da Gama and his staff es-
cape from the Portuguese war-ship.
Apr. 13. Adm. Mello is forced to leave
Rio Grande.
± After the sinking of the insurgent
war-ship Aquidaban by a Brazilian Gov-
ernment torpedo boat, Adm. Mello con-
cludes to seek asylum in the Argentine
Republic and surrender his fleet.
Apr. 14. Uru. Adm. Mello and his
1,500 troops surrender to the Uru-
guayan authorities, and the rebel-
lion is practically over.
Apr. 15±. About 350 insurgents and 100
Government troops are killed and
wounded in a battle at Rio Grande do
Sul.
May 6. The insurgents are defeated in
Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do
Sul.
May 16. The Government forces are
defeated by insurgents in Rio Grande
do Sul with the loss of 140 men.
June 27. The rebels are defeated at Rio
Grande do Sul, losing over 1,000 men.
Dec. 1. An armed revolt breaks out in
Rio Grande do Sul.
CHURCH.
1894 Aug. 6. Pope Leo, in an ency-
clical letter to the Roman Catholic bish-
ops of Brazil, urges them to educate
and enlighten the people with all the
means at their command.
STATE.
1894 Jan. 2. Adm. da Gama issues a
second manifesto.
Jan. 8. A plot to assassinate President
Peixoto at Rio is discovered ; several
persons involved are shot.
Feb. 28. Mo de Janeiro. The state of
siege is abolished preparatory to the
presidential election.
Feb. * President Peixoto offers to par-
don privates in the insurgent force if
application is made within two months.
Mar. 1 . Seflors Prudente Moraes and
Pereira are elected respectively
President and Vice-President of
Brazil. [Nov. 15. Inaugurated.]
Mar. 10. Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco,
Santo Catharina, Sao Paulo, and Parana
are now the only States under martial
law.
Mar. 12. Adm. da Gama offers to sur-
render on condition that amnesty be
guaranteed the insurgents.
Mar. 13. The revolution ends by the
surrender of the insurgents. •
Mar. 22. President Peixoto revives the
Imperial decrees authorizing the exe-
cution, without trial, of all rebels and
persons guilty of aiding and abetting
rebellion, whether natives or foreigners.
Mar. 24. Adm. Mello is declared presi-
dent of a rebel provisional govern-
ment over the three States of Parana,
Santo Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul,
with the capital at Destero.
Uruguay. Adm. da Gama arrives
at Montevideo.
Apr. 14. Brazil withdraws her Lega-
tion from Lisbon, and sends the Portu-
guese Minister at Rio and his staff their
passports because of the aid extended
to the rebels by Portugal.
Apr. 21. The Government notifies for-
eign Ministers that the republic is at
peace.
Apr. 22. Uruguay. The insurgents
from Brazil decline President Peixoto's
offer of amnesty.
Apr. 27. Brazil accepts England's
offer of mediation in her quarrel with
Portugal.
Nov. 17. A decree of amnesty is ac-
cepted by large numbers of rebels.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Jan. 5. Rio de Janeiro. Y eUow
fever breaks out again.
June 1. Port. The Brazilian refugees
arrive, and are taken to Peniche fortress.
Oct. 22. Sixty persons are killed by an
explosion caused by a soldier dropping
a shell while removing the contents of
an insurgent magazine.
BRITISH EAST AFRICA.
British East Africa is a district of equatorial country extending about 500 miles along the coast, and into the interior
as far as Albert Edward Nyanza ; it includes the kingdom of Uganda and the Island of Zanzibar down the coast.
EXPLORATIONS.
Note. — To serve the convenience of those
who desire speedy access to the various ac-
counts of explorations in East and Central
Africa, the chief expeditions are entered to-
gether, without respect to the countries from
which they start, or those they traverse.
1840 * * David Livingstone sails for
Cape Town as a missionary of the Lon-
don Missionary Society.
1843 * * Livingstone selects Mabotsa
for a mission-station.
1849 Aug. 1. Livingstone first be-
holds Lake N'gami.
1851 June * Livingstone reaches the
Zambesi River.
The ill health of his family occasions
explorations for two years, in seeking a
healthy site for the mission.
1853 May 23. Livingstone reaches
Linvanti on the Chobe in Makololo.
Nov. 11. Livingstone begins to trace
the course of the Zambesi River, to Lake
Dilolo.
1854 May 31. Livingstone, having
crossed the continent, arrives at St.
Paul de Loanda, on the west coast.
1855 Sept. * Livingstone arrives at
Linyanti, South Africa, on his return
journey.
1856 Mar. 2. Livingstone arrives, in
an emaciated condition, at Tete, the far-
thest Portuguese outpost.
* * Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls
on the Zambesi.
May 20. Livingstone arrives at Quili-
mane, on the Indian Ocean, after recross-
ing the continent.
Dec. 12. Livingstone embarks for
England.
He has traversed a large part of South
Africa, and walked about 11,000 miles in
16 years. [His narrative attracts atten-
tion to Africa.]
1857 Mar. * Livingstone starts on his
second expedition. [He ascends the
Zambesi and Shire Rivers.]
* * Capt. John H. Speke discovers Vic-
toria Nyanza, the largest lake in Africa.
Apr. 18. Livingstone discovers Lake
Shirwa.
1859 Sept. 16. Livingstone discovers
LakeNyassa. [1861. He visits it again.]
1863 Feb. * Capt. Speke and James
A. Grant announce the discovery of
the source of the Nile in [Victoria Ny-
anza].
1864 Mar. 14. [Sir] Samuel Baker
discovers Victoria Nyanza.
1865 Mar. 24. Great Britain appoints
Livingstone consul at Quilimane for
inner Africa.
July 23. Livingstone returns to Eng-
land from his second expedition.
BRITISH EAST AFRICA.
1505-1884.
561
1866 Mar. * Livingstone leaves Zan-
zibar to continue his search for the
sources of the Nile. [Aug. 8. He reaches
Lake Nyassa.]
1867 Mar. 2. Livingstone writes a
letter at Bembo.
Apr. * Livingstone discovers Lake Tan-
ganyika, 450 miles long.
July 9. Eng. E. D. Young sails with
an expedition organized to search for
David Livingstone. [1868. Jan. 27.
It returns without tidings of the mis-
sionary traveler.]
Dec. * Latest tidings of Livingstone.
1868 July 7. Livingstone dates a de-
spatch to Lord Clarendon.
July 28. Livingstone discovers Lake
Bangweolo, or Bemba, 150 miles long,
lying near the center of the continent.
1869 Mar. * Livingstone reaches Ujiji
on Lake Tanganyika. [July 2. He starts
westward. Sept. 21. He reaches Ban-
barre in Manuemba. Oct. 23. Living-
stone is forced to return to Ujiji.]
May 30. Livingstone dates his letter.
1870 Oct. 28. An expedition conducted
by Henry M. Stanley, and equipped
by the New York Herald, at a cost of
$40,000, finds Livingstone at Ujiji.
187 1 * * Livingstone and Stanley jour-
ney together to Unyamyembe.
Nov. 15. Livingstone dates his home
despatches. [1872. Nov. 1. Eng. Re-
ceived.]
1872 Feb. 9. An expedition of the
Royal Geographical Society, led by
Lieut. Dawson, starts to find Living-
stone. [Feb. * Livingstone writes an-
other letter.]
Mar. 15. Livingstone and Stanley
part.
July 1. Livingstone dates another let-
ter. [Oct. 2. Eng. Received.]
July 26. New York. The Herald pub-
lishes a letter from Livingstone, at
Ujiji, of November, 1871, describing his
explorations and meeting with Stanley.
July 29. Eng. Livingstone's Febru-
ary letter, describing the horrors of the
slave-trade, is given to the public.
Nov. 20. A British expedition under
Sir Bartle Frere sails for Zanzibar to
suppress the slave-trade in East Africa.
[1873. Jan. 12. He arrives at Zanzibar.]
1873 May 1. David Livingstone, mis-
sionary, scientist, traveler, dies at Uala,
on the south shore of Lake Bangweolo.
1875 * * Henry M. Stanley, supported
by the New York Herald and the London
Daily Telegraph, makes a survey of Vic-
toria Nyanza — 230 miles long and 180
miles wide.
1879 May 14±. The British Royal
Geographical Society starts an expedi-
tion from Zanzibar under A. Keith
Johnston.
1880 June 28. A. K. Johnston dies.
Joseph Thompson takes charge of the
expedition.
June * The Johnston expedition re-
turns [to England].
1882 Dec. 13. At a cost of £2,600, the
Roral Geographical Society of Great
Britain starts an expedition for East
Afri<a under Joseph Thompson.
1883 Aug. 9. Dr. Robert Moffat,
Scotct missionary and traveler, dies,
aged 81.
CHURCH.
1842 * * Missionary work is begun by
John L. Krapf from Abyssinia in Galla-
land. He represents the English Church
Missionarj Society.
1844 The English Church Missionary
Society begins work at Mombasa, in
Masai-land.
John L. Ktapf, a missionary, lands
at Mombasa, having a letter to the gov-
ernors and people commending him as
" a good man who wishes to convert all
the people to God."
1846 * * John Rebmann joins Krapf,
and they open the Kisulutini mission-
station of the (English) Church Society.
1851 * * The Church of England Mission-
ary Society attempts to open a station
in Central Africa ; but sickness, death,
and desertion cause it to fail.
1860 Dec. * Eng. The Universities
Mission to East Central Africa, con-
sisting of Charles F. Mackenzie, Bishop
of Central Africa, and others, starts for
Zanzibar. [1861. Feb. * They arrive at
the Zambesi.]
1861 * * Magomero, on Lake Shirwa,
Central Africa, near the Shire River,
becomes a mission-station of the Uni-
versities Mission.
1862 Jan. 31. Bishop Charles F.
Mackenzie, of the Universities Mis-
sion, dies in Central Africa.
[The location of the mission is changed
from Magomero, near Lake Shirwa, to
the mainland near Zanzibar.]
1864 * * All excepting two of the seven
missionaries of the Universities Mis-
sion have died ; those surviving return
home.
1865 * * Galla, bordering Abyssinia, be-
comes a mission-field of the Swedish
Evangelical Society.
1874 * * Frere Town, near Mombasa, is
established by Church of England mis-
sionaries and Christian African workers
brought from Bombay.
1876 May 29. Alexander M. Mac-
kay arrives at Zanzibar as a Church of
England missionary for Uganda. [1878.
Nov. * He arrives in Uganda after en-
during much sickness.]
June * A Church of England mission-
party leave Zanzibar to open a mission
in Uganda.
1877 June 30. Two Church of England
missionaries, Lieut. Smith and Mr. Wil-
son, arrive at Rubaga, and are welcomed
by Mtesa, King of Uganda, who avows
himself a Christian seeking further
instruction.
* * The London Society undertakes
mission-work in Central Africa.
1879 Dec. * Influenced by a sorceress,
Mtesa and his chiefs publicly prohibit
both Christianity and Mohammedism in
Uganda, and return to heathenism.
* * Seven Church of England missionaries
are in Uganda.
* * The first Roman Catholic mission-
aries arrive in Uganda.
* * Mombasa becomes a mission-station
of the English Church Society.
1880* *The mission in Uganda, in
charge of Mackay and Pearson, patiently
endures the opposition of the king.
1881 Mar. * M t e s a ' s envoy returns
from England, and the Uganda mission
prospers.
1882 Mar. * The first converts are bap-
tized in Uganda by Mackay ; the
French priests depart after a resi-
dence of three and a half years.
May 17. James Hannington sails from
England as a missionary for Uganda.
* * Missionary Mackay baptizes five con-
verts in Uganda.
1883 Jan. * Hannington starts from
Uganda for England to regain his
health.
* * The Church Missionary Society opens
a mission-station at Sagalla, about 100
miles from the east coast, in Masai-land.
1884 * * A mission steamer is purchased
for use on Lake Nyassa, Central Africa.
* * A mission church is organized at
Uganda with 86 members, including a
daughter and granddaughter of the
king.
STATE — MISCELLANEOUS.
1505 * * Portuguese capture the great
city of Kilwa, with its 300 mosques ; also
the city of Mombasa the "Magnifi-
cent."
* * Portuguese capture the city of Ma-
lindi, and Magdoshu the " Immense."
1856 * * The Sayid of Muscat dies, and
his dominions are divided between his
two sons ; Barghash has Zanzibar.
1862 Mar. 10. The independence of
the Sultan of Zanzibar has been recog-
nized by France, England, and Ger-
many.
1870 Oct. 7. Madjid, one of the sons
of the Sultan of Muscat, after a contest
with his brother, Barghash-bin-Said, ob-
tains Zanzibar.
1876 Apr. 18. Sayid Barghash issues
a decree for the confiscation of slaves
brought to Zanzibar.
1884 Oct. 10. King Mtesa of
Uganda dies, and is succeeded by
Mwanga, his son.
Oct. 29. The Anglo-German Con-
vention, defining the boundaries of
Zanzibar, is signed by the two powers at
London . Masai-land is allotted to Eng-
land, by a convention marking " spheres
of influence."
562
1885 1891.
BRITISH EAST AFRICA.
EXPLORATIONS.
1887 Jan. 21. Henry M. Stanley
starts from London for the relief of
Emin Pasha. [June 2. He is opposed
by the Aruwimi tribes.]
Jan. 23. Count Telekis' expedition
starts for the Masai country.
1888 May 25. Stanley starts on his
return journey.
May 29. Stanley meets Emin Pasha
on the Albert Nyanza.
July 19. Maj. Barttelot is assassinated
near the Aruwimi River by his carriers,
■while conveying supplies to Stanley and
Emin Pasha.
Aug. 17. James S. Jameson, the suc-
cessor of Barttelot, dies.
Stanley meets Mr. Bonney with 71
men, the remains of Major Barttelot's
party.
Sept. * The Royal Geographical Society
sends an expedition to southwest Zan-
zibar under J. T. Last.
1889 Feb. 26. Dr. Carl Peters starts
with an expedition having 100 soldiers
to relieve Einin Pasha.
Apr. 3. Stanley's letter is published in
England, in which he narrates his terri-
ble sufferings.
Nov. 4. Stanley reports another great
lake, called Albert Nyanza.
CHURCH.
1885 Jan. * Eng. James Hannington
is consecrated as bishop of Equatorial
Africa, and sails for Uganda.
* * Mwanga, King of Uganda, op-
presses the mission ; three boys who had
been baptized are roasted to death.
* * Bishop Hannington visits Masai-
land.
July * The Church of England Mission in
Uganda reports 35 communicants.
Oct. 29. Martyrdom of Bishop James
Hannington by King Mwanga.
" Go tell Mwanga that I die for the Ba-
ganda, and that I have purchased the
road to Uganda with my life."
1886 June * The mission in Uganda
suffers persecution ; 50 or 60 Protestant
and Catholic converts are tormented
and put to death, yet 20 baptisms take
place within a month.
1887 July 20. The Arabs persuade
the King of Uganda to expel Alex.
M. Mackay. [He goes to the south end
of the lake, and remains three years at
Usambrioa.]
1888 Apr. * Rev. R. H. Walker joins
the mission of the Church of England
in Uganda.
Oct. * The Universities Mission is warned
to retire from the mainland by the Brit-
ish Government, as operations against
slave-traders by England and Germany
imperil their stay.
Oct. * The English and French Catholic
missionaries are expelled from
Uganda; they meet Henry M. Stanley Mar. 26. Sayid Barghash-bin-Said,
at Usagala.
Dec. 31. The Sultan of Zanzibar law s
land to the German Evangelical Hi*-
sion Society of East Africa on ynieh
to build a church and hospital.
1889 Jan. 11. Mwanga, KiVg of
Sultan of Zanzibar, dies, aged 51.
Mar. 27. Sayid Khalifa-bin-Said be-
comes sultan of Zanzibar.
June 6. The cession of territories by the
late Sultan occasions a dispute with
Italy.
Uganda, has overthrown and etpelled Sept> 3# rp^g imperial British East
his elder brother, King KimeVa ; the
English and French missions are
destroyed and the converts mas-
sacred.
Jan. 11-13. Eight missionaries are
killed.
1889 Jan. 19. An English missionary
named Brooks and 26 of bis converts
are massacred near Saadani in German
East Africa.
Feb. 8. The agent of East Africa Com-
pany obtains release of iJathohc mis-
sionaries held by the n;;|ive insurgents.
Mar. 12. The missionaries captured by
native insurgents are released on pay-
ment of $3,000 in addition to ransom
money ; the followers of Chief Busheri
retreat into the interior.
* * Islamism is checked in Uganda by
the laws of the country, which, while
they permit murder, forbid mutilation,
thereby excluding circumcision.
* *The English Universities Mission is
established at Zanzibar.
1890 Feb. 8. Alex. M. Mackay, mis-
sionary of the Church of England So-
ciety, dies of fever, aged 41 years.
Mar. 7±. Mwanga, King of Uganda,
conquers the native rebels with the aid
of the missionaries, and proclaims him-
self a Christian ; the principal posts are
given to the Protestants and Catholics,
between whom a jealousy exists.
Apr. * Eng. Alfred R. Tucker is con-
secrated bishop of Equatorial Africa.
May 9. King Mwanga and the mis-
sionaries are again expelled from
Uganda.
July 25. Missionary Stokes and Bis-
hop Tucker's caravan start for
Uganda from Saadani, German East
Africa.
July 27. It is announced that King
Mwanga has rejoined the Protes-
tants, and also that the French bishop
urges the Catholics to continue the war
against the Protestants.
STATE — MISCELLANEOUS.
1885 May * The Zanzibar coast is the
subject of territorial disputes with the
German East Africa Company.
1886 Aug. 19. The treaty between
England and Germany respecting
East Africa comes into force.
1887 * * The city of Zanzibar has a
population estimated at 100,000.
1888 Feb. * -Mar. * Zanzibar and
Portugal dispute respecting the non-
cession of territory. "War foUows, last-
ing five weeks.
Africa Company is chartered by the
Crown.
Sept. 7. The charter of the Imperial
British East Africa Company is ga-
zetted in London.
Sept. 23. Germans land from a man-
of-war and kill about 100 natives at
Bagamoyo.
Sept. * A great uprising of natives
against the Germans occurs along the
coast of Zanzibar.
Oct. 9. The Sultan of Zanzibar signs the
concession of a large territory on the
coast to the British East Africa Com-
pany.
Oct. 17. Lieut. Cooper captures a
dhow, but is killed in the action.
Oct. * The German settlement on the
coast collapses ; alleged cause, the ac-
tion of the Arab slave-dealers.
Dec. 2. Germany and England block-
ade the coast.
Dec. 7. The chiefs born Bagamoyo,
and retire on the approach of a German
force.
1889 Jan. 1. One hundred slaves are
liberated on New Year's Day.
Jan. 7. The agent of the British East
Africa Company gives hundreds of
slaves their freedom at Zanzibar.
Jan. 11. King Mwanga of Uganda
is deposed by his body-guard, and is a
prisoner. Kiwiwa, his brother, is made
king.
[A bloody and property-destroying out-
break against missionaries follows, and
efforts are put forth to reestablish Mo-
hammedanism.]
Jan. 11-13. The Arab slave-dealers
attack some of the German stations in
Zanzibar, and carry off the freed slaves ;
four missionaries are killed and three
captured.
Jan. 12. A letter received in Zanzibar
says that Stanley had landed in Decem-
ber on the southeastern shore of the
Victoria Nyanza ; he had rejoined Emin
Pasha since August and left him.
Jan. 14. The Sultan of Zanzibar offers
to mediate between East Africa Com-
pany and natives on a plan suggested by
the company's general agent.
Jan. 19. Sir John Kirk starts from
London on a special mission to Zanzibar,
for the settlement of difficulties in East
Africa.
Jan. 24. A fresh revolution has
broken out in Uganda. King Kiwiwa
has been deposed, and his younger
brother is raised to the throne, the
former having poisoned two of the prin-
cipal Arab instigators of the expulsion
of English missionaries.
BRITISH EAST AFRICA.
1885-1891.
563
Feb. 4. A French vessel is boarded
by tlie commander of a British man-of-
war at Zanzibar ; measures are taken
for redress.
Feb. 5. A body of Walsire Arabs sur-
rounds the Sultan's palace at Zanzi-
bar, and demands a suspension of the
blockade.
Feb. 14. A hitch occurs in negotiations
for release of missionaries on the Zan-
zibar coast.
Apr. 5. The German flag is raised over
the consulate at Zanzibar, and Capt.
Wissmann assumes command of Ger-
man interests.
May 8. In Zanzibar Capt. "Wissmann,
aided by 200 German sailors, defeats a
coast Chief Bushiri, and destroys his
camp, with little loss ; the natives lose
80 killed and 20 prisoners.
May 15. Fever ravages the crews of
English and German vessels.
June 7±. Adm. Deinhard bombards
Saadani, and Capt. Wissmann burns
Wingi.
June 12. The German East Africa
Company recalls their agent.
July 8. Wissmann captures Pangani
on the coast.
July 27 ±. Mr. Neilson, an officer of
the German East Africa Company, is
murdered by Chief Bushiri ; Capt. Wiss-
man offers a reward for his arrest.
July * Nearly seven-eighths of the popu-
lation of Zanzibar are slaves.
Some owners have 1,000. A negro boy
costs about $20, a strong workman about
$100 or $120, a pretty young negress from
$50 to $100, Abyssinian women from $200
to $500, while the women from Jeddiah,
in Arabia, bring very high prices.
Sept. 2. The Sultan of Zanzibar con-
cedes the Lamu Islands and Benan-
ger coast line to the British East Africa
Company.
Sept. 10. Stanley is approaching Mom-
basa, British East Africa, after much
fighting with hostile tribes.
Sept. 12. Stanley is reported to be
west of Victoria Nyanza, and his ad-
vance held in check by natives.
Sept. 21+. The Sultan of Zanzibar has
issued an edict empowering Great
Britain and Germany to search all
Zanzibarese dhows and other boats
with the object of suppressing the slave-
trade. The edict also declares that every
person entering Zanzibar after Nov. 1
shall be free.
Sept. ±* The Sultan of Zanzibar concedes
the government of the Island to the
British East Africa Company.
Oct. 19±. The Sultan of Zanzibar gives
a written promise to the British consul
that all children born in his domains
after Jan. l, 1890, shall be free.
Oct. 27. Mr. Stevens of the New York
World returns to Zanzibar, having
failed to find Stanley.
Nov. 22. Supplies for Stanley's party
are sent from Zanzibar to Bagamoyo
on the coast.
Dec. 2. Dr. Peters and Lieut. Lied-
mann, African explorers, are reported
in Zanzibar to be dead.
Dec. 4. Emin Pasha falls from a bal-
cony and is seriously injured at Baga-
moyo.
Dec. 6. H. M. Stanley arrives at Zan-
zibar. [1890. Jan. 2. He sails for Egypt.]
Dec. 17. Mwanga reconquers Uganda,
and regains his throne.
Dec. 30. At Seilah, two French mis-
sionaries and their escort of eight
Greeks are reported murdered.
1890 Jan. 2. Agent McKenzie of the
East Africa Company dislodges a chief
on British territory at Vitu; English
post-offices are opened at Mombasa
and Lamu.
Jan. * The cable from Mombasa to
Zanzibar is completed.
Feb. 1. The British East Africa Com-
pany hoist the British flag in Man da
and at Patta.
Feb. 8. England and Germany consent
to submit to arbitration their respec-
tive claims to the islands of Patta and
Manda.
Feb. 13. The Sultan of Zanzibar dies
of sunstroke, aged 43.
Sayid Ali, a brother of Seyjid Kha-
lifah, becomes sultan.
Feb. 14. Severe fighting occurs in
Uganda; Mwanga, assisted by Euro-
peans, defeats the Arabs.
Feb. 28. The new Sultan releases pris-
oners who have been imprisoned 18
years without a trial.
Mar. 18. Arab masters at Mombasa
unanimously accept the terms of Agent
Mackenzie, by which 3,000 runaway
slaves have settled in Fulladoyo, pro-
cure their freedom by doing work equiv-
alent to fifty shillings each.
Mar. 23. English agents seize 200 rifles
and a ton of powder at Aden, under the
prohibitory law, from a German expedi-
tion, which was to found a settlement
at Lab' etc on the Somali coast.
Apr. 6. Capt. Casati leaves Zanzibar
for Rome.
Apr. 14±. The Sultan has canceled the
concession of the islands of Manda
and Patta to the British, because of
German threats.
Apr. 30. The British East Africa Com-
pany's expedition to Uganda con-
cludes a treaty with Mwanga, placing
Uganda exclusively under British influ-
ence.
May 4. All natives connected by treaty
with the British East Africa Company
are to be recognized as free without
payment of compensation.
May 9±. Karema, aided by Arabs, recon-
quers Uganda and dethrones Mwanga.
June 17. The Government sends 300
Soudanese and 300 Indian troops,
commanded by English officers, from
Zanzibar to Mombasa to enter the ser-
vice of the British East Africa Com-
pany.
Germany cedes Somali and Vitu
to England, in return for Heligoland,
Europe, which is ceded to Germany.
June 24. Lord Salisbury states that the
Sultan of Zanzibar's dominion, men-
tioned in the Anglo-German African
agreement, includes a large portion of
the mainland.
June 27. The Anglo-German agree-
ment is finally concluded.
July 1. The Anglo-German agree-
ment in reference to Africa is signed at
Berlin by Chancellor Von Caprivi and
Dr. Kranel for Germany, and Sir E.
B. Malet and Sir Percy Anderson for
England.
July 28. All foreigners, except Ger-
mans, welcome the establishment of a
British protectorate at Zanzibar.
Aug. 1. Slavery still exists on the Zan-
zibar coast as before the Anglo-German
agreement.
Col. Enan Smith, the Sultan, issues
a decree somewhat antislavery in its
character.
Aug. 4. A mass-meeting of Arabs at
Zanzibar approves the slavery decree.
Aug. 6. The agreement between France
and England in regard to Zanzibar is
signed.
Aug. 26. The Mombasa and Nyanza
Equatorial Railway is inaugurated in
the presence of British and other con-
suls.
Sept. 13. Mwanga, King of Uganda, is
stripped of his despotic power; the prin-
cipal offices are divided amongst Pro-
testant and Catholic missionaries.
Sept. 17. An Arab is publicly hanged
at Zanzibar for slave-dealing.
Sept. 27. The British admiral is or-
dered to "Witu to inquire into a recent
massacre of Germans. [Oct. 20. He is
ordered to destroy the town of Witu
unless the murderers of the Germans
be delivered to German authorities for
punishment.]
Nov. * The island of Pemba is ceded to
the British East Africa Company by the
Sultan.
* * British influence is established by
special treaty in Uganda.
* * The District of "Witu, previously
occupied by Germany, is ceded to the
British East Africa Company.
1891 Feb. 10. The King of Uganda,
under French influence, refuses to rec-
ognize the English protectorate, and
the East Africa Company's agents [tem-
porarily] retire from the neighboring
country.
Mar. 18. The Sultan of the interior,
Tippoo Tib, is stricken with paralysis
at Zanzibar.
He is also known as Hamidi bin Mu-
hammad ; he rendered valuable assist-
ance to Verney L. Cameron's exploring
expedition in 1874. He also became gov-
ernor of the Stanley Falls district of the
Kongo State.
564
1891-1894.
BRITISH EAST AFRICA.
CHURCH.
1893 June 17. Europeans In Uganda
are in great danger through a Moham-
medan revolt, favored by Selim Bey.
The insurrection is suppressed by Cap-
tain Macdonald, and Selim is taken
prisoner and dies.
STATE — MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 Aug. 31. Zanzibar is declared
by its Sultan to be within the zone of
the Brussels spirit non-importation
act.
Dec. 19. Zanzibar, except for alcohol
and munitions, is to be a free-trade
port after next February.
1892 Jan. 24. A battle for British
supremacy is fought at Mengo, the
native capital ; the Catholics side with
the natives and the Protestants with the
British.
* * The defeated Catholics of Uganda
sign a treaty to restrict their work to
the district of Budu.
Mar. 4. Eng. The House of Commons
votes £20,000 toward a railroad from
Mombasa to Victoria Nyanza.
May 28. Seventeen Arab slave-tra-
ders are sentenced to be hanged at
Zanzibar.
June 13. Captain Lugard makes
terms with Mwanga at Uganda, and is
ordered to remove to a point midway
between that place and the coast.
July 1. The free- trade zone of the
Kongo Basin is extended to the coast.
Oct. 1. Lord Roseberry consents to the
evacuation of Uganda if the East
Africa Company cannot make its occu-
pation pay.
Oct. 30. Great Britain decides not to
retire from Uganda.
* * Revenue duties for the year are about
$100,000.
1893 Jan. 26. Commander d'Hanis
defeats Arab slave-dealers led by
Tippoo Tib's son, taking 500 prisoners
and 600 rifles.
Mar. 5. Ali Bin Said, Sultan of Zanzi-
bar, dies.
An attempt made by the son of the
dead Sultan to seize the throne is de-
feated by the British, who install the
Sultan's nephew, the rightful heir.
Hamid-bin-Thwain becomes sul-
tan of Zanzibar.
Apr. * The expenses of the East Africa
Company to date are £448,000.
Apr. 10. A dhow sailing under French
colors, having on board 60 enslaved
children, is captured by a British crui-
ser near Zanzibar.
Mar. 17. Sir Gerald Portal arrives at
Mengo.
Apr. 7. Catholics in Uganda receive
an extension of mission territory and
important offices near the king.
July 5. Somalia are routed by British
marines, and 50 Hottentots and their
chief killed by Portuguese troops dur-
ing a stubborn fight.
July 6. African slave-traders are de-
feated in two engagements, leaving their
munitions of war and over 100 barrels
of gunpowder in the hands of the vic-
tors.
Aug. 7. The Zanzibar troops and Brit-
ish marines storm the town of Witu
and capture it.
Aug. 11. Native soldiers revolt, and
join the tribesmen at Kismaya.
1894 Jan. 14. The Protestant na-
tives in Uganda defeat the Mohamme-
dan natives, of whom 30 are killed and
1,500 taken prisoners.
Apr. 11. King Kabba Rega, ruling
the country adjoining Uganda, has been
defeated by a force sent out under
Major Owen, and his kingdom may be
included in its protectorate.
BRITISH HONDURAS.
British Honduras is a Crown Colony of Great Britain, in Central America, having an area of 7,562 square miles, and a
population in 1891 of 31,471. The capital is Balize.
1667 * * English settlers arrive from
Jamaica. [They are often disturbed,
and sometimes expelled, by the Span-
iards.]
1754 Apr. * The Spaniards send a
military force against the English set-
tlement at Balize ; 1,500 men are routed
by 250 Englishmen.
1779 Sept. 15. A sudden attack is
made by the Spaniards, who defeat the
English settlers, and carry them away
as prisoners.
1783 * * The settlement is reestablished;
the British settlers cease to be disturbed
by the Spaniards.
Sept. 3. A treaty is made between
Great Britain and Spain, providing for
peaceful occupation of Honduras by
British settlers.
1786 * * A new treaty with Spain makes
a grant of additional territory between
the rivers Sibun and Balize.
1798 July 10. A Spanish force of
2,000 men arrives for the purpose of de-
stroying the settlement at Balize ; it is
successfully resisted by the settlers.
1814 * * A new treaty with Spain re-
vives the provisions of 1786.
1836 * * Claims of additional territory
are made by Great Britain.
1859 May 1. A treaty respecting
boundaries is signed by Great Britain
and Guatemala.
1861 * * The population is given by a
census at 25,635.
1867 * * James R. Longden is governor.
[1870, William W. Cairns; 1874, Maj.
Robert Miller Mundy; 1877, F. P. Bar-
lee ; 1884, Roger Tackfield Goldsworthy.]
1881 * * Population, 27,452.
* * Revenue for the year, £41,588.
1889 * * Balize is a mission-station of
the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary
Society, having two missionaries and 941
church-members.
BULGARIA. 120 b. c.-.a. d. 1877 Sept. 28. 565
Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia form a principality of southeastern Europe, having Sofia for its capital. Area, 37,800
square miles ; population, 3,309,816. The people are chiefly Bulgarians and Turks, and commonly speak the Servian language.
The government is a constitutional principality administered by an elected prince, who is tributary to Turkey ; the legislative
chamber is called the Sobranje. The religion of the Greek Church is approved. Its literature is meager and light.
ARMY — NAVY.
687 * * Justinian II. defeats the Bul-
garians.
1014 July 29. The Emperor Basil
defeats the Bulgarians at the battle of
Zetunium.
He takes 15,000 prisoners, and destroys
the eyes of all but 150, who are per-
mitted to have one eye that they may
guide the blind Bulgarians home.
1018 * * After a long struggle Basil sub-
dues the Bulgarians.
1396 * * The kingdom is conquered by
the Turks under Bajazet.
1444 Nov. 10. Battle near Verna.
Hungarians under King Ladislaus and
John Hunniades are utterly defeated
by the Turks under Amurath II. ; the
Hungarian king is killed and the brave
general is captured.
1876 May 1, 2. The Bulgarians,
spurred by foreign agitators, revolt
against Turkish rule.
May 7. Turkish officials and troops sub-
due the revolt with great cruelty.
Seventy-nine villages and towns are
wholly or partially burned, including
9,000 houses ; 72,000 persons are made
shelterless, $50,000,000 of property is
destroyed or taken away, 15,000 persons
killed, two-thirds being women and chil-
dren,— and all to revenge the seizure of
15 villages and the slaying of 115 Turkish
officials in self-defense.
1877 Apr. 24. Russia declares war
against Turkey for the suppression of
cruelty in Bulgaria and elsewhere.
Apr. * -78 Mar.* Turko-Russian
"War.
Bulgaria is the chief battlefield; the
Grand Duke Nicholas is commander of
the Russians, and Abdul-Kerim com-
mands the Turks. (See p. 1158.)
June 22. Passage of the Danube on
208 pontoons by a Russian corps under
Gen. Zimmerman. The Grand Duke oc-
cupies Drobudsha after a loss of 289 men.
June 27. The main army crosses the
Danube at Shistova.
July 5+ . Biela is taken by the Russians.
July 6. Plevna is occupied by the
Russian army.
July 6, 7. The Russian cavalry general,
Joseph V. Gourko, captures Tirnova.
July 12. The Turks reoccupy Bayazid.
July 13. Mukhtar Pasha drives the
Russians out of Kars.
Gen. Gourko crosses through the
Shipka Pass into Rumelia.
July 15. A division of the Russian army
captures Nicopoli, with two pashas,
6,000 men, two monitors, and 40 guns.
July 17-19. Russians drive the Turks
from the important Shipka Pass, con-
necting Bulgaria and Rumelia.
July 18. Plevna is retaken by the
Turks.
July 19, 20. Plevna is held by Osman
Pasha after a severe struggle with
Schildner-Schuldner.
July 21±. Suleiman Pasha arrives at
the Shipka Pass.
July * Mehemet Ali assumes su-
preme command of the Turkish
troops. The Russians retreat.
July 26 or 28. Aziz Pasha is killed at
Esinje, near Rasgrad.
July 29, 30. Severe fighting occurs at
Plevna; Gen. Krudener defeats the
Russians, who lose 2,000 killed and 4,000
wounded.
Aug. 11±. Russians are driven out of
Rumelia ; Gen. Gourko returns to the
Shipka Pass.
Aug. 20-27. Suleiman Pasha makes a
desperate effort, with great losses, to
regain the Shipka Pass, which is held
by the Russians.
Aug. 21. Gen. Radetzky reenforces the
Russians in Shipka Pass.
Aug. 30 1 . Osman Pasha makes an
unsuccessful sortie at Plevna.
Sept. 3. Gen. Skobeleff captures Lovatz
from the Turks.
Sept. 7+. The siege of Plevna by the
Russians under Gen. Eduard Ivano-
vitch Todleben begins with a cannon-
ade which lasts three days.
Sept. 11, 12. A general assault is
made at Plevna by Russians and Ru-
manians under Todleben ; the strong
entrenchments at Gravitza are taken
and held with a loss of about 20,000
men.
Sept. 17. Suleiman Pasha takes Fort
St. Nicholas in Shipka Pass, but is un-
able to hold it.
Sept. 22 •. Chefket Pasha reenforces
Osman Pasha at Plevna.
Sept. 28. Gen. Todleben is promoted
to the command of the Russian staff.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1847 Jan. 4. Nicholas of Mingrelia,
prince, born.
1857 Apr. 5. Alexander I.. Prince of
Bulgaria, born.
1861 Feb. 26. Ferdinand of 8axe-Co-
burg. Prince of Bulgaria, born.
CHURCH.
862 * * Christianity is introduced by
Boris or Bogoris [864 7].
1118 * * Basil, a physician, is burned
alive for heresy. He rejected the Penta-
teuch, the eucharist, and baptism, and
taught communism.
1833 * * The Bulgarians ask for a Bul-
garian bishop, instead of two Greek
bishops, and are denied.
1840* *A Bulgarian is appointed
bishop of Widdin.
1857 * * A mission is founded north of
the Balkans by the Methodist Episcopal
Church, U. S. A.
1858 * * Rev. Mr. Morse enters the Bul-
garian mission-work of the American
Board at Adrianople.
1859* * Sofia, Stara-Zagora, and
Philippopolis have mission-stations
established by the American Board.
1862 * * The American Board start mis-
sion-work in Samokov.
1870 Feb. 28. The Bulgarian Church
receives an independent exarchate.
1872 Feb. * Reestablishment of the
Bulgarian Church under a Bulgarian
exarch, bishops, and clergy.
1873 * * The American Board start mis-
sion-work in Monastir.
STATE.
120* * b. c. Bulgarians are first
known, as a band under the leadership
of Chieftain Vound, which takes refuge
in Armenia.
499* *-676* *a.d. A Slavonic tribe,
called Bulgarians, harasses the East-
ern Empire and Italy.
660 * * A kingdom is established in
modern Bulgaria.
Bulgarians are divided into several di-
visions ; the leading one under, Aspa-
ruch, settles in Moesia [now Bosnia,
Servia, and Bulgaria], and subjugates
the Slavonic population.
803 * * -927 * * Reign of Simeon; the
most prosperous period of the ancient
kingdom.
1018 * * The Byzantine Emperor Basil
H. subdues the Bulgarians.
1186 * * Insurrection under the broth-
ers Peter and Asan or Yusan ; the
Bulgarians unite with the Wallachs in
revolt against Byzantine rule ; the Bul-
garian kingdom is reestablished.
1396 * * After subduing the kingdom,
Bajazet annexes it to the Turkish
Empire.
1827* * Uprising of Bulgarians
against their masters.
1829 * * Varna is restored by the Rus-
sians, and the fortifications dismantled.
1848 * * The Bulgarians again revolt
against the Turks.
1858 * * A national assembly is called
to consider reform.
1862 * * Another uprising breaks out.
1870 * * Another uprising occurs.
1875 * * -76 * * The Bulgarians support
the revolt in Herzegovina, and ask
the Porte for the redress of grievances.
1876 May * Young Bulgarians urge a
general uprising.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1875* *Fourteen newspapers are
started this year.
1876 * * Fifty-one newspapers are
published in Bulgaria.
566 1876, Oct. 2-1887, Jan. *
BULGARIA.
ARMY — WAVY.
1876 Oct. 2, 3. Suleiman Pasha suc-
ceeds Mehemet Ali to the supreme com-
mand of the Turks, and sends Raouf
Pasha to Sliipka Pass.
Oct. 8. A Turkish monitor in the
Danube is blown up by torpedoes.
Oct. 9±. The Turks succeed in getting
relief and supplies into Plevna.
Oct. 19, 20. Rumanians seize and soon
lose the Gravitza entrenchments at
Plevna.
Oct. 24. An indecisive battle is fought
at Gornij Dubnik, near Plevna ; losses
about 2,500 on each side.
Oct. 28. Indecisive battle of Sofia
Road, near Plevna ; Russians drive the
Turks out of position at Telche.
Nov. 1±. Mehemet Ali collects an army
for the relief of Plevna, where the Turks
need supplies. Azli Pasha succeeds
Suleiman Pasha to the supreme com-
mand, and the latter is given command
of the army of Rumelia.
Nov. 8+. A Russian army 120,000 strong
invests Plevna for 30 miles around.
Nov. 12. The Russians are repulsed
in an attack at Plevna.
Nov. 15. The Turks make three at-
tacks on the Russians, and are repulsed.
Nov. 16+ . Osman Pasha declines an
invitation to surrender Plevna.
Nov. 21. Rumanians take Rahova on
the Danube, above Nicopili.
Dec. 9, 10. Osman Pasha attempts to
break through the Russian lines at
night and is totally defeated ; he un-
conditionally surrenders Plevna and
his army of 30,000 men. Losses are
very heavy.
Dec. 19. Gen. Todleben assumes com-
mand at Rustchuk.
Dec. 31±. Gen. Gourko, having re-
crossed the Balkans, defeats the Turks
at Sofia.
1879 Jan. 3. Sofia is taken by Gourko.
Jan. 8-10. Gens. Radetzky and Sko-
beleff defeat the Turks at Senova,
near Shipka Pass, and the war ends.
* * The army law compels every Bulga-
rian to serve 12 years in the army,
four of which shall be in the active
army.
Jan. 9±. Russians under Gen. Radetzky,
having crossed the Balkans, take the
Trojan Pass.
July 17±. Russians vacate Bulgaria.
Aug. 3. The evacuation by Russians is
complete.
1885 ± * * War with Servia respecting
rebel refugees and boundaries.
Nov. 14. Bulgaria, being invaded by
Servia at four points, Prince Alexander
solicits help from the Turks.
Nov. 15. The Bulgarians defend the
Dragoman Pass against 40,000 Servi-
ans, but soon retire.
Severe fighting near Raptcha ;
the Servians enter the city, and the Bul-
garians retire to Slivnitza.
Nov. 16. Battle of Trn; the Servians
are repulsed.
Nov. 17. The Bulgarians are de-
feated in northwestern Bulgaria, be-
tween Kula and Widdin.
The Servians renew the battle at Trn
and take many prisoners.
Nov. 17-19. Alexander defeats the
Servians under King Milan at Slivnitza.
Nov. 19. Alexander orders the evacu-
ation of Eastern Rumelia on the
demand of Turkey.
Nov. 21. Complete victory of the
Bulgarians in engagements near the
Dragoman Pass.
Nov. 23. The Servians are again de-
feated near Zaribrod, and the city is
occupied by the Bulgarians.
Nov. 24. Servians have left Bulgaria
and retreat to Pirot, Servia.
Nov. 26,27. Prince Alexander, fighting
his way, finally occupies Pirot.
Nov. 27. Servians besiege "Widdin ; a
Bulgarian rally is repulsed.
Nov. 28. Austria procures an armistice.
1886 Mar. 3. Peace is signed by the
two Governments.
Aug. * The soldiers revolt in favor of
the provisional Government.
Sep. 8. Sofia, the capital, is in a state
of siege on the retirement of Prince
Alexander.
Oct. 28. Sofia is again in a state of
siege.
Nov. 1, 2. Russian sailors land from
the war-ships at Varna.
CHURCH.
1878 * * The Bulgarian missions of the
American Board report recent rapid
progress.
1881 * * Loftcha becomes a mission of
the American Methodists.
1883 A Methodist Episcopal Girls' High
School is founded in Loftcha.
* * Methodist Episcopal Literary and
Theological Institute is founded in
Sistof.
1884 * * Varna becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the Methodist Episcopal Church
of America.
SOCIETY.
1879 June 5. Eng. Prince Alexan-
der is received by Queen Victoria.
1881 June 21. Zancof f and other
Liberals are arrested for insulting
Alexander in their election addresses.
July 23. Zancoff and other Liberals
are again arrested.
STATE.
1876 Oct. 9. London. Zancoff and Ba-
labanow, Bulgarian delegates, are re-
ceived with enthusiasm.
Dec. * A conference of great powers
at Constantinople vainly seeks pledges
to prevent Turkish atrocities in Bul-
garia.
1877. Mar. 31. London. Representa-
tives of six great powers sign a pro-
tocol making ineffective demands on
Turkey to recede from its cruel course.
1878 Mar. 3. The peace of San Ste-
fano, on the Marmora, near Constanti-
nople, is concluded between Russia and
Turkey.
It provides that Bulgaria shall re-
main a principality tributary to Turkey,
but to have a Christian prince with a
separate administration and militia, and'
accept a Russian occupation by 50,000
men for two years. [It is much modified
by the Treaty of Berlin.]
June 13 -July 13. Congress of Berlin.
The powers limit the principality of
Bulgaria to the country between the
Danube river and the Balkan moun-
tains, vet including Sofia and its terri-
tory. The southern portion of Bulga-
ria, with its boundaries reduced, is left
under the immediate rule of Turkey,
with the title Province of East Ru-
melia, and is to have a separate militia,
and administration by a Christian gov-
ernor-general ; only in specified cases
are regular Turkish troops to enter it.
The Russian troops to evacuate East
Rumelia and Bulgaria inside of nine
months and Rumania inside of a year.
(Ploetz.)
Oct. 29. A petition having 50,000 Bul-
garian signatures protests against the
division of Bulgaria.
Nov. 11. A meeting of Bulgarians is
held at Philippopolis to oppose the work
of the commission for organizing East-
ern Rumelia.
1879 Feb. 22+. The first National
Assembly, or Assembly of Notables,
meets at Tirnova by adjournment ; the
new Constitution is presented. It in-
vests a single chamber, called the So-
branje, with the legislative power.
Apr. 28. The Assembly closes.
Apr. 29. The Assembly for the election
of a prince convenes. Prince Alexan-
der of Battenberg is elected Prince
of Bulgaria as Alexander I. by the
Notables.
July 5. Alexander visits Constantinople,
and receives the berat of in vesture,
and then sails for Varna.
July 6. Alexander arrives at Varna.
July 8. Alexander arrives at Tirnova.
July 9. Alexander I. takes the oath to
maintain the Constitution, at Tirnova.
Aug. 15+. The Ministry issues a
manifesto, in which it proposes to
prevent disorders and organize internal
government.
Sept. 5+. A mouster meeting at Tirnova
votes a want of confidence in the
Ministers because of their unconstitu-
tional acts.
Nov. 2. The Prince opens the As-
sembly of Notables.
Nov. 3. The large majority of Liberals
in the Assembly occasions the resig-
nation of the Ministers.
Dec. 18. The National Assembly is
dissolved. Alexander appoints a Min-
istry with M. Bourmof , president.
1880 Apr. 4. Alexander opens the
Assembly of Notables.
Nov. 1. The second Assembly of the
Notables opens.
BULGARIA.
1876, Oct. 2-1887, Jan. * 567
1881 May 9. Alexander dissolves
the Assembly of Notables, and declares
the Constitution is superseded. It is
an arbitrary and irregular procedure.
June 27. Elections are held for the Na-
tional Assembly.
July 13. The National Assembly
meets, and accepts the proposals of Alex-
ander, and votes to give him arbitrary
power for seven years.
Sept. 28+ . An amnesty for political
offenses is offered.
1883 Mar. 15. Gen. Skobeleff and
M. Kypriak organize a new Ministry.
* * Russian influence causes a lib-
eral reaction against Alexander ; it is
proposed to restrain the power of the
Prince by a new Constitution.
Sept. 16+. The National Assembly is
in session.
Sept. 20. Alexander issues a manifesto
restoring the original Constitution.
Oct. 26. Alexander dismisses Col.
Redigher, Minister of War, and other
Russian officers.
Nov. 15±. The strained relations with
Russia are relaxed.
Dec. 14. The amendment to the
Constitution is adopted.
1884 May * -June * Servia complains
against the reception of rebel refugees
by Bulgaria, and disputes the national
boundary.
July 13. The Zancoff Ministry re-
signs; Karaveleff, as his successor, or-
ganizes a new Ministry.
Sept. 11. Alexander announces a com-
mission to elaborate a Constitution.
Sept. * -Oct. * Bulgaria protests against
the Servian raids.
Sept. 18+. The reunion of Bulgaria
with Eastern Rumelia is announced,
Bulgarians forming the chief part of
the population ; they rise up, and over-
throw the Turkish government.
Oct. 27. The regular session of the
Sobranje, or popular Assembly, opens.
1885 Sept. 17. The governor-general
of Eastern Rumelia is deposed, and
the union of that province with Bulga-
ria is proclaimed.
Oct. 15±. Bulgaria and Rumelia make
preparations for war, but cease their
activity by advice of the Great Powers.
Nov. 13. Servia issues a declaration
of war against Bulgaria, alleging cer-
tain aggressions. (See Army.)
Nov. 14. Alexander denies the allega-
tions of Servia, in a circular note to the
powers.
Nov. 19. Alexander yields to the au-
thority of the Sultan, and orders the
evacuation of Eastern Rumelia by
Bulgarian troops.
Nov. 28. Austria procures the suspen-
sion of hostilities.
Dec. 2±. Servia makes unacceptable
proposals of peace.
Dec. 21. An international commis-
sion signs a protocol.
1886 Jan. 12. The Powers present a
collective note requiring Greece, Bul-
garia, and Servia to disarm.
Jan. 16+. A collective note to secure
peace in the Balkans is disregarded ;
Greece and Servia refuse to disarm.
Jan. * The Powers sanction a nominal
union of Eastern Rumelia with Turkey,
while it is virtually united with Bul-
garia ; Prince Alexander is to govern
for five years as the representative of
the Sultan.
Feb. 2. The decree of the union of
Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria is pro-
mulgated.
Feb. 4. Great Britain, France, and Italy
approve the Turco-Bulgarian agree-
ment.
Mar. 3. A treaty of peace is signed
at Bucharest by Bulgaria and Servia,
yet the latter refuses to enter a treaty
of friendship, or to resume diplomatic
intercourse.
The Porte ratines the peace be-
tween Bulgaria and Servia.
Mar. 15+. Alexander demands the
governorship of Eastern Rumelia for life.
Mar. 17. The National Assembly
ratifies the peace.
Apr. * The "Western Powers unite in
a conference at Constantinople for
a settlement of the Turco-Bulgarian
question.
Apr. 5. The Powers sign a protocol of
the modified agreement concerning the
union of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.
The Powers agree to nominate Prince
Alexander as governor of Eastern Ru-
melia for a term of five years.
Apr. 8. Prince Alexander accepts the
proposed governorship conditionally.
June 14+. The National Assembly
convenes, with deputies present from
Eastern Rumelia.
Aug. 7. Alexander renounces the
throne, as Russian influence is against
him.
Aug. 20. The Revolution. Soldiers
and officers occupy the palace and seize
the Prince and his Ministers.
It is a movement of the pro-Russian
party. The chief conspirators are ex-
Minister Zancoff, Mai. Grueff, Clement
the Metropolitan, and Col. Stojanoff.
Aug. 21. The abdication of Alexander
is announced.
Evening. A provisional govern-
ment is announced under the presi-
dency of Clement.
Aug. 24. Alexander is taken out of
the country.
Aug. 28. Alexander starts to return,
a counter-revolution having opened the
way.
Aug. 25. The officers of the rebel gov-
ernment are either prisoners or
fugitives.
Aug. 29. Alexander is cordially wel-
comed on his return to Rustchuk ; he
issues a proclamation.
Aug. 30. Alexander makes his last
attempt to conciliate the Czar.
Sept. 1. Alexander arrives at Philip-
popolis.
Sept. 3. Alexander arrives at Sofia.
Sept. 4. Ex-Minister Zancoff and
other conspirators are released from
prison.
Alexander is forced to submit to
Russia, and announces his intention to
abdicate.
Sept. 6. A regency is nominated,
consisting of Stambuloff, Mutkuroff,
and Karaveloff.
Sept. 7. Alexander formally re-
nounces the throne, as Russian influ-
ence is against him, after confiding to
a regency the executive power.
Sept. 8. Alexander leaves Sofia.
Sept. 25. Gen. Kaulbars, the agent of
Russia, arrives, and introduces a policy
of intimidation.
Oct. 4. The Radoslavoff Ministry op-
pose Gen. Kaulbars.
Oct. * Gen. Kaulbars fails to dominate
the Bulgarians.
Oct. 10. An election of members for
the National Assembly gives a majority
for the Regency ; Vote, 400-20 ; only 78
members favor the Zancoff rebellion.
Oct. 18. The unpopular Russian policy
is abandoned.
Oct. 20. The Regency resist the effort
of Gadban Effendi, the Turkish envoy,
to secure delay by impugning the elec-
tions.
Nov. 1. The National Assembly
opens, and the rebel officers are set free.
Gen. Kaulbars makes threats ; a
small force of Russians lands at Varna.
Nov. 4. A pro-Russian insurrection
is attempted at Bourgas, but fails.
Nov. 10. The National Assembly
elects Prince Waldemar of Denmark
as Prince of Bulgaria.
Regent Karaveloff resigns, and
Zifkoff succeeds him.
Nov. 13. Waldemar declines.
Nov. 20+. Gen. Kaulbars, having re-
ceived no answer to his ultimatum,
leaves Bulgaria, and the Russian con-
suls also depart.
Dec. 23. Stambuloff and others form
a loyal provisional government at
Tirnova, and issue a manifesto in the
name of the Prince, Alexander I.
Dec. * Three delegates are sent to visit
the Courts of great Powers. [They are
favorably received at London and Paris,
unofficially received at Vienna and Ber-
lin, but not received at St. Petersburg.]
Dec. * Russia recommends the Prince
Nicholas of Mingrelia to Bulgaria.
Aug. * The proclamation of the provis-
ional government, under Zancoff, is dis-
avowed by the army and people in
various towns.
Dec. * The rebel soldiers protect the
rebel government from the enraged
people.
1887 Jan. 18. It. The insurgents'
delegates are received at Rome.
568 1887, Feb. 22-1894, Jan. 30.
BULGARIA.
ARMY— NAVY.
1887 Mar. 1, 2. The military revolt
at Silistria in northeast Bulgaria.
Mar. 3. The military revolt at Rust-
chuk on the Danube. Many persons are
killed in the uprising.
Mar. 4. The people assist the militia in
suppressing the revolt at Rustchuk.
Sofia is again in a state of siege.
Mar. 6. Several leading insurrection-
ists are executed at Rustchuk.
Mar. 8, 9. Many insurrectionists are
imprisoned at Rustchuk.
Sep. * The state of siege at Sofia is
closed.
Nov. 16±. E.Rum. Seventeen soldiers
are killed in the suppression of an in-
surrection at Stara-Zagora.
1889 July 20. At Dennrisch, near
Adrianople, the Russian agents are
collecting deserters from the Bulga-
rian army.
Aug. 23. Bulgaria purchases 10,000,-
000 cartridges and 50,000 rifles.
1890 Feb. 1. Army officers are ar-
rested.
Nov. 7. Prince Alexander, formerly
of Bulgaria, is elevated to the rank of a
full colonel in the Austrian service.
1893 Dec. 1. A Bulgarian ex-army
officer is arrested at Sofia, confessing
that he had been engaged by Panslavists,
Grujeff and Bendereff, to kill Prince
Ferdinand.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1889 July 9. Prince Nicholas, once can-
didate for the throne, A42.
1893 Nov. 17. Prince Alexander, of
Battenberg, ex-Prince of Bulgaria, A36.
CHURCH.
1889 Jan. * The Government quar-
rels with the Church.
Jan. * The Holy Synod meets at Sofia,
and its members refuse to call on
Prince Ferdinand or the Premier, Stam-
buloff.
Jan. * The Government is offended at the
attitude of the prelates, and declares
the Synod illegal because of irregular-
ity in the election of some of its mem-
bers, and orders it to disperse.
Jan. 11. The prelates are conducted to
their homes by a military guard.
1890. May 21. Bishop Theodosius
is expelled from Uskuto for trying to
effect a revolt in Macedonia.
Aug. 30. The Exarch, with Premier
Stambuloff's approval, appeals to the
Czar of Russia to adopt a conciliatory
policy toward Bulgaria.
SOCIETY.
1887 Mar. 31. An assassin shoots M.
Mantoff, prefect of Rustchuk.
Aug. * The Bulgaria publishes a libel
concerning the German Consul, Herr
Loper.
Sept. * The Government causes a retrac-
tion to be published, and suppresses the
paper.
Oct. 7. Political riots occur at Plevna,
with 10 deaths.
1888 July 8. Macedonian brigands
carry off two railroad officials to secure
ransom money.
July 15. The Government takes pos-
session of the Bellova-Vakarel rail-
road, for the alleged purpose of pro-
tecting it from brigands.
1889 May 16. Five brigands are
hanged at Sofia.
July± * Mohammedans raise disturb-
ances in Rasgrad.
Oct. 21. Eng. Prince Ferdinand
visits London.
Nov. 22+ . The marriage of Prince
Ferdinand to Princess d'Alencon is
abandoned.
1890 Jan. 3. All of the persons ac-
quitted of complicity in a recent Pa-
nitza conspiracy, with one exception,
are expelled from Bulgaria.
Feb. 5. A plot is discovered among
Bulgarian officers, inspired by Russians
adverse to Prince Ferdinand.
Feb. 8. Five conspirators implicated
in a plot to kill Prince Ferdinand are
shot.
Feb. 9. A Russian is under arrest
at Rustchuk for complicity in the con-
spiracy.
Feb. 20. A Russian plotter is arrested,
with documents in his possession com-
promising Gen. Ignatief f and several
Russian consuls.
Feb. 26. The birthday of Prince
Ferdinand is celebrated at Sofia.
Mar. 20. Major Panitza confesses to
conspiracy against Prince Ferdinand
in order to reconcile Bulgaria and
Russia.
May 15. Trial of Major Panitza begins
at Sofia.
May 21. Major Panitza denies that
Russia was implicated in the plot against
Prince Ferdinand.
May 30. Major Panitza is sentenced
to death, nine others to varying terms
of imprisonment.
June 20. The Court of Cassation con-
firms the sentences passed upon Major
Panitza and the other conspirators.
June 28. Major Panitza, the conspira-
tor, is shot at Sofia.
1891 Feb. 11. Three men are arrested
at Sofia on suspicion of plotting
treason.
Mar. 27. M. Baltcheff, Minister of
Finance, is shot at Sofia by an unknown
assassin, while walking with Premier
Stambuloff.
Mar. 28. Thirty persons are arrested
in Sofia on suspicion of complicity in
the assassination of the Minister of
Finance.
Mar. 29. The funeral of the assas-
sinated Minister of Finance, Balt-
cheff, is conducted with great pomp at
Sofia.
Mar. 30. Several arrests are made of
suspected complicity in the killing of
the Minister of Finance.
Apr. 4. Prince Ferdinand and his
mother, Princess Clementine, receive
letters threatening their death unless
they leave the country ; the Minister
of Foreign Affairs is threatened with
assassination.
Apr. 7. M. Sochovukopf, the Kavass of
the Russian Agency at Sofia, is expelled
from Bulgaria for sending threaten-
ing letters to Prince Ferdinand and
others.
Apr. 11. It is reported that a reward
of 20,000 florins has been paid to a
Hungarian, whose name is not revealed,
for detecting the murderers of the Min-
ister of Finance.
July 15. Two students are arrested
in Sofia who confess that they are the
murderers of M. Baltcheff, Minister of
Finance.
They accuse Dr. Tzatcheff , Dr. Moloff,
and Col. Kissoff of hiring them to com-
mit the deed ; these three are also placed
under arrest.
1892 Jan. 14. Plots against the life
of Prince Ferdinand are discovered.
Feb. 25. An attempt is made to assas-
sinate the Bulgarian agent at Con-
stantinople.
Apr. 24. Fifteen conspirators against
the Government are arrested.
Apr. 29. Another plot is discovered
against the lives of Prince Ferdinand
and Premier Stambuloff.
July 8+ . The trial of the conspirators
against the life of Prince Ferdinand and
several officials of high rank takes place ;
one witness confesses the details of the
plot. [July 27. Four are hanged.]
1893 Feb. 14. Prince Ferdinand of
Bulgaria and Princess Marie Louise,
daughter of the Duke of Parma, ar6
officially betrothed.
Apr. 20. Prince Ferdinand of Bul-
garia and Princess Marie Louise of
Parma are married.
June 10. Prince Ferdinand and his
bride enter Sofia in state.
STATE.
1887 Feb. 22. The Porte accuses
Zancoff of bad faith, and refuses to
treat with him any longer.
Feb. 26. The insurrection breaks out
prematurely in Silistria.
Feb. 29. Capt. Krivandoff refuses to
join the revolting officers, and seizes the
fortress in Silistria for the Govern-
ment.
Mar. 4. The Government places Sofia
in a state of siege, and makes many ar-
rests, including the ex-R^gent Karavel-
off, and the present Regent, Nikoforofl.
Mar. * At Rustchuk 14 rebels are exe-
cuted.
Apr. 6. The regent and ex-regent are
released.
BULGARIA. 1887, Feb. 22-1894, Jan. 30. 569
June 12. Prince Alexander positively
declines reelection.
July 4. The Sobranje opens at Tir-
nova.
July 7. The Sobranje unanimously elects
Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg
and Gotha as Prince of Bulgaria.
July 9. Ferdinand conditionally ac-
cepts the office.
The Ministry resign.
July 12. The Stoiloff Ministry is
formed.
July 14 ±. The Regency withdraws its
resignation.
Aug. 11. Ferdinand assumes office as
Prince of Bulgaria.
Aug. 14. Ferdinand arrives at Tir-
nova, the capital, and signs the Consti-
tution, and issues a proclamation.
Aug. 15. Russia protests against the
assumption of authority by Ferdinand.
Aug. 21. Ferdinand is welcomed at
Philippopolis.
Aug. 22. Ferdinand is welcomed at
Sofia.
Turkey asserts the authority of Fer-
dinand is illegal, being contrary to the
provisions of the Treaty of Berlin.
Aug. 31. The Stambuloff Cabinet is
formed, representing both the Liberal
and Conservative parties.
Sept. * The Government publishes a con-
tradiction to the libelous statement of
the Bulgaria respecting the German
consul, and suppresses the paper.
The state of siege at Sofia ends.
Oct. 9. The elections return to the
Sobranje a majority favorable to the
Ministry (260-32).
1888 Feb.f* Russia issues a circular
note to the powers concerning the ille-
gality of Ferdinand's position.
France and Germany approve ; Austria,
England, and Italy are non-committal.
Mar. 6. The Porte informs the Stam-
buloff Ministry that Ferdinand's posi-
tion is illegal.
Apr.±* Major Popoff, the patriot who
distinguished himself in opposing the
conspiracy, is arrested with four other
officers, on the charge of malversation
of public money.
[He is condemned to four years im-
prisonment by a court martial for the
crime of his subordinates.]
June 12. The Liberals in the Ministry
with Stambuloff resign because of the
injustice done to Popoff.
June 24. Ferdinand remits the pun-
ishment of Popoff, and the Ministry
resumes.
July* The boundary of the Servian
frontier is settled.
Dec. 22. The Stambuloff Ministry is
reconstructed.
1889 Jan. 4. The treaty with Ser-
via, respecting the boundary lines, is
ratified.
.Jan. * The Government quarrels with
the Church. (See Church.)
Feb. 5, 6. The Premier arrests 60
prominent citizens for petitioning the
Exarch at Constantinople, as construc-
tively favoring the rebellion of Zancoff.
Mar. 12. Prince Alexander of Batten-
berg writes to the Bulgarian Govern-
ment, claiming a million francs as the
purchase price of his estates.
Apr. 13. Bulgarian exiles are plotting
an invasion of Bulgaria from Bumania
and Bussia.
Sept. 8. The Government orders 33,-
000 Berdan rifles, and 2,000,000 car-
tridges.
Oct. 16. The Government effects a loan
of 25,000,000 francs.
Nov. 3. Mus. At St. Petersburg the
Czar, in an interview with the Bulga-
rian ambassador, presses his right to
select the head of Bulgarian Gov-
ernment.
Prince Ferdinand delivers a speech
at the opening of the National
Assembly.
Nov. 12. The Sobranje, in reply to the
speech from the throne, expresses the
hope that the Suzerain power will
take the initiative in recognizing Prince
Ferdinand as ruler.
1890 Jan.* Maj. Panitza, one of
Alexander's favorites, conspires to kill
Prince Ferdinand, Stambuloff, Mut-
kuroff, and Col. Pelroff, chief of staff.
Feb. 1. Major Panitza is arrested.
Feb. 8. Ferdinand offers to abdi-
cate, but his Ministers oppose.
Feb. 10. Many arrests made of plotters
against Prince Ferdinand.
Feb. 20. Russia is to be officially rep-
resented at the trial of Major Panitza
for conspiracy in Sofia.
Feb.* Russia demands 3,000,000
roubles from Bulgaria to pay for the
Bussian occupation during 1878 and 1879.
Apr. 2. A new quarrel between Bul-
garia and Servia breaks out.
Apr. 5. Bulgaria yields to Servia's de-
mands, and appoints a new diplomatic
agent at Belgrade.
June 5. The charges implicating the
Russian Government in connection
with the Panitza conspiracy are with-
drawn for lack of proof.
July 11. The Premier emphatically
denies the rumor that Prince Ferdinand
intends to abdicate.
July 19. Russia is stirring up strife
in Bulgaria.
Aug. 9. Great preparations are mak-.
ing for proclaiming the independence
of Bulgaria and electing- Prince Ferdi-
nand as king on Aug. 15.
Aug. 10. Russia is still opposed to
Prince Ferdinand as the ruler of Bul-
garia.
Aug. 12. Bulgaria refuses to pay the
total amount of the Bussian claims for
arms and ammunition supplied during
the war with Turkey, on the ground
that the amount due is 100,000 rubles
less than the sum demanded.
Sept. 7. The elections result in a great
triumph for the Government.
Oct. 9. Russia refuses to recognize
the right of Prince Ferdinand to rule
Bulgaria.
Oct. 27. Ferdinand opens the So-
branje in person.
He says that the Government plans
to perfect the army, construct railways
between Sofia and Tirnova and Kasit-
chan, conclude treaties of commerce
and friendship with the Sultan, grant
berats to Bulgarian bishops, etc.
1891 Mar. 27. M. Baltcheff, the
Minister of Finance, is assassinated at
Sofia.
Mar. 31. The Government offers
$5,000 for the securement of the assas-
sins of the Minister of Finance.
Nov. 21. Russia demands that Bul-
garia arrest 13 alleged Nihilists now in
that country.
Dec. 14. The Sobranje passes measures
for pensioning of Prince Alexander.
France breakes off diplomatic rela-
tions with Bulgaria. (See France.)
1892 Jan. 5. The Government re-
fuses the demand of France that it
should withdraw the decree expelling
M. Chadourne.
Jan. 17. The Government has agreed to
a note from the Porte to France, closing
the Chadourne affair with France.
Apr. 17. The Government requests the
Porte to demand of Bussia the extradi-
tion of the alleged assassins of Dr.
Valkovitch.
Apr. 24. Fifteen arrests of alleged
conspirators against the Government
are made.
1893 Dec. 1. The Ministry is to be
reorganized.
1894 Jan. 30. The brothers Ivanoff,
charged with conspiracy to murder
Prince Ferdinand and M. Stambuloff,
are sentenced, one to 15 years, the other
to three years' imprisonment.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1888 May 18. The Salonica railroad
is officially opened.
July 5. The Bulgarian railroad is
opened for internal traffic.
Aug. 12. The Bulgarian railroad is
opened to Constantinople, with festiv-
ities.
Aug. 14. The first anniversary of
Prince Ferdinand is celebrated.
1890 June 1. The northern part of
Sofia is wrecked by a hurricane;
many lives are lost.
Aug. 14. The third anniversary of
Prince Ferdinand's accession to the
throne is celebrated.
1892 Apr. 21. Russian papers are
excluded from Bulgaria.
Oct. 14. Violent shocks of earthquake
occur in the Balkans.
570 1894, Mar. 9-Dec. 21.
BULGARIA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1894 June 1. Civil war breaks out ;
the troops demand the reinstatement of
Stambuloff as premier.
SOCIETY.
1894 May 30. A riot occurs in
Sofia, in consequence of the resigna-
tion of the Stambuloff Ministry.
May 31. The rioting in Sofia continues ;
the mob is fired on by the militia.
June 1. A bloody conflict occurs in
Sofia between the police and part of the
military who declared for Stambuloff,
and the troops that stand by Prince
Ferdinand.
Sept. 6. Ex-Premier Stambuloff is
jostled and stoned by a mob in Sofia.
STATE.
1894 Mar. 9. M. Stambuloff, Prime
Minister, resigns.
May 29. The Stambuloff Ministry
resigns, and M. Grecoff is trying to re-
construct the Cabinet.
May 30. One person is killed and over
50 are wounded in a riot in Sofia, pre-
cipitated by the resignation of the Stam-
buloff ministry.
June 2. A conspiracy is said to exist,
having for its object the deposition of
Prince Ferdinand, and to place upon the
throne the four-year-old son of the late
Prince Alexander, the former Prince of
Bulgaria.
June 3. Soldiers are patrolling the
streets in Sofia, and the general excite-
ment is somewhat quieted. The doors
of the public offices are sealed.
The capital is peaceful ; all public
meetings are prohibited.
July 6. Ex-Premier Stambuloff is to
be indicted on the charge of abuse of
power at Sofia.
Aug. 27. Ex-Premier Stambuloff in
an interview says that he had an offer
of half a million rubles from St.
Petersburg, if he would depose Prince
Ferdinand.
Dec. 21. The Cabinet is reconstructed.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 July 27. Earthquakes are felt
in Bulgaria.
CANADA.
The Dominion of Canada consists of a confederation of the British Provinces of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, Prince Edward island, Manitoba, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories. Area, 3,406,542 square miles ;
population, in 1891, 4,829,411. Ottawa is the capital, and the Government is administered by a Governor-General appointed by the
British Crown, assisted by a Privy Council ; the Parliament consists of two houses ; a Senate having life-members appointed by
the Governor-General, and a House of Commons having members elected by the people. Each Province has its own Ministry and
Legislature.
ARMY — NAVY.
1501 * * Gasparo Cortereal captures 57
Indians, and takes them to Portugal
to be sold as slaves. *
1 598 * * Fr. The Marquis de la Roche
obtains from the king a commission to
conquer New France.
1607** -10 Spring. N. S. Port
Royal is deserted.
1614 * * N. S. The English from the
colony of Virginia descend in force
and expel the French, claiming the
territory by right of discovery.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1497 * * John Cabot of England dis-
covers Labrador and Newfoundland. He
is the first to land on the mainland [of
America],
1498 * * Sebastian Cabot of England
sails up Davis Strait, seeking a North-
west Passage to China.
1500 * * Gasparo Cortereal, a Portu-
guese navigator, visits Newfoundland
and Labrador.
* * Miguel Cortereal sails in search of
his brother, who was lost, and is himself
lost.
1524 * * Estevan Gomez, a Spaniard,
sails for a Northwest Passage to the
Maluccas.
* * Giovanni de Verrazano sails along
the coast of North America, from Caro-
lina to the St. Lawrence ; and visiting
Newfoundland, lays the basis of French
claims to the island.
1527 * * Robert Thome of Bristol sails
in search of the Northwest Passsge and
is lost.
1534 * * -35 * * Jacques Cartier ex-
plores the St. Lawrence in an attempt
to reach the Pacific.
1576 June 8. Eng. Frobisher's ex-
pedition of discovery sails for the Arc-
tic regions in the Northwest.
1577 * * Sir M. Frobisher, seeking the
Northwest Passage, visits Meta Inco-
gnita, at the entrance of Hudson Bay.
* * Sir Francis Drake of England visits
the west coast, seeking the Northwest
Passage from the Pacific.
1578 * * Eng. A fleet of 15 vessels
sails from Harwich for Frobisher Strait
to find gold.
1585 * * Eng. John Davis sails from
Dartmouth with two barks to discover
a Northwest Passage.
1586 * * John Davis again explores the
Arctic seas.
1587 * * John Davis sails again, and
reaches N. Lat. 72° 41' in Davis Strait.
1602 * * George "Weymouth, who is
sent out by the Muscovy Company, en-
ters Hudson Strait, but is stopped by a
mutinous crew.
1606 * * John Knight is sent out by the
Muscovy Company to find the Northwest
1610 * * -11 * * Henry Hudson
the winter in the north, and is set adrift
by his mutinous crew.
Aug. 2. Hudson enters the .strait
which bears his name, and thinks he
discovers the Pacific [Hudson Bay].
1611* * Sir Thomas Button passes
Hudson Strait, and winters at Port
Nelson.
1612 * * Hull and William Baffin en-
ter Cockin's Sound.
1615 * * Out. Samuel Champlain vis-
its Lake Huron.
* * Robert Bylot and Baffin are sent
out to examine Hudson Bay in search of
the Northwest Passage.
1616 * * Bylot and Baffin are sent up
Davis Strait; Wolstenholme's Sound,
Lancaster Sound, and Baffin Bay are
discovered.
1618 * * Baffin reaches the 78° of lati-
tude in the bay which bears his name.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1567* * Champlain, Samuel de, explorer,
founder, governor, born in France. [1635.
Dec. 25. Dies. A68.J
CHURCH.
1534 * * Jacques Cartier consecrates
New France to Christianity by the
erection of a great wooden cross on an
eminence near the Baie des Chaleur, as
if to signify a religious mission in his
discovery.
1578 * * Baffinland. Master Wolfall, an
Englishman, celebrates a communion on
the shores of Frobisher Strait, the first
communion recorded in America.
1605 * * It. Leo XI. is elected pope
[later Paul V.].
1608 * * Recollect and Jesuit mission-
aries arrive [and later explore the wil-
derness in all directions with terrible
hardships, sufferings, and heroism].
* * N. B. De Monts plants his first Jes-
uit mission at the mouth of the St.
Croix, on Bonn Island.
1610 * * The Order of the Jesuits is
confirmed in certain privileges by De
Biencourt.
1611 June 12. N. S. Two Jesuit
missionaries arrive at Port Royal, but
their work among the Micmacs is frus-
trated by the Government.
1612 * * P.Q. Franciscan monks come
from France, and preach to the Indians.
* * P. Q. De Biencourt ascends the
Kennebec with Father Biart, and con-
verts the Indians.
CANADA.
1007, **-1627,**. 571
1615 * * Ont. Le Caron, a Franciscan,
carries the Roman Catholic religion to
the Indians of eastern Maine, and west-
ward to the Hurons.
1619 * * N.S. Reformed Franciscans
begin mission- work in Acadia.
1621 * * It. Gregory XV". is elected
pope. [1623, Urban VIII.]
1626 * * Ont. Fathers Brebeuf and
Daniel, Recollects, begin work among
the Hurons.
LETTERS.
1603 * * Des sauvages, a work on the In-
dian tribes of America, by Samuel de
Champlain, appears.
1613 * * -32 * * Voyages, by Samuel de
Champlain, appears.
1625 * * P. Q. The foundation of a semi-
nary is laid in Quebec by the Jesuits.
* * Les muses de la Nouvelle France, by
Marc Lescarbot, appears.
SOCIETY.
1502 * * Fr. Cortereal sails again to
capture Indians and obtain a cargo of
slaves.
1536 May 10. Jacques C artier de-
coys nine Indian chiefs on board his
vessel, and sails away for France.
SETTLEMENT — STATE.
1007 * * N.S. Colonies are planted in
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia by the
Norwegians, but are soon abandoned.
1497 June 24. N. S. Prima Vista
(Newfoundland or Cape Breton) and the
coast of Canada are discovered by John
and Sebastian Cabot in the English ser-
vice. It marks the first discovery of
the American continent.
1498 * * Fr. Louis XII. is enthroned.
1500 * * Labrador is visited by Gas-
paro Cortereal, a Portuguese ; he ex-
plores the shores of Canada for 600 or
700 miles, and discovers and names Con-
ception Bay.
1504 * * N. F. The fisheries are much
visited by French and Spanish fisher-
men.
* * N. S. Cape Breton fisheries are
visited by Breton, Norman, and Basque
sailors.
1506 * * The Gulf of St. Lawrence is
examined and sketched by Jean Denys
of Honfleur, and Camart of Rouen.
1508* * P. Q. Thomas Aubert touches
at Newfoundland, and thence carries
the French flag up the St. Lawrence
River. He takes captured Indians with
him on his return to France.
1515 * * Fr. Francis I. is enthroned.
1518* * If. S. Baron de Leri attempts
to plant a colony on Sable Island,
but only succeeds in introducing cattle.
1524 * * New France has its first (tem-
porary) settlement, made by the expedi-
tion under the French flag by Giovanni
da Verrazano.
1525 * * If. S. A [short-lived] Portu-
guese colony is planted at Cape Breton
Island.
1534 June * -Aug. * Jacques Car-
tier, a French navigator, with two
vessels and 61 men, surveys the coast of
Newfoundland, and enters the mouth
of the St. Lawrence, on the banks of
which he plants a cross surmounted with
the lilies of France.
1535 * * P. Q. Cartier brings a colony,
and founds Montreal. [It is soon
abandoned.]
Oct. 2. P. Q. Cartier arrives at
Hochelaga (Montreal), having ex-
plored the great river to this point ; in-
formation is received of the Great Lakes.
1536 * * Ont. Cartier again explores
the upper St. Lawrence country, and
takes possession of it for France.
1540 Jan. * P. Q. The French, hav-
ing failed with two colonies, abandon
the colonization of the southern
coast, and turn northward. The Mar-
quis de la Roque obtains a commission to
establish a colony on the St. Lawrence.
[A colony of criminals is sent out and
fails.]
1541 * * -1627 * * New France is a
vice-royalty.
May 22. Fr. Cartier sails from St.
Malo with five ships belonging to an
expedition of De la Roque. [He visits
the St. Lawrence, and founds the
fortress at Charlesbourg.] The colonists
are chiefly noblemen and amateurs, and
many of them are robbers, swindlers,
and murderers.
1542 June* Fr. Cartier returns
with his ships.
1547 * * Fr. Henry II. is enthroned.
1549 * * P. Q. Francis de la Roque
(Roberval) again attempts to colonize
Canada. [Unsuccessful.]
1559 * * Fr. Francis II. is enthroned.
1560 * * Fr. Charles IX. is enthroned.
1574 * * Fr. Henry III. is enthroned.
1578 May * -Sept. * Frobisher
makes his third voyage, having a fleet
of 16 sail and 100 colonists. [Failure.]
June * Eng. Sir Humphrey Gilbert
receives his charter to any territory he
may discover.
1583 Aug. 5. Sir Humphrey Gilbert
takes possession of Newfoundland
for Great Britain.
1586 * * Labrador. John Davis, on
his second voyage, visits Labrador.
1587 * * Can. Davis, on his third voy-
age, discovers the Cumberland Is-
lands, London coast, Lumley's Inlet
(Frobisher Strait).
1589 * * Fr. Henry IV. is enthroned.
1592 * * Spaniards under Juna de
Fuca visit the northwest coast of the
American Continent. (?)
1598 * * Fr. Henry IV. grants the Edict
of Nantes, by which toleration is given
to Protestants.
* * If. S. The Marquis de la Roche se-
cures a patent for a colony in New
France (Nova Scotia) from Henry IV.
[La Roche establishes a colony, chiefly
taken from the prisons of France, on
Sable Island.]
1600 * * Fr. Chauvin of Rouen, and
Pontgrave of St. Malo, undertake to
establish a colony of 500 persons in New
France. [They are driven back by the
severity of the winter.]
1603 * * Fr. Samuel Champlain is
commissioned by a company of French
merchants of Rouen to explore the
country of the St. Lawrence, and estab-
lish a trading-post.
1605 Nov. 14. If. S. De Monts es-
tablishes the first permanent French
settlement in the country at Port Royal
(Annapolis) in Acadia.
It is the only active settlement except
those in Central and South America,
after 100 years of exploration.
1608 July 3. P. Q. The first per-
manent settlement in Canada is made
at Quebec, a semi-military and semi-
religious enterprise, led by Samuel
Champlain.
+ * *If. S. The De Monts and their
successors develop the island and the
shore of the mainland.
1610 * * Fr. Louis XLLT. is enthroned.
1612* * Fr. The Protestant Prince
Conde" becomes viceroy of the
French Empire in North America.
* * P. Q. Champlain visits the St. Law-
rence as an explorer and trader.
1613 * * P. Q. Champlain explores the
country north of the St. Lawrence.
1614**^.5. Virginia colonists break
up the French settlements. (See Amer-
ica.)
1615 * * Me. The French under De
Saussaye plant a mission-station on
Mount Desert Isle.
* * Champlain visits Lake Huron.
1616 July* P.Q. Champlain returns
to Quebec from his explorations north
of the St. Lawrence.
1621 * * Sir William Alexander ob-
tains from the crown of Scotland a pa-
tent for all Acadia, under the title of
Nova Scotia. [An unsuccessful attempt
is made at colonizing.]
Only 48 French settlers remain in
Canada.
1622 * * Samuel Champlain is gov-
ernor of Canada.
1623 * * If. S. Scotch colonists sent
out by Sir William Alexander arrive in
Nova Scotia, but return when they find
French adventurers already established
there.
* * If. S. The French frustrate the at-
tempt to plant an extensive English
colony.
1627 * * -63 * * New France is under
the rule of the Hundred Associates.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1611 June 21. Henry Hudson, his
sons, and five others are sent adrift by
his mutinous crew [and perish in Hud-
son Bay].
1615* * N. S. Capt. Argall of V;i.
burns the deserted hamlet of Port
Royal in Acadia ; he destroys every
building of a French colony at the
mouth of the St. Croix River.
\
572 1627,* * -1692, Feb.
CANADA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1628 * * Sir David Kirk, with an Eng-
lish squadron, captures the first ships
sent with stores for the subsistence of
Champlain and the French settlers.
* * Samuel de Champlain repulses
David Kirk in his attempt to capture
Quebec ; Port Royal falls into the hands
of the English.
1629* *The English take Quebec
from the French. All Canada is surren-
dered to the English.
1632 * * Quebec and all Canada are re-
duced by the English.
* * Canada, Acadia, and Cape Breton are
restored to Prance.
1636 * * Ont. The less warlike Hurons
are driven from the peninsula of Upper
Canada by the Iroquois Indians.
1649 * * The Huron Indians are mas-
sacred at St. Ignatius by the Iroquois.
1654**^.5. Oliver Cromwell
sends a strong force against the
French.
1659 July 26. P. Q. Indians mas-
sacre more than 1,00Q people at Mon-
treal.
1666 Jan. * P. Q. The French ex-
pedition of Courcelles and Tracy goes
against the Mohawk Indians.
1668 * * P. Q. Peace is made between
the French and the Five Nations.
1671 * * Ont. The region of Lakes Huron
and Superior is taken for France.
1673 July * Ont. Fort Frontenac is
built.
1681 * * III. La Salle erects Fort St.
Louis, on the Illinois River.
1682 * * Out. The French attack and
capture all the Hudson Bay Com-
pany's trading-posts.
1684 * * A long war begins between
the Five Nations and the French, chiefly
on the upper lakes.
The French Jesuits repeatedly fail to
persuade the Five Nations to break their
peace with the Dutch and English.
The French erect a fort at the Falls of
Niagara. Under De la Barre they in-
vade the country of the Iroquois, but
the mighty Mohawks and the brave
Oneidas drive them back with much
slaughter.
1687 June 13. P. Q. Denonville
leaves Montreal to attack the Senecas
in New York. [Driven back.]
* * The French attempt to form an alli-
ance with all Indians as far as the
Mississippi.
1689 * * -97 * * King William's war
with the French ; a part of the general
war against Louis XIV.
1689 * * P. Q. Comte Louis de Buade
Frontenac assumes the offensive,
and makes three descents upon the
English settlements.
One party of 110 under De Mantel,
Sainte Helene, and D'Iberville, burns
Schenectady, N. Y. ; the second party
of 52 are under Hertel de Rouville at
Salmon Falls, N. H„ while the third
devastate Casco Bay, Me. (See Amer-
ica.)
Aug. 4, 5. /'. Q. The Iroquois attack
Lachine.
Aug. 25. P. Q. The Isle of Montreal
at Lachine is surprised by 1,500 Iro-
quois ; 200 inhabitants are massacred,
and 200 more are taken captive.
* * N. Y. Gov. Donegan is ordered by
the English Ministry to protect the
Five Nations from the French.
1690 Apr. * N. S. The English under
Adm. Phips seize Port Koyal [Annapo-
lis].
Oct. 16. P. Q. A Massachusetts fleet
of 34 vessels, under the incompetent
Phips, "arrives before Quebec.
Oct. 21. P. Q. The invaders reembark
for Boston without making an attack.
Oct. * Part of the returning New England
fleet is wrecked.
Nov. * U. S. The exhausted and debt-
burdened colonies of England content
themselves with the defense of their
frontiers against the French.
1691 * * P. Q. Maj. Schuyler makes a
raid on the French settlements on
the Sorel. (See America.)
1692 Feb. *P. Q. The French go
against the Mohawks.
Frontenac sends 300 French with In-
dians against the hunting parties of
Senecas in Upper Canada, and under-
takes to subdue the Five Nations.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1631 * * Capts. James and Fox are sent
to find the Northwest Passage ; Luke
Fox discovers Fox Channel ; touches
Cape Peregrine. James discovers
James's Bay and " New South Wales."
1663 Feb. 5. A remarkable earth-
quake occurs.
It continues at intervals for more than
six months. Mountains and rivers dis-
appear, and new lakes are formed.
1669* * P. Q. Robert de la Salle
leaves Montreal, and begins his explo-
rations.
* * Louis Joliet explores the Great Lakes.
1680* * Louis Hennepin visits the
farthest sources of the St. Lawrence.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1661* * Iberville, Pierre le Moyne d\
commander, born. [1706. Dies. A 45.]
1688 * * Vincennes, de, Jean Baptiste
Bissot, Sieur, born.
CHURCH.
1632 * * The conversion of the heathen
is committed solely to the Jesuits.
1633 P. Q. Jesuit missionaries resume
work in the St. Lawrence Valley.
1634 * * Ont. The Jesuits, Brebeuf and
Daniel, join the barefoot Hurons on
their returning from Quebec to their
own country.
* * -47 * * The wilderness is visited by
42 Jesuit missionaries and 18 assis-
tants.
1636 * * Fifteen Jesuit missionaries
are among the Indians.
1638 * * Eminent French Catholics en-
dow a public hospital for Indians,
and three nuns are sent to serve it.
1639 * * An Ursurline convent for the
education of girls is established at Que-
bec.
1640 * * Fr. Rev. Jean Jacques Olier,
priest of St. Sulpice,' Paris, forms a com-
pany, with Sieur de Maisonneuve gov-
ernor.
It purchases the island of Montreal
from Associate Lauson for a mission-
site. [1641. Forty men and five nuns
are sent iis far as Quebec. 1642. May 17.
Montreal is consecrated by Father Vi-
mont and Madame de la Peltrie and
Mile. Mance begin their work.]
Ont. Charles Raymbault and
Claude Picart labor in the Huron Mis-
sions, and carry the gospel to the In-
dians of Michigan.
1641 Oct. 4. Ont. Two French Jesu-
its, Father Charles Raymbault with
Father Isaac Jogues, are sent to con-
vert the Chippeways on the Great Lakes.
Starting from Sault Ste. Marie, for sev-
enteen days they sail westward ; and on
landing they are met by two thousand
Chippeways, who welcome them.
1642 * * Father Jogues, the French Jes-
uit, is captured by the Mohawk Indians,
and made their slave ; yet he opens a
mission, in which he has 70 converts
when rescued.
1644 Ont. Father Francis Joseph
Bressani, a French Jesuit, is captured
and tortured by the Iroquois, when en
route to the Hurons.
* * It. Innocent X. is elected pope.
1648 * * Ont. The Iroquois burn the Hu-
ron mission at St. Joseph's, on Lake
Simcoe, and kill Father Daniel, the
missionary.
1649 * * Ont. The Iroquois sack the
mission at St. Ignace, on Georgian
Bay, and torture the pious Father Bre-
beuf with distressing ingenuity ; his
companion, Gabriel Lallemand, lingers
for 17 hours in terrible sufferings.
1655 * * It. Alexander VII. is elected
pope.
1656 * * Ont. Two French mission-
aries begin work among the Ottawas
by request of the chiefs. One is mor-
tally wounded in an attack by the Iro-
quois, and both are captured.
1658 * * P. Q. The vicarate apostolic
of Quebec is founded.
Francois de Laval-Montmorency is
consecrated bishop of Petra and vicar-
apostolic. [1674. Translated to Quebec]
1660 Aug. * Ont. Father Rene" Me-
nard, an aged man, responds to the re-
quest of the Indians, and opens a mission
near Keweenaw, where he is neglected,
persecuted, and finally dies.
1664* * P. Q. The Island of Mon-
treal is given to the religious Order of
St. Sulpice by a royal grant.
1665 Sept.* Ont. Claude Alio uez
goes to Montreal, intending to return to
the mission left vacant by the death of
Mesnard. [He opens a missicm among
the Chippeways on the shores of Lake
Superior.]
1667+ Aug. * Father Lewis Nich-
ols goes to the Indians of the northwest.
* * It. Clement LX. is elected pope.
CANADA.
1627, * *-1692, Feb.
57&
1668 * * Ont. The [celebrated] Father
Marquette leaves Quebec, in company
with Father Le Boesme, to join the
Ottawa mission.
* * Ont. Sault Ste. Marie is founded by
Father Marquette at the entrance of
Lake Superior.
1669 * * P. Q. A mission for the Iro-
quois is begun opposite Montreal by
French Jesuits.
1670* * Ont. Father Andre" is in
charge of the Ottawa tribes on the islands
and shores of Lake Huron, and Father
Druillettes enters the work at Sault
Ste. Marie.
* * It. Clement X. is elected pope.
1671 * * Ont. Father Henry Nouvel
enters the mission-work at the Falls of
Ste. Marie.
1672 * * Ont. Many of the Ottawas
settle at Marquette mission.
1674 * * P. Q. The diocese of Que-
bec is founded.
Francois de Laval-Montmoreney be-
comes the first Roman Catholic
bishop of Quebec, his see extending
from Maine to Louisiana.
1675 * * Ont. The Recollects are ac-
tive, and Louis Hennepin is among
them.
1676 * * Rivalry appears between the
Jesuits and other orders.
* * It. Innocent XI. is elected pope.
1680* * Ont. Father Hennepin is
captured by the Sioux, and attempts
mission-work among them, but without
success.
1683 * * P. Q. Mission of St. Francis
de Sales is established at the Falls of
the Chaudiere; the work spreads into
Maine.
1688 * * P. Q. Bishop Laval resigns ;
John Baptist de la Croix Chevri^res de
St. Vallier is consecrated bishop for the
R. C. diocese of Quebec.
1689 * * It. Alexander VIH. is elected
pope. [1691, Innocent VII; 1700,
Clement XI.]
LETTERS.
1632 * * -72 * * Les Relations Jisuites
are issued.
1641 * * P. Q. The Ursuline Convent is
founded at Quebec.
1663 * * P. Q. Bishop Laval founds a
seminary at Quebec for training young
priests.
SOCIETY.
1639* * P. Q. The Hotel Dieu is
founded in Montreal for the cure of the
sick, by the Duchess of Aiguillon.
STATE.
1627 * * Fr. The charters for planting
colonies in New France are revoked,
and the French Empire in America is
committed to the One Hundred Associ-
ates, with Samuel Champlain governor.
It obtains a perpetual monopoly of the
fur-trade, besides the commercial con-
trol for 16 years. Cardinal Bichelieu is
the ruling spirit.
* * P. Q. The colony of Quebec is
transferred to the One Hundred Asso-
ciates under Cardinal Richelieu.
1628 * * Fr. The Edict of Nantes is
again confirmed, to the great joy of
Protestants.
1629 * * P. Q. Quebec falls into the
hands of the English in the reign of
Charles I.
* * N. S. James Stewart settles a small
English colony at Cape Breton.
1632 Mar. 29. Canada, Acadia, and
Cape Breton are restored to the
French by the Treaty of St. Ger-
main-en-Laye.
1635 * * P. Q. The Island of Montreal
is given to M. de Lauson, an Associate.
1637 * * M. de Montmagny succeeds
Champlain as governor of Canada.
1643 * * Fr. Louis XIV. is enthroned.
1647 * * M. de Ailleboust is appointed
governor of Canada.
1648 * * P. Q. The entire Island of Mon-
treal becomes the property of the Sul-
pioians of Paris by royal grant.
1649 * * Eng. The Commonwealth is
set up.
1651 * * M. de Lauson is appointed
governor of Canada. [Later, M. de
Argenson and M. de Avaugour succeed
him, and are the last governors for the
Hundred Associates.]
1654 * * N. S. Cromwell sends over a
a strong force to protect the colonists.
1656 * * Eng. Cromwell grants Aca-
dia and Nova Scotia to St. Etienne and
others.
* * Fr. The seigniority of Montreal is
ceded to the Seminary of St. Sulpice in
Paris. [1657. It takes possession ; a con-
flict of proprietors ensues.]
1658* *Eng. Richard Cromwell is
Protector.
1660* * Eng. Charles H. is enthroned.
1663 Feb. 14. Fr. The Hundred As-
sociates surrender their charter, and
New France becomes a royal prov-
ince, with De Mesy governor.
* * -1763 * * Canada is under the rule
of the French Crown.
1664 * * Can. Courcelles becomes gov-
ernor of New France ; much emigration
and rapid growth ensue.
1665 * * Father Claude Allouez car-
ries the gospel among the Chippeways
of the far "West, and claims the country
for France.
* * P. Q. The Marquis de Tracy ar-
rives at Montreal with a regiment of
French soldiers, to protect the settlers.
The government of New France is in
the hands of three officers, a governor,
a bishop, and an intendant.
1667 July 25. Holland. By the Treaty
of Breda Nova Scotia is ceded to France.
* * Zacharia Gillam passes through Hud-
son Strait, and builds a fort on Prince
Rupert River.
1669 * * Ont. Robert Cavelier, Sieur
de la Salle, leaves Montreal and begins
his explorations.
* * Louis Joliet explores the Great Lakes.
1670 May 2. The Hudson Bay Com-
pany is chartered ; its territory is as
large as all Europe.
1671 June * The French hold a great
congress at the Falls of St. Mary, with
Indian envoys from distant tribes, and
inform them that they are under the
protection of the French flag.
1672 * * P. Q. Comte de Frontenac,
the new governor, arrives at Quebec.
1673 * * P. Q. Jacques Marquette, ac-
companied by a few Frenchmen and Al-
gonquins, sets out for the discovery of
the Mississippi River, of which he has
received some rumors.
1675 May 13. Fr. Louis IV. grants
La Salle a manor at Fort Frontenac
(Kingston).
1676 * * Ont. La Salle returns as pro-
prietor of a large tract near Fort Fron-
tenac.
1678 * * Fr. Comte de Frontenac,
is appointed governor of Canada.
1681* * La Salle descends the Missis-
sippi River. His companions are Tonti,
an Italian veteran, and Louis Hennepin,-
a Franciscan.
Apr. 9. La Salle reaches the mouth
of the Mississippi River, and sets up
a cross and the arms of France, having
descended from the confluence of the
Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico ; he
calls the great valley Louisiana. [One
of the most remarkable exploits in the
history of America.]
1682 * *Frontenac is recalled to
France ; Barre is his successor.
1683 Nov. * La Salle returns from his
explorations.
1684* * Fr. The Mississippi Company
is established in favor of La Salle.
1685 * * Denonville becomes governor.
* * Eng. James II. is enthroned.
* * Fr. The Edict of Nantes is revoked,
and quickens the emigration of Protes-
tants, yet ruins the colonial policy of
France.
1687 * * French diplomacy aims to per-
vade the West, and concerts an alli-
ance with all Indians to the Mississippi.
1688 * * The French census shows a pop-
ulation of 11,249 colonists; the Eng-
lish colonies have 20 times as many.
1689 * * Eng. "William HE. and Mary
are enthroned.
* * Frontenac again becomes governor,
and decides to make a triple descent
upon the English colonies.
1690 * * The English colonists meet in
Congress in Rhode Island to devise
retaliation and protection against the
French ; they resolve to attempt the
conquest of Canada.
1692 Jan. 26. JV. 5. Acadia (Nova
Scotia) becomes a part of Massachusetts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1679 May* Ont. The Griffin is.
launched on Lake Erie, the first vesseL
to sail the Great Lakes.
574 1692, July 2-1766, Feb. *
CANADA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1692 Nov. 26. N. S. Port Royal
[Annapolis] surrenders to a French
ship.
* * Maj. Schuyler leads a successful
war-party of Iroquois against the
French settlements beyond Lake
Champlain.
1693* * P. Q. Frontenac leads a
French expedition against the Mohawks.
1694 * * P. Q. Frontenac conducts his
last campaign against the Iroquois.
1696 July 28. P. Q. The French
under Frontenac for the last time
invade northern New York. [They are
defeated by the colonists and their Iro-
quois allies.]
1700 Sept. 8. P.Q. A treaty of peace
is made with the Iroquois at Montreal.
1701 Aug. 4. P. Q. The French make
a treaty with the Iroquois.
1702 * * -13 * * Queen Anne's War,
between French and English ; it is known
in Europe as the War of the Spanish
Succession.
* * III. The French vacate their post
on the Illinois.
1707* *Ar. S. Massachusetts attempts
the conquest of Acadia by a costly
expedition.
May * U. S. Two regiments leave Nan-
tucket, Mass., to attack the French at
Port Royal [Annapolis, N. S. The at-
tempt to bombard the fort fails].
1708 * * P. Q. A war-council at Mon-
treal resolves to invade New Eng-
land.
Aug. 30. A7". H. The French and Indi-
ans surprise Haverhill on the Merri-
raac, killing 40 and carrying away 100
prisoners.
1709 * * U. S. The English colonies pre-
pare to aid a British fleet in the con-
quest of Canada; the fleet fails to
arrive.
1710 Sept. * -Oct. * A7". S. The Con-
quest of Acadia [Nova Scotia] by the
English. (See America.)
Aug. * A truce is effected between
England and France.
1713 Mar. 31. Belgium. The Peace
of Utrecht ends the hostilities with
Canada.
1719 * * "War between France and
Spain.
1720* *JST. S. The French begin the
defenses of Louisburg.
1726 * * Ont. The French retake Fort
Denonville, near Niagara river.
* * 2V. Y. The French build Fort Niag-
ara [at Lewiston].
1731 * * A7. Y. The French establish a
fortress at Crown Point. (See Amer-
ica.)
1735 Apr.± * Ala. The French send
one expedition from the South and
another from the North against the
brave Chickasaws. [Both expeditions
are defeated.] (See America.)
1744* *-48* *King George's War
between Great Britain and France.
Mar. 15. France declares war against
Great Britain.
May * Me. A French force from Cape
Breton surprises the garrison at Canso,
and destroys the fort.
1745 June 17. AT. S. Louisburg, the
chief stronghold of the French in Amer-
ica, is taken by 4,000 colonists from
New England, led by William Pepperell,
a wealthy merchant of Maine.
Nov. 16. Ar. Y. The French and In-
dians surprise the village of Saratoga.
1746 Aug. 20. Mass. The French and
Indians take Fort Massachusetts; a
part of the prisoners are massacred.
* * JV. S. A French fleet having arrived,
the English colonists abandon their
projected conquest of Canada.
1747 Jan. 31. JV. S. The French re-
pel the English in the battle of Minas.
Feb. 4. V. S. Col. Noble is surprised
at Grand Pre\
June * P. Q. The English make a raid
into Montreal.
1748 17. The Indians are defeated
by the English at Marlborough.
1749 * * Ont. Fort Rouille [Toronto]
is built.
1750 Apr. * A7. S. A question of boun-
daries excites hostilities between the
French and English in Acadia.
1752 * * O. The French destroy the
English trading-post at Pickawillany.
1754 Apr. 18. Pa. The French cap-
ture the Virginians and their stockade
[at Pittsburg], and proceed to erect Fort
l)u Quesne on the same site.
May 28. Pa. Col. George Washing-
ton with a force of Virginians surprises
a French force under M. Jumonville at
Great Meadows; the leader and 10 of
his men are killed, and 22 survivors are
captured.
July 4. Pa. A French force defeats
Col. Washington at Fort Necessity ;
the Virginians capitulate.
Aug. 27. A7. Y. The French and In-
dians break up all the English settle-
ments at Hoosick and Schaghticoke.
1755 * * -63 * * The French and In-
dian War, between England and
France — a part of the seven years' con-
flict in Europe. It is a struggle to ac-
quire supremacy in the New World.
(See America, p. 68.)
Sept. 5. V. S. The exile of the Aca-
dians is announced. (See p. 68, 70.)
1756 May 17. Eng. After fighting the
French for two years, Great Britain
makes an open declaration of war.
June 9. France formally declares war
against Great Britain. (See America.)
* * III. The French construct a system
of forts in the interior, westward, near
the Illinois River.
1757 The French seem' triumphant
everywhere.
The campaigns of the last two years
have been disgraceful to the British
flag ; imbecility of the management and
cowardice is the cause. France now pos-
sesses 20 times as much American terri-
tory as England.
1758 July 26. A. 8. England takes
Nova Scotia.
After a siege of a few weeks Louisburg
capitulates to Gens. Wolfe and Amherst:
Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and
nearly 6,000 prisoners fall to the British.
Aug. 27. Ont. The British under Col.
John Bradstreet take Fort Frontenac
(Kingston), also 46 cannon, 9 vessels of
war, and a large military store.
* * P. Q. Montreal is surrounded by
walls.
1759 June 21. P. Q. The English
fleet approaches Quebec.
June 27. P.Q. Gen. Wolfe lands an
army of about 8,000 a few miles below
Quebec. A French force of 13,000 is in
the city.
June 30. P. Q. Gen. Wolfe takes pos-
session of Point Levi, where he pro-
ceeds to erect batteries.
July 18. P. Q. Some of Wolfe's vessels
pass above Quebec.
July 25. P. Q. Fort Niagara capitu-
lates to the British under Sir William
Johnson after a bloody battle.
French communication between Can-
ada and Louisiana is forever broken off.
Gen. Prideaux is killed by the bursting
of a gun during the siege.
July 31. P.Q. Gen. Wolfe is checked
in an impetuous assault on the French
at Quebec, in which he loses 400 men.
N. Y. The French abandon the
important fortress at Crown Point, and
surrender the valley of the Champlain
without a battle.
Sept. 13. P. Q. The first battle on the
Plains of Abraham.
After a siege of 69 days Quebec is as-
saulted and the French defeated ; Gen.
■Wolfe falls with his third wound, and
the equally brave French general, Mont-
calm, is mortally wounded. Great Brit-
ain wins a vast empire by a single battle,
" one of the most momentous victories
in the annals of mankind." (Bancroft.)
Sept. 18. P. Q. Quebec capitulates to
the English.
1760 Apr. 28. P. Q. The French
(temporarily) defeat the English in a
second battle on the Plains of Abra-
ham.
May 16. P. Q. English reenforcements
arrive, and the French retire from
Quebec.
Sept. 8. P. Q. Montreal falls into the
hands of Gen. Amherst, at the head of
three powerful armies.
Amherst approached the city from up
the river, while Murray ascended from
below, and Haviland marched from the
Lake Champlain region.
1763 Feb. 10. The treaty of Paris
closes the French and Indian War, by
which France loses the greater part of
the American continent.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1694 * * P. Q. A company of amateur
actors give a theatrical performance at
Quebec.
1719 * * The Hudson Bay Company sends
out an exploring expedition under
James Knight and Barlow, to dis-
CANADA.
1692, July 2-1766, Feb. *. 575
cover copper-mines ; it is lost on Marble
Island.
1731 May 19. Man. Verendre sets
out to explore the far West, and visits
Manitoba.
1741 * * Capt. Christopher Middleton
visits Wagner Inlet and Repulse Bay, in
the Arctic region.
1742 * * -43 * * Verendre and his sons
discover the Rocky Mountains.
1746 * * Wagner Bay is visited by Capts.
Moore and Smith.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1708 * * Laval-Montmorency, Francois Xa-
vier de, the first K. C. bp. of Quebec, A86.
1724 * * Carleton, Sir Guy, governor, born.
1736 * * Vincennes, de, Jean Baptists
Bissot. Sieur, founder of Vincennes,
Indiana, A48.
1759 Sept. 13. Wolfe, James, general,
victor at Quebec, A32.
Montcalm, Gozon de Salnt-Veran. de,
Louis Joseph, JIarquis, general, the van-
quished at the battle of Quebec, A47.
CHURCH.
1701 June * Mich. De la Motte Car-
dillac, with a Jesuit missionary and 100
French, is sent from Canada to occupy
Detroit.
* * Jesuits try to live with the Iroquois
[remaining eight years].
1710 * * The Jesuits have become the
protectors of the natives against the
colonists.
1714 * * Religious liberty is granted
to Roman Catholics by the British.
1717 * * French priests have flanked
the English colonies with more than 60
missions lying between Montreal and
New Orleans on the great lakes and
rivers.
'1720 * * Pierre Francois Xavier Charle-
voix, the Jesuit missionary, arrives.
1721 * * Mich. The Mackinaw mission
is reopened by the Jesuits.
* * It. Innocent XIII. is elected pope.
[1724. Benedict XXXI. 1730. Clem-
ent XII. 1740. Benedict XIV. 1758.
Clement XIII.]
1728 * * P. Q. Louis Francis Duplessis
de Mornay is consecrated bishop for
the R. C. diocese of Quebec.
1734 * * P. Q. Pierre Herman Dosquet
is consecrated bishop of the R. C. dio-
cese of Quebec. [1740.- Francis Louis
de Pounoy de l'Auberiviere. 1741.
Henry Mary Dubreuil de Pontbriand.]
1737 * * P. Q. The Order of Grey Nuns
is founded at Montreal.
1752* * Labrador. The Moravian mis-
sionaries arrive.
1755 * * N. S. About 7,000 Catholic
Acadians are banished and scattered
among the English colonies, for refus-
ing to take the oath of supremacy to
the King of England, as their spiritual
head.
1763* * N. n. The first Baptist
church in British America is formed
at New Brunswick.
LETTERS.
1744 * * History of New France, by
Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix,
appears.
1751 * * N. S. The Halifax Gazette is
issued at Halifax.
1764 * * P. Q. The Gazette is issued at
Quebec.
SOCIETY.
1693 * * P. Q. The general hospital
is established at Quebec.
1776 * * Loyalists from the American
Colonies begin to arrive, and are aided
by the Government.
STATE.
1692 Nov. 26. Nova Scotia is again
under the French flag.
1694* * Eng. "William HI. is sole
sovereign.
1696 July 28. NY. The French
under Frontenac for the last time in-
vade northern New York. [They are de-
feated by the colonists and their Iro-
quois allies.]
1697 * * Netherlands. Treaty of Rys-
wick; France is to retain all of Hud-
son Bay and the places held at the
beginning of the war.
1699 * * Callieres becomes governor.
1700 Sept. 8. A treaty is made with
the Iroquois.
1701 * * Iberville makes his third voy-
age from France to the Gulf of Mexico.
Aug. 4. The French make a treaty with
the Iroquois.
1702 * * Eng. Anne is enthroned.
1703 * * Vaudreuil becomes governor.
1708 * * A war-council at Montreal re-
solves to invade New England with
an expedition of Indians and 100 picked
Canadians led by French officers.
* * The French press forward their great
design of uniting the region of the Great
Lakes with the valley of the Mississippi
by means of trading-posts and mis-
sions.
1712 * * Anthony Crozart secures a
monopoly of the Mississippi Company's
business for five years.
1713 Apr. 11. Netherlands. ThePeace
of Utrecht ends hostilities with Canada.
Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Nova
Scotia are surrendered to the English.
the French retaining only the valleys of
the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi.
The disputes between the French and
English colonies continue.
1714 * * Eng. George I. is enthroned.
* * N. S. Gen. Nicholson is governor.
[1717, Gen. Philips ; 1734, Col. Lau-
rence Armstrong ; 1740, Capt. Paul Mas-
carene ; 1749, Lord Cornwallis ; 1752,
Peregrine Thomas Hopson ; 1753, Maj.
Lawrence.]
1715 * * Fr. Louis XV. is enthroned.
1721 * * Pierre Charlevoix descends the
Mississippi.
1726 * * Beauharnois is appointed gov-
ernor.
1727 * * Eng. George II. is enthroned.
1742 * * Christopher Middleton and
Moore make their discoveries in Hud-
son Bay.
1746 * * Marquis de la Gallissonniere
becomes governor.
1748 * * Ger. By the treaty of Aix-la-
Chapelle, Cape Breton is restored to
the French in exchange for Madras.
1749* *-52* * Marquis de la Jon-
quiere is governor. [1752, Quesne ;
1755, Vaudreuil again.]
* * N. S. Great Britain seriously at-
tempts to colonize this Province in or-
der to checkmate the French; more
than 4,000 emigrants with their families
arrive. Halifax is founded by Gov. Corn-
wallis.
1753 * * N.S. Lunenberg, near Hali-
fax, is settled by 2,000 Germans.
1756 May * P. Q. Marquis de Mont-
calm arrives in Quebec, and assumes
command of the French forces. [He be-
comes the greatest of the governors.]
1758* * N. S. Great Britain grants a
Constitution.
1759 Sept. 18. P..Q. Ramezay is gov-
ernor at Quebec.
1760 * * Eng. George III. is enthroned.
Sept. 8. -74 * * The British hold all Can-
ada under military rule.
* * N. S. Jonathan Belcher, governor.
1762 * * N.B. The French gain [tempo-
rary] possession of St. John.
1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris
closes the French and Indian War [one
of the most important and far-reaching
in its results].
France cedes to Great Britain all of
Canada, Cape Breton, St. John's Island,
and all the islands fringing the coast
except Miquelon and St. Pierre, which
the French are to hold as fishing-stations.
The 65,000 French Canadians become
British subjects.
Oct. 7. N. S. Cape Breton is annexed
to Nova Scotia.
* * Gen. Murray is appointed governor-
general.
* * N. S. Col. Wilmot becomes governor.
[1766, Lord William Campbell; 1773,
Francis Legge ; 1782, John Parr ; 1792,
John Wentworth.]
1764 * * N. B. A body of Scotch labor-
ers and farmers arrive, and settle in
the Miramichi and other districts.
1765 * * Labrador. The coasts are at-
tached to Newfoundland.
Feb. 27, Mar. 8. Eng. Passage of the
Stamp Act by Parliament, by which
Americans are alienated. [Mar. 22. It
becomes a law.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1734* * P. Q. The population of
Quebec and its suburbs amounts to
4,603.
1749 * * Eng. Emigrants are sent to
Nova Scotia at the expense of the British
government, and Halifax is founded.
1763* *The French population is
about 65,000.
1765 May 18. P. Q. A fire in Montreal
consumes 108 houses ; loss, $464,000.
576 1766,**-1818,**.
CANADA.
ARMY — STATE.
1768 * * 2?. S. Louisburg, Cape Bre-
ton, is evacuated by the British
troops.
1775 Apr. 19-83 Nov. 30. War of
the American Revolution.
Apr. 19. Mass. The Battle of Lexing-
ton begins the war ; 13 colonies rebel
against Great Britain, but Canada re-
mains loyal.
Sept. 24. P. Q. Col. Ethan Allen,
with 83 men, attempts to take Mon-
treal ; all are made prisoners.
Nov. 9. P. Q. Gen. Benedict Ar-
nold, with 1,000 men, arrives before
Quebec ; they are deterred from taking
the city by the want of boats.
Nov. 12. P. Q. The Americans tinder
Gen. James Montgomery, having in-
vaded Canada, attempt to surprise the
British and take Montreal.
Dec. 1. P. Q. Gens. Arnold and
Montgomery unite their forces on the
St. Lawrence.
Dec. 8. P. Q. The siege of Quebec
begins.
Dec. 30. P. Q. Gen. Montgomery is
defeated and killed before Quebec ;
Gen. Arnold continues the fruitless
1776 Mar. * P. Q. The Americans
are expelled from Canada by Sir Guy
Carleton.
May 19. P. Q. Gen. Arnold, with 900
Americans, captures the British post at
the Cedars, releasing 500 American
prisoners.
May * P. Q. The Americans are de-
feated at Three Rivers.
Gen. Thomas retreats from Quebec
in command of the northern army.
June 2. P. Q. Gen. Thomas dies of
smallpox.
June 15. P. Q. The British retake
Montreal from the Americans.
±* * iv~. S. Gen. "William Howe leaves
Halifax, and sails with his army for
New York Bay.
June 18. Canada is entirely evacu-
ated by the Americans, " defeated, dis-
contented, dispirited, diseased."
Oct. 11-13. U. S. A. Sir Guy Carleton
• defeats Gen. Benedict Arnold in a naval
battle on Lake Champlain. (See
America.)
* * N. S. Col. Graham defends Fort
Cumberland.
1777 Mar. * P. Q. Lieut.-Gen. John
Burgoyne, the successor of Sir Guy
Carleton, arrives at Quebec to take com-
mand of the British forces in Canada.
He proposes to cut the colonies into
two sections, by an expedition moving
through Lake Champlain and down the
Hudson River.
June 1. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne, with
a British force, enters New York via
Lake Champlain. [June * He advances
to Crown **oint. Oct. 17. He surren-
ders his army to the Americans.] (See
America.)
1812 June 18 -15 Feb. 15. The "War
of 1812, between Great Britain and the
United States. (See America, p. 118+.)
1814 Dec. 14. Belgium. The war
ends — on paper, by the signing of the
treaty of Peace at Ghent.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1769* *-72* * N. W. T. Samuel
Hearne visits the" Arctic Region ; he
catches a view of the Polar Sea, from
the mouth of the Coppermine River.
1771 * * N. W. T. Hearne follows the
Coppermine River down to the Polar
Sea.
1776 * * Lieut. Pickersgill visits the
Polar Sea, to cooperate with Capt. Cook's
Pacific Expedition.
* *_so* *Capts. Cook and Clark ex-
plore the coast of Bering Strait.
1778* *-79* *Capt. James Cook
seeks the Northwest Passage by way of
Bering Strait.
1783 Oct. 16. A strange darkness
occurs about two o'clock p.m., continu-
ing about 40 minutes, and afterward is
repeated, but of less duration.
1789 June 3. N.W.T. Sir Alexander
Mackenzie leaves Fort Chippewyan in a
birch bark canoe, going northward to the
Polar Sea.
June 29. N. W. T. Mackenzie discov-
ers Mackenzie River.
Sept. 12. A. W. T. Mackenzie returns
from exploring Mackenzie River to Fort
Chippewyan.
1790* * Capt. George Vancouver
makes explorations along the Pacific
coast.
1792 Oct. 10. Mackenzie leaves Fort
Chippewyan on an expedition [during
which he ascends the Peace River,
crosses the Rockies, and reaches the
Pacific].
* * Ore. A Boston ship enters the mouth
of the Oregon River, and the captain
names it the Columbia.
1793 July 22. Mackenzie arrives at
the Pacific.
Aug. 24. Mackenzie arrives at Fort
Chippewyan.
1818 * * Capt. John Ross, in the Isa-
bella, visits Lancaster Sound.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1780 * * Feller, Henrietta, philanthropist, b.
1787 * » Baptist, John, K. C. bishop of Que-
bec, dies.
Papineau, Louis Joseph, politician and pa-
triot, born.
1791 * * Robinson, Sir John B., jurist, born.
1792 * * Nelson, Wolfred, physician, born.
Durham, J. G. Lambton, lord, gov.-gen., b.
1793* * Head, Sir Francis Bond, traveler,
lieut.-gov. Upper Canada, born.
1795 * * Mackenzie, William L., insurgent, b.
1796* * Haliburton, Thomas Chandler,
(Sam Slick), writer, born.
1798 * * MacNab, Sir Allan Napier, states-
man, born.
Logan, Sir Wm. Edmond, geologist, born.
1799* * Faillon, Michel Etienne, Sulpician
monk, publisher, born.
1800* * Caron, Bene Edouard, statesman,
born.
1803* * Ryerson, Adolphus Egerton, edu-
cator, born.
1804 * * Medley, John D., bp. of N. B., b.
1805 * * Head, Sir Edmund Walker, gov-
ernor-general, born.
Ferland, Jean Baptigte Antoine, historian,
born.
1807 * * Hincks, Sir Francis, statesman, b.
1808 * * Carleton, Sir Guy, Lord Dorches-
ter, governor of Quebec;, A84.
1809 * * (iarneau, Francois Xavier, histo-
rian, born.
1811 * * Elgin, Earl of, Jamfls Bruce, gov-
ernor-general, born.
1812 Oct. 13. Brock, Sir Isaac, major-gen-
eral, A43.
1814 * * Cartier, Sir George Etienne, states-
man, born.
1816 * * Heavysege, Charles, poet, born.
1817* * Gait. Sir Alexander Tilloch.
statesman, born.
'
CHURCH.
1766 * * P. Q. John Olivier Briand is
consecrated bishop.
1769 * * N. S. The Burgher Presby-l;
tery of Truro is formed.
* * It. Clement XTV. is elected pope. \
1771* * Labrador. Nain becomes a \
mission-station of the Moravian Breth- )
ren. '
1774 * * Religious liberty is confirmed
by the English to Roman Catholics.
1775* * It. Pius VI. is elected pope.
1778 Oct. 29. JV. S. The first Bap-
tist church is formed at Horton.
1780 * * Methodism is introduced by
a local preacher.
1781 * * Ont. On the death of the two
missionaries at Mackinaw the Jesuit
missions in the Northwest come to a
close.
1782 * * Labrador. Hopedale becomes
a Moravian mission-station.
1784* * P. Q. Louis Philip Mariau-
cheau d'Esglis is consecrated bishop
for the R. C. diocese of Quebec.
1787 * * Nova Scotia is erected into a
bishopric of the Church of England.
* * P. Q. The first congregation of Pres-
byterians is formed in Quebec.
1788 * * P. Q. John Francis Hubert
is consecrated bishop for the R. C. dio-
cese of Quebec.
1790 * * P. Q. A Presbyterian congre-
gation is formed in Montreal.
1791* * Eng. The "Clergy Re-
serves" are established by Parliament.
(See State.)
1792* *P.Q. St. Gabriel Street
Presbyterian church is erected in
Montreal, [probably the oldest Presby-
terian church in America].
1793 * * P. Q. 'The first presbytery is
formed in Montreal.
* * The Protestant Episcopal bishop-
ric of Canada is established.
* * P. Q. A Protestant bishop of Que-
bec is appointed by the home Govern-
ment.
1794* * P. Q. The first Baptist
church in the province is formed at
Cadwell's Manor, near Vermont.
1797 * * P. Q. Pierre Denaut is conse-
crated bishop for the R. C. diocese of
Quebec.
1798 * * — 1841 * * Ont. Robert Mc-
Dowell, a Presbyterian minister, or-
ganizes a congregation in this Province.
CANADA.
1766, **-1818,**. 577
1800 * * It. Pius VII. is elected pope.
* * N. S. Organization of the first Bap-
tist Association in Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick, at Granville.
1803 * * P. Q. The first Baptist Asso-
ciation is formed in this province.
1804* * P. Q. A Protestant cathedral
is erected at Quebec.
1806 * * P. Q. Joseph Octave Plessis is
consecrated bishop of the K. C. diocese
of Quebec.
1817* *iVr. S. The Presbyterian
Church of Nova Scotia is formed by
the union of the Burgher and Anti-
Burgher presbyteries.
1818 * * An attempt to unite all the
Presbyterian churches into one body
fails of success.
* * N. S. The Roman Catholic dio-
cese of Halifax is established.
LETTERS.
1778 * * P. Q. The Weekly Gazette is
issued at Montreal.
1783 * * JT. S. The Royal Gazette is
issued at Halifax.
1788 * * N. S. King's College is founded
at Windsor.
1797 * * Oat. A grant of 500,000 acres
of unoccupied land is set apart for the
purpose of establishing and endowing a
university and four royal foundation
grammar schools.
1805 * * P. Q. The Mercury is issued at
Quebec.
1807 * * N.F. The Royal Gazette is is-
sued at St. Johns.
1808 * * P. Q. Le Canadien is issued at
Montreal.
* * The Weekly Herald is issued at Mon-
treal.
1810 * * Ont. The Weekly Mews is is-
sued at Kingston.
1813 * * M> S. The Acadian Recorder is
issued at Halifax.
* * P. Q. James M' Gill of Montreal dies,
and bequeaths his property to the found-
ing of a college.
STATE.
1766 Mar. 18. Eng. The Stamp Act
is repealed.
* * Sir Guy Carleton becomes governor-
general.
1770 * * The government of Prince Ed-
ward Island is separated from that of
Nova Scotia. Capt. Walter Patterson
becomes the first governor.
[1775-80, Calbeck de Brisay, adminis-
trator ; 1780, Capt. Patterson ; 1786, Geo.
E. Fanning; 1805+, Col. J. F. W. De
Brisay: 1813, C. D. Smith; 1824, Col.
Beady.]
1773 * * N. S. A legislative assembly is
constituted.
* * N. S. Celtic settlers arrive.
1774 * * -91 * * Canada is governed
under the Quebec Act.
* * Eng. The Quebec Bill passes Parli-
ament ; it grants unusual concessions
to the Catholics of Canada, to secure
their fidelity during the revolt of the
English colonists.
The old French laws are declared bind-
ing in respect to civil rights and prop-
erty, while the English criminal laws
are to be enforced, and the Catholics
are secured in their religion.
1776 July * Col. Guy Johnson holds a
conference with the Indians at Mon-
treal ; many chiefs agree to support the
king's cause against the colonists [but
accomplish very little].
1778 * * Br. Col. Nootka Sound (Van-
couver Island) is discovered by Capt.
James Cook.
* * Gen. Frederick Haldimand be-
comes governor-general.
1781 * * Br. Col. Vancouver Island,
near the Pacific coast, is first settled.
1783 May 18. N. B. A large body of
Loyalist settlers from the United States
arrive. [Total, nearly 50,000.]
Sept. 3. Eng. Great Britain acknowl-
edges the independence of the United
States.
1784 * * Nova Scotia is divided into
two Provinces by the erection of the
Province of New Brunswick, with Col.
Thomas Carleton governor. Cape Bre-
ton is also separated, and Sydney be-
comes its capital.
* * P. Q. Gov. Haldimand sends sur-
veyors to lay out in great lots the coun-
try along the St. Lawrence and bay of
Quinte and near Niagara and Amherst-
burg, for the occupation of Loyalist
refugees from the United States.
1786 * * Br. Col. A British settlement is
made on Vancouver Island.
* * Lord Dorchester becomes governor-
general ; later, Gen. Prescott.
1788* * N. B. Frederictonismadethe
capital of New Brunswick.
1789 * * Br. Col. The settlement at Van-
couver is seized by Spaniards.
1791 * * -1840 * * Canada is governed
under the Constitution.
* * Canada is divided into two govern-
ments, Upper and Lower Canada, and
a Constitution granted providing for an
elective legislature. Total population,
150,000 ; only 20,000 in Upper Canada.
* * P. Q. The wild lands called " Clergy
Reserves " are set apart by Parliament
as an endowment for the support of the
Protestant clergy. The Roman Cath-
olic clergy are already endowed.! The
lands constitute one-seventh of all.
[Great irritation follows.]
1792 Br. Col. George Vancouver goes
to British Columbia to receive the
Spanish possessions at Nootka Sound.
Dec. 17. P. Q. The Parliament of
Lower Canada firsts meets, in Quebec.
* * Ont. York [Toronto] is founded.
* * John Graves Simcoe becomes the
first governor of Upper Canada.
[1796, Peter Russell (administrator) ;
1799, Gen. Peter Hunter; 1806, Francis
Gore ; 1812, Gen Brock ; later Gen.
Sheaffe, Gen. Murray, and Gen. Robin-
son, administrators.]
1793 May * Ont. The second session
of the Parliament of Upper Canada
is held at Newark.
Aug. * Ont. The seat of government
is transferred from Newark to York.
1799 * * Lower Can. Sir R. S. Miles be-
comes governor. [1808, Absentee gov-
ernor ; 1824, Sir F. N. Burton.]
1800 * * A great company of Highland-
ers arrives at Cape Breton.
1807 * * Sir James H. Craig becomes
governor-general.
1808 * * N. S. Sir George Provost be-
comes governor.
[1811, Sir John Coape Sherbrooke (ad-
ministrator) ; 1816, Earl of Dalhousie ;
1820, Gen. Sir James Kempt; 1828, Sir
Peregrine Maitland.]
1809 iV B. Gen. W. Huntley, adminis-
trator.
[1817, Gen. G. S. Smyth ; 1824, Gen. Sir
Howard Douglas ; 1832, Gen. Sir Archi-
bald Campbell.]
1811 * * Scot. Highlanders under the
patronage of the Earl of Selkirk set out
for the Northwest [Manitoba].
* * Gen. Sir George Provost becomes
governor-general.
1812 June 18. The United States
declares war against Great Britain.
* * Man. The Highlanders found the
Selkirk settlement.
* * Red River Settlement. Capt. Miles
Macdonell becomes governor.
[1815, Alex. Macdonell; 1822, Capt. A.
Bulger ; 1823, Robert Pelley ; 1825, Don-
ald McKenzie ; 1833, Alex. Christie ;
1839, Duncan Finlayson ; 1844, Alex.
Christie ; 1846, Col. Crofton ; 1847, Maj.
Griffiths ; 1848, Maj. Caldwell ; 1855,
Judge Johnson ; 1858, Win. McTavish.J
1814 Dec. 24. Belgium. A treaty of
peace is signed at Ghent.
1815 * * Sir Gordon Dvummond is ad-
ministrator.
* * Upper Can. Francis Gore becomes
governor.
[1818, Sir Peregrine Maitland ; 1828, Sir
John Golborne ; 1836, Sir Francis Bond
Head ; 1838, Sir George Arthur.]
1816 * * Man. Lord Selkirk arrives with
more Highlanders.
* * Sir John Coape Sherbrooke be-
comes governor-general.
1817 * * P. Q. Public agitation against
the •« Clergy Reserves " increases.
(See 1791.)
* * N. S. Halifax is declared a free port.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1791* *The population of Lower
Canada is about 130,000 ; that of Upper
Canada about 50,000.
1803 June 6. P. Q. The church, Jes-
uit college, prison, and many other
buildings at Montreal are burned.
1811 * * Ont. The first reliable census
is taken ; population, 77,000.
1815 Sept. P. Q. A fire in Quebec
destroys public and private property to
the value of $1,300,000.
1817 * * P. Q. The Bank of Montreal
and the Bank of Quebec are estab-
lished, the first in Canada.
578 1819, * *-1846, Mar. *.
CANADA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1837 Nov. 6. P. Q. The Papineau
anti-English rebellion breaks out at
Montreal ; Louis J. Papineau is leader
in Lower Canada, and William L. Mac-
kenzie in Upper Canada ; the revolters
call themselves Fils de la Liberti.
Dec. * Ont. A party of 400 rebels at-
tempt to surprise Toronto to gain
possession of arms, but are thwarted.
Dec. 14. Ont. The insurgents are
defeated at St. Eustace by the loyal
militia under Sir Allan McNab.
1838 June 5. Ont. Sir F. B. Head
defeats the insurgents near Toronto,.
Nov. 3. P. Q. The rebellion again
breaks out at Beauharnois.
Nov. 6. Ont. The insurgent Dr. Wol-
fred Nelson and his followers at Na-
pierville are routed, and many killed.
Nov. 17. Ont. The insurgents are again
defeated at Prescott, and the insur-
rection is suppressed.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1819 * * Lieut. Wm. E. Parry enters
Lancaster Sound.
1820 * * Capts. John Franklin, Hood,
Richardson, and Sir George Back de-
scend the Coppermine River to Corona-
tion Gulf, and explore eastward.
1821 * * -23 * * Parry coasts along the
eastern shores of Melville Peninsula.
1824 * * -25 * * Parry explores Prince
Regent's Inlet.
1825 * * -27 * * Sir John Franklin
and Sir John Richardson make a sec-
ond journey northward from Canada to
the Polar seas.
1833* *-34* *Back descends the
Great Pish or' Black River, from Fort
Reliance to its mouth.
1837* *-39* *Dease and Thomas
Simpson, officers of the Hudson Bay
Company, explore the northern coast
westward from Return Reef to Cape
Barrow, and eastward from Point Turn-
again, north of Bathurst Inlet, to the
Castor and Pollux River.
1845 May 19. Eng. Sir John Frank-
lin sails with the Erebus and Terror in
search of the Northwest Passage [he is
known to have entered Lancaster Sound,
but never returned].
[Thirty vessels have searched for the
discovery of Franklin, or traces of his
presence.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1819* * Binney, Herbert, lord bishop of
Nova Scotia, born.
1820 * * Dawson, John "William, geologist
and naturalist, born.
Canveau, Pierre J. O., statesman, born.
Taschereau, Elzear- Alexandre, cardinal,
archbishop of Quebec, born.
1824 * * Kirk, John Foster, historian, editor,
born.
1825 * * Lewis, John T., bishop of Ontario,
born in Ire.
Plessis, Joseph Octave, R. C. archbishop of
Quebec, dies.
1826 * * Langevin, Sir Hector Louis, states-
man, born.
Dufferin, Earl of, F. T. H. B., governor-
general, born.
Douglas, Geo., Meth. el., Conf. pres., born.
1882 * * Hoss, Alex. Milton, naturalist, b.
1833 * * Panet, Bernard Claude, R. C. arch-
bishop of Quebec, dies.
1834 * * Cornish, Geo. H., Methodist cl., b.
Coughlan, Lawrence, Meth. pioneer clergy-
man in Nova Scotia, A74.
1836 * * Briggs, Win., M. E. clergyman, b.
1837 * * De Mille, James, novelist, born.
1839 * * Frechette, Louis Honors, poet, born.
1840 * * Durham, Earl of, John G. Lambton,
governor-general, A48.
Vernor, Henry G., meteorologist, born.
1841 * * Dent, Charles, journalist, historian,
born.
1844 * * Rankin, Arthur McKee, actor, Sand-
wich, born.
Riel, Louis, insurgent, born.
1845 * * Lome, Marquis of, John George
Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland
Campbell, governor-general, born.
CHURCH.
1819 * * P. Q. Joseph Octave Plessis
is elevated to the archbishopric.
* * Ont. The upper Canada Baptist As-
sociation holds its first meeting.
1821 * * The Baptist Association di-
vides into the Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick Associations.
1823* * It. Leo XII. is elected pope.
1824 * * Ont. The Methodist Confer-
ence of Upper Canada is formed.
* * The Missionary Society of the Meth-
odist Church in Canada is organized.
1825 * * P. Q. Bernard Claude Panet is
consecrated bishop for the R. C. diocese
of Quebec.
1826 * * Man. The mission of the
Church (of England) Missionary So-
ciety is started on the Red River.
Jan. 27. Ont. The Roman Catholic
diocese of Kingston is established.
1827 * * The Canada Education and
Home Mission Society is organized.
1828* *The Methodist Episcopal
Church of Canada is organized.
1829* * It. Pius VIII. is elected pope.
* * P. E. I. The Roman Catholic diocese
of Charlottetown is established.
1830 * * Labrador. Hebron becomes a
Moravian mission-station.
* * P. Q. The first Baptist Church of
Montreal is organized.
* * The Synod of the Presbyterian
Church of Canada is formed, in con-
nection with the Church of Scotland.
1831 * * Two missionaries are sent from
England by the Bible Christian For-
eign Missionary Society.
1833 * * P. Q. Joseph Signay is con-
secrated bishop for the R. C. diocese of
Quebec.
Oct. 2. The Methodist Episcopal Church
resolves to unite with the Wesley-
ana.
* * The Ojibway Methodist missions
are placed under the care of the Wes-
leyan Missionary Society.
1834 * * The Missionary Presbytery
of the Canadas is formed.
* * -35 * * Revivals prevail in Baptist
churches in eastern Canada.
1836 May 13. P. Q. The Roman Cath-
olic diocese of Montreal is estab-
lished.
* * Mr. "Wilkes, missionary of the Colo-
nial Missionary Society of England, com-
mences work.
* * Ont. The first meeting of the Ottawa
Association of Baptist churches.
1837 * * Canada becomes a mission-field
of the New Connection Methodists.
* * Joyful Te Deums are sung in the
churches on the accession of Queen
Victoria. But in Lower Canada the
French Canadians walk out of church
during the singing.
1838 * * N. S. A Baptist society for
the maintenance of foreign missions
is organized at Chester.
1839 * * Rev. John Addyman of Eng-
land begins organizing church-exten-
sion work.
It results in the establishment of 177
churches, having more than 4,000 mem-
bers. [They become connected with the
Methodist Church.]
* * N. F. The Roman Catholic diocese of
Newfoundland is established.
1840 * * Ont. The United Synod of
Upper Canada unites with the Synod
in connection with the Church of
Scotland.
* * The union of Methodist bodies with
the Wesleyans of England is severed,
forming the Wesleyan Methodists and
British Wesleyans [for 7 years].
1841 Dec. 17. Ont. The Roman Catho-
lic diocese of Toronto is established.
1842* *K.B. The Roman Catholic dio-
cese of St. John is established.
1843 * * The Canada Baptist Union
is formed.
1844 * * P. O. The Roman Catholic
archdiocese of Quebec is created;
Joseph Signay, acting archbishop.
Sept. 21. JV. S. The Roman Catholic
diocese of Arichat is established.
* * Scotch Presbyterians are divided,
following the action of the parent
church.
* * Ont. The Young Men's Christian
Association is organized in London by
George Williams, a junior clerk in a dry-
goods house.
LETTERS.
1820 * * K. S. The Aova Scotian is is-
sued at Halifax.
1821 * * P. Q. M'Gill College (Prot.) is
founded at Montreal.
* * K. S. The corner-stone of Dalhousie
College (Prot.) is laid in Halifax.
* * P. Q. The Protestant University of
Montreal is founded.
1825 * * P.O. The M'Gill College (Prot.)
is made a university.
1826 * * Ont. The Journal is issued at
St. Catharines.
* * P. Q. La Minerve is issued weekly at
Montreal.
1827 * * Ont. The University of To-
ronto (King's College) is founded.
* * A movement is started which results
in the issue of the Baptist Missionary
Magazine.
1828* * JV. B. King's College is
founded at Fredericton.
* * Ont. The Sentinel Star is issued at
Cobourg.
CANADA.
1819,**-1846, Mar. * 579
1829 * * Ont. The Christian Guardian
(Meth.) is issued at Toronto.
* * Ont. The Upper Canada College
is founded at Toronto.
1831 * * Ont. The Guide is issued at
Port Hope.
1832 * * If. F. The Times and General
Commercial Advertiser is issued at St.
Johns.
1833 * * P. Q. The Gazette and Eastern
Townships Advertiser is issued at Quebec.
* * Ont. The Intelligencer and The Onta-
■ rio are issued at Belleville.
1834 * * Ont. The Weekly British Whig
is issued at Kingston.
* * Ont. The Courier is issued at Perth.
1836** Ont. The Victoria University
is founded at Cobourg, and supported by
Methodists.
* * Ont. The Upper Canada Academy
(Meth.), Toronto, is opened.
1837 * * N. B. The Carleton Sentinel is
issued at Woodstock.
* * The Christian Messenger is issued.
* * Clockmaker, or the Sayings and Doings
of Sam Stick of Slickville, first series, by
Thomas Chandler Haliburton, ap-
pears. [1838. Second series. 1840. Third
series. 1839. The Bubbles of Canada.
1843. Sam Slick in England; also The
Old Judge, or Life in a Colony.]
1838± * * P. Q. The Canada Baptist
College is founded at Montreal.
* * Ont. The Albert College (Meth.) is
founded at Belleville.
1839 * * P. Q- The Congregational
Theological College of Canada is
founded at Montreal.
1841 * * Ont. The Queen's Univer-
sity of Kingston is founded and sup-
ported by Presbyterians.
1842 * * N. B. The Royal Gazette is is-
sued at Fredericton.
1843 * *Jf. S. The Eastern Chronicle is
issued at New Glasgow.
* * P. Q. Bishop's College (Prot.) is
founded at Lennoxville.
1844 * * N. B. The Reporter and Freder-
icton Advertiser is issued at Fredericton.
* * Ont. The Globe is issued at Toronto.
1845 * * P. Q. The Weekly Witness is is-
sued at Montreal.
* * _46 * * Histoire du Canada, by Fran-
cois Xavier Garneau, appears.
SOCIETY.
1822 * * P. Q. A general hospital is
founded at Montreal.
1837 Nov. 6. P. Q- Riots occur in
opposition to the Government, at Mon-
treal.
1841 Oct. 12. M'Leod, charged with
the destruction of the Caroline, is ac-
quitted at Utica, N. Y. (See p. 148.)
STATE.
1818 * * A convention with the United
States is made.
It provides that Americans may fish
on certain coasts of Newfoundland, of
Labrador, and of some expressly defined
islands, but are prohibited the liberty
to take, cure, or dry fish within three
marine miles of coasts not thus specified.
* * The Duke of Richmond becomes
governor-general.
1819 * * Ont. Sir Peregrine Maitland
is lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada.
1820 * *N.S. Cape Breton is rean-
nexed.
* * Eng. George IV. is enthroned.
* * The Earl of Dalhousie becomes gov-
ernor-general.
1822 * * A legislative union is pro-
posed for Upper and Lower Canada.
1828 * * N. S. Highlanders arrive at
Cape Breton.
* * Sir James Kempt becomes adminis-
trator.
1829* *Sir John Colborne (Baron
Seaton) is governor of Canada.
1830* * Eng. William IV. is en-
throned.
* * Lord Aylmer becomes governor-gen-
eral.
1831 * * P. E. I. Col. A. W. Young be-
comes governor.
[1836, Col. Sir J. Harvey : 1837, Sir C.
A. Fitzroy; 1841, Sir H. V. Huntley;
1847, Sir Donald Campbell ; 1861, Sir A.
Bannerman ; 1854, Domimck Daly ; 1859,
George Dundas ; 1870, W. C. F. Robin-
son.]
1834* * N. S. Sir Colin Campbell be-
comes governor.
[1840, Viscount Falkland; 1846, Sir
John Harvey (administrator); 1852, Sir
J. G. Le Marchant ; 1858, The Earl of
Mulgrave (administrator) ; 1864, Sir K.
G. Macdonnell ; 1865, Sir Fenwick Wil-
liams.]
1835 * * The Earl of Gosf ord becomes
governor-general.
1837 June 20. Eng. Victoria suc-
ceeds to the throne.
* * N. B. Gen. Sir John Harvey becomes
governor.
[1841. Sir William Colebrook ; 1848, Sir
E. W. Head; 1854, J. H. Sutton; 1862,
A. Gordon ; 1866, Gen. Doyle.]
Nov. 6. An anti-English rebellion
breaks out under Louis J. Papineau in
Lower Canada and Dr. William L. Mac-
kenzie in Upper Canada. (See Army.)
1838 Jan. 16. Lord Durham is ap-
pointed governor-general.
* * Lord Durham makes his important
report on the state of Canada.
He recommends, (1) a federal union
of the Provinces, (2) the construction of
an intercolonial railroad, (3) the organi-
zation of an Executive Council which
shall be responsible to the Assembly.
Apr. 12. The insurrectionists Lount
and Matthews are hanged.
* * Ont. Insurgent Mackenzie issues
a proclamation declaring Canada a
republic, and raises a flag having two
stars, one for each Canada.
Oct. 9. Lord Durham resigns the office
of governor-general.
Dec. * Sir John Colborne becomes gov-
ernor-general.
Dec. 5. P. Q- L,°rd Gosford, governor
of Lower Canada, offers a reward of
£1,000 for the apprehension of Papi-
neau.
* * Gov. Sir John Colborne leaves Can-
ada in haste, resembling a flight.
* *The Hudson Bay Fur Company
monopolizes the government of a vast
territory.
1839 Sept. * Chas. Powlett Thomp-
son (Lord Sydenham) becomes governor-
general.
He is commissioned to carry out the
union scheme of Lord Durham.
Nov. 4. P. Q' Martial law is pro-
claimed at Montreal to suppress rebel-
lion, etc.
1840 * * -67 * * Canada is governed
' under the Union Bill.
Feb. 10. Upper and Lower Canada are
reunited in legislative union, after a
separation of 49 years. The country is
called the Province of Canada.
1841 June 13. Ottawa. The first
Parliament of Canada opens with great
ceremony.
Oct. * Sir Charles Bagot becomes gov-
ernor-general.
1842 Aug. 9. U. S. A. The Ash-
burton Treaty is signed at Washing-
ton by Lord Ashburton and Daniel Web-
ster.
It settles a vexing boundary question
respecting 12,000 square miles of terri-
tory between Maine and New Brunswick,
and allots 7,000 to the United States and
5,000 to Great Britain.
1843 Feb. * Sir Charles T. Metcalfe
(Lord Metcalfe) becomes governor-gen-
1846 * * Br. Col. The Hudson Bay
Company select Victoria, on Vancou-
ver Island, as their port and capital.
Mar. * The Earl of Cathcart becomes
governor-general.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1821 * * P. Q- The Lachine Canal is
commenced, for passing the rapids of
the St. Lawrence.
* * Ont. The Welland Canal is com-
menced.
1825 Oct. 7+. N- B. The Miramichi
fire is a great calamity. Many lives ami
dwellings are lost. (Aid is sent to the
sufferers from the United States.]
* * The population of Canada is 581,920.
[1831. Population is 1,069,000.]
1832 June 8. P. Q- The first case
of cholera in America occurs at Quebec.
[It sweeps through all the large towns
and villages.]
1834 * * Ont. Name of the city of York
is changed to Toronto.
1836 July* The first railroad is
opened.
1837 * * The commercial crisis in the
United States causes a crisis in Carada,
especially in Lower Canada.
1844 * * There are only 14 miles of
railroad in the country.
1845 May 28. P.Q. A$^$£?}S2
destroys 1,650 houses, the homes of 12,000
persons.
June 29. P. Q- A second fire in
Quebec destroys 1,365 houses; two-
thirds of the town having been consumed
by the two fires.
1846 Jan. 12. P. <?• Fifty lives are
lost in the burning of a theater at
Quebec.
580 1846, * *-1864, Oct. 19.
CANADA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1858 * * A regiment is raised for the
British Army, and called the 100th of
the line.
1859 Jan. 10. Eng. The Prince of
Wales presents the colors to the 100th
of the line at Shornclitfe Camp.
1861 Dee. * Eng. The British govern-
ment sends 3,000 soldiers to Canada,
and makes other warlike preparations,
because of the seizing of Mason and
Slidell on the Trent. (See U. S. p. 200.)
1864 Oct. 19. P. Q. A force of Con-
federate raiders leave Canada and at-
tack St. Albans, Vermont. They rob
the bank, steal horses, kill one man, and
wound others. [Oct. 21. Arrested.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1846* *-47* *Dr. John Rae, by
sledge journeys of more than 1,200 miles,
explores Boothia.
1848 * * N.W. T. Dr. John Rae makes
a journey in search of Franklin from
the Mackenzie to the Coppermine River.
1850 * * Br. Col. Gold is discovered
near Fraser River, and coal on Vancou-
ver Island.
185 1 * * Rae explores the southern shores
of Wollaston and Victoria Lands, tra-
cing 700 miles of coast.
* * Sir Robert McClure enters Bering
Strait, and crosses to Lancaster Sound,
thus accomplishing the Northwest Pas-
sage, but he is compelled to abandon his
ship.
1853 * * Rae explores the Quoich River
for 200 miles.
1854 * * Rae proves by exploration that
King William's Land is an island.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1848 * * Allen, Grant, author, born.
1861* * Mackenzie, William Lyon,
leader of insurgents, A66.
1862* * MacNab, Sir Allan Napier, states-
man, A64.
1863 * * Elgin, Earl of. James Bruce,
statesman, governor-general, A52.
Robinson, Sir John B., jurist, A72.
CHURCH.
1846 * * Ore. A Roman Catholic see
is erected in Oregon, dependent on Can-
ada.
* * It. Pius IX. is elected pope.
1847 July 25. Ont. The Roman Cath-
olic diocese of Ottawa is established.
* * N.S. The Congregational Confer-
ence is organized.
* * The M United Presbyterian Synod
in Canada " is organized.
* * N. B. The Baptist Association di-
vides into Eastern and Western Associ-
ations.
* * Man. The Roman Catholic diocese
of St. Boniface is established. J. N.
Provencher is its first bishop.
* * The Methodist Union with the Brit-
ish Wesleyan Conference is restored.
* * Br. Col. The diocese of Vancou-
ver Island is established.
1849 * * P. Q. The Episcopal bishopric
of Montreal is established.
1850 * * P. Q. Peter Flavian Turgeon
is consecrated bishop of the R. C. dio-
cese of Quebec.
* * N. B. The Southern Baptist Asso-
ciation is formed.
1851 Nov. 23. Alex. A. Tache is con-
secrated Roman Catholic bishop.
Dec. 9. P. Q. Organization of the Mon-
treal Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation.
1852 * * P. Q. St. Peter's Cathedral
at Montreal is projected by Bishop
Bourget.
* * P. Q. The Roman Catholic diocese
of Three Rivers is established.
May 4. N. S. The archdiocese of
Halifax is created, comprising all but
three counties of Nova Scotia proper,
and Bermuda Islands.
June 8. P. Q. The Roman Catholic di-
ocese of St. Hyacinthe is established.
1853 June 7. Man. Alexandre Anto-
nin Tache becomes R. C. bishop of St.
Boniface.
* * The Congregational Missionary So-
ciety is organized.
* * The Congregational Conference of
Canada is organized.
1854 * * The Wesleyans of eastern Can-
ada and of the Hudson Bay missionary
work are incorporated into the Metho-
dist Church of Canada.
1855 * * Several Methodist circuits in
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and New-
foundland are formed into a confer-
ence.
1856 * * Ont. The Roman Catholic dio-
cese of Hamilton is established.
Feb. 21. Ont. The Roman Catholic di-
ocese of London is established.
1859 Nov. 30. Man. Vital is J.
Grandin [Bishop of St. Albert] is con-
secrated bishop of Satala and coadjutor
bishop of St. Boniface.
1860 Apr. 15. N. B. John Sweeny
is consecrated R. C. bishop of St. John.
May 8. N. B. The Roman Catholic di-
ocese of Chatham is established.
Aug. 15. N. B. James Rogers is con-
secrated R. C. bishop of Chatham.
P. E. I. Peter Mclntyre is conse-
crated R. C. bishop of Charlottetown.
* * N.S. The Presbyterian Church of
Nova Scotia and the Free Church
unite.
1861 * * The Presbyterian Church and
the United Presbyterian Church unite
in forming "The Canadian Presby-
terian Church."
* * The Free Church and the United
Presbyterian Church unite.
1862 * * The R. C. vicariate apostolic of
Athabasca-Mackenzie is established.
* * Br. Col. The Christian settlement
of Metlakahtla, on the coast, is founded
by the agent of the Church (of England)
Mission Society.
LETTERS.
1846 * * Ont. The Citizen is issued at
Ottawa.
1847 * * Ont. The Weekly Free Press is
issued at London.
* * Ont. The Examiner is issued at Peter-
borough.
* * P. Q. The Chronicle is issued at Que-
bec.
* * P. E. I. The Examiner and Island
Argus is issued at Charlottetown.
1848* * N. S. The Presbyterian Wit-
ness and Evangelical Advocate is issued
at Halifax.
* * Ont. The Freeholder is issued at Corn-
wall.
* * Ont. The ' Weekly Spectator is issued
at Hamilton.
* * Ont. The school system of Upper
Canada is remodeled.
* * Baptists start the Christian Visitor.
* * Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate,
by Sir Daniel Wilson, appears.
1849 * * Ont. The title of King's Col-
lege, Toronto, is changed to the Uni-
versity of Toronto.
1850 * * N. S. The Wesleyan is issued
at Halifax.
1851* * Ont. The University of
Trinity College, Toronto, is founded
on the suppression of the faculty of
King's College.
* * Archseology and Prehistoric Annals of
Scotland, by Sir Daniel Wilson, appears.
1852 * * N. S. The Casket is issued at
Antigonish.
* * Ont. The Weekly Expositor is issued
at Brantford.
* * P. Q. The Laval University (Rom.
Cath.) is founded at Quebec.
1853 * * Ont. The Christian Messenger
[1854. The name is changed to the Cana-
dian Baptist] is started at Toronto.
* * N. B. The Religious Intelligencer is
issued at Fredericton.
* * Ont. The Review is issued at Peter-
borough.
1854 * * Ont. The Weekly Beacon is is-
sued at Stratford.
1855 * * P. Q. The Advertiser is issued
at Waterloo.
* * Nature and Human Nature, by
Thomas Chandler Haliburton, ap-
pears.
* * Ode on Shakespeare, by Charles Heavy-
sege, appears ; also Jephtha's Daughter.
* * Acadian Geology, by John William
Dawson, appears.
1856 * * Ont. The Canadian Baptist
CoUege is founded.
1857 * * Ont. The "Wesleyan Female
CoUege of Hamilton is *founded by
Methodists.
± * * N. B. The Mount Allison "Wes-
leyan College (Meth.) is founded at
Sackville.
* * Ont. The Tribune is issued at Wel-
land.
CANADA.
1846,* *-1864, Oct. 19. 581
* * P. Q. he Courrier du Canada is is-
sued at Quebec.
* * Saul : A Drama in three Parts, by
Charles Heavysege, appears.
1858 * * B. C. The Colonist is issued at
Victoria.
* * Jf, S. The Colonial Standard is is-
sued at Pictou.
* * Ont. The Times is issued at Hamilton.
* * Archaia, by John William Dawson,
appears.
* * Helena's Household, by James De
Mille, appears.
1859 * * N. B. The Globe is issued at
St. John.
* * Ont. The Free Press is issued at Lon-
don.
* * Ont. The Southern Counties Journal is
issued at St. Thomas.
* * N. F. The Standard is issued at Har-
bour Grace.
1860 * * P. Q- The Witness is issued at
Montreal.
1861 * * -65 * * Cours d'histoire du Ca-
nada, by Jean Baptiste Antoine Ferland
and Laverdiere, appears.
1862 * * If, B. The Telegraph is issued
at St. John.
* * Prehistoric Man, by Sir Daniel Wil-
son, appears.
1863 * * Ont. The Advertiser is issued
at London.
* * -68 * * History of Charles the Bold,
by John Foster Kirk, appears.
SOCIETY.
1849 Apr. 25. P. Q. The Loyalists of
Montreal enter the Parliament House,
d^ive out the members, and set fire
to the building; they also burn the
Library of the Provinces ; the disorder is
occasioned by dissatisfaction concerning
the payment for losses suffered during
the rebellion.
1853 June 6. P. Q. Alessandro Ga-
vazzi, the Italian priest and agitator,
lectures in Quebec against " popery," and
raises a riot.
June 9. P. Q. A mob attacks Father
Gavazzi while lecturing at Montreal ;
military tire ; 10 killed and 16 wounded.
* * The Sunday closing of liquor-shops
is enforced.
I860* *The Prince of Wales visits
Canada to take a part in laying the cor-
ner-stone of the Government buildings
at Ottawa, and to honor the opening of
the Victoria Bridge across the St. Law-
rence at Montreal.
[July 30. N. S. He arrives at Hali-
fax. Aug. 18. He arrives at Quebec.
Aug. 25. He arrives at Montreal. Sept.
1. He arrives at Ottawa. Sept. 20. He
leaves Canada for the United States.]
1864 June 8. Many Fenians flee be-
cause of the suspension of the Habeas
Corpus Act.
STATE.
1847 * * Eng. The Imperial Govern-
ment abandons all control over the
customs of Canada.
Jan. 30. The Earl of Elgin takes oath
as governor-general.
1849* * Br. Col. The Hudson Bay
Company declines to refer a question
respecting their trade and territory to
the Judicial Committee of the Privy
Council. The British Government
grants Vancouver Island to the com-
pany ; R. Blanshard, governor.
* * The Government dismisses 17 ma-
gistrates implicated in an address in
favor of the annexation of Canada to
the United States.
1850 Feb. * A movement for annex-
ation to the United States is made ;
Earl Grey, Colonial Secretary, sends a
despatch warning against the movement
as an act of high treason.
1851 Jan. 27. Earl Grey, Secretary
of State for the Colonies, relinquishes to
the Legislature of Canada the right to
dispose of the Clerical Reserves.
* *The Canadian Post-office Depart-
ment is received from the British Gov-
ernment, and a uniform postage rate of
threepence for a half-ounce is estab-
lished.
* * Vancouver Is. James Douglas be-
comes governor. [1864, Capt. Kennedy.]
1853 May 9. Eng. Parliament abol-
ishes the " Clergy Reserves."
1854 * * Sir Edmund Head becomes
governor-general.
June 5. The Reciprocity Treaty with
the United States is signed. [It lasts 10
years.]
1855 * * An Act is passed which leads to
the organization of the first volunteer
force.
1856 * * It is provided that the mem-
bers of the Upper House or Legislative
Council, formerly nominated by the
Crown, shall be chosen hereafter by the
votes of Canadian electors.
Apr. 17. P. Q. Quebec is made the
seat of the Government.
1857 * * The Hudson Bay Company
is restricted by the Crown in estab-
lishing monopolies of government and
trade.
1858 * * A constitutional crisis occurs.
The Queen is asked to decide upon a
seat of government in Canada ; and five
cities claim the honor, including Quebec,
Toronto, Montreal, and Bytown (Ot-
tawa).
Aug. * Ont. The Queen selects Ot-
tawa as the site for the capital. [The
decision is unpopular.]
1859 * * Br. Col. James Douglas be-
comes governor.
1861 Nov. 28. Lord Monck assumes
the office of governor-general.
1862 May 20-23. Ottawa. The Min-
istry of Sir George E. Cartier is de-
feated on a Militia Bill. John A.
Macdonald becomes the premier of a
new Ministry.
July* Ottawa. The Assembly passes a
Militia Bill providing 5,000 militia and
5,000 reserves. [English complaint is
expressed at the small provision made
for the public defense.]
1863 May 20. Ottawa. Sir John A.
Macdonald is again appointed premier.
Sept. * Ottawa. A new Militia Bill
passes the Assembly.
Sept. * Peace with the United States is
threatened by the belligerent action
of two Confederates.
Confederates seize two American
steamboats, the Philo Parsons and the
Island Queen, for the purpose of releas-
ing Confederate prisoners on Johnson's
Island, in Lake Erie.
* * The rights of the Hudson Bay Com-
pany are sold to a new proprietary, hav-
ing Sir Edmund Head for chairman.
1864 June 5. The United States
closes the Treaty of Reciprocity.
The alleged reason is to hasten annex-
ation by the commercial depression of
Canada. Canadians claim to fall back
on the Convention of 1818 respecting the
fisheries.
Sept. 1. The governments of Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Ed-
ward Island are represented in a meet-
ing at Charlottetown by delegates, which
arranges for the union of the three
Provinces.
Oct. 10. P. Q. The Quebec Scheme
of Confederation is devised.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1847 * * The Grand Trunk Railroad
is commenced.
1850 * * P. Q. Montreal suffers from a
great fire.
Nov. 11. JV. B. A fire at Fredericton
destroys 300 dwellings.
1851 * * The population is 2,482,000.
1852 July 8. P. Q. Montreal is par-
tially destroyed by fire; the loss is
estimated at a million sterling.
1854 Feb. 1. P. Q- The splendid
Parliament House at Quebec is burned
with valuable philosophical apparatus.
May 24. P. Q. The Victoria Rail-
road Bridge at Montreal is com-
menced.
* * The Great Western Railroad is
commenced.
1855 Jan. 5. P. Q. Much damage is
done to the Victoria Tubular Bridge
at Montreal by floating ice.
1856 Nov. 12. Ont. The Grand
Trunk Railroad, 850 miles long, is
opened from Quebec to Toronto.
Dec. 10. P. Q. The cathedral at Mon-
treal is destroyed by fire.
1858 * * y. F. The Atlantic Cable is
laid. (See U. S. A.)
* * -66 * * There is a great influx of
gold-diggers into British America.
1860 Aug. 25. P. Q. The Prince of
Wales formally opens the Victoria
Railroad.
1861 * * -65 * * Canada is commercially
benefited by the Civil War in the United
States, which increases the demand for
farm stock and provisions at abnormally
high prices.
* * N. S. Gold is discovered.
* * The population numbers 3,090,561.
1864 June 29. P. Q. A train runs
off the bridge at St. Hilaire, and kills
about 83 persons, and wounds 200.
582 1864, Oct. 20 - 1 8 7 5, Oct. 24.
CANADA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1864 Oct. 20. P.Q. About 20,000 vol-
unteers meet at Quebec to consider
the advisability of forming a Canadian
Confederation. The basis of a Con-
federation is agreed upon.
Dec. * Great excitement follows Gen.
Dix's proclamation threatening repri-
sals if Confederate invasions continue.
1866 Mar. 9. Fenians threaten an
invasion from the United States.
Mar. 15. The Government calls out
10,000 volunteers to repel the Fe-
nians.
June 1. Ont. A force of 3 ,500 Fenians
under Gov. O'Neil cross the Niagara
near Black Rock into Canada.
June 2. Ont. The Fenian raiders are
repulsed by the volunteers, (p. 252.)
The American troops capture many
returning Fenians.
June 7. P. Q. Fenians under Spear
enter Canada from Vermont.
June 8. Canada has about 3 5,000
men under arms.
June 9. P. Q. Many Fenians return
to the United States.
1868 May 24. P.Q. The Fenians
make another raid from the United
States, and are repelled.
1869 July 23. Man. An expedition
of 1,200 men, led by Col. Garnet Wolse-
ley, lands at Fort Garry, and quiets
the settlers by a proclamation.
The settlers object to being a colony
of a colony, and complain that they were
not consulted in the transfer to the Do-
minion.
1870 Jan. * Man. The Riel rebellion
occurs.
1871 Oct. 12+. The Fenians pro-
pose an attack on Manitoba, but are
frustrated by the United States troops.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1866 Nov. * Ont. Gold is discovered
in Hastings County.
1870 Oct. 20. P. Q. An earthquake
does much damage at Quebec.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1865 * * Hallburton, Thomas Chandler
(Sam Slick), Nova Scotian humorist, A69.
Nelson, Wolfred, physician, A73.
1866* * Garneau, Francois Xavier, historian,
A57.
1867 * * Turgeon, Peter Flavian, R. C. arch-
bishop of Quebec, dies.
1868 * * Head, Sir Edmund Walker, gov-
ernor-general, A63.
Feller, Henrietta, Swiss philan., A88.
1870* * Faillon, Michel Etienne, Monk of
St. Sulpice, publisher, A71.
Baillargeon, Francis, It. C. archbishop of
Quebec, dies.
1871 * * Papineau, Louis Joseph, politi-
cian, revolutionist, A84. ,
1873 * * Cartier, Sir George Etienne, states-
man, AS9.
CHURCH.
1864 Nov. 29. Henri- Joseph Faraud
is consecrated vicar apostolic of Atha-
basca-Mackenzie.
1865 * * Labrador. Zoar becomes a Mo-
ravian mission-station.
1866 Oct. 18. Ont. The Auxiliary to
the American Baptist Missionary
Union in Beamsville is organized.
* * N. S. — N. B. The churches of Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick unite to
form the Presbyterian Church of the
Lower Provinces.
1867 Jan. 15. P.Q. The Roman Cath-
olic diocese of Rimouski is established.
Feb. 25. P. Q. Louis F. Lafieche is
consecrated R. C. bishop of Three Rivers.
May 1. P. Q. Jean Langevin is conse-
crated R. C. bishop of Rimouski.
Aug. 15. J. Clut is consecrated coad-
jutor vicar apostolic of Athabasca-Mac-
kenzie.
Oct. 17. Rev. A. V. Trinpany and his
wife, with Miss June Bates, are desig-
nated the first missionaries to the
heathen of the Ontario and Quebec
Baptists.
Nov. 10. Ont. John Walsh is conse-
crated R. C. bishop of Sandwich [arch-
bishop of Toronto].
* * P. Q. Charles Francis Baillargeon is
consecrated R. C. bishop of Quebec.
1868 * *N. S. — N. B. The Presbyte-
rian Synods of Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick and the Church of Scotland
unite in forming one synod.
* * P. E. I. The Baptist Association
is formed.
1870 Mar. 18. Ont. The Roman Cath-
olic archdiocese of Toronto is created.
May 22. N. S. John Cameron is con-
secrated bishop at Rome. [Afterward
translated to Antigonisb.]
* * The first General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church is held.
1871 * * Labrador. Ramah becomes a
Moravian mission-station.
Mar. 19. P. Q. Elzear-Alexandre [Car-
dinal] Taschereau is consecrated R. C.
archbishop of Quebec.
Sept. 22. Alberta. The Roman Catholic
diocese of St. Albert is established,
with Vitalis J. Grandin as bishop.
Man. The Roman Catholic diocese
of St. Boniface is made an archbish-
opric and Alexandre Antonin Tache is
nominated archbishop.
* * The Woman's Board of Foreign
Missions is organized.
1873 May 1. P. Q. Edward C.
Fabre is consecrated R. C. bishop of
Montreal.
* * The Baptist Convention of Ontario
and Quebec surrender their organization
to an independent Board of Foreign
Missions under their Convention. They
send out seven missionaries.
1874 Oct. 25. Ont. Joseph T. Duha-
mel is consecrated Roman Catholic
bishop oc Ottawa.
* * P. Q. The Roman Catholic diocese
of Sherbrooke is established.
Oct. 18. P. Q. Antoine Kacine is con-
secrated R. C. bishop of Sherbrooke.
* * The Wesleyan and New Connec-
tion Methodists unite, and form the
Methodist Church of Canada.
* * Albert Carman is elected bishop of
the Canada Methodist Episcopal Church.
1875 June * The four Presbyterian
branches meet in Montreal, and com-
bine to form the Presbyterian Church
of Canada.
Oct. 24. Br. Col. Paul Durien is con-
secrated R. C. bishop of New Westmin-
ster.
LETTERS.
1866 * * The Bodge Club, by James De
Mille, appears.
1867 * * Ont. The Gazette is issued at
Almonte.
* * P. Q. V Evlnement is issued at Quebec.
* * N. S. The Hants Journal is issued at
Windsor.
* * La voix d'un exile, by Louis Honore'
Frechette, appears.
1869 * * Chatterton, by Sir Daniel Wil-
son, appears.
1870 * * Ont. The Packet is issued at
Orilla.
* * The American Baron, by James De
Mille, appears.
1871 * * Man. Le Manitoba is issued at
St. Boniface.
* * N. B. The School Act is passed, re-
quiring trustees to provide accommoda-
tions for all persons between the ages of
five and twenty, free of charge.
* * The Comedy of Terrors, by James De
Mille, appears ; also The Cryptogram.
1872 * * Man. The Manitoba Free Press
is issued at Winnipeg.
* * N. S. The Advocate is issued at Syd-
ney.
* * Ont. The Mail is issued at Toronto.
* * Story of the Earth and Man, by John
William Dawson, appears.
1873 * * Caliban, the Missing Link, by
Sir Daniel Wilson, appears.
1874 * * Ont. The Echo is issued at
Amherstburg.
* * Ont. The Ontario Ladies' College
(Meth.) is founded.
SOCIETY.
1868 Apr. 7. Ont. Thomas D'Arcy
McGee, M. P., is assassinated when
returning from Parliament. Fenians
are suspected.
Sept.± * Prince Albert is in Canada,
and visits the Provinces.
1869 Feb. * Ont. A man named
Whelan, convicted of the murder of
Thomas D'Arcy McGee, is executed.
1870 Mar.± * Man. An insurrection
breaks out in the Northwest. (See
Army.)
1873 * * Aug. 13. Ont. The Ministry
is charged with corruption in connec-
tion with the Pacific Railroad.
1875 Sept.* P.Q. The attempt to
bury Joseph Guibord in consecrated
ground, while under the censure of the
Roman Catholic Church, for possessing
forbidden books, causes a riot in
Montreal. [His right to burial against
the decision of the clerical authorities
is maintained by the judicial committee
CANADA.
1864, Oct. 20-1875, Oct. 24. 583
of the Privy Council after much liti-
gation.]
* * A convention of temperance men is
held in Montreal.
[Out of this Convention has grown
" The Dominion Alliance for the Total
Suppression of the Liquor Traffic."]
Sept. 26. P. Q. A riot, in which one
man is killed, attends a Roman Catholic
memorial procession in Montreal.
STATE.
1864 Dec. 14. P. Q. The Confed-
erate raiders into St. Albans, Vt., are
discharged by Judge Coursol.
1865 Feb. * P. Q. The Legislatures of
Upper and Lower Canada meet in Que-
bec, and adopt the Union Scheme by
a large majority.
Mar. 7. New Brunswick rejects the
plan of Confederation.
Mar. 23. Eng. Parliament grants
£50,000 for the defense of Canada.
Mar. 30. P. Q. The St. Albans Con-
federate raiders are finally discharged
by the court.
Apr. 10. Secretary Seward of the
United States abandons the effort to
extradite the Confederate raiders.
Nov. 22. Ottawa. The Executive first
meets here.
* * The Dominion allows the United States
the temporary use of the fisheries as
under the Reciprocity Treaty, by the
payment of a nominal license fee of 50
cents a ton.
1866 June 8. Ottawa. The Parlia-
ment is opened for the first time by
Lord Monck, Governor-General.
* * The Treaty of Beciprocity with the
United States is abrogated.
* * Br. Col. The Province of British
Columbia is formed by uniting the
immense British territory in the north
under one government.
* * Canada calls on the United States to
pay its expenses in repelling Fe-
nians; the President issues a procla-
mation calling upon the Fenians to dis-
perse.
1867 Mar. 29. Eng. Parliament
passes the British North America
Act.
It provides for the voluntary Imperial
union of the four provinces, Ontario,
Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns-
wick; the Confederation , is to be called
the Dominion of Canada, and have a
Parliament of two houses, — a Senate
and a House of Commons.
Apr. 12. Quebec. Parliament passes the
Railway Loan Act.
July 1. The Act of Confederation
takes effect, uniting the four Prov-
inces.
July 2. Ottawa. Lord Monck, the
Governor-General, is sworn into office
as Viceroy of the Dominion.
Nov. 6. Ottawa. The new Dominion
Parliament meets.
* * N. B. Gen. Doyle is appointed admin-
istrator.
[1868, L. A. Wilmot, governor; 1873, S.
L. Tilley; 1878, E. B. Chandler; 1880,
R. D. Wilmot ; 1885, Sir S. L. Tilley.]
* * Out. Gen. Stisted becomes adminis-
trator. [1868, W. P. Howland; 1873,
John Crawford ; 1875, D. A. Macdonald ;
1880, J. B. Robinson.]
* * N.S. Sir Charles H. Doyle is lieu-
tenant-governor. Gen. Williams, admin-
istrator.
* * Que. Sir N. F. Belleau becomes gov-
ernor. [1873, R. E. Caron ; 1876, Lettelier
de St. Just ; 1879, T. Robitaille.]
1868 * * N.B. Lemuel A. Wilmot is
lieutenant-governor.
* * N. S. Gen. Doyle becomes governor.
[1873, Joseph Howe ; later, A. G. Ar-
chibald ; 1883, M. H. Richey.]
Dec. 29. Ottawa. Lord Monck having
resigned, Sir John Young (Lord Lis-
gar) is appointed governor-general.
1869 Mar. * Newfoundland declines
to enter the union with Canada.
Dec. 1. The Hudson Bay Company
parts with its monopoly of government
in the Northwest ; it is transferred to
the Dominion of Canada.
1870 Jan. * A revolt against the an-
nexation of the Northwest is led by
Louis Riel, who proclaims the inde-
pendence of the people, and seizes the
funds of the Hudson Bay Company.
May 12. Man. The Province of
Manitoba is formed of Rupert Land,
with Adams G. Archibald governor ; he
is also appointed governor of the Red
River Settlement.
Aug. 9. The Loan Act for Canadian
defenses is passed.
* * Br. Col. The new Province of
British Columbia is added to the Do-
minion of Canada.
* * The Hudson Bay Company finally
closes its ports with its government in
the Northwest.
The Northwest Territory is transferred
to the Dominion for £300,000 compensa-
tion and possession of its ports and trade,
with a right to the twentieth part of
lands surveyed for future settlers and
for protection against exceptional taxa-
tion.
* * The Manitoba Act passes ; it defines
the boundaries of the Prairie Province.
* * Manitoba is created a province, and
Lepine and Louis Riel, two half-
breeds, rebel against the authorities of
the Dominion. Louis forms a provis-
ional government, confiscates prop-
erty, and banishes persons.
* * The Fisheries Dispute with the
United States is limited to the question
of the three-mile limit.
Canada claims that it extends directly
across from headland to headland, re-
fardless of bays and other indents. The
Tnited States claims a line following the
sinuosity of the coast.
1871 May 8. The Treaty of Wash-
ington is signed.
It provides for the settlement of four
disputes : 1, the San Juan ownership ;
2, the Alaska boundary line ; 3, the sub-
ject of fisheries, providing an arrange-
ment to continue for 12 years ; 4, Ex-
penses incurred by repelling Fenians.
June 29. Eng. Parliament passes the
British North American Act author-
izing the Parliament of Canada to estab-
lish new Provinces.
June * Canadians oppose the Treaty of
Washington in disapproval of the fish-
eries clause.
Dec. 23. Ottawa. A Liberal Ministry
is organized, with Edward Blake pre-
mier.
* * British Columbia, including Van-
couver Island, is admitted into federal
relations with the Dominion.
* * -72 * * Man. A great immigration
of Russian Mennonites enters the North-
west.
* * -72 * * Br. Col. The San Juan Isl-
and is settled by British herders and an
American squatter. [The shooting of
a pig raises the question of territorial
rights, and invokes the San Juan dispute.
See p. 279.]
* * Br. Col. J. W. Trutch becomes gov-
ernor ; also governor of Vancouver
Island. [1876, A. N. Richards ; 1881, C. F.
Cornwall.]
1872 * * P.E. I. The Province of Prince
Edward Island is admitted into the
Confederation.
May 22. Eng. Lord Dufferin is ap-
pointed governor-general.
June 25. Ottawa. Lord Dufferin
(Earl) is inaugurated governor-general.
* * Red River Settlement. Alex. Morris
becomes governor. [1877, Joseph E. Cau-
chon ; 1882, J. C. Aikins.]
1873 June 1. N. S. Joseph Howe is
appointed lieutenant-governor. [He
soon dies.]
* * N. S. Adams George Archibald
becomes lieutenant-governor.
Aug. 13. Ottawa. Parliament is sud-
denly prorogued ; charges of corrup-
tion in connection with the Canadian
Pacific Railroad are made against the
Ministry of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Sept. * Premier Macdonald admits to the
Commission of Inquiry that money was
received from Sir Hugh Allan.
Oct. 23. Ottawa. Parliament meets.
Nov. 5. Ottawa. The Macdonald
Ministry resigns.
Nov. 7. Ottawa. A new Ministry is
formed, with Alexander Mackenzie
premier.
1874 * * Prince Edward Island unites
with the Dominion of Canada under cer*
tain conditions.
* * P. E. I. Sir R. Hodgson becomes
governor. [1879, T. H. Haviland ; 1884,
A. A. Macdonald.]
1875 Feb. 4. U. S. A. The Senate re'
jects the new Reciprocity Treaty with
Canada.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1866 Oct. 14. P. Q. A fire in the
French quarter of Quebec destroys
2,500 houses and 17 churches, leaving
nearly 20,000 persons homeless.
* * N. F. The 'Great Eastern steamship
successfully lays another cable.
1870 May 24. P. Q. A fire destroys
500 houses at Quebec.
1871 ** The population numbers
3,833,000.
584 1875, **-1887, May.
CANADA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1885 * * Man. Kiel's second rebellion
breaks out. Troops are hastened for-
ward from various parts of the Domin-
ion.
Mar. 25-27. Saskatchewan. Capt. Cro-
zier attacks the rebels, and kills many,
yet they force him to fall back. Col.
Irvine evacuates and burns Fort Carl-
ton, and falls back.
Apr. 1. Saskatchewan. Indians be-
siege Battlef ord.
Col. Irvine remains at Prince Al-
bert, unable to move against the rebels.
Apr. 24. Saskatchewan. Col. Otter
defeats the Indians and relieves Bat-
tleford. Col. Middleton defeats tbe
rebels in a fight at Pish Creek.
May 3. Saskatchewan. The rebels make
a determined resistance near Battle-
ford, but are finally defeated by Col.
Otter.
May 9. Saskatchewan. Gen. Middleton
carries the rebel defenses at Batoche,
aided by Capt. Howard of the United
States.
May 14. Saskatchewan. The Indians,
led by Poundmaker, capture a supply
train of 31 waggons, which they succeed
in retaining.
May 15. Saskatchewan. Louis Kiel
surrenders, and many of his men.
Big Bear and Poundmaker, with
1,500 Indians, refuse to surrender.
May 26. Saskatchewan. Chief Pound-
maker and other Indians surrender.
May 28-29. Saskatchewan. Gen. Strange
attacks the intrenched camp of Big
Bear, near Fort Pitt, and drives him
out.
June 7. Saskatchetcan. Big Bear's
army is divided and pursued by Gens.
Middleton and Strange, who report his
escape.
July 3. Saskatchewan. Big Bear is
captured.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1883 July 11, 12+. Ont. A flood in
the Thames Valley does much damage,
and causes about 30 deaths.
1886 Apr. 17,18. P.Q. An ice-gorge
at Montreal causes an inundation ; dam-
age, $1,500,000.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1875 * * Head, Sir Francis Bond, traveler,
lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, A82.
* * Logan, Sir William Kdniond, geologist,
A77.
1876 * * Caron, Ren6 Edouard, statesman,
A76.
Heavysege, Charles, poet, A60.
1880 * * De Mille, James, novelist, A43.
1882 * * Ryerson, Adolphus Egerton, educa-
tionist, A79.
1885 * * Hincks, Sir Francis, statesman, A78.
Sept. 30. Glover, Sir John H., governor
of Nova Scotia, dies.
Nov. 16. Riel, l.ouis, insurgent, A40.
CHURCH.
1876 Jan. 16. P. Q. Louis Z. Mo-
reau is consecrated R. C. bishop of St.
Hyacinthe.
* * The Woman's Boards of the Bap-
tist Church is organized.
* * The "Woman's Foreign Missionary
Society of the Presbyterian Church is
organized.
1877* * Br. Col. Greenville becomes
a mission-station of the Methodist
Church of Canada.
1878 * * It. Leo XTTT. is elected pope.
May 28. P. Q. The Roman Catholic
diocese of Chicoutimi is established.
1880 Nov. 21. Ont. James Vincent
Cleary is consecrated R. C. bishop of
Kingston, at Rome.
1881 Nov. * Ont. Organization of the
Woman's Missionary Society of the
Methodist Church, at Hamilton.
* * The Canadian Foreign Missionary
Society is organized ; it works through
the channels of the American Board.
* * Br. Col. W. Duncan ceases to be
a missionary of the Church Missionary
Society. [He works with Americans in
Alaska.]
1882 * * P.Q. The R. C. prefecture
apostolic of the Gulf of St. Lawrence is
established.
May 29. P. Q. F. X. Bosse is nomi-
nated R. C. prefect apostolic of the Gulf
of St. Lawrence.
July 11. Ont. "Vicariate apostolic of
Pontiac is established.
July 14. Ont. The Roman Catholic di-
ocese of Peterborough is established.
Sept. 21. Ont. Narcisse-Zephirih Lor-
rain is consecrated vicar-apostolic of
Pontiac.
* * The Montreal Woman's Mission-
ary Society is organized.
1883 Jan. 31. N. S. Cornelius
O'Brien is consecrated R. C. archbishop
of Halifax.
* * The Domestic and Foreign Mission-
ary Society of the Church of England
in Canada is organized. [Its contribu-*
tions are sent to other societies.]
* * Br. Col. Aiyonsh becomes a mission-
station of the English Church Mission-
ary Society.
1885 July 10. P. Q. The Koman
Catholic diocese of Nicolet is estab-
lished.
Aug. 2. P.Q. Elphege Gravel is con-
secrated at Rome R. C. bishop of Nicolet.
* * Br. Col. Albany, in Moosonee, be-
comes a station of the Church Society
(Eng.), having one missionary and wife.
1886 June 7. P. Q. Archbishop El-
zear- Alexandre Taschereau is cre-
ated cardinal.
June 8. P. Q. Bishop Fabre is made
archbishop of Montreal.
Ont. The Roman Catholic archdio-
cese of Ottawa is created.
June 10. Ont. The Canada Congrega-
tional "Woman's Board of Missions is
organized in a parsonage at Ottawa, by
four ladies.
* * The "Woman's Auxiliary to the
Board of Diocesan Domestic and For-
eign Missions of the Church of England,
in Canada is organized.
* * Ont. The International Missionary
Union meets at Thousand Island Park.
* * Ont. Bishop Duhamel is made Roman
Catholic archbishop of Ottawa.
* * N. S. The diocese of Arichat is
changed to Antigonish.
1887 May 1. Ont. Thomas J. Dowling
is consecrated R. C. bishop of Hamilton.
LETTERS.
1875 * * Man. The Manitoba Wes-
leyan Institute is erected in Winnipeg.
* * N. S. The Weekly Herald is issued at
Halifax.
* * Ont. The separate Koman Catho-
lic schools in this Province number 170,
with 22,073 names on the rolls.
* * The Dawn of Life, by John William
Dawson, appears. [1877. The Origin of
the World.]
1876 * * Ont. The Evening Telegram is
issued at Toronto.
1877 * * N. B. The Times is issued at
Moncton.
* * The Chien d'or, The Golden Bog, by
William Kirby, appears.
1878 * * Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh,
by Sir Daniel Wilson, appears.
1879 * * N.W. T. The Bulletin is issued
at Edmonton.
* * Ont. Le Canada is issued at Ottawa.
1880 * * Ont. The Evening News is is-
sued at Toronto.
* * Papineau, and Felix Poulre, by Louis
Honors Frechette, appear.
* * Louis Honors Frechette is crowned the
poet of the year by the French Academy
for his Les fleurs boriales, etc.
* * The Change of Life in Geological Time,
by John William Dawson, appears.
1881 * * N. B. The World is issued at
Chatham.
* * Canada since the Union of 1841, by
John Charles Dent, appears.
1882 May 25. The Marquis of Lome
founds the Society for the Advance-
ment of Literature and Science.
* * Man. The Sun is issued at Brandon.
* * Man. The Nor'west Farmer is issued
at Winnipeg.
* * N. F. The Evening Herald is issued
at St. Johns.
* * N. B. The Transcript is issued at
Moncton.
1883 * * Man. The Register is issued at
Neepawa.
* * Man. The Manitoba Liberal is issued
at Portage la Prairie.
* * N. W. T. The Herald is issued at Cal-
gary.
* * iV. S. The Tribune is issued at Wind-
sor.
1884 * * Man. The Review is issued at
Portage la Prairie.
* * Ont. The War Cry is issued at To-
ronto.
* * P. Q. LaPresse is issued at Montreal.
* * Professor Conant, by Lucius Seth
Huntington, appears.
CANADA.
1875,* *-1887, May*. 585
1885 * * Ont. The Canadian Freeman is
issued at Kingston.
* * -86 * * The Story of the Upper Can-
ada Rebellion, by John Charles Dent,
appears.
1886 Oct. 22. Baptists lay the corner-
stone for a college building at Wood-
stock.
* * If. W. T. The Tribune is issued daily
at Calgary.
SOCIETY.
1876 Nov. 16. P. Q. Joseph Gui-
bord, who died in September, is finally
buried under the protection of the mili-
tary and police at Montreal, (p. 582).
Dec. 17. P. Q. Bread riots break out
in Montreal.
1877 July 12+. P. 0. Riots are
raised by Orangemen, with fatal re-
sults, at Montreal.
1878 Nov. 25. N. S. The Marquis
of Lome and the Princess Louise
arrive at Halifax.
1881 July * -Oct. * The Marquis of
Lome, as Governor-General, is enthusi-
astically received in his progress
through the Provinces.
Nov. 14. Eng. The Marquis of Lome
arrives at Birkenhead.
1882 Jan. * The Marquis of Lome
returns to the Dominion.
1883 * * The number of Indians is re-
ported at 110,505, and their condition is
progressive.
Apr. * Ont. The Marquis of Lome re-
turns from the Northwestern Provinces
to Ottawa.
1884 Apr. 30. Ont. The discovery of
dynamite cartridges under the Parlia-
ment House at Toronto causes great
excitement.
Oct. 22. P. Q. The Marquis of Lans-
downe arrives at Quebec as the Viceroy
of Canada.
1885 July 20. Assiniboia. Louis RiePs
trial begins at Regina. [Aug. 1. Con-
victed. Nov. 16. Executed.]
Aug. 5. At Regina, 28 prisoners plead
guilty of treason felony.
Sept. 29. Compulsory vaccination
causes riots.
Nov. 17. P. Q. The French at Mon-
treal and Quebec make demonstra-
tions against the Government.
Nov. 27. Saskatchewan. Eight Indi-
ans are hanged for murder at Battle-
ford.
1887 May 11. P. Q. William O'Brien
of Dublin, editor of United Ireland, and
a conspicuous agitator for Home Rule,
arrives at Montreal.
May * Wm. O'Brien makes a tour of
the principal cities, and is received with
enthusiasm by Home Rule sympathizers,
but stoned by the Orangemen.
STATE.
1877 June 15. M. S. The Canadian
and United States Fishery Commis-
sion convenes at Halifax.
The members are Sir Alex. Gait for
Canada, E. T. Kellogg for the United
States, and M. Defloss for Belgium.
Sept. 19±. The general election is
held, and returns an anti-administration
majority.
Oct. 5. Eng. The Marquis of Lome
is appointed governor-general.
Oct. 19+ . Ottawa. The Mackenzie
Ministry resigns, and a Conservative
Ministry is formed under Sir John A.
Macdonald as premier.
Nov. 23-24. N. S. The Fisheries
Commission awards $5,500,000 to Can-
ada, with Mr. Kellogg dissenting.
1880 * * N. B. Robert Duncan Wil-
mot is lieutenant-governor.
1881 Feb. * Ottawa. The Assembly
ratines the Canadian Pacific Rail-
road contract.
1882 Apr. 20. Ottawa. The Canadian
Pacific Railroad Bill is passed.
June * General elections are held ; the
majority favor a protective tariff.
July * Ottawa. An Order in Council di-
vides the vast territory beyond Mani-
toba into four territories, called As-
siniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and
Athabasca.
1883 Feb. 8. Ottawa. The new Par-
liament meets.
* * The Marquis of Lansdowne be-
comes viceroy.
1885 Feb. * Canada offers to assist the
Imperial government in the Soudan
campaign.
Mar. * Saskatcheioan. The Riel insur-
rection breaks out in the new territo-
ries beyond Manitoba, because the in-
habitants were not consulted in dividing
the territory.
It is alleged that the Government has
failed to give the political and social
rights it had promised.
1886 May 8. N. S. The U. S. fishing-
schooner David J. Adams is seized at
Digby for violating the fishing-laws.
May± * Canadians send out an armed
fleet tc enforce the fisheries regulations
on the Americans.
May 30. The Americans retaliate by
seizing the Canadian vessel Sisters in
American waters.
* * -87 * * A total of 35 vessels are
seized by the two Governments.
July 9. Saskatchewan. A general am-
nesty to the insurrectionists is pro-
claimed, and only murderers are ex-
cepted.
1887 Jan. 17. Ottawa. The Parlia-
ment is dissolved.
Feb. * Eng. Sir Alex. Campbell is ap-
pointed high commissioner for Canada.
Feb. 23. Elections favor the govern-
ment.
Mar. 3. U.S. Congress passes the Fish-
eries Bill.
Apr. 2. Americans seize British seal-
ing-vessels in the North Pacific. [Apr.
9, 12, 17 others are seized.]
Apr. 13. Ottawa. The House opens.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1876 June 18. N. B. The commer-
cial district of St. John is destroyed
by fire. [Subscriptions are started in
Great Britain.]
1879 Sept. 27. Ont. The Marquis of
Lome opens the Dominion industrial
exhibition at Ottawa.
Dec. 1. The Borussia, a Dominion
steamer, from Liverpool, springs a leak
in the Atlantic after leaving Coruna,
and sinks.
Dec. 2. Ten of the Borussia's crew of
over 300 are saved by boats.
1880 * * Ont. The Canada Pacific
Railroad is commenced.
1881* * The population numbers
4,500,000.
May 24. P. Q. The steamer Victoria
upsets on the Thames, and several
hundred are drowned.
June * P. Q. Quebec loses 600 small
wooden houses by fire.
1882 Sept. 14. Ont. The steamer Asia
founders between Ontario and Sault
Ste. Marie ; about 98 are lost.
Nov. * N. S. About 31 persons per-
ish in the burning of an almshouse at
Halifax.
1883 Jan. 23. P. Q. The ice palace
is erected at Montreal, and a carnival
held.
Feb. 8. Ont. The opera house at To-
ronto is burned.
Apr. 19. P. Q. An incendiary burns
the Parliament buildings at Quebec.
Sept. 8. The Northern Pacific Railroad
of 2,500 miles is opened.
Sept. 12. Ont. An industrial exhibi-
tion is opened by the Marquis of Lome
at Toronto.
1884 Jan. 2. Ont. A collision occurs
on the Grand Trunk Line, near Toronto,
and 31 are killed.
Sept. * Famine causes much distress in
Labrador.
1885 Oct. 1. P. Q. The new Parli-
ament buildings at Quebec are de-
stroyed by dynamite explosions.
Oct. * Montreal has 1,622 deaths from
smallpox in this month.
Nov. 6. Eng. The Queen sends a mes-
sage of congratulation to the people of
Canada.
Nov. 7. The Canadian steamer Algoma
founders in Lake Superior; 45 per-
sons perish.
Nov. 8. Sir Donald Smith drives tbe last
spike in finishing the Canadian Pacific
Railroad, 2,909 miles west from Mon-
treal. The entire length of the Domin-
ion road is 2,569 miles.
1886* * -87 * * Statistics: Revenue,
£7,364,916; expenditure, £7,326,920; im-
ports, £23,197,035 ; exports, £18,393,660.
1887 * * -88 * * P.Q. Montreal suffers
from great fires.
May 4. Br. Col. A mine explodes at
Nanaimo, Vancouver Island ; over 170
persons perish.
586 1887, July 6-1889, June 4. CANADA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 May 29. JV. S. The Canadian
cruiser Vigilant seizes the Gloucester
schooner Mattie Winship off Cape North.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1888 Aug. 16. A terrific storm dam-
ages Ontario and Quebec to the amount
of $1,500,000; many persons are killed
by lightning.
1889 Jan. 18. Br. Col. The steamer
Cariboo Fly returns from an exploring-
trip on the Skeena River.
Jan. 23. Ont. Natural gas in paying
quantities is struck at Kingsville.
Feb. 5. P. Q. A shock of earthquake
is felt at Grand Metis.
Apr. 6. Ont. Petroleum is discovered
at Kingsville.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1888 Apr. * White, Thomas, minister of
the interior, A 58.
1889 Jan. 33. Hughes, Joshua, bishop of
St. Asaph, dies.
Feb. 80. Stewart, James, senior Presbyte-
rian clergyman in Toronto, dies.
Feb. 26. Young, George Paxton, professor
of mental and moral science at the Uni-
versity College, Toronto, dies.
Mar. 88. Howard, R. P., dean of medical
faculty of McGill College, Montreal, dies.
Apr. 11. Dunsmuir, Robert, president of
the council at Victoria, B.C., dies.
June 4. Brompton, F., general manager of
Great Western Railway, dies.
CHURCH.
1887 Aug. 12. N. S. Charles Inglis
is consecrated at Lambeth, England,
bishop of Nova Scotia.
1888 Oct. 28. P. Q. L. N. Begin is
consecrated Roman Catholic bishop of
Chicoutimi.
1889 Jan. 17. Ont. Rev. Canon Knox-
Little commences a series of mission-
services at Toronto.
Jan. 20. Chicago. Great excitement
is caused by Father Dowd's denunciation
in Montreal of the Illinois Catholic Or-
der of Foresters.
Feb. 2. Ont. A deputation from the
Church of England Defense Associ-
ation waits upon Bishop of Niagara at
Hamilton to protest against ritualistic
practises.
Feb. 9. P. Q. The incorporation and
endowment of the Jesuits cause
great excitement.
Feb. 10±. P. Q. The ostensory — in
which the host is placed — recently
given by Pope Leo to Cardinal
Taschereau, arrives in Quebec. It is
richly ornamented with precious stones.
Feb. 17. In Protestant churches in
Quebec and Ontario Provinces resolu-
tions protesting against the $400,000
grant made to the Jesuits at the last
session of the Quebec Legislature are
read, and petitions largely signed to give
effect to the resolutions.
Feb. 24. Ont. A meeting of Catho-
lics is held at Ottawa to express sym-
pathy for the Pope, and demand the res-
toration of the temporal power.
Mar. * P. Q. A resolution is intro-
duced in the Quebec Legislature by the
Ultramontanes, asking the Queen to
use her influence in restoring to the
Pope his temporal power.
May 1. Ont. Richard A. O'Connor
is consecrated Roman Catholic bishop
of Peterborough.
May 7. Ont. The Toronto Presby-
tery nominates Principal Grant for the
moderatorship.
May 24. N. S. Archdeacon Gilpin is
promoted to be dean, and Rev. J. A.
Kaulback of Truro is made archdeacon.
LETTERS.
1887 * * Man. Den Skandinaviske Cana-
diensaren is issued at Winnipeg.
* * Ont. The Weekly Empire is issued at
Toronto ; also The Saturday Night.
* * La ligende d'un peuple, by Louis Ho-
nor£ Frechette, appears.
1888 * * Ont. The Empire (daily) is is-
sued at Toronto.
* * Man. The Loegberg (Icelandic) is is-
sued at Winnipeg.
1889 Feb. 23. The Holy See re-
fuses permission to the Jesuits in Can-
ada to confer university degrees.
Mar. 6. Ont. The customs authorities
at Toronto seize and destroy 100 copies
of Zola's novels, as they are said to be
of immoral character.
May 2. Ont. An injunction is served to
restrain the federation of "Victoria
CoUege with Toronto University.
May 14. Ont. The senate of the Vic-
toria University meets at Cobourg, and
considers the federation with Toronto
University.
SOCIETY.
1888 May 23. The Marquis of Lans-
downe leaves Canada.
June 30. The average consumption per
capita of all intoxicating liquors is 4.61
gallons ; of malt liquors, 3.76 gallons.
1889 Jan. 11. Sir John Macdonald
receives numerous congratulations on
his 74th birthday.
Feb. 4. P. Q. The Montreal ice carni-
val begins.
Ont. The "Women's Enfranchise-
ment Association is formed at Toronto.
Feb. 12. Ont. The order of the Sons of
England holds a convention at Ottawa.
Feb. 14. Ont. Two hundred weavers go
out on strike at Cornwall.
Feb. 15. Man. The half-breeds of Da-
kota resist the collection of taxes,
and the militia is called out.
Feb. 20. Ont. Peterborough votes to
adopt high license.
A congress of jailers is held at
Toronto.
Mar. 5. Ont. The Jesuit Fathers bring
a libel suit for $50,000 damages against
The Toronto Mail.
Mar. 7. Man. Gov. Schultz offers a site
for a hospital at Selkirk.
Ont. White Caps flog an alleged
wife-beater at Georgetown.
Mar. 14. Ont. Black Caps organize at
Kingston, and warn idlers and wife-
beaters to beware.
Mar. 19. Ont. The striking weavers
decide to return to work at Cornwall.
Mar. 26. Ont. W. H. Harvey is ar-
rested at Toronto for shooting his wife
and two children.
Mar. 30. Ont. The new Surgical
Hospital for "Women is opened at
Toronto by the Bishop of Toronto. It
is under the control of the Anglican
sisterhood.
Apr. 9. Ont. The police of Berlin are
ordered to ring the town bell at 9 P. M.
daily, and arrest aU children under 15
years of age who may be found on the
streets after that hour.
A convention of dairymen meets in
Ottawa.
Apr. 16. N. 8. The Supreme Court de-
clares the wholesale license clause of
the Provincial law to be ultra vires of the
local legislature.
Gabriel Dumont, Riel's lieutenant
in the late rebellion in the Northwest
Territory, and but lately pardoned, is
stirring up the half-breeds.
May 18. Ont. Plasterers of Toronto
demand an additional two and a half
cents an hour, and being refused, go out
on strike.
May 21. Ont. Thomas Johnson, col-
ored, is arrested, charged with beating
his child to death.
The Grand Legion of the Ancient
Order of United "Workmen hold the
seventh annual conclave in Toronto.
June 2. Man. Martin Burke, con-
nected with the murder of Dr. Cronin,
is identified by a Chicago officer at Win-
nipeg, and arrested.
STATE.
1887 Aug. 30+ . Eng. A Joint Com-
mission is appointed by Gr.eat Britain
and the United States to settle the fish-
eries dispute.
1888 Feb. 15. I). C. The Joint Com-
mission signs the Fisheries Treaty at
Washington.
Apr. 7. Ottawa. The Assembly defeats
a bill for trade reciprocity with the
United States.
May 1. Eng. Lord Stanley of Preston
is appointed governor-general.
May 2. Ottawa. Parliament approves
the Fisheries Treaty.
June 11. Ottawa. Lord Stanley, the
successor of the Marquis of Lansdowne,
takes the oath as governor-general.
Aug. 21. D. C. The U. S. Senate re-
fuses to ratify the Fisheries Treaty.
Sept. * Commissioners report to the
Government the attractions cf the basin
of the Mackenzie River for settlers.
1889 Jan. 18. Br. Col. John Grant is
elected mayor of Victoria.
Jan. 24. Ont. The Ontario Legisla-
ture opens.
CANADA.
1887, July 6-1889, June 4. 587
Jan. 31. Ottawa. Parliament opens.
Feb. 17. Ottawa. Sir Richard Cart-
wright's resolution in favor of the Do-
minion assuming treaty-making
powers is rejected by the House.
Feb. 19. Ottawa. Notice is given in the
Dominion Parliament of the introduc-
tion of a resolution in favor of Home
Rule.
The Dominion Government pardons
Gabriel Dumont, Louis RiePs first
lieutenant in the Northwest rebellion.
Feb. 26. Ottawa. The Senate passes
bills for repealing bills of lading, to per-
mit the suspension of sentence in the
case of first offenses, and for amending
the Weights and Measures Act.
Mar. 2. Ottawa. The Dominion Parlia-
ment rejects a continuation of the
modus viyendi in force, and a resolu-
tion providing for closer trade relations
with the United States. Vote, 65-108.
Mar. 15. Ottawa. Sir John A. Macdon-
ald threatens to resign the premier-
ship, and go before the country on the
Jesuit question, if the anti-Jesuit reso-
lution promoted by the Orangemen is
persevered in.
Mar. 23. Ottawa. The Government is-
sues modus vivendi licenses to sealing-
vessels, which are good until Dec. 31, 1889.
Mar. 25. Ottawa. Statistical returns
strongly reenforce the Reciprocity
Party in House of Commons.
Mar. 26. Ottawa. In the House of Com-
mons a resolution is moved concerning
the action of the Quebec Legislature in
the Jesuits' Estates matter.
That it is beyond the power of that
House to enact such legislation : 1. Be-
cause it endows from public funds a re-
ligious organization, thereby violating
the unwritten but undoubted constitu-
tional principle of the complete separa-
tion of Church and State. 2. Because
it recognizes the usurpation of the right
by a foreign autbority — the Pope of
Rome — to claim that his consent was
necessary to empower the Provincial
Legislature to dispose of a portion of
the public domain, and also because the
Act is made to depend upon the will, and
the appropriation of the grant thereby
made is subject to the control, of the
same authority. 3. Because the endow-
ing of the Society of Jesuits, an alien,
secret, and politico-religious body, is
fraught with danger to the civil and re-
ligious liberties of the people of Canada.
Mar. 28. Ottawa. The debate on the
Jesuits' Estates question continues in
the House of Commons.
Mar. 29. Ottawa. The O'Brien Jesuits'
Disallowance Amendment is defeated
in the Dominion Parliament.
Apr. 1. Queen Victoria is asked to in-
terfere concerning the Jesuits' Estates
matter.
Apr. 5. Br. Col. The Provincial Par-
liament ends its business of session.
Apr. 7. P. O. M. Mercier, the pre-
mier of Quebec, says that the treasury
of Quebec is empty, and it will be neces-
sary to pass a special act to procure
the $400,000 to be handed over to
the Roman Catholic authorities un-
der the Jesuits' Estates Act,
Apr. 9. Ont. The House of Commons
passes the bill to amend the Fisheries
Act, which prohibits net-fishing in tidal
waters.
Apr. 26. Ottawa. The Weldon Extra-
dition Pill is passed by the Senate.
Speeches strongly maintaining the
Canadian claims in Bering Sea are
made in the Dominion Parliament.
Apr. * Ottawa. The Senate expresses its
views on unrestricted reciprocity.
"It would not be in the interest of
Canada to establish an entire reciprocity
of trade with any foreign nation upon
any condition that would restrict, with
regard to others, entire freedom of ac-
tion by this country in protecting its
own industries, in dealing with its own
sources of revenue, and in regulating its
own foreign trade, or that would make
necessary the adoption of duties discrim-
inating against imports from other na-
tions, and more especially the mother
country."
May 2. Ottawa. The Parliament is
prorogued.
May 28+ . Ottawa. The Alaskan boun-
dary line is in dispute. The Govern-
ment seeks a settlement.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1887 July 6, 7. P. Q. A fire breaks
out in the citadel at Quebec ; the pow-
der magazine is saved. The damage
amounts to about $150,000.
July 16. Ont. Petroleum ignites and
explodes at St. Thomas, killing and
wounding many.
July 30. P. Q. The great railroad
bridge over the St. Lawrence at Lachine
is completed.
Sept. 6. Ont. An industrial exhibition
is opened by Lord Lansdowne at Toronto.
Sept.* Ottawa. Government sub-
sidies are pledged for the support of a
fortnightly mail service from London,
Eng., to the East by the Pacific Rail-
road.
1888 Sept. 11. Ont. Lord Stanley
opens an exhibition at Toronto.
1889 Jan. 3. Br. Col. The Welling-
ton coal-mines of British Columbia are
shut down.
Jan. 16. P. Q. Typhoid fever is epi-
demic at Baie St. Paul.
Jan. 24. Ont. A natural gas- well is
torpedoed at St. Catharines.
Jan. 28. Man. The Supreme Court de-
cides that the Manitoba government may
extend the Red River Railroad across
the Canada Pacific line.
Jan. 28+ . Ottawa. Parliament re-
fuses to sanction the erection of the
extension of the Red River Railroad
across the Pacific Railroad, as an in-
fringement of rights.
Jan. 30±. Ottawa. Canada decides not
to take part in the Paris Exposition.
Feb. 7. Ont. The opera-house at
Napanee collapses.
Feb. 12. Saskatchewan. An epidemic
of a virulent character rages among the
Chippeway Indians at Fort Pitt.
Feb. 27. Ont. A passenger-train is
wrecked at St. George, on the Great
Western Railroad ; 10 persons are killed
and many seriously injured.
Feb. * P. Q. Harbor improvements to
cost $4,000,000 are commenced in Mon-
treal.
They include four miles of wharfage, a
still-water basin of six square miles, and
the dredging of the river.
Mar. 4. P. Q. Several lives are lost by
the fall of a miU-roof in Montreal.
Mar. 5. P. Q. The Montreal Board of
Trade's Council approves the Extradi-
tion Bill introduced into Parliament,
and framed so as to include American
defaulters.
Mar. 7±. Ont. Many cases of smallpox
and eight deaths occur in Fingal and
South wold.
Mar. 14. N. S. A gold-mine in Duf-
ferin, Halifax County, sells at auction
for $145,000.
Mar. 20. N. S. The British war-ship
Lily arrives at Halifax with a case of
yellow fever on board.
Mar. 21. Customs authorities seize the
American fishing-schooner W. H.
Foye.
Apr. 11. The annual report of the De-
partment of Fisheries shows a de-
crease of $967,593 in the value of the
fisheries.
Apr. 16. Ont. The Welland Canal is
opened for navigation.
Thousands of seals are killed in the
Lower St. Lawrence.
Apr. 25+. Ont. The Grand Trunk Rail-
way decides to cease running freight-
trains on Sunday.
Apr. 28. Ont. The limited express on
the Grand Trunk Railroad from Chicago
to Hamilton runs off the track and
takes fire ; 18 persons are burned to
death and about 20 injured. The train
passengers were on their way to New
York City to participate in the Centen-
nial celebration.
May 1. N. F. Fourteen lives are lost in
the wrecking of the schooner Shiloh
at Grand Banks.
May 10. Eng. The House of Commons
approves the cable contract for Hali-
fax and Bermuda.
May 14. Ont. Forest fires do much
damage at Belleville.
The steamer Cynthia comes in col-
lision with the steamer Polynesian, and
sinks in the St. Lawrence River opposite
Longue Point ; eight sailors lose their
lives.
May 16. P. Q. About 700 houses are de-
stroyed by fire in a suburb of Quebec ;
property worth $600,000 is burned, one
man killed, and one fatally hurt.
May 29. A Canadian schooner is
wrecked on Gallos Island, in Lake On-
tario, and eight sailors are missing.
June 2. A train of the Canadian Pacific
railroad crosses Maine on the short
line to the Maritime Provinces.
June 3. N. S. The steamer Bessie Mor-
ris from Montreal for Sydney goes ashore
in Aspy Bay.
588 1889, June 5 -Nov. 13.
CANADA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 June 11. Man. The 91st Bat-
talion is organized with companies at
St. James, Kildonan, Selkirk, Spring-
field, Stonewall, and "Woodlands.
June 14. Ont. The formation of six
companies for a battalion at London
is ordered.
July 3. P. Q. The 5th district mili-
tary camp at St. Johns is inspected by
Sir Frederick Middleton.
Aug. 4. The British squadron of the
Pacific goes to protect British ships.
Sept. 10. P. Q. Artillery competition
opens at Isle of Orleans, Quebec.
Sept. 18. P. Q. The Charlottetown bat-
tery of Prince Edward Island takes the
first prize in artillery by competition
at Grosse Island.
Sept. 19. Ont. Maj. Todd declines the
colonelcy of the Governor-General's foot-
guards at Ottawa.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 July 17. Br. Col. Petroleum is
discovered at Vancouver in the center of
the city.
July 29. If. S. Two seams of good hard
coal are discovered near Truro.
Aug. 17. Ont. The Canadian College
of Music is established at Ottawa.
Sept. 3. Ont. The American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science
closes its session at Toronto.
Sept. 6. If. S. Gold is discovered at
Princess Ledge, near Halifax.
Sept. 19. P. Q. Several thousand tons
of rock slide from Cape Diamond to
Champlain Street, in Quebec, 300 feet
below, demolishing in their course seven
dwellings, and killing or injuring a
number of persons.
Oct. 2. P. Q. A large piece of rock
falls at Quebec, near the scene of the
former disaster, and crushes in and
wrecks a building, but without loss of
life.
Nov. 4. If. S. Coal deposits are dis-
covered, containing millions of tons of
coal.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1889.
June 5. Gray, John Hamilton, justice of
Supreme Court, at Victoria, B. C, dies.
June 6. Jones, W. C, editor of the Star
Transcript, dies.
June 12. Cecil, Lord A. P., is drowned at
Adolphustown, Ont.
July 1. Theresa, Mother, head of the Order
of Our Lady of Loretto, at Toronto, dies.
July 18. Harel, Abh6 Telesphore, chan-
cellor of archdiocese of Montreal, dies.
Aug:. 8. McConnell, P., Baptist pioneer
missionary, dies.
Aug:. 13. Miller, Father, vicar-general of
Montreal, dies.
Nov. 4. St. Louis, Mother, superioress of
Good Shepherd Convent, Quebec, dies.
* * Richards, Sir William Buel, jurist, A74.
CHURCH.
1889 June 6. P. Q. The Conference
of the Methodist Church of Canada
opens its sixth annual session at Sher-
brooke.
Ont. The Bay of Quinte Methodist
Conference meeting is held at Belle-
ville.
The Congregational Union, Brant-
ford, opens.
June 11. Ont. The Anglican Synod
of Toronto convenes.
June 12. Ont. Lord A. P. Cecil, a
noted evangelist, is drowned at Adolph-
ustown.
June 13. P. Q. The Baptist Church
Eastern Association convenes at Sher-
brooke. «
Ont. The Presbyterian General
Assembly is held at Toronto.
June 18. P. Q. The Synod of Mon-
treal convenes.
Ont. The Ontario Diocesan Synod
meets at Kingston.
June 19. If. S. The Methodist Con-
ference meets at Liverpool.
June 21. Ont. The Toronto District
Baptist Association convenes.
July 3. Ont. The Presbytery of Kings-
ton elects M. W. Maclean moderator.
July 10. Man. The Baptist Conven-
tion elects J. W. "Whitman of Emerson
president.
July 31. Ont. The Canada District of
the Lutheran Synod closes at Ottawa.
Aug. 17. Ont. The Reformed Epis-
copal Synod elects its officers at Ot-
tawa.
Aug. 21. N. S. The Presbytery of Hali-
fax meets.
Aug. 26. P. Q. The petition of Louis
Aronson and others for an order to es-
tablish a Jewish congregation is granted
at Montreal.
Sept. 7. P. Q. Cure^ Sentenne denounces
Labor Day from the pulpit in Montreal.
Sept. 11. P. Q. The Synod of the
Church of England in Canada opens
in Montreal.
Sept. 12. Ont. The Privy Council re-
fuses to refer the Jesuits' Estates case
to the Supreme Court.
Sept. 15. Ont. Bishop John Walsh is
appointed archbishop of Toronto.
Sept. 18. Father Paradis of Quebec is
summoned to return from Kome.
Oct. 3. P. Q. Cardinal Taschereau
confirms 300 children at Quebec.
Oct. 13. P. Q. The ceremony of bless-
ing the amalgamation of Laval and
Victoria Universities is celebrated in
Notre Dame Cathedral at Montreal.
Oct. 14. Ont. The census of attendance
at Protestant churches is taken at Ot-
tawa ; attending number, 7,328.
Oct. 16. Ont. The Baptist Conven-
tion is held at Ottawa.
Oct. 24. Ont. The cloistered nuns
are exempted from appearing in Court
by Justice Mathieu, in "La Banque
Ville Marie vs. Hotel Dieu" case at
Montreal.
Oct. 30. Man. The Anglican Synod
closes at "Winnipeg.
Nov. 2. Ont. Premier Mercier re-
ceives papal benediction from Borne.
Nov. 12. Ont. The eighth annual
meeting of the Baptist Congress of
America is held at Toronto.
Md. At the Baltimore Catholic
Congress, Premier Mercier makes
an address on the impartiality of French
Canadians in the treatment of Protes-
tants and Catholics.
LETTERS.
1889 Sept. 26. The Catholic Board
of Public Instruction decides to re-
duce the grant to classical colleges by
10 per cent.
Oct. 9. P. Q. The Laval and Victoria
faculties are amalgamated at Montreal.
Oct. 14. P. Q. The will of the late Mr.
"Workman bequeathed $120,000 to
the McGill University at Montreal.
Oct. 21. Ont. The Minister of Educa-
tion issues an order that English shall
be the language of instruction.
Oct. * Ont. The foundation stone of the
new public library is laid at Hamilton.
* * Ont. The Herald is issued at Hamil-
ton.
Nov. 12. Man. The half-breeds of St.
Laurent hold a meeting, and condemn
the proposed abolition of separate
schools and a dual language.
SOCIETY.
1889 June 11. Ont. The second an-
nual Convention of the Dominion
Womans' Christian Temperance
Union is held at Toronto.
N. B. Lucian Freeman kills his
mother and John Morgan at Meriden.
Ont. The tenth annual meeting of
the High Court of the Canadian Or-
der of Foresters is held at London.
June 12. Alberta. The Dominion Gov-
ernment is warned that the Mormon
colonists are practising polygamy, and
will soon control the electorate.
jV. B. A convention of locomotive
engineers is held at Moncton.
June 18. If. S. The carpenters of Hali-
fax strike.
June 25. Ont. The annual session of
the Canada Grand Lodge of Good
Templars is opened at Toronto.
July 10±. Man. Martin Burke is com-
mitted at Winnipeg for extradition, as
the murderer of Dr. Cronin.
July 18. Ont. The Canadian Press
Association holds its annual meeting
at Toronto.
July 22. JV. B. The carnival opens.
July 25. Ont. The Brotherhood of
Brakemen is in session at Ottawa.
Aug. 4. P. Q. The corner-stone of a
hospital is laid at Rimouski.
Aug. 5. If. S. The carnival opens at
Halifax.
Aug. 7. Ont. The tenth convention of
the American Electric Light Associ-
ation meets at Niagara Falls. .
Aug. 21. Ont. The sixth annual Con-
vention of Photographers is held at
Toronto.
Aug. 23. Ont. The Brooklyn 13th
Begiment is received at Hamilton,
CANADA.
188 9, June 5 -Nov. 13. 589
Sept. 3. P. Q. A Labor Congress, con-
sisting of the Knights of Labor and the
Dominion Trades and Labor Congress,
opens in Montreal.
Sept. 5. P. Q. The Dominion Labor
Congress at Montreal adopts resolu-
tions.
It calls on the Dominion and Provin-
cial Governments to abolish the system
of subsidizing railways by land and
money grants, as detrimental to the in-
terests of the country ; recommending
that all wage-earners be paid weekly,
and that power to call out the militia in
case of riots be vested only in the Adju-
tant-General of the Province and may-
ors of cities.
Sept. 11. Ont. Dancing exhibitions
cause an agitation at Toronto.
Sept. 21. P. Q. The City Council of
Quebec votes $5,000 toward relieving
the sufferers by the falling-rock dis-
aster.
Oct. 2. P. Q. The sixth annual Con-
vention of the Woman's Christian
Temperance Union opens at Montreal.
Oct. 3. Ont. The principal members of
the Cranbourne Club at London are
found guilty of gambling, and fined.
P. Q. The First Regiment of the
Connecticut National Guard, accom-
panied by Gov. Bulkeley and Senator
Hawley, arrives in Montreal.
Oct. 6. Ont. Father Boyle, a priest,
is sentenced to death for an assault on
a young woman.
Oct. 30. A judgment for $500 is
given against Le Monde for styling Mr.
Noyes an Orangeman.
Nov. 4. A Canadian smuggler returns
$2,500 to the Government by Dwight
L. Moody, the evangelist.
Nov. 5. Ont. A great Orange demon-
stration is held at Ottawa.
STATE.
1889 July 17. N. 8. The Govern-
ment loan of $300,000 at 4 per cent,
to run 30 years, is taken at from 1J to 1J
per cent, premium.
July 28. The law officers of the Crown
decide the Jesuits' Estates Act was al-
ready within the powers of the Provin-
cial Legislature, and that there is no
case to send to the Judicial Committee
of the Privy Council.
July 30. Man. A full Court at Winni-
peg agrees in an order committing Mar-
tin Burke for extradition.
Canadians are indignant at the seiz-
ure of the Black Diamond in Bering
Sea, calling it an American outrage.
July 31. Ottawa. The Dominion Minis-
ter of Justice signs the extradition
warrant for Martin Burke.
Aug. 2. Ottawa. The Governor-Gen-
eral, in reply to a delegation of the
Equal Bights Association, states that
in his opinion and that of his advisers
there are no grounds either for disallow-
ance of the act of the Quebec Legislature
as to the Jesuits' Estates Act or for
the dissolution of Parliament.
Aug. 3. Dr. Col. John Robson is sworn
in as premier at Victoria.
Aug. 6. Ottawa. The Minister of Cus-
toms receives official report of the seiz-
ure of the Black Diamond in Bering
Sea, but no demand as yet for compen-
sation by her owners. '
Aug. 29. Br. Col. Several sealers are
seized in the Bering Sea.
Aug. * British Columbia is endeavoring
to establish reciprocity with the United
States.
The rich iron deposits, the abundance
of timber, the large supply of fish, make
reciprocity desirable.
Sept. 3. Br. Col. A sealer with prize crew
on board continues sealing despite his
protests, and after securing 509 sea-otters
sailed for and arrives safely at Victoria.
Sept. 17. Lord Stanley, the Governor-
General, starts on a tour to the North-
west.
Oct. 14. P. Q. It is announced that
payments to the Jesuits are soon to
be made in Quebec.
Oct. 25. Eng. The Weldon Extra-
dition Act is disallowed by the Imperial
authority.
Oct. 28. N.S. The American fishing-
schooner D. Adams is confiscated at
Halifax for violating the treaty of 1818.
Oct. 29. Ont. The People's Political
Party is organized at Kingston.
Nov. 4±. Ottawa. Sir John A. Mac-
donald resigns the Presidency of the
Council, and takes the portfolio of Rail-
ways and Canals. C. C. Colby, Deputy
Speaker of the House of Commons, is
chosen to succeed him.
Nov. 5. P. Q. Premier Mercier pays
over $400,000 to the Jesuits' Estates
at Montreal.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 June* The Canadian Pacific
New Soo line is opened.
June 7. Ont. A great jam of logs
breaks up at Belleville.
June 9. P. Q. The Grosse Isle Cable
is laid, and goes into operation.
June 21. N.S. Halifax celebrates the
140th anniversary of its settlement.
June 30. Ont. The largest ferry
steamer on the Upper St. Lawrence
goes down while ferrying railroad cars
from Morristown to Brockville.
July 6. The St. Lawrence Yacht
Club race for t£e vice-commodore's
cup is won by the Lulu.
July 9. Ont. A natural gas- well is set
on fire at Ruthven.
July 10. Br. Col. The Board of Trade
favors reciprocity with the United
States.
July * Ont. Col. Hamilton obtains a
grant from the Government to set up an
electric generating machine under
Niagara Falls.
Aug. 1. Ont. The palace steamer St.
Lawrence, of Thousand Islands Steam-
boat Company, is wrecked at Hog Island
in the St. Lawrence.
Aug. 3. Br. Col. The schooner Black
Diamond, seized by United States cut-
ter Bush, sails into the harbor of Vic-
toria.
Aug. 4. P. Q. The Dominion line
steamship Montreal, from Montreal to
Liverpool, owing to icebergs and fog, is
totally wrecked at Belle Isle.
Aug. 7. Ont. The American Electric
Light Association opens its 10th con-
vention at Niagara Falls.
Aug. 23. Ont. An English syndi-
cate purchases a Toronto distillery for
$6,000,000.
Aug. 28. JV. S. During the last six
months 13,626 ounces of gold have been
mined.
Aug. 30. Br. Col. Two of the sealers
captured in Bering Sea arrive at Vic-
toria, one with a prize crew of one man
on board.
Sept. 2. The Bering-Sea schooner
Minnie arrives at Victoria after being
seized and sent to Sitka by the United
States cutter Rush.
Sept. 5. The cable telegraph system
connects the Canadian Pacific with the
Mackay-Bennett line.
Sept. 10. Ont. The Annual Exhibition
in Toronto is opened by Sir John A.
Macdonald.
Sept. 13. N. B. Forest fires do great
damage.
Ont. Toronto's millionaire philan-
thropist, Wm. Gooderham, drops
dead as he finishes a prayer in the
House for Fallen Women, which was es-
tablished by him.
Sept. 17. Ottawa. Lord Stanley starts
on a tour to the Northwest.
Sept. 20. P. Q. The Hochelaga Ex-
hibition at Montreal is opened.
Sept. * P. Q. A mass of rock falls, and
many are killed at Quebec.
Sept. 22. P. E. I. The business portion
of Kensington is burned.
Oct. 17. The Northern Pacific Kail-
road authorizes the issue of $160,000,-
000 new 5 per cent bonds.
Labrador. Fishermen are suffer-
ing, owing to failure of fisheries at Es-
quimaux Point.
Oct. 24. Ont. Four lives are lost and
several persons are injured by the burn-
ing of the steamer Quinte, near Des-
eronto.
Oct. 26. The people of Current Island,
Belle Isle Strait, are starving, owing
to the failure of the fisheries.
Nov. 2. A wrapping-paper trust is
formed.
Nov. 4. .V. S. Many families in Ter-
ence Bay are starving through failure
of the fisheries.
P. Q. The Montreal pig-iron boom
collapses.
Nov. 13. Ont. A breaking dam at
Alton causes much disaster to mills,
dwellings, bridges, etc. ; several lives
are lost.
590 1889, Nov. 20-1890, Nov. 26. CANADA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Dec. 4. Lieut. Eric Streatfield
is appointed A.D.C., vice Capt. Wise,
A.D.C.
Ont. Lieut. J. A. Moore is placed
on the list as instructor at the Royal
Military College at Kingston.
1890 July 12. Ont. The Official Ga-
zette of Ottawa contains Gen. Middle-
ton's farewell to the Canadian mili-
tia.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 Nov. 23. Ont. A rich find of
coal is made near Sharbot Lake.
Dec. 5. N. S. A valuable seam of red
hematite is discovered near Maitland.
1890 Apr. * P. Q. Millet's L' Angelina
is on exhibition in Montreal.
May 7. The Government purposes ex-
ploring Mackenzie Basin.
June 5. Disastrous floods occur.
June 9. Orders are issued for a complete
survey of the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
and elaborate observations of tidal
movements.
July 31. Ont. Natural gas is struck at
Kingston.
Aug. 3. Man. Much damage is done by
storm.
Sept. 14. Atha. Extensive petroleum
fields are discovered along the Atha-
basca River.
Sept. 28. P. Q. A shock of earth-
quake is felt in Quebec.
Oct. 7. P. Q. A fatal landslide occurs
at St. Pierre du Sud, Quebec.
Nov. 24. N» S. Lives and property are
lost on the coast ; cause, violent gales.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1890 Jan. 83. Lemoine, G., Abt>6, chap-
lain of Ursuline Convent, at Quebec, dies.
Feb. 22. Oxenden, Ashton, bp. of Mon-
treal, and metropolitan of Canada, A 84.
June 3. D'Herbomez, Joseph Louis, vicar
apostolic of R. C. diocese of B. C, A 68.
CHURCH.
1889 Nov. 21. Ont. The Diocesan
jubilee is celebrated at Toronto.
Nov. 24. P. Q. Rev. E. Owen of St.
Bartholomew's of Montreal resigns on
account of dispute on the surplice
question.
Dec. 9. It. Pope Leo thanks Cana-
dian Roman Catholics for their pro-
test against the usurpation of the tem-
poral power of the papacy.
Dec. 28. Ont. The diocese of Kingston
becomes a metropolitan see.
James Vincent Cleary is made arch-
bishop of Kingston.
1890 Jan. 21. Ont. The Roman Cath-
olic diocese of Alexandria is estab-
lished.
Apr. 10. Ont. Archbishop Cleary of
Kingston orders that all those who re-
fuse to support Roman Catholic
parochial schools shall be denied
absolution from their sins.
June * Ont. Alexander MacDonnell is
consecrated R. C. bishop of Alexandria.
Sept. 7. Br. Col. The Roman Catholic
diocese of New Westminister is
established.
Sept. 10. P. Q. The third General
Conference of the Methodist Church
of Canada meets in Montreal.
Oct. 10. P. Q. Bishop Lafleche of
Three Rivers issues an order for farm-
ers to pay a tithe of $7.50 per 1,000
bundles of hay to their cur£, or be
refused the sacrament if they neglect
to do so.
Oct. 19. Ont. Dennis O'Connor is
consecrated R. C. bishop of London.
LETTERS.
1889 Nov. 20. Man. The Indian
Industrial School is handed over to
the Church of England authorities at St.
Paul.
Nov. 27. P. Q. A movement is made
to endow Faculty of Applied Science
in McGill University, Montreal ; cost,
$100,000.
Night schools are opened in Montreal.
Dec. 27. Man. The English-speak-
ing Roman Catholics denounce the
proposed legislation abolishing the
teaching of French In public schools.
1890 Mar. * Man. Roman Catholics
are denied the right to have sepa-
rate schools, and all classes are re-
quired to patronize the national schools.
Apr. 7. P. Q. Gifts amounting in value
to $1,000,000 are made to McGill
University, Montreal.
Apr. 26. Ont. The Toronto Univer-
sity is to be rebuilt at a cost of $22,000,
exclusive of library building, which is
to be fireproof, and to cost $50,000.
Oct. 3. Ont. A memorial signed by
10,000 Roman Catholics, including
Archbishop Taehe, of Winnipeg, Mani-
toba, is presented to the Governor-Gen-
eral of Canada, asking him to disallow
the acts passed by the Manitoba Legis-
lature abolishing Roman Catholic
schools and the dual language.
Nov. 24. Man. Judge Killam decides
adversely to the appeal of the Roman
Catholics against the Act of the last
Legislature abolishing separate schools.
SOCIETY.
1890 Jan. 6. P. Q. Gov. Angers in-
forms the Legislature on its opening
that a bill will be presented, offering
100 acres of land to the parents of
every family of 12 children.
Jan. 14. P. Q. A meeting of the Pro-
vincial Dominion Alliance at Quebec
condemns Mercier's speech on the pro-
hibition question.
Jan. 17. Ont. Lady Stanley refuses
to receive a divorced lady, the wife of
an American Minister, at a state dinner
at Ottawa.
Mar. * Br. Col. Wild Indians in the
eastern part have been burning and rob-
bing houses , and th reatening the settlers.
Mar. * Ont. A Government bill is intro-
duced in Parliament making polygamy
a crime.
Mar. * P. Q. A Canadian Indepen-
dence League is formed in Montreal
to make a determined and systematic
movement for emancipation from Brit-
ish rule by the year 1892.
Mar. * Ont. A bill is introduced in the
Parliament at Ottawa which makes
marriage a misdemeanor if con-
tracted by persons related by consan-
guinity nearer than the fourth degree.
May 12. Ont. Gen. Middleton is con-
victed by Parliament of looting valu-
able f urs while commanding the militia
in the Riel rebellion.
May 13. Canals are to be closed on
Sundays.- (Announced.)
May 14. A new secret Irish Associa-
tion is formed, with head centers in
Montreal and Quebec.
May 21. B.C. The Duke and Duch-
ess of Connaught arrive at Victoria.
[May 22. They are welcomed at Van-
couver. May 27. Man. They leave Win-
nipeg for the East. June 12. They leave
for England.]
June 12, 13. Ont. The Women'sEn-
franchisement Association convenes
in Toronto.
July 24. N.8. " Jack the Ripper"
is said to be in jail at Halifax ; he is a
medical student ; information given by
his sister was the cause of his arrest.
Aug. 5. P. Q. The American For-
estry Association closes its sessions in
Quebec.
It recommends the proper manage-
ment of public timber lands, and that
young men be sent to Europe to study
forestry.
Sept. 6. Ont. The Labor Congress at
Ottawa passes a resolution demanding
the right of the people of Canada to
elect their own Governor-General, in-
stead of having this official appointed
by the British Government.
Sept. 11. Subscription lists are opened
in several Canadian cities to secure funds
for the relief of the famine-threat-
ened districts in Ireland.
Sept. 22. Ont. The trial of Reginald
Birchall for the murder of F. C. Ben-
well begins at Woodstock.
Sept. 29. Ont. Birchall is convicted of
the murder of Benwell, and sentenced
to be hanged. [Nov. 14. Hanged.]
Oct. 27±. The Comte de Paris visits
Canada.
Nov. 6. Thanksgiving Day is observed.
STATE.
1889 Nov. 22. Ont. Miss F. Mer-
cale, an Indian, is appointed to a place
in the department of Indian Affairs ; it
is the first appointment o&the kind.
Dec. 4. Ottawa. A new extradition
treaty between Canada and the United
States is submitted by the British Gov-
ernment to the Canadian Government.
Dec. * The sentiment in favor of annex-
ation with the United States is re-
CANADA. 1889, Nov. 20-1890, Nov. 26. 591
ported to be growing among prominent
men.
1890 Jan. 8. P. E. I. The Legisla-
ture is dissolved.
Jan. 15. Ottawa. The Parliament
opens with a speech by Gov .-Gen. Lord
Stanley.
Jan. 20. N. B. An election is held by
which the Government gains 22 ; Opposi-
tion, 17 ; Independents, 2.
Jan. 21 . Ottawa. An effort is made to
bring up the question of annexation
in the House of Commons.
p. q. Mayor Grenier of Montreal
is reelected by acclamation.
Jan. 24. Eng. Canada's right to le-
gislate on questions involving the royal
prerogative is allowed by the Crown.
Jan. 25. Ottawa. Official notice is given
of the expiration of the modus vivendi
on Feb. 15 between the United States
and Canada.
Jan. 30. Out. The Ontario Legisla-
ture is opened at Toronto.
Man. The Legislature opens.
Jan. * Ottawa. A bill is introduced in
Parliament to repeal the act authoriz-
ing the use of the French language
in the Northwest Territories.
Feb. 13. Man. The Legislature passes
a resolution abolishing the use of
French as the official language of the
Province.
Feb. 15. Ottaioa. The House of Com-
mons debates the Dual Language bill.
Feb. 17. Br. Col. A judge decides that
the United States has no jurisdiction
outside the marine league limit in Be-
ring Sea.
Feb. 22. Ottawa. The Dominion Parli-
ament refers the question of the official
use of French to the Northwest Assem-
bly.
Feb. 24. C. H. Tupper, Minister of
Marine and Fisheries, starts for Wash-
ington as the Canadian representative
at the pending fisheries negotiations.
Feb. * P. Q. The Club National, the
leading French Canadian political club
of Canada, repudiates Parliament's loyal
address to the Queen, and declares for
Canadian independence.
Feb. * Br. Col. The various American,
English, and Canadian trading-vessels
seized by the Columbian authorities
are released.
Mar. 7. P. Q. A resolution opposing
Imperial federation is unanimously
carried in the Quebec House of Assem-
bly.
Mar. 24. Ottawa. Minister Tupper
returns from the Washington confer-
ence regarding Bering Sea.
Mar. * Man. The Legislature unani-
mously adopts a resolution praying that
steps be taken by the Dominion Parlia-
ment to negotiate with the U. S. Govern-
ment for unrestricted reciprocity of
trade between the two countries.
Mar. * Canada seeks representation in
the British Parliament.
Apr. 9. The Government decides to re-
new the modus vivendi with the United
States for another year.
Ottawa. The Dominion House of
Commons defeats an amendment to
the budget favoring reciprocity.
Apr. 29. Ottaioa. The Dominion Sen-
ate passes a bill extending the modus
vivendi with the United States.
Apr. * Ottawa. The Government de-
cides to guarantee the interest on
$5,000,000 of the bonds to be issued
by the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Rail-
way and Navigation Company for the
construction of that road.
May 10. P. Q. The Quebec Legisla-
ture is dissolved.
May 16. Ottawa. The Dominion Par-
liament is prorogued.
May 25. Ottawa. The Dominion Gov-
ernment informs Canadian sealers
that in case of arrest by U. S. ships
they cannot be protected.
May 28. Ottawa. The Government de-
cides to enforce the treaty of 1818 in
reference to the Atlantic fisheries, ex-
cept to holders of modus vivendi licenses.
May 29. Ottawa. The Government or-
ders the whole international boundary
line from the Rocky Mountains to Mani-
toba to be patrolled by mounted po-
lice in order to prevent smuggling.
June 18. P. Q. The French Nation-
alists win in the Quebec elections.
July 14. W. S. M. B. Daly is sworn
into office as lieutenant-governor in
the Legislative Council Chamber at
Halifax.
Sept. 24. Ottawa. The Governor-Gen-
eral is petitioned to veto the Anti-
French Bill passed by the Manitoba
Legislature.
Oct. 10. Ottawa. Canada has issued 119
licenses to U. S. vessels under the mo-
dus vivendi, as against 78 last year.
Nov. 3. Ottawa. It is officially an-
nounced that the Dominion Government
has decided to reduce the rate of post-
age to a two-cent rate throughout Can-
ada and to the United States.
Nov. 7. Ottawa. The Dominion Govern-
ment refuses to interfere with the
sentence of Birchall. (See Society,
Sept. 22.)
Nov. 26. 2f. F. Newfoundland prom-
ises not to enforce the Bait Act against
the Dominion.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Dec. 9. P. Q. The court-house
at Inverness is destroyed by fire.
Dec. 22. Out. Fire destroys property
in Petrolia to the amount of about
$100,000.
Dec. 23. Man. The Ogilvie Milling
Company have secured a corner in all
the wheat in this Province.
Dec. 27. Br. Col. Many buildings in
New Westminster are destroyed by
fire.
1890 Jan. 17. Br. Col. The total pack
of salmon during 1889 is reported to be
414,294 cases.
Jan. 21. Manitoba Indians are dying
from the grip.
Jan. 25. Out. The grip causes the high
schools of Colborne to be closed.
Jan. 26. P. Q. An ice-bridge is
formed in the river at Montreal.
Feb. 10. The new bridge over the St.
Lawrence at Coteau Landing is opened ;
it is a mile and three-fourths long.
Feb. 14. Ont. Toronto loses by the
University fire $1,000,000, which in-
cludes the library, valued at $100,000,
and all its equipment, besides records
and valuable historical and other docu-
ments.
Mar. * Ottaioa. Sir John A. Macdonald
has promised leading men from all parts
of the Dominion that the entire system
of St. Lawrence canals shall be deep-
ened to 14 feet.
Mar. * Ont. The Government has de-
cided to spend $30,000 for seed wheat
for Northwest farmers ; many of the
farmers, owing to their heavy indebted-
ness, are mortgaging their farms, and
leaving for the United States.
May 6. P. Q. The Insane Asylum of
St. Jean de Dieu at Longue Point, near
Montreal, is burned.
Over 100 of the women patients and
several nuns perish in the flames ; many
insane men and women escape to the
woods ; financial loss, about $700,000.
June 6. Br. Col. Sealing poachers in
Bering Sea utilize a swift steamer to
take their cargoes from the Aleutian
Islands to Victoria.
June 29+ . N. S. Boston capitalists are
developing a new seaport at the east
end of the Strait of Canso.
June 30. The reports of the Con-
solidated Fund of the Dominion for
the fiscal year show the total revenue
to have been $38,843,173.14, and the ex-
penditures $30,939,772.26, leaving a sur-
plus of $7,903,400.88, the largest since
the Confederation.
July 8. Br. Col. Sailing-vessels have
gone into Bering Sea in large numbers
from Victoria in expectation that there
will be no seizures this year.
The cable connecting Bermuda
with Canada and the rest of the world
is completed, and there is much con-
gratulation over the fact.
July 11. -V- 8. A drowning disaster
at Dartmouth, involving a great loss of
life, is caused by the collapsing of a
ferry landing-stage.
July 17. P- Q- Five persons are burned
to death at Quebec.
July 18. An American syndicate
buys a controlling interest in all the
twine factories in Canada, save one
in Ontario.
Aug.± * An English syndicate is buy-
ing brewery plants in Canada.
Nov. 7. Man. Coal-pits are on fire at
Fort William.
592 1890, Nov. *-1891, Dec. 29. CANADA.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 Dec. 6. N. S. A heavy snow-
storm prevails at Halifax.
1891 Apr. 18. P. Q. Much damage is
caused by inundation in the Chaudiere
Valley, Quebec.
July 12. Br. Col. One white woman
and 40 Indians are killed by a landslide
on the banks of the Skeena River.
Aug. 26. N. B. Two pilots and three
others report seeing a sea-serpent, 200
feet long, off the Richibucto shore.
It has a flat-shaped head, with eyes on
top like a frog, and in body about as
thick as a man.
Sept. 8. N. S. A destructive gale at
Halifax works disaster among the ship-
ping.
Sept. 9. Ont. Rich gold-bearing
quartz is discovered at Port Arthur.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1801 May 31. Dorion, Sir A. A., chief
justice of Queen's Bench Court in Que., d.
June 6. Macdonald, Sir John A., pre-
mier, dies at Earnscliffe, near Ottawa, A76.
Nov. 30. Murdoch, Sir Thomas Wm.
Clinton, chief secretary in Canada, dies.
Dec. 29. Futvoye, Geo., lieut.-col., deputy
minister for militia, A83.
CHURCH.
1891 Feb. 25. P. Q. Roman Catholic
priests in Quebec are instructed to
support Sir John Macdonald in the
coming elections.
June 17. Ont. The Methodist Con-
ference at Toronto suspends the Rev.
James Thompson for one year for
preaching the heresy that " there is no
material hell."
LETTERS.
1890 * *JV.B. The Globe is issued at
Fredericton.
* * Man. The Tribune is issued at Win-
nipeg.
* * P. Q. Le Samedi is issued at Mon-
treal.
SOCIETY.
1890 Deo. 20. Ont. The Toronto City
Council decides that the street-cars shall
not run on Sundays in that city.
± The churches in Canada take action
in the line of petitioning the House
of Commons and the Senate for a law
prohibiting the manufacture, importa-
tion, and sale of all alcoholic liquors
for beverage purposes in Canada.
1891 Feb. 2. Man. The action of the
Manitoba Legislature abolishing sep-
arate schools is sustained by a full
Court on appeal, one judge dissenting.
Mar. 7±. N. S. Funds are collected to
aid sufferers by the Spring Hill
mining disaster.
Mar. 14. The proposed arbitration con-
cerning Newfoundland is limited to the
lobster fisheries and canning factories.
Mar. 23. Ont. Farmers are organiz-
ing under the name of Ontario Farmers'
Union.
Br. Col. The Chinese administer
punishment according to their own civil
and criminal code in British Columbia,
and this unknown to the authorities.
Mar. 31. Sir Charles Tupper leaves
Ottawa for Washington.
May 8. AT. S. Woman suffrage is de-
feated.
June 2. Ont. Sir John Macdonald,
the premier, is very ill. [June 6. Dies.]
June 9. Ont. Sir John Macdonald's
body lies in state in the Senate Cham-
ber, Ottawa ; eulogies upon the dead
premier are pronounced in the Domin-
ion Parliament.
June 10. Ont. The funeral of Sir John
Macdonald takes place at Ottawa, the
largest ever seen in Canada.
June 13 + . The Prince of "Wales is
much criticised for being identified with
the baccarat scandal.
June 30. Eng. It is officially announced
in London that Lady Macdonald,
widow of the late premier of Canada,
has been raised to the peerage.
July 9. V. B. The National Division of
the Sons of Temperance of North
America hold their 47th annual session
at St. John.
July 10. Ont. The National Educa-
tional Association is in session at
Toronto.
The Chief Engineer of the Public
Works Department at Ottawa is sus-
pended for accepting a present.
July 14. Ont. The annual convention
of the National Educational Associ-
ation of America is formally opened
in Toronto in the presence of about
6,000 persons.
July 19. P. Q. The 201st anniversary
of the Battle of the Boyne is cele-
brated by the Orangemen of Montreal ;
at a mass-meeting the Revv Dr. Justin
Fulton makes an address bitterly de-
nouncing Catholicism. *
July 21. Baroness Macdonald re-
ceives an autograph letter from
Queen Victoria, in which her Majesty
expresses her sympathy with Lady Mac-
donald in her bereavement.
Aug. 14. Ont. Investigations of the
scandals concerning public officials con-
tinue at Ottawa.
Aug. 19. Ont. In the investigation
of corruption Premier Mercier is
further implicated.
Aug. 23. Ont. A new scandal in rela-
tion to alleged jobbery in the construc-
tion of the harbor works is announced
at Toronto.
Sept. 1. Ont. Secretary of State Chap-
leau, at the corruption investigation,
spirits away witnesses and documents,
and is alleged to be in a worse position
than Sir Hector Langevin.
Sept. 9. P. Q. More than 100 Hebrew
exiles, in destitute condition, and ut-
terly unable to speak in French or Eng-
lish, arrive in Montreal.
Dec. 27. P. Q. A riotous political
meeting is held in Montreal.
STATE.
1891 Feb. 3. Ottawa. The Govern-
ment dissolves Parliament, and will
go to the country for a mandate to nego-
tiate reciprocity with the U. S. Govern-
ment ; the election will take place on
March 5.
Feb. 4. Ottawa. Canada's proposals
for reciprocity are made public.
Feb. 9. Sir John A. Macdonald issues
an address to the electors, in which he
defines the policy of his party, and de-
nounces unrestricted reciprocity with
the United States.
Ont. A great Liberal demonstration
is held in Toronto ; the speakers favor
reciprocity with the United States.
Feb. 14. Ont. The Commercial Union
Club of Toronto issues an address to the
people favoring reciprocity; the ad-
dress is signed by Prof. Goldwin Smith
and G. Mercer Adam.
Feb. 17. Ottawa. The Dominion Gov-
ernment sends a protest to the Lnpe-
rial Government against the conven-
tion between Newfoundland and the
United States.
Feb. 28. Br. Col. The Legislature re-
solves to make the Chinese poll-tax
$100, abolishes return certificates, and
restricts the number carried inland by
steamships.
Mar. 5. The general elections for Par-
liament give a majority of 22 to the
Conservatives.
Apr. 13. Ottawa. The Dominion Gov-
ernment proposes to allow American
fishermen the same privileges in the
Maritime Provinces as last season.
P. Q. The premier and treasurer of
Quebec are negotiating a new loan of
$10,000,000.
Apr. 19. Ottawa. Petitions are filed to
unseat Sir Adolphe Caron, Minister
of Militia, and Sir Hector Langevin,
of Public Works, for corrupt practises.
Apr. 22. P. E. I. The Ministry re-
signs.
Apr. 29. Ottawa. The Dominion
Parliament opens.
May 11. Ottawa. Fraud is charged
against the Dominion Minister of Public
Works, involving a contract of $5,000,000.
May 19. N. S. The Legislature is
prorogued.
May 23. P. Q. The negotiations for
the Quebec loan are not successful.
May 27. Ottawa. The Senate passes
the bill renewing the modus vivendi
with the United States for the fishing
season of 1891.
June 13. Ottawa. Senator J. C. Ab-
bott, leader of the late Government in
the Senate, is summoned Jo form a new
Ministry, succeeding Sir John A. Mac-
donald as the premier.
June 16. Ottawa. Premier Abbott
forms a Cabinet; all the members of
the late Ministry retain their port-
folios.
CANADA.
1890, Nov. *-1891,Dec. 29. 593
Ministers: Premier, John J. C. Ab-
bot ; Finance, George E. Foster ; Cus-
toms, Mackenzie Bowell ; Militia, Sir
Adolphe P. Caron ; Postmaster-General,
John Haggart ; Agriculture, John Car-
ling ; Inland Revenue, John Castigan ;
Secretary of State, Joseph A. Chapleau ;
Interior, Edgar Dewdney ; Justice, Sir
John S. D. Thompson ; Marine and Fish-
eries, Charles Tupper ; Privy Council,
John J. C. Abbott ; without portfolios,
Frank Smith, J. A. Ouimet, and George
A. Kilpatrick.
June 18. Ottawa. It is announced that
the policy of Sir John A. Macdonald
will be continued by the government un-
der Premier Abbott.
June 25. Ottawa. The House of Com-
mons passes an amendment in favor of
a commission to obtain data respect-
ing the working of the prohibition of
the manufacture and sale of intoxicants
in other countries. Vote, 107-88.
June 30. The Dominion debt is $289,-
899,230.
July 7. Ottawa. In the House of Com-
mons the motion to place binding-
twine on the free list is defeated. Vote,
80-100.
July 10. Ottawa. Sir George Baden-
Powell and Dr. Dawson, the British
Commissioners, leave for Bering Sea.
July 18. P. Q. Premier Mercier of Que-
bec arrives from Europe ; he expresses
himself as opposed to a protective
policy in Canada against American
products, and in favor of reciprocity.
July 27. Ottawa. Sir R. Cartwright's
unrestricted reciprocity resolution is
voted down in the Dominion House.
Vote, 88-114.
Aug. 5. Ottawa. The Dominion trade
policy is sustained in the House of
Commons by a majority of 22.
Aug. 11. Ottawa. After a denial of
alleged charges of corruption made
against him, Sir Hector Langevin re-
signs his position as Minister of Public
Works.
Aug. 19. Pr Q. In the Corruption
Investigation, Premier Mercier is
further implicated ; Thomas McGreevy,
member for Quebec, tenders his resig-
nation in the House, and the Speaker
issues a writ for a new election.
Sept. 3. P. Q. The scandals are still
under investigation.
Sept. 10. Ottawa. The Railway Com-
mittee of the Senate, in its report on
the " Act Respecting the Baie Chaleurs
Railway Company," finds that among
those who profited by the misapplication
of funds was Premier Mercier of the
Province of Quebec.
Sept. 25. Ottaioa. The House adopts
the majority report, exculpating Sir
Hector Langevin from the charge of
complicity in dishonest practises. Vote,
101-86.
Premier Abbott in a speech asks Great
Britain to take steps to place Canada
in a position to negotiate a reciprocity
treaty with the United States.
Sept. 30. Ottawa. The seventh Par-
liament is prorogued, by Gov.-Gen.
Stanley.
Oct. 9. Ottawa. The demands of Mr.
Chapleau, Secretary of State, are creat-
ing much trouble in the Dominion
Cabinet ; a Ministerial crisis seems
probable.
Oct. 21. Ottawa. The British Bering
Sea agents arrive.
Oct. 27. Ottawa. Mr. Chapleau has
tendered his resignation to Premier
Abbott.
Nov. 5±. Ottawa. The Dominion Cab-
inet is being reconstructed.
Dec. 2. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
and Prince Edward Island discuss a
project for union as one province.
Dec. 8. Ottawa. Canada imposes a
duty on all fish imported from New-
foundland.
Dec. 16. P. Q. The Quebec Cabinet
is dismissed from office by Lieut.-Gov.
Angers.
Dec. 22. P. Q. The new Quebec
Ministry, with M. de Boucherville as
premier, is sworn in.
Dec. 24. P. Q. The deficit of Premier
Mercier's Government is now found
to be $2,223,000. Another royal com-
mission is appointed to investigate
further irregularities.
Dec. 25. Ottawa. The authorities de-
cide to enlarge canal facilities in the
Dominion.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Nov. * P. Q. The Dominion Gov-
ernment has decided to expend $2,000,000
in constructing a new canal on the north
side of the St. Lawrence, at Coteau, in
order to pass the Cedar Rapids.
Dec. 8. Quebec. An ice-bridge is
formed across the St. Lawrence.
1891 Jan. 1. Canada's total exports
for 1890 were $97,748,149, and the imports
$128,858,241 ; exports to United States,
$40,000,000 ; imports from United States,
$52,000,000.
Feb. 12. Quebec. A worsted factory
boiler explosion kills 20 persons and
injures a number of others.
Feb. 16. Br. Col. New Westminster
loses $500,000 and one fireman at a fire.
Feb. 21. JV. S. An explosion in the
Spring Hill colliery destroys 120
lives.
Mar. 2. Prof. Goldwin Smith de-
nounces the Canadian Pacific R. R.
in a letter for its activity in behalf of
the Conservatives.
Mar. 4. Silver mines in Canada are
bought by a syndicate of Englishmen
and Americans ; the cost is about ten
million dollars.
Mar. 20. Quebec. Great activity is
shown at the Government cartridge
. factory.
Apr. 8. The Government is taking steps
to abolish the use of the purse-seine in
fishing.
Apr. 23. P. Q. A company is organized
at Three Rivers to ship frozen meat
to England; capital, $2,000,000.
May 11. Ont. A train is ditched by a
burning bridge ; one man killed.
June 1. Can. The opening of the " bac-
carattrial" in England arrests public at-
tention; it involves the Prince of Wales.
June 18. Br. Col. The North Star is
seized for smuggling Chinamen into
the United States.
June 19. Eight cordage works in Canada
are bought by the National Cordage
Company of New York for $3,000,000.
June 20. Bush fires are raging.
June 28. Br. Col. Two sealers sail
from Victoria for Bering Sea.
June 29. P. Q. A Quebec loan of
$10,000,000 is floated by a Belgian and
French Syndicate.
July 1. Dominion Day is celebrated
throughout Canada.
The new Banking Act goes into
operation.
July 6. Ottawa. The Ontario and New
York Bridge Company is incorporated,
with a capital of $1,000,000, to bridge
the Niagara River.
July 8. Br. Col. The steamer Danube
arrives at Victoria with 18,000 seal-
skins on board, secured outside of Be-
ring Sea.
July 12. N. S. The schooner Georgi-
ana, while being towed to Halifax, cap-
sizes, and the captain and crew, 16 in
number, are drowned.
July 13. Br. Col. The sloop Flora, with
400 Chinamen on board, is seized at
Victoria, charged with intending to
smuggle them into the United States.
July 14. N. B. Eugene Underhill and
Murray Boocock arrive at St. John, hav-
ing traveled in a canoe from Moose-
head Lake to the mouth of St. John
River, a distance of 500 miles.
July 17. Br. Col. Sealers at Victoria
relate to the British Bering Sea Com-
missioners their grievances.
Aug. 15. Br. Col. The City Council of
Victoria decides to submit to the vote
of the people the question of appropri-
ating nearly $3,000,000 for railroad
subsidies.
Aug. 20. The wheat crop amounts to
63,000,000 bushels.
Aug. 26. The census gives the popu-
lation as 4,823,344, an increase of 11.52
per cent in ten years.
Sept. 8. Ont. The Toronto Industrial
Exhibition opens.
Sept. 18. Labrador. Thirteen persons
are drowned by the wrecking of fish-
ing-vessels during a terrific storm off
the coast.
Oct. 13. ± P. Q. A branch office of the
Louisiana State Lottery Company
has been established by its agents in
Montreal.
Nov. 10. The debt of Canada to date
amounts to $235,000,000.
Dec. 24. P. Q. Last year's deficit in
the Province, placed by the Mercier
Government at $600,000, is found to be
more than $2,200,000.
594 1892, Jan. 1-1893, Nov. 20.
CANADA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Jan 1. The Dominion militia
numbers 36,618 men.
It includes 1,963 cavalry, 1,440 field
artillery, 179 engineers, and 31,123 in-
fantry.
Aug. 17. The French war-ship Are-
thusa enters the St. Lawrence on her
way to Montreal.
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
1892 Jan. 17. Ont. A silver cave is
discovered near Peterborough.
June 18. P. Q. A storm at Quebec
causes the loss of three lives, injuries to
eight persons, and destruction of prop-
erty.
July 17. 2f. B. A disastrous storm.
July 22. JV". S. Forest fires in Cape
Breton threaten farmhouses and vil-
July 29. Man. A cold wave arrives,
and harvesting is not yet finished.
Dec. 25. Ont. An earthquake shock,
lasting nearly a minute, is felt at Corn-
wall.
1893 Jan. 12. Ont. The thermometer
registers 40 degrees below zero near
Ottawa.
May 8. P. Q. Floods prevail.
July 15. The Falcon, carrying the expe-
dition of Lieut. Robert Edwin Peary,
is compelled by heavy storm to put back
to St. Johns, N.F.
July 31. Labrador. Lieut. Peary en-
counters heavy seas and bad storms
that greatly delay his progress.
Aug. 14. Labrador. A volcanic erup-
tion occurs on the summit of Cape Har-
rison.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892 Jan.S6. Langevin. Jean P. F., bishop
of Rimouski, archbp. of Leontopolis, A70.
Apr. 17. Mackenzie, Alexander, pre-
mier of the Dominion, A 70.
May 34. Campbell, Sir Alexander, states-
man, Toronto, A70.
Aug. 7. Wilson, Sir Daniel, President of
Toronto University, A76.
Aug. 30. Gisborne, F. N., electrician,
Ottawa, A68.
Church, Levi Haggles, jurist, A56.
Sept. 9. Medley, John, bp. of Fredericton
(N.B.) and metropolitan of Canada, A87.
1893 Mar. 83. Buck, John, head chief of
the Six Nations, dies.
Sept. 14. Belleau, Sir Narcisse Fortunat,
the first lieut.-governor of Quebec, A85.
Sept. 19. Gait, Sir Alexander T., states-
man, A76.
CHURCH.
1892 Aug. 23. P. Q. The fiftieth
anniversary of Cardinal Tasche-
reau's consecration as a priest is cele-
brated at Quebec.
Nov. 14. P. Q. Archbishop Fabre of
Montreal forbids Roman Catholics read-
ing the Canada Revue and L'Echo di
Deux Montagnes on pain of withholding
the sacrament ; cause, vigorous agitation
against clerical abuses.
Nov. 15. P. Q. A. Filletrault, the edi-
tor of the Canada Revue, who was
publicly excommunicated by Arch-
bishop Fabre on Sunday, is arrested,
charged by Father Baillarge with crimi-
nal libel.
1893 June 8. P. Q. The Convent
Ville Marie near Montreal is burned ;
loss, over $1,000,000 ; two firemen are
killed.
July 5. P. Q. Ten thousand delegates
to the Christian Endeavor Conven-
tion arrive in Montreal.
July 6. P. Q. The Christian En-
deavor delegates convene in Montreal.
July 11. The Rev. John Campbell,
Professor of Church History and Apol-
ogetics in the Presbyterian College of
Canada, is put on trial for denying the
inerrancy of the Scriptures.
LETTERS.
1892 Jan. 5. Ont. Toronto votes in
favor of free text-books for public-
school children.
Jan. 7. Ont. In Toronto three women
are elected members of the School
Hoard; the first instance of women
holding such office in Canada.
Jan. 14. Man. The majority have voted
against separate schools in the recent
election. (Announced.)
July 28. The French Canadians are
indignant at the opposition in Manitoba
to separate schools. .
Nov. 7. Man. The Roman Catholic mi-
nority makes appeal to the Privy
Council as to parochial school rights in
that Province.
Nov. 30. Ont. Sir John Thompson,
the new premier, will not interfere with
the Privy Council's decision abolishing
State aid to Roman Catholic public
schools in Manitoba. (Announced.)
Dec. 31. Ont. The first issue of the
Sun, an evening paper advocating the
annexation of Canada to the United
States, appears in Toronto.
* * The Lost Atlantis, by Sir Daniel Wil-
son, appears.
1893 Sept. 10. P. Q. The college
of Mount St. Louis at Montreal is
burned; loss, $500,000.
SOCIETY.
1892 Jan. 11. Ont. Judge Mathieu,
of the Supreme Court, Donald MacMas-
ter, Q. C, and Dumane Mason, mer-
chant, form the Royal Commission to
investigate the charges of malfea-
sance in office laid against the Mercier
Government.
Feb. 6. Ont. The Toronto Globe pub-
lishes serious charges of " boodling"
against Sir Adolph Caron, Minister of
Militia, and M. Tarte.
Feb. 27. Ont. Latest revelations go to
prove that $100,000 had been re-
ceived by Mercier, Langelier, and
Pacaud. (See Nov. 4.)
Mar. 6. Ont. Several opium smug-
glers are arrested at Windsor.
Mar. 20. Br. Col. The strike on the
Canadian Pacific Railroad extends to
the Pacific Coast.
Mar. 23. Br. Col. The Canadian Pacific
Railroad strike ends, all the men be-
ing reinstated.
May 4. P. Q. The Montreal authorities
are prosecuting venders of lottery
tickets.
Sept. 21. Man. Lord Pagin, an Irish
peer, is arrested for vagrancy at Win-
nipeg ; cause, drink.
Oct. 10. P. Q. Ex-Premier Mercier is
to stand trial for malfeasance in
office. (Announced.)
Oct. 26. P. Q. The trial of ex-Premier
Mercier and Pacaud begins at Quebec.
Nov. 4. P. Q. Mercier is acquitted.
Dec. 28. Ont. The Law Society of To-
ronto decides to allow women to prac-
tise in the courts.
1893 Mar; 25. Ont. Magistrate Bax-
ter of Toronto fines a cab-driver $2
or ten days in jail for driving a lady
along the public streets on Sunday,
the 19 inst.
Apr. 9. Man. W. A. McDonald, Oppo-
sition leader in the Legislature, is un-
seated for election bribery.
June 24. P. Q. A public works scan-
dal is unearthed at Montreal in connec-
tion with the construction of two iron
bridges across the Lachine Canal.
July 8. P. Q. The Christian En-
deavor delegates assembled in inter-
national convention are attacked by a
Catholic mob in Montreal.
July 9. P. Q. More than 50 men are
arrested in Montreal for trying to de-
stroy the tent of the Christian En-
deavor Convention.
July 25. Ont. The 79th anniversary
of the battle of Lundy's Lane is cele-
brated on the old battle-ground.
Sept. 7. Ont. Car-running on Sun-
days in Toronto is defeated for the sec-
ond time by 1,003 majority out of a total
vote of 27,311.
Sept. 9. P. Q. A partially successful
attempt is made to blow up the Met-
ropolitan Turf Commission rooms at
Montreal ; the cause is said to be re-
venge for gambling losses.
Sept. 15. Eng. Queen Victoria confers
the order of knighthood on the Hon.
C. H. Tupper, Canadian Minister of Ma-
rine, for services rendered in connection
with the Bering Sea question.
Nov. 20. P. Q. Several prominent
young French Canadians are arrested
while preparing to blow up with
dynamite the Nelson monument in
Montreal.
STATE.
1892 Jan. 1. Total militia, 38,618
men.
Jan. 15. Ottawa. The Dominion Par-
liament is summoned to meet Feb. 18.
Jan. 25. Ottawa. Three places in the
new Cabinet are filled ; M. Chapleau
accepts the Ministry of Customs.
Feb. 10. Br. Col. The Victoria Min-
istry resigns, and W. Shiels is forming
a new cabinet.
CANADA.
1892, Jan. 1-1893, Nov. 20. 595
Feb. 16. The Reciprocity Commis-
sioners return from Washington.
Feb. 25. Ottawa. The Dominion Par-
liament is opened with a speech by
the Governor-General, Lord Stanley of
Preston.
Mar. 7. Br. Col. A motion that the de-
fenses of Esquimalt be at once com-
pleted is debated and defeated in the
House of Commons.
Mar. 8. P. Q. The Quebec election
returns indicate a Conservative victory.
Mar. 10. P. Q. Mr. Mercier resigns
his seat in the Legislature.
Apr. 26. Newfoundland declines
Canada's suggestion of a conference.
May 2. JV. B.—tf. S. Both the New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia Legislatures
affirm by resolutions the desirability of
a union of the Maritime Provinces.
May 3. N". F. The Legislature passes a
resolution renewing the tariff discrim-
inating against Canada.
May 21. P. Q. Ex-Premier Mercier's
financiering largely increases the in-
debtedness of Quebec Province; a
floating indebtedness of $8,500,000 is dis-
covered.
May 23. JBT. F. It is reported that New-
foundland and Canada have reached an
agreement upon the tariff, and the
tariff war will end.
May 28. Ottawa. Canada by proclama-
tion revokes the duties imposed on
Newfoundland fish and fish products.
June 30. The Dominion debt is $295,-
333,274.
July 5. Out. An annexation party is
in process of formation, to unite the Do-
minion with the United States.
Aug. 12. P. Q. An Order in Council
has been passed abolishing, at the end of
the present season, the rebate in canal
tolls favoring Montreal, and now awaits
the signature of the Governor-General.
Aug. 25. Man. The Provincial Govern-
ment is defeated in a " want of confi-
dence" vote in the Northwest Legisla-
ture.
Sept. 7. P. Q. An Order in Council
prohibits all immigration by water or
land to Quebec.
Sept. 13. Ottawa. The Government
orders a 20 days' quarantine on vessels
carrying immigrants from cholera-in-
fected ports to Canada.
Sept. 30. Br. Col. Arrangements are
completed for planting a colony of
Scottish crofters on Vancouver Island.
Oct. 24. JV. B. At the Provincial elec-
tions the Liberal Administration is
sustained.
Oct. 26. P. Q. The trial of Mercier
and Pacaud is begun in Quebec.
Nov. 10. Man. Orders for the dissolu-
tion of the Legislature and the issu-
ance of a writ for a general election are
sent to Lieut.-Gov. Royal of the North-
west Territory.
Nov. 25. Ottawa. Sir John C. Abbott
resigns as premier, and Sir John
Thompson is sworn in as his successor.
Dec. 5. Ottawa. Sir John Thompson,
the new premier, completes the forma-
tion of his Cabinet.
Dec. 7. Ottaica. The new Ministry is
sworn into office.
Ministers : Prime Minister and Jus-
tice, Sir John S. D. Thompson ; Public
Works, J. A. Ouimet ; Trade and Com-
merce, Mackenzie Bowell ; Railways and
Canals, John Haggart ; Militia, J. C.
Patterson ; Agriculture, A. K. Angers ;
Secretary of State, John Costigan ; Fi-
nance, George Foster ; Marine and Fish-
eries, C. H. Tupper ; Postmaster-General,
Sir Adolphe P. Caron ; Interior, Thomas
M. Daly ; President of Privy Council,
W. B. Ives ; Comptroller Inland Revenue,
John I. Wood ; Comptroller Customs,
N. Clarke Wallace ; Solicitor-General,
J. J. Curran ; without portfolios, Frank
Smith and John Carling.
Dec. 13. P. Q. The Quebec Ministry
resigns.
Ottawa. Justice Strong is appointed
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
the Dominion.
Dec. 15. P. Q. L. O. Taillon accepts the
position of premier in Quebec, with
the portfolio of President of the Execu-
tive Council.
1893 Jan. 16+ . Ottawa. The Domin-
ion Government plans the establishment
of a swift line of ocean steamers be-
tween Canada and Great Britain, and to
deepen navigation on a 14-foot basis
from Lake Superior to the ocean.
Jan. 26. Ottaioa. Lord Stanley opens
the third session of the Dominion
Parliament with a speech.
Mar. 2. JV". S. Cape Breton coal-mines
are leased by legislative action to the
Whitney syndicate, the bill being signed
by the Lieutenant-Governor.
Mar. 4. Br. Col. The steamer Haytien
Republic is seized by the Admiralty offi-
cials at Vancouver.
Mar. 27. Ottaioa. The Dominion Par-
liament passes the bill incorporating the
North American Canal Company.
It is to construct a canal from Lake
Erie to Lake Ontario, deepen the St.
Lawrence Canal, cut a canal from Lake
St. Francis to Lake Champlain, and
thence to the Hudson River.
Apr. 1. Ottaioa. Parliament closes.
Apr. 22. P.E.I. The Legislature passes
a bill abolishing both the Legislative
Council and the House of Assembly, and
providing for one house only, half
of its members to be elected by real-
estate qualification and half by man-
hood suffrage.
May 11. Eng. The Earl of Aberdeen
is appointed governor-general.
May 27. Ont. The Ontario Parliament
is prorogued.
Among the bills passed is one to estab-
lish a national park of twelve thousand
square miles in the northern part of the
Province, and another providing that a
plebiscite be taken in January next on
the question of prohibiting the importa-
tion, manufacture, or sale of intoxicat-
ing liquor as a beverage.
June 13. Ottawa. The Government as-
sents to the seal-fishery agreement
entered into between Great Britain and
Russia.
June 20. Ottawa. The liberal Con-
vention opens.
June 27. P. Q. The International
French Congress, in session at Mon-
treal, favors political union between
Canada and the United States.
July 15. Ottawa. Lieut.-Gen. Moore
is sworn in as administrator of the Gov
ernment until the arrival of the new
governor.
Sept. 18. Ottawa. The Earl of Aber-
deen is sworn in as governor-general.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Feb. 13. Cotton-mills are in
process of consolidation by a syndicate.
Feb. 21. JV. S. The Loodiana is burned
at sea, and all on board perish.
Mar. 18. Sealing is successfully pur-
sued in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
July 18. P. Q. A fire in Montreal
causes a loss of half a million dollars.
July 23. Canada secures 10,000 square
feet for her exhibits at the "World's
Fair at Chicago.
Aug. 31. Br. Col. The American bark
Majestic arrives at Victoria. .
It brings the captains and crews of
four schooners flying the British flag
and one American schooner, which were
seized by the Russian warship Zabraka
late in July, and sent to Petropaulovski
to be sold, the captains and crews being
held as prisoners.
Sept. 8. P. Q. A fire at Hedleyville, a
suburb of Quebec, burns 400 houses.
Sept. 17. Ont. Seven men are killed by
a boiler explosion at Staples, near
Comber.
Oct. 7. The Hamburg-American
Packet Company decides to withdraw
its steamers running to Montreal on ac-
count of stringent quarantine regula-
tions at that port.
1893 Jan. 5. Indians on the east shore
of Lake Winnipeg are attacked by
starving wolves.
Feb. 10. Ont. The United States
Treasury Agent at Smith's Falls is
withdrawn.
Feb. 11. JV. S. News is received that
five cabin passengers and six of the crew
of the Allan Line steamer Pomerania
were washed overboard and drowned
by a heavy sea that swept away the deck-
saloon, chart-house, bridge, and boats ;
the captain was fatally crushed ; the
disabled vessel returns to Greenock un-
der command of the third mate.
Mar. 31. P. Q. The third big fire in
30 days occurs in Montreal; loss,
$100,000.
June 19. P. Q. The Columbian cara-
vels arrive at Montreal, and are escorted
up to the harbor by a marine procession.
June 22. JV. B. Gibson loses $2,000,000
by fire.
June 27. Ont. The Columbian cara-
vels arrive at Toronto.
Aug. 23. JV. S. Eighteen persons are
drowned by the sinking of a steamer
and her tow near Halifax ; many small
vessels are wrecked on the Cape Breton
coast.
596 1894, Jan. 1-Dec. 21.
CANADA.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Apr. 30. P. Q. Four lives are
lost and half a million dollars' damage
is done to property by a landslide
which fills up part of the St. Anne
River, near Quebec.
May 28. Br. Col. Great destruction of
property and loss of life by floods along
the Fraser River and its tributaries.
June 4. P. Q. Another landslide in
Charlevoix County precipitates ten
houses into the Red River, causing great
loss of life.
June 5. Br. Col. Great devastation
along the Fraser River ; steamers are
rescuing people from housetops and
trees.
Aug. 13. P. Q. Archibald Stuart and
an Indian guide have made a trip from
Lake Saint John to Mistassini, the in-
land sea in the far north.
They have discovered large areas of
merchantable timber and large tracts
of agricultural land where it had been
supposed was only a worthless wilder-
ness.
Aug. 31. Ont. The bronze memorial
statue of Sir John A. Macdonald is
completed at Toronto ; it is nine feet,
eight inches high, and weighs 1,980
pounds.
Sept. 1. Labrador. Messrs. Low and
Eaton, of the Dominion Geological Sur-
vey, discover in the great Labrador
Peninsula 60,000 square miles of iron-
bearing formation, a lake 100 miles long
by 30 to 40" miles wide, and that the big
falls at Hamilton River are the largest
in America.
Dec. 12. P. Q. Earthquake and vol-
canic outbreaks occur at Yamaska.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894 June 22. Tache, Antoine, K. C.
archbishop of Winnipeg, A71.
Oct. 30. Mercier, Honors, premier of
Quebec, A54.
Abbott, Sir John, premier, dies.
Nov. 9. Taschereau, H. E., judge of the
Supreme Court of Quebec, A57.
Dec. 12. Thompson, Sir John, pre-
mier of the Dominion of Canada, A50.
Dec. 21. Bain, Francis, historian and bota-
nist, at Charlottetown, P. E. I., A52.
CHURCH.
1894 Aug. 7. P. Q. Protestant mis-
sion-houses and Salvation Army
barracks in Quebec are wrecked by a
mob of rioters in three different parts
of the city ; several persons are injured ;
property loss is heavy.
LETTERS.
1894 Apr. 10. P. Q. The Canada Re-
vue, of Montreal, begins a suit in court
against Archbishop Fabre for unlaw-
fully acting as censor of that publica-
tion.
SOCIETY.
1894 Feb. 17. Ont. About 500 un-
employed men march in procession to
the City Hall, Toronto, and request the
mayor to provide work.
Apr. 25. Ont. Drunken militiamen
pull down the American flag at the
United States consulate in St. Thomas ;
an investigation is ordered by the Do-
minion Government.
June 29. P. Q. A bomb explosion is
the cause of some damage in The Wit-
ness printing-office at Montreal ; no clew
to perpetrators.
STATE.
1894 Jan. 1. Ont. The Province votes
prohibition by a majority of two to one.
Mar. 15. Ottawa. The Parliament is
opened with a speech from the throne
by Gov. -Gen. Lord Aberdeen.
Mar. 27. Ottawa. Finance Minister
Foster outlines in the Dominion Parlia-
ment the proposed changes in the
tariff.
Apr. 21. Ottawa. A decree is officially
published prohibiting seal-catching
within a 10-mile zone on all the Russian
coasts of Bering Sea and the North Pa-
cific Ocean, and within a zone of 30 miles
around the Kormanborsky Islands and
Robson Island.
June 28. Ottawa. The Intercolonial
Conference opens.
July 4. About 700 islands, of the
Thousand Islands, in the Saint Lawrence
River are sold for $40,000.
July 20. Ottawa. Confidence is voted
the Government in the Dominion House
of Commons.
July 23. Ottawa. The Parliament is
prorogued.
Aug. 11. Man. The Dominion Govern-
ment proposes to set apart as perma-
nent timber reserves the heavy tim-
bered lands in Manitoba west of the
Red River.
Sept. 8. Ottawa. The deficit in the
Dominion revenue for the year ending
June 30 is nearly $2,000,000.
Nov. 27. Fr. The French Chamber
votes in favor of a commercial treaty
with Canada.
Dec. 11. Ottawa. The official figures
show an increase of $10,800,000 in
the national debt during the month, or
$21,000,000 during the year, making the
debt $321,000,000.
The national debt of Canada has in-
creased 83 per cent since the present
Government came in power in 1878.
Dec. 13. Ottawa. Mackenzie Bowell
has accepted the premiership.
Dec.19. Ottawa. The new Ministry
is completed.
Dec. 21. Ottawa. The new Cabinet is
sworn in.
Ministers : Premier and. President of
Privy Council, Sir Mackenzie Bowell ;
Public Works, J. A. Ouimet ; Trade and
Commerce, W. B. Ives ; Railways and
Canals, John G. Haggart ; Militia and
Defence, A. R. Dickie ; Agriculture, Va-
cant; Secretary of State, W. H. Mon-
tague ; Finance, George E. Foster ; Ma-
rine and Fisheries, John Costigan ; Post-
master-General, Sir Adolphe P. Caron ;
Interior and Indian Affairs, Thomas M.
Daly ; Justice, Sir Charles H. Tupper ;
Comptroller of Inland Revenue, John F.
Wood ; Comptroller of Customs, N. Clarke
Wallace; Solicitor General, Vacant;
without portfolios, Sir Frank Smith and
Donald Ferguson.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 June 7. Br. Col. Floods cause
damage and great suffering in the
Fraser River Valley.
Large loss of life is feared, both of man
and beast ; steamers are still engaged in
rescuing whole families from floating
houses and rafts, and many are nearly
starved.
June 10. A Canadian Pacific express-
train plunges through a burning
bridge near Fort William into the river
Mattawa ; several persons are injured
and missing, one being drowned.
Aug. 6. Labrador. Great suffering is
prevalent among Indians in Labra-
dor; many are dying of starvation.
CAPE COLONY. 1487, * *-1829, Oct.
597
Cape Colony is a British possession in South Africa, and includes an extended protectorate over a vast region of country.
The area of Cape Colony proper, including Kaffraria.Tembuland, and East Griqualand, is estimated at 221,311 square miles, and its
population, in 1891, at 956,485. Cape Town is the capital. The inhabitants consist of British settlers, descendants of the Dutch
Boers or farmers, and the native colored people, called Kafirs, Hottentots, and many Malays. The government is administered
by a Governor and Council appointed by the British Crown, and a Parliament of two houses, — a Legislative Council, and a House
of Assembly ; the members of both houses are elected by the people.
Note. — The parts of South Africa designated by the following names are here included as parts of Cape Colony, they being British posses-
sions or protectorates; Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Kaffraria, Griqualand, K humus Country, Mambunbaland, Matabeleland, Natal, Namaqua-
land, and Zululand.
ARMY— NAVY.
1795 Sept. 16. Cape Colony. The col-
ony at Cape Town is captured from
the Dutch by the English, under Sir
George Keith Elphinstone and Gen.
Clarke.
1796 Aug. 17. Adm. Elphinstone cap-
tures, without resistance, a Dutch
squadron under Adm. Lucas in Sal-
dauka Bay.
* * Godongwana, the Zulu chief, forms a
celibate army.
1806 Jan. 9. Cape Colony. Cape
Town is again taken by the British
under Sir David Baird and Sir Home
Popham.
1811 ** -12 ** Cape Colony. War
with the Kafir tribes.
1819 * * Another war is waged with
the Kafirs, led by the prophet Mo-
kanna ; they attack Graham's Town, and
are repulsed with great loss.
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS.
1820 * * The Royal Observatory is es-
tablished near Cape Town.
1824 * * The first newspaper is pub-
lished in Dutch and English.
1827 * * The Government suppresses
the colonial newspaper.
1828 * * The Colonists secure from the
king the boon of a free press.
CHURCH.
1736* * Kaffraria. The Moravians
commence their missions among the
Hottentots.
1737 * * Cape Colony. Moravians land
at Cape Town. They begin work among
the Hottentots.
* * Cape Colony. Gnadendal becomes a
Moravian mission-station.
1792* * Cape Colony. The Moravian
mission at Gnadendal is resumed after
a suspension of 50 years.
1798 * * Kaffraria. The London Society
begins mission-work among the Kafirs.
1808 * * Cape Colony. Mamre becomes
a Moravian mission-station.
1814- * * Cape Colony becomes a mis-
sion-field of the Wesleyans, notwith-
standing the prohibition of the governor.
* * Cape Colony. The London Society
begins work among the Bushmen.
1816 Oct. 31. Eng. Robert Moffat,
the missionary, sails for South Africa.
1817 * * Natal. Robert Moffat arrives
at Cape Town ; the governor of Natal
refuses hiih permission to proceed in-
land.
1818 Jan. 26. Robert Moffat, mis-
sionary of the London Society, arrives
among the Africaner men beyond the
Orange River.
* * Cape Colony. Enon becomes a mis-
sion-station of the Moravians.
* * Cape Colony. Kurman becomes a
mission-station of the London Mis-
sionary Society.
1819 * * Cape Colony. Robert Moffat
returns to Cape Town from his inland
work on a visit, bringing Africaner with
him, formerly a scourge, now a Christian.
1820 * * Cape Colony. Wesleyans open
a mission with the consent of the gov-
ernor.
* * Cape Colony. Robert Moffat and his
bride leave Cape Town for Griqua Town.
* * Cape Colony. A chaplain is sent out
by the Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel.
1821 * * Kaffraria becomes a mission-
field of the Free Church of Scotland.
* * Cape Colony. The bishopric of Cape
Town is founded, and Robert Gray is
consecrated its first bishop.
1822 Jan. * The Rev. Mr. Leitner and
his English wife enter upon their self-
denying, repulsive, and then supposed
perilous, duties, at Hemel en Aarde,
among the lepers of South Africa.
* * Bechuanaland is entered by Wes-
leyan missionaries with partial success.
1823 June* Kaffraria. The Scotch
missionaries baptize five Kafirs, their
first converts.
* * Kaffraria. Wesleyans send William
Shaw to Kaffraria, and WesleyviUe
becomes a mission-station.
1824* * Cape Colony. The Moravians
start a mission at Elim, 80 miles south-
east of Gnadendal, among the Hotten-
tots.
1825 * * Kaffraria. Wesleyans open a
second station at Mount Coke.
1826 * * Cape Colony. King William's
Town becomes a mission-station of the
London Society.
1827 * * Kaffraria. Wesleyans open a
third station at Butterworth.
1829 Easter. Rev. Mr. Leitner,
Moravian missionary to the lepers,
dies while baptizing a convert.
Oct. * Cape Colony. The first Rhenish
missionaries arrive for South Africa.
SOCIETY.
1652± * * As the Dutch extend their
settlements inland, they reduce the
natives to serfdom, taking their coun-
try partly by so-called contracts and
partly by force.
i* * The Dutch introduce Malays or
negroes as slaves.
1819 * * Cape Town. Robert Moffat,
missionary, marries Mary Smith.
STATE.
1487 * * The Cape of Good Hope is dis-
covered by Bartholomeu Diaz, and
called Tormentoso.
1497 Nov. 19. Vasco da Grama, a
Portuguese navigator, doubles the Cape,
and discovers the passage to India.
Dec. 25. Natal. Gama discovers the
bluff headland near Durban.
1652 * * Cape Town is founded by the
Dutch under the auspices of the Dutch
East India Company.
1721 * * Natal. The Dutch attempt a
settlement.
1740 * * The Dutch begin to pass their
boundary in the Gamtoos River, and
come into collision with the Kafirs.
1795 * * The colonists attempt to throw
off the yoke of the Dutch, but are sup-
pressed by the English as the allies
of the Dutch. English governors fol-
low.
Sept. 11. The English take forcible
possession.
1802 Mar. 25. Fr. Cape Colony is re-
stored to the Dutch at the Peace of
Amiens.
1806 Jan. 9. Cape Colony is again
taken by the English [and hereafter
continues in British possession].
1812+ * * Zululand. Chaka becomes
king and grows powerful ; he destroys
the males of Natal, and takes the women
and cattle as booty.
±* * Natal. The Zulu power is estab-
lished.
1814 Aug. 13. Cape Colony is finally
ceded to the English by the King of the
Netherlands.
1820 * * About 5,000 British immi-
grants arrive.
1823 * * Natal. Lieut. Farewell, with
a party of immigrants, founds a settle-
ment. [It is broken up four years later.]
1827 * * The Board of Landrost and
Heemraaden, long ago established by
the Dutch, is abolished.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1795 * * Scot. Robert Moffat, the mis-
sionary traveler, is born in Ormiston.
1827* * William Immanuel Bleek,
writer, is born,
598 1829,**-1867,**.
CAPE COLONY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1834 Oct. * The Kafirs raid the English
settlements, and ravish Graham's Town.
1835 * * A third war with the Kafirs is
fought. Sir Benjamin D' Urban advances
the boundary line to the River Kei.
1837 * * The Boers, under Maritz and
Potgieter, in revenging the massacre of
some immigrants, attack and utterly de-
feat the Zulus under Moselehatze.
1838 Feb.* The Boers under Pieter
Retief are defeated and routed by the
Zulus.
Feb. 2. Chief Dingaan massacres 70
Boers and their servants who had recov-
ered his stolen cattle.
Dec. * Dingaan massacres about 800
Boers, who are saved from extermina-
tion by Andries Pretorius.
1840 Jan. * Dingaan is crushingly de-
feated.
1846 * * The fourth Kafir war occurs.
1848* *Sir Harry Smith terminates
the war.
1850 * * -53 * * The fifth Kafir war is
carried on by Gov. Sir Harry Smith and
later Gov. Sir George Cathcart.
1852 Feb. 26. The steamer Birken-
head, laden with troops, is wrecked off
Simon's Bay, and 454 out of 658 soldiers
and crew perish.
Dec. 20. Gov. Cathcart attacks and de-
feats the Kafirs.
1853 Mar. 9. The Kafirs accept condi-
tions of peace, and the war ends.
* * Armed and mounted police are
formed for the frontier, numbering 750
men.
1857 * * Andries Pretorius, the Boer,
invades the Orange Free State.
June 1. Peace is made by negotiation
in Orange Free State.
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS.
1829 * * The South African College is
founded in Cape Town.
1831 July 16. Great damage is done
by a terrible storm at Cape Town.
1860 * * A public library with 40,000
volumes is inaugurated at Cape Town.
1861 * * Two collegiate institutions
are endowed in Natal, one for Pieter-
maritzburg, and the other for Durban.
* * A mission-college is founded at Gra-
ham's Town.
1865 * * The Education Act, providing
for three orders of schools, is passed.
1867 * * Diamonds are discovered in
Transvaal, and gold-fields in the inte-
rior are announced.
Mar. * Cape Colony. Diamonds are dis-
covered.
CHURCH.
1829 * * Robert Moffat's first church
is formed at Kruman.
* * Kaffraria. Wesleyans open a fourth
station at Morley.
* * Robert Moffat visits the Matabele
tribes south of the Zambesi, and starts
a mission.
1830 * * Cape Colony. Wupperthal be-
comes a mission-station of the Rhenish
Society.
** Cape Colony. Robert Moffat finishes
the translation of St. Luke ; it is printed
at Cape Town.
1833 * * Cape Colony. Morija becomes
a mission of the Paris Evangelical So-
ciety.
1834 * * Zululand. Six missionaries and
their wives establish the Zulu mission
of the American Board at Umlazi, near
Port Natal. It is broken up by the war
which follows with the Boers.
* * West Griqualand. Beaconsfield be-
comes a mission-station of the Berlin
Missionary Society.
1835 * * Fatal. The American Board
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
opens its mission.
1837 * * Kaffraria. Kaffraria becomes
a mission-station of the Glasgow Mis-
sionary Society.
1838 * * Zululand. The mission of the
American Board to the Zulus is re-
sumed.
1839 * * Robert Moffat goes to England
to get his complete translation of the
New Testament printed.
1840 Dec. 8. Eng. David Living-
stone sails as a missionary for Cape
Town.
* * Cape Colony. The United Presby-
terian Church of Scotland establishes
a mission at Glenthorn.
1841 * * Natal becomes a mission-field of
the British "Wesleyans.
1842* * Great Namaqualand and
Damaraland, in Southwest Africa, are
visited by missionaries, chiefly of the
Finnish Lutheran, the Rhenish So-
ciety, and the English Wesleyans;
great results have followed.
1843 * * Zululand. The treachery of the
Zulu king, Dingaan, occasions the sus-
pension of the mission of the American
Board.
1844* * Zululand. The Norwegian
Society start a Zulu mission at Schreu-
der.
* * Zululand. British supremacy permits
the resumption of the Zulu mission,
and the first convert, an old woman, is
gained.
1845 * * Natal becomes a mission-field
of the Norwegian Society.
1846* * Cape Colony. Graaf Reinet
becomes a mission-station of the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel.
1847 * * A bishop of Cape Town is ap-
pointed.
* * Natal becomes a mission-field of the
Berlin Society.
* * Natal. Emmaus becomes a mission-
station of the Evangelical Lutheran
Society.
1849 Aug. 1. David Livingstone first
beholds Lake Ngami, South Central
Africa.
* * Zululand. The American Board
reports nine churches with 123 members.
1850 * * Cape Colony. The Moravians
open a mission at Goshen.
1851 * * Natal. Pietermaritzburg be-
comes a mission-station of the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel.
1852 * * Cape Colony. Umtwalume be-
comes a mission of the American
Board.
1853* * Natal is made a bishopric;
John William Colenso is the first
bishop.
* * Kaffraria. David Livingstone rep-
resents the London Missionary So-
ciety.
* * Namaqualand. Hoachanas becomes
a mission-station of the Rhenish So-
ciety.
* * Cape Colony. Amalienstein becomes
a mission-station of the Evangelical
Lutherans.
1854 * * Natal. A mission is begun at
Christianenburg by the Berlin Evan-
gelical Lutheran Society.
1855 * * Kaffraria. Wartburg becomes
a mission-station of the Berlin Evan-
gelical Lutherans.
* * Namaqualand. A beautiful stone
chapel, costing £1,000, is erected for the
Wesleyan mission without foreign aid.
1857 * * Cape Colony. Riversdale be-
comes a mission-station of the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel.
* * Natal. Pinetown becomes a mission-
station of the Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel.
1858* * Cape Colony. Engolini be-
comes a Moravian mission-station.
* * Natal. Rock Fountain mission is
started among the Kafirs.
1859 * * Cape Colony. Laingsburg be-
comes a mission-station of the Berlin
Evangelical Lutheran Society.
* * Cape Colony. Saint Matthews, Gra-
ham's Town, becomes a mission-station.
* * Natal. Ifumi becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the American Board.
* * Natal. Ladysmith becomes a Lu-
theran mission-station.
1860 * * Natal. Emmaus becomes a
Hermannsburg mission-station.
* * Natal. Stendal becomes a mission-
station of the Berlin Evangelical So-
ciety.
1861 * * Bishop Charles F. Macken-
zie, leader of the Universities Mission,
on his way up the Zambesi, meets a gang
of slaves. He liberates them, settles
them at Magomero, on Lake Shirwa,
north of the Zambesi River, and begins
their education and conversion.
* * Natal. Wesleyans open a mission to
coolies.
1862 Oct.± * Natal. Bishop Colenso
publishes his work on The Pentateuch.
* * Cape Colony. King William's Town
becomes a mission-station of the Soci-
ety for the Propagation of the Gospel.
1863 Apr. 27. Livingstone's wife
dies at Shapunga on the Zambesi.
May 20. The English House of Bishops
condemns Bishop Colenso's work on
The Pent at cur It.
CAPE COLONY.
1829, **- 1867, **. 599
* * -65 * * The bishop of Natal and the
bishop of Cape Town have an earnest
dispute.
1864 Apr. 16. Bishop Colenso of
Natal is deposed by his metropolitan,
Dr. Gray, bishop of Cape Town.
* * Kaffraria. Enidiseni becomes a mis-
sion-station of the Berlin Evangelical
Lutheran Society.
1865 * * Natal. Pietermaritzburg be-
comes a mission-station of the Free
Church of Scotland.
1866 Jan. 5. Bishop Colenso of Natal
is excommunicated by Bishop Gray,
the metropolitan, at Cape Town.
* * Cape Colony. ** The Church of
South Africa," independent of the
Church of England, is organized by
Bishop Gray. He is unwilling to accept
the decision of the Privy Council of
England, declaring his excommunication
of Bishop Colenso null and void.
* * Cape Colony. Massitissi becomes a
mission-station of the Paris Evangeli-
cal Society.
1867 Apr. * Livingstone first beholds
Lake Tanganyika, in Central Africa.
SOCIETY.
1834 * * The emancipation of slaves by
British authority is much opposedby the
Dutch Boers.
1838 Mar. 22. Bechuanaland. Chief
Moroka prohibits the introduction of
ardent spirits because of its ill effects,
and authorizes confiscation, with all
other property of the transgressor.
1839 * * A scheme of public schools is
drawn up by Sir John Herschel.
1849 Sept. 19. The colonists are ex-
asperated by the arrival of the Neptune
with 289 British convicts, among whom
is John Mitchel ; the Anti-Convict
Society is formed. [The convicts are
withdrawn, and sent to Van Diemen's
Land.]
1854* * Herman Potgieter and family
are murdered in Transvaal by the na-
tives. [The massacre is avenged by
Pretorius at Makapan's Cave.]
Nov. 8. Basutoland. The liquor-traf-
fic is prohibited by Chief Moshesh.
" Whereas, the strong drink of the
whites was unknown to the progenitors
of our tribe, Matie, Motlomi, up to Bo
Monageng ; and our father Mockachane,
now advanced in years, never used any-
thing for his drink save water and milk ;
and inasmuch as we are of opinion that
a good chief and judge who uses any-
thing to intoxicate him is not in a proper
state to act as in duty bound ; and since
strong drink causes strife and dissension
and is a cause of destruction of society
(the strong drink of the whites is nothing
else but fire) :
" Be it hereby made known to all that
the introduction and sale of the said
drink into the country of the Basutos is
forbidden from this forward ; and if any
one, white or colored, shall act in op-
position to this interdict, the drink will
be taken from him and spilled on the
ground, without apology or compensa-
tion. Moshesh, Chief."
1856* *The apprentice law estab-
lishes a disguised slavery in Trans-
vaal, the natives being its victims.
* *The national suicide of about
50,000 Kafirs takes place.
They are deluded by the prediction
that all the great men and warriors of
their nation would rise in new strength
on a certain day if they would make a
complete sacrifice of themselves and
their property; about one-third of the
tribe perishes.
1858* *The Fundamental Law in
Transvaal draws the color-line against
the natives.
1860 July +* Prince Alfred of Eng-
land visits Cape Colony.
1867 Aug. 17+. The Duke of Edin-
burgh visits Cape Colony.
STATE.
1834 * * The Dutch Boers become dis-
affected because of the emancipation
of slaves.
1835 May 5. Zululand. King Chaka
is assassinated ; his brother Dingaan is
his successor.
May 6. Natal. Captain Allen Gardiner
signs a treaty with the Zulus.
* * -36 * * Kaffraria. The Boers re-
move in large numbers beyond the
limit of the colony, cross the Orange
River, and enter the Kafir country.
Some of the Boers under Peter Retief
enter Natal, and establish a republican
government.
* * British forces advance the boundary
to the River Kei [but it is soon brought
back to the Keiskamma].
1837 * * Cape Town. The entire gov-
ernment of Cape Colony, which is a
Governor and Council, is changed, and
a Legislative Council is established.
1840 * * Dingaan, king of the Zulus, is
killed, and his brother Umpanda suc-
ceeds him.
1842 May 12. Natal. The Republic
of the Boers yields to the British au-
thority, and is called Natalia (Natal).
The Boers retire across the Drakenburg,
and settle in [Orange Free State].
1843 Aug. 2. Natal is annexed to the
British possessions as a district of Cape
Colony.
1847* * Natal. Sir Henry G. W.
Smith is appointed governor.
1848 Feb. 3. Cape Town. The Gov-
ernment proclaims its authority over
the Orange River sovereignty.
* * The Boers beyond the Orange River
are unable to maintain their inde-
pendence, but yield to the governor of
Cape Colony.
* * -58 * * The Basutoland is under a
British protectorate.
1849 Sept. 19. The colonists succeed
in preventing the establishment of a
penal colony.
1851 Mar. * The Orange River ter-
ritory is annexed to Cape Colony.
1852 Jan. 17. The British sign the
Sand River Convention, establishing
the virtual independence of the Trans-
vaal.
Dec. 31. Cape Town. Gov. Smith pro-
claims martial law, and orders all the
inhabitants to hasten to the frontier for
the defense of the colony.
* * Cape Town. An armed police is or-
ganized for the protection of the fron-
tier.
1853 July 1. Cape Town. Represen-
tative government is established;
the Colonial Constitution is promul-
gated with general rejoicing.
It is modeled after that of Great Bri-
tain. The Legislature consists of the
governor appointed by the colonial offi-
cers, and two chambers elected by the
people ; the right of suffrage is limited
to British subjects who are property
owners and enjoy a stated income,
thereby excluding the immense major-
ity of the aborigines.
1854 Jan. 30. The colonial jurisdic-
tion over the Orange River territory
is abandoned because of the difficulty
in maintaining government.
Mar * The Orange River territory is
formed into the Orange Free State.
July 1. Cape Town. The members
elected to the first Parliament meet.
1856 * * Natal is separated from Cape
Colony and becomes an independent
colony, having a Constitution of its
own.
* * Basutoland, no longer under a Brit-
ish protectorate, suffers greatly from
wars with the Boers.
Aug.±* The Kafirs are deluded by a
prophet named Amaxosa, who foretells
a resurrection of all their dead warriors
and heroes on condition that the Kafirs
sacrifice their lives and property ; Gov.
Grey succeeds in quieting them after
about 50,000 have perished.
* * About 2 ,000 immigrants from North
Germany occupy the Kafir lands, which
were depopulated by a national suicide.
1858 * * The Dutch African Republic
becomes the South African Republic.
1859 * * Andries Pretorius is elected
president of Orange Free State as well
as Transvaal.
1861 * * Cape Town. Sir Philip E.
"Woodhouse is appointed governor.
1863 * * Transvaal. Pretorius returns
to Transvaal.
1865 * * The provinces of British Kaffra-
ria are incorporated with the colony
as King William's Town and East
London.
* * Little Namaqualand, lying south of
the Orange River, is incorporated with
Cape Colony.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1859 * * Cape Town. The first railroad
is begun.
1860 Dec.± * The railroad from Cape
Town to Wellington, a distance of 58
miles, is opened.
* * Work is begun on the great break-
water at Table Bay, near Cape Town.
1865 * * About 187,000 Europeans
are in the colony, and constitute 33 per
cent of the entire population.
1867 * * -70 * * The discovery of dia-
monds leads to disputes between the
free States and the natives.
600 1867, * *-1880, May
CAPE COLONY.
ARMY — WAVY.
1872 Oct. * Cetewayo improves his
army, which is styled by Sir Henry
Frere, " the celibate man-slaying war-
machine." [Zululand.]
1873 ** Cape Colony. Two British
regiments of infantry, besides detach-
ments of artillery and engineers, are here
quartered.
Nov. *-Dec. * Natal. The Kafirs,
under Langalibalele, their chief, rise in
an insurrection, and are suppressed.
1875 * * Transvaal. The Boers are at
war with Sikokuni, chief of the Bahedi.
1877 Sept. 24, 29. Kaffraria. Kreli,
chief of Galekas, is repulsed in an at-
tack upon the Fingoes and their Brit-
ish protectors, at Ibeka.
Oct. 9. Kaffraria. Chief Kreli is de-
feated, and his kraal burned.
Dec. 2. Kaffraria. The Galekas are
defeated by the British, and driven
from their lands.
Dec. 30+ . Kaffraria. The Galekas
again rise under Chief Sandilli.
1878 Jan.* Kaffraria. Cetewayo,
King of the Zulus, disturbs the English
colonists, and England is asked to send
reenforcements to the colony.
Jan. * Kaffraria. The 90th Regiment
and a battery of artillery are sent to
aid the British.
Jan. 24-26. Kaffraria. The rebels un-
der Sandilli, one of their chiefs, are de-
feated.
Feb. 7. Kaffraria. The natives are
again defeated at Quintana.
Mar. 12. Zululand. The Zulus capture
a convoy and supply-train near the
Itombi River, and kill Capt. David Mo-
ri arty.
Mar. 18. Zululand. Oham, a brother of
King Cetewayo, is announced as a British
ally ; he has 600 warriors with him.
Mar. 18, 19. Kaffraria. The natives
are again defeated by Gen. Thesiger,
losing 400 killed ; Capt. Donovan, Lieut.
Ward, and Capt. Shaw are also kiiled.
Mar. 28. Zululand. Col. Evelyn
Wood has an engagement with the
Zulus among the Zoblani Mountains,
and suffers a heavy loss.
Mar. 29. Zululand. Col. "Wood de-
feats the Zulus at Kambula, near the
Blood River.
Reenforcements advance to relieve
the besieged British, who are entrenched
at Ekowe, not far from the coast.
Mar. *-May * Kaffraria. Frequent in-
decisive actions occur.
Apr. 2. Zululand. The British defeat
the natives at Ginghilovo.
Apr. 2,3. Zululand. The siege of
Ekowe is raised, and Col. Pearson
marches out.
May* Eng. Sir Garnet Wolseley sails
for Cape Colony, as governor of Natal
and commander of the British forces.
May 27. Zululand. The British report
a total loss of 1,186 killed, and 86 who
have died of disease.
June * Kaffraria. Sandilli is reported
dead, and his sons are captured by the
British.
July 2±. Kaffraria. Amnesty is pro-
claimed to all Kafir rebels who surren-
der.
* * Kaffraria. The Kafir war ends.
1879 Jan. 11. Zululand. The time
elapses for Cetewayo to surrender the
leaders of the raid, and avoid war.
Jan. 12. Zululand. The Zulu war be-
gins. It is brought on by raids in^o Brit-
ish territory. Lord Chelmsford, with
12,000 British, crosses the river Tugela
into Zululand.
Jan. 21. Zululand. British under Col.
Pearson defeat Zulus under Cetewayo,
and enter Ekowe.
Jan. 22. Zululand. The Zulus, 15,000
strong, surprise the British en-
trenched camp at Isandurla, on the
Blood River, and kill about 837 men ;
about 2,000 Zulus are killed. Lieuts.
Chard and Bromhead finally repulse the
natives at Rorke's Drift.
Jan. 24. Zululand. Col. Evelyn Wood
repulses an attack of Zulus at Inkan-
yana.
Feb. 19 f. Eng. Troops hastily em-
bark to reenforce the British troops
in fighting the Zulus.
Feb. * Basutoland. Chief Moiroso at-
tacks the settlers in predatory sallies
from his entrenchment in the mountain.
Mar. 11. Natal. Reenforcements 800
strong, by the Tamar, arrive at Pieter-
maritzburg from England.
June * Eng. The Stafford House South
African Aid Committee is organized.
June 1. Zululand. The Zulus surprise
a British reconnoitering party, under
Capt. J. Brenton Carey, with Prince
Louis Napoleon acting as commander,
at Imbabani. The Prince is killed.
June 12. Zululand. The time men-
tioned in the British ultimatum sent
to Cetewayo expires ; it requires him to
surrender cannon, and yield a full sub-
mission to British authority.
June 23. Cape Colony. Sir Garnet
Wolseley arrives.
July 4. Zululand. About 23,000 Zulus
are totally defeated by Lord Chelms-
ford at Ulundi, the capital ; they lose
about 1,500, and the British lose 27
killed and about 53 wounded. [The war
virtually ends. Cost of the war, £4,-
922,141.]
Aug. 28. Zululand. Major Richard
Marter captures the fugitive Cete-
wayo.
Nov. 20. Basutoland. Moiroso's en-
trenchments are captured, and the chief
is killed.
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS.
1869 * * Diamonds are found at Kim-
berly, West Griqualand.
1870 Sep. * Griqualand. Rich dia-
mond-fields are discovered.
1872 * * By Act of Parliament, a public
university like that of London is es-
tablished.
1878 * * A council of education is cre-
ated in Natal.
1880 Feb. 12. A great diamond is
found at Kimberley, weighing 150 carats,
and worth $300,000.
Feb. 18. A new comet is seen at the
Cape observatory.
CHURCH.
1867 * * Natal. Impolweni becomes a
mission-station of the Free Church of
Scotland.
1868 Nov.* Livingstone discovers
Lake Bangweolo, or Bemba, north of
the Zambesi River.
Dec. * Natal. The clergy, having failed
to depose Bishop Colenso for unsound
doctrine, W. R. Macrorie is sent out
as bishop to act with the clergy opposed
to Colenso.
* * Cape Colony. Riversdale becomes a
mission-station of the Berlin Evangel-
ical Society.
Dec. 31. Cape Colony. Ovambo be-
comes a mission of the Finland Society.
* * Kaffraria. The Free Church of
Scotland start a mission in Cunning-
ham,'Transkei.
* * Cape Colony. Mbulu becomes a mis-
sion-station of the United Presbyteri-
ans of Scotland.
* * Natal. Hoff enthal becomes a mis-
sion-station of Berlin Evangelical
Lutherans.
1869 * * Cape Colony. East Somerset
becomes a mission-station of the United
Presbyterians of Scotland.
1870 * * East Griqualand. Missionary
Dower of the London Society comes
to Koskstad, and they love him so
much that they refuse to let him go.
1871 Nov. * H. M.Stanley finds Liv-
ingstone near Lake Tanganyika (Ger-
man East Africa).
* * Zululand. A bishop of Zululand is
appointed.
* * Cape Colony. Port Elizabeth be-
comes a mission-station of the Primi-
tive Methodists of England.
1872 * * Transvaal. Ha Tsevase be-
comes a mission-station of the Berlin
Lutherans.
* * Cape Colony. Herbertsdale becomes
a mission-station of the Berlin Evan-
gelical Lutherans.
1873 May 1. David Livingstone dies
at Ilala, near Lake Bangweolo, and is
found kneeling by his bed.
1874 * * Blantyre, near Lake Shirwa,
becomes a mission of the Established
Church of Scotland.
* * Bishop Colenso goes to England to
advocate his case.
* * Natal. The Gordon Memorial, a
station of the Free Church of Scot-
land, is established by means of funds
given by the Countess of Aberdeen as a
memorial to her son, Hon. J. H. Gordon.
CAPE COLONY.
1867, **-1880, May
601
1875 * * The Livingstonia Mission of
the Free Church of Scotland is sent
to open a mission-field around Lake
Nyassa and half way north to Lake
Tanganyika.
* * Griqualand. Kimberley becomes a
mission-station of the Evangelical
Lutherans.
* * Cape Colony. The State churches
are disendowed by law.
1876* * Zul aland. Chief Cetewayo
opposes the missionaries.
1877 Dec. 13 * . A mission-camp is
attacked, and all but one of the members
killed, at Lake Nyassa.
* * East Griqualand. The Society for
the Propagation of the Gospel estab-
lishes a mission-station in Koskstad.
1879 * * Cape Colony. Mossel Bay be-
comes a mission-station of the Berlin
Evangelical Society.
* * Natal. The Swedish State Church
founds a mission at Aangeleken, to do
its chief work among the Zulus.
* * Natal. Bock Fountain becomes a
mission-station of Mr. and Mrs. E. S.
Clarke (Friends).
SOCIETY.
1872 * * A great robbery of diamonds,
valued at over £35,000, occurs.
* * Diamond seekers shamefully op-
press the natives.
1878 Aug. 1. The colonists celebrate
the restoration of peace with Kafirs by
a day of thanksgiving.
1879 Aug. 22. The sentence declared
against Capt. Carey, for his connection
with the death of Prince Napoleon
by Zulus, is quashed.
Sept. 15. Cape Town. Cetewayo, the
Zulu chief, arrives on his way to Eng-
land.
1880 Mar. 20±. The post-off ice at
Cape Town is robbed of diamonds
valued at £50,000.
STATE.
1867 * * The discovery of diamonds
leads to territorial complications ;
the tribes disputing the claims of the
government.
* * Natal. Bobert "William Keate is
governor.
1868 ** Transvaal. Pretorius enlarges
the boundaries to Lake Ngami and Del-
agoa Bay. [Disputes with Portugal fol-
low.]
1870 Aug. * Sir Henry Barkly is ap-
pointed governor of the Cape of Good
Hope.
1871 ** Transvaal. The southwest
boundary disputes are settled by arbi-
tration.
* * Basutoland is annexed to Cape
Colony. Population, 378 whites and 127,-
223 natives.
* * Griqualand is annexed.
Oct. 27. The colony of "West Griqua-
land is constituted, with Kimberley for
its capital.
Nov. 17. The diamond-miners hail the
unfurling of the British flag with great
rejoicing.
1872 Oct. 1. Zululand. Encouraged
by the English, Cetewayo, son of Um-
panda, King of the Zulus, kills his
brothers.
* * Cape Town. A responsible govern-
ment is established.
1873 Nov. * -Dec. * A slight insur-
rection of Kafirs under Langalibalele
is easily suppressed.
* * Zululand. Cetewayo is recognized as
the heir of Umpanda, and enthroned.
* * Natal. Anthony Musgrave is ap-
pointed governor.
1874 Aug. 4. Natal. Langalibalele,
the revolting chief of Natal, is sent to
Robber Island after a trial alleged to be
unjust ; others are sentenced to impris-
onment for participating in the insur-
rection.
* * Cape Colony. The colony is divided
into seven provinces for convenience in
government.
* * Natal. Sir Benjamin C. C. Pine is
governor of Natal.
1875 Feb. * Natal. Sir Garnet
Wolseley is made temporary governor.
July * The Delagoa Bay country is
awarded to Portugal by Marshal Mac-
Mahon, the arbitrator.
Aug. * Natal. Langalibalele is released
from captivity.
Aug. * Natal. Gov. "Wolseley retires
from the governorship.
Oct. 22. The Earl of Carnarvon, the
Colonial Secretary, makes the proposal
that the Cape Parliament transfer the
conference respecting a South African
Confederation to England.
Nov. 11+. Cape Town. The Cape Par-
liament debates the proposition for a
Confederation.
Nov. 26. Cape Town. The Cape Par-
liament is prorogued.
* * Kaffraria. The Transkei and Fin-
goland, with other parts of Kaffraria,
are annexed.
* * Natal. The Constitution is modified.
1876 Aug. 5. London. The delegates
to the conference respecting a South
African Confederation meet with the
Earl of Carnarvon.
* * Zululand. Cetewayo organizes
armed resistance against the British.
1877 Feb.* Cape Town. TheMolteno
Ministry is dismissed.
Feb. 12±. Cape Town. J. Gordon
Sprigg forms a colonial Ministry.
Apr. 12. The Transvaal Bepublic is
annexed to Cape Colony by the procla-
mation of Sir Theophilus Shepstone.
Sept. * Kaffraria. Disputes between the
Fingoes and Galekas lead to war.
Oct. * Kaffraria. The lands of the de-
feated chiefs of Kaffraria are annexed
by the British.
Nov. * Sir H. Bartle E. Frere is appointed
governor and lord high commissioner for
South Africa.
* * Transvaal. Anarchy follows a war
with the Kafirs until England inter-
venes.
* * Transvaal. Sir W. Owen Lanyon
is appointed British administrator.
1878 July 2. Cape Town. The Kafir
war having ended, the governor an-
nounces that amnesty will be granted
to ex-rebels.
July * Zulus make a raid into British
territory.
Sept. * Natal. Sir H. Ernest Bulwer
is governor.
Dec. * Zululand. Cetewayo, King of the
Zulus, refuses to give up the principal
raiders. Gov. Bartle Frere sends an
ultimatum, demanding the surrender of
the offenders within 30 days. (The Zulu
war follows.)
* * Natal. The laws of the Zulus are
modified, and reduced to writing.
1879 May* Natal— Transvaal. Sir
Garnet "Wolseley is governor.
June 28±. Natal. Governor Wolseley
is sworn in as high commissioner at
Pietermaritzburg, the capital.
July 12+ . Natal. Governor "Wolseley
receives the Zulu chiefs.
Sept. 1. Natal. A treaty is signed with
the Zulu chiefs, by which Natal is
divided into 13 districts, over each of
which a chief is appointed, with a gov-
ernor resident over all, and a local resi-
dent in each ; the lands are to be
reserved for the British, and John
Dunn is to be chief.
* * Natal has representative government.
Dec* Transvaal. An insurrection
breaks out against the British.
1880 May* Natal. Sir George Pome-
roy Colley becomes governor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1869 Feb. * Fire sweeps over a large
territory.
1870 Mar. 11. Moshesh, chief of the
Basutos, dies.
July 12. Cape Town. The Duke of Ed-
inburgh inaugurates the new harbor,
breakwater, and docks.
1872 * * The diamond-mines are re-
markably productive.
Sept. 1. Bobert Gray, bishop of Cape
Town, dies.
Sept. 11. Makomo, a Kafir chief, dies.
1876 * * Cape Town. The Government
votes to appropriate £5,000 sterling
for the construction of four trunk-
lines of railroads.
1877 Apr. 5. Cape Town. Sir H.
Bartle E. Frere opens an exhibition.
1879 Aug. 23. Telegraph connec-
tion is made with Europe by way of
Natal and Mozambique.
Dec. 25. Cape Town. The first tele-
gram is received by the new line which
completes connection with England. It
is sent by the Queen to Sir H. Bartle
E. Frere.
Dec. 29. Cape Town. The telegraph
line is opened for the public.
602 1880, June 20-1890,
CAPE COLONY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1880 June* Basutoland. War is
waged against the Basutos near the
head waters of the Orange River, be-
cause they have attacked the settlers,
and refuse to give up their arms.
June * Basutoland. The chiefs who sur-
render are attacked by those who re-
bel against the colonists.
Sept. 13. Basutoland. The chiefs carry
the war against the colonists.
Sept. 21. Basutoland. Col. Carrington
defeats the rebel chief Lerothodi in an
attack on Mafeling.
Oct. 19. Basutoland. Col. Clarke re-
lieves the colonists besieged at Mafe-
ling, after a hot fight.
Oct. 22. Basutoland. The colonists
Btorm the village of Chief Lerotholdi,
and scatter his army.
Oct. 31. Basutoland. Col. Clarke storms
the defenses of Moletsane.
Oct. * Basutoland. Magistrate Hope is
treacherously murdered by Chief Um-
hlonhlo, with other colonists.
Nov. 12. Basutoland. The defeat of
Umhlonhlo is announced.
Dec. 21. Basutoland. The natives are
utterly defeated by colonists under
Baker.
1881 Jan. 10-14+. Basutoland. Col.
Carrington defeats the natives in sev-
eral engagements.
Feb. 18-24. Basutoland. The colonists
grant an armistice.
Mar. 26. Basutoland. The war is re-
newed, and Col. Carrington is wounded.
Apr. 16±. Basutoland. The Basutos are
severely defeated. [May* Makepeace.]
July 30±. Zululand. John Dunn sup-
presses a revolt.
Sept. * Basutoland. Chief Masupha
submits to the colonists.
Dec. * Zululand. Order is restored.
1882 Oct.* Basutoland. Chief Masu-
pha again vexes the settlers.
* * Basutoland. Gen. Charles G. Gor-
don (Chinese Gordon) resigns his mil-
itary appointment to South Africa.
Dec. * Basutoland. Order is restored.
1883 Apr. 25. Zululand. It is re-
ported that King Cetewayo has a con-
flict with the chiefs.
May 16. Zululand. It is announced
that Cetewayo is defeated by Chief
Oham with the aid of others.
May* Basutoland. The fighting chief s
finally subside.
July 20. Basutoland. Chief Usibepu
attacks Cetewayo at Ulundi, and defeats
him.
Aug. 16. Zululand. Cetewayo defeats
Usibepu in a great battle.
Nov. * Zululand. Chief Usibepu is de-
feated by the other chiefs.
1884 Jan. 31+. Zululand. Chief
Zibedu defeats Chief Usutus.
Mar. 15, 16. Basutoland. Jonathan
defeats Joel in a bloody battle.
Mar. 23. Basutoland. Chiefs Khelisa,
Masupha, and Lerothodi fight each
other.
Mar. * -May * Zululand. Natives con-
tinue their fighting.
June 14. Basutoland. The Boers de-
feat Chief Usibepu, and Chief Usutus
becomes a fugitive.
Nov. * Bechuanaland. A force is organ-
ized to subdue the Dutch freebooters.
1886 Oct. 20. Cape Colony. The Pon-
dos invade Xesibeland.
Dec. 9. Cape Colony. Order is restored
in Xesibeland.
1888 June 2. Zululand. The police
and military punish the cattle thieves.
July 2. Zululand. The revolt led by
Ishingana is suppressed by a severe
conflict.
July 11. Zululand. The revolt of
Dinizulu is announced.
Aug. 1. Zululand. It is announced that
Somkeli, the revolting chief, submits.
Aug. 10. Zululand. Chief Dinizulu
leads about 1,000 revolting natives with
their cattle into the Transvaal Territory.
Aug. 29. Zululand. It is announced
that the revolt of Dinizulu is ended.
Sept. * Transvaal. Dinizulu surren-
ders to the authorities.
Sept. 19. Zululand. Chief Undabuko,
the uncle of Dinizulu, surrenders.
Sept. 27. Zululand. Undabuko is
brought to trial.
Nov. 12. Zululand. Ishingana, a re-
volting chief, surrenders.
Nov. * Zululand. Dinizulu surrenders
to the British.
Nov. 22. Zululand. Somhlolo, con-
victed of high treason, is sentenced to
imprisonment and hard labor for five
years.
Dec. 1. Zululand. Other chiefs are
convicted of high treason, and sentenced.
1889. Apr. 27. Zululand. The re-
volting chiefs are sentenced to im-
prisonment,— Dinizulu 10 years, Unda-
buko 15 years, Ishingana to 12 years.
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS.
1883 * * Zululand. The translation of
the Scriptures into the Zulu language
is completed by the missionaries of the
American Board.
1884 Mar. 27. Griqualand. The " Vic-
toria" diamond, weighing 302 carats, is
found at Kimberley.
1886 Sept. 26. A new comet is discov-
ered at the Cape observatory by Mr.
Finlay.
CHURCH.
1881 Aug. 20. Natal. John Mer-
cer arrives at Durban, and proceeds to
the Garenganze mission in Central Af-
rica, having a climate favorable to Eu-
ropeans. [A station at Bine" is also
maintained.]
* * Ft. Mr. and Mrs. Coillard organize
the Evangelical Mission of the Paris So-
ciety on the Upper Zambesi.
1882 * * Zululand. A mission is opened
at Ehlobane by the Hermannsburg
Missionary Society.
* * Kaffraria. Malan becomes a mission-
station of the United Presbyterians of
Scotland.
1883 * * Cape Colony. Laingsburg be-
comes a mission-station of the Berlin
Evangelical Lutherans.
* * Zululand. The Scriptures are trans-
lated into Zulu.
1884 * * Cape Colony. Somervitte be-
comes a mission-station of the Free
Church of Scotland.
1885 * * Cape Colony. "Worcester be-
comes a mission-station of the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel.
* * Mambunda Country. Mr. and Mrs.
Coillard start an evangelical mission at
Sesheke, Upper Zambesi.
1886* * Mambunda Country. The Evan-
gelical Mission open a station at Sef ulu,
Upper Zambesi.
1888 * * Cape Colony. Goederwacht
becomes a mission-station of the Mora-
vians.
SOCIETY.
1882* *Aug. 3. Eng. Cetewayo
arrives.
Aug. 9. Eng. Cetewayo visits W. E.
Gladstone, the premier.
Aug. 14. Eng. Cetewayo is received
by the Queen.
Aug. 16. Eng. Cetewayo is received
by the Prince of Wales.
* * Cape Colony. The half-castes are
called Griquaa, and are active, vigor-
ous, enterprising, and courageous, and
much superior to the aborigines.
** Cape Colony. Hottentots are but
slightly civilized, and preserve tribal re-
lations in the remote western sections
where they abound.
* * Cape Colony. Bushmen are a dimin-
utive people of light yellowish-brown
complexion, and inhabit the western
part of the country.
1886 * * Gold-seekers outnumber the
Boers in Transvaal.
1890 * * Kaffraria. " The social con-
dition of the natives is very bad, owing
to their poverty and their use of intoxi-
cating liquors." (Encyc. of Missions.)
Sept. 17. Cape Colony. A Portuguese
steamer loaded with kidnapped na-
tives arrives at Cape Town on its way
from Mozambique to the west coast.
* * Bechuanaland. Great changes have
been produced by the missionaries in
the costume, houses, customs, and re-
ligion of the people.
* * Bechuanaland. The Bechuanas are
a people of fine physique, which is main-
tained by getting rid of the feeble and
sickly.
* * Bechuanaland. Young* men and
women are subjected to severe physi-
cal tests before they are declared " men "
and " women ; " the dead are buried with
their face due north, whence came their
ancestors.
CAPE COLONY. 1880, June 20-1890, * *. 003
* * Natal. The Zulus believe in witch-
craft, demons, and ancestral spirits.
* * Polygamy prevails in Central Africa,
there being no limit to the number of
wives.
There is no law to forbid the marriage
of near relatives. Women are really
servants, and with the slaves do all the
domestic labor, leaving the men free for
feats of arms.
STATE.
1880 June 24+. Cape Town. The As-
sembly rejects the Government's plan
for a conference of delegates to promote
confederation.
Aug. 1. Sir Bartle E.Frere, Governor
and Lord High Commissioner, is re-
called.
Aug. 21. London. Sir Hercules G. R.
Robinson is appointed high commis-
sioner.
1881 Feb. 27. Natal. Sir George
Pomeroy Colley, the governor, is killed
in battle at Majuba Hill.
Mar. 21. Transvaal. A treaty of
peace is signed.
May 6, 7. Cape Town. The Sprigg
Ministry resigns ; another Ministry is
formed by Messrs. Scanlen and Mol-
teno.
July 11+. Eng. The Queen refuses the
petition of Cetewayo, as king, to be re-
stored to his dominion.
Aug. 8. Transvaal. A republic is es-
tablished by Boers, by a vote of the
Volksraad ; Peter J. Joubert is the first
president.
Sept.* Zululand. Gen. Sir Evelyn
Wood makes important changes.
Nov. * Natal. "Walter J. Sendall is
appointed governor.
Nov. * Natal. The colonists are disaf-
fected toward the governor.
Dec. * Natal. Sir Henry E. G. Bulwer
is nominated governor.
1882 Mar. 4. Natal. Governor Bul-
wer arrives.
Aug. * Eng. The Government consents
to Cetewayo's partial restoration to
authority.
Oct. * Basutoland is again disturbed by
Chief Masupha.
Dec. * Basutoland. Peace prevails.
1883 Jan. 29. Zululand. The resto-
ration of Cetewayo as king of the
Zulus is proclaimed at Ulundi.
Feb.* Basutoland. The Government
gra»ts self-government to the natives.
Junei * Basutoland. The British re-
sume a conditional government over
the Basutos.
July 27. Cape Town. The Parliament
approves the agreement made by the
Ministers with the Basutos.
* * Transvaal. S. J. Paul Kruger is
elected president of Transvaal, now a
republic under the " suzerainty " of
Queen Victoria.
Oct. 15. Natal. Cetewayo surrenders
himself to the British, and is taken to
Durban.
Nov. 5. Natal. Cetewayo is removed
to Ekowe in Zululand.
Dec. 8. Basutoland. The Basuto
chiefs, with the exception of Joel, ac-
cept the British proposal.
1884 Jan. 27, 28. Zululand. Cete-
wayo escapes, and is recaptured.
Feb. 27. London. A convention is
held which recognizes the South Afri-
can Republic as a State, and restricting
the Queen's suzerainty.
May 7. Cape Town. A Ministerial crisis
ensues ; the Ministry resigns, and an
Upington Ministry succeeds it.
May 21. The Boers crown Dinizulu
king of the Zulus ; he pledges his fidel-
ity to the British.
Aug.* Bechuanaland. The Dutch
party force Mr. Mackenzie, the British
resident, to resign, and he is succeeded
by Cecil Rhodes.
Sept. * Filibustering Boers seize [and
hold for a short time] the British terri-
tory of Montsioa.
Oct. * The Ministry is committed to the
use of Imperial troops in suppressing
the Boers.
Oct. * Bechuanaland. The Imperial gov-
ernment appoints Sir Charles Warren
as special commissioner.
Dec* Zululand. The British raise the
flag of Great Britain in St. Lucia's Bay.
* * Namaqualand, with the only harbor
on the neighboring coast at Walfisch
Bay, is annexed to Cape Colony.
1885 Jan. 29. Bechuanaland. Com-
missioner Warren comes to an agree-
ment with President Kruger.
Feb. 24+. Bechuanaland. Commis-
sioner Warren establishes military
government.
Mar. 23. Bechuanaland. The British
protectorate is proclaimed.
June * Stellaland. The Republic of Stel-
laland becomes a crown colony.
1886 Oct. 22+ . Natal. The Legisla-
tive Council of Natal offers to admin-
ister and sustain the government of
Zululand as a barrier against the Boers.
Oct. 27+. Cape Town. The British Gov-
ernment declines the offer of Natal.
Nov. 4. The Boer Republic agrees to
the projected South African Repub-
lic.
Nov. * Cape Town. A British protec-
torate over Zululand is proposed.
Nov. 25+. Cape Town. A new Ministry
is formed, with Sir J. Gordon Sprigg
premier.
1887 June 21. Natal. The annexa-
tion of Zululand by Great Britain is
proclaimed at Durban.
Aug.* Cape Town. The Parliament
passes a new registration Act, which
disfranchises many natives.
Nov. 5+. Natal. Dinizulu, king of the
Zulus, creates disturbances.
Nov. 7+. Natal. Many of the Zulus
submit to the British.
Nov. 13±. Natal. King Dinizulu sub-
mits to the British.
1888 Feb.* Cape Town. Delegates
from Cape Colony, Natal, and the Orange
Free State meet in conference, and
discuss measures for a customs union.
Feb. 18. Cape Town. The conference
of delegates closes.
Oct. * Bechuanaland opposes annex-
ation to Cape Colony by an adverse vote.
Nov. 15. Undabuko, the king's uncle,
and Somkeli, a Zulu rebel chief, are
brought to trial for treason.
1889 June 3. Cape Town. Sir Her-
cules Robinson retires from the com-
missionership of South Africa.
June 22. Sir Henry Brougham Dock
accepts the governorship of Cape Colony.
July 29. Cape Town. The U. S. Con-
sul charges the Government with im-
prisoning American citizens.
Oct. 29. Cape Town. The British
South African Company receives its
charter.
1890 Mar. 18. The British consul at
Mozambique is reported to have raised
and saluted the British flag in the
Shire district.
* * An Anglo-German agreement de-
fines the sphere of British influence.
July 16. Cape Town. A new cabinet is
formed, with Cecil Rhodes premier.
July 28. Cape Town. In the Legisla-
tive Assembly, Premier Rhodes gives no-
tice of a motion expressing regret that
the Colony has not been consulted
on the Anglo- German agreement, so
far as it relates to the territory south of
the Zambesi river.
Aug. 1. Cape Town. The Franchise
Bill passes the Legislative Assembly.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1883 June 20. Natal. John Wm.
Colenso, bishop of Natal, dies.
Aug. 9. Robert Moffat, Scottish mis-
sionary, dies.
1884 Feb. 8. Cetewayo, a Zulu chief,
dies.
1885 Nov. 28. The railroad to Kim-
berley is opened.
1886 * * Cape Colony has a population
of 1,252,347.
1887 Dec. 15. Sir Hercules Robinson
opens the South African Jubilee Ex-
hibition at Graham's Town.
1890 Feb. 26. Immigrants by the
hundred are pouring into Nyassaland
and southeastern Africa.
* * One-third of the population of Cspe
Colony are breeders of stock.
July 30. Zululand. Famine prevails.
Aug. 26. London. A company is organ-
ized to develop the country south of
Lake Tanganyika.
Sept. 6. Premier Rhodes announces that
connection will be made with the Dela-
goa Bay railroad line at Vaal River.
Sept. 20. Cape Town. The Cape of Good
Hope Bank suspends payment.
604 1890,** -1894, Dec. 13. CAPE COLONY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 July 2. Mashonaland. Armed
Boers begin the " big trek," but are
driven out by British troops and police.
1893 Jan. 15. The Umzizi tribe in
Pondoland defeats Chief Sigeau in battle,
killing 250 of his men.
Oct. 3. The Matabele warriors attack
the police of the South African Char-
tered Company. Sir Henry Lock, com-
missioner at Victoria, is preparing to
repel their attacks.
Oct. 4. The Matabeles under King Lo-
bengula are marching on Fort Victo-
ria ; a strong force is sent to meet them.
Oct. 6. Fighting occurs in Mashonaland
between the Matabeles and the British
South African Company's forces.
Oct. 20. The Matabeles are twice de-
feated by the British forces, with a loss
of 100 warriors.
Oct. 24. Gov. Sir Henry Lock, of the
Cape of Good Hope, notifies the Chair-
man of the British South African Com-
pany that sole control of the operations
against the Matabeles has been placed
in, his hands by the home Govern-
ment.
Oct. 27. In a battle between the Mat-
abeles and the troops of the British
South African Company, the former are
severely defeated with 300 killed.
Nov. 1. The British forces defeat the
Matabeles with heavy loss, and cap-
ture Buluwayo, their capital.
Nov. 2. The Matabeles are defeated
with a loss of five hundred warriors, and
the British forces are in pursuit of King
Lobengula.
Nov. 8. A Matabele attack is repulsed
by a British force, sixty of the former
being killed.
Nov. 9. The British forces are in pos-
session of Buluwayo, King Loben-
gula's capital, after a battle, in which
over a thousand Matabele warriors are
killed or wounded. An ultimatum is
offered bv the British.
Nov. 20. Lobengula, King of the
Matabeles, declares that he is ready to
surrender, but that his young warriors
will not give their consent.
Nov. 22. The Matabeles under King
Lobengula are again defeated, and run
away after the battle.
Nov. 23. The Matabele army is dis-
persed, and Lobengula is a fugitive.
Nov. 26. It is announced that the Mat-
abeles are completely subjugated;
that King Lobengula has fled, and his
men are ready to lay down their arms.
Nov. 27. London. Reports are received
of the massacre of Capts. Wilson and
Barrow and their entire forces by the
Matabeles.
Dec. 13. Part of Major Forbes's com-
mand is attacked by Lobengula's war-
riors, and forced to retreat.
1894 Jan. 13. The tidings that Capt.
"Wilson and his command were mas-
sacred by the Matabeles is confirmed.
Jan. 20. King Lobengula with a few
of his followers is entrenched close to
the Zambesi River ; quietness rules else-
where. [Jan. 23. He dies of fever.]
Aug. 16. So. Af. Republic. Kafirs still
continue to devastate the Boer farms,
and kill the farmers and their families ;
Government troops are on the way to
the scene of trouble.
Aug. 17. So. Af. Republic. A force sent
by the Boers against the Kafirs in the
Transvaal is defeated, and the outrages
on the part of the Kafirs continue.
Aug. 24±. So. Af. Republic. Kafir Chief
Malaboch and seven companions sur-
render to the Boers.
Sept. 25. A large force of Kafirs, led
by Chief Mahazula, is marching to at-
tack the town of Lourenco Marquez in
Portuguese South Africa on Delagoa
Bay ; the streets of the town are barri-
caded, and defended with Nordenfeld
guns, the British residents and other
foreigners forming a volunteer garrison.
[Sept. 26. The town is besieged by
7,000 Kafirs. Oct. 13. The Kafirs have
captured part of the town.]
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS.
1890 * * Kaffraria. The Dutch, Eng-
lish, and Kafir languages are spoken.
* ^Kaffraria. The Bible and many
other books have been given to the
people in their native language.
1894 Apr. 4. Matabeleland. Ancient
Roman coins are found.
STATE.
1892 May 3. Cape Tovm. A new
Ministry is formed, with Cecil Rhodes
premier.
May 11. Natal. The Legislative
Council establishes responsible govern-
ment.
June 20. Cape Colony. The Cape Par-
liament opens.
July 1. Bechuanaland. The Bechua-
naland Protectorate enters into a cus-
toms union.
* * Cape Colony and South Africa have
2,250 miles of railroads.
1893 July 4. Natal. Sir Charles Mit-
chell, the governor, proclaims the new
Constitution.
Aug. 25. Matabeleland. Lobengula,
the King of the Matabele, demands that
Mashonaland should be given up to
him by the British.
* * A petition signed by 10,000 Malays is
sent to the Imperial Government against
an Asiatic influx from the Orient.
1894 Jan. 6. Cape Town. The Gov-
ernment has appointed a committee to
inquire into the leprosy question.
Feb. 22. Nyassaland district becomes
"The British Central Africa Pro-
tectorate."
Apr. 25. Matabeleland. The country is
thrown open to people of every na-
tion under the general land and mining
laws.
* * Matabeleland. Buluwayo rapidly ad-
vances in population and importance.
Salisbury suffers a corresponding de-
pression. A telegraph line is extended
into the region beyond Buluwayo.
CHILE.
Chile is a republic extending along the west coast of South America, having Santiago for its capital. Area, about 250,000
square miles ; population in 1891, estimated at 2,817,552.
The government is administered by a President and a Congress that consists of two houses, a Senate and a Chamber of
Deputies. The senators are elected by twenty-three provinces, and the deputies by the departments. The popular language is
Spanish, and the prevailing religion is Roman Catholic.
ARMY — NAVY.
1450 * * The Peruvian Inca Yupanqui
leads an army into Northern Chile, and
either wins or conquers the Indians.
1535 * * (or 1536) Diego de Almagro
leads the first Spanish invasion in
search of gold and glory, and is driven
back with much loss, chiefly because of
the climate and starvation.
1535+ * * War with the Araucanians
begins.
1540+ * * Don Pedro deValdivia leads
an army which is driven back by the
brave Araucanians.
1541 * * Valdivia, with Indian allies, con-
quers nearly all of Chile, under order
of Pizarro. [1543. Indians besiege Val-
divia, till relieved by reenforcements.]
1547 * * Valdivia goes to Peru as an
ally of Gasca.
1549 * * The assaults of the Arauca-
nians imperil the very existence of the
Spaniards.
1550 * * Valdivia returns with a fresh
army, and is resisted by Araucanians
under the brave Lautaro, an escaped
captive.
1554 Jan. 1. Valdivia is defeated and
killed by the Indians at the battle of
Tucapel.
1556 * * Count Garcia Hurtado de
Mendoza succeeds to the command of
the Spaniards.
The Indians are finally repulsed [and
a doubtful war of conquest is continued
by the Spaniards for nearly 50 years].
CHILE.
1450, **-1808,
605
1557 * * -65 * *Mendoza gathers a
force of Spaniards, and leads them
against the Indians under Caupolican ;
several battles are fought, and the Span-
iards are finally victorious.
1586 * * Three ships, commanded by Sir
Thomas Cavendish, land in Quintero
Bay, and attempt to subjugate the
country to British rule.
1723* *War begins between the
Spaniards and the Indians [continu-
ing intermittingly for 50 years].
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1500± * * Chileans practise weaving
and agriculture.
1570 * * An earthquake destroys 2,000
lives at Concepcion.
1712 * * Am^de Francois Fre"zier, the
French military engineer, visits the
coast.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1554 Jan. 1. Valdivia, Pedro de, com-
mander, A54 1.
1610 Aug. 10. ' Ramon, Garcia, eminent
for his ability, humanity, and public
worth, dies.
1620 Nov. 20. Ulloa, Lopez de, governor,
dies.
1778* * Infante, Jose Miguel, statesman,
born.
1800 * * Perez, Jose' Joaquin, president, b.
CHURCH.
1553 * * The Dominicans and Fran-
ciscans arrive, and establish settle-
ments.
1563 * * Pope Pius IV. appoints Fr. Bar-
tolem6 Roderigo Gonzales Marmolejo
first bishop of Santiago.
1567 * * Fr. Fernando Banioneuvo is
elected bishop.
1570 * * A bishopric is established in
the city of Imperial ; Fr. Antonio de
San Miguel y Solier, a Franciscan, is
appointed the first bishop.
1503 * * The Jesuits arrive with Loyola,
a nephew of the founder of the order.
1595 * * The Augustines arrive.
1615 * * The Hospitallers of St. John
of God arrive.
1767 * * The Jesuits are expelled from
the country.
SOCIETY.
1500 * * Janequeo determines to avenge
the death of her husband, and leads
an army against the Spanish.
STATE.
1450 * * The Peruvians acquire terri-
tory from the Indians inhabiting Chile.
1516* * Sp. Charles I. is enthroned.
1533 * * The Peruvian dominion in
Chile ceases.
1534 Jan.* Diego deAlmagro receives
his commission as governor of New Cas-
tile (Chile).
Nov. 13. Francisco Pizarro and Alma-
gro make a fruitless effort to settle
their disputed boundaries.
1538 * * Pedro de Valdivia, an officer
of Pizarro, explores the west coast of
South America to 40° South.
1541 Feb. 12. Valdivia founds San-
tiago.
* * The conquests of Almagro make
Chile a Spanish province.
1544 Sept. 3. Valdivia founds Valpa-
raiso.
1547 ± * * The appointment of Francisco
de Villagran as captain-general marks
the close of the period of conquest.
1550* *The Spanish under Pedro de
Valdivia found the city of Concepcion.
1553 * * The Indians destroy Concep-
cion.
1556 * * Sp. Philip II. is enthroned.
1557 Apr. * Garcia Hurtado de Men-
doza arrives in the Bay of Concepcion
as captain-general.
1568 * * Philip II. detaches Chile from
Peru, and a Royal Audencia is estab-
lished.
1575 * * The court of Spain becomes dis-
satisfied with the condition of affairs,
and dissolves the Royal Audencia,
and orders its members back to Peru.
* * Rodrigo de Quiroga is appointed gov-
ernor.
1580 * * Martin Ruiz de Gamboa is ap-
pointed governor.
1583 * * Alonso de Sotomayor is ap-
pointed governor.
1593 * * Martin Garcia Ofiez de Loyola
is appointed governor.
1598* *-1600* * Holland sends five
war-ships to the coast.
* * Sp. Philip ILT. is enthroned.
1599* * Francisco Quinones is ap-
pointed governor.
1600+ * * Alonso Garcia Ramon is ap-
pointed governor; later, Alonso de Ri-
vera.
1610 * * Luis Merlo de la Fuenta is ap-
pointed governor.
1612 * * Alonso de Rivera is again ap-
pointed governor.
1617 * * Fernando Talaveranno is ap-
pointed governor ; ten months later,
Lopez de Ulloa.
1620 * * Cristoval de la Cerda is ap-
pointed governor.
1621 * * Sp. Philip IV. is enthroned.
* * Pedro Sorez de Ulloa is appointed
governor.
1624 * * Francisco de Alva y Nornena
is appointed governor ; six months later,
Luis Fernandez de Cordova y Arce is
appointed.
1629 * * Francisco Laso de la Vega is
appointed governor.
1641 Jan. 6. A treaty of peace is
entered between the Spaniards and the
Araucanians.
1645 * * Martin de Muxica is appointed
governor.
* * * Alonso de Cordova y Figuerva is
governor.
* * * Antonio de Acufia y Cabrera is
governor.
1655 * * -65 * * Pedro Portale Casanate
is appointed governor ; later, Diego Gon-
zales Montero, Angel de Pereda, and
Francisco de Meneses.
1665 * * After vainly trying for 100 years
to drive the Indians south of the Biobio,
the Spaniards make a treaty of peace.
* * Sp. Charles LT. is enthroned.
1667 ± * * The Marquis of Navamor-
quende is appointed governor.
1670 * * -1717 * * The governors are :
Montero, a second time, Juan Henu-
quez, Jos£ de Gano, Tomas Martin de
Poveda, Francisco Ibanez de Peralta,
Juan Andres de Ustariz, and Jos6 de
Santiago Concha.
1700 * * Sp. Philip V. is enthroned.
1707 * * -17 * * The French blockade
all the ports of Chile, and take possession
of the commerce.
1720+ * * Gabriel Cano de Aponte is
governor.
1722 * * After a struggle of 180 years
the Chileans make a treaty with the
Spaniards, separating a part of the coun-
try to form Spanish Chile.
1724 * * Sp. Louis I. is enthroned ;
later in the year Philip V. is again en-
throned.
1735 * * The governors are : Francisco
Sanchez de la Baneda, Manuel de Sala-
manca, and Jose de Manso.
1742 * * Manso founds nine cities by
order of the king to collect the inhabi-
tants of the country in urban societies.
±* * Francisco de Obando is governor ;
later, Domingo Ortiz de Rosas.
1746* * Sp. Ferdinand VI. is en-
throned.
1753 ± * * Manuel Amat is appointed
governor.
1759 * * Sp. Charles LTI. is enthroned.
* * * Antonio de Guill y Gonzaga is ap-
pointed governor.
* * * Francisco Xavier de Morales is ap-
pointed governor.
1773 * * Agustin de Jauregui is ap-
pointed governor.
1778 * * The ports of Spain are thrown
open to the colonies, and free com-
merce with the French is permitted.
1781 * * Ambrosio de Benavides is ap-
pointed governor.
1787 Nov. 21. Ambrosio O'Higgins
is appointed governor-general. [He
proves to be a superior governor.]
1788 * * Sp. Charles IV. is enthroned.
1796 Sept. 18. Gen. Gabriel deAviles
is appointed governor.
1799 Mar. 15. Joaquin del Pino is
appointed governor.
1802 Jan. 30. Luis Mufioz de Guz-
man is appointed governor.
1808 * * Francisco Antonio Carrasco is
appointed governor.
* * Sp. Ferdinand VLT. is enthroned ;
and later in the year, Joseph Bona-
parte.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1747 * * The University of San Felipe
is established at Santiago.
606 1810, * *-1889,
CHILE.
ARMY — NAVY.
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION.
1811 Apr.* The patriots rout a
body of Spaniards in Santiago, with
much loss on both sides, and thus shed
the first blood for independence.
1813 * * Gen. Paroja brings a powerful
Spanish army ; they are twice defeated
by the patriots, but being reenforced,
are finally victorious.
1817 * * The patriots are reenforced
from Buenos Ayres.
1818 Feb. 12. The Spaniards are
suddenly attacked by Gen. O'Higgins at
Chacabuco, in the plains of Maipo, and
defeated with heavy loss, while the pa-
triots thereby secure the independence
of Chile.
* * The Chileans send a force to aid the
Peruvians against the Spanish.
Feb. 19. The patriots under Jose de
San Martin are defeated at the battle
of Chanch Rayada with great loss.
Apr. 5. The patriots under San Martin
win a decisive battle at the Maipo.
* * * The Cumberland is purchased in
London, and renamed San Martin.
Oct. 28. The San Martin captures the
Maria Isabel from the Spanish. She is
taken to Valparaiso, remounted, and re-
named the O'Higgins.
± * * The navy is greatly strengthened
by the adding of the Galvarino, Arau-
cano, Intrepid, and the Independencia.
1820 Feb. 2,3,4. Naval battle;
Lord Cochrane in the O'Higgins takes
Valdivia.
1851 Apr. * Battle between the Gov-
ernment troops and insurrectionists ;
Col. Urriola and 200 or 300 others
are killed.
Sept. * Insurrectionists under Gen.
Jose" Maria de la Cruz resist the Gov-
ernment ; 4,000 lives are lost in the series
of conflicts.
Dec. 8. The revolt is crushed by the
defeat of Gen. Cruz at the battle of
Longamilla.
1858 Dec. * The insurrection of Pedro
Gallo breaks out.
1859 Apr. * The insurrection is com-
pletely suppressed.
Oct. * The war is renewed under Presi-
dent Perez.
1866 Mar. 31. War with Spain; a
Spanish force bombards Valparaiso.
Apr. 14. The blockade by Spain is
ended.
1878 Dec. * Chileans seize the Boliv-
ian forts.
1879 * * A long war with Peru and
Bolivia. Cause, dispute concerning a
strip of coast territory, rich in guano
and nitrate of soda, and because of a
secret treaty between Peru and Bolivia.
Feb. 14. Chileans under Col. Soto-
mayor occupy the Bolivian port of
Antofagasta.
Mar. 23. An indecisive engagement is
fought at Calama on the banks of the
Loa.
Apr. 5. Chileans blockade Iquique.
Apr. 18. Chileans bombard Pisaq.ua.
May 21, 23. In a ngval action near
Iquique, the Peruvian iron-clad, tur-
reted steam-ship Huascar rams the
Chilean wooden corvette Esmeralda, in
which about 110 men perish, and the
Peruvian iron-clad Independencia is run
on a rock while chasing the Covadonga,
and becomes a total wreck. The block-
ade is raised.
July 29. The Huascar captures two
Chilean vessels in the port at Iquique,
and raises the blockade.
Oct. 8. The Chilean fleet of six vessels
captures the Peruvian ironclad Hu-
ascar off Mejillones ; the admiral and
many others are killed.
Nov. 2+. Gen. Escala lands 10,000 Chile-
ans, bombards Pisagua, in the prov-
ince of Tarapaca, and takes the city
from Gen. Buendia.
Nov. 19. The Chileans defeat the allies
at San Francisco.
Nov. 22. Battle of San Francisco ;
Iquique surrenders to 5,000 Chileans,
who have defeated the combined armies
of Peru and Bolivia, 11,000 strong, near
the city.
Nov. 27 ±. The allies are again de-
feated near Tarapac&, and the town
is taken by the Chileans ; both sides
suffer heavy losses.
Dec. 18. The retreating Peruvians
arrive at Arica.
1880 Feb. 27. An indecisive naval en-
gagement takes place near Arica.
Apr. 18. The Chileans blockade Cal^
lao, Peru, and alarm Lima.
Apr. 22 K The Chileans bombard Cal-
lao.
May 10. The Chileans again bombard
Callao.
May 26. The allies are defeated in a
bloody battle at Tacna, Chile, by the
Chileans, and the town surrenders.
Chilean loss, 2,128 killed and wounded ;
Peruvian loss, 2,500 killed and wounded ;
Bolivian loss, not estimated.
June 7. The Chileans, under Gen. Man-
uel Baquedano, take the port of Arica
by assault.
July 3. Peruvians sink the Chilean
transport Loa by means of a torpedo or
infernal machine.
* * Extended negotiations for peace ar-
rest the military movements.
Sept. 14. While bombarding Callao, the
Peruvians blow up the Covadonga,
near Chancay, by means of torpedoes
concealed in a captured gig.
Oct. 9. The Peruvians attempt to
blow up Chilean ironclads by means
of a sunken boat filled with powder, but
fail in the attempt.
Dec. 30+. The Chileans send a force of
2,500 men to Peru.
1881 Jan. 4. The Chileans, 23,600
strong, storm Lurin, which is defended
by 33,500 men and 200 cannon.
Jan. 13. The Chileans again defeat the
Peruvians in a severe battle at Chorri-
llos. Chilean loss, 2,000 to 3,000 ; Peru-
vian, loss over 4,000, besides many more
taken prisoners.
Jan. 15. Peru. The Chileans again de-
feat the Peruvians at Miraflores in a
bloody battle. The Peruvian army is
routed, and the fleet is now annihilated.
Jan. 17±. Peru. The victorious Chile-
ans enter Lima, and Pierola flees.
Jan. 23. Peru. The Chileans take
Callao, and the war virtually ends.
Total loss to the Chileans, 10,000 men in
killed and wounded. The Chileans have
not lost a battle during the entire cam-
paign.
1882 July * The war is resumed be-
cause of the interference of outside par-
ties, and several indecisive engagements
favor the Chileans.
1883 July 10. Peru. The Peruvians
are defeated in a severe battle at Hu-
anuco.
July 13. Peru. The Peruvians are de-
feated by Gen. Grostiago. Peruvians
lose 900 killed and as many wounded ;
Chileans lose 56 killed and 104 wounded.
[July 15. The Peruvians defeated.
July 16. Again defeated. July 19. Col.
Grostiago defeats the Peruvians at
Huanuco.]
Oct. 23. Peru. Chileans evacuate Lima.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1822 Nov. 19. Santiago suffers from
an earthquake; the coast of Chile is
permanently raised.
1829 * * Santiago is again damaged by
an earthquake.
1835 Feb. 20. An earthquake does
immense damage ; not a house left stand-
ing in the City of Concepcion.
1851 Apr. 2. An earthquake wrecks
more than 400 houses at Valparaiso.
1858 * * The first issue of the Revista
Medico- Quirurjica, the Revista del Pa-
cifico, and the Correo Literario.
* * Prominent newspapers are the El
Mercurio de Provincias and El Mercurio
del Vapor and the Revista de Ciencias
y Letras, a superior literary paper.
1871 Oct.* Gold-mines are discov-
ered near Iquique.
1880 Sept. 13. An earthquake at
Illapel near Valparaiso kills about 200
people.
1889 Jan. 14. A great storm rages
at Valparaiso.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1826 * * Baquedano, Manuel, general, born.
1830* * Sotomayor y Valdes, Ramon, jour-
nalist, born.
1844* * Infante, Jose Miguel, statesman,
A 66.
1850 * * Carey, Eleanor, actor, born.
1873 Nov. 23. Cruz, Josg Maria de la,
general, A72.
1886* * Vicuna, Benjamin Vicuna Mac-
kenna, historian, A55.
CHILE.
1810, ** -1889, *
607
CHURCH.
1854 * * The second chamber rejects the
resolution of the Senate to readmit the
Jesuits.
1861 * * Lota becomes a mission-station
of the South American Missionary-
Society; is opened by Captain Allen
Gardiner of London.
1863 Dec. 8. The Jesuits' church at
Santiago is consumed by fire on the
feast of the Immaculate Conception of
the Virgin Mary,- when brilliantly il-
luminated, and having many combus-
tible ornaments ; more than 2,000 persons
perish.
Dec. 20. The Government orders the
church of the Jesuits at Santiago to bo
razed to the ground ; public indigna-
tion at the fanaticism of the priests.
1865 July * An act of toleration in
religion is passed.
1880 * * Concepcion becomes a mission-
station of the Presbyterian Church
(North) of U. S. A.
SOCIETY.
1882 * * Two men are killed and seven
wounded in the elections.
1885 * * In the elections 17 men are
killed and 165 wounded.
1886 * * In the elections 46 men are
killed and 160 are wounded.
1889 Mar. 18. The Government issues
a decree prohibiting the immigration
of Chinese laborers, but offering free
passage, board, and lodging to Euro-
peans.
STATE.
1810* *A11 the Spanish rulers have
treated the Chileans with injustice and
exasperating selfishness, which prepares
them for revolution.
REVOLUTION BEGINS.
July * Spain being helpless under the
feet of France, the Chileans assert in-
dependence by deposing the Spanish
president.
Sept. 10. Chileans declare their in-
dependence of Spain.
The executive power is entrusted to
a committee of seven men.
1811 Dec. 20. A triumvirate is ap-
pointed to conduct the government.
1813* * The sovereignty of Spain is
finally reestablished by the army of
Paroja [and continues three years].
1818 Feb. 12. Chile is again declared
independent of Spain ; Gen. O'Higgins
is dictator.
1823 * * A popular uprising compels
O'Higgins to resign, and a provisional
triumvirate holds the government for
a few weeks.
1826 * * -30 * * The government is ad-
ministered by six different directors
in addition to a second provisional
triumvirate.
1827 * * Gen. Fuere is elected first
president.
1828 May 8. Gen. Francisco Anibal
Pinto is elected president.
* * A constitution is promulgated, which
temporarily reconciles contending
parties.
1830 Mar. 31. Tom&s Ovalle is
elected president.
1831 * * Gen. Pueto is elected president.
* * A convention is called to revise the
Constitution.
1833 May 22. The Constitution is
established [and continues] ; good gov-
ernment and general prosperity follow.
1841 * * Gen. Bulnes is elected presi-
dent. [He is reelected.]
1851 Apr. * An insurrection is led by
Col. Urriola.
May 8. A new tariff is introduced.
Oct. 18. Manuel Montt is elected
president. [He is afterward reelected.]
Sept. * An insurrection is led by Gen.
Cruz, the defeated candidate at the last
election ; it comes perilously near a
revolution.
1852 June 30. A treaty with France
is concluded.
1856 Apr. 30. A treaty with the
Argentine Republic is concluded.
Nov. * A treaty with Great Britain,
and one with Ecuador, and another with
Peru are made.
* * Treaties are made with the United
States and with Sardinia.
1861 * * Jose" Joaquin Perez is elected
president.
1864 Mar. 1. A rupture occurs be-
tween Chile and Bolivia respecting
the valuable guano islands.
May 20. The Spanish Minister settles
the dispute between Chile and Spain
respecting Peru.
July 25. Sp. The Government disap-
proves of the settlement made respect-
ing Peru.
Sept. 17. Satisfaction is claimed by
the Spanish admiral Jose" Manuel Pa-
reja y Septien at Valparaiso for Chilean
interference in the war with Peru.
Sept. 21. The Chileans refuse the
satisfaction demanded by Spain.
Sept. 24. Adm. Septien declares a block-
ade.
Sept. 29. "War is declared by Chile
against Spain.
1865 July 1. The act of religious
toleration is passed.
Dec. 5. Chile joins Peru.
1866 Jan. 14. An offensive and defen-
sive treaty between Peru and Chile
against Spain is formally announced.
1871 * * Federico En&zuris is elected
president.
1873 Feb. 6. Bolivia and Peru enter
into a secret treaty to guarantee the
independence of each other. [Later it
causes war with Chile.]
1874* * -79* * Disputes respecting
boundaries and niter beds lead finally
to war, with Chile against Peru and
Bolivia.
1876 Sept. 18. Anibal Pinto is in-
augurated president.
1879 Feb. * The Government orders
the towns in territory claimed by Bo-
livia to be garrisoned, and the coast
blockaded.
Mar. 1. Bolivia declares war against
Chile ; it has Peru as an ally.
Apr. 5. Chile declares war.
Cause of the war; disputes respect-
ing a strip of coast territory, very rich
in guano and nitrate of soda. It was
originally supposed to be barren and
worthless.
1880 June 28. Peru. Perseverance
in the war is declared by Nicolas de
Pierola, the dictator, who proceeds to
enforce a levy en masse.
Sept. * U. S. A. The United States of-
fers to mediate between the three coun-
tries ; and her services are accepted, but
ineffective.
1881 Jan. 30+. The Chileans de-
mand of Peru the cession of valuable
territory, the payment of $750,000,000 in-
demnity, and propose to occupy Callao
and work the mines till the indemnity
is paid.
Feb. * Peru solicits the intervention of
England.
July 23. By treaty with the Argen-
tine Republic, Chile gains about 57,000
square miles of territory.
Sept. * Spain confirms the treaty made
with Chile.
Sept. 18. Santa Maria Domingo, a
Liberal, is elected President.
Oct. 23. A dispute respecting the
boundary of Patagonia is settled by
a treaty between Chile and the Argen-
tine Republic.
1882 Jan. 25. A treaty of peace is
made with Bolivia, who surrenders
her coast territory, and breaks her alli-
ance with Peru.
Mar. * Chile and Peru agree to a peace
protocol.
Sept. 28. Bolivia. Peace is reported,
and Tarapaca and Tacna are ceded
to Chile.
Oct. 8±. The peace negotiations fail.
Oct. 20. The treaty of peace is signed
by Chile and Peru at Ancon ; Tacna and
Arica are ceded to Chile for 10 years.
1883 * * The civil marriage law is
passed. It is bitterly opposed by the
clergy and the women. Twenty-three
per cent of all children born are illegiti-
mate.
1884 Apr. 4. The final treaty with
Peru is signed.
1885 Mar.* The general elections
give the Liberals an increased ma-
jority.
1886 Sept. 18. Jos6 Manuel Balma-
ceda is elected president by the Liberal
party.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1874* *The Tacua, an overloaded
vessel, sinks soon after leaving Val-
paraiso, and 19 lives are lost.
1875 Oct. 31. The International Ex-
hibition is opened to the public.
608 1890, Mar. *.- 1894, Apr. 8.
CHILE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 July 16. Forty riotous Chile-
ans are shot in a conflict with the troops.
1891 Jan. 7. A part of the Chilean
navy revolts against the Balmaceda
Government, and favors that of the Con-
Jan. 12. The Chilean navy declares
against President Balmaceda.
Jan. 13. The Chilean army is loyal
to the Government.
Jan. 16. Two Chilean insurgent ■war-
ships blockade the ports of the country.
Jan. 19. The garrison of Pisagua re-
volts.
Jan. 20. Fr. French men-of-war are
ordered to Chile.
Jan. 21. The revolt is spreading; a
number of Government troops join the
insurgents at Valparaiso.
Jan. 23. The insurgents are de-
feated at Izpiza Hospicio.
Jan. 24. The insurgents continue to
gain strength and confidence, their
forces being greatly increased by the
workmen of Valparaiso ; the Govern-
ment has declared the large towns to be
in a state of siege.
Jan. 26. The insurgents bombard
Coronet until it surrenders.
Jan. 30. Iquique is recaptured by the
Government troops.
Feb. 2. A Chilean war-ship defeats
one of the insurgent ships.
Feb. 5. The Government troops near
Pisaqua shoot their officers and join the
insurgents.
Feb. 7. The insurgents are seizing
ships, and threaten an attack on Val-
paraiso.
Feb. 15. The town of Pisaqua is bom-
barded and burning ; it surrenders to
the insurgents.
Feb. 17. The insurgents are gaming
strength, only a few towns being loyal
to the Government.
The Government troops have
been defeated at Coquimbo and Qui-
llota, and the insurgent forces are rapid-
ly increasing in numbers, and are ad-
vancing upon Santiago.
Feb. 25. The Government troops after
hard fighting suffer defeat at Dolores,
Mar. 11. The revolution is at a stand-
still ; a plot to destroy the Government
squadron at Valparaiso has been foiled.
Mar. 13. The Government troops re-
take Pisagua.
Mar. 16. The Government troops
are routed, their leader killed, after
having massacred their general officers
on March 6. The rebel loss is heavy.
Mar. 20. The insurgents occupy Tal-
July 14. Two Government vessels are
nearly destroyed in an engagement
with the insurgent cruiser Magt-
l lanes.
July 26. The insurgent forces are mass-
ing at Huasco, and an attack upon
Coquimbo is expected.
Aug. 4. Balmaceda' s forces are mobil-
ized near Santiago, and a sham battle is
fought near that city.
tal, Iquique, and Pisagua, and the Aug. 23. Heavy fighting is reported,
rest of the country is reported quiet. with contradictory reports as to results.
Mar. 22. The insurgents are bombard- Aug. 26. A battle is progressing at
ing Autofagasta.
Apr. 4. Important insurgent suc-
cesses are reported.
The Chilean ironclad nicamayo
joins the insurgents, giving them an
effective force of 40 vessels of all grades.
Apr. 5. Ger. A German squadron is
ordered to Chile.
Apr. 11. Further successes of the in-
surgents are reported.
Apr. 16. The insurgents defeat a Gov-
ernment force at Caldera.
Apr. 23. The Government troops are
defeated by the insurgents at Iquique.
Apr. 25. A torpedo destroys the iron-
clad Blanco Encalada, recently captured
by the insurgents, causing the loss of 180
lives.
Apr. 27. The Chilean insurgents' tur-
reted ironclad Huascar is sunk by a
torpedo.
May 14. The Chilean war-ship Esme-
ralda leaves Acapulco.
May 17. An engagement between
Chilean torpedo boats and the insurgent
fleet occurs at Pisagua.
May 23. The Esmeralda is at Acapulco,
unable to obtain coal.
June 4. The Chilean insurgent trans-
port Itata surrenders to Acting Kear-
Adm. McCann, U. S. N., in the harbor
of Iquique, turning over all the arms
brought from San Diego, consisting of
5,000 rifles and 2,000,000 rounds of ammu-
nition.
June 10±. The Itata leaves Iquique for
California, accompanied by the Charles-
ton (U.S.N).
June 16±. Pisagua and Iquique are
bombarded by Government war-ships.
Iquique surrenders, after being partly June 21- A number of the crew of the
burned, to the insurgent fleet.
Feb. 26. In the ruins at Iquique 200
women and children perish, and the
principal houses are all pillaged by the
insurgents.
Feb. 28. President Balmaceda is trying
to buy a fast cruiser from Argentine.
His force now consists of 30,000 ill*
equipped men.
Mar. 3. Part of the Government troops
shoot their officers, and join the in-
surgents.
Mar. 6. The insurgents are short of
ammunition.
Mar. 7. The insurgents gain an im-
portant victory over the Government
troops near Pozo Almonte.
Chilean war-ship Esmeralda, landing at
the Lobos Islands for provisions, are
killed by the working-men.
June 22. The insurgent army is in-
creasing gradually, and will soon assume
the offensive.
June 23. President Balmaceda is in-
creasing his army.
July 1+. Heavy fighting between the
Government and insurgent forces on
both land and sea is reported.
July 2. The insurgent army occupies
Huasco, and Balmaceda's army flees.
July 8. Balmaceda's army is defeated
by the insurgent forces.
July 12. A plot to destroy the Govern-
ment squadron at Valparaiso is foiled.
Valparaiso between the insurgents and
the Government troops.
Aug. 28. Balmaceda's army is routed
at Vina del Mar, and Valparaiso is sur-
rendered to the insurgent army ; the
American; German, French, and English
admirals preserve order.
Decisive battle of Concon.
The insurgents land at Quintero a
force of 8,600 infantry, 600 cavalry, and
800 men of the naval brigade, with 3
batteries of field artillery, and a battery
of Gatling guns. Gen. Alzerreca, with
a force of about equal numbers, attacks
them at Concon, and is routed. Balma-
ceda loses between 2,000 and 3,000 killed
and wounded ; the insurgents lose about
1,000 men.
Aug. 31. The insurgents take San-
tiago.
Nov. 4. Chile is preparing for war by
strengthening the forts at Santiago.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 May 4. Fifteen craters, throw-
ing out masses of mud, in a Chilean
valley, carry ruin in every direction, and
sweep away houses, cattle, and people.
1893 Apr. 16. A total eclipse of the
sun is visible in Chile and other South
American States.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891 Sept. 19. Balmaceda. Jose Ma-
nuel, ex-president, commits suicide, A49.
SOCIETY.
1890 Mar.* The native laboring
class threatens the Government with a
revolution unless foreign immigration
is checked.
June. * The Araucanian districts are in-
fected with bandits.
July 7. Rioting is reported at Iquique ;
commercial and shipping operations are
suspended.
July 16. A strike of 7,000 men occurs
in the nitrate districts.
July 24. A mob in Santiago sacks a
number of stores ; quelled by the mili-
tary.
1891 Apr. 30. A dynamite bomb is
thrown at the palace of President Bal-
maceda, but does no damage.
May 8. An unsuccessful attempt is made
to assassinate the leading members of
the Cabinet.
July 4. Balmaceda is still cruelly perse-
cuting the families of the officers of the
insurgent army and others.
CHILE.
1890, Mar. * -1894, Apr. 8. 609
Sept. 17. At Valparaiso all the business
houses are closed and great festivities
are in progress during the national
holidays.
Sept. 23. The restoration of peace
festivities is celebrated without politi-
cal disturbances.
Oct. 16. A mob attacks eight sailors of
the cruiser Baltimore (U. S. A.) in the
streets of Valparaiso ; two die of their
injuries. [The assailants are sentenced
to punishment.]
Nov. 1. Troops guard the U. S. Lega-
tion in Santiago, on account of appre-
hensions that an attempt might be made
hy a mob to capture the refugees shel-
tered there.
Nov. 27. The American and Spanish
Legations at Santiago are still guarded
by Chilean troops.
STATE.
1890 Aug. 2. Popular opposition is
made to the effort to establish commer-
cial reciprocity with the United States.
Aug. 4. Political relations between
the Executive and Congress are some-
what strained.
Aug. 12. Sefior Belisario Prat is to
form a new Cabinet.
Oct. 17. Balmaceda closes the session
of the Congress.
1891 Jan. 1. Balmaceda issues a
manifesto declaring his purpose to ob-
serve the Constitution. It starts a revo-
lution.
Jan. 7. Civil war begins.
Jan. 15. The dictatorship is assumed
by President Balmaceda.
To interrupt the nitrate trade, the in-
surgents declare the ports to be block-
aded.
Jan. 16. The Government is taking
active measures against the insur-
gents.
Jan. 17. The revolt is spreading rap-
idly.
Jan. 23. The insurgents are masters of
the situation.
Jan. 24. The President declines to
resign, and the trouble spreads. Fac-
tories and railroads are at a standstill.
Jan. 31. President Balmaceda is willing
to open negotiations with the insur-
gents.
Feb. 5. The Government prohibits the
export of nitrates.
Mar. 10. The convention in Santiago
nominates Sefior Vicuna for the
presidency.
Apr. 1. The elections have resulted in
a liberal triumph.
Apr. 8±. The Government seizes the
German steamship Romulus ; the Romu-
lus was loaded with nitrate, and paid
export duty on it to the revolutionists.
May 2. The insurgents establish a pro-
visional junta for the provinces in
their hands.
May 7. President Balmaceda rejects
the proposition from the insurgents for
a peace conference ; [an unsuccessful
attempt is made to assassinate the
leadingmembers of the Chilean Cabinet].
May 30. Bolivia formally recognizes
the insurgents.
June 1. The newly elected Congress
meets; it favors Balmaceda.
June 18. The House of Deputies author-
izes a forced loan of $20,000,000 ; all
the gold and silver (metallic reserves) in
the treasury are sold at auction.
June 27. A new Cabinet is organized,
to work primarily for the restoration of
internal order.
July 6. The Peruvian Government
seizes a steamer chartered by Balma-
ceda.
July 25. Claudio Vicufia, the candi-
date of Balmaceda, is elected to the
presidency [but not inaugurated].
July 28. The election of Claudio Vi-
cufia to the presidency is confirmed
by the Electoral College.
July 29. The Congressional party is-
sues a statement to the effect that the
election of Vicufia as president is null
and void.
Aug. 16. The Governor of Pisagua,
reinstated by Balmaceda's troops, puts
to death many of the dictator's oppo-
nents in that city, and locks up the
grain ; the people are starving.
Aug. 22. President Balmaceda is said
to have seized $1,000,000 in silver
bullion sent by a British war-ship to
Montevideo. (See Miscellaneous.)
Aug. 29. Chile claims heavy dam-
ages from Mexico for permitting the
Esmeralda to leave Acapulco on May 14.
Aug. 30. The insurgent party is in pos-
session of Santiago. Balmaceda re-
signs in favor of Gen. Baquedano, and
the country is tranquil.
Sept. 4. Patrick Egan, U. S. Minister
to Chile, recognizes the Provisional
Government formed by the Congress
party.
Sept. 9. The Junta begins legal pro-
ceedings in England to recover the
$1,000,000 in silver shipped on the British
gunboat Espiegle at Balmaceda's re-
quest.
Sept. 19. Ex-president Balmaceda
shoots himself in his room at the Ar-
gentine Legation in Santiago.
Oct. 18. A general election is held.
Oct. 21. In the general elections the
Liberals defeat the Clerical Party over-
whelmingly.
Oct. 26. Pursuant to instructions from
the U. S. Government, Minister Egan
demands reparation for the assault
upon U. S. seamen. (See Society.)
Oct. 28. The Government replies
pertly and arrogantly to Minister Egan.
Nov. 6. Adm. Montt accepts the presi-
dency.
Nov. 7±. A liberal majority is ob-
tained in the Congress.
Nov. 11. The Congress assembles,
and the Junta formally surrenders its
power to that body.
Nov. 12. The Cabinet appointed by the
Junta resigns.
Nov. 19. Adm. Jorge Montt is unan-
imously elected president of Chile.
Dec. 26. Adm. Montt is inaugurated
as president.
1892 Jan. 24. The Minister of Foreign
Affairs informs Minister Egan that the
Santiago Government would reply at.
once to the ultimatum of the United
States. (See United States.)
Feb. 5. In Santiago, Minister Egan's
house is guarded by the police ; the
sentences of the assailants of the Balti-
more's men are made more severe.
Feb. 26. Chile declines to participate
in the World's Fair at Chicago he-
cause of the expense involved.
Mar. 14. A new Cabinet is announced;
it is composed of Liberals.
July 19. The Government agrees to pay
$75,000 to the families of the American
sailors murdered by the mob in Val-
paraiso in October last.
July 27. The Senate favors the pas-
sage of a General Amnesty Bill, but
there is much opposition in the House
of Deputies.
Aug. 11. Chile agrees to the establish-
ment of a Claims Commission, to meet
at Washington, for the settlement of
claims growing out of the Baltimore
affair.
Oct. 8. A new agreement is entered
into between Chile and Peru concerning
the guano beds.
Nov. 6. The Ministry resigns.
Nov. 12. President Montt has induced
his Cabinet to remain in office.
1893 Mar. 16. The Chamber of Depu-
ties passes a law compelling the Presi-
dent to sell in three years the famous
nitrate lands which Chile acquired hy
conquest from Peru.
1894 Apr. 5. A new Cabinet is
formed.
Apr. 6. The new Cabinet resigns.
Apr. 8. A new Liberal Cabinet is
formed, with Sefior Borgono as premier.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 May 24. A $2,000,000 fire oc-
curs in Iquique, and only two war-ships
are left to the Government.
July 6. A fire in Santiago destroys,
among other buildings, the one occupied
by the British Legation ; loss, from
$2,000,000 to $3,000,000.
Sept. 16. The Moselle arrives at South-
ampton with $800,000 in silver
shipped by President Balmaceda.
Oct. 4. The Chilean steamer Itata starts
from San Diego, U. S. A., for Val-
paraiso.
Nov. 13. The whaleback steamer
Charles T. Wetmore, from U. S. A.,
arrives at Valparaiso.
1892 Jan. 19. The mail steamer John
Elder is wrecked in the Straits of Ma-
gellan.
610 2700b.c.-126 a. d.
CHINA.
China is a great empire, comprising five divisions, Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan (Eastern), Tibet, Dzungaria, and China
proper ; the area of the latter is 1,336,841 square miles, and its population numbers 386,853,029 ; area of the whole Empire, 4,218,401
square miles ; and the population, 402,680,000. The government, an absolute monarchy, is administered by the Emperor's Court
at Peking and by the viceroys of the provinces. The principal religions are Sinism, Buddhism, and Taoism.
Note. — The chronology of emperors and dynasties which follow is after 1). C. Bonlger's Short History of China. The period of
semi-mythical history begins in 2367 b. c. Some Chinese authors claim an antiquity extending many thousands of years before this date.
ARMY — NAVY.
936 * * b. c. The Tartars invade the
Empire, and are driven back by the Em-
peror.
246* *-210* * b. c. Tsin Ching
"Wang raises an army of 300,000 men, and
drives the Tartars who survive his at-
tacks from the borders of the Empire.
He is the first to organize what may be
called a standing army.
201 * * b. c. The Emperor begins the
Great Wall, to protect Northern China
from the incursions of the Tartars.
211* *-206* * b. c. Civil war pre-
vails ; Lew-Pang and Heang Yu are the
leaders of two parties.
121 * * b. c. The Emperor Vouti sends
an expedition which subdues the
Heung-noo, and annexes their territory.
* * * b. o. The general, Wei Tsing, de-
feats the Tartars, takes 15,000 prisoners
and the spoil of their camp.
73+ * * b. c. Emperor Sieunti sends an
expedition against the Tartars, and
drives them westward to the country be-
tween Turkestan and the Caspian Sea.
* * * The Emperor's war of 50 years
with the Tartars ends in defeat.
1* *a. d. The rebellion of Wang
Mang partly succeeds.
23 * * The rebels are defeated by the army
of Lew Sew.
* * * Pauchow, Mingti's great general,
subdues the Huns, and distinguishes this
reign.
90± * * Pauchow drives back the Huns
as far as the Caspian Sea.
93 * * The Heung-noo rebel, and are
driven completely out of Eastern Asia by
the army of the Emperor.
ART — LETTERS — NATURE.
2700 * * b. c. The Chinese claim to be-
gin their first cycle.
2650 * * b. c. Fohi, the founder of the
Empire, teaches the art of writing. He
also introduces the divisions of the year.
* * * The Emperor Shun Nung, the succes-
sor of Fohi , invents the plow , and intro-
duces agriculture and medical science.
2400± * * b. c. The magnet is known.
2207 * * b. c. The records become
more or less reliable.
1200 * * b. c. Umbrellas are known.
1084+ * * b. c. The art of stamp-cut-
ting is known.
* * * Emperor Wangti invents weapons,
wagons, ships, clocks, musical instru-
ments, and introduces coins, weights,
and measures (?).
* * * The Emperor Tikou establishes
schools.
651 * * b. c. Se-ma-tsien fixes the first
dates of his history.
644 * * b. c. A remarkable display of
meteors is mentioned.
600 * * b. c. Jupiter is known as a
planet, and inserted in a chart of the
heavens, in which 1,460 stars are accu-
rately described.
551+ * * b. c. Confucius, the philoso-
pher, is born.
400+ * * b. c. The Chinese wall is
built (?).
246* *-210* *b. c. The Emperor
Ching Wang erects a magnificent pal-
ace, builds roads, and erects the great
wall.
221+* *b. c. Tsin Chi Hwangti
builds palaces.
He builds the royal palace within the
walls, and Palace of Delight beyond the
walls. The Hall of Audience he orna-
ments with 12 great statues.
211 * * b. c. The great walls are com-
pleted after 10 years of labor.
Ching Wang orders the destruction
of all the books in the Empire, because
the schoolmen oppose his reforms by
lauding the feudal system and the men
of former times.
206 * * B. c. Kaou-te dreads the influ-
ence of the schoolmen, and continues
the law requiring books to be burned,
while he repeals all others made by
Ching Wang.
202+ * * b. c. Literature and the art
of printing are encouraged.
180+ * * b. c. Emperor Wenti restores
and encourages literature.
160 * * b. c. Paper is made from the
inner bark of trees (bast).
160+ * * b. c. Cotton paper is used.
141+ * * b. c. Emperor Vouti becomes
a patron of art and science.
120 * * b. c. The theory of eclipses is
known.
108+ * * b. c. Porcelain is known.
60+ * * a. d. Mingti constructs a dyke
30 miles long for the relief of Hoang-
Ho from inundations.
89+ * * The Emperor Hoti introduces the
culture of the grape.
95+ * * Linen paper is invented.
107 * * The first credible historian ap-
pears among the Chinese.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
565+ * * b. c. Lao-tse, or Lao Tseu, the phi-
losopher, born.
561 * * b. c. Confucius b. [479. Dies. A72.]
370+ * * b. c. Mencius, the philosopher, b.
289 * * B. c. Mencius, philosopher, A81±.
250 * * b. c. Chow Siang Wang, emperor, d.
246 * * b. c. Chwang Siang Wang, emperor,
dies.
210 * * b. c. Ching: Wang, emperor, dies.
CHURCH.
565+ * * b. c. Laotze the sage is horn
in the province of Honan. His followers
(Taose) are called " The Disciples of
Beason."
[His religious teachings affirm the ex-
istence of a Supreme Being (Tao), com-
mend universal benevolence, and predict
the final absorption of all pure and en-
lightened souls into the supreme, eternal
Spirit.]
350± * * b. c. The use of the tablet
begins, for the souls of ancestors.
202 * * b. c. Katosou (Lew Pang) comes
to the throne, and exchanges the wor-
ship of the gods of the soil of Thsin for
that of Han, his native state.
68+* *a. D. Ho-Shung, a Buddhist
priest from India, introduces Bud-
dhism, and [the Armenians allege that]
the Apostle Thomas introduces Chris-
tianity.
70+ * * Buddhism is officially intro-
duced by envoys who had been sent to
India to study it.
SOCIETY.
2650+ * * b. c. Fohi introduces mar-
riage.
2285± * * b. c. The Emperors are radi-
cally opposed to intemperance, and
banish an inventor of an alcoholic
beverage, which he obtained from rice.
2200+ * * b. c. Yao the Great is an ab-
stainer from wine. [Mencius says], " Yu
hated the pleasant wine."
During the reigns of Yao and Chun
virtue pervades the land, and crime is
unknown, while prosperity abounds.
1770+ * * b. c. Kia, the tyrant, is also
a voluptuary.
To gratify his favorite concubine, he
provided " her with a splendid palace,
and in the park that surrounded it a
lake of wine was formed at which ' three
thousand men drank at the sound of a
drum,' while the trees hung with dried
meats, and ' hills of flesh ' were piled
up." (Cyc. of Temperance.)
479 * * B. c. After devoting his life to
virtue and good government, Confucius
dies a retired, neglected, and disap-
pointed man.
246+ * * b. c. Ching Wang is a re-
former, and unpopular with the upper
classes.
202 * * b. c. Near the beginning of the
Han dynasty [and afterwards], a fine of
four ounces of silver is put on all guilty
CHINA.
2700 b.c. -126 a. d. 611
of meeting together and drinking in
companies of more than three per-
sons.
179± * * B. C. The Emperor Wenti orders
that all old men shall be provided
with corn, meat, and wine, besides silk
and cotton for wearing-apparel.
* * * B. c. "Wenti abolishes punishment
by mutilation.
98 * * b. c. Liquors can be made and
sold only by the Government. (Cyc.
of Temperance and Prohibition.)
STATE.
* * * b. c. The mythical Fohi, a pred-
ecessor of Hwangti, according to native
writers, founds the Empire, introduces
cattle-raising, teaches writing, intro-
duces divisions of the year, and insti-
tutes marriage.
2637 * * b. c. Hwangti (the Heavenly
Emperor) is enthroned.
2577 * * B. c. Chaohow is enthroned.
[2457, Chwenhio; 2397, Tikou; 2366,
Tichi.]
2357 * * b. c. Yao is enthroned [and
becomes the most famous of the early
rulers].
The brilliant period of the early his-
tory begins. The theory of government
is based on the popular will.
Yao organizes the political system of
the country, builds canals and roads,
aud fosters agriculture and commerce.
He establishes the capital at Ke-choo
and Shan-tung.
History is somewhat evolved from its
mists [by the dates furnished by Con-
fucius].
2285 * * B. c. Chun becomes associate
emperor.
2257 * * b. c. Chun is sole emperor.
The golden age of national felicity
is enjoyed.
2224 * * b. c. Tu is associate emperor.
2208 * * b. c. Yu the Great is sole em-
peror.
He founds the dynasty of Hia. [He
is the first to unite the supreme ecclesi-
astical power with the temporal power.]
2207 * * b. c. The legendary history
ends.
2200±**b. c. The Chinese settle
around the bend of the Yellow River.
The Hia dynasty rules the Empire.
2197 * * b. c. Tiki seizes the throne of
the deceased emperor, his father, and
[becomes the first of 17 emperors].
2188 * * b. c. Taikang is enthroned.
[2159, Chungkang; 2146, Siang ; 2118,
Chokang ; 2057, Chou ; 2040, Hoai ; 2014,
Mang; 1996, Lie; 1980, Poukiang ; 1921,
Kiung ; 1900, Kin ; 1879, Kukiang ; 1848,
Kao ; 1837, Fa.]
1818 * * B. c. Kia is enthroned. He is
licentious, cruel, faithless, and disso-
lute.
1776* *b. c. The Chang dynasty
rules the Empire.
A revolution by popular uprising
overthrows the dynasty of Kia, and re-
stores that of Chang or Yin [which
gives 28 rulers, most of whom are vicious
and cruel, but otherwise unworthy of
note].
+* * B. c. Chang is enthroned, and by
wise rule prosperity in large measure
returns.
1753** B.C. Taikia is enthroned. [1720,
Wouting; 1691, Taikeng ; 1666, Siaokia ;
1649, Yungki ; 1637, Taiwou ; 1562, Chung-
ting ; 1549, Waijen ; 1534, Hotankia ; 1525,
Tsouy; 1506, Tsousin ; 1490, Woukai ;
1465, Tsouting ; 1433, Nankeng ; 1408,
Yangkia ; 1401, Pankeng ; 1373, Siaosin ;
1352, Siaoy ; 1324, Wouting ; 1225, Linsin ;
1219, Kengting ; 1198, Wouy ; 1194, Tait-
ing ; 1191, Tiy ; 1154, Chousin.]
1122+ * * b. c. The Chao dynasty, of
873 years, is the longest recorded in his-
tory.
1122 * * b. c. A popular revolution,
led by Wou-Wang, overthrows the ef-
feminate Chang dynasty and establishes
that of Cho w. [It regenerates the Em-
pire, and continues 873 years, abounding
with revolutions, usurpations, and wars
with the Tartars.]
* * b. c. Wou-Wang is enthroned.
[Wang divides the country into 72
feudal states.]
1115* * B. c. Ching Wang is enthroned.
[1078, Kang Wang ; 1052, Chao Wang ;
1001, Mou Wang ; 946, Kung Wang ; 934,
Y Wang ; 909, Hiao Wang ; 894, 1 Wang ;
878, Li Wang; 827, Siuan Wang; 781,
Yeou Wang ; 770, Ping Wang ; 719, Hing
Wang ; 696, Chwang Wang ; 681, Li
Wang ; 676, Hwei Wang ; 651, Siang
Wang ; 618, King Wang ; 612, Kwang
Wang; 606, Ting Wang; 585, Kien
Wang ; 571, Ling Wang ; 544, King
Wang ; 519, Keng Wang ; 475, Youan
Wang; 468, Chingting Wang; 440, Kao
Wang; 425, Weili Wang; 401, Gan
Wang ; 375, Lie Wang ; 368, Hien Wang ;
320, Chintsen Wang ; 314, Nan Wang.]
255 * * b. c. The Emperor is deposed
by one of his powerful vassals, and re-
duced to an humble position.
The Tsin dynasty rules the Empire.
255 * * B. c. Chow Siang is enthroned.
He subdues the independent vassal
states, and unites the Empire.
250 * * b. c. Hiao Wang is enthroned.
249 * * B. c. Chwang Siang Wang is en-
throned.
246* * b. c. Ching "Wang is en-
throned. He assumes the title emperor,
instead of king. [He is the first " uni-
versal emperor."]
221 * * u. c. Tsin Chi Hwangti is en-
throned at the age of 13 years.
* * * b. c. The fame of the dynasty
reaches its highest point.
* * * b. c. The Emperor divides the
Empire into 36 provinces, and or-
ders by special decree that roads be
made in all parts of his dominion.
The Emperor adopts a civil service
requiring the non-employment of the
officials in their native provinces.
211 * * -206 * * b. c. Civil war ; Lew-
Pang and Heang Yu struggle against
each other to secure the throne of the
effeminate emperor.
209 * * b. c. Eulchi Hwangti is en-
throned.
206 * * b. c. Tsoupa Wang is enthroned.
The Han dynasty rules the Empire.
202 * * b. c. Katosou (Lew-Pang) is en-
throned.
194 * * b. c. Hiao Hweiti is enthroned.
187 * * b. c. Kaohwang is enthroned.
The Empress Liuchi rules as regent.
179 * * b. c. Wenti is enthroned ; he is
friendly to literature.
156 * * B. c' Kingti is enthroned.
140 * * b. c. Vouti is enthroned ; he
favors the arts and sciences.
* * * b. c. He has an unsuccessful war
with the Tartars.
* * * b. c. He annexes Szchuen.
86 * * b. c. Chaoti is enthroned at the
age of eight years.
73 * * b. c. Sieunti ■ is enthroned ; he
punishes the Tartars, and drives them
westward as far as the Caspian Sea.
48 * * B. c. Yuenti is enthroned.
32 * * B. c. Chingti is enthroned.
6 * * B. c. Gaiti is enthroned.
1 * * A. D. Pingti is enthroned.
* * Wang Mang leads a successful rebel-
lion against Pingti, the infant heir to the
throne.
6 * * The usurper, Wang Mang, is en-
throned, but gains only a slender follow-
ing.
23 * * Lew Sew leads a revolt against
Wang Mang, and defeats him. Ti Yuen
is enthroned.
25 * * Kwang Vouti (Lew Sew) is en-
throned.
58 * * Mingti is enthroned.
* * * The states of Shen Shen, Khoten,
Kuche, and Kashgar, are annexed as
appanages of the Empire.
76 * * Changti is enthroned.
89 * * Hoti is enthroned at the age of 10
years.
106 * * Changti II. is enthroned.
107 * * Ganti is enthroned. The widow
of Hoti is regent.
126 * * Chunti is enthroned. [Several
rebellions occur. 145, Chungti ; 146,
Chiti; 147, Hiuenti; 168, Lingti. The
Empire rapidly declines. 190, Hienti.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
2357* * -2258* *B. c. During the reign
of Emperor Yao roads and canals are
built, and commerce is fostered. He es-
tablishes marts and fairs throughout
the land.
* * * Chun the Great labors nine years in
draining the flooded lands of north-
ern China.
200 * * B. c. Canton is founded.
612 129,**-1230,**.
CHINA.
ARMY — NAVY.
129 * * The Chinese aid the Scythians
in a battle with the Phraates, and ravage
tbe coasts of the Caspian Sea.
220 + * * Chang Keo, the impostor, is
defeated by Tsaou Tsaou.
222 * * -264 * * War prevails between
the three kingdoms ; power slips from
the hands of the rival emperors into the
hands of their generals.
* * * The Emperor Sui is at war with the
Tartars and Koreans.
310 * * Tartars under Ldnsong, the
Han chief, invade China, and capture
Loyang and the Emperor.
610± * * The usurper Yangti sends expe-
ditions against the Tartars, and leads
one against the Ouigours.
627+* *Taitsong raises a standing army
of 900,000 men, and provides for the train-
ing in arms of more than 250,000 men.
658* *-670* * China is at war with
Korea on both land and sea. The Ko-
reans are aided by the Japanese.
713 * * -756 * * The Emperor Yuen-
Tsung reigns ; he sends an army to aid
the king of Kholand, and has an unsuc-
cessful war with the Khitans.
757 * * Artillery is said to have been
used at the defense of Taiguen, by a
lieutenant of the Emperor.
9th Century — 12th Century. The Tar-
tars ravage the Empire.
907± * * Taitsou defeats the Prince of
Han, and captures the fortress of Loo-
chow.
* * * Taitsou subdues the revolting gov-
ernor of Szchuen by entering his prov-
ince with 60,000 men.
* * * Taitsou subdues the province of
Kiangnan by defeating the revolting
Princes of Tang.
960 * * Gen. Chaou Kwang-yin prose-
cutes the war against the Tartars with
varying success.
1139 * * The Kins are defeated in battle
by the Mongols under Kabul Khan.
1161+ * * War with the Kins.
1206* * Tibet is subdued by Genghis
Khan.
1213± * * Genghis Khan, with three
armies, overruns Northern China, com-
pletely defeating the Kins.
* * * Genghis Khan divides his army
into four divisions, and advancing south-
ward sweeps the country, destroying
more than 90 cities, and desolating the
country.
1215 * * Genghis Khan with his Mon-
gols sacks Peking.
1216 * * The invaders take the impor-
tant mountain pass between Eastern
and Western China at Tung-Kwan.
1220* * The Mongols take Tse-nanFoo,
the capital of Shan-tung.
1225 * * Genghis Khan marches an
army into Hea, which completely con-
quers the Kins forces.
1230 * * War with the Kins continues,
and Segan-Foo and 60 important posts
are taken.
ART — LETTERS — NATURE.
166 * * Tschang Heng studies astron-
omy.
2dCentury . Porcelain is manufactured
from earth, kaolin.
449+ * * The Chinese claim the discov-
ery of America.
589+ * * The Emperor Soui promotes
science and education.
* * * The Emperor Soui adds 5,000 vol-
umes to the 10,000 volumes in the
Imperial library.
593 * * Block printing is invented.
605+ * * The Emperor Yangti increases
the Imperial library to 54,000 vol-
umes.
Yangti attempts to make Honan the
most magnificent city of the world,
and employs 2,000,000 people to embellish
it, and causes 50,000 merchants to make
it their residence.
Yangti completes nearly 5,000 miles
of canals in his brief reign.
The Grand Canal, 40 yards wide, is lined
with stone, and its banks bordered with
elms and willows.
618* *-907* *The Golden Age of
literature is placed during the Tang
dynasty.
627+ * * The Empress Changsunchi
is a patron of letters ; and the Imperial
library and college at the capital are
established by her influence.
713+ * * The Emperor Jouitsong encour-
ages literature and learning.
757 * * The Chinese claim to have first
used artillery at the defense of Taiguen.
960+ * * Taitsou encourages the arts
and sciences.
10th century. The Peking Gazette is tradi-
tionally said to be issued. [Unsupported
by evidence.]
1040+ * * Jintsong promotes educa-
tion and patronizes literature.
He restores the colleges founded dur-
ing the Tang dynasty, builds a school or
academy in every town, and directs that
the examinations shall be frequent and
impartial.
* * * Szemakwang writes an important
history of the Tangs, and an idyl called
the Garden of Szemakwang.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
604 * * a. d. Yang Keen, emperor, dies.
617 * * Yangti, the usurper, is assassinated.
650 * * -Taitsong, emperor, dies.
684 * * Kaotsong, emperor, dies.
705 * * Woo How, empress, dies.
763 * * vSoutsung, emperor, dies.
976 * * Taitsou, emperor, dies.
1163* * Genghis Khan, Mongol emperor,
horn. [1227. Dies. A65.]
CHURCH.
505* * Nestorian missionaries intro-
duce the Christian religion.
566 * * The Emperor abolishes both Bud-
dhism and Taonism because of their
jealousies and strifes.
569± * * Taonism declines.
625 * * -57 * * The Taonists having be-
come insolent are banished to the prov-
inces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi.
627* *-640* *The Nestorian mis-
sionaries are welcomed by the Emperor.
835 * * O-lo-peen, a Nestorian priest,
arrives from Rome, and soon builds a
church and has 20 priests in service.
845 * * Emperor Woutsong abolishes all
temples, closes monasteries, nunner-
ies, and other ecclesiastical establish-
ments, orders their inmates to return to
their families, and foreign Christians,
Buddhist and Magi teachers, to leave
the Empire.
860 * * -874 * * Eeign of Ytsong ; he
discovers a bone of Buddha, and brings
it to the capital in great state.
905 * * Buddhism is dominant in Tibet.
960+ * * Under the Sung dynasty
Taonist priests are forbidden to marry.
SOCIETY.
180+ * * A. d. Chang Keo, a Taonist
priest, claims to cure the long prevail-
ing plague by magic, and thereby se-
cures the control of the northern prov-
inces.
459+ * * The Emperor of the Northern
Wei dynasty makes a very severe pro-
hibitory law. All liquor-makers, liq-
uor-vendors, and liquor-drinkers are to
be beheaded.
601+ * * Yangti, the second son of Soui,
reaches the throne by compelling his
brother to strangle himself.
* * Yangti levies a laborer from each
family, and also employs the army in
the construction of public works.
617 * * Yangti is murdered by a fa-
natic.
618 * * -908 * * China is the most civi-
lized country in the world.
* * The Emperor Kungti is murdered.
620 * * Taitsong gains the throne by
poisoning his predecessor.
660± * * The Emperor Kaotsong mar-
ries Woo How, one of his father's
widows.
683 * * Notwithstanding the common dis-
regard for women, Woo How gains su-
preme influence, and usurps the throne.
710 * * Chungtsong, the rightful heir of
the throne, is poisoned by his wife.
781* *Tetsong invents a peculiar
scheme of prohibition.
All the liquor-shops are divided into
three grades, to pay a monthly tax to
the government according to size, and
then all persons, officers, and people
are strictly forbidden to buy or drink.
821 * *Hientsong is poisoned by the
chief of the eunuchs.
1160+ * * The law requires t,hat all offi-
cials who drink intoxicants shall be
beheaded.
STATE.
220* *-265* * The Empire is di-
vided into three kingdoms, and ruled
CHINA.
129,**-1230,
613
by various minor princes, chief among
whom are Tasou Pei, Lew Pei, and Sun
Keuen Khan.
The Later Tain dynasty rules the
Empire.
265 * * Vouti proclaims himself emperor
and is enthroned. The Empire is again
united.
284 * * Roman ambassadors from Theo-
dosius arrive.
290 * * Hwaiti is enthroned. [307, Hoaiti ;
313, Mingti.]
315 * * -582 * * Nanking is the capital
of China.
317* *Yuangti is enthroned. [323,
Mingti ; 326, Chingti ; 343, Kangti ; 345,
Mouti ; 362, Gaiti ; 366, Tiy ; 371, Kian
Wenti ; 373, Hiao Vouti ; 397, Ganti ; 419,
Kungti.]
The Song dynasty rules the Empire.
[Discord and confusion, domestic
wars and religious dissensions and pal-
ace intrigues, prevail for nearly 200
years, with scarcely more than a sem-
blance of united authority.]
420 * * Vouti is enthroned.
423 * * Ying Wang is enthroned.
5th Century. The Turks conquer the
provinces of Tchao and Northern Liang.
424 * * Wenti is enthroned. [454, Vouti ;
465, Mingti ; 473, Gou Wang ; 477, Chunti.]
The Tsi dynasty rules the Empire.
479 * * Koti is enthroned. [483, Vouti ;
494, Mingti ; 499, Paokwen ; 501, Hoti.]
The Leang dynasty rules the Em-
pire.
502 * * Vouti is enthroned. [550, Wenti ;
552, Yuenti ; 555, Kingti.]
The Chin dynasty rules the Empire.
556 * * Vouti is enthroned. [564. Vouti
is dethroned, and succeeded by Wenti.
567, Petsong ; 569, Suenti.]
The Soui dynasty rules the Empire.
Yang Keen, a prince Soui, having
subjected the Tartar kingdom, over-
turns the southern kingdom, and re-
unites the Empire [and proves a wise
and able ruler] .
Commerce and industry are encour-
A new and improved code of laws is
instituted.
580 * * Wenti (Yang Keen) is enthroned.
601 * * Vouti is enthroned. [He trans-
fers the capital from Nanking to Honan.J
605 * * Yangti is enthroned, after for-
cing the heir to strangle himself. [The
usurper gives himself up to debauchery
and afterward to conquests.]
* * * Yangti annexes Lew Kew Island to
the Empire.
617 * * Kungti, the rightful heir, is en-
throned.
The Tang dynasty rules the Empire.
[The Golden Era.]
618 * * Kaotsou (Liyuen) is enthroned.
627* *Taitsong (Lichimin) is en-
throned on the abdication of his father.
+ * * Taitsong raises a standing army of
900,000 men.
+ * * Taitsong purchases an alliance with
the powerful Turks.
+ * * Taitsong recovers the Empire in
Central Asia and in. Ouigour.
643+ * * The fame of China brings am-
bassadors from Nepaul, Magadha,
Persia, and Rome to pay court to the
Emperor.
650 * * Kaotsong is enthroned.
670± * * The kingdom of Siulo, Korea,
becomes a province of China [for 60
years].
683 * * "Woo How, wife of the deceased
emperor, excludes the rightful heir,
Chungtsong, and seizes the throne.
[She rules with discretion and reestab-
lishes imperial authority in the west, and
recovers territory from the Tibetans.]
704 * * Woo How, the usurper, 80 years
of age, is compelled to abdicate.
710 * * Jouitsong is enthroned.
712**Mingti (Yuen-Tsung) is en-
throned.
[He introduces reforms, rules with dis-
cretion, but is finally driven from the
throne by a rebellion, and the Empire is
brought near the brink of ruin.]
756 * * Soutsong is enthroned. [Aided
by allies he suppresses a rebellion.]
763 * * Taitsong II. is enthroned.
[He is harassed by the incursions of
the Tibetans, and purchases assistance
of the Ouigours.]
* * * The eunuchs of the palace have
great power, and abound in intrigues.
780 * * Tetsong is enthroned. [He is
greatly assisted by Kwo Tsey, his able
general and best adviser. 805, Chunt-
song; 806, Hientsong; 821, Moutsong ;
825, Kingtsong; 827, Wentsong; 841,
Woutsong. He turns the government
against Christians and other religious
teachers, and orders their expulsion.]'
847 * * Hiuentsong is enthroned.
860 * * Ytsong is enthroned.
[The repressive measures against re-
ligion are abandoned, and Buddhism is
favored.]
874 * * Hitsong is enthroned.
* * * Hitsong is driven from the capital
by Hwang Chao, a rebel. The Emperor
finds an ally in the Turkish chief Like-
yong (Tungani), who commands 40,000
Mohammedans, called, from the color of
their uniform, " The Black Crows."
889 * * Chaotsong is enthroned.
905 * * Chao Hiuenti is enthroned.
007 * * -954 * * Five small dynasties
rule the Empire.
Three Leangs, later four Tang, two
Later Tsin, two Later Han, and two
Later Chow.
[These brief dynasties have nominal
power over the Empire, but real power
only within narrow limits, and govern-
ment is greatly disorganized.]
907 * * Prince Leang profits by dissen-
sions in the Empire, and gains the throne
as Taitsou.
* * * Taitsou annexes the rich province
of Szchuen, and adds 40,000,000 subjects
to the Empire.
913 * * Chouching is enthroned. [915,
Ching; 923, Chwangtsong ; 926, Mingt-
song ; 934, Minti ; and later in the same
year, Lou Wang ; 936, Kaotsou ; 943, Tsi
Wang; 947, Kaotsou; 948, Ynti ; 951,
Taitsou; 954, Chitsong.]
The Sung dynasty rules the Empire.
960 * * Taitsou is enthroned. [976, Tait-
song; 998, Chintsong I.]
1023 * * Jintsongis enthroned at 13 years
of age. His mother conducts the gov-
ernment [for ten years].
1064 * * Yngtsong is enthroned.
1068 * * Chintsong II. is enthroned.
* * * The Minister Wangauchi fails in his
socialistic reform.
1086 * * Chutsong is enthroned at the age
of 10 years. The government is con-
ducted by the Empress Tefei.
* * The Mongols begin to invade the
northwestern frontier. Hitherto they
have been vassals of the Kin Tartars, but
now are independent and strong.
1101 * * Hweitsong is enthroned.
Hweitsong invites the Tartars to
come and expel the Khitans from Leaou-
tung ; they drive out the enemy, and then
occupy the country themselves.
1115 * * The Kin dynasty rules the
northern part of the Empire beyond the
Hoang-Ho, while the Sung dynasty con-
tinues to rule the southern part.
* * Taitsou is enthroned in the north.
1123* *Tait8ong is enthroned in the
north.
1126 * * Kingtsong is enthroned.
1127 * * Kaotsong is enthroned.
* * * The Tartars overrun several prov-
inces, and advance their conquests to the
line of the Yang-tse-Kiang.
1135 * * Hitsong is enthroned in the
north. [1149, Chuliang ; 1161, Chitsong;
1163, Hiaotsong.]
1185* *Ogdai succeeds his father,
Genghis Khan, as head of the Mongols.
He forms a code of laws, and establishes
custom-houses.
1190 * * Changtsong is enthroned in the
north ; Kwangtsong in the south. [1195,
Ningtsong; 1209, Choo Yungki in the
north ; 1213, Hiuentsong ; 1224, Gaitsong ;
1225, Litsong.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
173 * * A. d. A virulent pestilence pre-
vails throughout the country, and con-
tinues for 11 years.
610± * * The usurper Yangti erects a
magnificent palace at Lo-yang.
307+ * * Paper money is used.
614 1232,**-1692, * *.
CHINA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1232 * * Mongols under Too-le take
Fung-tseang Foo and Han-chung Foo ;
100,000 citizens of the latter perish in
their flight.
[He continues his victories along the
River Han, destroying 140 towns and
fortresses.]
* * The Mongols secure the army of
Sung as an ally, and prosecute the war
against Kin vigorously.
The Kin emperor retreats from Kai-
f ung Foo, and burns himself in his palace
at the fall of Joo-ning Foo.
1234+ * * Ogdai sends 300,000 Mongols to
ravage the country bordering the Cas-
pian Sea, and 600,000 more into Sze-
chuen to subdue it.
1235 * * The Mongols, with three ar-
mies, comprising half a million men,
attempt the complete destruction of the
Sung power.
1274 * * Chitsou 3ends an expedition
against the Japanese, which is de-
feated.
1294 * * Kublai Khan dies, after con-
quering Burma, Cochin China, and
Tongking.
1356* *Choo Yuen-Chang captures
Nanking from the Mongols.
1366 * * Choo sends two great armies to
drive the Mongols out of the provinces
north of the Yang-tse-Kiang, the only ter-
ritory remaining in their possession. The
main army has 250,000 men, under Suta.
1367 * * Suta's army crosses the Hoang-
Ho, and soon completes the overthrow
of the Mongols.
1368+ * * The Emperor subdues the
Mongol power in Tartary and later in
Leaou-tung.
1401 * * Wenti, with 600,000 soldiers, for
several continuous days fights a battle
at Techow with the Prince of Yen, and
is finally defeated and his army routed.
1506 * * -22 * * In this reign Prince
Ning rebels, and is defeated with the
loss of 30,000 men.
1522 * * The invasion of the Manchu
Tartars begins.
1542 * * Yen-ta the Manchu lays waste
the province of Shen-se, and threatens
the capital. [Later a Japanese fleet dev-
astates the littoral provinces.]
1573* *-1620* *In this reign the
Japanese under Fashiba (Taiko Sama)
invade and then claim Korea, hut are
defeated, and compelled to sue for peace.
1597 * * The Japanese again invade
Korea and defeat the army and navy
sent against them.
1616 * * Goaded by injustice, the Man-
chu Tartars invade China, and defeat
the army sent against them.
1619 * * The Manchus are again victo-
rious.
1626 Sept.* The Manchus under
Noorhachu are repulsed at Ningyuen.
1635* *-44* * Bloody internecine
wars occur.
The Tartars side with the Imperial
party, defeat the usurper Li Tseching,
and enter Peking, and establish them
selves in power.
1642 * * The rebel army cuts the dikes
of the Yellow River in the siege of Kaig-
f ung Foo, and the city becomes a heap of
ruins, while 200,000 inhabitants perish.
1656 * * The Manchus defeat an expe-
dition sent against them under Koshinga
at Nanking.
1671+ * * Won Sankwei leads a rebel-
lion in the southwest, and prolongs the
struggle for nine years.
1678 * * Galdan, a prince of Jangaria,
conquers Kashgaria, and becomes the
ruler of Central Asia. [He strains the
military power of China for many years.]
1679 * * The rebellion of Wou Sankwei
ends with his death.
1689 * * Galdan is checked by Kang-hi.
ART — LETTERS — NATURE.
1275 * * Marco Polo, the Venetian,
visits the " Great Khan," Kublai.
1380* *Nicolo Zeno, a Venetian,
makes a voyage to China.
1400+ * * The Yu Ho canal is com-
pleted.
1403 ** -1425* * The Emperor
Yonglo encourages literature and the
fine arts.
1430 * * The Porcelain Tower at Nan-
king is completed, after 19 years are
spent in its construction.
1470+ * * The canal from Peking to the
Pee-Ho is made, for the transportation
of grain.
* * * The Emperor employs 50,000 soldiers
in repairing the Great Wall.
1511 * * Raphael Perestralo sails from
Malacca to China.
1662 * * -1721 * * The Emperor orders
the printing of a cyclopedia of 6109
volumes, containing all the valuable
books of the times.
* * -1723 * * The Emperor establishes
schools and colleges, and promotes lit-
erature and science.
* * An earthquake visits Peking, and
400,000 people perish.
* * Emperor Y u n g-C h i n g expels the
quarreling missionaries from the
schools.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1241 * * Ogdai, Mongol prince, A56.
1248 * * Kwei-yew, Mongol prince, dies.
1259 * * Mangu, Mongol emperor, dies.
1294 * * Kublai-Khan, founder of the
Mongol dynasty, dies.
1308 * * Chingtsong, emperor, dies.
1321 * * Jintsong, emperor, dies.
1398 * * Hongwou, emperor, dies.
1425 * * Yonglo, emperor, dies.
1567 * * Kea-tsing, emperor, dies.
1606 * * Martinez, Francis, Jesuit martyr, d.
1610* * Ricci, Matteo, the Jesuit mis-
sionary, dies.
1620 * * Wanleh, emperor, dies.
1621* * Kwantsong, Mnperor, dies.
1627 * * Teen-ke, emperor, dies.
1661 * * Cliuntche, emperor, dies.
CHURCH.
1275+ * * Mohammedanism is intro-
duced into Yunnan.
1280+ * * Kublai Khan favors Bud-
dhism.
1292 * * The first Roman Catholic
missionaries, led by Cardova, enter
China.
1294 * * John de Monte Corvino is
sent by the Pope to Peking.
1368+ * * Hongwou, as a quondam Bud-
dhist priest, favors Buddhism to the
exclusion of Taonism, whose priests
were held in contempt by intelligent
people for their pretended magical arts
and their search after the philosopher's
stone.
1403+ * * Yonglo revives the law pro-
hibiting Buddhism.
1552 * * Francis Xavier, an inten-
tional missionary to the Chinese, dies
on Sancian Island near Macao, after
crying, out " Rock, rock, when wilt
thou open?"
1575 * * Jesuit missionaries are sent
from Rome by Popo Gregory XIII. [and
are successful for a season].
1580* * Michael Ruggiero, of the
Jesuits, arrives at Macao.
1582 * * Michael Roger, a Jesuit, be-
gins mission-work.
1583 * * Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit,
arrives.
1584 * * The Roman Catholic mission-
aries baptize their first convert.
1598 * * Matteo Ricci becomes the head
of the Jesuit mission in Shanking.
1600 * * Ricci is admitted to Peking, and
finds favor with the Emperor.
He conforms Christianity to agree in
many respects with the traditions of
Confucius, and gains many converts,
some of whom are mandarins.
1606 * * The Jesuit Francis Martinez,
missionary and first martyr, dies.
1618 * * The Emperor banishes all mis-
sionaries except those following the
Jesuit teachings of Ricci, favoring an-
cestral worship.
1630* * Hainan becomes a Roman
Catholic mission-station.
1645 * * Pope Innocent X. issues a de-
cree condemning and prohibiting the
idolatrous worship of ancestors, a
practise concerning which the Jesuits
and Dominicans were divided in opinion.
1648 * * The Dominican Francis de
Capillas is beheaded.
1650 * * Jesuits claim 150,000 converts.
1656 * * Pope Alexander VII. approves
the Jesuits, and tolerates the worship
of ancestors by Chinese Christians, as
a civil rather than a religious rite.
1661* *-62* *The Jesuits enter
Tibet.
1664 * * The Jesuits claim 257,000 con-
verts.
1665 * * Five Christian mandarins are
beheaded.
* * The Emperor issues an edict against
the Jesuit missionaries because of
their interference in affairs of state.
1671 * * The Emperor Kangi restores
the Christian churches to the mission-
aries.
1680 * * Strife divides the Jesuits from
the Dominicans respecting the attitude
of the Church toward the worship of Con-
fucius, deceased ancestors, and heaven.
1692 * * The Tribunal of Rites decides
that foreigners may publicly practise
their religion. [This decision is called
the Great Charter of Christianity in
China.]
* * The French missionaries save the
life of the Emperor after his own doc-
tors have abandoned hope of his recovery.
SOCIETY.
1279 * * The Mongol emperor has a law
that all liquor-makers shall be ban-
ished and enslaved, and all their prop-
erty and children shall come under the
control and care of the government.
1323 * * Yngtsong is murdered by con-
spirators.
1621 * * At the siege of Leaoutung, by
the Manchus, the pigtail is enforced
on the Chinese as a badge of subjuga-
tion, and the one condition of immu-
nity from massacre.
1642 * * Rebellion brings want ; human
flesh is sold for food in the besieged
city of Kaifung Foo.
1650 * * The shaved head and pig-
tail, the symbol of Tartar sovereignty,
become more and more universally
adopted.
STATE.
1232 * * The Mongols enter an alliance
with the State of Sung against the Kins.
1234 * * The dynasty of the Kins comes
to an end.
1241 * * Cheliemen succeeds Ogdai, his
grandfather, as nominal head of the
Mongols.
* * Toliekona, a woman, seizes the gov-
ernment of the Mongols, and rules for
four years.
1245 * * Toliekona places her son Kwei-
yew on the throne as great khan.
1248 * * Mangu, the eldest son of Too-le,
is proclaimed emperor by the Mongols.
1255* *-1720* * Tibet is gradually
subdued and annexed.
The Mongols are supreme.
The Mongol or Yuen (Original)
dynasty rules the Empire.
1260 * * Chitsou (Kublai Khan) is en-
throned.
* * Nanking becomes the capital.
* * * Kublai Khan assumes complete
jurisdiction as Emperor of China, on
the subjugation of Sung ; he executes
public works and befriends the poor, yet
is regarded with animosity as an alien.
The nation becomes more illustrious,
and its power is more widely felt, than
ever before.
1265 * * Toutsong is enthroned. [1275,
Tihien; 1276, Touantsong; 1278, Tiping.]
1280 * * -1368 * * Peking is the capi-
tal of China.
1294 * * Timur succeeds his grandfather,
Kublai, with the title Yuen-Ching.
1295 * * Chingtsong is enthroned. [1308,
Woutsong; 1312, Jintsong. He pays
honors to both Chinese and Mongols.]
. CHINA.
1320 * * Three years of disorder fol-
low the death of Jintsong.
1321 * * Yngtsong is enthroned. [1320,
Taitingti ; 1328, Wentsong ; 1333, Chuiiti
(Johan Timour).]
* * * Disorders and confusion increase,
till Chunti is compelled to fly before
Choo Yuen-Chang, a Chinese laboring
man.
The Chinese regain supremacy.
1355 * * Choo Yuen-Chang, having re-
volted and captured Nanking, proclaims
himself the Duke of Woo [and remains
master of the Empire for 13 years].
The Ming dynasty, the first native
line of emperors, rules the Empire.
1368 * * -1403 * * Nanking is again the
capital of China.
* * Hongwou (Choo) is enthroned.
1398 * * Kien Wenti is enthroned.
* * * Successful rebellion of the Prince
of Yen.
1403 * * Yonglo (Prince of Yen) is en-
throned. [He annexes Cochin China and
Tongking.]
1410 * * Peking is again made the capi-
tal of China.
1425 * * Gintsong is enthroned.
1426 * * Suentsong is enthroned.
* * * Cochin China rebels, and becomes
independent.
1428 * * Tongking ceases to be a Chinese
province, and becomes a tributary State.
1435 * * Yngtsong is enthroned.
1450 * * Yngtsong is captured by Yesien
the Tartar [and finally liberated ; while
a captive, his brother Kingti administers
the government].
1458* *Yngtsong is restored to the
throne.
1465 * * Hientsong is enthroned.
* * * Hientsong creates the Grand Coun-
cil of Eunuchs as a star chamber.
1488 * * Hiaotsong is enthroned. [He
builds granaries for storing 100,000 bush-
els in every district of ten villages.]
1506 * * Woutsong is enthroned.
1517 * * Don Ferdinand Perez D'An-
drade, a Portuguese, sails with a squad-
ron into the Canton River.
1522 * * Chitsong is enthroned.
1523 * * D'Andrade is arrested and exe-
cuted for the depredations of Portu-
guese.
1567 * * Moutsong is enthroned.
1573 * * Wanleh is enthroned at six years
of age.
* * * He purchases peace by making Yen-
ta, the invading Tartar, a prince with
certain commercial privileges.
* * * Popai, the Turk, leads an unsuccess-
ful revolt.
[Wanleh grants land in Shen-se to
Yen-ta.]
1592 * * The Japanese invade Korea,
and are driven away ; Korea is annexed
to China.
1596 * * The British send an unsuccess-
ful expedition to China.
1597 * * The Japanese make a second
and successful invasion, yet voluntarily
retire.
1232,**-1692,
615
1601 * * Ricci, the Italian Jesuit mis-
sionary, is received at court, where he
wins favor, and becomes the scientific
adviser of the Emperor.
1604 * * The Dutch arrive in three ves-
sels, but are not admitted.
1616 * * The oppressed Manchu Tar-
tars successfully invade the empire, and
soon defeat two armies and possess Le-
aou-tung.
1620 * * The Emperor dies of grief.
* * Kwantsong is enthroned.
1621* * Kwantsong drinks.of "the
liquor of immortality," by advice of his
doctors, and dies.
* * Teen-ke is enthroned.
* * Chiti is enthroned.
1622 * * The Dutch attempt to enter by
force and are defeated. They establish
themselves on one of the Pheng-hoo Isl-
ands. [1653. Again repulsed.]
1624 * * Hitsong is enthroned.
1628 * * Hoaitsong is enthroned.
[Troubles abound, rebellions multiply,
and the Government is paralyzed. Li
tseching leads a strong rebellion, is de-
feated by aid of the Manchu Tartars,
who enter Peking, and establish the pres-
ent Manchu dynasty.]
The Manchu, or Tatsing, dynasty
rules the Empire [till the present time].
1644* *Chuntche, or Chitsou, is en-
throned.
Having been educated by A dam Schaal ,
a German Jesuit, he makes him nominal
president of the board of mathemati-
cians, but in fact, prime minister.
1656 * * The Russians arrive, but the
envoy refuses to kotow before the Em-
peror, and is sent back without an audi-
ence.
1661 * *Kang-hi is enthroned at eight
years of age, with four co-regents to
conduct the government.
[He consolidates the Empire, surveys
the provinces by aid of Europeans, and
encourages education and religion. His
reign is glorious. Formosa and Tibet
are conquered and annexed. J
1671+ * * Wou Sankwei, having su-
preme authority in southwest China,
rebels against Kangi.
1672 The Kalmuck Tartars are ex-
pelled, and settle in the region of the
Volga.
1692 * * The Tribunal of Rites passes
a decision in favor of foreigners who
wish publicly to practise their religion.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1278 * * Marco Polo visits Tibet.
1342 * * A famine destroys 13,000,000
people.
1517 * * Europeans visit Canton.
* * * Chinese porcelain is introduced
into England, and is in great demand.
1536 * * Macao is granted to the Portu-
guese merchants.
1660 * * England first receives tea from
China.
1680 * * Trade with the East India
Company begins, and an English fac-
tory is established at Canton.
616 1695, * *-1843, Oct. 9.
CHINA.
ARMY — WAVY.
1695 * * Galdan is totally defeated by
the Emperor's army at Chowmodo.
1736+ * * An army subdues Hi, and it is
annexed ; twice Burma is invaded with-
out conquest. The Mussulmans are de-
feated in Kansuh.
1755+ * * Keen-Lung subdues Davatsi
and his opponent, Amursana, in Central
Asia.
1792 * * The war against the Goorkhas
extends the triumphs of Keen-Lung
within 60 miles of British frontiers.
1808 * * The English occupy Macao,
and are peremptorily ordered to retire.
1831 * * The British opium-trade being
destroyed by the laws prohibiting its use,
a military expedition is sent to Canton.
* * England sends men-of-war to Canton,
and arms the lorchas of the opium-
smugglers.
1834 * * The British send another expe-
dition to Canton.
Sept. 5. A battle between two British
ships and the natives begins the 'war ;
several Chinese are killed.
1838 July 12. Admiral Maitland ar-
rives at Macao.
1839 Aug. 23. Hong-Kong is taken
by the British under Capt. Elliot.
Aug. 24. The British boat Black Joke is
attacked, and the crew murdered.
Nov. 3. The British frigates Volage
and Hyacinth are attacked off Chuen-
pee by 29 armed junks, four of which
are sunk.
1840* * The British declare war. The
first opium-war begins.
Feb. 28. The Chinese fire-ships unsuc-
cessfully attack the British fleet.
May 22. Armed junks attack the Brit-
ish ship Hellas.
June 28. A British fleet of 15 men-of-
war and 25 transports arrives at Canton,
and the blockade begins. Sir Gordon
Bremer commands the first part of the
expedition.
July 2. The Chinese fire on a flag of
truce at Amoy.
July 5. The British under Capt. Bremer
occupy the island of Chu-san.
July 10. The British proceed to block-
ade the coast.
Nov. 6. Capt. Elliot enters into a truce
with the Chinese Commissioner Keshen.
1841 Jan. 6. The British cease to ne-
gotiate, owing to a breach of faith by
Chinese.
Jan. 7. The Bogue forts at Chuenpee
and Taikok, with their armaments, 173
guns, are taken by the British.
Jan. 9. A preliminary treaty of peace
is signed. [It proves unsatisfactory to
both parties.]
Feb. 23. The British resume hostili-
ties, as the Emperor disapproves the
terms of peace.
Feb. 24. The British evacuate the
island of Chusan.
Mar. 2. Sir Hugh Gough assumes
command of the British army at Canton.
Mar. 3. Hostilities are suspended at
the request of the Chinese.
Mar. 6. Fighting is renewed.
Mar. 18. The British forces destroy an
armed flotilla.
May 21. Capt. Elliot advises all for-
eigners to leave Canton immediately.
At night the Chinese batteries open on
the British.
May 23. The British destroy the Chi-
nese batteries and 40 war-junks.
May 25. The British, 4,000 strong, take
the heights behind Canton.
May 31. Canton is ransomed for
$6,000,000, and hostilities cease.
June 1. British forces withdraw from
Canton.
July 5. The British bombard Tinghai.
Aug. 10. The British resume offensive
operations on the eastern coast. [Aug.
27. They take Amoy, after a brief re-
sistance. Sept. 4. Destroy the Bogue
forts. Oct. 1. Take Ting-hai, and cap-
ture 136 guns ; Chusan is taken the sec-
ond time and reoccupied. Oct. 10. Sir
Hugh Gough takes Chinhai. Oct. 13.
Take Ning-po; the inhabitants shut
themselves in their houses, and write on
their doors " Submissive People." Dec.
28. Take Yu-yaou ; most of the garri-
son drown themselves to escape capture.]
1842 Mar. 10. The Chinese suddenly
attack Ning-po and Chinhai, and are
repulsed with great loss.
Mar. 15. The British rout 8,000 Chi-
nese near Tze-kee.
May 17. The British attack the port of
Chapoo, rout 2,000 soldiers, and destroy
the defenses.
June 13. The British squadron, sailing
for Nanking, enters the Kiang River.
June 16. The British capture Woo-
sung, the port of Shanghai, and take
230 guns. [July 19. Take Shanghai.
July 6. Ascend the Yang-tse-Kiang.
July 21. Take Chin-Keang by storm.]
Aug. 5. The entire British fleet arrives
off Nanking.
Aug. 29. The-v* ■'•/'TidH. (See State.)
ART —LETTERS — NATURE.
1719 June 11. An earthquake occurs ;
1,000 people buried in the ruins.
1731 Nov. 30. A terrible earthquake
overwhelms 100,000 persons at Peking,
destroys the palace, and lays the suburbs
in ruins.
1736+ * * Emperor Keen-Lung is fond
of art, and embellishes Peking; he
writes poetry and prose, and collects
libraries.
1750 * * An observatory is erected at
Peking.
1830 May 26, 27. Earthquakes near
Canton cause the death of more than
6,000 persons.
1833 Oct.* At Canton 10,000 houses
and 1,000 lives are destroyed by a flood.
A like calamity visits other parts ; all
caused by incessant rains.
1841 * * The Hong-Kong Gazette is first
published. [1860. The Daily Press.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1710 * * Kien-Lung, emperor, born.
1722 * * Kangi, emperor, dies.
1732 * * Boves, Joach, Jesuit missionary, d.
1735 Oct. 7. Yung-Ching, emperor, dies.
1799 Feb. 8. Kien-Iiung, emperor, A88.
1813 * * Hung-tsiuen, rebel leader, born.
1820 Sept. 2. Kiaking, emperor, dies.
183S * * Kung. Prince, born.
CHURCH.
1700* * The Emperor Kangi informs the
missionaries that the worship of Tien
(heaven) is the worship of the true God,
and the other rites are merely civil.
1715 * * The Roman Catholic missions
have great success, and claim 1,100
churches in Kiangnan and Kiangsi
alone, and 100,000 converts.
1718+ * * Pope Clement XI. decrees that
Tien does not mean the true God,
and the rites are idolatrous ; this decis-
ion turns the Emperor from the Chris-
tians to Confucius.
1722± * * Emperor Yung Ching expels
the missionaries from the schools in
consequence of their quarrels among
themselves.
1735* *-96* *The Emperor perse-
cutes the Christians during a part of
his reign.
1736 * * The Jesuits are expelled by
an edict of the Emperor.
1742 * * The Jesuits are commanded
by the Pope to make no accommodations
with paganism.
1792± * * A great famine is charged
against the missionaries.
1805 * * Cruel persecution of Catholic
Christians prevails.
1807 Sept. 7. Robert Morrison of
England, the first Protestant mission-
ary, arrives.
* * The London Society begins work in
China.
* * * An edict against Christianity is
published.
1813 * * William Milne from England
arrives in Canton to aid Morrison.
1816 Sept. 3. The Emperor Kaiking is
dethroned because of religious differ-
ences.
* * The Catholic Christians are perse-
cuted.
1820 * * Catholic Christians are perse-
cuted, and many killed, including the
vicar apostolic and bishop in partibus.
1830 Feb. 25. Elijah C. Bridgman
and David A bid, missionaries of the
American Boari! of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions, arrive in Canton.
1831 * * Missionary Briugman issues the
first number of the Chinese Repository.
1833 * * Baptist missions for the Chi-
nese begin by establishing a station at
Bangkok, Siam, for its Chinese popula-
tion.
1836* * An American Baptist mis-
sion-post is established on the Island of
Macao. [1842. Moved to Hong-Kong.]
CHINA.
1695, * *-1843, Oct. 9. 617
1840 * * Amoy becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church.
+ * * The opium-war suspends mission-
ary labor.
1842 * * David Abul establishes a mis-
sion of the American Board at Amoy.
* * Amoy becomes a mission-station of
the Reformed Church (U. S. A.).
1843 Oct. 8. A supplementary treaty
is signed giving all foreigners at treaty
ports the same rights as British subjects.
* * The British and Foreign Bible Society
begin work at Shanghai.
SOCIETY.
1730± * * In order to check the growth
of the population beyond the means of
subsistence, rewards are offered by the
Government to certain classes of persons
who remain single.
1754 * * Keen-Lung orders that every
Mussulman above 15 years of age in.
Kansuh be put to death, in order to
prevent another war.
1767 * * The importation of opium
amounts to about 1,000 chests annually,
and the traffic is wholly in the hands of
the Portuguese.
1781 * * The East India Company (Brit-
ish) takes charge of the opium-trade
[and the importation is about 1,000 chests
a year].
1785 Feb. 14. The Emperor Keen-
Lung makes a feast to the ancients of
his kingdom.
Ancients of 100 years receive 60 bushels
of rice and two pieces of silk ; those of 90
years, 30 bushels of rice and two pieces
of inferior silk ; .and others in same pro-
portion down to 50 years.
1800** The Government becomes
greatly alarmed, and an edict is issued
forbidding the importation of opium
by any person for any purpose whatever.
The severest penalties are prescribed
for those violating the law, — nothing
less than the confiscation of the vessel,
the destruction of the opium, and the
capital execution of the smugglers.
1832 * * Strangling is the penalty for
selling opium ; and an offender is thus
executed at Macao, in the presence of a
crowd of foreigners.
1839 * * The Imperial Commissioner Lin
writes to Queen Victoria imploring
her to put an end to the traffic.
1841± * * The Emperor Taoukwang, in
reply to Sir Henry Pottinger's demand
for the legalization of the opium- trade,
said : " True, I cannot prevent the intro-
duction of the poison ; but nothing will
induce me to raise a revenue from the
vice and misery of my people." The
Emperor, himself a reformed opium-
smoker, has lost three sons by the vice.
± * * The secret society called The Green
Water Lily becomes formidable and
turbulent in Hoonan.
STATE.
1719* * Peter the Great of Russia
sends a splendid embassy to Peking,
which is opposed by ministers but re-
ceived by the Emperor. Russia is ad-
mitted to commercial intercourse, while
other European nations remain ex-
cluded.
1722 * * Yung Ching is enthroned.
1735 * * Keen-Lung is enthroned.
[He extends the empire over the great-
er portion of Central Asia.]
1793 Sept. 14. Lord Macartney, the
British ambassador, arrives at Peking.
Oct. 7. The Emperor orders him to de-
part.
1795 * * The Dutch send an embassy to
Peking, which is treated with contumely.
1796 Feb. 6. Keen-Lung abdicates
the throne.
* * Kaiking (a son) is enthroned.
[He is voluptuous and cruel. Many
rebellions and audacious pirates and dis-
sensions disturb the empire.
1805 * * Russia sends an imposing em-
bassy to Peking.
1816 * * Lord Amherst, the British am-
bassador, is dismissed from Peking be-
cause he refuses to kotow before the
Emperor.
1821 * * Taoukwang is enthroned.
[He distinguishes his reign by his en-
deavor to keep out the opium-trade of
England; many insurrections occur,
which cannot be quelled by the army.]
1826+ * * Insurrections arise against
Chinese authority in Kashgar.
1828 * * Severe prohibitory laws against
the use of opium destroy the perni-
cious trade and exasperate the British
merchants.
1832 * * The oppressed Miaotze rise in
a formidable rebellion.
1833 Dec. * Eng. Lord Napier is ap-
pointed chief superintendent of trade
with China, with John Davis as one of
his two assistants.
July 15. Lord Napier arrives as super-
intendent of British commerce.
1834 July * Lord Napier reaches
Canton. [The Chinese refuse to have
dealings with him, and interdict all
trade with those associated with him.]
Oct. 11. Lord Napier dies at Macao,
and is succeeded by [Sir] John Davis.
Nov. * The British dispute with the Chi-
nese respecting the opium-trade, which
the Emperor prohibits.
1836 Dec. 14. Capt. George Elliot
is appointed superintendent of trade by
the British Government.
1837 Mar. * The opposition is relaxed,
and Elliot establishes himself at Canton.
1839 Jan. * The Emperor appoints T.in
Tishseu special commissioner to visit
Canton, and break up the opium-trade.
Mar. *- June* Capt. Elliot agrees that
all the opium in the hands of the Eng-
lish shall be given up, on condition that
the native trade in it shall stop.
Mar. 18. Governor Lin concentrates a
military force near Canton, and orders
the seizure of British opium to prevent
its being smuggled into the Empire.
Mar. 19. The British residents and other
foreigners of Canton are forbidden to
leave. [May 24. The British leave.]
Apr. 3. The Chinese seize 20,283
chests of British opium, valued at more
than $20,000,000, and destroy it. [This is
regarded by the British Government as
casus belli.]
Aug. 19-21. The English at Macao
seek refuge on the shipping off Hong-
Kong.
* * The Chinese demand the entire aban-
donment of the opium-trade, which
the British refuse to promise.
Dec. 6. British trade is interdicted.
1840 Jan. 5. The Emperor issues an
edict prohibiting all trade and inter-
course with England forever.
Sept. 16. Imperial Commissioner Lin is
finally degraded, and Keshen appointed
in his place.
Nov. 20. The British Plenipotentiaries
arrive.
1841 Jan. 20. Commissioner Keshen
cedes Hong-Kong to the British, and
promises an indemnity of $6,000,000
within 10 days.
Jan. 29. Hong-Kong is declared a Brit-
ish possession.
Feb. 11. The Emperor refuses to ap-
prove the preliminaries of peace.
Mar. 12. Commissioner Keshen is de-
graded, and Eleang takes his place.
Apr. 14. New commissioners meet
the British at Canton.
July 16. British trade is reopened at
Canton.
July * The Canton Convention is
signed by the Imperial commissioners.
Aug. 10. Sir Henry Pottinger arrives
at Macao, as British Minister Plenipo-
tentiary, and issues a proclamation stat-
ing his aims.
1842 Aug. 12. The Chinese Peace
Commissioners arrive at Nanking.
Aug. 29. The Treaty of Nanking is
signed.
Terms : (1) Canton, Amoy, Shanghai,
Ning-po, and Fuchau are to be opened to
British trade ; (2) Hong-Kong is ceded
to England ; (3) the Chinese to pay an
indemnity of $21,000,000; (4) a regular
tariff to be fixed ; (5) official intercourse
is to be on the basis of equality.
1843 July 22. The ratifications of the
Treaty of Nanking are formally ex-
changed.
July 27. The port of Canton is opened
to the British.
Oct. 9. By a supplementary treaty the
British are permitted to own real es-
tate in the treaty-ports, and to travel a
certain distance into the interior ; also
all foreigners are to have the same rights
as British subjects.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1771 * * The Kalmucks return to Mon-
golia from the Volga region, and thou-
sands perish on the journey.
1822 * * Canton loses 15,000 houses by fire.
1834 Apr. 22. The East India Com-
pany's monopoly ends, and trade be-
comes free.
1835 Jan. 31. The Argyle is seized by
the Chinese, and her crew held in cap-
tivity.
Feb. 23. The Chinese fire the con-
demned opium at Canton.
618 1843,* *-1858,**.
CHINA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1847 Apr. 3. The British capture the
Bogue forts, near Canton.
1849 * * Pirates, led by Shapuntsai,
control a large fleet and well-equipped
force, which levies blackmail from Foo-
chow to the Gulf of Tongking.
1850 Mar. 4. The British steamship
Medea destroys 13 pirate junks.
Aug. * The Tai-ping Rebellion breaks
out in Kuang-si, Southern China.
The leader, Hung-tsiuen, calls himself
Tien-teh, " Celestial Virtue," claiming
to have a heavenly commission as a polit-
ical and religious reformer. (See State.)
1852 Apr. * Tien Wang, Hung-tsiuen,
with the Triad chiefs as allies, begins his
northern march.
June 19. The rebels defeat the Im-
perialists under Commissioner Leu, and
destroy a large part of his army.
Dec. 23. The rebels sack the city of
Oct. 8+. The Chinese capture the
Chinese crew of the Chinese lorcha Ar-
row, when flying the British flag, and
engaged in smuggling British goods.
The British consul demands satisfac-
tion for the " outrage."
Oct. 23. The British take the forts near
Canton.
Nov. 3, 4. Sir Michael Seymour bom-
bards Canton.
Nov. 6. The defeated Imperialists re-
tire from Shanghai.
Nov. 12, 13. Sir Michael Seymour cap-
tures the Bogue forts on both sides of
the river, at Canton.
Nov. 15. The Chinese, of the Barrier
Fort, fire on an American boat " by
mistake."
Nov. 21, 22. Com. Armstrong of the
U. S. frigate Portsmouth avenges the
attack on an American boat by destroy-
ing four forts, mounting 165 guns.
Nov. 25. The rebels capture Kuriking.
Han- Yang and the commercial em- Dec. * The British capture more forts.
porium of Han-Keu
1853 Jan. 12. The rebels take the
fortress of Hu-Kuang by storm.
Mar. * -Apr. * The European powers
refuse to aid the Emperor against the
rebels.
Mar. 19, 20. The Tai-pings take Nan-
king, and massacre nearly 20,000 Man-
chus ; they proclaim the inauguration
of the Tai-ping dynasty.
May 19. The rebels take Nanking.
May * The Tai-ping army is increased
to 80,000 men.
Sept. 7. The rebels take Shanghai.
Oct. * The Tai-pings are besieged in
their fortified camp at Tsinghai.
Nov. * The rebel army is checked by
two Imperial army corps.
1854 July 19. The rebels are com-
pelled to retreat toward Nanking.
Nanking is taken by the Imperialists.
July * Another rebellion, chiefly for
plunder, breaks out in Canton.
Aug. * -Nov. * The rebels besiege Can-
ton without success.
1855 Jan. * The European powers
undertake to suppress rebellion in the
seaports, and the French Admiral La-
guerre makes two attacks on Shanghai,
which the rebels repulse.
Feb. 15. The British and Americans
unite, and drive the rebels from Shang-
hai.
Mar. * The rebels retire from the siege
of Canton.
* * The Imperialists retake many impor-
tant places.
* * The rebels fail in an attack on Pe-
king.
1856 * * The rebels suffer from dissen-
sions.
The " King of the North " massacres
the "King of the East" with all his
men ; afterward the former and his ad-
herents are destroyed.
May 19. The Panthay rising occurs
in the southwest.
The Mohammedans of Yunnan rise
against the Chinese, who have planned
their destruction en masse.
Dec. 14. The anti-foreigner mob burns
the property of Europeans.
Dec. 30. The crew of the British vessel
Thistle is murdered by Chinese.
* * The rebels are hemmed in and ac-
complish little, yet repelling the Impe-
rial army in the direction of Su-chao.
* * A bloody feud exists between the lead-
ers of the rebellion, and horrible massa-
cres occur.
1857* *-60* * War with Great Brit-
ian allied with France.
Mar. * British reenforcements arrive
from England and Madras.
May 26, 27. Destruction of the Chinese
fleet of 40 armed junks by the British
under Com. Elliot.
June 1. Sir M. Seymour and Com.
Keppel complete the destruction of the
Chinese fleet of 72 junks, near Hyacinth
Island.
July 16. The British are diverted from
China by the Sepoy Rebellion ; Lord
Elgin departs for India.
July * Canton is declared to be in a state
of siege by the British.
Aug. * The British blockade Canton.
Sept. 12. The Chinese declare war
against England.
Sept. 20. Lord Elgin returns from
India to Hong-Kong.
Oct. 19. Gen. Straubenzee assumes
command of the British forces.
Dec. 15. The allies occupy the Island
of Do-dar, opposite Canton.
Dec. 28, 29. The allies bombard Can-
ton, and take the city.
1858 Jan. 5. The allies enter the city
of Canton in three detachments.
Jan. * Yeh, the governor-general of
Canton, is taken prisoner, and sent to
India.
Feb. 10. The blockade of Canton is
raised.
May 20. The English and French forces
move up the Pei-Ho River towards
Peking, and take the Taku forts, mount-
ing 138 guns.
Pohlman, John William,
May 20. The expedition arrives at the
city of Tien-Tsin, 90 miles from Pe-
king ; the Emperor sues for peace.
June * The rebels make an unsuccessful
attack on Soochoo, and then march on
the city of You-Kiang.
June * War is renewed because of in-
fraction of the treaty by the Chinese.
Aug. *-Sept. * The British destroy about
130 armed junks manned by pirates.
* * The Mohammedan rebels under
Ma Sien are repulsed in an attack on
the city of Yunnan.
* * Ma Sien is again repulsed at Linan.
ART — LETTERS — NATURE.
1853 * * The Porcelain Tower at Nan-
king is destroyed by the Tai-pings.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1847 Aug. 19. Lowrie, Walter M., mis-
sionary, murdered.
1848 * * Capillas, Francis de, Dominican, be-
headed.
1849 Jan. 5.
martyr, A 37.
1850 Feb. 24. Taonkwang, emperor, A69.
1851 Aug:. 9. Gutzlaff, Karl, missionary.
A48.
1856 Apr. 37. Ki-tsiang-, emperor, born.
CHURCH.
1843 * * The American Baptists com-
mence a mission at Ning-po and three
substations, — Shaohing, Kinhwa, and
Huchau.
1844 * * The treaty rights of mission-
aries are first secured. (Also see State,
1845, Aug. 25.)
* * Ning-po becomes a mission-station of
the American Presbyterians (North).
1845 * * The Church of England opens a
mission at Shanghai.
* * The American Baptists (South) begin
work in Canton.
* * Canton becomes a mission-station of
the Presbyterian Board.
* * Ning-po becomes a mission-station of
the Presbyterian Board.
1846 * * The first converts in the mis-
sion of the American Board at Amoy
are baptized.
* * The first Protestant Episcopal con-
vert is baptized on Easter Day. [He
becomes a clergyman.]
* * The Rhenish Society sends a mission-
ary to Canton.
* * The Basle Missionary Society begins
work in Hakkas, province of Canton.
1847 Aug. 19. Walter M. Lowrie,
American Presbyterian missionary, is
murdered at sea, aged 28.
Sept. 4. The first Methodist missiona-
ries, Collins and White, enter Fuchau.
* * The mission of the American Board is
opened in Fuchau.
* * The American Presbyterians open a
mission at Canton.
* * The Rhenish Mission at Canton is
organized.
* * The Basle Missionary Society sends
two missionaries to Hong-Kong, who
proceed to the mainland.
CHINA.
1843, **-1858,
619
* * The English Presbyterians start a mis-
sion in Hong-Kong and vicinity.
* * The American Seventh-day Baptists
start a mission at Shanghai.
* * Kucheng becomes a mission-station
of the English Church Society.
1848 Sept. * Shanghai becomes a mis-
sion-station of the Methodist Episcopal
Church (South), U. S. A.
* * The American Baptists (South) begin
work in Shanghai.
* * The (Eng.) church mission at Shang-
hai is enlarged to include Ning-po.
1849 Jan. 5. John William Pohl-
man, missionary and martyr, dies,
aged 37.
1850 * * The American Presbyterians
(North) open a mission in Shanghai.
* * The (Eng.) church mission is opened
in Fuchau.
* * The (Eng.) church mission is opened
in Fuhkien.
* * The Berlin Foundling Asylum is
started by Berlin ladies at Canton.
* * Presbyterians open the first successful
day mission-school in China at Can-
ton.
* * The Tai-ping rebellion assumes a
semi-religious character, and evinces
some knowledge of Christianity.
1851 * * The mission of the English Pres-
byterians is removed from Hong-Kong
to Amoy.
1852 * * The (Eng.) Wesleyan Methodists
begin a mission at Canton.
* * The Basle Missionary Society form a
station at Li Long.
* * Mr. Piercy, who had labored for some
time at his own expense, becomes an
agent of the Wesleyans, and establishes
their first China mission at Canton.
1853* * Boys' and girls' boarding-
schools are established by the Ameri-
can Board at Fuchau.
* * Hung-tsiuen claims to be the second
born Son of God, and the legitimate
ruler of the world ; that his new reli-
gion is modified Christianity.
1854 * * Civil war interrupts the mission-
work in Canton.
* * The property of the Southern Baptists
(U. S. A.) at Canton is destroyed during
the rebellion.
* * Missionaries Blodget and Aitchison
join Mr. Bridgman at Shanghai, and or-
ganize a mission of the American Board.
1855* *The first Methodist Episcopal
Church edifice is erected at Fuchau.
1856 May 19. The Chinese fix upon
this day for a general massacre of Mo-
hammedans in Yunnan, but are only
partially successful.
* * War with England interrupts mission-
work.
* * The American Reformed (Dutch) mis-
sionaries assume the work of the Amer-
ican Board in Amoy.
* * Kyelang, Little Tibet, becomes a Mo-
ravian mission-station.
1857 July 14. Ting Ang, the first
Methodist convert, is baptized.
* * The Basle Missionary Society begins a
mission at Hong-Kong.
* * Ning-po becomes a station of the In-
land Mission.
* * The first mission church of the Amer-
ican Board is organized in Fuchau, con-
sisting of four members.
SOCIETY.
1845 * * The treaty concessions to for-
eigners are partly neutralized by the
intense hostility of the people.
1848* *-49* * Numerous bands of
robbers infest the provinces of Kuang-si
and Kuang-tung ; the execution of 1,500
robbers at Canton alone does not check
their increase.
1853+ * * Over 100,000 persons, most
of whom are innocent, are executed in
blood at the capture of Canton from the
rebels.
1856 Dec. 14. An anti-foreigners
mob burns all the dwellings and store-
houses of Europeans at Canton, and takes
the lives of some.
1856 * * A Chinese smuggler, bearing the
British flag and manned by a Chinese
crew, is fired on by the Chinese ; and
this insult to the British flag is made
the pretext for bombarding Canton,
while England and France advance to-
gether up the Pei-Ho toward Peking.
[The Emperor is compelled to legalize
the opium trade by British opium.]
1858 * * The murder and assassina-
tion of Europeans is common in Canton
because of the rage of the inhabitants.
STATE,
1844 Feb. 16. Sir John Davis be-
comes British Minister.
July 3. Caleb Cushing, the U. S. Com-
missioner, negotiates a treaty with China
which is more liberal than the British
treaty.
Oct. 23. A treaty is made with France.
1845 Jan. 16. U. S. A. The Govern-
ment at Washington ratines the treaty
with China.
Aug. 25. France negotiates a treaty by
which Christianity is to be tolerated
in the five ports.
[All the treaty concessions are wrested
from the Government in opposition to
the strong feeling of the Chinese people,
who hate the foreigners.]
1846 * * Simmerings of disaffection
among the Mohammedans are noted
in Yunnan.
1*847 Apr. 2. "Warlike demonstra-
tions are used to compel the Govern-
ment to respect the stipulations of the
treaties made with foreign governments.
Dec. * "Warlike demonstrations are re-
peated by the foreign powers.
1849± * * The Government is held in
popular contempt because of its inabil-
ity to exclude the foreigners.
1850 Feb. 25. Hienfung (Prince Yih-
choo) is enthroned ; he styles himself
Tien-te.
Aug. * In Kwangsi, Hung-tsiuen (Tien
"Wang) leads the great Tai-ping re-
bellion.
He aims at the overthrow of the exist-
ing dynasty, and professes to be commis-
sioned of God, by whom he is instructed
in visions ; " general peace " is written
on his banners.
* *A special commissioner is sent to
Kwangsi and then two generals.
1851 * * The Government becomes anx-
ious, and sends the Prime Minister to
Kwangsi.
* * The Mohammedans in the province^
of Yunnan take advantage of the rebel-
lion, and successfully strike for inde-
pendence.
1852 * * Dr. John Bowring becomes
British Minister.
1853 * * Hung-tsiuen is proclaimed
emperor; he takes the name Tien Wang
(Heavenly King).
Apr. * The Emperor appeals to the rep-
resentatives of European powers for
help against the rebels, and is flatly re-
fused.
May * Sir G. Bonham goes to Nanking
to obtain friendly assurances from the
rebels.
Sept. * A successful insurrection breaks
out at Shanghai.
1854 * * The successes of the Emperor
lead the representatives of England and
the United States to proffer him aid,
which he declines.
1856 May 19. The persecuted Mo-
hammedans in the province of Yunnan
rebel [and achieve a temporary inde-
pendence].
1857 Mar. * Lord Elgin is appointed
British envoy. [June 3. Arrives at Sin-
gapore. July * Arrives at Hong-Kong.]
Nov. 7. Minister Keed of the United
States arrives, and with Russia unites
in a pacific policy against that of force
adopted by England and France.
1858 * * -59 * * Diplomatic complica-
tions arise between France and China ;
the former attempts the conquest of
Cochin China, and the latter claims a
suzerainty over it.
May 28. The Russians secure a treaty
ceding all the country on the left bank
of the Amoor to Russia.
June 13. Russia secures a commercial
treaty.
June 18^ William B. Reed also secures
a commercial treaty for the United
States.
June 26, 28, 29. A treaty is concluded
with Great Britain.
It provides for freedom of trade, in-
cluding the importation of opium, and
residence of ambassadors at both courts,
toleration of Christianity, and China to
pay the war expenses, $10,800,000 to Eng-
land and $6,000,000 to France ; the tariff
revised, and Europeans no longer to be
called " barbarians." It also opens four
more ports, provides for free navigation
of rivers, and permits foreigners to travel
in China.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1850 * * Chinese emigration to the
United States begins.
620 1859, May* -187Q Sept. 15. CHINA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1859 June * The British envoy, James
Bruce, is fired on by the Taku forts
when on his way to Peking.
June 25. Admiral Hope is repulsed
in attempting to force a passage past
the Taku forts ; he loses 81 killed and
390 wounded.
* * Yunnan Fu capitulates to the Mo-
hammedans on terms which secure a
temporary peace to the province.
Oct. * A joint expedition against China
is arranged by the English and French.
1860 Mar. * Sir Hope Grant arrives
at Hong-Kong, and takes command.
Mar. 19. Rebels under Chung Wang
capture Hangchow.
May 3. The Tai-pings attack the Im-
perialists at Nanking, and compel them
to raise the siege.
July± * Frederick "Ward, an Ameri-
can, enters the service of the Empire.
Aug. 1. The allies land above Taku,
on the Pei-Ho.
Aug. 12. The British under Sir Hope
Grant and the French under Gen. Mon-
tauban defeat the Chinese in a skir-
mish.
Aug. 18-20. The Tai-ping rebels at-
tack Shanghai, and are repulsed by
the allies and volunteers.
Aug. 21. The allies take the Taku
forts at the mouth of the Pei-Ho ; the
Tartar general, San-ko-lin-sin, retreats.
Sept. 8. The allies send an advance
force forward from Tien-Tsin.
Sept. 18-21. Advancing on Peking, the
allies defeat the Chinese at Chan-chia-
wan and Pa-li-kao.
Sept. 21. San-ko-lin-sin, by treachery,
captures Capts. Anderson and Bra-
bazon and 16 others, while arranging
for a meeting of the ministers.
Oct. 6. The French ravage the Empe-
ror's summer palace near Peking.
Oct. 8. The Chinese restore those of the
captives who have not died of ill usage.
Oct. 12. Peking is surrendered to the
allies.
Oct. 18. The British burn the summer
palace.
Oct. 24. Peace is restored. (See State.)
Nov. 6. The allies evacuate Peking,
leaving it in a desolate state and its in-
habitants scattered and indigent.
1861 * * A British and French force oc-
cupy Tien-Tsin.
Dec. * The rebels lay waste Ning-po
and Hangchow.
1862 Jan.* The rebels advance on
Shanghai ; it is fortified by the English
and French as allies of the Emperor.
Jan. * The rebellion begins to wane.
Apr. * The rebels are twice defeated by
the allies.
May 10. Ning-po is retaken by aid of
the allies.
May 17. The rebels are attacked, and
the French admiral, Protet, is
killed.
* * Gen. "Ward gives great aid by reor-
ganizing the army.
July * The Europeans assist the Impe-
rialists against the rebels.
Oct. * Capt. Sherard Osbom organizes
a small fleet of gunboats to aid the Im-
perialists.
Oct. * The Imperialists take Kan-sing
and other towns.
CHURCH.
1863 Mar. 24. Maj. Charles Gordon
of the British Royal Engineers enlists
with the Imperialists [and transforms
the army in a short time].
May 1, 2. Maj. Gordon captures Tait-
san from the Tai-ping rebels.
May 31. Gordon takes Quinsan.
July 27+. Gordon takes Kahpoo.
July 28. Gordon receives the surrender
of "Wokong.
Oct. * The Tai-pings under Burgevine
are defeated by the Imperialists under
Maj. Gordon.
Nov. 27. Gordon fails in a night attack
on Soochoo.
1864 Mar. 21. Gordon is repulsed
in an attack on Kintang. He is dis-
gusted with the conduct of the Chinese
in treacherously murdering the rebel
chiefs.
Apr. 23. Gordon takes the stockades
near the west gate of Changchow.
May 11. Gordon takes Changchow by
storm.
July 19. Gordon recaptures Nanking
from the rebels, after exploding 40,000
pounds of powder under the walls ; the
rebel generals, Chang-wang and Kan-
wang, are executed. This practically
ends the rebellion.
1865 Jan. * -Mar. * The Tai-ping rebels
hold Mingchow.
May 23. The rebels evacuate Ming-
chow.
July * The Nien-fei rebels in the north
threaten Peking.
July * The distinguished Tartar'general,
San-ko-lin-sin, is defeated and killed.
1866 Mar.± * The Nien-fei rebels in
the northwest are defeated.
* * The Tungani of Kashgaria revolt,
and Mohammed Yakoob Beg assumes
supreme office and independence of
China.
1868 Oct. * Ning-po is occupied by the
rebels.
Nov. 8. The British send a squadron
to Nanking to enforce a demand for
redress of injuries to missionaries at
Yang-Chow.
1870 May± * The Mohammedans un-
der Suleiman rebel in Yunnan and in
Kansuh.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1861 Aug1. 22. Hienfung. emperor, d.
* * Bridgman, Elijah C, missionary, A60.
1862* * Culbertson, Matthew S., missionary.
A43.
1863 July 2. Rankin, Henry, missionary,
A38.
1864 June 30. Hunjj-tsiuen, rebel em-
peror, commits suicide.
July 17. Boone, William Jones, American
Episcopal missionary bishop, A59.
Bonney, Samuel W., missionary, A49.
Aug. 7. Chung Wang, Tai-ping leader, be-
headed.
1859 * * To-Cheng becomes a mission-
station of the American Methodists.
[Also Formosa of the Roman Catho-
lics. Shanghai of the New Connection
Methodists of England. Hangchow of
the Presbyterian Board.]
* * Methodist Episcopal Women's and
Girls' High School is founded in Fu-
chau.
* * Rev. S. L. Baldwin and others reen-
force the Methodist missions.
1860* * Tien-Tsin becomes a mission-
station of the American Board.
* * The Methodist New Connection (Eng.)
begins work in Tien-Tsin.
* * The American Baptist Union opens a
mission at Double Island, at the en-
trance of the bay leading to Swatow.
* *The American Protestant Episcopa-
lians start a mission in the interior at
Wuchang.
* * Poklo becomes a mission-station of
the London Society. Also Chefu of the
Protestant Episcopal Church.
* * The English Baptists open a mission
in Chefu.
* * Tung- Chow becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the (Am.) Southern Baptists.
* * Shantung becomes a mission-field of
the Southern Baptists.
* * American Presbyterians in Shanghai
baptize their first convert.
* * The American Board changes the loca-
tion of their mission from Shanghai to
Tien-Tsin [and its name is changed to
North China Mission two years later].
1861 * * The American Baptists com-
mence a mission at Swatow.
Mar. * Two converts are baptized in the
Fuchau mission.
* * The American Methodists (North) start
' a printing-press at Fuchau. [It pub-
lishes each year 1,000,000 pages of Scrip-
ture.]
* * The (Eng.) Wesley an Methodists start
a mission in "Wuchang.
* * Ching-king becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the London Society.
* * The American Presbyterians (North)
start missions at Hangchow and Tung-
Chow.
* * American Baptists (South) begin work
in Tung- Chow.
* * Hankow becomes a mission-station of
the London Society.
1862 Jan. * The First Presbyterian
church in Canton is organized with
seven members.
* * The Basle Missionary Society begins
work in Chung Tsun.
* * The Church of England opens a mis-
sion at Hong-Kong and Peking.
* * Hankow becomes a mission-station of
the Wesleyans. Also Chiang Chin of
the London Society. Chefu, in the
northeast, of the American Presbyte-
rian church.
* * The Tungani, Mohammedans, revolt,
and massacre the Buddhists in Central
Asia.
CHINA.
1859, May *-1870, Sept. 15. 621
1863 * * The American Methodists suc-
ceed in opening a station within the
walls of Fuchau.
* * The American Presbyterians start a
successful mission in Peking.
* * The American Baptist Union opens a
mission at Kak Chieh, on the mainland.
* * Formosa becomes a mission-station
of the Presbyterian Church of England.
1864 * * Ning-po becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the (Eng.) Methodist Free
Churches.
* * The Rhenish mission at Fa Men is
begun.
* * The Bridgman School is established
in the North China Mission of the Amer-
ican Board.
* * Severe persecution by the natives is
firmly endured by the converts at Fu-
chau.
* * A mob destroys property of Metho-
dists in Fuchau, and Rev. Carlos R.
Martin, wife, and children have a mar-
velous escape.
1865 Jan. * -Mar. * The Mohamme-
dans in Huran rebel.
* * The Church of England opens a mis-
sion at Hangchow.
* * The English Presbyterians begin work
in Formosa. [Great success follows.]
* * Kargan becomes a mission of the
American Board. Also "Wuchang of
the London Missionary Society.
* * The Basle Missionary Society begins
work at Nyen Hang Li.
* * The United Presbyterian church of
Scotland begins medicinal work at
Ning-po.
1866 * * Shaohing becomes a mission-
station.
* * The China Inland Mission at Ning-po
is organized.
* * The American and Methodist Episco-
pal Boards publish the first edition of
the New Testament in the Fuchau di-
alect.
* * The English New Connection Metho-
dists begin work at Lao Ling, in the
province of Shantung.
1867 * * "Wuchang becomes a mission-
station of the London Society.
* * This is a revival year in the American
Methodist mission ; 451 members are re-
ported.
* * Hangchow becomes a mission-station
of the Presbyterian Church (South), U.
S. A.
* * The English New Connection Metho-
dists begin work at Chu Chia Tsai.
* * Tai-chair becomes a station of the
Inland Mission. Also Tung-Chow of
the American Board. Kiukiang of the
American Methodists. "Wuchang of the
Protestant Episcopal church.
1868 Aug. 22. The Protestant mission-
ho»ses at Yang-Chau are destroyed by
persons who are incited by the " literati."
* * The Central China Mission is estab-
lished by American Methodists (North).
It includes the districts of Kiukiang,
Nanking, Chinkiang, and Wuhu, with a
total of 11 missionaries and 339 church-
members.
* * Yang-Chau becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the Methodist Inland Mission.
Also Kiukiang of the American Metho-
dists. Newchwang of the Irish Pres-
byterians.
* * The National Bible Society of Scot-
land begins work in China.
* * The United Methodist Free Churches
(Eng.) begin work in Ning-po.
* * The Presbyterian Church (South) be-
gins work in Hangchow.
1869 * * The Methodist Episcopal Church,
U. S. A., organizes the North China
Mission, including the districts of Pe-
king, Tien-Tsin, Shantung, Tsunhua,
and Lanchou, with 15 missionaries and a
church-membership of 782.
* * The China Inland Mission opens its
first station in the Gan-hwuy prov-
ince.
* * The American Methodists begin their
mission in Peking.
* * The American Board set up the only
press controlled by Protestant missions
in Northern China.
* * The Presbyterians of Ireland begin
work at Yingtse.
1870 June 21. A mob massacres the
French consul at Tien-Tsin, Roman
Catholic priests, 21 Sisters of Mercy,
and many children from the orphanage.
Their Chinese enemies allege that the
missionaries have kidnapped the chil-
dren.
SOCIETY.
1868 * * An anti-foreigners' riot breaks
out in Yangchow, in which missionaries
are maltreated and their houses burned
down.
1870 June 21. Rioters at Tien-Tsin
brutally murder 21 foreigners and an
unknown number of Christian converts.
The French and Russian missionaries
are among the dead.
July* The hatred of foreigners in-
creases, and the Government proceeds
against the murderers of Europeans with
remarkable deliberation.
Aug. 22±. Ma, the viceroy at Nanking,
is assassinated because of his regard
for foreigners.
STATE.
Lord Elgin
returns to
1859 May
England.
July 29. The Chinese violate the
treaty, in refusing to permit the U. S.
Minister Reed to meet the Emperor with-
out submitting to degrading ceremonies.
Nov. 24. The United States secures a
commercial treaty.
1860 Oct. 24. Lord Elgin and Prince
Kung sign a Convention in Peking.
The Chinese ratify the treaty of Tien-
Tsin, and agree to pay a large indemnity
immediately ; also to give a cash com-
pensation to the families of the British
captives who were murdered by the
Chinese.
Nov. 14. China makes a treaty grant-
ing territories and free trade to Russia.
1861 Mar. * England and France es-
tablish embassies at Peking. Sir Fred-
eric Bruce represents England.
Oct. 21. Canton is restored to the Chi-
nese by the British.
Nov. * Several Chinese Ministers are
put to death in a Ministerial crisis.
* * Tungche is enthroned.
Dec. 13. Prince Kung is appointed
regent.
1862 * * The great uprising in the
northwest begins in a quarrel between
the Chinese and Mohammedan militia
in the province of Shensi. It spreads
into the province of Kansuh.
1863 Jan. 14. A commercial treaty
with Prussia is ratified by China.
1864 June 30. Hung-tsiuen, the rebel
emperor, commits suicide.
1865 Apr. 2. Prince Kung is de-
graded by the two Regent-Empresses,
charged with arrogance.
May 8. Prince Kung is reinstated in
all his offices except that of President of
the Council.
Nov. 26. Sir Rutherford Alcock is ap-
pointed British Minister to Peking.
* * A successful rebellion in Kashgar is
led by Yakoob Beg.
1866 July * Li Hung Chang and Tseu-
kwo-fan, the rival leaders, struggle for
political power.
1868+ * * Anson Burlingame, U. S. A.,
is appointed the representative of the
Chinese Government to eleven of the
principal countries of the world : Chin
Kang and Sun Chia Su, two mandarins,
and a certain number of Chinese stu-
dents, are to accompany him as members
of the embassy.
July. 4. U. S.A. The Chinese Embassy
enter a treaty with the United States
at Washington.
Oct. 28. A treaty with the United
States is negotiated. [1869. Ratified.]
Nov. 14. The British demands for re-
dress are acceded to, and the viceroy is
superseded.
* * Mohammed Yakoob Beg is recog-
nized as ruler of Kashgar by the govern-
ments of Europe.
* * The Government declines to redress
the outrage committed against the Prot-
estant missions at Yang-Chau.
1869 Oct. 24. A commercial supple-
ment to the Treaty of Tien-Tsin is
signed.
1870 May * The Mohammedans re-
bel in Yunnan and Kansuh.
June+ * A wave of anti-foreign preju-
dice sweeps over the country. (See So-
ciety.)
Sept. 26. The Government refuses to
accept the ultimatum of the French,
respecting the murderers of the nuns.
Sept. 15±. In punishment for outrages
15 coolies are beheaded and more are
exiled. [The Government offers a cash
indemnity ; France is appeased.]
622 1870, * *-1884, Dec.
CHINA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1870 * * Most of the towns in the south
and north of Yunnan are recovered
from the Mohammedan rebels.
1872 * * The Government is aroused
to a vigorous prosecution of the war by
Suleiman's effort to secure the recogni-
tion of England.
1873 Feb.* The Mohammedan capital,
Talif oo, is recaptured by the Imperial-
ists, and thousands of rebels are mas-
sacred.
+ * * War is prosecuted against the Mo-
hammedans in Kashgar.
* * The Mohammedan rebellion is
suppressed.
1875 Feb. 21. The Chinese attack a
British exploring expedition under
Col. Horace Browne at Manwyne, and
kill one Englishman and live Chinese
employees.
Feb. 22. Col. Browne is compelled to
retire to Rangoon.
1876 * * War is waged against the
Tungani.
Nov. 6. Manas is surrendered by
Haiyen, the Mohammedan leader, and
many rebels are killed.
1877 Mar.± * The Kasgarians are
driven out of Pidjam.
May * Yakoob Beg of Kashgar is assas-
sinated, after being totally defeated by
the Chinese uflder Tso-tsung-tang.
Dec* The taking of Kashgar and other
rebellious towns ends the war.
1879 Jan. * Li-Yang-tsai, the leader of
the rebels in Hainan Island, invades
Annam.
July* Maj. Gordon meets Li Hung
Chang, governor of the metropolitan
provinces.
.July l5. It is announced that the pro-
posed war with Russia respecting ter-
ritory is abandoned.
1884 * * "War with France in the de-
fense of Tongking. (See p. 482.)
. June 23. The Chinese, in violation of the
Treaty of Tien-Tsin, attack the French
while marching to occupy Langson in
Tongking. (See Annam.)
Aug. 5, 6. Adm. Lespes bombards Ke-
lung, Formosa, because of alleged
treachery, and destroys the forts.
Aug. 10. The French Adm. Courbet
arrives at Fuchau.
Aug. 23. Adm. Courbet sails up the Min
River, and destroys the Chinese fleet.
Aug. 26-28. Adm. Courbet bombards
the defenses at Fuchau, and destroys
those at Mingan and Kimpai.
Sept. 16±. The French defeat the Chi-
nese at Kimpai Pass.
Oct. 1. The French take Kelung.
Oct. 2. Adm. Lespes bombards Tam-
sin.
Oct. 23. The French blockade For-
mosa on the north and west.
.Nov. 2. The French defeat 1,000 Chinese
near Tamsin.
Nov. 12+ . The French are repulsed in
an attack on Kelung.
ART — LETTERS — NATURE.
1874 Sept. 22. A typhoon at Macao
and Hong-Kong does great damage.
1881 Oct. 8. About 300,000 people per-
ish by a typhoon at Haif ong.
1882* *A translation of the United
States Constitution into Chinese is
completed.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1871 Aug:. 14. Kwang-eu (Tsaitien), em-
peror, born.
1878 * * Tsengre Kwofan, statesman, dies.
1873 Jan. 15. Tu Wensin (Sultan Suli-
man) dies by self-poisoning.
1875 Jan. 12. Tung-che, emperor, A18.
1878 May 81. Hall, William N., mission-
ary, A49.
May 89. Hunt, Phineas R., missionary,
dies at Peking.
1881 * * Tsze-Au, the elder of the two em-
presses, dies.
CHURCH.
1870 * * Ning-po becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the United Scotch Presbyterians.
* * The English Baptists open a mission
in Ching Cho Fu.
* * The Church of England opens a mis-
sion at Shaou-hing.
1871 * * Soochoo becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the Presbyterian Board.
* * Eng. William Murray, the remark-
able colporteur, sails for China as agent
of the National Bible Society of Scot-
land [where he learns 2,000 Chinese
characters in four months and enters his
work].
1872 * * Newchwang, Haichung, and
Liaoyang become mission-stations of
the United Scotch Presbyterians.
* * The second (Am.) Presbyterian church
is organized.
* * Che-nan-foo becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the (Am.) Presbyterian Board.
* * Soochoo becomes a mission of the
Presbyterian Church (South).
* * Kinchau becomes a mission-station
of the Inland Mission.
* * The American Methodists open a mis-
sion at Tien-Tsin, and found a Biblical
Institute in Fuchau.
* * Formosa becomes a mission-field of
the Canadian Presbyterians.
1873 * * Ta-ku-tang becomes a station
of the Inland Mission.
* * The Inland Mission (Eng.) opens its
first station in the Kiang-si province.
* * The work of the Scotch Presbyterians
is transferred to Manchuria.
1874 * * Wuchang becomes a mission-
station of the Inland Mission.
* * The North China Mission is estab-
lished by the Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel. Chefu, Northeast China,
becomes a mission-station.
1875* * Kinhwa becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the Inland Mission.
* * Tieling, Kaiyereu, and Saiping-
Kow become mission-stations of the
United Scotch Presbyterians.
* * Chi-nan-fu becomes a mission-station
of the American Presbyterians.
* * The American Bible Society enters
China.
* * C. W. Mitchil, an English Wesleyan
layman, engages in mission-work at his
own cost.
1876 * * The Inland Mission opens its
first station in the Ho-nan province.
* * Moukden becomes a mission-station
of the United Presbyterian Church.
* * Nanking becomes a mission-station
of the American Presbyterian Board.
1877 Feb. 1. The decree of equal
rights to native Christians is issued.
* * The English Baptists finally succeed
in establishing a mission in China.
* * The Inland Mission opens its first sta-
tion in the" Shan-si province.
* * Tai-yuen and Yuh-sbau become sta-
tions of the Inland Mission.
* * The Fuchau Conference of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, U. S. A.,
is formed.
It comprises the mission districts of
Fuchau, Hokchiang, Hinghwa, Ing-
chung, Kucheng, Yongping, and Hai-
tang, under the care of six missionaries,
and with a church-membership of 2,441.
* * The American Baptists open a mission
at Bhamo, Southwestern China.
* * The Inland Mission opens its first sta-
tion in the Kwei-chau province.
* * The Inland Mission opens its first sta-
tion in the Sz-chuen province.
* * The society for spreading Christian
Literature throughout China is organ-
ized at Shanghai.
* * A new coUege building nearly com-
pleted is destroyed by a mob at Fu-
chau, and the missionaries are driven
out of the city.
1878 Aug. 30. A mob destroys the
mission property at Wu-slish-shan ;
the mandarins are indifferent.
* * A mission is begun at Ichang by the
Established Church of Scotland.
* * Fau-Cheng becomes a station of the
Inland Mission.
* * The Inland Mission opens its first sta-
tion in the Kan-suh province.
* * Wen-Chau becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the United Free Methodists.
1879 * * The Inland Mission opens in the
Shen-si province.
* * Manchuria becomes a mission-field
of the Irish Presbyterians.
* * The Woman's Association of the Eng-
lish Presbyterian Church begins work
in Amoy.
* * Ping-yang becomes a station of the
Inland Mission.
* * Taishan-fu is opened as a mission-
station by the Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel.
* * The American Presbyterians open a
mission at Chi-nan-fu, 3b0 miles inland
from Cheef u.
* * Chefu, Northeast China, becomes a
mission-station of the Inland Mission.
1880 * * Pang-chuang becomes a mis-
sion-station of the American Board.
CHINA.
1870, • *-1884, Dec. *. 623
1881 * * A Methodist Episcopal Anglo-
Chinese College is founded in Fuchau.
* * The Female College of the Fuchau
mission is dedicated by the American
Board.
* * Chentu-f u becomes a mission-station
of the Inland Mission.
* * The American Methodists, of the West
China Mission, with a station at Chun-
king, where still two missionaries are
holding the outpost, is established.
* * The Church of England opens a mis-
sion in Canton.
* * The Chinese Inland Mission opens its
first station in the Yunnan province.
* * The American Methodists start a suc-
cessful hospital, under lady physicians,
at Tien-Tsin.
* * The third American Presbyterian
church is organized.
* * The Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel receives the work of the (Eng.)
Church Missionary Society in Peking.
* * Mr. Jeremiassen, an independent
self-supporting missionary, begins
Protestant mission-work on the island
of Hainan.
1882 * * Yunnan becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the Inland Mission. Also Tsun-
hua of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
U. S. A.
* * Wei- men becomes a mission-station
of the American Presbyterians.
* * A mission is opened at Canton by the
Berlin Missionary Society.
* * The American Board opens the Shansi
mission.
* * The American Baptists begin an inter-
esting work among the Hakka people.
1883 * * Tai-ku becomes a mission-sta-
tion of the American Board.
* * Kinhwa becomes a mission-station of
the American Baptists.
* * The American Board opens the Hong-
Kong mission.
* * The London Missionary Society opens
a station at Hong-Kong.
* * Kaying-chau becomes a station of
the Basle Missionary Society.
* * Chinkiang becomes a mission-station
of the Presbyterian Church (South).
* * The American Baptists (South) begin
work in Chinkiang.
* * Methodist Episcopal Training- School
for Bible Women is founded in Tien-
Tsin.
* * Methodist. Episcopal University is
founded in Peking.
SOCIETY
1872 Oct. 16. Ki-tsiang marries Ah-
luta, a Manchu lady.
1873 June± * The Government pro-
hibits female infanticide.
1875 Feb. 21. Mr. Margary, a British
officer with Col. Browne's expedition
into Western China, is massacred, with
others, at Manwyne. (See Army.)
1877 Aug.* The Government an-
nounces that opium-smoking will be pro-
hibited after three years.
1883 Oct. * Great excitement against
foreigners prevails in Canton.
STATE.
1871 * * Russia annexes Kulja [until
China establishes her power in that
region].
1872 * * Suleiman sends Prince Hassan
to London to secure the recognition of
England for his rebellion ; this arouses
the Emperor to a vigorous prosecution
of the war.
1873 Feb. 23. The Emperor Tungche
reaches his majority, and assumes the
government.
Feb. * The Empresses as regents resign
the government of the country, which
they have controlled since the death of
Hien-fung.
June 29. The Ministers of the principal
powers urge the right of audience,
and are received by the Emperor
Tungche.
1874 Julyf * China enters a dispute
with Japan because of the massacre of
Japanese sailors on the Island of For-
mosa.
Oct. 31. A treaty is made with Japan.
Dec. 18. An edict orders the Empress
Dowager to assume the administration
of government.
1875 Jan. 12. The Emperor Fung-
che dies, leaving no offspring.
Jan. 13. Kwangsu (Tsai Tien), a cousin,
is chosen by the Empress ; he is three
years of age.
* * Kwangsu is enthroned.
Feb. 4. The succession of Kwangsu is
proclaimed.
Oct. 4. An edict announces liberty of
intercourse between Ministers of foreign
governments and the chiefs of depart-
ments.
1877 Apr. 1. Four additional ports
are open to trade.
Aug. * The Government announces that
opium-smoking will be interdicted after
three years.
1879 Sept. * Chung-How signs a boun-
dary and indemnity treaty with Russia,
at Lavadia. It cedes to Russia Western
Kulja for a payment of 5,000,000 rubles.
[It produces great excitement and indig-
nation in China.]
Dec. 2±. The rebel chief, Li-yang-tsai,
is taken prisoner.
1880 Jan. 27. Chung-How, the Am-
bassador to St. Petersburg, is cashiered
for exceeding his powers in ceding the
Kulja territory to Russia. [It is not rati-
fied by China.]
July 15. It is reported that Chung-How
is released and threatened war averted.
1881 Aug. 19. A treaty with Russia,
negotiated by Marquis Tseng, is signed.
* * A treaty with the United States is
negotiated by James B. Angell.
1882 * * A threatened war with Japan
is avoided by Chinese diplomacy.
1883* *-84* *France conquers
Tongking in disregard of China's
claims.
Sept. * A dispute occurs with the French
concerning Tongking.
Nov. * Annam is claimed as a depen-
dency of China in a circular note.
1884 Apr. 11. Prince Chun, the fa-
ther-in-law of the Emperor, becomes
dictator by a coup d'itat at Peking, and
Prince Kung is dismissed from all his
posts and consigned to obscurity.
May 11. A treaty is signed with France
at Tien-Tsin by Capt. Fournier and Li
Hung Chang.
China recognizes the French protecto-
rate in Annam and Tongking, and opens
to commerce three southern provinces.
June 23. The Chinese disregard the
treaty with France, and attack the
troops en route for Langson, in Tong-
king. The ratification of the treaty of
May 11 is denied by the Chinese.
July 30. It is reported that the Chinese
consent to surrender the frontier
towns, but refuse to pay the indemnity.
July * The Regent Empress and the Vice-
roy, Li Hung Chang, are unpopular with
the war party.
July * France demands the evacuation
of the Tongking forts by the Chinese and
an indemnity of $50,000,000.
Aug. 17. France declines the media-
tion of the powers in the Tongking mat-
ter, and issues a circular note.
Aug. 19. France reduces its claim for
indemnity to $16,000,000 ; China declines
to pay it.
Aug. 21. The French Minister, Se-
mall6, leaves Peking. [War follows.]
Aug. 28+ . The viceroy, Li Hung Chang,
is degraded from his highest offices.
Sept. 6±. China officially declares war
against France.
Sept. 24±. Li Hung Chang is restored
to the office of viceroy.
Dec. * The English Minister, the Earl of
Granville, fails in an effort to mediate
with Marquis Tseng.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1876 Mar. 16. A train of cars first
runs from Shanghai to Woosung, a dis-
tance of 11 miles.
June 13. The first railroad in China
is opened for public service (one-half of
the line).
* *_78* * A terrible famine afflicts the
provinces of Honan, Shansi, and most
of Northern China.
* * The Chinese emigrate to America
in great numbers, chiefly males, and
commonly under the control of the " Six
Companies," viz., Sam Yup, Yung Wo,
Kong Chow, Wing Yeung, Yan Wo, and
Hop Wo.
Oct. 31. The opposition to the railroad
from Shanghai causes the suspension of
operations.
Dec. * The running of railroad trains is
resumed.
1878 * * The long-continued famine in
North China is reported to have caused
9,500,000 deaths.
* * The railroad plant is removed from
Shanghai to Formosa.
624 1884, ** -1891, Nov. 30.
CHINA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1885 Jan. 25. The French assault and
carry the Chinese works near Kelung.
Mar. 2. The French bombard Chinhai.
Mar. 2, 3. The French besiege Tuyen
Quan.
Mar. 4-12. The French capture several
forts at Kelung.
Mar. 30, 31. The French capture the
Pescadores Islands near Formosa.
June 23±. The French evacuate For-
mosa.
1887 * * The Chinese fleet is strength-
ened by the purchase of five ironclads
in Europe, which are placed under the
command of Adm. Lang.
1890 Jan. 3. Fighting occurs between
Chinese and Formosans ; 100 of the for-
mer and 400 of the latter are killed.
Feb. 6. Chinese troops subdue For-
mosa, and destroy its strongholds, with
heavy loss.
June 16±. Adm. Lang, of the Chinese
fleet, resigns.
1891 July 27. In the Fukien province
the rebels are several thousand strong,
and have captured one city.
Oct. 20. China sends 40,000 troops to
Pamir.
Nov. 4. Three thousand insurgents cap-
ture Tebhau ; Imperial troops are on
the way to quell the disturbance.
Nov. 14. The insurgents sack Tehwei.
Nov. 27. The rebels are moving south-
ward and towards Peking.
Nov. 29. The defeat of 4,000 Impe-
rial troops by the rebels is announced.
Nov. 30. Several thousand Imperial
troops march to meet the rebels who
are approaching Peking ; the mission-
aries are alarmed.
ART — LETTERS — NATURE.
1884* *The Peking Gazette, originally
an official organ, becomes political and
popular.
1887 Sept.* -Oct.* The Hoang-Ho
River overflows, and destroys about
1,500 villages, and the city Chuhsien
narrowly escapes ; millions of persons
are reported drowned, and famine is
imminent.
1888 May 8±. The Canton River over-
flows, and 3,000 people are drowned.
1889. June 2. A waterspout over-
whelms the Chang Ping and Ping Quen
districts, and several villages are de-
stroyed with a loss of 6,000 lives.
June 4. A hurricane at Hong-Kong
causes the loss of 10,000 lives, and
does great damage to property.
July 26. The Hoang-Ho again over-
flows its banks, inundating 10 large gov-
ernmental districts, causing immense
loss of life and property.
Sept. 27. Gold is discovered near Can-
ton.
1890 Feb. * One hundred people are
reported drowned by a cloud-burst in
Tsin Li Chow.
Aug. 4. Peking, Tung-Chow, and Tien-
Tsin, are submerged, and business is
paralyzed.
* * Shanghai is the literary center of the
foreigners in China.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1885 Jan. 22. Parker, Sir Henry, am-
bassador, dies.
8ept. * Tso Tsung-Tangr, statesman, dies.
1888 Apr. 1. Mackenzie, J. Kenneth,
missionary of the London Society, d.
1890 Jan. 1. Chun, Prince, statesman, d.
Apr. 12. Chitchze Tzeng-, statesman and
minister to London, Paris, and St. Peters-
burg, A56.
Aug. 28. Williamson, Alexander, mission-
ary, A61.
1891" Oct. 5. Boone, Wm. J., missionary
bishop, A42.
CHURCH.
1884 * * The Christian Society begins
mission-work.
* * The English New Connection Method-
ists begin work in Kai Ping and Yung
Ping.
* * Wuhu becomes a mission-station of
the American Methodists.
* * Chau-Kia-Keo, Northeast China, be-
comes an Inland Mission station.
* * Chin-hua becomes a station of the
Inland Mission.
* * The Book and Tract Society of China
is organized.
1885 July 14. The Pope appoints M.
Agliardi internuncio.
July* The French constrain the Em-
peror to receive an agent from the
Pope for the protection of the Roman
Catholic missionaries.
Sept.i * The Pope's scheme is op-
posed by the French, and deferred.
Nov. * The French yield to the Empe-
ror's request for the removal of the
Pehtang cathedral from a site near
his palace.
Nov. * The French protectorate over
all Christians is annulled by the Chinese.
* * The Central China Wesleyan Lay
Mission is started, seeking unoccupied
territory.
* * Lan-chau becomes a mission-station
of the American Methodists. Also Ning-
hia of the Inland Mission.
* * The American Presbyterians open a
mission-station in Formosa.
* *The English Bible Christian Society
sends two missionaries to Yunnan, un-
der the auspices of the China Inland
Mission.
* * Leh, Lesser Tibet, becomes a Mora-
vian mission-station.
1886 * * A Methodist Episcopal Lay
Training-School is founded in Fuchau.
* * The Southern Methodists in China
organize their work into a conference.
* * The American Presbyterian Board
sends two missionaries to the island of
Hainan.
* * Kwei-hwa-cheng becomes a station
of the Inland Mission. Also Hunchung
of the English Friends.
* * Lin-ching becomes a mission-station
of the American Board.
* * Chung-king Mission is assaulted,
and all the residents are driven out of
the mission-houses. [1888. They return.]
* * The Church of England opens a mission
at Pakhoi.
* * The American Disciples of Christ enter
work in Nanking.
* * Ta-tung becomes a station of the In-
land Mission.
* *The Book and Tract Society of
China begins work.
1887 * * Cheng Ku, North China, be-
comes a mission-station of the Inland
Mission. Also Tsing-kiang-pu of the
American Presbyterian Church (South).
Nankang of the Inland Mission. Lu-
gan of the Church Society.
* * The English Baptists open a mission
in Chi Nan Fu.
* * The Inland Mission commences its
itineracy in the Kwang-si province.
1888 Dec. 8. The new Roman Catholic
cathedral at Peking is consecrated.
* * An undenominational Christian col-
lege is started in Canton, and is under
the care of American Presbyterians.
* * Tien-Tsin becomes a station of the
Inland Mission.
* * The Canadian Presbyterians start a
mission at Honan.
* * The translation of the Old Testament
into the Fuchau dialect is completed.
* * The Canadian Presbyterians enter
Tang Chuang, in Shantung.
1889 Feb. 21±. Missionaries are at-
tacked by rioters in Chefu.
Dec. 5. A presbytery is founded at Ho-
nan by Canadian Presbyterians.
* * The American Presbyterian Mission
at Shanghai issues, during this year,
6,178,806 pages from its mission-press.
* * The American Reformed Church opens
a hospital in Sio Khe.
* * The English Baptists open a mission
in Chow Ping.
* * Kin-Kiang becomes a mission-station
of the Inland Mission. Chining Chow
and Tchowfoo of the Presbyterian
Board.
* * The Roman Catholic Christians in
China are reported at 483,403 ; European
priests, 471 ; native priests, 281 ; schol-
ars, 25,219.
* * The number of missionaries in
China is 1,295, belonging to 42 different
organizations.
The increase of 1889 over 1888 was 172.
The number of native communicants
was 37,287, an increase of more than 286
per cent, since 1876. The contributions
of the native Christians (only) for the
year is $36,884.54, an average of nearly
one dollar a member for all the native
communicants in the Enrpire.
1890 May 7-17. A missionary con-
ference is held at Shanghai, with 400
representatives present.
1891 May 26. Natives at Nanking pil-
lage Christian mission buildings and
burn them.
CHINA.
1884, * *-1891, Nov. 30. 625
June 23. Missionaries at Wu Hu and
other places are attacked by the na-
tives.
July 3+. Pagan societies are making
riotous attacks on Christian missions.
SOCIETY.
1889 Feb. 4, 5. Rioters burn the
British consulate and the houses of for-
eigners at Ching-Kiang-Fu.
Feb. 22±. In Chee-Foo famine prevails,
and riots occur daily ; missionaries are
attacked by Chinese mobs led by man-
darins.
Feb. 25. The marriage of the Em-
peror to Yeh-ho-na-la, a Manchu lady, is
announced.
Mar. 4. The English consulate at Shang-
hai is burned by a mob, and damage is
done to the American consulate.
Aug. 18. Rioters in the Fokien prov-
ince, after murdering between 400 or 500
men, women, and children, flee before
approaching soldiery.
Nov. * It is decreed that drowning of girl
babies by their parents is to be punished
by SO blows of the bamboo.
1890 Aug. 6. A mob destroys the rail-
road to Lutai on the pretense that the
road caused the recent floods in the Pei-
Ho River.
1891 Jan. 6. The murderers of
Christians at Szechuen are brought to
justice.
Mar. 11±. Three hundred pirates
and robbers are beheaded.
May 13. An anti-European riot takes
place in Woo Hoo.
June 12. More anti-foreign rioting oc-
curs ; a number of missionaries flee for
their lives. [Aug. 1. More rioting.]
Aug. 27±. Chinese pirates in the prov-
ince of Wenchow are burning villages
and murdering the residents ; they also
hold some captives for ransom.
Sept. 4. Foreigners' houses are
burned by Chinese at Ichang, on the
Yang-ste-Kiang.
Sept. 11. Rioters at Hankow are cowed
by British blue jackets without fighting.
Oct. 9. The disorder in Amoy is sup-
pressed ; several mandarins and other
officials are killed by rioters.
Nov. 12. Cheu Kin Lung, leader of
Kowao Hui, a secret society that had
much to do in causing the uprising in
Hoonan, is captured ; but despite torture
he refuses to make any disclosures.
STATE.
1885 Jan. 23. The Foreign Enlistment
Act is proclaimed at Hong-Kong.
Apr. 5. The preliminaries of peace with
France are signed.
June 9. The treaty with France is signed.
China recognizes the French control of
Annam.
July 19. London. A convention is signed
to regulate customs-duties on the ex-
port of opium from China.
July 24. A convention is signed at Pe-
king with England, respecting trade and
Burmese frontiers ; a tribute mission
from Burma is to be received once in
ten years.
Aug.±* The Government changes its
policy respecting the introduction of
railroads, and authorizes their con-
struction.
Aug.±* China and Japan come to an
agreement respecting affairs in Formosa.
Nov. 28. The French treaty is ratified.
Nov. * The Chinese annul the protecto-
rate over all Christians held by the
French.
1887 Jan. * The Government proclaims
protection for all missionaries and con-
verts, and excludes foreign protection.
July 24. A convention with Great Brit-
ain is signed ; it relates to Burma and
Tibet.
Aug. * A commercial treaty is made
with France.
1888 Mar. 14. U. S. A. A treaty is
signed allowing immigration from China
for 20 years, with certain exceptions.
[Sept. China refuses to ratify it.]
July 27. The Empress Regent announces
the resignation of the administration of
the government, preparatory to its as-
sumption by the Emperor.
Dec. * Italy and Germany enter conven-
tions to secure protection for their mis-
sionaries.
1889 Jan. 5. China demands that Ko-
rea depose its king, and declare its de-
pendence.
Feb. * The Empress Regent resigns.
Oct. 19. The Red River is declared
open for trade.
1890 Feb. 15. It is announced that
China is to have a system of silver coin-
age for the whole country.
1891 Apr. 22. The Rajah of Sikkim
renounces British " protection," and
flees to Tibet.
June 9. French and American Minis-
ters at Shanghai demand of the Impe-
rial authorities protection for Euro-
pean and American residents.
Aug. 17. The foreign Ministers in China
threaten a naval demonstration unless
the Government makes speedy repara-
tion for recent attacks on foreign resi-
dents in China.
Sept. 30. The governor of Wuhu,
where outrages on foreigners took place,
has been removed from his office.
Oct. 13. China asks of Russia an ex-
planation in regard to her intentions
respecting the Pamir expedition.
Oct. 15. The relations with the Euro-
pean powers are becoming harmonious.
Oct. 21. The Government forbids the
selling of land outside of treaty ports
to foreigners, the seller to be severely
punished.
Nov. 4±. A revolution is reported in the
province of Fukien.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1886* *The Decanville railroad is
opened.
1888 Nov. * The railroad from Tien-
tsin to Taka, a distance of 86 miles, is
opened. It is the first railroad for pas-
senger service in China.
1889 Jan. 13. Ten thousand people
are said to have lost their lives in a fire
at Soochow, an inland town.
Feb. 14. A famine prevails in Anhoui
and Kiangsu ; several millions of people
are suffering.
Mar. * The number of deaths caused by
the great famine in Shantung is ap-
palling.
Many of the inhabitants are commit-
ting suicide through despondency, there
being still three months to wait for the
harvest.
Apr. * The famine is spreading, and the
death-rate is increasing.
Apr. 11. France and China agree to
connect the China and Tongking tele-
graph-lines, and thus establish com-
munication between Saigon and Peking.
July 15. The Emperor decides to issue
an edict for the construction of the
Lung-Chow railroad ; the Marquis
Tseng is appointed general director of
railroads.
July 23±. A fire in Soochow destroys
87,000 dwellings ; over 1,200 persons per-
ish in the flames, and 400 others killed.
Great destitution prevails, and many
are perishing from want and exposure
daily.
Aug. 31. Tenders for the construction
of the first section of a railroad from
Peking to Chinkiang have been re-
ceived, the rails and plant to cost
$70,000,000.
Oct. 30. It is decided to light Peking
with electricity.
Nov. 21. The Government refuses to
grant a concession for a telegraph-line
from Siberia to Peking.
Dec. 3. The platform of a theater at
Wienhen, in Shantung, collapses dur-
ing a performance, and 500 persons are
killed.
1890 May 5. The port Chan-King is
opened.
May * The telegraph-line connecting
Tongking and China is completed.
Aug. 15. A syndicate begins to lay rails
from Hankow to Peking.
Sept. 26. The Temple of Heaven at
Peking is destroyed by fire.
Oct. 13. During the performance in &
theater at Hauting, the whole wall
gives way, precipitating the audience
from a high terrace to the street below.
Two hundred bodies have been taken
from the ruins.
Nov. 26. The Government consents to
the erection of a telegraph-line con-
necting Peking and the Siberian town
of Kiachta.
Dec. 8. A powder explosion and flame
destroys one-half of the city of Pa Chow.
626
1891, Dec. 3-1894, Dec. 30.
CHINA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 Dec. 3±. The insurgents have
been defeated in two engagements,
with a loss of over 600 killed.
Dec. 6. Insurgents meet with a crush-
ing defeat by Imperial troops near
Chaoyang.
Dec. 9. Imperial troops again defeat
the insurgent forces.
1892 Mar. 27+. Numerous engage-
ments between Imperialists and rebels
take place ; over 8,000 of the latter have
been killed.
1894 June 25. A revolutionary
army, armed with spears, bows, and
slings, and about 15,000 strong, is on the
border of Korea.
June 29. China is preparing for war
with Japan.
July 23. Japanese troops repulse an
attack made by Koreans and Chinese
at Seoul.
July 25. Chinese troops occupy the Las
Chas Islands, and 12,000 Chinese sol-
diers are said to have landed in Korea.
July 25. The Chinese war-ship Tsao-
Kiang is captured by a Japanese vessel
after a fight, in which the former loses
100 men killed and wounded ; nearly 1,000
lives are lost with the Chinese troop-ship
Kow-Shing.
July 31. The Chinese battle-ship Chen-
Yuen is sunk by the Japanese, and
nearly 1,000 lives are lost; two cruisers
are also captured by Japan.
Aug. 2. The Emperor issues a manifesto
accepting war with Japan, and throw-
ing the blame for bloodshed upon that
country.
Aug. 3. The Emperor puts the entire
military power of the Empire in the
hands of Id Hung Chang.
Aug. 4. The Chinese fleet returns to
Chefu.
Aug. 5±. Another engagement oc-
curs off the Korean coast, in which three
Chinese war-ships are captured by the
Japanese.
Aug. 6. Li Hung Chang remains in
command of the Chinese army, though
divested of the yellow jacket ; mob vio-
lence is feared by foreigners in China.
Aug. 9±. Both China and Japan are
hurrying troops to Korea, the Chinese
Emperor levying a war tribute upon the
viceroys of the different provinces.
Aug. 10+. Twenty thousand Japa-
nese troops are concentrating upon
Korea's capital from the north and
south.
Aug. 11+ . Several encounters take
place between Chinese and Japanese on
both land and water ; heavy losses re-
ported.
Aug. 13±. A Chinese fleet sails to in-
tercept Japanese transports carrying
troops to Korea.
Aug. 17. A Japanese cruiser of the
first class is sunk by the Chinese war-
ship Tsi-Yuen.
Aug. 18. The Chinese fleet is cruis-
ing in search of Japanese war-ships in
the Gulf of Pe-Chi-I,i.
Aug. 20. Chinese gunboats and war-
ships are guarding the coast to prevent
the landing of Japanese troops.
± The Chinese forces in Korea defeat
the Japanese in several engagements.
Aug. 21. In two battles at Ping- Yang
and Chung-Ho the Japanese are de-
feated with heavy losses.
Aug. 24. An Imperial edict orders 100,-
000 Manchus and Pekingese to hold them-
selves in readiness for war service.
Aug. 25+ . The Chinese are putting to
death many Japanese spies.
In a conflict between Japanese and
Chinese forces, the loss of Japanese is
reported at over 1,300 men.
Aug. 26. Gen. Yeh has effected a junc-
tion with the main body of the Chinese
army at Ping- Yang.
Aug. 27. Li Yuna is made commander-
in-chief of the Chinese forces.
Aug. 29+. The Chinese forces in Korea
defeat the Japanese in several engage-
ments.
Aug. 31+. Japanese war-ships are
bombarding Port Arthur.
Aug.* The viceroy of Kwangtung
has engaged 5,000 Slack Flags to
strengthen the fortifications in the
neighborhood of Canton.
Sept. 3. Skirmishes between Chinese
and Japanese are occurring at several
points in Korea ; Gen. Yeh is rewarded
for his last victory by an edict of the
Chinese Emperor.
Sept. 4. The Chinese in Japan and the
Japanese in China are under the pro-
tection of American consuls.
Sept. 5. The Chinese are strengthening
the defenses of Wei-Hai-Wei to resist
expected Japanese attacks.
Two Japanese spies are beheaded
at Shanghai.
+* * Heavy Chinese losses occur at Seik-
wan and Gazan.
Sept. 6. A strong Japanese force oc-
cupies an island 40 miles from Port
Arthur.
Sept. 9. The Chinese Adm. Ting has
been degraded for incapacity and cow-
ardice ; troops are drafted from the in-
terior for the coast garrisons.
Chinese and Japanese troops are hur-
ried to the northern part of Korea.
Sept. 13. Chinese troops are ordered to
Tien-Tsin, a Japanese invasion being
feared.
Sept. 15 + . Two battles are fought in
Korea ; in one the Japanese advance
guard is defeated, and in the other a
Chinese fortress is captured.
Sept. 16. Twenty-one transports leave
Japan to invade China; China is mass-
ing troops at Heijo for a decisive battle.
Fifty thousand Japanese troops have
been landed in Korea.
+ The Japanese defeat the Chinese
at Ping- Yang, Korea, after a battle of
two days' duration, and take the city ;
2,600+ Chinese are killed, wounded, and
made prisoners.
Sept. 17. Four Chinese warships de-
stroyed and three Japanese damaged
in a naval battle at the mouth of the
Yaloo River ; Japanese loss, 115 killed,
1,034 wounded; Chinese loss, nearly 1,000
killed and wounded.
Sept. 17±. Li Hung Chang is further
degraded for mismanagement of the
campaign.
Sept. 20+. The Japanese army is
marching toward the Chinese frontier.
Sept. 23. The missing Chinese trans-
ports reach Ta-ku, on the Gulf of Pe-
Chi-Li. The Chinese are fortifying
Moukden. The Kow-Shung affair has
been settled by the Japan Government
apologizing, and paying an indemnity
of $75,000.
Sept. 24. The Chinese transports land 7,000
troops at the mouth of the Yaloo River.
Sept. 26. The British steamer Pathan
is seized by a Chinese war-ship on suspi-
cion of carrying contraband of war; a
Japanese army of 30,000 men is em-
barking at Hiroshima.
Oct. 6. Two thousand Chinese soldiers
desert their colors.
Oct. 7. The Japanese forces are rapidly
nearing Moukden; all the Chinese
troops have been withdrawn from Korea.
Oct. 9. Fuchau, a treaty port, is closed
by China's act in blocking the mouth of
the River Min.
Oct. 11. The Japanese succeed in cap-
turing Wi-Ju, routing its force of
2,000 Chinese soldiers.
Oct. 18+. The Chinese are hastily for-
tifying Wei-Hai-Wei ; a revolt has
broken out near Fuchau.
Oct. 28. The Chinese fleet is gathering
in Kinchow Bay to defend Port
Arthur ; the Russian fleet is at Chefu,
and a Japanese squadron at Port Arthur.
Oct. 30. The Japanese capture a fort at
Port Arthur.
Nov. 1. Li Hung Chang offers to pur-
chase four British war-ships now in
commission.
Nov. 5. Li Hung Chang is removed
from the viceroyalty of Chi-li, and Vi-
ceroy Lutal, of the Liang-Kiang prov-
inces, is summoned to succeed him.
Nov. 7. China's fleet is shut up in Port
Arthur ; the Japanese are vigorously
attacking the place by land and sea.
Nov. 15. The Chinese have retaken
Kin-Chow, and are in possession of
two forts at Talien-Wan.
Nov. 16. The Japanese garrison at
Feng-Huang defeats a Chinese force
numerically superior to it.
+ The Chinese generals Yeh and Nieh
have been degraded.
Nov. 18. England and Russia agree to
prohibit attacks by the Japanese upon
Nanking or Shanghai.
Nov. 21. The Japanese troops capture
Port Arthur and massacre practically
the entire population in cold blood.
The foreign correspondents, horrified
by the spectacle, leave the army in a
body. (Cor. of Mew York World.)
CHINA.
1891, Dec. 3-1894, Dec. 30. 627
Nov. 22. The Chinese war-ship Chen-
Yuen is damaged by striking a rock ;
her captain commits suicide.
Nov. 27. The Chinese evacuate New-
chwang.
Nov. 28. A great number of Tonghaks
attack Koshin, but are defeated by
the Japanese with great slaughter ; two
rebel chiefs are killed.
Dec. 10. The Japanese under Gen. Oya-
ma have advanced as far as Furantuen,
and fears are entertained for Fuchau.
Dec. 12. The Japanese have effected a
landing at Shanhaikwan and near
Taku, and number about 25,000 men.
A detachment of the second Japanese
army has occupied Fuchau, 75 miles
north of Port Arthur ; the Chinese are
retreating in a northeasterly direction
towards New-chwang.
Dec. 14. Part of Marshal Oyama's army
has arrived within 16 miles of New-
chwang.
Chinese Gen. Wei is beheaded by
proxy.
Dec. 15. Li Hung Chang is reinstated
as a possible peacemaker.
Dec. 16. A large Chinese force is de-
feated by the Japanese garrison at
Feng-Huang.
Dec. 21. The Emperor grants plenipo-
tentiary powers to Chang Yin Huan
to make peace with Japan.
Dec. 22. The Mohammedans of Man-
churia are uprising.
Dec. 23. A fugitive Chinese garrison is
defeated after a fierce five-hour battle
by a Japanese force under Gen. Katsura.
Dec. 30. Liu Kun Yi, viceroy of Li-
ang-Kiang, is appointed commander-
in-chief of the Chinese forces, super-
seding Li Hung Chang.
ART— LETTERS — NATURE.
1891 Dec. 31+. Thousands of lives are
lost in a gale at Hong-Kong.
1892 Sep. 23. The Hoang-Ho (Yel-
low River) overflows its banks ; 12
towns are inundated and many lives lost.
1893 July 6. Disastrous floods occur.
1894 Jan. 18. An earthquake in
Tibet destroys the Grand Llama's mon-
astery and over 800 houses ; over 200
lives are lost.
Sept. 1. Disastrous floods occur at Pe-
king ; many people are homeless and
starving.
CHURCH.
1891 Dec. 21. A retired Taotai of
Changsha is circulating thousands of
books vilely assailing Christianity.
1892 May 23. Fresh an ti- Christian
disturbances occur in Manchu and in
districts bordering on Tongking.
June 3. Many anti-Christian placards
are posted in certain districts.
SOCIETY.
Dec. 4. The foreign consuls at Tien-Tsin
ask naval protection.
1892 Jan. 1. Lawlessness in North
China is renewed.
June 20. The English residents in the
Yang-tse valley are attacked by Chi-
nese.
STATE.
1892 Aug. 8. The Chinese withdraw
from the Pamirs.
Aug. 15. China protests against Rus-
sian occupancy of the Pamirs as a
breach of the Treaty of Livadia.
1893 Dec. 3. It is announced that
China is to rule the " buffer state " be-
tween the English and French posses-
sions at Siam.
1894 Aug. 1. The Japanese Govern-
ment formally declares war upon
China ; Chinese victories in a land en-
gagement in Korea are reported.
Aug. 3. England, Germany, Italy, and
the United States enter into an agree-
ment to neutralize the treaty ports of
China and Japan ; the degradation of
Li Hung Chang by the Emperor causes
great excitement in China.
Aug. 7. Great Britain declares neu-
trality in the Korean war; Russia
threatens to interfere if her trade suf-
fers.
Aug. 22. The King of Korea declares
himself independent of China.
Aug. * Efforts to bring about peace
between Japan and China fail, the lat-
ter positively refusing to resign from its
suzerainty of Korea.
Aug. 25. A treaty of alliance is signed
by Japan and Korea ; Chinese soldiers
are reported to be suffering from starva-
tion, the Japanese maintaining a strict
blockade of the coast.
Sept. 9. Adm. Ting is degraded for in-
capacity ; China is drafting troops from
the interior for the coast garrisons.
Oct. 11. Japan is said to have rejected
China's proposals for peace as inade-
quate.
Oct. 14. Germany rejects England's pro-
posal to join the powers in interven-
tion in the war in the East.
Oct. 31. The Emperor calls together
his viceroys and governors at Peking,
to learn why they have failed to crush
Japan.
Nov. 20. Negotiations for peace be-
tween China and Japan are proceeding
satisfactorily through the American
Ministers at Peking and Tokio.
Nov. 24. China sends a special agent to
Japan with instruction to accept any
terms of peace except the cession of any
portion of China proper.
Dec. 4. Japan informs China that no
peace proposals will be received except
through a regularly accredited am-
bassador.
The foreign consuls at Tien-Tsin ap-
ply for naval protection.
Dec. 6. The Imperial Council for For-
eign Affairs has decided to send a spe-
cial ambassador to Tokio, with full
authority to negotiate a treaty of peace.
Dec. 13. Prince Kung has been ap-
pointed President of the Grand Council,
and thereby the virtual dictator of the
Empire.
Dec. 15i. The Government communi-
cates to the foreign Ministers its ob-
jections to receiving military guards
for the Ministers in Peking, and gives
assurance of their efficient protection.
Dec. 28. The United States is reported
to have demanded satisfaction from
China for violation of its promise re-
garding the surrender, of the two (stu-
dents ?) Japanese spies.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 Feb. 6. Flood, fire, and fam-
ine work great destruction of life and
property.
June 13. The grip prevails with
severity.
Nov. 3. Hankow, a treaty port, is in
flames; many lives are lost. Fifteen
hundred houses are burned.
1892 June 13. The steamer Nainchow
sinks in the China Seas; 414 persons
drowned.
Sept. 4. A terrific fire occurs among the
shipping at Ichang, Hong-Kong ; over
150 lives lost.
Nov. 1. Cholera is raging.
1894 Jan. 2. There are 700 deaths from
the black plague in Hong-Kong in one
week.
Apr. 4. A thousand buildings are
burned in Shanghai.
June 12. A plague in Hong-Kong
causes about one hundred deaths a day.
June 17. Nearly two thousand deaths
have occurred from the plague in
Hong-Kong up to this date.
July 6. The epidemic of " Bubonic
Plague" at Hong-Kong has caused
2,500 deaths.
Aug. 31. At least 1,000 lives are lost
by a fire among the flower-boats
moored in the Canton River.
Sept. 14. A fire in Shun-King causes
a loss of 100 lives, over 2,000 buildings,
and a loss of 10,000,000 taels (about
$15,000,000).
628 1499,**-1894, Dec. 30. COLOMBIA.
The Republic of Colombia (formerly called New Granada) lies hi the northwestern part of South America, and includes
the Isthmus of Panama. Bogota is the capital. Area, 504,775 square miles ; population, 4,178,000. The government is adminis-
tered by a President, with a Congress consisting of a Senate and Chamber of Representatives ; the members are elected by nine
Departments.
ARMY — NAVY.
1526 * * Panama. Francisco Pizarro
sails on his second expedition to Peru.
[He makes five starts.] (See pp. 18, 20.)
1536* * -37 ** Spaniards under
Ximenes de Quesada conquer New
Granada [Colombia].
1546 Nov. * Panama. Pedro de la
Gasca gains possession of the fleet in
the interest of the Spanish crown.
1547 Apr.* Panama. Gasca sails
with a considerable force to maintain
royal authority in Peru.
1696 * * Cartagena on the north coast
is taken by buccaneers.
1719 * * Panama. The Indians de-
stroy several towns which the Catholic
missionaries had established.
1739 Nov. 22. Panama. Adm. Ed-
ward Vernon, with six English men-of-
war, takes Porto Bello from Spain.
1740 Mar. 24. Adm. Vernon attacks
San Lorenzo Castle. (See p. 64.)
1811 * * -24 * * Colombia is at war
with Spain for independence.
Dec. * Civil war follows the declara-
tion of independence.
1821 June 24. The royalists are de-
feated by the patriots at Carabobo.
1840 * * -41 * * Civil war follows the
election of Marquez to the presidency,
who defeats his enemies.
1859 * * Civil war grows out of an in-
surrection fostered by ex-President Mos-
quera and the Liberal party.
1861 July. * The Liberal partizans cap-
ture Bogota.
1863 Nov. 20. "War follows the re-
fusal of Ecuador to join the Union.
Dec. 6. The Ecuadorians are de-
feated by the troops of the United
States of Colombia. [Dec. 30. Peace.]
1864 * * Bebellions disturb the State.
1868 Nov. 12. President Correoso
defeats the partizans of his opponent.
1885 Mar. 2. The insurrection
breaks out afresh at Barranquilla, and
the Government's force is defeated.
July 13 ±. The Government troops de-
feat the insurgents.
July 31 + . Peace is restored, and order
prevails.
1890 Jan. 2. The gunboat La Popa
seizes two American vessels.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1797 Feb. 4. An appalling earth-
quake destroys the country from Santa
Fe to Panama ; the cities of Cuzco and
Quito are ruined, and 40,000 people are
entombed in a second of time.
1843 * * Education is fostered by the
Government.
1870 * * Congress takes the management
of public instruction, which is organ-
ized on the German systems, and places
it in the hands of the State ; it adopts
compulsory education.
1871* * Educational reforms take
place.
1875 May 16-18. A series of earth-
quakes destroy San Jos6 de Cucuta and
other towns ; about 14,000 lives are lost.
1882 Sept. 7, 9, 10. Panama. A se-
ries of earthquakes partly destroy the
Panama Railroad.
1889 June 21. Panama. An earth-
quake destroys the town of Guanere.
1893 Mar. 24. Much loss of life and
destruction of property are caused by an
earthquake.
1894 Dec. 30. Great floods cause a
loss of 50 lives and great damage to
property on the coast.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1783 July* Bolivar, Simon, general, b.
1792 * * Santander, Francisco de Paula, gen-
eral, politician, born.
1793 * * Sucre, Antonio J. de, general, born.
1798 * * Lopez, Jose Hilario, President, b.
1815 * * Murillo-Toro, Manuel, President,
born. [1880. Dies, A65.]
1830 Dec. 17. Bolivar, Simon, deliverer,
A53.
Perez, Santiago, President, born.
Sucre, Antonio J. de, general, A37.
1835 * * Miro, Gregorio, President of Pana-
ma, born.
1840 May 26. Santander, Francesco de
Paula, general, politician, A48.
1869 * * Lopez, Jos6 Hilario, President, A71.
1880 * * Miro Gregorio, Pres. of Panama, A45.
1882 Dec. * Zaldua, President, dies.
1894 Sept. 18. Nunez, Rafael, Pres., A61.
SOCIETY.
1852 Jan. * Slavery is entirely abol-
ished.
1889 Feb. * Panama. There is a strong
military force along the line of the
canal to maintain order.
Apr. 9. Panama. The British consul
distributes bread among the distressed
negroes along the canal works.
1893 Jan. 23. Fatal rioting occurs
in Bogota.
Feb. 4. Bioters defeat the police in
Bogota, but are subdued by troops, 23
rioters being killed and 56 wounded ; the
leaders are arrested and some are exiled.
1894 June 8±. Panama. Ex-Presi-
dent Ezeta of Salvador visits Panama-
STATE.
1499 * * New Granada [Colombia] is dis-
covered by Alonzo de Ojeda, a Span-
ish cavalier.
1502 * * Columbus visits the coast.
1508 * * Ojeda obtains from the Spanish
crown a grant of the coast westward
from Cape Vela to the Gulf of Darien,
and Diego de Nicuessa receives the rest
of the country from the gulf to Cape
Gracias-a-Dios.
1514 * * The two grants are united,
forming Tierra-Firme.
1536 * * The Spaniards settle in the in-
terior of New Granada.
1538 * * Belalcazar is at Bogota.
1539* * Nicholas Federmann, the
traveler, visits Bogota.
1690* * Darien. About 1200 Scots,
besides women and children, establish
a colony. [They are driven away by
the Spaniards the following year.]
1695 * * Eng. A company for coloniz-
ing Darien is formed.
1700 Mar. 30. Darien. The English
settlements are surrendered to the
Spaniards.
1718 * * The province of New Granada
becomes a Spanish vice-royalty.
1719 * * To reduce expenses the prov-
ince becomes a simple presidency.
1739 * * The new Ejngdom of Gra-
nada is reestablished as a vice-roy-
alty, and also includes Venezuela and
Ecuador.
1777 * * Several provinces are separated
to form Venezuela.
1790 * * Panama. Spaniards make a
treaty of peace with the Indians,
and abandon all their forts.
1811* * An insurrection against
Spain commences ; New Granada forms
a republic, having Bogota as its capital.
1819 Dec. 17. Under Simon Bolivar,
the national hero, the province unites
with Venezuela, and forms the Bepub-
lic of Colombia.
June 30. Colombia and Mexico enter
into an alliance.
1825 * * Spain recognizes the indepen-
dence of Colombia.
1826 Aug. * Bolivar is nominated for
the presidency by the Congress at Lima.
Nov. 23. Congress nominates Bolivar
as dictator.
1828 Feb. 10. Bolivar becomes dic-
tator.
Apr. 9. An insurrection is led by Pa-
dilla.
Sept. 25. The Liberals' conspiracy
against the life of Bolivar fails.
1829 Nov. * Venezuela withdraws
from the republic.
1830 Apr. 4. Gen. Bolivar resigns the
dictatorship. [Dec. 17. Dies.]
1831 Nov. 21. The Republic of New
Granada is formed.
1832 * * A Constitution is promulgated,
and the territory divided into 18 prov-
inces, each having control of its Ptcal
affairs. #
Mar. 9. Francisco de Paula Santander is
elected 1st President for a term of fcur
years.
1837 * * Jose" Ignacio de Marquez is
elected the 2d President. [1840. Theoo-
pnsition brings on civil war.]
COLOMBIA.
1499, * *-1894, Dec. 30. 629
1840 * * The province of Cartagena se-
cedes.
1841 May* Pedro Alcantara Herran
is elected the 3d President.
* * Panama and Veragua secede, but
soon return to the Union.
1843 * * The Constitution is remod-
eled, and a treaty concluded with Eng-
lish creditors of the republic.
1845 * * Gen. Mosquera is elected the
4th President.
1849 * * Gen. Jose" Hilario Lopez is
elected the 5th President.
1853 * * Gen. Jose" Maria Obando is
elected the 6th President ; Vice-Presi-
dents Obaldia and Mallarino complete
his term.
* * An important alteration is made in
the Constitution, by which every prov-
ince has the right to govern its own
affairs, and to hold merely federal con-
nection with the central republic.
1856 * * -57 * * Antioquia and Pana-
ma become federal States by legal en-
actment.
1857 * * Mariano Ospina is elected the
7th President.
1858 June 15. The Republic of
New Granada becomes the Grana-
dine Confederation, including Boli-
var, Antioquia, Panama, Cundinamarca,
Boyaca, Cauca, Santander, and Magda-
lena.
1861 Jan.* The Conservatives strug-
gle to retain the old Government ; the
Liberals, headed by Mosquera, organ-
ize a new one.
July 18. After capturing Bogota, Gen.
Mosquera and his Liberal partizans de-
pose President Ospina and seize the Gov-
ernment.
Sept. 20. A Congress of the several
States is held at Bogota, which deter-
mines to form a Union to be called the
United States of Colombia; a new
Constitution is adopted, and Mosquera is
made dictator.
Julio Arboleda, leader of the Conser-
vatives, is successful in the west, and
forms an alliance with the President of
Ecuador.
Nov. 1. Arboleda being assassinated,
Canal succeeds him, and makes terms
with the President.
1863 Dec. 30. Ecuador maintains
its independence against Colombia.
* * The Constitution, modeled in some
respects after that of the United States,
is formulated.
May 8. The new Constitution is estab-
lished, and Gen. Mosquera, having re-
signed as dictator, is elected President.
Aug. * Gen. Mosquera invites Venezuela
and Ecuador to rejoin the Confedera-
tion.
Nov. * Ecuador declines to join the
Union.
1864* * Manuel Murillo Toro is
elected President. Rebellions follow.
1866 Mar. 11. Ex-President Mos-
quera is elected President for the third
time.
He enters into a struggle with the
majority of Congress, and finally arbi-
trarily arrests 68 Representatives and
Senators. To avoid impeachment he de-
clares himself dictator.
1867 May 23. Santos Acosta deposes
Gen. Mosquera, and becomes provisional
President.
Nov. 1. Gen. Mosquera is sentenced
to exile for two years.
1868* *Gen. Santos Gu tier res is
elected President.
Aug. 29. Gen. Ponce, who had made a
revolution in Panama, is succeeded by
Correoso. Rebellions abound, and
Panama is quite disorganized.
1871 * * Gen. E. Salgar is elected Presi-
dent.
* * A treaty is made with the United
States respecting an interoceanic
canal.
1872 Apr. 1. Manuel Murillo-Toro
again becomes President.
[1874, Apr. 1, Santiago Perez; 1876,
Apr. 1, Aquileo Parra ; 1878, Apr. 1,
Gen. Trujillo; 1880, Apr. l, Rafael
Nunez; 1884, F. J. Zaldua; 1882, Dec.
22, J. E. Otalora; 1884, Apr. l, R. Nu-
nez ; 1886, Aug. 7, R. Nunez again ; 1892,
Aug. 7, R. Nunez, with M. A. Caro as
Vice-President .]
1890 Feb. 24. American and British
vessels seized for contravention of cus-
tom laws are now released.
Aug. 19. The Government grants an ex-
tension of the concession to the Pan-
ama Canal Company for 12 years, un-
der the conditions that the Company is
entirely reorganized, and actively at
work within 18 months.
Oct. 1. The Colombian Congress unani-
mously approves the American Inter-
national Railroad Conference, and
appoints three commissioners.
1892 Aug. 7. Miguel A. Caro, elected
Vice-President, assumes the Presidency :
President-elect Nunez declining.
The President declines to receive more
than $12,000 as salary, instead of $36,000
per annum set apart for that office, dis-
penses with the services of a private sec-
retary, renounces the use of the guard of
honor, and will reside in a private resi-
dence instead" of in San Carlos palace.
1893 Feb. 20. Panama. The Govern-
ment grants a temporary extension
of the Panama Canal concession. [Mar.
31. Another month. Apr. 5. Twenty
months in which to resume work.]
Apr. 7. Panama. The terms of a new
contract between the Government and
the liquidator of the Panama Canal
Company are published.
Apr. 8. Panama. The Government has
given to the Panama Canal Company an
extension of ten years in which to
complete the work.
Sept. 3. Several leaders of the Liberal
party are under arrest.
1894 Aug. 17. Colombia reestab-
lishes her legation in Costa Rica.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1748 * * Panama. Porto Bello is the
great commercial mart for the rich com-
merce of Chile and Peru.
1833 * * Steamboats begin to make reg-
ular trips on the Magdalena River be-
tween Honda and Barranquilla.
1855 Jan. 28. Panama. The first
train passes over the Panama railroad.
* * Aspinwall [Colon] is founded by W.
H. Aspinwall (U. S. A.).
1856 * * The American Presbyterians
(North) open a mission at Bogota.
1870* * Panama. Hydraulic appli-
ances are introduced in some of the
mineral workings.
1875* *The Republic has over 1,000
miles of telegraph and two lines of
railroad ; Panama line, 46 miles long,
and Barranquilla line, 17 miles long.
1881 * * Panama. The Panama Canal
Company is formed in France.
1888 Dec. 25. Panama. Work is
abandoned for the present on the
Panama Canal.
1889 Jan. 8. Panama. Two large con-
tractors stop construction work on the
Panama Canal, and 4,000 laborers are
idle.
Jan. 10. Panama. Contractors on the
Culebra section of the Panama Canal
offer to continue work at their own
expense until January 15.
Feb. 13. Panama. Less than 3,000
men are at work on the Canal.
Feb. 19. Panama. Canal laborers are
lessening in number. A strong mili-
tary force is kept on the line of the
canal to maintain order.
Mar. 7. Panama. The British vessel
El Dorado passes through the canal
from Aspinwall to Chagres, a distance
of 15 miles.
Mar. 18. Fr. The Company announces
in Paris that a further extension of
provisional contract has been arranged
with contractors.
Mar.* Fr. The attempt to f«rm a new
canal company has failed.
July 17. Panama. Yellow fever
breaks out at Colon (Aspinwall).
Nov. * Fr. The Panama Canal Com-
pany has been ordered by the Civil Tri-
bunal, through its liquidator, to pay off
the discharged workmen.
1890 Sept. 23. Panama. Three-quar-
ters of Colon are destroyed by fire ; loot-
ers are fired upon by soldiers, and
several killed.
1894 Feb. 12. Panama. The steam-
ship City of Para arrives at Colon with
the officers and crew of the wrecked
Kearsage of the U. S. N. on board.
Apr. 4. Fr. A new company to com-
plete the Panama Canal is planned by
persons holding 722,000 shares, and pro-
viding a subscription at once of twenty
million francs. (See France.)
June 13. Panama. Property valued at
more than $1,000,000 is destroyed by fire.
630 1502, Oct. 5-1894, May 8. COSTA RICA.
Costa Rica is the southernmost republic of Central America ; San Jos6 is the capital. Area, 19,985 square miles ; population
in 1892, 243,205. The government is administered by a President, with a Congress consisting of a single house. The language is
Spanish, and the religion is Roman Catholic.
ARMY — STATE.
1502 Oct. 5. Costa Rica is discovered
by Columbus.
* * The first Spanish settlement is
made. (?)
1509 * * Diego de Nicuesa is appointed
governor, and plants a colony near the
coast.
1522 * * Gil Gonzalez de Avila traverses
the territory of Costa Rica.
1523 * * Francisco Hernandez founds
the city of Bruselas, the first colony es-
tablished.
1526 * * Pedrarias de Avila takes posses-
sion of the Isle of Chira.
1530 * * George de Alvarado subdues
the Indian tribes.
1539 Apr. 30±. Hern an Sanchez
de Badajoz, the governor, arrives, and
founds the city of Badajoz.
1540 * * The province is called New
Carthage.
1541 * * Diego Gutierrez is governor.
1542 * * Fra Pedro Alonzo de Betan-
zos comes to America, and becomes the
founder of the Convent of San Francisco
at Cartago.
1561 Jan. * Juan de Cavallon is gov-
ernor.
1562 Apr. * Juan Vasquez de Coro-
nado is appointed alcalde mayor of the
provinces of Cartago and Costa Rica.
On his arrival he proceeds to conquer
the country.
* * P. Juan de Estrada Bavago is gov-
ernor. [Nov. 20, Juan Vasquez de
Coronado ; 1564, Miguel Sanchez de
Guido ; 1566, Pedro Venegas de los Bios ;
1568, Perafau de Rivera.]
1568 * * Perafau de Bivera founds the
port of Bivera on the west coast.
1569 * * Antonio Pereira is governor.
[1574, Alonso de Anguciana de Cam-
boa.]
1574 * * The colony completes its organ-
ization.
1576 July * Diego de Artieda Cherino
is governor. [1578. Cherino founds
Esparza.]
1579* * Francis Drake, the English
seaman, visits the Pacific Coast.
1586 * * Padre Juan Pizarro is attacked
by Indians while preaching to them, and
tortured to death.
1590 * * Velasquez Bamirez is governor.
[1591, Capt. Antonio Pereira ; later,
Capt. Bartolome' de Lences ; 1595, Capt.
Gonzalo de Palma; later, Fernando
de la Cueva; 1600, Gonzalo Vasquez
de Coronado; 1605, Juan de Ocon y
Trillo.]
1605 Oct. 10. Diego de Sojo y Pena-
randa founds the city of Talamanca.
1610 July* The Lndians burn San-
tiago.
1611 * * The Talamanca Indians rise,
and massacre their cruel Spanish task-
masters.
1612 * * Gonzalo Vasquez de Coronado
is governor. [1615, Juan de Medrano y
Mendoza; 1622, Alonso de Guzman y
Casilla ; 1628, Fray Fuan de Chauz.]
1630 * * George de Alvarado subdues
the Indian tribes, and founds a colony.
1637 * * Gregorio de Sandoval is gover-
nor. 1647, Juan de Chaves.]
1651 * * Juan Fernandez Salinas yCerda
is governor.
1656 * * Governor Vasquez drives away
the pirates.
1659 * * Andres Arias Maldonado, Mtre.
Cpo is governor.
1660 * * Spaniards reappear, and again
subdue the rebellious Indians.
* * Rodrigo Arias Maldonado y Velazco
is governor.
* * The Spaniards resubject the Tala-
manca Indians, and reopen the mines.
1665 * * The depredations of pirates
cause great disquietness among the colo-
nists.
* * Juan de Obregon is governor ; later,
Juan Lopez de la Flor.
1666 * * The English buccaneers Mor-
gan and Mansf elt arrive with a strong
force, and enter the interior.
1674 Apr. 26. Juan Francisco Saenz
Vasquez is governor. [1679, Francisco
Antonio de Rivas Contrera; 1681, July
24, Miguel Gomez de Lara.]
±* * Pirates maraud the coasts, and sack
and burn the city of Bagaces.
1684* *The pirates are defeated at
Nicoya.
1693 Apr. * Manuel de Bustamante y
Vivero is governor. [1698, May 28, Fran-
cisco Bruno Cerrando de Reyna; 1705,
May 8, Diego de Herrera Campuzano;
1707, Lorenzo Antonio de Granda y
Balbin.]
1709 * * A second massacre of Span-
iards by Indians enslaved in the gold-
mines paralyzes the colony.
1713 * * Jos6 Antonio Lacayo de Balbin
is governor. [* * * Pedro Ruiz de Bus-
tamante; 1718, Nov. 26, Gen. Diego de
la Hay a y Fernandez.] .
1727 May* Baltazar Francisco de Val-
derrama is governor.
1734 * * The port of Caldera is re-
opened, and the province revives.
1736 * * Antonio Vasquez de la Cuadra
is governor. [1738, Francisco Antonio
Carrandi y Menan; 1739, Francisco de
Olaechea ; 1740, June 22, Juan Gemmir
y Leonard.]
1743 * * The fort of San Fernando is
built in Matina.
1747 Dec. * Luis Diez Navarro is gov-
ernor. [1750, Jan. * Cristobal Ignacio
de Soria.]
1750 * * The alcaldia mayor of Nicoya
is suppressed, and that district is an-
nexed.
1755 * * Francisco Fernandez de la Pas-
tora is governor. [1758, Manuel Soler;
1762, Francisco Xavier Oreamuno ; 1771,
Jose1 Joaquin de Nava ; 1773, Juan Fer-
nandez de Bovadillay Cradi ; 1778, June *
Jose Perie ; 1780, Aug. * Juan Fernan-
dez de Bovadilla y Cradi; 1781, Apr. *
Juan Florez; 1785, Jose Perie; 1789,
Jose Antonio Oreamuno; 1790, Juan
Pinillos; Jose Vazquez y Tellez ; 1797,
Apr. * Tomas de Acosta.]
1797 * * A period of prosperity begins
with the new governor.
1810 Oct. * Juan de Dios de Ayala is
governor.
1812 * * The Spanish Constitution is
promulgated.
* * The abuses of Guatemala incense
the people.
1813 Aug. 14. A petition for the re-
moval of restrictions on the commerce
with Panama is denied by the captain-
general of Gautemala.
1819 * * Ramon Jimenez is governor ;
later, Juan Manuel de Canas.
1821 Sept. 15. A declaration of in-
dependence is made by all the provinces
of the kingdom of Gautemala.
Two parties appear ; the Imperialists,
who advocate union with Mexico, under
the dynasty of Iturbide, and those who
favor an independent republic.
Nov. 12. The Superior Gubernative
Provisional Union is installed.
Dec. 1. The Compact or Constitutive
Law is subscribed to by deputies of all
the peoples.
1822 Jan. 10. Union with Mexico is
formally proclaimed.
Apr. 5. A civil war begins.
1823 Apr. 5. A revolt of the Impe-
rialists is quelled in the plains of
Ochomogo.
July 1. Costa Rica unites with other
republics to form the federation of the
Central American States.
* * The seat of government is changed
from Cartago to San Jos<5.
1824 Sept. 8. Juan Mora is Presi-
dent.
The first Congress meets.
1825 Jan. 22. The first political Con-
stitution of the State is decreed.
1833 Mar. 9. Jose Rafael de Gallegos.
is President. [1835, May 5, Braulio Car-
rillo; 1837, April 7, Manuel Aguilar
[deposed] ; 1838, May 27, Braulio Car-
rillo.]
1840 * * The union of Central Ameri-
can Republics is dissolved ; Costa Rica
becomes an independent state.
1841 * * The Deputation^of Costa Rica
attempt to withdraw from the guar-
dianship of Guatemala.
1842 Apr. 11. Invasion of Gen. Mo-
razan to reestablish the federation of
Central America by force. [He is warmly
welcomed for a time, and then opposed.]
COSTA RICA. 1502, Oct. 5-1894, May 8. 631
Apr. 12. Gen. Francisca Moranza is
president. [Sept. 27, Jos6 Maria Alf aro ;
1844, Nov. 29, Francisco Maria Orea-
muno ; 1846, June 7, Jos6 Maria Alf aro ;
1847, May 8, Dr. Jose Maria Castro ;
1849, Nov. 23, Juan Rafael Mora.]
1856 * * Costa Ricadeclares war against
Wm. Walker, the American filibuster.
Mar. 11. President Rivas of Nicaragua
declares war against Costa Rica.
1859 Aug. 14. President Juan Mora
is suddenly deposed.
Dr. Jos6 Maria Montealegre is Pres-
ident.
Dec. 27. The Constitution is adopted.
1863 May 8. Jesus Jamenez is Presi-
dent. [1866, May 8, Dr. Jose Maria Cas-
tro; 1868, Nov. 1, Jesus Jamenez; 1870,
Apr. 27, Bruno Carranza; Aug. 8, Gen.
Tomas Guardia].
1871 Mar. 12. Vicente Quadra is pro-
claimed President.
* * J. M. Guardia is elected President ;
term, 1872-1876.
* * The seventh Constitution is adopted.
1876 May 8. Aniceto Esquivel is
President. [July 30, Dr. Vicente He-
rrera ; 1877, Sept. 17, Gen. Tomas Guar-
dia by a revolution.]
1882 Apr. 26. The Constitution is
1 adopted.
July 20. Gen. Prospero Fernandez is
President.
1885 Mar. 12. Bernado Soto is Presi-
dent.
1889 Apr. * It is reported that the five
Central American Republics, Costa
Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Salvador,
and Honduras, have agreed upon a
treaty.
1890 June 17. The President agrees
to accept the draft of the resolutions
regulating the Central American
Union.
He will send a commission to each of
the republics to arrange concerning the
liberty of the press, a regular succession
of the executive, and the sanctity of
human life — omitted by the conference.
Feb. 15. Costa Rica declares against a
Central American confederation.
Mar. * The Government invites immi-
gration.
May 8. Jose" J. Rodriguez enters the
presidency.
July 22. The Ministers of Costa Rica
and Nicaragua sign a treaty of alliance
with Guatemala.
1891 Apr. 31. A revolution breaks
out, and is immediately suppressed by
the Government.
May 6. A revolution breaks out.
1893 Mar. * The rebellion has been
suppressed by the prompt action of the
Government.
1894 Mar. 6. Another revolution
breaks out.
May 8. Rafael Iglesaias enters the
presidency.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1722 Feb. 16+. The volcano Irazu
commences a memorable eruption.
1819 * * The coffee-tree is introduced.
1841 * * Cartago is destroyed by an
earthquake.
1850 * * The Pope erects Costa Rica
into an independent see.
1871 * * The railroad from Alajuela to
the capital is commenced.
1873 Dec. * The railroad is opened for
42 miles.
1875 * * Two hundred miles of telegraph
line are opened.
1885 Mar. * Prospero Fernandez, the
President, dies.
1888 Dec. 30. Earthquakes in differ-
ent parts cause great destruction of life
and property. The damage is estimated
at $5,000,000.
1889 Jan. 3. Earthquakes visit San
Jos^ de Costa Rica ; several persons are
killed, much damage is done to property.
Nov. 7. An uprising occurs between
rival political factions.
1893 Aug. 4. A financial panic,
caused by the condition of the silver
market, prevails.
CUBA.
Cuba is the largest of the West India Islands, being 760 miles long, and having an average width of sixty miles ; area, 41,655 ;
population, 1,631,687, including 489,249 colored people. Cuba, together with its dependencies, forms a captain-generalcy of Spain,
with Havana for its capital. It sends deputies to the Cortes at Madrid, and its government is administered by a captain-general
sent from Spain. The population consists of Spaniards, Negroes, Chinese, and Europeans ; the language is Spanish, and the
religion is Roman Catholic ; freedom of worship is permitted. [1898. Surrendered to the United States.]
ARMY — NAVY.
1511 * * Don Diego Velasquez leads
300 Spaniards from Haiti to conquer
Cuba.
1538 * * Havana is burned by a French
privateer ; this leads to the erection of
a fortress to protect the town.
1554 * * The French again attack and
destroy Havana.
1589+ * * Two other fortresses are
built for the defense of Havana — Moro
Castle and La Punta.
1665+ * * The walls of Havana are
commenced.
1669 * * Morgan, the buccaneer, takes
Havana.
1741 July 20-Nov. 20. A British
expedition is at Cuba.
* * The English colonies in America
participate in an attack upon this island.
1762 June 6. An English squadron
of 32 men-of-war and 200 transports, with
20,000 men, under the command of the
Duke of Albemarle and Adm. Pocock,
appears off Havana.
July 30. The English take Moro Castle
by storm.
Aug. 13. The governor of Havana ca-
pitulates.
The English gain nine ships of the line
and four frigates, and 14,000 prisoners,
besides spoil valued at $10,000,000.
S0CD3TY.
1524 * * Negro slaves are introduced.
1534 * * Cuban officials apply to the King
of Spain for " 7,000 negroes, that they
might become inured to labor before
the Indians ceased to exist."
1553 * * Not one Indian is said to be
left on the island after this date.
1763* *-89* * About 1,000 slaves
are yearly introduced.
STATE.
1492 Oct. 28. Columbus discovers
Cuba on his first voyage.
1494 June 12. Columbus again vis-
its this island.
He signs a document, drawn hy a no-
tary, attesting the discovery of continu-
ous land, — the coast of Cuba.
1502 * * Columbus makes his third
visit.
1508 * * Sebastian de Ocampo discovers
the harbor of Havana.
1511 * * Don Diego Velasquez, the son
of Columbus, arrives with 300 men, and
makes a settlement at Baracoa.
1514 * * The Spaniards found Santiago
and Trinidad.
1515 July * They found San Cristoval
de la Havana [a name later given to
the capital].
1550± * * The capital is removed from
Santiago to Havana.
1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris is
signed, restoring Havana to Spain in
exchange for Florida.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1506+ * * Sugar-cane is transported to
the West Indies.
1580 * * The settlers generally begin to
raise tobacco, instead of cattle as here-
tofore.
1761 Summer. YeUow fever first ap-
pears at Havana.
632 1768, Oct. 5-1886, May
CUBA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1781 * * A force of 13,000 men leave
Havana to aid the French in attacking
Jamaica.
1833 Manuel Quesada is general-in-
chief of the Cuban patriot forces.
1850 May 19. Gen. Narciso Lopez,
with a company of 600 American " fili-
busters," lands at Cardenas with a view
to liberate the island from the dominion
of Spain. [He is defeated.]
* * U. S. Another Cuban expedition is
agitated.
1851 Aug. * Lopez again invades
Cuba at Pla'yitas, 30 miles west of Ha-
vana, with 500 men. [They are defeated.
Sept. 1. Lopez is garroted at Havana.]
1855 Jan.± * The leaders of a revolu-
tionary movement are betrayed, and
thrown into prison.
1868 Sept. *- Nov. * Carlos Manuel
de Cespedes leads an insurrection of
Creoles which aims to expel the Span-
iards. Lersundi, the governor, raises
a volunteer force.
Oct. 18. The Creoles take the town of
Bayamo.
Oct. 28. The district of Holguin revolts.
Nov. 4±. The Creoles defeat a force of
Spaniards.
1869 May 17. A filibusters' attack is
repelled.
1871 Jan. *-Nov. * Insurrections
abound ; a reign of terror exists.
1872 Dec* The war continues ; great
cruelty is shown to the Cubans ; no quar-
ter is given.
1873 Oct. 31. The American steamer
Virginius, with regular papers, is cap-
tured. (See p. 283.)
* * The campaign in Eastern Cuba, un-
der Gen. Calixto Garcia, is the most
active of the war. He is known as
Marques de Santa Lucia.
Nov. 4-7. The captured "filibus-
ters" are taken to Cuba, where 53 are
killed, and others delivered only by the
timely arrival of the British sloop-of-
war Niobe.
1874 Feb. * Ex-President Cespedes
is surprised when alone in the moun-
tains of San Lorenzo, resists capture,
and fights till he falls lifeless.
Feb. * The Marquis Santa Lucia and
5,000 insurgents are defeated by Basco-
nes at Naranjo.
1876 Nov. * Sp. It is declared in the
Cortes that Spain has sent 145,000 sol-
diers to Cuba during the last eight years.
1877 Apr. * Gen. Campos opens ne-
gotiations with the Cubans for peace.
The Spaniards are reenforced by 25,000
troops from Spain.
Summer. The struggle continues, but
with less success for the Cubans.
Dec. 23, 24. Many insurgents surren-
der.
* * Gen. Martinez Campos is sent out
from Spain to conduct the war against
the Cubans.
1878 Jan. b * An armistice is agreed
to in Camagiiey, the seat of the Cubans'
government.
Feb. 10. The surrender of Lanjon ter-
minates the struggle of 10 years against
Spain, costing about 200,000 lives and
$700,000,000 of treasure.
1879 Sept. 19. Spain declares a state
of siege.
Dec. 3. The insurgents are totally de-
feated at Placeta. <
1880 * * Sp. The strength of the per-
manent army of Cuba is 40,000 men.
May * Calixto Garcia disembarks near
Santiago de Cuba with 15 men.
* * The Spanish losses during the war
amount to 8,000 officers, 200,000 pri-
vates, besides others not recorded in the
war-office at Madrid. The number of
Cubans killed in battle is estimated at
from 40,000 to 50,000, and the outlay on
both sides is estimated at $300,-
000,000.
1882 Dec. *-83 Mar.* Gen. Maceo
and the insurgents surrender to the
Spanish at Gibraltar.
1883 * * Sp. The strength of the Span-
ish forces in Cuba is fixed at 25,653
men.
1884 Spring. American filibustering
expeditions are unsuccessful.
Apr. * Gen. Aguerro is at the head of
the forces in Cienfuegoes.
Apr. 23 ±. A party of insurgents are
defeated.
* * A band of 18 Cuban revolutionists
land near Cardenas.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1768 Oct. 5. A great cyclone strikes
Havana ; 4,048 houses and 1,000 lives are
destroyed.
1791 June 21. A flood near Havana
sweeps away 3,000 persons.
1842* * Education begins to mak<j
great progress.
1846 Oct. 11. A hurricane at Ha-
vana wrecks 100 vessels and 1,275 houses.
1852 Mar. * Hail falls at Havana, the
first known.
1853 * * A severe earthquake visits
Santiago de Cuba.
1856 Dec. 24, 25. Snow falls at
Havana for the first time on record ; the
mercury drops to 43° F.
1857 * * Forty newspapers are pub-
lished.
1870 Oct. 14. A hurricane destroys
about 2,000 lives.
1886 May * A botanical garden is
begun.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1799 * * Lopez, Narciso, revolutionist, born.
1803 * * Heredia, Jos6 Maria, poet, born.
1819 * * Cespedes. Carlos Manuel de. pa-
triot, born.
1830* 'Quesada, Manuel, gen.-in-cbief
patriot forces, born.
1839 * * Heredia, Jos6 Maria, poet, A 36.
1851 * * Lopez, Narciso, revolutionist, A52.
1874 Feb.* C6spedes. Carlos Manuel de.
President of the revolutionary republic of
Cuba, A55.
CHURCH.
1787 * * The Roman Catholic see of Ha-
vana is erected.
1880 Aug. 3. The anniversary of the
founding of the Order of Jesuits is cel-
ebrated in the province of Guipuzcoa
with great ceremony.
1882 * * U.S. A. The American Bible
Society sends Rev. E. T. R. Fripp to Ha-
vana as a colporteur.
1883 * * -84 * * Bible colporteurs are
engaged to canvass many towns by the
American Bible Society. [Their work
has been continued.]
1884 Dec. * Rev. A. J. McKim begins
a house-to-house visitation as colpor-
teur of the American Bible Society, and
visits the extreme parts of the island.
± * * Sunday-schools are opened in Ha-
vana.
SOCIETY.
1789 * * The Spanish slave-code is pub-
lished, and its monopoly in the slave-
trade ended ; the trade is free.
1809 Mar. 20. The French are
plundered by the populace of Havana.
1810 * * -20 * * Average yearly impor-
tation of slaves is 11,500.
1817* *-42* * The average importation
of slaves rises to 13,000 yearly.
1844 * * An insurrection of the black
population breaks out.
1845 * * By the energy of Gov.-Gen. Con-
cha the slave-trade is nearly suppressed.
1847 * * Importation of coolies com-
mences.
1848 * * The Lone Star, a secret so-
ciety, is formed in the southern part of
the United States for the acquisition
of Cuba.
1853± * * Indians are introduced from
Yucatan on the " contract plan."
1854 * * The law forbidding the inter-
marriage of blacks and whites is ab-
rogated.
I860* * About 40,000 slaves are
landed.
1870 July 4. The Spanish government
issues a decree, declaring that every
child born of a slave mother after
this date is to be free ; also all slaves
who had aided the Spaniards against
the Cubans.
1871 Nov. 25. Don Gonzalo Castanon
is murdered by the Cubans ; medical
students desecrate his tomb.
Nov. 27. Students are shot. (See
State.)
1880 Feb. 13. The gradual emanci-
pation of slaves is proclaimed.
1883 Sept. 26±. Aguerro calls upon
the Cubans to revolt.
STATE.
1771 * * The port of Havana is no longer
monopolized by Seville and Cadiz, but
is open to all nations for certain articles
of trade.
1790 * * Las Casas, the captain-general,
conducts a brilliant administration.
1795 * * French emigrants arrive from
San Domingo.
1808 July * News is received of the de-
position of the royal family by Napo-
leon ; every member of the Cabildo
CUBA.
1768, Oct. 5-1886, May * 633
swears to preserve the island for the
deposed sovereign.
1809* *-ll * * The island becomes prac-
tically open to foreign vessels.
1825 May 28. A royal decree au-
thorizes the governor-general of Cuba
to exercise unlimited power in the ad-
ministration of government. [This de-
cree continues the fundamental law till
this time.]
1829 * * The " Black Eagle " conspir-
acy is formed against the Spaniards.
1834 * * Gen. Tacon is governor-gen-
eral. He persecutes Cubans, and favors
Spaniards.
1873 Feb. * Sp. The establishment of Nov. * The new captain-general endeav-
the Spanish republic under the leader-
ship of Castelar [temporarily] suspends
hostilities.
Nov.* The Cuban Chamber deposes
President Cespedes, and he is suc-
ceeded ad interim by Salvador Cisne-
ros.
Dec. 19. The Virginius is surrendered
to the Americans after much corre-
spondence.
1876 Oct.* Sp. Gen. Martinez Cam-
pos is appointed governor-general with
plenary powers. [He succeeds in pacify-
ing the revolting Cubans.]
1836* * Cuba is deprived of the privilege Sept.* U.S.A. A Cuban League
ors to secure justice in Spain for the
30,000 slaves illegally held in bondage
since 1870.
1884 Mar. 1. A new commercial ar-
rangement with the United States
comes into force.
June 7. A commission of inquiry on
the condition of Cuba arrives from
Madrid.
June 11. The Tribunal of Havana sen-
tences the El Trifuno to 20 days sus-
pension for printing an article respect-
ing the sale of Cuba.
Oct. 6. Sp. A new sugar tariff is
signed by King Alfonso.
of being represented in the Cortes.
1844 * * An insurrection of negroes
takes place.
1845 * * A law is passed making it a
criminal offense to import slaves.
1848 * * The conspiracy of Lopez is
suppressed.
* * President Polk (U. S. A.) proposes
the purchase of Cuba for the sum of
$100,000,000. [Declined.]
1849 Aug. 11. U.S.A. President
Taylor issues a proclamation denoun-
cing the object of the filibusters.
1852 * * President Filmore declines to
join with England and France to guar-
antee Cuba to Spain.
1854 May 31. U. S. A. President Pierce
issues a monitory proclamation against
the organization of expeditions against
Cuba.
Oct. * Fr. The " Ostend Manifesto "
is issued by the U. S. Ministers, James
Buchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre
Soule. (See p. 177.)
1867 * * Cuban commissioners return
from Spain with the promise of the
redress they seek. [War follows.]
1868 Sept. * -Nov. * A formidable in-
surrection of Creoles breaks out in
the east.
Oct. 10. Carlos Manuel de Cespedes
of Bayamo starts an insurrection at
Yara, in Eastern Cuba. [In a few weeks
his 128 followers become an army of
15,000, but wretchedly armed.]
1869 Apr. 10. The insurrectionists
proclaim a constitution at Guaimaro.
1870 June* U.S.A. President Grant
declines to recognize the insurgents as
belligerents.
Dec. * Capt.-Gen. De Rodas resigns.
1871 Nov. * Forty-three medical
students of the University of Havana
are tried by court-martial for the
alleged crime of scratching the glass
plate of a vault containing the remains
of a volunteer.
Nov. 26. The court-martial condemns
8 students to death and 31 others to
imprisonment for six months.
Nov. 27. The eight condemned students
are shot. [An outbreak of indignation
follows.]
1872 Dec. 9. U.S. A. The Government
sends F. Delano to report the actual
condition of the struggle in Cuba.
formed to obtain from the American 1886 * * Don Emilio Calleja 6 Isasi
government recognition of the insur-
gents as belligerents.
1878 Feb. 21. The insurgents' gov-
ernment surrenders, and the insur-
rection is officially declared at an end.
Mar. 2. A royal decree is published
at Havana, announcing that Cuba shall
have its own deputies, municipalities,
and council-general.
Mar. * Amnesty is declared by the
Government; slaves presenting them-
selves before March 31 will be freed.
June 9. A royal decree is issued, per-
mitting Cuba to elect to the Spanish
Cortes one representative for every
40,000 white and free colored inhabitants.
The island is divided into six prov-
inces.
June 14. Gens. Campos and Jovellar
enter Havana.
Aug. * The Liberal party is organized.
* * Marshal Martinez Campos assumes
command as captain-general.
* * Captain-General Martinez Campos is-
sues a decree, virtually suspending spe-
cie payments.
1879 Aug. * A fresh rising is quelled,
chiefly by public opinion and the atti-
tude of the Liberal Autonomist party.
June * Sp. Cuba is represented in the
Chambers of the Cortes by 12 senators
and 40 deputies.
Aug. 27. A new rebellion breaks out in
the districts of Holguin and Santiago.
Dec. 21. Sp. The Senate at Madrid
passes a bill for the gradual emanci-
pation of Cuban slaves.
1880 Jan. 21. Sp. The Chamber of
Deputies at Madrid passes the Emanci-
pation Bill. Vote, 230-10.
Feb. 18. Sp. The new law for the grad-
ual abolition of slavery in Cuba is
proclaimed.
Apr. 1±. Amnesty has been granted to
382 persons, including several leaders.
Dec. * A plot is discovered to create dis-
turbances among the Creoles.
Dec. 15. It is planned that a general
uprising of free blacks and mulattoes
shall take place in the mountains near
Santiago de Cuba
made.]
commander-in-chief and captain-gen-
eral.
Apr. 26. Sp. A reciprocity treaty
with Great Britain is signed at Madrid.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1796 Jan. 19. The brass coffin con-
taining the bones and chains of Colum-
bus is brought from Santa Domingo to
Havana.
1801 * * The commercial monopoly of
Spain is broken.
1802 * * Jesu Maria, a populous suburb
of Havana, is burned, and 11,400 people
are made homeless.
1818 * * The port of Havana is opened
to foreign commerce.
1830 * * Copper-mines are reopened by
Englishmen after being closed for 100
years.
1833 Feb. 26. Spasmodic cholera
appears ; 7,000 deaths follow in 30 days.
1837 * * The first railroad is opened
from Havana to Bejucal, 15 miles.
1838 * * A railroad is opened from Ha-
vana to Guines, 45 miles.
1852 * * The telegraph is introduced.
1853 * * Only one-nineteenth of the isl-
and is under cultivation.
1857 Jan. * The first issue of paper
money is made.
1867* * Population: 833,157 whites;
248,703 free colored; 344,615 colored
slaves; total, 1,426,475.
* * The Virginius founders on her way to
New York.
1877 * * Total population, 1,434,747.
1883 Oct. 8. An important meeting is
held at Santiago de Cuba for advancing
the immigration of Europeans.
1884 Nov. * Planters of Manzanillo
hold a meeting, and arrange the prices
to be paid for labor. Field and factory
laborers are to receive 65 cents a day,
and cartmen 73 cents.
* * The first sugar refinery in Cuba is
built at Cardenas, costing $673,258.
1885 Mar. 16. The branch line of
railroad between Santa Domingo and
La Esperanza is opened to traffic.
[Many arrests are June * A new daily mail line is estab-
lished between New York and Havana,
1883 Sept. 28. Don Ignacio Maria
del Castillo, the commander-in-chief
and captain-general, arrives.
via Tampa and Key West.
Nov. 6. The railroad between Holguin
and Gibara is opened.
634 1886, Oct. 6-1884, Nov. 16.
CUBA.
ARMY- NAVY.
1889 * * The navy consists of one crui-
ser, the Jorge Juan, and one torpedo-
boat, 13 canonnieres, and two gunboats.
1891 * * The armed force maintained
by Spain is 26,340 men.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE —
LETTERS.
1887 Sept. 23. An earthquake visits
Santiago, doing little barm.
1888 Sept. 4, 5. A cyclone sweeps
the island, and destroys property valued
at millions of dollars and 1,000 lives.
1890 Jan. 16. A tanner of Havana
discovers an electrical process for tan-
ning hides in 60 hours.
Mar± . * A long and severe drought in
HaVana causes great damage to sugar-
crops, cattle-feed, and water. Many of
the cattle are dying, and nearly a third
of the sugar-cane has been destroyed by
fires.
May 29. Villages are submerged, and
much damage is done by floods resulting
from excessive rains.
1892 June 18. Matanzas loses about
$900,000 by floods.
July 4. Floods are raging.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1886* * Quesada, Manuel, commander of
Cuban patriots, A56.
1891 Jan. 28. Poey, Felipe, philosopher,
naturalist, dies.
CHURCH.
1890* *A Presbyterian mission
church is organized in Havana and an-
other in Santa Clara by the Presbyte-
rian Church (South), U. S. A.
SOCIETY.
1886 Oct. 6. The queen's decree abol-
ishes the last vestige of slavery.
Oct. 7. Sp. A royal decree abolishes
the *• patronato," or semi-slavery.
Oct. * A cigar-makers' strike throws
20,000 operatives out of employment at
Havana.
Nov. 18. The cigar-makers return to
work under an arbitration agreement.
1887 Aug. 18. Extensive frauds,
with the connivance of custom-house
officials, are discovered.
1889 Feb. 3. Lawlessness is preva-
lent.
Mar. 23. SeBor Francisco Cardoso, a
planter, is kidnapped by bandits near
Santa Clara, and released only on pay-
ment of $4,000 in gold.
Apr. * Martial law is declared in five
provinces to suppress brigandage and
kidnapping.
May 22. Cuba makes Spain an offer of
$100,000,000 in 20 annual instal-
ments for independence, and as a
token of sincerity offers to submit to a
protectorate of the United States until
said amount is paid.
1890 Jan. 3. The bandits release
their prisoners ; the amount of ransom
paid is unknown.
May 10. Three men are executed in
Matanzas for kidnapping.
June 1. Victor Maelin, a brigand
chief, is executed at Havana.
July 4. Manuel Ramos, the kidnapper,
is captured.
Aug. 8. Garcia's band of insurgents
creates a reign of terror.
* * A reign of terror prevails on account
of bandits.
1891 Jan. 2. Sixto Verela, a famous
bandit, is killed, and several of his band
are wounded in an encounter with troops.
Aug. 13. Sefior Sardina pays $12,000
in gold to bandits as ransom for being
released.
1893 May 15. The Infanta Eulalie
and her husband sail from Havana for
New York, on their way to the World's
Fair.
1894 Nov. 16. The streets of Ha-
vana are patrolled by soldiers armed
with Winchester rifles, and the police
are heavily armed.
STATE.
1887 * * The commander-in-chief and
captain-general is Don Saba Marin;
and the segundo cabo, Sefior Sanchez
Mira.
1888 Mar. * The port of Mariel is
made a port of entry.
June 12. The Modus Vivendi treaty
respecting differential duties is signed
by Spain and the United States.
1889 Mar. 13. Don Manuel de Sala-
manca y Negrete is commander-in-
chief and captain-general.
1890 Feb. 7. Gen. J. ChinchUla is
appointed to succeed Salamanca as cap-
tain-general.
June 10. Gen. Polavieja is appointed
captain-general. [Aug. 28. He enters
office.]
1891 Jan. 26. Sp. Areciprocity
treaty between Spain and the United
States is signed at Madrid.
Sept. 1. The reciprocity treaty with
the United States goes into force.
1892 May 31. Gen. A. K. Arias is
appointed captain-general in place of
Gen. Polavieja, resigned.
July * Sp. The Ministry approves the
project of farming out the Cuban cus-
toms revenue.
1894 May 4. An insurrection occurs.
[As soon as one is put down another
breaks out.]
May 5. The rebellion is suppressed.
Aug. 10. Gen. E. Calleja is appointed
captain-general.
Sept. 19. The election is held, electing
Reformists, 22 ; Autonomists, 18 ; Anti-
Reformists, 10 : Independents, 1.
Nov 12. The revolt is declared to have
been quelled.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1886 Dec. 7. The Government decrees
assistance to societies for promoting
free immigration.
1887 July 2. The mortal remains of
Christopher Columbus are removed
from the cathedral of Havana to be
taken to Genoa.
1889 Nov. 22. The Government
awards the contract for the new water-
works to an American firm, which is to
receive $2,000,000.
1890 Feb. 9. The funeral services of
Gen. Salamanca take place at Havana.
May 19. A powder explosion in Ha-
vana kills 34 persons, and wounds over
100.
Oct. 10. The funeral of the Count of
Casa More, the leader of the Conser-
vative party, takes place in Havana.
1892 Apr. 11. A bomb explodes in a
church in Havana.
* * Cuba has about 1,000 miles of rail-
road.
1893 Jan. 15. Sixteen persons are
killed by a railroad accident.
Apr. 15. The Columbian caravels, Santa
Maria and Pinta, leave Havana for the
United States.
DENMARK.
Denmark is a kingdom in Northern Europe, having an area of 15,289 square miles, and a population in 1890 of 2,185,335, be-
sides 114,229 more in its colonies. It is divided into seven provinces, besides its foreign possessions in the Faroe Islands, Ice-
land, Greenland, and the islands of Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the West Indies ; the capital is Copenhagen. The
government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy ; the legislative branch consists of a Rigsdag, having an upper house, called
the Landsthing, of 66 members, and a lower house, called the Folkething, of 102 members. The established religion is Lutheran,
and it embraces almost the entire population ; but complete toleration is enjoyed.
ARMY — NAVY.
8th Centuryiz. Battle of Bravalla, be-
tween Sigurd Ring, King of Sweden, and
Harald Hildetand, King of Denmark;
the Swedes are victorious, and obtain
the supremacy.
783 * * The Danes first invade Eng-
land.
787 * * Eng. The Danes land near Pur-
beck, Dorsetshire. (See Great Britain
for Danish invasions.)
794 Jan. 8. Eng. The Danes invade
DENMARK.
60b.c.-a. d. 1241. 635
Northumberland, and destroy a church
at Lindisfarne ; they are repulsed, and
afterward perish by shipwreck.
795 * * -796 * * Scot. — Ire. Danish in-
vaders land.
895* * Fr. The Danes, led by Rollo, re-
ceive presents under the walls of Paris.
896 * * The Danes ravage the French
territories as far as Ostend.
903 * * It. The Danes attack Italy.
985 * * Ger. (?) The tributary Wends
successfully revolt.
1028 * * Canute conquers Norway.
1047 * * -64 * * The Danes are at war
for 17 years with Harold Hardrada,
King of Norway.
1069 * * Ger. The Danes are at war
with the Wends.
1134* *-57* * Civil war over the suc-
cession occurs.
1160+ * * Ger. (?) The Danes complete
the subjugation of the troublesome
Wends.
* * Waldemar captures Ancona on the
island of RUgen.
* * Waldemar suppresses a revolt in
Skaania, caused by the severity of Arch-
bishop Absalon, the primate.
1184* * A naval expedition of the
Wends, aided by the emperor, is de-
feated by Archbishop Absalon.
* * Ger. War occurs with the Count of
Holstein and other German princes.
* * Ger. Lubeck and Hamburg are
taken by the Danes.
* * Ger. Adolf of Holstein is captured.
1210+ * * Ger. Waldemar II. conquers
Oesel, a large part of Prussia.
1219 * * Russia. Waldemar II. over-
runs and conquers Esthonia, and con-
verts the conquered pagans.
Waldemar II. first unfurls the na-
tional standard, a white cross on a
blood-red field.
1223 * * Waldemar II. sails with a fleet
of 1,000 boats, and makes extensive
conquests.
1227 * * Ger. Waldemar II. is defeated
in the battle of Bornhceved, while
seeking to regain Holstein.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
994+ * * Canute the Great, born.
1014+ * * Sweyn, king, father of Canute the
Great, dies.
1035 * * Canute the Great, Kingof Denmark,
Norway, and England, A40.
1128* * Absalon, or Axel, statesman, war-
rior, archbishop of Lund, born. [1201 d.]
1 130+ * * Aagesen, Svend, earliest historian,
born.
1131+ * * Waldemar I., the Great, king, b.
1134+ * * Saxo Grammaticus, historian, b.
1181 * * Waldemar I., the Great, king,A50+.
1208 * * Saxo Grammaticus, historian, A74.
1841 * * Waldemar II., king, dies.
CHURCH.
822 * * Christianity is preached in Den-
mark by Ebbo, archbishop of Rheims.
823 * * Frankish monks are sent by
Louis le Debonnaire to preach Christian-
ity ; little more is accomplished.
826* * Anscarius, the "Apostle of the
North," fails to convert the inhabitants.
827 * * Christianity is again intro-
duced into Denmark under Harold.
860 * *-935 * * Gorm the Old, a devout
heathen, persecutes the Christians
[till forced to refrain by Henry I. of
Germany].
878 * * Guthrum leads his followers to
England, and becomes a Christian.
1012 * * The Danes murder Archbishop
Alphege.
1026 * * Canute the Great makes a pil-
grimage to Rome.
1219* * Russia. Waldemar conquers
and forcibly converts the pagans of
Esthonia.
SOCIETY.
783+ * * For more than 200 years the
Danes terrorize the nations of North-
ern Europe.
STATE.
60 * * b. c. (?) Reign of Skiold, the al-
leged first king.
8th Century. A. d. Predatory maritime
expeditions of the Danes to England
and Scotland. (See Great Britain.)
794 * * Sigurd Snogoje is enthroned.
803 * * Hardicanute is enthroned.
850 * * Eric I. is enthroned.
854 * * Eric II. is enthroned.
878* *Many Danes emigrate to Eng-
land.
883 * * 1042 * * The Gorm's line of
monarchs occupies the throne.
* * Gorm the Old is enthroned.
He is the first king of all Denmark,
and reigns 53 years ; with him the true
history begins.
* * * Gorm enlarges his kingdom ; it in-
cludes Schleswig, Holstein, Skaania, and
some provinces in Norway, with con-
quests in Russia and others in Germany.
10th Century. Authentic history com-
mences.
911 * * The King of France grants Neus-
tria to Rollo and his Normans [hence
the name Normandy appears].
946 * * Harold the Blue Tooth is en-
throned.
991 * * Suenon, or Sweyn, the Twy-
beard, is enthroned.
1014 * * Harold is enthroned in Den-
mark.
Feb. * Eng. The Danish peers elect Ca-
nute II., the Great, King of England.
1016 * * -28 * * Canute the Great con-
quers Norway.
1017 * * Canute becomes sole King of
England after Edmund's death.
1035 * * Canute III., from England, is
enthroned.
1042* * Eng. The Danish dynasty
ends.
* * -47 * * Magnus of Norway is en-
throned.
Denmark is subject to Norway. Ca-
nute III. ends his war with Magnus by
an agreement that he who survives the
other shall inherit his kingdom.
1047 * * 1412 * * The House of Es-
tridsen reigns.
* * Suenon Estridsen (or Sweyn II.) is
enthroned as King of Denmark.
1073 * * Interregnum.
1076 * * Harold Heju, the Simple, is en-
throned. 1080, Canute IV., the Saint ;
1086, Olaus IV., the Hungry; 1095,
Eric Eigod I., the Good ; 1105, Nicho-
las I. ; 1134, Eric II. ; 1137, Eric III.,
the Lamb.
12th Century. The feudal system is in-
troduced.
1147 * * Suenon HI., or Sweyn, is en-
throned. The sovereigns struggle with
the barons for supremacy.
Canute V. is enthroned.
1157* *-81* * Waldemar I., the
Great, is elected. [He conquers the
country north of the Elbe.]
* * Waldemar builds Copenhagen.
1182* * 1202* * Canute VI., the
Pious, is enthroned.
Canute VI. refuses to recognize the
suzerainty of Frederic Barbarossa, as
his father had done.
1200 * * Philip Augustus of France di-
vorces Ingebord of Denmark, and a
quarrel ensues between those countries.
1202* *-41* * Waldemar II., the
Conqueror, reigns.
The early part of his reign is the most
brilliant period of Danish history ; after-
ward he becomes unfortunate.
* * Adolph of Holstein is released after
conceding all Holstein to Waldemar,
who gives it as a fief to his nephew,
Albert of Orlamund.
* * Waldemar unsuccessfully interferes
in Norway and Sweden.
1213 * * Frederick H. cedes to Walde-
mar all conquests in Germany north
of the Elbe and the Elde, in return for
his recognition as emperor over his
rivals.
1220+ * * Waldemar II. loses his
power more rapidly than he gained it.
1223 * * Ger. The king and his son
are captured by treachery, and impris-
oned [three years] by Henry, Count of
Schwerin, in Hanover.
1225 * * Waldemar II. cedes Holstein to
Adolf the Young.
1226* * Ger. Waldemar TL. is re-
leased on condition of renouncing all
his conquests south of the Elbe and
those in Slavic countries.
1227 * * Waldemar II. fails in an effort
to regain Holstein by arms, after the
Pope annuls his renunciation of it.
MISCELLANEOUS.
8th Century. (?) With the battle of Bra-
valla ends the purely mythical age.
1012 * * Eng. The Danes receive £48,000
as tribute, and murder Alphege, arch-
bishop of Canterbury.
1018 * * Canute changes his chief resi-
dence from Denmark to England.
1109 * * Toll is first paid by vessels pass-
ing the Stade on the Elbe.
1124* * The historian Saxo Grammati-
cus mentions skating on ice.
636 1241,**-1699,
DENMARK.
ARMY — NAVY.
1248* *The people of Liibeck attack
Copenhagen.
1252+ * * Ger. "War occurs with
Schleswig concerning the succession.
King Abel declares it is only an heredi-
tary lief ; the king claims it is a personal
one.
* * Abel has a conflict with the arch-
bishop, Jacob Erlandsen.
1259 * * Prince Yarimar of Riga at-
tacks Copenhagen.
1306 * * The Norwegians attack Copen-
hagen, and are repelled.
1332 * * Ger. War occurs with Geert,
Count of Holstein, who invades the
kingdom, and is assisted by discontented
nobles.
1362 * * Copenhagen is captured by the
opponents of Waldemar Atterdag.
1363 * * A general war occurs with
Sweden, Mecklenburg,and the Hanseatic
League, etc., without decisive results.
1368 * * The war is renewed against
Denmark ; Copenhagen is again cap-
tured by the opponents of Waldemar.
1370 * * The war ends with loss to
Denmark.
1389* * Swe. Battle of Falkoping;
Albert, King of Sweden, is defeated and
captured by Margaret ; he obtains his
liberty by renouncing his crown.
1523+ * * Copenhagen holds out against
Frederick I. for more than a year.
1536* * Copenhagen yields to Christian
III. after a siege of one year.
1618 * * Ger. Denmark sends reenforce-
ments to the Protestant cause in the
European religious war between Pro-
testants and Catholics.
1626 * * The Danes are compelled to
flee before the invading army of "Wal-
lenstein.
1637 * * -45 * * War occurs with
Sweden ; it is incited by jealousy.
1643 Sept.* Ger. Gen. Lennart Tor-
stenson, the Swede, by forced marches
speedily conquers Holstein and Schles-
wig, and invades Jutland with a German
army.
* * The French allies are surprised and
defeated by the Austrians and Bavarians
at Duttlingen.
1644* * The Danes are hard pressed both
by land and sea by the field-marshal,
Count Gustav Wrangel.
1645 Jan. * Ger. The Imperial force,
sent for the relief of the Danes, is re-
pulsed by Torstenson and Count
Konigsmark and pursued into Germany
and nearly annihilated at Magdeburg.
Mar. 6. Aust. Brilliant victory of Swedes
under Torstenson over Imperialists at
Jankau in Bohemia. [Moravia is soon
conquered and Vienna approached.]
May* Ger. The French marshal, Tu-
renne, is defeated at Mergentheim in
Franconia by Imperialists under John
of Werth.
Aug. * Turenne defeats the Bavarians at
Allerheim. (See Germany.)
Peace is made with Sweden.
1652 * * Denmark is an ally of England
in the war with Holland.
1658* *-60* * Invasion of Charles
Gustavus.
The King of Sweden overruns Holstein,
invades Denmark, and unsuccessfully
besieges Copenhagen.
1659 Feb. * The Swedes try to take
Copenhagen by storm and fail, but a
blockade continues.
* * Another war with Sweden ends.
1699* * Frederick IV. invades Hol-
stein, which, being the ally of Sweden,
is defended by the Swedish king, Charles
XII. [Copenhagen is invested, but peace
is obtained by a money payment to the
Swedes.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1460* * Horse passengers cross from
Denmark to Sweden on the frozen
Baltic.
1571 * *-1601 * * Tycho Brahe, hav-
ing built an observatory, makes impor-
tant astronomical discoveries. [1577. He
demonstrates that comets are extrane-
ous to our atmosphere.]
1609+ * * Jansen invents a telescope.
1650+ * * Thomas Bartholin discovers
the lymphatic, an absorbent vessel con-
nected with the digestion.
1657* *The astronomical tower is
erected at Copenhagen.
1658* *The Belts are frozen over;
Charles X. of Sweden crosses with his
army on the ice.
1662 * * Steno discovers " Steno's duct."
[He studies fossils and petrifactions.]
1669 * * Bartholin explains double re-
fraction.
1675 * * Discovery by Bomer of the ve-
locity of light.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1259 * * Christopher I., king, dies.
1876* * Christopher II., king, b. [1333. Dies.]
1353* * Margaret, queen, "Semiramis of
the North," born. [1412. Dies. A59.]
1375 * * Waldemar III. or IV., king, dies.
1426* * Christian I., king, b. [1481. Dies.]
1481 ** Christian II., king, b. [1559. Dies.]
1502 * * Christian III., king, b. [1559. D.]
1535 * * Kaas, Nikolaus, statesman, regent,
born. [1559. Dies. A59.]
1546 * * Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, born.
1562 Longomontanus, Christian, astrono-
mer, born.
1577 * * Christian IV., king, born.
1585 * * Bartholin, Kaspar, phys., schol., b.
1587 * * Arreboe, Anders, poet, born.
1588 * * Worm, Olaus, physician, author, b.
1601 * * Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, A56.
1603 * * Japix, Gysbert, poet, born.
1609 * * Frederick III., king, born.
1612 * * Lauridsen, Niels, scholar, born.
Aagaard, Niels, poet, scholar, born.
1616* * Bartholin, Thomas, physician,
scholar, writer, born.
1617 * * Behring, Vitus, poet, historian, b.
1620* * Pontoppidan, Eric, bishop of Dron-
theim, poet, born.
1622 * * Adelaar, Cord Sivertsen, admiral,
born in Norway.
1629 * * Juel, Nicholas, admiral, born.
Bartholin, Kaspar, physician, scholar, A44.
1630 * * Cibber, Caius Gabriel, sculptor, b.
1634 * * Kingo, Thomas, bishop of Fiinen,
poet, born.
1635 * * Griffenfeld, Count of, Peter Schuh-
macher, statesman, born.
1637 * * Arreboe, Anders, poet, A50.
1638 * * Steno, Nicolas, anatomist, born.
1644 * * Romer, Olaf, astronomer, born.
1646 * * Christian V., king, born.
1647* * Longomontanus, Christian, astrono-
mer, A85.
1648 * * Christian IV., king, A71.
1654 * * Worm, Olaus, physician, au., Afi6.
1657 * * Aagaard, Niels, poet, scholar, A45.
1666 * * Japix, Gysbert, poet, A63.
1670* * Frederick 1 1 1., king, A61.
1671 * * Frederick IV., king, born.
1675 * * Behring, Vitus, poet, historian, A58.
Adelaar, Cord Sivertsen, admiral, A53.
1678 * * Pontoppidan, Eric, bishop of Dron-
theim, poet, A68.
1680* * Bartholin, Thomas, physician,
scholar, writer, A 64.
Behring, Vitus, navigator, born.
1684 * * Holberg, Ludwig, baron, scholar,
poet, dramatist, born.
1685 * * Gram, Johan, or Hans, philologist,
born.
1686 * * Egede, Hans, founder of Danish
missions in Greenland, born.
1687 * * Steno, Nicolas, anatomist, A49.
1691 * * Tordenskjold, Peter, admiral, born.
1697 * * Juel, Nicholas, admiral, A68.
1698* * Pontoppidan, Erik, bishop, histo-
rian, born.
1699 * * Griffenfeld, Count of, Peter Schuh-
macher, statesman, A54.
Christian V., king, A 53.
Christian VI., king, born.
CHURCH.
1320 * * -34 * * The privileges of the
clergy are confirmed in this reign.
No ecclesiastic can be tried in a secu-
lar court, nor the tenants of ecclesias-
tical foundations ; no bishop be impris-
oned without the consent of the Pope ;
no taxation of ecclesiastics or their prop-
erty ; the king cannot declare war with-
out the consent of the nobles and the
clergy.
1521 * * The Reformation begins to
spread in Denmark.
1525 * * Frederick I. becomes a Prot-
estant ; the inhabitants are both Cath-
olic and Protestant in faith, and the
religion of both classes is tolerated.
1527 * * Lutheranism is introduced.
1536 * * Lutheranism is established by
Christian III., who annexes the church
lands to the Crown.
* * * The National Assembly authorizes
free preaching, and permits the mar-
riage of ecclesiastics.
* * * Abbeys, convents, and monaste-
ries decline in importance and suceess.
1618* * The great religious war
breaks out in Europe, and Christian IV.
sends an army to aid the Protestants of
Germany.
LETTERS.
13th Century. A treatise on medicine by
Henrik Harpestring appears.
1300 * * -1500 * * The Kjcempeviser, or
Danish ballads, appear, — about 500 epic
and lyrical poems.
1386 * * The first royal edict written in
Danish appears.
1397 * * The Act of Union at Calmar is
written in Danish.
1479 * * The University of Copen-
hagen is founded.
1490* *The first printing-press is
set up in Copenhagen by Gottfried of
Ghemen.
1495 * * The [famous] Biimkronike, a his-
tory of Denmark in rhymed Danish
verse, attributed to Niels, a monk, ap-
pears.
1500 * * -54 * * Karl Maqnus and Hoi ger
Danske, by Christian Pedersen, appears.
1506 * * Gottfried of Ghemen publishes
a collection of proverbs, )attr*buted to
Peder Lolle.
1514* * The Hose-Garland of the Virgin
Mary, The Creation, and Human Life,
by Mikkel, priest of St. Alban's Church
in Odeuse, appear.
* * Fr. Gesta Danorum, by Saxo Gram-
maticus, is published at Paris by Chris-
tian Pedersen.
DENMARK.
1241,**-1699,
637
1529 * * The Book of Psatms and the New
Testament are published.
1533+ * * The Royal library is founded
at Copenhagen by Christian III.
1550 * * The Bible is published in Danish
language.
1555 * * Reinecki Fuchs, in Danish, ap-
pears.
1559 * * The first authorized Psalter ap-
pears.
1575 * * A translation of Saxo-Germma-
ticus appears.
1591 * * Kjazmpeviser, to the number of
100, are collected and published by A. G.
Vedel.
1595* *-1604* * Chronicle of the King-
dom of Denmark, hy Arild Hirlfeld, ap-
pears.
1633+ * * A translation of Snorri-Stur-
luson's Heimskringla, by Peder Claussen,
appears.
1641 * * Hexaemeron, by Anders Arreboe,
appears.
1663 * * Europaische Zeitung is issued.
1666 * * Danske Meravims is issued.
1668 * * Gramatica Danica, by Bishop
Erik Pontoppidan, appears.
1689 * * Winter Psalter, by Thomas
Kingo, appears.
1699* * Kingo' s Psalter, by Thomas
Kingo, appears.
SOCIETY.
15th Century. The sovereigns endeavor,
with only partial success, to prevent the
plundering of merchantmen wrecked
on the coast.
1513 * * Christian II., the Nero of the
North, causes the nobility and senators
of Stockholm to be killed, though inno-
cent of crime.
[1522 He is dethroned for his tyranny,
and for 27 years confined in a dungeon.]
1521+ * * Even the bishops unite with the
people in plundering wrecked vessels.
± * * A law enacted to prevent the plun-
dering of wrecked vessels is publicly
burned.
1660 * * The unpopularity of the no-
bility enables the king to make radical
changes in the government and the suc-
cession.
STATE.
1241 * * Waldemar n. dies, and few of
all his conquests remain to Denmark.
[He divides his kingdom among his sons
at his death ; disputes follow.]
* * -50 * * Eric TV. reigns.
1250 * * -52 * * Abel reigns.
* * Abel gains the throne by assassinat-
ing his elder brother Eric.
* * The towns begin to send representa-
tives to the Council.
1252 * * Abel is killed in an expedition
against the Friesians.
* * -59 * * Christopher I. reigns.
1259 * * Christopher is poisoned.
13th Century. The struggle between
the sovereigns and the barons con-
tinues.
* * -68 * * Eric V. reigns.
* * The towns obtain charters by which
they are exempt from the control of the
barons.
1286* *-1319* * Eric VI. reigns.
1319* * Regency of the queen
mother.
Denmark is in a deplorable condition.
Danish and German nobles are granted
the larger part of the kingdom.
1320 * * -33 * * Christopher II. is en-
throned.
The crown is weakened by the capitu-
lations which the nobles and clergy ex-
tort from the king. [These concessions
continue for 340 years.]
* * * Confirmation of the privileges
of the clergy. (See Church.)
The nobles are not obliged to follow
the king beyond the limits of the king-
dom ; if captured, are to be ransomed by
the king within a year, and if he fails to
do so, will lose the right of demanding
their military service. The king can de-
clare war only with the consent of the
nobles and the clergy.
14th Century. Many struggles with the
Hanse Towns because of the toll de-
manded at the entrance of the Baltic.
1332 * * Christopher IT. is driven from
his kingdom by the invaders from Hol-
stein and the discontented nobles.
* * _40 * * Anarchy prevails.
* * * Skaania, Halland, and Bleking
annex themselves to Sweden.
1340 * * -75 * * Waldemar HI., Atta-
dag, the youngest son of Christopher,
reigns.
He devotes himself to the recovery of
the Crown lands by purchase or by
force.
1341 * * The Danes first demand tolls
of vessels passing the Sound.
1359 * * The kingdom regains Skaania,
Halland, and Bleking from the king
of the Swedes.
1370 * * The war ends ; Denmark is
forced to sign a treaty securing to her
rivals most extensive commercial privi-
1372 * * Waldemar III. accepts the peace
of Stralsund.
1376 * * -87 * * Olaus V., five years of
age, the son of the late king's youngest
daughter, reigns.
1380 * * Olaus V. succeeds his father
Hakon as king of Norway, and his mother
Margaret, as regent, governs both lands
well.
1387 * * Olaus dies, and Margaret is
elected queen of both countries.
1388 * * Sweden rebels against King
Albert, and offers the crown to Margaret ;
" the Semiramis of the North," is en-
throned queen of Sweden, Norway, and
Denmark.
1397 * * Denmark, Norway, and Swe-
den united.
The three kingdoms are united by the
Union of Calmar, each having its own
parliament and laws, and the monarchy
is made elective. [The Union lasts till
1522.]
1412 * * -40 * * Eric VII., a nephew of
Margaret, reigns.
1440 * * -48 * * Christopher HI., king
of Sweden, reigns as king of Norway and
Denmark.
1443 * * Copenhagen becomes the capi-
tal.
1448* *-1863* *The House of Ol-
denburg reigns.
* * Christian I., count of Oldenburg, is
elected king of Denmark.
1457 * * Christian I. is elected king of
Sweden.
1481 * * John succeeds Christian I., his
father.
1490 * * The English agree to pay sound
dues on all vessels entering or leaving
the Baltic.
1513* *-23* * Christian H., the
Cruel, succeeds John, his father.
1522 * * The Union of Calmar is dis-
solved by the insurrection of the-
Swedes ; Denmark and Norway remain
united.
1523 * * Christian H. is deposed be-
cause of his tyranny, and is confined in
a dungeon 27 years.
DENMARK AND NORWAY.
* * -33 * * Frederick I., Duke of Hol-
stein, son of Christian I., nephew of
Christian II., reigns ; he rules wisely.
1533+ * * The feuds of the counts arise.
* * Christian HI. is enthroned. [By his
good rule he becomes known as the
Father of his People.]
1559 * * Frederick H. is enthroned.
1588 * * Christian IV. is enthroned.
1612 * * The Danish East Indian Com-
pany is established.
1629* * The Protestant league chooses
Christian IV. as their leader against
the German emperor.
* * Ger. The Danes, having sent an un-
successful army to aid the Protestant
cause, sue for peace, which is signed at
Iiiibeck, binding them to non-interfer-
ence with the affairs of Germany, and
recognizing Wallenstein as Duke of
Mecklenburg.
1643* * Negotiations for peace with
Sweden are opened in Osnabruck.
1645 * * Prus. Peace of Bromsebro.
Peace is made with Sweden after a war
of eight years, occasioned by jealousy of
the growing power of Denmark ; Chris-
tian is obliged to surrender the islands
of Gottlaud and Oesel.
1648 * * Frederick HI. is enthroned.
1652 * * Denmark aids England in the
war with Holland.
1660 * * Peace is made with Sweden
by the treaty of Copenhagen, ceding to
it certain islands and free passage
through the Sound.
* * Lex Regia. Frederick III., being
popular with the middle classes, unites
with the clergy in extending the royal
prerogative, and changes the Consti-
tution from that of an elective to a
hereditary monarchy.
1670 * * Christian V. is enthroned.
1679 * * A treaty of peace with Sweden
is signed, which nearly restores the
ante-bellum conditions.
1699 * * Frederick IV. is enthroned.
* * Frederick IV. invades the territory
of the Duke of Holstein ; he is com-
pelled to make peace by the siege of
Copenhagen, by Charles XII. of Sweden,
who comes to the aid of his ally.
638 1700,**-1839,
DENMARK.
ARMY — NAVY.
1700 * * Copenhagen is bombarded by
the combined fleets of England, Holland,
and Sweden. [Peace is obtained by a
money payment to tbe Swedes.]
1712+ * * Holstein, Schleswig, and the
fortresses of Tonningen and Stralsund,
are taken by Frederick IV. ; Weisman
is conquered, and the Swedes are driven
out of Norway.
1801 Apr. 2. Because of Denmark's
alliance with the Armed Neutrality, the
British under Lord Nelson and Adm.
Parker bombard Copenhagen and take
18 Danish ships of the line. [The colo-
nies in the East and West Indies are
temporarily lost.]
1807 * * England opens another war to
get possession of the Danish navy.
July 26. The British, under Admiral
Gambier and Lord Cathcart, take 18
ships of the line, 15 frigates, and 31 brigs
and gunboats. (See State.)
Sept. 7. The Danish fleet surrenders
to Adm. Gambier and Lord Cathcart,
after three days' bombardment of Co-
penhagen.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1717 * * A part of Zealand overflows, and
1,300 inhabitants are drowned.
1819 * * Electro-magnetic action is dis-
covered by Hans Christian Oersted of
Copenhagen.
1820 * * Oersted discovers the deflection
of the magnetic needle by the voltaic
current.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1 700 * * Cibber, Cains Gabriel, sculptor, A70.
1710 * * Romer, Olaf, astronomer, A66.
1712 * * Bemstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst
von, count, statesman, born.
1780 * * Tordenskjold, Peter, admiral, A29.
1723 * * Frederick V., king, born.
Kingo, Thomas, bishop of Funen, poet, A89.
1728 * * Suhm, Peder Frederik, historian, b.
1730 * * Miiller, Otto Frederik, naturalist, b.
Frederick IV., king, A59.
1734 * * Host, Georg, traveler, statesman, b.
1735 * * Baden, Jakob, philologist, born.
1737* * Struensee, Johann Friedrich, von
count, physician, statesman, born.
1740* * Bugge, Thomas, astronomer, geog-
rapher, born.
Callisen, Hendrik, surgeon, born.
A bildgaard, Peter Christian, physician, b.
1741 * * Behring, Vitus, navigator, A61.
1743 * * Evald, Johannes, poet, born.
1744 * * Abildgaard, Nikolai A., painter, b.
Abrahamson, Werner Hans Friedrich, au-
thor, born.
1746* * Christian VI., king, A47.
1748* * Gram, Johan or Hans, philologist,
A 63.
1749 * * Thaarup, Thomas, poet, born.
Christian VII., king, born.
1750* * Christian, David, missionary to
Greenland, dies at Herrnhut.
1754* * Carstens, Asmus Jakob, historical
painter, born.
Holberg, Ludwig, baron, scholar, poet,
dramatist, A70.
1755 * * Zoega, Georg, archeologist, born.
Adler, Jacob Georg, orientalist, born.
1756* * Pram, Christian Henriksen, poet,
journalist, mis. writer, born.
1758 * * Heiberg, Peder Andreas, poet, dram-
atist, born.
Egede, Hans, founder of Danish missions in
Greenland, A72.
1759 * * Nyerup, Nasmus, historian, anti-
quary, born.
1760 * * Rahbek, Knud Lyne, au., critic, b.
1764 * * Baggesen, Jens Iinnianuel, poet, b.
Pontoppidan, Erik, bishop, historian, A66.
1766 * * Frederick V., king, A43.
1768 * * Frederick VI., king, born.
1770 * * Thorvaldsen, Albert, sculptor, b.
1772* * Bemstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst
von, count, statesman, A60.
Struensee, Johann Friedrich von, states-
man, A 35.
Berger, Johann Eric, scientific writer, born.
Host, Jens Kragh, historian, born.
Brandt, Count, beheaded.
1773* * Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard, Thomas-
ine Christine Buntzen, novelist, born.
1775 * * Malte-Brun. Conrad, geographer,
writer, born.
Matilda, queen, A24.
1777* * Oersted, Hans Christian, electro-
magnetist, born.
1778* * Oersted, Anders Sandoe, jurist,
statesman, writer, born.
1779 * * Jorgenson, Jorgen, adventurer, au-
thor, born.
Oehlenschlager, Adam Gottlob, poet, born.
1780 * * Schumacher, Hendrick Christian,
astronomer, born.
1781 * * Brondsted, Peter Olaf, archaeolo-
gist, born.
Evald, Johannes, poet, A38.
1782 * * Blicher, Steen Steensen, poet, novel-
ist, born.
1783 * * Molbech, Christian, historian, born.
Eckersberg, Christoph Wilhelm, painter, b.
Grundtvig, Nicolai Fredrik Severin, clergy-
man, poet, author, born.
1784* * Miiller, Otto Frederik, naturalist,
A 54.
1786* * Callisen, Adolf Karl Peder, physi-
cian, born.
Christian VIII., king, born.
1787 * * Rask, Kasmus Christian, orientalist,
philologist, born.
1789* * Ingemann, Bernhard Severin, poet,
novelist, born.
•Schouw, Joachim Fredric, botanist, born.
1790 * * Haueh, Johannes Carsten von, poet,
born.
1791 * * Abildgaard, Soren, naturalist, A60±.
Petersen, Niels Matthias, historian, born.
Heiberg, Johann Ludvig, poet, dramatist, b.
1793* * Clausen, Hendrik Nicolai, theolo-
gian, statesman, born.
1794* * Forchhammer, Johann, mineralo-
gist, chemist, geologist, born.
1795 * * Rafn, Karl Christian, arch., born.
1797 * * U8sing, Tage Algreen, jurist, born.
Bille, Steen Andersen, rear-admiral, born.
Bang, Peder Georg, jurist, statesman, born.
1798* * Carstens, Asmus Jakob, historical
painter, A 34.
Hertz, Hendrik, poet, novelist, born.
Suhm, Peder Frederik, historian, A70.
Bernhard, Karl (pseud, of Andreas Nicolai
St.-Aubain), novelist, born.
1 800 * * Aarestrup, Carl Ludvig Emil, poet, b.
1801 * * Abildgaard, Peter Christian, physi-
cian, A61.
1802 * * Irminger, Carl Ludwig Christian,
admiral, born.
1804 * * Madvig, Johann Nikolai, statesman,
philologist, born.
Koppen, Adolph Louis, scholar, author, b.
Baden, Jakob, philologist, A69.
1805 * * Andersen, Hans Christian, poet,
novelist, wr. of fairy tales and travels, b.
Engelstoft, Christian T., theologian, reli-
gious historian, born.
Adler, Jacob Georg, orientalist, A50.
1808 * * Christian VII., king, A59.
Jan. 20. Frederick VII., king, born.
Martensen, Hans Lassen, bishop, theol., b.
1809 * * Hammerich, Frederik Peder Adolf,
clergyman, poet, mis. writer, born.
Abildgaard, Nicholas A., painter, A65.
Paludan-Miiller, Frederic, poet, born.
Zoega, Georg, archeologist, A54.
1811 * * Barfod, Paul Frederik, historian, b.
Hoist, Hans Peter, poet, born.
1812 * * Abrahamson, Werner Hans Freder-
ich, author, A68.
1813 * * Petersen, Carl, explorer, born.
1815* * Bugge, Thomas, astronomer, geog-
rapher, A75.
Westergaard, Niels Ludwig, orientalist, b.
1817 * * Gade, Niels Wilhelm, composer, b.
1818 * * Christian IX., king, born.
1819* * Goldschmidt, Meyer Aaron, novel-
ist, born.
1821 * * Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen, an-
tiquary, born.
Pram, Christian Henriksen, poet, journalist,
mis. writer, A65.
Thaarup, Thomas, poet, A72.
1824 * * Callisen, Hendrik, surgeon, A84.
1826 * * Baggesen, Jens Immanuel, poet,
A 62.
Malte-Brun, Conrad, geographer, wr., A51.
1829 * * Nyerup, Nasmus, historian, anti-
quary, A70.
1830 * * Rahbek, Knud Lyne, au., critic, A70.
Jorgenson, Jorgen, adventurer, au., A21±.
1832 * * Rask, Rasmus Christian, orientalist,
philologist, A45.
1833 * * Berger, Johann Eric, scientific
writer, A61.
1835 * * Bergsoe, Wilhelm, naturalist, poet,
novelist, born.
1839 * * Frederick VI., king, A71.
CHURCH.
1710 * * Hans Egede publishes his
mission pamphlet, A Proposition for
Greenland's Conversion and Enlighten-
ment; great opposition follows.
1714* *The Koyal College of Mis-
sions, for training missionaries, is
opened in Copenhagen.
1721 May 3. Hans Egede, with a few
colonists, leaves Denmark to open the
first mission in Greenland.
1814 * * The Danish Bible Society is
organized.
1821 June 17. The "Danish Mis-
sionary Society" is formed by Bone
Falck Bonne, priest, with the motto,
" Be not fearful, only believe."
1823* * Priest Bonne has mission-
boxes hung up in the parsonages, for
which Bishop Plumb indicts him in the
court of chancery ; Ronne is rebuked,
and the boxes taken down.
LETTERS.
1719 * * Peder Paars, by Ludvig Hol-
berg, appears.
1720 * * Nye Tidender is issued.
1722 * * Ben Voegelsindede (The Wa-
verer), Jean de France, Jeppepaa Bjerget,
and Gert the Westphalian,oy Ludvig
Holberg, appear.
1723 ** Barselstuen (The Lying-in
ltoom), The Eleventh of July, Jakob von
Thyboe, Den Bundelbse (The Figet), Eras-
mus Montanus, Don Ranudo, Ulysses of
Ithaca, Without Head or Tail, Witch-
craft, and Melampe, by Ludvig Holberg,
appear.
1724 * * Henrik and Pernille, by Ludvig
Holberg, appears.
1729 * * Description of Denmark and
Norway, by Ludvig Holberg, appears.
1731 * * The acted comedies, with five
others, of Ludvig Holberg, appear.
1737 * * Description of Bergen, by Hol-
berg, appears.
1740 * * A great Psalm Book, by Hans
Adol Brorson, appears.
1741* * Nicolai Klinii Iter Subterra-
neum, by Ludvig Holberg, appears.
1742 * * The University of Copenhagen
is reopened after the conflagration.
1744 * * The society for improving the
Danish Language is founded by Lange-
bek.
1749 * * Berlingske Tidende is issued in
German.
1764 * * Lykkens Tempel (The Temple of
Fortune), by Johannes Ewald, ap-
pears.
1766 * * Three Elegies, by Johannes
Ewald, appear.
1767 * * Adam og Eva, by Johannes
Ewald, appears.
1770 * * RolfKrage, by Ewald, appears;
also Philet.
DENMARK.
1700, **-1839,**. 639
1771 * * De Lrutale Flappers, by Ewald,
appears.
1772 * * Philemon and Baucis translated,
and Harlequin Patriot, by Ewald, ap-
pear.
1773 * * Pebersvendene (Old Bachelors),
by Ewald, appears.
1774* * Balder' s DM (The Balder's
Death), by Ewald, appears.
1779* * Fiskerne (The Fishers), by
Ewald, appears.
1785 * * -1819 * * The Minerva is is-
sued.
1786+ * * Comical Tales, by Jens Im-
manuel Baggesen, appears.
1789+ * * Alpenlied, in German, by Bag-
gesen, appears.
1790* * Labyrinth, by Baggesen, ap-
pears.
1798 * * -1803 * * Skandinavisk Muse-
um is issued.
1799 * * -1810 * * Lserde Efterretninger
is issued.
1802 * * Guldhornene, by Adam Gott-
lob Oehlenschlager, appears.
1803 * * Sanct Hansaften-Spil, by Adam
Gottlob Oehlenschlager, appears.
* * -05 * * Thors Reise til Jolunheim,
Langelandsreisen and Alladin's Lampe,
by Oehlenschlager, appear.
1805 * * Hakon Jarl, by Oehlenschla-
ger, appears.
* * Litteratur-Selskabs Skrifter is issued.
1807 * * Baldur hin Gode and Pal uatokr,
by Oehlenschlager, appear.
1808 * * Nordens Mythologie (Mythology
of the North), by Nicola'i F. S. Grund-
tvig, appears.
* * Uxel og Valborg, by Oehlenschlager,
appears.
1809 * * Correggio, in German, by Oeh-
lenschlager, appears.
1811* *-36* * Litteratur-Tidende is is-
sued (the continuation of Lserde Efter-
retninger).
* * Digte, byBernhardSeverin Ingemaun,
appears.
* * Ali og Gulhyndi, by Oehlenschlager,
appears.
1812 * * Stxrkodder, by Oehlenschla-
ger, appears.
1813 * * -17 * * The Athene is issued.
1814 * * De Sorte Riddere (The Black
Knights), by Bernhard S. Ingemann, ap-
pears.
* * Beige, by Oehlenschlager, appears.
1815 * * Masaniello, by B. S. Ingemann,
appears.
1822 * * Geography of Plants, by Joa-
chim Frederic Schouw, appears.
1826 * * Waldemar the Victor, by Inge-
mann, appears.
1827 * * Love and Policy, by Henrik
Hertz, appears.
1828 * * Flyttedagen, by Henrik Hertz,
appears.
* * Two volumes of dramas, including
Tiberius, Bajazet, and Hamadryaden, by
Johannes Carsten von Hauch, appear.
1829* *-38* * Maanedsslcrift for Lit-
terature is issued.
* * Hrolf Krake, by Oehlenschlager, ap-
pears.
1830* * Amor's Strokes of Genius, by
Henrik Hertz, appears.
* * Gjengangerbrevene, by Henrik Hertz,
appears.
1832 * * -42 * *, 1843 * * Tidsskriftfor
Litterature og Kritick is issued.
* * Nature and Art and Four Poetical
Epistles, by Henrik Hertz, appear.
* * Cupid at Court, by Frederik Paludan-
Miiller, appears.
1833 * * Dandserinden (The Danseuse),
by Frederik Paludan-Muller, appears.
1834 * * Gamle og Nye Noveller af For-
fatteren til en Hverdags Historie (Novels
Old and New, etc.), by Thomasine Chris-
tine Buntzen Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard,
appears.
* * -38 * * History of Denmark in the
Heathen Times, by Niels Matthias Pe-
tersen, appears.
1835* *The Improvisator, by Hans
Christian Andersen, appears.
* * The Only Fault, by Henrik Hertz,
appears.
* * The first collection of Fairy Tales, by
Hans Christian Andersen, appears.
* * Prince Otho of Denmark, by Ingemann,
appears.
1836 * * The Savings Bank, by Henrik
Hertz, appears.
1837 * * -43 * * Figyelmezo is issued.
* * Svend Dyring's House, by Henrik
Hertz, appears.
SOCIETY.
1746 * * Frederick V. marries Prin-
cess Louisa, daughter of George II. of
England.
1766 * Christian VII. abolishes slavery.
1772 Jan. 18. Matilda, the queen
dowager, to save the life of her supposed
lover, Struensee, confesses a plot
against the Ministers, and is condemned
to imprisonment for life in the castle
of Zell.
1784 * * Prince Frederick becomes re-
gent, and becomes the leader of Europe
in opposing the African slave-trade,
and begins the gradual emancipation
of peasants living on crown lands.
1837 Sept. * Frederick VI. separates
from his first wife.
STATE.
1720 * * A treaty is made between
Denmark and Sweden, in which the
latter is spoiled.
Denmark restores all her conquests,
and Sweden in return pays 600,000 rix
dollars, gives up its freedom from cus-
toms duties in the Sound, and abandons
the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, whom
Denmark deprived of his share of
Schleswig. (Ploetz.)
1730 * * -46 * * Christian VI. succeeds
his father to the throne of Denmark and
Norway, and reigns in peace.
1746 * * -66 * * Frederick V. reigns.
1760 * * Denmark finally joins Russia
and Sweden in declaring the Baltic
neutral for commerce.
1766 * * Christian VII. is enthroned.
1772 * * Counts Struensee and Brandt,
after introducing reforms, are beheaded
through a conspiracy.
* * Andreas Peter Von Bernstorff , " the
Oracle of Denmark," first becomes
Minister.
1780* * Denmark has a contention
with England regarding the northern
trade in hemp by neutral vessels.
1784 * * The increasing imbecility of
the king requires the appointment of
his son as regent.
* * Prince Frederick is declared regent.
1801 * * War with England results
from a defensive alliance with Russia,
Prussia, and Sweden.
1807 * * An alliance with France is
entered.
* * England demands the surrender
of the Danish navy upon the condition
of its being restored at the close of the
war with Napoleon, fearing its capture
and use against herself by him ; the
crown prince refuses, and England sends
a fleet and army to take it.
Sept. 6. The Danes secure peace by sur-
rendering the fleet to England.
Sept. * The Danes are exasperated by
the seizure of their fleet, and declare
war against England, and become an
ally of France.
1808 * * Frederick VI. is enthroned.
1814 Jan. 14. A treaty of peace is
signed with England and the allied
sovereigns.
Denmark is to surrender Norway to
Sweden, and to receive Pomerania, or as
a substitute a sum of money and a dis-
trict in Lauenburg, and also the return
of its colonies in the East and West
Indies.
DENMARK ALONE.
Nov. 3. By the Congress of Vienna, the
King of Denmark is declared a mem-
ber of the Germanic body on account
of Holstein and Lauenburg, and invested
with three votes in the Diet ; he is to
have the tenth place in rank. Sweden
retains Norway, and Denmark is indem-
nified with the transfer of Lauenburg.
(See p. 521.)
* * Pomerania and Riigen are annexed
to Denmark and Norway.
1815 * * Denmark cedes Pomerania
and Riigen to Prussia for a small dis-
trict of Lauenburg adjoining Holstein.
1824 * * A treaty of commerce is en-
tered with England.
1831 * * A new Constitution is granted
by Frederick VI.
1839 * * Christian VIII. is enthroned.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1728 * * Great fire in Copenhagen ; more
than 70 streets and 3,785 houses are
burned.
1736 * * The Bank of Copenhagen is
formed.
1785 May 14. The canal is opened
between the Baltic and North Seas.
1794 Feb.* The palace at Copenhagen
is burned ; loss, £4,000,000 and 100 lives.
1795 June* Fire in Copenhagen;
the arsenal, admiralty, and 50 streets
are destroyed.
June 9. One-fourth of Copenhagen is
burned.
640 1840, **-1864, **.
DENMARK.
ARMY — NAVY.
1848 * * -61 * * Three wars of Schles-
wig-Holstein against Denmark.
Mar. * The first war with the duchies of
Schleswig and Holstein occurs ; they rise
in rebellion against Frederick VII.
Mar. 24. Ger. The fort of Rendsburg
in Holstein is seized by the rebels.
Apr. 9. Ger. The rebels are defeated
near Flensburg in Schleswig.
Apr.+ * Ger. The Prussians and Ger-
man confederacy send an army to the
aid of Schleswig.
Apr. 23. Ger. The Prussians under
Gen. Wrangel defeat the Danes near
Danewerk. [They advance into Jut-
land.]
Aug. 1. Denmark blockades the North
Sea.
Aug. 26. Sire. A truce is signed at
Malmo by the influence of the European
Powers.
1849 Mar. 25. — July* The second
war with the duchies begins on the ex-
piration of the truce of Malmo.
Apr. 5. Ger. The ship of the line Chris-
tian VIII. is fired by cannonade at Eck-
ernforde in Schleswig, and the frigate
Geflon is captured.
Apr. 10. The Danes defeat the Hol-
steiners and Prussians.
Apr. 13. Ger. Bavarian and Saxon
troops storm the redoubts of Duppel in
Schleswig.
Apr. 20. The Danes are defeated at
Holding, Jutland, by the Schleswig-
Holstein army led by Gen. Bonin, a
Prussian.
* * Indifferent conduct of German and
Prussian troops is caused by the threat-
ening attitude of England, France, and
Russia.
* * At the siege of Fredericia, Jutland,
the Danes inflict much damage by a
sortie.
July 10. Ger. The truce of Berlin be-
tween Prussia and Denmark is signed.
1850 Jan. — 51 July* The third war
with the duchies.
[It is conducted by Schleswig-Holstein
alone, with Gen. Willisen, formerly of
the Prussian army, commander.]
July 24, 25. Ger. Battle of Idstedt,
Schleswig-Holstein ; the Danes, with an
army of 38,000, defeat the Schleswig-
Holsteiners under Gen. Willisen with
27,000 men ; 7,000 are killed and wounded
on both sides.
July * Ger. Schleswig is occupied by
the Danes.
Sept. 12. Ger. The Danes again defeat
the Schleswig-Holstein troops at Mis-
sunde, in Schleswig.
Sept. 29-Oct. 4. Ger. The Holsteiners
bombard Friedrichstadt, Schleswig,
and almost destroy the town. Kepulsed
with heavy loss.
Dec±. * The German Confederacy en-
forces the cessation of hostilities.
1851 * * Ger. Holstein is occupied by
Austrian troops with the consent of
Prussia, and delivered to the Danes.
1852 Mar. 2. Ger. Holstein is evac-
uated by the Austrians.
1863 Dec. * Ger. The succession to
the Danish throne being in dispute on
the death of Frederick VII., Austrian
and Prussian troops occupy the duchies
of Holstein-Schleswig.
Dec. * Ger. The Danes, to avoid en-
countering the Federal troops, with-
draw from Holstein.
Dec. 31. Ger. Rendsburg, Holstein,
is evacuated by the Danes.
1864 Jan. 21. Ger. Federal troops
under Marshall Von Wrangel invade
Holstein.
Feb. * -Oct. * "War occurs with Aus-
tria and Prussia.
Expecting the aid of England and
France, Denmark declares war against
Germany.
Feb. * The Danes send Gen. de Meza
with 40,000 men to defend the Danne-
werk, the trans-peninsular defenses in
Schleswig.
Feb. 1. Ger. The Prussians under Mar-
shal Von Wrangel and Prince Frederick
Charles take Eckernforde, in Schleswig.
Feb. 2, 3. Ger. Missunde, Schleswig,
is bombarded and burned by the Prus-
sians.
Feb. 5. Ger. The Danes, being out-
flanked, abandon the Dannewerk to
save their army.
Feb. 6. The Austrian advance under
Gen. Von Wrangel defeats the Danes at
Over-see, Schleswig ; Schleswig is taken
after an obstinate resistance. '
Feb. 7. Ger. Flemsburg, Schleswig, is
occupied by the Federal allies.
Feb. 13. Ger. The allies begin their
attack on Duppel, Schleswig.
Feb. 18. The Prussians enter Jutland,
and take Kolding. [The Danes fortify
the island of Alsen.]
Mar. 1. Gen. Gertach succeeds Gen.
de Meza as commander of the Danes,
whose conduct of operations causes much
dissatisfaction.
Mar. 8. The Danes are defeated by the
Prussians at Sonderbygaard and Veill.
Mar. 15. The siege of the entrenchments
of Duppel by the Prussians commences.
Mar. 17. The Prussian squadron obtains
a naval victory.
Ger. Duppel, Schleswig, is bom-
barded and taken by the Prussians.
Mar. 20. Ger. The Prussians bombard
Fredericia, Schleswig.
Mar. 28. Ger. The Prussians are re-
pulsed in an attack on the fortress of
Fredericia.
Apr. 18. Ger. The Prussians capture
the fortress of Duppel.
Apr. 29. Ger. The Danes withdraw
from Fredericia and other fortresses,
and retreat to Alsen, Prussia.
May 6+. Jutland, refusing to pay a
war tribute to the Prussians, is pillaged.
May 9. An armistice is agreed to for
one month, commencing on May 12
[while a peace conference assembles at
London],
Ger. The Danes defeat the allies in
a sea-fight off Heliogoland.
June 9. The armistice is prolonged for
two weeks.
June 26. Ger. The conference in Lon-
don having failed to secure peace, hos-
tilities are resumed. [The Prussians
bombard Alsen.]
June 29. Ger. The Alsen batteries are
captured, and 2,400 Danes made pris-
oners.
July * Alsen is taken, and Jutland occu-
pied by the allies.
July 18. Another armistice is accepted.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1862 Oct. 21. The planet Freia is dis-
covered by Heinrich Ludurg d'Arrest.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1841 * * Heiberg, Peder Andreas, dramatist,
poet, A83.
1842* * LSrandes, Georg Morris Cohen, lec-
turer, critic, mis. writer, born.
Brondsted, Peter Olaf, archaeologist, A61.
1843 June 3. Frederick, son of the Duke
of Schleswig-Holstein, born.
1844 * * Host, Jens Kragh, historian, A72.
Thorvaldsen, Albert, sculptor, A74.
1848 * * Blieher, Steen Steensen, poet, A66.
Christian VIII., king, A62.
1850* * Oehlenschlager, Adam Gottlob, poet,
A71.
Schumacher, Hendrick Chris., astron., A70.
1851 * * Oersted, Hans Christian, electro-
magnetist, A74.
1852 * * Schouw, Joachim Fredric, botanist,
A63.
1853 * * Eckersberg, Christoph William,
painter, A 70.
1856* * Aarestrup, Carl Ludvig Emil, poet,
A56.
Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard, Tliomasine Chris-
tine Buntzen, novelist, A83.
1857 * * Gjellerup, Karl Adolf, novelist, b.
Molbech, Christian, historian, A74.
1860* * Heiberg, Johann Ludwig, poet,
dramatist, A 69.
Oersted, Anders Sandoe, jurist, statesman,
A82.
1861* * Bang, Peter Georg, jurist, states-
man, A64.
1862 * * Ingemann, Bernhard Severin, poet,
novelist, A73.
Petersen, Niels Matthias, historian, A71.
1863 June 28. Frederick -Ferdinand,
crown prince, uncle of Frederick VII., d.
Nov. 15. Frederick VII., king, A55.
1864 * * Ka In, Karl Christian, arch., A59.
CHURCH.
1857 * * Methodist Episcopal preach-
ers from U. S. A. begin mission-work in
Denmark.
1860 June * It is decided at a meeting
held in Nyburg, that hereafter the Da-
nish Society shall take the lead in all
mission-work, and that local unions be
formed.
1862 June * A Danish mission-school
is founded near Copenhagen for mission-
workers.
1863 * * A Greek Danish Missionary
Society is formed by Victor Block.
LETTERS.
1840 * * Ninon, by Henrik Hertz, ap-
pears.
* * Historisk Tidsskrift is issued.
1841 * * -48 * * Adam Homo, by Fred-
erik Paludan-Muller, appears.
1842 * * Lyriske Digte (Lyric Poems), by
Johannes Carsten von Hauch, appears.
* * Dina, by Oehlenschlager, appears.
1845 * * Fern og tyve Fabler (Five-and-
twenty Fables), by Christian Winther,
appears.
* * King Rent's Daughter, by Henrik
Hertz, appears.
1848 * * -49 * * Nord og Syd is issued
[still published as Ude og Hjemme].
1853 * * Robert Fulton, by Johannes Car-
sten von Hauch, appears.
* * A Sacrifice, by Henrik Hertz, appears.
1854 * * -64 * * No rdisk Universitets
Tidsskrift is issued.
* * The Youngest, by Henrik Hertz, ap-
pears.
1858 * * Dansk Maandesskri ft is issued.
DENMARK.
1840, **-1864, *
641
SOCIETY.
1842 May 26. Duke of Schleswig-Hol-
stein-Sonderburg-Gliicksburg [afterward
Christian IX.] marries Princess Louisa
of Hesse-Cassel ; both are descended
from George II. of England.
1846 Sept. * Frederick II. separates
from his second wife.
1850 * * Frederick II. marries mor-
ganatically Louisa, Countess of Banner.
1863 Mar. 10. Eng. The Prince of
"Wales marries Princess Alexandra of
Denmark, at Windsor.
1864 Feb. 24. A subscription is started
in London for the relief of wounded
Danes.
STATE.
1846 July 8. An "open letter" of
King Christian VIII. arbitrarily de
Oct. * -62 * * Dissensions arise be-
tween the Government and the duchies ;
the family pretensions of the Duke of
Augustenburg to the rule of the duchies
is agitated at home and abroad.
1858 Mar. 27. The Government de-
crees the erection of fortifications
about Copenhagen.
1860 Feb. 11. Ger. The Assembly of
Schleswig alleges that the promise of
equahty of national rights, pledged
by the Treaty of London in 1852, has not
been recognized. [Mar. 1. It formally
protests against being united to Den-
mark.]
1861 Jan. * The Government announces
that a declaration of war will be made
if Prussian soldiers enter the duchies.
Feb. * Active preparations for war are
made.
crees the union of the duchies of June * The Rigsdag adopts a decimal
Schleswig and Holstein with Den- coinage.
1863 Mar. 30. Frederick VII. grants
independent rights to Holstein, but
annexes Schleswig to Denmark.
Apr. 17. Austria and Prussia protest
against the annexation of Schleswig.
June 6. Frederick VII. accepts the
crown of Greece for Prince William
George.
July 9. Ger. . The Diet threateningly
demands the annulment of the action
of Frederick VII., on March 30, granting
independent rights to Holstein and an-
nexing Schleswig. (See p. 526.)
Aug. 1. Preparations are made to in-
crease the army.
Aug. 27. Frederick VII. replies that an
armed occupation of the duchies by
Germany will be accepted as a declara-
tion of war.
Aug. * Sweden declines to enter an
alliance with Denmark.
Oct. 1. Ger. The Diet of the German
Confederation demands the immediate
execution of its decree to support Prince
Frederick as Duke of Schleswig-Hol-
stein.
mark, in spite of the different laws of
inheritance in the two states. [This
leads to war.]
1848 Jan. 20. Frederick VII. is en-
throned.
Jan. 28. A revolutionary movement by
the Casino party at Copenhagen compels
the king to proclaim a new Constitution.
Mar. 23. Insurrections arise in the
duchies, especially in Holstein ; a pro-
visional government is established at
Kiel, with Prince Frederick of Augus-
tenburg at the head. (See Germany.)
1849 June 5. A new liberal Consti-
tution is sanctioned by the king.
July 10. Prussia signs an armistice,
Avhich is converted into a peace.
By its terms Schleswig is to be occu-
pied by Swedish troops in the north, in
the south by those of Prussia, and to
receive a new administration. (Ploetz.)
1850 July 2. A separate peace is
concluded with Prussia.
July 4. The great powers, England,
France, Prussia, unite with Sweden to
guarantee the integrity of Denmark.
Aug. 23. Eng. To solve the question
concerning the succession to the throne,
a protocol is signed in London by all Nqv 13 Tfae new Constitution i8 af_
the Ministers of the great powers
Nov. 28, 29. Moravia. Conference at
Olmiitz. (See p. 623.)
1851 Jan. 10. Ger. The rights of the
country are placed under the protec-
tion of the Germanic Confederation
firmed by the Rigsdag.
Nov. 15. The House of Gliicksburg
begins to reign.
Christian IX. is enthroned accord-
ing to the Treaty of London.
byap"roc"lama«onoftheStadtholdersof Nov. 16. Ger. Prince Frederick of
Schleswig-Holstein.
1852 May 8. Ger. Hanover, Saxony,
and Wurtemberg recognize the treaty
of London granting the throne to
Christian of Sonderburg-GlUcksburg,
Augustenburg claims the government of
Schleswig and Holstein, although his
father had renounced them for a com-
pensation. (See 1852, May 8.)
Nov. 18. Christian IX. signs the Con-
stitution. [Dec. 1. It is published.]
Frederick VII. having been childless, Nov. 21. Ger. The announcement of
and the female line next in succession
withdrawing their claim. Christian,
Duke of Augustenburg-Holstein, con-
sents to surrender his rights in the
duchies for a sum of money.
1854 July 29. Frederick VII. promul-
gates a new Constitution.
1855 Oct. 1. The new Constitution
set forth by the king is adopted.
1857 * * The Sound dues are abol-
ished, Great Britain paying £1,125,206
as her share.
Prince Frederick's claim causes great
excitement in Holstein ; public officials
refuse to take oath to the new king,
Christian IX.
Nov. 26. Ger. Prince Frederick is
supported by several German States ;
they proceed to send troops into the
duchies.
Dec. * The Austrian and Prussian
Ministers prepare for their departure
from Copenhagen if the Constitution is
not annulled.
Dec. 19. Denmark protests against the
proposed occupation of the duchies by
the German States.
Dec. 21. Ger. The representatives of
German States, to the number of 900,
assemble at Frankfort, and agree to sup-
port the claims of Prince Frederick
against those of Denmark.
Dec. 24. Ger. The Saxons, as repre-
sentatives of the Federal authority, en-
ter Altona in Schleswig-Holstein.
Dec. 25. Ger. The Federal Commis-
sioners attend the army of occupation,
and assume 'administrative powers in
Schleswig-Holstein.
Dec. 30. Ger. Prince Frederick at
Kiel, in Holstein, claims authority as
Duke of Schleswig and Holstein.
1864 Jan. 16. Austria and Prussia
unite to demand the abrogation of the
Constitution of Nov. 18, uniting Schles-
wig with Denmark, within two days.
Jan. 18. Denmark asks for six weeks
to act on the peremptory demand of
Austria and Germany.
Jan. 21. Ger. Holstein is invaded by
German troops.
Feb. * "War with Germany.
Cause : Austria and Prussia demand
the repeal of the November Constitution,
which conflicts with the agreement of
Denmark " to respect the rights of the
duchies," which implied that Schleswig
should not be incorporated as a part of
Denmark. The latter refuses the joint
demand.
Feb. 6. Ger. Prince Frederick Charles
is proclaimed Duke of Schleswig-Hol-
stein.
Feb. 13. Ger. The Commissioners of
the German States protest against the
occupation of Altona by Prussia.
Feb. 23. England, having proposed a
conference on Danish affairs, the allies
accede to it. [Apr. 25, meets. June 22,
ends.]
Mar. 22. The Rigsdag adjourns, after
resolving to support the king.
* * It seems as if Denmark must cease to
exist as a nation in consequence of its
reverses.
* * Prussia and Austria secede from the
London Protocol ; the war is renewed.
July 9. The administration of Jutland
is assumed by Prussian officers.
The Government sends Prince John
to Berlin to make negotiations for
peace.
July 26. Just. A conference for
peace opens at Vienna.
Oct. 30. Aust. Peace of Vienna.
Terms : the King of Denmark re-
nounces all his rights to the duchies of
Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenbuig in
favor of the Emperor of Austria and tha
King of Prussia ; he agrees to recognize
whatever disposition these monarchs
shall make of these states. (Ploetz.)
Nov. 16. King Christian IX. by proc-
lamation releases the inhabitants of
Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg from
their allegiance to Denmark.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1847 Sept. 26. A great fire at Copen-
hagen ; valuable Icelandic literature is
destroyed, including over 2,000 unpub-
lished MSS.
642 1865, * *-1894, Oct. 27.
DENMARK.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1872 Oct. 18. The new theater at Co-
penhagen is founded by the king.
1873 Oct. 6. A statue of Frederick
VII., erected at Copenhagen, is un-
veiled.
1884 Aug. 10. The 8th International
Medical Congress is held in Copenhagen.
1889 May 21. Dr. Nansen and his
companions arrive at Copenhagen on
their return from an exploring expedi-
tion to Greenland.
1892 Sept. 2. An exploring expedi-
tion starts for Greenland and Iceland.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1865 * * Forchhammer, Johann Georg, min-
eralogist, chemist, geologist, A51.
Bernhard, Karl (pseud, of Andreas Nicolai
St. Aubain), novelist, A65±.
1866 * * Callisen, Adolf Karl Peder, physi-
cian, A 80.
1870 Sept. 27. Christian, crown prince, b.
Hertz, Hendrik, poet, novelist, A72.
1872 * * Ussing, Tage Algreen, jurist, A75.
Grundtvig, Nicolai Frederik Severin, clergy-
man, poet, mis. writer, A89.
Hauch, Johannes Carsten von, poet, A71.
1875 * * Andersen, Hans Christian, poet,
novelist, wr. of fairy tales, travels, A70.
1876 * * Paludan-Miiller, Frederik, poet, A61.
1877 * * Hammerich, Frederik Peder Adolf,
clergyman, poet, mis. writer, A68.
Clausen, Henrik N., theolo., statesman, A48.
1878 * * Westergaard, Niels Ludwig, orien-
talist, A63.
1880 * * Petersen, Carl, explorer, A67.
1883* * Bille, Steen Anderson, rear-admiral,
A86.
1884 July 27. Ludvigsen, Anna Kristiane,
author of patriotic songs, A90.
Martensen, Hans Lassen, bishop, theol., A72.
1885 * * Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen,
antiquary, A64.
1886 * * Madvig, Johann Nikolai, philologist,
A82.
1887* * Goldsehmidt, Meyer Aaron, novel-
ist, A68.
1888* * Irminger, Carl Ludwig Christian,
admiral, A86.
1889 July 16. Augusta, Princess, sister of
Queen of Denmark, dies.
July 23. Sparre, Count, dies.
1890 Dec. 22. Gade, Niels Wilhelm, com-
poser, conductor. A73.
1894 Oct. 27. Plong, Carl, poet, politician,
journalist, A81.
CHURCH.
1866 Jan. 6. The first Methodist
Episcopal church in Denmark is dedi-
cated.
1872* * Lorenthal's Mission is
founded. Motto, " Be born again."
1874 * * The Danish Mission Society-
founds two seminaries for the training
of missionaries. [1875. United.]
1876 * * The mission to the Danes is be-
gun by the Christian Society, U.S.A.
1884 Aug. 30. The Evangelical Al-
liance holds its 8th meeting in Copen-
hagen.
1887 * * The American Baptists set off
the Denmark mission from the German
mission.
1888 * * A Methodist Episcopal theo-
logical school is founded in Copen-
hagen.
SOCIETY.
1866 Nov. 9. Prince Alexander of
Russia marries Princess Dagmar.
1869 July 28. The Crown Prince
Frederick marries Princess Louisa of
Sweden.
1874 July * -Aug. * Christian IX. vis-
its Iceland.
1878 Dec. 11. The Duke of Cumber-
land marries Princess Thyra.
1888 Nov. 15. The 25th anniversary
of the accession of the king to the throne
is celebrated.
1889 June 24. Christian IX. confers
the knighthood of the Order of Danne-
brog upon Capt. Hamilton MurreU.
The people present him with an oil
painting of the scene of the transfer of
the passengers and crew of the sinking
steamer Danmark. (See Miscellaneous.)
1890 Mar. 25. The Minister of War
announces that no Socialist workmen
will be employed in State workshops.
May 26. The crown princess gives birth
to a daughter.
Nov. 8. A son is born to Prince Wal-
demar.
1892 May 23. The celebration of the
golden wedding of King Christian
begins at Copenhagen.
May 29. A procession of 100,000 people
marches from Copenhagen to the castle
to do honor to the king and queen.
STATE.
1866 July 19, 27. A new Constitu-
tion is approved by both Chambers of
the Rigsdag.
July 28. The king sanctions the new
Constitution.
1867 Oct. 25. Proclamations are is-
sued, proposing to sell the Danish
islands in the "West Indies, St.
Thomas and St. John, to the United
States for $7,500,000. [Approved by the
colonies, but not carried out by the
United States.]
1868 Jan. 30. The Assembly approves
of the proposed sale of two islands in
the West Indies.
1870 Aug. * Denmark decides to re-
main neutral in the Franco-Prussian
war.
1874 Mar. 29. The Folkething de-
feats the Government on the question
of fortifications ; the Assembly is dis-
solved.
Oct. * Continued contests occur between
the king and the Landsthing and Folke-
thing.
Dec. * A crisis is reached respecting the
supplies.
1877 Apr. 4. The Kigsdag closes
without settling the budget.
Apr. 12. The king makes provision for
the budget in harmony with the pro-
vision of the Constitution.
1881 May 10±. The king dismisses
the Folkething, alleging its ineffi-
ciency.
* * -84 * * Legislation is obstructed
by the Opposition members of the Folke-
thing.
1884 June * The elections return to
the Folkething 82 Liberals and Opposi-
tion, besides 20 Conservatives.
1885 Mar. 21. The king refuses to
dismiss the Ministry.
May 5. The Government prohibits the
importation and possession of arms, and
forbids drilling.
Oct. 16. The budget is rejected by the
Folkething.
Dec. 21. The laws restraining the lib-
erty of the press are condemned by
the Rigsdag.
1886 Jan. * M. Berg, president of the
Folkething, obstructs the police at a
meeting ; he is condemned, and sentenced
to six months' imprisonment.
Jan. 26. The budget is rejected by the
Folkething.
Feb. 8. The Rigsdag is discordant,
and the session closes.
Oct. 26. The two parties in the Rigsdag
unite in opposing the Government.
1887 Jan. 8. The Folkething is dis-
solved.
Apr. 1. The budget is rejected.
1888 Apr. 1. The budget is rejected.
Apr. 8. The political prisoners are
granted amnesty on the king's 70th
birthday.
1889 Feb. 11. The regulations relat-
ing to Greenland coast fisheries forbid
trading with the inhabitants, and fish-
ing is prohibited within one Danish mile
from the coast.
Mar. 6. The Rigsdag announces that
the British Minister at Athens has been
selected as an arbitrator in the Butter-
field claim between the United States
and Denmark.
Apr. 1. The budget is rejected ; the
Government collects the revenue by a
royal decree.
1890 Jan.* The elections result in 91,159
votes for the Ministerial party, 139,854
for the Opposition, and 17,232 for the
Socialists.
Feb. 4. The arbitrators decide in favor
of Denmark in the dispute with the
United States respecting damages for
vessels lost near St. Thomas, W. I.
1891 Jan. 6. The Government official-
ly recognizes the Republic of Brazil.
July 10. The Minister of State, Baron
Akerheilm, resigns, and is succeeded
by Baron Bostrom.
Sept. 8. Denmark removes the prohibi-
tion of the importation of American
pork.
1894 Apr. 2. Premier Estrup tenders
his resignation to the king.
Aug. 7. The Cabinet is reconstructed,
with Baron Reedtz-Mott as Premier.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1868 Aug. 31. The Anglo-Danish tele-
graph from Newbiggin to Copenhagen is
completed.
1888 May 18. The King of Denmark
opens the Scandinavian Exhibition in
Copenhagen.
1889 Apr. 6. The steamer Danmark
sinks about 800 miles from Newfound-
land ; Capt. Murrell of the Missouri
rescues all on board, about 735 persons.
Apr. 12. The steamer Danmark, of the
Thingvalla line, is seen floating in a
wrecked condition, without a person on
board, 600 miles off the coast of Ireland.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 1844, Feb. 27-1887, * * 648
This Republic occupies the eastern and greater part of the island of Santo Domingo, or Haiti, West Indies. Its area is esti-
mated at 18,045 square miles, and its population at 610,000. The capital is Santo Domingo. The government is under a Constitu-
tion, its President is elected every four years by universal suffrage, and its Congress of 22 members by restricted suffrage. The
people are chiefly of mixed blood, — Spaniards, Indian, and negro, with only a few whites. Spanish is the language of the people ;
and Roman Catholicism is the state religion, but all religions are tolerated.
For the early history of the island, and the struggles between the two republics, see Haiti.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1844 Feb. 27. Following the revolu-
tion in the west against President Boyer,
the inhabitants in the eastern part of
the island assert their independence
of the Haitian Republic, and form a
State called the Dominican Republic.
* * A Constitution is adopted.
Apr. 9. An army of 20,000 Haitians is
defeated near Santiago, and forced to
abandon its effort to subdue the Do-
minicans, led by Pedro Santana, the
" liberator."
1848 Oct. 22. France recognizes the
independence of the Republic, and en-
ters a treaty of commerce.
1849 Apr. 22. At Las Carreras 400
Dominicans, under Santana, defeat the
invading Haitian army, 20,000 strong,
under Soulouque.
* *Jimenes, of Caucasian blood, is
elected President. [He secretly con-
spires with President Soulouque of Haiti,
who invades the country.]
Apr. * Jimenes abandons his office, and
flees to Haiti.
* * Buenaventura Baez is elected con-
stitutional President.
1850 May * Great Britain recognizes
the independence of the Republic, and
enters a treaty of amity, commerce, and
navigation.
* * Soulouque again leads an invasion,
and is defeated.
1853 * * Baez, having favored the Cler-
ical party, is rejected by the people, and
Gen. Santana is chosen his successor.
1854 Oct. 5. President Baez signs a
treaty with President Pierce, U. S. A.,
secretly stipulating for the cession of
the Bay of Samana to the United
States. [It fails of ratification at Wash-
ington.]
1857 Feb. * By the influence of French
and British agents, Baez is reelected
president.
Sept. * Gen. Santana successfully leads
a revolutionary movement against
President Baez.
1858 * * President Baez is overthrown
by the Revolutionists, and Liberal rule is
established.
1862 * * -65 * * The Dominion is held
by Spain.
1865 * * The Constitution is modified.
1869 Nov. 29. President Baez and
President Grant sign a treaty for the
annexation of the Dominican Repub-
lic to the United States.
1870 June 30. U. S. A. The Senate
at Washington rejects the annexation
treaty.
1886 Sept. 1. Gen. Ulises Heureaux
is elected President.
1887 * * A new Constitution is adopted.
ECUADOR.
Ecuador is a republic of South America, bordering the Pacific, and lying nearly under the equator. Area claimed, 275,964
square miles, of which about 155,000 are in jurisdiction; population, estimated at 1,260,000. Capital, Quito. The government is
republican in form ; the executive is a President elected for a term of four years ; the Congress consists of an upper and a lower
house. The inhabitants are whites of Spanish descent, Indians, and people of mixed blood ; the language chiefly spoken is Span-
ish ; and the only religion tolerated is the Roman Catholic, the religion of the state.
ARMY — NAVY.
1460 ± * * During the reign of Hualcopo
Duchisela the conquest of Quito is
undertaken by Tupac Yupanqui, the
Inca of Peru.
* * *Huaina-Capac, his son, completes the
conquest of Quito by a great victory
in the battle of Haluntaqui.
1531 * * Atahualpa, King of Quito, de-
feats and imprisons his brother Huascar,
King of Peru, in his capital, and rules
the two kingdoms.
1809 * * A revolution is attempted by
the colonists, who are defeated in five
or six battles.
1821* *-24* * "War with Spain. Gen.
Bolivar aids the colonists to indepen-
dence. Under Antonio Jos6 de Sucre
they defeat the Spaniards.
1822 May 22. The Spaniards are de-
feated in a battle fought on Mount
Pichincha, 10,200 feet above the sea.
May 24. The Spaniards capitulate.
1824 Dec. * A decisive battle is fought
at Ayacucho ; the Spaniards are de-
feated by the Colombian troops.
1828 * * -29 * * War with Peru ; the
Colombians defeat 8,000 Peruvian in-
vaders.
1860 Aug.* Gen. Flores defeats Gen.
Franco in a battle.
1861 ± * * The army under Gen. Flores
is completely routed by that of New
Granada.
1875 Sept. * Quito is declared in a
state of siege after the assassination of
the President.
1876 Dec. 14. The revolutionary army
under Gens. Vientemilla and Urbino, at
Galte, defeats the constitutional army
under Gen. Aparicio.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1755 Apr. * Quito is destroyed by an
earthquake.
1796 Feb. 4. An earthquake destroys
the entire country between Santa F6
and Panama ; 40,000 persons in the cities
of Cuzco and Quito are killed in one
second.
1859 Mar. 22. An earthquake at
Quito kills about 5,000 persons, and does
great damage to property.
1868 Aug. * An earthquake kills 30,-
000 people, ruins the public buildings of
Quito, and completely destroys many
towns.
1877 June 26. The most notable erup-
tion of Cotopaxi occurs. Quito is in
complete darkness from the showers of
ashes.
1883 Dec. 13. Cotopaxi is in eruption.
1884 Dec. 13. An earthquake at
Guayaquil does much damage.
1885 July 23. Cotopaxi is in a state
of eruption, and a portion of Chimborazo
at foot of Chimborazo is overflowed with
lava ; Quito is in darkness for eight
hours.
* * A placer gold-mine is discovered
between Chordeley and Gualaceo ; this
gives a great impulse to gold-mining.
1886 Jan. 11-16. The volcano Tun-
gurahua is active; ashes cover the
neighboring country a decimeter in
depth.
1889 Mar. 4. Several earthquake
shocks are felt at Guayaquil.
LETTERS.
1874 May 4. The Academy of Ecua-
dor is inaugurated. (Colleges are in the
larger towns.)
1876 * * Public instruction is still en-
tirely under the control of the clergy and
the Christian Brothers.
1890 * * Primary education is gratui-
tous and compulsory.
SOCIETY.
1845+ * * A convention is entered into
with England for the suppression of the
slave-trade.
1854 * * Slavery is abolished.
1875 Feb. * The Government orders
$12,000 to be paid to the bishop of Guay-
aquil in compensation for his trouble
and expense in erecting an orphan asy-
lum and free schools.
Aug. 6. President Moreno is assassi-
nated in the corridor of the Public
644 280, * * -1892, Aug. 30.
ECUADOR.
Treasury in Quito by three men, one of
whom is shot on the spot.
1886 Feb. 6. An unsuccessful attempt
is made to assassinate the President ; a
riot ensues at Guayaquil.
CHURCH.
1850 * * President Diego Noboa recalls
the Jesuits.
1867 * * By great concession, Protes-
tants are permitted to have a burial-
ground at Quito
1870 * * President Moreno subordinates
the authority of the Government to
that of the church.
1872 Dec. * A day is set apart for
thanksgiving and prayer for the Roman
Catholic Church.
1874 * * Ten per cent of the revenue of
the church belonging to the State is
made an offering to the Pope, in spite
of the depressed condition of the
finances.
* * * The oath of a Protestant has no
force in a court of justice.
STATE.
280 * * A foreign tribe is said to have
forced its way inland along the valley of
the Esmeraldas, and established a king-
dom at Quito [which lasts for about
1,200 years].
1460+ * * Quito is conquered by Peru-
vians.
1475 * * Huaina Capac the Great rules
the two kingdoms 38 years.
1525 * * The kingdom of Huaina Capac
is divided between his two sons; Ata-
hualpa takes the kingdom of Quito, and
Huascar all that remains beside it.
1530 * * War breaks out between the
two brothers.
1532 * * Huascar is defeated and cap-
tured by Atahualpa, who rules both
kingdoms.
Nov. 16. Atahualpa meets Pizarro.
(See p. 20.)
1533 Aug. 29. Pizarro executes
Atahualpa. (See p. 20.)
* * - 34 * * Pizarro gains possession of
the country.
1534 * * Pedro de Alvarado, governor
of Guatemala, heads an expedition of
400 men against Quito. [Near Riobamba
he is met by forces under Pizarro's lieu-
tenants, Almagro and Benalcazar, and
is induced to retire.]
1539 * * Gonzalo Pizarro is appointed
to command the province of Quito. (See
p. 21.)
Dec. 25. Gonzalo Pizarro explores the
interior. (See p. 21.)
1710* *The colony is attached to the
Spanish vice-royalty at Santa Fe\
1718* *The province of Quito is de-
tached from Peru, and annexed to
New Granada.
1722 * * The colony is restored to Peru.
[For many years the colony lan-
guishes.]
* * An insurrection of Indians breaks
out ; the insurgents kill the proprietors,
and destroy all traces of the mines.
1809* * The colonists "make an unsuc-
cessful effort for freedom from Span-
ish rule.
1821 July * The Republic of Colom-
bia is formed by the union of Ecuador,
New Granada, and Venezuela.
1831 * * Ecuador withdraws from Co-
lombia, following the example of Ven-
ezuela ; Gen. Juan Jos£ Flores is the
first President.
* * — 1852 * * History becomes a series
of pronunciamentos and attempted rev-
olutions.
1835 * * Vicente Rocaf uerte becomes
President.
1839 * * Gen. Flores regains the presi-
dency.
1843 * * The Constitution is adopted.
* * Gen. Flores is elected President for
the third time.
He soon accepts the title generalis-
simo and a sum of 20,000 pesos, and
leaves the country to his rivals.
1845 * * Gen. Roca is elected President.
A period of great confusion follows.
1850 * * Diego Noboa is elected Presi-
dent.
A rupture occurs with New Granada
respecting the harboring of refugees.
* * Urbina, a Democrat, becomes a prac-
tical dictator.
1852 * * The Constitution is modified.
1856* * Gen. Francisco Robles is
elected President.
[He secures the adoption of the French
system of coinage, weights, and meas-
ures.]
1859 Aug. 21. President Robles abdi-
cates after refusing to sign the treaty
with Peru.
* * Gen. Franco becomes President.
1861 Jan. * Dr. Gabriel Garcia Mo-
reno is elected President by the Conser-
vative party.
1864 * * President Moreno resigns, but
his resignation is unaccepted.
1865 May* The Democrats under Ur-
bino, Franco, and Robles lead an in-
surrection, and seize a government
war-steamer at Guayaquil.
June * President Moreno seizes a mail-
steamer sailing under the British flag,
and captures three small steamers of
the insurgents, and quells the rebellion ;
20 of the captured rebels are shot, among
whom are the leaders.
Aug. 4. Geronimo Carrion is elected
President.
1866 Jan. * Ecuador unites with Chile
and Peru in an alliance for the banish-
ment of all Spanish subjects.
1867 Nov. * President Carrion re-
signs because of a vote of censure hav-
ing been passed upon him by Congress.
* * Pedro Jose" de Arteta, Vice-Presi-
dent, assumes control of the Govern-
ment, and the old Cabinet is recon-
structed.
Dec. 15. A new election is called, and
Carrion is reelected.
* * Congress revokes the extraordinary
powers of the President, by which he
was allowed to imprison any person con-
sidered dangerous to public order.
1868 Jan.* Xavier Espinosa is elected
President.
1869 * * Ex-president Moreno heads a
revolution, and seizes the government.
1873 * * Copper money becomes legal
tender.
1875 Aug. 6. President Moreno is
assassinated.
* * -Dec. 8. Dr. Borreo is elected Pres-
ident.
1876 Sept.+ * Vientemilla, military com-
mandant at Guayaquil, leads a success-
ful revolt against the Government. [He
becomes President.]
1877 * * The Conservatives are over-
thrown by the " Terrorists of the
North," led by Gen. Yepez.
* * Political matters are in a state of an-
archy.
1878 * * Two Vice-Presidents are ap-
pointed to replace the President should
circumstances require it.
1882 Aug. * Vientemilla provokes a
revolution to enable him to again be
appointed Supreme Chief, an office which
he had filled for six years.
1883 Jan. * The revolutionary move-
ment having become general, Gen. Sa-
lazai leads a successful attack.
Jan. * Gen. Alf aro becomes dictator.
1884 Feb. 12. Jose" Maria Placido
Caamans is elected President.
Nov. 6. Gen. Alfaro leaves the Bay of
Panama at the head of a rebel force.
1885 July * Congress passes a new tar-
iff bill, raising the import and export
dues.
* * Lighthouse dues are levied.
1885 Dec. * The Government sends a
colonizing expedition to the Galapa-
gos Archipelago.
1889 Sept. 22. The Government issues
an order prohibiting Chinese immi-
gration.
Oct. 30. A new ministry is formed,
and consists of Carlos R. Tabor, of Inte-
rior and Foreign Affairs ; Francisco Cam-
po, of Finance ; Elias Lazo, of Public
Instruction and Justice ; and Gen. Julio
Saenz, of War.
1890 Oct. 13. The Government de-
crees that in future all profits realized
from the sale of gunpowder (a Gov-
ernment monopoly) shall be devoted to
the furtherance of missionary work in
the eastern and almost unknown regions
of the Republic.
1892 Aug. 30. President Cordera's
Cabinet is announced, with Sefior Vi-
cente Lucio Salazar as Minister of Inte-
rior and Foreign Affairs.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1495+ * * Atahualpa, Inca., is born.
1525 Nov.* Huyana Capac, the
Great, dies.
1859 * * The first carriage is intro-
duced into Quito.
EGYPT.
5004 B.c-3633
B.C.
645
Egypt is a country in Northeastern Africa, tributary to Turkey, but under the control of England. Egypt proper consists of
the fertile valley of the Nile, a territory averaging eight miles wide in its fertile part, with the desert beyond, and extending 850
miles to Wady Haifa, at the Second Cataract. There are 14 provinces, with Cairo as the capital ; area, 10,698 square miles ; popu-
lation, 6,817,265. The ruler is a hereditary despot, called the Khedive ; the inhabitants are a mixture, — Egyptians, Nubians,
Abyssinians, Levantines, Turks, Negroes, Armenians, Jews, and European races ; the common language is Arabic, though many
use the Coptic or native Egyptian tongue, and the Mohammedan religion chiefly prevails.
The prosperity of the country has ever depended on the inundation of the Nile, which begins about the middle of June at
Cairo, and subsides about the middle of November.
The chronology favored by Mariette is followed until the time of the conquest by Alexander the Great ; many important
events, however, have additional dates, approved by other authorities. " The chronological riddle [of ancient Egypt] is unsolv-
able. The list of early kings furnished by Mantheo, who wrote 2,000 years after their time, has no certain value." (Rawlinson.)
Many of the kings have two names, a throne and a personal name. Nearly all dates have an. uncertain value until the Fourth
Dynasty, b. c. 4235, when the monuments afford dates for Egyptian events.
ARMY — NAVY.
3733+. * * b. c. Khufu is exceptionally
a warrior king.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
4300+. * * B. c. The first recorded fam-
ine occurs, during the reign of the fourth
king.
4133 * * b. c. An earthquake destroys
many lives.
3766 * * B. c. The history of Egyptian
monument-building begins with Sene-
feru, who appears to be the same as
Soris.
3733* *b.c. Khufu (Cheops) builds the
Great Pyramid for his tomb.
It is the most prodigious construction
ever erected by the hands of man : He-
rodotus says it required the labor of 100,-
000 men for 20 years in its construction ;
10 years were previously employed in
making the road from the quarry to the
selected site, a distance of 3,051 feet, and
constructed of highly polished stone
with figures engraved upon it.
3666 * * b. c. Two statues of this pe-
riod [remain], representing King Khaf-
Ra; they are in green basalt.
* * b. c. Khaf-ra builds the second pyra-
mid.
" It is probable that Khaf-Ra built the
small temple behind the Sphinx, which
he adorned with his statues. The stones
are polished, and fit to a hair's breadth."
(Rawlinson.)
The pyramids are placed with astro-
nomical exactness.
3633** B.C. Men-kau-Ra builds a
modest tomb. [Succeeding monarchs
follow his example.]
Art in Egyptian statuary never sur-
passed this period, yet it is exceedingly
inferior to that of archaic Greek.
Men-kau-Ra builds the third pyra-
mid at Gizeh.
Monuments cease to reveal the history
of Egypt [for more than 400 years].
CHURCH.
Note. — The religion of Egypt may natu-
rally divide its history into three periods, —
the heathen, Christian, and Mohamme-
dan.
The following descriptions of the reli-
gion of the early Egyptians are chiefly
taken from Rawlinson.
4100 * * b. c. Ka-Kau (Kaiechos) intro-
duces the worship of the bulls of Apis
at Memphis ; the worship of Minerva
is observed at Memphis near the Delta.
The real practical religion of the
primitive period is the worship of
ancestors.
The sepulchral chambers are the
true temples for worship in the earliest
period ; here hymns are sung, offerings
made, and services conducted, from
which both the dead and the living are
expected to derive advantage.
The early Egyptians "viewed their
ancestors as still living, and as inter-
ested in the condition and prospects of
their descendants ; they regarded them
as invested with a quasi-divinity."
There appears " at the root of the
Egyptian religion the belief in a future
life, and of happiness or misery beyond
the grave."
Embalming is practised long before
the construction of the pyramids.
The composition of the Book of the
Dead " was ascribed to the gods."
3666 * * b. c. The queen of Khaf-Ra
is high-priestess of Thoth.
3633+ * * B. c. In the reign of Men-
kau-Ra religion no longer regards the
souls of the just " as retaining their
individuality in the other world, but as
identified, each and all, with Osiris him-
self, and were thought to be at any rate
temporarily absorbed into his divine
being."
* * b. c. King Men-kau-Ra pays special
attention to religion, and dedicates
himself to Ra, the sun-god, and cares
for the temples.
LETTERS.
* * * b. c. The records of the first dy-
nasties of Egypt exhibit a literature
already existing and elaborated.
The walls of the interior of sepulchral
chambers are covered with long inscrip-
tions which gave the titles and employ-
ments, honors, and possessions of the
deceased. " The different kinds of hier-
oglyphs, symbolic, determinative, pho-
netic, are all in use." (Rawlinson.)
4366 * * b. c. King Athothis, a physi-
cian, writes anatomical books.
3766+ * * B. c. Seneferu, the first of the
pyramid kings, " is the first Egyptian
monarch who has left behind him an in-
scription"— the tablet at Wady Ma-
gharah. (Rawlinson.)
SOCIETY.
4066 * * B. c. In the reign of Ba-en-
neter (Binothris) a law is passed per-
mitting women to hold the sovereign
power.
3733+ * * b. c. Egyptian society is di-
vided into classes. Intolerable bond-
age is caused by the labor of building
the pyramids.
3633+ * * B. c. Men-kau-Ra selects a
youth named Petah-ases from among
the common people, and rears him in
the palace with his own children.
STATE.
5004+ * *-3064±* *b.c. The An-
cient Empire: it lasts 1,940 years.
The foundation of the Egyptian mon-
archy begins. (Mariette.)
I. Dynasty : It is established at Thinis in
Upper Egypt.
4400 * * B. c. Mena is the first authen-
tic king.
Mena, or Misraim, the half mythical
founder of the nation, is said to have
conquered lower Egypt, and built his
capital at Memphis. (Bockh, b. c. 5702 ;
linger, 5613 : Lenormant, 5004 ; Brugsch-
Bey, 4455; Lauth, 4157. Lepsius, 3892;
Bunsen, 3628; Poole, 2717; Wilkinson,
2691 ; Rawlinson, 2700.)
4366 * * b. c. Teta reigns. He founds
the palace at Memphis. [4333, Atet ;
4300, Ata ; 4266, Hesep-ti ; 4233, Mer-ba-
pen ; 4200, Semen-Ptah ; 4166, Qebh.]
H. Dynasty : Established at Thinis in
Upper Egypt.
4133 * * b. c. Neter-bain (Boethosor Bu-
tan) reigns. [4100, Ka-Kau (Kaiechos).]
4066 * * B. c. Ba-en-neter (Binothris)
reigns. A law is passed decreeing that
women mav hold the sovereign power.
[4033, Uat, -nes ; 4000, Senta.]
HI. Dynasty: Established at Memphis
in Middle Egypt, south of Cairo, on the
Nile.
3966 * * b. c. T'at'ai reigns.
3933 * * b. c. Neb - Ka (Necherophes)
reigns. The Libyans revolt, and then
return to their allegiance. [3900, Ser ;
3866, Teta ; 3833, Set'es ; 3800, Nefer-ka-
Ra and Huni reign.]
3766 * * B. C. Seneferu (Senoferu, or
Soris) reigns. Prosperity attends this
good and beneficent king.
IV. Dynasty: Established at Memphis
in Middle Egypt ; it has been called the
pyramid dynasty, and is the culminat-
ing period of the Ancient Empire.
* * b. c. Egyptian history now emerges
from the mists of obscurity, and discloses
a genuine and progressive civilization.
3733 ** b. c. Khufu (Suphisl, or
Cheops) reigns.
He is the greatest king of this period,
and distinguishes his reign by building
the Great Pyramid ; he holds his people
in a condition of intolerable bondage
while building his monuments.
3700 * * B. C. Tat-f-Ra (Ratatf) reigns.
3666 * * Khaf-Ra (Shafra) reigns.
[He is the first of the kings who has
given to modern times his statue ; two
of the statues are known.]
646
3633 b.c.-1700b.c.
EGYPT.
ARMY — NAVY.
3533 +. * * b. c. King Sahu-Ra leads a
military expedition into the Sinaitic
region of Arabia.
* * The kings of this period are disin-
clined to war.
3433± * * b. c. User-en-Ra leads a mil-
itary expedition into the Sinaitic pe-
ninsula.
3233+ * * b. c. A martial spirit is first
seen in the VI. Dynasty ; Una, the com-
manding general for King Pepi 'I., con-
ducts five military expeditions against
the Herusha, who dwell in the desert
east of lower Egypt.
3166+** B.C. Pepi II. is the first
Egyptian king given to war.
He leads an expedition into the Sina-
itic peninsula against Mentuon and an-
other against the Amu and the Herusha ;
he also subdues the negroes, and gathers
an immense army for his expeditions ;
the war spirit inspires his people.
2466 * * -2266 * * b. c. The Egyptian
kings carry on military operations
against the troublesome Ethiopians ; the
fortresses of Kumneh and Semneh are
built on either side of the Nile to protect
the realm from invaders.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
3566 * * B. c. User-ka-f builds a small
pyramid, and calls it Uab-asu, " the
most holy of all places."
+ Dancing of a solemn and formal
movement, with the sexes apart from
each other, is practised ; the harp,
flute, and pipe are employed at ban-
quets.
3533 * * B. c. King Sahu-Ra erects a
pyramid, and calls it Sha-ba, or "the
rising of the soul."
3500 * * b. c. Kakaa begins the tomb
of Ti, " the marvel of Succarah."
3433 * * b. c. User-en-Ra builds the
Pyramid of Abousir, the smallest of
the three great pyramids, the base be-
ing only 274 feet square, and the eleva-
tion 171 feet and four inches. Many
magnificent tombs are erected in his
reign.
3400+ * * B. c. Representations of King
Men-kau-Hor are cut in relief on the
walls of the great Serapeum near Mem-
phis.
3166* *B. c. King Pepi builds a pyra-
mid tomb which he calls Mennefer,
" the good abode ; " he repairs the Tem-
ple of Athor at Denderah and Ham-
manat.
3066 * * -2630 * * b. c. For a period of
436 years the monuments are almost
silent respecting the history of Egypt.
2433 * * B. o. Usertsen erects the obe-
lisk of pink granite [which still stands],
66 feet high, upon the site of Heliopolis ;
" the earliest monument of the kind pos-
sessing any considerable grandeur."
(Rawlinson.)
* * * b. c. Usertsen constructs temples
at Tanis, at Abydos, and Eileithyia,
"which were adorned with sculptures,
inscriptions, and colossal statues."
2400 * * b. c. Indigo-dyeing is known.
2300* *-2266* *b.c. Amen-em-hat
III. is famous for his engineering works ;
he builds a dam 27 miles long, averaging
30 feet high, by which the artificial lake
called Moeris is formed ; it is 14 miles
long, 6 to 11 wide, and covers 40 square
miles ; it is constructed for storing
water. He also builds the famous Laby-
rinth, a large palace for ceremonial acts
and sacrifices.
± * * b. c. The Temple of Ammon is
commenced by Amen-em-hat, at Karnak,
opposite Thebes.
He also builds a palace adorned with
gold, having a roof of blue, and walls
of stones fastened together with iron
clamps ; he said it was made for eternity
[but it has disappeared].
2240 * * b. c. Glass is known and used.
2000 * * b. c. XV. and XVI. Dynasties :
The Hyksos arrest the production of
art ; no monument exposes this miser-
able period of Egyptian history. (Mari-
ette.)
Glass and pottery increase in ele-
gance ; the Egyptians brew beer from
barley ; tanning is known.
1700 * * -1400 * * b. c. Egyptian arch-
itecture reaches its highest perfection
under the XVIII. and XIX. Dynasties.
The arts of life are much developed ;
costumes are more elaborate ; nouses
more artistic and increased provision
for comfort appear. Horses are intro-
duced from Asia : the chariot takes the
place of the palanquin. " The young
dandy prided himself on the strength
and lightness of his vehicle, the perfect
shape and condition of his carriage
horses, the beauty of their trappings, and
his own skill in driving them." (Raw-
linson.)
* * * b. c. Aahmes is a liberal patron
of art; his colossi are immense.
XVIII. Dynasty : Monuments are
erected along the Nile in both Upper
and Lower Egypt.
* * * b. c. The hypogea of Beni-Hasan
and of Siut are erected during the time
of the Middle Empire ; also the Colossi
of San and of Abydos and the obe-
lisks of Materiyeh and Beyig.
XVIII. Dynasty : Queen Hatshepsu
commences the two great obelisks at
Karnak, one of which is completed and
crowned with pyramidions of pure gold
taken from conquered foes ; she also
builds the Temple of Der-el-Bahari.
CHURCH.
3533 * * B. c. Sahu-Ra announces him-
self on his sculpture as " the great god
who strikes down all nations."
Sahu-Ra names the pyramid he erects
Sha-ba, " the rising of the soul," to
mark his belief in the resurrection of
the dead.
3466 * * b. c. Nefer-f-Ra builds a pyra-
mid tomb called Menaukh, " the abode
of life."
* * * b. c. The Egyptians divide their
gods into two classes, the universal
and the local.
3433* *b. c. User-en-Ra takes the titles
of divinity, the great god, lord of the
two lands, king of Egypt, king of the
upper and lower countries conquering
Horus, and son of the sun.
* * b. c. During the V. Dynasty the
ancient gods are worshiped, including
Ra, Set, Thoth, Hor, Osiris, Isis-Athor,
Phthah, and Anabis ; there are traces
of the worship of Nut, Seb, Khen, Kneph,
Neith, Ma, Saf, and Heka.
**b. c. The "prophets" include
persons of both sexes. The passage of
souls through the lower world is plainly
taught. Osiris is worshiped as the
great ruler of the dead. Animal wor-
ship is practised; a white bull and a
sacred heifer are regarded as possessing
a divine character.
* * * b. c. The Sothiac festival is first
discovered during the XI. Dynasty ;
feasts are held at stated periods in
honor of the gods Khem, Phthah-Sokari,
and Thoth.
* * * b. c. Ammon, the great god, is
worshiped ; his chief temple and oracle ,
is at Thebes.
***b.c. XII. Dynasty: Religion is
modified by the elevation of Ammon
to the headship of the Pantheon.
* * * b. c. Sabak is advanced " from a
local or subordinate position to one of
high rank among the universal divini-
ties of the country." (Rawlinson.)
* * * b. c. The kings are more absolutely
worshiped than in previous dynasties.
2876+ * * b. c. Abraham visits Egypt.
(Wilkinson.)
* * * b. c. Joseph, the Hebrew-slave,
is elevated to the office of prime minister
under one of the Shepherd kings, prob-
ably Apepi ; and being of a kindred race,
it more easily explains his remarkable
promotion.
Apepi introduces the worship of Set,
or Sutekh, into the Delta, and sends a
message to Sakenen-Ra, a native prince,
to give up the worship of Amen-Ra, and
honor the new divinity alone ; his refusal
brings on general war and the expulsion
of the Hyksos.
2754 * * b. c. The Israelites migrate
from Canaan to Egypt. (Wilkinson.)
* * * B. c. The Hyksos are monotheists,
and hate polytheism, therefore they
destroy the temples indiscriminately and
with them the records they contain ;
they also forbid the worship of the
native gods.
1700+ * * b. c. Aahmes restores the
temples which had been thrown down
by the Hyksos.
LETTERS.
3366+ * * B. c. A papyrus is written dur-
ing the reign of Tat-Ka-ra by Ptah-
hotep, " probably the most ancient
manuscript in the world."
" Its subject is the proper conduct of
life, and the advantages to be derived
from right behavior ; it is called the
book of the Prince Btah-hotep. The
writer says he is 110 years old when
writing." (Rawlinson.)
* * * b. c. " Literature grows in repute
as a profession." (Rawlinson.)
* * * b. c. The birth of history occurs
in the form of a lengthy biographical
memoir of an official, which is in-
scribed on his tomb.
EGYPT.
3633 b.c-1700 b.c. 647
SOCIETY.
3566 * * B. c. During the VI. Dynasty
simplicity of dress yields to ornamenta-
tion ; wine becomes an important prod-
uct of the land ; both wine and beer
are drunk by the Egyptians.
3066 k * * b. c. Queen Nitocris avenges
the assassination of her brother by in-
veigling his murderers into a subterra-
nean gallery, where they are drowned by
flooding the passage.
* * * b. c. During the XI. Dynasty Egypt
is the only country in the world that
is both cultivated and civilized ; bar-
barism abounds elsewhere.
2466± * * B. C. During the XII. Dynasty
civilization advances in all of its
branches, especially during the reign of
Usertsen III.
* * * b. c. The second civilization of
Egypt occurs.
Unlike the first, which " was egoistic,
self-seeking, stately, cold, cruel," it
" was utilitarian, beneficent, appealing
less to the eye than to the mind, but ju-
dicious, far-sighted in its aims, and most
successful in the results." (Rawlinson.)
* * * b. c. Productive pursuits sup-
plant monument building; the welfare
of subjects, instead of the glorification
of rulers, becomes the aim of civilization.
* * * b. c. Luxury increases ; " Pal-
aces are painted, and adorned with gold."
Bracelets are worn by both men and
women and anklets by the latter exclu-
sively ; men sometimes wear artificial
beards attached to their wigs ; grandees
are carried in highly ornamented lit-
ters. (Rawlinson.)
2240+ * * B. c. XV. and XVI. Dynasties:
The invading Hyksos massacre the peo-
ple, and pillage and destroy the temples
with their records ; after a time they
adopt the ways and dress of the Egyp-
tians.
* * * b. c. The civilization of Egygt is
annihilated by the Hyksos, but an im-
proved civilization follows. (Rawlinson.)
* * * B. C. In the XVIII. and XIX. Dy-
nasties indecency of dress is common.
* * * b. c. Punishment is inflicted by
the bastinado on both men and women
stripped naked.
* * * b. c. Captives are subject to sla-
very or death.
* * * b. c. To keep the fealty of the
slaves, their bodies are systematically
mutilated.
* * * b. c. Polygamy is introduced, and
honored by royal prestige.
STATE.
3633 * * b. c. Men-kau-Ra (Mencheres),
the founder of the third pyramid, reigns ;
he is a just ruler and a kind man.
3600 * * b. c. Shepses-ka-f reigns.
V. Dynasty: Established at Elephan-
tine, near the First Cataract.
3566* *B. c. User-ka-f reigns. [3533,
Sahu-Ra ; 3500, Kakaa.]
3466* *b.c. Nefer-f-Ra(Shepses-ka-Ra)
reigns. He has a double name, both a
throne and personal name, like many
following kings.
3433 * * User-en-Ra and An reign.
3400 * * B. C. Men-kau-hor reigns. He
is enthroned while yet a youth.
3366 * * b. c. Tat-Ka-Ra (Assa) reigns.
[3333, Unas.]
VI. Dynasty: Established atMemphis.
A new family succeeds to the throne,
having its origin at Memphis. History
begins to assume greater importance,
and Egypt begins to appear as a united
monarchy.
3300 * * B. c. Teta reigns. [3266, User-
ka-Ra (Ati) ; 3233, Meri-Ra (Pepi I.) ; he
has a long and successful reign.]
3200* * b. c. Mer-en-Ra (Hor-em-sa-f )
reigns, succeeding his father in a short
reign. Una is made governor of Upper
Egypt.
3166 * * b. c. Nefer-Ka-Ra (Pepi n., or
Apappus) succeeds his older brother;
he reigns 20 years, and is described as a
giant. [Many believe that his mother
was associated with her son.]
3133* *b.c. Mer-en-se(?)-em-sa-f
reigns.
3100 * * b. c. Neter-ka-Ra reigns.
3066 * * B. c. Men-ka-Ra (Nit-aqert, or
Queen Nitocris) reigns. [She is the only
queen having a sole reign ; she is cele-
brated for her beauty and nobility of
mind.]
[3066-2600 B. c. The monuments give
scarcely any information.]
VTI.-XI. Dynasties: Egypt is disin-
tegrated.
The kingdoms of Memphis, Heracle-
opas, and Thebes are mentioned ; and
the latter becomes a free city of much
importance, and the seat of sovereign
power.
Civilization appears arrested, and
Egypt seems to disappear from the na-
tions for 436 years.
3033* * B. c. Nefer-kaJta reigns.
[3000, Nefer-ka-Ra-nebi ; 2966, Tat-ka-
Ra-Maat ; 2933, Nefer-ka-Ra-khentu ;
2900, Mer-en-Hor ; 2866, Se-nefer-ka-Ra ;
2833, Ka-en-Ra ; 2800, Nefer-ka-Ra-terer ;
2766, Nefer-ka-Hor ; 2733, Nefer-ka-Ra-
Pepi-senb ; 2700, Nef er-ka-Ra-annu ; 2666,
Nefer-kau-Ra.J
* * The Middle Kingdom : Extending
from the XI. Dynasty to the XVIII. It
lasts 1,361 years.
2600 * * b. c. Nefer-kau-Hor reigns.
2566 * * B. C. Nefer-ari-ka-Ra reigns.
2533 * * B. c. Neb-kher-Ra (Mentu-ho-
tep V.) reigns. He sinks wells in the
desert for the use of caravans, and ex-
tends commerce.
* * * Many immigrants arrive in fertile
Egypt.
2500 * * b. c. Se-ankh-ka-Ra reigns at
Thebes.
XII. Dynasty : Established in Upper
Egypt.
Thebes is chosen for the first time the
seat of sovereign power ; the nation
awakes from its long [slumbers ; great
changes take place, so that old family
names, the titles of officials, the writ-
ing, and even the religion seem new.
* * * B. C. A brilliant epoch follows the
long night of 436 years. The Usertsens
and Amen-em-hats become forever fa-
mous.
2466 * * b. c. Se-hotep-ab-Ra (Amen-
em-hat I.), the founder, rules with
great energy and success, and probably
extends the power of Egypt up the Nile
and over a part of Nubia.
2433 * * B. C. Kheper-ka-Ra (Usertsen
I.) succeeds his father, after being asso-
ciated with him for a few years.
One of a famous line of energetic kings,
he reigns for 35 years after his father's
death ; the Empire is in the highest pros-
perity since the IV. Dynasty ; he con-
tinues the conquests of Amen-em-hat I.,
and erects obelisks.
2400 * * b. c. Nub-kau-Ra (Amen-em-
hat LT.) succeeds his father, after being
associated with him for six years, and
reigns alone for 13 years : the Empire
flourishes.
2366* * Kha-kheper-Ra (Usertsen II.)
reigns, and prosperity continues.
2333 * * b. c. Kha-kau-Ra (Usertsen
T 1 1 -) reigns. [He is one of the most
famous kings of this dynasty.]
He introduces a settled government in
Nubia, and annexes Northern Nubia ;
Egyptian civilization is probably at its
highest point.
2300 * * Maat-en-Ra (A m e n-e m-h a t
TTT.) reigns for 43 years, and builds the
famous Labyrinth, and constructs Lake
Meoris. (See Art.)
2266 * * b. c. Maat-Khern-Ra (Amen-
em-hat rV.) reigns. His sister Sabak-
nefrn-Ra reigns conjointly with him
for the last four years.
Xin. Dynasty: Established at
Thebes. [Time, 453 years.]
The Ne-fer-hoteps and Sebek-hoteps
are preeminent ; the prosperity of Egypt
continues.
2240 * * B. C. (Wilkinson's date.) Prob-
able invasion of Lower Egypt by the
Hyksos, or Shepherd kings, about
the close of the XIII. Dynasty. They
are wandering tribes of Semitic descent.
(Mariette.)
* * B. c. ("Wilkinson's date.) Salatis, the
first of the Shepherd kings, reigns ; he is
followed by Beon, then Apachnse Apo-
phis, Janias, and Assis, the founders of
the line.
XTV. Dynasty : Established at Xoite
in the Delta. [Time, 184 years.] " We
know absolutely nothing of the XIV.
Dynasty." (Mariette.)
XV. Dynasty: Established at
Thebes ; a sudden decline of the glory
of Egypt ensues.
Civilization is brought to a standstill
by the invading Hyksos, who subdue
northern Egypt for four centuries, while
the kings are banished into the Thebaid,
with the invaders for neighbors and
probably for masters.
XVI. Dynasty: Established at
Thebes ; rival sovereigns in Upper and
Lower Egypt continue.
XVII. Dynasty: Sekenen-Ra reigns ;
rival sovereigns continue ; Upper Egypt
is a thoroughly civilized state, and Lower
Egypt is recovering ; a fresh dynasty of
the Hyksos (Khetas) begins in Lower
Egypt, at Tanis ; the barbarous Hyksos
become in a measure civilized through
the reaction of Egyptian civilization
upon them.
2240± * * b. c. The Hyksos invaders
take Memphis, and establish a garrison
in Egypt of 240,000 men.
648
1700 b. c-1100 b. c.
EGYPT.
ARMY — NAVY.
* * * b. c. Thothmes III. invades Asia,
subdues Syria, and enters Mesopotamia.
(See State.)
* * * Thothmes III. defeats the Hittites
in a great battle at Megiddo [in Pales-
tine] ; he takes 5,900 prisoners, 924 char-
iots, and great booty.
1566+. * * b. c. Amenophis II. captures
Nineveh.
1366+ * * b. c. Seti I. invades and con-
quers Northern Syria, defeats the
Hittites, and leads military expeditions
into Arabia and Ethiopia.
1333+ * * B. c. Ramses II. engages in
war on land and sea, and has many
brilliant victories ; he subdues the re-
volting negroes and the Ethiopians in
the south, lights the Khetas (Hittites) in
Asia for 18 years, and then makes a
treaty of peace with them.
1300+ * * Libyans having fair hair and
blue eyes invade the desert west of
the Delta.
+ * * b. c. The army of Egypt is over-
whelmed in the Red Sea while pur-
suing the fugitive Hebrews.
1200+ * * b. c. Ramses III. engages in
many wars on sea and land.
He defeats the Shashu, of the Pales-
tine desert, called the Bedawin plunder-
ers of the monuments, the Libyans of
Africa, and the confederate nations of
Asia Minor ; he also repels the invasion
of the Mashuasha of North Africa.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1500 + * * b. c. Amenophis III. raises
monuments unsurpassed in grandeur
and perfection of finish.
He erects the Temple of Gebel-Barkal
in Sudan and that at Soleb near the
third cataract, also a part of the temple
at Luxor.
He erects one of the most important
edifices on the Nile. [Now destroyed,
and only two colossi remaining.]
Amenophis III. as a builder " may
claim a place among the most distin-
guished Egyptian monarchs." (Rawlin-
son.)
He erects magnificent palaces and
temples at Thebes ; two gigantic statues
representing the king in sitting posture
which were nearly 70 feet high [yet
remain].
1461+ * *b. C. Thothmes III. becomes
" one of the greatest of Egyptian build-
ers and patrons of art." (Rawlinson.)
He erects immense obelisks, two of
which are 162 feet high, two others of
105 feet. [One of these now stands in
Rome before the Church of St. John
Lateran ; one of his monoliths, which
originally adorned the entrance to the
Temple of the Sun at Heliopolis, has
been removed to London, and another
to Central Park, New York.]
1400+ * * b. c. The arch is used in ar-
chitecture.
1366+ * * b. c. Seti I. erects the great
hypostyle hall at Karnak, called the
Hall of Columns, a masterpiece of ar-
chitecture, also the grand Temple of
Abydos; and during his reign the sub-
terranean tomb of the king is excavated
at Bab-el-Moluk. (Mariette.)
Seti is the first to join the Red Sea
and the Nile by a canal ; he sinks an
artesian well on the caravan road to
Gebel-Atoki. (Mariette.)
1333+ * * b. c. Ramses II. is the great-
est of all the builders.
Among his works are the two temples
of Abu-Simbel, the Ramesseum at
Thebes, the small temple at Abydos, and
many large buildings elsewhere. (Ma-
riette.)
[He builds obelisks, statues, and co-
lossi ; one of his monoliths now stands
on the Place de la Concorde in Paris ; it
is a pink syenite granite shaft exqui-
sitely carved, and is 82 feet high.]
Ramses II., by slave-labor, builds the
"Great Wall," 90 miles long, extend-
ing from Pelusium to Heliopolis ; he cov-
ers Egypt with magnificent buildings,
and constructs "theHouse of Ramses,"
south of Karnak, and the Temple of Am-
nion ; also the "Great Canal" from
the Nile to the Red Sea.
1200+ * * B. c. Ramses III. constructs
the magnificent temple at Medinet-
Habu.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
lSOO b. c. Sesostris, king, born and dies.
1492 B. c. Ramses I., king, born.
CHURCH.
* * * b. c. Thothmes II., of the XVIII.
Dynasty, is a devotee of the god Ammon,
whose temple he improves.
1600+ * *b. c. The Israelites live
peaceably in Egypt under the reign of
Thothmes III. of the XVIII. Dynasty.
1466* *B,c. Amenophis IV. introduces
the Semitic religion.
* * b. c. A religious revolution occurs ;
Amenophis IV. becomes a heretic.
He advocates the substitution of
monotheism in sun worship for the
ancient worships, and is bitterly opposed
by the priests of the old religion ; he
proscribes the worship of Amen, the
supreme deity ; Amenoph is substituted,
and the temples are despoiled which
are dedicated to Amen.
1433+ * * b. c. King Horus restores the
old Egyptian polytheistic worship.
(1364, Rawlinson.)
* * * b. c. In the XX. Dynasty, it ap-
pears, from the calendar of feasts, that
during the first five months of the year
one day in five is observed as sacred.
1400+ * * b. c. " Ramses I. names his
eldest son Seti, a name commonly writ-
ten with the figure of the god Set, and
implying a dedication of his first-born
to that divinity." (Rawlinson.)
* * * b. c. About 40 deities are wor-
shiped by the Egyptians.
1366+ * * b. c. Seti favors the old poly-
theistic religion, as policy requires him
to do.
1333+ * * b. c. Ramses II. surpasses
other kings in fostering king-worship
by associating himself with Phthah dur-
ing his lifetime, and also with Ammon
and Horus, claiming equally religious
regards from his subjects.
1300+ * * b. c. Moses appears at the
* court of Meneptah II., the son of
Ramses the Great, and intercedes for
the Hebrews.
* * * b. c. Sacrilege becomes fashion-
able ; the bodies of the dead are treated
with ill-usage and contempt.
1100+ * * b. c. The priest-order in-
creases in power, and finally dominates
the throne, and claims royal honors and
authority.
LETTERS.
1670+ * * b. c. A galaxy of writers ap-
pears in the XVIII. and XIX. Dynasties.
Among them is Pentaour the " epic
poet," who celebrates the victories of
Ramses II. " History, divinity, practi-
cal philosophy, poetry, epistolary cor-
respondence, novels, or tales, occupied
the attention of numerous writers."
(Rawlinson.)
"A public library is established at
Thebes, under a director named Amen-
em-an " (Rawlinson). Copies of earlier
writings are made, such as The Instruc-
tors of Amenem-hat, The Tale of the Two
Brothers, The Praise of Learning, and
the larger part of The Book of the Dead.
1600+ * * b. c. A chronology of the
kings of Egypt is arranged by Thothmes
III.
SOCIETY.
1633+ * * B. c. Thothmes I. is " married
to a wife, Aahmes, who is thought to
have been his sister."
1566+ * * B. c. Queen Hatshepsu as-
sumes male apparel, and the style and
title of a king.
* * * b. c. Slave-labor enables Thoth-
mes III. to accomplish his numerous
great creations in architecture, as shown
by the figures and writings of monu-
ments. (Rawlinson, 1461.)
1500+ * * b. c. Female influence is
conspicuous in the reign of Amenophis
* * * b. c. Bricks are made by slave-
labor for erecting temples and other
buildings, while overseers with stick in
hand look on.
1333 * * b. c. Ramses II. marries a Hit-
tite princess.
He takes many captives in his African
war, who become slaves ; slave-hunting
expeditions are organized.
* * * b. c. Ramses II. becomes the fa-
ther of 59 sons and 60 daughters.
[He was probably a polygamist.]
* * * b. c. Ramses II. becomes the en-
emy of his royal father's fame, and
erases his name from many monu-
ments, and substitutes his own.
1230+ * * b. c. A thieves' society is
organized for robbing royal tombs ; some
of its members belong to the priest-
class.
* * * b. c. The grossest social inde-
cency is manifested.
* * * b. c. Monkeys are kept as pets.
1200 * * b. c. Ramses III. plants trees
and shrubs over the whole land of Egypt
to give the inhabitants shade.
* * * B. c. Public safety is accomplished
by good government; "The weakest
woman could travel unmolested whither-
soever she wished." (Rawlinson.)
* * * b. c. A belief in the power of magic
prevails.
EGYPT.
1700 b.c. -1100 b. c.
649
It is thought possible to compass the
death of another, to bewitch his inind, or
to paralyze his limbs, by the use of wax
figures and a traditional formula.
* * *b.c. Female conspirators against
Ramses III. are " condemned to the
penal servitude of keeping a beer-
house, which is thought sufficient pun-
ishment for ladies of delicacy and refine-
ment." (Rawlinson.)
* * b. C. Society is classified as priests,
warriors, herdsmen, artificers, husband-
men, interpreters, huntsmen, and boat-
men.
STATE.
1700± * * b. C. The Hyksos King Apepi
picks a quarrel with the native Prince
Ra-Sekenen, ruler of Upper Egypt, which
results in a general Egyptian uprising
against the Hyksos, and finally in their
expulsion.
* *± b. c. Aahmes carries on war for
five years against the Hyksos, both by
land and water.
He leads a military expedition against
the negroes of the south, and eventually
subdues them ; he also leads an army
into Palestine, and later forces his way
into Nubia.
XVIII. Dynasty: The New Em-
pire (1670-525, Lepsius; 1525, Rawlinson) ;
established at Thebes ; it lasts 1,371 years.
The Empire, reunited, revives and
prospers ; the losses of five centuries
are soon regained ; viceroys are sent
into the Sudan.
Egyptian garrisons are stationed on
the Euphrates and Tigris, and also in
Mesopotamia.
* * B. c. Neb-peh-tet-Ra (Aahmes I.,
Amosis, or Amasis I.) reigns.
He advances Egypt to the zenith of
her fame, after driving out the Hyksos.
[His coffin and mummy are now in the
museum of Gizeh.J
Aahmes marries the black Ethiopian
princess, who takes the name of Nefert-
ari-Aahmes, or " the beautiful compan-
ion of Aahmes." (1499, Rawlinson.)
1666 * * b. c. Ser-ka-Ra (Amen-hotep
I., or Amenophis I.) succeeds his father ;
he enlarges the northern and southern
frontiers of Egypt.
Taxation is heavy during the XVIII.
and XIX. Dynasties.
1633 * * B. c. (1478, Rawlinson.) Aa-
kheper-ka-Ra (Tehuti-mes I.) reigns ;
Amenset regent ; he reigns 21 years ;
Egypt becomes a conquering nation.
±* * b. c. Thothmes I. invades Asia,
and ravages Syria and Mesopotamia, and
makes conquests in Nubia and Assyria.
1600* * b. c. Aa-kheper-en-Ra (Tehuti-
mes II. or Thothmes II.) and his sister
Makara reign ; he succeeds his father,
and subdues the country above the Cata-
racts, and annexes it.
* * *b. c. Maat-ka-Ra (Hat-shepset-
khnem-Amen, or Queen Hatshepsu)
reigns.
She is the guardian of her brother, the
young king, and rules as nominal regent,
but actually an usurper for 17 years, in
which she has a brilliant reign. Hat-
shepsu is the daughter of Thothmes I.,
and the wife of Thothmes II. ; she enters
into notable commercial relations with
Punt, a country bordering the Gulf [of
Aden].
* * * B. c. The New Empire rapidly rises
to power, and extends its territory.
* * * B. c. (1461, Rawlinson; 1438-1388,
Lepsius.) Men-kheper-Ra (Tehuti-mes
II. or Thothmes III.) reigns.
He succeeds his brother when prob-
ably a mere child, and reigns 47 years ;
on his accession his sister Hatshepsu con-
tinues to take a part in public affairs;
after her death he becomes the greatest
of Egyptian monarchs ; order and prog-
ress prevail ; Egypt is expanded ; " she
placed her frontier where she would ; "
tribute is exacted of Babylon. Egypt
includes Abyssinia, the Sudan, Nubia,
Syria, Mesopotamia, Irak-Arabia, Kur-
distan, and Armenia.
Thothmes III. gathers enormous trib-
ute or booty from subject countries ;
" above 11,000 captives, 1,670 chariots,
3,639 horses, 4,491 larger cattle, more
than 35,000 goats, silver to the amount
of 3,940 pounds, and gold 9,054 pounds."
1566* * b. c. Aa-kheperu-Ra (Amen-
hotep-neter-haq-Annu II., or Ameno-
phis II.) succeeds his father, and reigns
ten years.
1533 * * b. c. Men-kheperu-Ra (Tehuti-
mes IV., or Thothmes IV.) reigns 31
years, and preserves the vast empire se-
cured by Thothmes the Great.
1500 * * b. c. (1400, Rawlinson.) Maat-
neb-Ra ( Amen-hotep-haq-Uast, or Ame-
nophis III.) reigns.
He consolidates the vast Empire, and
makes successful expeditions against
the Syrians and against the Ethiopians.
1466 * * B. C. Nef er-kheperu-Ra-u a-e n-
Ra (Amen-hotep-haq-Uast, or Khun-
Aten, also Amen-hotep IV., or Ameno-
phis IV.) reigns.
He has three names, the third by his
change of religion ; being opposed be-
cause of his religious innovations, he
builds the new city of Khu-aten, and
there establishes his court.
1433 * * b. c. Ser-kheperu-Ra-sotep-en-
Ra (Amen-meri-en-Hor-ein-heb, or Ho-
rus) reigns.
He is a wise and able ruler, and main-
tains the unity of the great Empire ; one
generation of heretic kings.
XIX. Dynasty : Established at Thebes
in Upper Egypt.
1400 * * b. c. (1424, Rawlinson.) Men-
pehtet-Ra (Ra-messu, or Ramses I.)
reigns.
1366 * * b. c. (1438-1388, Lepsius ; 1322,
Rawlinson.) Men-Maat-Ra (Amen-meri-
en-Seti, or Seti I., also called Meri-en-
Ptah, or Meneptah I.) reigns.
* * * Repeated revolts break out against
Egypt in Western Asia.
1333 * * b. c. (1388-22, Lepsius ; 1311,
Rawlinson .) User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Ra
(Ra-messu-meri-Amen, or Ramses H.
the Great) succeeds Seti, his father ;
he is the greatest of all the Egyptian
builders, and the probable oppressor of
the Hebrews.
* * * Revolts occur in the Sudan and in
Syria ; expeditions are necessary to sup-
press them, and they are not successful
in Asia ; he concludes an alliance offen-
sive and defensive with the Hittites
(Khetas), after a great battle ; he reigns
67 years, and has 170 children. [Tradi-
tion transforms him into a military hero,
known to the Greeks as Sesostris, or
Sesoosis, making fabulous expeditions
to Thrace and India.]
1300 * * b. c. (1322-02, Lepsius ; 1245
Rawlinson.) Ba-en-Ra-meri-e n - A in e n
(Ptah-meri-en-hotep-her-Maat, or Me-
neptah II.), the 13th son,, succeeds his
father, and has a troubled reign. Moses,
the appointed leader of Israel, appears
at court to intercede for the Hebrews.
* * * b. c. The Israelites escape from
Egypt, and the king perishes in the Red
sea.
1280* *-1100* *b. c. During this
period Egyptian history is almost
wholly a blank. (Rawlinson.)
1266* * b. c. Khu-en-Ra-sotep-en-Ra
(Ptah-meri-en-se-Ptah, or Meneptah
III.) reigns.
1233 * * b. c. User-khau-Ra-meri-Amen
(Ra-meri-Amen-merer-Set-nekht, or Set-
nekht) reigns.
XX. Dynasty : Established at Thebes.
1200 * * b. c. (1269, Lepsius ; 1219, Raw-
linson.) User-Maat-Ra-meri-Amen (Ra-
meses-haq-Annu, or Ramses III.) reigns
31 years, and divides the officials in five
classes.
* * * b. c. Revolts in Asia and the
Sudan ; the unity of the Empire weak-
ens. Egyptian authority in Syria is only
nominal.
1166* * B. c. User-Ra-sotep - en - Amen
(Ra-me8es-meri-Amen-Ra-haq-Maat or
Ramses IV.) reigns.
* * * B. c. The collapse of Egypt com-
mences after a glorious period of more
than three centuries.
* * * b. c. Use r-M a a t-R a-s o t e p-e n-
kheper-Ra (Ra-meses-meri-Amen-Ameu-
suten-f, or Ramses V., the usurper)
reigns. [* * * Ra-Amen-Maat-meri-neb
(Ra-Amen-meses-neter-Annu, or Ramses
VI.) (Rawlinson, 1280); * * * Ra-user-
Amen - meri - sotep - en - Ra (Ra - Amen -
meses-ta-neter-haq-Annu, or Ramses
VII.) ; * * * Ra-user-Maat-khu-en-Amen
(Ra-Amen-meses-meri-Amen, or Ramses
VIII.) ; * * * Se-kha-en-Ra-Meri-Amen
(Ra-meses-se-Ptah, or Ramses IX.) ; * * *
Nefer-kau-Ra-sotep-en-Ra (Ra - meses -
merer-Amen-kha-Uast (?), or Ramses X.) ;
* * * Ra-kheper-Maat-sotep-en-Ra (Ra-
mes-suten-Amen, or Ramses XL); * * *
User-Maat-Ra-sotep-nu-Ra (Amen-mer-
Ra-meses, or Ramses XII.) reigns for 33
years.]
1133 * * b. c. Men-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Ra
(Ra - meses-merer-Amen-kha-Uast-neter-
haq-Annu, or Ramses XIII.) reigns 26
years.
* * * b. c. The high priests forcibly
appropriate the crown of the Pharaohs.
* * * b. c. The Empire is reduced to
the smallest limits, the conquered ter-
ritories having fallen off one by one.
* * * b. c. Egypt is surrounded by ene-
mies more powerful than herself.
XXI. Dynasty: Established at Tanis
in the Delta.
The Empire is divided ; the self-made
sacerdotal kings reign at Thebes and the
legitimate dynasty at Tanis ; the former
choose Semitic names for their sons ;
Asiatic influence locates the capital in
the Delta.
650 1100 b.c. -300 b.c.
EGYPT.
ARMY — NAVY.
966+ * * b. c. Sheshonk I. invades Sy-
ria, captures Jerusalem, plunders the
temple of the Jews during the reign of
Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, and re-
quires him to pay tribute to Egypt.
(949, Lepsius.)
939+ * * B. C. Zerah the Ethiopian, king
of Upper Egypt, invades Palestine with
a million men to subdue the revolting
Israelites, and is defeated by King Asa
at Mareshah.
730+ * * b. c. The Ethiopians under
Shabak (Sabaco) conquer Egypt, and
[hold it for 58 years].
725+* * b. c. Piankhi, King of Ethiopia,
in a single brilliant campaign, defeats
all rivals, and captures both Middle
and Lower Egypt.
720+ * * b. c. Sennacherib, the Assyrian,
defeats an Egyptian army near Ekron,
in Palestine.
668+** b.c. Tirhakah is vanquished
by Assyrians, and flees to Napata, Ethio-
pia ; Memphis and Thebes fall.
Tirhakah returns and defeats the As-
syrians, capturing Memphis.
The Assyrians again invade Egypt,
and defeat Urdamen, sack Thebes, and
carry the entire population into captivity.
666+ * * b. c. Psammetichus attempts
the conquest of Asia ; he invades Pales-
tine, and besieges Ashdod [for 29 years].
652+ * * b. c. Psammetichus, aided by
Carian, Phoenician, and Ionian allies, and
the King of Lydia, succeeds in a war for
independence of the Assyrians. (Lep-
sius.)
* * * b. c. A great mutiny, because of
jealousy concerning Greek mercenaries,
breaks out in the army of Psammeti-
chus ; 240,000 men march into Ethiopia,
and receive lands from its king.
650+ * * b. c. Urdamen, son-in-law of
Tirhakah, captures Pharaoh Necho,
the vassal king, and puts him to death.
* * -527 * * b. c. Thebes, for many ages
the most magnificent city in the world,
falls into decay ; cause — war and po-
litical confusion.
612+ * * b. c. Under Necho I., the vas-
sal king, fortresses are garrisoned with
Assyrian troops.
609 * * b. c. Necho attempts to recon-
quer Eastern Asia, and kills Josiah,
King of Judah, in a battle at Megiddo,
the key to the route to the Euphrates.
605 * * b. c. Nebuchadnezzar, King of
Babylon, defeats the Egyptians under
Necho at the battle of Carchemish ;
Egypt losses all her possessions in Asia
and much of her prestige.
595+ * * b. c. Psammetichus U. con-
ducts an expedition against Ethiopia
[but without success]. (Lepsius.)
591+ * * b. c. Apries energetically at-
tacks Syria by sea and land ; his fleet
defeats the King of Tyre, and a land
force attacks Sidon.
589 * * -570 * * b. c. "War with Baby-
lon; Apries fights Nebuchadnezzar and
the tribes of Libya without important
results. (Lepsius.)
572 * * b. c. The revolting native Egyp-
tian troops defeat the mercenary force
of Apries and dethrone hiin. (569, Raw-
linson.)
570 * * b. c. The army of Apries re-
volts, and he is captured and slain by
Carian and Ionian mercenaries.
568 * * b. c. Nebuchadnezzar invades
Egypt.
532+ * * b. c. Cambyses IU. meets
with military disasters ; one expedition
is defeated by Carthaginians.
527 * * b. c. Egypt carries on a war
with Cyprus, and compels the pay-
ment of tribute.
527 * * b. c. Battle near Pelusium in
the Delta ; Psammetichus III. is de-
feated by the Persians under Cambyses
III., losing 50,000 men ; Egypt is made a
province of Persia. Persian loss, 7000.
[Memphis is also taken.]
Cambyses loses an army corps de-
spatched against the Temple of Jupiter
Ammon in the Great Oasis, not one
man returning from the desert.
378 * * B. c. An immense Persian army
under Pharnabazus the satrap invades
Egypt ; it is defeated in a battle near
Mendes and retreats.
322 * * b. c. Ptolemy II. conquers the
Cyrenaica, in Northern Africa.
321 * * b. c. Egypt is invaded by Per-
diccas, the regent of the Greek Empire
for a brief time.
306 * * b. c. Ptolemy is defeated in a
sea-fight off Salamis by Demetrius.
305 * * -304 * * b. c. Ptolemy aids the
Rhodians when besieged by Demetrius,
King of Macedonia.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
666+ * * B. c. The Saite kings erect at
Sais wonderful porticoes.
653 * * B. c. Sais, the new capital, is
built in the Delta, where Psammetichus
I. erects a magnificent palace.
* * * b. c. Necho builds fleets on both
seas.
605+ * * b. c. Necho attempts, by a
ship canal, to connect the Nile with
the Red Sea by the Arabic Gulf. [The
enterprise fails, after the loss of 120,000
lives.]
Necho sends Phoenician mariners on
a voyage of discovery.
They leave the Red Sea, round the
Cape of Good Hope, and return through
the Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediter-
ranean to Egypt.
600+ * * b. c. Writing by demotic
character is invented.
550 * * b. c. Amasis II. erects numerous
Grecian temples in Naucratis ; also
magnificent buildings, especially at
Sais.
400+ * * b. c. An areometer is in-
vented in Alexandria.
4th Century, b. c. Helena depicts the
Battle of Issus in mosaic.
300 * * b. c. The first observatory re-
corded in authentic history is erected at
Alexandria.
300+ * * b. c. Euclid, the geometri-
cian, is a citizen of Alexandria.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
625 b. c. Amasis, king, born.
367 b. c. Ptolemy I., Soter, king, born.
316 b. c. Arsinoe, daughter of Ptolemy I.,
born.
309 b. c. Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, king,b.
CHURCH.
10th Century, b. c. Jeroboam, King of
the ten tribes of Israel, has Sheshonk,
King of Egypt, for his ally.
Tirhakah responds to the appeal of
Hezekiah, the king of Judah, for aid
against Assyria, whose army is destroyed
by the interposition of God.
535 * * b. c. Pythagoras, the Greek
philosopher, comes from Samoa, and is
instructed in the mysteries of Egyptian
theology.
350 * * b. c. The temples of Egypt are
pillaged by the Persian conquerors.
LETTERS.
666**B.C. XVI. Dynasty: Liberal
ideas prevail ; letters and scholars
from Greece are welcomed.
323+* * b. c. Ptolemy I., Soter, founds
[the famous] library and museum at
Alexandria ; he cultivates letters him-
self.
* * XX. Dynasty : Literature declines
greatly.
* * b. c. XXII. Dynasty : No enduring
literature is created.
* * XXVI. Dynasty : The enchorial or
demotic writing is invented ; this easier
written form soon supersedes the more
complex hieratic.
314 * * b. c. Ptolemy Soter is said to
have founded an academy at Alexan-
dria.
SOCIETY.
1100+ * * B. c. The Prince of San sends
an Egyptian princess to the harem of
Solomon.
653+ * * b. c. Egypt is open to foreign-
ers, who are favored in the army, and
settle at various points.
525 * * b. c. Cambyses puts the chil-
dren of prominent people to death,
both male and female, and makes the
country a waste.
Cambyses sends 50,000 men across
the desert to destroy the Temple of Jupi-
ter Ammon ; they all perish in the burn-
ing sands.
STATE.
1100 * * B. c. (1091, Lepsius ; 1085, Raw-
linson.) Neter- hen - hotep - en - Amen
(Her-Hor-se-Amen or Smendes) reigns.
He is a high priest of a foreign family
from the eastern frontier of the Delta ;
Egypt loses supremacy over Ethiopia,
where the kingdom of Napata, or Meroe,
is founded.
* * * B. c. Pai-net'em I. reigns.
* * * b. c. Kheper - kha - Ra - sotep - en -
Amen, also called Amen-meri-Pai-net'em
II., reigns.
* * * b. c. A great influx of foreigners
appears during this dynasty.
* * * b. c. An alliance is made between
Solomon and Pharaoh.
EGYPT.
1100 B.C.-300B.C. 651
980 * * b. c. XXII. Dynasty : Estab-
lished at Bubastis.
966 * * B. c. Kheper-sekhet-Ra-sotep-en-
Ra (Amen-meri-Shashanq I.), or She-
shonk I., reigns. [The Shishak of the
Bible.]
Having welcomed Jeroboam, the con-
spirator and fugitive, he invades and
plunders Palestine to establish Jero-
boam as king of Israel, bringing the
treasures of the temple at Jerusalem
into Egypt ; he reigns 21 years.
* * * b. c. Kherp-kheper-Ra-Sotep-en-
Ra, also called Anien-meri-Uasarken
(Osorkon I.), reigns 15 years.
* * * b. c. Het'-kheper-Ra-sotep-en-Ra,
also called Amen-meri-Auset-meri-tha-
keleth (Takeleth I.), has a short reign.
* * * B. c. User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Amen,
also called Amen-meri-Uasarken (Osor-
kon II.), reigns 22 years.
* * * b. c. Kheper-sekhem-Ra-Sotep-en-
Amen, also called Amen-meri-Shash
[anq] II. (Sheshonk II.), has a short
reign.
* * * b. c. Takeleth II. reigns.
* * * B. C. User-Maat Jta-Sotep-en-Amen,
also called Amen-ineri-se-Bast-Shashanq
III., reigns.
* * * b. c. User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Amen,
also called Amen-meri-Pa-mai, reigns.
* * * b. c. Aa-kheper-Ra, also called
Shash [anq] IV., reigns. Under She-
shonk IV. Egypt is disintegrated by in-
ternal dissensions, with rival dynasties.
XXIII. Dynasty: Established at
Tanis.
Northern Egypt is divided into several
petty states ; the Sudan becomes inde-
pendent in the South.
766** B.C. Amen -meri-Peta-se- Bast
reigns.
* * * b. c. Aa-kheper-Ra-sotep-en-Amen,
also called Ra-Amen-meri-Uasarkena,
(Osorkon III.), reigns.
XXIV. Dynasty : Established at Sais
in the Delta. [Time, six years.]
733 * * b. c. Bakenranf (Bocchoris)
reigns six years ; he is captured by Sa-
baco, the invader, who burns him alive,
and occupies the country as far as the
Mediterranean.
XXV. Dynasty: It is Ethiopian.
[Time, 50 years.]
* * * b. c. Pa-ankhi (Piankhi) and his
queen, Ameniritis, reigning at Thebes,
become tributary to the Sudan.
* * * B. c. Pa-ankhi, having defeated all
rival claimants to the throne, permits
the small princes to rule as vassals.
700 * * b. c. Nefer-ka-Ra, also called
Shabaka, or Sabaco, reigns; he is an
Ethiopian who first conquers, and then
rules Egypt as a conquered province.
(704, Rawlinson.)
Sabaco is called So in the Bible ;
Hosea, King of Israel, sends him pres-
ents by an embassy, and a treaty is
made ; Hosea is promised assistance
against Assyria (but the promise is not
kept). He loses a great part of Egypt
when defeated by the Assyrians.
* * * b. c. Tat-kau-Ra, also called Sha-
bataka (Sebicus, or Shabatok), reigns.
He succeeds his father in Upper Egypt,
and loses Ethiopia ; and is slain by Tirha-
kah, the Ethiopian king, after a reign
of 14 years.
* * * B. c. Ra-nefer-tem-khu, also called
Taharaqa (Tirhakah, Farcus).
After reigning 20 years, 12 Egyptian
chiefs unite their forces to expel the
Ethiopians from the Northern provinces,
and then asume royal authority over the
12 kingdoms into which they divide the
country ; they rule for 15 years. (Some
authorities discredit this account.) (090,
Rawlinson.)
672* * b. c. The Assyrians, under
Esarhaddon and his son Sardanapalus,
capture Memphis and Thebes, and en-
tirely destroy Ethiopian rule, and ap-
point 20 governors, who are chiefly
natives, to administer the government ;
they rule for three years. (Lepsius.)
XXVI. Dynasty : Established at Sais
in the Delta ; time, 38 years.
The Empire is prosperous, but its mili-
tary fame is almost extinguished.
666 * * b. c. Uah - ab - Ra, also called
Psamthek (Psammetichus I.), reigns.
(653, Lepsius ; 664, Rawlinson.)
He dethrones two kings [according to
some authorities], overthrows the Ethi-
opians, and reconquers Egyptian terri-
tory as far south as the First Cataract.
* * * B. c. By the aid of allies, Uah-ab-Ra
overthrows the Assyrian rule, and be-
comes independent sovereign. The
Greeks settle in Egypt, and the country
revives. Jerusalem pays tribute ; em-
igrants settle along the Nile as far as
Ethiopia. (Lepsius.)
612* *b. c. Nem-ab-Ra, also called
Nekau (Necho, or Nekul) , reigns. (610-
595, Lepsius ; 610, Rawlinson.)
He pays tribute to Assyria, fails in his
attempt to reopen the canal of Seti I.
between the Red Sea and the Nile ; he
sends a fleet manned by Phoenician sea-
men by way of the western coast and
the Cape of Good Hope around the con-
tinent of Africa.
596** B.C. Nefer-ab-Ra, also called
Psammetichus H., [reigns five and a
half years]. (594, Rawlinson.)
591* * B. c. Haa-ab-Ra, also called
Uah-ab-Ra (Apries, or Hophra), reigns.
(588, Rawlinson.)
He is the Pharaoh Hophra of the
Bible ; has war with Babylon." Zede-
kiah, King of Judah, enters an alliance
with Hophra, then revolts against Baby-
lon, and the Jewish captivity follows.
572+ * * b. c. Khnem-ab-Ra, also called
Ahmes-se-Nit (Amasis H.), reigns 44
years. (569, Rawlinson.)
He is an Egyptian of low origin, whom
the army elects after overthrowing
Apries ; he legitimates his claim by
marrying the granddaughter of Psam-
metichus I. ; Egypt flourishes, yet con-
tinues the tribute to Babylon ; immigra-
tion is encouraged, especially that of
the Greeks.
538 * * B. c. The fall of Babylon brings
independence to Egypt.
528 * * B. c. Ankh-ka-en-Ra, also called
Psamthek (Psammetichus HI.), reigns
six months, as successor to his father.
(525, Rawlinson.)
He is conquered by Cambyses, King of
Persia.
PERSIAN RULE.
XXVU. Dynasty : Persian.
527* * b. c. Cambyses defeats the
Egyptians at the battle of Pelusium,
and Egypt becomes a Persian province.
(525, Rawlinson.)
Kambathet the Persian reigns.
[He murders the last of the Pharaohs,
and rules with severity ; live years of
prosperity are followed by military re-
verses ; disaster enrages the King, and
he pillages the temples and the tombs
of the kings.]
486 * * b. c. Khashaiarsha (Xerxes the
Great) reigns ; the Egyptians revolt,
but are soon subdued.
465 * * b. c. Artakhshashas (Artaxer-
xes) reigns ; the Egyptians, led by Am-
yrta3us and Inarus, maintain a revolt
against the Persians for six years.
421 * * B. c. Ra-meri-Amen, also called
Antherirutsha (Darius Xerxes, Darius
Hystaspes), reigns.
XXVIII. Dynasty: Established at
Sais in the Delta.
* * * b. c. Independence of Persia is
obtained by Amyrtaeus, aided by the
Greeks. Native rulers hold authority.
* * *b.c. Amen-rut (Amyrtaeus) reigns.
(460, Rawlinson.)
XXIX. Dynasty: Established at
Mendes in the Delta.
399 * * b. c Niaf aaurut reigns.
393* * b. c. Khnem-Maat-Ra, also
called Haker (Hakor, Achoris), reigns.
(399, Rawlinson.)
380 * * b. c. User-Ra-sotep-en-Ptah, also
called Psamut (Psammuthis) , reigns.
XXX. Dynasty: Established at Se-
bennytus, in the Delta.
378 * * b. c. S-net'em - ab - Ra-sotep- en-
Amen, also called Nekht-Hor-hebt-meri-
Amen (Nectanebo I.), reigns. (Rawlin-
son, 384.)
He is called to the throne to repel a
threatened invasion from Persia.
* * * b. c. Kheper - ka - Ra, also called
Nekht-neb-f (Nectanebo II.), reigns.
351 * * b. c. Artaxerxes HI. (Ochus)
comes to the throne after defeating and
deposing Nectanebo II.
340 (?) * * b. c. The ancient Empire
falls easily before the Persians under
King Artaxerxes HI. (Ochus).
* * * b. c. The Egyptians welcome
Alexander the Great as a deliverer
from the Persian yoke, [and Egypt be-
comes Greek].
XXXI. Dynasty : Persian. Egypt is
again for a short time a province of
Persia.
GRECIAN RULE.
332 * * b. c. XXXII. Dynasty : Mace-
donian.
Alexander the Great overthrows the
Persian rule, and subjects Egypt to his
authority. Alexandria is founded as
his capital ; its walls are six miles in
circuit.
323 * * b. c. XXXm. Dynasty : Ptol-
emaic.
Ptolemy I., son of Lagus, also called
Soter, one of Alexander's generals, re-
ceives Egypt in the division of the
Macedonian empire [and rules for 38
years with ability and wisdom].
306 * * b. c. Ptolemy assumes the title
of king.
301± * * b. c. Ptolemy loses Cyprus by
his defeat in the battle of Ipsus.
MISCELLANEOUS.
322 * * b. c. Alexander the Great is
buried at Alexandria.
652 298 b.c.-a.d. 273.
EGYPT.
ARMY — NAVY.
250 * * B. c. Antioehus H. concludes
a peace with Egypt.
245 * * b. c. Ptolemy HI., Euergetes,
makes war on Syria to avenge the inju-
ries of his sister Berenice.
He returns from the invasion of Syria
laden with spoils, including 250 statues
and vessels of gold and silver that Cam-
byses had obtained by despoiling the
Egyptian temples.
243* * b. c. Ptolemy III. captures
Babylon ; a revolt in Egypt occasions
his recall.
217* *B. c. Ptolemy IV., Philopator, by
the aid of Arsinoe, his sister, defeats
Antioehus III. the Great, King of
Syria, at Raphia, in Palestine.
171 * *-168* *B. c. Antioehus IV.,
Epiphanes, makes war on Egypt.
He invades Egypt, reduces several
cities, and captures the young King Ptol-
emy Philometor, and takes the disputed
provinces in Asia Minor.
168 * * b. c. Antioehus returns from
Egypt by the peremptory demand of
Propillius the Roman.
154 * * B. c. Philometor defeats his
brother Euergetes, and leaves him only
the kingdom of Cyrene.
151 * * b. c. War occurs with Deme-
trius Soter, King of Syria ; Ptolemy sub-
dues the country, and is hailed as the
deliverer of Syria.
150* * b. c. Philometor favors the
usurper, Alexander I. (Balas), and
gives his daughter Cleopatra to him in
•marriage.
128 * * b. c. Ptolemy VII., Euergetes,
defeats the Egyptians, and recovers
his throne.
122** b.c. War with Demetrius II.,
in support of Alexander II., the usurper,
against whom Ptolemy turns, and defeats
him, and puts him to death.
82 * * b. c. A revolt occurs in Upper
Egypt. [Thebes is ruined by the siege
which follows for three years.]
* * Cleopatra advances from Syria to re-
gain the throne.
48 * * b. c. Civil war occurs between
[the famous] Cleopatra VI. and Ptolemy
XII.
Caesar intervenes, and besieges Alex-
andria with a small army. Csesar defeats
the king, who is drowned while attempt-
ing to escape.
32 * * b. c. Octavius [Csesar Augustus]
declares war against Cleopatra.
31 Sept. 2. * * b. c. Greece. Octavius
defeats Mark Antony in a naval battle ;
Cleopatra flees. [Antony follows her to
Egypt, and both commit suicide.]
24 * * a. d. Candace, the queen of Me-
roe, in Upper Nubia, invades Egypt, but
is repulsed by ./Elius Gallus, the Roman
prefect.
194 * * Niger, the usurper, is defeated
by Severus, and slain.
270 * * Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra,
conquers Egypt.
273 * * The Emperor Aurelian defeats
Zenobia at Edessa, and carries her cap-
tive to Rome.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
298 < * * b. c. Ptolemy I. Soter adorns
Alexandria by erecting- the Museum,
Serareum, Pharos, and other fine edi-
fices ; he also begins the library.
284± * * b. c. Heron of Alexandria con-
structs (?) the seolipile (a toy sugges-
tive of the steam-engine).
283 * * -222 * * b. c. Ptolemy Philadel-
phus and Ptolemy Euergetes complete
many of the works begun by Ptolemy
Soter.
The Pharos is a tower built of white
marble, and [it was regarded as one of
the seven wonders of the world]. A per-
petual fire on its top serves as a beacon
for sailors.
247 * * b. c. Ptolemy III. rebuilds many
of the old temples, and founds new ones.
222 * * -205 * * b. c. Galaton of Alex-
andria paints a picture to cast ridicule
on the epic poets of that city.
100* *-170* *A. d. Ptolemy dis-
courses on geography.
He founds the Ptolemaic system of
astronomy, and discovers the places
and distances of the planets.
120+ * * Ptolemy writes a treatise on
optics.
139 * * The Sothiac cycle begins.
150 * * Claudius Ptolemy teaches that
the major tone shall be below the
minor ; [the principle that now directs
the intonation of the scale].
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
3rd Century b. c. Ammonius, Lithotomus, Al-
exandrian physician, born and dies.
Manetho, historian, born and dies.
283 1 B. c. Ptolemy I., king, A84.
84 7 b. c. Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, king,
A62.
2d Century, b. c. Aristobulus, Jewish phi-
losopher, born.
181 b. c. Ptolemy V., king, dies.
174 b. c. Cleopatra I., regent, dies.
146 b. c. Ptolemy VI., Philometor, king, d.
117 b. c. Ptolemy VII., Euergetes II., d.
81 b. c. Ptolemy VIII., Lothyrus, dies.
69 b. c. Cleopatra, queen, born.
39± b. c. Didymus, grammarian, author, d.
30 B. c. Cleopatra, queen, A39.
1st Century, a. d. Apion, grammarian, b.
Ptolemy, Claudius, astron., geographer, b.
161 * * Antoninus Titus, Pius, emperor, dies.
175 * * Avidius Cassius, general, dies.
180 * * Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, em., d.
185 * * Origan, Adamantius. Christian Fa-
ther, theological writer, born.
2d or 3d Century. Clement of Alexandria,
Christian Father, author, born.
204 * * Plotinus, Greek-Egyptian philos., b.
241 * * Ammonius, Saccas, philosopher, dies.
251 * * Anthony, St., fdr. of asceticism, b.
254 * * Orig-en. Adamantius, Christian Fa-
ther, theological writer, A69.
256 * * Arius, presbyter of Alexandria, fdr.
Of Arianism, born.
CHURCH.
283 * * b. c. Jews are very numerous
at Alexandria.
222 * * b. c. Ptolemy IV. proves a cruel
persecutor of the Jews ; he founds the
temple of Edfoo.
37 * * a. d. The Jews suffer bitter per-
secution.
60 * * Christianity is introduced by St.
Mark.
231* * -633 * * Alexandria becomes the
seat of 17 church councils.
204 * * An edict is issued against Jews
and Christians.
230* *The Neo-Platonists arise at
Alexandria, and attempt to combine the
good of all philosophical systems with
Christianity.
254 * * Origen, a distinguished presby-
ter of Alexandria and a Greek Father,
suffers martyrdom at Tyre.
263 * * Persecution : Diocletian's edict
against Christians is rigorously executed
in Egypt.
LETTERS.
284**b.c. Ptolemy Philadelphus
founds a public library at Alexandria.
283 * * -274 * * B. c. In the reign of
Ptolemy Philadelphus the Septuagint
version of the Hebrew Scriptures is
written.
Manetho's history of ancient Egyp-
tian kings is written.
Demetrius Phalerius is librarian at
Alexandria.
Euclid is at the head of the mathe-
matical school at Alexandria.
The poets Theocritus, Callimachus,
and Philsetus flourish in Egypt ; Alex-
andria is made the heart of the learning
of Greece.
246 * * b. c. Artists and authors are
patronized by Ptolemy III.
230 * * b. c. Ptolemy III. revises the
Egyptian calendar.
47 * * B; c. Julius Caesar besieges and
burns Alexandria; the remarkable
library of 400,000 manuscript books is
consumed.
36 * * b. c. Antony replaces the burnt
library of Alexandria with another
brought from Pergamus, Asia Minor.
80 * * a. d. The Coptic alphabet is in-
vented.
180 * * 254 * * A catechetical school
flourishes at Alexandria.
SOCIETY.
285* *b. c. Ptolemy Philadelphus
marries his full sister, Arsinoe II.
247 * * B. c. Berenice II. is the first
Egyptian queen to have the same regal
style as her husband.
222 * * b. c. Ptolemy Philopator puts
his mother Berenice and others of his
nearest kin to death, and abandons
himself to luxury.
216 * * B. C. Ptolemy IV. puts his wife
Arsinoe to death, after winning the
victory at Raphia largely by her courage.
146 Nov. * B. c. Ptolemy VII., Euer-
getes, marries his brother Philometor's
queen on the day of her husband's
death; on the day of his nuptials he
murders the infant son of Philometor
while in its mother's arms.(
* * * Incest is not uncommon among
Egyptian sovereigns.
51 * * B. c. Ptolemy Auletes at his death
leaves his kingdom to his son Ptolemy
XII. and his daughter [the famous] Cleo-
patra ; he directs that they marry each
other.
EGYPT.
298b.c.-a.d. 273. 653
43 * * b. c. Queen Cleopatra poisons
her brother, 14 years of age.
41 * * b. c. Cleopatra appears before
Mark Antony to answer for the crime of
murdering her brother [he is so fasci-
nated by her beauty that he follows her
into Egypt].
70 * * a. d. The Emperor Vespasian
visits Egypt.
215 * * The Emperor Caracalla massa-
cres the youth of Alexandria to revenge
an insult.
STATE.
295 * * b. c. Ptolemy seizes and holds
the island of Cyprus. [It becomes a
valuable possession.]
285 * * b. c. Ptolemy abdicates, and
is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy II.,
Philadelphus, who reigns 38 years.
* * * B. c. Greek genius and energy
contribute much to the prosperity and
glory of Egypt ; the period of its high-
est prosperity culminates.
269 * * b. c. Ambassadors are first sent
to Rome.
266 * * B. c. Egypt recovers Phoenicia
and Coele-Syria. '
247 * * b. c. Ptolemy m. , Euergetes,
reigns [for 25 years].
[He reunites Cyrenalca to his realm,
makes extensive but transient con-
quests in Asia Minor, and retains his
conquests in Abyssinia.]
243 * * b. c. Ptolemy III. is recalled
by a revolt in Egypt from his campaign
in Babylon.
222 * * b. c. Ptolemy IV., Philopator,
reigns with incompetence and cruelty.
The decline of the Empire begins.
217 * * b. c. Antiochus the Great,
King of Syria, makes an attempt to seize
all the eastern provinces, and is defeated
by Ptolemy near Raphia, in Palestine.
205 Nov. * b. c. Ptolemy V. comes
to the throne at the age of 13 or 14 years ;
M. ^Emilius is regent.
200 * * b. c. The regent is sent on an
embassy to Rome to seek aid against
Philip V. of Macedon and Antiochus of
Syria.
199* * b. c. Aristomenes is Roman
regent in Egypt.
185 * * b. c. A revoltln Lower Egypt is
suppressed with great cruelty.
181 Oct.* Ptolemy VI., Philometor,
succeeds his father ; Cleopatra is regent.
169* * b. o. Philometor reigns con-
jointly with his brother Physcon.
170 * * b. c. Ptolemy is captured by
Antiochus Epiphanes, and bis brother
Physcon proclaims himself king.
164 * * B. c. Ptolemy Euergetes drives
Philometor from Alexandria; he seeks
aid at Rome ; the Senate decides to re-
instate him.
146 * * i$. o. Ptolemy VH. (Physcon, or
Euergetes II.) usurps the throne.
[He is a depraved and cruel king, the
worst of all the Ptolemies ; he marries
Cleopatra, his brother's widow, and puts
her young son, the heir apparent, to
death. The prosperity of Egypt declines.]
130 * * b. c. Ptolemy VII. is expelled
from Alexandria, his capital, by the en-
raged populace. Cleopatra II. becomes
queen.
127 * * b. c. Ptolemy VTL recovers
his throne, and has a more peaceful
reign.
117* *b. c. Ptolemy VIH. (Soter,
Lathyrus) reigns conjointly with Cleo-
patra, his mother.
107 * * b. c. Cleopatra expels Ptolemy
VIII., and elevates her favorite son Ptol-
emy IX., Alexander.
89 * * b. c. Ptolemy Lathyrus governs
Cyprus as a separate kingdom.
* * B. c. Alexander gains supremacy and
causes his mother's death ; dissensions
follow.
* * * b. c. Ptolemy VHI., King of Cy-
prus, is restored to the throne of Egypt.
82 * * b. <■. Upper Egypt revolts.
[Thebes is besieged for three years, and
destroyed.]
81 * * b. c. Berenice EH., daughter of
Lathyrus, succeeds him ; she soon mar-
ries her step-son, Alexander II., who or-
ders her death.
80 * * b. o. Ptolemy XI., surnamed
Auletes and Neus Dionysius, the illegiti-
mate son of Ptolemy VIII. , succeeds to
the throne on the extinction of the line
of Ptolemies.
* * * b. c. A popular tumult avenges
the murder of Berenice III., in the
death of Alexander.
58 * * b. c. Ptolemy XI. is expelled
by his subjects because of oppressive
taxation.
Cleopatra V., his wife, and Berenice
IV., his daughter, reign together.
* * * b. c. Cyprus becomes a Roman
province by conquest.
* * * b. c. On the death of Cleopatra,
Berenice reigns alone.
55 * * b. c. Supported by Gabinius, pro-
consul of Syria, Ptolemy XI., Auletes,
regains the throne ; he punishes his
daughter Berenice with death.
51 * * b. c. Ptolemy XL leaves his king-
dom to Ptolemy XII., surnamed Dio-
nysius II., and to Cleopatra his [fa-
mous] daughter.
48 * * b. c. Dionysius II. expels Cleo-
patra, and she flees into Syria.
* * * b. c. Cleopatra gains the interest
of Caesar.
47 * * b. c. Ptolemy XII. is drowned
while crossing the Nile after his defeat.
46* * b. c. Cleopatra marries her
younger brother, Ptolemy Necteros, and
reigns conjointly with him ; he is only
a phantom king.
45 * * b. c. Cleopatra goes to Rome
with her brother and young Ptolemy
Caesar, her son, wishing to be acknowl-
edged Cassar's wife, and their son to be
his heir. [He is rejected.]
43* * b. c. Cleopatra poisons her
brother in his 14th year, and reigns alone.
41 * * b. c. Cleopatra visits Antony,
the ruler of the Eastern world, at Tar-
sus, in Syria, and immediately capti-
vates him.
•36 * * b. e. Antony deserts his wife Oc-
tavia, and hastens to Cleopatra.
* * * b. c. Cleopatra secures from the
infatuated Antony the grant of Phoeni-
cia, Cyrene, and Cyprus.
34 * * b. c. Antony gives to Cleopatra
all Asia, from the Mediterranean Sea
to the Indus River.
31 Sept. 2. b.c. Octavius [Augustus]
appears with a Roman army against
Antony and Cleopatra, who, being de-
feated at the battle of Actium, kill
themselves ; and Egypt becomes a polit-
ical province and the great granary
of the Roman empire.
27 * * b. o. Cornelius Gallus, the Ro-
man prefect, governs Egypt.
14* * a. d. Tiberius is emperor at
Rome.
[37, Caligula ; 41, Claudius ; 54, Nero ;
68, Galba ; 69, Otto, Vitellius, Vespasian ;
79, Titus; 81, Domitian ; 96, Nerva; 98„
Trajan.]
70 * * Vespasian visits Egypt.
98 * * A great Jewish revolt is followed
by the withdrawal of many privileges
formerly enjoyed by the Jews.
117 * * Hadrian is emperor of Rome.
130 * * The Emperor visits Egypt, and
renews the old privileges, besides grant-
ing new ones.
134 * * Hadrian again visits Egypt.
138 * * Antoninus Pius is emperor of
Rome. [161, M. Aurelius.J
175 * * Avidius Cassius is prefect of
Egypt ; having suppressed a revolt, he
usurps the purple, and is acknowledged
by the armies of Syria and Egypt. [Slain
by his adherents.]
180 * * Commodus is emperor of Rome.
[193, Pertinax, D. Julianus, Septimus
Severus. 211. M. Aurelius Antoninus
(Caracalla).]
193 * * Prescennius Niger, the Roman
general in Egypt, is proclaimed emperor.
194 * * Niger is defeated and slain by
Severus.
200* * The Emperor Severus visits
Egypt.
217 * * Macrinus is emperor of Rome.
[218, Elagabalus ; 222, Alexander Sev-
erus ; 235, Maximin ; 238, Gordian III. ;
244, Philip ; 249, Decius ; 251, Gallus ;
253, iEmilian, by the action of the troops
at Alexandria, Valerian ; 260, Gallicuus ;
268, Claudius II. ; 270, Aurelian.]
270 * * Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, af-
ter failing in a former invasion, again
invades and conquers Egypt [but
holds it for only a short time].
273 * * Aurelian takes Egypt by defeat-
ing Zenobia ; a revolt in Egypt is also
suppressed.
MISCELLANEOUS
31 * * A. D. Industrious Egypt becomes
the granary of indolent Rome.
41 * * Egypt is on the Roman highway
to India.
122* * Alexandria is restored by
Hadrian.
128 * * The pestilence prevails.
252 * * A devastating plague prevails.
654 275,**-1517,
EGYPT.
ARMY — NAVY.
297 * * Alexandria is taken by Diocle-
tian after a long siege, and Achilleus,
the usurper, is put to death.
450 * * Upper Egypt is overrun by the
Nubians, led by Silco.
491 * * The Persians invade Egypt.
500 * * Arabs overrun Egypt.
* * * The monasteries are used as for-
tresses.
616 * * Chosroes III., King of Persia, in-
vades and captures Alexandria ; he
holds the country for ten years.
638 June * The invasion of the Sara-
cens begins.
641 Dec. 10. The Saracens, led by
Califf Omar's successful general, Amru,
capture Alexandria, and conquer
Egypt.
908 * * The Fatimite Arabs invade [and
conquer] Egypt.
1062 * * Civil war breaks out in Lower
Egypt between the Blacks and the Turks.
1099 July 15. The Crusaders cap-
ture Jerusalem from the Saracens.
Aug. 12. The Crusaders under Godfrey
of Bouillon defeat the Egyptian army at
Ascalon, in Palestine.
1160 * * Egypt is at war with Noored
Deen of Aleppo, North Syria, and also
with Amalric, King of Jerusalem.
1166 * * The citadel of Cairo is founded
by the Saracens.
1186 * * War begins between Saladin
and the Crusaders.
1187 * * Battle at Nazareth, Palestine ;
130 Knights Hospitallers and Templars
and a few hundred foot-soldiers are over-
whelmed by superior numbers, and only
the Grand Master and two knights es-
cape.
* * Saladin, with 80,000 men, totally de-
feats the Crusaders near Lake Tibe-
rias; it is a heavy blow to the invaders.
1189 * * Acre is besieged by the Cru-
saders.
1191 * * Saladin is defeated by heavy re-
enforcements to the Crusaders, at the
siege of Acre ; 2,700 Mussulmans are
massacred in cold blood, after surren-
dering.
1204 * * El Adiel defeats the Crusa-
ders, and drives the newly arrived King
of Jerusalem back to Europe.
1219 * * The Saracens defeat the Crusa-
ders at Mansurah, in the Delta.
1249 June 5. The Crusaders, invad-
ing Egypt, capture Damietta, with
stores, by the treachery of the com-
mander : 54 principal officers are put to
death by the Sultan.
1250 * * The Crusaders under Louis IX.
of France are overwhelmed and defeated,
and the King is captured at Mansurah
by the Moslems. [St. Louis soon sur-
renders his army.]
* * St. Louis ransoms himself and army
by promising the payment of 400,000
livres and the evacuation of Egypt.
1259 * * Mozuffer conquers Syria.
1260 * * Mozuffer commences a series of
campaigns against the Christians. Ez
Zaher Beybars conquers Armenia.
1279 * * El Mansoor Kalaoon takes Trip-
oli from the Christians,slaughtering the
people.
1291 * * Ashrof Khaleel takes Acre, the
last stronghold of the Crusaders in
Syria ; many thousands of the inhabi-
tants are massacred.
1294 * * The Ketbogha insurrection is
defeated by El Mansoor Lageen.
1399* *The calif is at war with the
Tartars under Tamerlane, and is de-
feated at Aleppo.
1424 * * The calif takes Cyprus and
Jeddah, the port of Mecca, from John
III.
1468 * * Successful expeditions are sent
against the Turks under Bajazet.-
1508 * * An unsuccessful expedition is
sent against the Portuguese.
1516 * * The Saracens are defeated at
Aleppo, Palestine, and annexed by the
Turks under Selim I.
1517 * * Cairo is taken by the Turks
from the Egyptian sultans ; Egypt is
subdued by Selim I.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
642+ * * The Mosque of Amro at Cairo
is erected.
710 * * The nilometer is erected on the
Island of Khoda ; it notes the rise and
fall of the Nile.
813 * * The Great Pyramid is opened.
879± * * The Mosque of Tooloon at
Cairo is erected.
1058+ * * The inundation of the Nile
fails for seven successive seasons.
1300± * * An earthquake half destroys
Cairo; Alexandria and other towns also
suffer.
1351 * * The Mosque of Hassan is
erected.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
292 * * Pachomius, Saint, one of the found-
ers of inonasticisni, born.
296 * * Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Al-
exander, Christian Father, controversialist,
author, born.
307 * * Catherine, Saint, of Alexandria, mar-
tyr, dies.
309 * * Didymus, the " Blind " scholar, theo-
logian, born.
336 * * Arius, presbyter of Alexandria, fdr.
of Arianism, A80.
348 * * Pachomius, Saint, one of the founders
of monasticism, A57.
356 * * Anthony, Saint, founder of asceti-
cism, A 105. (?)
370 * * Hypatia, of Alexandria, mathemati-
cian, philosopher, born.
376 * * Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, born.
395 * * Didymus, the "Blind " scholar, theo-
logian, A86.
Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria,
Christistn Father, controversialist, au., A77.
415 * * Hypatia, of Alexandria, mathemati-
cian, philosopher, A45.
5th Century. Achilles, Tatius, rhetorician of
Alexandria, born.
444 * * Cyril, Saint, of Alexandria, A68.
884 * * Ahmed Ibn y Tooloon, founder of
the Tooloonide dynasty, A48±.
892 * * Saadia, Ben Joseph Saadias-Gaon,
Jewish philosopher, born.
983 * * Tekeen El Gezeree, cqnqueror, dies.
941+ * * Saadia, Ben Joseph Saadias-Gaon,
Jewish philosopher, A49+.
1021 * * Hakim, founder and messiah of the
1137 * * Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria,
born.
1193 * * Saladin, sultan, A56.
1238 * * El Kamil, sultan, dies.
1257 * * Aibek-Azad-ed-IMn, sultan, dies.
1294 * * El Ashrof Khaleel, sultan, is assassi-
nated.
CHURCH.
284 * * The Coptic writers date the era
of the martyrs from the accession of
Diocletian.
303 * * A savage persecution of Chris-
tians occurs.
305 * * Monachism begins in Egypt ; St.
Anthony of Thebes is its founder.
311 * * An edict of toleration is issued
by the emperor.
324 * * The Emperor Constantine ad-
vises all subjects to become Christians,
as he had become one.
* * The Christian Church is divided into
two Greek churches, the first schism in
Egypt.
326* * Athanasius, the opponent of
Arius, is made archbishop of Alexan-
dria. [335. Athanasius is exiled by
the Arians. 342. Athanasius returns.]
354 * * George of Cappadocia is made
(Arian) archbishop of Alexandria.
355 * * Athanasius is again exiled.
362 * * George of Cappadocia is killed
by a mob while awaiting trial.
363 * * Athanasius is finally restored.
389 * * The temple and worship of
Serapis are destroyed by Theodosius I.
Christians triumph over the pagans ;
the old Egyptian religion is proscribed,
yet most of the learned and scientific
classes remained pagans.
412 * * Cyril becomes bishop of Alex-
andria ; he is one of the most intemper-
ate of the church Fathers.
He persecutes the Jews, plunders their
possessions, and one day expels every
one of them from the city.
415+ * * Hypatia, the pagan philoso-
pher, is murdered by monks through
the alleged instigation of St. Cyril.
* * Jews are massacred in Alexandria.
428 * * Cyril opposes the doctrines of
Nestorius.
431 * * Cyril presides over the Council of
Ephesus.
451 * * The 4th General Council of
Chalcedon denounces the doctrines of
the Coptic or Egyptian Church as
heretical; this causes its separation
from the orthodox church.
754 * * El Mansoor becomes a cruel per-
secutor of Christians in Syria and
Egypt.
1048 * * The Calif of Egypt permits the
Knights of Malta to build a pilgrims'
house at Jerusalem.
1299 * * Jews and Christians are severely
persecuted.
1303* *Christians are compelled to
wear blue turbans, and Jews to wear
yeUow, and both are forbidden to ride
on horses or mules, or to receive any gov-
ernment employment ; many churches
are destroyed and all closed.
1322+ * * Christians are again perse-
cuted; the principal churches are de-
stroyed by the Moslems; Christians
retaliate by burning the mosques.
The threats of the mob induce the
sultan to consent to the murder and
plunder of any Christians met in the
streets.
EGYPT.
275, **-1517,
655
LETTERS.
312 * * The Coptic Bible is written.
389 * * The pagan temple of Serapis pos-
sesses 700,000 volumes; a mob de-
stroys them with the temple. (?)
640 * * Calif Omar takes Alexandria, and
destroys its library of 700,000 vol-
umes; these supply the baths with fuel
for six months ; learning is banished for
a time.
754 * * El Mansoor is a patron of liter-
ature.
800 ± * * The Augustinian Age of Sara-
cenic literature appears.
813 * * El Mamoon patronizes litera-
ture.
975 * * El Azeez patronizes literature ;
he founds the University of Cairo.
SOCIETY.
321 * * Religious feuds between the or-
thodox Athanasian8 and the heterodox
Arians disturb Alexandria.
884 * * Ahmed dies, leaving a costly es-
tablishment.
It consists of 7,000 mounted Mame-
lukes, 300 picked horses for his own use,
a body-guard of 24,000 slaves, besides
6,000 asses and mules, 10,000 camels, and
100 wherries.
* * The prisons contain 18,000 prisoners.
1257 * * Sultan Eybek is put to death
by his wife ; she in turn is beaten to
death by the wooden clogs of the female
slaves belonging to another wife of
Eybek.
STATE.
275 * * Tacitus is emperor of Rome.
[276, Probus, after serving as governor
of Egypt ; 282, Carus, Numerian is co-
regent ; later, Carinus ; 284, Diocletian ;
286, Maximian.]
292 * * A formidable revolt breaks out ;
Achilleus assumes the title of Emperor
Domitus Domitanus.
296* * Diocletian enters Egypt, and
takes Alexandria.
297 * * Domitanus, sustained by the
Egyptians, again revolts, and captures
Alexandria ; the emperor returns, and
takes the city, and puts his rival to
death.
305* * Constantius and Galerius are
emperors.
[306, Maxentius ; 307, Severus, Lici-
nius, and Constantine ; 323, Constantine ;
337, Constantine II., Constantius and
Constans coregents ; 353, Constantius ;
361, Julian ; 363, Jovian ; 364, Valentin-
Ian ; Valens coregent ; 367, Gratian ; 375,
Valentinian II. ; 379, Theodosius ; 383,
Maximus ; 392, Eugenius ; 394, Theodo-
sius.]
395 * * Egypt becomes a part of the
Byzantine Empire on the final division
of the Roman Empire.
639 * * Egypt is invaded by the Mos-
lems ; 'Amr-Ibu-Ei-As with 4,000 men
enters Syria.
641 * * Grand Cairo is founded.
* *-868* * Moslem rule. (Seep. 485+.)
Egypt is governed by a succession of
viceroys appointed by the califs of Bag-
dad and Damascus.
644 * * Othman-ibin-Affan, a descendant
of the Prophet, reigns. [He is killed by
conspirators.]
646 * * Cyprus is regained.
648 * * Cyprus is retaken by the Greek
emperor.
656 * * Ali-Ib-Abu-Taleb is calif.
[661, Moawiyeh I., the founder of the
Ommiade dynasty ; 680, Yezeid I. ; 683,
Moawiyehll. ; 6S4,Merwanl. ; later, Abd-
el-Melek, who discontinues tribute to
Constantinople ; 705, El Weleed ; 744,
Merwan.]
714 + * * Seven califs have brief and
unimportant reigns.
750 * * -1258 * * The dynasty of the
Abbassids; Bagdad is the capital.
* * Abul Abbas is calif, and founds the
dynasty.
754 * * Al Munsur reigns ; he is a cruel
persecutor, yet a patron of learning and
science.
[775, Mahdi ; later, Hadee ; 786, Harun-
al-Raschid, brave, benevolent, and a pa-
tron of science ; 809, El Ameen ; 813, El
Mamoon, a patron of learning ; 840, El
Mantussin; 847, El Motawukkel ; 861,
El Muntusser ; 868, El Mostain ; later, El
Mantuz ; later, Ahmed Ibn y Tooloon as
viceroy of the calif, and founder of the
Tooloonide dynasty.]
868 * * Ahmed throws off allegiance to
the calif, and establishes indepen-
dence for Egypt [lasting 37 years].
884 * * Khamaraweeyeh reigns. [896,
Asaker, Haroon, Maghazee.]
* * * Long period of anarchy.
906 * * Muktuffee is calif, and indepen-
dence is lost, and the Abbassid dynasty
is restored.
908 * * Muktuddir reigns.
* * The Mahdee, or Arabian Fatimites,
invade Egypt.
** -1171** The Fatimite dynasty
reigns over Egypt, part of Northern
Africa, and Syria.
932 * * El Kaher is calif.
[936, El Radee, Mohammad el Alkh-
sheed, founder of the Alksheed dynasty ;
948, Abool ; 967, Abool Kasem ; later,
Kafoor ; 969, Abool Fowaris, later, El
Moez, founder of the Fatimite dynasty
of califs ; the Fatimites come from North-
ern Africa.]
973 * * Cairo is founded by the Fati-
mites. [It causes the decay of Alex-
andria.]
975 * * El Azeez is calif.
996 * * El Hakim is calif ; the founder
of the sect of the Druses.
1021 * * Ez Zahir is calif.
[1036, El Mustansir ; 1094, El Mustalee ;
1101, El Amer : 1132, El Hafuz ; 1152, El
Dhafer ; 1157, El Fiygez.]
1171 * * Salah ed Deen [the famous Sa-
ladin] is proclaimed sultan • he founds
the Ayoobite dynasty.
1192 * * Saladin is forced by the Cru-
saders to accept a truce for three years.
1193 * * Saladin dies, and his dominions
are divided.
* * Melek El Azeez is sultan ; his sons
soon disagree.
1200* *E1 Adiel is sultan. [1218, El
Kamiel ; 1239, Es Salih.
1229 * * El Kamil cedes Jerusalem,
Bethlehem, Nazareth, and other parts
of Palestine, to Frederick II., Emperor
and Crusader.
1249 * * Sheger-ed-Durr, widow of the
sultan, assumes the regency. [El Moez-
zen is sultan.]
1250 * *1517 * *The Mamelukes,
having usurped the supreme power, rule
Egypt [for 267 years].
* * El Moez is sultan, and founder of
the Baharite Mameluke dynasty. The
Mamelukes were originally Moslem
slaves.
1256 * * El Mansoor is sultan; soon put
to death, and succeeded by Eybek.
[1257, Eybek is assassinated by order
of his wife ; 1259, El Mozuffer ; 1260, Ez
Zaher Beybars ; 1279, El Mansoor Kala-
oon ; 1290, El Ashrof Khaleel ; 1293, El
Nasr Mohammed, who is soon exiled.J
1294 * * An insurrection breaks out
under Ketbogha, the regent.
1299 * * El Nasr Mohammed is restored
to the throne.
1308* * The sultan abdicates. El Mo-
zuffer Bayleers is his successor.
1310 * * El Nasr is again restored.
1341 * * The seven sons of Nasr follow
in succession ; [reigns are chiefly short
and troubled ; the sultans are exiled
or put to death].
1348 * * Hassan is deposed from author-
ity by Es Saleh, his brother.
1351 * * Hassan is restored.
1361 * * El Mansoor Mohammed reigns
a few months.
1363 * * El Ashraf Shaban, son of Hassan,
is sultan. [He is finally strangled.]
1377 * * Es Salah is sultan ; later his
brother, El Mansoor Ali.
1382* *Ez Zahir Berkook, the usurper,
is sultan.
He founds the Circassian Mameluke, or
Borgite, dynasty, and rules with ability
and justice ; he also favors learning.
These sultans were originally Circassian
slaves.
1399 * * En Nasr Fareg of Berkook is
sultan.
* * * A revolt in Syria is overcome.
1412 * * El Moaiyud begins a prosperous
reign.
1422 * * El Ashraf Bursabey, a sultan of
virtue, reigns with ability.
1438 * * Gekmeh reigns ; later Abdel
Azeez, who is deposed.
1453 * * Eenal reigns ; later Othman
[who is overthrown by intrigue].
1461 * * Khoshkadem Moaiyud Ahmed,
a Greek by birth, is sultan.
1467 * * Tumr Bogha reigns.
1468 * * El Ashrof Kaitbey reigns ; he is
successful in military enterprises.
1496 * * Mohammed reigns ; he is weak
and barbarous ; later, Kansooh Nasr
reigns five months, and abdicates.
1500 * * Gambalat reigns six months ;
Toman Bey reigns a few months, and is
killed.
1501 * * El Ghoree Kansooh reigns.
1517 * * El Ashrof Toman Bey reigns.
* * The Mamelukes are overthrown.
Cairo is taken by Turks under Selim
I., and Egypt is reduced to a Turkish
pashalic.
MISCELLANEOUS.
491 * * The invasion of the Persians is
followed by a famine.
684 * * The first Arab coin is issued.
1062+ * * A famine lasts for seven
years.
1424 * * The Indian trade is monopo-
lized by the Egyptians.
656 1543, * *-1868, Mar. 18.
EGYPT.
ARMY — NAVY.
1767 * * Ali Bey, the Mameluke, con-
quers Arabia and Syria by an army
under Mohammed Bey.
1783 * * Cairo is captured by Turks
under Hassan Pasha.
1798 * * -1801 * * The French send an
expedition against Egypt, having for
its ultimate object the overthrow of the
British empire in the East.
July 5. Napoleon, -with an army of
30,000 men, takes Alexandria by as-
sault.
July 21. Battle of the Pyramids; Na-
poleon defeats and nearly annihilates
the Mamelukes, 60,000 strong; 15,000
men fall.
July 22. Napoleon captures Cairo.
1799 Apr. 16. Napoleon defeats the
Turks at Mt. Tabor, Palestine. [Pesti-
lence breaks out in the French army,
and it returns to Egypt. Gen. Kleber
succeeds Napoleon as commander of the
French.]
July 25. Gen. Murat with 5,000 French
defeats 15,000 Turks at Aboukir, near
a mouth of the Nile.
Aug. 1,2. Battle of the Nile; the
French fleet is destroyed by the British
fleet under Adm. Nelson in Aboukir
Bay ; the French lose 13 out of 17 ves-
sels, and 9,000 men.
1800 * * Gen. Kleber defeats a force of
70,000 Turks under the grand vizier at
Heliopolis, in the Delta.
June 14. Gen. Kleber is assassinated
at Cairo ; Gen. Menou assumes command
of the French.
1801 Mar. 2. A British army, under
Gens. Abercromby and Hutchinson, ar-
rives in Aboukir Bay.
Mar. 8. Sir Ralph Abercromby defeats
the French, and captures Aboukir.
[Mar. 21. He defeats the French under
Gen. Menou at Alexandria.]
Mar. 25. The British army is reen-
forced by the Turks.
Mar. 28. Gen. Abercromby dies of
his wounds at Alexandria.
Apr. 19. The French are defeated at
Rosetta, a town in the Delta.
June 27. Cairo is taken by the British
and Turks ; 60,000 French capitulate.
Sept. 2. Gen. Menou and 10,000 French
surrender to Gen. Hutchinson at Alex-
andria.
Sept. * The French rule ends in the
evacuation of Egypt.
1802+ * * A Turkish force of 14,000 men
is defeated by a small force of Mame-
lukes in Demenhoor, who also secure
guns and ammunition.
1803 Mar.* The British evacuate
Egypt.
May* The Egyptian troops revolt
against Khusruf Pasha, who is com-
pelled to flee.
* * Mehemet Ali, with a force of Alba-
nians and Mamelukes, takes Damietta,
in the Delta, after an obstinate resist-
ance ; Khusruf Pasha is captured.
1805 May * Civil war occurs between
the adherents of Mehemet Ali and Kur-
sheed Pasha, the rivals for supreme
power.
May 19. Ali besieges Kursheed, the
Mameluke chief, in the citadel of Cairo.
Aug. 17. The first massacre of the Ma-
melukes in Cairo by the Turks occurs.
1806 July 1. The Porte sends 3,000
troops to subdue the beys.
1807 Mar. 17. A force of 5,000 British
troops arrives to aid the beys against
the Sultan.
Mar. 20. Alexandria is taken by a Brit-
ish force under Gen. Frazer.
Sept. 14. The British under Gen. Fra-
zer evacuate Alexandria after failing
in their unfortunate enterprise.
1811 Mar. 1. Mehemet Ali invites the
Mamelukes to the citadel, and massa-
cres about 470 of them, and destroys
their power.
* * Mehemet Ali sends 8,000 men, includ-
ing 2,000 horse, under Toosoon Pasha,
against the Wahabis, who repulse them.
1812 * * -15 * * Toosoon is reenforced,
and renews the campaign ; he takes
Medina after a siege, also Jiddah and
Mecca.
1816 * * A successful expedition is sent
to Arabia by Mehemet Ali. (See p. 488.)
1820 * * Mehemet Ali sends several thou-
sand men into Southern Egpyt to ob-
tain captives to form the nucleus of a
new army.
1821 * *-22 * * Ali sends 7,000 or 8,000
men to aid the Turks in subduing the
the Greek insurrection.
1822 * * Mehemet Ali's youngest son,
Ismail, and his retinue, are put to
death by Nimr, an Arab chief.
* * An army composed chiefly of slaves is
organized by French officers into dis-
ciplined troops.
1824 * * The regular army is raised to
24,000 men.
* * Insurgents numbering 20,000 or 30.000,
led by the false prophet, are subdued.
1831* *-33* *War with Turkey;
Mehemet Ali revolts, invades [and soon
subdues] Syria.
* *Tn a battle near Gaza, Egyptians
under Ibrahim Pasha defeat the Chris-
tians ; 30,000 Christians and Moslems
fall ; the former retreat. [1832. Jeru-
salem is captured by the Egyptians
under Es Salih ; they also take Damas-
cus.]
1832 July 8. With 16,000 disciplined
Egyptian troops, Ibrahim Pasha, son of
Ali, defeats 30,000 Turks at the battle
of Hims.
May 27. Ibrahim takes Acre from the
Turks after a long siege.
Dec. 21. Ibrahim defeats 60,000 Turks at
Konich, and captures the grand vizier.
1833 Apr. 3. Ibrahim advances on
Constantinople, which is entered by
Russian auxiliaries.
May 4. The war with the Turks ends
with the convention of Rutayah.
1839 * * Mehemet Ali again revolts
against the Sultan, claiming hereditary
powers.
June 24. Ibrahim Pasha defeats the
Turks at Nezib on the Euphrates.
* * Through the treachery of officers the
Turkish fleet falls into the hand3 of
the viceroy of Egypt.
1840 Oct. 10. Adm. Napier bombards
Beyrout.
Nov. 3. The British and Austrian fleets,
under Adm. Sir Robert Stopford, take
Acre.
Nov. 21 ±. Ibrahim is expelled from
Syria by the action of the powers, Eng-
land, Austria, Russia, and Prussia hav-
ing agreed to hold Syria for the Sultan.
1864 May * The pasha sends a force to
repress insurgents in Arabia.
May 10. [Sir] Samuel W. Baker is ap-
pointed commander of a military expe-
dition to ascend the Nile, and suppress
the slave-trade.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1754 Sept. * An earthquake engulfs
half of the houses in Grand Cairo ; 40,000
persons perish.
1815 * * Giovanni Battisa Belzoni, the
antiquarian, arrives.
1816 * * Belzoni removes the colossal
statue of Memnon from near Thebes to
Alexandria.
1817 * * Belzoni explores temples, and
opens the pyramid of Cephren.
1820 * * The Mahmoud canal is opened,
connecting Alexandria with the Nile.
1829 Nov. 26. The water of the Nile
rises to 26 instead of 22 feet.
1834 * * Burnt bricks are found in the
Nile that are believed to be 20,000 years
old.
1852 * * Ferdinand de Lesseps pro-
jects a canal for connecting the Bay of
Pelusium with the Red Sea.
He proposes to cut a canal 90 miles
long, create ports, and deepen shallow
waters.
1858 * * The Suez canal is begun by
French engineers.
1861 * * The Bulak Museum is estab-
lished.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1728 * * Ali Bey, revolutionist, born.
1735± * * Ibrahim Bey, Mameluke chief, b.
1769 + * * Mehemet Ali Pasha born.
1773 * * Ali Bey, revolutionist, A45.
1789 * * Ibrahim Pasha, viceroy, born.
1806* * El Bardeesee Pasha dies.
1807 Jan. 30. El-elfee Key dies.
1813* * Abbas Pasha, viceroy, born.
1816* * Ibrahim Bey. Aiaineluke chief,
A81+.
1830 Dec. 31. Ismail Pasha born.
1848 Nov. lO. Ibrahim Pasha dies.
1849 Aug-. 3. Mehemet Ali Pasha dies.
1854 July 14. Abbas Pasha, A41.
1863 Jan. 18. Said Pasha, viceroy, dies.
CHURCH.
1808* *The Bible is translated into
Amharic language by an Abyssinian
monk called Abu Rumi, assisted by the
French consul, Asseline.
1854 Nov. 15. The United Presbyte-
rian Church of U. S. A. starts a mission
in Cairo.
1862 * * Miss Whately , daughter of Arch-
bishop Whately of Dublin, starts a
school at Cairo for the children of
Copts and Mohammedans.
1863* *The first native Protestant
church is organized at Cairo by the
United Presbyterians.
EGYPT.
1543, * *-1868, Mar. 18. 657
1865 * * Assiout and Koos become mis-
sion-stations of the United Presbyterians
of U. S. A.
[1866, Modeenet, El Fayoom, and
Mansura, in the Delta; 1868, Sinoris
El Fayoom ; 1869, Mooteea and Na-
khaileh, near Assiout; 1873, Bagore,
Fahta, Bhoda, Suft Meedoom, and
Luxor; 1874, El-Jawily, in the prov-
ince of Assiout, North Egypt, Goorneh,
near Luxor ; 1875, Ahnoob, near Assi-
out, and Sinhore, on the Fayoom ; 1876,
Esneh and Erment, south of Luxor,
Kosair, on the Red Sea, and Zerabi,
near Assiout ; 1877, Dweir, Moosera,
Beezadeeza, Marees, andBulak; 1878,
Beni-Adi and Manf aloot ; 1879, Sana-
lio, Akhmeem, on the east bank of the
Kile, province of Girgeh, and El Baya-
deeyya, province of Assiout, Upper
Egypt ; 1880, Deir Aboo-Hinnis, and
Tanta; 1881, Azaimeh, near Esneh,
Kinneh, Tameeyah, and El Kome
El Akhdar; 1882, Wasta, Moir,
Tanda, and Benisouef ; 1883, Tima,
Abooteeg, and Furkus ; 1884, Edfos,
Aboo-Kerkas, and Daminhoor; 1885,
Deir El-jenadily, Kome-es-paht,
Busra, Menharg, M ah alia, Kafr-
Bilmisht , Zagazig, and Mist Ehamr ;
1886, Deir-Birsha, Nezlet-Itooman,
Fesh, Gerobeea ; 1887, Assouan at the
First Cataract, Hammam, Serokina,
Nezlet-Nahkly, Dakoof, Tanbody,
Safaneezah, and Atf-Haider.]
SOCIETY.
1801 * * On the departure of French
troops from Egypt, many of the Moslem
•women whom they had married, or
bought as concubine slaves, are forth-
with tied up in sacks and drowned.
STATE.
1543 * * -1798 * * Turkish rule in
Egypt.
The title calif is assumed by the sov-
ereigns of Turkey.
* * Egypt is divided by the Turks into
24 districts.
Each is under a Mameluke bey, the
chief of whom is sheikh el-beled ; over
the 24 beys is a council of seven Turkish
chiefs, and superior to all a supreme
pasha.
1763 * * Ah Bey, the Mameluke, is pro-
moted to the office of sheikh el-beled.
1767* *Ali Bey usurps authority,
and becomes supreme pasha ; he declares
Egyptian independence. [He is poisoned
after four years.]
1772 * * Mohammed Aboo Dahab re-
bels, and contends for the office of su-
preme pasha [is recognized by the Sultan
of Turkey].
1773 * * Supreme authority divided by
Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey. [Con-
fusion and civil war follow for many
years.]
1786* *Murad and Ibrahim are de-
throned ; Ismail is made supreme pasha.
1791 * * Murad and Ibrahim are re-
stored to their former office on the death
of Ismail.
1798 Aug. * -1801 Sept. * French
rule.
1799* *Napoleon Bonaparte leaves
Gen. Kleber in authority.
1801 * * The French invaders are dis-
possessed by the British invaders un-
der Gens. Abercromby and Hutchinson.
Sept. * The French evacuate and aban-
don Egypt.
* * Turkish rule is restored.
* * The Turkish government gives orders
to the Turkish high-admiral to ensnare
and put to death the principal beys ;
this begins the struggle between the
Mamelukes and the Turks ; civil war
ensues.
* * Gen. Menou concludes a treaty with
the English at Cairo.
Egypt is to be restored to Turkey, and
the French army transported to France
by the English fleet.
* * Mohammed Khusruf is pasha.
1803 Mar. * The British evacuate
Egypt.
May * Khusruf Pasha is driven out of
Cairo by a revolt of unpaid soldiers.
* * Tahir Pasha is pasha. He is killed
in 23 days for refusing to pay the Turk-
ish troops.
* * Confusion and anarchy ensue.
1805 May* Mehemet Ali is chosen
pasha.
June * (?) Ali receives a firman as pasha
from the Sultan, and the struggle in
Cairo ceases.
Aug. 17. Mehemet Ali's first massacre.
(See Army.)
1806* * Mehemet Ali is appointed gov-
ernor of Upper Egypt ; he claims su-
preme power.
July 1. A successor of Ali arrives, accom-
panied with 3,000 regular troops, yet he
only succeeds in retaining his position
by paying 4,000 purses to the Porte.
[He greatly develops the country.J
1811 Mar. 1. Mehemet Ali's seeond
massacre. (See Army.)
1822 * * The territory of ancient Nubia
is added by conquest.
1831 * * Mehemet Ali declares Egypt
independent, invades Syria, and threat-
ens Constantinople.
1833 May 14. By the intervention of
European powers a treaty is concluded
between Mehemet Ali and the Porte ;
Syria and Adneh are ceded to Ali on
condition of his paying tribute to Turkey.
1839 * * Mehemet Ali, encouraged by
France, demands of the young Sultan,
Abdul-Medjid, the hereditary investi-
ture of all lands under Ali's government.
1840 * * In opposition to the demands of
Ali, England, Austria, Prussia, and
Russia, to the exclusion of France, con-
clude an alliance favorable to the Porte,
which threatens the peace of Europe.
Nov.+ * Ali withdraws from Syria.
1841 July 15. By the Convention of
Alexandria peace is restored.
By the demand of Great Britain, Me-
hemet Ali relinquishes Syria, but is con-
firmed by the Sultan in hereditary rule
of Egypt.
1848 * * Ibrahim Fasha is viceroy ; he
is the adopted son of Ali.
* * Abbas Pasha, son of Toosoon, suc-
ceeds his uncle Ibrahim ; retrogression
begins.
1851 May 27. The Porte confirms the
hereditary succession to the pashalic of
Egypt, and concedes the right of coining
money, but increases the tribute from
£400,000 to £750,000.
1854 * * Said Pasha is viceroy ; he is
the fourth son of Mehemet Ali. [Fa-
vorable to reforms.]
1863 * * Ismail Pasha, the commandant
of the army, becomes viceroy.
Apr. 7. The Sultan of Turkey arrives
in Egypt.
1867 May 14. Ismail Pasha secures a
firman from the Porte at great cost,
which grants the title Khedive, and
removes the chief restrictions imposed
by the treaty ; the office is also confirmed
to the line of direct succession. '
June 9. The sultan designates the Khe-
dive as sovereign.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1791 * * The plague appears.
1792 * * The plague prevails ; about
800,000 people perish.
1820 * * Khartum, at the confluence of
the Blue and White Nile, is built by
Mehemet Ali.
1831 * * Cholera prevails.
1851 * * A railway from Cairo to Alex-
andria is opened.
1858 * * The dredging of the Suez Canal
is commenced by Daniel Lange of Eng-
land ; estimated cost, £8,000,000.
1859 May* A telegraph line is
opened between Aden and Suez.
1862 * * Mediterranean waters are ad-
mitted into a channel communicating
with Lake Timsah.
1863 Mar. 4. The name of the new
town is changed from Timsah to Is-
mailia.
Aug. * The Egyptian Government com-
pels the Canal Company to abandon
compulsory labor.
* * -67 * * The war in America stimu-
lates the cultivation of cotton.
1865 Feb. * M. de Lesseps reports the
passage of a vessel containing 30 per-
sons through the entire canal.
June * Cholera rages in Alexandria.
Aug. 15. A part of the Suez Canal is
opened.
The waters of the Nile are admitted
into the smaller canal, and a vessel
passes from the Mediterranean to the
Red Sea.
1867 Feb. 17. The first ship, named
the Primo, passes through the canal
from sea to sea.
Nov. * A loan is raised in France for the
Suez Canal.
1868 * * The canal is used by both
French and English vessels.
Mar. 18. The Mediterranean waters
are admitted to the salt lakes.
658 1868, * *-1884, Feb. 11.
EGYPT.
ARMY — NAVY.
1870 Feb. 8. i ae Baker expedition
leaves Khartum.
[1871. Apr. 25. It arrives at Gondokoro,
later called Ismailia. July *-Sept. *
It has engagements with the Baris of
Belinian. 1872. Mar. 6. It arrives at Fa-
liko. Apr. 25. It arrives at Masindi in Un-
yoro. June 8. The treachery of Kaba
Jtega toward the Baker expedition is pun-
ished by burning Masindi. July 18. It
arrives at Foweera, and is well received.
Aug. 2. It suppresses an insurrection
of slave-dealers.]
1875 * * -76 * * War with Abyssinia.
Ismail Pasha makes a disastrous attempt
to conquer territory. (See p. 2.)
1877 June * Negotiations for peace are
entered.
1879 May 5. A rebellion of slave-
dealers in the Sudan is suppressed by
Lieut. Gessi of Col. Gordon's command.
1881 July* Sheik Mohammed Ahmed
proclaims himself a Mahdi, and raises
an insurrection.
Nov. * The Mahdi defeats the Egyptian
troops.
Dec±. * Ahmed the Mahdi is defeated
in the Sudan, retires up the Blue Nile,
and gathers a large army beyond the
"White Nile.
1882 June 11. Arabi Pasha begins a
rebellion of the national party against
the Anglo-French control of Egypt.
Alexandria suffers from a riot, the
town is ravaged, and about 60 Europeans
are killed ; the Egyptian troops suppress
the rioters.
June 14. The Mahdi overwhelms and
massacres about 6,000 Egyptian troops
in the Sudan. (Reported.)
July 4. The English and French admi-
rals formally protest against the erec-
tion of fortifications at Alexandria by
Arabi Pasha. [July 9. Adm. Seymour
threatens to bombard the city.]
July 6. The subjects of Great Britain
are warned to leave Egypt.
July 11. Adm. Seymour bombards
Alexandria for the preservation of his
fleet from Arabi's batteries ; British
loss, six killed, and 28 wounded.
July 12. The Sultan protests against
the bombardment.
± The British send 1,000 marines
from Malta to Alexandria. [July 17.
About 5,000 soldiers land.]
Arabi Pasha and part of the Egyptian
army abandon Alexandria, and retreat
into the interior ; a mob fires the city ;
it plunders and massacres Europeans
and Christians.
July 20±. Arabi Pasha cuts off the
water supply from Alexandria, and calls
upon the people to rise.
July 24. Sir A. Alison has a skirmish
with the rebels ; he captures Ramleh.
± Arabi proclaims a holy war.
July 25 ±. The British bring troops
from England and India.
July 31. The French Government
orders the withdrawal of its fleet.
Aug. 3. The British troops occupy the
town of Suez.
Aug. 10. The Duke of Connaught
and officers arrive at Alexandria.
Aug. 19. The Mahdi is defeated at
Bara in the Sudan.
Aug. 19, 20. The British occupy Port
Said, Ismailia, and Kantara, positions
which control the canal.
Aug. 21. Gen. Macpherson arrives at
Suez with the Indian troops.
Aug. 25. The advance from Ismailia has
a slight cavalry and artillery engage-
ment ; Egyptians are routed.
Aug. 26. Gen. Graham occupies Kassas-
sin with 2,000 troops.
Sept. 13. After several skirmishes the
British capture Tel-el-Kebir, losing 52
killed, 380 wounded ; Egyptian loss,
3,000.
Sept. 14. The British enter Cairo;
Arabi Pashi with about 10,000 men sur-
renders to the British.
Sept. 17. The Khedive dissolves the
Egyptian army.
Oct. 24. The Mahdi defeats the Egyp-
tians in the Sudan.
Nov. 4. The British defeat the Mahdi
at Bara.
Dec. 16. Col. Stewart arrives at Khar-
tum.
Dec. 22. Sir Henry Evelyn "Wood,
commander of the new Egyptian army,
arrives at Cairo.
1883 Jan.* The Mahdi repulses the
British in the Sudan three times.
[Jan. 5. The Mahdi captures Bara
and Obeid. Feb. 23+ . The Mahdi is re-
pulsed. Apr. * Gen. Hicks defeats the
Mahdi at Sennaar.]
Mar. * Col. Hicks Pasha starts for Kor-
dofan with an army.
[Apr. 29. He totally defeats the
Mahdi near Berber. May 14+ . Again
near Khartum. Sept. 20. He advances
up the Nile to Duem.]
Nov. 3, 5. Battle of Kashgal, near
El-Obeid; Col. Hicks is overwhelmed
in a defile by 11,000 Mahdists, and the en-
tire Egyptian force is exterminated.
Nov. 6. The Mahdi surprises and de-
feats an Egyptian detachment at Tokar
near Suakim ; it loses 150 men.
Nov. * Col. Coetologon gathers an Egyp-
tian army at Khartum.
Nov. * A general uprising against the
British takes place.
Nov. 26.-Dec. 2. The Mahdists, com-
manded by Osman Digna, an impover-
ished slave-dealer, attack the forts at
Suakim ; a force of 720 Egyptians is al-
most totally destroyed.
1884 Jan. 18. London. Gen. (Chi-
nese) Gordon is ordered to the Sudan
to assist the Khedive in withdrawing his
troops, they being overpowered by the
Mahdists.
Feb. 4. The Mahdists defeat Baker
Pasha near Tokar.
Feb. 7+. Adm. Hewitt assumes com-
mand at Suakim ; the town is besieged.
Feb. 8. Tewfik Bey makes a desperate
sortie from Sinkat ; the entire force is
killed, and the town taken.
Feb. 11. Gen. Gordon arrives at Ber-
ber, and proclaims the Mahdi sultan of
Kordofan. [Feb. 18. At Khartum.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1876 Jan. 1. The Gregorian style of
the calendar is adopted.
CHURCH.
1868 * * The Apostelstrasse (" the Ave-
nue of the Apostles ") missions are with-
drawn from the interior, and devoted to
the successful school at Alexandria.
1881 Nov. *± Mohammed Ahmed, call-
ing himself El Mahdi, the prophet, ap-
pears in Sudan with 1,500 followers,
declares a holy war, and defeats the
Egyptian forces.
1882 July 24+. A Mohammedan reli-
gious war against unbelievers is pro-
claimed by Arabi Pasha.
* * The strength of the various religions
is shown by the census returns :
Mohammedans 6,051,625
Christians (Copts, Roman Catho-
lics, Greeks, Protestants, and
Arminians) 514,521
Jews . ; 15,796
SOCIETY.
1880 July* The Khedive decrees the
abolition of slavery. [Slaves are to be
emancipated by July 31, 1881.]
1882 Apr. * The trial of 43 persons con-
victed of uniting in a conspiracy to kill
Arabi Pasha, and dethrone the Khedive,
ends with the sentence of exile ; sentence
confirmed by the Khedive.
May 29. Anarchy prevails ; Europeans
are leaving Egypt.
1882 June 11. Savage riots and
massacre of Europeans occur at Alex-
andria.
June 15±. A state of panic prevails
because of the rebellion ; great emigra-
tion of Europeans from Alexandria en-
sues. [20,000 leave Egypt.]
June 28+. Arabi Pasha is decorated
by the sultan.
Nov. * The trial of Arabi Pasha begins
with the secret examination of wit-
nesses.
Dec. 3. Arabi Pasha pleads guilty of
rebellion ; he is first sentenced to death,
then the sentence is commuted to ban-
ishment for life.
Dec. 9. Arabi Pasha and others are to
be sent to Ceylon for exile.
1883 June 9. Suleiman Sami is con-
victed of the firing and plundering at
Alexandria and inciting the massacre
[and hanged on June 11].
STATE.
1869 Apr. 1. Sir Samuel Baker is
commissioned to assume authority for
four years from this date in 'the country
south of Gondokoro ; he is to extend the
boundaries of Egypt.
1871 May 26. Baker arrives at Gon-
dokoro, names it Ismailia, and formally
annexes the country to Egypt.
1872 Apr. 1. Baker returns to Gon-
dokoro.
1873* *" Chinese" Gordon is ap-
pointed the successor of Sir Samuel
Baker in the Sudan.
June 8. The Sultan issues a firman,
making Egypt practically indepen-
dent; the Khedive is prohibited, how-
ever, from making treaties with foreign.
EGYPT.
1868, * *-1884, Feb. 11. 659
powers, coining money, or building
armored vessels.
1875 June 28. The Khedive opens an
international court of justice.
Nov. * It is announced that the Khe-
dive's shares in the Suez Canal have
been purchased by Great Britain.
Dec. * Great Britain sends Stephen
Cave to Egypt on a special mission re-
specting the finances. [He reports a
bad condition, owing to extravagance
and waste.]
1876 Jan. 1. The mixed courts are
first opened.
Jan. 4. Nubar Fasha, the Minister of
Foreign Affairs, resigns.
May 14, 25. The Khedive signs the de-
crees consolidating the debt of £91,-
000,000 at 7 per cent, and providing for a
sinking-fund.
July * The international law court is
closed by M. Haakman, in consequence
of the Government's refusal to accept
its decisions.
Oct. 14. George J. Goschen of Eng-
land and M. Joubert of France arrive
at Cairo to devise a scheme to protect
the creditors of the Khedive. [Egyp-
tian bankruptcy is imminent.]
[They propose a plan for reducing the
debt of £91,000,000 to £59,000,000, and rate
of interest from 7 per cent to 6 per cent.]
Nov. * Ismail Sadyk, the Finance Min-
ister, is banished.
1877 Feb. * Col. Gordon returns to
England. [He is made governor of the
Sudan and the equatorial provinces of
Egypt. Oct. * He resigns.]
June * Col. Gordon negotiates peace
with Abyssinia.
1878 Aug. 15. Nubar Fasha is again
appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Sept. * England and France partici-
pate in the Government under an agree-
ment of joint control; Bivers Wilson
is appointed Minister of Finance and
[M. de Blignieres Minister of Works].
1879 Feb. 18. The dissatisfied officers
make a riotous attack on the European
members of the council and Nubar
Pasha.
Feb. 19. Nubar Fasha resigns.
Feb. * A definitive peace is announced
with Abyssinia.
Mar. 5±. Frince Tewfik Fasha is ap-
pointed President of the Council, and
Nubar Pasha Foreign Minister.
Apr. 7. The Khedive issues a new
financial scheme, and dismisses Tewfik
Pasha and the European members of
his council because of the jealousy of
the natives ; Cherif Pasha forms a new
Ministry.
May 5±. England and France in a joint-
note demand the appointment of Euro-
pean Ministers in the council.
June 20±. The powers recommend the
Khedive to resign.
June 26. The Sultan deposes the Khe-
dive, and appoints Prince Tewfik, his
son, to the califate. [Aug. 8. He as-
sumes office.]
June 30. The Khedive sails for Na-
ples.
Sept. 4. The Khedive appoints Sir Eve-
lyn Baring and M. de Blignieres
comptrollers-general.
Sept. 9. The Biaz Fasha Ministry is
announced.
1880 June 30. Peace is signed with
Abyssinia.
Aug. 18. A new ministry is appointed,
with the Khedive as President of the
Council.
1881 * * The revolt in the Sudan by
Ahmed, called El Mahdi, begins.
He claims to be the predicted prophet
of Islam, whose coming was foretold 1,300
years ago.
Sept. 9. Cherif Fasha is again ap-
pointed Minister.
Oct. 7. The Khedive receives the en-
voys of the Sultan. [This awakens
the jealousy of England and France,
and the envoys soon depart.]
1882 * * It is alleged that the Khedive is
controlled by the army, which num-
bers 15,000 men. Arabi Bey, the favo-
rite of the army, is appointed under-
secretary of war.
Jan. 27 ±. The deputies demand the en-
tire control of the Ministry.
Feb. 2. Cherif Fasha retires from the
council.
Feb. 3. Mahmoud Fasha forms a new
Ministry.
Mar. * M. Blignieres resigns the joint
comptrollership.
Apr. 10±. An alleged conspiracy of
Circassian officers is formed to assassi-
nate Arabi Pasha. [It fails.]
May 23. Arabi Pasha refuses to com-
ply with the demand of Great Britain
and France, that he resign from the
council.
May 25. Great Britain and France send
war- vessels to Egypt; they arrive at
Alexandria.
Arabi yields to the ultimatum of the
consuls and resigns. They demand the
resignation of the Ministry and the ban-
ishment of Arabi ; the Khedive's author-
ity is restored so as to protect European
interests.
May 27, 28. Arabi Pashi is restored
to his office, and anarchy follows.
June 11. Jealousy of Europeans
causes a general uprising against them
in Alexandria.
June 24. A Conference of the powers
opens at Constantinople.
July * Great Britain alone undertakes
to suppress the rebellion of Arabi
Pasha, after failing to secure the coop-
eration of France.
July 23. The Khedive proclaims Axabi
Pasha a rebel.
July 18. The powers issue an identical
note, inviting the Porte to support the
Khedive.
Aug. 14+ . The powers agree to the in-
ternational protection of the Suez
Canal.
Aug. * The Khedive surrenders au-
thority to the British commanders tem-
porarily to preserve order.
Dec. 1±. A proclamation of general
amnesty is issued ; the release of po-
litical prisoners is promised.
* * Arabi Pasha's sentence of death Is
commuted to banishment for life.
1883 Jan. 11. The joint control of
Egyptian affairs by Great Britain and
France is abolished.
Jan. 24. Sir Auckland Colvin is ap-
pointed British financial adviser to the
Khedive.
Jan. 27±. All the powers except France
and Turkey accept the proposals of the
British circular note respecting inter-
ference in Egyptian affairs.
Great Britain proposes to make the
canal free with certain restrictions in
time of war, and defines its relation to
the Egyptian army.
Apr. 30. The Egyptian Constitution is
signed by the Khedive.
May 4. The Constitution is promul-
Oct. 10±. The Khedive grants general
amnesty to political offenders.
1884 Jan. 6. The British Government
requires a change in the line of defense
respecting the Sudan.
Jan. 24. "Chinese" Gordon arrives
at Cairo on a peaceful mission to the
Sudan ; he goes alone.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1869 Nov. 23. The canal is for-
mally opened to the commerce of the
world in the presence of the Emperor
of Austria, the Empress of France, and
the Khedive of Egypt.
1871 May 15. Work is begun on the
new port of Alexandria.
1872 Aug. * A French company com-
pletes a bridge over the Nile at Cairo ;
length, more than 1,300 feet.
1873 Apr.* The Canal Company raises
its toll charges one-half.
1875 Nov. 26. It is announced that
the British Government has pur-
chased the Khedive's shares in the
Suez Canal ; £4,080,000 are paid for 176,-
602 shares out of the entire issue of
400,000.
1877 May* -June* Great Britain
claims the neutrality of the canal.
1878 Aug. * On the report of a British
Commission respecting the bad condi-
tion of the finances, the Khedive and
his family give up real estate to the
State.
1880 Apr. 4. An international com-
mittee on the State debt is appointed.
* * Postal privileges are increased.
1882 June 29. It is reported that
30,000 Arabs are starving in Alex-
andria.
* * Only 20,000 to 30,000 Turks are re-
ported to be in Egypt.
1883 June 23±. Cholera breaks out
in Damietta [and at various towns soon
after].
660 1884, Feb. 21-1894, Sept. 10. EGYPT.
ARMY — NAVY.
1884 Feb. 21. Tokar surrenders to
the Mahdists after a siege. [Mar. 1. Re-
taken by the British.]
Feb. * Osman Digna besieges Kassala.
Feb. 29. Battle of El-Teb in Eastern
Sudan ; Gen. Gerald Graham defeats
Osman Digna ; British loss, 24 killed
and 142 wounded.
Mar. 13. Battle of Tamanieb; Gen.
Graham defeats the Mahdists near Sua-
kim ; British loss, 86 killed, 111 wounded,
and 19 missing.
Mar. 15+ . Gen. Gordon defeats the
Mahdists, and relieves the garrison at
Haifa.
Mar. 16. Gen. Gordon's 1,500 troops
are defeated by the Mahdists through
treachery. [Mar. 23. The Turko-Egyp-
tian generals, Hassan and Said Pasha,
are tried and shot.]
Apr. * The Mahdists invest Khartum ;
Gen. Gordon and Col. Stewart are the
only British officers in the city.
May 27-June 10. The Mahdists make
many unsuccessful attacks at Suakim.
May 28. Gen. Gordon makes a success-
ful sally from Khartum.
June 10 + . Berberfalls to the Mahdists.
July 12. Assouan is occupied by the
British.
July 24+ . Gen. Gordon defeats the
Mahdists at Khartum.
Aug. 12. Gen. Gordon repulses an at-
tack of the Mahdists in strong force at
Khartum.
Aug. 23. British troops, advancing to
relieve Gen. Gordon, begin to arrive
at Wady Haifa, Gen. Earle in command.
Aug. 30. Gen. Gordon again defeats
the Mahdists.
Sept.+* Preparations are made to as-
cend the Nile in 800 flatboats navi-
gated by Canadian Indians.
Sept. * Gen. Gordon by telegraph urges
the Government to send him assistance.
Sept. 17+. Suakim is relieved by the
aid of friendly native tribes.
Sept. 24. Lord John Hay and the Brit-
ish fleet arrive at Alexandria.
Oct. 5. [Lord] "Wolseley arrives at
Wady Haifa. [Dec. 15. At Korti.]
Oct. 6. The British take Shendy.
Col. Stewart and 40 men in a steamer
are wrecked near the Fifth Cataract,
and are massacred through the treachery
of Arabs.
Nov. l.-fc. Gen. Gordon defeats the reb-
els near Khartum, and returns to that
city ; total British force in Egypt and
the Sudan, 16,000 men.
Nov. 3. [Lord] "Wolseley, commander
of the relief expedition, arrives at Don-
gola.
Nov. 3, 4. The British repel attacks at
Suakim. [Again on Dec. 3 and 8.]
Nov. 18+. The rebels have disabled
two steamers.
Dec. 28. The advance on Khartum
begins.
Dec. 29. Gen. Gordon writes a mes-
sage stating that he can hold out for a
year.
Dec. 30. Gen. Stewart starts from
Korti with 1,000 men to make rapid
marches across the desert to Metemneh.
[Gen. Earle advances also, by ascending
the Nile.]
1885 Jan. 17. Gen. Stewart, with 1,500
men, defeats 6,000 Arabs near Abu-Klea
"Wells, 120 miles from Khartum ; Brit-
ish loss, 65 killed and 85 wounded.
Jan. 19. The British square repels an
assault with very heavy loss.
Jan. 24. Communications are opened
with Khartum ; Gen. Earle marches
for Beber.
Jan. 26. Col. Wilson attempts to com-
municate with Khartum by means of
three steamers found at Metemneh.
Khartum is stormed and taken by
the Mahdists through the treachery of
the garrison, and Gen. Gordon is killed
with his faithful followers.
Jan. 28+. Col. "Wilson sails up the
Nile, and reaches the outskirts of
Khartum. [In his retreat his steamers
are wrecked by Arab pilots. Feb. 9.
Col. "Wilson returns to Korti.]
Feb. 10. The British force under Gen.
Earle repels an attack of Arabs at Kir-
bekan.
Feb. 17. The Arabs are defeated at
Abu-Klea by Maj. Wardrop. Sir Eve-
lyn Wood arrives at Gakdul,and takes
command.
Feb. 22. The Kassala garrison repel a
severe attack of Arabs.
Mar. 12. Lord Wolseley's army is
chiefly concentrated at Korti.
Mar. 22. Gen. McNeil's brigade is sur-
prised, yet defeats the Arabs near Sua-
kim ; British loss, 100 killed.
Mar. * The British evacuate Korti, and
descend the Nile. [June 15. They
evacuate Dongola.]
Apr. 1. Gen. Grenfell succeeds Sir
Evelyn Wood as commander-in-chief.
[July 6. Sir E. Stephenson.]
May 2. Lord "Wolseley arrives at Sua-
kim.
June 15, 16. The garrison at Kassala
repels an attack of the Arabs, in which
many rebels are killed.
Aug. 10. The rebels are defeated at
Suakim.
Aug. 16. The rebels surprise and take
Sennaar.
Dec. 12. The attack of 3,000 Arabs is
repulsed at Mograkeh, near Kosheh.
Dec. 30. The attack of 6,000 Arabs is
repulsed at Giniss, near Kosheh.
1886 Feb. 11. The rebels attack Sua-
kim, and are repulsed. [May 16±. The
British evacuate the town.]
Apr. * The Sudan country south of
Wady Haifa is abandoned to the Mah-
dists by the Egyptian Government.
Oct. 7. A combination of Arabs over-
throws Osman Digna; Tamai, his
stronghold, having large military stores,
is captured.
1887 Jan. 21. Henry M. Stanley
leaves I^ondon with a small force to re-
lieve Emin Pasha in the Sudan.
Apr. 29. The Egyptians under Col.
Chermside defeat the dervishes at
Sarras, near Wady Haifa. [Many skir-
mishes follow.]
Oct. 25. An Arab attack at Wady Haifa
is repulsed.
Dec. 29. Osman Digma is defeated by
Arabs who are friendly to the Egyptians.
1888 Jan. * The rebels attack Suakim,
and are repulsed.
Apr. * Osman Digma's forces are dispers-
ing.
July 20. The dervishes are defeated
near Wady Haifa.
Aug. 27. The dervishes are severely
repulsed in an attack on Fort Khor-
moussa.
Sept. * -Oct. * Suakim is invested by
Arabs, and fighting frequently occurs.
Oct. 30. An attack of Arabs in strong
force is repulsed at Suakim. [Nov.
5. The town is reenforced by Gen. Gren-
fell. Dec. 20. He puts the Arabs to
flight.]
1889 Jan. 4. Gen. Grenfell and part of
his army leave Suakim.
Jan. 19. The Mahdi's forces are de-
feated on the White Nile by Emin
Pasha's troops. [Feb. 27. They defeat
dervishes in Bahr-el-Gazel province.]
Feb. 11. Handoub is taken and burned
by the Mahdi's forces.
Feb. 26. Dr. Carl Peters, with an ex-
pedition including 100 soldiers, starts to
relieve Emin Pasha.
Mar. 1 + . On the White Nile Emin
Pasha defeats an expedition sent against
him by Khalepa Abdullah.
Mar. 23 + . Emin Pasha routs 6,000 der-
vishes at Bor, capturing their steamers
and ammunition. [Apr. 19, June 2, 19,
and July 4. The dervishes are repulsed
by the British.]
July 10. Gen. Grenfell arrives at As-
souan to prosecute the campaign against
the Sudanese dervishes.
The invading force, under British offi-
cers, consists of 6,000 men and 800 cam-
els ; more troops are ordered from Malta
to Egypt.
July 16. Gen. Grenfell assumes com-
mand in the field.
July 26. The British forces shell the
dervish camp.
Aug. 3. Gen. Grenfell defeats the der-
vishes near Toski, killing and wound-
ing 1,500 and capturing 1,000 men.
The dervish army is completely broken
up, every emir, save one, being killed in
the battle.
Aug. 5. Egyptian troops occupy Sar-
ras; 2,000 of Nad-el-Imin's followers
submit.
Aug. 6. Gen. Grenfell returns to Cairo.
1890 Jan. 17. The M^hdi releases his
European prisoners.
1891 Feb. 19. The Egyptians defeat
Osman Digna at Tokar. [Feb. 20. Tokar
is occupied by Egyptian troops. Feb. 22.
Osman Digma flees toward Kassala.]
1892 Feb. 15. Civil war is raging in
and around Khartum.
EGYPT.
1884, Feb. 21 -1894, Sept. 10. 661
1893 Jan. 2. The dervishes are re-
pulsed by Egyptians, after a fierce fight
near Wady Haifa, with considerable loss.
Jan. 5. The dervishes repulse an
Egyptian attack near Ambigol ; the
Egyptian loss is heavy.
1894 Apr. 2±. An invading army has
a battle with Bornu troops in the Su-
dan ; thousands are killed or wounded.
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
1886 Feb.* Gen. Grenfell discovers the
ancient necropolis at Assouan.
Mar. *-Apr. 24. Petroleum is discov-
ered at Jebel Zeit, on the Red Sea.
1890 Jan. 10. The tomb of Cleo-
patra is discovered.
1894 June 16. The tomb of a prin-
cess is discovered, which yields many
treasures of ancient jewelry hidden away
in two boxes.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1885 June* Ahmed, El Mahdi, dies.
1887 Nov. 17. Baker. Valentine, pasha,
general, A62.
1888 Mar. 22. Hassan, prince, dies.
1892 Jan. 7. Tewfik Mohammed Pasha,
khedive, A39.
1894 Sept. 10±. Brug-sch Pasha, Egyp-
tologist, dies.
CHURCH.
1886 * * The Church (of England) Mis-
sionary Society opens a medical mission
at Aden, Arabia [which is later removed
to Egypt].
LETTERS.
1892 Dec. 6. A Greek manuscript of
the Gospel of Peter, etc., is found in a
tomb in Upper Egypt.
STATE.
1884 May * Great Britain proposes a
conference of the powers respecting
the disorder in the finances of Egypt ;
Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Russia,
and Turkey accept.
June 28. The conference of the Pow-
ers meets in London. [Aug. 2. It ad-
journs— no results.]
Sept. 9. Lord Northbrook as high
commissioner, and Lord Wolseley as
commander-in-chief, arrive at Cairo.
1885 Feb. 15. Prince Hassan, the
Khedive's brother, is appointed commis-
sioner in the Sudan.
Oct. 24. A Turkish convention is
signed with Sir H. Drummond Wolff ; it
is agreed that the departure of the
British from Egypt shall be deferred
till their occupation is no longer needed.
1886 May 28. An Anglo-Turkish
convention respecting Egyptian affairs
is signed at Constantinople.
By its terms the British are to evacu-
ate Egypt after three years ; if necessity
arises the Turkish troops will preserve
peace in Egypt or British troops will re-
turn ; the Suez canal will remain neu-
tral.
July 15. The British commissioner
leaves Constantinople without the
Sultan's assent to the convention.
1888* *-89* * The retirement of
Emin Pasha from the equatorial prov-
inces causes their loss to Egypt.
1889 Feb. 20. Suakim is declared
open to commerce.
Aug. 6. Documents found in the der-
vish camp prove the existence of wide-
spread treason among native leaders of
Egyptian society.
Dec. 12. The corve" is abolished, and
the land-tax is substituted.
1891 Feb. 13. The Khedive accepts
the resignation of the Ministry.
Feb. 18. The revenue of the last year
is announced as $53,750,000, an advance
on previous years.
Mar. 8. The Khedive's proclamation of
amnesty is read to the assembled sheiks
in the Sudan.
1892 Jan. 7. Tewflk Pasha dies ; Ab-
bas Pasha, the hereditary prince, suc-
ceeds him.
Apr. 14. The investiture of the Khe-
dive takes place at Cairo.
1893 Jan. 17. The Khedive expresses
regret for having dismissed his Premier
and Ministers without consulting the
British Government, on receiving a de-
spatch from Lord Rosebery ; he substi-
tutes Riaz Pasha for Fakri Pasha, the
recent appointee.
1894 Apr. 14. The Cabinet resigns.
Apr. 15. Nubar Pasha constructs a new
Cabinet.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1885 Feb. 5. Plans for widening the
canal are adopted.
1889 May 23. The British steamer
Curfew sinks in the Suez Canal by col-
lision with the British steamer Nyanza.
Aug. 25. A famine prevails at Khar-
tum and other Nile towns.
Dec. 7. The Egyptian cotton-crop is
reported at 318,500,000 pounds.
1890 May * An appalling famine pre-
vails in the Sudan.
People are eating dogs, cats, rats, and
snakes to keep from starving ; hundreds
are dying daily. The British Govern-
ment affords some relief.
July 31. The cotton- worm is ravaging
in the Nile districts.
Aug. 17. The cholera continues in
Cairo, Mecca, and Jeddah.
1891 May 21. Fire destroys a cotton
warehouse in Alexandria, loss, $2,500,000.
July 23. The Khedive's palace at Cairo
is burned.
July 24. The tower of the Munaier
Mosque, in Alexandria, collapses dur-
ing a religious service, killing several
hundred people.
FRANCE.
France is a country of Western Europe, having Paris as its capital. It is one of the Great Powers of Europe. Its coast-
line borders the English Channel on the north and the Mediterranean Sea on the south. This state is a republic ; and it is
politically divided into 87 departments, including Corsica. The executive is a President, having a term of seven years ; the
legislature consists of two houses, a Senate having 300 members and a Chamber of Deputies having 584 members. About 78 per
cent of the people adhere to the Roman Catholic faith. The principal colonial possessions and protectorates are 14 in number.
In Africa : Algeria, Senegal, and its dependencies, French Sudan and Ivory Coast, French Kongo or Gabun Reunion, Mayotte,
Noissi-Be, Sante-Marie, Obock, French Sahara, and Madagascar. Tunis, and the Comoro Islands, are protectorates only. In Asia :
Pondicherry, Tongking, Cochin-China, Annam, and Cambodia, the last two being protectorates. In Oceanica : New Caledonia,
Tahiti, Marquesas Islands, Tuamotu Islands, Wallis, Raiatea. In America : French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe and depen-
dencies, St. Pierre, and Miquelon. Area: 204,092 square miles: population in 1896, 38,342,948. Area of colonial possessions,
2,600,747 square miles ; their population, 41,949,800.
STATE.
1100 * * b. c. The Phenicians found a
colony at Nimes, on the shore of the
Mediterranean.
615* *b. c. Tolosa [Toulouse] is
founded.
600 ± * * b. c. Greeks from Phocsea
found a colony at Marseilles. [360,
Cyrrus (Corsica) ; 5th Century, Nice.]
400+ * * B. c. [France] is known to the
Romans as Gallia Transalpina. It has
1,200 cities and a dense population.
218** b.c. Marseilles becomes an
ally of Rome.
191** b.c. Gallia Cisalpina, south of
the Alps, becomes a province of Rome.
2d Century. Cyrrus [Corsica]. Two Ro-
man colonies are founded ; Aleria by
Sulla, and Mariana by Marius.
123 * * B. c. The Romans, under the
proconsul Caius Sextius Calvinus, col-
onize Aix ; they gradually extend their
territory, forming Provencia.
118* * b. c. The Romans found a col-
ony at Narbonne (or 116). [It becomes
the capital of Narbonensis.]
662 550, B.c.-A. d. 496.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
550 i * * b. c. [Cisalpine] Gaul is set-
tled by the Bituriges, who enter as in-
vading armies.
390 July 16.+ b. c. It. TheSenonian
Gauls, under their Brennus, or chief,
defeat the Romans at the river Allia,
near Rome [and sack the city ; they are
expelled by Marcus Furius Camillus].
295 * * B. c. It. The Gauls and Sam-
nites are decisively defeated at Senti-
num [Sentino] by the Romans under
Fabius Maximus and Decius Mus.
284+ * * b. c. It. The Senonian Gauls
and Italian Confederacy defeat the Ro-
mans at Arretium [Etruria], where
Metullus is killed.
283 * * b. c. It. At the Vadimonian
Lake, the Gauls and Etruscans are
totally defeated by the Romans under
Dolabella.
282 * * b. c. It. The Gauls are again
defeated by the Romans at Populonia.
280 * * b. c. Gr. The Gauls invade
Greece, and are defeated under their
Brennus at Delphi [Kastri] in Phocis.
231 * * B. c. Corsica. The Romans ex-
pel the Carthaginians.
225** B.C. It. Battle of Telamon: the
invading Gauls, 70,000 strong, are al-
most annihilated by the Romans under
the Consul Regulus.
222 * * b. c. The Insubrian Gauls, under
Viridomar, are totally defeated at Clas-
tidum by the Romans under Marcellus.
218 * * b. c. Many of the Gauls follow
Hannibal into Italy.
202 * * b. c. N. Afr. Scipio Africanus
defeajts the army of Hannibal at Zama.
(See Italy.)
121 * * -158 * * B. c. The Romans gain
many victories over the Gauls in Gal-
lia Cisalpina and Gallia Transalpina.
[102. Marius totally defeats the Cim-
brian Gauls of Central Europe at Aquae
Sextiae (Aix). 101. He annihilates the
Cimbrians at Vercellae (Vercelli), Italy.]
* * B. c. Nimes is conquered by the Ro-
mans.
113 * * b. c. The Cimbrians and Teu-
tons invade Gaul, and attack the Ro-
mans.
60 * * b. c. Gaul is invaded by the Ger-
mans under Ariovistus.
59 * * b. c. Julius Caesar is given com-
mand of the Romans in Gaul and Illyr-
ium for five years.
58 * * -50 * * B. c. In eight campaigns
Caesar subdues the whole of Gaul.
* * b. c. Ger. Caesar defeats Ariovistus
in a great battle in Alsace ; 50,000 Ger-
mans are slain.
57 * * b. c. Belg. Caesar subdues the
Belgian Gaulsv defeating the Nervii in
a great battle on the Sambre. [56. He
subdues Brittany and most of Aqui-
tania. 53. He suppresses an insurrec-
tion led by Ambiorix, and subdues the
tribe of the Eburones.]
52 * * b. c. The Gauls revolt under
Vercingetorix, the chief of the Arvenni ;
Caesar lays waste their country, and be-
sieges and captures Avaricum [Bourges]
and Alesia [Alise] ; Vercingetorix sur-
renders [and is put to death in Rome].
49 * * b. c. Caesar besieges and takes
Marseilles.
40 * * A. d. The Roman Emperor Calig-
ula leads an expedition into Gaul.
69* *-71* *The Batavians and Gauls
led by Claudius Civilis unsuccessfully
revolt against Rome. [70. He is de-
feated by Cerealis.]
197 * * The Emperor Severus defeats his
rival, Clodius Albinus, near Lyons.
253+ * * The Franks [freemen], a Ger-
man tribe, invade Gaul. [271+. They
are defeated by the Emperor Aurelian
in Umbria, Italy. 276. By the Emperor
Probus. 281. By the Emperor Maxi-
mian.
287 * * Maximian suppresses a general
insurrection of the peasants of Gaul.
306* *The Emperor Constantius de-
feats invading Franks.
355* *-59* *The Emperor Julian,
" the Apostate," wins great victories
over the invading Franks and Alemanni
[Germans]. [357. He defeats them at
Argentoratum (Strasburg).]
368 * * The Gauls are surprised, defeated,
and dispersed by Romans under Jovin-
ius.
383 * * Maximus leads revolting sol-
diers from Britain into Gaul, and de-
feats the Emperor Gratian at Lyons.
Gratian is killed in flight.
406 * *Vandals and Burgundians
penetrate Germany ; they invade and
desolate Gaul. [RheimsJ is sacked and
ravaged. [407. Nimes is plundered.]
419 * * Tolosa [Toulouse] is taken by
Wallia, King of the West Goths.
428 * * Belg. Belgic Gaul is conquered
by Clodion, chief of the Salian Franks.
[447. He is defeated by Aetius the Ro-
man governor at Lutchia (Paris). 1
451 * * The Huns under King Attila, the
" Scourge of God," Invade and ravage
the country. Attila is defeated by
Aetius at Aurelani [Orleans] and near
Catalaunum [Chalons],
456 * * Corsica. The Vandals gain pos-
session.
458 * * Childeric conquers the country
as far as the Loire, and takes Lutchia
[Paris].
470+ * *Massilia [Marseilles] and
Aries are taken by Euric.
486 * * Clovis defeats the Roman gover-
nor Syagrius at Soissons, and destroys
the Roman power in Gaul.
496 * * Prus. Clovis defeats the Ale-
manni with great slaughter at Tolbia-
cum [Ziilpich] near Cologne. [500. He
attacks and defeats the Burgundians
at Dijon.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
* * * The early Gauls live in round wat-
tled huts, which are clay-plastered
within, and thatched with straw over-
head ; they are ignorant of the art of
raising walls and cementing masonry.
* * * The arts of the Gauls are chiefly
those that minister to their vanity.
They make brilliant dyes, and weave
gaily plaided cloths. They plate metals,
veneer woods, make embroidered car-
pets, and garments decorated with orna-
ments wrought in silver and gold.
539 * * b. c. The rudiments of civiliza-
tion are introduced by Greek and Phe-
nician colonists.
The arts of writing, mining, and work-
ing of metals, the planting of the olive
and the vine, are traceable to them.
280 * * The Emperor Probus reintroduces
the culture of the vine, which had
been torn up and destroyed by order of
Domitian.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
197 * * Albinus, Decimus Clodius, governor
of Gaul, dies.
202 * * Irenseus, Saint, Greek bishop of
Lyons, A78.
205 * * Denis, Saint, patron saint of France,
born. [272. Dies. A67.]
300 * * Hilary, Saint, bishop of Poitiers,
writer, born. [367. Dies. A67.]
316 * * Martin, Saint, bishop of Tours, born.
[400. Dies. A84.]
358 * * Germain, Saint, bishop of Auxerre,
preacher, born. [448. Dies. A90.]
390 * * Drepanius, Latimus Pacatus, poet, d.
406 * * Hilary, or Hilarius, Saint, bishop of
Aries, born. [449. Dies. A43.]
411 * * Merovaeus, founder of Merovingian
dynasty, born. [449. Dies. A46.]
422 * * Genevieve, Saint, patron saint of
Paris, born. [512. Dies. A90.J
439+ * * Kemy, or Remi, St., bp. of Reims,
apostle of the Franks, b. [533. Dies. A94.}
460 * * Avitus, Saint, poet, born.
466 * * Clovis I., king, b. [511. D. A45.]
475 * * Clotilde, Sainte, wife of Clovis I., born.
[545. Dies. A70.J
481 * * Childeric I., king, dies.
497* * Clotaire I., king, b. [560. D. A63.J
CHURCH.
40 * * The Emperor Claudius proscribes
the religion of the Druids.
100 * * -150 * * Christianity is intro-
duced.
160+ * * Pothinus is bishop of Lyons.
[177. Irenaeus.]
177 * * Christians suffer persecution in
Lyons and Vienne.
Many Christians are barbarously tor-
tured in the amphitheater. Pothinus
and Blandina suffer. [197. Martyrdom
is renewed in Lyons. 202. Again re-
newed. Irenaeus, one of the Fathers of
the Church, suffers. J
3d Century. Massilia [Marseilles] is
Christianized.
287 * * Crispin and Crispinianus, two
brothers, are [legendary] saints.
They travel to propagate religion, and
support themselves by making shoes.
[Crispin is the patron saint of shoe-
makers. Oct. 25. Crispin is put to death
by being thrown into a caldron of melted
lead.]
300 * * Rouen becomes a bishopric.
314 * * An important church council is
held at Aries.
345 * * -500 * * The churches are dis-
turbed by the Arian controversy.
353** [St.] Hilary," an anti-Arian
leader, becomes bishop of Poitiers.
257 * * Christians suffer persecution.
[286, 288. Persecution is renewed.]
360+ * * [St.] Martin founds a convent
near Poitiers, and labors to complete the
conversion of the Western Gauls.
FRANCE.
550, b. c-a. d. 496. 663
371 * * [St.] Martin is consecrated bishop
of Tours.
402 * * Home. St. Innocent I. is pope.
406 * * The church at Reims has been
erected before this date.
407± * * Many thousand Christians are
massacred in the church at Mentz by
the invading Vandals and Burgundians.
417 * * Rome. St. Zosemus is pope.
[418, St. Boniface I. ; 423, St. Celestine I. ;
432, St. Sixtus 111.; 440, St. Leo the Great.]
* * Gondicar, King of the Burgundians,
is converted to Christianity.
483 * * Rome. St. Felix III. is pope.
[492, St. Gelasius I. ; 496, St. Anastasius II.]
496 * * The fleur-de-lis becomes the
emblem of France.
It is alleged to have been brought to
Clovis from heaven by an angel, as a sig-
nal of divine favor, after he had vowed
to embrace Christianity if favored in
battle with the Alemanni.
Dec. 25. Clovis is baptized in the ca-
thedral at Reims, chiefly through the
influence of Clotilde his wife. [He be-
comes a patron of the church.] More
than 3,000 Franks are baptized the same
day.
LETTERS.
40 + * * b. c. Massilia [Marseilles], " the
Athens of Gaul," is celebrated for its
excellent schools.
320± * * a. D. Lactantius writes Divine
Institutions, Anger of God, Death of Per-
secutors, and many other works.
340 * * -380 * * Decimus Magnus Auso-
nius writes Ordo Nobilium tjrbium, an
historical work, Actio ad Gratianum, Pe-
riochse in Iliadem et Odysseam, Idyllia,
Epistolse, Play of the Seven Sages, etc.
358± * * The Emperor Julian writes an
account of his campaigns in Gaul, after
the style of Csesar's Commentaries.
359 * * -360 * * St. Hilary, bishop of
Poitiers, WTites 12 books on the Trinity,
against Arianism.
393+ * * St. Paulinus of Nola writes Epis-
tolse Carmina, Passio S. Genesii, etc.
403+ * *Vigilantius writes a work
against relic worship, saint worship, and
the celibacy of the clergy.
425+* *Joannes Eremita Cassianus
writes Institutions of Monasteries, Dia-
logues, The Incarnation, etc.
430+ * * Prosper of Aquitaine writes a
poem, Adversus Jngratos, against the
Pelagians.
455+ * * Porsper of Aquitaine writes a
Chronicle, a poem on Grace, Epigrams,
and other works.
465+ * * Apollinaris Sidonius writes Let-
ters, Poems, Panegyrics on different em-
perors, and other works.
486* *-1495* * Period of the Middle
Ages.
So-called " Dark Ages," " Night of a
Thousand Years." Scholastic learning
, chiefly prevails.
SOCIETY.
* * * In the earliest times the Gauls
dress in skins, tattoo their flesh, drink
out of the skulls of their foes, and treat
all strangers as their natural enemies.
1100+ * * b. c. The Phenicians elevate
the rude society of Gaul, and the advent
of Greek colonists marks the begin-
nings of civilization.
* * * The Gauls are of large stature, fair
complexion, usually having yellow hair
and fierce mustaches.
They have descended from a Celtic
race, as a branch of the Indo-European
family of nations.
277+ * * The Emperor Probus puts to
death 400,000 barbarian invaders of
Gaul.
287 * * Their insurrection having failed,
the peasants of Gaul are for the most part
reduced to a condition of servitude.
They suffer from the complicated tyr-
anny of the barbarians, the Roman sol-
diers, and the collectors of the revenue.
406+ * * The Confederated Suevi, Van-
dals, Alani, and Burgundians cross the
Rhine, and ravage peaceful and pros-
perous Gaul.
" The barriers which had so long sepa-
rated the savage from the civilized na-
tions of the earth were from that fatal
moment leveled with the ground." (Gib-
bon.)
493 * * Clovis espouses Clotilda, a Bur-
gundian princess.
STATE.
113 * * b. c. The Gallic natives form a
league against the Romans. [112. Dis-
solved after defeat.]
* * b. c. The Cimbri and Teutons aid
the Gauls against the Romans.
60 * * b. c. Invading Germans under
Ariovistus overrun Eastern Gaul.
59* * b. c. Lugdunum [Lyons] is
founded by a colony of Greeks.
58 * * b. c. Julius Csesar is proconsul
of Gallia Narbonensis and Gallia Cisal-
pina. He proceeds to subdue the Gauls.
(See Army.)
49 * * b. c. Lugdunum [Lyons] is devel-
oped by Romans under Munatius Plan-
cus. [59 A. d. Burned in one night.]
27 * * A. d. Augustus divides Transal-
pine Gaul into four provinces, — Nar-
bonensis [Narbonne], Aquitania [South-
west France], Lugdunensis [valley of
the Loire and lower valley of the Seine] ,
and Belgica [Belgium].
68 * * C. Julius Vindex, who represents
the Romans in Gaul, rebels, and pro-
claims Galba emperor; Galba ascends
the throne.
120 * * The Emperor Hadrian visits
Gaul on a tour of inspection, and con-
fers many benefits on the people. [He
is called the restorer of the Gauls.]
193 * * The Roman armies in Gaul and
Britain proclaim Clodius Albums em-
peror.
238* *The name Franks [Freemen] is
first mentioned.
They are a confederation of Germanic
tribes, and are among the most danger-
ous enemies of Rome. [" The powers of
learning and ingenuity have been ex-
hausted in the discovery of their unlet-
tered ancestors." (Gibbon.)]
242 * * Vandals settle [in Burgundy.
254-481. Gaul is overrun by barbari-
ans].
292 Mar. 1. Diocletian and Maximian
divide the Roman Empire into four
governments, and give Gaul to Con-
stantine, who bears the title of Caesar.
306 * * Constantine is proclaimed em-
peror of Gaul by his soldiers.
357 * * Julian arrives to relieve Gaul,
which has been desolated by barba-
rians ; he assigns lands in Northern
Gaul to the Salian Franks.
361 * * Paris. Julian is proclaimed em-
peror.
392 May 15. The Emperor Valentin-
ian II. is put to death at Vienne by Ar-
bogast, the Frankish general.
406 * * The invading Vandals, Burgundi-
ans, and Franks ravage the opulent
provinces of Gaul.
* * The Kingdom of Burgundionum
[Burgundy] is established under King
Gondicar.
412+ * * King Atawulf leads the West
Goths from Italy into Gaul ; they settle
in Aquitania [Southwest France].
418 * * The Emperor Honorius first as-
sembles [annually] the representatives-
of the seven provinces of Gaul at Aries.
* * -500 * * The Franks, under Phara-
mond, from the lower Rhine, settle in
Gaul.
419* *Tolosa [Toulouse] is the capital
of the West Goths.
423 * * Aetius the Roman drives the
Franks beyond the Rhine.
424 * * The Salic Law, by which females
are excluded from inheriting the crown
of France, is instituted by Pharamond.
428* *-448* *Clodion the Hairy is
king of the Salic Franks.
432 * * Vienne is the capital of Bur-
gundy. [436. Gunderic is its king.]
448 * * Merovseus, or Merovee, son-in-law
of Clodion, becomes king of the Franks.
[He reigns 10 years.]
458 * * Chimeric I., son of Merovee, be-
comes king of the Franks.
[He is driven from his throne for his
infamous conduct, and ./Egidius, the
Roman commander, is voluntarily
chosen by the Franks to be their sove-
reign. 464. .^Egidius is murdered, and
Childeric recalled.]
466 * * Euric is king of the West Goths
in Aquitania. [475. All Gaul west of
the Rhone is ceded to the West Goths.]
476 * * The Roman Empire of the West
comes to an end, and the kingdom of
the Franks is established.
481* *-751* * The Merovingian Dy-
nasty. The scepter is a golden rod.
481 * * Clovis the Great, aged 15, the
founder of the dynasty, becomes king
of the Merovingian Franks.
He is chosen by the Franks living in
and around the city of Tournay [Bel-
gium].
486 * * The Franks become supreme by
the victory at Soissons.
496 * * Clovis is converted to Christi-
anity.
All the bishops of Gaul aid in extend-
ing his authority and consolidating
his kingdom. He is crowned by Remi-
gius, Archbishop of Reims. [Reims is
thenceforth the crowning-place of the
French kings till 1830.]
664 498,* *-796, **.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
507 * * Clovis defeats the Visigoths un-
der Alaric H. at Vougle near Poitiers ;
Alaric is killed, and Clovis gains nearly
all Aquitania [Southwest France]. He
captures Toulouse.
510 * * Clovis is defeated at Aries by
Theodoric the Great, King of the East
Goths and of Italy, who acquires Pro-
vence.
562 * * -584 * * The Avars and Lom-
bards make frequent incursions.
567 * * -613 * * Bloody civil wars oc-
cur ; they are caused by the division of
the kingdom.
687 * * Battle of Testri.
Pepin, palace mayor of the Austrasian
Franks, defeats Berthar, palace mayor
to Thierry III., King of the Neustrian
Franks. The struggle between the two
kingdoms is ended, and Pepin becomes
"duke and prince of all the Franks."
689 * * Ger. The Franks are supreme.
720 * * The Saracens under Zama in-
vade Gaul from Spain.
728 * * The first French navy is formed.
8th Century. Lyons is plundered by the
Saracens.
732 * * Charles Martel defeats the Sara-
cens under Abd-er-Bahman in a great
battle between Poitiers and Tours.
The victory averts from Christian Eu-
rope the danger of Mohammedan con-
quest ; it is one of the decisive battles of
the world.
755* * It. P6pin the Short enters
Italy.
He brings an army to aid Pope Stephen
against Aistulf, King of the Lombards,
who had taken Bavenna. Aistulf is de-
feated, and Pepin makes a gift to the
Pope of Bavenna, Bologne, Ferrara, and
other Italian territory ; it is known as
the " donation of Pepin," and is the
origin of the temporal dominion of the
papacy
759 * * Pepin, after fighting for several
years, compels the Saracens to surren-
der Narbonne, their capital, and last
stronghold in Gaul.
772* *-803* * Ger. Charlemagne
subdues the Saxons after many bat-
tles.
774. * * Charlemagne conquers Desi-
derius, the last king of Lombardy, who
had invaded the dominions of the Pope.
778 * * Sp. Battle of Roncesvalles.
On Charlemagne's return from an ex-
pedition in aid of the Spanish Arabs, his
rear-guard is attacked and annihilated
by the Basques or the Moors ; Roland,
Charlemagne's nephew, is among the
killed.
788 * * -796 * * Pannonia. Charle-
magne conquers the kingdom of the
Avars, and captures their camps or
rings, gaining great treasure from these
storehouses of plunder.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
6th Century. "Worms are brought from
India to introduce the manufacture of
silk.
600± * * St. Eloi of Limoges is famous
as a worker in the precious metals.
628 * * King Dagobert builds the church
of St. Denis [near Paris, the burial-
place of the French Kings. [He is first
of all buried here],
* * Paris. The Louvre is the residence of
the king.
757 * * The Emperor Constantino sends
an organ to France.
760 * * The only clock in the world [so
far as now known] is sent to Pepin by
Pope Paul I. (Haydn.)
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
525 * * Avitus, Saint, Alcimus-Ecdicius, arch-
bishop of Vienne, Latin poet, A65.
539* * Chilperic I., king, b. [584. D. A45.]
540 * * Gregory, bishop of Tours, historian,
born. [594. Dies. A55±.]
545 * * Fr^degonde, wife of Chilperic I., born.
[597. Dies. A51.]
554 * * Theodebald, king, dies.
558 * * Childebert I., king, A70.
570* * Childebert II., king, born. [596.
Dies. A26.]
584* * Clotatrell., king, b. [628. D. A44.]
588 * * Eloy, or Eligius. bishop of Tournay
and Noyon, born. [650. Dies. A62.]
592* * Fredegaire, author, b. [660. D. A68.]
593 * * Gontran, King of Burgundy, dies.
633* * CloviBlI., king, b. [655. D. A22.]
649* * Childeric II., king,b. [673. D. A24.]
670* * Chilperic II., king, b. [720. D. A50.]
682* * Clovis III., king, b. [695. D. A13.]
683 * * Childebert III., king, born. [755.
Dies. A 72.]
714 * * Pepin the Short, king, born. [768.
Dies. A54.]
720 * * Clotaire IV., king, dies.
742 * * Charlemagne, Charles the Great,
Emperor of the West, King of France,
born. [814, Jan. 28. Dies. A72.]
771 * * Carloman, joint ruler, dies.
Eginhard, or Einhard, secretary of Charle-
magne, born. [1844. Dies. A73.]
778 * * Louis I., king, Emperor of the West
of France, born. [840. Dies. A 620
779 * * Agobard, archbishop of Lyons, born.
[840. Dies. A61.]
CHURCH.
498 * * Rome. St. Symmachus is pope.
[514, St. Hormisdas; 523, St. John I.; 526,
St. Felix IV.; 530, Boniface II.; 532, John
II.; 535, St. Agapetus I.; 536, St. Sylverius;
538, Vigilius; 555, Pelagius I.]
543 * * St. Maur, of the Benedictine Order
of monks, introduces the monastic life
into Western Europe.
[This order reforms the monkish clergy,
and becomes famous for extent, wealth,
members of note, and transmission of
ancient literature through the Dark
Ages.]
550 * * Bells are introduced.
560 * * Rome. John III. is pope.
[874, Benedict I.; 578, Pelagius II.; 590,
St. Gregory I. the Great; 604, Sabinianus;
607, Boniface III.; 608, St. Boniface IV.; 615,
St. Adeodatus I.; 619, Boniface V.; 625,
Honorius I.J
572 * * Gregory is elected bishop of
Tours.
588* *659* * St. Eloi lives, the patron
of smiths and artists.
613± ** Paris. The church of St. Denis
is founded by Dagobert I.
628 * * 638 * * Dagobert I. fills France
with churches and convents, and
makes enormous gifts to the clergy.
640 * * Rome. Severinus is pope ; later
John IV.
[642, Theodorus I.; 649, St. Martin I.; 655,
St. Eugenius I.; 657, St. Vitalianus; 672,
Adeodatus II.; 676, Donus I.; 678, St. Aga-
thon; 682, St. Leo II.; 684, St. Benedict II.;
685, John V.; 686, Conon; 687, St. Sergius I.;
701, John VI.; 708, Sisinnius, later Con-
8tantine; 715, St. Gregory II.; 731, St. Greg-
ory III.; 741, St. Zachary; 752, St. Stephen
II., later Stephen III.; 757, St. Paul I.; 768,
Stephen IV.J
720 * * Charles Martel confiscates the
enormous accumulation of clerical
property for the benefit of his success-
ful soldiers ; he appoints his officers to
the high dignities of the Church.
* * Priests for the most part are grossly
illiterate, and live in open concubinage.
732 Oct. 10. Charles Martel rescues
Christianity from overthrow by the
Mohammedan power. (See Army.)
743 * * Adelbert, a Gaulish pretender,
deludes the people.
He claims to possess a letter from the
Bedeemer, which was received from
heaven at Jerusalem ; numerous fol-
lowers dwell in the woods with him in
imitation of John the Baptist. [745. He
is condemned at Rome.]
744* *A Church Council is held at
Soissons.
752 * * Pepin favors religion, and de-
rives great aid from the Pope ; he places
himself at the head of the national
church.
755* * "The Donation of Pepin" lays
the foundation of the temporal power
of the popes. (See Army.)
771 * * Rome. Adrian I. is pope.
[795, St. Leo HI. ; 816, Stephen V. ]
774 * * -806 * * Ger. Charlemagne
fights the Saxons till they accept Chris-
tianity; he becomes the eminent pro-
tector of the Holy See. [779. He com-
pels them to submit by thousands to
the army of priests who attend him, and
receive baptism. They choose baptism
rather than annihilation.]
779 * * Charlemagne imposes tithes for
the support of the clergy, churches,
schools, and the poor.
782 * * The revolting Saxons repudiate
their Christian faith, and drive priests
and missionaries out of the country.
785 * * Witikind, King of the Saxons,
finally submits to receive baptism.
787 * * Asia Minor. The 8th Council of
the Church is held at Nice to establish
the worship of images. [794. Charle-
magne convenes a counter synod at
Frankfort, Germany.]
* * * Agobard is archbishop of Lyons.
LETTERS.
500+ * * The Lex Gundibaldia, or Loi
Gombette, a codification of the Burgun-
gian law, is published by Gundibald.
570 * * -591 * * St. Gregory of Tours
writes History of the Franks, on Mira-
cles, and many other treatises.
600± * * Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers,
writes Poems.
7th Century. The Lingua Bomana is men-
tioned as distinguished from the Teutonic
dialects. A short song celebrating the
martyrdom of St. Eulalia, probably the
first in merit of the very early French
writings, appears.
760± * * Fredegaire writes a biography
of Bishop Gregory of Tours.
FRANCE.
498, * *-796, * * 665
782 ± * * Charlemagne establishes a
school of the palace.
A course of study for royal students
•embraces the seven liberal arts ; Alcuin
is its head.
789± * * Charlemagne requires bishops
to establish elementary schools.
They are for gratuitous instruction of
the children of freedmen and the labor-
ing classes in cathedral cities.
796 * * Alcuin is appointed head of the
Abbey of St. Martin's at Tours by Char-
lemagne.
* * * Transcribing manuscripts be-
comes a fashionable occupation.
SOCIETY.
545+ * *Chilpe>ic marries Fre'de'gonde,
who was formerly a mistress and a slave ;
she leads him into infamy.
545+ * * Outside of Romanized cities,
horrible barbarism, license, drunken-
ness, and cruelty abound ; among the
kings and nobles many wives are taken
by one man.
560 * * Clotaire condemns one of his own
sons, with his wife and daughters, to be
burned alive, because the son stirred
up rebellion.
566 * * Sigebert of Austrasia marries
Brunehaut, a Visigoth princess.
575 * * King Sigebert is murdered by
emissaries of Freoegonde.
* * Chilperic publicly acknowledges Fre-
degonde his mistress, and takes her to
his palace. His wife is soon strangled,
and his mistress becomes queen.
584 * * Chilperic, King of Neustria, is
assassinated.
597* *Fre"d6gonde dies a natural
death, after her brother-in-law, her step-
son, and her own husband have succes-
sively fallen by the daggers of her emis-
saries.
613 * * Brunehaut, the Gothic queen of
Sigebert of Austrasia, of refined educa-
tion and queenly dignity, is lashed to
the tail of a wild horse, and kicked to
death. Clotaire II. ordered her death.
628± * * King Dagobert I. has three
queens-consort, besides numerous mis-
tresses.
673 * * Childeric II., his wife, and child,
are all assassinated. A younger son
escapes by the aid of a vassal.
760 * * Society begins to recover from
the ignorance and misery of the age
of confusion which preceded Charle-
magne.
768 * * Charlemagne, born in Bavaria,
is a German in blood, speech, and man-
ners.
He is described as a giant seven feet
high ; an athlete, and gifted with a noble
presence. After death his body is sepul-
chred sitting on a marble throne, under
the dome of the church at Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, in royal robes, with the crown on
his head, and his horn, sword, and book
of the Gospels on his knee [where it
remains for more than 350 years].
778* *Rise of chivalry; Roland the
Frank, one of the paladins of Charle-
magne, is its romantic hero.
* * * " Nine-tenths of the population of
Gaul are slaves." (Fisher.)
* * * Feudalism prevails in the social
state.
STATE.
500 * * The kingdom of Burgundy be-
comes tributary to Clovis.
505 * * The Eastern Emperor Anastasius
creates Clovis a patrician.
507 * * Clovis unites his conquests from
the Loire to the Pyrenees.
908 * * Clovis fixes his court at Paris.
He makes a treaty of peace with Theo-
doric in Italy.
511 Nov. 27. Paris. Clovis dies.
* * The kingdom is divided among the
four sons of Clovis.
Childebert has Paris, Clotaire I. has
Soissons [Neustria], Clodomirj Aureli-
ani [Orleans], and Frederic Thierry has
Meats.
523 * * -534 * * The sons of Clovis con-
quer the Burgundians.
558* * His brothers dying, Clotaire I.,
fourth son of Clovis, becomes sole king
of the Franks ; he reunites the several
parts of the kingdom.
561 * * Clotaire I. dying, the kingdom
is again divided among his four sons.
Charibert becomes king of Paris ; Gun-
tram, king of Orleans and Burgundy ;
Chilperic I., king of Neustria, Soissons ;
and Sigebert, king of Mentz.
567 * * Charibert dies.
The kingdom is redivided into three
parts, Austrasia [West Germany?], capi-
tal, Reims ; Neustria [North France
and Flanders], capital, Soissons ; Bur-
gundy [valleys of the Saone and lower
Rhone, etc.], capital, Orleans. Guntram
acquires Aquitaine [Southwest France.]
584 * * Chilperic I., King of Neustria,
is assassinated ; Clotaire II., infant son
of Chilperic, becomes king. [He rules
till 628, reunites the kingdom, and se-
cures tranquillity.]
588 * * Paris is destroyed by fire.
593 * * Guntram, King of Burgundy,
dies.
596 * * Thierry II. is king of Austrasia
and Burgundy, these divisions being
united, and leaving the kingdom divided
into Austrasia and Neustria.
613 * * Pepin the Elder becomes mayor
of the palace, or major-domus. [632.
He exercises the power of the govern-
ment.] Thierry H. dies.
615 * * Paris. A great council is held.
It is enacted that all benefices of fiefs
shall be hereditary and irrevocable, that
clergy and people have the right of
electing to ecclesiastical offices, and
that bishops and nobles may appoint
judges and tribunals in their jurisdic-
tions without reference to the Crown.
616 * * Clotaire II. holds a kind of mov-
able parliament called placita [whence
comes the word pleas] .
622 * * Clotaire II. cedes Austrasia to
his son Dagobert. [628. He becomes
King of the Franks. 638. Dies.]
631 * * -761 * * The Dukes of Aquitaine
reign at Toulouse.
633 * * Sigebert I. becomes king of Aus-
trasia.
* * The kingdom of the Franks is again
divided between Clovis II. (five years
of age), and Sigebert II. (18 years of age),
two sons of Dagobert.
Clovis takes Neustria, and Sigebert
Austrasia. [Clovis and his two succes-
sors are the "lazy" or "do-nothing"
kings ; in their reigns the whole ruling
power is in the hands of the palace-
mayors].
656 * * Elbroin, a despot, is palace-
mayor of Neustria.
676* * Pepin of Heristal becomes ma-
jor-domus of Austrasia.
687* *714* * Pepin, as sole major-
domus of all the Franks, rules kings
and subjects of both divisions.
691 * * Clovis III. is nominal king under
Pepin. [695. Childeric III. 714. Dago-
bert III. Pepin dies. 715. Chilperic
II.]
714 * * -741 * * Charles Martel, Duke
of Austrasia, son of Pepin, becomes
palace-mayor. [719. He exercises kingly
power.]
719* *-732* * Charles Martel distrib-
utes lands on condition of personal
military service by the vassal when re-
quired by his superior (feudalism).
720* * Thierry IV. is nominal king;
Charles Martel, the real ruler.
741 * * Pope Gregory III., being in
fear of the Lombard kings, places him-
self under the protection of Charles
Martel.
741 Oct. 22. Charles Martel dies,
after assigning his kingdom to his three
sons.
[Grifton is seized by his brothers, and
placed in a convent ; Carloman resigns
after reigning five years, and enters a
monastery, leaving all France to Pepin
the Short.]
752-987 The Carlovingian Dynasty.
Paris is ruled by counts.
* * Pope Zacharias authorizes Pe"pin to
assume the crown.
[P^pin reestablishes his authority in
Aquitania, and extends it by the con-
quest of Septimania, a province lying
between the Rhone and the Pyrenees,
which had been held by the Saracens.]
759 * * Septimania is taken from the
Saracens, and annexed to the French
Crown.
768 Sept. 24. Pe"pin dies, leaving the
kingdom to his two sons, Carloman and
Charles.
The former obtains Austrasia, Swabia
[South Germany], and Thuringia [Cen-
tral Germany] ; the latter has the re-
maining part. Charles usurps the
power, and becomes king of all France
on the death of his brother Carloman.
768-814 Charlemagne, or Charles I.,
reigns.
774 * * Having annexed Lombardy,
Charlemagne assumes the iron crown
of Italy, as King of the Franks and Lom-
bards. [796. Prus. He makes Aix-la-
Chapelle the capital.]
778 * * Toulouse county is created out
of Aquitaine.
666 800, * *-1016, *
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
839 * * The Saracens sack Marseilles.
841 June 25. Battle of Fontenailles
[Fontenay].
Lothaire, claiming nearly the entire
realm, is defeated by his brothers, Louis
the German and Charles the Bald.
* * Northmen, Vikings, enter the Seine
with 120 galleys, and capture and pillage
Rouen.
[Finally it becomes the capital of
Normandy. 845. They take possession
of Paris, which is abandoned to them.
856. They invaded Neustria (Northwest
France), and lay waste the country.]
843 * * -876 * * Louis the German is at
■war with the Slavs, with his brother
Charles the Bald, and with invading
Scandinavian Vikings.
852 * * Corsica is conquered by Pisaus.
857 * * Paris. The Northmen again
enter Paris, and butcher many thou-
sands of the inhabitants.
859 * * Saracens pillage Nice. [Again
in 880.]
862 * * Robert the Strong vigorously op-
poses the Northmen.
875 * * Charles II. invades Italy, to pos-
sess the dominions of his deceased
brother, whose army he defeats.
885* *-886* * Paris is besieged by
Northmen under Rollo.
It is bravely defended by the citizens,
led by Bishop Gozlin and Count Eudes
(or Odo, Count of Paris). [King Charles
the Fat, consenting to buy off the North-
men, is deposed.]
890 * * Alan, Count of Vannes, defeats
the Northmen.
891 * * Louis III. defeats the Northmen
at Saucourt.
911 Aug. * The Northmen are routed
with great loss before Chartres by Rich-
ard of Burgundy, and Robert, Duke of
France.
923 June * Battle of Soissons : Robert
I. is killed by his brother ; King Charles
seeks safety in flight.
940 * * Civil war. The barons conspire,
and fight the king.
978 * * Otho II., Kingof the Bohemians,
invades France with 60,000 men ; after
remaining for three days before Paris he
retires without a battle.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
800 * * Charlemagne encourages agri-
culture and horticulture. Heraldry
as an art is first ascribed to him.
801 * * An earthquake occurs, which is
also felt in Germany and Italy.
802* * Harun-al-Raschid, the Calif of
Bagdad, seeking an alliance with Charle-
magne, presents him with an artistic
striking clock, having automatic fig-
ures which mark the hour by playing on
musical instruments.
873 * * Swarms of locusts die, putrefy,
and occasion great mortality.
950 * * Belg. Flanders has great manu-
factories of linens and woolens.
996 * * Wheel-clocks are invented by
Abbe1 Gerbert.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
806 * * Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, born.
[882. Dies. A76.]
814* * Angilbert, writer, friend of Charle-
magne, dies.
823* * Charles H.. the Bald, king, born.
[877. Dies. A54.]
839 * * Charles III., the Fat, born. [888.
Dies. A49.]
9th Century. Abbo Cernnus, monk, au., b.
860 * * Kollo, Duke of Normandy, born.
[930. Dies. A70.J
877 * * Baldwin, first count of Flanders, d.
894 * * Flovard, canon of Reims, author,
born. [966. Dies. A72±.]
923 * * Bernard de Menthon, Saint, fdr.
the hospices, Great and Little Bernard,
born. [1008. Dies. A85.]
940* * Capet, Hugh, king, b. [996. D. A56.]
945 * * Abbo Floriacensis, abbot of Fleury,
born. [1004. Dies. A59.]
956 * * Hugh the Great, Corate de Paris, d.
987 * * Louis V., king, dies.
998 * * Berenger de Tours, ecclesiastic, born.
[1088. Dies. A90.]
1005 * * Henry I., king, b. [1060. D. A55.]
CHURCH.
800 * *Charlemagne reforms the
Church as well as the State.
817 * * Rome. St. Paschal I. is pope.
[824, Eugenius II.; 827, Valentinus, later
Gregory IV.; 844, Sergius II.; 847, St. Leo
IV.; 855, Benedict III.; 858, St. Nicholas I.,
the Great; 867, Adrian II.; 872, John VIII.;
882, Marianus I.; 884, Adrian III.; 885,
Stephen VI.; 891, Fomiosus ; 896, Boniface
VI.]
828 * * Missionaries are sent to Sweden
from France.
833 Nov. 11. The bishops condemn
Louis I. to perpetual penance, and give
him a penitent's dress to wear.
849 * * Gottschalk, a monk of Soissons,
advocating absolute predestination and
reprobation, is condemned by a coun-
cil at Kiersy.
897 * * Rome. Stephen VII. is pope.
[898, Romanus, Theodoras II., John IX.;
900, Benedict IV.; 903, Leo V., Christopher;
904, Sergius III.; 911, Anastasius III.; 913,
Lando; 915, John X.; 928, Leo VI.]
912 * * Rollo the Dane is baptized as
Robert of Normandy. The Normans
in France embrace Christianity.
929 * * Rome. Stephen VIII. is pope.
[931, John XI. ; Leo VII. ; 939, Stephen IX. ;
943, Marinus II.; 946, Agapetus II.; 956,
John XII.; 964, Benedict V.; 965, John XIII.;
972, Benedict VI.; 973, Donus II.; 975, Ben-
edict VII.; 984, John XIV.; 985, Boniface
VII., later John XV.; 996, John XVI., later
Gregory V.]
998 * * King Robert H. is excommuni-
cated by the Pope, and his kingdom put
under an interdict. (See Society.)
999 * * Rome. John XVII. is pope ; later
Sylvester II.
[1003, John XVIII., later John XIX.; 1009,
Sergius IV.; 1012, Benedict VIII.; 1024,
John XX.]
1000 * * Public excitement is caused by
the expectation of the second coming
of Christ.
LETTERS.
800± * * Charlemagne patronizes learn-
ing.
He gathers learned men at his palace
from many countries ; he tries to learn
to write in his old age ; attendants read
to him while at his meals. Learning has
a temporary revival.
804 * * Schools are established at Tours
by Alcuin.
* * Eginhard, the historian, is secretary
of Charlemagne.
829± * * Turpin, archbishop of Reims,
writes De Vita Caroli Magni at Rolandi,
Life of Charlemagne, and Roland.
842 * * The record of the oaths between
Charles the Bald and Louis the German
are written in French.
843 * * -877 * * John Scotus Erigena
writes De Divina Predestinatione, Com-
mentary on Marcianus Capelle, Transla-
tion of Dionysius the Areopagite, De
Divisione Naturse, etc.
9th Century. The poem on Bmthius and
a Commentary on the prophet Jonah ap-
pear.
10th or 11th Century. The poems Passion
and The Life of St. Leger appear in the
Proven9al language.
1000 * * -50 * * The date of a fragment
of 257 decasyllabic verses is written by
Raynouard in his Choix de poisies ori-
ginates des Troubadors. It is the oldest
literary monument of the Proven9al lan-
guage.
* *-1300* * Period of the Trouba-
dours ; the Provencals, or minstrels of
the south of France.
They are the first European authors to
employ their native tongue for composi-
tion ; their poetry consists of chanzos, or
poems of love and gallantry, and sirven-
tes, or lays of chivalry and war.
SOCIETY.
819 * * Louis I. marries Judith of Ba-
varia, who gains unbounded ascen-
dency over her feeble-minded husband.
986 * * Louis V., the last of the Carolin-
gians, is poisoned by his queen (or by
his mother).
890± * * Jouists, or Tournaments, be-
come frequent.
995 * * Robert the Pious turns from
his wife, and marries Bertha, his cousin,
daughter of Conrad, King of Aries and
Burgundy ; she is the mother of six
children.
[998. The Pope commands him to sepa-
rate from Bertha, because of their tem-
poral and spiritual affinity. But Robert
holds out seven years against the mis-
eries of the Pope's interdict.]
1000+ * * The commons of France are
oppressed.
With their wives and children they are
mere "chattels" of their master, and
can acquire no property, contract no
marriage, make no bequest, or inherit
any possession without their lord's con-
sent.
1005± * * The king marries Constance,
daughter of the Comte de Toulouse and
Quercy.
1016 * * Excitement and indignation
widely prevail over the destruction of
the Holy Sepulcher at Jerusalem by
Hakim, Calif of Egypt.
Many Jews are put to death with
great cruelty ; they are everywhere per-
secuted, as the alleged inciters to the
destruction of the Holy Sepulcher.
STATE.
800 * * The Empire of Charlemagne.
Dec. 28. Rome. Charlemagne is
crowned by Leo III. as Emperor of the
FRANCE.
800, * *-1016, * * 667
West, using the words " coronato a Deo"
" crowned by God." [He regards himself
as the rightful successor of the Roman
emperors.]
± * * Charlemagne introduces couriers, or
mail-posts.
814 Jan. 28. Charlemagne dies,
leaving the empire to his sons.
Charles becomes regent of France and
Germany ; Pepin, regent of Italy ; Louis,
fovernor of Aquitaine, Gascony, and the
panish Marches. All are weak and
worthless rulers.
814-840 Louis I.(Debonnaire), the Ami-
able, is Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire.
817 * * Louis establishes an order of
succession.
Lothair, his eldest son, is to inherit the
imperial title, with Austrasia and the
greater part of Germany; Pepin and
Louis, the younger sons, will receive the
remainder of the empire.
818 * * Bernhard, King of Italy, nephew
of Charlemagne, revolts. [He is sub-
dued and killed.]
822 * * Louis I. submits to canonical
penance for the crime of murdering his
nephew Bernhard. [He loses the respect
of his people ; confusion, disgrace, and
misery mark his reign.]
829 * * Louis makes a new division of
the realm to provide for Charles, a son
by Judith, his second wife.
[His other sons revolt, and consign
Judith and Louis I. (830) to a cloister ;
he is soon restored ; Louis is permitted
to remain nominal ruler, while his son
Clotaire wields the power.]
833 June 24. Louis I. is again de-
throned.
Nov. 11. Louis I. is condemned by
the bishop to perpetual penance for his
crimes.
834 Mar. * Louis I. is again restored
by the efforts of his sons, Pepin and
Louis of Germany.
835 * * Louis I., solicited by his wife,
again divides the empire.
837 * * A redivision of the empire is
made. [838. Dec. * Rescinded.]
839 * * Louis I. again divides the em-
pire between his sons Lothaire, Louis,
and Charles ; Charles receives all of
France lying west of the Rhone, and
Louis the German rebels.
840 June 20. Louis I. dies.
840-987 Carolingian kings of the
Franks.
840-877 Charles I., the Bald, reigns.
Charles the Bald, son of Louis le De-
bonnaire, becomes King of France, and
as Charles II., Emperor of the Romans.
Aug. * The Treaty of Verdun is con-
cluded between the three sons. (843.)
It divides the empire among them ;
Charles gets the territory west of the
Rhone — the West Frankish lands [and
the beginning of modern France]; Louis
the German gets the East Frankish
lands — the region between the Rhine
and the Elbe [the beginning of modern
Germany] ; Lothaire receives the title of
emperor, with Italy and the territory be-
tween the Rhine and Rhone — the center
Frankish lands. Aquitaine (Central
France), Septimania (South France, on
the coast), .and Brittany (Northwest
France), defy and resist the authority
of Charles the Bald.
* * The Northmen invade and ravage
France ; they pillage Paris.
845* * Paris. Charles II. pays the
Northmen 7,000 pounds of silver to re-
tire from France.
848 * * Brittany becomes an indepen-
dent kingdom.
866 * * Charles II. again buys off the
Northmen.
He pays them 4,000 pounds of silver and
compensation for every Norman killed
by the Franks.
870 Aug. 9. By the Treaty of Mer-
sen, Charles II. and Louis the German
divide between them Lotharingia [Lor-
raine], the dominion of their deceased
nephew.
875 Dec. 25. Borne. Charles U. is
crowned Emperor of the Romans.
876 Aug. 28. Louis U., the German,
dies.
877 Oct. 6. Charles dies, leaving the
empire to his son, Louis II.
877-879 Louis the Stammerer reigns.
Louis becomes King of France, and
Emperor of Italy. [879. Apr. 10. He
dies. He is succeeded by two sons of
Louis the German.]
879-882 Louis III. reigns in the North.
* * -884 * * Carloman II. reigns in
Aquitaine.
* * -933 * * Vienne is again the capital
of Burgundy. Boso, its duke, revolts.
882 Aug. * Louis III. dies; Carloman
LT. is sole emperor.
884 Dec. * Carloman II. dies of injuries
received from a wild boar.
884-887 Charles II., the Fat, reigns.
884 * * Charles the Fat, son of Louis the
German, becomes king or regent of
France during the minority of Charles
the Simple.
[Through his imbecility the kingdom
goes to pieces, forming France, Italy, and
Germany, and the lesser States of Lor-
raine, Burgundy, and Navarre.]
886 Sept. * Charles II. concludes a hu-
miliating treaty with the Northmen.
887 * * Paris. Charles II. is deposed
by his subjects, led by Arnulf .
They are indignant because of the pay-
ment of 800 pounds of silver to the North-
men who retire from Paris. [888. Jan.
13. He dies.]
888-898 Eudes reigns.
* * Eudes, or Odo, Count and defender of
Paris, is elected king by the nobles, in
opposition to Charles the Simple, son of
Charles the Fat.
893-923 Charles III., the Simple.
Charles the Simple is elected king by
his partizans in opposition to Eudes.
898 * * Charles IU., the Simple, son of
Charles the Fat, becomes sole king of
France hy the death of Eudes.
[911. He purchases peace from the in-
vading Northmen, and cedes part of
Neustria [Normandy] to Rollo, their
chief. It becomes one of the most pros-
perous and best-regulated provinces of
France ; Rouen is the capital.]
920* * Robert, Duke of France, brother
of Eudes, revolts against Charles.
922 June 29. Robert is proclaimed
king.
[923. Robert is killed at the battle of
Soissons.]
923 July* * Rudolf, son-in-law of Rob-
ert, Duke of France, is elected king.
[936. Jan. * He dies without issue.]
929 Oct. 7. Charles ILL dies in cap-
tivity at the castle of Peronne.
936-954 Louis IV., from beyond the
seas (England).
Louis, son of Charles III., reigns.
Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, is the
real ruler.
942+ * * France is ruled by many pow-
erful barons.
They assume the authority of sover-
eigns in their respective domains, while
the royal authority is often limited to
the city in which the court resides.
950 * * Civil strife prevails.
Hugh the Great, son of Robert, Duke
of France, revolts [and afterwards makes
peace with the king].
954 * * Louis IV. dies.
954-986 Lothair reigns. He is son of
Louis IV.
956 June 16. Hugh the Great, a no-
bleman more powerful than the king,
dies; he is succeeded by his son Hugh,
surnamed Capet.
960 * * Dunkirk is founded by Bald-
win, Count of Flanders.
980 * * Lothair renounces his claim to
Lorraine, contrary to the advice of Hugh
Capet.
986 Mar. 2. Lothair dies.
986-987 Louis V. reigns.
986 Mar. 2. Louis V., " Le Faineant "
(the do-nothing), son of Lothair, be-
comes king. [He reigns one year, and
is the last of the Carlovingian dynasty.
987. May * He dies.]
987-1328 The Capetian Dynasty.
987 July 1-996 * * Hugh Capet reigns.
He is elected by the nobles and clergy,
to the exclusion of Charles of Lorraine,
uncle of Louis V. Each of the great
dukes and the counts surpass the king
in military power and extent of domin-
ions. [He hecomes the founder of the
Capetian dynasty. 996. Oct. 24. He
dies.]
988 * * Paris again becomes the capital
of all France.
996-1031 Robert the Pious, son of
Hugh, reigns ; the royal power is a mere
shadow.
997 * * The oppressed peasants in Nor-
mandy revolt against the nobles,
1000+ * * The king is almost destitute
of power; the feudal system grows
stronger, and the influence of the mon-
archy weaker.
'668 1022, **-1150, * *.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1032 * * Henry I., aided by Robert,
Duke of Normandy, defeats his brother
Robert, whose claims to the throne are
supported by Constance, his mother.
1047 * * William, Duke of Normandy,
defeats Guido of Macon at Val de
Dunes.
1058 * * Henry I. and Count Geoffrey of
Anjou, invading Normandy, are de-
feated at Varaville by Duke "William
[the Conqueror, of England].
1063 * * Duke William conquers Maine
in Northern France.
[1066. He becomes king of England
by his victory at the battle of Hastings.]
1071* * Philip I. is at war with Robert,
Count of Holland.
[1076. He becomes the ally of William
the Conqueror's revolting vassals in Brit-
tany ; they compel William to raise the
siege of Dol.]
1077 * * Robert II. raises a rebellion
against his father in Normandy ; he is
aided by his mother Matilda. [1080.
War follows ; William is wounded while
besieging Gerberoi, and is compelled to
raise the siege.]
1087 * * William invades Vexin, and
fires the town of Mantes, where he is
killed by the plunging of his horse
through the burning cinders.
1095 * * Pope Urban II. preaches at Cler-
mont in favor of the First Crusade.
1096* *-99* *Kobert II., Duke of
Normandy, joins the First Crusade.
Hugh, Count of Vermandois, and Ray-
mond of Toulouse also join the move-
ment.
1099 July 15. The Crusaders, mainly
French, storm and capture Jerusalem,
after a siege of five weeks.
1101 * * Eng. Robert, Duke of Nor-
mandy, lands with an army to claim the
throne of his father William ; he resigns
his claim in favor of his brother Henry.
1106 Sept. 28. Battle of Tinchebray.
Henry I. of England defeats his brother
Robert [and takes possession of Nor-
mandy : he detains Robert in prison for
life].
1119 Aug. 20. Louis VI. is defeated at
the battle of Brenneville by Henry I.
Louis had aided William Clinton, Duke
Robert's son, in seizing Normandy.
1143 * * Thibaut rebels against Louis
VII.
The king attacks and sets fire to the
count's Castle of Vitry ; the flames
spread to the town, and 1,300 persons are
burned to death.
1 148 Asia Minor. The Crusaders win a
brilliant victory at Nicaea.
ART— SCLENCE —NATURE.
1033. June 29. A memorable eclipse
of the sun is observed in France ; it is
dark at noonday.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1035 * * Robert of Normandy dies.
1040 * * Bruno. Saint, founder of Carthu-
sian order, born. [1101. Dies. A61.J
Roselin, canon of Compiegne, fdr. Nomi-
nalist school, born. [1120. Dies. A80.]
Rashi, Itabbenu Sheloinoh Yasliaki, greatest
rabbi of Middle Ages, Bib. and Talmudie
scholar, writer, born. [1103. D\e&. A65.J
1045 * * Raymond IV., Comte de Toulouse,
born. [1105. Dies. A60.]
1050 * * Peter the Hermit, preacher of First
Crusade, born. [1115. Dies. A65.]
Anselme,or Ansel, of Laon, theologian, born.
[1117. Dies. A67.J
Balderic.bp., chronicler, b. [1130. D. A80+.]
1052* * Philip I., king, b. [1108. D. A56.]
1053 * * Champeaux, Guillaume de, fdr.
of Realists, born. [1129. Dies. A76.]
1058 * * Godfrey de Bouillon, hero First
Crusade, born. [1100. Dies. A42.]
1060* * Bohemond I., Marc, prince of An-
tioch, crusader, born. [1111. Dies. A55.]
1070 * * Gdbert de la Porree, bp. of Poitiers,
theol., phil., born. [1154. Dies. A84.]
1078 + * • Louis VI., le Gros, king, born.
[1137. Dies. A59.]
Tancred, crusader, born. [1112. Dies. A34.]
1079 * * Abelard, Pierre, philosopher, born.
[1142. Dies. A63.]
1082 * * Sug-er, abb6 of St. Denis, minister,
writer, born. [1152. Dies. A70.]
1091 * * Bernard, Saint, abb6 of Clair-
veaux, teacher, wr., b. [1153. D. A62.]
1100* * Heloise, abbess, lover of Abglard,
born. [1164. Dies. A 64.]
Lombard, Pierre, scholar, theologian, born.
[1164. Dies. A64.]
1114* * Alain de Lille, theologian, born.
[1203. Dies. A89.]
1120* * Waldo, Pierre, reformer, fdr. of
Waldenses, born. [1179. Dies. A59.J
1122 * * Roscelin, Jean, philosopher, dies.
1127 * * Felix of Valois, Saint, hermit, born.
[1212. Dies. A85.]
1134 * * Harding, Stephen, abbot of Citeaux,
reformer, born.
1150* * Chretien de Troyes, poet, born.
[1191. Dies. A41±.]
Montfort, Simon de, crusader, born. [1218.
Dies. A68. ]
Rigord, historian, born. [1207. Dies. A57.]
CHURCH.
1022 * * The persecution of the Albi-
genses begins.
* * The heretics of Orleans suffer.
A church council held at Orleans, to ex-
tirpate heresy : two priests and eleven
others are condemned and burned. The
first to suffer death for religion since the
days of heathen supremacy.]
1027 * * A synod at Roussillon decrees
that enemies at war should not make
an attack between Saturday evening
and Monday morning.
1033 * * Rome. Benedict IX. is pope.
[1044, Gregory VI.; 1046, Clement II.;
1048, Damasus II. ; 1049, St. Leo IX. ; 1055,
Victor II.; 1057, Stephen X.; 1058, Benedict
X.; 1059. Nicolas II.]
1035 * *"The Peace of God" is es-
tablished by council and is very popu-
lar, but practically inoperative for the
lack of a power to enforce its provisions.
* * Robert the Norman makes a pilgrim-
age to the Holy Sepulcher.
1041+ * * "The Truce of God" is in-
troduced by the Church to take the place
of " the Peace of God."
It provides that private feuds shall
cease on the more important church fes-
tivals and fasts ; that there shall be no
attack upon an enemy between Wednes-
day evening and Monday, during every
week, leaving but 80 days for war during
the year. Laborers in the fields are to be
undisturbed.
1060 * * [St.] Anselm assumes the mo-
nastic habit at Bee, near Brionne.
[1063. He becomes prior of Bee. 1078.
Its abbot. 1093. Archbishop of Can-
terbury, Eng.]
1061 * * Rome. Alexander II. is pope.
T1073, St. Gregory VII.; 1087, Victor III.;
1088, Urban II.; 1099, Paschal II.]
1066 * * The edifice Abbaye aux Dames,
or Trinity, at Caen, is founded by
Queen Matilda.
11th Century. The cathedral of Pe"ri-
gueux is erected.
1070+ * * Philip I. provides revenue to
indulge in gross licentiousness.
He sells bishoprics and other ecclesi-
astical preferments to the highest bidder.
[1073. '1 he Pope remonstrates and threat-
ens. 1094. He excommunicates Philip
I. and Bertrada, and puts the realm un-
der the ban. 1095. Again anathema-
tized, and interdict is laid on all places
where they may sojourn.]
1076+ * * Stephen Auvergne establishes
in Limousin the Grandmontines, a
monastic order.
1077* * The edifice Abbaye aux Hommes,
or St. Etienne, at Caen, is founded by
William the Conqueror.
1080 * * AH Jews are banished.
It is alleged against them that in the
celebration of the Passover at Paris, they
sacrificed a youth, the son of a rich mer-
chant, for which the criminals are exe-
cuted.
1092 * * A church council is held at
Soissons.
1095 * * A church council is convened
by Pope Urban II. at Clermont.
Present : four archbishops, 225 bishops,
and an immense number of the lower
clergy. It proclaims the First Crusade,
forbids the investiture of the bishops by
laymen, opposes clergymen assuming
feudal obligations to laymen, and excom-
municates Philip I. for repudiating his
wife Bertha, and marrying Bertrade, the
wife of Fulc, Count of Anjou.
* * Peter the Hermit preaches the First
Crusade.
1096 * * Peter the Hermit, and "Walter
the Penniless, a French knight, secure
the support of the nobility.
Godfrey de Bouillon, Hugh of Ver-
mandois, Robert of Normandy, Robert of
Flanders, Stephen of Chart res, Raymond
of Toulouse, with Bohemond, son of
Robert Guiscard, and Tancred, son of
Otto the Good, lead 600,000 infantry and
100,000 cavalry toward the East in the
First Crusade. [1099. July 15. Jeru-
salem is taken by assault.]
1098+ * * Robert, a Benedictine abbot of
Molesme, establishes the Cistercian
Order of monks.
Their name comes from Citeaux, the
site of the first convent in France. The
monks observe silence, abstain from eat-
ing flesh, sleep on straw, and wear neither
shoes nor shirts.
1104 * * Philip undergoes public pen-
ance for his sins, yet retains Bertrada as
queen-consort. [1108. He assumes the
habit of a Benedictine monk.]
1108 ** -1116 * * The prelates assist the
king in suppressing the brigandage of
the barons.
1115 * * [St.] Bernard founds the mon-
astery of Clairvaux.
1118** -Rome. Gelasius II. is pope.
[1119, Calixtus II. ; 1124, Hotiorius II. ; 1130,
Innocentll.; 1143, Ceiestine 11.; 1144, Lucius
II.; 1145, Fugenius 111.}
1120+ * * Pierre Abelard a theologian
of Breton, teaches doctrines savoring
of heresy, and is opposed for many years
by St. Bernard. [1121 Abelard is cited
before a council at Soissons and there
FRANCE.
1022,* -1150, *
669
condemned to burn his treatise called
Introduction to Theology. 1133. Ab6-
lard is confuted and condemned by the
Pope, and then retires to a convent.]
* * The "White Canons, or Praemonstra-
tensian order, is founded by St. Norbert,
a monk, at Pt6 Montre, near Laon.
* * The cathedral of Angouleme is
erected.
1123* *Rome. The 10th Church
Council, first Lateran, is convened to
settle the dispute concerning investiture.
1128 * * [St.] Bernard draws up the stat-
utes of the newly founded order of
Templars.
1130 * * Pierre de Bruys, a reformer, is
burnt as a heretic at St. Gilles, Langue-
doc. His followers are called Petro-
Brusianes.
1139 * * Rome. The 11th Council, the
second Lateran, is held to condemn the
errors of Arnold of Brescia and others.
1144 * * Louis seeks absolution of the
Pope.
1146 * * -49 * * Second Crusade ; 100,-
000 soldiers follow the king.
1147 * * Louis VII. joins in the Crusade
to atone for his sins.
LETTERS.
1050+ * * La Vie de Saint Alexis appears.
11th Century. Chanson de Roland is writ-
ten. Le Roi Louis and Le pelerinage de
Charlemagne appear.
1100* *-1500* * Period of the Trou-
veres of Normandy.
They write in the old French language,
the Walloon, or langue d'oll ; their pro-
ductions consist of satires and romances,
tales of knavery and adventure, legends
aud historical anecdotes.
1100+ * *The poems of William IX.,
Count of Poitiers, written in Proven-
cal, Assises de Jerusalem of Godfrey de
Bouillon and La Vie de Saint GrSgoire
appear.
* * Montpellier's school of medicine be-
gins to acquire fame.
1125 * * Le Voyage de Saint Brendan,
by Benedict, appears.
1135 * * -48 * * Marcabrum the trouba-
dour writes about 40 poems of much
merit.
SOCIETY.
1031 * * -32 * * Famine produces de-
moralization.
The famine is caused by deranged sea-
sons, and the neglect of tillage by second-
advent expectations. Human flesh is
sold in the public market at Tournus ;
children are decoyed and killed to fur-
nish food for the starving. Corpses are
left unburied in the streets because of
the great mortality. Troops of wolves
prey upon the smitten people. [1034. A
prodigious harvest is gathered.]
1035 * * The Peace of God is com-
manded by the clergy ; it aims to prevent
private wars and personal feuds ; its en-
forcement is impossible, as it prohibits
all war.
1041 ± * * The Truce of God is estab-
lished. (See Church.)
1051 * * Henry marries Anne, daugh-
ter of the grand-duke of Muscovy, in
Russia.
1070± * * Philip I. is given to habitual
licentiousness and debauchery ; he ob-
tains money by simony to pay the ex-
penses of vice.
1092* * Philip I., having imprisoned
Bertha, his wife, elopes with Bertrade
de Montfort, wife of Comte de Anjou,
and bribes a bishop to bless the union.
[Both are excommunicated.]
1100± * * Domestic comforts multiply.
All houses are covered with thatch,
neither tiles nor slate are used: window-
flass and carpets are not wholly un-
nown ; floors of common houses are
strewn with clean rushes every morning.
1108* * -16 * * Contests arise between
the king and the barons.
They pillage travelers, or confine
them in dungeons for ransom, plunder
churches and monasteries, and destroy
public order and government.
STATE.
1028* * -35* * Robert I., "The
Devil," is Duke of Normandy.
1030 * * Lille is founded by Baldwin IV.
of Flanders.
1031-1060 Henry I., son of Robert I.,
reigns.
Henry's brother Robert contends for
the throne ; he is encouraged by his
mother Constance ; the rebellion is sup-
pressed by the aid of Robert, Duke of
Normandy.
1032* * Provence, in Southeastern
France, is reunited to the German Em-
pire by Conrad II.
1035 July 22. Robert I. dies at Ni-
caea.
1041 * * The Truce of God is intro-
duced. (See Church.)
1044 * * Touraine is ceded to Geoffroy,
Comte d'Anjou.
Henry I. marries Anna, daughter of
Taroslaf , Duke of Russia.
1046 * * "William [the Conqueror] con-
tends with William of Arques for the
duchy of Normandy.
1060 Aug. 4. Henry I. dies.
1060-1108 Philip I., aged eight years,
son of Henry, reigns ; Baldwin V., Count
of Flanders, is guardian and regent
(1060-67).
1066 Eng. "William I., Duke of Nor-
mandy, obtains the Crown of Eng-
land by the defeat of Harold at the
battle of Hastings, and transfers his
capital from Rouen to London. [Reigns
until 1087.]
1075+ * * Robert Curthose, Duke of
Normandy, son of William the Con-
queror, rebels against his father for
several years.
1087 Sept. 9. William I., the' Con-
queror, dies near Rouen.
1092 * * Philip I. deserts his wife [and
is excommunicated by the Pope].
1099 July 23. Godfrey de Bouillon,
Duke of Lorraine, is made King of Jeru-
salem by the Crusaders. [1100. He dies.]
* * The sovereignty of France reaches its
lowest degree of power.
± * * There is a notable growth of town
liberties.
1100 * * Philip I., fearing his excom-
munication may lead to dethronement,
crowns his son Louis, but becomes-
jealous and persecutes him.
± * * Provence passes to the counts of
Barcelona [later to Aragon].
1106 * * Henry I. of England takes
possession of Normandy after defeating
his brother, Duke Robert, at the battle
of Tinchebray. ,
1108 July 29. Philip I. dies.
1108-1137 Louis VI., the Fat, son of
Philip I., reigns.
He is an able sovereign, of tireless ac-
tivity and great bravery ; he secures-
much support from the clergy and laity
of the cities, and forces many nobles into
submission ; Suger, Abbot of St. Denis,,
is Minister.
Several cities obtain charters by which
they are erected into communes with;
self-government; and on payment of
a tax are freed from court interfer-
ence.
* *-16* * Contests occur with the
nobles. (See Society.)
1110* * Maine, in Northern France, is
united with Anjou.
1112* * Marseilles becomes a republic
[but soon passes under the rule of a
bishop].
1119 Aug. 20. Normandy is secured
to the Crown of England by Henry I.
on the defeat of Louis VI. at the battle
of Brennville.
1129 * * Louis crowns his eldest son
Philippe as joint king. [1131. Killed
by a fall from his horse.]
* * Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou mar-
ries Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of
England.
1135 * * Charters are granted to cities
and towns by Louis VI.
1137 Aug. 2. The king's son Louis
marries Eleanor, daughter of William
of Aquitaine, and heiress of Poitou, Gui-
enne, and Gascony.
* * Louis VI. dies.
1137-1180 Louis VEL, the Young, son
of Louis VI., reigns.
He is enthroned at the age of 17 ;
Suger is Minister.
1142 * * The Pope lays the kingdom un-
der interdict because of the opposition
of Louis to the papal nomination of an.
archbishop of Bourges.
1143 * * Louis sets fire to the castle of
the rebel Thibaut, Count of Champagne,
at Vitry. The flames spread to the
church, to which the inhabitants of the
town had fled for refuge, and 1,300 per-
sons are burned to death.
1144* * Louis invests Geoffrey Plan-
tagenet with the duchy of Normandy,,
for which he had waged war against
Stephen of Blois.
1147 * * Louis VII. joins the Second
Crusade, and goes to the East. [1149.
He returns.]
670 1150,**-1245,
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1187 * * Asia Minor. Guy of Lusignan
is defeated and captured by Saladin, and
the kingdom of Jerusalem is over-
turned.
1189 * * Philip II. creates the first mili-
tia; they are called Ribalds.
1190 * * Philip II. sets out on the Third
Crusade.
[1191. Syria. Acre is taken. Philip
returns, and attacks Normandy in the
absence of Richard of England.]
1194 * * Philip II. is defeated at Fre-
teval by Richard of England, who re-
covers Normandy. [1199. Five years
truce with England.]
1202 * * Philip II., espousing the claim
of Prince Arthur to the crown of Eng-
land, is at war with the reigning King
John. [Aug. 1. King John captures the
Castle of Mirabeau, near Poitiers.]
1203 * * Philip II. invades Normandy ;
his pretext is revenge for the killing of
Prince Arthur.
[1204. He besieges and captures the
fortress of Chateau Gaillard, on the
Seine ; he conquers and annexes to
the crown of France the greater part of
Normandy, together with Anjou, Maine,
Touraine, and a portion of Poitou ; he
enters Rouen, the Norman capital, in tri-
umph.]
1208* *-29* *A crusade of perse-
cution, under the leadership of Simon
de Montfort, is carried on against the
Jews and Albigenses.
[1209. July 22. He storms and captures
Be>ziers, in which the Albigenses had
taken refuge ; he massacres the inhabi-
tants by the thousand, and burns the
city. * * He takes Carcassone on the
Aude ; 450 of the Albigenses are burned.
* * The whole of Languedoc, except the
county of Toulouse, submits to the per-
secuting Crusaders. [1211. He defeats
Raymond VI., Count of Toulouse (and
the county of Toulouse is conquered).]
1213 Sept. 12. De Montfort totally de-
feats the Albigenses under Raymond VI.,
Count of Toulouse, and Pedro II., King
of Aragon, at Muret ; Pedro is killed.
1214 Aug. 29. Battle of Bouvines.
Philip II. defeats 150,000 Germans,
Saxons, and English under the Emperor
Otto IV., who is in alliance with Ferrand
of Flanders and John of England, against
France. Loss of Otto, 30,000.
1216 May 30. Eng. Louis, son of
Philip, lands with an army in England
on the invitation of disaffected barons,
who offer him the English crown. (See
State.)
[* * Eng. Dover resists the French.
1217. May 20. The French invaders are
defeated at the battle of Lincoln. Aug.
24. A French fleet is sent from Calais
to aid Prince Louis in England ; later,
it is defeated by Hubert de Burgh, and
the expedition to England becomes hope-
less.J
1217 Sept. 13. Raymond enters Tou-
louse [and is there besieged by Simon
de Montfort. 1218. June 23. Simon
de Montfort is killed by a stone at this
siege] .
* * Philip H. sends his son Prince Louis
with 30 counts and 10,000 archers against
the Albigenses.
1219 * * The Prince Louis joins Amaury
Montfort at the siege of Marmande
on the Garonne, and the inhabitants are
massacred after surrendering.
1223* *-26* * Another crusade is car-
ried on against Raymond VI., Count of
Toulouse, whose lands are declared for-
feited by Louis VIII.
1224 * * Louis invades Poitou, and
takes Rochelle.
1226 * * Louis besieges Avignon on the
Rhone, which surrenders after heroic
resistance ; many of the inhabitants are
massacred.
1241 * * Louis IX. attempts to make his
brother Alphonse Lord of Poitou and
Auvergne ; the barons resist, and are
aided by Henry III. of England.
1242 July 20. Battle of Taillebourg.
Louis defeats Henry III. of England
and the revolting Baron Hugh de Lusi-
gnan, Comte de La Marche. [July 21.
Defeated again with La Marche at the
battle of Saintes ; later, a five years
truce with England is concluded.]
1244 * * The war with the Albigenses
ends by their extermination.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1156* * Raymond VI., Comte de Toulouse,
defender of Albigenses, born. [1222. Dies.
A 66.]
1165* * Villehardouin, Geoffroy de, his-
torian, diplomatist, b. [1213. D. A48.]
Philip II., king, born. [1223. D. A58.]
William the Breton, historian, born. [1220.
Dies. A 55.]
1169* * John de Matha, Saint, Provencal
monk, born. [1213. Dies. A44.]
1183 Aug. 3. Arnoul, bishop of Lisieux,
writer, dies.
1201* * Thibaut, Comte de Champagne,
troubadour, born. [1253. Dies. A52.]
Foulques de Neuilly, clergyman, orator, d.
Sorbon, Robert de, theologian, fdr. Sorbonne
College, born. [1274. Dies. A73.]
1209 * * Amalric of Bene, heretic, dies.
1215 * * Auvergne, Pierre d', troubadour, d.
Louis IX., Saint Louis, king, born. [1268.
Aug. 25. Dies. A 55.]
1224* * Joinville, Jean, Sire de, chroni-
cler, born. [1319. Dies. A95.]
1235 * * Lorris. Guillaume de, poet, born.
[1265. Dies. A30.]
Arnoldus, Villa Nova de, phys., theol.,
astrol., alchemist, b. [1314. D. A79.]
1240* * Kamchi (Kimhi), David, Hebrew
scholar, dies.
1244 * * Molay, or Molai, Jacques de, last
grand master of the Templars, born. [1314.
Dies. A 70.]
CHURCH.
1153 * * Rome. Anastasius IV. is pope.
[1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander III.;
1181, Lucius III.; 1185, Urban III.; 1187,
Gregory VIII. ; later, Clement III.]
1167 * * The word " transubstantia-
tion" is first used by Peter of Blois.
1170 * * Archbishop Becket returns to
England.
* * The advance guard of Protestant-
ism appears.
The Waldenses appear, chiefly at Albi-
geois and Toulouse. They derive their
name from Peter Waldo, a merchant re-
siding in Lyons ; they spread over the
valley of Piedmont, and circulate the
Scriptures.
1174 * * [St.] Bernard is canonized by
the Pope.
1179 Mar. 5-19. Rome. The 12th
Church Council.
It is the third Lateran, and is convened
to condemn the " errors and impieties"
of the Waldenses and Albigenses.
1182* * Philip II. banishes the Jews
from France, and confiscates their prop-
erty.
1189* *-92* *The Third Crusade;
Richard Cceur-de-Lion, leader. (See
Great Britain.)
1190 * * King Philip joins the Crusade.
1191* * Rome. Celestine III. is pope.
[1198. Innocent III.]
1198+ * * John de Matha and Felix de
Valois found an order of the Trinity,
called Mathurins.
* * Matha founds the Order of Mercy
for the redemption of captives held by
the Saracens.
1200 Jan * The Pope excommunicates
Philip II.
He issues an interdict against him for
rejecting his lawful wife ; the churches
are closed for eight months, and the
offices of religion are for the most part
suspended.
1202 * * -04 * * The Fourth Crusade.
It is instigated by Pope Innocent III.,
and chiefly directed against Egypt ; the
powerful French barons, assisted by
Baldwin, Count of Flanders, and Boni-
face, Marquis of Montferrat, are leaders.
1203 * * Innocent III. sends two legates
to extirpate heresy among the Albi-
genses.
* * Paris. A Cistercian convent [Port
Royal des Champs] is founded by Bishop
Odo.
1208 * * By the proclamation of Innocent
III. the massacre of the Albigenses and
Waldenses at Toulouse begins.
[Simon de Montfort is the merciless
leader ; thousands fall by the sword and
thousands more by the gibbet. 1223.
The crusade continues.]
1215* * Rome. The 13th Church
Council. It is the fourth Lateran, and
asserts and confirms the dogma of tran-
substantiation and the necessity for the
reformation of abuses and the extirpa-
tion of heresy.
1216* * Rome. Honorius III. is pope.
[1227. Gregory IX.]
* * The Dominicans in France are called
Jacobins because their first convent is
a hospital for the pilgrims of St. James
(Jacobus) at Paris.
1225 * * A church council is held in
Bourges ; Louis is charged to extirpate
the heretics.
1228* *-29* * Frederick II., Emperor
of the West, leads the Fifth Crusade ;
Jerusalem is regained for a short time.
1229 * * The inquisition is established
in Toulouse as a regular tribunal. [1233.
In Aragon.]
* * The Council of Toulouse forbids the
laity to have in their possession any
copy of the Old or New Testaments
except the Psalter.
1241 * * Rome. Celestine IV. is pope.
[1243. Innocent IV.]
LETTERS.
1150* *-1350* * Period of the Fa-
bliaux.
The Fabliaux poets are wandering
minstrels, chiefly of the North, who earn
FRANCE.
1150,**-1245,** 671
their living by song; they write many
hundreds of short fables or tales in verse.
[The best known of their productions
are] : Les deux Bordeors Ribaux, Le
Vair Palefroi, La Housse Par tie, Sire
Hain et Dame Anieuse, Brunain la Vache
au Prestre, Le Dit des Perdrix, Le sot
Chevalier, The Two Englishmen and the
Lamb, The Boy and the Mantle, Le Vi-
lain Mire, Le Vilain qui conquist Paradis
par Plaist, Flore la Courtisane, Landri,
and the several versions of the German
fable, Reynard the Fox.
1157 * * Hie et Galeron, by Gautier d' Ar-
ras, appears.
1158± * * Paris has colleges of theology,
philosophy, and law.
* * * The lays, Daniel, the Ten Virgins,
Adam, and St. Niclwlas, appear.
* * * Alexandre, by Lambert the Short
and Alexandre of Bernay, appears.
* * * Benoist de Sainte Maure writes His-
toire des Dues de Normandie, Le Roman
d'Eneas, Roman de Troie, etc.
* * * Le Charroi de Nimes appears ; also,
LaChevalerie Vivien; the chansons, Gi-
rard le Roussillon and Huon de Bordeaux;
the Horn, a tale, and the chansons,
Raoul de Cambrai, Amis et Amiles, Jour-
dain de Blaie, Roman des Loherains,
Aliscans, and Couronnement de Louis.
* * * Ogier le de Dan-marche, by Raim-
bert of Paris, appears.
* * * Guinglain, by Renaud, appears.
1160 * * Montpelher has a school of law.
[1180. The University is founded ;
1181. William VIII., Lord of Montpel-
lier, proclaims the Montpellier school
one of free resort.]
* * Paris. The Sentences, compiled by
Peter Lombard, appear.
1170+ * * Chrestien de Troees writes
Chevalier au lion, Lancelot en lacharette,
Perceval le Gallois ; author of a trans-
lation of Ovid, Tristan, Erec, Cliges, etc.
1180* *-82* *Quesnes de Bethune
writes ten songs.
1185+ * * Iax Chanson de Jerusalem, by
Graindor de Douai, appears.
1200± ** Paris. The University of
France is founded.
± * * The chansons, Le Chevalier au
Cygne, La Prise d' Orange, Le Moniage
Guillaume, Garin de Loherain, Hugues
Capet, Fierabras, and Macarie, appear.
+ * * Conqu&te de Constantinople, by Geof-
froide Villehardouin, appears.
+ * * Jean Bodel writes Chanson des Sax-
ons, Jeu de Saint Nicolas, etc.
± * * Audefroi le Bastard writes Belle
Idoine, etc.
1205 * * -89 * * L'Histoire de Baudouin
appears.
1208* * Paris. [The University]
founded by William Champeaux as a
school of dialectics receives its first writ-
ten statutes.
1212* *-25* *Bertrand d'Alamanon
writes Aimeri de Narbonne, Girard de
Vienne, and other poems and legends.
1220+ * * Marie de France is the author
of poems, Gugemer, Equitan, Le Frine,
Le Biscloveret, Lanval, Les Deux A-
mants, Ywenec, Le Laustic, Milu/n, Le
Chaitivel, Le Chevrefeuitle, Eliduc,
Graelent, and L'Epine.
1223 * * Paris. The schools of Paris
are Incorporated into one body, and
take the title of university.
1229+ * * A university is established at
Toulouse. [1333. It receives from the
Pope its full privileges.]
1237 * * Guillaume de Lorris writes the
Roman de la Rose.
SOCIETY.
1152 * * The king divorces Eleanor be-
cause of her disgraceful conduct. (See
State.) She marries Henry II. [of Eng-
land, and inspires the revolt of his sons].
1183 July 20. The 7,000 fanatical mer-
cenaries who were employed to extermi-
nate the Albigenses are massacred at
Chateaudun by " capuchons."
1193 * *-95 * * The people suffer from
a severe famine followed by pestilential
fever.
1198 Jan. 1-1438* * Paris. The Fes-
tival of Fools is celebrated by acts of
buffoonery and a variety of absurdities.
1223+ * * Wood platters and pewter
trenchers are employed for plates, and
drinking-vessels are of silver, horn, or
earthenware.
1224 * * Louis VIII. gives freedom to
his serfs. [1261. He suppresses private
wars and judicial combats.]
STATE.
1152 * * Abbot Suger, of St. Denis, the
king's minister, dies.
Mar. * Louis divorces his wife, Elea-
nor of Poitou.
* * Eleanor marries Henry of Anjou.
Henry thereby obtains possession of
Poitou, Guienne, Gascony, and Maine
[until 1152 ; they are added to the do-
minions of England on his accession in
1154].
1154* * Bordeaux is held by the Eng-
lish kings.
1156* * Henry H., King of England,
does homage to Louis at Rouen for the
English possessions in Aquitaine.
1159 * * Thomas a Becket comes to
France as an ambassador from England
to affiance King Henry's son to the
daughter of Louis.
1174* *The principality of Orange is
ruled by the house of Giraud Adhemar.
[1182. By the house of Baux.]
1180 Sept. 18. Louis VII. dies.
1180-1223 Philip II., Augustus.
Philip, son of Louis VII., becomes
king.
[He is enthroned at the age of 15, and
is the most sagacious prince of his time ;
he consolidates and nearly doubles the
extent of the dominion of France.]
1184* *1648* *Besancon is a free
imperial city.
13th Century. Paris has a remarkable de-
velopment during the reigns of Philip
Augustus and St. Louis.
1 186 * * Vermandois is united to France
by Philip II.
* * Guy of Iiusignan succeeds to the
throne of Jerusalem at the death of
Baldwin V. [1187. He is conquered by
Saladin, and released after surrendering
his right to the throne.]
1191 * * Artois is annexed to France.
1192 * * Philip II. marries Ingeburga,
sister of the King of Denmark.
[He divorces her, and marries Agnes de
Meranie ; but the Pope, by laying France
under interdict, compels him to discard
the latter, and reinstate Ingeburga.]
* * Guy of Lusignan, after surrendering
his claim to the kingdom of Jerusalem
to Saladin, transfers his right to Richard
I. of England in exchange for Cyprus.
1195* *-1222* * Raymond VI. is
Count of Toulouse.
1200 * * Louis [VILL] marries Blanche,
granddaughter of Henry II. of England.
1202 * * Philip supports Prince Ar-
thur's right to the throne of England.
[1203. Apr. 3. Arthur is murdered,
probably by orders of his uncle, King
John, in the castle of Rouen.]
1203 * * Touraine is seized by Philip
Augustus. [1204. He conquers all Nor-
mandy except the Channel Islands.]
* * Philip summons John to answer for
the murder of Arthur.
John failing to appear, Philip declares
his possessions in France forfeited to
the French Crown, and he seizes Nor-
mandy, Anjou and Poitou, Maine and
Aquitaine.
* * Philip rejects the Pope's claim to ar-
bitrate between France and England.
1210* * Gr. Geoffroy Villehardouin
obtains the Frankish principality of
Achaia.
1213 * * The Pope invites Philip II. to
make war upon England, then under
the ban of the Church ; Philip prepares
an expedition, but King John meanwhile
makes peace with the Pope.
1214 * * A league formed against France
by Otho, the German emperor, is joined
by John of England.
* * Marseilles becomes a republic. [1251.
It becomes subject to the counts of
Provence.]
1215 * * Vermandois is again incorpo-
rated with the monarchy.
1216 * * Louis, son of Philip, is invited
to England by the barons.
He is crowned at London ; but the
English refusing to support him after
King John's death, he is obliged to aban-
don the expedition and return to France.
1223 July 14. Philip II. dies.
1223-1226 Louis VIH., the Lion, son
of Philip II., reigns.
1226 Nov. 8. Louis VUL dies at
Montpensier.
1226-1270 Louis LX. [St. Louis], aged
11 years, son of Louis VIII., reigns ; his
mother, Blanche, is regent during his
minority.
1229 * * Part of the county of Toulouse
is annexed.
1234 May 27. Louis IX. marries Mar-
guerite, daughter of the Count of Pro-
vence.
Chartres (purchased), Blois, and San-
cerre are ceded to the Crown. [1239.
Macon is purchased.]
1245 * An edict is issued that fiefs
shall not be held under both the King of
England and the King of France.
672 1245,**-1320,
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1248* * Louis undertakes the Sixth
Crusade.
[1249. Egypt. He captures Damietta
on the Nile. 1250 Apr. 6. He proceeds
against Cairo, and is defeated at the bat-
tle of Mansurah on the Nile, by the
Sultan Tooranshah (Almoaden) ; he sur-
renders his entire army to the Saracens ;
later, for his ransom he pays a sum of
money, and restores Damietta to the
Turks.]
1259 * * Peace is concluded with Eng-
land.
1266 Feb. 26. It. Charles of Anjou,
brother of Louis IX., defeats Manfred,
King of Sicily, at Benevento [and
makes himself King of Naples andSicily].
1267 * * -70 * * Afr. Louis carries on a
crusade against the Moslems in Tunis,
but fails ; he dies of fever.
1282 * * France is involved in the war
between Charles of Anjou and Pedro of
Aragon, both of them claiming the
throne of Naples and Sicily.
A holy crusade is organized against
the Aragonese and the rebellious Sicil-
ians ; the French are expelled from
Sicily. (See Society, Sicilian Vespers.)
1284 * * The first French admiral is
appointed.
1285 Sept. 7. Sp. Gerona capitu-
lates to the French after a siege of three
months [but the campaign is unsuccess-
ful].
1291 * * The war with Aragon is con-
cluded by a treaty.
1297 * * The French successfully invade
Flanders.
1299 * * -1304 * * Belg. The French
besiege Ghent, as an ally of the Flem-
ings against their count, Guy Dampierre ;
Ghent surrenders, and a French governor
occupies Flanders.
1302 Mar. * Belg. A revolt breaks
out against the oppression of the French
governor ; 3,000 French are massacred.
1302 July 11. Belg. Battle of Cour-
trai.
The Flemings, 20,000 strong, defeat
40,000 French under Robert of Artois.
[It is called the " Battle of the Spurs,"
4,000 gilt spurs having been captured.]
1304 Aug. 18. King Philip VI. de-
feats the Flemings at Mons-en-Pe'-
vele. [He concludes peace.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1253 * * Paris. The Academy called the
Sorbonne is established by Louis IX.,
Robert Sorbon, and Guillaume de Saint
Amour.
* * * Arts multiply.
Paper is manufactured from linen rags,
the art of silk weaving and dyeing is in-
troduced. Windmills are set up, cane-
sugar and Turkey wheat are brought in.
1270 * * Paris. The church of Notre
Dame is built.
1278 * * Paris. Philip III. authorizes
the confraternity of surgeons, formed
by Jean Pitard.
1317 * * Paris. Entry of Henri IV. is
exhibited by Francois Gerard in the
Salon.
1320 * * Delicate lace is manufactured.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1245 * * Philip IH.. the Bold, king, born.
[1285. Dies. A40.]
1250 Feb. 7. Robert, Count of Artois,
killed at Mansurah.
1368* * Philip IV., the Fair, king, born.
[1314. Dies. A46.]
1380* * Meung, Jean de, romancer, born.
[1330. Dies. A50.]
Durand, Guillaume de, St., Pourcain, bishop,
born. [1332. Dies. A52±.]
1293* * Philip V., king, b. [1322. D. A29.]
Philip VI. .king, born. [1350. I). A57.]
1294 * * Charles IV.. the Fair, born. [1328.
Dies. A34.]
1296 * * Beaumanoir, Philippe de, jurist, d.
1300* * Cervolle. Arnaud de, adventurer,
born. [1366. Dies. A66.]
131 1 * * Coucy, Robert de, architect, dies.
1315* * Buridan, Jean, philosopher, born.
[1358. Dies. A43.]
1320* * Dug-uesclin, Bertrand, constable,
born. [1380. Dies. A66.]
CHURCH.
1245 June 28. The 14th Church
Council.
Itisthefirstecumenical synod of Lyons;
it convenes to promote the Crusades, re-
store ecclesiastical discipline, etc.
1248 * * -54 * * Louis IX. leads the un-
important Sixth Crusade.
13th Century. Several religious orders
commence alms-begging.
1251* * Uprising of the Pastoureaux.
Multitudes of ignorant peasants, led by
an adventurer, " le Maitre de Hongrie,"
overrun the provinces, clamoring against
the Church, the bishops, and the monas-
tic orders, and occasionally sacrificing
lives. At Orleans the whole populace
rise against the priests, and twenty-five
are massacred. It is put down by force,
and the leaders killed.
1252 * * Paris. Robert de Sorbon founds
the Sorbonne society of ecclesiastics.
The members live in community, devote
themselves to study and to teaching with-
out pay.
1254 * * Pome. Alexander IV. is pope.
[1261, Urban IV ; 1265, Clement VI.]
1269* *[St.] Louis IX. confirms the
rights of the nation and safeguard of
the Gallican Church by the Pragmatic
Sanction.
1270 * * Paris. The church of Notre
Dame is built.
* * Louis IX. leads the Seventh [and last]
Crusade; he goes to Tunis, where he
and most of his army perish by sickness.
1271 * * Borne. Gregory X. is pope.
[1276, Innocent V. ; later, Adrian V. ; later,
John XXI. ; 1277, Nicholas III. ; 1281, Mar-
tin IV. ; 1285, Honorius IV. ; 1288, Nicholas
IV. ; 1294, [St.] Celestine V.; later, Boniface
VIII.]
1274 May 7-June 17. The 15th Coun-
cil of the Church.
It is the second ecumenical synod of
Lyons, convenes to promote the union
of the Greek and the Latin Churches ; a
temporary union is effected, members
being present from the East.
The council reduces the numerous
mendicant friars to four orders, Domin-
icans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and
Augustines.
1296 * * The Pope has a contention with
Philip IV. (See State.)
1297 * * It. Louis IX. is canonized.
1301 * * It. Pope Boniface VIII. issues
his anathema against the king.
1302 * * The three estates convene in
general diet.
They unanimously maintain the inde-
pendence of France against the as-
sumptions of Pope Boniface, who de-
clares every one a heretic who does not
believe in the temporal subjection of the
king and people to the Pope. [France
is placed under an interdict.]
1303 * * Philip rv. seizes the person of
the Pope.
* * Benedict XI. is pope. [1304-1)5. The
Holy See is vacant two years. 1305.
Clement V.]
1307* *-08* * The Knights Templars
are persecuted and suppressed.
1309 * * The Holy See is removed from
Rome, and established at Avignon,
South France. [It remains for 70 years.]
* * Paris. Many Templars are burned
for witchcraft.
1311 Oct. 16-12, Apr. 3, May 6. The
16th Council of the Church, the synod
of Vienne, convenes to suppress the
Knights Templars, etc.
1314 * * The immense property of the
Knights Templars is confiscated to the
State.
1316* * John XXII. is pope.
Nicholas V., the anti-pope, is nomi-
nated by Louis IV., who holds his court
at Rome, where he is seized by Pope
John and imprisoned.
1317 * * A papal bull condemns a sect of
strict Franciscan monks called Fratri-
celli, or Little Brethren; they suffer
persecution.
1318 * * The king joins in the persecu-
tions of the Franciscan mendicants.
Under the title of Spirituals they vig-
orously attack the corruptions of the
papacy, and are denounced as heretics ;
many are burned at the stake in Langue-
doc and Provence. [1319. More Fran-
ciscans are burned.]
1320 * * A second uprising of the Pas-
toureaux occurs.
They roam the country with arms, and
commit frightful excesses, especially
against the Jews ; they are excommuni-
cated by the Pope, surrounded near
Aigues Mortes, and massacred by hun-
dreds and thousands.
LETTERS.
1245 * * Gautier de Metz translates vari-
ous Latin works into verse, and forms a
sort of cyclopaedia.
1247 * * The first concordance to the
Bible is made by monks, under the direc-
tion of Hugo de St. Caro ; it is based on
one compiled by St. Anthony of Padua.
1250+ * * The University of Orleans
is a "studium generale."
[1305. It is endowed with new privi-
leges. 14th Century. It becomes emi-
nent for its faculty of arts.]
* * * The University of Angers receives
its charter.
* * * The Benaud de Montauban appears.
* * * Boman de Benart, Le Couronnement
de Benart, Benart le Nouvel, Benart le
Contrefait, Benart le Bestonne, and other
versions of the German *epic, Beynard
the Fox, appears.
* * * The Boman de la Poire appears ; also
De Venus la D&esse d' Amors, Livres de
Baison, Huon de Bordeaux, Audigier, Au-
cassin et Nicolette.
* * * The Lay of the Honeysuckle, tradi-
tionally assigned to St. Tristan, appears.
FRANCE.
1245, **-1320,
673
13th Century. Jeude la Feuille and Jeu de
Robin et Marion, by Adam de la Halle,
the Hunchback of Arras, appear.
1252* * Paris. Robert deSorbon founds
the college called the Sorbonne, for
secular ecclesiastics to study theology.
1253 * * Thibaut de Champagne, King of
Navarre, author of 70+ chansons and
jeux-partis, dies.
1260 * * The Chronique de Reims appears.
1275+ * * Adans le Roi writes versions
of the Chansons de Gestes — Les enfances
Ogier, Berte aux grans Pies, and Bueves
de Commarchis.
1277+ * * Roman de la Rose (continua-
tion), by Jean de Meung, appears.
1285+ * * Ruteboeuf the trouvere is the
author of many works.
La PauvretS Rutebceuf, La Mariage
Ruteboeuf , Renart de Bestourne, Le £>it
des Cordeliers, Frere Denise, Le LHt de
I'Erterie, Complainte d'Outremer, Com-
plainte de Constantinople, ]>it de la Voie
de Tunes, Dibatdu Croisi et du Decroisi,
La Repentance Rutebauf, Le Voie de Pa-
radis, Thiophile, a miracle play, etc. »
1289 Oct. 26. The University of
Montpellier is raised by Pope Nicholas
IV. to the rank of " studium generate. "
1300 * * The University of Lyons is
founded.
1303 * * The University of Avignon is
first recognized as a " studium generale."
[1421. Its faculty of theology is recog-
nized by the Pope.]
1304 * * Guillaume Guiart writes a poet-
ical chronicle of the thirteenth century.
* * -09 * * Histoire de Saint Louis, by
Jean de Joinville, appears.
1310+ * * Baudoin de Sibourg appears.
SOCIETY.
1273 * * King Philip III. grants his first
patent of nobility to his goldsmith, as
an attack upon the feudal barons and
all the aristocracy.
1282 Mar. 30. Sicily. Sicilian Ves-
pers ; the French are massacred at Pa-
lermo and throughout the island.
1291 May 1. Philip IV. causes all the
Italian money-lenders in France to be
imprisoned, so as to obtain ransom
money.
* * *The Crusades have unexpected,
valuable, and far-reaching results.
The spirit of adventure is stimulated,
literature is revived, the arts and sciences
promoted, and free thought and liberal
ideas are increased in the world.
1305 * * Duelling by civilians is pro-
hibited.
1310 May 10. Paris. Fifty-four
Knights Templars are burned alive ; the
king covets their property.
1312 Mar. 23. Pope Clement, under
the pressure of Philip, abolishes the
order of Knights Templars through-
out Europe.
Their property is to go to the Knights
Hospitallers, and two-thirds of their
movable property to France. The cu-
pidity of the French kings is the cause
of their suppression.
1314 Mar. 18. Paris. Jaques de
Molay, the last grand master of the
Knights Templars, is burned alive.
* * Sumptuary laws enacted.
The size of the cloak and robe, the
breadth of the trimming, and the num-
ber of suits possessed by each person, are
regulated by law. Also the diet, in-
cluding the hour of meals and the num-
ber of dishes. It is genteel to eat from
each other's plates.
* * Marguerite, wife of Louis X., is con-
victed of adultery, imprisoned, and
strangled. She is an obstacle to the
king, but her crime is unproved.
1315* *-16* *A terrible famine oc-
curs ; the people devour the flesh of
horses, dogs, cats, and vermin.
STATE.
1245 * * The gradual introduction of Ro-
man law, and the regular constitution
of the Parliament, forming a high court
of justice, greatly aids royal power in
suppressing feudal jurisdiction.
1246 * * Charles of Anjou founds the
Angevin line of counts of Provence.
1248 Aug. 25. The king sails for the
Holy Land. [1250. Apr. 5. The king is
taken prisoner in Egypt ; later, he ran-
soms himself by restoring Damietta to
the Turks. 1254. Sept. 7. He returns to
Paris.]
1255 * * Louis limits feudal jurisdic-
tion, and establishes the right of appeal
to the king from feudal courts.
1257 * * Perche is annexed by escheat.
[1258. Guienne is ceded to England.
1259. Nimes is united to France. 1261.
Burgundy is acquired, and annexed to
France. 1262. Aries, Forcalquier, Foix,
and Cahors are annexed.]
1264 Jan. 23. The Mise of Amiens is
announced by Louis IX., concerning the
obligation of Henry III. to observe the
Provisions of Oxford.
1265 * * Charles, Count of Anjou, is
appointed king of the two Sicilies by the
Pope.
1268* *The Pragmatic Sanction of
Louis IX. is promulgated.
It forbids papal exactions of money
without permission of the State, and
provides for an appeal in certain cases
from the ecclesiastical to the State
court.
1270 July 1. Iiouis sails at the head
of the Seventh Crusade.
Aug. 25. Louis IX. dies of the plague
at Tunis.
1270-1285 Philip m., the Hardy, son
of Louis IX., reigns.
1271 * * Toulouse is again united to the
French monarchy. [1272+ . The province
of Languedoc is annexed to the Crown
territory. 1277. Dijon is acquired.
1286. Chartres is annexed to the Crown
by purchase.]
1284* * Philip IV. marries Joanna,
heiress of Navarre.
1285 Oct. 5. Philip III. dies at Per-
pignan.
1285-1314 Philip IV., the Fair, son of
Philip III., reigns.
Mar. 30. Sicily. Sicilian Vespers. (See
Society.)
1287 * * Ecclesiastics are removed from
parliament.
1296 Feb. 12. Pope Boniface VIII.
issues " Clericis Laicos."
He forbids the clergy to pay to the
civil power taxes on ecclesiastical prop-
erty without papal approval ; Philip re-
taliates by forbidding his subjects to
export money or valuables without his
permission.
1299 June 19. A treaty of peace is
signed by France and England at Mon-
treuil-sur-Mer, on the basis of mutual
retention of present possessions.
Sept. * Philip's eldest sister, the Princess
Marguerite, is married to Edward I.,
King of England, and his daughter Isa-
bella to the Princeof Wales [Edward II.].
1302* *The bull " Ausculta Fili,"
claiming for the Pope supremacy over
all kings, is burned by Philip.
Apr. 10. Paris. The States- General
— nobles, clergy, and burghers — first
meet ; they sustain the king against
the Pope.
Nov. 18. Rome. The Pope issues the
bull " Unam Sanctam," claiming supe-
riority of the spiritual power.
* * Belg. Another revolt against the
French breaks out in Flanders.
1303 Apr. 13. The Pope excommu-
nicates the king.
[The king holds a second council at the
Louvre, and presents an act of indict-
ment against the Pope, charging him
with scandalous crimes.]
Sept. 7. It. The Pope is seized at
Anagni by Nogeret, the chancellor of
Philip. [He is released by the people.]
1305 * * Philip secures the election of a
Frenchman as pope (Clement V.).
June 5. Belg. Philip recognizes the in-
dependence of Flanders.
1307 Oct. 13. The Knights Templars
are arrested by orders of Philip, who
charges them with heresy and other
offenses. (See Society.)
* * Part of Lyonnaise is added to the
Crown by conquest.
1309 * * The residence of the Pope is
changed from Rome to Avignon on the
Rhone.
1312 * * Lille is ceded to France.
1314 Nov. 29. Philip IV. dies.
1314-1316 Louis X., the Quarrelsome,
son of Philip IV., reigns.
* * Sp. Navarre is united to France
[until 1328].
1316 June 5. Louis X. dies.
1316-1322 Philip V., the Tall.
Philip is the brother of Louis X. He
first rules as regent for the queen, who
is with child ; the queen's son dies soon
after birth, and Philip declares himself
king.
Nov. 11. John I., son of Louis X., dies ;
aged eight days.
1317 Jan. 9. Philip V. is crowned at
Reims.
* * The States-General issues a formal de-
cree declaring females incapable of
inheriting the crown of France.
674 1321, * *-1382, Nov. 27.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1328 Aug. 28. Philip VI. defeats the
Flemings near Cassel, and restores the
authority of Louis, Count of Flanders.
1339 * * -1453 * * There are frequent
wars with England.
War is caused by the English king,
Edward III., who claims the French
Crown in right of his mother Isabella,
sister of the late king of France. (The
Hundred Years' War.)
1340 * * Neth. The 240 ships of Edward
III. defeat and nearly annihilate a
French fleet of 400 ships at the battle of
Sluis ; 30,000 Frenchmen perish. [A
truce is signed for two years.]
1342 * * Edward III. conducts a campaign
in Brittany.
1346 July 12. Edward HI. and his
son, the Black Prince, invade Nor-
mandy with an army of 30,000 men.
Aug. 26. Battle of Cre"cy, in Northern
France.
Philip VI., commanding about 80,000
men, is defeated by 30,000 to 40,000 Eng-
lish under Edward III. Philip is twice
-wounded ; French loss, 30,000 ; his allies,
the kings of Bohemia and Majorca, the
Due d'Alencon, commander-in-chief, 11
princes, 80 nobles, and 12,000 knights are
among the killed.
1347 * * Calais capitulates to the Eng-
lish. After a distressing siege of 11
months, Eustache de St. Pierre and oth-
ers present themselves with ropes round
their necks and the keys of the city in
their hands, as a ransom for their fellow-
townsmen ; Edward spares their lives at
the intercession of his queen, Philippa.
A truce for six years is soon concluded.
1355 * * Carcassonne is sacked by the
Black Prince.
1356 Sept. 19. Battle of Poitiers.
The Black Prince, with 8,000 men, de-
feats 60,000 French under John II., who
is taken prisoner [and conveyed to Eng-
land].
* * Pe"rigueux is taken by the English.
1357 Easter. A truce of two years is
made with England.
1359 Oct. * Edward again invades
France with an English army. [1360.
He unsuccessfully besieges Reims.]
1364 May 16. Battle of Cocherel.
Bertrand Duguesclin defeats the Eng-
lish and the rebels in Navarre, under
Charles the Bald.
Sept. 29. Battle of Auray.
Charles de Blois, claimant to the duke-
dom of Brittany, and Duguesclin, who
supports his claim, are defeated by Jean
V. , Duke of Brittany, and John de Mont-
fort. Duguesclin is made prisoner.
[Montfort takes possession of the duchy.]
1365 Nov. * Duguesclin leads the law-
less bands of Grand or Free Companies
into Spain to fight against Don Pedro the
Cruel, on behalf of the latter's brother,
Henry of Trastamare.
1367 Apr. 13. Sp. Battle of Nojara ;
Edward the Black Prince and Pedro the
Cruel defeat and capture Duguesclin.
1370 Apr. 22. Paris. Charles V. he-
gins the erection of the Bastile to de-
fend the city against the English. [1383,
completed.]
* * Limoges, on the Vienne, is captured
and pillaged bv the Black Prince ; more
than 3,000 citizens are massacred.
* * War is declared against England.
* * Duguesclin is made constable of
France.
1372 * * Duguesclin, by brilliant move-
ments, recovers for France the territory
between Loire and Gironde. Rochelle
surrenders to Duguesclin, and is restored
to France.
1373 * * Duguesclin and Olivier de
Clisson, the Butcher, are successful in
Brittany ; most of the Breton fortresses
are taken, and De Montfort driven
across the Channel.
1375 June * A truce for two years is
made with England by the interposition
of the Pope.
1377 * * The war with England is re-
newed ; the fleets of Castile and France
ravage the English coasts.
1378 * * Charles V. possesses the strong-
holds of Charles the Bad in Normandy,
with the exception of Cherbourg.
1382 Nov. 27. Belg. Battle of Roose-
beke.
The Flemings, who revolt against their
count, are defeated by the French under
Charles VI. ; Philippe Van Artevelle,
their leader, is killed. [The towns in
Flanders are pillaged and the inhabi-
tants massacred.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1346 Aug. 26. Cannon and fire-arms
are first used at the battle of Crecy.
1364 * * Paris. The Louvre palace is
occupied.
1370+ * * Paris. A perfect clock is
made by Vick ; three clocks are placed
on public buildings.
± * * Theatrical performances are in-
troduced. Spectacles are invented.
1380 * * The Mysteries are played.
Chiefly The Passion, the Resurrection,
the Incarnation, and St. Catherine. The
Moralities are also played, being ab-
stract alleogrical characters, as Youth,
Despair, Great-heart, etc.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1330* * Flamel, Nicolas, alchemist, bene-
factor, born. [1418. Dies. A88.]
1333 * * Froissart, John, poet, chronicler,
born. [1410. Dies. A73.]
1337 * * Charles V., the Wise, king, born.
[1380. Dies. A43.]
1350* * Ailly, Pierre d', cardinal, theologi-
cal writer. [1425. Dies. A75.]
Basselin, Olivie, poet, b. [1419. D. A69.]
1352* * Armagnac, Comte d", Bernard,
constable, born. [1418. Dies. A66.]
1359 * * Caillet, Guillamne, insurgent, dies.
1360* * Clamenges, Matheiu N. de, theolo-
gian, born. [1440. Dies. A80.]
1363 * * Gerson, John Gharlier de, ecclesi-
astic, author, born. [1429. Dies. A66.]
Christine de Pisan, poet, born. [1415.
Dies. A52.]
1364 * * John H., king, dies.
1372 * * Dabentone, Jean, prophetess, mar-
tyr, dies.
CHURCH.
1321 * * Persecution continues.
Lepers are tortured and many of them
burned. At Chinon, in Tour'aine, 160
Jews of both sexes are hurled into a
burning pit, while the richer class are
imprisoned till their property is discov-
ered, and a sum of 150,000 livres trans-
ferred to the king.
1324 * * The Cathedral of Perpignan
is founded by Sancho II., King of
Majorca.
1334 * * Pome. Benedict XII. is pope.
[1342, Clement VI. ; 1352, Innocent VI. ;
1362, Urban V.; 1370, Gregory XI.; 1378,
Urban VI. ; 1389, Boniface IX. : 1404, Inno-
cent VII. ; 1406, Gregory XII.]
1350+ * *The Flagellants wander
about the streets half naked, macerating
themselves with whips, to appease the
anger of God because of their sins.
1360+ * * The Jews unite with any one
annoying the Christians, to avenge the
injuries they have received from them.
1378* *-1447* *The Great Schism
of the West.
A contest occurs between French and
Italian cardinals, in the election of
popes. A rival line of popes reside at
Avignon [until 1824. Anti-popes : Clem-
ent VII. ; Benedict XIII.J.
1380 * * The Passion, Resurrection, In-
carnation, and St. Catherine are intro-
, duced as theatrical plays on the Sab-
bath, as means of religious instruction.
LETTERS.
1325 * * Roi Modus appears.
1332 June * The University of Cahora
receives full powers from the Pope as a
" studium generale." [1367. It receives
civil privileges.]
1339* *The University of Grenoble
receives its charter.
1349 * * The first University of Perpi-
gnan is founded. (Or 1379.)
1350 * * Paris. The Koyal Library is
founded by King John.
14th Century. Minagierde Paris appears.
1363* *-64* * Livre du Voir-Dit, by
Guillaume de Machaut, appears.
1364 * * Paris. A college of medicine
and astrology is founded by Charles V.
1365 * * The University of Orange is
founded by Charles V.
1369 * * Prise d'Alexandrie, by Guillaume
de Machaut, the author of 80,000 verses,
appears.
1370* *A translation of Aristotle's
Ethics, by Nicole Oresme, appears. [1371,
of Aristotle's Economics.]
1376 * * -78 * * Le Songe du Vergier ap-
pears.
1377 * * A translation of St. Augustin's
De civitate Dei, by Raoul de Presles,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1348 * * The people are smitten with the
Plague of Florence, or the Black Vomit.
It destroys one-fourth of the people of
France ; the ignorant people accuse the
. Jews of poisoning the waters, and de-
stroy thousands of them.
1350+ * * Much courtesy is shown to
men of gentle blood, and scarcely any
to those without it.
1358+ * * Guillaume Caillet assumes the
name Jacques Bonhomme.
He leads bands of peasants, who revolt
against their oppressors, and ravage the
country during the imprisonment of
King John ; they are suppressed with
much bloodshed. Few peasants venture
to sleep in their cabins for fear of rob-
bers, but such as can do so sleep in
boats anchored in the water.
FRANCE.
1321, * *-1382, Nov. 27. 675
1361 * * -62 * * Paris. An appalling
mortality is caused by the Black Pes-
tilence. [1367-69. A frightful mortal-
ity prevails.]
1364 * * "Wretchedness abounds.
The country is laid waste by fire and
sword of contending barons, wandering
outlaws, and insurgents. Fields are un-
tilled, houses in ruins, and Paris itself is
forlorn and desolate.
* * Paris Only a few of the main streets
are paved, and the by-streets are filled
with ordure and filth.
1380 ± * * Manners are rude.
Gentlewomen scamper in the streets,
turn and stare at passers-by, peep into
windows of private houses, and giggle at
mass. Ladies are told to wipe their lips,
not their noses, on the table-cloths, and
never to steal or tell wilful falsehoods.
1381 * * Paris. Riots break out.
The soldiers demand their pay, and the
citizens rise against illegal taxes and for
restored liberties.
STATE.
1322 Jan. 3. Philip V. dies.
1322-1328 Charles IV., the Fair,
brother of Philip V., reigns.
* * Many towns are independent.
1328 Jan. 31. Charles IV. dies.
1328-1498 (1589) The House of Valois
is enthroned.
1328-1350 Philip VI., son of Philip
IV. 's brother, Charles of Valois, reigns.
1329 * * Edward of England does feu-
dal homage to Philip for his duchy of
Guienne in Southwest France.
1330* * Robert of Artois, ill-treated
by Philip VI., takes refuge in England.
Philip becomes Edward's enemy, de
stroying English merchant-ships, foster-
ing pirates, and encouraging the Scots to
war with England.
1337 ** Eng. Edward claims the
French crown in right of his mother,
Isabella, sister of Charles IV.; the Flem-
ings acknowledge and proclaim him
King of France.
1339* *-1453* * The Hundred Years'
"War. (See Army.)
1341 * * John de Montf ort and Charles
of Blois, nephew of Philip, contend for
the dukedom of Brittany. [Montfort
has the aid of Edward of England, whom
he recognizes as King of France.]
1343 Nov. 29. Paris. Fifteen bar-
ons of Brittany, invited to a tourna-
ment, are seized by order of Philip, and
put to death without trial, on suspicion
of favoring the English. [War with
England follows.]
1347 * * Calais becomes an English pos-
session. [1349. Montpellier is acquired
from Spain.]
1349 * * The province of Dauphine" is
sold to Philip on condition that the eld-
est son of the King of France be called
the dauphin.
1350 * * Philip enforces the gabelletax,
under which the sale of salt is made a
government monopoly.
Aug. 22. Philip VI. dies.
1350-1364 John II., the Good, son of
Philip IV., reigns.
He is unworthy of his surname ; for
four years he debases the coinage, con-
fiscates the goods and securities of for-
eign merchants, and stops payment of
his debts.
* * Comte D'Eu, Constable of France,
is beheaded by order of John, on sus-
picion of designing to surrender his cas-
tle to the English.
1354 Jan. 19. La Cerda, the Consta-
ble of France, is assassinated by Charles
the Bad, King of Navarre, King John's
son-in-law. [A feud between the king
and Charles follows.]
1355 * * Edward of England becomes
the ally of Charles the Bad against
John II.
1356 Apr. * King John seizes Charles
of Navarre, while a guest at a banquet
given at Rouen by the dauphin, and
sends him to prison ; he seizes four other
guests, and orders them to be beheaded.
Sept. 19. King John is taken prisoner
by the English at the battle of Poitiers.
[He is conveyed to England, and Charles
the Dauphin becomes regent.]
1357 Feb. * Paris. The States-Gen-
eral meet, and demand reforms in the
government.
They include the appointment of a
council or commission of 36 delegates
from the three estates — prelates,
knights, and burgesses — to direct pub-
lic affairs. [The reforms are reluctantly
conceded by the request of Charles, but
the concession is afterwards annulled by
the king.]
Aug. * The dauphin, Charles, dismisses
the 36 commissioners, and takes the
reins of government in his own hands.
Nov. * Paris. The populace revolt un-
der the leadership of Stephen Marcel
and Charles the Bad, who is released
from prison.
1358 Feb. 22. Paris. A number of
the revolters headed by Marcel march
to the palace.
In the presence of the dauphin they
kill two marshals who have been pro-
scribed by the States, but retained by
the regent ; they compel Charles to pub-
licly declare his approval of the act.
* * Anarchy prevails ; the throne is en-
dangered by the mercenary troops and
adventurers, who ravage the provinces
and oppress the peasantry.
May * The peasants begin a war of ex-
termination against the nobles.
They organize into an army of 20,000,
and go through the country, pillaging
and demolishing castles, and massa-
cring the inmates ; their leader is Guil-
laume Caillet, who gets the name of
Jacques Bonhomme [hence the terra
Jacquerie]. (See Society.)
July 31. Paris. Jean Maillart, a par-
tizan of the dauphin, surprises and Trills
Marcel.
1359 May 25. Paris. The States-Gen-
eral reject a treaty agreed to by their
king in England.
He ceded to the English the western
half of France, from Calais to Bayonne,
and proposing 4,000,000 crowns as John's
1360 May 8. The Peace of Bretigny
is concluded with the English.
The treaty gives Edward Poitou, Gui-
enne, and Gascony in full sovereignty ;
he renounces his claim to the crown of
France ; John's ransom is fixed at 3,000,-
000 crowns, to be paid in six years ; 40
hostages are given to England to be held
pending payment.
July 8. Eng. King John, liberated
from imprisonment, returns to France.
1363 * * Burgundy is occupied by John,
and given to his son, Philip the Bold
[who becomes founder of the Burgun-
dian line of the House of Valois].
1364 * * Eng. The king's sons, Louis
and John, hostages for their father,
break their parole, and flee to Paris ;
King John, to save his honor, surren-
ders himself to the English king, who
treats him with great courtesy.
* * Charles V. reforms the current coin.
Apr. 8. John II. dies in England.
1364-1380 Charles V., the Wise, son of
John II., reigns.
He is a ruler of ability, patronizes
learning and literature, and by his wise
and vigorous administration quells the
disorders arising fron the war of the
. jacquerie.
* * Bertrand Duguesclin, Constable of
France, retakes nearly all the territory
ceded to England by the captive King
John.
1365 Dec. * Sp. Don Pedro (Peter
the Cruel) is driven out of Castile by
Duguesclin.
1367 Apr. 3. Sp. Pedro is restored
by the victory at Najara.
1368 June 30. The lords of Gascony
and Guienne make complaint to
Charles against the money exactions of
the Prince of Wales, and they appeal to
him to redress their grievances.
1369 Jan. 25. Charles summons Ed-
ward of England to appear to answer
the complaint of his vassals of Gascony
and Guienne. [The Prince of Wales re-
plies that he will appear " with 60,000
men."]
* * Charles V. gives Lille to Louis de Male.
[It passes to Burgundy and finally to
Austria and Spain.]
* * Sp. Peter the Cruel is killed by his
brother Henry.
1379 * * Belg. The Flemish towns re-
volt, and expel Louis their count.
1380 * * The maladministration of the
Duke of Anjou causes a revolt in Lan-
guedoc, Southern France.
* * Paris suffers from civil strife.
Sept. 16. Charles V. dies.
1380-1422 Charles VI., 11 years of
age, son of Charles V., reigns ; his uncle,
the Duke of Anjou, is regent during his
minority.
1381 * * Duke of Anjou becomes re-
gent. [He seizes the public treasure to
help to secure for himself the kingdom
of Naples.]
676 1382, ** -1440, **.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1386 * * Charles threatens to invade
England, but abandons the expedition.
1388 * * Dunkirk is burned by the Eng-
lish.
1408 Sept. 23. Battle of Hasbain ;
John, Duke of Burgundy, is victorious.
1410 * * Civil war occurs between the
factions of the Dukes of Orleans and
Burgundy.
1415 Aug. 14. "War with England.
Henry V. of England, making claim to
the French crown, lands with an army
of 30,000 men at Havre. [Sept. 22. Har-
fleur, after a brief siege, surrenders to
Henry.]
Oct. 25. Battle of Agincourt.
About 50,000 French under Constable
d'Albret are defeated by about 15,000
English under Henry V. of England.
The chivalry of France is decimated ;
the Dukes of Orleans and Bourbon are
captured, and 10,000 French, including
the Constable of France and six dukes
or princes, are killed. English loss, 1,600.
Nov. * Henry reembarks for England.
1417 Aug. 1. Henry returns, and lands
at Touques, near Honfleur. [He cap-
tures Caen, Bayeux, Falaise, Evreux,
Coutances, Laigle, Saint-L6, and Cher-
bourg.]
1419 Jan. 13. Rouen capitulates to
Henry after a siege of five months. The
city is spared on the payment of 300,000
golden crowns.
1420 * * Paris. The English occupy
the city.
1421 * * Many soldiers from Scotland
enter the French military service.
1423 June 11. Battle of Cravant.
The allied English and Burgundians
under the Duke of Bedford defeat the
allied French and Scotch who light for
Charles VII. [1424. Aug. 17. He defeats
them again at the battle of Verneuil.]
1428 Oct. 12. The English under the
Earl of Salisbury commence the siege of
Orleans.
1429 Feb.* "Battle of the Her-
rings."
The besieged at Orleans make a sortie
and attack a contingent conveying a
supply of herrings to the English ; they
are driven back with great slaughter.
Mar. 9. Joan of Arc [the Maid of Or-
leans] announces her mission to King
Charles at Chimon.
Apr. * Charles puts Joan of Arc in com-
mand of French troops.
[Apr. 29. Joan crosses the Loire, and
enters Orleans without opposition from
the English, who are besieging the town.
May 7. Joan captures from the English
the bastile of Tournelles before Or-
leans ; she is wounded in the attack.
May 8. The English retire ; the siege
of Orleans is raised. Joan is called the
Maid of Orleans. ]
June 12. The French, encouraged by
Joan of Arc, storm and capture Jargeau.
June 18. Battle of Patay.
The French under Jean, Comte de Du-
nois, making the attack on the advice of
Joan of Arc, defeat the English led by
Lord Talbot.
July 10. Troyes capitulates to the
French under Joan of Arc.
Sept. 8. Paris. The French make an
assault against the English [and are
repulsed].
1430 May 24. Joan of Arc is cap-
tured in a sortie from Compiegne, while
the town is besieged by tbe Duke of
Burgundy.
1436 Apr. 13. Paris. The English are
forced to evacuate; the city is occu-
pied by Constable de Richeinont.
1439 * * Charles VII., with the approval
of the States-General, establishes a
standing army of 22,000 foot and 900
horse ; it is the first standing army on
record.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1391 ** Paris. The Academy of
Painting is established.
1392 * * Cards are invented to amuse
Charles VI.
1404 * * Paris. Hats are first made by a
Swiss.
1414 * * Muskets are used by Burgun-
dians at Arras.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1385+ * * Chartier, Alain, poet, b. [1449.
Dies. A64±.]
1390 * * Aleman, Louis, cardinal, archbp. of
Aries, statesman, b. [1450. Dies. A60.]
Monstrelet, Enguerrand de, chronicler, born.
[1453. Dies. A63.J
1391 * * Charles Due d'Orleans, soldier, poet,
born. [1466. Dies. A75.]
1400 * * Coeur, Jacques, gold and silver
smith, born. [1461. Dies. A61.]
1402 * * Basin, Thomas, historian, born.
[1491. Dies. A89.]
Dunois, Jean, Comte de, le BStard d'Orleans,
general, born. [1468. Dies. A66.J
1403 * * Charles VII., the Victorious, king,
born. [1461. Dies. A58.]
1405 * * L'Ermite, Tristan, courtier, born.
1406* * Kais, or Retz, Gilles de Laval de,
marshal, born. [1440. Dies. A34.]
1410+ * * Chabannes, Antoine de, Comte de
Dammartin, gen., b. [1488. Dies. A78.]
1411 * * Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans,
heroine, born. [1431. Dies. A20.]
1415* *Fouquet, Jehan, painter, born.
[1475. Dies. A60.]
1420 * * Dain, Olivier le, Comte de Meulent,
favorite, born. [1484. Dies. A64.]
1422 * * Baluc, Jean de la, cardinal, born.
1423 * * Aubusson, Pierre d', general, states-
man, born. [1503. Dies. A80.]
1424* * Louis XI., king, born. [1483. Dies.
A60.]
Laudini, Christoforo, savant, born. [1504.
Dies. A80.]
1425 * * Bethencourt, Jean de, chamberlain
to Charles VII., conq. Canary Islands, d.
1428 * * Janson, Nicolas, printer, inventor,
born. [1481. Dies. A53.]
1429 * * Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry
VI. of England, born. [1481. Dies. A52.]
1432 * * Barbazan, Arnauld G. de, general,
dies.
1433 * * Charles the Bold, Duke of Bur-
gundy, born. [1477. Dies. A44.]
1 440 * * Maillard, Olivier, pulpit orator, born.
[1502. Dies. A62.]
CHURCH.
1407 * * France is laid under an inter-
dict by the Pope.
1409 * * Home. Alexander V. is pope.
[1410, John XXIII. ; 1417, Martin V. ; 1431,
Eugenius IV. ; 1447, Nicholas V. ; 1455, Ca-
lixtus III. ; 1458, Pius II. ; 1464, Paul II. ;
1471, Sixtus VI. ; 1484, Innocent VIII.]
1414* * Sioitz. The 17th Council of
the Church is convened at Constance.
It asserts the authority of an ecumen-
ical council over the Pope, and con-
demns the doctrines of John Huss and
Jerome of Prague. It is attended by the
western churches, and continues in ses-
sion four years.
1431 July 31-49 May 7. Switz. The
18th Council of the Church is convened
at Basel.
It attempts a reformation of discipline
and in the constitution of the Roman
Catholic Church. [All its acts are re-
garded null and void by the Ultramon-
tanes.]
* * Joan of Arc is condemned by the
Church. (See Society.)
1438* * Charles VII. publishes the
Pragmatic Sanction.
This ordinance asserts the rights of the
Church in France, and declares the authority
of a general council superior to the dictum
of a pope. It forbids the clergy to appeal to
Home on any point affecting the secular con-
dition of the nation, also, the appropriation
of any vacant benefice by the Pope, who is in
no case to "appoint any to a bishopric or a
parish church.
LETTERS.
1386* *-1410* * Jean Froissart writes
his Chronicles.
* * -92 * * Livre des Cent Ballades, a col-
lection of poems by different authors,
appears.
1387 * * Deduits de la Chasse, by Gaston
de Foix, appears.
1390 * * Livre des faits du Martchal de
Boucicaut, appears.
1392 * * Art de Dieter, by Eustache Des-
champs, author of 1,500 ballads, etc.,
appears.
1394* * Trissor de Venerie, byHardouin,
appears.
1409 * * The University of Aix is
founded by Pope Alexander V.
1415 * * -40 * * Prince Charles of Or-
leans, a prisoner in England, writes 400
rondeaux, 100 ballads, and 100 chansons.
± * * Livre des Quartre Dames, by Alain
Chartier, appears.
1426 * * Belle dame sans merci, by Alain
Chartier, appears ; also author of Bri-
viaire des nobles, Le Curial, etc.
1429 * * Christine de Pisan composes a
national song on Joan of Arc.
1431 * * The University of Poitiers is
instituted by Charles VII.
1435* * -89 * * Mimoires, by Olivier
de la Marche, appears.
1437 May * The University of Caen
is founded under English auspices. [1452.
Oct. 30. Receives a new charter.]
SOCIETY.
1382 * * Paris. The insurrection of the
Maillotins against taxes on bread and
produce occurs.
± * * The Scotch archers are formed into
the king's bodyguard, because he dare
not trust his life to the care of French-
men.
1407 Nov. 23. Louis Valois, Duke of
Orleans, is assassinated by the king's
brother, the Duke of Burgundy.
[1410. Nov. 23. An illusory treaty of
peace is made between fche two parties
after the army of tbe Armagnacs had
ravaged the country up to the gates of
Paris without a battle.]
1412 * * Paris. Cabochiens, or ruffians,
led by Simonet Caboche, a butcher, from
the dregs of the population, reform (?)
the government.
FRANCE.
1382, ** -1440, **. 677
1416 * * Queen Isabella is exiled to
Tours.
Because of her disgraceful vices she
and her paramour are enclosed in a
leathern sack, and cast into the river.
1418 June 12. Paris. The massacre
of the Armagnacs begins by direction of
John, Duke of Burgundy [3500 persons
are killed in three days].
1420 * * Philip the Good of Burgundy
institutes the military Order of the
Golden Fleece.
1430± * *Gipsies, or Bohemians, a
class of public vagrants, appear.
* * Misery prevails in city and in country ;
poverty, neglect, and despair abound ;
tillage is neglected, and buildings are
unrepaired.
* * Feudatories commit the wildest ex-
cesses ; 300 nobles in Auvergne live in
habitual incest, rapine, and violence.
1431 Feb.+ * Trial of Joan of Arc.
[Revelations are drawn from her by a
priest, under the seal of the confessional,
and taken down by concealed notaries ;
these are used by the prosecution.]
(Feb. 21.) Joan's trial commences at
Rouen, before Cauchou and the vicar of
the Inquisitor-General of France, with
,50 doctors as assessors, and the Maid is
without an advocate.
(Apr. 18.) The revelations of Joan are
pronounced to have come from the Evil
Gne; she is found guilty of blasphemy,
imposture, indecency, and of schismati-
cal opinions upon the unity and author-
ity of the church.
(* *) Joan is overcome by threats of
death by fire, and signs a confession of
deliberate deception, and is condemned
to the penance of perpetual imprison-
ment, with bread and water diet.
(* *) Alleged scandalous means are
used to induce Joan to retract her abju-
ration.
(* *) Joan resumes her male attire,
and communicates fresh visions.
(May 30.) After being condemned as a
-witch, Joan is burned at the stake at
Rouen, as a relapsed penitent, but with
her last breath declaring the voices had
not deceived her.
* * Thomas Conecte, a popular preach-
er, employs boys to run after ladies, and
upset the absurd horns worn on their
heads, against which he preaches.
1436 Summer. Paris. Brigandage
and disorders are created by " Les ficor-
■cheurs " (Flayers).
They desolate France and Belgium,
stripping their victims to their shirts,
and flaying the cattle.
1437 July 3. The nobility attend the
sacred play called The Passion, in the
Park of Vexmeil.
1438 * * Paris. The Festival of Fools
ceases to be celebrated.
* * A famine occurs ; bread is made from
fern-roots. [1453. Another famine oc-
curs.]
1440+ * * The " Praguerie," companies
of disorderly soldiers, appear, and fo-
ment rebellion.
STATE.
1382 * * Paris. The populace revolt
against a bread tax; with maillotins
(iron mallets) they kill the tax-gather-
ers ; hence they are called malleteers.
The malleteers, though promised am-
nesty and repeal of the tax, are cruelly
punished without trial ; some are sewn
'in sacks, and thrown into the Seine.
1384 * * The king's uncles confiscate
the wealth of the great cities, Rouen,
Reims, Chalons, Troyes, Seris, and Or-
leans, but squander it on themselves,
leaving the treasury empty.
* * Douai is transferred from Flanders
to Burgundy. [1388. Nice is annexed
to Savoy.]
Sept. 20. Louis of Anjou dies in Italy
[and Philip of Burgundy becomes re-
gent].
1385 July 17. Charles VI. marries
Isabella, daughter of the Duke of Ba-
varia.
1388 Oct. * Charles assumes the gov-
ernment.
1392 Aug. 5±. Charles becomes in-
sane. The Dukes of Burgundy and
Berry are made regents. [1393. Jan. *
Again made insane by the tragic ending
of a masked ball.]
1396 * * A treaty of peace is made with
England.
1404 Apr. * The Duke of Burgundy
dying, the Duke of Orleans becomes
regent.
1407 Nov. 23. Paris. The Duke of
Orleans is assassinated by order of
John the Fearless, the Duke of Bur-
gundy, a brother of the king.
1408 Mar.* The Duke of Burgundy,
having brought an army to Paris, ac-
quires almost supreme authority in the
government.
Nov. * Paris. Fearing to see the king in
the power of the Duke of Burgundy,
the queen and princes persuade him to
depart ; the royal family retreat to
Tours.
1409 Mar. 9. An illusory treaty of
peace is concluded at Chartres between
the royal family and the Burgundians ;
the king grants the duke a full pardon
for the murder of the Duke of Orleans.
1410 * * Charles of Orleans, son of the
murdered duke, marries the daughter of
the powerful Count Bernard d'Ar-
magnac, who becomes head of the Or-
leans party against the Burgundians.
* * -15 * * Civil war prevails between
the Burgundians and the Armagnacs.
The Armagnacs are favored by the
royal family and the nobility ; the Bur-
gundians are favored by the populace of
Paris, their principal allies being the
butchers.
1412 * * Paris. The Cabochiens, allies
of the Duke of Burgundy, led by the
butcher, Simonet Caboche, commit
atrocities, plundering and murdering all
who oppose them.
1413 * * Paris. The Armagnacs, led
by the dauphin, gain supremacy, and put
an end to the rule of the Cabochiens.
1414 Aug. * Henry V. of England de-
mands Normandy, Anjou, and Maine,
and Charles VI. 's daughter Catherine
in marriage, with a dowry of 2,000,000
crowns. [War follows a refusal.]
1415 Dec. * The Dauphin Louis dies ;
his brother John, Duke of Touraine, be-
comes dauphin.
1416* *The Dauphin John dies; the
king's youngest son, Charles, 14 years of
age, becomes dauphin.
1417 * * Queen Isabella is banished to
Tours on a charge of secret communica-
tion with the Duke of Burgundy, and for
other offenses. [Nov. 1. She is rescued
by the Duke of Burgundy, and escapes
with the duke to Chartres. Nov. 12.
She announces herself regent.]
1418 May* Paris. The Burgundians
again become masters, one of the gates
of the city being treacherously opened
to an army of their partizans.
June 10-13. Paris. The Armagnacs
are brutally massacred by the Burgun-
dians ; 3,000 persons are killed.
1419 Sept. 10. John the Fearless,
Duke of Burgundy, while in conference
with the dauphin on the bridge of Monte-
reau, is assassinated by Tanneguy
Duchatel and other Orleanists, of the
dauphin's attendants.
1420 May 21. The Treaty of Troyes
is signed after being approved by the
insane king, at the prompting of the
Burgundian enemies of the dauphin.
It gives the Princess Catherine in mar-
riage to Henry V. ; also the crown and
kingdom of France to Henry and his
heirs, after the death of Charies VI. ; it
makes Henry regent during the life of
Charles.
June 2. Henry V. of England is mar-
ried to the Princess Catherine.
1422 Aug. 31. Henry V. dies at Vin-
cennes.
Oct. 21. Charles VI. dies.
Oct. 29. Paris. Henry VI., Infant son
of Henry V. of England, is recognized
by the parliament of Paris as King of
France and England ; the Duke of Bed-
ford is regent.
1422-1461 CharlesVU., the victorious.
Oct. 30. Charles, son of Charles VI., as-
sumes the title of king in the castle of
Mehun-sur-Yevre, near Bourges ; he is
derisively called " King of Bourges."
1429 July 17. Charles VII. is crowned
at Reims.
Joan of Arc assists in the ceremony,
dressed in full armor, and holding in her
hands the sword of state.
1434 * * -51 * * England loses all her
possessions in France except Calais.
1435 Aug. * A peace congress is held
at Arras.
Sept. 21. The Treaty of Arras, between
Charles VII. of France and Philip the
Good of Burgundy, is signed.
Philip the Good agrees to recognize
Charles as king, on condition of receivh.j;
Auxerre, Macon, Peronne, Montdidier,
and the towns on the Somme, and ex-
emption from rendering feudal homage.
1436 * * Paris is recovered from the
English.
1438 * * Charles VII. publishes the Prag-
matic Sanction. (See Church.)
1439 Oct. * The States-General meet
in Orleans. Instead of " free com-
panies," it begins a standing army.
(See Army.)
678 1440, * *-1507, * *
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1444 Aug. 26. The French defeat the
Swiss at the battle of St. Jacob.
* * A five years' truce is made with Eng-
land.
1449 * * Another war with England
begins ; it is caused by the invasion of
Brittany by English adventurers.
Nov. 10. Charles VII. enters Rouen,
the English under the Duke of Somerset
and Gen. John Talbot being compelled
to evacuate the town.
1450 Apr. 15. The Constable deRiche-
mont defeats the English at For-
migny ; the English lose 3,700 men.
* * Caen is retaken from the English.
1451 June 29. Comte de Dunois occu-
pies Bordeaux in the name of King
Charles. [1452, Oct. 22. Reoccupied by
Gen. Talbot.]
1453 July 17. Gen. Talbot is defeated
and killed in an attempt to raise the
siege of Castillion ; the town surrenders
to King Charles.
Oct. 17. Bordeaux capitulates to King
Charles.
The only English possessions now in
France are Calais and Guines ; the
Hundred Years' "War is over.
1464 * * Civil war begins, the nobles
fighting against the king.
1465 July 16. At Montlhe'ry the
King and Comte de Charolais are de-
feated by Charles the Bold, Duke of Bur-
gundy, leader of the League of the Public
Good.
Nov. * Louis takes Rouen with little
opposition.
1467 Oct. 30. Liege, having rebelled,
is captured and pillaged by Charles the
Bold. [1468. He again sacks Liege.]
1472 * * The Burgundians pillage the
town of Nesle.
June * Charles the Bold besieges Beau-
vais ; women aid in its defense, led by
Jeanne Hachette. [July 12. The siege
is raised. 1474. He makes war on the
Swiss.]
1475 June 22. Edward IV. of Eng-
land lands at Calais with a large army.
* * Louis XI. takes Perpignan.
1476 Mar. 3. Switz. Charles the Bold
(40,000 to 50,000) is defeated by the Swiss
(20,000) at the battle of Granson. [June
22. They defeat him at Morat. 1477, Jan.
5. He is defeated and killed by the
Swiss at Nancy.]
1477 * * -82 * * France is at war with
Austria over the territories of the Duke
of Burgundy, whose daughter Mary be-
comes the wife of the Austrian Arch-
duke Maximilian.
1479 Aug. 7. Louis is defeated by
Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, at
Guinegate, between St. Omer and The-
rouanne.
1484 * * Regent Anne vanquishes the
princes who had antagonized her re-
gency ; she is victorious in Guienne,
Picardy, and Brittany.
1488 July 28. The Confederates
against the Regent Anne are defeated
at Aubin-du-Cormier ; the Duke of Or-
leans and many other French nobles are
made prisoners.
1494 Sept. * It. Charles VIII. enters
Italy with an army of 50,000 men. [Nov.
17. He enters Naples.]
1495 May 20. It. C h a r 1 e s, having
conquered Italy, leaves Naples for
France. [July 6. At Pornovo he de-
feats 35,000 Italians under Gen. Gonzaga,
with 10,000 French, and secures a safe
retreat into France.]
1499* * It. Louis invades Italy, and
conquers the Milanese. [Sept. * The
French enter Milan without firing a
shot.]
1501 * * Sicily. The Two Sicilies are
conquered by France and Spain ; they
quarrel and finally go to war over the
partition.
1503 Apr. 21. It. The Spaniards un-
der Gen. Andrada defeat the French
under Gen. D'Aubry at Seminara.
Apr. 28. The Spaniards (6,300) under
Gen. Gonzalvo de Cordova defeat the
French (6,000) under Gaston de Foix,
the Duke of Nemours, at Cerignola.
French loss, over 3,000. [Dec. 28. They
defeat and rout the French under
Francis, Duke of Mantua, on the banks
of the Garigliano, driving them out of
Naples. 1504. Jan. 1. The French sur-
render the fortress of Gaeta.]
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1483+ * * The arquebus comes into use.
* * * Transfusion of blood begins to be
practised for the purpose of prolonging
life. Louis XL, when dying, drinks the
warm blood of infants. (Henault.)
1489 ± * * Paris. The monks of St. Vic-
tor erect for their cloister a Gothic
church [Pantheon].
1499 Oct. 25. Paris. The bridge of
Notre Dame falls.
1500+ * * Descharges, a ship-builder at
Brest, first provides war-vessels with
port-holes.
± * * Glass-painting is executed at Mar-
seilles ; it soon attains great perfection.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1443 * * Cauchon, Pierre, bishop of Beau-
vais, judge of Joan of Arc, dies.
1445 * * Comines, Philippe de, Seigneur
d'Argenton, statesman, historian, born.
1450 * * Sorel, Agnes, beauty, mistress of
Charles VII., dies.
Faber, Jacobus, poet, b. [1536. D. A86±.]
Seyssel, Claude de, bp. of Marseilles, au., b.
1455 * * Lefevre d'Etaples, Jacques, theolo-
gian, polygrapher, born. [1537. 1). A82.]
1460 * * Amboise, George d', cardinal, states-
man, born. [1510. 1). A 50.]
1463 * * Duprat. Antoine, cardinal, states-
man, b. [ 1535. Dies. A72. ]
1464* * Isaure, Clemence, poet, born. [1500.
Dies. A36.]
1467 * * Budg, Guillaume, Hellenist, author,
born. [1540. Dies. A73.]
1470+ * * Etienne, Henry, printer, b. [1520.
Dies. A50.]
1472 * * C'hamapier, Symphoren, physician,
born. [1539. Dies. A67.]
1475* * Guillaume, de Jnmieges Frere,
painter on glass, born. [1537. D. A62.J
Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, general, "le
Chevalier sans peur et sans reproche,"
born. [1524. Dies. A49.]
1482 * * .hula, Leo, I'rotestant clergyman, b.
[1542. Dies. A60.]
1487 * * Lambert, Francois, reformer, born.
1489 * * Farel, Guillaume, reformer, born.
1490 * * Bourbon, Charles, Due de, general,
born. [1527. Dies. A37.]
Longueil, Christophe, de, Latin scholar,
writer, born. [1522. Dies. A32.]
Gilles, Pierre, naturalist, traveler, writer,
born. [1555. Dies. A65.]
1491 * * Halue, Jean de la, cardinal, A69.
1492 * * Margaret, Queen of Navarre, author,
born. [1549. Dies. A 57.]
Montmorency, Due de, Anne, first consta-
ble, born.
1493 * * L'Ermite, Tristan, courtier, A78.
1494 * * Cartier, Jacques, navigator, ex-
plorer, born. [1555. Dies. A61.]
Fine, Oronce, math., mech.,b. [1555. D. A61.J
Francis I., king, born Sept. 12.
Parmentier, Jean, nav., b. [1530. D. A36.]
1495 * * Marot, Clement, poet, born.
Rabelais, Francois, physician, philosopher,
satirist, born.
1497 * * Fernel, Jean, physician, writer, born.
[1558. Dies. A61.]
1499 * * Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henri
II., born.
1500 * * Cousin, Jean, painter, born.
Dumoulin, Charles, jurist, born.
Dorat, Jean, poet, born.
1503 * * Etienne, Robert, printer, schol., b.
Nostradamus, Michel de, astrologer, physi-
cian, born.
1504 * * L'Hopital, Michel de, chancellor, b.
1505 * * Cosse, Charles de, Comte de Brissac,
marshal, born.
Hry, Thierry de, surgeon, born.
1507 * * Chevalier, Antoine de Rodolphe,
Hebraist, writer, born.
Rondelet, William, savant, born.
CHURCH.
1492 * * Pome. Alexander VI. is pope.
[1503, Pius III. : later, Julius II. : 1513,
Leo X.]
LETTERS.
1441 * * The University of Bordeaux
is founded.
1445 * * Salade, by Antoine de la Salle,
appears. [1448. Les Quinzejoies de ma-
riage ; 1459, Le Petit Jean de Samtri. ;
1461, Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles, Romances
in prose.]
1450 * * The Passion, by Arnoul Greban,
appears ; also Actes des Apbtres, and Les
Blasplikmateurs.
1452 * * The University of Valence is
founded.
± * * The Siege of Orleans and The De-
struction of Troy, by Jacques Millet, ap-
pear.
1456 * * Le Petit Testament, by Francis
Villon, appears.
1457+ * * Georges Chastellain writes
Chronigue de Messire Jacques de La-
laing.
1458± * Le Vieux Testament appears.
±* * Paris. The University has a Greek
professor.
1460 * * -63 * * A translation of Jo-
sephus, by Guillaume Coquillart, ap-
pears. [1477. Plaidoyerd'entre la simple
et la ruse and Les Droits nouveaux, etc.]
* * The Grand Testament, by "Villon, ap-
pears.
1463 * * The University of Nantes is
founded. [1465. The University of
Bourges.]
15th Century. Chronigue Scandaleuse, by
Jean de Troyes, appears.
1470+ * * The comedy, L'Avocat Patelin,
appears.
1486 * * The Passion, by Jean Michel,
appears.
1500± * * Mimotres et Lettreset Nigocia-
tions, by Philippe de Comines, appears.
FRANCE.
1440,**- 1507,** 679
± * * Martial de Paris, or d'Auvergne,
writes Danse Macabre desfemmes, Amant
rendu, cordelier a I'observance d 'amour,
ArrUs d' Amour, etc.
SOCIETY.
1449 * * Hats and caps begin to take the
place of chaperons and hoods.
1461 * * The style "Your Majesty " is
first given to Louis XI. He succeeds in
humbling the nobles.
1470* * Post-houses are first estab-
lished by the king, through his eagerness
to obtain news.
1483* *-98* * Queen Anne gathers
about her person a company of beautiful
young ladies, called " maids of honor."
1492 * * -94 * * Many Jews are ban-
ished.
1498 Apr. 7. Anne of Brittany, widow
of Charles VIII., is the first to wear
black in mourning, instead of white.
1499 May* A bull is hanged for
homicide after a formal trial and con-
viction, near the Abbey of Beaupres.
* * * It is commonly believed that there
are many witches in France.
STATE.
1440 * * The Pragueri rebellion is sup-
ported by the dauphin.
It is an organization of the nobles
against a standing army ; their head-
quarters are at Prague, and they propose
to make the dauphin king ; the rebellion
is suppressed.
1444 * * Peace is made with England.
1445 Apr. 22. Henry, King of Eng-
land, marries Margaret of Anjou, a
niece of the queen of France.
1449 * * War with England is renewed.
1450 Aug. 12. Cherbourg is retaken
from England.
1451 * * Gascony is recovered from
the English after three centuries of pos-
session. [1452. A revolt against France
is suppressed.]
1461 July 22. Charles VII. dies.
1461-83 Louis XI., son of Charles
VII., reigns.
Nov. 27. Paris. Louis abrogates the
Pragmatic Sanction defining the liber-
ties of the Church in France ; the par-
liament refuses to ratify its abolition.
(See Church, p. 676.)
1462 * * Roussillon and Cerdagne are
acquired by mortgage ; Amiens, Abbe-
ville, and St. Quentin are redeemed from
Burgundy. [1465. Sept. 27. B o u e n is
ceded.]
1464+ * * The League of the Public
Weal is formed.
It is a conspiracy of the Dukes of Brit-
tany, Bourbon. Lorraine, Alencon. Berry,
and Comte de Charolais against the king,
its alleged object being " to remonstrate
with the king upon the bad order and in-
justice he kept in his kingdom."
1465 * * Louis breaks up the League
of the Public Weal by bribes and prom-
ises of concessions [which are never exe-
cuted].
1466 Jan. * Louis extends his sway over
the duchy of Normandy.
1467 June 15. Charles the Bold suc-
ceeds his father Philip as Duke of Bur-
gundy. [He commences a struggle of
ten years with Louis.]
1468 Sept. 10. A treaty of peace is
signed at Ancenis between Louis and
the Duke of Brittany, whom the Duke
of Burgundy had persuaded to join him
against the king.
Oct. * Louis visits Charles of Burgundy
at Peronne.
During the visit Charles hears that
Louis has instigated the people of Liege
to rebel ; he resolves to kill the king,
but releases him on Louis agreeing to
abandon his suzerainty over the territo-
ries of Burgundy, to cede to his brother,
Charles of France, the province of Cham-
pagne, and to march with the Burgun-
dians against the rebels of Liege.
1470 July 26. Paris has its first post-
office.
1472 * * Charles of Burgundy and Ed-
ward IV. of England agree to join
forces, conquer Prance, and divide the
territory between them.
June 2. The Duke of Burgundy declares
war against France.
1474 * * Louis instigates the Swiss Re-
public to attack Burgundy.
Brisach revolts with Swiss aid, and
murders the Burgundian governor;
Charles retaliates by invading Cologne,
but is driven back.
1475 Aug. 29. The Peace of Pic-
quigny is signed by Louis and Edward
IV.
A truce for seven years is concluded;
Edward agrees to withdraw his army
from France ; Louis agrees to pay Ed-
ward 75,000 crowns and 50,000 crowns
annually during the lives of both, a»d
that his eldest son Charles shall marry
Edward's daughter Elizabeth when they
are of age.
1477 Jan. 5. Charles is killed in bat-
tle ; the duchy of Burgundy is united
to the Crown of France.
* * Alencon, Perche, and Guienne are
united to France.
1478 * * Douai becomes a part of the
Spanish Netherlands.
1481 * * Maine, Provence, and Mar-
seilles are united to France.
1482 * * Anjou is united to France on
the extinction of the house of Anjou.
* * Treaty of Arras.
Louis XL receives Artois, Burgundy,
and other territories from Maximilian I.
1483 Aug. 30. Louis XL dies.
1483-98 Charles Vm., the Affable,
reigns.
Charles, son of Louis XL, becomes
king at the age of 14 ; his sister, Anne
of Beaujeu, is his guardian, and acts as
regent.
1484 Jan. * Paris. The States-Gen*
eral is convoked to meet at Tours.
It relaxes oppressive ordinances of
Louis XL, and releases many of his im-
prisoned victims.
1488 * * The Dukes of Brittany and Or-
leans, jealous of the power of Anne, re-
solve to revolt.
Sept. 9. On the death of the Duke of
Brittany [Anne resolves to seize the
duchy].
1490 * * Anne of Brittany is espoused
by proxy to Maximilian of Austria, King
of the Bomans.
1491 Dec. 13. Anne of Brittany mar-
ries Charles VHL ; Brittany becomes
a part of the realm of France.
1492 Nov. 9. The Treaty of Etaples
is made with England ; Charles receives
a large indemnity for the cost of the war '
in Brittany.
1493 Jan. 19. By a treaty concluded
at Barcelona, Charles VIII. restores
Boussillon and Cerdagne to Ferdinand,
King of Arragon.
May 23. By a treaty concluded at Sen-
lis, Charles VIII. cedes Franche-Comte\
Artois, and Charolais to Austria, to ap-
pease the Emperor Maximilian for fail-
ing to give his daughter Anne in mar-
riage after her espousal.
* * Arras is acquired by Austria.
1494 Sept. * It. Charles enters Italy
and invades Naples, which he claims by
inheritance from Charles, Count of
Maine and Provence.
Nov. 25. It. Charles concludes a
treaty with Florence, which permits
him free passage through its territory,
and gives him 120,000 florins to help his
expedition against Naples.
1495 Mar. 31. A league is concluded
against Charles by the Pope, the Aus-
trian Emperor, the Duke of Milan, Ven-
ice, and the King of Spain ; Charles
abandons his conquest of Naples.
1498 Apr. 7. Charles VIII. dies, leav-
ing no children.
1498-1589. Houses of Origans and
Angouleme enthroned.
1498-1515. Louis XII., Duke of Or-
leans, reigns.
Louis, grandson of Louis of Orleans,
brother of Charles VI., is king. He is
known as the Father of the People ;
he is fond of knowledge, laborious, and
estimable.
1499 * * Louis divorces his deformed
wife, and marries Anne of Brittany,
widow of Charles VIII. , thus securing
Brittany to his realm'.
Feb. 9. The Treaty of Blois is signed ;
it provides for an alliance of France
and Venice against Milan. [Louis
sends an array to Milan to enforce his
claims to the dukedom ; the usurper,
Ludovico the Moor, is driven out.]
1500 Jan. 25. It. The Milanese re-
volt against Trivulzio, the oppressive
French viceroy.
Nov. 11. A treaty is concluded at
Granada with Ferdinand of Arragon for
the conquest of Naples and its partition.
1501 * * It. The Two Sicilies are con-
quered by France and Spain ; they dis-
agree concerning the division ; war
follows.
1504 Mar. 31. A three years' truce is
concluded with Spain.
Sept. 22. An alliance is formed with
the emperor and Pope Julius II. against
Venice.
680 1508,**-1547, **.
FRANCE.
ARMY — WAVY.
1509 May 14. It. "War with Venice:
Battle of Agnadello.
The French under Louis XII. defeat
the Venetians, and thereby end the
campaign ; Brescia, Bergamo, Crema,
and Cremona surrender.
1512 Feb. * Gaston de Foix, Due de
Nemours, relieves Bologna from its
siege by the Pope.
Feb. 19. Gaston de Foix takes Brescia
by storm, massacres the inhabitants
[and pillages the city for seven days ;
the French army is demoralized by its
excesses].
Apr. 11. It. Battle of Ravenna.
The French, under Gaston de Foix,
defeat the united Spanish and papal
armies, and take many prisoners of
rank. De Foix is killed.
1513 June 6. It. Battle of Navara.
The Swiss defeat the French, who re-
tire from Lombardy with the loss of
their cannon and half their army.
July * The English invasion.
Henry VIII. lands at Calais with 30,000
men. [The Emperor Maximilian arrives
with a corps of horse and some foot sol-
diers, lie serves as a volunteer in the
ranks, receiving 100 crowns a day.]
Aug. 16. Battle of the Spurs.
Teroiianne being besieged by the Eng-
lish and Swiss under Henry VIII., the
Due de Longueville, marching to its
relief, is defeated at Guinegate ; the
French use their spurs more than their
swords. [Aug. 22. Teroiianne capitu-
lates.]
1515 * * The war in Italy is renewed.
Sept. 13-14. It. Francis I. defeats the
Swiss at Melegnano, in the Battle of
Giants.
Oct. 4. It. Milan is surrendered to the
French.
1521 Apr. * War begins with Charles
V. in the Low Countries.
1522 Apr. 27. It. The French and
Swiss under Marshal Lautrec are de-
feated at Bicocca by the emperor's
army under Prospero Colonna.
1523 * * -24 * * It. A disastrous cam-
paign in Italy forces the French to
retire.
1524 Apr. 30. It. Chevalier de Bay-
ard, " the knight without fear and with-
out reproach," is slain at the river Sesia
in the retreat from Italy.
Aug. 19. Siege of Marseilles.
It commences after Frejus, Toulouse,
and Aix have been reduced by the army
of the Emperor Charles V., under the
Constable Bourbon. [Sept. 28. Raised ;
the Imperialists hasten over the border,
pursued by the French.]
Oct. 26. It. Francis enters Milan.
1525 Feb. 24. It. Francis I. is de-
feated by Gen. Charles Lannoy at Pa-
via, taken prisoner, and carried to
Madrid. All the most distinguished
generals of France are killed on the
spot.
1527 Jan. * It. Jacques de Bourbon
leads the Germans against the Pope.
May. 6. Rome is taken by assault.
Bourbon is killed in the battle [and Pope
Clement VII. is imprisoned by the em-
peror].
» * -29 * * It. Second war with Charles
V. ; Francis alleges the peace of Madrid
was void because extorted by force.
1528 Apr. 29. It. A French army un-
der Marshal Lautrec appears before
Naples. [The Pope escapes from the
Castle of St. Angelo.]
* * The French army, decimated by
disease, returns to France.
1536 July 25. Charles V. invades
Provence with 50,000 men.
[Francis wastes the country before the
invaders, and the Imperialists retire
after a few months with a decimated
army.]
1538 June 15. The Truce of Nice is
signed for ten years.
1544 Apr. 14. The French under the
Due d'Enghien [Prince de Conde] defeat
the Imperialists and Spaniards under
the Marquis of Guasto, at Ce'risoles;
Imperial loss, 12,000.
July * The English land 30,000 men at
Calais; [they take Boulogne. 1550. It
is restored.]
Sept. 18. Peace is made at Crespy. (See
State.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1515+ * * Period of the Renaissance.
1520 * * Silk is manufactured in Lyons.
1527 * * Knitting becomes known.
1529 * * -41 * * Francis begins to con-
struct palaces.
He secures the most learned men and
celebrated artists of the world, and be-
comes a munificent patron of art.
1533 * * Paris. The Hotel de Ville [a
historic building of great size] is begun
by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona.
1536 * * Paris. The boulevards are
commenced.
1541 * * Paris. The Louvre, begun in
the 13th century, is improved by new
buildings, and [the existing palace is
begun].
1543 * * Paris. The Academy of Mu-
sic is founded.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1509 * * Calvin, John, theol., reformer, b.
Dolet, Etienne, scholar, born.
Comines, Philippe de, statesman, hist., A64.
1510 * * Lescot, Pierre, architect, born.
Pallssy, Bernard, enameler, potter, born.
Birague, Ren6 de, cardinal, statesman, born.
Postel, Guillaurne, orientalist, visionary, b.
1513 * * Turnebus, Adrianus, scholar, born.
Brusquet, " buffon de court," born.
1513 * * Amyot, Jacques, bishop, author, b.
Dalechamps, Jacques, phys., botanist, born.
Adrets, Francois de Beaumont, baron, Hu-
guenot leader, b.
1515 * * Castalio, Sebastien, theologian, b.
Gonjon, Jean, sculptor, born.
Ramus, Peter, or Pierre de la Ramee, phi-
losopher, scholar, born.
1517 * * Belon, Pierre, naturalist, trav., b.
Collg-ni, Gaspard de, adm., leader of Hu-
guenots, born.
Granvelle, Antoine de Perrenot de, cardinal,
statesman, born.
Parg, Ambroise, surg., father of Fr. surg.,b.
1518 * * Delorme, Philibert, architect, b.
Henry II., king, born.
Languet, Hubert, political writer, born.
Beze, Theodore de, reformer, Calvinistic
theologian, born.
Catherine de Medicis, wife of Henry II., b.
1519 * * Guise, Due de, Francis of Lor-
raine, general, statesman, born.
1520 * * Bullant, Jean, architect, born.
Castelnau de la Mauvissiere, Michel, diplo-
matist, born.
Guillemeau, Jacques, surgeon, born.
Ribault, or Ribaut, Jean, navigator, born.
• Seyssel, Claude de, bishop of Marseilles, au-
thor, A70.
1521 * * Benoit, Ren6, theologian, born.
Tyard, Pontus de, bishop, poet, born.
1522 * * Aumont, Jean d', gen., marshal, b.
Cujas, Jacques, jurist, born.
1524 * * Bellay. Joachim du, poet, born.
Hotman, Francois, jurist, publicist, born.
Ronsard, Pierre de, poet, born.
1525 * * Aumale, Due d', Claude II., gen., b.
Lorraine, Charles de, cardinal, statesman, b.
1526 * * i.abe, Louise, poet, born.
Lecluse, Carolus, botanist, born.
1527 * * Doneau, Hughes, writer, born.
1528 * * Belleau, Remi, poet, born.
Boissard, Jean Jacques, antiquary, poet, b.
Etienne, Henry, printer, born.
Foix, Paul de, jurist, archbp. Toulouse, b.
Jeanne d' Albret, Queen Navarre, born.
1529 * * Pasguier, Etienne, hist., lawyer, b.
1530 * * Bodin, Jean, lawyer, polit. wr., b.
Boetie, Etienne de la, writer, born.
Conde. Louis de Bourbon de. general, b.
Lambert, Francois, reformer, A43.
Nicot, Jean, diplomatist, litterateur, born.
1531 * * Brisson, Barnab£, lawyer, philol.,b.
La Noue, Francois de, general, born.
1532 * * Bai'f, Jean Antoine de, poet, born.
Jodelle. Etienne, poet, born.
1533 * * Montaigne, Michael Eyquemde,
essayist, born.
Gamier, Robert, dramatist, born.
1536 * * Ayrault, Pierre, jurist, born.
Harlay, Achille de, jurist, born.
1538 * * Baillou, Guillaurne de, med. wr., b.
1539 * * Pithou, Pierre, jurist, satirist, born.
1540* * Brantome, Pierre de Bourdeilles,
historian, born.
Chastelard, Pierre de Boscosel de, poet, born.
Jeannin, Pierre, statesman, born.
Scaliger, Joseph J., philologist, born.
Vieta, Franciscus, mathematician, born.
1541 * * Charron, Pierre, philosopher, born.
Bauhin, Jean, botanist, physician, born.
Chrestien, Florent, poet, satirist, born.
Crillon, Louis des Balbes de Berton de, Due,
de Quiers, general, born.
1543* * Chabot, Philippe de, "Adm. de
Brion," general, A63±.
Lesdiguieres, Due de, Francois de Bonne,
constable, general, born.
1544* * Bartas, Guillaurne de Salluste
du, poet, born.
Marot, Clement, poet, A49.
1545 * * Desportes, Philippe, abbot, poet, b.
Junius, Franciscus, Prot. theologian, born.
1546 * * Dolet, Etienne, scholar, A35.
CHURCH.
1510 * * The Pope excommunicates
Louis XII.
1512 * * The Reformation spreads into
France.
1516 Aug. 18. Francis signs the con-
cordat with the Pope, by "which he sur-
renders many important liberties of the
Gallic Church. (See State.)
1517 * * The attention of the Church is
arrested by the preaching of Martin
Luther, a monk in Germany.
1521 Apr. 15. Paris. The heresy of
Luther is condemned by the Faculty of
Theology.
* * The first Protestant congregation is
formed at Meaux near Paris, the bishop
of the city being a convert.
1522 * * Home. Adrian VI. is pope.
[1523, Clement VII.]
1529 * * The Reformation spreads rap-
idly, chiefly among the higher classes.
1530 * * The persecution of Protestants
begins.
1532 * * Paris. John Calvin, the Re-
former, preaches.
[1533. Calvin flees for his life, and finds
shelter at length in Angouleme, with
Louis du Tallet. * * * He is recognized
FRANCE.
1508, **-1547,
681
as the champion of the Reformation in
France.]
* * John Stephens prints a Latin Bible.
1534 Aug. 15. Paris. Ignatius Loy-
ola lays the foundation of the Society
of Jesus [Jesuits].
Having returned from a pilgrimage to
the Holy Land, and prosecuted a course
of study, he organizes a society to wage
a relentless warfare against the powers
of darkness ; his six followers take the
vows of chastity and poverty.
* * Paris. The walls are covered with
placards against the mass and tran-
substantiation ; one is posted in the
king's bedchamber.
* * Rome. Paul III. is pope.
1535 Jan. * Paris. The king presides
at a ceremonial of expiation.
Protestants are lowered into the fire
by a machine, and then withdrawn to
prolong their sufferings. [Cruelties con-
tinue several months.]
* * Persecution drives Calvin out of
Prance ; he joins the German reformers
at Basel, Switzerland.
[1536. His Institutes of the Christian
Religion are published in Latin at Basel.
He goes to Geneva. (See Switzerland.)]
1543 Feb. 14. Paris. The parliament
orders Calvin's Institutes to be publicly
burned.
1545 * * Aust. The Council of Trent,
in the Tyrol, is called to secure the peace
of the Church ; only Italian and Spanish
prelates are present.
Jan. * Barbarous persecution.
Francis attempts to extirpate heresy
among the Albigenses with cruelty un-
paralleled. Three towns and 22 hamlets
are totally destroyed, 3,000 unresisting
men, women, and children are butchered.
[1546. Persecution arises in Meaux.]
LETTERS.
1508 * * Histoire Singuliere of Louis XII. ,
by Claude de Seyssel, the " Father of
Modern French Literature," appears.
[1519, Great Monarchy of France.]
1512 * * Prince des Sots. L' Homme just et
I'homme montfain, by Pierre Gringore,
appear. [1514, The Mystere de Saint-
Louis; 1527, Notables Enseignements.~\
1525+ * *Guillaume Cretin writes a
chronicle in rhyme.
1529 * * Francis I. founds the College of
France.
1530 * * V Adolescence Clhnentine, by
Clement Marot, appears.
1531 * * A royal printing-press is estab-
lished.
1532* *-64* *Pantagruel, by Rabe-
lais, appears. [1535, Gargantua.']
1536* * Institution of the Christian Reli-
gion, by John Calvin, appears.
1537 * * The Cymbalum Mundi, by Jean
Bonaventure, appears.
1539+ * * The use of the French lan-
guage in legal procedure is enjoined.
1542 * * The University of Grenoble
is reorganized by Francis of Bourbon.
1545 * * The Pleiade is organized.
It is a society for the reformation of
the French language and literature by
study and imitation of the ancients ; is
formed by Pierre du Ronsard, Du Bellay,
Belleau, Baif , Daurat, Jodelle, and Pon-
tus de Tyard.
1546 * * -48 * * Contre un, or Discours
de la servitude rolontaire, by Etienne de
la Bo6tie, appears.
1547 * * The University of Reims is
founded by Cardinal Lorraine.
* * Marguerites de la Marguerite, by Mar-
garet of Navarre, appears.
* * Propos Rustiques et FacHieux, by Noel
du Fail, appears. [1548, Raliv emeries,
or Contes nouveaux d'EutrapeL]
SOCIETY.
1528 * * Francis I. challenges the Em-
peror Charles V. to tight a duel.
1535+ * * "Wheel-breaking is a punish-
ment ordered for robbers by Francis I.
1546 Aug. 3. £tienne Dolet, a learned
man, is burned at Lyons on the false
charge of atheism.
STATE.
1508 Dec. 10. The League of Cam-
brai is formed against Venice.
Maximilian, Louis XII., Pope Julius
II., and Ferdinand '• the Catholic," of
Spain, enter the coalition. [Maximilian
takes a part of the territory of Venice
the next year ; the Pope withdraws in
1511.]
1510* * A council of clergy is held at
Tours to support the king.
1511 Oct. 9. Pope Julius II. forms the
Holy League with Spain, Switzerland,
and Venice, against Louis XII., to depose
him in Italy. [1512. England joins the
Holy League.]
1513 Mar. 14. France signs at Blois
an alliance offensive and defensive with
Venice. [1514. Aug. 7. A like alliance
with Henry VIII.]
1515 Jan. 1. Louis XXI. dies.
1515-1547 Francis I., Count of An-
goulerne, reigns.
Francis, the husband of Claude, the
daughter of Louis XII. and Anne, be-
comes king ; he is great-great-great
grandson of Charles V. [an able, pop-
ular, and brave king, and styled patron
of literature].
July * The king makes his mother re-
gent while he is absent in the Italian
campaign.
Nov. 7. A treaty of peace is made with
Switzerland.
1516 Aug. 13. France and Spain unite
in a treaty of peace and alliance at
Noyon. [Nov. 29. Another.]
Aug. 18. A concordat is signed with
LeoX.
The Pragmatic Sanction of 1438 is re-
scinded, the king is to choose the bishops
and abbots of France, and the Pope to
receive the annates, or the revenue of
every ecclesiastical benefice. Francis
, also abandons the claim that the Pope is
subordinate to an ecumenical council.
* * Henry d'Albret rules Lower Na-
varre.
1517 July 24. Paris. The Parliament
refuses to ratify the concordat. [1518.
Mar. 22. It accepts under protest.]
1519 June 18. The ambition of Fran-
cis is thwarted by the election of Charles
of Spain as King of the Romans and Em-
peror of Germany, with the title Charles
V.
1520 June 7-25. Magnificent inter-
views take place near Calais, on the
"Field of the Cloth of Gold," be-
tween Francis I. and Henry VIII. of
England.
The nobility of both kingdoms are
present, and each one seeks to rival the
magnificence of the other.
1522 May* Henry VIII. becomes an
ally of the emperor, and declares war
against France.
1523 Aug.* Louise of Savoy, the
king's mother, ruins the Constable
Charles, Duke of Bourbon, and he joins
the emperor.
1525 Aug. 30. Henry VIH., alarmed
at the increased power of the emperor,
concludes a treaty of alliance with
France.
* * Sp. Francis undergoes a tedious cap-
tivity at Madrid.
1526 Jan. 14. Sp. Francis signs a hu-
miliating treaty at Madrid.
He resigns all claim to Milan and Na-
ples, and cedes to Charles Burgundy,
Flanders [and Artois, and gives his two
sons as hostages. 1527. Repudiated].
Mar. 18. King Francis returns to
France. [Together with Leo X. he inau-
gurates the Great Renaissance ]
1529 Aug. 5. The Ladies' Peace of
Cambray.
It is made by Louise of Savoy, mother
of Francis and Marguerite of Austria, the
emperor's aunt ; it surrenders Italy to
Charles V. ; the latter surrenders Bur-
fundy, and agrees to release the sons of
'rancis for a ransom of two million
crowns.
1530 * * The House of Chalons and the
House of Nassau rule the principality of
Orange. •
1533 Oct. 28. Francis's second son,
Henry, marries Catherine de Me"dicis,
daughter of the Duke of Urbino, a niece
of Pope Clement VII.
1541 * Francis declares war against
Charles V.
1543 * * Francis concludes an alliance
with the Sultan Soliman II. against
the emperor, and thereby giVes great
offense to his subjects.
Feb. 11. Henry VHL of England con-
cludes an alliance with the emperor
against Francis and the Turks.
1544 Sept. 18. Peace is signed with
the emperor at Crespy.
Francis renounces his claims to Naples
and the sovereignty of Flanders ; the
emperor renounces his claims to Bur-
gundy.
1546 June 6. Peace is signed with
England ; England is to restore Boulogne
within eight years, and to receive two
million crowns indemnity.
1547 Mar. 31. Francis I. dies.
1547-1559 Henry II. reigns.
Henry, son of Francis I., becomes
king. He is much under the influence
of his mistress, Diane of Poitiers, and
the Constable de Montmorency. [1548.
He secures the hand of Mary Stuart as
queen-dauphin.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1529 * * -35 * * Francis I. builds the
town of Havre.
682 1547, * *-1572, July 9.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1552 * * War is begun against Charles
V. Henry II. invades Germany;
Toul, Metz, and Verdun are taken.
Oct.* Ger. Thelmperialists,60,000strong,
under the Duke of Alva and the Mar-
quis of Marignano, besiege Metz. [Dec.
26. Raised.]
1553 June 20. Teroiianne, after a
siege, surrenders to the Imperialists.
1554 Aug. 3. It. The French are
defeated by the Florentines at Marci-
ano.
1557 May 15. It. The Duke of Guise
is forced to raise the siege of Civitella.
Aug. 10. The Spaniards under Philibert
Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, defeat the
French under the Constable de Mont-
morency, at St. Quentin.
1558 Jan. 8. Calais, after a week's
siege, capitulates to the French under
the Duke of Guise. [Jan. * Guines
and Ham surrender to him.]
June 23. Thionville is taken by the
Duke of Guise.
July 13. The French under Marshal
Seigneur de Thermes are defeated by
Lamoral, Count of Egmont, at Grave-
lines.
1562 * * -98 * * "Wars against the Hu-
guenots.
Religion divides the French into two
parties ; both strive for the control of
the government. Cruel persecutions
compel the Huguenots to take up arms ;
their army is conspicuous for severe
discipline, every man is ready for martyr-
' dom, no games of chance, or oath, or
licentious habits are allowed ; troops
are moved with the singing of psalms,
and public worship led by a Calvinistic
minister precedes a battle.
Mar. 1. The First "War begins.
An attack is made by the attendants
of the Duke of Guise on Protestants
while at worship in the town of Vassy ;
60 slain, 200 wounded. [Spain sends
6,000 troops to reenforce the Catholics,
and England sends the same number
in aid of the Protestants.]
Oct. * Rouen is besieged by 18,000 men
under the King of Navarre and the
Duke of Guise. [Oct. 26. It is taken
by storm, sacked, and pillaged for eight
days with great fury.]
Dec. 19. The Catholics defeat the
Protestants at Dreux.
St. Andre is killed and Montmorency
taken prisoner by the Protestants, whose
commander, de Conde, is captured by the
Catholics. [1563. He is liberated.]
1563 Feb.* The Duke of Guise be-
sieges Origans.
Mar. 19. Peace of Amboise. (See
State.)
1567 Sept. 29. Protestants massacre
Catholics at Nimes. [Being on St. Mich-
ael's Day, it is called the Michaelade.]
Sept. * The Second "War.
It is renewed by the Huguenots, the
religious liberty of Protestants having
been violated by the king's party.
Nov. 10. The Huguenots are de-
feated at St. Denis, but the Constable
Montmorency is killed.
1568 Mar. 23. The Peace of Longju-
meau. (See State.)
1569 Mar. 13. The Third "War begins.
The Huguenots under Prince de
Cond6 and Gen. Gaspard de Coligny are
defeated at Jarnac by the Duke of An-
iou, and de Conde' is murdered after the
battle.
Oct. 2, 3. The Huguenots under Co-
ligny are defeated by Catholics under
Duke of Anjou, at Moncontour.
1570 Aug. 8. The Peace of St. Ger-
main-en-Laye. (See State.)
1572 * * -73 * * The Massacre of St. Bar-
tholomew leads to the Fourth Civil
"War. (See Church.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1551 * * Paris. The Fountain of the
Innocents is erected.
1553 * * Oronce Fine, a mathematician,
begins his planetary clock.
* * Bernard Palissy begins his experi-
ments in enamels.
1558 * * Musical notes are printed with
movable type by J. Sanlique.
""1566 July 12. Paris. The first stone of
the walls of the Palace of the Tuile-
ries is laid.
1570+ * * Paris. Bernard Palissy makes
Faience ware.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1547 * * Francis I., king, A53.
1549 * * Desjardins, Jean, physician, dies.
Godefroi, Denis, jurist, born.
Mornay, Philippe de, Seigneur du Plessis,
statesman, Protestant theol., historian, b.
1550 * * Certon, Salomon, poet, born.
Charles IX., king, born.
Guise, Henri de Lorraine de, gen., stman., b.
Kobin, Jean, botanist, born.
Aubigne, Theodore Agrippa d', historian,
satiric poet, born.
1551 * * Henry IH., king, born.
1552 * * Conde, Prince de, Henry I. de
Bourbon, born.
Duchatel, Pierre, bp. of Orleans, traveler, d.
1553 * * Marguerite de Valols, queen, b.
Chicot, court jester, born.
Thou, Jacques Auguste de, statesman,
historian, born.
Henry rV., king, born.
Rabelais, Francois, phys., satirist, A58.
1554 * * Aumale, Due d', Charles de L., gen.,
born.
Mayenne, Due de, Charles de L., gen., b.
1555 * * Malherbe, Frangois de, poet, b.
Bouillon, Henri de la Tour d' A. de, marshal,
born.
1556* * Duvair, Guillaume, moralist, wr.,
born,
Duperron, Jacques, D., cardinal, archbishop
of Sens, diplomatist, litterateur, born.
1557* * Fre^ninet, Martin de, painter, "Fr.
Michael Angelo," born.
1558 * * Morel, Fr6d6rie, litterateur, printer,
born.
1559* *Ca8aubon, Isaac, commentator,
Greek scholar, critic, born.
Etienne. Robert, printer, scholar, A53.
Henry II.. king, A41.
1560 * * Arnauld, Antoine, orator, born.
Bauhin, Gaspard, naturalist, born.
Bellay, Joachim du, poet, A 36.
Sully, Due de, Maximilien de Bethune,
Baron de Rosny, general, born.
Monts, Pierre du Guast, de, colonizer of Aca-
dia, born.
1562 * * Emmanuel I., Charles the Great,
Due de Savoy, born.
Brusquet, " buffon de court," A50.
1563 * * Boetie, Etienne de la, writer, A33.
Castalio, Sebastien, theologian, A48.
Chastelard, Pierre de Boscosel de, poet, A 23.
Cosse, Charles de, Comte de Brissace, mar-
shal, A58.
Guise, Due de, Francois de Lorraine, gen-
eral, statesman, A44.
1564 * * Calvin, John, theol., reformer, A55.
Cotton, Pierre, Jesuit, confessor of Henry
IV., born.
1565 * * Farel, Guillaume, reformer, A76.
Fourier, Pierre, religious reformer, born.
Kibault, or Kibaut, Jean, navigator, A45.
1566 * * Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henry
II., A67.
Dumoulfn, Charles, jurist, A66.
Gournay, Maria le Jars de, writer, born.
Labe, Louise, poet, A40.
Nostradamus, Michel de, astrol., phys., A63.
Rondelet, Guillaume, savant, A59.
1567 * * Champlain, Samuel de, navigator,
explorer, founder of Canada, born.
Francis de Sales, Saint, bishop of Geneva,
orator, writer, born.
Gombauld, Jean O., poet, born.
Montmorency, Anne de, constable, mar-
shal, A74.
Urfe, Honors d', writer, born.
1569 * * Audiguier, Vital, Seigneur de la
Menor d', poet, born.
Conde, Prince de, Louis I. de Bourbon,
general, A39.
1570 * * Hertaut, Jean, bp. of Seez, poet, b.
Chamier, Daniel, Protestant theologian, b.
1571 * * Estrees, Gabrielle d', mistress of
Henry IV., born.
Lescot, Pierre, architect, A61.
1572* * Chantal, Jean, E. E. de, baroness,
devotee, born.
Chevalier, Antoine Kodolphe de, Hebraist,
A 65.
Coligni, Gaspard de, admiral, leader of
Huguenots, A55.
Jeanne, d' Albert, Queen of Navarre, A44.
Ramus, Peter, or Pierre de la Kamee, phi-
losopher, scholar, A57±.
Goujon, John, sculptor, A57.
CHURCH.
1550 * * Pome. Julius III. is pope.
[1555, MarcellusII.; later, Paul IV. ; 1559,
Pius IV.]
1552 * * Aust. The Council of Trent
breaks up in alarm because of the ad-
vance of Luther's doctrines.
1554 * * Paris. The Sorbonne condemns
the Jesuits.
1555 ** Paris. The first Protestant
church in the city is established.
1558+ * * The Kef ormation makes
rapid progress.
About 2,000 places are dedicated to
Protestant worship, having 400,000 at-
tendants.
1559 * * The Protestants hold a synod.
* * A royal edict is issued, making heresy
punishable with death ; judges are for-
bidden to remit or to mitigate the pen-
alty.
1560 Feb. 1. The Huguenots aim at
revolution.
"With Louis Conde" as leader , they decide
to address a petition to the king, and in
case of its rejection to put down the
Guises by force of arms, take the king
prisoner, and make Gondii ruler of the
realm. [The conspiracy is discovered.]
May * Paris. The king issues an edict
giving to parliament the right of decid-
ing questions of faith, but reserves to
the bishops the discovery of heretics.
1561 Sept. 9. The Poissy Conference
is called by Catherine de Medicis.
Tt is composed of the leading clergy of
the two Churches, and is designed to
effect a reconciliation ; great dignitaries
and a brilliant audience listen to discus-
sions of doctrines, which fail to unite the
Churches.
* * The Reformers take up arms against
their persecutors.
1562 Jan. 1. A measure of religious
liberty is extended to the Huguenots.
An edict of pacification permits the
exercises of the Reformed religion near,
but outside, all the cities and towns in
France.
FRANCE.
1547, * *-1572, July 9. 683
Jan. 17. An edict is issued guarantee-
ing to the Protestants liberty of wor-
ship.
Mar. 1. The Duke of Guise massacres
Protestants at Vassy in disregard of
the edict of toleration ; 60 are killed and
200 wounded.
* * -98 * * Religious wars with some
intermission devastate France till the
Edict of Nantes.
1563 Mar. 19. Reformed worship is
permitted in the houses of the nobility.
(See State.)
1566* * Rome. [St.] Pius V. is pope.
1567 Sept. 29. The Huguenots,
alarmed at the preparations for exter-
minating heresy, again resolve to secure
the person of the hoy-king, and defeat
Catherine.
1568 * * The edicts of pacification are
revoked, and the Reformed ministers
are given 15 days to leave France.
1570 Aug. 8. Peace of St. Germain.
(See State.) The Government guaran-
tees the protection of Protestant liber-
ties.
1571 * * The General Synod of the
Reformed Church is held by permission
of the king.
LETTERS.
1548 * * Art Poitlque, by Thomas Sibilet,
appears.
1549* * Defense et illustration de la
langue francaise, the manifesto of the
Pleiade, by Joachim DuBellay, appears ;
also Olive.
* * Pontus de Tyard writes Erreurs
amoureuses.
1550* * Odes, by Ronsard, appears.
[1552, Les Amours de Cassandre ; 1553,
Hymnes, leBocage Royal, Les Amours de
Marie.}
* * * Mignardises amoureuses de I'Ad-
mirbe, by Jacques Tahureau, appears.
1551 * * Abraham Sacrifiant, by Theo-
dore de Beze, appears. [He also writes
a Life of Calvin and a Lnstoire ecclesias-
tique des iglises reformies.]
1552 * * Cliopatre and Eugene, by Eti-
enne Jodelle, appear. [1558, Argonautes ;
later, Didon.]
1555 * * A treatise on Logic, by Pierre
de la Rame"e, appears ; it is the first
philosophical work in the vernacular.
[He writes also LHalectique, and works
against Aristotle, 59 in all.]
* * Prophetical Centuries, by Michel de
Nostredame, or Notredame (Nostrada-
mus), appears.
1556 * * Dtbat de la folie et de I'amour,
by Louise Lab^, appears.
1557* *A translation of Anacrion and
' Petites Inventions, by Remi Belleau,
appear. [1565-72, The Bergiries ; 1566,
Pierres pr&cieuses.]
1558 * * Nouvelles Recreations et Joyeux
Devis, by Bonaventure des Periers, ap-
pears.
* * The Heptamiron, by Margaret of Na-
varre, appears.
* * AntiquiUs de Rome and Jeux Rustiques,
by Du Bel lay, appear. [1559, Les Re-
grets; later, Vanneur, Poete Courtisan.]
* * Trisoriere, by Jacques Grevin, ap-
pears. [1560, Mort de CSsar and Les Es-
bahisJ]
1559 * * Sonnets and Odes, by Oliver do
Magny, appear.
1560 * * Recherche s de la France, by Eti-
enne Pasquier, appears.
1562 * * Saul Furieux and Corrivaux, by
Jean de la Taille, appear. [1573, Ga-
baonites ; later, Courtisan retire, Mar-
guerite, and Le Xegromante.]
* * A Roman Catholic university is
founded at Douai by Philip II.
1563 * * Recette Veritable, by Bernard
Palissy, appears.
1565 La Traite de laconformite dufran-
cais avec le grec, by Henry Estienne, ap-
pears. [1566, Apologie pour Herodote,
1572, Thesaurus Grsecm Linguae.']
* *The University of Grenoble is
united with that of Valence.
1568 * * Porcie, by Robert Gamier, ap-
pears. [1573, Hippoiyte ; 1574, Corneiie;
1578, Marc Antoine and the Troade.]
1570 * * Le but de la guerre et de lapaix,
by Michael de L'Hospital, appears.
* * Commentaires, by Blaise Montlua, ap-
pears.
* * Histoire de France, by Bernard de Ge-
rard du Haillan, appears.
* * The Vaux de Vire, by Jean Le Houx,
appears.
1572 * * The Fran<\iade, by Ronsard, ap-
pears.
* * The Pope confirms a university
founded at Pont-a-Mousson by Cardinal
Lorraine and Due Charles III.
SOCIETY.
1559 June 29±. Tournaments are
abolished after Henry II. has his eye
knocked out in a tilt, causing his death.
1562 * * A massacre of Huguenots.
(See Church for massacres of Protes-
tants.)
1563 Feb. * The Duke of Guise is as-
sassinated.
STATE.
1548 * * Bordeaux revolts against the
the salt-tax, and receives severe punish-
ment.
1549 Jan. 1. Paris. The Emperor
Charles V. visits France.
1550 Mar. 24. Peace is concluded be-
tween England, Scotland, and France.
England agrees to accept the reduced
sum of 400,000 crowns for the restoration
of Boulogne.
1551 * * Henry II. joins the Confed-
eracy against the Emperor Charles V.
1552 Apr. 13. Toul is taken, and re-
united with France.
* * Metz, Verdun, and all of Lorraine
are annexed.
1555 * * Jeanne d'Albret and her hus-
band, Antoine de Bourbon, are sover-
eigns of Lower Navarre.
1556 Feb. 5. A truce for five years is
concluded at Vaucelles between France
and Spain [but is broken soon after].
1558 Jan. 8. Calais is lost to England
after holding it 210 years. (See Army.)
Apr. 24. The dauphin, King Henry's
son, Francis, marries Mary Stuart,
the Queen of Scots.
1559 Apr. 2, 3. The Peace of Cha-
teau-Cambre~sis is concluded between
France and England, and between
France and Spain.
The French restore most of their con-
quests except Calais, Metz, Toul, and
Verdun.
July 10. Henry LE. dies 11 days after
being accidentally injured at a tourna-
ment.
1559-1560 Francis II. reigns.
Francis, son of Henry II., 16 years of
age, and husband of Mary Queen of
Scots, becomes king. The Duke of Guise
and the queen-mother, Catherine de M&-
dicis, are the power behind the throne.
Protestants are persecuted, The two
Guises, at first rivals of Catherine and
later allies, conduct all affairs of state,
and seek the overthrow of the Protes-
tant princes, Antoine, King of Navarre,
and Louis Conde\
* *Corsica comes under the rule of
Genoa.
1560 * * The Amboise Plot is formed.
The Huguenots form a conspiracy to
seize the king at Amboise, and compel
the dismissal of the Duke of Guise and
his brother, who are the persecutors of
the Protestants.
Mar. 18. In the riot at Amboise the
Protestant leader Bari is killed ; the re-
volt against the Guises is suppressed
by the merciless execution of 1,200 Prot-
estants.
1560 Dec. 5. Francis LI. dies.
1560-1574 Charles IX. reigns.
Charles, brother of Francis II., ten
years of age, becomes king. Catherine
de Me"dicis is regent.
1562 Jan. * The edict of January.
Delegates from the several parliaments
of France meet, and grant the Huguenots
liberty of conscience except in certain
districts. The two religious factions be-
come two political parties ; the leaders
of the Catholic party, the " Triumvi-
rate," are the Duke of Guise, the Mar-
shal St. Andre, and the Constable of
France, Count de Montmorency; the
Protestant leaders are Louis, Prince of
Conde\ and Adm. Coligny.
* *-98* *Wars of the Huguenots.
(See Army.)
* * The Huguenots transfer Havre to the
English [but it is besieged and captured
during the following year by Charles IX.] .
1563 Feb. 18. Francis, Duke of
Guise, is waylaid and shot near Orleans
by John Poltrot, a Huguenot. [Feb. 24.
The duke dies.]
Mar. 19. The peace of Amboise is con-
cluded between the Catholics and Prot-
estants.
The Reformed worship is authorized in
the houses of the nobility, in the do-
mains of the justiciary nobles, and in
one city of each bailiwick.
1568 Mar. 23. The peace of Long-
jumeau.
It is signed by Catholics and Protes-
tants ; it partly restores religious free-
dom to the Protestants. [It lasts only a
few months.]
1570 Aug. 8. The conditional Peace
of St. Germain-en-Laye is concluded,
giving the Huguenots concessions of re-
ligious liberty, and four fortified cities
for security.
1572 July 9. Paris. Jeanne of Na-
varre suddenly dies, soon after being
invited to court. [Huguenots are sus-
picious of treachery, and many escape
by leaving Paris.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1547+ * * Stockings of silk are first
worn by Henry II.
1559* * Paris. Coaches are intro-
duced ; also forks for eating.
1570 * * Turkeys and guinea-fowls are
introduced.
684 1572, Aug. 24-1597, * *
FRANCE.
ARMY— NAVY.
1573 Feb. 26-June 13. La Bochelle
is unsuccessfully besieged by the Duke
of Anjou.
1574* * Fifth Civil War.
1577* * Sixth Civil "War. The Hugue-
nots are defeated.
* * Seventh Civil War.
1580 * * Henry of Navarre seizes the
city of Cahors, it being a part of his
wife's portion ; war follows for a short
time.
Nov. 26. Treaty of Fleix.
1582 * * Belg. The Duke d'Alencon at-
tempts to seize Antwerp, but is de-
feated.
1585* *-89* * Eighth Civil "War.
The war of the three Henrys, — King
Henry III., Henry of Navarre, ana
Henry, Duke of Guise.
1587 Oct. 20. The Huguenots un-
der Henry of Navarre defeat the Holy
League under the Due de Joyeuse, at
Coutras.
1589 July* Paris is besieged by
Henry III. and the King of Navarre.
[July 31. Henry III. is assassinated.]
Sept. 21. Henry IV. defeats the Duke
of Mayenne at Arques.
Oct. 31. Paris. Henry carries part of
the suburbs, but retires at the approach
of the Duke of Mayenne.
1590 Mar. 14. Henry defeats the
Catholic Leaguers under Mayenne, at
Ivry-la-Bataille.
JMay 7. Paris. Henry besieges the city
[and occupies the suburbs].
Aug. 23. Paris. Henry raises the
siege on the arrival of the Duke of
Parma with a large Spanish army to aid
Mayenne.
1591 Nov. 11. Henry besieges
Rouen. [1592. Apr. 21. He retires on
the approach of the Duke of Parma.]
1595 Jan. 17. "War with Spain is de-
clared.
Oct. 5. Battle of Fontaine-Francaise.
1596 Apr. 24. Calais is taken by the
Spaniards. [1598. Evacuated. 1597.
Mar. 11. They take Amiens. Sept. 25.
Retaken by Henry.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1578 * * Paris. The Pont Neuf over
the Seine is begun.
1595 * * Paris. The Hdtel des Inva-
lides is erected.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1573* *Aumale, Due d', Claude II., sol-
dier, A48+.
Jodelle. Etienne, dramatist, A41.
Marie de MiSdicis, wife of Henry IV., born.
L'H6pital, Michel de, chancellor, A68.
Regnier, Mathurin, poet, born.
1574 * * Charles IX., king, A24.
Guise, Charles de, cardinal de Lorraine,
statesman, A49.
1575 * * Berulle, Pierre, cardinal, founder
Carmelite order in France, born.
Chatel, Jean, fanatic, born.
Sehomberg, Cointe de, Henri, marshal, born.
1576* * Caus, or Caux, Salomon de, engi-
neer, born.
Vincent de Paul, Saint, R. C. reformer,
founder Sisters of Charitv, born.
1577 * * Belleau, Remi. poet, A49.
Delorme, Philibert, architect, A59.
1578 * * Albert, Charles d', Due de Luynes,
Constable of France, born.
Bullant, Jean, architect, A58±.
1579 * * Kassompierre, Francois, marshal,
author, born.
Ravaillac, Francois, regicide, born.
Rohan, Due de, Henri, Huguenot, gen., b.
1581 * * Duvergier de Hauranne, Abbe' de
Saint-Cyran, Jansenist, theologian, born.
Languet, Hubert, political writer, A63.
Postel, Guillaume, orientalist, visionary, A71.
1582* * Barclay, Jean, writer, born.
1583 * * Birague, de Rene, cardinal, states-
man, A73.
Caussin, Nicholas, Jesuit, author, born.
Petau, Denis, chronologist, born.
Soubise, Benjamin de R., Seigneur de, Hu-
guenot, soldier, born.
1584 * * Duchesne, Andr£, geog., hist., born.
Foix, Paul de, jurist, archbishop of Toulouse,
A56.
1585 * * Cappel, Louis, theologian, born.
Richelieu, Due de, A. J. Duplessis, cardi-
nal, statesman, born.
Ronsard, Pierre de, poet, A61.
Vaugelas, Claude Favre de, grammarian, b.
1586 * * Granvelle, Antoine de Perrenot de,
cardinal, statesman, A69.
1587* *Adret8, Francois de Beaumont,
baron, Huguenot leader, A74.
Garrissoles, Antoine, Prot. eL, poet, born.
1588 * * Arnauld d'Andilly, Robert, wr., b.
Dalechamps, Jacques, phys., botanist, A75.
Chifflet, Jean Jacques, physician, born.
Cond6, Prince de, Henry I. de Bourbon, A 36.
Guise, Due de, Henry 1. de Lorraine, gen-
eral, statesman, A38.
Mersenne, Marin, philosopher, born.
Rambouillet, Marq. de,Catherine de Vivonne,
leader of society, born.
Salmasius, Claudius, scholar, born.
1589 * * Baif, Jean Antoine de, poet, A57.
Catherine de Medicis, wife of Henry II.,
A70.
Cousin, Jean, painter, A89.
F^nelon, Marquis de la Mothe, Bertrand de
Salignac, diplomatist, litterateur, dies.
Henry III., king, A 38.
Palissy, Bernard, enameler, potter, A79.
1590 * * Par6, Ambroise, father of French
surgery, A63±.
Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste du, poet,
A 46.
Cujas, Jacques, jurist, A70.
Garnier, Robert, dramatist, A56.
Hotman, Francois, jurist, publicist, A66.
Vouet, Simon, painter, born.
1591 * * Brisson, Barnab^, lawyer, phil.,A60.
Caseneuve, Pierre de, philologist, born.
Chicot, court jester, A38.
Doneau, Hughes, legal writer, A64.
Espagne, Jean d , Protestant theologian, b.
La Noue, Francois de, general, A60.
Morin, Jean, Biblical critic, born.
1592* * Boisrobert, Francois le Metal de,
writer, wit, born.
Castelnau de la Mauvissiere, Michel de,
diplomatist, A72±.
Gassendi, Pierre, philosopher, born.
Montaigne, Michael Eyquem de, essay-
ist, A 58.
1593 * * Amyot, Jacques, bishop, au., A80.
Callot, Jacques, engraver, etcher, born.
Lalemant, Jerome, Jesuit missionary in Can-
ada, born.
1594 * * Chatel, Jean, fanatic, A19±.
Belon, Pierre, naturalist, traveler, A77.
Dailie, Jean, Protestant clergyman, born.
Marca, Pierre de, archbishop of Paris, born.
Poussin, Nicolas, painter, born.
Turnebus, Adrianus, scholar, A82.
1595 * * Aubertin, Edmond, cler., author, b.
Aumont, Jean d', marshal, A73.
Avaux, Comte d', Claude de Mesmes, diplo-
matist, born.
Chapelain, Jean, poet, critic, born.
Drelincourt, Charles, Protestant cler., born.
Erlach, Jean Louis d', marshal, born.
Montmorency, Due de, Henri II., marshal,
born.
1596 * * Amyraut, Mo'i'se, Protestant cl., b.
Bodin, Jean, lawyer, political writer, A66.
Chrestien, Florent, poet, writer, A55.
Descartes, Rene, philosopher, born.
Pithou, Pierre, jurist, satirist, A 57.
1597 * * Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de, au-
thor, born.
CHURCH.
1572 Aug. 24+. The massacre of
Protestants begins on St. Bartholo-
mew's Day, to exterminate Protestant-
ism.
Aug. * Pome. The Pope and cardinals
go in state to return thanks to Heaven
for the massacre of St. Bartholomew ;
medals are struck in its honor, and can-
non tired.
* * Sp. Philip II. of Spain extols the
massacre of the Protestants as a mem-
orable triumph of Christianity.
* * The Court of England receives the
French ambassador with all its members
clothed in mourning.
* * Rome. Gregory XIII. is pope.
1573 July 8. The Edict of Boulogne
closes the war favorably to the Protes-
tants.
1576 May 6. The Peace of Mon-
sieur. (See State.)
* * "The Holy Catholic League" is
established for the protection of the
Roman Catholic cause.
Apr. * Paris. Henry III. issues an edict
of pacification. [Dec. * It is revoked.
1577. Oct. * It is renewed for six years.]
1577 Sept. 17. Peace of Poitiers.
(See State.)
1578 * * The New Testament is pub-
lished at Beims.
1585 July 7. The Edict of Nemours
is issued.
All modes of worship except that of
the Boman Catholic Church are forbid-
den in France ; Huguenot ministers are
given one month, and laymen six months,
to leave France. (See State.)
* * Rome. Sixtus V. is pope.
[1590, Urban VII.; later, Gregory XIV.:
1591, Innocent IX. ; 1592, Clement VIII.]
1593 July 25. Paris. Henry abjures
Protestantism. (See State.)
1594 * * The Jesuits are expelled from
France.
1595 * * Rome. The Pope grants absolu-
tion to Henry IV. for his former heresy.
LETTERS.
1573* * Judith, an epic poem, by Guil-
laume de Salluste Du Bartas, appears.
[1579, La Semaine.]
* * -74 * * Franeo-Gallia, by Francois
Hotman, appears.
1574 * * Amadis Jamyn writes a Poeme
de la chasse.
* *-1611* * R&gistre s-journaux, hy Pierre
de PEstoile, appears.
1575 * * The Ars Poetique, by Jean Vau-
quelin de la Fresnaye, appears. [Later,
Foresteries, Satires."]
* * LHscours sur la vie et la mort, by Du-
plessis-Mornay, appears. [1581, Traiti
de la veritS de la religion chre'tienne.]
1577* *94* * Les Tragiques, byAgrippa
d'Aubigne, appears.
1578 * * Be la Ripublique, by Jean Bodin,
appears.
* * Les deux dialogues du nouveau Ian-
gage frangais Italian ise, by Henry Es-
tienne, appears. [1579, The Projet ; De
la Priccellence de la langue frangaise.]
1579 * * Esprits, by Pierre Larivey, ap-
pears.
* * Antigone, by Garnier, appears. [1580,
Brandamante; 1583, Sedecie.]
* * -1601 * * Les Antiquitts gauloises
frangoises, by Claude Fauchet, appears.
1580 * * Discours Admirable^, by Bernard
Palissy, appears.
* * Apologie et Voyages, by Ambroise Par£,
appears.
* * Discours politiques et militaires, by
Francois de la Noue, appears.
* * -88 * * Essays, by Michael du Mon-
taigne, appears.
FRANCE.
1572, Aug. 24-1597, * * 685
1581 * * Histoire de France, by Lancelot
de la Popeliniere, appears.
* * Mimes, by Jean-Antoine de Baif , ap-
pears.
* * The Recueil de I'Origine de la Langue
et Poisie francoise, by Claude Faucliet,
appears.
1583 * * De emendatione temporum, by J.
J. Scaliger, appears.
1584+ * * Pierre de Bourdeilles, abbot of
Brantome, writes Vies des hommes illus-
tres, Vies des dames illustres, Vies des
dames gal-antes, and other works.
1585 * * Contes et discours d'Eutrapel,
by Noel du Fail, appears.
* * Esther and Aman, by Pierre Mathieu,
appear. [1589, Clytemnestre, and the
Guisade.]
1587 * * Larmes de Saint Pierre, by Fran-
cois de Malherbe, appears.
1593 * * Guillaume Du Vair's oration in
defense of the Salic law appears. [Later,
Sainte Philosophie and the Philosophie
Morale des Staiques.]
1594 * * The Satyre Menippte, a power-
ful satire on the League, the work of sev-
eral eminent lawyers and churchmen, —
Leroy, Gillot, Passerat, Kapin, Chrestien,
Pithon, and Durant, — appears.
1595 * * The University of Paris is re-
habilitated by Henry IV.
1596 * * Sophonisbe, by Antoine de Mon-
chrestien, appears. [1599, Lacenes, or
Constance, and L'Ecossaise, or Mary
Stuart; 1(500, David, or Adultere; 1601,
Aman, or Vanite" ; 1603, Hector; 1615,
Traite" d'economie].
1597 * * Etendard de la croix, by St.
Francis de Sales, appears.
SOCIETY.
1572 Aug. 24. Paris. Massacre of
St. Bartholomew. (See State.)
1577 '± * * The king abandons himself
to a life of debauchery almost unparal-
leled ; the Court is given over to frivol-
ity, prostitution, duels, and assassina-
tions.
1580* *-95* * Alleged witches are
burned ; 900 in Lorraine alone.
1588 Dec. 23. Henry, Duke of Guise,
is assassinated by order of Henry III.
[Dec. 24. Also Louis of Guise, Cardinal
of Lorraine.]
1589 Aug. 1. Henry III. is assas-
sinated. (See State.)
1593 July 25. Henry IV. changes his
faith to escape assassination.
1594 Dec. 27. Jean Chatel fails in an
attempt to assassinate Henry IV.
STATE.
1572 Aug. 24. Paris. Massacre of
St. Bartholomew.
By orders of the king, instigated by
his mother and brother, Protestant men,
women, and children are murdered in
Paris on the feast of St. Bartholomew,
at the signal of the bell of St. Germain,
at two o'clock in the morning ; Coligny
is among the killed ; neither age nor sex
Js spared ; in other cities Protestants are
massacred ; about 30,000 Huguenots are
killed in the whole kingdom.
* * Henry IV. [king in 1589] is sovereign
of Lower Navarre.
Aug. 26. Paris. King Charles holds a
" bed of justice " in the parliament.
He avows and justifies the massacre of
St. Bartholomew, which he declared was
necessary to preserve the royal family
and the State from a conspiracy of the
Huguenots.
1573 June 24. The Peace of La Rc-
chelle is signed.
It grants to the Protestants liberty of
conscience in La Bochelle, Nimes, and
Montauban, and the recovery of seques-
tered estates, offices, and honors.
* * Henry, Duke of Anjou, is elected
king of Poland.
1574 May 30. Charles IX. dies.
1574-1589 Henry HI. reigns.
Henry, King of Poland, brother of
Charles IX., a debauched weakling, is
king.
1575 Feb. * The Compact of Mil-
haud.
It is a league signed by the Huguenots
with the young Prince de Conde' as their
head, and the Politiques or liberal Cath-
olics led by Marshal de Damville and
others, thus forming a new party.
* * Paris. TheDucd'Alenpon, the king's
younger brother, abandons the court,
and joins the Huguenots as the head of
their party.
1576 * * Henry of Navarre escapes
from court, and rejoins the Calvinists.
May 6. The Peace of Monsieur.
It is signed at Chastenay by the king's
brother, through the combined influence
of three parties. Protestant worship is
authorized in all France except Paris.
* * The Holy League of violent Catho-
lics is formed.
It aims at the elevation of the Guises
to the throne and the annihilation of the
Huguenot party ; its head is Henry, Duke
of Guise.
Dec. * The States-General meets at
Blois ; under the influence of the Holy
League, they revoke the "Peace of
Monsieur," and the Huguenots fly to
arms.
1577 Sept. 17. The Peace of Ber-
gerac, or Poitiers.
It is favorable to the Huguenots, yet
prohibiting all political confederations ;
it is concluded by the king. [Entirely ig-
nored by the king, who revokes all con-
cessions, and pledges the Holy League
to expel the Protestants ; the Protes-
tants renew the war.]
1580 Nov. 26. The Treaty of Fleix
is concluded, confirming the favorable
conditions of former treaties.
1582 * * The calendar is changed to
new style.
1584 June 10. Francis, Duke of An-
jou, formerly Due d'Alencon, the king's
brother, dies.
* The Council of Sixteen is formed
by the Holy League.
It aims to promote the claim of Charles,
Cardinal de Bourbon, uncle of Henry of
Navarre, to the throne as successor to
the reigning monarch.
Dec. 31. A secret convention is con-
cluded at Joinville between Philip of
Spain and the Guises.
It is agreed that heresy shall be exter-
minated, and that, on the death of Henry,
the crown shall pass to the Cardinal of
Bourbon.
1585 July 7. Henry signs the Treaty
of Nemours with the leaders of the
Holy League, who favor the Duke of
Guise, of whom Henry is jealous because
of his great popularity. (See Church.)
1588 May 9. Paris. The Duke of
Guise enters Paris in spite of the king's
prohibition, and is enthusiastically wel-
comed by the people.
May 12. Paris. Popular insurrection.
The people rise against the king and
in favor of the Duke of Guise ; barri-
cades are erected in the streets. [May
13. Henry HI. flees to Chartres.]
July 19. Henry III. issues at Bouen the
Edict of Union.
It makes the Duke of Guise lieutenant-
general and supreme in the war with the
Huguenots, and prohibits the succession
of a Protestant to the throne.
Oct. 16. The States-General meet at
Blois ; the members are exclusively
Catholics.
Henry III. is compelled to observe and
enforce the Edict of Union, and renew
the sentence of exclusion from the
throne against the Bourbons.
Dec. 23. Paris. The Duke of Guise
is murdered by assassins employed by
the king, who has failed to obtain aid
from the States-General. [His brother
also.] (See Society.)
1589 Jan. * Paris. Explosion of popu-
lar fury against the king.
The people of Paris and other towns
declare against the royal murderer ; even
the Catholic party detest him, and the
Sorbonne, being consulted, decides that
Frenchmen are released from their oath
of allegiance to Henry. [A provisional
government is formed with the Duke of
Aurnale at its head.]
Jan. 5. Catherine de M6dicis dies.
Feb. 15. Paris. The Duke of May-
enne, brother of the Duke of Guise, ar-
rives, is received with enthusiasm by the
people, and takes control of the govern-
ment.
Apr. 3. The king makes an alliance
with Henry of Navarre against the Holy
League.
July 31. Henry III. is assassinated at
St. Cloud by Jacques Clement, a monk.
1589-1792 (1830) House of Bourbon
enthroned.
1589-1610 Henry IV. reigns.
He becomes the pride and glory of
France.
Aug. 2. Henry of Navarre is acknowl-
edged king by the Protestants and some
Catholic leaders.
Aug. 4. Henry IV. issues a manifesto
promising to maintain equal freedom
for Catholics and Protestants.
Aug. 7. The Duke of Mayenne, of the
Holy League, proclaims Cardinal de
Bourbon king, as Charles X.
1590 Mar. 5. Paris. The parliament
issues a decree recognizing Charles X.
as lawful king.
1593 July 25. Paris. Henry abjures
Protestantism.
His Protestant faith is the chief ob-
stacle to his acceptance, and he is re-
ceived into the Catholic Church by the
Archbishop of Bourges at the Church of
St. Denis.
1594 Feb. 27. Henry is anointed
king at ('hartres. [Due de Sully is min-
ister. Mar. 22. Henry enters Paris.]
1595 Jan. 15. Henry declares war
against Spain.
1596 * * -98 * * The Spaniards hold pos-
session of Calais.
686 1598, * *-1629, Apr. 24.
FRANC H
ARMY — NAVY.
1598 May 2. The Peace. (See State.)
1600 * * Henry IV. declares war against
the Duke of Savoy, who claims disputed
territory.
1621 Aug. 18. Montauban, a Hugue-
not stronghold, is besieged hy the
Duke of Mayenne. [Oct. 26. Raised.]
1622 Sept. * Montpellier is surren-
dered by the Huguenots.
Nov. * The peace of Montpellier. (See
State.)
1624 Nov. * It. The French seize the
Valtelline.
1627* *-28* * War with the Hugue-
nots, who are supported by England.
1627 July 22. The English under the
Duke of Buckingham attack the Isle
of Re.
1628 Oct. 28. LaRochelle," the last
bulwark of religious liberties," surren-
ders to Due de Richelieu after a siege of
15 months, during which English fleets
had made three unsuccessful attempts
to relieve the town.
1629 Jan. * It. Louis goes to aid the
Duke of Nevers against Spain. [Mar.
18. He is compelled to raise the siege of
Mantua.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1606* * Paris. The Hotel Dieu is
founded.
* * Tapestry is made by Flemings.
1610± * * Paris. The Palais Royal is
built.
1611 * * -20 * * Paris. The Palace of
the Luxembourg is begun by Jacques
Debrosse for Marie de M&Iicis. [1616.
The magnificent porch is erected.]
1612+ * *A steam-apparatus is in-
vented by Solomon de Caus. [1615. He
publishes, at Heidelberg, a work on mo-
tive power which advances a theorem on
the expansion and condensation of
steam.]
1617 * * Muskets with flint-locks and
battery are invented.
1621 * * Paris. Pastel-painting is in-
vented by Bouet.
1622 * * Paris. Rubens decorates the
Luxembourg Palace with 21 great
paintings representing events in the life
of Marie de Medicis.
1629± * * Paris. The French Acad-
emy is founded by the informal meet-
ing of eight men of letters. [1635. Jan.
2. It is formally established by Cardinal
Richelieu ; it consists of 40 members.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1598 * * Colletet, Guillamne, poet, born.
Etienne, Henry, printer, A70.
Mansard, or Mansart, Francois, archi-
tect, born.
Mellan, Claude, designer, engraver, born.
Voiture, Vincent, poet, born.
1599 * * Baron, Pierre, polemical writer in
England, dies.
Bochart, Samuel, scholar, Prot. theol. born.
Estrees, Gabrielle d', mistress of Henry IV.,
A28±.
Hery, Thierry de, surgeon, A94.
1600 * * Barcos, Martin de, clergyman, born.
Chevreuse, Duchesse de, Marie de R. M.,
beauty, intriguer, born.
Nicot, Jean, diplomatist, litterateur, A70.
Claude Lorrain, painter, born.
Sanson, Nicolas, geographer, born.
1601 * * Beaune, Florimond de, math., born.
Eermat, Pierre de, geometrician, poet, born.
Louis XIII. . king, born.
Tristan l'Hermite, Francois, poet, born.
1602 * * Anne ot Austria, wife of Louis
XIII., born. (Or 1601, Sep. 22.)
Boissard, Jean Jacques, antiq., poet, A74.
Junius, Franciscus, Protestant theol., A57.
Mazarin, Jules, cardinal, statesman, born.
Roberval, Giles Personne de, math., born.
1603 * * Charron, Pierre, philosopher, A62.
Viete, Francois, mathematician, A63.
1604 * * Ayrault, Pierre, jurist, A 68.
Baron, Vincent, Dominican theol., writer, b.
Mairet, Jean, dramatist, born.
Pagan, Comte de, Blaise Francois, military
engineer, born.
1605 * * Beza, Theodore, Calvinistic theolo-
gian, poet, historian, diplomatist, A86.
Per^nxe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, hist., b.
Tavern ier, Jean Baptiste, traveler, A83.
Tyard, Pontus de, bishop, poet, A84.
1606* * Ablancourt, Nicolas-Perrotd', wri.,b.
Barrelier, Jacques, botanist, born.
Corneille, Pierre, poet, dramatist, born.
Desportes, Philippe, abbot, poet, A61.
Errard, Charles, painter, architect, born.
1607 * * Estrades, Comte d', Godefroi, gen-
eral, statesman, born.
Flacour, Etienne de, com. at Madagascar, b.
Jogues, Isaac, Jesuit missionary in Am., b.
Labbg, Philippe, Jesuit polygrapher, born.
Scudery, Madeleine de, author, born.
1608 * * Benoit, Rene, theologian, A87.
Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques, clergyman,
fdr. of the Order of Saint Sulpice, born.
Orleans, Due d', Jean Baptiste Gaston, son
of Henry IV., born.
Lemaistre, Antoine, jurist, born.
1609 * * Gassion, Comte de, Jean, marshal, b.
L6cln.se, Carolus, botanist, A83.
Rotrou, Jean de, dramatic poet, born.
Scaliger, Joseph Justus, philologist, A69.
1610* * La Calprenede, Gautier de Costes
de, Seigneur, novelist, born.
Certon, Salomon, poet, A60t.
Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, hist., philol., b.
Duquesne, Abraham, admiral, born.
Henry IV., king, assassinated May 14, A57.
Labadie, Jean de, mystic, born.
Maimbourg, Louis, historian, born.
Mezeray, Francois Eudes de, historian, born.
Mignard, Pierre, painter, born.
Eavaillac, Francois, regicide, A31+.
Scarron, Paul, poet, satirist, born.
1611 * * Bertaut, Jean, l'Abbe, bishop of
Seez, poet, A59.
Chaumonot, Pierre M. J., Jesuit missionary
in Canada, born.
Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, paint., poet, b.
Mayenne, Due de, Charles de Lorraine, gen-
eral, A57.
Monts, Sieur de, Pierre du Guast, colonizer
of Acadia, A51±.
Turenne, Vicomte de, Henri de la Tour
d'Auvergne, marshal, born.
1612 * * Arnauld, Antoine, philosopher, b.
Benserade, Isaac de, court poet, born.
1613 * * Bauhin, Jean, botanist, phy., A72.
Chevreau, Urbain, author, born.
Dughet, Gaspard, painter, born.
Guillemeau, Jacques, surgeon, A93±.
Lenotre Andre, artist, garden designer, b.
Menage, Gilles, critic, born.
Perrault, Claudius, architect, born.
Regnier, Mathurin, poet, A40.
Rochefoucauld, Due de la, Francois,
moralist, born.
Sacy, Louis Isaac, Jansenist, tr. of Bible, b.
Saint Evremond, Charles de M. de St. Denis
de, wit, born.
1614 Brantdme, Pierre de Bourdeilles, histo-
rian, A74.
Casaubon, Isaac, critic, commentator. Greek
scholar, A 55.
Retz, Jean Francois Paul de Gondi de,
cardinal, statesman, born.
1615 * * Crillon, Louis des Balbes de Berton
de, general, A74.
Fouquet, Nicolas, Marquis de Belle-Isle,
financier, born.
Lancelot, Dom Claude, grammarian, born.
Lefevre Tannegui, critic, scholar, born.
Marguerite de Valois, queen, A63.
L'Enclos, Anne de Ninon de, courtesan, b.
Pasquier, Etienne, historian, lawyer, A86.
1616 * * Aubery, Antoine, historical writer, b.
Baillou, Guillaume de, medical writer, A78.
Beaufort, Due de, Framjois de Vendome,
soldier, born.
Bourdon, Sebastien, painter, born.
1617* * Ancre, Concini Concinio (Italian),
marshal, dies.
Blondel, Francois, architect, military eng., b.
Lesueur, Eustache, painter, born.
Thou, Jacques A. de, statesman, hist., A64.
1618* * Bussy-Eabutin, Comte de, Roger,
satirist, born.
Charas, Moise, chemist, pharmacist, born.
Duperron, Jacques Davy, cardinal, archbp.
of Sens, diplomatist, litterateur, A62.
1619 * * Arnauld, Antoine, orator, A59.
Claude, Jean, Protestant leader, born.
Colbert, Jean Baptiste. Marquis de Seigne-
lay, financier, statesman, born.
Felibien, Andre, architect, writer, born.
Harlay, Achille de, jurist, A83.
Lebrun, Charles, painter, born.
Longueville, Duchesse de, Anne, Genevieve
de Bourbon Conde, political agitator, b.
1620 * * Allouez, Claude Jean, explorer, b.
Bergerac, Savinien Cyrano de, dramatist,
novelist, duelist, born.
Charpentier, Francois, author, born.
Cinq-Mars, Marquis de, Henri de Ruze de,
conspirator, born.
Furetiers, Antoine, philosopher, born.
Mariotte, Edme, physicist, born.
Picard, Jean, astronomer, born.
Thevenot, Melchisedech, compiler, author, b.
1621 * * Albert, Charles d', Due de Luynes,
constable of France, A43.
Barclay, Jean* writer, A 39.
Chamier, Daniel, Protestant theol., A51+.
Conde. Prince de. Louis II. de Bourbon,
Due d'Enghien, general, born.
Duvair, Guillaume, moralist, writer, A65.
Frontenac, Comte de, Louis de Buade, gov-
ernor of Canada, born.
Courtois, Jacques, painter, born.
Godefroi, Dennis, jurist, A72.
Gramont, Comte de, Philibert, courtier,
author, born.
La Fontaine, Jean de, poet, fabulist, born.
Rapin, Rene, Jesuit Latin poet, born.
1622 * * Francis de Sales, saint, bishop of
Geneva, orator, writer, A 55.
Jeannin, Pierre, statesman, A82.
Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, dram., b.
± Pecquet, Jean, anatomist, discoverer, b.
Puget, Pierre, sculptor, painter, arch., b.
Savary, Jacques, financier, born.
1623 * * Bouillon, Due de, Henri de la Tour
d'Auvergne, marshal, A68.
Mornay, Philippe de, Seigneur du Plessis-
Marly, statesman, Prot. theol., hist., A71.
Pascal, Blaise, philosopher, author, born.
1624 * * Arnauld, Angelique, nun, writer, b.
Bauhin, Gaspard, naturalist, A64.
Crequi, Francois de Bonne de, Due de Les-
diguieres, marshal, born.
La Chaise, Francois d'Aix, Pere, Jesuit con-
fessor of Louis XV., born.
1625 * * Cassini, Jean Dominique, astr., b.
Corneille, Thomas, dramatist, born.
Domat, Jean, jurist, born.
Fremont d'Ablancourt, Nicolas, litterateur,
diplomatist, horn.
Herbelot, Barthelemy d', orientalist, born.
Nicole, Pierre, novelist, born.
Urf6, Honore d', writer, A58.
1626 * * Caus, or Caux, Saloman de, engineer,
A51.
Cotton, Pierre, confessor of Henry IV., A62.
Chapelle, Claude E. L., poet, born.
Lesdiguieres, Due de, Francois de Bonne,
constable, general, A 83.
Quintinie, Jean de la, pomologist, born.
Ranc6, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de, re-
former of monastery of La Trappe, born.
Sevigne, Marie de Eabutin-Chantal de, wr., b.
1627 * * Cousin, Louis, historian, born.
Cotelier, Jean Baptiste, Greek scholar, born.
Bossuet, Jacques B.. bishop of Meaux,
pulpit orator, born.
Montpensier, Duchesse de, Anne M. L. d'O.,
author, born.
1 628 * * Bouhours, Dominique, Jesuit crit., b.
Cambert, Robert, composer, born.
Courtois, Guillaume, painter, born.
Girardon, Francois, sculptor, born.
Malherbe, Francois de. poet, A73.
Parrault, Charles, author, born.
Luxembourg-, Due de, Francois Henri de
Montmorency-Bouteville, marshal, born.
1 629 * * Barbeyrac, Charles, physician, born.
Berulle, Pierre, cardinal, founder Carmelite
order in France, A54.
Robin, Jean, botanist, A79.
CHURCH. ■
1598 Apr. 15. Henry IV. grants to the
Protestants the Edict of Nantes [which
brings brighter days]. (See State.)
* * Henry IV. devises a fantastic plan to
establish a universal Christian re-
public.
FRANCE.
1598, * *-1629, Apr. 24. 687
It proposes six hereditary monarchies,
— France, England, Spain, Denmark,
Sweden, and Lombardy ; Ave elective
monarchies, — the Empire, Papacy, Hun-
gary, Poland, and Bohemia ; tour repub-
lics, — Switzerland, Italy, Venice, and
Belgium.
1603 * * Henry IV. recalls the Jesuits
by the advice of the Pope. [1601. Jan.
2. They are reinstated. ]
1605 * * Home. Leo XI. is pope ; later
Paul V.
1608 * * Paris. Angelica Arnauld re-
vises and reforms the Cistercian Con-
vent [Port-Royal des Champs].
1610 * * The English (Roman Catholic)
version of the Bible is printed at Douai,
where priests are educated for service in
England.
1619 Feb. 19. Lucilio Vanini, an
Italian philosopher and skeptic, is burned
at Toulouse as an atheist.
1621* *Pome. Gregory XV. is pope.
[1623, "Urban VIII.]
1622 Sept. 5. Marie de Medicis com-
pels the king to grant Richelieu a car-
dinal's hat.
1625 * * St. Vincent de Paul, a reformer,
founds the congregation of the Laza-
rists, the Priests of the Mission, who de-
vote themselves to education.
* * Richelieu attempts the reduction of
Protestants, and the Huguenots revolt.
* * Paris. The Cistercian convent is
removed from the suburb into the city.
1626 Feb. * Richelieu receives the in-
vectives of the Catholic world because
of his leniency toward defeated Hugue-
nots.
1628 Nov. * The Huguenot cause is
ruined in the surrender of La Rochelle.
Huguenots are no longer an armed
political party, but a tolerated sect.
[Protestantism is utterly prostrate. It
numbers only about one-half its num-
ber preceding the massacre of St. Bar-
tholomew.]
July 14. The Pacification of Nimes
is issued ; it gives toleration to the
Huguenots.
LETTERS.
1600 * * Traiti de la Sagetse, by Pierre
Charron, appears.
* * The Letters of Cardinal d'Ossat ap-
pear.
* * -30 * * Alexandre Hardy produces 700
plays.
1601 * * -05 * * Stances a Du Perrier sur
la mart de sajille, by Malherbe, appears.
1606 * * Thesaurus temporum, by J. J.
Scaliger, appears. [1610, Opuscula va-
ria.]
* * Jean Passerat writes Catin, J'ai perdu,
ma tourterelle.
1608 * * Introduction A la vie dkvote, by
St. Francis de Sales, appears. [1614,
TraitS de I'amour de Dieu.]
+ * * Historia mei temporis, by Jacques-
Auguste De Thou, appears.
* * -13 * * Satires, by Mathurin Regnier,
appears.
1610* *-27* *AstrSe, by HononS D'Ur-
f6, appears.
1611 * * Fidelle, by Larivey, appears.
1612 * * Le Moyen de Parvenir, by Bero-
alde de Vervill'e, appears.
1616* * -20 * * Histoire Universelle,
1550-1601, by Theodore A. D'Aubigne\
appears.
1617 * * Amours tragiques de Pyrame" et
Tkisbi, by Theophile de Visa, appears.
1619 * * The Bergeries, by Honorat de
Bueil, Marquis of Racan, appears.
1620+ * * The Negotiations of the Presi-
dent Jeannin appear.
1622 * * La Carifie, by Marin Le Roy de
Gomberville, appears. [1632-37, Polex-
andre; 1639, Cytheree.]
1624 * * A collection of letters by Jean-
Louis Guez de Balzac appears. [1631,
The Prince.]
* * Endymion, by Jean Ogier de Gonr
bauld, appears. [1631, Amaranthe.]
* * Pierre Corneille takes the oaths as
advocate four years before the regular
time.
* * Pierre Gassendi begins his Exrercita-
tiones Paradoxicae adoersus Aristote-
Iseos.
1628 * * Tyr et Sidon, by Jean de Sche-
landre, appears.
* * Les MSmoires de Marguerite de Valois
appears.
1629* * Paris. The French Academy
is founded.
* * Milite, bv Corneille, is acted. [1632,
Clitendre; 1633, La Veuve; 1634, Galerie
du Palais and La Suivante; 1635, La
Place Hoy ale and MidSe.]
SOCIETY.
1605+ * * Henry IV. is extremely licen-
tious even in his old age ; he is infatu-
ated to possess the wife of Henry, Prince
of Conde.
1610 May 14. Ravaillac assassinates
Henry IV.
[He is terribly punished by burning, by
hot pincers, pouring hot lead into gaping
wounds, and finally pulled by horses to
tear him asunder.]
1616* * Paris. The people rise against
Concini ; his palace is plundered and de-
stroyed.
Apr. * Paris. The populace is brutal.
It is delighted with the overthrow of
Concini; men disinter his body, drag it
through the streets, tear it to pieces, and
burn it.
1617 * * The queen-mother is exiled to
Blois, and De Luynes, the king's favo-
rite, is in full control of public affairs.
* * The wife of Concini, Leonora de Gali-
gai, is executed for exercising sorcery
on the queen-mother, and her vast es-
tates are confiscated.
1621 Apr. * Louis XII. takes the field,
and disgusts the nation by making his
weak favorite the constable of France ;
his incapacity defeats the army.
STATE.
1598 Apr. 13. Henry IV. signs the
Edict of Nantes.
It gives partial religious liberty to cer-
tain Protestant nobles and the citizens of
a certain number of cities and towns, but
prohibits Protestant worship in episco-
pal cities and within 20 miles of Paris ;
it stipulates for the State payment of the
Protestant clergy and makes Protestants
eligible for public office, they having
equal political rights. Their buildings
are restored.
May 2. The Treaty of Vervins with
Spain. Conquests are mutually restored.
1599 Dec. 17. Henry is divorced
from his wife, Marguerite de Valois.
[1600. Oct. 5. He marries Marie de
Meclicis of Tuscany.]
1600 * * The Duke of Savoy refuses to
surrender the marquisate of Saluzzo,
and Henry declares war. [1601. Jan.
17. By treaty the duke surrenders La
Bresse and other territory.]
1602 * * Charles de Gontault, Duke of
Biron, admiral of France, enters into a
conspiracy with Spain and the Duke
of Savoy, to dethrone Henry. [June*
-July * Biron is tried, and convicted of
treason. July 31. He is executed.]
1606 * * Bouillon is compelled to admit a
royal garrison into his tower of Sedan.
1608 * * Can. Quebec is colonized.
1610 May 13. The Queen Marie de
Medicis is crowned.
May 14. Henry TV. is killed by an as-
sassin, Fran9ois Ravaillac.
1610-1643 Louis XIII. the Just,
son of Henry IV., reigns.
His mother, Marie de Meaicis is regent! ;
she is controlled by Concini and his wife,
two Italian adventurers.
1610 May 22. The Edict of Nantes,
favoring Protestants, is confirmed by
Louis XIII.
1611 Jan. * Due de Sully resigns his
office of " Superintendent of the Fi-
nances," because of the cabals of Con-
cino Concini, the chief Minister, and
others.
1614 Sept. 28. The King assumes the
government, having attained his ma-
jority (14 years).
Oct. 20. Paris. The session of the
States-General is opened by the king.
[Armand John Duplessis de Richelieu
is a member.]
1615 Mar. 24. Paris. "The Great
Revolution ; " the Assembly is dis-
solved. [It is not convoked again for
174 years.]
Oct. 18. Louis XIII. , 15 years of age,
marries Anne of Austria, daughter of
Philip III. of Spain.
1616 Aug. 31. Prince Henry of
Conde" is imprisoned in the Bastile by
advice of Richelieu.
* * Albert de Luynes becomes the king's
favorite.
1617 Apr. 14. Concino Concini,
Marshal d'Ancre, resisting arrest, is as-
sassinated.
1620 * * Navarre is annexed to France.
1622 Nov. 17. The Peace of Mont-
pellier.
The Huguenots are deprived of all
their fortified towns except La Rochelle
and Montauban.
1624* *-42* * Administration of
Cardinal (and Due de) Richelieu. He
controls the king, rules the people
harshly, but displays ability.
1625 * * The Huguenots revolt under
the Dukes of Rohan and Soubise, because
of Richelieu's attempts against the Prot-
estant party.
1626 Mar. 5. The Treaty of Moneon
is concluded between France and Spain.
July 31. Louis issues an edict for the
demolition of castles.
1629 Apr. 24. England concludes a
peace with France without any stipula-
tion in favor of the Protestants.
688 1629, June 28-1650, * *
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1630 Mar. 20. It. Richelieu besieges
the fortress of Pignerol. [It surren-
ders after three days ; the passes into
Italy are soon taken.]
1632 June* Gaston d' Orleans, the
king's brother, and the Duke of Mont-
morency raise a revolt in Languedoc.
Sept. 1. Gaston d'Orleans and Mont-
morency are defeated by the king's
troops, under Comte de Schomberg, at
Castelnaudary.
1634 Dec. 23. Ger. The French com-
pel the Germans to raise the siege of
Heidelberg.
1635 * * -48 * * "War with Austria.
Richelieu raises four large armies, and
sends them to Flanders, Milan, Valtel-
line, and to the Rhine; little glory and
no advantage is gained for France.
1636 * * Gascony is invaded by Spain,
and Picardy by Imperialists.
Aug. 15. Corbie surrenders to the
Spaniards. [1637. Nov. 14. Corbie sur-
renders to Richelieu.]
1640 Sept. 24. It. Turin surrenders
to the French under Gen. D'Harcourt.
1641 July 6. Louis de Bourbon,
Comte de Soissons, joins Spain in a plot
against Richelieu ; he utterly defeats
the royal army at Sedan.
July 16. Comte de Soissons is de-
feated and killed at La Marfee, near
Sedan.
1642 Sept. 9. Perpignan surrenders
to the French after a siege of two years.
* * France takes possession of Kous-
sillon.
1643 May 19. The Spaniards are de-
feated by the French under the Due
d'Enghien, son of the Prince of Conde,
at Rocroi.
Aug. 10. Ger. Thionville [Dieden-
hofen] is taken by the French after a
siege of four months.
Nov. * Sp. The French are driven from
Aragon by Philip IV.
1644 July 28. Gravelines is taken by
the French.
Aug. 3-5. Ger. The Due d'Enghien,
Prince of Cond£, and Marshal Turenne
defeat the Bavarians under Baron
Mercy at Freiburg.
1645 May 5. The French under
Marshal Turenne are defeated at Ma-
riendal.
Aug. 7. Ger. The French under Tu-
renne and d'Enghien [the Great Cond6]
defeat the Spaniards at Nbrdlingen, in
Bavaria.
Nov. 9k Prus. Turenne takes Treves.
1646 June 29. Belg. Courtrai sur-
renders to the French.
Oct. 12. The French under the Due
d'Enghien [Cond£], aided by the Dutch
Adm. Van Tromp, take Dunkirk from
Spain after a siege.
1648 Aug. 20. Conde" utterly defeats
the Germans and Spaniards under the
Archduke Leopold William, at Lens.
1649 Jan.* Paris is blockaded by
Conde\
Feb. 8. The Royalists under Cond<5 at-
tack and defeat the Frondeurs at
Charenton, and put 3,000 of them to the
sword.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1631 Nov. 7. Pierre Gassendi observes
the transit of Mercury.
1640 * * The bayonet is invented at
Bayonne.
± * * Umbrellas are in use.
1645* * Paris. The Val-de-Grace is
built.
1646 * * Blaise Pascal proves that the at-
mosphere has weight.
* * The first French opera, Akebar, Roi de
Mogul, is composed by Abbe Mailly.
1648 * * Paris. [The Academy of Fine
Arts], which originated in an association
of painters in the 14th century, is recog-
nized as the Academy of Painting and
Sculpture.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1630* * Aubigne, Theodor6 Agrippa d\
historian, satiric poet, A 80.
Auzout, Adrien, mathematician, born.
Audiguier, Vital d', Seigneur de la Menor,
poet, A61.
Baluze, Etienne, historian, born.
Bernier, Francois, traveler, physician, b.
Charles Emmanuel I. the Great, Due de
Savoy, A 68.
Cosnac, Daniel de, archbishop of Aix, born.
Huet, Pierre D.,bp. of Avranches, schol., b.
Morel, Fr6denc, printer, litterateur, A72.
Nanteuil, Robert, painter, engraver, born.
Kousseau, Jacques, painter, born.
Santeul, Jean de, poet, born.
1631* * Auinale, Due d', Charles de Lor-
raine, a chief of the League, A77.
Coulanges, Marquis de, Philippe Emmanuel,
song-writer, born.
Millet, Pierre, missionary in Canada, born.
1632 * * Bourdaloue, Louis, Jesuit, pulpit
orator, born.
Flechier, Esprit, pulpit orator, born.
Lauzun, Antoine Nompar de Caumont de,
general, courtier, born.
Mabillon, Jean, Benedictine, author, born.
Montmorency, Due de, Henri II., marshal,
A 37.
Schomberg, Comte de, Henri, marshal, A57.
Gallois, Jean, critic, journalist, born.
1633 * * Lulli, or Lully, Jean Baptiste, Ital-
ian-French composer, born.
Thevenot, Jean de, traveler, composer, b.
Vauban. Sebastien L. de, military engi-
neer, marshal, born.
1634* * Amelot de la Houssaye, Abraham
Nicolas, author, born.
Deshoulieres, Antoinette, poet, born.
Mascaron, Jules, preacher, author, born.
Lafayette, Comtesse de, Marie M. P. de la V.,
author, born.
1635 * * Arvieux, Laurent C. d', oriental., b.
Champlain, Samuel de, navigator, ex-
plorer, founder of Canada, A68.
Callot, Jacques, engraver, etcher, A 42.
Maintenon, Frances d'Aubigne\ queen, born.
Piles, Roger de, dip., painter, author, born.
Monnoyer, Jean Baptiste, painter, born.
Quinault, Philip, dramatic poet, born.
1636* * Baume, Nicholas A. de la marshal,
born.
Boileau-Despreaux, Nicolas, poet, sati-
rist, critic, born.
Chamilly, Marquis de, Noel Bonton, gen., b.
Le Pays, Rene de, Sieur Plessis-Villeneuve,
poet, born.
Masson, Antoine, engraver, born.
1637 * * Catinat, Nicolas de, general, born.
Jurieu, Pierre, Protestant theologian, author,
born.
Marquette. Jacques, explorer of Missis-
sippi, born.
Tillemont, Sebastien Lenain de, hist., cl.,b.
1638 * * Begon, Michel, antiquary, born.
Malebranche, Nicolas, philosopher, born.
Louis XIV., king, born.
Rohan, Due de, Henri, Huguenot gen., A59.
Simon, Richard, philos., Biblical critic, born.
1639 * * Chaulieu, Ouillaume, Amfrye de,
poet, born.
Ferriere, Claude de, jurist, born.
Louvois, Marquis de, Francois L. M., states-
man, born.
Racine, Jean, dramatic poet, born.
1640 * * Audran, Gerard, hist, engrav., born.
Boullougne, Bon, painter, born.
Chauvin, Etienne, Protestant cl., born.
Coysevox, Antoine, Span, sculptor in Fr., b.
Desjardins, Marie Catherine, author, born.
Duchesne, Andre\ geographer, hist., A65.
Fleury, Claude, L'Abb6, author, born.
Fourier, Pierre, religious reformer, A75.
Hubert, Matthieu, preacher, born.
Jardins, Marie Catherine des, author, born.
Lahire, Philippe de, geometer, born.
Lafosse, Charles de, historical painter, born.
Philip, Due d'Orleans, son of Louis XIII., b.
1641 * * Allix, Pierre, Protestant theol., b.
Arnaud, Henri, past., leader of Waldenses, b.
Chantal, Baronne de, Jeanne Francoise Fr6-
miot, devotee, A69.
Montespan, Marquise de, Francois Athenais
de Rochechouart, mistress Louis XIV. b.
Sully, Due de, Maximilien de Bethune,
Baron de Rosny, statesman, A81.
Vaudreuil, Marquis de, Philippe de Rigaud,
governor-general of Canada, born.
Vieussens, Raimond, anatomist, born.
1642 * * Cinq-Mars, Henri de Ruze de, con-
spirator, A 22.
Marie de Medicis, wife of Henry IV., A75.
Richelieu, Due de. Armand Jean Duplessis,
cardinal, statesman, A57.
Soubise, Seigneur de, Benjamin de Rohan,
Huguenot soldier, A59.
Tourville, Anne H. de C. de, marshal, born.
1643 * * Collet, Philibert, writer, born.
La Salle, Robert de, cavalier, explorer, b.
Louis XIII., king, A 42.
Moreri. Louis, clergyman, historian, born.
Pontchartrain, Louis P. de, statesman, born.
1644* * Boufflers, Marquis de, Louis Fran-
cois, marshal, born.
Champmesle, Marie Desmares, actor, born.
Chardin, Jean, merchant, traveler, born.
Choisy, Francois Timolton de, author, born.
D'Orleans, Pierre J., historian, born.
Lamoignon, Chretien Francois, statesman, b.
Valliere, Duchesse de la, Hrancpise L. de la
B. La Blanc, favorite of Louis XIV., born.
Villeroi, Due de, Francois de Neufville,
marshal, born.
1645 * * Calibres, Francois de, statesman,
author, born.
Gournay, Maria le Jars de, writer, A79.
Joliet, Louis, one of the discoverers of the
Mississippi, born.
Lemery, Nicholas, chemist, born.
Mansard, Jules Hardouin, architect, born.
1646 * * Bassompierre, Francois, marshal,
author, A 67.
Bruyere, Jean de la, author, moralist, b.
Galland, Antoine, antiq., orientalist, born.
Hamilton, Count Anthony, courtier, writer,
born in Ireland.
Hardouin, Jean, writer, born.
Jogues, Isaac, Jesuit missionary in Am., A39.
Plumier, Charles, botanist, born.
1647 * * Alacoque, Marguerite, nun, prophet-
ess, born.
Bayle, Pierre, philosopher, critic, born.
Papin, Denis, natural philosopher, born.
Gassion, Comte de, Jean, marshal, A38.
Hautefeuille, Jean de, mechanician, au., b.
Jouvenet, Jean, historical painter, born.
1648 * * Cheron, Elizabeth S., artist, poet, b.
Dufresny, Charles Riviere, dramatist, born.
Guyon, Jeanne, M. B. de la Motte, mystic,
author, born.
Mersenne, le Pere Marin, philosopher, A60.
Voiture, Vincent, poet, A50.
1649 * * Vouet, Simon, painter, A59.
Baillet, Adrien, scholar, author, born.
Daniel, Gabriel, Jesuit, author, born.
Edelinck, Oerard, Flemish engraver in Fr.,b.
1650* * Aunoy, or Aulnoy, Comtesse de,
Marie Catherine J. de B., author, born.
Avaux, Comte d', Claude de Mesmes, diplo-
matist, A55±.
Descartes, Rene, philosopher, math., A54.
Dumont, Jean, historian, born.
CHURCH.
1634 * * The Order of Sisters of Charity
is organized at Chatillon by Vincent de
Paul, for service to the sick poor.
1644 * * Rome. Innocent X. is pope.
[1655. Alexander VII. 1667. Clement
IX.]
LETTERS.
1631 * * Conjuration de Fiesque, by Jean
Francois Paul de Gondi, appears.
FRANCE.
1629, June 28-1650, * *. 689
* * Gazette de France is issued by Theo-
phraste Renundot. [1635-42, Bureau d'-
Adresse.]
1634 * * Corneille is selected as the com-
poser of a Latin elegy to Richelieu.
* * -62 * * Mhnoires, by Maximilien de
BeHiune, Duke of Sully, appears.
1635 * * Mort de Mithridate, by Gautier
de Oostes, Knight of La Calprenede, ap-
pears. [1639, Comte d' Essex ; 1642-45,
Cassandre ; 1647, Cliopdtre.]
* * Marianne, by Tristan l'Hermite, ap-
pears.
* * The Comidie des Tuileries, by Claude
de L'Estoile, Boisrobert, Colletet, Cor-
neille, and Rotrou, appears.
1636 * * Snsies, by Jean Rotrou, appears.
[1637, Laure Persecute" e; 1646, Saint Ge-
nest; 1647, Venceslas and Don Bernard
de Cabrere.]
* * Le Cid and Villusion comique, by Cor-
neille, appear. [1639-40, Horace and
Cinna; 1640, Polyeucte ; 1642, La Mort de
Pompie and Le Menteur; 1644, Rodo-
gune; 1647, Heraclius.]
1637 * * Discourse on the method of rea-
soning *well and investigating scientific
truth, by Rene Descartes, appears. [1641,
Meditatioues de prima philosophia.]
1638 * * Uranie, by Vincent Voiture, ap-
pears.
1639 * * AlcyonSe, by Pierre Du Ryer, ap-
pears. [1647, ScSvole.]
* * Philandre, by Francois de Maynard,
appears.
* * Job, by Isaac de Benserade, appears.
1641 * * Ibraham, by Madeleine Scudery,
appears. [1649-53, Artamene, or the Grand
Cyrus; 1660, Almahide.]
* * The Guirlande de Julie, by 19 poets,
appears.
* * Corneille appears as a contributor to
the Guirlande de Julie.
1643-1- * * Les Comedies Acadimiciennes
and the Comidie des OpSras, and the es-
says, Sur la morale d 'Epicure, Reflections
sur les divers ginies du> peuple romain, by
Charles de Saint-Denis, appear.
* * Moliere plays with, and helps in the
management of, the Theatre Illustre.
* *-51 * * Histoire de France, by Fran-
cois Kudos de Mezerai, appears.
1644 * * Typhon, by Paul Scarron, ap-
pears. [1645, Jodelet, on le maitre valet ;
1648, Virgile Travesti ; 1649, Mazarinade ;
1651, Roman Comique.]
* * Discours, by J. L. G. de Balzac, ap-
pears.
1645 * * -54 * * PSdant JouS and Mort
d'Agrippine, by Cyrano de Bergerac, ap-
pear.
1646 * * Mimoires- of Francois de la
Rochefoucauld appear.
* * Moliere leaves Paris with the Theatre
illustre.
1647 Jan. 22. Corneille, after having
twice been rejected on frivolous pleas,
is admitted to the Academy.
* * De Vita, Moribus, et Doctrina Epicuri,
libri octo, by Gassendi, appears. [1649,
Syntagma Philosophise Epicuri.]
* *The Court grants Descartes a pen-
sion of 3,000 livres.
1649 * * Cosroes, by Rotrou, appears.
* * The TraitS des Passions de I'&me, by
Descartes, appears.
* * Racine is sent to the College de Beau-
vais at Beauvais.
1650 * * Origines de la Langue frangaise,
by Gilles Menage, appears'.
* * Andrombde and Don Sanche d'Aragon,
by Corneille, appear. [1651, Nicomede;
1653, Pertharite.]
* * Histoire comique, ou Voyage dans la
lune, by Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac,
appears. [1653+ , Histoire comique des
Stats et empires du soleil.]
1650+ * * Mois-SauvS, and other poems,
by Marc-Antoine de Gerard (Saint-
Amant), appear.
* * -65 * * Muse Historique, by Jean Lo-
ret, appears.
SOCIETY.
1630 * * A desolating plague destroys
22,000 lives.
1644 Jan. 1. Paris. Michob Ader, the
Wandering Jew, appears, and creates
a great sensation ; he claims to speak all
languages, and .to be 1,600 years old.
1648 * * St. Vincent de Paul establishes
a foundling hospital.
STATE.
1629 June 28. The "Edict of
Grace" terminates the religious wars.
The Protestant leader, the Duke of
Rohan, having submitted to the king, a
treaty is signed at Alais granting reli-
gious liberty, amnesty for all acts of
rebellion, and reestablishing Catholic
worship in " reformed towns."
1630 Oct. 30. Bavaria. The Treaty
of Ratisbon is concluded between
France and the German Emperor.
[Richelieu soon after declares it null
and void.]
Nov. 12. Richelieu's dismissal, on
which the king had apparently resolved
at the instigation of Marie de M^dicis,
Gaston d'Orleans, and others, is an-
nulled [and the influence of the Cardi-
nal becomes greater than ever ; hence it
is called the Day of Dupes].
1631 Jan. 25. The Treaty of Bern-
wald is concluded between France and
Sweden against Germany.
Apr. 6. The first Treaty of Cherasco,
between Richelieu and the Emperor Fer-
dinand II., ends the Italian expedition.
France gives up conquests in Italy.
[By a second treaty made by Richelieu
with Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, France
secures Pignerol.]
1632 Jan. 6. By the Treaty of Vie
Lorraine is made subject to France.
1633 * * The French take Nancy from
Burgundy. [1061. They restore it.]
Oct. 30. Due de Montmorency, Henri
II., is executed at Toulouse for rebellion.
1634 * * Lorraine is annexed to France.
Nov. * A treaty is concluded between
the French and Swedes against Ger-
many.
1635 Feb. * * An alliance is formed be-
tween France and Holland against Spain
for the partition of Flanders.
May 10. France declares war against
Spain.
* * Martinique is settled by the French.
1638 * * Marie de Me"dicis takes refuge
in England, having been dismissed from
court through the influence of Riche-
lieu.
1642 Sept. 12. The Marquis de Cinq-
Mars is beheaded, after trial and con-
demnation, for treasonable compact with
Spain aiming at the overthrow of Riche-
lieu.
Dec. 3. Cardinal Mazarin, an Italian,
is made prime Minister.
Dec. 4. Paris. Richelieu dies ; bonfires
express the people's joy.
During his administration he destroyed
the power of the nobles, restored French
influence in Italy, the Netherlands, and
Germany, establishing it in Sweden, and
raised France to the highest eminence.
* * Perpignan is annexed to France.
1643 May 14. Louis XUL dies.
1643-1715 Louis XTV. reigns.
Louis, son of Louis XIII., five years
old, becomes king ; his mother, Anne of
Austria, daughter of Philip III., King of
Spain, is regent.
1645 ** Paris. The parliament of
Paris refuses to register taxes proposed
by the queen ; they are enforced by royal
edict.
1647* *The Treaty of Ulm. (See
Austria, p. 512.)
1648* * Paris. The four courts, the
parliament, the grand council, the cham-
ber of exchequer, and the court of aids,
unite for resistance to the despotic
measures of the regent and Mazarin,
and for the reform of abuses in the
government.
Aug. 26. Paris. Sroussel and other
members of the parliament are arrested
by order of the queen.
Aug. 27. Paris. The Civil War of the
Fronde begins.
The people take up arms, barricade the
streets, and attack the royal guards, de-
manding the release of Broussel ; they
are called f rondeurs (slingers) as if they
were school-boys fighting with slings ;
their cause is espoused by De Godi, coad-
jutor bishop of Paris [Cardinal de Retz],
the prince of Conti (brother of Conde),
Marshal Turenne, the Duke de Longue-
ville, and several other nobles.
Oct. 24. Prus. The Peace of West-
phalia is concluded between France,
Germany, and Sweden.
It ends the Thirty Years' War ; France
receives the feudal overlordship of the
empire, and gets Lower Alsace ; Sweden
gets the greater part of Pomerania ; the
religious and political rights of the Ger-
man States are established ; and the in-
dependence of the Swiss Confederation
is recognized by Germany. (See p. 513.)
* * Belf ort is annexed to France ; Besan-
con is ceded to Spain.
1649 Jan. 7. Paris. Anne secretly de-
parts with the young king, and retires to
St. Germain.
Jan. 8. Paris. Parliament proclaims
Mazarin an enemy to the king and the
State, and orders him to leave the king-
dom.
Mar. 4. A deputation from the parlia-
ment of Paris, headed by the president,
Mathieu Mole, confers with the queen at
Ruel, and a temporary peace is ef-
fected.
1650 Jan. 18. Prince Conde", having
insulted the queen-regent, is arrested
with his brother Conti and his brother-
in-law Longueville.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1632 * * Louis XIII. provides a hunting-
seat at Versailles, which is a small vil-
lage in a great forest.
* *TJncommon mortality prevails
throughout France ; 60,000 people per-
ish in Lyons.
* * * Paris is occasionally lighted by
means of burning pitch and other com-
bustibles in pans.
1640 * * Paris. The first louis d'or
pieces are struck.
1649 * * The plague ravages Marseilles.
690 1650, * *-1669, * *.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1650 Dec. 15. Marshal Turenne is
defeated by the royal troops at Bhetel.
1652 Apr.* Spaniards under Conde
defeat the Royalists under Turenne at
Bleneau.
July 2. Paris. Conde" is defeated at
the Porte St. Antoine by Turenne, who
has gone over to the Royalists ; at the
last moment the gates are opened to
Conde, and closed against Turenne.
1653 * * The Spaniards, led by Cond<5,
continue the war in Picardy ; Turenne
checks his progress.
1654 Aug. 25. Turenne defeats the
Spaniards under Conde" at Arras.
1656 * * Conde routs a division of Tu-
renne's army at the siege of Valen-
ciennes.
1658 June 14. Turenne defeats the
Spaniards under Conde on the Dunes,
near Dunkirk. (N. S. June 4.)
June 23. Dunkirk surrenders to the
French [who give it up to the English].
1662 * * War is declared against the
Pope, and the city of Avignon is seized
by French troops.
1667* *-68* * Belg. First war of
Conquest. (See State.)
May * The French under Louis and Tu-
renne cross the Flemish frontier, and
take Armentieres, Charleroi, Douai, and
Tournay.
Aug. 27. Louis enters and takes posses-
sion of Lille after a brief siege.
* * The Grenadier corps, armed with
hand-grenades, is established.
* * Louis sends a fleet against the Bar-
bary pirates.
1668 Feb. * Louis and Conde conquer
Franche- Comte", capturing the towns
of Besancon, Salins, Dole, and Gray
within 22 days.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1650 * * First attempts at stenography
are made.
± * * Passage of the Granicus is painted
by Charles Lebrun.
1651 * * It. Blind Men of Jericho is
painted by Nicolas Poussin at Borne.
1655 * * Cassini de Thury, director of the
observatory, draws his meridian line of
Paris, after Dante.
1662+ * * Paris. Louis XIV. purchases
the house of Jean Gobelin, a tapestry-
maker, for a factory in which adorn-
ments of palaces should be made.
± * * Abbe" Jean Claude R. de Saint-Non
invents aquatinta, by which a soft ef-
fect is given to engravings.
1663 * * Paris. The Academy of In-
scriptions and Belles- Lettres is estab-
lished by Jean Baptiste Colbert.
1666 * * Paris. The Academy of Sci-
ences is established by Colbert. [1669.
It is approved by Louis XIV.]
1667* * Paris. The Royal Observatory
is established.
1669 * * Robert Cambert, the composer,
and his librettist, Abbe' Perrin, obtain
a patent for the Acadimie Royale de Mu-
sique, which they had instituted.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1650 * * Erlach, Jean Louis d', marshal, A55.
Rotrou, Jean de, dramatic poet, A41.
Vaugelas, Claude Favre de, gram., A65.
1651 * * Bart, Jean, seaman, born.
Caussin, Nicolas, Jesuit, author, A68.
Chamillard, Michel, minister, born.
Dacier, Andr6, scholar, critic, born.
Fenelon. Francois de Salignac de la Mothe
de, archbishop of Cambrai, author, born.
Garissoles, Antoine, Prot. cl., poet, A64.
La Salle, Jean Baptiste de, cl., edu., b.
Pourchot, Edme, philosopher, born.
1652 * * Anseline, Antoine, pulpit orator,
poet, born.
Aubertin, Edmonde, clergyman, writer, A57.
Beaune, Florimond, mathematician, A51.
Caseneuve, Pierre de, plulologist, A61.
Petau, Denis, chronologist, A69.
1653 * * Alegre, d'Yves, Marq., marshal, b.
Aviler, Augustin Charles d', architect, born.
Basnage de Beauval, Jacques, historian, b.
Fleury, AndriS Hercule de, cardinal, states-
man, born.
Duvergier de Hauranne, L'Abbe^ de Saint-
Cyran, Jansenist, theologian, A72.
Salmasius, Claudius, scholar, A65.
Villars, Due de, Claude L. H., general, born.
1654 * * Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de, au-
thor, A60.
Dorigny, Louis, painter, engraver, born.
Fontenay, Jean Baptiste Blain de, painter, b.
Harcourt, Due d', Henri, general, dip., born.
Abbadie, Jacques, Prot. clergyman, born.
Imbert, Joseph Gabriel, painter, born.
Varignon, Pierre, mathematician, born.
Vendome, Due de, Louis Joseph, gen., b.
1655 * * Baden-Baden, Margrave of, Lud-
wig W., general, born.
Bergerac, Savinien Cyrano de, dramatist,
novelist, duelist, A35.
Gassendi, Pierre, philosopher, A63.
Lesueur, Eustache, painter, A38.
Montfaucon, Bernard de, critic, antiquary,
philologist, born.
Reg-nard. Jean Francois, comic poet, b.
Tristan l'Hermite, Francois, poet, A54.
Vertot, Rene Aubert de, historian, born.
1656 * * Basnage de Beauval, Henri, clergy-
author, born.
Campistron, Jean Galbert de, dramatist, b.
Dubois, Guillaume, cardinal, statesman, b.
Forbin, Claude, admiral, born.
Tournefort, Joseph Pittonde, botanist, b.
1657 * * Chazelles, Jean de, physicist, born.
Dorigny, Sir Nicolas, engraver, born.
Dupin, Louis Ellies, theologian, historian, b.
Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, advo-
cate, philosopher, poet, mis. writer, born.
Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques, clergyman,
founder of Order of St. Sulpice, A49.
1658 * * Boulainvilliers, Comte Henri de, his-
torian, critic, born.
Cappel, Louis, theologian, A73.
Saint-Pierre, Charles Irehee Castel de, cler-
gyman, author, born.
Coustou, Nicolas, sculptor, born.
Lemaistre, Antoine, advocate, jurist, A50.
Kale, Sebastien, Jesuit, missionary to Aben-
aki Indians, born.
1659 * * Beausobre, Isaac de, Protestant
clergyman, theologian, born.
Colletet, Guillaume, poet, A61.
Espagne, Jean d', Prot. theologian, A68.
Morin, Jean, Biblical critic, A68.
Rigand, Hyacinthe, painter, born.
1660 * * Campra, Andre, composer, born.
Chifflet, Jean Jacques, physician, A72.
Estrees, Due d', Victor Marie, admiral,
statesman, born.
Flacour, Etienne de, commander at Mada-
gascar, A 53.
Feuillet, Louis, naturalist, geog., astron., b.
Mothe-Cadillac, Antoine de la, explorer,
founder Detroit (U. S.), born.
Orleans, Due d\ Jean Baptiste Gaston, son
of Henry IV., A52.
Scarron, Paul, poet, satirist, A50.
Vincent de Paul, Saint, R. C. reformer,
founder " Sisters of Charity," A84.
1661 * * Buffier, Claude, philosopher, born.
Coypel, Antoine, painter, born.
Dancourt, Florent Carton, comedian, born.
Hecquet, Philippe, physician, author, born.
Lenfant, Jacques, Protestant cl., hist., born.
L'HSpital, Guillaume F. A., Marquis de
Saint-Mesme, geometrician, born.
Mazarin, J tiles, cardinal, statesman, A59.
Polig-nac, Melchior de, cardinal, states-
man, born.
Rollin, Charles, historian, born.
Rapin, Paul de, Sieur de Thoyras, hist., b.
1662 * * Aymar, Jaques, impostor, born.
Marca, Pierre de, archbishop of Paris, A68.
Boisrobert, Francois le Metel de, writer, wit,
A70.
Pascal, Blaise, philosopher, author, A39.
1663 * * Amontons, Guillaume, physicist, b.
Calprenede, Seigneur de la, Gautier de
Costes, novelist, A53.
Eugene, Prince, Francois Eugene de Savoy,
general, born in Paris.
Laba, Jean Baptiste, monk, missionary, au-
thor, born.
Massillon, Jean Baptiste, pulpit orator,
born.
1664* *Ablancourt, Nicolas-Perrot d',
writer, A58.
Amyraut, Moses, Protestant clergyman, A68.
Boyer, Abel, lexicographer, born.
Conti, Prince de, Francis Louis de Bour-
bon, general, born.
Vaniere, Jacques, Latin poet, born.
1665 * * Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, paint-
er, poet, A54.
Fermat, Pierre de, geometrician, poet, A64.
Lelong, Jacques, cl., bibliographer, born.
Pagan, Comte de, Blaise Francois, military
engineer, A61.
Poussin, Nicolas, painter, A71.
Rambouillet, Marquise de, Catherine de Vi-
vonne, leader of society, A77.
Regis, Jieau Baptiste de, geographer, born.
1666* * Anne of Austria, wife of Louts
XIII., A64.
Desmaiseaux, Pierre, scholar, author, born.
Gombauld, Jean Ogier de, poet, A99.
Mansart, or Mansard, Francois, arch., A68.
Victor Amadeus II., Due de Savoie, King of
Sardinia, born.
1667 * * Audran, Jean, engraver, born.
Bochart, Samuel, scholar, Prot. theol., A 68.
Demoivre, Abraham, mathematician, born.
Gacon, Francois, poet, satirist, born.
Sanson, Nicolas, geographer, A67.
Thevenot, Jean de, traveler, composer, A26.
1 668 * * Aguesseau, Henri Francois d', chan-
cellor, orator, author, born.
Le Sage, Alain Rene, romancer, dram., b.
1669 * * Beaufort, Due de, Francois de Ven-
dome, soldier, A53.
Drelincourt, Charles, Prot. clergyman, A74.
Folard, Jean C. de, soldier, tactician, born.
Vaillant, Sebastien, botanist, author, born.
CHURCH.
1652 * * Louis XIV. confirms the Edict
of Nantes.
1658 * * Antoinette Bourignon founds
the Bourignonist sect.
Its members claim to restore the true
church, wear the Augustine habit, and
travel ; it teaches that religion is chiefly
a matter of inward feeling.
1667 * * Borne. Clement IX. is pope.
LETTERS.
1651 * * Alcidiane, by Gomberville, ap-
pears.
* * Racan writes amorous lyrics, and par-
aphrases of the Psalms.
1652 * * Socrate Chretien, by J. L. G. de
Balzac, appears. [1657, Les Entretiens;
1658, Aristippe.]
1653 * * Bivales, by Philippe Quinault,
appears. [1656, Mort de Cyrus.]
* * Histoire de VAcadimie Francaise, by
Paul Pellison, appears.
* * Dom Japhet d'Armenie, by Scarron, ap-
pears.
1654 * * Alaric, by Georges de Scudery,
appears.
* * Treatise on the Truth of the Christian
Religion, by Jacques Abbadie, appears.
* * Lives of Tycho Brahe, Copernicus,
and other astronomers, are published by
Pierre Gassendi.
* * Eunuchus of Terence is translated by
Jean de La Fontaine. [1658, Adonis ;
1659, Clymene; 1661, fcligie aux nymphes
de Vdux.]
1655 May 30. Paris. The Journal des
Savans is published by Denis de Sallo,
ecclesiastical councillor in the parlia-
ment of France. [It is the earliest peri-
odical critical work in French.]
* * A translation of Lucan's Pharsalia,
by Guillaume de Brebeuf, appears.
FRANCE.
1650, * *-1669,
691
* * L'Etourdi, Moliere's first finished play,
is given at Lyons. [1656, Le D&pit Amou-
reux.]
1656 * * Timocrate, by Thomas Corneille,
has the longest run on the stage of any
play of the century. [He writes 16 other
tragedies.]
* * Pucelle, by Jean Chapelain, appears.
* * Paris. The Port-Royal des Champs
becomes the retreat of the Arnaulds,
Tillemont, Pascal, Lancelot, and other
eminent Jansenists, who devote them-
selves to education, and produce the
Port-Royal grammars, logic, and other
works.
± * * Corneille writes a verse translation
of the Imitation of Christ, Discourses on
Dramatic Poetry, and the Examens.
[1658, (Edipe; 1660, La Toisson d'Or;
1662, Sertorius; 1663, Sophonisbe ; 1664,
Othon; 1666, Agesilas ; 1667, Atilla.]
* * -57 * * Provincial Letters, by Pascal,
appears^
1657 * * Clovis, by Jean Desmarets, ap-
pears. [He writes also Visionnaires.]
1658* * Nouvelle Alligorique, by An-
toine Furetiere, appears. [1666, Roman
Bourgeois.]
Oct. 24. Moliere's troupe appear for
the first time before Louis XIV.
1659 Nov. 18. Les Precieuses Ridi-
cules, by Moliere, appears.
1660 * * Grammaire Generate, by An-
toine Arnauld, appears. [He writes also
Art de penser.]
* * Mademoiselle de Montpensier and Com-
tesse de Tende, or La Princesse de Cleves,
by Marie Madeleine, Comtesse de Lafa-
yette, appear.
* * Adieu of a Poet to the City of Paris,
by Boileau, appears.
* * Sqanarelle, ou le cceur imaginaire, by
Moliere, appears.
1661 Feb. 4. Don Garde de Navarre,
a tragi-comedy, by Moliere, appears and
fails.
June 24. L'Ecole des Maris, by Moliere,
appears.
Aug. 15-20. Les FOcheux, by Moliere,
is played before the king at Vaux-le-
Vicomte.
* * Histoire du Roi Henri le Grand, by
Hardouin de Beaumont de P^refixe, ap-
pears.
* * -63 * * Faramond, by La Calprenede,
appears.
1662 Dec. 26. L'Ecole des Femmes, by
Moliere, appears.
* * _79 * * Memoires, by Jean Francois
Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz, ap-
pears.
1663 * * The Society of Four is estab-
lished by Boileau, La Fontaine, Moliere,
and 'Racine.
* * Portrait du Peintre, by Edme Bour-
sault, appears. [1670, Critique des Sa-
tires.]
1664 Feb. 15. Le Mariage Ford, by
Moliere, appears.
June 20. Le Thdbdide, by Racine, is pro-
duced by Moliere's company at the Pa-
lais Royale Theatre.
Aug. 22. Racine receives a pension
from Louis XIV.
* * Princesse d'Elide, and the first three
acts of Tartu fe, by Moliere, appear.
Tartufe offends many persons among
the clergy and nobility, and it is sup-
* * Ilistoire amoureuse des Gaules, by
Roger de Rabutin, appears.
* * Festin de Pierre, or Don Juan, by Mo-
liere, appears.
* * Maxims, by La Rochefoucauld, ap-
pears. [1665-78, Reflections sur les sen-
tences et maximes morales.]
* * -66 * * Contes et Nouvelles, by La
Fontaine, appears.
1666 June 4. Le Misanthrope, by Mo-
liere, appears.
* * Paris. The Academy of Sciences is
founded.
1667 Aug. 5. Tartufe is played [but
stopped after the first night].
* * Les neuf Epitres, by Boileau, appears.
* * Mathilde, by Scudery, appears.
1668 Jan. 13. Amphitryon, by Moli-
ere, appears. [Sept. 9, L'Avare; later,
George DandinT]
Dec. 5. Les Plaideurs, by Racine, is
printed.
* * The first six books of Fables, by La
Fontaine, appear.
* * Abregi Chronologique, by Mezerai, ap-
pears.
1669 Feb. 5. Tartufe is at last played
with extraordinary success.
Sept. 17. M. de Pourceaugnac, by Moli-
ere, appears.
Dec. 13. Britannicus, by Racine, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
* * Astrate, by Quinault, appears. [1665,
La Mere Coquette.]
1665 Sept. 22. L' Amour Midecin, by
Moliere, appears.
1654 * * Twenty women are put to death
as witches.
1655 * * The forms of etiquette are ex-
tremely majestic, but cumbrous.
The license of manners among the no-
bility is very great, and the greater part
of the court is affected.
1660+ * * The nobles have lost political
influence, and all their privileges consist
in waiting on the king at court, being
exempt from taxation, and absorbing all
military commissions.
STATE.
1651 Feb. * The queen is obliged to
liberate Conde" and the other princes.
Mar. * Mazarin flees from France, the
parliament having issued orders for his
arrest.
* * Marshal Turenne and de Retz join
the court party, and the Parisians are
forced to submit ; Conde\ accused by the
queen of treasonable intrigues with
Spain, flees to Guienne, where he raises
an army.
1652 Jan.* Mazarin returns to power.
[The parliament becomes merely the
recorder of royal decrees.]
Aug. 19. Mazarin is removed from
power by Louis" at the demand of the
people [and a general amnesty is pro-
claimed].
Oct. 15. Paris. Conde" departs in dis-
gust [and enters the service of Spain un-
der the Duke of Lorraine, for which he
is proclaimed a traitor].
1653 Feb. * Mazarin again returns to
power.
1655 Oct. 24. A treaty of alliance is
formed between France and England.
1657 Mar. 23. A treaty of alliance,
offensive and defensive, is concluded at
Paris between France and England.
1658 * * Dunkirk is ceded to England.
1659 Nov. 7. The Peace of the Pyr-
enees is signed between France and
Spain.
France gains a great part of Artois,
most of Roussillon, and several places
in Flanders, Hainault, and Luxemburg;
Spain gains territory held by France in
Catalonia and Franche-Comte ; Louis
XIV. is to marry Maria Theresa, daughter
of Philip IV., she renouncing all claim
to the Spanish throne; Cond6 is par-
doned, and restored to his honora and
dignities.
1660 June 2. Louis XIV. marries
Maria Theresa, eldest daughter of the
King of Spain.
* * Marseilles loses its ancient privileges.
1661 Mar. 9. Cardinal Mazarin dies.
Mar.* Louis takes the reins of power
into his own hands.
1662 * * Jean Baptiste Colbert is made
controller of finance. [He makes exten-
sive and beneficial reforms in the finan-
cial and commercial affairs of the king-,
dom].
Nov.* Dunkirk is sold to France by
Charles II. of England for five millions
of livres.
* * The Treaty of Montmartre is signed ;
it gives to the king the right of succes-
sion to the dukes of Lorraine.
1664 Feb. 22. The Treaty of Pisa is
concluded between the Pope and France.
1666 Jan. 16. Louis declares war
against England in aid of Holland.
1667 May* Belg. Louis invades the
Spanish Netherlands.
The Spanish King Philip VI. being
dead, Louis claims Flanders and
Franche-Comte" in right of his wife,
Philip's daughter by his first marriage ;
he bases his claim on the Hainault law
of devolution, which entitles children by
a first marriage to inherit certain terri-
tory to the exclusion of children by a
subsequent marriage.
July 21. The Peace of Breda is con-
cluded between England, France, Hol-
land, and Denmark. Acadia [Nova
Scotia] is restored by England and con-
firmed to France.
1668 Jan. 23. Neth. The Triple Al-
liance of England, Holland, and Swe-
den, against France, is signed at The
Hague.
Jan. * A secret treaty is concluded be-
tween Louis and the German Emperor
Leopold, regulating the future partition
of the Spanish monarchy.
Feb. * CondcS occupies the free county of
Burgundy with astonishing success.
May 2. Prus. The Peace of Aix-la-
Chapelle is concluded.
Louis restores Franche-Comte' to Spain
after dismantling the fortresses, and re-
tains 12 fortified towns on the border of
the Spanish Netherlands ; they include
Lille, Tournay, and Oudenarde.
* * The first embassies are received from
Russia.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1662+ * * The invention of the omni-
bus [is ascribed to Pascal].
1664 * * -81 * * The Languedoc canal
is constructed ; it joins the Mediterra-
nean and the Atlantic.
* * The French East India Company is
formed.
692
1669,**-1685,**,
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1672* *-78* *The second war of
conquest.
It is directed against Holland as a
member of the triple alliance and a
refuge for political and abusive writers
against Louis.
Apr. 28. Paris. War with Holland
begins ; Louis leaves with an army of
100,000 men.
May 28. Eng. Battle of Southwold.
The French and English fleets under
Count D'Estr^es and the Duke of York
[James II.] fight the Dutch under Adm.
Ruyter off Norfolk ; result indecisive.
June * Neth. Anheim and Deventer
surrender to Turenne. The Prince of
Orange abandons Utrecht, which is occu-
pied by the French.
June 12. The French under Louis and
Conde cross the Rhine between the
Wahal and the Yssel ; the Dutch, taken
by surprise, make but slight resistance ;
the Duke of Longueville is killed.
1673 June 30. Neth. Louis takes
Maestricht after a siege of 20 days.
Sept. 8. Prus. Treves is taken for
France by Marshal Vauban.
Nov. 12. Pries. Bonn is taken by Wil-
liam of Orange.
1674 May* -June* Louis invades
Franche-Comt6, which he overruns,
and subdues in a six weeks' campaign.
June 16. Ger. Marshal Turenne de-
feats the Imperialists at Sinsheim [and
devastates the Palatinate].
Aug. 11. Belg. Prince Conde" and Wil-
liam of Orange engage in an indecisive
but sanguinary battle at Seneffe.
Oct. 4. Ger. Marshal Turenne defeats
the Imperialists at Entzheim. [Dec.
31. And again at Mulhausen, in Alsace.]
1675 Jan. 5. Ger. The Elector of
Brandenburg and the Imperialists are
defeated by the French under Mar-
shal Turenne at Turkheim, in Alsace.
July 27. Baden. Marshal Turenne ia
killed in a skirmish at Sasbach ; the
French retreat across the Rhine.
1676 Jan. 7. Adm. Duquesne de-
feats the Dutch under Adm. De Ruyter
in a naval battle in the Mediterranean,
off Stromboli.
Apr. 22. Sicily. Adm. Duquesne de-
feats the Dutch and Spanish fleets under
Adm. De Ruyter off Syracuse ; De Ruy-
ter is mortally wounded.
1677 * * Louis captures Valenciennes,
Cambrai, and St. Omar.
Apr. 11. Prus. The Prince of Orange
is defeated by the Duke of Orleans at
Cassel.
Nov. 18. Switz. Freiburg is captured
by the French.
1678 Mar. 9. Ghent is taken by the
French.
Mar. * Belg. Ypres surrenders to the
French.
Aug. 10. A treaty of peace. (See
State.)
1681 Sept. 30. Ger. Strasburg is
seized by Louis.
1682 Aug. * -Sept. * Alg. Algiers is
bombarded by the French under Adm.
Duquesne. (See Algiers.)
1683 Nov. * Belg. The French enter
Flanders, and capture Courtrai and Dix-
mude.
1684 June 4. Belg. Luxemburg is
taken by Marshal Crequi.
Aug. 15. Ger. A truce for 24 years
is signed at Ratisbon by France, Spain,
and the Empire, the two latter acquies-
cing in Louis's new conquests.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1671 * * Jean Picard measures the size
of the earth.
* * Paris. The Academy of Architec-
ture is established.
* * Paris. Robert Cambert composes the
opera Pomone ; he is the first French
musician to compose one.
* * -72 * * Paris. Giovanni Domenico
Cassini, at the Observatory, discovers
four of the satellites of Saturn.
1672 * * Paris. The arch of St. Denis
is erected.
* * Paris. The opera Pomone is sung un-
der the patronage of Louis XIV.
1674 * * Jean de Hautefeuille displays
talent in regulating watches. (The in-
vention of the spiral-spring watch is
more justly claimed by Huggens.) [1678.
He suggests a heat-engine, using an
explosion of gunpowder to move the
piston.]
1680 Aug. 18. Paris. The National
Theater is founded by a royal decree.
[Aug. 25. The first performance is given
by 27 actors, 12 of whom are women.]
* * The Venus de Medicis, found near
Tivoli, is removed to France.
1681* * Denis Papin invents "Papin's
digester," applicable to the steam-
engine. [1687. He presents his first
hydraulic wheel to the Royal Society of
London.]
1684 * * Paris. Giovanni Domenico Cas-
sini discovers two other satellites of
Saturn.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1670 * * Beauplan, Guillaume Levasseur de,
geographer, dies.
Berwick, Duke of, James Fitz-James, mar-
shal, born.
Cerc^au, Jean-Antoine du, Jesuit, poet, his-
torian, born.
Coigny, Due de, Francois de Franquetot,
marshal, born.
1 >.-ull<\ Jean, Protestant clergyman, A76.
Dubos, Jean Baptiste, publicist, critic, born.
Gagnier, Jean, orientalist, born.
Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, poet, born.
1671 * * Bourdon, S6bastien, painter, A55.
Capperonnier, Claude, linguist, critic, born.
Pereflxe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, histo-
rian, A66t.
Valois, Charles de, antiquary, born.
1672* * Calmet, A ugustin, Benedictine
monk, Biblical scholar, born.
Lefevre, Tannegui, critic, scholar, A57.
1673 * * Barrelier, Jacques, botanist, A 67.
Caylus, Marquise de, Martha Marguerite de
Villette de Murcay, woman of fashion, b.
Courtois, Jacques, painter, A52.
Duguay-Trouin, Ren6, admiral, born.
Lallemant, J<5r6me, Jesuit missionary in
Canada, A80.
Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, drama-
tist, A51.
Philip II., Due d' Orleans, son of Philip, b.
Picart, Bernard, designer, engraver, born.
1674* * Arnauld, Kobertd'Audilly,au., A86.
Baron, Vincent, Dominican theol., au., A70.
Barbeyrac, Jean, jurist, historian, born.
Caron, Francois, director-general in India, (V.
Chapelain, Jean, poet, critic, A79.
Cr6blllon. Prosper Jolyot de. dram., b.
Duhalde, Jean Baptiste, Jesuit geog., born.
Labadie, Jean de, mystic, A64.
Pecquet, Jean, anatomist, discoverer, A51.
Petit, Jean Louis, surgeon, born.
1675 * * Auvrigny, Hyacinthe Robillard, d',
historian, born.
Bonneval, Conite de, Claude Alexandre, ad-
venturer, born.
Dughet, Gaspard, painter, A 62.
Delisle, Guillaume, geographer, born.
Marquette, Jacques, explorer of Mississippi,
A 38.
Koberval, de, Giles P., mathematician, A73.
Turenne, Marshal de, Henry de la Tour
d'Auvergne, A64.
1676 * * Brinvilliers, Marquise de. Marie
Marguerite d'Aubray, poisoner, A25+.
Courtois, Jacques, painter, A55.
La Grange, Joseph de Chancel de, poet, b.
1677 * * Cambert, Robert, composer, A49.
Cassini, Jacques, astronomer, born.
Girard, Gabriel, grammarian, born.
Saurin, Jacques, Protestant pulpit orator, b.
1678 * * Barcos, Martin de, clergyman, A78.
Bourguet, Louis, antiquary, naturalist, b.
Bon de Saint-Hilaire, Francois Xavier, writer,
scholar, born.
Coustou, Guillaume, sculptor, born.
Nanteuil, Robert, painter, engraver, A48.
Noailles, Due de, Adrien Maurice, marshal,
statesman, born.
1679 * * Abanzit, Firmin, mathematician, b.
Cavalier, Jean, leader of Camisards, born.
Chevreuse, Duchesse de, Marie de Rohan,
A79.
Courtois, Guillaume, painter, A51.
L'Angeli, last of titled court fools, A59.
Longueville, Duchesse de, Anne Genevieve de
Bourbon Conde, political agitator, A 60.
Retz, Cardinal de, J. F. P. de Gondi,
statesman, A 55.
Psalmanazer, George, literary impostor, b.
1680* * Destouches, Philippe JS'encault,
dramatist, born.
Fouquet, Nicolas, Marquis de Belle-Isle,
financier, A65.
Perrin, Pierre, first writer of Fr. operas, (?) d.
Moreri, Louis, clergyman, historian, A37.
Rochefoucauld, Due de la, Francois, mor-
alist, A67.
1681 * * Courayer, Pierre Francois le, R. C,
clergyman, author, born.
1682 * * Claude Lorrain, painter, A 82.
Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., Jesuit, historian, b.
Frezier, Amedee Francois, eng., traveler, b.
Olivet, L'Abb6 d', Joseph Thoulier, author,
critic, born.
Picard, Jean, astronomer, A 62.
1683 * * Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Marquis de
Seiguelay, financier, statesman, A 64.
Furetiere, Antoine, philosopher, A63.
Fourmont, Etienne, orientalist, author, born.
De8jardins, Marie Catherine, author, A43.
Rameau, Jean Philippe, composer, author, b.
Mezeray, Francois Eudes de, historian, A73.
Reaumur, Rene de, natural phil., entomol., b.
1684 * * Arnauld, Ang61ique, nun, wr., A60.
Astruc, Jean, medical writer, teacher, born.
Corneille, Pierre, poet, dramatist, A78.
Mariotte, Edma, physicist, A 64.
Watteau, Antoine, painter, born.
Sacy, Louis Isaac, Jansenist, tr. of Bible, A71.
Vanloo, Jean Baptiste, painter, born.
1685 * * Chauvelin, Germain Louis de, states-
man, born.
Desfontaines, Pierre, Fran. Guyot, critic, b.
Henault, Charles Jean Francois, historian,
poet, born.
CHURCH.
1670* * Rome. Clement X. is pope. [1676,
Innocent XI.]
1675 * * Paris. Pere Lachaise be-
comes the king's confessor, and obtains
great influence with him ; he is partly
responsible for the revocation of the
Edict of Nantes.
1678 Sept. 17. Religious liberty is con-
firmed to the Lutherans by the Peace
of Nimeguen ; they are numerous in
Alsace.
1682 * * Louis convokes an assembly of
the clergy, which provokes a quarrel
with the Pope.
It strongly asserts that the Pope has
no right to meddle with the State in
matters temporal ; that his power must
be limited by the ecclesiastical canons ;
that his decrees are not authoritative or
infallible without the assent of a gen-
eral council ; that he cannot ordain any-
thing contrary to the constitutions and
liberties of the French church.
FRANCE.
1669,
1685,
693
1685 Oct. 22. Paris. The Edict of
Nantes is revoked by the sole authority
of Louis.
The Beformed religion is entirely pro-
scribed (except in Alsace}, the churches
to be leveled, and the ministers to quit
France in 15 days, and private worship
prohibited ; laymen are forbidden to
leave under pain of confiscation of goods
and condemnation to the galleys for life ;
and the children of Protestants to be
baptized henceforth by the parish
priests, and to be educated in the Itoman
Catholic religion. [ Te JJeums are sung in
Rome, and the Pope sends congratula-
tions to Louis. Terrible suffering and
prolonged miseries are caused by en-
forcing the king's requirements ; 50,000
families are driven out of France.]
LETTERS.
1669 * * L' Exposition de la doctrine ca-
tholique, bv Bossuet, appears. [1609-79,
L'Histoire abrigee de la France, La
Politique tirte de VEcriture sainte, and
Traiti de la connaissance de Dieu et de
soim&me.]
* * -74 * * Art Poitique, by Boileau, ap-
pears.
* * -93 * * Marie de Rabutin-Chantal,
Marquise de Sevigu6, writes over 1,500
Letters.
1670 Feb. 10. Les Amants Magni-
fiques, by Moliere. appears. [Oct. 23.
Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme.']
* * Zaide, by Madame de Lafayette, ap-
pears.
* * Pensies de Pascal appears.
* * Birinice, by Racine, appears.
± * * Letters, by Gui Patin, appear.
± * * Historiettes, by Gideon Tallemant
des Reaux, appears.
± * * Conspiration de Walstein, by J. Sar-
rasin, appears.
1671 May 7. Psyche appears.
Moliere and Pierre Corneille collab-
orate in the dialogue, while Quinault
composes the words for the music by
Lulli.
* * Exposition de la Doctrine de I'Egiise
catholique sur les matures de controverse,
by Bossuet, appears.
* * Several Fables, by La Fontaine, ap-
pear.
* * Les Fourberies de Scapin, by Moliere,
appears.
* * Conversations of Aristes and Euqenius
and Remarks and Donbts on the French
language, by Dominique Bouhours, ap-
pear.
* * -86 * * Quinault writes 14 librettos
for Lulli.
* * -95 * * Essais de morale, by Pierre
Nicole, appears.
1672 Jan. 4. Bajazet, by Racine, ap-
pears.
Feb. 2. La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, by
Moliere, appears. [Feb. 11, Les Femmes
Savantes.]
* * Conjuration des Espagnols, by L'Abbe'
de St. Real, appears.
* * Paris. Mercure Galant is issued.
* * Journal du Palais is issued.
* * -83 * * Lutrin, by Boileau, appears.
1673 Jan. 13. Mithridate, by Racine,
appears. [1674, Iphiginie.]
Feb. 10. Le malade Imaginaire, by Mo-
liere, appears.
* * Louis Moreri's Dictionnaire historique
appears.
* * Observations, by Menage, appears.
1674 * * De la recherche de la veriti, by
Nicolas de Malebranche, appears.
* *An academy is established at Sois-
sons.
* * -96 * * The Delphin Classics, pre-
pared by order of Louis XIV., under the
direction of Bossuet and Huet, appear.
1677 Jan. 1. Phedre, by Racine, " the
greatest tragedy of the classical French
school, is all but driven from the stage
on its presentation."
Oct. * Racine and Boileau are made his-
toriographers-royal, with a salary of
2,000 crowns.
* * Phedre et Hippolyte, by Nicolas Pra-
don, appears.
1679 * * ComMie sans Titre, by Bour-
sault, appears.
* * Nouvelles Dicouvertes dans toutes les
Parties de la Medecine is issued.
1680 * * Paris. Courses in French civil
law are given for the first time in the
University of Paris.
* * TraitS de I'education des fllles and
Traiti de la nature et de la grace, by
Fran90is de La Mothe Fenelon, appear.
* * Proserpine, by Quinault, appears.
[1685, Roland ; 1686, Armide.]
* * Gens&rie, by Antoinette Deshoulieres,
appears.
* * Journal Ecclisiastique is issued.
4. * * Memoires, by Mme. de Motteville,
appears.
1681 * * Discours sur I'Histoire univer-
selle, by Bossuet, appears.
* * Maurs des Israelites, by Claude Fleury ,
appears. [1686, Du choix et de lamithode
d'itudes.]
1683 * * Dialogues des morts, by Bernard
le Bovier de Fontenelle, appears. [1686,
Entretien sur la Plurality des Mondes.]
1684 * * Traiti de morale, by Nicolas de
Malebranche, appears.
* * -1718 * * Nouvelles de la Ripublique
des Letters is issued by Bayle.
SOCIETY.
1676 July 16. Paris. Marie Mar-
guerite de Brinvilliers is executed for
her intrigues and crimes.
1679 * * The prisoner called the man
with the iron mask is closely confined
at Pignerol. [1703. Nov. 19. He dies
in the Bastile ; five different persons are
alleged to have been the mysterious
prisoner.]
1681 May 22. Paris. Female dancers
are first introduced on the Paris stage,
in the opera Le Triomphe de I Amour.
1685 Oct. 18. The Edict of Nantes
is revoked.
More than 50,000 families, including
military leaders, men of letters, and
most of the artificers of France, are com-
Eelled to emigrate to foreign countries
y this act. (See Church.)
* * Louis marries Madame deMaintenon.
STATE.
1670 May * A secret treaty between
the kings of France and England, signed
at Dover, is negotiated by Henrietta,
Duchess of Orleans.
Charles engages to openly join the
Catholic Church, Louis to aid Charles
by 2,000,000 livres ; the two kings agree
to declare war against Holland, Louis to
pay Charles 3,000,000 livres every year,
to carry on the war.
Nov. 1. A convention is secretly
signed between Louis and the German
emperor, binding each not to help the
other's enemies.
1672 Feb. 12. A public treaty is
concluded between France and England.
Mar. * -Apr. * France and England de-
clare war against Holland.
Apr. 14. Swe. The Treaty of Stock-
holm is concluded between France and
Sweden.
Sweden engages, for an annual subsidy
from France of 600,000 livres, to take
arms against any of the German princes
who should support Holland.
1673 Mar. * France declares war
against Holland.
June 6. Ger. The Peace of Vossem is
concluded between Frederick William,
Elector of Brandenburg, and Louis, who
agrees not to aid the Dutch against the
elector.
Aug. 15. Ktth. The League of The
Hague is formed against France by the
Dutch, the Spaniards, and the German
emperor.
1674 Feb. 9. Charles II. of England,
compelled by Parliament, makes peace •
with Holland.
* * Germany, Spain, Denmark, and Hol-
land unite in a quadruple alliance
against France.
June * The Emperor Leopold I. declares
war against France.
* * Alsace is united to France by con-
quest.
1676 Feb. 17. A secret treaty for
annual pension is signed between Louis
and Charles II. of England.
1678 May 12. Robert Cavelier de La
Salle receives a grant for the construc-
tion of forts, taking lands, and holding
a monopoly of trade, in the West
[Canada — Michigan].
May 17. Another secret treaty be-
tween Louis and Charles II. of England
is signed.
Aug. 10. At the Congress of Nimeguen
a treaty of peace is signed between
France and Holland. [Sept. 17. Be-
tween France and Spain ; 1679. Feb. 6.
Between France and Germany. It paci-
fies Europe.]
French conquests in Holland are re-
stored to the Dutch ; France gains
Franche-Comte' and Valenciennes,
Conde\ Bouchain, Maubeuge, Cambrai,
St. Omer, Aire, Ypres, and Cassel.
1679 June 29. A treaty is concluded
at St. Germain-en-Laye between France,
Sweden, and the Elector of Branden-
burg, who is obliged to cede most of his
conquests in Pomerania to Sweden.
Sept. 2. The Treaty of Fontainebleau
is concluded between France and Den-
mark.
* * Louis XIV., the Great Monarch, is
at the height of his power and glory.
* * Louis establishes " Chambers of Re-
union" for the purpose of asserting
claims, through old feudal titles, to ter-
ritories on the German frontier.
1681 Sept. 30. Strasburg is annexed
to France.
1684 Aug. 15. The Truce of Ratis-
bon. (See Army.)
Aug. 25. Strasburg and its district are
formally ceded to France, also the prov-
ince of Luxemburg.
1685 * * Louis persecutes the Protes-
tants. (See Church.)
694 1685, * *-1702, Aug. 19.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1688 * * -97 * * Ger. The third war to
obtain the Palatinate. (See State )
Oct. 29. Ger. Philippsburg surren-
ders to Louis. [Mannheim, Speyer,
Worms, and other towns are rapidly
taken.]
1689 * * Ger. Ruthless devastation of
the Palatinate. (See Society.)
Mar. * Louis sends a French squadron of
13 vessels with troops to Ireland, to aid
James II., who seeks to recover the
throne of England.
1690 June 30. South Eng. In a naval
battle off Beachy Head the French un-
der the Comte de Tourville defeat the
Dutch and English fleets under Adm.
Torrington.
July 1. Belg. The Due de Luxem-
bourg defeats the allies under the
Prince of Waldeck at Fleurus.
1691 Apr. 8. Belg. The French under
Louis take Mons.
Apr. 13. Nice surrenders to the
French under Marshal Catinat.
* * Louis sends Gen. St. Ruth with a force
to Ireland to aid James II. (See Great
Britain.)
1692 May 19. Vice-Adm. Tourville is
decisively defeated by the English
and Dutch fleets under Adm. Russell off
La Hogue.
June 5.. Belg. Namur capitulates to
the French.
Aug. 3. Belg. Marshal Luxembourg
defeats the allies under William III.
at Steenkerke.
1693 June 29. Port. Vice-Adm. Tour-
ville defeats the English fleet under
Adm. Rooke off Cape St. Vincent.
July 29. Belg. The allies under Wil-
liam III. are defeated by Marshal Lux-
embourg at Neerwinden, or Landen.
Oct. 4. Marshal Catinat defeats the
Duke of Savoy at Marsaglia.
Nov. 29. St. Malo is unsuccessfully
bombarded by the English.
1694 July * Dieppe and Havre are un-
successfully bombarded by the English
and Dutch.
Sept. * Dunkirk and Havre are unsuc-
cessfully bombarded by the English.
1695 Aug. 26. Belg. Namur is taken
by William III.
1696 June* It. Peace of Turin.
1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Ryswick.
1701 * * -14 * * War of the Spanish
Succession.
June * It. Prince Eugene of Savoy
commences the war by invading Italy
with an Austrian army ; he resents the
rejection of his proffered services.
July 9. It. The allies under Eugene
defeat the French under Marshal Cati-
nat at Carpi, Lombardy.
Sept. 1. It. The Austrians under Eu-
gene defeat the French under Marshal
Villeroi at Chiari, Lombardy.
1702 July 26. It. The French win at
the battle of Santa Vittoria.
Aug. 14. Ger. The French under Gen.
Villars defeat the Germans at Fried-
lingen.
Aug. 19. Sp. The French under Capt.
Du Casse are defeated in a naval battle
off Cartagena by the British under
Adm. Benbow.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1688 * * Cast mirrors are invented.
* * * Enameled pottery is made at St.
Cloud.
* * Denis Papin invents a heat-engine.
[1698. He attempts to construct an en-
gine.] He devises a steam-engine while
residing in Germany.
* * Guillaume Amontons invents a system
of telegraphy by means of signals from
station to station.
1692* * Paris. Giovanni DomenicoCas-
sini executes a chart of the f ull moon.
1694 * * Paris. Joseph Pitton de Tourne-
fort publishes a botanical system.
1700+ * * Jean Louis Petit explains the
structure of the eye.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1686 * * Chapelle, Claude E. L., poet., A60.
Blondel, Francois, arch., military eng., A69.
Conde. Louis II. de Bourbon de, Due
d'Enghien, general, A65.
Catelier, Jean Baptiste, Greek scholar, A59.
Estrades, Comte d', Godefroi, general, states-
man, A79.
Leroy, Julien, horologist, author, born.
Mairet, Jean, dramatist, A82.
Maimbourg, Louis, historian, A76.
1687 * * Aubery, Louis, Sieur du Maurier,
historical writer, dies.
Claude, Jean, Protestant leader, A68.
La Salle, Sieur de, Robert cavalier, explorer.
A44. '
Crequi, Francois de Bonne de, Due de Les-
diguieres, marshal, A63±.
Rapin, Ren6, Jesuit Latin poet. A66.
Lulli, Jean Baptiste, It.-Fr. comp., A54.
1688* * Bernier, Francois, trav.,phys.,A58±.
Castel, Louis Bertrand, mathematician, born.
Bromoy, Pierre, classical scholar, A58±.
Ceillier, Dom Remi, theologian, born.
Delisle, Joseph Nicolas, astronomer, born.
Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, historian, phi-
lologist, A78.
Duquesne, Abraham, admiral, A78.
Freret, Nicolas, antiquary, historical critic, b.
Lemoine, Francois, historical painter, b.
Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de,
dramatist, born.
Mellan, Claude, designer, engraver, d.
Perrault, Claude, architect, A75.
Quinault, Philippe, dramatic poet, A 53.
Quintinie, Jean de la, pomologist, A62.
Tavernier, Jean B., Baron d'Aubonne, trav-
eler, A83.
1689 * * Errard, Charles, painter, arch., A83.
Montesquieu, Baron, Charles de Secon-
dat, jurist, philosopher, born.
Piron, Alexis, dramatist, poet, wit, born.
1 690 * * Alacoque, Marguerite, nun, prophet-
ess, A43.
Allouez, Claude Jean, explorer, A70.
La Brun, Charles, painter, A78.
Lecouvreur, Adrienne, actor, born.
Le Pays, Rene de, Sieur Plessis-Villeneuve,
poet, A54.
Savary, Jacques, financier, A 68.
1691 * * Benserade, Isaac, court poet, A69.
Louvois, Marquis de, Francois L. M., states-
man, A50.
1698 * * Aiguebere, John Dumas, dram., b.
Auzout, Adrien, mathematician, A62±.
Burigny, Jean Levesque de, author, born.
Cay 1 us, Comte de, Anne C. P. de Tubieres,
antiquary, author, born.
Chaussee, Pierre Claude Nivellede la, dram-
atist, born.
Menage, Gilles, critic, A79.
Racine, Louis, poet, born.
Thevenot, Melchisedech, compiler, au., A72.
1693 * * Bussy-Rabutin, Comte de, Roger,
satirist, A75.
Belidor, Bernard Forest de, engineer, mili-
tary writer, born.
Cartouche, Louis D., bandit, born.
Chanmonot, Pierre M. J., Jesuit, missionary
in Canada, A82.
Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis, historian, b.
Lafayette, Comtesse de, Marie M. P. de la
V., author, A59.
Fremont d'Ablancourt, Nicolas, litterateur.
diplomatist, A68+.
Montpensier, Duchesse de, Anne M. L. D'O.,
A66.
Rousseau, James, painter, A63.
1694 * * Arnauld, Antoine, philosopher, A82.
Boissy, Louis de, litterateur, born.
Deshoulieres, Antoinette, poet, A60±.
Quesnay, Francois, economist, born.
Voltaire. Francois M. A. de, poet, dram-
atist, historian, mis. writer, born.
1695 * * Aubery, Antoine, hist, writer, A79.
Duval, Valentin Jameray, antiquary, born.
Domat, Jean, jurist, A70.
Felibien, Andrg, architect, writer, A76.
Herbelot, Barthelemy d', orientalist, A70.
La Fontaine, Jean de, poet, fabulist, A 74.
Lancelot, Dom Claude, grammarian, A80.
Luxembourg', Due de, Francois Henri de
Montmorency-Bouteville, marshal, A67.
Meissonier, Justus A., painter, sculptor,
architect, born.
Mignard, Pierre, painter, A85.
Nicole, Pierre, novelist, A70.
Puget, Pierre, sculptor, painter, arch., A73.
Roubiliac, Louis Francois, sculptor, born.
1696 * * Bruyere, Jean de la, author, mor-
alist, A 50.
Daviel, Jacques, oculist, born.
Richelieu, Due de, Louis Francois Armand
Emmanuel Duplessis, courtier, born.
Saxe, Hermann Maurice, general, born.
Sevigne, Marie de Rabutin Chantal de,
writer, A70+.
1697 * * Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon
d', geographer, born.
Carpentier, Pierre, antiquary, author, born.
Deffand, Marquise du, Marie de Vichy-
Chamrond, author, born.
Drevet, Pierre, engraver, born.
Dupleix, Marquis, Joseph, general, born.
Morand, Sauveur Francois, surgeon, born.
Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine Francois, au., b.
Santeul, Jean de, clergyman, poet, A67.
1698 * * Bouchardon, Edme, sculptor, born.
Bouguer, Pierre, mathematician, born.
Bourne, Vincent, scholar, writer, born.
Champmesle, Marie Desmares, actor, A44.
Charas, Moi'se, chemist, pharmacist, A80.
Dufay, Charles Francois de Cisternay, phy-
sician, born.
D'Orleans, Pierre J., historian, A54.
Frontenac, Comte de, Louis de Buade, gov-
ernor of Canada, A77.
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de,
mathematician, born.
Tillemont, Sebastien le Nain de, clergyman,
historian, A71.
1699 * * Barbeyrac, Charles, physician, A70.
Camus, Charles Etienne Louis, math., born.
Galien, Joseph, physician, philosopher, born.
Jussieu, Bernard de, botanist, born.
Labourdonnais, Bertrand Francois Mahe de,
naval commander, born.
Monnoyer, Jean Baptiste, painter, A64.
Pothier, Robert Joseph, jurist, born.
Racine, Jean, dramatic poet, A60.
1700 * * Adam, Lambert Sigisbert, sculptor,
born.
Allainval, Leonor J. C. S. d', dram, poet, b.
Aviler, Augustin Charles d', architect, A47.
Bourcet, Pierre Joseph, tactician, mil., wr., b.
Lenotre. Andre, artist, garden design., A87.
Duhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, econo-
mist, botanist, born.
Joliet, Louis, one of the discoverers of Mis-
sissippi, A 55.
Masson, Antoine, engraver, A64.
Nollet, Jean Antoine, L'Abbe, natural phi-
losopher, born.
Ranee, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de, monk,
reformer of monastery of La Trappe, A74.
1701 * * Bridaine, Jacques, pulpit ora., born.
Condamine, Charles Marie de la, traveler,
geographer, scientist, writer, born.
Chevreau, Urbain, author, A88.
Daran, Jacques, surgeon, born, A88.
Philip, Due d'Orleans, son of Louis XIII.,
A61.
Maurepas, Comte de, Jean Frederic Phelip-
peaux, politician, born.
Scudery, Madeleine de, author, A94.
Sourville, Anne H. de C.de,adm.,mar,,A59.
CHURCH.
1685 * * Louis persecutes the Huguenots.
They are excluded from all public
functions, from the liberal professions,
the universities, and from engaging in
various branches of commerce and in-
dustry; also forbidden to marry Cath-
olics, and children seven years of age
are to be permitted to choose the Catho-
lic religion.
FRANCE.
1685, * *-1702, Aug. 19. 695
* * The king's soldiers in Languedoc are
quartered among Huguenots, and create
a reign of terror. Brutal violence and
excesses abound.
* * Sixty thousand " converts " to Cathol-
icism in Guienne are reported in a single
month.
* * * Monasticism reaches the climax of
literary culture in some congregations
of Benedictines and Oratorians.
1689 * * Rome. Alexander VIII. is pope.
[1691. Innocent XII.]
1691 July 12. It. The Pope condemns
Fe"nelon.
* * Louis XIV. sends an embassy to Siam
for the purpose of converting its king.
1693 * * The Jansenist dispute is re-
vived.
1694 June 3. The Duke of Savoy, at
the instance of England and Holland,
decrees freedom in religion to the
Vaudois.
1695 * * Paris. Madam Guyon is sent
to the Bastile in punishment for writing
devotional books. [1705. She is re-
leased.]
1699 Mar. * Fenelon's book, Maximes
des Saints, is condemned by the Pope.
1700 * * Home. Clement XI. is pope.
LETTERS.
1685 Oct. * The Protestant University
at Sedan is abolished after the revoca-
tion of the Edict of Nantes.
* * Andronic and Alcibiade, by Jean Gal-
bert de Campistron, appear. [1691, Ti-
ridate.]
1686 * * -93 * * Bibliotheque Universale
et Historique is issued.
1687 * * Siecle de Louis le Grand, by
Charles Perrault, appears. [1688-93, Pa-
rallele des Anciens et des Modernes.]
* * Chevalier a la mode, by Florent Carton
Dancourt, appears.
* * Caracteres, by Jean de La Bruyere,
appears.
* * -1704 * * Histoire des Ouvrages des
Savants is issued.
1688 * * Divorce, by Jean Francois Re-
gnard, appears.
* * L' Histoire des Variations des Eglises
Protestantes, by Bossuet, appears. [He
writes also Notesand Annotations of the
Books of Scripture, Defense de la doc-
trine du clergi de Prance, and Funeral
Orations.]
1689 * * Esther, by Racine, appears.
* * Histoire des revolutions de Portugal,
by L'Abbe Renne Aubert de Vertot
d'Aubert, appears. [1696, Histoire des
revolutions de Suede.]
1690 * * Mimoires sur la cour d'Espagne
and Aventures d'Hippolyte, Comte ' de
Douglas, by Marie Catherine D'Aulnoy,
appear. [1698, Contes des Pies.]
* * Dictionary of the French Language, by
Antoine Furetiere, appears.
± * * Le Mercure galant, Esope a la ville,
and Esope A la cour, by Edme Boursault,
appear.
* *-17l2* * Mimoires pour servir a I' his-
toire ecclisiastique des six premiers sie-
cles, by S^bastien le Nain de Tillemont,
appears. [1690-1738, Histoire des empe-
reurs et des autres princes quiont regnt
pendant les six premiers siecles de
I'eglise.]
1691 * * GrondeurA>y David Augustinde
Brueys and Jean Palaprat, appears.
* * Athalie, Racine's last drama, appears.
[1695, History of Port-Royal.]
* * -1720 * * Histoire Ecclisiastique, by
Claude Fleury, appears.
1692* *-1724* *Joueuse, Esprit de
Contradiction, Double Veuvage, Disin,
and 14 other plays, by Charles Riviere
Dufresny, appear.
1693 * * -1703 * * Boileau writes his
three last Satires. [1695, his three last
Epitres.]
1694 * * Thomas Corneille's Dictionnaire
des Arts appears.
* * Joueur, by Regnard, appears. [1697,
Distrait ; 1700, Democrite Amoureux.]
1696 * * -1710 * * Hommes Hlustres, by
Perrault, appears. [1697, Histoires ou
Contes du temps passi.]
1697 * * Explication des maximes des
saints, by Fenelon, appears.
* * Historical and Critical Dictionary, by
Pierre Bayle, appears.
1699 * * Les Aventures de T&limaque, by
Fenelon, appears. [1710, Examen de la
conscience d'un roi.]
1700 * * Bourgeoises de qualite", by Dan-
court, appears. [1710, Comidie des Comi-
diens.]
* * Epitres, and other poems, by Guil-
laume Amfrye, appear.
* * Panthie, and several poems, by Charles
Auguste, Marquis of La Fare, appear.
1701 * * -67 * * Memoires pour servir a
I'Histoire des Sciences et des Arts is is-
sued.
SOCIETY.
1689 * * The Palatinate is devastated.
Louis orders it to be burned, as he can-
not hold his conquests ; cities, towns,
farm-buildings, crops, trees, etc., are
burned. Europe is exasperated by the
brutality.
1693 * * The Order of St. Louis is in-
stituted.
1700+ * * Paris. The court of Louis
XIV. is conspicuous.
It is the most formal and brilliant of
any in the history of France ; it abounds
in magnificence, luxury, and mistresses.
* * * Courtiers show contempt for mar-
riage, abound in licentiousness, have a
rage for gambling, and flimsily veil reli-
gious hypocrisy with courtly polish and
address.
* * * Women have remarkable influence
in high society.
As favorites of the Crown, they rule
the state, also the realm of letters and
fine arts. Ministers and generals rise
and fall to their wishes ; members enter
the Academy or fail, and books are read
or unread at their words. Society was
never more decorous or more corrupt.
* * * Paris. During the national re-
verses, vigils, fasts, and penances
take the place of revels in court society.
STATE.
1686 July 9. The League of Augs-
burg is formed.
It is a confederation of the German
States with Holland, Sweden, Spain, and
Savoy, to compel France to observe the
Treaties of Westphalia and Nimeguen.
1688* * Lower Rhine. The French in-
vade and devastate the Palatinate.
Louis claims most of the country for
the Duchess of Orleans, sister of the
late elector palatine ; he also resents
the election of a Bavarian prince to the
electorate of Cologne, in opposition to
his choice.
1689 May 2. The Grand Alliance.
(See Austria.)
[The campaign is principally waged in
the Netherlands.]
1695+ * * France is in a deplorable
state because of continuous wars.
1696 June * It. A separate treaty of
peace is concluded at Turin between
France and Savoy.
Victor Amades, Duke of Savoy, recov-
ers Savoy, Susa, Nice, and Pignerol ; he
guarantees to France the neutrality of
Italy, and his daughter, Mary Adelaide,
is to marry the eldest son of the dauphin,
Louis's grandson. Savoy promises to re-
main neutral.
1697 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace
of Byswick is signed by France, Eng-
land, Spain, and Holland. [Oct. 30. Also
by the Empire and the emperor.]
It confirms the peace made with Savoy;
Louis restores all places won by him since
the Peace of Nimeguen from England and
Holland, also those taken from Spain with
the exception of 82 places ; he recognizes
William 1 1 1, as King of England and Anne as
his successor, and agrees not to aid William's
enemies. The chief fortresses in the Span-
ish Netherlands are to be a barrier between
France and Holland by receiving Dutch gar-
risons; Lorraine is restored to its German
duke, and the claims of the princess pala-
tine to the lower Palatinate are commuted
for money.
1698 Oct. 11. The First Partition
Treaty is signed by England, France,
and Holland.
It divides the Spanish realm among three
claimants, in view of the expected death
without issue of Charles II., the Spanish
king, the Electoral Prince of Bavaria,
Joseph Ferdinand, grandson of the Empress
of Germany, sister of the Spanish King
Charles, to receive the American dependen-
cies and the Spanish Netherlands; the dau-
phin (nephew of Charles of Spain) to have
Naples, Sicily, certain seaports in Tuscany,
and the province of Guipugcoa; the Arch-
duke Charles of Austria, nephew by mar-
riage of Charles of Spain, to have the duchy
of Milan.
1700 Mar. 13. The Second Partition
Treaty is signed by Louis XIV. and
William III.
The Archduke Charles to have Spain
and the Indies ; the dauphin to have
Naples, Sicily, and the duchy of Lor-
raine ; The Duke of Lorraine to have
Milan in exchange for the duchy.
Oct. 2. Charles II. of Spain signs a
will making Philip of Anjou, son of
the Dauphin of France, his heir.
Nov. 16. The Duke of Anjou, grand-
son of Louis, is proclaimed at Fontaine-
bleau King of Spain as Philip V., the
Spanish King Charles having died with-
out issue.
[This causes the war of the Spanish
Succession, the proclamation of Philip
as King of Spain being a violation of the
Partition Treaty of March 13, and the
great naval powers, England and Hol-
land, are jealousof the increaseof French
power by the union of the two crowns.]
1701 Feb. 6. Neth. The barrier
towns of the Spanish Netherlands open
their gates to the French on an order
from the King of Spain ; thus the Peace
of Ryswick is violated.
Sept. 7. The Second Grand Alliance
is formed between William III., the Em-
peror Leopold I., and the Dutch Re-
public.
The object is to secure the possessions
of Philip V. in the Netherlands and It-
aly for the Austrian House, to restore
the barrier towns to Holland, to secure
an indemnity to Austria because of the
exclusion of the Archduke Charles from
the Spanish throne, and to secure the
definite severance of the crowns of
France and Spain.
Sept. * Eng. On the death of James II.,
his son, " the Pretender," is recognized
as King of England by Louis.
69(5 1702, Aug. * -1718,
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1702 Aug. * Sp. Cadiz is attacked by
the English and Dutch under Sir George
Booke.
Oct. 12. The French fleet is nearly
destroyed in the Bay of Vigo by the Eng-
lish and Dutch fleets under Sir George
Booke.
Oct. 23. Belg. Lie"ge is taken by the
English under Gen. Marlborough.
1703 Sept. 20. Ger. The French and
Bavarians under Marshal Villars de-
feat the Imperialists at Hochstadt.
1704 July 2. Ger. The Duke of Marl-
borough defeats the French at Donau-
worth.
July 24. Sp. A dm. Booke, without
warning, takes Gibraltar from the Span-
iards.
Aug. 13. Ger. Battle of Blenheim in
Bavaria.
The English, German, Dutch, and
Dane allies under Marlborough and
Prince Eugene, numbering 52,000 men,
defeat and rout 56,000 French and Bavari-
ans under Marshals Tallard and Marsin ;
the French and Bavarians lose 40,000+
men ; the allies lose 11,000 to 12,000.
Marshal Villars suppresses the revolt
of the Protestant Camisards among the
CeVennes Mountains.
1705 July 18. Belg. Marlborough de-
feats the French at Tirlemont.
Aug. 16. It. The Imperialists under
Prince Eugene are defeated by Gen.
Vendome at Cassano.
Oct. 4. Sp. Barcelona surrenders to
the English Adm. Peterborough.
1706 Apr. * Gen. Vendome routs the
Imperialists at Calcinato.
May 23. Belg. The French and Ba-
varians under Marshal Villeroi are de-
feated by Marlborough at Bamillies in
Flanders ; the French lose 13,000 men,
and the allies over 3,500.
Sept. 7. It. The Frenoh are defeated
by Imperialists under Prince Eugene at
Turin.
1707 Mar. * The French by a conven-
tion agree to abandon North Italy.
Apr. 25. Sp: The French and Spanish
under the Duke of Berwick defeat the
British, Dutch, and Portuguese allies
under Lord Galaway at Almanza.
June 30. France is invaded by the
allies under Prince Eugene and the
Duke of Savoy [who bombard Toulon,
but are forced to raise the siege].
Nov. 11. Sp. The French capture Le-
rida.
1708 July 11. Belg. Battle of Oude-
narde.
The allies under Marlborough and
Prince Eugene defeat 100,000 French un-
der Gen. Vendome and the Duke of Bur-
gundy at Oudenarde ; the French lose
3,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners.
Oct. 25. Belg. Lille is taken by Prince
Eugene and Marlborough. [Ghent and
Burges surrender.]
1709 Sept. 11. The English, Dutch,
and Austrians (120,000), under Prince
Eugene and Marlborough, defeat the
French (90,000) under Marshal Villars at
Malplaquet ; allies' loss, 20,000± , French
11,000 to 14,000. Villars is wounded.
Oct. 25. Belg. Mons surrenders to the
allies.
1710 July 17. Sp. The allies under
Count Starhemberg and Earl Stanhope
defeat the Spaniards at Almenara.
Aug. 20. Sp. The Austrians defeat
Philip V. at Saragossa.
1711 Aug. 5. Marlborough forces the
French lines at Ar-leux.
* * * Marlborough crosses the fortifica-
tions extending from Arras to Bouchain
on the Schelde.
Sept. 13. Marlborough captures Bou-
chain.
[He is now recalled to England through
the influence of the Tories.]
1712 July 27. The French under Mar-
shal Villars defeat the allies under
Prince Eugene, at Denain ; [they recap-
ture Douai, Le Quesnoy, and Bouchain.]
1713 Apr. 11. Peace of Utrecht.
Nov. 7. Switz. The French under Vil-
lars take Freiburg.
1714 Mar. 6. Peace. (See State.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1708 * * A remarkably severe winter
causes the Bhone to freeze over.
* * * Paris. Reign of Louis XIV.
Many works of art are produced, among
which is the arch of St. Martin and St.
Denis. Great additions are made to
the Tuileries and Louvre.
The gardens of the Tuileries, like those
of Versailles, are laid out by Andr6 Le-
ndtre.
Among the palaces completed are the
Place du Carrousel, the Place des Vic-
toires, and the superb Place Vendome.
The quays are also built.
The Champs Fjlys6es are converted
into a public promenade. [1828. Ceded
to the city.]
1715 * * The French Opira Comigue ap-
pears.
1716* * Paris. Marius submits plans for
an instrument with hammer action to
the Academie Boyale des Sciences.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1702* * Arvieux, Laurent Chevalier d', ori-
entalist, A67.
Bart, Jean, naval hero, commander, A51.
Bouhoursi, Dominique, Jesuit, critic, A74.
Charpentier, Francois, author, A82.
1703 * * Cosme, Jean Baseilhac, surgeon, 11th-
otomist, born.
Deparcieux, Antoine, mathematician, born.
The man with the iron mask dies at the
Bastile, Nov. 19.
Louis, Due d'Orleans, son of Philip II., born.
Mascaron, Jules, pulpit orator, author, A67.
Parrault, Charles, author, A75.
Saint Evremond, Charles de, M. de St.
Denis de, wit, author, A 90.
1704* * Argens, Marquis d', Jean Baptiste
d', soldier, writer, born.
Bourdaloue, Louis. Jesuit, pulpit ora., A72.
Bossuet, Jacques B.. bishop of Meaux,
pulpit orator, author, A74.
Duclos, Charles Pineau, author, born.
Jaucourt, Louis Chevalier de, author, born.
L'H6pital, or L'Hospital, Guillaume F. A.,
de, Marquis de Saint-Mesme, geometrician,
A43.
Plumier, Charles, botanist, A58.
1705 * * Amontons, Guillaume, physicist,
A42.
Aunoy, or A ulnoy, Comtesse de, Marie Cathe-
rine Jumelle de Berneville, author, A55+.
Chedel, Quentin Pierre, engraver, born.
Fontaine, Alexis, geometer, born.
L'Enclos, Anne, Ninon de, courtesan, A90.
Vanloo, Charles Andre, painter, born.
1706* * Amelot de la Houssaye, Abraham
Nicolas, author, A72.
Baillet, Adrien, scholar, author, A57.
Bayle. Pierre, critic, philosopher, A59.
Chastelet, Marquise du, Gabrielle, scientific
author, born.
1707 * * Baden-Baden, Margrave of, Ludwig
Wilhelm, general, A52.
Buffon, Comte de, Georges Louis Le-
clerc, naturalist, philosopher, born.
Cousin, Louis, historian, A80.
E deli nek, Gerard, Flemish engraver in
France, A58.
Gallois, Jean, critic, journalist, A75.
Sremmont, Comte de, Philibert. courtier,
author, A 86.
Jouvenet, Jean, painter, A60.
Mabillon, Jean, Benedictine monk, au., A75.
Montespan, Marquise de, Francoise Athenais
de Bochechouart, mistress of Louis XIV.,
A 66.
Vauban, Sebastien L. de, military engi-
neer, marshal, A74.
1708* * Cosnac, Daniel de, archbishop of
Aix, A78±.
Gravier, Jacques, missionary in America, d.
Mansart, or Mansard, Jules Hardouin, archi-
tect, A63.
Perronet, Jean Rodolphe, engineer, born.
Tournefort. Joseph Pitton de, bota., A52.
1709 * * Barbeu-Dubourg Jacques, seien., b.
Brosses, Charles de, antiquary, born.
Colle, Charles, poet, song-writer, born.
Conti, Prince de, Francois Louis, general,
A 45.
Corneille, Thomas, dramatist, A 84.
Dupuy, Louis, journalist, writer, born.
Gresset, Jean Baptiste Louis, poet, drama-
tist, born.
Mably, L'Abbg de, Gabriel Bonnot, publi-
cist, born.
Lachaise, Pere, Francois d'Aix, Jesuit con-
fessor of Louis XIV., A 85.
La Mettrie, Julien Off ray de, philosopher, b.
Lamoignon, Chretien Francois de, states-
man, A 65.
Lepaute, Jean Andr6, horologist, born.
Piles, Roger de, diplomatist, paint., wr., A74.
Regnard, Jean Francois, comic poet, A 54.
Silhouette, Etienne de, financier, born.
Vaucanson, Jacques de, mechanician, born.
1710 Feb. 15. Louis XV., king, bom.
Auvigny, Jean du Castre d', wr., b.
Basnage de Beauval, Henri, cl., author, A54.
Begon, Michel, antiquary, A72.
Boccage, Marie Anne Le Page du, poet, b.
Chazelles, Jean Mathieu de, physicist, A53.
Favart, Charles Simon, dramatist, born.
Flechier, Esprit, pulpit orator, A78.
Gabriel, Jacques Ange, engineer, arch., born.
Vallierre, Duchesse de la, Francoise L. de
la B. L. B., favorite of Louis XIV., A66.
1711 * * Boileau-Despreaux, Nicolas, poet,
satirist, critic, A75.
Boufflers, Due de, Louis Francois, marshal,
A67.
Cheron, Elizabeth S., artist, poet, A63.
Millet, Pierre, missionary in Canada, A80.
1712* * Cassini, Jean Dominique, astrono-
mer A87.
Catinat, Nicolas de, general, A75.
£pee, Charles Michel de 1', philan., born.
Fournier, Pierre Simon, engraver, type-
founder, born.
Montcalm, Marquis de. Louis Joseph,
general, born.
Papin, Denis, natural philosopher, A65.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, philosopher,
writer, born in Geneva.
Simon, Kichard, philosopher, Bib. critic, A74.
Vendome, Due de, Louis Joseph, gen-
eral, A58.
1713* * Batteux, Charles, rhetorician, mis.
writer-, born.
Benezet, Anthony, philanthropist, born.
Caille, Nicolas Louis de la, astronomer, b.
Chardin, Jean, merchant, traveler, A 70.
Clairaut, Alexis Claude, geometrician, born.
Diderot, Denis, philosopher, journalist,
mis. writer, born.
Ducarel, Andre Coltee, antiquary, born.
Jurieu, Pierre, Protestant clergyman, A76.
Raynal, L'Abbe Guillaume Thomas
Francois, historian, philosopher, born.
1714 * * Cassini, Thury, Ces»r F. de, astron-
omer, typographer, born.
Clement, Francois, historian, born.
Damiens, Robert F., regicide, born.
Ferriere, Claude de, jurist, A75.
Montalembert, Marquis de, Marc R., mili-
tary engineer, born.
Pigalle, Jean Baptiste, sculptor, born.
Soufflot, Jacques Germain, architect, born.
Vernet, Claude Joseph, painter, born.
FRANCE.
1702, **-1718, **. 697
1715 * * Aymar, Jacques, impostor, A53i.
Batechou, Jean Joseph Nicolas, engr., b.
Chamilly, Marq. de, Noel Bouton, gen., A79.
.Cochin, Charles Nicolas, engraver, writer, b.
Condillac. Etienne B. de. philosopher,
metaphysician, born.
Fenelon, Francois de la Mothe. arch-
bishop of Cambray, author, A64.
Fontenay, Jean Baptiste Blain de, painter,
A61.
Foulon, Joseph Francois, financier, politi-
cian, born.
Calland, Antoine, antiq., orientalist, A69.
Girardon, Francois, sculptor, A87.
Guettard, Jean Etienne, botanist, mineralo-
gist, born.
Helvetius, Claude Adrien, philos., born.
Lemonnier, Pierre Charles, astronomer, b.
L6mery, Nicolas, chemist, A70.
Louis XIV., king, A77.
Malebrancha. Nicolas, philosopher, A77.
Vieussens, Raymond, anatomist, A74.
1716 * * Barth61emy, Jean J., archeologist,
author, born.
Baume, Nicolas A. de la, marshal, A80.
Coulanges, Marquis de, Philippe Emmanuel,
song-writer, A85.
Coustou, Guillaume, sculptor, born.
Daubenton, Louis J. M., naturalist, born.
Lafosse, Charles de, historical painter, A 76.
Loriot, Antoine Joseph, mechanician, born.
Vien, Joseph Marie, historical painter, born.
1717 * * Alembert, Jean le Rond d' , geom-
etrician, philosopher, author, born.
Allix, Pierre, Protestant theologian, A76.
Beauzee, Nicolas, grammarian, born.
Boullongne, Bon, painter, A77+.
Callieres, Francois de, statesman, an., A72.
Carmontelle, Louis Carrogis, dram, wr., b.
Cliamousset, Chevalier de, Claude Humbert
Piarron, philanthropist, born.
Guyon, Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte,
Madame, mystic, author, A69.
Hubert, Mathieu, pulpit orator, A77.
Mothe-Cadillac, Antoine de la, explorer, fdr.
of Detroit, U. S. A., A57.
CHURCH.
1703 * * -10 * * The Protestant Cami-
sards, among the Cevennes Mountains,
revolt.
1704 * * The surviving remnant of the
Camisards are sent into exile.
* * * The two millions of Reformed gather
no congregations, except as they as-
semble in the wilderness.
1709 * * Paris. Louis authorizes the
suppression and demolition of the con-
vent of Port Royal des Champs.
1713 Sept. 8. Rome. Pope Clement XI.
issues the bull «« Unigenitus," con-
demning propositions from Rejlexiones
Morales of the Jansenists; the church
and realm are convulsed thereby.
* * The Jesuits are agitated because of
the influence of Madame Guyon and
other mystics, called Quietists.
1715* * Cardinal de Noailles is placed
at the head of ecclesiastical affairs.
LETTERS.
1701 * * Menechmes, by Begnard, ap-
pears. [1708. Ligataire Universel. Later
Epitres, La Provencale, and Voyages.}
1703 * * -14 * * Bibliotheque Choisie is
issued.
1704 * * -06 * * La Clef du Cabinet des
Princes de I 'Europe is issued.
* * -08 * * The Thousand and One Nights,
or Arabian Nights' Entertainments,
translated from Arabian and Turkish
MSS., by Antoine Galland, appears.
1706 * * The Avocat Pathehn, by Brueys
and Palaprat, appears.
1707 * * Atrie et Thyeste, by Prosper
Jolyot de Cr^billon, appears.
* * Crispan rival de son maitre, and Le
diable boiteux, by Le Sage, appear.
[1709, Turcaret.]
* * -16 * * Commentary on the Bible, by
Dom Augustine Calmet, appears.
1708* * -17 * * L'Histoiredel'Acadimie
des sciences and the Eloges des acadSmi-
ciens, by Fontenelle, appear. [Later,
Pastorales and a Vie de Corneille.]
1711 * * Rhadamiste et Zenobie, by Pros-
per Jolyot de Cr^billon, appears.
1713 * * L'lrrisolu, by Philippe Neri-
cault Destouches, appears.
* * Me'moires du Comte de Grammont, by
Anthony, Count of Hamilton, appears.
* * -22 * * 1729 * * -36 * * Journal Lit-
teraire is issued.
* * Histoire de France, by Gabriel Daniel,
appears.
1714 * * Lettre a M. Dacier sur les occu-
pations de I' Academic francaise, by Fe-
nelon, appears. [Later, three Dialogues
de ['eloquence, Fables, Dialogues des
morts, and Lettres spirituelles.]
* * -27 * * Bibliotheque Ancienne et Mo-
derne is issued.
1715 * *-31 * * Gil Bias de Santillane,
by Lie Sage, appears.
± * * Me'moires, by Mme. de Maintenon,
appears.
1716* *-28* * Bibliotheque Anglais is
issued.
1718 Nov. 18. Paris. (Edipe, by Vol-
taire, is acted at the Theatre Francais.
SOCIETY.
1712 July 27. Neth. A disgraceful
quarrel occurs between the French and
Dutch plenipotentiaries at Utrecht.
1715 * * Paris. Philip, the regent, is
shamelessly dissolute, and his example
most pernicious to society.
The doors of the Bastile are opened,
and prisoners released, many of whom
were confined for unknown causes.
+ * * Paris. The Duchess of Berry ob-
tains notorious preeminence in profli-
gate society.
1716 * * Paris. John Law, a Scotchman,
with others, founds the Banque Gen6-
rale, which issues paper currency.
* * Paris. The Government prosecutes
its creditors for fraud, and demands
heavy ransoms.
STATE.
1703 Oct. 25. The Duke of Savoy
withdraws from France, and joins the
allies.
* * Portugal joins the allies.
1704 * * The Archduke Charles is pro-
claimed King of Spain as Charles III.
by the allies. [1706. Sept. 24. He is pro-
claimed at Madrid. Sept. 4. At Milan.]
1706 * * Belg. By the victory at Bamil-
lies, Brabant is won from Spain.
Sept. * It. By the victory of the Austri-
ans at Turin, Spain loses Lombardy.
1708 * * Louis negotiates for peace, but
the allies demand that he dethrone his
grandson Philip V.. and that the Bour-
bons be forever excluded from the suc-
cession.
1709* * Neth. Prance, humbled by
many defeats, opens negotiations for
peace at Gertruydenburg.
Louis consents to the dethroning of
Philip in Spain, but the allies insist he
shall send his own armies to do this ;
Louis refuses, and the war is renewed.
1710 Dec. 10. Sp. By the victory of
Villaviciosa Philip V. of France re-
gains the throne of Spain.
1711 Apr. * The dauphin, the king's
only legitimate son, dies.
1712 Jan. 29. Neth. The Peace Con-
gress opens at Utrecht.
Sept. 14. Antony Crozat is granted a
monopoly of trade and 50,000 francs
annually for settling the Southwest.
[Louisiana, U. S. A.]
1713 Apr. 11. The Treaty of
Utrecht is signed by France and Spain,
and by England, Savoy, Portugal, Prus-
sia, and Holland.
Philip V. of France is acknowledged
King of Spain, but he is not to succeed
to the crown of France. Prussia is rec-
ognized as a kingdom. Sicily is given to
the Duke of Savoy, whose possessions
are made a kingdom. France abandons
its conquests in Holland, gives New-
foundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay
to England, with permission to hold Gi-
braltar and Minorca, and also to have
the contract for supplying African slaves
for the Spanish colonies ; it also ap-
proves the Protestant succession to the
British throne. [Germany, refusing to
sign the treaty, continues the war.]
* * Douai is annexed.
1714 Mar.+ * Aust. ThePeace of
Radstatt is concluded between France
and the German Empire.
Naples, Sardinia, Milan, and Nether-
lands, taken from Spain, are given to
Germany ; the frontiers of France are
preserved, but her pride is humiliated,
and her people burdened with debt.
1715 Sept. 1. Louis XTV. dies.
1715-74 Louis XV. reigns.
Louis, the great-grandson of Louis
XIV., becomes king. Philip, Duke of
Orleans, is made regent ; his favorite is
Cardinal Dubois, who panders to the
king's pleasures.
1716 May * John Law, a Scotchman,
projects the Mississippi Scheme.
Its proposed object is to develop. the
resources of the regions along the Mis-
sissippi, believed to abound in the pre-
cious metals, and by the profits of the
enterprise to pay off the national debt.
* * With permission of the regent, John
Law opens a bank for the issue of paper
money ; the national finances are in a
deplorable condition.
1717 Jan. 4. A triple alliance is
formed between England, France, and
Holland, to check the ambition of Spain.
[The King of Spain claims the regency,
as uncle to the King of France.]
Sept. * The Western Louisiana Com-
pany obtains its grant. [Illinois is an-
nexed.]
1718 Aug. * By the adherence of the
Emperor Charles VI., the triple alliance
becomes the Quadruple Alliance.
(See Great Britain.)
MISCELLANEOUS.
1703 Nov. 19. The man with the iron
mask dies in the Bastile after an im-
prisonment in various prisons of 24 years.
1709 * * Famine prevails.
1718* * Shares in Law's Mississippi
Scheme rise from £500 to £18,000.
698 1718,**-1737, * *.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1719 Jan. 10. War is declared against
Spain.
Jan. * Sp. Marshal Berwick with 40,000
men invades Spain; England joins
France.
June 18. Sp. Fontarabia capitulates
to Marshal Berwick.
Aug. 19. Sp. Marshal Berwick takes
St. Sebastian.
Dec. 11. Sp. Gen. Vendome defeats
the Imperialists under Charles and
Count Starhemberg at Villaviciosa.
1733 Oct. 10. France declares war
against Austria in support of the claim
of Stanislaus Lesczynski to the Polish
throne.
Oct. 19. Ger. Kehl is captured by
Marshal Berwick.
* * It. The French conquer Milan.
1734 May 8. Prus. Treves is taken
by the French.
May 13. Ger. Fhilipsburg is invested
by Marshal Berwick. [July 18. Sur-
rendered.]
June 12. Marshal Berwick is killed by
a cannon-ball before Philipsburg.
June 29. The French and Imperialists
fight au indecisive battle near Parma.
Sept. 19. It. The French defeat the
Austrians at Guastalla.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1718* * Paris. Jean Louis Petit invents
the screw tourniquet for suppressing
the flow of blood in surgical operations.
1721 * * Paris. Kameau's L'Endriaque
appears.
1722* * Paris. The Palace of the
Deputies is erected.
1729 Aug. 10. Paris. The bronze
equestrian statue of Louis XTV., in
the, Place Vendome, the largest ever
made, is demolished.
1731 ** Paris. The Academy of Sur-
gery is established.
1732* * Paris. Charles Francois Du Fay e
discourses on two kinds of electricity,
the vitreous and the resinous.
1735* *-36* *Two expeditions are
sent out to ascertain the figure of the
earth.
Pierre Bouguer and Charles de la Con-
damine go to Peru to measure a degree
of latitude ; while Pierre Louis de Mau-
pertuis and others go to Lapland.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1718 * * Arnaud, Francois T. M. de Baculard
d', mis. writer, born.
Amiot, or Amyot, Joseph, Jesuit missionary,
born. ,
Baluze, Etienne, writer of histories, dies in
Paris, A88.
Collet, Philibert, writer, A75.
Harcourt, Due d\ Henri, gen., diplo., A64.
Lahire, Philippe de, geometrician, A 78.
1719 * * Auvrigny, Hyacinthe Robillard d',
historian, A 44.
Biheron, Marie C, anatomist, born.
Choiseul, Due de, Etienne Frangois,
statesman, born.
Dupin, Louis Ellies, theol., historian, A62.
Freron, £lie Catherine, critic, born.
Leroy, Pierre, watchmaker, born.
La Salle, Jean Baptiste de, el., edu., A63.
Maintenon, Francoise d'Aubigne, queen,
A84.
1720 * * Aigullion, Due d', Armand Vignerot
Duplessis Kichelieu, born.
Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophe F., bota-
nist, born.
Cardonne, Denis Dominique, orientalist, b.
Chaulieu. Gulllaume Amfrye de,poet,A81.
Coysevox, Antoine, Sp. sculp, in Fr., A80.
Favier, Jean Louis, author, born.
Montbeillard, Gueneau de, naturalist, au., b.
Hamilton, Count Anthony, courtier, writer,
A74+.
Levis, Due de, Francois, marshal, born.
1731 * * Arnaud, Henri, clergyman, leader
of Waldenses, A80.
Cartouche, Louis Dominique, bandit, A28.
Chamillard, Michel, statesman, A70.
Guignes, Joseph de, orientalist, born.
Huet, Pierre Daniel, bishop of Avranches,
scholar, A91.
Lelong, Jacques, cl., bibliographer, A56.
Malesherbes, Chretien de. O. de Lamoi-
gnon, judge, philanthropist, born.
Pompadour. Madame J. de. mistress of
Louis XV., born.
Watteau, Antoine, painter, A37.
1 728 * •* Borden, Theophile de, med. wr., b.
Boulainvilliers, Comte Henri de, historian,
critic, A64.
Coypel, Antoine, painter, A61.
Dacier. Andre, scholar, critic, A71.
Forbonnais, Francois Veron de, financier, b.
Varignon, Pierre, mathematician, A68.
Vaillant, S6bastien, botanist, A53.
1723* * Basan, Pierre Francois, author, en-
graver, born.
Basnage de Beauval, Jacques, theol., A70.
Brotier, Gabriel, classical scholar, born.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques, naturalist, born.
Caffleri, Jean Jacques, sculptor, born.
Campistron,JeanGalbertde, dramatist, A67.
Chabert, Joseph B. de, navigator, astrono-
mer, geographer, born.
Chenier, Louis de, historian, born.
Clairon, Claire Joseph L. de L., actor, born.
Dubois, Guillaume, cardinal, statesman, A 67.
Fleury, Claude, L' Abbe, author, A 83.
Grasse, Francois Joseph Paul de, Marquis
de Grasse-Tilly, admiral, born.
Holbach, Paul Thiry d', philosopher, born.
Lauzun, Antoine Nompar de Caumont de,
general, courtier, A91.
Marmontel, Jean Frangois. critic, miscel-
laneous writer, born.
Philip II., Due d'Orleans, A50.
1724* * Choisy, Francois Timoleon de, au-
thor, A80.
Dufresny, Charles Riviere, dramatist, A76.
Hautefeuille, Jean de, mechanician, writer,
A77.
Rale, Rale, or Rasles, Sebastien, Jesuit mis-
sionary to the Abenaki Indians, A66.
1725 * * Chauvin, Etienne, Frot. cler., A85.
Court de Gebelin, Antoine, author, born.
Dancourt, Florent Carton, comedian, A64.
Epinay, Louise d', mistress of Rousseau, au-
thor, born.
Gacon.Frangois, poet, satirist, A58.
Louis Philippe, Due d Orleans, son of Louis,
born.
Latude, Henri Masers de, prisoner of state, b.
Montucla, Jean Etienne, mathematician, b.
Rochambeau, Marquis J. B. Donation de
Vimeur, marshal, born.
Rapin, Paul de, Sieur de Thoyras, hist., A64.
Vaudreuil, Marquis de, Philippe de Rigaud,
governor of Canada, A83+.
1726 * * Abbatucci, Giacomo Pietro, Corsi-
can general, born.
Beaumelle, Laurent Angliviel de la, au., b.
Clerc, Nicolas G., physician, historian, born.
Danican, Frangois Andr6, " Philidor," com-
poser, chess-player, born.
Dumont, Jean, historian, A76±.
Gaillard, Gabriel Henri, hist., mis. wr., b.
Greuze, Jean Baptiste, painter, born.
Lisle, Guillaume de, geographer, A51.
Millot, Claude Francis Xavier, historian, b.
Paoli, Pasquale de. Corsican general, b.
1727 * * Abbadie, Jacques, Prot. cler., A69.
Adanson, Michel, botanist, born.
Commerson, Philibert, botanist, born.
Darcet, Jean, physician, chemist, born.
Fabre, Jean, " the honest criminal," born.
Favart, Marie Justine Benoite, actor, born.
Lhomond, Charles Frangois, educator, born.
Pontchartrain, Comte de, Louis P., states-
man, A85.
Turgot, Anne Robt. J.. Baron de l'Aulne,
financier, born.
1728 * * Baume, Antoine, chemist, born.
Charost, Armand J. de B. de, philanthro-
pist, born.
Daniel, Gabriel, Jesuit, author, A79.
Eon de Beaumont, Charles L. A. A. T. d', di-
plomatist, born.
Lekain, Henri Louis Cain, actor, born.
Lenfant, Jacques, Protestant cl., hist., A67.
Leroy, Julien David, architect, born.
1729 * * Boyer, Abel, lexicographer, A62.
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, navigator,
discoverer, born.
Brunck, Richard Frangois Philippe, scholar,
critic, born.
Caylus, Marquise de, Marthe Marguerite de
Villette de Murcay, woman of fashion, A56.
Coster, Joseph Francois, economist, finan-
cier, born.
Estaing, Comte d', Chas. Hector, adm., b.
Hardouin, Jean, Jesuit, writer, A83.
Lebrun, Ponce D. "&., poet, born.
Vestris, Gaetano A. Baldassare, dancer, b.
Wailly, Charles de, architect, born.
1730 * * Abovill^, Frangois M., general, b.
Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, antiquary, born.
Bezout, litienne, mathematician, born.
Bossut, Charles, mathematician, born.
Ceroeau, Jean Antoine du, poet, A60.
Chabanon, Michel Paul Guy de, writer, born.
Cossigny de Palma, Joseph Frangois Char-
pentier, naturalist, born.
D Agincourt, Jean B., archeologist, born.
Didot, Frangois A., printer, type-founder, b.
Lecouvreur, Adrienne, actor, A40±.
Messier, Charles, astronomer, born.
Pajou, Augustin, sculptor, born.
Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, satirist, b.
Saurin, Jacques, Prot. pulpit orator, A53.
ViUeroi, Due de, Frangois de Neufville.
marshal, A 86.
1731 * * Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hya-
cinthe, orientalist, born.
Aubert, L'Abbe, Jean Louis, poet, critic,
fabulist, born.
Cadet de Gassicourt, Louis Claude, chem.,b.
Dejoux, Claude, sculptor, born.
Julien, Pierre, sculptor, born.
1732 * * Beaumarchais, Pierre A. C. de.
dramatist, born.
Feuillet, Louis, naturalist, geog., astro., A72.
Lalande. Joseph Jerome Le Frangais de.
astronomer, born.
Lespinasse, Julie Jeannie Eleonor de, letter-
writer, leader of society, born.
Necker, Jacques, financier, statesman,
born in Geneva.
Victor Amadeus II., Duke of Savoy and
King of Sardinia, A66.
1733 * * Alegre, Marquis d', Yves, marshal,
A80±.
Antoine, Jacques Denis, artist, born.
Arcon, Jean Claude Eleonore leMichaudd',
engineer, born.
Borda, Jean C, mathematician, astron.,b.
Coustou, Nicolas, sculptor, A75.
Ducis, Jean F., poet, dramatist, born.
Forbin, Claude, admiral, A77.
Montyon, J. B. Robert Augier de, philan., b.
Picart, Bernard, designer, engraver, A60.
Robert, Hubert, painter, born,
Tott, Baron de, Frangois, diplomatist, born.
1734* * Auger, L'Abbe, Athanase, classical
scholar, translator, born.
Barthez, Paul Joseph, physician, born.
Berwick, Duke of, James Fitz-James, mar-
shal, A64.
Chastellux, Marquis de, Frangois Jean, gen-
eral, author, born.
Dionisdu Sejour, Achille P., geometrician, b.
Dorat, Claude Joseph, poet, born.
Lantier, Etienne Frangois de, author, born.
Pourchot, Edme, philosopher, A83.
Roland de la Platiere, Jean Marie, states-
man, born.
Villars, Due de, Claude Louis Hector, gen-
eral, A81.
1735 * * Crevecceur, Hector Saint Jean de,
agriculturist, born.
Kellermann, Frangois Christophe, Due de
Valmy, marshal, born.
Vertot, Rene Aubert de, historian, A80.
1736* * Bailly, Jean Sylvain, astronomer,
philosopher, statesman, born.
Boissieu, Jean Jacques de, engr., born.
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, phil., born.
Duguay-Trouin, Rene, admiral, A63.
Eugene, Prince, Frangois Eugene de Savoie,
general, A73.
Houel, Jean P. L. L., painter, engraver, b.
Levesque, Pierre Charles, historian, trans-
lator, born.
Lagrange, Joseph Louis, geometrician, b.
Linguet, Simon B. H., advocate, polemical
writer, born. ,
1737 * * Anselm, Antoine, pulpit orator,
poet, A85.
Bufller, Claude, philosopher, A76.
Estr^es, Due d', Victor Marie, admiral,
statesman, A77.
Guy ton de Morveau, Louis Bernard, chem-
ist, scientific writer, born.
Hecquet, Philippe, physician, author, A76.
Lemoine, Francois, painter, A49.
FRANCE.
1718, **-1737,**. 699
Itegis, Jean Baptiste de, geographer, A72±.
Saint Pierre, Jacques Henri Bernardin de,
author, born.
CHURCH.
1721 * * Rome. Innocent III. is pope.
[1724, Benedict XIII.; 1730, Clement XII.;
1740, Benedict XIV.]
1724 May 14. Paris. Louis XV. pro-
claims [the last] severe law against the
Protestants. It attempts to force them
into the Catholic Church.
July 25. The violent persecution of
Protestants begins.
1725** The "Appellants," led by
Cardinal de Noailles, appeal from the
Pope's bull " Unigenitus " to a general
council, but without success.
1730+ * * The bishop of Senez is sus-
pended, and banished from his diocese,
for opposing the bull Unigenitus.
* * Paris. Persecution of the Jansenists.
A struggle occurs between Louis XV.
and the parliament concerning the en-
forcement of a second registration of
the papal edict.
* * _44 * * The Protestants enjoy com-
parative quiet.
1732 Aug. 8. Paris. A royal order
forbids the magistrates to receive ap-
peals respecting the matter in dispute.
[They return a positive refusal, and are
exiled from Paris.]
* * Paris. Many miracles are alleged to
occur at the cemetery of St. MeMard,
a Jansenist saint. The archbishop of
Paris attributes them to Satan.
Extravagances and excesses are al-
leged against the "Convulsion-
naires" in their nocturnal meetings.
The Government closes the gates of
the cemetery of St. M6dard against
the Jansenists.
LETTERS.
1718 * * Petit Camere of ten sermons,
by Jean Baptiste Massillon, appears.
[1723-42, Discours synodaux.]
* * Doctrine of Chances, a translation by
Abraham de Moivre, appears.
* * -20 * * L' Europe Savante is issued.
1719 * * Reflexions critiques sur lapoisie
et lapeinture, by Jean Baptiste Dubos,
appears.
* * Histoire des revolutions de la repu-
blique romaine, by Vertot d'Aubert, ap-
pears. [1726. Histoire des chevaliers de
Malte.]
1720 * * Dictionary of the Bible, by Dom
Augustine Calmet, appears.
* * -40 * * Bibliotheque germanique is
issued.
* *-24* * Mimoires Litt&raires de la
Grande Bretagne is issued.
± * * Memoires, by Mme. La Duchesse
D'Orleans, appears.
1721 * * Les Lettres Persanes, by Mon-
tesquieu, appears.
1722 * * Spectateur Francais is issued by
Marivaux.
1723 * * Ines de Castro, by Antoine Hou-
dart de la Motte, appears.
* * _40 * * Le Pour et le Contre is issued.
* * History of England from the Roman
Conquest to the Death of Charles I., by
Paul de Bapin, appears.
1724 Mar. 4. Marianne, by Voltaire,
appears. [Later, La Henriaae.]
1726 * * -31 * * Traiti des Etudes, by
Charles Bollin, appears.
1727 * * Philosophe Marie, by Philippe
Nericault Destouches, appears. [1732,
Glorieux.]
* * Histoire de I'ancien gouvernement de la
France and L'Etat de la France, by
Comte Henri de Boulainvilliers, appear.
[1731, Histoire des Arabes.]
1728* *The old Mercure Galant [now
Nouveau Mercure] is changed to Mercure
de France.
* * -30 * * La Spectatrice is issued.
* * -58 * * Bibliotheque Raisonnie des
Ouvrages des Savants is issued.
1730 * * Jeu de I'amour et du hasard, by
Marivaux, appears. [1731^42, Marianne ;
1735, Paysan Parvenu; 1736, Fausses
confidences and Le Legs.]
* * -38 * * Ancient History, by Charles
Bollin, appears. [1738-41, History of
Rome.]
1731 * * Charles XII., by Voltaire, ap-
pears. [1732, Aug. 13, Zaire. 1733, Let-
tres Philosophiques sur les Anglais and
Temple du Gout ; 1736, Alzire.]
* * Lettres de la marquise, by Claude Pros-
per Jolyot de Crebillon, appears. [1736,
Egare du cavur et de I'esprit; 1745,
Sophia.]
1733 * * Histoire LitUraire de la France
is begun by the Benedictines.
* * Fausse antipathie, by Pierre Claude
Nivelle de la Chausse, appears.
* * Manon Lescaut, by L'Abbe Prevost,
appears.
* * -34 * * Bibliotheque Britannique is is-
sued.
1734 * * Considerations sur les causes de
la grandeur des Remains et de leur deca-
dence, by Montesquieu, appears.
* * Usage des romains, by Lenglet du
Fresnoy, appears.
* * Histoire critique de I'establissement de
la monarchic frangaise dans les Gaules,
by Dubos, appears.
* * Vert-Vert, by Jean Baptiste Louis
Gresset, appears.
* * -48 * * Supplement des Nouvelles Ec-
clesiastiques is issued.
1735 * * PrejugeA la mode, by le Chausse,
appears. [1741, Melanide; 1744, Ecole
des Meres.]
* * -43 * * Observations sur les Ecrits
Modernes is issued.
1736 * * Les poemes de la Pucelle, by Vol-
taire, appears.
* * -59 * * Essay on Moral Philosophy,
The Balistic Arithmetic, The Measure of
the Northern Degree, Discourse on the
Figure of the Stars, and several treatises
on geometry, by P. L. M. de Maupertuis,
appear.
SOCIETY.
1719* * Paris. Avarice, corruption, and
licentiousness abound. John Law's
" Mississippi Scheme," for the coloniza-
tion of Louisiana, becomes popular as
a short cut to wealth. [Thousands of
families are involved in financial ruin.]
1720 * * Paris. John Law, hooted and
imperiled, is driven out of France.
STATE.
1718 * * The conspiracy of the Prince
of Cellamare, the Spanish ambassador,
the Duchess of Maine, and others, to de-
pose the regent, Orleans, is discovered,
and the conspirators are punished.
* * Law's bank is made the Boyal Bank
of France, with exclusive authority to
coin money, the privileges of the old
East India Company, the trade of Loui-
siana and the Mississippi, the tobacco
monopoly, and the right of receiving all
taxes and government imposts.
It issues notes to the extent of 3,000,-
000,000 francs, based on the land of the
kingdom ; its shares rise to twenty-fold
the original value — more than 80 times
the amount of the specie of France.
1719 Jan. 10. France declares war
against Spain.
Dec. * Spain sues for peace ; the allies
demand the dismissal of Alberoni.
1720 Jan. 25. Spain accepts the terms
of the Quadruple Alliance.
May * An edict practically acknowledges
the insolvency of the Royal Bank.
July * The Mississippi Scheme fails,
the Boyal Bank suspends payment ;
panic and financial disaster follow.
1722 * * The king assumes the govern-
ment.
1723 * * The Duke of Bourbon (Louis
Henri) becomes prime minister.
1725 Sept. 4. Louis XV. marries
Marie Leszcynski, a daughter of Stan-
islaus, the exiled King of Poland.
1726 June * The Due de Bourbon is
dismissed, and Cardinal Fleury be-
comes prime minister.
1728 June 14. At the Congress of
Soissons a [temporary] arrangement is
made of points in dispute between Aus-
tria and Spain, France and England.
1729 Nov. 9. Sp. A treaty of peace
is signed by France, Great Britain, and
Spain at Seville, to end the war between
England and Spain. England retains
Gibraltar, and the three powers unite in
close alliance. (See Great Britain.)
1733 * * -35 * * The war of the Polish
succession follows the death of Augus-
tus II.
It is caused by rival claimants for the
throne ; a majority of the nobles elect Stan-
islaus Leszcynski, the father-in-law of Louis
XV. of France, whose influence is exerted
in the election; a minority, under the influ-
ence of Kussia and Austria, elect Augustus
III., Elector of Saxony, and provide an
armed force to sustain the election against
France, Spain, and Sardinia.
Oct. 19. A treaty of alliance is formed
between France, Spain, and Sardinia.
1735 Oct. 3. Preliminaries of peace
are signed at Vienna between France
and Austria.
It ends the war of the Polish succes-
sion ; Stanislaus I. abandons his claim
on Poland, and receives the duchies of
Lorraine and Bar, which after his de-
cease fall to France.
1736 * * Corsica. Revolutionists over-
throw the authority of Genoa, and es-
tablish a kingdom, with Theodore Neu-
hoff as king. [He soon goes to England
for aid, and dies there.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1720* * The gold-fields on the banks of
the Mississippi are found to be a myth,
and every shareholder is anxious to sell.
[Shares worth £160,000 a year ago are
now sold for a sovereign.]
* * -26 * * More than 80,000 victims to the
plague fall at Marseilles ; the disease
was brought from Syria in a vessel.
1734 June 24. The Anzin coal-mines,
near Valenciennes, North France, are
first opened.
700 1737, **-1754, Jan. *
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1741 Sept.* Aust. The French with
the Bavarians invade Austria.
Nov. 26. Bohemia. Prague is taken
by the French and Bavarians. [1742.
Dec. * The French under Marshal Belle
Tsle retreat.]
1743 June 27. Ger. The French un-
der Marshal Noailles and the Due de
Grammont are defeated at Dettingen
by the British and German allies of
Maria Theresa under George II. of Eng-
land and the Earl of Stair.
1744 Feb. 11. The French and Span-
ish fleets defeat the British off Toulon.
Mar. 15. War is declared against Great
Britain.
Oct. 16. Ger. The French capture
Munich.
1745 May 11. Belg. The French un-
der Louis XV. and Marshal Saxe defeat
the allies at Fontenoy. [Several of the
principal cities of Flanders surrender.]
1746 May 19. Belg. Antwerp is
taken by Marshal Saxe.
June 4. It. The French and Spaniards
are defeated at St. Lazaro by the Sar-
dinians and Imperialists.
June 16. It. The Imperialists and Sar-
dinians under Prince Lichtenstein de-
feat the French and Spaniards at Pia-
cenza.
Sept. 19. Belg. Marshal Saxe takes
Namur.
Sept. * E. I. The French attack Madras
with a force of 3,500+ men.
Oct. 11. Belg. Marshal Saxe defeats
the Austrians and their allies under
Charles of Lorraine at Raucoux. [1747.
Saxe is made marshal-general of France.]
* * The British unsuccessfully attack
Lorient.
1747 Apr. 17. Louis declares war
against Holland. [Marshal Saxe and
106,000 men cross the frontier, and take
the fortresses lining the Scheldt from
Antwerp to the sea.]
May 13. The French fleet of 38 sail
is captured off Cape Finisterre by the
British Adm. Anson.
June 16. The French "West-India fleet
is captured by the British Commodore
Fox.
July 2. Neth. Saxe defeats the Duke
of Cumberland with a loss of 8,000 men
at Laff eldt.
July 19. The Sardinians defeat the
French at Exilles.
Sept. 15. Neth. Bergen-op-Zoom is
taken by Saxe.
Oct. 14. The British Adm. Hawke de-
feats the French fleet off Belle Isle.
1748 May 7. Neth. Maestricht sur-
renders to the French under Saxe.
Apr. * Suspension of hostilities.
Oct. 18. Peace. (See State.)
1750 Nov. 30. Marshal Saxe dies.
1751 * * Paris. The Military Acad-
emy is established.
* * _54 * * E.I. War with the English.
* * E. I. Col. Robert Clive captures and
defends Arcot against the French. The
French are victorious at Trichinopli.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1738 * * Bouguer makes the first attempt
to measure the earth's density.
1747 * * Turkey-red dye is introduced.
1749 * * Georges Louis Leclerc Button's
Natural History appears. [It is trans-
lated into all the languages of Europe.]
1750* * Louis Daubenton's Anatomy
appears.
* * Paris. Machines for making cards
are invented by a Bavarian.
1751* *Lelande is sent to Berlin to
make observations on the distance of
the moon from the earth.
1752 * * Jeroboam, painted by Jean Ho-
nore Fragonard, receives the grand
prix de Pome.
1753* * Paris. Bouguer invents the
heliometer for measuring small angles.
± * * Encaustic painting is perfected by
Count Caylus.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1738 * * Beausobre, Isaac de, Protestant cler-
gyman, theologian, A79.
Blanchard, Francois, aeronaut, born.
Delille, 1/ Abbe. Jacques, poet, born.
Fleurieu, Comte de, Charles Pierre Claret,
navigator, hydrographer, statesman, born.
Guillotin, Joseph Ignatius, physician, in-
ventor of guillotine, born.
Labat, Jean Baptiste, monk, missionary, au-
thor, A 75.
1739 * * Aulnaye, Francois H. S. del', wr., b.
Bouill6, Francois Claude Amour de, gen-
eral, writer, born.
Chalgrin, Jean F. T., architect, born.
Dufay, Charles Francois de Cisternay, physi-
cist, A41.
Dumouriez, Charles Francois, general, born.
Brevet, Pierre, engraver, A42.
Entrecasteaux, Joseph A. B. d', admiral, b.
La Harpe, Jean Francois de, dramatist,
critic, born.
Lebrun, Due de, Charles Francois Piacenza,
statesman, author, born.
Vaniere, Jacques, Latin poet, A75.
1740* * Camus, Armand Gaston, legislator,
writer, born.
Carrere, Joseph B. F., physician, born.
Cavalier, Jean, leader of Camisards, A61+.
Charriere, Madame de Saint-Hyacinthe de,
Isabelle Agnes Van Tuyel, novelist, born.
Custine, Comte de, Adam Philippe, born.
Gagnier, John, orientalist, A70.
Imbert, Joseph Gabriel, painter, A86.
Lafltau, Joseph F.. Jesuit missionary, dies.
Montgolfler, Joseph Michel, mechanician,
inventor, born.
Oberlin, Jean Fn§de>ic, philan., reformer, b.
1741 * * Barthelemon, Francois H., musi-
cian, born.
Chamfort (Champfort), Sebastien Roch
Nicolas, poet, litterateur, born.
Coste> Jean Francois, physician, writer, b.
Gretny, Andre Ernest Modeste, composer,
born.
Houdon, Jean Antoine, sculptor, born.
Laclos, Pierre A. F. C. de, revolutionist, au-
thor, born.
La Perouse, Comte de, Jean Francois de
Galaup, navigator, born.
Luzerne, Anne Cesar de la, diplomatist, b.
Montfaucon, Bernard de, antiquary, critic,
philologist, A86.
Rollin, Charles, historian, A80.
Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, poet, A71.
1742* * Bourguet, Louis, antiquary, natu-
ralist, A64.
Brumoy, Pierre, classical scholar, A54.
Dombey, Joseph, botanist, traveler, born.
Dorigny, Louis, painter, engraver, A88+.
Dubos, Jean Baptiste, publicist, critic, A72.
Dupuis, Charles Francois, philosopher, sa-
vant, born.
MassiUon, Jean Baptiste, pulpit ora., A79.
Portal, Antoine, Baron, physician, born.
Sicard, L'Abbe\ Roch A. C, teacher of deaf
mutes, born.
1743 * * Auvigny, Jean du Castre d', writer,
A38 + .
Condorcet, Marquis de, Marie J. A. K. C,
metaphysician, born.
Duhalde, Jean Baptiste, Jesuit, geographer,
A69.
Fleury, Andre Hercule de, cardinal, states-
man, A90.
Geoff roy, Julien Louis, critic, editor, born.
Guibert, Comte de, Jacques A. H., author,
soldier, born.
Haiiy, L'Abbe, Ren6 Just, mineralogist, b.
Latour d' Auvergne, Theophile M. C. de,
army officer, born.
Lavoisier, Antoine L., chemist, born.
Legrand, Jacques Guillaume, architect, b.
Rigaud, Hyacinthe, portrait painter, A81.
Saint-Pierre, Charles Irenee Castel de,
clergyman, writer, A85.
1744 * * Avril, Jean Jacques, engraver, b.
Barbeyrac, Jean, jurist, historian, A71.
Bertrand de Molleville, Jlarquis de, Antoine
Francois, statesman, born.
Bosquillion, Edouard F. M., physician, b.
Callet, Jean Francois, mathematician, born.
Campra, Andre\ composer, A84.
Capperonnier, Claude, linguist, critic, A73.
Desault, Pierre Joseph, surgeon, born.
Duvoisin, Jean Baptiste, bishop of Nantes,
theological writer, born.
Lamarck, Chevalier, Jean B., P. A. de M.,
naturalist, born.
Karat, Jean Paul, revolutionist, born.
Mechain, Pierre Franyois, astronomer, born.
1745 * * Auguis, Pierre Jean B., revolution-
ist, born.
Desfontaines, Pierre Francois Guyot,
critic, A60.
Desmaiseaux, Pierre, scholar, author, A79.
Fourmont, Etienne, orientalist, author, A62.
Freteau de Saint-Just, Emmanuel M. M.
P., politician, born.
Kerguelen-Tremaree, Yves J. de, navigator,
born.
Montgolfler, Jacques Etienne, inventor of
balloon, born.
Pinel, Philippe, physician, alienist, born.
Portalis, Jean E. 11., jurist, statesman, born.
Vanloo, Jean Baptiste, painter, A61.
1746 * * Bauldelocque, Jean Louis, surg., b.
Charles, Jacques Alexandre Cesar, electri-
cian, born.
Chaussier, Francois, anatomist, born.
Coustou, Guillaume, sculptor, A 68.
Dorigny, Sir Nicolas, engraver, A89.
Genlis, Comtesse de, Stephanie Felicite, mis-
cellaneous writer, born.
L'Heritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis, bota-
nist, born.
Maury, Jean Siffrein, cardinal, pulpit orator,
politician, born.
Michaux, Andre, botanist, born.
Monge, Caspard, Comte de Peluze, geome-
trician, born.
Roland, Philip, sculptor, born.
1747* * Biron, Due de, Armand Louis de
Gontaut, Due de Lauzun, gen., pol., born.
Bonneval, Comte de, Claude Alexandre, ad-
venturer, A72.
Bourne, Vincent, scholar, writer, A49.
Clermont-Tonnerre, Comte de Stanislas,
statesman, born.
Denon, Dominique V., Baron, archeol., born.
Fouquier-Tinville, revolutionist, public
prosecutor, born.
La Rochefoucauld- Liancourt, Due de, Fran-
cois Alexandre Frederic, philan., pol., b.
Le Sage, Alain Rene, romancer, drama-
tist, A79.
Orl6ans, Due d', Louis Philippe Joseph,
Philippe Egalitg, statesman, born.
1748 * * Agier, Pierre Jean, judge, born.
Bausset, Louis Francois de, cardinal, au., b.
Berthollet, Claude Louis, chemist, born.
Chambon de Montaux, Nicolas, physician, b.
David, Jacques Louis, painter, born,
Ginguene, Pierre Louis, critic, author, born.
Girard, Gabriel, grammarian, A71±.
Jussieu. Antoine Laurent, botanist, born.
Sieyes, L'Abbe, Emmanuel Joseph, publicist,
born.
Vicq-d'Azyr, Felix, anatomist, born.
1749 * * Berquin, Arnaud, writer, born.
Bousmard, Henri J. B. de, military eng., b.
Cerisier, Antoine Marie, historian, born.
Chastelet, Marquise, Gabrielle, scientific au-
thor, A43.
Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph, astron., b.
Freret, Nicolas, antiq., historical critic, A61.
Garat, Dominique Joseph, revolutionist, b.
Lamballe, Princesse de, Marie Therese Louise
de Savoie-Carignan, born. .
Laplace, Pierre Simon, astron., math., b.
Mirabeau, Comte de, Honore Gabriel de
Riquetti, orator, statesman, born.
1750 * * Abrail, Joseph Andrg, statesman, b.
Allart, Mary Gay, novelist, born.
Arnould, Ambrose Marie, political econo-
mist, born.
Aubry, Francois, revolutionist, born.
Baert, Baron, Alexandre Balthasar Francois
de Paule, senator, author, born.
FRANCE.
1737, **-1754, Jan. * 701
Bergasse, Nicolas, jurist, writer, born.
Bonaparte, Letitia, mother of Napoleon, b.
Brueys, Francois Paul, admiral, born.
Cbopart, Francois, surgeon, born.
Collot d' Herbois. Jean Marie, revolution-
ist, born.
Cornet, Comte de, Mathieu A ugustin, states-
man, born.
Dolomieu, Deodat G. S. T. de Gratet de,
geologist, born.
Ferrand, Count, Antoine Francois Claude,
author, born.
Francois de Neufchateau, N. L., writer, poli-
tician, born.
Girard, Stephen, merchant, banker, million-
aire, born.
Meissonier, Justus A., painter, sculptor, arch-
itect, A55.
Petit, Jean Louis, surgeon, A76.
Savary, Nicolas, traveler, author, born.
Villoison, Jean Baptiste Gaspard d'Ansse de,
Greek scholar, born.
Nov. 30. Saxe, Comte de, Hermann
Maurice, general, A54.
1751* * Aguesseau, Henri Francois d\
chancellor, orator, legislator, author, A83.
Gilbert, Nicolas J. L., poet, born.
Lacretelle, Pierre Louis de, lawyer, writer, b.
Lally-Tollendal, Marquis de, Trophime G.,
politician, born.
La Mettrie, Julien Offray, de, philos., A42.
Sonnini de Manoncourt, Charles Nicholas
Sigisbert, naturalist, born.
1752 * * Athenas, rural economist, born.
Beurnonville, Marquis de, Pierre de Kuel,
marshal, statesman, born.
Cabarrus, Francois, merchant, born.
Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette Genest,
teacher, author, born.
Choiseul-Goufner, Comte de, Marie Gabriel
F. A , traveler, author, born.
Folard, Jean Charles de, soldier, military
writer, A83.
Giuliani, Nicolas Francois, lyric poet, born.
Jacquard, Joseph M., inventor Jacquard
loom, born.
Iiegendre, Adrien Marie, math., born.
Louis, Due d'Orleans, A49.
1753 * * Allainval, Leonor J. C. S. d', dra-
matic poet, A53t.
Berthier, Louis Alexandre, Prince of Wa-
gram, marshal, born.
Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, mathe-
matician, strategist, born.
Chardon de la Rochette, Simon, philologist,
Hellenist, born.
Dalayrac, Nicolas, musical composer, born.
Dumas, Comte Mathieu, general, author, b.
Parny, Evariste Desire' De Forges de, poet, b.
Pigault-Lebrun, Charles Antoine Guillauine,
novelist, born.
Segur, Comte de, Louis Philippe, statesman,
author, born.
Vaillant, Francois Le, traveler, naturalist, b.
CHURCH.
1744 * * The Protestants hold their first
public National Synod. (See 1559.)
* * Protestants enjoy external peace, but
the Reformed Church declines, chiefly
for the lack' of trained and educated pas-
tors ; fanaticism disturbs its peace.
1749 * * Paris. An edict of mortmain
is issued, prohibiting the foundation of
new religious establishments, and order-
ing a survey of all ecclesiastical property
for the purpose of taxation ; the clergy
are exasperated.
* * Paris. Archbishop Beaumont renews
the persecution of the Jansenists, who
are supposed to he the authors of the
obnoxious edicts.
* * Cures are ordered not to absolve the
dying unless they have attested their
acceptance of the bull Unigenitus;
society is shaken by the struggle of all
orders and parties.
+ * * Paris. Freethinkers, headed by
Voltaire, scoff at religion, and plot for
the overthrow of established ideas.
LETTERS.
1737 * * Treatise on the Attack of Places,
and Treatise on the Defense of Places,
by Sebastien Le P. de Vauban, appear.
1738 * * M&tromanie, by Alexis Pirou, ap-
pears.
1740 * * Paralelle des Romains et des
Francais, by Gabriel Bonnet Mably, ap-
pears.
± * * Memoires, by Louis de Rouvray, Due
de Saint-Simon, appears.
1741 * * Mahomet, by Voltaire, appears
at Brussels. [1742, Merope appears at
Paris.]
* * Memoir on the Integral Calculus, by
Jean le Bond d'Al'embert, appears.
[1743, Treatise on Dynamics ; 1746, Ow the
General Theory of the Winds.']
1742 * * Confession du Comte de , by
Charles P. Duclos, appears. [1749, Con-
siderations sur les mceurs de ce siecle.]
1744 * * Compendium of the History of
France, by Charles C." J. Henault, ap-
pears.
* * -48 * * Memoires Secrets de la Repu-
blique des Lettres is issued.
1745 * * Dialogue de Sylla et d'Eucrate,
by Montesquieu, appears.
* * Account of a Voyage in South America,
by Charles M. La Condamine, appears.
[1749, The Figure of the Earth deter-
mined.^
* * Sur le merite et la vertu, by Diderot,
appears. [1746, Philosophic Dottbts ;
1747, Sceptics' Walk; 1749, Lettre sur les
aveugles.]
* * Histoire naturelle de V Ame, by Julien
Offrayde de Lamettrie, appears. [1747,
La faculte vengee; 1748, L' Homme ma-
chine and L' Homme plante.]
1746 * * Introduction to the Knowledge of
the Human Mind, by Marquis de Vau-
venargues, appears.
* * Essay on the Origin of Human Knowl-
edge, by Condillac, appears. [1749,
Traiti des Systemes.]
* * -59 * * Nouvelle Bibliotheque Britan-
nique is issued.
1747 * * Gouvernante, by La Chausse, ap-
pears.
* * Mechant, by Jean Baptiste Louis Gres-
set, appears.
* * Mimoires sur la vie de Jean Racine, by
Louis Racine, appears. [Later, a trans-
lation of Paradise Lost.]
1748 * * Droit publique de V Europe, by
Mably, appears. [1751, Observations sur
les Romains.']
* * L' Histoire du Stathouderat,by L'Abbe'
Raynal, appears.
* * Esprit des Lois, by Montesquieu, ap-
pears.
1749 * * -52 * * Observations sur la Lit-
tirature Moderne is issued.
* * -54 * * Letters on Certain Contempo-
rary Writings is issued by Elie C. Fr^-
ron.
* * -85 * * Histoire naturelle, generate, et
particuliere, by Jean Louis Leclere,
Count of Buffon, appears.
* * Jean Jacques Rousseau takes the
prize offered by the Academy of Dijon
for an essay on the effect of the progress
of civilization on morals.
1750 * * R ifle xions philosophiques stir
Vorigine des animaux and Les animaux
plus que machines, by Lamettrie, ap-
pears.
* * -57 * * Journal Britannique is issued.
1751 * * Journal of an Expedition made
by Order of the King to the Equator, by
La Condamine, appears.
* * -77 * * The Encyclopaedia appears ;
it is first conducted by Diderot and.
D'Alembert, afterwards by Diderot
alone.
1752 * * The Gazette is changed to the
Gazette de France.
* * Diatribe du Docteur Akakia, by Vol-
taire, appears.
* *The operetta Devin du Village, by
Jean Jacques Rousseau, appears.
[1753, Sur la Musique francaise and Dis-
cours sur Veconomie politique ; 1755, Dis-
cours sur Vorigine et les fondements de
Vinigaliti parmi les hommes.]
* * Pieces fugitives, by Michel Jean Se-
daine, appears.
1753 * * Histoire de la pairie de France et
du parlement de Pans, by Boulainvil-
liers, appears.
SOCIETY.
1745* *-64* * Paris. The Marquise
■ de Pompadour, the king's mistress,.
has a remarkable influence over him.
When her attractions wane, she main-
tains her empire by sanctioning the infa-
mous seraglio, called Pare aux Cerfs,
in her beautiful retreat at Marseilles.
STATE.
1738 Nov. 18. The Treaty of Vienna
is signed between France and Austria.
It ratifies the preliminaries of peace;
Lorraine is ceded to France ; France re-
signs Milan and Mantua to the emperor ;
Austria cedes the Two Sicilies to Don
Carlos of Spain, as a secundogeniture ;
he cedes Parma and Piacenza to Aus-
tria ; the Duke of Lorraine receives
Tuscany.
1740 * * France aids Charles Albert,
Elector of Bavaria, in his claim to the
throne of Austria on the death of the-
Emperor Charles VI.
1743 Jan. 29. Cardinal Fleury dies,,
and the king takes the government
into his own hands ; Marquise de Cha-
teauroux is the power behind the throne. .
1744 Mar. 15. France declares war
against Great Britain.
May* Neth. Louis XV. invades the
country.
June 5. A secret treaty is formed be-
tween Frederick II. and France.
An alliance is formed at Frankfort,
uniting France, Prussia, the Emperor
Charles VII., and Sweden, against Aus-
tria.
1745 * * -64 * * Madame de Pompa-
dour, the king's chief mistress, rises to-
power and influence in public affairs.
1747 Apr. 17. Louis declares war
against Holland.
1748 Oct. 18. The Treaty of Aix-la-
Chapelle, between France, Great Brit-
ain, Holland, Germany, Spain, and
Genoa, is signed. (See Austria.)
1749 * * A tax is levied of one-twentieth
of all incomes, including those of the
privileged orders.
A struggle occurs between the Church,
the Parliament, and the Crown relating
to taxes and billets de confession.
1753 * * The Royal Chamber is estab-
lished to do the work of refractory ma-
gistrates. [1754, Suppressed.]
1754 Jan.i* -Disputes arise with Eng-
land concerning territory in America,
and trading-posts in the East Indies.
702 1754, May *-1768,
FRANCE.
ARMY— NAVY.
1754 May* U.S.A. The English send
Maj. George "Washington of Virginia
to Ohio to stop the erection of French
forts.
1755+ * * The struggle for supremacy
in the New World begins ; France and
England engage in the Seven Years'
War, called the French and Indian war
in America. (See America.)
July 9. U. S. A. The British Gen.
Braddock is defeated and killed by the
French near Fort Du Quesne. (See
America.)
* * Corsica. Pasquale de Paole is chosen
generalissimo of the Corsicans. [For
ten years he sustains conflicts with in-
surrectionists and the Genoese.]
1756 May 17. England declares war
against France.
July * The French attack and take the
Island of Minorca from the English.
1757 * * Ger. Hanover is invaded by
the French.
Nov. 5. Prus. Frederick the Great,
commanding 22,000 Prussians, utterly
defeats the united armies of the French
under Marshal Soubise and the Impe-
rialists under the Prince of Saxe-Hild-
burghausen at Rossbach; Prussian
loss, 5,000± ; allies, 1,700 killed and 7,000
prisoners.
1758 June 23. Prus. The Prussians
under Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat
the French under the Comte de Cler-
mont at Krefeld. [After several small
battles the French are forced to retreat
from the Elbe to the Rhine.]
June * The British burn over 100 French
vessels in Cancale Bay.
Oct. 4. E. I. Arcot is taken by the
French.
* * The fortifications of Cherbourg are de.
stroyed by the English.
1759 Jan. 2. Prus. The French sur-
prise and capture Frankfort-on-the-
Main.
Apr. 13. Prus. The allies are defeated
at Bergen. (See Germany.)
Aug. 1 . Ger. The French are defeated
at Minden. (See Germany.)
Sept. 13. Can. The French are defeated
in Canada. France loses an empire in
the New World by the fall of Quebec.
(See p. 574.)
* * E. I. The British Adm. Pocock de-
feats the French fleet.
Nov. 20. Adm. Hawke with 23 English
vessels annihilates a French fleet of
21 vessels under Comte de Conflans off
Belle Isle, in Quiberon Bay.
* * E. I. The French lose nearly all
their military power in the success of
the British. (See India.)
1760 Feb.* Ire. Com. Thurot with
1,800 men invades Ireland; is unsuc-
cessful and retreats. [Feb. 21. He is
met at the Isle of Man by British ships,
defeated, and killed.]
July 31. Prus. Ferdinand defeats the
French at Warburg.
1761 June 7. Belle Isle is captured
by the English.
1763 Feb. 10. Peace. (See State.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1756 Feb. 4. A mummy is disin-
terred near Auvergne.
* * The St. Cloud porcelain manufactory
is removed to Sevres.
1761* *The sun's distance is first
measured by the transit of Venus ; Jo-
seph Delisle's method is introduced.
1763 * * Paris. Aquatinta is greatly
improved.
1764 * * Paris. The [Pantheon] is com
menced as the Church of St. Genevieve ;
it I akes the form of a Greek cross, and
Louis XV. supplies the funds.
* *-80* * Paris. Joseph Louis Lagrange
investigates the libration of the moon.
* * Paris. Claude Francois Joseph,
Count of Auxiron, [is said to have] sailed
a little steamboat on the Seine. [1775.
Jacques Perier said to have done the
same. Claude Francois Dorothee, Mar-
quis de Jouffroy, repeats the same ex-
periment on the Doubs.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1754* * Brissot de Warville, Jean P., Gi-
rondist, writer, born.
Chaussee, Pierre Claude Nivelle de la, drama-
tist, A 62.
Demoivre, Abraham, mathematician, A87.
Destouches, Philippe Nericault, drama-
tist, A74.
Halle, Jean Noel, physician, born.
Joubert, Joseph, moralist, born.
Kleber, Jean Baptiste, general, born.
Moneey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Due de
Conegliano, marshal, born.
P6rignon, Marquis de, Dominique Catherine,
marshal, born.
Feb. 13. TaUeyrand-P6rigrord, Charles
Maurice de, statesman, born.
Mar. 17. Roland, Madame Marie Jeanne
Philipon, Girondist, author, born.
Aug:, 23. Louis XVI., king, born.
1755 * * Aiguebere, John Dumas, dram., A63.
Barras, Paul Francois J. N. de. states-
man, born.
Barere de Vieuzac, Bertrand, revolu-
tionist, born.
Casabianca, Louis, naval captain, born.
Cont6, Nicolas Jacques, painter, mechani-
cian, born.
Dulaure, Jacques Antoine, historian, born.
Fabre d'JSglantine, Philippe Francois Ja-
cobin, born.
Florian, Jean Pierre Claris de, author, born.
Fourcroy, Antoine Francois, chemist, born.
Gail, Jean Baptiste, Hellenist, author, born.
Hubert, Jacques Rent*, demagogue, born.
Humbert, Joseph Amable, general, born.
Labourdonnais, Bertrand Francois MalnS de,
admiral, 56±.
Lefebvre, Francois J., Due de Dantzig, mar-
shal, born.
Narbonne-Lara, Comte de, Louis, general, di-
plomatist, born.
Noel, Francois Joseph Michel, gram., born.
Prony, Baron de, Gaspard Clair Francois
Marie Biche, engineer, mathematician, t>.
Feb. 10. Montesquieu, Baron, Charles
de Secondat, jurist, philosopher, A66.
Nov. 2. Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis
XVI., born.
Nov. 17. Louis XVIII., king, born.
1756 * * Audran, Jean, engraver, A89.
Carrier, Jean Baptiste, demagogue, born.
Cassas, Louis Francois, painter, architect, b.
Cassini, Jacques, astronomer, A79.
Dampierre, Marquis de, Auguste Henri Marie
Picot, general, born.
Gallait, Jean Pierre, author, born.
Lamotte, Jeanne de Valois, adventuress, b.
1757* * Augereau, Pierre, Due de Casti-
gliong, marshal, born.
Blissot, Jean, revolutionist, author, born.
Boyer, Alexis, surgeon, born.
Cabanis, Pierre J. G., phys., philos., an., b.
Calmet, Augustin, Benedictine monk, Bibli-
cal scholar, A 85.
Cartellier, Pierre, sculptor, born.
Castel, Louis Bertrand, mathematician, A70.
Fontanes, Marquis de, Louis, author, born.
Fontenelle, Bernard le Bouvier de, advo-
cate, philosopher, poet, misc. writer, A 100.
Frochot, Comte, Nicolas Therese Benoit, ad-
ministrator, born.
Feb. 3. Volney, Comte de, Constantin
Francois Chassebceuf, scholar, author,
born.
Sept, 6. Lafayette, Marquis de, Marie
Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, states-
man, b.
Oct. 9. Charles X., king, born.
1758* * Abancourt, Charles Xavier Joseph
Franqueville, minister, born.
Boissy, Louis de, litterateur, A64.
Bouguer, Pierre, mathematician, A60.
Cazal^s, Jacques Antoine Marie de, politl-
cian, born.
Eble\ Jean Baptiste, general, born.
Ganilh, Charles, economist, born.
Gen8onne, Armand, statesman, Girondist
leader, born.
Hulin, Cointe, Pierre Augustine, general, b.
La Grange, Joseph de Chancel de, poet, A82.
Massena, Andr6, Prince d'Essling, Due de
Rivoli, marshal, born.
Mounier, Jean Joseph, statesman, born.
Proudhon, Jean Baptiste Victor, jurist, born.
Sacy, Baron de Antoine Isaac Silvestre, ori-
entalist, born.
Vernet, Aritoine C. Horace, painter, born.
May 6. Robespierre. Maximilien Marie
Isidore, revolutionist, born.
1759 * * Adam, Lambert, sculptor, A59.
Arbogast, Louis F. A., mathematician, born.
Aubert du Bayet, Jean B. A., general, born.
Audebert, Jean B., naturalist, engraver, b.
Augustin, Jean B. J., miniature painter, b.
Bonchamp, Marquis, Charles Melchior Artus,
general, born.
Bosc, Louis Augustin Guil., naturalist, born.
Chery, Philippe, historical painter, born.
Coigny, Due de, Francois de Franquetot,
marshal, A89.
Danton, George Jacques, revolutionist,
born.
Leroy, Julien, horologist, author, A73.
Millin, Aubin Louis, antiquary, naturalist, b.
Montcalm, Marquis de, Louis Joseph, gen-
eral, A47.
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau, math-
ematician, A61.
Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, orator, states-
man, born.
1760* * Assas, Chevalier d', Nicolas, cap-
tain regiment of Auvergne, dies.
Avrigny, Chas. J. Lceuillard d', poet, born.
Carron, Guy Toussaint Julien, cl., writer, b.
Durand, Jean Nicolas Louis, architect, born.
Guillon, L'Abbe", Marie Nicolas Silvestre,
author, born.
Lameth, Cointe de, Alexander Thebdor Vic-
tor, revolutionist, born.
Landon, Charles Paul, painter, writer on
art, born.
Le Sueur, Jean Francois, musical comp., b.
Louvet de Couvray, Jean Baptiste, revolu-
tionist, born.
Rouget de l'Isle, Claude Joseph, poet, born.
Oct. 17. Saint-Simon, Comte de, Claude
Henri, socialist, philosopher, born.
1761 * * Andreossi, Antoine Francois, mili-
tary engineer, born.
Barnave, Antoine Pierre J. M., revolutionist,
born.
Belidor, Bernard Forest de, engineer, mili-
tary writer, A68.
Bon de Saint-Hilaire, Francois Xavier, wr.,
scholar, A 83.
Broussonnet, Pierre Auguste, naturalist, b.
Cellier, Dom Remi, theologian, A73.
Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., Jesuit, hist., A79.
Daunou, Pierre C. F., statesman, author, b.
Joly, Maria Elizabeth, actor, born.
Moreau, Jean Victor, general, born.
Pelletier, Bertrand, chemist, born.
Picheg-ru, Charles, general, born.
Pons, Jean Louis, astronomer, born.
Raynouard. Francois, J. M., misc. wr., b.
1762 * * Allemand, Zacharie J. T., adm., b.
Bessieres, Jean Baptiste, Due d' Istria, mar-
shal, born.
Bouchardon, Edm6, sculptor, A64.
Caigniez, Louis Charles, dramatist, born.
Caille, L'Abb£, Nicolas L.de la,astron., A49.
Cavaignac, Jean Baptiste, revolutionist, b.
Championnet, Jean E., general, born.
Chauvelin, Germain Louis de, statesman,
A77.
Chedel, Quentin Pierre, engraver, A57.
Crebillon, Prosper Jolyot de. poet, dram-
atist, A 88.
Daviel, Jacques, oculist, A66.
Desmoulins, Camille, revolutionist, au.,b.
Fontaine, Pierre Francois Leonard, arch., b.
Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, marshal, born.
Latreille, Pierre Andr£, naturalist, born.
Poniatowski, Josef Anton, Polish general,
marshal, born,
Roubilliac, Louis Francois, sculptor, A67.
Villenave, Mathieu Guillaume Therese, au-
thor, born.
FRANCE.
1754, May *-1768, * * 703
Oct. 30. Chenier, Andre Marie de, poet,
born.
1763 * * Adet, Pierre Auguste, envoy, chem-
ist, born.
Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne, marshal, b.
Chaumette, l'ierre Uaspard, Jacobin dema-
gogue, born.
Chaudet, Antoine Denis, sculptor, born.
Chappe, Claude, inventor of a telegraph, b.
Drouais, Jean Germain, painter, born.
Dupleix, Marquis Joseph, general, A66.
Fesch, Joseph, cardinal archbp. of Lyons, b.
Fouche, Joseph, Due d'Otrante, minister of
police, born.
Maret, Hugues B., Due de Bassano, states-
man, born.
Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de,
dramatist, A75.
Mehul, Etienne Henri, composer, born.
Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine Francois, au., A6G.
Racine, Louis, poet, A71.
Koyer-Collard, Pierre Paul, statesman, born.
Talma, Francois Joseph, actor, born.
Vauquelin, Louis N., chemist, born.
Villeneuve, Pierre C. J. B. S. de,adm.,born.
June 23. Josephine. Marie Josephe Rose
Tascher de la Pagerie, wife of Napoleon L,
born.
1764* * Babeuf, Francois Noel, revolution-
ist, born.
Beauregard, Charles Victor, general, born.
Chenier, Maria Joseph de, poet, dram., b.
I lamas, Francois Etienne, general, born.
Didot, Firmin, publisher, typographer, born.
Jouy, Victor Joseph E. de, author, born.
Legouv6, Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, dra-
matic poet, born.
Maistre, Comte de, Xavier, novelist, born.
Percier, Charles, architect, born.
Prevost, Pierre, painter of panoramas, born.
Rameau, Jean Philippe, composer, au., A81.
Victor, or Victor-Perrin, Claude, Due de
Belluno, marshal, born.
Apr. 15. Pompadour. Marquise de,
Jeanne Antoinette, mistress of Louis XV.,
A43.
1765 * * Balechou, J. J. Nicolas, engr., A50.
Barbier, Antoine A., bibliographer, born.
Berchoux, Joseph, poet, born.
Clairaut, Alexis Claude, geometrician, A42.
Crevier, Jean Baptiste, historian, A72.
Curaudau, Francois R., chemist, inventor, b.
Dutens, Joseph Michel, polit. economist, b.
Dufrenoy, Adelaide Gillette Billet, poet, b.
Freron, Louis Stanislas, revolutionist, born.
Genet, Edmond Charles, diplomatist, born.
Lacroix, Sylvestre Francois, math., born.
Macdonald, Etienne Jacques J. A., Due
de Tarente, marshal, born.
Nlepce, Joseph Nicephore, chemist, one of
the inventors of photography, born.
Thibaudeau, Comte, Antoine Claire, revolu-
tionist, historical writer, born.
Vanloo, Charles Andre, painter, A60.
Villers, Charles F. D. de, philosopher, born.
1766 * * Albert, Jean Louis, physician, born.
Allier, Louis, numismatist, born.
Arnault, Vincent Antoine, author, born.
Astruc, Jean, medical writer, teacher, A82.
Azais, Pierre Hyacinthe, philosopher, born.
Bertin, Louis Francois, journalist, born.
Chaussard, Pierre Jean Baptiste, author, b.
Chauvelin, Francois Bernard de, pol., born.
Fonfrede, Jean li. B., politician, born.
Grouchy, Marquis, Emmanuel, marshal, b.
Lacretelle, Jean Charles de, historian, born.
Larrey, Baron, Dominique Jean, surgeon, b.
Las Cases, Marquis de, Emmanuel A. D. M.
J., companion of Napoleon, born.
Lescure, Marquis de, Louis Marie de, Ven-
dean chief, born.
Maine de Biran, Marie F. P. G., metaphysi-
cian, born.
Noailles, Due de, Adrien Maurice, marshal,
A88.
Apr. 22, Stael-Holstein, Madame de,
Baronne, Anne Louise Germaine, author, b.
1767 * * Abauzit, Firmin, math., A88.
Barbaroux, Charles Jean Marie, revolution-
ist, born.
Barraband, Pierre Paul, artist, born.
Beaucliamp, Alphonse de, author, born.
Bouvart, Alexis, astronomer, born.
Bridaine, Jacques, pulpit orator, A66.
Carpentier, Pierre, antiquary, author, A70.
Constant de Rebecque, H. B., orator, states-
man, writer, born.
Daru, Comte, Pierre Antoine, statesman,
writer, born.
Duval, Alexandre Vincent Pineu, drama-
tist, born.
Fievee, Joseph, litterateur, born.
Girodet-Trioson, Anne U, painter, born.
Isabey, Jean Baptiste, miniature painter, b.
Michaud, Joseph, historian, born.
Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, Due de Reggio,
marshal, born.
Pasquier, Dnc Etienne D., statesman, born.
Saint-Just, Antoine Louis L., revolutionist,
born.
1768 * * Almeras, Louis, general, born.
Bonaparte, Joseph, brother of Napoleon I.,
King of Naples and Spain, born.
Camus, Charles Etienne Louis, math., A69.
Cheverus, Jean Louis A. M. L., cardinal, b.,
Corday, d' Annans Marie Anne C. de.
heroine, born.
Delisle, Joseph Nicolas, astronomer, A80.
CHURCH.
1758 * * Rome. Clement XIII. is pope.
1760 £ * * The principles of toleration
begin to prevail ; the school of Voltaire
encourages their diffusion.
1762 Aug. 6. Paris. The parliament
decrees the abolition of the Society of
Jesus, secularizes its members, and con-
fiscates its enormous property.
1764 Nov. 26. Paris. A royal edict
confirms the suppression of the Jesu-
its.
* *The corrupt state of the church
multiplies infidels.
LETTERS.
1754 * * Traiti des Sensations, by Condil-
lac, appears.
* * -56 * * Researches on Various Impor-
tant Points of the System of the Universe,
by D'Alembert, appears.
* * -62 * * Le Journal Stranger is issued.
* * -74 * * Mimoires politiqu.es de V Eu-
rope, by L'Abbe' Raynal, appears.
* * -80 * * Bibliotheque des Sciences et
des Beaux Arts is issued.
* * -90 * * The Literary Year is issued.
* * Orphelin de la Chine, by Voltaire, ap-
pears. [1759, Candide.]
1756 * * Philosophical and Literary Re-
flections on the Poem of Natural Religion,
by Antoine L. Thomas, appears.
* * Fables and Stories of the French Poets
from the 11th to the 16th Centuries, by
fitienne Barbazan, appears.
1757 * * Fils naturel, by Diderot, ap-
pears. [1758, Pere defamille.]
1758 * * Economic Picture, by Francois
Quesnay, appears.
* * On the Mind, by Helvetius, appears.
* * Lettre a d ' Alembert contre les Specta-
cles, by Rousseau, appears. [1760, La
Nouvelle HUoise; 1762, Contrat Social,
and Emile ; 1763, Lettres de la Montagne ;
1767, Dictionary of Music]
* *-61* * L'Observateur Litteraire is is-
sued.
1759 * * Compendium of the History of
Spain and Portugal, by Charles C. J.
Henault, appears.
* * Melanges de Littirature et de la Philo-
sophie, and Elements of Philosophy, by
D'Alembert, appears.
* * Journal de Commerce is issued.
* * -78 * * Journal des Dames is issued.
* * -89 * * Mercuriales, Instructions, and
other works, by Henri Francois D' Agues-
eeau, appears.
* * Courrier de la Mode is issued.
* * Philosophes, by Charles Palissot de
Montenoy, appears.
* * Claude Joseph Dorat writes Idle de la
poisie allemande.
1761 * * Contes moraux, by Marmontel,
appears. [1763, Poitique Francaise ; 1767,
Belisaire.]
1762 * * -87 * * Mimoires de Bachaumont
is issued.
1763 * * Warwick, by Jean F. de la Harpe,
appears.
* * Entretiens de Phocion, by Mably, ap-
pears.
1764 * * Considerations sar le gouverne-
ment de la France, by Marquis K. L. V.
D'Argenson, appears.
* * -66 * * Gazette Littiraire is issued.
* * -82 * * Nicrologe des Hommes Ciltbres
de France is issued.
1765 * * Eph&me'rides du Citoyen is is-
sued.
* * Philosophe sans le savoir, by Sedaine,
appears.
* * Sikge de Calais, by Pierre Lau. de
Belloy, appears.
* * Observations sur I'histoire de France,
by Mably, appears.
* * Eugenie, by Beaumarchais, appears.
SOCIETY.
1757 Jan. 5. Paris. Robert Francois
Damiens, a servant, attempts to assas-
sinate the king, and wounds him with a
dagger.
[Damiens is tortured ; his right hand
is burned with a slow fire ; he is torn
with hot pincers, and burned with hot
lead in open wounds, and his body torn
apart by four horses.]
1762 Mar. 9. Jean Calas is broken on
the wheel at Toulouse on the charge of
having put his son to death to prevent
him from becoming a Catholic.
STATE.
1754 Sept. 4. Paris. Parliament re-
enters, having triumphed over the court,
and is welcomed by the people.
1756 * * An alliance of Russia and Aus-
tria to recover Silesia for the latter is
joined by France; the Seven Years'
War follows.
* * Paris. The parliament opposes the
clergy and the court.
Dec. * Paris. Louis enforces the regis-
tration of edicts, and forbids parlia-
ment to interfere with ecclesiastical
disputes ; he orders that members must
serve 10 years before they have the right
to vote; 180 members resign, and the
court yields.
1757 Jan. 5. Robert Damiens attempts
to assassinate the king with a penknife.
1760 Sept. 8. Can. The French gov-
ernor, the Marquis of Vaudreuil, signs
a convention at Montreal surrendering
Canada to the British Crown.
1761 Aug. 15. The "Family Com-
pact" is formed by Louis XV. and the
king of Spain. It is a mutual guaran-
ty of support against all enemies.
1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris is
concluded between France, Great Brit-
ain, Spain, and Portugal.
It ends the Seven Years' War. France sur-
renders to England Cape Breton, all Canada,
all Louisiana lying east of the Mississippi,
Grenada, Tobago, St. Vincent, Dominique,
Senegal (West Africa), and Minorca; France
receives Martinique, St. Lucia, Belle Isle, her
factories in the East Indies, the right of
fishing on the coast of Newfoundland, with
the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Spain
cedes Florida to England, and receives the
western part of Louisiana, Havana, and other
British conquests in Cuba.
1766 * * Nancy is acquired.
1767 May 15. Corsica. The Genoese,
despairing of their ability to maintain
authority, sell the entire island to
France.
704 1768,**-! 783,
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1769* * Corsica. A French force of
20,000 under Count Vaux lands, and at-
tacks and completely defeats Gen. Paoli
[who barely succeeds in cutting his way
through the enemy and escaping to Eng-
land on board an English frigate.]
1777 Apr. * Marquis de Lafayette
joins the Americans in the War of inde-
pendence. (See America.)
1778 June 16. Two frigates, the Licorne
and Belle Poule, are captured in the Eng-
lish Channel by the British under Adm.
Keppel.
July 10. France declares war against
England.
July 27. A French fleet of 32 vessels,
having left Brest to aid Americans, is
driven back by a British fleet.
1779 * * -82 * * Gibraltar is unsuccess-
ful ly besieged by the French and Spanish.
1781 Sept. 10. U.S.A. Comte de
Grasse with a French fleet arrives in
Chesapeake Bay. [Assisted by an Amer-
ican naval force he blockades Lord
Cornwallis at Yorktown. Oct. 19. Corn-
wallis surrenders to Gen. Washington.]
1782 Feb. 4. The French and Spanish
fleets under Due de Crillon capture
Minorca from the English after a siege
of five months.
Feb. * E. I. The British under Sir Ed-
ward Hughes defeat the French in a
series of naval battles.
Apr. 12. W. I. Adm. Rodney defeats
the French fleet under Adm. de Grasse
off Dominique.
1782 Sept. 21. The English defeat
the Spanish and French fleets in the
Bay of Gibraltar.
1783 Sept. 3. Peace. (See State.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1775 * * Laplace investigates and ex-
plains the tides.
1776* * Paris. Lagrange proves the sta-
bility of the planetary orbits.
1778 * * Antoine Laurent Lavoisier over-
throws the theory of " phlogiston" by
proving the action of oxygen.
1779 July 27. Paris. A description of
the celerifere, invented by Francois
Blanchard, appears in the Journal de
Paris.
1780. A steamboat is sailed on the
Saone, at Lyons, by the Marquis of Jouf-
froy. [1783. Marquis de Jouffroy pro-
pels a boat (pyroscaphe) on the Saone by
means of a steam-engine.]
* * Celestial inequalities are found by
Lagrange.
1782 Nov. * Joseph Michel Montgol-
fier makes the first balloon; it is a
silken bag, which ascends at Annonay
by heated air.
1783 June 5. Joseph and Stephen
Montgolfler ascend and descend safely
by means of a fire-balloon 35 feet in di-
ameter at Annonay, near Lyons.
Aug. 27. Paris. A balloon filled with
hydrogen makes an ascent.
* * Francois Blanchard, the aeronaut,
constructs and uses the parachute.
* * Paris. Lavoisier decomposes water
into oxygen and hydrogen gases.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1768 Desaix de Veygoux, Louis Charles An-
toine, general, born.
Deparcieux, Antoine, mathematician, A65.
Fourier, Baron, Jean Baptiste Joseph, sa-
vant, born.
Hoche, Lazare, general, born.
Lafltte, Jacques, banker, statesman, born.
Lauriston, Marquis de, Jacques Alexandre
Bernard Law, marshal, born.
Mortier, Edouard A. C. J., Due de Tervise,
marshal, born.
Olivet, L'Abb6, Joseph Thoulier d', author,
critic, A86.
Tissot, Pierre F., author, born.
Sept. 14. Chateaubriand, Vicomte de,
Frangois Auguste, author, born.
1769 * * Belliard, Cointe, Augustin D., gen-
eral, diplomatist, born.
Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles L., chemist,
philosopher, born.
Cadoudal, Georges, Breton royalist, born.
Chenedolle, Charles de, poet, born. ■
Esmenard, Joseph Alphonse, poet. born.
Joubert, Barthelemy Catherine, gen., b.
Keratry, Auguste Hilarion de, author, born.
Lannes, Jean, Due de Monte hello, marshal, b.
Lavalette, Comte de, Marie Chamans, min-
ister of Napoleon, born.
Ney, Michel. Due d' Elchingen, Prince de
la Moskowa, marshal, born.
Picard, Louis Benoit, dramatist, born.
Soult, Nicolas J. de Dieu, Due de Dal-
matie, marshal, statesman, born.
Tallien, Jean Lambert, revolutionist, born.
Aug. 15. Bonaparte. Napoleon, em-
peror, greatest general of modern times,
born in Corsica.
Aug. 23. Cuvier, Baron Georges C. L.
F. Dagobert, naturalist, born.
1770 * * Cambronne, Baron de, Pierre J. E.,
general, born.
Davout, Louis Nicolas, Prince d'Eckmiihl,
Due d' Auerstadt, marshal, born.
Gerard, Baron, Francois Pascal Simon,
painter, born.
Henault, Charles Jean Francois, historian,
poet, A85.
Jacotot, Joseph, educational writer, born.
Lamarque, Comte Maximilien, general, poli-
tician, born.
Lobau, Comte de, Georges M., marshal, born.
Michaux, Francois Andn5, botanist, born.
Nollet, L'Abbe, Jean Antoine, natural phi-
losopher, A 70.
Senancour, Etienne Pivert de, author, born.
Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Ducd'Albufera, mar-
shal, born.
Vandamme, Comte, Dominique, general, b.
1771 * * Baillot, Pierre Marie Francois de
Sales, violinist, born.
Bignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, historian,
statesman, born.
Chavigny, Theodore, diplomatist, dies.
Choron, Alexandre Etienne, musician, born.
Creuze de Lesser, Auguste F., dramatist,
poet, born.
Dupaty, Louis M. C. H. M., sculptor, born.
Fontaine, Alexis, geometer, A66±.
Gros, Baron, Antoine Jean, painter, born.
Junot. Andoche, Due d'Abrantes, mar-
shal, born.
Lemercier, Louis Jean Nepomucene.
dramatist, born.
Murat, Joachim. King of Naples, marsh., h.
Salverte, Anne J. E. B., miscellaneous wr., b.
Walckenaer, Chas. Athanase, author, born.
Dec. 26. Helvetius, Claude Adrien,
philosopher, A56.
1772 * * Auger, Louis Simon, critic, writer, b.
Beauvais, Charles Theodore, general, born.
Broussais, Francois, Joseph Victor, phys., b.
Campenon, Vincent, poet, born.
Castellan, Antoine Louis, painter, arch., b.
Courier de M6t6, Paul Louis, poet, satirist, b.
Duclos. Charles Pineau, author, A68.
Duroc, Gerard, C. M., Ducde Friuli,gen.,b.
Fauriel, Claude Charles, philologist, hist., b.
Favart, Marie Justine, actor, A45.
Gerando, Joseph Marie de, philosopher, b.
Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel, general, born.
Pothier, Robert Joseph, jurist, A73.
Apr. 7. Fourier, Francois, C. M., social-
ist, born.
Apr, 15. Geoffroy Sain t-II ilaire,
Etienne, naturalist, born.
1773* * Aubry, Comte d*, Claude Charles,
general, born.
Bertrand, Comte de, Henri Gratien, gen., b.
Bonpland, Aim6, botanist, traveler, born.
Bourmont, Louis A. V., marshal, born.
Boivin, Marie A. V. G., physician, au., b.
Catel, Charles Simon, musical composer, b.
Caulaincourt, Armand A. L. de, Due de
Vicence, officer, diplomatist, born.
Chabrol de Volvic, Gilbert J. G., politician,
writer, born.
Chamousset, Chevalier de, Claude Humbert
Piarron, philanthropist, A66.
Chezy, Antoine Leonard de, orientalist, born.
Chlmay, Princesse de, Jeanne Marie, I. L
de Cabarrus, born.
Cottin, Sophie Kistand, novelist, born.
Commerson, Philibert, botanist, A46.
Cuvier, Frelienc, naturalist, born.
Delessert, Benjamin, financier, naturalist, b.
Droz, Francois Xavier Joseph, historian, b.
Francoeur, Louis Benjamin, geometrician, b.
Gerard, Etienne Maurice, marshal, born.
Habert, Baron Pierre J., general, born.
Morand, Sauveur Francois, surgeon, A76.
Piron, Alexis, poet, dramatist, wit, A84.
Rey, Jean, manufacturer, writer, born.
Villele, Comte de, Jean B. S.J. , statesman, b.
Oct, 6. Louis Philippe. Due d'Orleans,
king, born.
1774 * * Biot, Jean, mathematician, phil., b.
Boissonade, Jean Francois, philologist, b.
Hamlin. Francois Marie, naturalist, born.
Dumeril, Andr£ Marie Constant, naturalist,
born.
Laborde, Comte de, Alexandre Louis Joseph,
antiquary, litterateur, born.
Lallemand, Baron, Charles Francois A., gen-
eral, born.
Marmont, Auguste F. L. V. de. Due de
Raguese, marshal, born.
May lO. Louis XV., king, A64.
Dec. 16. Quesnay. Francois, economist,
A80.
1775 * * Ampere, Andr6 Marie, mathemati-
cian, natural philosopher, born.
Bertin, Jean Louis, painter, born.
Boieldieu, Francois Adrien, composer, born.
Bonaparte, Lucien, brother of Napoleon I.,
Prince de Canino, born.
Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine, politi., b.
Duval, Valentine Jameray, antiquary, A82.
Foy, Maximilien Sebastien. general, born.
Malus, Etienne, engineer, physicist, born.
Manuel, Jaques A., politician, orator, born.
Sebastiani, Comte, Horace Francois, mar-
shal, statesman, born.
Vidocq, Eugene F., chief detective police, b.
Virey, Julien J., physician, medical writer, b.
1776* * Ballanche, Pierre, S., philosopher, b.
Bordeu, Theophile de, medical writer, A54.
Courayer, Pierre Francois le, R. C. clergy-
man, author, A95.
Dugas-Montbel, Jean Baptiste, Hellenist, b.
Freron, Elie Catherine, critic, A57.
Gay, Marie F. S. N. de Lavalette, novelist, b.
Lespinasse, Julie Jeannie Elgonore de, letter
writer, leader of society, A44.
Marcel, Jean Joseph, orientalist, hist., born.
Martignac, Jean B. S. G. de, statesman, b. .
Mirbel, Charles Francois B. de, naturalist, b.
1777 * * Adelaide, Eugenie Louise, sister of
Louis Philippe, born.
Blainville, Henri de, zoologist, phys., born.
Cordier, Pierre Louis A., mineralogist, born.
Coustou, Guillaume, sculptor, A61.
Daumesnil, Pierre, general, born.
Duvernoy, Georges Louis, anatomist, born.
Edwards, Guillaume Frddgric, ethnologist,
physiologist, born.
Cresset, Jean Baptiste L., poet, dram., A68.
Jussieu, Bernard de, botanist, A78.
Perier, Casimir, statesman, born.
Thenard, Baron Louis Jacques, chemist, b.
Viennet, Jean Pones G., politician, au., born.
Dec. 3. Recamier. Madame Jeanne
Francois Julie Adelaide Bernard , leader
of society, born.
1778* * Angoul£me, Duchesse d\ Marie
Thgrese Charlotte, daughter of Louis XVI.
and Marie Antoinette, born.
Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusee,
botanist, A 58.
Bertrand, Comte de, Henri G., general, born.
Bonaparte, Louis, brother of Napoleon I.,
King of Holland, born.
Berry, or Berri, Due de, Charles F. d'Artois,
son of Charles [X.], born.
Dupuytren, Baron, Guillaume, surgeon, an-
atomist, born.
Etienne, Charles Guillaume, dram, poet, b.
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, chemist, born.
Haussez, Baron d', Charles L. de Longpr6,
minister, natural philosopher, traveler, b.
Lekain, Henri Louis Cain, actor, A50.
Mars, Anne F. H. Boutet Monvel, actor, b.
Peyronnet, Comte, Charles lgnace, pol., b.
Portalis, Comte, Joseph M., jurist, states., b.
May 30, Voltaire, Francois M. A. de,
poet, dramatist, historian, writer, A84.
July 2. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, phi-
losopher, author, A66.
1779 * * Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques, scientist,
A70.
Desnoyers, Baron, Auguste G. L. Boucher,
engraver, born.
Dn Sommerard, Alexandre, antiquary, born.
Freycinet, Louis Claude D. de, navigator, b.
Jaucourt, Louis de, scholar, A75.
Jomini, Baron, Henri, military author, born.
FRANCE.
1768, ** -1783, * *. 705
1780 * * Batteux, Charles, writer, A67.
Beranger, Pierre Jean de. lyric poet, b.
Bory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste G. M.,
naturalist, geographer, born.
Bourcet, Pierre J., tactician, mil. wr., A80.
Brunet, Jacques Charles, bibliographer, b.
Deffand, Marquise du, .Marie de Vichy-Cham-
roud, author, A83.
Decazes, Due, Elie, statesman, born.
Dorat, Claude Joseph, poet, A 46.
Gilbert, Nicolas Joseph L., poet, A31.
Lafltte, Jean, privateer, born.
Polignac, Prince, Auguste J. A. M. de.
statesman, born.
Segur, Cointe de, Philippe Paul, historian, b.
Aug-. 3. Condillac. ibtienne B. de, phi-
losopher, metaphysician, A 65.
1781 * * Beauharnais, Eugene de, stepson of
Napoleon I., born.
Cosme, Jean Baseilhac, sur., lithotomist, A78.
Habeneck, Antoine Francois, musician, b.
Ingres, Jean Dominique Auguste, painter, b.
Laennec, Rene Theodore Hyacinthe, physi-
cian, born.
Martin, Louis Aim6, author, born.
Maurepas, Comte de, Jean Fre\16ric Phelip-
peaux, politician, A80.
Mole\ Comte, Louis Mathieu, statesman, b.
Poisson, Simeon D., mathematician, born.
Soufflot, Jacques Germain, architect, A67.
Mar, 20. Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques,
financier, statesman, A54.
1 782 * * Adelon, Nicolas Philibert, phys., b.
Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', geog-
rapher, A85.
Argout, Antoine M. A. d', financier, born.
Barante, Baron de, Aimable Guillaume Pros-
per Brugiere, statesman, historian, born.
Duhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, econo-
mist, botanist, A 82.
Gabriel, Jacques Ange, eng., archeol., A72±.
Galien, Joseph, physician, philosopher, A83.
Lamennais, Hugues de, author, born.
Loriot, Antoine Joseph, mechanician, A66.
Marie Amelie, wife of Louis Philippe, born.
Millevoye, Charles Hubert, poet, born.
Paixhans, Henri Joseph, general, inventor, b.
Quatremere, Fltienne Marc, orientalist, born.
Swetchine, Anne Sophie, au., b. in Kussia.
Vaucanson, Jacques de, mechanician, A73.
Villerm6, Louis Ren6, author, born.
1783 Oct. 29. Alembert, Jean le Bond
d', geometrician, philosopher, writer, A 66.
Beauharnais, Hortense Eugenie de, wife of
Louis Bonaparte, born.
B6yle, Marie Henri, writer, born.
B6rard, Auguste Simon Louis, statesman,
director-general of mines, born.
Bezout, Etienne, mathematician, A53.
Cardonne, Denis Dominique, orientalist, A63.
Chambray, Marquis de, Georges, general,
historian, born.
Col 16, Charles, poet, song-writer, A74.
Dupin, Andr6, M. J. J., lawyer, politician, b.
Epinay, Louise Florence Pr6tronille de la
Live d', mistress of Housseau, au., A58±.
Gasparin, Comte Adrien E. P., statesman, b.
Gourgaud, Baron Gaspard, general, au., b.
Magendie, Francois, physiologist, born.
Montholon, Marquis de, Chas. T., gen., born.
Xodier, Charles, poet, litterateur, born.
CHURCH.
1769 * * Rome. Clement XIV. is pope.
[1775. PiusVL]
1773* * Rome. Pope Clement XIV. abol-
ishes the order of Jesuits.
LETTERS.
1768 * * Journal d 'Education is issued.
* * Gageure Imprivue, by Sedaine, ap-
pears. [Later, Richard, Coiur de Lion.']
* * -78 * * Le Journal des Sciences et des
Beaux Arts is issued.
1769 * * The Georgics of Vergil are trans-
lated into French by Jacques Delille.
* * Shakespeare's Hamlet, by Jean F.
Ducis, appears.
* * Les Saisons, by Jean Francois de Saint
Lambert, appears.
* * Eloge de Moliere, by S. R. M. Cham-
fort, appears. [1770, Le Marchand de
Smyme ; 1776, Mustapha et Zeanger.]
1770 * * System of Nature, by P. H. T.
Holbach, appears.
* * Le Journal des TkSdtres is issued.
* * Le Journal de Musique is issued.
* * Deux Amis, by Beaumarchais, appears.
1771 * * Voyage Around the World, by
Louis Antoine de Bougainville, appears.
1772 * * Man, his Faculties and his Edu-
cation, by Helv^tius, appears.
* * Diable Amoureux, by Jacques Cazotte,
appears.
* * Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, by
Ducis, appears.
* * Women in All Ages, by A. L. Thomas,
appears. [1773. Essay on Eulogies.]
* * -1818 * * V Esprit des Journaux is
issued.
1773 * * Voyage a I 'Isle de France, by
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, appears.
± * * Memoir on Differential Equations
and the Secular Inequalities of the Plan-
ets, by Pierre Simon Laplace, appears.
1774* *-93* * Correspondence Litti-
raire Secrete is issued.
1775 * * Barbier de Seville, by Beaumar-
chais, appears.
* * Le Radoteur is issued.
* * Dix-huitieme siecle, by Nicolas Joseph
Laurent Gilbert, appears.
* * On Errors and on Truth, by Marquis
L. C. de Saint-Martin, appears. [1782.
Natural View of the Relations which ex-
ist between God, Man, and the Universe.]
* * -89 * * Bibliothique universelle des
romans, by La Vergue de Tressan, ap-
pears.
* * -84 * * Voyage en Hollande, Projet
d 'une university pour la Russie, Le rkve
d' Alembert, The Nun, James the Fatal-
ist, and Essay on the Reigns of Claudius
and Nero, by Diderot, appear.
1776 * * Perpendicular Fortification, or
the Defensive Art superior to Offensive,
by Marquis M. It. de Montalembert, ap-
pears.
* * A version of Homer's Iliad, by Le
Brun, appears.
* * -83 * * Journal de Monsieur is issued.
1777 Jan. 1. Journal de Paris is issued.
* * Incas, by Marmontel, appears.
* * Analysis of Chess, by Francois Andr6
Danican (Philidor), appears.
* * -92 * * Annates Politiques, Civiles, et
Litteraires is issued.
1778 * * Journal de Marine is issued.
* * -79 * * Le Babillard is issued.
* * -1821 * * Forest of Navarre and The
Orchard, by Comte Louis de Fontanes,
appear.
1779 * * Mois, by Jean Antoine Roucher,
appears.
* * La Nouvelle Revue is issued.
* *-82 * * Le Journal de Litt&rature, des
Sciences, et des Arts is issued.
* * Paris. Gluck's opera Iphiginie en
Tauride appears.
1780 * * Les Jardins, by Delille, appears.
* * Researches on the Nature of Animal
Substances, by Comte C. L. Berthollet,
appears.
1782 * * Adele et Thiodore, ou lettres sur
I'iducation, by Comtesse de Genlis, ap-
pears.
* * Confessions, by Rousseau, appears.
SOCIETY.
1769* *-74* * Unparalleled immoral-
ity and extravagance of the court.
The king comes under the dominating
influence of the shameless prostitute,
Jeanne Vaubernier, who, having been
married by the king's command to a
superannuated courtier, is introduced
as the Comtesse Du Barry.
1770 * * The dauphin marries Marie
Antoinette, daughter of Francis I. and
Maria Theresa of Austria.
± * * Among the great, all pretense to
morality, religion, and decency is
abandoned.
A dissolute frivolity and supercilious-
ness are commonly affected. Eadies
married and single indulge in the most
indecent jokes, and swear profane oaths
in nearly every sentence. "Women of
position amuse themselves by breaking
plates and glasses ; men by embroidery
or card-painting, or playing with dan-
cing paper figures.
1771* * Comte de Provence [Louis
XVHE.] marries Marie Josephine Lou-
ise de Savoie.
1772 * * The " Pacte de Famine" hold a
monopoly of the corn.
They artificially produce an immense
rise in its price: the king is a share-
holder ; no one dares to speak against
it.
1778 Mar. 13. The Due de Bourbon
wounds the Comte d'Artois in a duel.
1780 Aug. 21. Torture to extort con-
fession is abolished.
STATE.
1770 May 16. The dauphin, Louis, is
married to Marie Antoinette, daugh-
ter of Maria Theresa of Austria.
* * Paris. Louis has a contest with the
parliament ; the administration of j us-
tice ceases.
Dec. 29. Paris. The contest results in
the dismissal of the Minister de Choi-
seul at the solicitation of Madame du
Barry and the Jesuits.
1771 Jan. 19. Paris. Louis exiles
the parliament.
Jan. 23. The parliament is abolished
by the Chancellor Maupeou, and super-
seded by a grand council.
1774 May 10. Louis XV. dies.
1774-1792 Louis XVI. reigns.
Louis, grandson of Louis XV., becomes
king. [Aug. * Comte de Maurepas be-
comes prime minister, with Anne Ro-
bert Jacques Turgot as comptroller-gen-
eral of finance.]
1776 Dec. 12. Paris. Benjamin
Franklin, Silas Dean, and Arthur Lee,
ambassadors for the American Colonies
at the court of France, are publicly re-
ceived.
1780 June 17. The States-General of
France form themselves into the Na-
tional Assembly.
* * Marshal Rochambeau sends a force
of 6,000 men to aid the struggling Amer-
icans to attain independence.
1781 * * Jacques Necker, director-gen-
eral of the finances, publishes his
" Compte Rendu," the first public
exposition of the revenue and expenses
of the State.
May * Maurepas, fearful of the dissen-
sions caused by Necker's reforms, forces
him to resign. [1788. Recalled.]
* * Comte de Vergennes becomes the
king's favorite.
1783 Jan. 20. The preliminaries of
peace are signed at Versailles.
Sept. 3. A treaty of peace is concluded
between Great Britain, France, and.
Spain.
* * France recovers her former posses-
sions, Tobago, Senegal, and Goree.
706 1783,**-1790,**.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1785 * * Napoleon Bonaparte is a lieu-
tenant in the artillery.
1789 July 14. Paris. The Bastile
fortress and prison are pulled down by
the mob, who thus inaugurate the Revo-
lution.
July * Paris. The National Guard is
organized by Lafayette, its commander.
1790 * * An unsuccessful military sedi-
tion occurs at Nancy.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1784 * * Oath of the Horatii is painted
by Louis David.
* *The exploring expedition of Jean
Francois de La Perouse sails in two
vessels. [1788, It is shipwrecked off the
island of Vanikoro ; all perish.]
1786 * * Paris. Berthollet invents mu-
riatic powder.
1787 May 18. The first attempt to en-
grave on glass is made at Toulouse.
* * Machinery is first used in France to
spin cotton.
1788 * * Paris. Fulminating silver is
discovered by Berthollet.
1789 * * Paris. Antoine Laurent de Jus-
sieu founds the national system of
plants.
* * * Gabriel Honore1 Riquetti Mirabeau
is the leading orator in France.
1790 May 8. The French system of
measures is established by decree.
* *An optical telegraph is made by
Claude Chappe.
* * Paris. Claude Chappe establishes the
first telegraph-line from Paris to Lille.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1784 * * Auber, Daniel F. E., composer, b.
Baudin des Ardennes, Charles, vice-adrn., b.
Benezet, Anthony, philanthropist, A71.
Bonaparte, Jerome, King of Westphalia, b.
Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas, Due de
Toly, marshal, born.
Careme, Marie Antoine A., chef de cuisine, b.
Cassini, C^sar Francois de Thury, astrono-
mer, topographer, A70.
Court de Gebelin, Antoine, author, A59.
Daran, Jacques, surgeon, A 83.
Dupin, Baron, Francois Pierre Charles, geom-
etrician, statistician, politician, born.
Favier, Jean Louis, author, A 64.
Junot, Madame, Laure I'ermon, Duchesse
d'Abrantes, author, born.
July 31. Diderot, Denis, philosopher,
journalist, miscellaneous writer, A71.
1785 * * Berenger, Alphonse M. M. F., jurist,
magistrate, born.
Bouchet, Claude Antoine, surgeon, born.
Broglie, Due de, Achille C. L. Victor, states-
man, born.
Burigny, Jean Levesque de, historian, A93.
Choiseul, Etienne Francois de, statesman,
A66.
Clerc, Laurent, teacher of deaf mutes, born.
Ducarel, Andre Coltee, antiquary, A72.
Flahaut de la Billarderie, Cointe de, Auguste
C. J., general, born.
Koechlin, Daniel, chemist, manufacturer, b.
Lebrun, Pierre Antoine, poet, dramatist, b.
Leroy, Pierre, watchmaker, A66.
Louis Philippe, Due d'Orleans, A60.
Louis XVII., dauphin, born.
Mably, L'Abbe, Gabriel Bonnot de, publicist,
A76.
Millot, Claude Francis Xavier, historian, A59.
Pigalle, Jean Baptiste, sculptor, A71.
Pujol, Alexandre Denis Abel de, painter, b.
1786* * Arafco, Dominique Francois, as-
tronomer, natural philosopher, born.
Binet, Jacques, mathematician, astro., b.
ISiheron, Marie C, anatomist, A 67.
Chevreul, Michel Eugene, chemist, born.
Galin, Pierre, musician, born.
Guettard, Jean Etienne, botanist, A71.
Duperrey, Louis lsidor, navigator, born.
Labedoyere, Comte de, Charles Angelique
Huchet, general, born.
Naudet, Joseph, scholar, historian, born.
Nicollet, Jean N., astronomer, geologist, b.
Serres, Etienne K. A., physiologist, born.
Vicat, Louis Joseph, engineer, born.
1787 * * Audiffret, Marquis d , C. L. Gaston,
financier, senator, born.
Beudant, Francois Sulpice, physicist, born.
Cailliaud, Frederic, traveler, born.
Chapsal, Charles Pierre, grammarian, born.
Clinchamp, Francois E. V., painter, au., b.
Cloquet, Hyppolite, anatomist, born.
Cortot, Jean Pierre, sculptor, born.
Delalande, Pierre A., naturalist, traveler, b.
Letronne, Jean Antoine, antiquary, critic, b.
Levis, Due de, Francois, marshal, A 67.
Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre, phys., b.
Orflla, Mateo Jos6 B., chemist, born.
Prevost, Louis Constant, geologist, born.
Oct. 4. Guizot, Francois Pierre Guil-
laume, historian, statesman, born.
1788 * * Aiguillon, Dued', Armandde Vigne-
rot Duplessis Richelieu, statesman, A68.
Becquerel, Antoine Cesar, physicist, born.
Boucher de Perthes, Jacques, archeologist, b.
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, natural-
ist, philosopher, A81.
Cabet, Ktienne, socialist, born.
Chastellux, Marquis de, Francois Jean, gen-
eral, author, A54.
Chomel, Auguste Francois, physician, born.
Cormenin, Vicomte de, Louis M. de la Haye,
jurist, writer, born.
Drouais, Jean Germain, painter, A25.
Engelmann, Godefroy, manufacturer, an in
ventor of lithography, born.
Fresnel, Augustin Jean, optician, born.
Gatteaux, Jacques Eidouard, artist, born.
Grasse, Francois Joseph, Paul de, Marquis de
Grasse-Tilly, admiral, A 65.
Guiraud, liaron, Pierre Marie Therese Alex-
andre, dramatist, born.
La Perouse, Comte de, Jean Francois de
Galaup, navigator, A47±.
Pelletier, Pierre Joseph, chemist, born.
Poncelet, Jean Victor, geometrician, born.
Richelieu, Due de, Louis F. A. E. Duplessis,
courtier, A92.
R&nusat, .lean Pierre Abel, orientalist, b.
Savary, Nicolas, traveler, author, A38.
1789 * * Arlincourt, Vicomte d', Victor, poet,
novelist, born.
Beauzee, Nicolas, grammarian, A72.
Brotier, Gabriel, classical scholar, A66.
Cauchy, Augustin L., mathematician, poet,b.
Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mantie, painter,
inventor daguerreotype process, born.
David, Pierre Jean, sculptor, born.
Epee, Charles Michel de 1', philan., A77.
Fee, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire, bota., b.
Foulon, Joseph Francois, financier, pol., A74.
Hautpoul, Marq. d', Alphonse Henri, gen., b.
Holbach, Paul Thierry d', phil., A66.
Lepaute, Jean Andre, horologist, A80.
Vernet, Claude Joseph, painter, A75.
Vernet, Emile Jean Horace, painter, born.
1790* *Arago, Jacques E"tienne Victor,
writer, traveler, born.
Berger, Jean Jacques, senator, born.
Berryer, Antoine Pierre, pol. ora., leader, b.
Cloquet, Baron Jules Germain, phys., b.
Cochin, Charles Nicolas, engraver, wr., A75.
Couder, Louis Charles Auguste, pain., b.
Didot, Ambroise Firmin, print., publisher, b.
Dubufe, Claude Marie, portrait painter, b.
Dumont d'Urville, Jules S. C, navigator, b.
Fieschi, Joseph Marie, conspirator, born.
Gericault, Jean Louis Theo. Andre, born.
Guibert, Comte de, Jacques A. H., author,
soldier, A47.
Lallemand, Claude Francois, phys., surg., b.
Rochette, Desire Raoul, archeologist, born.
Vaillant, Jean Baptiste Philibert, marshal, b.
Villemain. Abel F., hist., educationist, born.
Oct. 21. liamartine, Alphonse Marie
Louis de, poet, ora., hist., statesman, b.
CHURCH.
1788 Nov. * Paris. Louis XVI. pub-
lishes an edict of toleration.
1789 * * Paris. The National Assembly
gives to all religious denominations
equal rights and privileges.
May 20. The clergy renounce their
privileges.
Nov. 2. The property of the clergy is
ordered to be confiscated.
1790 * * Paris. The Port Royal and
other monasteries are suppressed,
also the abbeys.
Nov. 27. Paris. The National Assem-
bly decrees that all ecclesiastical officers
shall take an oath subscribing to the
civil constitution of the clergy, or lose
their offices as a penalty.
LETTERS.
1783 * * Galatie, by Jean Pierre Claris
de Florian, appears.
* * Philoctete, by J. F. de La Harpe, ap-
pears.
* * -94 * * Bucoliques, Hermes, Invention,
Ame"rique,EUgies, Epitres, Odes,Iambes,
etc., by Andre Marie de Chenier, appear.
1784 * * Shakespeare's Macbeth and King
Lear, by Ducis, appear.
* * Essay on the Universality of the French
language and a translation of Dante's
Inferno, by Antoine Rivarol, appear.
[1788. Little Almanac of Great Men.]
* * Mariage de Figaro, by Beaumarchais,
appears.
* * Etudes de la Nature, by Bernardin de
Saint-Pierre, appears.
* * Paris. The first public school for
the blind is established by Valentin
Haiiy.
* * Paris. The Abbe" de l'Epee estab-
lishes an institution for the deaf and
dumb.
1786 * * Inconstant, by J. F. Collin d'Har-
leville, appears.
* * Numa Pompilius, by Florian, appears.
1787 * * Etourdis, by Francois G. An-
drieux, appears.
* * Elements de litterature, by Marmontel,
appears. [Later, Sur la langue fran-
gaise.]
1788 * * Analytical Mechanics, by Joseph
L. Lagrange, appears.
* * Lettres sur le caractere et les icrits de
J. J. Rousseau, by Madame De Stael, ap-
pears.
* * Voyage dujeune Anarcharsis, by Jean
Jacques Barthelemy, appears.
1789 May 2. Paris. Lettres & ses Com-
mettants is issued. [It shortly afterwards
becomes Courrier de Provence.]
May 5. Le Moniteur is issued [and 11
years later becomes the official organ of
the Government].
May* Paris. Journal des Etats-Gineraux
is issued ; also the Bulletin des Seances de
V Assemblie Nationale.
June* Paris. Patriote Francais is
issued.
July * Paris. Pe'volutions de Paris is is-
sued ; also the Courrier de Versailles.
Aug. * Paris. Journal des Debats is is-
sued ; also Ami du Peuple, by Marat ; it
is first called Le Publicist Parisien.
Nov. 24. Paris. Le Moniteur Univer-
selle is issued.
Nov. * Revolutions de France et de Bra-
bant is issued.
* * Paris. The Society of the Sorbonne
is broken up.
* * Chateaux en Espaqne, by Jean Fran-
cois Collin-d'Harlevi'lle, appears. [1792,
Old Bachelor and Vieux cilibataire.]
* * Paul et Virqinie, by Saint-Pierre, ap-
pears. [1790, La Chaumiere Indienne.]
* * Charles IX., by Marie Joseph de Che-
nier, appears. [1791, Henry VIII.; 179-',
Caius Gracchus; 1794, Timolion.]
1790 June * Ami du Roi is issued.
* * The University of Reims is sup-
* * Elements de Vart de la peinture, by 'Ber-
thollet, appears.
FRANCE.
1783, **-1790, **. 707
SOCIETY.
1785 Feb. 24. Corsica. Charles
Bonaparte, father of Napoleon, dies,
leaving his family poor.
1789 July 14. Paris. A great riot oc-
curs ; the mob storms the Bastile ; it
is finally surrendered to the assailants.
Aug. 4. Paris. The privileged classes
are abolished by law.
Oct. 5, 6. Paris. Tc-rifying mobs visit
the palace at Versailles, and attend the
king on the way to Paris.
Oct. 19. Paris. Francois, a Parisian ba-
ker, is murdered by a mob because
the return of the king had not reduced
the price of bread.
Oct. * Paris. About 40 gentlemen and
men of letters meet in the hall of the
Jacobin friars to discuss political and
other questions, and thus originate the
{Jacobin] " Club Breton." [Jacobin
clubs spring up in all important towns.]
* * The Republican leaders are derisively
called Sansculottes, because of their
negligence in dress. [Later they assume
the title with pride.]
1790 June 20. Paris. Titles of no-
bility and feudal right are abolished.
July 14. Paris. The Fete of the Fed-
eration is celebrated on the anniversary
of the taking of the Bastile.
* * Paris has several prominent clubs ;
the Regency club [the oldest in Paris]
is established.
The Jacobins, who rapidly increase
and dominate the State, led by Robes-
pierre ; Cordeliers, led by Danton, Ma-
rat, Camille Desmoulins ; Feuillants,
moderate monarchists, who had with-
drawn from the Jacobins, led by Lafa-
yette and Bailly.
STATE.
1784 Oct. 30. Charles Alexandre
de Calonne becomes comptroller of
finance. [He is extravagant, and con-
tracts enormous debts.]
1785 * * Public indignation is [unjustly]
excited against Queen Marie Antoinette
by the diamond necklace transac-
tion; the court is discredited.
The Comtesse De La Motte persuades Car-
dinal de Rohan to negotiate the purchase in
the queen's name of a necklace for #296,000,
which the Comtesse receives and applies to
her benefit; a trial follows the jewelers'
demand on Marie Antoinette for payment,
and results in the condemnation and pun-
ishment of De La Motte, the banishment
of the cardinal, and much scandal in con-
nection with the queen.
1787 Jan. 29. An Assembly of No-
tables, called by the king, meets at Ver-
sailles. [It rejects Calonne's proposal
to tax ecclesiastical property.]
* * Calonne is dismissed, and Arch-
bishop de Brienne is appointed min-
ister of finance.
* * Paris. The Assembly of Notables
sanctions a land and stamp tax, but
the parliament of Paris refuses to regis-
ter the edict embodying them.
* * The Parliament of Paris is sum-
moned to Versailles, and the king in a
bed of justice registers the tax edict
on his own authority ; the parliament
protests, and is banished to Troyes.
May 25. The Assembly of Notables
is dismissed.
* * Brienne makes a compromise with
the parliament, the tax edict being with-
drawn, and a progressive loan substi-
tuted.
Sept. 20. Paris. The parliament is
recalled and assembles ; several mem-
bers, including the Duke of Orleans, ob-
jecting to the loan, it is registered by
royal authority.
* * The Duke of Orleans is banished, and
two other members of the parliament
are imprisoned for resistance to the
king's edict.
1788 Jan. 4. Paris. The parliament
passes a decree annulling arbitrary ar-
rests, and recalling its exiled members.
* * The Ministry and parliament com-
promise ; the parliament returns to
Paris.
Jan. * Parliament presents to the king a
statement of grievances ; its obnoxious
leaders are arrested.
* * The king abolishes the parliament.
1789 May 5-1791 Sept. 30. The
Constituent National Assembly.
May 5. Paris. The States-General
meet at Versailles; 1,145 members are
present, — 291 clergy, 270 nobility, 584 of
the Tiers-Etat (third estate, or com-
mons).
June 17. Paris. The Tiers-Etat assume
the title of National Assembly, and
invite the other orders to join them.
June 20. Paris. The meetings of the
National Assembly are suspended for
three days by proclamation under the
pretext of preparing the hall.
The members take oath in a tennis-
court not to separate until they have
given a constitution to France.
June 22. Paris. In spite of the Court's
efforts to prevent it, the meeting of the
National Assembly takes place in a
church, 149 deputies of the clergy also
attending it.
June 23. Paris. The royal sitting of all
the orders is held without results, the
king commanding the three orders to
6it separately.
June 27. Paris. The three orders
unite at the special entreaty of Louis,
who weakens under opposition. Comte
de Mirabeau is the chief orator of the
Tiers-Etat.
July 11. Paris. Necker is dismissed.
July 14. Paris. Rumors of the king
using the army against the people pre-
vail ; a mob, wearing the tricolor, after
a struggle of five hours captures the
Bastile, murdering De Launay, the gov-
ernor, and three of his officers.
July 15. Paris. The king promises to
yield to the popular demands to dismiss
foreign troops and recall Necker.
A provisional government is formed
at the Hotel de Ville.
Marquis de Lafayette is made comman-
der of the newly established National
Guard. The nobles begin to emigrate.
July 22.+ Paris. The mob becomes
uncontrollable, and Lafayette is unable
to rescue Minister Foulon from death.
Paris is subject to mob law.
* * Revolts occur in the provinces against
the feudal lords.
Aug. 4. Paris. The Assembly votes a
general immolation of the Constitution.
The nobles voluntarily surrender all
feudal rights and privileges for their
order. Tithes are abolished.
Aug. 27. Paris. The Assembly makes
a declaration of the Bights of Man;
the veto power is discussed.
Sept. 7. Paris. A deputation of the
wives of artists makes a present of
jewels for the State, and patriotic gifts
for the national debt and the poor.
Oct. 5. Paris. A furious mob, being
pressed by hunger, and shouting
"Bread, bread," marches to Ver-
sailles, led by frantic women.
Oct. 6. Paris. Lafayette, with the Na-
tional Guard, delivers the royal family
from the mob, but is compelled to return,
and conduct royalty back to Paris.
Oct. 16. Paris. The Assembly decrees
that the title of Louis XVI., " King of
France," should be changed to "King
of the French." [Nov. 1. It decrees
the abolition of lettres de cachet.
Nov. 3. It suspends the parliament of
Paris ; about 200 members resign from
the Assembly.]
Dec. * Paris. A national bank is estab-
lished.
1790 * * A monarchical democratic Con-
stitution is adopted.
It provides one chamber having legis-
lative power, sole right of initiation of
laws, declaring war and making peace,
and signing treaties.
Feb. 4. Paris. Louis XVI. takes the
oath to maintain the new Constitution.
Feb. 13. Paris. The Convention abol-
ishes monastic establishments, and
confiscates their lands.
Mar. * Ecclesiastical property is con-
fiscated to the State.
Assignats, notes of the Government
secured by the confiscated public lands,
are issued ; the clergy are to be sup-
ported by the State.
July 14. Paris. National Federation.
The king takes an oath to support the new
Constitution before an immense assembly of
350,000 persons at Champ de Mars.
The old divisions of France are abolished,
and the country is divided into 83 depart-
ments, named after rivers and mountains ;
these are divided into 374 districts and can-
tons, with communes remaining as before.
Each department is to have a local assem-
bly ; nobility titles and ecclesiastical orders
are abolished, except such orders as are edu-
cational or humanitarian ; pastors are to be
chosen by the voters of the districts, and the
bishops by those of the departments.
[Two-thirds of the ecclesiastics decline to
accept the Constitution by taking the re-
quired oath.]
* * The rights of primogeniture are abol-
ished.
Sept. * Necker, having lost his influence,
retires to Switzerland.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1786 July 31. AboothatMontpellier
falls during a play ; 500 persons are
killed.
1789 * * A famine produces wide dis-
tress.
1790+ * * Trees of liberty are planted
In Paris and many parts during the Rev-
olutionary Era.
708 1791, Mar. 3.-1793, Aug. 28. FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1792 * * -97 * * War of the first coali-
tion against France. (See p. 518.)
Apr. 28. The French are repulsed at
Quievrain.
June 20. Paris. The mob, following
the red cap of liberty, march to the
Tuileries to make demands on the king.
Aug. 10. Paris. The Swiss Guards
retained to defend the king are mas-
sacred by the mob in the Tuileries ; 5,000
are killed.
Aug. 20. The invading Prussians in-
vest Longwy [which soon capitulates].
Aug. * The "War of the Vendue breaks
out against the Republic. [It is chiefly
confined to Vendue and Brittany.]
* *Lafayette withdraws from the
French army, and takes refuge with the
Austrians [by whom he is held in prison
five years].
Sept. * Verdun is taken by the Prus-
sians. [Soon surrendered.]
Sept. 20. The French under Marshal
Kellerman and Gen. Dumouriez defeat
the troops of the coalition under the
Duke of Brunswick at Valmy.
Sept. 30. The Duke of Brunswick re-
treats from France.
Sept.+ * Ger. The French Gen. Custine
takes Speyer (Sept. 30), Mentz (Oct. 23),
and Frankfort-on-the-Rhine.
Nov. 6. Belg. Battle of Jemappes.
(See p. 518.)
Nov. 14. Belg. Gen. Dumouriez takes
Brussels.
* * The Austrians unsuccessfully besiege
Lille.
* * Nice is conquered. [1814. Restored.]
1793 Feb. 1. War is declared against
England and Holland. [Feb. * Eng-
land declares war against France.]
Mar. 18. Belg. French defeat at Neer-
winden. (See p. 518.)
May 8. The English defeat the French
at St. Amand.
May 23, July 26. The Austrians and
English under the Count of Ferraris and
the Duke of York defeat the French
at Valenciennes, and capture the city.
June 9. The Vendeans defeat the Re-
publicans, and capture Samur.
July * Valenciennes is captured by the
Austrians and English under Ferraris
and the Duke of York.
Aug. 18. Neth. The English under Gen.
Lake defeat the French at Lincelles.
Aug. 23. Marseilles, having rebelled
against the Convention, is reduced.
E. Ind. Pondicherry is again taken
from the British by the French.
Aug. 27. Toulon surrenders to the
British and allies under Adm. Lord
Hood.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1792 Sept. 21. At midnight a new
calendar, established on philosophical
principles, fixes the first year of the Era
of the Republic. [1793. Nov. 24. Estab-
lished by decree.]
* * The hydraulic ram is greatly im-
proved by Joseph Michel Montgolfler.
* * Paris. Philippe Pinel treats luna-
tics at the Bicetre in an enlightened
and humane manner, and with great
success.
1793 July 1 2. The first official trial is
made of the Claude Chappe's optical
telegraph ; despatches are successfully
transmitted 48 leagues in 13 minutes ana
40 seconds.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1791 * * Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre Charles,
diplomatist, born.
Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe 0<lillon, states., b.
Berquin, Arnaud, writer, A42.
Champollion, Jean Francois, Egyptol., b.
Harold, Louis Jos. Ferdinand, comp. born.
Lamotte, Jeanne de Valois, advent., A35+.
Luzerne, Anne Cesar de la, diplomatist, A50.
Magnan, Bernard P., marshal, born.
Matter, Jacques, philosopher, historian, b.
Pouillet, Claude Servais M., physicist, b.
Scribe, Augustin Eugene, dramatist, born.
Apr. 12. Mirabeau, Comte de. Honore
Gabriel de Kiquetti, orator, statesman, A42.
Dec. 12. Marie Louise, second wife of
Napoleon I., born in Vienna.
1792* * Abancourt, Charles Xavier Joseph
Franqueville, minister, A 34.
Ancelot, Marguerite V. C., author, born.
Auger, L'Abb6, Athanase, clas. scholar, A58.
Cafneri, Jean Jacques, sculptor, A68.
Chabanon, Michel Paul Guy de, writer, A62.
Charlet, Nicolas Toussaint, painter, engr., b.
Clermont-Tonnerre, Comte de, Stanislas,
statesman, A45.
Civiale, Jean, physician, born.
Cousin, Victor, metaphysician, phil., born.
Despretz, C^sar Mansuete, savant, born.
Dufr^noy, Pierre Arniand, geologist, born.
Duvaucel, Alfred, naturalist, born.
Favart, Charles Simon, dramatist, A82.
Genoude, Antoine K., journalist, historian, b.
Isambert, Francois A., politician, jurist, b.
Lam 1 mile. Princesse de, Marie TheVese Louise
de Savoie-Carignan, A42.
Pradier, Jacques, sculptor, born.
Richer, Edouard, author, born.
1793 * * Affre, Denis Auguste, archbishop of
Paris, born.
Bailly, Jean Sylvain, astron., philos., A57.
Barnave, Antoine Pierre J. M., revolu., A32.
Biron, Due de, Armand Louis de Gontaut,
Due de Lauzun, general, politician, A46.
Bonchamp, Marquis de, Charles Melchior
Artus, general, A34.
Brissot de Warville, Jean Pierre, Girondist
leader, writer, A39.
Changarnier, Nicolas A. T., general, born.
Chasles, Michel, geometrician, born.
Chazal, Antoine, artist, born.
Chevallier, Jean B. A., chemist, born.
Clement, Francois, historian, A59.
Corday d'Armans, Charlotte, heroine, A25.
Custine, Comte de, Adam Philippe, gen., A53.
Dampierre, Marquis de, Auguste Henri Marie
Picot, general, A 37.
Delavigroe, Jean Frangois Casimir, dram-
atist, born.
Entrecasteaux, Joseph Antoine Bruni d',
admiral, explorer, A54.
Fonfrede, Jean Baptiste Boyer, pol., A27.
Gensonne, Armand, Girondist leader, A35.
Hittorf, Jacques Ignace, arch., antiq., born.
Lescure, Marquis de, Louis Marie, Vendean
chief, A27.
Marat, Jean Paul, revolutionist, A49.
Orleans. Due d', Louis Philippe Joseph,
statesman, A46.
Roland, Madame Marie Jeanne Phlipon,
Girondist, author, A39.
Roland de la Platiere, Jean Marie, states-
man, A59.
Tott, Baron de, Frangois, officer, Tur., A60.
Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, states., A34.
Jan. 21. Louis XVI.. king, A39.
Oct. 16. Marie Antoinette, queen, A38.
CHURCH.
1791 Mar. 3. Paris. The churches'
plate is sent to the mint for coinage.
Apr. 13. It. The Pope declares it is
impossible for the clergy to take the
prescribed oath. [Bishops are chosen
in accordance with the new law, and con-
secrated without confirmation by the
Pope.]
May 4. Paris. The Pope is burned in
effigy.
1792 Aug. 26. Paris. The decree of
the National Assembly against the
priests [drives 40,000 of them out of
France].
Sept. 2-5. Paris. In the massacre of
1,200 persons taken from prison, 100
priests are killed.
Oct. 16. Paris. The Convention de-
clares death an eternal sleep.
* * Paris. The French Bible Society is
formed.
LETTERS.
1791 * * Me'moires secrets des regnes de
Louis XIV. et de Louis XV., by Duclos,
appears.
* * Gonzalve de Cordove, by Florian, ap-
pears. [1792, Fables; 1794, Guillaume
Tell.}
1792 June 25. The records of the no-
bility, 600 volumes, are burned.
* * The Marseillaise Hymn is composed by
an engineer officer named Rouget de
Lille, or L'Isle, at Strasburg. [It be-
comes universally popular.]
* * The New Man, by Saint-Martin, ap-
pears.
Sept. * La Quotidienne is issued.
* * V Enfant du Carnival, by Pigault Le-
brun, appears.
* * Shakespeare's Othello, by Ducis, ap-
pears. [1795, Atmfar, or the Arab Fam-
ily.}
SOCIETY.
1791 Apr.± * Paris. The royal fam-
ily is imprisoned in its own palace,
and subject to daily insults.
May 31. Paris. Punishment by the-
wheel is abolished.
Aug. 26. Paris. A decree of the Na-
tional Assembly occasions the exile <>)'
40,000 priests, who are forbidden to
exercise the offices of worship.
1792 Sept. 2-5. Paris. Prison*
crowded with adherents of aristocracy
are burst open, and 12,487 massacred by
Jacobins.
Sept. 3. Paris. Princess de Lam-
balle, the superintendent of the royal
household, having refused to take the
oath against the monarchy, is literally
torn into pieces by the mob.
1793 Mar. * -94 July * The Reign
of Terror.
It is preceded by great confusion and
disorder, and begins with the Revolu-
tionary Tribunal and ends with the over-
throw of Maximilien Robespierre and
his associates.
July 13. Paris. Charlotte Corday,
the heroine, mortally stabs Jean Paul
Marat, the bloody leader of the Jaco-
bins. [July 17. She is guillotined.]
STATE.
1791 Apr. 2. Mirabeau, the presi-
dent of the Assembly, dies.
May 21. Paris. The Commune, a
municipal council, is definitely consti-
tuted.
June 20. Paris. The royal family
flees at midnight, the king being in dis-
guise.
June 21. The king is captured at Va-
rennes, and brought back to Paris amid
the hooting of the mob ; guards are
placed in the rooms of the royal family
day and night.
* * Paris. The Girondists become con-
spicuous.
FRANCE. 1791, Mar. 3-1793, Aug. 28.
709
July 17. Paris. The Assembly makes
an unprovoked and murderous assault
on a meeting in the Champs de Mars ;
Lafayette, Mayor Bailly, and the As-
sembly are brought into discredit.
Aug. * Ger. Declaration of Pillnitz.
The Emperor Leopold and Frederick
William, King of Prussia, unite in a dec-
laration that all the sovereigns of Eu-
rope have a common interest in the con-
dition of the King of France.
Sept. * Avignon is annexed.
Sept. * Paris. The king is reinstated
as sovereign by the moderate party.
Sept. 15. Paris. The king accepts the
revised and completed Constitution.
Sept. 30. Paris. The president dis-
solves the National Assembly, its
work being completed.
Oct. 1. — 92 Sept. 21. Paris. The
Legislative Assembly.
Oct. 1. Paris. A meeting takes place
of 745 representatives, mostly from the
middle class.
They form three parties : the Conserva-
tives, who prefer to stop where they are ;
the Girondists, virtuous, upright men, who
favor a feudal republic ; and the Jacobins,
like Robespierre, Danton, and Marat, who
are Radicals, and advocates of a united and
indivisible republic.
* * Paris. Acts are passed depriving the
emigrants who leave France of their
property, and placing the clergy under
surveillance ; the king vetoes these acts,
and thereby enrages the people.
1792 Feb. * An alliance is formed be-
tween Austria and Prussia against
France.
Mar. * Paris. A change of Ministry oc-
curs; the conservative Girondists are
in power.
Apr. 20. Paris. France declares war
against Austria.
Three armies are on the frontier, — Ro-
chambeau (48,000), Lafayette (52,000),
Luckner (42,000). (See Army.)
June 12. Paris. The Ministry of Jean
Marie Koland is dismissed.
ing these brave followers of his at the
mercy of the enraged mob by whom they
are massacred ; the Assembly is forced
to suspend the king provisionally.
Aug. 13. Paris. A great number of
suspected persons are arrested.
* * The Jacobins have everything their
own way.
Aug. 16. The royal family is impris-
oned in the gloomy fortress of the Tem-
ple, and is subject to rigorous treatment.
Aug. 19. Paris. The new Municipality
is sworn in ; it becomes the Revolution-
ary Tribunal. It is established to take
cognizance of all attacks directed against
the Republic, the Revolution, or the
public good.
Aug. 20. Paris. Being impeached and
proscribed by the Assembly, Lafayette
flees to the camp of the allies, and is de-
tained as a prisoner of war at Olmiitz.
Aug. 30. Paris. The barriers are closed,
and 3,000 persons are arrested and
imprisoned, being suspected of hostility
to the Revolution.
Sept. 2-4. The Prussian army enters
France in the interest of the royal fam-
ily, to the consternation of the nation.
June 18. Paris. The Jacobin Club de-
clares its sittings permanent.
June 20. Paris. A mob invades the
Tuileries, and compels the king to put
on his head a red cap, the emblem of the
revolution ; it is dispersed by the mayor.
July 25. The Duke of Brunswick, the
commander-in-chief of the allied armies,
issues a threatening and impolitic mani-
festo.
Aug. * Paris. The Assembly becomes
the instrument of the Commune.
Aug. 3. Paris. The sections of the city,
with Mayor Petion as leader, demand
that the Assembly depose the king.
[Aug. 8. The Assembly by a large ma-
jority vote against it.]
Aug. 9-10. Paris. Municipal author-
ity is usurped.
The Commune of Paris is expelled
from office, and its place filled by com-
missioners named by the 48 sections of
the city, thus forming a new commune
of 288 members.
Aug. 10. Paris. "The Tenth of Au-
gust." Downfall of the monarchy.
The mob storms the Tuileries, and
is driven back by the fire of the Swiss
troops ; the king and his friends escape
to the Legislative Assembly, and he or-
ders the Swiss to cease tiring, thus leav-
Sept. 2-7. Paris. A jail delivery and
massacre of Royalists takes place un-
der the Jacobins.
The imprisoned Royalists and Consti-
tutionalists are delivered by Georges
Jacques Danton, the minister of justice,
to Millard and his paid cutthroats, and
cruelly murdered. Similar atrocities
take place at Versailles, Lyons, Reims,
Meaux, Orleans, and other places.
Sept. 21. -179$ J Oct.* Paris. The
National Convention is in session.
It is composed of 749 members, all Re-
publicans, and is divided into two par-
ties : the Right, led by Robespierre, the
Duke of Orleans, Danton, and Collot
d'Herbois ; and the Left, led by Ver-
gniaud, Brissot, and others.
Sept. 21. Paris. The Convention votes
to abolish the monarchy, and France
is declared a Republic.
Sept. 22. Paris. The Convention makes
this day the first of the Year One of
the French Republic. [Nov. 24. Estab-
lished as the Revolutionary Era.]
The Convention decrees that the fugi-
tive emigrants be perpetually banished ;
that the usual titles of courtesy (Mon-
sieur and Madame) be suppressed, and
the title Citizen be used.
Nov. 19. Paris. A declaration of
fraternity is made with all nations that
desire to be free, and they are offered
help.
Nov. * Nice and Savoy are annexed to
France.
Dec. 11. Paris. Trial of Louis XVI.
The Committee of Safety arraigns the
king for tyranny, and for attempting to
destroy the liberty of the French people
by inviting foreign powers to invade
France.
Dec. 20. Paris. A decree of perpetual
banishment against the Bourbon fam-
ily is promulgated.
Dec. 26. Paris. Louis XVI. appears
before the Convention for the last time ;
Barrere is prosecutor; Chretien de
Malesherbes and two others are ad-
vocates for the king.
The Assembly debates and adjourns
day after day without arriving at a de-
cision. The Girondists propose an ap-
peal to the people, which shall decide
the king's fate, but it is rejected.
1793 Jan. 15. Paris. The Conven-
tion decides that the king is guilty of
treason against the sovereignty of the
people, and for conspiracy against the
State. Vote, 683 out of 721.
The majority includes the Duke of Or-
leans (Philippe Egalitd), his nearest kins-
man and the first prince of the blood ;
the minority vote is divided for impris-
onment, banishment, or death with a
respite. [Jan. 16. He is condemned to
unconditional death by a majority of
one vote (361) ; a formal rupture with
European powers follows.]
Jan. 21. Paris. Louis XVI. is be-
headed.
* * Louis XVII. is proclaimed by the
emigrant army.
Feb. 1. Paris. War is declared
against Great Britain, Holland [and
later against Spain], they having entered
an alliance against France.
* * Belgium is annexed.
Mar. * A Royalist insurrection breaks
out against the Republicans in Vendee
and Brittany in Northwest France.
Mar. 9-10. Paris. The Revolution-
ary Tribunal is established.
A life-and-death struggle occurs in the
Convention between the Girondists and
the Mountain party, or extremists. The
Orleanists of the Mountain party en-
deavor to make the Duke of Orleans
(Philippe Egalite) protector, but they
are not successful.
Apr. 6. Paris. In consequence of the
coalition against France the Commit-
tee of Public Safety is appointed ; it
consists of nine members, with Barrere
and Danton as leaders. [Later three
more are added.]
June 2. Paris. Fall of the Girondists.
An armed mob (80,000), organized by
the Commune, having artillery, demand
an immediate decree for the arrest of
the Girondist members ; the Convention
votes at the point of the bayonet, and
32 are arrested. The Commune, ruled by
a commission of 12, are the real power
of the State.
June 2-94 June* Paris. Reign of
Terror. [So called because obnoxious
persons are executed, regardless of age,
condition, or sex.]
July 13. Paris. Jean Paul Marat, the
President of the Commune, is assassi-
nated by a young provincial girl named
Charlotte Corday. " One man have I
slain to save a hundred thousand."
[July 17. She is executed.]
July* Paris. Robespierre, Antoine St.
Just, and Georges Couthon are added
to the Committee of Public Safety,
which dictates the government ; Robes-
pierre becomes the head of the State.
Terrible atrocities are committed in
the large cities by the agents of Hie
Committee of Public Safety.
Aue 10 Paris. The new Constitu-
tion is inaugurated by a national cele-
bration.
Aue. 23. A levy en masse of all citi-
zens capable of bearing arms is decreed,
and soon 14 armies are organized.
Aug. 28. Paris. Gen. Adam Philippe
de Custine is guillotined.
710 1793, Sept. 7-1795, * *.
FRANCE.
ARMY — WAVY.
1793 Sept. 7, 8. The French under
Gen. Hoche defeat the Duke of York at
his siege of Dunkirk. The English re-
treat, abandoning their heavy artillery
and ammunition.
Sept. 11. Austrians take Quesnoy.
Sept. 14. Bavaria. The Prussians under
the Duke of Brunswick defeat the
French under Gen. Moreau at Pirina-
sens.
Oct. 9. Lyons, having revolted against
the Convention, is taken by the Repub-
licans after 70 days siege under Marshal
Kellerinann ; pillage and bloodshed fol-
low.
Oct. 15, 16. The French under Marshal
Jourdan defeat the Austrians under the
Prince of Coburg and Gen. Clerfayt at
Wattignies.
Oct. 25. The Vendean insurrectionists
under Laroche defeat the Republicans
under Westermann near Laval.
Nov. 15. Toulon is taken by the Eng-
lish.
Dec. 12. The Vendeans under Comte
Henri de La Rochejacquelein are de-
cisively defeated at Le Mans by Re-
publicans under Gens. Westermann and
Marceau.
Dec. 19. Toulon is taken.
It having received an Anglo-Spanish
fleet, is besieged and taken by the French
chiefly through the skilful action of
Colonel of Artillery NapohSon Bona-
parte ; it his first distinguished service.
[He is made a brigadier-general.]
1794 Jan. * Union of allies against
France. (See p. 518.)
Mar. 16. W. I. Martinique is taken
from the French by the British.
Apr. 18. Neth. Gen. Pichegru defeats
the allies at Turcoing. [May 18. Again
defeated by Gen. Moreau.]
Apr. 24. The French are defeated at
Cambrai.
Apr. 26. Belg. Gen. Pichegru leads an
invasion.
Apr. 30. Belg. The allies capture Trois-
ville. [May 22. They take Vespierre.
The French are repulsed at Tournay.]
(See p. 518.)
June 1. Lord Howe defeats the French
fleet off the Isle of Ushant.
June 26. Belg. Austrians defeated at
Fleurus. (See p. 518.)
July 28. The Vendeans are defeated
at Misdon.
Aug. 17. Valenciennes is retaken by
the French under Gen. Scherer.
Sept. 14. The French defeat the Duke
of York at Bois-le-Duc. [Sept. 17. At
Bortel.]
Oct. 28. Neth. The French defeat the
British under the Duke of York at
Nimeguen. [Nov. 3. The French are de-
feated. Nov. 8. They regain the town.]
1795 Jan. * Allies of Austria with-
draw. (See p. 518.)
Jan. 1 8. Neth. The French enter Am-
sterdam without a battle.
Mar. 8. Sir Edward Pellew with a Brit-
ish fleet takes 15 French ships and
burns seven out of a fleet of 35.
Mar. 14. Lord Hotham defeats the
French fleet in the Mediterranean, and
captures two ships.
Apr. 5. Peace. (See State.)
June 23. Lord Bridport with a British
fleet defeats the French fleet off L'Orient.
June 27. English and emigrants land
at Quiberon under Count de Puisaye to
assist the Royalists of Chouans off Brit-
tany. [July 5. Quiberon is taken. July
20. Retaken by Gen. Hoche ; many emi-
grants are executed.]
Sept. 6. Prus. Allies repulsed at Diis-
seldorf. (See p. 518.)
Sept. 20. Ger. The French under Gen.
Pichegru bombard and take Mann-
heim. [Oct. 23, 29. Retaken by Mar-
shal Wurmser.]
Oct. 5. Paris. Napole"on Bonaparte
suppresses the insurrection of the Sec-
tions.
Oct. 11. Prus. Jourdan is defeated at
Hochst. (See p. 518.)
Nov. 23, 24. It. The French under
Marshal Massena defeat the Austrians
at Loano.
ART — SCLENCE — NATURE.
1795 Apr. 7. Parts. The meter is
made the legal unit of length and the
base of the metric system. It is one ten-
millionth part of the distance between
the poles, and equal to 3.2808 English^ eet.
Oct. 25. Paris. All the five Royal
Academies are combined in one body,
called " Institut National" [later,
Royal, Imperial, and National].
* * Paris. The " Conservatoire des Arts
et Metiers " is established.
* * Paris. The Academy of Natural
Philosophy is established.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1794 * * Amiot, Joseph, Jesuit miss., A76.
Ancelot, Jacques A. P. F., poet, novelist,
dramatist, born.
Artaud, Nicolas Louis, wr., Greek scholar, b.
Babinet, Jacques, natural philosopher, b.
Barbaroux, Chas. Jean Marie, revolu., A27.
Carrier, Jean Baptiste, demagogue, A38.
Chamfort (Champfort), S^bastien Koch-Ni-
colas, poet, litterateur, A53.
Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, Jacobin, A31.
Chenier, Andr6 Marie de, poet, A32.
Condorcet, Marquis de, Marie Jean An-
toine Nicolas Caritat, metaphysician, A51.
Damiron, Jean P., eclectic philosopher, b.
Danton, Georges Jacques, revolu., A 35.
Desmoulins, Camille, revolutionist, A32.
Dionis du Sejour, Achille P., geometrl., A 60.
Estaing, Comte d', Charles Hector, adm., A 65.
Fabre d'Eglantine, Philippe Francois N.
Jacobin, A 39.
Florian, Jean Pierre Claris de, author, A39.
Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre, physiol., born.
Freteau de Saint-Just, Emmanuel Marie
Michel Philippe, politician, A 49.
Guigniaut, Joseph Daniel, scholar, antiq., b.
Hebert, Jacques Rene, demagogue, ASH.
Kock, Charles Paul de, novelist, dram., b.
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, chemist, A51.
Linguet, Simon N. H., polemical writer, A58.
Lhomond, Charles Francois, educator, A67.
Malesherbes, Chretien de, G. de Lamoi-
gnon, judge, philanthropist, A73.
Pelissier, Aimable J. J., Due de Malakoff,
marshal, born.
Perronet, Jean Rodolphe, engineer, A86.
Piorry, Pierre Adolphe, physician, born.
Kaspail, Francois Vincent, revolutionist, b.
La Rochejacquelein, Comte de, Henri du
Verger, Vendean general, A22.
Saint-Just, Antoine Louis Leon de, revolu-
tionist, A27.
Say, Horace Emile, political economist, b.
Vicq d'Azyr, F^lix, anatomist, A46.
July 28. Robespierre, Maximilien Marie
Isidore, revolutionist, A 36.
1795* * Baraguey d'Hilliers, Achille, mar-
shal, born.
Barthelemy, Jean Jacques, archeol., A80.
Barye, Antoine Louis, sculptor, born.
Beaufort, Louis de, historical writer, dies.
Caussin de Perceval, Armand P., orient., b.
Caventou, Joseph B., chemist, born.
Chopart, Franyois, surgeon, A45±.
Clot-Bey, Antoine, Egyptologist, phys., born.
Coquerel, Authanase Laurent Charles, Prot-
estant clergyman, born.
Danican, Francois Andrt*, composer, chess-
player, A68±.
Desault, Pierre Joseph, surgeon, A51.
Dupuy, Louis, journalist, writer, A86.
Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin, rev-
olutionist, prosecutor, A48.
Payen, Anselme, chemist, born.
Ravignan, Gustave F. X. D. de, Jesuit, pul-
pit orator, born.
Salvandy, Comte de, Narcisse Achille, au-
thor, born.
Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, his-
torian, born.
Troplong, Raymond Theodore, jurist, born.
Velpeau, Alfred A. L. M., surgeon, born.
Mar. 27. Louis XVII., dauphin, A10.
CHURCH.
1793 Nov. 10. Paris. The Conven-
tion declares Christianity abolished.
The worship of the Goddess of Beason
is established as a substitute.
1794 Mar. 31. Paris. The National
Convention decrees the announcement
that there is no God.
May 7. Paris. Robespierre in Conven-
tion becomes the champion of the Su-
preme Being, and favors the restora-
tion of the acknowledgment of God, who
had been abolished by a decree.
The National representatives vote that
" the French people acknowledge the
existence of the Supreme Being and the
immortality of the soul."
June 8. Paris. The "Fete de l'Etre
Supreme," Robespierre as high priest.
The festival dedicated to the Supreme
Being.
LETTERS.
1793 Sept. 16. The Convention issues
an order suppressing throughout the
Republic the faculty of theology, medi-
cine, law, and arts.
1794 * * Adele de Senanqes, by Marquise
A. M. E. F. Souza-Botelho, appears.
* * Journey round my Room, by Count
Xavier de Maistre, appears.
* * Historical Sketch of the Human Mind,
by Condorcet, appears.
S0CLETY.
1793 Oct. 16. Paris. Queen Marie
Antoinette, condemned at 4 a. m., is be-
headed by the Jacobins, amid scoffs and
insults.
Nov. 6. Paris. King Louis XVT. is
guillotined.
Nov. 8. Paris. Madame Roland is
guillotined. Last words, " O Liberty 1
what crimes are committed in thy name."
Nov. 10. Paris. The Festival of Rea-
son is celebrated in Notre Dame.
Nov. 15. Paris. The National Conven-
tion decrees the suppression of all lot-
teries.
* * _g4 * * Divorces are frequent ; 7,000
are legalized in Paris alone.
1794 Apr. 5. Paris. Georges Jacques
Danton, who led the attack on the Tui-
leries, a member of the Committee of
Public Safety overthrown by Robes-
pierre, is guiUotined ; others also suffer
with him.
May 10. Paris. Madame Elizabeth,
sister of Louis XVI., is guillotined.
FRANCE.
1793, Sept. 7 -1795, * * 711
July 9. Paris. Seventy-one persons are
guillotined.
July 28. Paris. Robespierre, after
having put to death 2,774 persons, whose
ages ranged from 14 to 97, is himself
guillotined.
Nov. 9. Paris. The mob attacks the
Jacobin Society.
Nov. 11. Moravia. Lafayette escapes
from the prison at Olmiitz. [Recaptured.
1796. Aug. 25. Released.]
* * Paris. The Convention decrees the
abolition of the slave-trade.
1795 May 20. Paris. Bread riots
occur.
The populace unsuccessfully rise
against the Convention, and are subdued
by the use of artillery.
June 8. Paris. Louis XVH. dies in
prison, in consequence of a series of bar-
barities practised by his jailers ; only
the emigrants acknowledged him as
king.
STATE.
1793 Sept. 17. Paris. A maximum
price for a great number of Comino-
dites, and the rate of wages, are estab-
lished.
* * All persons suspected of being un-
friendly to the Republic are impris-
oned.
Oct. 12. Paris. The Convention decrees
the demolition of Lyons, because of
its opposition to the Government, and
three commissioners are sent to carry
out the decree.
Oct. 16. Paris. Queen Marie Antoi-
nette is beheaded.
Oct. 30, 31. Paris. The Revolutionary
Tribunal execute 21 Girondists in the
night.
Dominance of the Revolutionary Tri-
bunal and the guillotine ; Fouquier-
Tinville is public prosecutor ; legal
forms are set aside, and 60 persons are
executed in one month.
Nov. 6. Paris. Louis Philippe Joseph
(Egalit6), Duke of Orleans, is executed
by the Jacobins.
Nov. 8. Paris. Madame Roland is be-
headed because her husband is obnox-
ious to the Jacobins.
Nov. * Paris. Christianity is pro-
scribed.
The worship of God is abolished ; the
Goddess of Reason (from the Opera
House) is enthroned in Notre Dame ;
" Death is an eternal sleep " is written
on the entrance of the cemeteries.
Nov. 24. Paris. The Revolutionary
Bra (see 1792, Sept. 22) is established in
place of the Gregorian Calendar. Sept.
22, 1792, beginning the Year One.
1794 Feb. 3. Paris. The Convention
receives three deputies from St. Do-
mingo ; two are blacks and one white.
Mar. 24. Paris. Nineteen Ultra-Revo-
lutionists, including Herbert, their
leader, are executed by the Jacobins for
attempting to organize an insurrection
of the Sections.
Mar. 29. Paris. The Dantonists are
condemned.
Apr. 6. Paris. Danton, Benoft Camille
Desmoulins, a pamphleteer, with several
associates, are executed.
Apr. 19. The Treaty of The Hague is
signed by England and Prussia ; it pro-
vides subsidies for 60,000 men to carry
on the war against France.
Apr. + * Paris. The Committee of
Safety has unchecked domination.
Robespierre abolishes the worship of
reason, and causes the Convention to
pass a resolution acknowledging the ex-
istence of a Supreme Being.
* * Corsica. Pasquale Paoli organizes a
successful revolt; he is elected gene-
ralissimo, and president of the council
of Carte.
June 10. Paris. Additional and fright-
ful powers are granted by the Conven-
tion to the Revolutionary Tribunal.
Witnesses are not required ; juries
convict without evidence or argument,
and death is the sole penalty for all
offenses ; executions increase to 354 a
month.
June 17. Corsica. Paoli, despairing of
the success of the revolution in main-
taining independence, agrees to a union
with Great Britain ; George III. is ac-
knowledged king.
June * Paris. The Mountain party (Rad-
icals) and the Moderates organize a con-
spiracy against Robespierre.
* * Bordeaux revolts against the Con-
vention.
July 27. Paris. Robespierre falls.
The two Robespierres, Couthon, St.
Just, Lebas, and Henriot, members of
the Commune, are arrested by order
of the Convention ; they are released by
the Commune, but they are surprised
and rearrested in the night at the Hdtel
de Ville.
July 28. Paris. Robespierre and 71
others are beheaded ; the Commune is
nearly extinct.
The Reign of Terror ends.
* *-95* * Paris. The Moderates con-
trol the National Convention.
The Committees of Public Safety and
General Security are remodeled, and
political suspects are released from
prison.
Nov. 9. Paris. An association of young
men attacks the hall of the Jacobin
Club, and drives out its members.
Nov. 12. Paris. The Jacobin Club is
closed, and the Society is dissolved by
the Convention.
Dec. 8. Paris. The surviving Giron-
dists are readmitted to their seats in
the Convention.
Dec. 16. Jean Baptiste Carrier is con-
demned and executed for cruelty to in-
surrectionists at Nantes, 32,000 of whom
he had massacred in a few weeks, 500 of
whom were orphaned children of mur-
dered parents.
Dec. 24. The maximum, fixing the
prices of commoditis, is repealed.
1795 Jan.* The depreciation attending
the increased issues of the Assignats
causes much public misery.
Feb. 5. The Vendean insurgents sign
a treaty of peace with the Convention.
Apr. * Paris. An insurrection breaks
out against the Government.
The Convention Hall is invaded by a
mob which demands bread ; it is dis-
persed by the troops. The Terrorists,
Collot, Billaud, Barrere, and Vaudier,
are sentenced to transportation.
Apr. 5. Switz. Peace is signed at
Basel with Prussia, Saxony, Hanover,
and Hesse-Cassel.
France is to hold the left bank of the
Rhine until peace shall be concluded
with the empire ; a line of demarcation
fixes the neutrality of Northern Ger-
many.
A secret article is signed by which
Prussia absolutely cedes the left bank
of the Rhine to France on the assurance
of a recompense through secularization.
May 7. Paris. Antoine Quentin Fou-
quier-Tinville, the public prosecutor
under Robespierre, is guillotined.
Net h. The Batavian Republic is es-
tablished by FrJtace. (1795-1806. See
Netherlands.)
It makes an alliance with France, to
whom it surrenders Dutch Holland.
May 20. Paris. Unsuccessful Prairial
insurrection by the populace.
A mob of 30,000 attacks the Conven-
tion, demanding the enforcement of the
Constitution of 1793, the release of im-
prisoned "patriots," and the restoration
of the Jacobins; it is dispersed after
much bloodshed, and the ringleaders
are executed.
June * The Vendean insurgents again
assemble under Charette and Stofflet.
They are suppressed [and their leaders
executed. 1796, Feb.* Stofflet is exe-
cuted. Mar. 29, Also Charette.]
June 8. The dauphin, son of Louis XVI.
and Marie Antoinette, styled by the Roy-
alists Louis XVII., dies, aged ten years.
July* Switz. The Peace of Basle is
concluded with Spain.
Spanish St. Domingo is ceded to
France, which restores all other Span-
ish conquests.
Aug. 22. The Convention accepts the
new (third) Constitution establishing
a Directory.
The legislative power is to be vested
in two councils, the Council of Elders
(250), and the Council of Five Hundred ;
the executive is to consist of a board of
five directors called a Directory. Two-
thirds of the number are to be taken
from the present Convention.
1795-1799 Government of the Di-
rectory.
Aug. 23. Paris. The Convention orders
the suppression of all clubs.
Sept. 23. Paris. The Convention an-
nounces the acceptance of the new
Constitution in the provinces ; much
hostility is manifested in Paris to the
limitation of membership.
Oct. * Paris. Royalists stimulate insur-
rection in the Sections. The Conven-
tion appoints Barras chief-in-command,
Lieut.-Gen. Bonaparte second.
Oct. 5. Paris. "Day of the Sections,"
13th Vendemiaire.
Bonaparte crushes the revolt of the
Sections with artillery in the Rue St.
Honored before the Church of St. Roche ;
300 are killed ; and again at Pont Neuf ;
time one hour and a half.
Oct. 26. The Convention ends after
three years duration.
Nov. * Mandats, representing a specific
amount of land, substitute the assi-
gnats, which have become almost value-
less, 45,000,000,000 francs having been
issued.
* * Corsica. The British viceroy, Sir Gil-
bert Eliott, opens parliament.
712 1796, Mar. 9-1799,
FRANCE
ARMY — NAVY.
1796 * * Three French armies raised.
(See p. 518.)
Apr. 12. It. Bonaparte, beginning his
first Italian campaign, defeats the Aus-
trians under Gen. D'Agenteau at Mon-
tenotte.
Apr. 14. It. Bonaparte is victorious at
Millesimo.
Apr. 22. It. Bonaparte defeats the
Piedmontese unde%Gen. Colli at Mon-
dovi.
May* The French cross the lower
Rhine.
May 10. It. Bonaparte, the "Little
Corporal," with 6,000 men, charges and
defeats 16,000(?) Austrians at the Bridge
of Lodi. Austrian loss, 2,500 ; French
loss, estimated at 2,000. [May 15. Milan
falls.]
June 3. It. The French under Mar-
shal Massena take Verona.
June 4. Prus. The French defeat the
Austrians at Altenkirchen. [June 16.
The French are forced back.]
July 5. Aust. Gen. Moreau defeats the
Austrians at Radstadt. [July * Bona-
parte besieges Mantua.]
Aug. 3. It. Victories of Lonato [and
Castiglione and Medola]. (See p. 518.)
Aug. 10. Ger. Gen. Moreau defeats
the Austrians under the Archduke
Charles at Nereshehn. [Aug. 24. Jour-
dan defeated at Amberg. Sept. 3. At
"Wiirzburg.] (See p. 518.)
Sept. 4. Aust. Bonaparte defeats the
Austrians under Marshal Wurmser at
Boveredo. [Sept. 8. Again at Bas-
sano, It.]
Sept. 16. Prus. The Austrians defeat
the French at Altenkirchen.
Oct. 2. Ger. The French defeat the
Austrians at Biberach. [Oct. 20. Mo-
reau driven across the Rhine.] (See
p. 518.]
Nov. 12. It. Bonaparte repulsed at
Caldiero. (See p. 518.)
Nov. 15-17. It. Austrians defeated at
Areola. (See p. 518.)
Nov. 21. Aust. Bonaparte defeats the
Austrians at Castelnuovo.
* * Revolts are suppressed in Brest and
Corsica.
1797 Jan. 14, 15. It. Austrians de-
feated at Rivoli. (See p. 518.)
Feb. 2. It. Marshal Wurmser and
20,000 Austrians capitulate to Bona-
parte at Mantua.
Feb. 9. It. Ancona capitulates.
Feb. * W. The French invade Wales;
they soon surrender.
Feb. 14. The Spanish fleet of 27 vessels
is defeated by a British fleet of 14 vessels
under Adm. Jervis off Cape St. Vin-
cent; the Spaniards lose four ships.
Mar. 16. It. Bonaparte defeats the
Austrians at Tagliamento.
Mar. * -Apr. * It. Bonaparte crosses
the Alps. (See p. 518.) [Sept. 17. War
ends.]
May 12. War is declared against Ven-
ice ; the Republic is occupied by French
troops, the Senate abdicates, and a
democratic government is proclaimed.
Aug. 23. Prus. The Archduke Charles
defeats Gen. Bernadotte at Neumark.
[Sept. 3. He defeats Marshal Jourdan
at Wiirzburg.]
1798 Feb. 19. Pome. Marshal Mas-
sena is made commander of the army of
occupation.
Apr. * Switz. Conquest of Switzer-
land. (See State.)
May 19. Bonaparte sails from Toulon
for Egypt with 36,000 men and 20 war-
ships. [June 12. He takes the Island
of Malta. July 2. He takes Alexan-
dria, Egypt.]
July 21. Egy. At the battle of the
Pyramids Bonaparte defeats the Mame-
lukes under Murad Bey. [July 22. He
captures Cairo.]
Aug. 1, 2. Battle of the Nile.
The British Adm. Nelson defeats the
French Adm. Brueys, who is killed; the
French lose 13 out of 17 vessels and 9,000
men. (See Great Britain.)
Aug. 27. Ire. The French auxiliaries
under Gen. Jos. A. Humbert (15,000) with
Irish insurgents compel the British un-
der Gen. Lake to retreat at Castlebar ;
the French and Irish occupy the town.
[Sept. 8. Defeated at Ballinamuck by
the British under the viceroy, Lord Corn-
wallis.]
Oct. 12. Ire. The British take five
French ships sent to help the Irish.
(See Great Britain.)
Oct. 22. Egy. A revolt breaks out in
Cairo against the French ; 5,000 natives
are massacred.
1799 * * -1801 * * War of the second
coalition. Russia, Austria, England,
Portugal, Naples, and Turkey are
united against France.
Feb. 9. The British capture the La Pru-
dente. (See Great Britain.)
Feb. 18. Asia Minor. Bonaparte takes
El Arisch, the frontier fortress of Syria.
[It is soon retaken.]
Mar. 13. France again declares war
against Austria.
Asia Minor. Bonaparte takes Jaffa
by assault; he [is accused] of the mas-
sacre of 1,200 Turkish prisoners. [Mar.
18. He besieges Acre.]
Mar. 25. It. The French defeated at
Stockach. (See p. 518.)
Mar. 28-30. It. The Austrians defeat
the French at Verona.
Apr. 5. It. The Austrians under Baron
von Kray defeat the French Gen.
Schemer at Magnano.
Apr. 16. Asia Minor. Bonaparte de-
feats the Turks at Mount Tabor.
Apr. 27. It. French defeat at Cassano.
(See p. 518.)
May* Gr. A Russian-Turkish fleet takes
the Ionian Islands from France.
May 20. Asia Minor. After a desper-
ate assault, Bonaparte, repulsed by Sir
Sydney Smith, abandons the siege of
Acre, and departs for Egypt.
June 5. Switz. The French under
Marshal Massena are defeated at Zu-
rich by the Austrians under the Arch-
duke Charles.
June 17-19. It. Battle of Parma.
(See p. 518.)
July 21. It. The French are driven
from Alessandria, the capital of a de-
partment, by the Russians under Suva-
roff.
July 25. Egy. The French under Mar-
shal Murat defeat the Turks at Abou-
kir.
Aug. 15. It. Battle of Novi. (See p.
518.)
Aug. 22. Egy. Bonaparte transfers the
command to Gen. K16ber.
Sept. 9. Neth. The French are de-
feated at Zuyper Slays.
Sept. 19. Neth. The French under Mar-
shal Brune defeat the allies at Bergen.
Sept. 25, 26. Switz. Marshal Massena
defeats the Russians under Marshal
Suvarotf at Zurich.
Oct. 6. Neth. The Duke of York,
commanding the Anglo-Russian army,
capitulates to the French at Alkmaar.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1798 * * Chromium and beryl are dis-
covered by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin.
1799 * * A weaving-machine is made
by Joseph Marie Jacquard, near Lyons.
* * Endless paper is invented by Robert
at Essonnes.
* * Paris. Laplace's Micanique Celeste
appears.
* * * Paris. Georges Cuvier introduces
an approved system of anatomical clas-
sification.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1796 * * Bautain, L'Abbe, Louis E. M., phi-
losopher, born.
Barthelemy, Auguste Marseille, poet, born.
Bourdon, Isidore, physician, author, born.
Buchez, Philippe J. B., philosophical wr., b.
Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, revolution-
ist, A46+.
CrGmieux, Isaac Adolphe, politician, born.
Demetz, Frederic Auguste, philan., born.
Dombey, Joseph, botanist, traveler, A54.
Enfantin, Barthglemy Prosper, socialist, b.
Jouffroy, Theodore S., philosophical wr., b.
Mignet, Francois Auguste Marie, hist., born.
Mirbel, Lizinska A. Z. It. de, miniaturist, b.
Kaynal, Abbe', Guillaume Thomas Francois,
historian, philosopher, A83.
Saint-Arnaud, Jacques Achille Leroy de,
marshal, born.
1797 * * Andral, Gabriel, physician, born.
Aubert du Bayet, Jean Baptist* Annibal,
general, A 38.
Audouin, Jean Victor, entomologist, com-
parative anatomist, born.
Auger, Hippolyte Nicolas Just, novelist, b.
Auzoux, Theodore Lonis, physician, born.
Babeuf, Francois Noel, revolutionist, A34.
Basan, Pierre Francois, au., engraver, A 74.
BCrard, Pierre Honored surgeon, born.
Bertin, Edonard Francois, journ., artist, b.
Carlowitz, Baronne, Aloise Christine, au., b.
Carmouche, Pierre Frgd., Adolphe, dram., b.
Dejacet, Marie Virginie, actor, born.
Delaroche. Paul (Hyppolyte), historical
painter, born.
Fabre, Antoine F. H., medical writer, born.
Fabre, Jean, " the honest criminal," A70.
Fauche, Hippolvte, Sanskrit scholar, born.
Henriquel-Dupont, Louis Pierre, engraver, b.
Hoche, Lazare, general, A29.
Kerguelen-Tre^narec, Yves Joseph de, navi-
gator, A 52. '
Leuret, Francois, physician, author, born.
Louvet de Couvray, Jean Bapt., rev., A37.
Pelletier, Bertrand, chemist, A 36.
Qu^rard, Joseph Marie, bibliographer, born.
Remusat, Comte de, Chas., F. M., philos., b.
Robert-Fleury. Joseph N., hist, painter, b.
Thiers, Louis Adolphe, hist., President, b.
Thierry, Am^dee Simon Dominique, hist., b.
Vigny, Comte de, Alfred Victor, poet, born.
FRANCE.
1796, Mar. 9-1799, * * 713
1798* * Bertini, Henri J£r6me, composer,
pianist, born.
Blanqui, Jerdtne A., political economist, b.
Boniface. Joseph Xavier (Saintine), au., b.
Brueys d Aigalliers, Francois P., adm., A48.
Callet, Jean Francois, inatliematiciati, A54.
Casabianca, Louis, naval captain, A43±.
Clerc, Nicolas Gabriel, physician, hist., A72.
Jan. 19. Comte, Isidore Augruste M. F,
X., philosopher, founder positivism, born.
Duverffier de Hauranne. Prosper, states-
man, born.
Glaire, Jean Bapt., theol., orientalist, born.
Henry, Etienne Ossian, chemist, born.
Jasmin, Jacques, poet, born.
Joly, Marie Elizabeth, actor, A38.
Leroux, Pierre, socialist, writer, born.
Leroy d'Etiolles, Jean, surgeon, born.
Marbeau, Jean Baptiste Firmin, philan., b.
Mery, Joseph, author, born.
Miehelet, Jules, historian, born.
Orsay, Comte d\ Alfred G. G., artist, born.
Veron, Louis Desire, journalist, born.
Vuillaume, Jean Baptiste, violin-maker, b.
Wailly, Charles de, architect, A69.
CHURCH.
1796 * * Pope Pius VI. makes submis-
sion to the French Republic.
1798 Feb. * It. The Pope is taken a
prisoner by the French, and removed to
Florence ; [later, is ordered to Paris,
and dies on the journey.]
LETTERS.
1796 * * Thiorie du pouvoir civil et reli-
gieux, by L. G. A. de Bonald, appears.
* * Considerations sur la revolution fran-
caise, by Joseph M. Maistre, appears.
* * Exposition of the System of the Uni-
verse, by Laplace, appears. ' [1799-1825,
Treatise on Celestial Mechanics."]
1797 * * Agamemnon, by Louis J. A. Le-
mercier, appears. [Later, Tartuff Revolu-
tionnaire, Ophis, Charlemagne, Baudoin,
St. Louis, Columbus, and other plays.]
* * Des Plantes, by Rene' R. L. Castel, ap-
pears ; [Later Forest of Fontainebleau.]
* * Anecdotes of the Revolution in Russia,
by Claude Carloman Rulhiere, appears.
[1798± , Histoire de I'Anarchie de Pologne.]
* * Essay on the Revolutions, by Chateau-
briand, appears.
* * -1800 * * Le CatSchisme universel, by
Saint-Lambert, appears.
1798 * * Treatise on Membranes, by M. F.
X. Bichat, appears. [1800, Researches
on Life and Death ; 1801, General Anat-
omy applied to Physiology and Medi-
cine.]
* * La dot de Suzette, by Joseph Fievee,
appears.
* * -1800 * * Flora Atlantica, by Ren<5
Louiche Desfontaines, appears.
* * -1805 * * Nouvelle bibliotheque des
romans, by La Vergne de Tressan, ap-
pears.
1799 * * Fridiric, by Joseph Fievee, ap-
pears.
* * Thiorie des fonctions analytiques, by
Lagrange, appears.
* * Guerre des Dieux, anciens et modernes,
by Viscount Parny, appears. [Also,
Poemes irotiques.]
SOCIETY.
1796 Mar. 9. Napoleon Bonaparte
marries Josephine, widow of Vicomte
de Beauharnais.
STATE.
1796 May 12. A conspiracy against
the Directory, composed of Socialists,
Anarchists, and Jacobins, under the
leadership of Francois Noel Babeuf and
others, is discovered and suppressed.
May * Sardinia makes a separate peace
with France.
Bonaparte requires Victor Amadeus to
cede Savoy and Nice to France, and to
suffer the French to garrison the Pied-
montese fortresses.
May * Spain enters into alliance with
France, and declares war with England.
Oct. 22. Corsica. The people having
declared for the French, the British
leave the island.
1797 Feb. 19. It. The Pope signs the
humiliating Treaty of Folentino.
He cedes to France Bologna, Ferrara,
and the Romagna and Avignon with its
territory ; 15,000,000 francs, and 100 valu-
able works of art treasures are also ex-
acted.
Apr. 18. Aust. Preliminary Peace of
Leoben.
A Congress to mediate for peace with the
empire on the basis of its undivided terri-
tory. Austria cedes to France the Belgian
provinces and the region beyond the Oglio;
in return, Austria is to receive the greater
part of the mainland of Venice, including
the territory between the Oglio, Po, ami
Adriatic, after she has conquered it; also
Venetian Dalmatia and I stria, with the for-
tresses of Mantua Peschiera and Palmo
Novo. She is to recognize the Cisalpine Re-
public of Northern Italy when formed by
Bonaparte. Venice to receive Romagna,
Bologna, and Ferrara.
May * Bonaparte declares war against
Venice because of the massacre of a
French garrison at Verona, Italy. '
May * It. Bonaparte establishes popu-
lar government in Venice ; aristocracy
is abolished.
* * Royalists elect more than 200 mem-
bers to the Council of Five Hundred.
May* It. Bonaparte organizes the Cis-
alpine Republic, with Milan for its
capital. (Milan, Modena, Ferrara, Bo-
logna, and Romagna.)
May * It. Bonaparte erects Genoa with
part of Sardinia into the Ligurian Re-
pubUc, with French control.
July 15. The exiled French ministers
are permitted to return on taking an
oath to support the Constitution.
Sept. 4.*~ Paris. The Coup d'Etat suc-
ceeds.
The Republicans are victorious over
the Royalists in the Council pf Five
Hundred, the Council of Ancients, and
in the Directory. Lazare Nicolas Carnot
and Francois Barth^lemy are deposed
from the Directory by aid of the army.
Members from 53 departments, includ-
ing Barthelemy and Gen. Pichegru, the
presidentof the Five Hundred, are trans-
ported for conspiracy. Carnot contrives
to escape.
Oct. 17. It. The Peace of Campo
Formio is concluded between France
and Austria. (See Austria-Hungary.)
Dec. 10. Paris. Bonaparte returns,
and receives a public ovation from the
Directory.
1797 Dec. 8-99 Apr. 8. Ger. The
Congress of Rastadt meets to treat of
the general peace with the Germanic
powers, and fails through disagreement.
(See Germany.)
1798 * * Bonaparte persuades the Direc-
tery to send ' him on an expedition
against Egypt.
Feb. * It. The French under Marshal
Berthier occupy Rome, and proclaim
the Roman Republic.
Pope Pius VI. is taken prisoner, and
removed to Florence ; he is ordered to
Paris, and dies on the road.
Apr. * Switz. Solicited by the oppressed
Waldenses, the French enter and con-
quer Switzerland.
Apr. 12. Switzerland is formed into
the Helvetian Republic, after the model
of France ; Geneva is annexed to France.
May 11. Paris. The elections having
disappointed the Government, another
coup d'etat follows, and many radical
deputies are expelled.
Aug+. * It. The Power of France is
diminished by many military disasters.
1799-1801 Apr. * Second coalition
against France.
Great Britain, Germany, Russia, Naples,
Portugal, and Turkey enter under the leader-
ship of Paul I., Emperor of Russia and Grand
Master of the Knights of Malta.
The allies propose an English army under
the Duke of York to operate in the Nether-
lands; an Austrian army under the Arch-
duke Charles for Germany and Switzerland ;
a Russian- Austrian army under Marshal
Suvaroff for Italy.
1799 Spring. The elections are hostile
to the Directory, and a cabal is formed
for the overthrow of the Government.
June 18. Paris. Revolution of the
30th Prairial against the Convention.
The Republicans, under Abb£ Sieves,
having forced the retirement of Director
Count Treilhard for Louis Jer6me Go-
hier, now dismiss Larevelilere and Phi-
. lippe Antoine Merlin, who are succeeded
by Roger Ducos and Gen. Moulin.
Aug. 23. Bonaparte returns from
Egypt.
* * Paris. Bonaparte offers his services
to the new Directory.
Nov. 9. Paris. The legislative body
called the Ancients is persuaded to re-
move to St. Cloud, as a place of greater
freedom.
A bloodless revolution occurs:
downfaU of the Republic.
The Coup d'Etat of the 18th Bru-
maire. Bonaparte dissolves the Coun-
cil of the Ancients as incompetent.
Nov. 10. Paris. Bonaparte expels the
Council of Five Hundred by the aid
of the army, and assumes control of the
Government.
1799 * * -1804 * * Government of the
Consulate.
Bonaparte is chosen First Consul for
ten years ; he selects Jean Jacques Regis
de Cambace>es and Charles Francois
Lebrun for his two consultation col-
leagues.
Dec. 13. Paris. The new (fourth) Con-
stitution is promulgated. [Ratified ;
vote, 3,000,000-1,567.]
There are to be three consuls, for terms of
ten years and reeligible; the first to hold all
the power, and the other two for consultation.
Legislation is to be initiated by a Council
of State, appointed by the First Consul. Its
laws are to be discussed by a Tribunate of
One Hundred, who are then to pass them on
to be discussed before the Legislative Body
(300) by three orators, and then by three
Counsellors of State nominated by the Gov-
ernment, and to be finally ratified or re-
jected by a secret ballot, without debate.
A Senate of 80 life-members, to confirm or
annul all acts sent to it on constitutional
grounds. Senators to name the Consuls, Tri-
bunes, and Legislative Body, choosing them
from 5,000 persons who are chosen by univer-
sal suffrage. Senators to be elected to va-
cancies by joint action from a list of three
candidates presented by the Legislative Body,
the Tribunate, and the First Consul.
Napoleon Bonaparte rapidly in-
creases his popular influence.
714 1799, * *-1805, Oct 14.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1800 Mar. 20. Egy. Gen. Kleber de-
feats the Turks at Heliopolis. [The
French are again dominant in Egypt.]
Apr. * It. The French under Marshal
Massena are defeated at Voltri.
May 3. Ger. Gen. Moreau defeats the
Austrians at Engen. [May 4. Again at
Stockach. (See p. 518.) May 6. Again
at Biberach.]
* * Napoleon completes the subjugation
of the Royalist insurrectionists in Ven-
due. [May 15-20. He crosses the Alps
into Italy. June 2. He enters Milan.]
June 4. It. Marshal Massena surren-
ders Genoa to the English and Aus-
trians.
June 9. It. The French under Marshal
Lannes defeat the Austrians under Gen.
Ott at Montebello.
June 14. Egy. Gen. K16ber is assas-
sinated at Cairo by Suleyman, a fanatic.
Gen. Menou assumes command.
It. Battle of Marengo.
Bonaparte defeats the Austrians un-
der Gen. Melas. French, 28,000+ ; loss,
7,000i ; Austrians, 33,000+ ; loss, 10,000
to 12,000. Bonaparte gains Upper Italy.
June 19. Ger. Gen. Moreau defeats the
Austrians at Hochstadt. [July 2. He
enters Munich. July 15. Armistice.]
Sept. 5. Malta surrenders to the British.
Dec. 3. Saxony. Battle of Hohenlin-
den.
Gen. Moreau defeats and routs the
Austrians under the Archduke John ;
Austrian loss, 8,000 killed and wounded,
and 12,000 prisoners. [Dec. 15. He takes
Salzburg.]
Dec. 25, 26. It. Battles on the Min-
cio. (See p. 518.)
1801 Feb. 9. Peace of Luneville.
Mar. 8. Egy. The English under Sir
Ralph Abercromby defeat the French at
Aboukir, and capture the town. [Mar.
21. He defeats Gen. Menou at Alexan-
dria; Abercromby is fatally wounded.
Mar. 28. Dies.]
May 22. Egy. The French army at
Cairo capitulates to the English [and is
conveyed to France in English vessels].
1802 Feb. * W. I. An army of 40,000
men is sent to Santo Domingo to sup-
press the revolt of the blacks under
Toussaint. [May 7. W. I. Toussaint
L'Ouverture surrenders.]
1803 May* The English seize all
French vessels in their harbors; Bona-
parte retaliates by making English
travelers in France prisoners of war.
May * The French under Marshal Mor-
tier invade Hanover ; Naples is occupied
by another French army under Marshal
Laurent Gouvion-Saint-Cyr.
* * Napoleon forms a great encamp-
ment at Boulogne, and makes prepa-
rations to invade England.
Nov. * W. I. The French army in Santo
Domingo capitulates to the English.
1805 Sept.* "The army of Eng-
land" is transferred from Boulogne to
Germany.
Oct. 14. Ger. The French under Mar-
shal Ney defeat the Austrians at El-
chingen, Bavaria.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1800 * * Paris. Baron George Chretien
L. F. D. Cuvier lectures at the College
of France on anatomy.
1801 * * Abbe" Rene Just Haiiy publishes
his Treatise on Mineralogy.
1802 Sept. 4. Andr6 Jacques Garnerin,
the aeronaut, descends 8,000 feet in his
parachute.
* *Etienne Geoff roy Saint-Hilaire
brings zoological collections from Egypt.
1803 Aug. 9. Paris. Robert Ful-
ton's steamboat Clermont sails on the
Seine.
* * Narcotin is discovered by Charles
Derosne.
1804+ * * The Plague of Jaffa is painted
by Antoine .Jean Gros.
Aug. * Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and
Jean Baptiste Biot ascend in a balloon
to ascertain the intensity of the mag-
netic force, and reach a height of 13,000
feet ; it is the first ascent made for scien-
tific purposes. [Sept. * Gay-Lussac as-
cends alone to the height of four and
one-third miles above the level of the
sea.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1799 May 20. Balzac, Honor6 de, nov-
elist, born.
Barraiule, Joachim, geologist, born.
Beauraai'chais, Pierre Auguste Caron de,
dramatist, A67.
Borda, .Jean Charles, math., astron., A66.
Bourdon, Louis Pierre Marie, math., born.
Cadet de Gassicourt, L. Claude, chemist, A68.
Caille, Kene, traveler, born.
Chasles, Victor E. Philarete, critic, au., b.
Delacroix, Ferdinand V. E., painter, born.
Geruzey, Eugene, litterateur, born.
Grand-Pierre, Jean Henry, Protestant cl., b.
Halevy, Jacques Francois F. E., comp., b.
Joubert, Barthelemy Catherine, general,
A30.
Julien, Stanislas, orientalist, born.
Lemonnier, Pierre Charles, astronomer, A84,
Montucla, Jean Etienne, math., A74.
Montgolfier, Jacques Etienne, balloonist, A54.
Quicherat, Louis, lexicographer, born.
Reybaud, Marie Roch Louis, author, born.
Sainte-Hilaire, August de, botanist, born.
Vaulabelle, Achille Tenaille de, writer, born.
Dec. 31. Marmontel, Jean Francois,
critic, mis. writer, A71.
1800* * Agoult, Marie de Flavigny d', au-
thor, born.
Ampere, Jean Jacques, author, born.
Arcon, Jean Claude Eleonor le Michaud d',
engineer, A67.
Aubry, Francois, revolutionist, A50+.
Audebert, Jean Baptiste, natural., engr., A41.
Audrein, Yves Marie, politician, writer, d.
Auvray, Felix, painter, born.
Bastide, Jules, journalist, politician, born.
Biard, Francois Auguste, painter, born.
Billard, Charles Michel, physician, born.
Botta, Paul Emile, archeologist, born.
Bouilie, Marquis de, Francois Claude Amour,
general, writer, A61.
Carrel, Nicolas Armand, political wr., born.
Chaix d'Est-Ange, Gustave L. A. V. C, ad-
vocate, born. ,
Championnet, Jean Etienne, general, A38.
Charost, Armand Joseph de Belhune de, phi-
lanthropist, A72.
Dantan, Jean Pierre, sculptor, born.
Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie, natural., A84.
Desaix de Veygoux, Louis Charles Antoine,
general, A32.
Dumas, Jean Baptiste, chemist, born.
Forbonnais, Francois Veron de, finan., A78.
Fould, Achille, financier, statesman, born.
Gay, Claude, botanist, historian, born.
Guignes, Joseph de, orientalist, A79.
Johannot, Alfred, engraver, painter, born.
Kleber. Jean Baptiste, general, A46+.
Latour d'Auvergne, Theophile Malo C. de,
soldier, A57.
L'Heritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis, bota-
nist, A54.
Lemaitre, Frederic, actor, born.
Migne, L Abbe, Jacques Paul, editor, born.
Milne-Edwards, Henri, naturalist, born.
IWonod. Adolphe. Prot. clergyman, born.
Montalembert, Marquis de, Marc Rene, mil-
i itary engineer, A86.
Pereire, Emile, financier, a fdr. of Credit
Mobilier, born.
Poujoulat, Jean Joseph Francois, author, b.
Pouchet, F61ix Archimede, physiologist, b.
Ricord, Philippe, physician, born.
Soulie, Melchoir Frederic, novelist, born.
Soyer, Alexis, cook, writer, born.
1801 * * Antoine, Jacques Denis, artist, A68.
Barchou de Penhoen, Baron, Auguste T. H.,
writer, born.
Bastiat. Fr6d6ric, political economist, b.
Bertin, Louis Marie Armand, journalist, b.
Bonnechose, Francois P. E. B. de, historian,
writer, born.
Burnouf, Eugene, orientalist, born.
Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte, politician, writer,
born.
Cavaignac, Eieonore Louis G., Journalist, b.
Chevalier, Sulpice G. P., caricaturist, born.
Cournot, Antoine Augustin, math., born.
Darcet, Jean, physician, chemist, A74+.
Dolomieu, Deodat G. S. T. Gratet de, geolo-
gist, A51 + .
Dumeril, Edelestand Pontas, scholar, born.
Dumont, Augustin Alexandre, sculptor, b.
Fournet, Victor, geologist, born.
Garnier; Adolphe, philosopher, born.
Jacquemont, Victor, naturalist, born.
Lartet, Edouard, archeologist, born.
Littre. Maximilien Paul Emile, philologist,
philosopher, born.
Marrast, Armand, journalist, politician, b.
Pauthler, Jean P. G., Chinese scholar, born.
Saint-Marc Girardin, Francois Auguste, au-
thor, politician, born.
Taschereau, Jules A., biographer, critic, b.
Trousseau, Armand, physician, born.
1802 * * Arago, Etienne, poet, dram., journal-
ist, born.
Balard, Antoine J., chemist, born.
Beaumont de la Bonniere, Gustave A. de,
writer, born.
Berard, Auguste, surgeon, born.
Bescherelle, Louis Nicolas, grammarian, lex-
icographer, born.
Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier, anatomist,
physiologist, A31.
Boccage, Marie Anne Le Page du, poet, A92.
Boussingault, Jean B. J. I)., chemist, born.
Capefigue, Jean Baptiste Honore Raymond,
historian, born.
Carrfere, Joseph Bartheiemi Francois, physi-
cian, A62.
Caumont, Arcisse de, antiquary, born.
Cavaignac, Louis E., general, born.
Dumas, Alexandre, pere, novel., dram., b.
Dupanloup, Felix A. P., bishop of Orleans, b.
Freron, Louis Stanislas, revolutionist, A 37.
Fourneyron, Benoit, inventor turbine, born.
Giraud, Charles Joseph Bartheiemi, jurist, b.
Guibert, Joseph Hippolyte, cardinal, arch-
bishop of Paris, born.
Gudin, Jean Antoine Theodore, marine paint-
er, born.
Halevy, Leon, poet, born.
Hugo, Victor Marie, novelist, poet, born.
Lacordaire. Jean B. H., R. C. clergyman,
orator, author, born.
Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel, general, A 30.
Lecoq, Henri, naturalist, born.
Lenormant, Charles, archeologist, hist., born.
Luynes, Due de, Honore, archeologist, born.
Michaux, Andre, botanist, A56.
Niel, Adolphe, marshal, minister of war, b.
Orbigny, Alcide D., naturalist, born.
Texier, Charles Felix Marie, archeologist, b.
Ullrich, Jean Jacques Alexis, general, born.
1803 * * Adam, Adolphe C, musical com-
poser, born.
Arbogast, or Arbogaste, Louis Francois An-
toine, mathematician, A44.
Berlioz, Hector, musical composer, born.
Bonaparte, Charles Lucien J. L., writer on
natural philosophy, born.
Brunck, Richard F. P., scholar, critic, A74.
Chenot, Claude Bernard Adrien, engineer, b.
Clairon, Claire Josephe Leyris de Latude,
actor, A 80.
Conneau, Henri, physician, born.
Conte, Nicolas Jacques, painter, mechani-
cian, A48.
Daumas, Melchior J. E., general, writer, b.
Decamps, Alexandre Gabriel, painter, born.
Duchatel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, states-
man, author, born.
Dumas, Alexandre, pere, novelist, b.
Faucher, Leon, economist, statesman, born.
Fauveau, Feiicie de, sculptor, born.
Foucher, Victor A., jurist, born.
Gamier-Pages, Louis Antoine, polit., b.
Gerard, Jean Ignace Isidore, artist, carica.
turist, born.
Hippeau, ceiestin, educationist, author, b.
Johannot, Tony, painter, wood engraver, b.
Jollivet, Pierre Jules, painter, born.
Laclos, Pierre A. F. C. de, revolu., au., A62.
FRANCE.
1799, * *-1805, Oct. 14. 715
La Harpe, Jean Francois, dram., critic, A64.
Ix;roy, Julien David, architect, A77±.
Libri-Carucci, Count, G. B. I. T., Italian-
French mathematician, born.
Lucas, Charles Jean Marie, reformer, born.
M6rimee, Prosper, novelist, born.
Quinet, Edgar, philosopher, author, born.
Yvan, Melchior, traveler, born.
1804 * * Aurelle de Paladines, Claude Michel
Louis, general, born.
Baum6, Antoine, chemist, A76.
Cadoudal, Georges, Breton royalist, A35.
Camus, Armand Gaston, legislator, wr., A64.
Cornu, S^bastien Melchior, painter, born.
Daudin, Francois Marie, naturalist, A30±.
Didot, Francis A., printer, type-founder, A74.
Duret, Francisque, sculptor, born.
Forey, Elie Frederic, marshal, born.
Girardin, Delphine de, author, born.
Isabey, Eugene Louis Gabriel, painter, born.
Janin, Jules Gabriel, critic, born.
Julien, Pierre, sculptor, A73.
Lavallee, Theophile Sebastien, historian, b.
Moigno, Francois S. M., scientist, born.
Moquin-Tandon, Horace B. A., botanist, b.
Necker, Jacques, financier, statesman, A72.
Pichegru, Charles, general, A43.
Regnier, Jacques A. A., philologist, born.
Sand, George, Armantine Lucile Aurora
Dupin, Baroness Dudevant, novelist, b.
Sue, Marie Joseph Eugene, novelist, born.
CHURCH.
1800 * * Rome. Pius VH. is pope.
1801 July 15. Paris. A concordat is
signed by Bonaparte and Pius VII. for
the reestablishment of religion.
1802 Apr. * Agreeable to tbe terms of
the concordat, the Christian religion
is reestablished by Bonaparte as the
religion of a majority of Frenchmen.
LETTERS.
1799 * * Principles of General Grammar,
by Baron A. J. S. de Sacy, appears.
* * Reveries on the Primitive Nature of
Man, by Etienne P. de Senancour, ap-
pears. [1804, Oberman.]
* * -1805 * * Course de Litterature an-
cienne et moderne, by Jean F. de La
Harpe, appears. [1801-07, Correspondance
litteraire.]
1800 * * Homme des Champs, by Delille,
appears.
* * On the Spirit of Things, by Saint-Mar-
tin, appears.
* * Researches on the Laws of Affinity, by
Berthollet, appears. [1803, Essay on
Chemical Statics.]
* * Treatise on Mineralogy, by Rene1 Just
Haiiy, appears. [1803, Elementary Trea-
tise on Physics.]
* *The " Universities" are reorgan-
ized.
Higher education is made dependent
upon the Government. The Institut
National and its division are reorgan-
ized into the four [afterwards five] acad-
emies.
* * Atala, by Chateaubriand, appears.
[1802, Genie du Christianisme ; [1809, Les
Martyrs.]
* * Entomological Bibliography, by
Charles Nodier, appears. [1808+,
Painter of Saltzburg, The Exiles, and
La Napolione; 1808, Dictionary of
French Onomatopaia.]
* * -15 * * Elements d'idiologie, by Comte
A. L. C. Destutt de Tracy, appears.
1802* * Legislation primitive, by de
Bonald, appears.
* * Mademoiselle de Clermont, by Comtesse
de Genlis, appears.
* * Delphine, by Madame de Stael, ap-
pears. [1807, Corinne; 1810, De L'Alle-
mand.]
* * Rapports du phisique et du morale de
VHomme, by Pierre J. J. Cabanis, ap-
pears.
* * Jeremy Bentbam's TraM de la Legis-
lation, edited by Pierre Etienne Louis
Dumout, appears.
1803 * * Treatise on Political Economy,
by Jean Baptiste Say, appears.
SOCIETY.
1800 Jan. 20. Paris. Bonaparte gives
his sister in marriage to Gen. Murat.
Oct. 10. Attempted assassination.
The life of Bonaparte is saved by the
fast driving of an intoxicated coachman ;
an infernal machine explodes a half-
minute late, killing 20 persons and
wounding 53 others.
[Again Bonaparte's life is imperiled by
an infernal machine when on bis way
to the theater ; 52 persons are killed by
its explosion.]
1802 May 19. Pans. The Legion of
Honor, for rewarding distinguished ser-
vices to the State, military, civil, and
scientific, is instituted.
1803 Dec. 24. U. S. A. Je"rome Bo-
naparte marries Elizabeth Patterson,
an American lady. [Marriage annulled
in France.]
1804 July 25. Paris. Georges and 11
of his companions are guillotined as
conspirators against Napoleon.
STATE.
1800 Jan. 1. Napole"on sends over-
tures of peace to the King of England.
Feb. 19. Paris. The First Consul takes
the Tuileries for his official residence.
Dec. 24. Chevalier attempts to assassi-
nate Napoleon.
1801 Feb. 9. The Peace of Lune"-
ville. (See Austria-Hungary.]
Mar. 18. It. The Peace of Florence
is made with Naples.
The harbors are to be closed to British
and Turkish vessels. Neapolitan pos-
sessions in Central Italy and the island
of Elba are to be ceded to France.
French garrisons are to occupy several
Italian towns.
Prussia joins the Convention of the
North against England.
July 15. The concordat is signed by
Napoleon and Pius VII.
The Roman Catholic religion is declared to
be that of the state; 10 French archbishops
and 50 bishops are to be appointed by the
Government, and confirmed by the Pope.
The Pope sanctions the previous confisca-
tion of Church property; the Government is
to make adequate provision for the mainte-
nance of the clergy. The Pope is to be recog-
nized in the possession of the Papal States,
excluding Ferrara, Bologna, and Romagna.
Aug. 31. The French army in Egypt en-
ters a convention with the English ;
it agrees to withdraw from Egypt, and
is to be transported in English ships to
France.
1802 Jan. 25. It. Napoleon is elected
president of the Italian, late Cisalpine,
Republic.
Mar. 27. The Peace of Amiens is con-
cluded with England, Spain, and Hol-
land.
England surrenders all her conquests
except Trinidad, W. I., which is ceded
by Spain, and Ceylon is ceded by the
Batavian Republic to England. France
recognizes the Republic of the Seven
Ionian Islands. Malta to be restored to
the possession of the Knights of Malta.
Apr. * Paris. An amnesty is granted
to the emigrants.
May 8. Paris. Napol6on is elected
consul for ten years.
Aug. 2. Paris. Napoleon is elected
First Consul for life by a national
vote of 3,568,885 ; he is also to name his
own successor.
* *The new (fifth) Constitution is
adopted.
Sept. * It. Piedmont is formally an-
nexed to France.
* * Peace is made with Turkey.
* * -07 * * The Simplon, a mountain
road, leading over the Alps from Switz-
erland into Italy, is constructed by Na-
poleon for army use.
It winds up passes, crosses cataracts,
and passes by galleries through solid
rock, and has eight principal bridges.
From 30,000 to 40,000 men were employed.
1803 Mar. 21. The Code Napoleon,
a digest of national law, is completed
and promulgated.
* * A dispute arises with Great Britain
respecting the non-evacuation of Malta
by the British. (See Great Britain.)
Apr. 1. The Bank of France is estab-
lished.
May 13. Paris. Lord Whitworth, the
British ambassador, demands his pass-
ports.
May 22. "War is declared against Eng-
land in connection with the Malta dis-
pute.
1804 Jan. 1. W. I. The Haitians an-
nounce their independence of France.
Feb. 15. Paris. Gen. Charles Piche-
gru, the leader, and 40 others, includ-
ing Gen. Moreau, are arrested for
conspiracy against the life of Napoleon.
Mar. 21. Paris. Napoleon puts the
Bourbon Due d'Enghien to death
after an alleged trial at Vincennes.
Apr. 6. Paris. Gen. Pichegru is found
strangled in prison.
1804-1814 (J815). Napol6on I., heredi-
tary emperor.
May 18. Paris. The Tribunate and
Senate proclaim Napoleon I. Em-
peror of the French, and the throne
hereditary in his family.
May 28. Gen. Moreau is sentenced to
two years' imprisonment ; Napoleon
commutes it to exile in the United
States.
Dec. 2. Paris. The emperor is
crowned at Notre Dame, Pope Pius
VII. officiating ; Napoleon takes the
crown out of the hands of the Pope, and
places it on his own head ; he then
crowns the empress.
1805 May 26. It. NapolSon is
crowned King of Italy at Milan ; his
stepson, Eugene de Beauharnais, is made
viceroy of Italy.
June 30. It. Genoa is incorporated
with France.
Aug. * The third coalition is formed
against France ; England, Russia, Aus-
tria, and Sweden unite for the restora-
tion of the balance of power in Europe.
Spain joins France.
716 1805, Oct. 17-1809, Feb. 21.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1805 Oct. 17. Ger. Ney is victorious
at Ulm. [Oct. 29-31. Massena at Caldi-
ero.] (See p. 518.)
Oct. 21. Battle of Trafalgar.
Off Cape Trafalgar, Spain, the British
Adm. Nelson destroys the French-
Spanish fleet under the French Adm.
Villeneuve, and the Spanish Adms. Gra-
vina and Alava. British fleet, 27 ships of
the line and four frigates. French-
Spanish fleet, 33 ships of the line and
live frigates. Nelson and Gravina are
killed. The allies lose 19 ships.
Nov. 13. Aust. Napoleon enters Vi-
enna.
Dec. 2. Aust. Battle of Austerlitz;
" Battle of the Three Emperors."
Napoleon with 60,000± French defeats
the Russo-Austrian army of 80,000+ men
under Marshal Kutusoff. French loss,
12,000 ; allies loss, over 30,000.
Dec. 26. Hung. Peace. (See p. 519.)
1806 July 4. It. The British under
Sir John Stuart defeat the French un-
der Gen. Reynier at Maida.
* * _07 * * "War with Prussia.
Causes : Tbe erection of the Confed-
eracy of the Rhine, the annexation of
Wesel to France, the seizure of Essen
and Verden, and the placing of French
troops in the garrisons of Germany ;
also the bitterness of Prussians because
of the execution of Palm of Nuremberg,
who published strictures upon Napoleon.
Oct. 10. Ger. The French under Mar-
shal Lannes defeat the Prussian advance
at Saalfeld [in Saxe-Meiningen] under
Prince Louis Ferdinand, who is killed.
Oct. 14. Ger. Battle of Jena.
Napoleon with 100,000 troops defeats
the 60,000 Prussians and Saxons under
Prince Hohenlohe : Prussian loss, 12,000
killed and wounded, and 15,000 prisoners.
Battle of Auerstadt, near Jena.
Here 35,000 French under Marshal Da-
vout defeat 50,000 Prussians under the
Duke of Brunswick, losing 7,500 men ;
Prussian loss, 10,000, including the com-
mander. King Frederick William III.
is present.
Oct. 17. Saxony. The French storm
Halle, defeating the Prussian reserve
under the Prince of Wiirtemberg.
Oct. 27. Prus. French occupy Berlin.
Oct. 28. Prus. Prince Hohenlohe with
12,000 Prussians surrenders to the
French under Marshal Murat at Prenz-
lau.
Nov. 6. Ger. French occupy Liibec.
Nov. 8. Saxony. The French occupy
Magdeburg. [Erfurt, Spandau, Stet-
tin, Kustrin, and Hameln are speedily
given up to the French.]
Nov. 14. Vienna. Napoleon enters as
conqueror.
Nov. 30. Prus. Napoleon advances
into Poland to meet the Russians.
Dec. 26. Rus. Battle of Pultusk.
The French under Marshal Lannes
fight the Russians and Prussians under
Gen. Bennigsen ; result indecisive. [The
Russians retreat after the battle.]
1807 Jan. 25. Prus. Battle of Moh-
rungen.
The French under Bernadotte narrowly
escape destruction by the Russians and
Prussians, whom they defeat.
Jan. * Poland. Breslau is taken by the
French.
Feb. 7, 8. Prus. Indecisive battle of
Eylau.
Napoleon with 70,000 troops engages
80,000 Russians and Prussians under Gen.
Bennigsen and Gen. Lestocq. French
loss, 20,000 ; Russian and Prussian, 18,000.
Feb. 16. Pus. The French under Mar-
shal Oudinot defeat tbe Russians un-
der Count Essen at Ostrolenka, Poland.
Mar. * Invasion of Spain.
Marshal Murat enters with a French
army of occupation , 20,000 strong, to fore-
stall the English. [Mar. 23. He occupies
Madrid.]
May 24. Prus. Danzic is captured by
the French under Marshal Lefebvre.
* * Ger. Kolberg and Gaudenz continue
to resist the French.
June 14. Prus. Battle of Friedland.
Here 75,000± under Napoleon defeat
55,000 to 70,000 Russians and Prussians
under Gen. Bennigsen. French loss,
7,500+ ; allies, 25,000+.
July 7, 9. Peace.
Nov. 30. Port. The French under Gen.
Junot enter Lisbon.
1808 * * -14 * * Sp. Napoleon is at war
with Great Britain in Spain and Por-
tugal. (" Peninsula "War." SeeGreat
Britain.)
May 27. Sp. The "Sicilian Vespers"
are reenacted in Spain ; the French gar-
rison at Madrid is murdered without
mercy.
July 14. Sp. The French under Mar-
shal Bessieres defeat the Spaniards un-
der Gren. Cuesta at Medina de Rio Seco.
July 21. Sp. Battle of Baylen.
The Spaniards under Gen. Castafios
defeat the French under Gen. Dupont ;
20,000 men lay down their arms. [The
French are allowed to leave Spain, but
the capitulation is rejected by the Junta
of Seville, and all but the superior offi-
cers are sent to the galleys at Cadiz.]
Aug. 21. Port. Sir Arthur Wellesley,
commanding the British, defeats the
French under Gen. Junot at Vimeiro.
Nov. 23. Sp. The French under Mar-
shal Lannes defeat the Spaniards at
Tudela.
Dec* Sp. Napol6on augments his
army to 250,000 men.
* * -13. Sp. The French occupy Ma-
drid.
1809 Jan. * Sp. Tbe British army
retreats into Galicia.
Jan. 16. Sp. The British under Sir
John Moore, while retreating from Ma-
drid, defeat 20,000 French under
Marshal Soult at Corunna; Sir John is
killed. [Jan. 17. The British embark.]
Feb. 21. Sp. Saragossa taken.
After a prolonged siege and an obsti-
nate defense, the French under Marshal
Lannes take the city from the Spaniards
under Gen. Palafox.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1806 Nov. * Berlin. Napoleon removes
pictures from the royal galleries to
France.
* * Paris. Pont deslnvalides is erected.
1808 May 3. Paris. M. de Granpre
and M. Le Pique ascend in balloons near
Paris, and the latter is killed.
+* * Etienne Louis Mai us discovers polar-
ization of light by reflection.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1805 * * Anquetil-Duperron Abraham Hy»-
cinthe, orientalist, A74.
Arnaud, Francois T. 11. de Baculard d', mis.
writer, A87.
Battard, Victor, architect, born.
Barbier, Henri Auguste, poet, born.
Barthglemy Saint-Hilaire, Jules, statesman,
philosopher, orientalist, born.
Bertin, Louise Angelique, singer, comp., b.
Billault, Auguste Adolphe Marie, states., b.
Blanqui, Louis Auguste, socialist, born.
Brascassat, Jacques Raymond, painter, born.
Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, pol., A 47.
Chahert, Marquis de, Joseph Bernard, navi-
gator, astronomer, geographer, A78.
Charriere, Madame Saint-Hyacinthe de, nov-
elist, A65 + .
Chappe, Claude, inventor of a telegraph, A42.
Christofle, Charles, manufacturer, born.
Clement, Ambroise, economist, born.
Considerent, Victor, socialist, born.
Drouyn de Lhuys, Kdouard, statesman, b.
Gabourd, Am6d£e, historian, born.
Gratry, Auguste Jos. Alphonse, theol., wr., b.
Greuze, Jean Baptiste, painter, A79.
Houdin, Robert, prestidigitateur, born.
Jacquand, Claudius, painter, born.
Latude, Henri Masers de, prisoner of state,
A80.
Lesseps, Vicomte de, Ferdinand, diplo-
matist, engineer of the Suez canal, born.
Maret, Henri Louis Charles, theologian, born,
Mechain, Pierre Francois Andr6,astron., A61.
Niepce de Saint-Victor, Claude Felix Abel.,
chemist, inventor photog. on glass, born.
Schneider, Eugene, manufacturer, politician,
born.
Tocqueville, Alexis C. H. Clerel de,
statesman, political philosopher, writer, b.
Villoison, Jean Baptiste Gaspardd'Anssede,
scholar, A55+.
1806 * * Adanson, Michel, botanist, A79.
Anicet-Bourgeois, Auguste, dram, author, b.
Barthez, Paul Joseph, physician, A72.
Bassanville, Comtesse de, Anais L., au., b.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques, naturalist, A83.
Carmontelle, Louis Carrogis, dram, wr., A89.
Chevalier, Michel, political economist, born.
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, phll., A72+.
Didron, Adolphe Napoleon, archeologist, b.
Duprez, Gilbert Louis, tenor singer, comp.,b.
Gail lard, Gabriel Henry, historian, mis.
writer, A 80.
Girardin, Emile de, journalist, born.
Gozlan, Leon, dramatist, born.
Lamoriciere, Christophe Louis de, gen., b.
Mounier, Jean Joseph, statesman, A48.
Nisard, Jean Marie Napoleon D6sir6, critic,
litterateur, born.
Rouvestre, Emile, journalist, author, born.
Pereir, Isaac, financier, one of the founders
of the Credit Mobilier, born.
Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste
Silvestre de, admiral, A 43.
1807 * * Bousmard, Henri J. B. de, military
engineer, A58.
Broussonnet, Pierre Auguste, naturalist, A 46.
Charton, Edouard, litterateur, born.
Coste, Jean Jacques Cyprien Victor, natural-
ist, born.
Cottin, Sophie Ristand, novelist, A34.
Farochon, Jean Baptiste Eugene, artist, born.
Frossard, Charles Auguste, general, born.
Grevy, Francois Paul Jules, President, b.
Guilmeth, Alexandre Auguste, archeol., b.
Laborde, Comte de, L6on Emmanuel Simon
Joseph, traveler, writer, born.
Lacroix, Paul, novelist, mis. writer, born.
Lalande, Jos. J. le Francis de, astrono-
mer, A75.
Iiebrun, Ponce D. E., poet, A78.
Legrand, Jacques Guillaume, architect, A64.
Mallet, Charles Auguste, philosopher, born.
N^laton, Auguste, surgeon, born.
Paoli, Pasquale di, Corsican general, A81.
Pelouze, Theophile Jules, chemist, born.
Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, jurist, states-
man, A62.
Hochambeau, Marquis de, J. B. Dona-
tion de Vimeur, marshal, A82.
Saulcy, Louis Felicien Jos. Caignart de,
arclieologist, born.
Ternaux, Henri (Ternaux-Campans), au., b.
1808 * * Barthgleinon, Francis H., musician,
composer, A67.
Cabanis, Pierre Jean G., physician, philoso-
pher, author, A51.
Chenavard, Paul, painter, born.
Chenu, Jean Charles, naturalist, born.
Collombet, Francois Z6non, author, born.
Etex, Antoine, sculptor, born.
Granier de Cassagnac, Adolphe Bernard,
journalist, politician, historian, born.
Jacquemart, Albert, hist, of ceramics, born.
FRANCE. 1805, Oct. 17-1809, Feb. 21. 717
Karr, Jean Baptiste Alplionse, novelist, born.
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandra Augusta, socialist, b.
Malibran, Maria Felicite, singer, actor, born.
MacMahon, Comte de, Marie Edme Patrice
Maurice, Due de Magenta, President, born,
in Sully, June 13.
Apr. 20. Napoleon in.. Charles Louis
Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor, born.
Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor de Fialin de,
statesman, born.
Planche, Jean Baptiste G., litterateur, born.
Robert, Hubert, painter, A75.
CHURCH.
1806 May 30. Napoleon decrees an as-
sembly of Jewish deputies for the pur-
pose of forming a Sanhedrin. [July 2a
They meet.]
1807 * * A Methodist society of 70 per-
sons has heeD established at Arras.
1808 Feb. 2. It. The French subvert
the papal government at Rome.
Dee. 4. Napoleon abolishes the inquisi-
tion.
LETTERS.
1805 * * Achillea at Scyros, by Luce do
Lancival, appears.
* * Tibere, by M. J. de Chenier, appears.
* * The Templars, by Francois J. M. Ray-
nouard, appears.
* * Ode a la grande armee, by Pierre An-
toine Lebru'n, appears.
* * Elementary Treatise on Physical As-
tronomy, by Jean B. Birot, appears.
1806* * Henry IV. of France, by Le-
gouve^ appears.
* * Chrestomathie arabe, by Baron A. J.
S. de Sacy, appears. [1810, Arabic Gram-
mar.]
* * Elizabeth, ou les Exile's de Siberie, by
Madame S. R. Cottin, appears.
1807 * * The Genius of Man, by C. J. P.
de Chenedolle, appears.
* * Introduction to the Scientific Labors of
the 19th Century, by Claud H. Saint-
Simon, appears. 11814, The Reorganiza-
tion of European Society.]
1808 * * Theory of Four Movements and
General Destinies, by F. M. C. Fourier,
appears.
* * Picture of French Literature in the
18th Century, by A. G. P. B. de Barante,
appears.
* * Eugene de Rothelin, by Marquis A. M.
E. F. Souza-Botelho, appears.
* * Napoleon gives attention to public in-
struction, and revives education.
He establishes the General University
to superintend national education.
SOCIETY.
1806 Nov. * Napoleon exhibits coarse
behavior toward Louisa, the high-spir-
ited queen of Prussia.
* * The Conseils de Prud'hommes are
organized as trade tribunals, composed
of employers and workmen, to arbitrate
trade disputes.
1807 Aug. 12. J6r6me Bonaparte
marries Catherine of Wiirtemberg.
1808 Mar. 1. Paris. The new nobil-
ity of France is created. [Many of the
old families decline the titles.]
STATE.
1805 Dec. 26. Hung. The Peace of
Presburg. (See p. 519.)
Dec* It. Napol6on by proclamation
dethrones the Bourbons in Naples for
violating the treaty of neutrality with
France.
1806 Jan. 1. Napoleon repeals the
Republican Calendar, and restores the
Gregorian Calendar and the Christian
Era.
Feb. * It. A French army in Naples
compels the court to withdraw to Sicily ;
Napoleon appoints his elder brother,
Joseph, King of Naples.
* * Napoleon's brother Louis Napo-
leon is made King of Holland, now
called the Batavian Republic ; Joachim
Murat, his brother-in-law, is created
Grand-duke of Berg, and Marshal Ber-
thier, Prince of Neuchatel.
July 12. The Confederation of the
Rhine is established.
Napoleon dissolves the ancient Ger-
manic body, and unites 14 princes of the
South and West into the Confederation
of the Rhine, with himself as protector.
The Confederation is finally joined by
all the German princes except Austria,
Prussia, Brunswick, and the electorate
of Hesse.
Aug. 6. The Confederation of the Rhine
terminates the Holy Roman Empire.
(See Germany.)
Sept. * Frederick of Prussia is deeply in-
censed at the slanderous language of
Napoleon respecting his queen.
Oct. 1. Paris. The Prussian minister
peremptorily demands that all French
troops shall immediately evacuate Ger-
many [and war follows; France is
ready, and Prussia ill-prepared]. (See
Army.)
* * Napoleon improves all branches of the
public service.
Nov. 21. Napoleon issues the Berlin
decree.
It announces a (paper) blockade of the
British Isles, the interdiction of all trade
with England under heavy penalties, and
prohibits vessels which had touched at Brit-
ish ports, at or from its colonies, entering
France. All trade in English goods unlaw-
ful, and its merchandise a lawful prize. Its
trade to bo shut out from the Continent.
(This "Continental System" is soon found
to be impracticable.)
Dec. 11. Ger. The Elector of Saxony
signs a separate peace with Napoleon,
and enters the Confederacy as king of
Saxony.
1807 June 25. E. Prus. Napoleon
holds an interview with the czar at Til-
sit, on a raft moored in the middle of
the River Niemen.
July 7. Prus. Peace of Tilsit between
France and Russia.
July 9. Prus. Peace of Tilsit between
France and Prussia.
1. Russia recognizes the newly formed
duchy of Warsaw, formed out of parts of
Prussia, under the king of Saxony. 2. Dan-
zig to be a free city again. 3. Part of New
East Prussia is ceded to Russia, and a small
portion to Saxony. 4. To recognize Joseph
BonaparteasKingof Naples, Louis Bonaparte
as King of Holland, and Jer6me Bonaparte as
King of Westphalia, when the kingdom is cre-
ated; also, to recognize the Confederation of
the Rhine, which is to include the region west
of the Elbe ; to accept the mediation of Napo-
leon with the Turks, and Alexander to medi-
ate with England in behalf of France. A
secret article binds the two emperors in an
alliance against England if peace is refused.
1. Prussia cedes to Napoleon for his dis-
posal the territory between the Rhine and
Elbe; to Saxony the circle of Cottbus, and
for the creation of the grand duchy of War-
saw; to cede the lands taken from Poland
since 1772, also to cede the city and territory
of Danzig. 2. Also, to recognize the sov-
reignty of Napoleon's brothers. 3. To close
all Prussian harbors and lands to British
commerce and trade until she makes peace
with France. 4. The Prussian army is lim-
ited to 42,000 men. Large indemnities are
also to be paid. Prussia becomes a second-
class power, with its territory reduced from
89,120 to 46,032 square miies.
July 12. Prus. Treaty of Kbnigsberg
with Prussia.
The J'russian provinces and fortresses to
be restored and evacuated when war indem-
nities are paid, which by Prussian calcula-
tions amount to 19,000,000 francs, but are
nxed by the French at 120,000,000. [Raised
in 1808 to 140,000,000.]
Aug. * Ger. The kingdom of West-
phalia is founded by the decree of Na-
poleon , — one-half the domain is reserved
for himself.
Sept. * Den. The British take possession
by force of the Danish fleet, to prevent
its use by France. (See p. 639.)
* * Denmark enters an alliance with
France.
Oct. 27. The secret Treaty of Fontaine-
bleau for the partition of Portugal is
signed.
Nov. * Portugal refuses to join the Con-
tinental System, and is invaded by
France.
Dec. 13. France and Spain unite to pro-
claim the deposition of the House of
Braganza.
Dec. 17. It. Napoleon's Milan decree
is issued against British commerce.
1808 Feb. 1. Port. Gen. Junot pro-
claims that Portugal is to be governed
henceforth by France as a conquered
kingdom.
A French army (100,000) enters Spain
on the pretext of guarding the coasts
against the attacks of the British.
May 1. Sp. Charles TV. of Spain ab-
dicates in favor of " his friend and ally,"
Napoleon.
Napoleon is at the height of his
glory, nearly all of Western Europe
dominated by him.
May 27. Sp. In consequence of the
royal abdication in favor of Napoleon,
an insurrection arises.
June 12. Sp. Joseph Bonaparte en-
ters Madrid as King of Spain. [Gen.
Murat takes the vacated throne of
Naples.]
* * The indignant Spaniards uprise against
the French intruders.
July 29. Sp. Joseph Bonaparte re-
tires from Madrid after the French de-
feat at Bayleu.
Aug. 30. Port. The Convention of
Cintra is entered by the French and
English ; Gen. Junot agrees to evacuate
Portugal immediately.
Sept. 27. Prus. Napoleon meets the
assembly of princes at Erfurt.
Four kings and 34 princes and other
German rulers do him reverence. He
strengthens his alliance with the czar,
who undertakes to subdue Sweden, and
promises to support Napoleon against
every hostile power.
Dec. 4. Sp. Napoleon enters Madrid.
718 1809, Apr. 6-1813, Apr. 13.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1809 Apr.* Aust. Napole"on is at war
with Austria for French supremacy;
England is an ally of Austria.
Austria puts nearly 400,000 men in the
field. Archduke Charles commands in
Bavaria, and the Archduke John in
Italy. The German people are sum-
moned to aid in breaking the yoke of
France ; Tyrol alone responds, under
Andreas Hofer.
Apr. 20. Bavaria. Napoleon defeats
the Austrians under Charles at Abens-
berg. [Apr. 21. And again at Land-
shut.]
Apr. 22. Bavaria. Battle at Eckmiihl.
Marshal Davout defeats the Austrians
under Charles, taking 20,000 prisoners,
all the artillery, and 15 standards.
Apr. 23. Bavaria. The French drive
the Austrians from Ratisbon ; Napo-
leon receives his slight and only wound
in the heel.
Apr. * Sp. The French under Marshal
Soult occupy Oporto.
May 4. Aust. The French defeat the
Austrians at Ebelsberg.
May 11. Aust. Napoleon takes Vi-
enna for the second time. [May 13.
He enters the city.]
May 12. Sp. Battle of Douro.
Wellesley with a British and Portu-
. guese army (35,000) takes Oporto from
the French under Marshal Soult, Duke
of Dalmatia.
May 21, 22. Aust. Battles of Aspern
and Essling. (See p. 518.)
July 5, 6. Aust. Battle of Wagram.
(See p. 518.)
July 27, 28. Sp. Battle of Talavera
de la Reina.
Sir Arthur "Wellesley and Gen. Cuesta
with 64,000 English and Spanish troops
defeat the French under Marshal Victor
and King Joseph.
July 28. Viscount "Wellington (Sir Ar-
thur "Wellesley) is made British com-
mander-in-chief in Spain.
Oct. 14. Peace. (See State.)
Nov. 14. Paris. Napole" on is con-
gratulated for his victories.
Nov. 19. Sp. Marshal Mortier defeats
the Spaniards at Ocafla.
* * _io * * Aust. The brave Tyrolese
continue the war alone with France.
[Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolese patriot,
is shot.] (See p. 519.)
1810* * Sp. Napoleon increases his army
in Spain to 280,000 men.
* * _n * * port. "Wellington and
Massena struggle for victory.
July 10. Port. Marshal Massena cap-
tures the fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo.
Sept. 27. Sp. Battle of Busaco.
"Wellington, with 40,000 British and
Portuguese troops, repulses 65,000+
French under Marshal Massena.
Oct. 9. Port. Wellington retreats to
the fortified lines of Torres Vedras,
which he successfully defends against
the French under Marshal Massena.
1811 Mar. 5. Sp. The British under
Gen. Graham defeat Marshal Victor at
Barosa.
Mar.+ * Port. Massena makes a mas-
terly retreat before Wellington into
Spain.
Mar. 11. Port. Badajoz is taken by
the French under Marshal Soult.
* * Port. "Wellington besieges Almeida,
and recaptures it from the French.
May 3-5. Port. Wellington, at
Fuentes-de-Onoro, checks Massena,
who soon retreats into Spain.
May 16. Sp, Battle of Albuera.
Gen. Beresford, commanding 30,000 al-
lies, defeats Marshal Soult, commanding
20,000 French.
Sept. 10. Sp. The Spaniards defeat
French at Ximena.
Oct. 28. Sp. Gen. Eowland Hill de-
feats French at Merida.
1812 Jan. 4. Sp. Marshal Suchet de-
feats the Spaniards at Albufera.
Jan. 9. Sp. Valencia is taken by the
French under Marshal Suchet, with its
garrison of 1G,000 men and immense
stores.
Jan. 19. Sp. "Wellington surprises
Ciudad Rodrigo, and takes it by storm.
(Jan. 8. Invested.)
Jan. 27. Prus. Marshal Davout with
20,000 French invades Swedish Pom-
erania without any previous declaration
of war. Sweden had offended by disre-
garding the Continental System.
Apr. 6. Sp. "Wellington takes Bada-
joz after a siege.
Apr. 11. Sp. Gen. Cotton defeats Mar-
shal Soult at Lilerena.
* * "War with Russia.
Napoleon provides for an army of 420,-
000 men [later increased to 553,000].
June 6. Napole"on crosses the Vistula,
and enters "West Russia. [June 22.
He arrives on the Niemen.]
June* V. Pus. Vilna is occupied.
Russians under Marshal Barclay de
Tolly retreat.
July 16. W. Pus. The advance of the
French army begins.
July 22. Sp. "Wellington completely
defeats the French under Marshal Mar-
mont at Salamanca.
July 23. Pus. The French defeat the
Russians under Prince Peter Bagration
at Mohilow.
July 30, 31. Pus. A battle occurs be-
tween the French and Russians at Po-
lotzk.
Aug. 17-18. Bus. Battle of Smo-
lensk.
The whole army assaults Smolensk;
during the night the Russians under
Marshal Barclay de Tolly and Prince
Peter Bagration fire the city and retreat.
Aug. * Sp. King Joseph Bonaparte,
commander of the French, evacuates
Madrid. [Aug. 12. The British enter.]
Sept. 7. Pus. Battle of Borodino.
The Russians under Marshal Mikhail
Kutusoff are forced to retire at Borodino
and Mozhaisk, on the Moskva; each
side has 140,000 men and suffers terrible
losses. The French lose 30,000+ , the Rus-
sians, 50,000+ ; the latter retreat in good
order.
Sept. 14. Pus. The Russian army re-
tires from Moscow, followed by most
of the inhabitants ; the French army,
95,000 strong, enters.
Sept. 15. Pus. Napoleon establishes
headquarters in the Kremlin.
Sept. 16-19. Pus. Burning of Mos-
cow.
The Russian patriots sack and burn
7,000 houses to deprive the French army
of shelter.
Sept. * Bus. Napoleon proffers a truce,
which is held back and finally refused.
Oct. 19. Bus. Retreat from Moscow.
After a halt of five weeks Napoleon
commences his disastrous retreat with
120,000 men ; swarms of Cossacks and
the Russian main army under Kutusoff
follow in pursuit.
Oct. 19, 20. Bus. The Russians retake
Polotzk.
Oct. 24. Bus. A desperate and success-
ful contest of one corps of the French
army occurs at Yaroslavez.
Nov. 3. Bus. One corps of the French
army has a hard fight with the Russians.
Nov. 6. Bus. Cold weather com-
mences ; much snow falls, and terrible
sufferings follow.
Nov. 12. W. Bus. The French army
arrives at Smolensk.
Nov. 14. W. Bus. The Russians defeat
the French at Vitebsk.
Nov. 17. W. Bus. Napole"on delivers
the remnant of his army from 60,000
Russians at Krasnoi.
Nov. 26-28. W. Bus. The French
make a disastrous passage of the Be-
resina, near Studianka.
Two bridges are constructed ; one gives
way under the artillery. Marshals Ney
and Oudinot with 8,500 men force a pas-
sage against 25,000 Russians. The re-
treat becomes a rout and wild flight ;
the Russians take 16,000 prisoners.
Dec. 5. Bus. Napolebn transfers the
command to Marshal Murat, and de-
parts for Paris.
Dec. 13. W. Bus. The French army,
100,000 strong, crosses the Niemen,
having lost 100,000 as prisoners. [Total
loss of the French and their allies,
300,000+.]
1813 * * -14 * * "War of Liberation.
The powers of Europe unite in an alli-
ance against Napoleon. The allies are
commanded by Prince Karl Philip von
Schwarzenberg, an Austrian general.
Jan.± * Napoleon raises another army
of 300,000 men.
Feb. 13. W. Bus. The Saxons are de-
feated by the Russians at Kalisz.
Mar. 11. Ger. The Russian troops en-
ter Berlin, and are welcomed.
Mar. 27. Ger. Prussians under Mar-
shals Wittgenstein and Bliicher occupy
Dresden.
The French army is concentrated, and
its contingents occupy Franconia, Thu-
ringia, and the bank of the Elbe.
Apr. 5. Prus. Prince Eugene defeats
the Russians at Mockern.
Apr. 13. Sp. Sir J. Murray defeats Mar-
shal Suchet at Castalla.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1809 * * Jean Baptiste P. A. de M.
Lamarck propounds a theory that all
FRANCE.
1809, Apr. 6-1813, Apr. * 719
animals have been developed from " mo-
nads," living minute particles.
* * (Edipus and the Sphinx is painted by
Jean Auguste Dominique.
1812 * * Paris. Iodine is discovered by
M. De Courtois, a manufacturer of salt-
peter.
* * Paris. Former periods of life on
the globe are proved by Cuvier in his
Discourse on the Revolution of the Sur-
face of the Globe; he also restores the
fossil animals of Paris.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1809 * * Barraband, Pierre Paul, artist, A40.
Blancliard, Francois, aeronaut, A71.
Canrobert, Francois Certain, marshal, sen., b.
Clapisson, Louis, composer, born.
Cossigny de Palma, Joseph Francois, natur-
alist, A79.
Dalayrac, Nicolas, musical composer, A56.
Douay, Charles Abel, general, philosopher, b.
Dupuis, Charles Francois, savant, A67.
F"avre, Jules G. C, orator, statesman, born.
Flandin, Eugene Napoleon, painter, archeol-
ogist, born.
Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte, hist, painter, b.
Franck, Adolphe, philosopher, born.
Fourcroy, Antoine Francois tie, chemist, A54.
Gigoux, Jean F'rancois, painter, born.
Haussmann, Baron Georges Eugene, pol., b.
Jeanron, Philippe Auguste, painter, born.
Lacroix, Jules, bibliographer, antiquary, b.
Lannes, Jean, Due de Montebello, marshal,
A40.
Leboeuf, Edmond, marshal, born.
Marmler, Xavier, traveler, litterateur, born.
Michel, Francisque Xavier, archeologist, b.
Pajou, Augustin, sculptor, A79.
Peyrat, Napoleon, poet, historian, born.
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, socialist, born.
Vacherot, Etienne, philosopher, born.
Vien, Joseph Marie, historical painter, A93.
1810* * Abbadie, Antoine Tomson d,' trav-
eler, born.
Auguis, Pierre Jean Baptiste, revolu., A65+.
Barges, Jean Joseph Leandre, orientalist, b.
Boissieu, Jean Jacques de, engraver, A74.
Baudelocque, Jean Louis, surgeon, AB4.
Beauregard, Charles Victor, general, A46.
Bosquet, Pierre F. Joseph, marshal, born.
Cabarrus, Francois, merchant, A58.
Chaudet, Antoine Denis, sculptor, A47.
Charras, Jean Baptiste A., military writer, b.
Colet, Louise, nee Uevoil, novelist, poet, born.
David, Felicien Cesar, musical composer, b.
Eon de Beaumont, Charles Genevieve Louis
Auguste Andr£ Timothee d', diplo., A82.
Failly, Pierre Louis Charles Achille de, gen-
eral, born.
Faugere, Armand Prosper, author, born.
Felix, Celestin Joseph, pulpit orator, born.
Ferdinand Philippe, Due d' Orleans, born.
Fleurieu, Comte de, Charles 1'ierre Claret,
navigator, hydrograpller, statesman, A72.
Gasparin, Agehor E. de, Protestant reformer,
author, born.
Maisonnenve, Jules G. F., surgeon, born.
Martin, Bon Louis Henri, historian, born.
Mlnld, Claude Etienne, (Mini6 rifle-bullet), b.
Montalembert, Comte de, Charles Forbes,
statesman, orator, author, born. , ,
Montgolfier, Joseph Michel, mechanician
inventor, A70.
Moreau, Hegesippe, poet, born.
Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de, poet, b.
Quatrefages de Breau, Jean L. A., nat., born.
Kegnault, Henry Victor, chemist, born.
Walewski, Comte, Alexandre Florian Joseph
C, natural son of Napoleon I. (?), states-
man, writer, born.
Wolowski, Louis Francois M., economist, b.
1811 * * Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, antiquary,
A81.
Altaroche, Marie Michel, humorist, born.
Bazaine, Francois Achille, marshal, born.
Bonaparte, Napoleon II., or Napoleon Fran-
cois Charles Joseph, son of Napoleon I. and
Maria Louisa, born.
Bravais, Auguste, scientist, born.
Chenier, Marie Joseph de, poet, dram., A47.
Chalgrin, Jean Francois Therese, arch., A72.
Clairville, Louis Francois Nicolaie, dramat-
ic writer, born.
Delsarte. Francois A. N. C, singer, elocu-
tionist, born.
Duruy, Victor, historian, statesman, born.
E8inenard, Joseph Alphonse, poet, A44.
Falloux, Vicomte, Frederic Alfred Pierre,
statesman, writer, born.
Fortoul, Hippolyte Nicolas Honors, writer, b.
Galois, Evariste, mathematician, born.
Gautier, Theophile, author, poet, born.
Laboulaye, Edouard Rene Lefebvre, ju-
rist, historical writer, born.
Leverrier, Urbain Jean Jos., astronomer, b.
Longet, F'raneois A., physician, born.
Meissonier, Jean Louis Ernest, painter, b.
Morny, Comte Charles Auguste L. J., pol., b.
Perier, Casimir, financier, statesman, born.
Sandeau, Leonard Sylvaiu Jules, novelist, b.
Wimpffen, Emmanuel Felix de, general, b.
1813 * * Abbatucci, Giacomo Pietro, Corsican
general, A86.
Albitte, Antoine Louis, Jacobin, dies.
Arago, Francois Victor Emmanuel, lawyer,
diplomatist, born.
Arnould, Ambrose Marie, political econo-
mist, author, A(i2.
Autran, Joseph, poet, born.
Breton, Francois P. II. Ernest, artist, born.
Cabat, Nicolas Louis, landscape painter, b.
Cissey, Frnest L. O. C. de, gen., politician, b.
Cochet, L'Abb6, Jean Baptiste Desire, anti-
quary, born.
Combes, Edmond, traveler, writer, born.
Dumeril, Auguste Henri Andr6, naturalist, b.
Eble, Jean Baptiste, general, A54.
Favre, Pierre Etienne Lazare, linguist, born.
Feuillet, Octave, novelist, dramatist, born.
Haureau, Jean Barthelemi, historian, publi-
cist, born.
Jullien, Louis Georges, musician, born.
Legouvg, Gabriel Marie J. B.,dram. poet,A48.
Leve8que, Pierre Charles, historian, A76.
Malus, Etienne Louis, eng., physicist, A37.
Mirecourt, Eugene de, novelist, writer, born.
Pitra, Jean Baptiste, cardinal, scholar, born.
Seguin, Edouard, physician, alienist, born.
Sonnini de Manoncourt, Charles Nicolas Sl-
gisbert, naturalist, A61.
Wallon, Henri Alexandre, historian, born.
CHURCH.
1809 May 17. Paris. Napoleon issues
a decree abolishing the temporal au-
thority of the Pope.
June 10. Rome. Pope Pius VII. excom-
municates Napoleon.
July* -14* *Napol6on deposes the
Pope, and holds him in captivity. (See
State.)
July 7. Rome. French soldiers surround
the Quiriual at midnight, capture the
aged Pope, and transport him under
guard across the Alps to Grenoble. He is
later placed on prisoner's allowance, and
lived nearly three years, almost entirely
upon alms.
1811 * * Paris. A synod convoked by
Napoleon refuses to make the French
Church independent of Rome.
1812 June* Napoleon fixes the Pope's
residence at Fontainebleau. [After the
Peace of Paris the Pope returns to
Rome.]
LETTERS.
1809 * * Lettres, by Mile, de Lespinasse,
appears.
* * Hector, by Luce de Lancival, appears.
1810 * * Essai sur le principe ginirateur
des institutions humaines, by Joseph M.
Maistre, appears.
1811 Mar. 25. Every newspaper ob-
noxious to Bonaparte is suppressed.
* * Les Derviches, by Augustine Eugene
Scribe, appears.
* * Jeremy Bentham's ThSorie des peines
et des Recompenses, edited by Dumont,
appears. [1815, Also Tactique des As-
semblies legislatives.]
* * Recherches physico-chimiques, by Gay-
Lussac and Tn^hard, appears.
* * -19 * * Commentaire sur I'esprit des
lois, by Comte A. L. C. Destutt de Tracy,
appears.
* * -40 * * Biographie Universelle, by
Joseph F. Michaud and Louis G. M1-
chaud, appears.
1812 * * Le lipreux de la citk d'Aoste, by
Count X. de Maistre, appears. [1815,
Lajeune Sibirienne and Prisonniers du
L'aucase.]
* * The Analytic Theory of Probabilities,
by Laplace, appears. [1814, Philosophic
Essay on Probabilities!]
SOCIETY.
1809 Nov. 25. Louis Philippe [king]
marries Marie Amelie, daughter of Fer-
dinand IV., King of Naples.
Dec. 16. Napoleon is divorced from
Josephine by the Senate. [1810. Apr. 2.
He marries Maria Louisa of Austria.]
1810 Jan. 9. Paris. The marriage
of Napoleon to Josephine is declared a
nullity by the Diocesan Court.
STATE.
1809 Apr. 9. The fifth coalition against
France by England and Austria.
July 6.-14 * * The Pope is held a
captive.
The Pope having refused to recognize the
Continental System or recognize Murat as
King of Italy, Napoleon annexes the Pontifi-
cal States to France, and assigns to the de-
posed Pope two millions of francs as an
annual revenue, and the enjoyment of his
palaces. The Pope excommunicates Napo-
leon and his counsellors.
Oct. 14. Aust. Peace of Vienna (p. 519).
1810 Jan. 6. Sweden joins the " Con-
tinental System."
* * Aust. Southern Tyrol is annexed to
the kingdom of Italy.
Apr. 2. Napoleon marries Maria Lou-
isa, Archduchess of Austria, 19 years of
age.
July* Neth. Louis Bonaparte, King
of Holland, refuses to ruin his country
by joining the " Continental System,"
and is forced to abdicate, and fly to
England.
July 11. Neth. Napoleon annexes
HoUand as the " alluvial deposit of
French rivers." [The empire contains
130 departments and 50,000,000 of sub-
jects.]
1811 Jan. 1. Ger. Hamburg is for-
mally annexed to France.
Mar. 20. ^ Queen Maria Louisa gives
birth to a son [Napoleon LT.J, who is
styled King of Italy.
1812 Mar. 10. Napoleon denational-
izes all flags that submit to the British
orders in council.
Apr. 14. Napoleon's overtures of
peace are rejected by England.
June 22. France declares war against
Russia.
Causes : Russia's failure to strictly
carry out the Continental System, which
had ruined her commerce, offends the
master of the European continent.
1813 Feb. 3. Prus. Frederick William
III. appeals to the patriotism of the
Prussians, and the young men enlist
en masse.
Feb. 28. Alliance of Kalish; Russia
and. Prussia unite against France.
Mar. 3. England and Sweden enter a
treaty; the latter furnishes the allies
30,000 men.
Mar. 16. Prussia declares war against
France.
Mar. * Ger. A revolt breaks out against
France in Hamburg. The Dukes of
Mecklenburg withdraw from the Con-
federacy of the Rhine.
720 1813, May 2-1815, Mar. 29. FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1813 May 2. Saxony. The allied Rus-
sians and Prussians, 70,000+ strong, at-
tack Napoleon, 115,000 strong, and are
defeated at Liitzen.
May * Saxony. The allies withdraw to
Lusatia.
May 18. Prus. Swedish troops under
the Crown Prince Bernadotte land in
Pomerania.
May 20, 21. Saxony. Battle of Baut-
zen.
Napoleon with 140,000+ men (40,000 ab-
sent on the first day) defeats 90,000±
Russians and Prussians at Bautzen and
Wurschen, but they retire in good order ;
French loss, 20,000±, including Napo-
leon's favorite general, Marshal Duroc ;
allies, 13,000±.
May 21+. Prus. The allies retreat to
Silesia.
May 22. Saxony. The French defeat
the Austrians and Russians at Hoch-
kirchen.
May 30. Ger. The French under Mar-
shal Davout occupy Hamburg, and
brutally maltreat the people.
June 4. An armistice for eight weeks is
signed. [Later prolonged to Aug. 10.]
June 21. Sp. Battle of Vittoria.
Wellington, commanding the allies,
routs King .Joseph and Marshal Jour-
dan (75,000) ; the French lose 151 cannon
and all their baggage, provisions, and
treasure. They now abandon Spain.
July 28. Sp, Wellington defeats Mar-
shal Soult in the Pyrenees. [Aug. 2.
He again defeats him.]
Aug. 10. Ger. Hostilities are renewed.
Aug. 12. Austria joins the allies. (See
p. 521.)
Aug. * English subsidies enable the allies
to place three great armies (370,000) in
the field.
(1) The Bohemian army under Marshal
Schwarzenberg. (2) The Silesian army
under Marshal Bliicher. (3) The North-
ern army under Marshal Bernadotte,
Crown Prince of Sweden.
Aug. 23. Prus. Battle of Gross-
beeren.
The Prussians under Gen. Marshal Von
Bulow defeat the French army under
Marshal Oudinot,and check its advance
on Berlin, and drive it back to the Elbe.
Aug. 26. Prus. The allies (90,000) un-
der Gen. Bliicher defeat the French
(100,000) under Marshal Macdonald on
the Katzbach near Wahlstatt. French
loss, 12,000 killed and wounded.
Aug. 26, 27. Saxony. The allies are
defeated at Dresden. (See p. 520.)
Aug. 30. Bohemia. The allies are vic-
torious at Kulm. (See p. 520.)
Aug. 31. Sp. Gen. Graham takes San
Sebastian by storm ; the British sol-
diers commit excesses and atrocities.
Sept. 6. Prus. Battle of Dennewitz.
The allied Prussians, Russians, and
Swedes under Gen. Von Bulow and Gen.
Tauenzein defeat the French under
Marshal Ney.
Sept. 17. Bohemia. Repulse at Nol-
lendorf.
Gen. Schwarzenburg repulses Napo-
leon ; Gen. Vandamme is defeated by
the Prussians under Marshal Kleist.
Oct. 3. Prus. The allies are reen-
forced by 60,000 Russians under Gen.
Bennigsen.
Battle of Wartenburg ; the allies
against Gen. Bertrand defeat the French.
Oct. 7. The British enter France.
Oct. 8. Ger. The King of Bavaria
withdraws as an ally of the French.
Oct. * Prus. Napol6on retreats to pre-
vent the allies concentrating in his rear.
Oct. 16. Marshal Bliicher defeats the
French under Marshal Marmont at
Mockern.
Oct. 16, 18, 19. Battle of Leipsic,
called the Battle of the Nations. Allies
army combined, 200,000, and later 300,-
000+ ; French 130,000.
(Oct. 16.) Indecisive action between
Napoleon and the Russians and Prus-
sians under Gen. Schwarzenberg at
Washau.
(Oct. 17.) Napoleon makes offers of
peace with extravagant conditions.
(Oct. 18.) The allies win a great vic-
tory after fighting nine hours. The
troops of Saxony and WUrtemberg go
over to the allies in the heat of the
battle.
(Oct. 19.) The allies storm Leipsic,
and capture the King of Saxony. The
French retreat with a loss of 30,000 men,
and many troops are drowned by the pre-
mature blowing up of the bridge over the
Elster, with Marshal Poniatowski among
them.
Oct. 30, 31. Prus. Napoleon (70,000+)
defeats the Bavarian army (30,000)
under Marshal Wrede at Hanau.
Oct. 31. Sp. Pamplona is surrendered
to the Spaniards by the British.
Nov. 2. Ger. Napoleon gains the bat-
tle of Hochheim, and crosses the Rhine
at Mentz, with his army reduced to 70,000
men.
Nov. 11. Ger. Dresden falls into the
hands of the allies.
Nov. 15. Neth. A revolt against the
French breaks out in Holland.
Dec. 21+. The Austrian army crosses
the Rhine, and advances to Langres.
1814 Jan. 1 + . The army of Bliicher
crosses the Rhine, and occupies Nancy.
A third army of the allies finally estab-
lishes itself on the road to Paris by
Laon and Soissons.
Jan. 16. Langres submits to the Aus-
trians.
Jan. * The allies in France are nearly
200,000 strong.
Jan. 26. The French defeat the allies
at St. Dizier.
Jan. 29. Napoleon defeats Marshal
Bliicher at Brienne, and drives him
back.
Feb. 1. Marshal Bliicher and the Prince
of WUrtemberg with 100,000+ men de-
feat Napoleon and 45,000 French at
La Rothiere, and drive him across the
River Aube.
Feb. 8. It. Eugene de Beauharnais
defeats the Austrians in an engagement
on the banks of the Mincio.
Feb. 10-12. Napoleon defeats the al-
lies under Prince Os ten-Sack en at
Champaubert.
Feb. 11. Napoleon defeats the allies
under the Duke of York, and drives
them across the Marne at Montmirail.
Feb. 14. Marshal Marmont defeats the
Prussians under Marshal Bliicher at
Vauchamps.
Feb. 17. Marshal Marmont defeats the
main army of the allies at Fontaine-
bleau.
Feb. 18. Napole"on defeats the allies
under the Crown Prince of WUrtemberg
at Montereau.
Feb. * The allies retreat to Troyes.
Feb. 27. The allies under Gen. Schwarz-
enberg defeat Marshal Oudinot and
Gen. Macdonald at the battle of Bar-sur-
Aube.
"Wellington defeats Marshal Soult at
Orthez in the south of France.
Mar. 7. Napoleon checks the advance
of the allies at Craonne.
Mar. 9-10. The united armies of the
allies under Marshal BlUcher defeat
Napoleon at Laon, inflicting heavy
loss.
Mar. 12. The allies occupy Bordeaux.
Mar. 13. Napoleon defeats the Rus-
sians under Comte de Saint-Priest at
Reims, and retakes the city.
Mar. 20. "Wellington defeats the
French under Marshal Soult at Tarbes.
Napoleon throws himself in the rear
of the allies to cut off their communica-
tions.
Mar. 25. The allies defeat Marshals
Marmont and Mortier at Fere Champe-
noise.
Mar. 28. Napoleon is defeated at St.
Dizier.
Mar. 30. Paris. The allies defeat
Marshals Marmont and Mortier, who
capitulate. Montmartre is stormed.
Mar. 31. Paris. Gen. Marmont evacu-
ates the city, and the allies enter, 230,000
strong.
Apr. 10. Battle of Toulouse.
Wellington defeats Marshal Soult at
Toulouse in the last battle of the Pe-
ninsular War ; Soult is forced to retreat ;
British loss, 4,500 ; French loss, 10,000.
* * Chalons is taken by the allies.
1815 Mar. 21. Paris. Napoleon en-
ters the city.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1814 * * Joseph Nicephore Niepce begins
his researches on the action of light on
prepared surfaces.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1813 * * Aubry, Claude Charles, general, A40.
Bernard, Claude, physiologist, born.
Bessieres, Jean Baptiste, Due d'Istria,
marshal, A45.
Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis, author, politi-
cian, born.
Cahours, A uguste, chemist, born.
Coster, Joseph Francois, economist, finan-
cier, A84.
Crevecoenr, Hector Saint-Joan de, agricul-
turist, A78. •
Curaudau, Francois Rene, chemist, inventor,
A48.
Darboy, Georges, archbp. of Paris, born.
Delille, L'Abbe Jacques, poet, A75.
Duroc, Gerard C. M., Due de Friuli, gen-
eral, A41.
Duvoisin, Jean Baptiste, bishop, author, A69.
Galimard, Nicolas Auguste, painter, born.
Junot, Andoche, Due d' Abrantes, general,
A42.
FRANCE.
1813, May 2-1815, Mar. 29. 721
Gretry, Andre Ernest Modeste, comp., A72.
Hue, L'Abbg Evariste R£gis, missionary, b.
Houel, Jean P. L. L., painter, engraver, A77.
Lagrange, Joseph Louis, geotnet., A77.
Levizac, Abb6, Jean P. V. L. de, gram., dies.
Maquet, Auguste, novelist, born.
Moreau, Jean Victor, general, A52.
Napoleon Victor, Prince, son of Prince Napo-
leon Jerdme and Princess Clotilde, born
July 16.
Narbonne-Lara, Comte de, Louis, statesman,
soldier, A58.
Pelletan, Pierre Clement Eugene, litterateur,
born.
Poniatowski, Prince, Josef Anton, Polish
general, marshal, A51.
Troyon, Constant, painter, born.
Veuillot, Louis, journalist, author, bom.
1814* * Aubert, L'Abb6 Jean Louis, poet,
critic, fabulist, A83.
Bernardin de Saint Pierre, Jacques Henri,
author, A77.
Bossut, Charles, mathematician, A84.
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, navigator,
discoverer, A 85.
Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles E., archeol-
oglst, born.
Cavelier, Pierre Jules, sculptor, born.
Chardon de la Rochette, Simon, philologist,
Hellenist, A61.
Clesinger, J. B. Auguste, sculptor, born.
D'Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis George
Seroux, archeologist, A84.
Sainte-Claire-Deville, Charles, geologist, b.
Ebelmen, Jacques Joseph, chemist, born.
Esquiros, Henri Alphonse, novelist, born.
Faye, Herve Auguste E. A., astronomer, b.
Fisch, George, Swiss Protestant clergyman, b.
Fremy, Edmond, chemist, born.
Geoffroy, Julien Louis, critic, editor, A71.
Guillard, Nicolas Francois, lyric poet, A62.
Guillotin, Joseph Ignace, physician, inventor
guillotine, A76.
Josephine, Marie J. R. T. de la Pagerle,
empress, A51. ,
La B^dolliere, Emlle Gigault de, litterateur,
born.
Nemours, Due de, Louis Charles Philippe
Raphael d'Orleans, son of [King] Louis
Philippe, born.
Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, satirist, A84.
Parny, Evariste Desire 'Desforges de, poet,
A61.
Ponsard, Francois, dramatist, born.
Roulier, Eugene, statesman, born.
Saisset, Emile Edmond, philosopher, born.
Simon, Jules, statesman, born.
Vlollet-le-Duc, Eugene E., architect, born.
CHURCH.
1813 * * Napoleon extorts important con-
cessions from the Pope in a new con-
cordat. [Mar. 24. Revoked by the
Pope. Mar. 25. Published as law.]
1814 June * Lo.uis XVIII. proclaims
the Roman Catholic religion as the
religion of the State, but promises toler-
ation for all religions.
LETTERS.
1813 * * On the Spirit of Conquest and
Usurpation, by Benjamin Constant de
Rebecque, appears.
1814 * * Geographical Description of
Egypt under the Pharaohs, oy Jean
Francois Champollion, appears.
SOCIETY.
1814 May 4. Napole"on arrives at
Elba.
* *The term Legitimists is applied to
those who support the royal claims of
the elder branch of the Bourbon family.
1815 Mar. 29. Napoleon abolishes the
slave-trade.
STATE.
1813 June 15. England concludes a
subsidy treaty with Prussia and Russia
at Reichenbach.
July 5+. Bohemia. Fruitless negotia-
tions for peace are made at Prague.
Aug. 12. Austria declares war against
France.
Sept. 9. Austria concludes an alliance
with Russia and Prussia. (See p. 521.)
Oct. 8. Aust. Treaty of Hied. (See
p. 521.)
Oct. 19. Saxony. 'Die defeat of Napo-
leon at Leipsic has important political
results.
King Jerome flees from Cassel ; the
kingdom of Westphalia and the duchies
of Frankfort and Berg are abolished,
while Cassel, Brunswick, Hanover, and
Oldenburg are restored to their former
rulers.
Nov. 5. Napol6on arrives at St. Cloud.
Nov. 8. The allies propose peace, with
the Alps and the Rhine for boundaries ;
but distrusting Napoleon, they resolve
to press the war, and cross the Rhine.
Nov. * The Confederacy of the Rhine
vanishes.
Wiirtemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt,
Baden, and remaining members of the
Confederacy of the Rhine, withdraw.
Nov. 15. Neth. Holland is detached
from France by the expulsion of French
officials, and is restored to the House of
Orange.
Nov. 21. Prus. The allies possess Stet-
tin.
Nov. * Paris. The Senate grants the em-
peror a fresh levy of 300,000 men.
Dec. 5. Ger. The allies possess Liibec.
Dec. 26. The allies possess Zamosc,Mod-
lin, and Torgau.
Dec. 30. The allies possess Danzic.
Paris. The Legislative Assembly is
prorogued sine die because of a petition
for political rights.
* * Sp. The French are nearly all driven
out.
1814 Jan. 12. Saxony. Wittenburg
is possessed by the allies under Tauen-
zein.
Jan. 25. Paris., Napoleon departs, after
making the empress his regent.
Feb. 5-Mar. 19. Congress of Chatil-
lon on the Seine.
The allies propose to make the boun-
daries of France the same as in 1792.
The discussion is made fruitless by the
dubious and haughty conduct of Napo-
leon.
Mar. 12. The royal banner of the Bour-
bons is raised at Bordeaux.
Mar. 29. Paris. The empress, with her
infant son, flees to Blois.
Apr. 2. Paris. The Senate decrees that
Napoleon Bonaparte has forfeited his
throne by violating the rights and liber-
ties of the people and the laws of the
Constitution.
Apr. 6. Napol6on abdicates in favor
of his son, at Fontainebleau, naming the
empress as regent.
The Senate founds a limited monar-
chy on the basis of the French and
American Constitutions, with Louis
•XVIII. king.
Apr. 11. Napoleon abdicates uncon-
ditionally.
The allies give him the sovereignty of
the Island of Elba, with an annual in-
come of two million of francs.
Apr. 12. Comte d'Artois, as lieutenant-
general, enters Paris.
Apr. 28. Napoleon embarks at Frejus
for Elba. [May 3. He arrives.]
House of Bourbon restored.
May 3. Paris. Louis XVI.'s brother,
Comte de Provence, first appoints his
younger brother, the Comte d'Artois,
vice-regent, and then enters Paris ; he
assumes the title Louis XVIII.
1814-1824 Louis XVIII.
May 30. First Peace of Paris between
France and the allies, including Great
Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia.
Terms : France to resume the boundaries
of 1792, with some additions. To recognize
the independence of the States of the Neth-
erlands, as enlarged, also all German and
Italian States, and Switzerland. England
restores to France the colonies of Tobago,
St. Lucia, and Isle de France, but to re-
tain Malta. The allies remit all claims for
moneys in payment of supplies, advances,
etc. France promises England to abolish
the slave-trade.
June 4. Paris. The king proclaims a
liberal Constitution.
The Senate is replaced by the Chamber
of Peers, who are nominated by the king.
Religious liberty, the freedom of the
press, responsible ministers, and non-
removable judges are guaranteed ; the .
lower house is to be elected by the peo-
ple.
Sept. * -15 June * Aust. Congress of
Vienna.
Acts : France is reduced to the boundaries
of 1790, and restores the Austrian and Prus-
sian monarchies. The kingdom of the Neth-
erlands is formed, comprising the former
kingdom of Holland and Austrian Belgium.
A German confederacy is created to substi-
tute the Old Empire; it comprises 39 sover-
eign States, and includes four free cities, and
to be under the leadership of Austria. Rus-
sia receives the greater part of the grand-
duchy of Warsaw, as the kingdom of Poland ;
England retains Malta, Heligoland, part of
the French and Dutch colonies, and assumes
the protectorate of the Republic of the Seven
Ionian Islands; Sweden retains Norway, and
cedes Lauenburg to indemnify Denmark.
The cantons of Switzerland are increased to
22. The old dynasties are restored in Spain
and Sardinia (the latter receives Genoa),
in Tuscany, in Modena, and in the Papal
States.
* * Nice is tranferred to Sardinia.
* * Corsica is Anally annexed to France.
1815 Feb. 26. Napol6on escapes
from Elba.
Mar. 1. Napollon again appears in
France: he lands at Cannes with 1,500
men.
[He marches in haste to Paris, and is
welcomed by the citizens of Lyons ;
troops are sent against him, but they
join him.]
Mar. 6. Paris. Louis XVIII. pro-
claims Napole'on to be a traitor and a
rebel, entering France by force of arms.
Mar. 10. Napol6on enters Lyons.
Mar. 13. A ban against Napoleon is
proclaimed by the sovereigns of Austria,
Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, France,
Spain, Portugal, and Sweden.
Mar. 19. Paris. Louis XV III, leaves
the Tuileries at the approach of Napo-
leon, and flees to Ghent.
Mar. 20. Paris. Napol6on enters in
triumph. The "Hundred Days"
commence.
Mar. 25. Aust. The powers unite in an
alliance at Vienna. (See p. 521.)
722 1815, May 3-1821,*
FRANCE.
ARMY— NAVY.
1815 May 3. It. NeapolitansunderMar-
shal Murat are defeated at Tolentino
by Austrians under Marshal Bianchi.
May 9. Marshal Soult is made com-
mander of the whole army. [June 2.
He is made a peer of France.]
May 22. Naples is captured.
June 1. In seven weeks Napoleon has
reorganized the army, and secured
217,000 men under arms, besides a
superb body of cavalry, in addition to
the National Guard of 150,000 men.
June 14. Napoleon crosses the Bel-
gian frontier with 115,500 men, to at-
tack Wellington and Marshal Bliicher.
June 16. Belg. Napole'on defeats the
Prussians under Blucher at Ligny ; Prus-
sian loss, 12,000 ; French, 8,000.
The Prince of Orange repulses the
French under Marshal Ney at Quatre
Bras. [Both of these battles are pre-
liminary to Waterloo.]
June 18. Belg. Decisive battle of
"Waterloo.
Napoleon commands 72,000+ French;
Wellington, 67,000+ British, Dutch, and
German troops ; Marshal Blucher, 50,-
000+ Prussians, who appear near the
close of the battle and participate in it
and in the pursuit. The battle lasts
from 11.30 A. m. till evening, when the
allies repel the charge of the Old Guard,
and the combined armies advance
against the French. The rout is com-
plete. The allies lose 22,000+, and the
French 22,000+, besides many prisoners.
June 25. Napole'on makes his fare-
well address to his soldiers.
July 1. Paris. The allies arrive before
the city. [July 7. It is surrendered and
entered.]
July 15. Napoleon, having failed in his
attempt to escape to America, surren-
ders to the British, Capt. Maitland of
the Bellerophon off Rochefort.
Aug. 8. Eng. The British transfer Na-
poleon to the Northumberland at Tor-
bay, and he sails for St. Helena.
Aug. 18. Valenciennes is surrendered
to the Prussians.
Oct. 13. It. Marshal Murat is shot at
Pizzo, after trial by court-martial.
Oct. 15. Napoleon arrives at St. Helena
[and is left in exile for life].
Paris. The Imperial Guard is dis-
solved by Louis XVIII.
Dec. 7. Paris. Marshal Ney is shot as
a traitor after condemnation by the
House of Peers, in a trial lasting from
Nov. 21 to Dec. 6.
* * Bandits burn Nimes, plunder and
massacre Bonapartists and Protestants
alike.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1816 * * Paris. Rene Theodore Hya-
cinth e Laennec invents the stethoscope,
or " breast-explorer," the principle of
which is now termed " auscultation."
1817 * * Baron Cuvier's Animal King,
dom is published.
1818 Nov. 26. "Eneke's" Comet is
discovered by Jean Louis Pons, director
of the Observatory at Marseilles [but
named by astronomers after Prof. Jo-
hann Franz Encke of Berlin for his
success in detecting its orbit, motions,
and perturbations].
* * A Velocipede is invented by Joseph
Nicephore Niepce.
* * Paris. The " dandy-horse, or Drai-
sena," is patented for the Baron von
Bade, commonly, Drais von Sauerbron.
1819 * * Andre1 Marie Ampere conceives
the idea of applying electro-magnetism
to the telegraph.
[1820. He invents his telegraphic
arrangement, employing the magnetic
needle and coil and the galvanic bat-
tery.]
1820 * * The daguerreotype, a picture
formed on a metallic plate by the chem-
ical action of light, is invented by Louis
Jacques Mand6 Daguerre.
** Paris. Percussion-caps are invented
by Bellot.
* * Sloping tramways are used.
* * Quinine, an alkaloid, is discovered
by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph
Bienaime Caventou.
* * Francois J. D. Arago and Pierre Louis
Dalong experiment on the elastic force
of steam at different temperatures.
± * * Dominique F. Arago magnetizes a
needle by the electric current, and at-
tracts iron filings by the connecting wire
of a galvanic battery.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1815 * * Abbadie, Arnaud Michel d', trav-
eler, born.
Berthet, Elie Bertrand, novelist, born.
Berthier, Louis Alexandre, Prince of Wa-
gram, marshal, A 62.
Blanc, Auguste Alexandre Chas., art critic, b.
Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne, marshal, A52.
Calmon, Marc Antoine, economist, born.
Couture, Thomas, painter, born.
Flenry, Emile F., general, statesman, born.
Frere, Charles Theodore, painter, born.
Houssaye, Arsene, author, born.
Lab^doyere, Comte de, Charles Angelique
Huchet, general, A29.
Millet, Jean Francois, painter, born.
Muller, Charles Louis, painter, born.
Murat, Joachim, King of Naples, mar-
shal, executed Oct. 13, A44.
Ney, Michel, Prince de la Moskwa, Due
d'Elchingen, marshal, executed, A46.
Pape-Carpentier, Marie, educator, born.
Philippoteaux, F£lix Emmanuel Henri, his-
torical painter, born.
Scherer, Edmond Henri Adolphe, Protes-
tant clergyman, critic, statesman, born.
Trochu, Louis Jules, general, born.
Villers, Charles Francois Dominique de, phi-
losopher, A50+.
1816* * Augereau, Pierre, Due de Casti-
glione, marshal, A59.
Beaumont- Vassy, Vicomte de, Edouard F. de
la Bonniere, historian, born.
Bosquillon, Edouard Francois Marie, physi-
cian, scholar, A72.
Bourbaki, Charles Denis Sauter, general, b.
Dejoux, Claude, sculptor, A85.
Delauny, Charles E., astronomer, born.
De Trobriand, Philip Regis, French colonel
TJ. S. A., born.
Ducis, Jean Francois, poet, dramatist, A83.
Gerhardt, Charles Frederic, chemist, born.
Gervais, Paul, naturalist, born.
Gignoux, Francois Regis, painter, born.
Gingueng, Pierre Louis, critic, author, A68.
Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard, chemist,
scientific writer, A79.
Lafarge, Marie C, poisoner, born.
La Gueronniere, Arthur de, Bonapartist,
political writer, born.
Millevoye, Charles Hubert, poet, A34.
Millet, Aim(5, sculptor, born.
Roland, Philip, sculptor, A70.
1817 * * Abovill£, Francois M., general, A87.
Chabas, Franc Joseph, Egyptologist, born?
Choiseul-Goufller, Comte de, M. Gabriel F.,
traveler, author, A65.
Daubigny, Charles Francois, painter, born.
Ducrot, Auguste Alexandre, general, born.
DuprtS, Giovanni, Franco- Italian sculptor, b.
Feval, Paul Henri Corentin, novelist, b.
Gerard, Jules Cecile Basile, " Lion-Killer," b.
Larousse, Pierre, editor, author, born.
Lef6bure-Wely, Louis J. A., composer, born.
Massena, Andre1, Due de Rivoli, Prince
d'Essling, marshal, A59.
Maury, Louis Ferdinand Alfred, antiq., wr., b.
Maury, Jean Siffrein, cardinal, pol., A71.
Meiiul, Etienne Henri, composer, A52.
Messier, Charles, astronomer, A87.
Mocquard, private sec. to Napoleon, d. Dec. 9.
Stael-Holstein, Baronne de, Anne Louise
Germaine, author, A51.
Rochet, Louis, sculptor, born.
Taillandier, Ren6 G. E., philosopher, critic, b.
Wurtz, Charles Adolphe, chemist, born.
Y von, Adolphe, historical painter, born.
Zaccone, Pierre, novelist, born.
1818* * Beaurepaire-Rohan, Henri de, trav-
eler, born.
Bertrand de Molleville, Marquis, Antoine
Francois, statesman, A74.
Brown-Sequard, Edouard, physiologist, b.
Deville, Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire, chemist,
horn.
Douay, Felix Charles, general, born.
Faidherbe, Louis L. C, general, writer, born.
Fanniere, Francois Auguste, engr., carver, b.
Janet, Ange Louis, painter, born.
Joinville', Prince de, Francois Ferdinand
Philippe Louis Marie d'Orleans, adni., b.
Leveque, Jean Charles, philosopher, born.
Lomenie, Louis Leonard de, author, born.
Millin, Aubin Louis, antiquary, natural., A59.
Monge, Gaspard, Comte de Peluze, geometer,
A72.
Perignon, Marquis de, Dominique Catherine,
marshal, A64.
Roumanille, Joseph, Provencal poet, born.
Thouvenel, Edouard, Antoine, politician, di-
plomatist, born.
Ubicini, Jean Henri Abdolonyme, author, b.
June 17. Gounod. Charles F'ranyois, musi-
cal composer, born.
1819 * * Billaud-Varennes, Jean N., Jacobin,
A63.
Carre, Michel, author, born.
Cost6, Jean F., physician, writer, A78.
Courbet, Gustave, painter, born.
Fizeau, Hippolyte Louis, mathematician, b.
Figuier, Louis Guillaume, author, born.
Foucault, Leon, natural philosopher, born.
Founder, Edouard, litterateur, born.
Frere, Pierre Edward, painter, born.
Gramont, Due de, Antoine A. A., states., b.
Jalabert, Charles Francois, painter, born.
Lenoir, L'Abb6, Charles Pelage, author, b.
Offenbach, Jacques, comp. of comic operas, b.
Vacquerie, Auguste, dramatist, poet, born.
Vapereau, Louis Gustave, biographer, born.
1820 * * Augier, Guillaume V. E., dramatist,
poet, born.
Bachelet, Jean Louis Theodore, historian, b.
Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond, physicist, b.
Berry, or Berri, Due de, Charles F. d'Artois,
son of Charles X., A42.
Castille, Charles Hippolyte, novelist, politi-
cal writer, born.
Chambord, Comte de, Henri C. F. M. D.
d'Artois, head of elder branch of Bourbon
dynasty, born.
Coquerel, Athanase Josu£, rationalistic cl., b.
Dubufe, Edouard, portrait painter, born.
Forcade-Laroquette, Jean L. L. D. de, states-
man, born.
Fouchg, Joseph, Due d' Otranto, minister of
police, A57.
Fromentin, Eugene, painter, born.
Gallait, Jean Pierre, author, A64.
Kellermann, Due de Valmy, Francois
Christophe, marshal, A85.
Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie, poet, b.
Lefebvre Francois J., Due de Dantzic,
marshal, A 65.
Montyon, J. B. Robert Auget de, philan-
thropist, A87.
Merode, Francois de, R. C. prelate, philan., b.
Rachel, Elisabeth Rachel Feiix, trag. actor, b.
Tallien, Jean Lambert, revolutionist, A51.
Thenard, Arnould Paul Edmond, chemist, b.
Vechte, Antoine, goldsmith, born.
Volney, Comte de, Constantin Francois
Chassebceuf, philosopher, trav., au., A63.
Zeller, Jules Sylvain, historian, born.
1821 * * Allart, Mary Gay, novelist, A71.
Baudrillart, Henri, economist, born.
Baudelaire, Charles, poet, born.
Beurnonville, Marquis de, Pierre de Ruel,
marshal, statesman, A6J.
May 5. Bonaparte, Napoleon, emperor,
greatest general of modern times, A52.
Broglie, Due de, J. V. Albert, author, born.
Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles L., chemist,
philosopher, A52.
Carron, Gui Toussaint Julien, cl., writer, A61.
Feydeau, Ernest Aim6, author, born.
Flaubert,Gustave,noveli8t, born.
Fontanes, Marquis de, Louis, author, A64.
Hamon, Jean Louis, painter, born.
FRANCE.
1815, May 3-1821,
723
CHURCH.
1815 May 5-14. The Catholics mas-
sacre the Protestants at Nimes for nine
days.
1816 Nov. 15. Paris. The bells of
Notre Dame are formally baptized by
the name of the Duke of Angouleme.
* * The Waldensian Bible Society is or-
ganized at La Tour.
1817 * * The Apostolic Congregation ob-
tains a concordat from the Pope, revok-
ing that of 1801, and substituting that
of 1516 for it.
1818* * Paris. The Protestant Bible
Society is organized.
1820 * * A great revival commences in
the Protestant churches.
LETTERS.
1815 * * L' Independent is issued [which
shortly becomes Le Constitutional].
* *-18* * Lemons de philosophic, by Pierre
Laromiguieri, appears.
* * -33 * * Songs, by Pierre J. de Beran-
ger, appear.
1816 * * -21 * * Elements de la gram-
maire romaine, and La Choix despoisies
originates des Troubadours, by Ray-
nouard, appear.
* * Annates de Chimie et de Physique,
a monthly journal of science, is com-
menced by Francois J. D. Arago and
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac.
* * Treatise on Experimental Physics and
Mathematics, by Birot, appears.
* * Une N~uit de Garde Nationale and
Flore et Ziphire, by Scribe, appear.
[1817, The Solicitor.]
* * Paris. The French Academy is re-
organized.
It is composed of 40 members, elected
for life, after personal application and
the submission of their nomination to
the head of the State. It is " the high-
est authority on questions relating to
language, grammar, rhetoric, and po-
etry, and the publication of the French
classics."
1817 * * History of Painting in Italy, and
Lives of Haydn, Mozart, and Metas-
tasio, by Marie Henri Beyle, appear.
* * -23 * * Essay on Indifference in the
Matter of Religion, by Lamennais, ap-
pears. [1819-35, Essays on Religion and
Philosophy.']
1818 * * Melanges de Littirature, and
Philosophy of the 18th Century, by An-
dr^ Morellet, appear.
* * Mimoires et correspondance de Ma-
dame de la Live d'Epinay, appears.
* * Considerations sur la revolution fran-
caise, by Madame de Stael, appears.
[1821, Dix Annies d'exil and Essais
dramatiques.]
* * Selmours et Florian, and La Tour de
Faveur, by fimile Deschamps, appear.
* * Jean Sbogar, by Nodier, appears.
[1819, Thtrese ; 1820, Picturesque and Ro-
mantic Travels in Ancient France.]
* * -20 * * La Minerve Franqaise is is-
sued.
* * -20 * * Ribliolhique Historique is is-
sued.
* *-22* * Anatomical Philosophy, by fiti-
enne Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire, appears.
* * 23 * * Rorgnis' Dictionnaire Mica-
nique appliquie aux Arts, appears.
1819 * * Le Conservateur LiltSraire is
founded by Victor Hugo.
* * Free Meditations of a Recluse, by Se-
nancour, appears.
* * Du pape, by J. M. Maistre, appears.
[1821, De Viglise gallicane and Soiries
de Saint Piter sbourg.]
* * Panhypocrisiade, by L. J. N. Lemer-
cier, appears. [Later, the Atlantiade.]
* * Les Vepres siciliennes, by J. F. C. De-
lavigne, appears. [1821, Le Paria, Les
Comddiens, and La Varsovienne.]
1820 * * Researches into the Tartar Lan-
guages, by Jean P. A. Remusat, appears.
[1822,Elementsofthe Chinese Grammar.]
* * L'Ours et le Pacha, by Scribe, ap-
pears.
* * Georgette, by Charles Paul de Kock,
appears.
* * Marie Stuart, by Le Brun, appears.
[1821, Poeme lyrique sur la mort de Na-
poleon; 1828, Voyage en Grbce.]
* * Meditations, by Lamartine, appears.
1821 * * Gustave, ou le mauvais sujet,
by Charles Paul de Kock, appears. [1822,
Man voisin Raymond ; 1825, Andre le Sa-
voyard ; 1826, Le barbier de Paris.]
* * -44 * * Hisloire des Francais, by Sis-
mondi, appears.
SOCIETY.
1815 June 20. Paris. Napoleon
returns from Waterloo after his defeat.
[July 3. He arrives at Rochefort, seek-
ing passage to America.]
Dec. 20. Count Lavalette, condemned
to death for joining Napoleon, escapes
from prison disguised in his wife's
clothes. [His wife loses her reason.]
1816 Jan. 21. Twenty-three years after
his execution public mourning is gen-
erally observed on account of the death
.of Louis XVI.
* * Paris. A peace society is formed.
1820 Feb. 13. Paris. The Due de
Berry, second son of the Comte d'Ar-
tois, is assassinated by Louvel, an anti-
Bourbon Radical.
STATE.
1815 May 21. Paris. Napoleon pub-
lishes " An Act Additional to the Consti-
tutions of the Empire," being a conces-
sion to the Liberal party.
June 22. Napoleon abdicates in favor
of his son.
June 29. Napoleon at Rochefort
vainly seeks to escape to America.
July 3. Paris. A convention is signed
at St. Cloud, by which Paris is to be
surrendered to the allies within three
days.
July 7. Paris. The French army (150,-
000) withdraws, and the allies enter.
July 8. Paris. Second Restoration
of the Bourbons. Louis XVTU. re-
enters Paris ; Talleyrand is chief min-
ister.
July 15. Napoleon throws himself on
the generosity of England by placing
himself in its power ; he surrenders
himself to Capt. Maitland of the Belle-
rophon.
July * The troops of the allies are dis-
persed through the provinces.
Aug. 19. Gen. Labedoyere is shot as a
traitor.
Sept. * Paris. Talleyrand resigns his
office.
Sept. 15-18 Dec. 29. Paris. Ministry
of the Due de Richelieu.
Sept. 26. The Holy Alliance is found-
ed. (See p. 521.)
Oct. 15. It. Gen. Murat, a brother-in-
law of Napoleon, and the ex-king of Na-
ples, is shot for treason, after trial by a
court-martial.
Oct. 16. Napoleon arrives at St. He-
lena, an island of the South Atlantic,
1,200 miles west of Africa and 1800 miles
east of South America [where he re-
mains in exile the remainder of his life
— five and a half years].
Nov. 20. Second Peace of Paris.
Terms: France is reduced nearly to the
limits of 1790; it surrenders four frontier
fortresses to the German Confederation and
Saarbriicken to Prussia. Her possession in
Savoy is ceded to Sardinia. The fortress of
Huningen to be demolished. Seventeen for-
tresses on the northern frontier are to be
garrisoned for five years by the allies at the
expense of France. An indemnity of 700,-
000,000 francs is to be paid to the allies, for
the expenses of the war. Also the art treas-
ures requisitioned by Napoleon from various
countries are to be restored.
Dec. 7. Paris. Marshal Ney is shot as
a traitor, he having deserted to Napo-
leon.
1816 Jan. 12. Paris. The law of
amnesty is passed, forever excluding
the family of Napoleon from the terri-
tory of France.
1817 * * A new election law places the
elective power chiefly in the hands of
the small proprietors and the bour-
geoisie.
* * The people are divided into numerous
parties.
The Court party advocates the old mon-
archical, government, and it is led by Riche-
lieu; the Doctrinaires advocate a constitu-
tional monarchy with a strong administra-
tion, they are led by Guizot; the Legitimists
hold to the Bourbon line, and are led by De-
cazes; the Liberals, whose leaders are P^rier
and Lafayette; and Republicans who cling
to the Bonapartes.
1818 Oct. 9. The Congress of Aix-la-
Chapelle.
The great powers resolve to with-
draw the army of occupation from
France.
Dec. 29-19 Nov. * Paris. The Minis-
try of Dessoles-Decazes. [1819, Nov.
10 to 1820. Feb. * Decazes.J
* * * Kise of the Independents (Liber-
als and Anti-Bourbons).
* * France joins the "Holy Alliance."
1820 Feb. 13. Paris. Charles Ferdi-
nand, Due de Berry, the second nephew
of Louis XVIII. , is assassinated by Lou-
vel, an anti-Bourbon radical.
Feb. 20. Decazes retires from the Min-
istry.
He is succeeded by the Due de Riche-
lieu, an Ultra-Royalist, as premier. The
restriction of the freedom of the press
and of elections follows.
Sept. 20. Birth of Henry Charles Ferdi-
nand, Comte de Chambord, Due de Bor-
deaux, posthumous son of the Due de
Berry. " Henry V. " ; " Europe's Child."
Nov. * The new laws secure a large ma-
jority for the government (Ultra-Royal-
ists) in the general election.
1821 Jan. * Aust. The Laibach Con-
gress meets. (See p. 521.)
May 5. Napoleon I. dies at Longwood,
St. Helena.
Dec. 13-28 Jan. 4. Paris. The Due
de Richelieu resigns his office [and is
succeeded by Comte de Villele, an Ul-
tra Royalist, as premier].
MISCELLANEOUS.
1819 * * Paris. Gas light is introduced
724 1821, * *-1830, Dec. 21.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1823 Apr. 7. An army of 100,000 men
under the Due d'Angouleine enters
Spain "to suppress the Constitutional
party. [May 24. Arrives at Madrid.]
Aug. 31. Sp. The French defeat the
Spaniards at Cadiz. [Oct. * Cadiz is
surrendered.]
1827 Apr. 13. The National Guard is
dissolved by the king.
Oct. * France unites with Great Britain
and Russia in sending a squadron against
the Turkish fleet for the protection of
Greece.
Oct. 30. Gr. The Turkish fleet is an-
nihilated at the battle of Navarino by
the allied fleet under Sir Edward Cod-
rington.
1828+ * * War with Algeria. (Algeria,
p. 8.)
* * Spring. Gr. The Turks evacuate
the Morea, and the French army occu-
pies it.
1830 July 27-29. Paris. The war of
the barricades occurs.
July 29. Charles X. reestablishes the
National Guard ; Lafayette becomes
its commander. [Nov. 26. He resigns.]
July 31. Louis Philippe, Due d'Or-
leans, is made lieutenant-general.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1822 * * The diorama is invented by
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre and
Bouton.
1826 * * Bromin is discovered by An-
toine Jer&me.
* * The Death of Queen Elizabeth is
painted by Paul Delaroche.
* * Apotheosis of Homer is painted by Jean
Auguste Dominique Ingres.
1827 * * Jean Civiale receives a prize of
6,000 and 10,000 francs for his method of
operation in lithotrity. [1829. He re-
ceives another prize of 10,000 francs.]
* * A turbine is invented by Benoit Four-
neyron.
± * * Joseph Nicephore Niepce gives spe-
cimens of photogalvanography, the art
of producing engravings by the action of
light and electricity.
1828 Feb. 29. Daniel Auber's opera,
Muette di Portici, is produced at the
Grand Opera.
Apr. 11±. Paris. The use of the omni-
bus is revived.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1821 * * Jobbe-Duval, Armand M. Felix,
painter, b.
Kock, Henri de, novelist, born.
Mariette, Auguste Edouard, archeologist,
Egyptologist, born.
Meryon, Charles, etcher, born.
Picard, Ernest, statesman, born.
Robin, Charles Philippe, anatomist, micro-
scopist, bom.
Viardot, Michelle Pauline Garcia, actor, born.
Ziem, Felix, painter, born.
1822 * * Aumale, Due d', Henri E. P. L. d'
Orleans, general, son of Louis Philippe, b.
Barbier, Paul Jules, dramatist, born.
Barrias, Felix Joseph, artist, born.
Berthollet, Claude Louis, chemist, A74.
Bonaparte, Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul,
son of JerSme, born.
Bonheur, Rosalie, painter, born.
Calmels, Anatole ceiesttn, sculptor, born.
Campan, Jeanne L. H. J., educa., au., A70.
Clement, Felix, composer, born.
Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph, astron., A73.
Du Camp, Maxime, critic, author, born.
Erckmann, Emile, litterateur, born.
Fanniere, Francois Joseph, engr., carver, b.
Fauvelet, Jean Baptiste, painter, born.
Galin, Pierre, musician, A36.
Got, Francois Jules Edmond, comedian, b.
Gouvy, Theodore, musical composer, born.
Halle, Jean Noel, physician, A68.
Haiiy, Rene Just, mineralogist, A79.
Masse, Victor, composer, born.
Pasteur, Louis, biologist, born.
Perrens, Fraacxds Tommy, historian, born.
Sicard, Roch Ambroise Cucurron, deaf-mute
teacher, A80.
Zier, Victor Casimir, painter, born.
1823 * * Agier, Pierre Jean, judge, A75.
A lintras. Baron, Louis, general, A55.
Avrigny, Charles Joseph Loeuillard d', A63.
Banville, Theodore Faullain, poet, born.
Cabanel, Alexandre, historical painter, born.
Carnot. Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, military
administrator, strategist, A70.
Chanzy, Antoine E. A., general, born.
Charles, Jacques Alexandre Cesar, electri-
cian, A77.
Chaiissard, Pierre Jean B., author, A57.
Cluseret, Gustave Paul, soldier, born.
Davout, Louis Nicolas, Prince d'Eckmlihl,
Due d'Auerstadt, marshal, A53.
Delalande, Pierre Antoine, naturalist, trav-
eler, A 36.
Dumouriez. Charles Francois, republican
general, A 84.
Humbert, Joseph Amable, general, A68±.
Janet, Paul, philosopher, born.
Morin, Frederic, writer, born.
Provost, Pierre, painter of panoramas, A59.
Renan, Joseph Erneste, orientalist, critic,
philosopher, born.
1824* * 15a asset, Louis F. de, cardinal, au-
thor, A76.
Beauharnais, Eugene de, stepson of Napo-
leon I., A43.
Boiste, Pierre Claude Victoire, lexicog., A59.
Cambacerfes, Due de, Jean Jacques Regis,
statesman, jurist, AH7.
Chabrillan, C. V. de, Comtesse de Moreton,
circus rider, author, born.
Cheri, Rose Marie Cizos, actor, born.
Colani, Timothee, Protestant cl., critic, born.
Dumas, Alexandre, fits, novelist, dram., b.
Duvaucel, Alfred, naturalist, A32.
Fremiet, Emmanuel, sculptor, born.
Ger6me, Jean Leon, painter, born.
Gericault, Jean Louis Theodore Andre, pain-
ter, A34.
Girodet Trioson, Anne Louis, painter, A57.
Joubert, Joseph, moralist, A70.
Lacretelle, Pierre Louis de, lawyer, wr., A73.
Lebrun, Due de, Charles Francois Pia-
cenza, statesman, author, A85.
Louis XVIII.. king, A69.
Maine de Biran, Marie Francois Pierre Gon-
thier, metaphysician, A58.
Montpensier, Due de, A. M. P. L. d'Orieans,
5th son of Louis Philippe, born.
Picou, Henri Pierre, painter, born.
Pressense, Edmond 1). de, Protestant theo-
logian, orator, statesman, born.
Vaillant, Francois Le, traveler, natural., A71.
1825 * * Baert, Baron de, Alexandre Baltha-
sar Francois de Paule, senator, author, A75.
Barbier, Antoine Alexandre, bibliog., A60.
Courier de Mere, Paul Louis, polit. wr., A53+.
David, Jacques Louis, painter, A77.
Denon, Dominique Vivant, artist, au., A78.
Duf renoy, Adelaide Gillette Billet, poet, A60.
Dupaty, Charles Mercier, sculptor, A54.
Ferrand, Comte, Antoine Francois Claude,
author, A74.
Foy, Maximllien Sebastien, general, A50.
Carnier, Jean L. C, architect, born.
Habert, Baron, Pierre Joseph, general, A52.
Lacep^de, Comte de, Bernard G. S. de la
Ville, naturalist, A69.
Monselet, Charles, novelist, born.
Ollivier, Emile, advocate, politician, born.
Oppert, Jules, orientalist, born.
Saint-Simon, Comte de, Claude Henri, so-
cialist, philosopher, A65.
1826 * * Allemand, Zacharie J. T., adm., A64.
Bellot, Joseph Rene, naval officer, born.
Beule, Charles Ernest, archeologist, pol., b.
Boissy d'Anglas, Francois Antoine, states-
man, A70.
Chambon de Montaux, Nicolas, phys., A78.
Chatrian, Alexandre, litterateur, born.
Eugenie, empress, wife of Napoleon III., b.
Godefroy, F"r<5deric, lexicographer, born.
Joubert, Leo, critic, author, born.
Laennec, Rene Theodore Hyacinthe, physi-
cian, A45.
Lafltte, Jean, privateer, A46+.
Landon, Charles Paul, painter, writer on art,
A66.
Lantier, Etienne Francois de, author.
Oberlin, Jean Frederic, philanthropist, re-
former, A 86.
Pinel, Philippe, physician, alienist, A81.
Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Due d'Albufera, mar-
shal, A56.
Talma, Francois Joseph, actor, A63.
Waddington, William Henri, archeologist,
statesman, born.
1827 * * Allier, Louis, numismatist, A61.
Bail, Charles Joseph, statist, A50.
Breton, Jules A. A. L., painter, born.
Cassas, Louis Francois, painter, arch., A71.
Caulaincourt, Armand Augustin Louis de,
officer, diplomatist, A54.
Fresnel, Augustin Jean, optician, geometri-
cian, A39.
Gidel, Charles Antoine, author, born.
Laplace, Pierre Simon, astronomer, math-
ematician, A78.
La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Due de.
Francois A. F., philanthropist, A80.
Loyson, Charles, Pere Hyacinthe, pulpit ora-
tor, born.
Manuel, Jacques Antoine, pol., ora., A52.
1828 * * About, Edmond Francois Valen-
tin, author, born.
Abrail, Comte, Andre-Joseph, lawyer, A78.
Andreossi, Comte, Antoine Francois, mili-
tary engineer, A 67.
Baudry, Paul Jacques Aime, painter, born.
Bosc, Louis Augustin Guillaume, natural-
ist, A69.
Cerisier, Antoine Marie, historian, A79.
Chaussier, Francois, anatomist, A 82.
Damas, Francois Etienne, general, A64.
Faure, Constance C. Lefebvre, vocalist, b.
Francois de Neufchateau, Comte, Nicolas
Louis, writer, politician, A78.
Frochot, Comte, Nicolas Therese Benoit, ad-
ministrator, A71±.
Houdon, Jean Antoine, sculptor, A82.
Lanfrey, Pierre, historian, horn.
Lauriston, Marquis de, Jacques Alexandre
Bernard Law, marshal, A60.
Picard, Louis Benoit, dramatist, A59.
Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, historian, phi-
losopher, critic, born.
Verne, Jules, author, born.
1829 * * Athenas, Pierre Louis, rural econo-
mist, A77.
Auger, Louis Simon, critic, writer, A57.
Barras, Paul Francois J. N. de. states-
man, A74.
Cavaignac, Jean Baptiste, revolutionist, A67.
Daru, Comte Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno,
statesman, writer, A62.
Dubois-Pigalle, Paul, sculptor, born.
Gail, Jean Baptiste, Hellenist, author, A74.
Lamarck, Chevalier de, Jean Baptiste
Pierre Antoine de Monet, natural., A85.
Lameth, Comte de, Alexandre Theodore Vic-
tor, revolutionist, A69.
Monnier, Marc, litterateur, born.
Ponson du Terrail, Pierre Alexis de, novel., b.
Prevost-Paradol, Lucien Anatole, orator,
journalist, diplomatist, born.
Saux, Sophie de, genre-painter, born.
Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas, chemist, A66.
Vogue, Charles Jean Melchior, archeologist,
diplomatist, born.
CHURCH.
1822 Nov.* Paris. The Evangelical
Society is organized.
1823 * * Pome. Leo XII. is pope. [1829,
Pius VIII. ; 1831, Gregory XVI.]
1827 * * The bishops and Jesuits are
incensed with the ordinance transferring
the direction of the Academies from
the Jesuits to the University of Paris.
1828 June 16. A royal ordinance
closes the schools of the Jesuits.
LETTERS.
1822 * * Odes et poesies diverses, by Vic-
tor Hugo, appears. [1823, Han d'islande ;
1824, Nouvelles odes; 1826, Odes et Bal-
lades and Bug-Jargal; 1827, Cromwell;
1829, Le dernier jour d'un condamni,
Amy Robsart, and Les Orientates.]
* * Mhnoires sur la vie 'privie de Marie
Antoinette, by Madame Campan, ap-
pears.
* * Treatise on Crystallography , by Ren6
Just Haiiy, appears.
* * Clytemnestra and Saul, by Alexandre
Soumet, appear. [Later, Le Divine
Epopie and Joan of Arc]
FRANCE.
1821, * *-1830, Dec. 21. 725
* * Treatise on Domestic and Agricultural
Association, by F. M. C. Fourier, appears.
* * TMorie analytique de la Chaleur, by
J. B. J. Fourier, appears.
* * System of Positive Politics, by Au-
guste Comte, appears.
1823 * * Tablettes du Juif Errant, by
Edgar Quinet, appears.
* * La mort de Socrate, by Lamartine, ap-
pears. [1825, Le Dernier chant du pile-
rinage de Childe Harold; 1829, Harmo-
nies poitiques et religieuses.]
* * Jeremy Bentham's Preuves Judici-
aires, edited by Dumoiit, appears.
* * Discours et Melanges litteraires, by
Abel F. Villemain, appears.
* * Chemical Researches on Fat Sub-
stances of Animal Origin, by Michel
Eugene Chevreul, appears.
* * -27 * * Histoirede la Revolution fran-
caise, by Louis A. Thiers, appears.
1824 * * Essais poitiques, by Madame D.
G. de Girardin, appears.
* * Apology for the Romantic School, by
A. P. Paris, appears.
* * Summary of the Hieroglyphic System
of the Ancient Egyptians, by Jean F.
Champollion, appears.
* * History of the French Revolution from
1789 to 1814, by Francois A. M. Mignet,
appears.
* * Rome, Naples, and Florence in 1817,
and Life of Rossini, by Beyle, appear.
* * History of NapolSon and the Grand
Army in 1812, by Philippe P. Segur, ap-
pears.
* * Pamphlet des Pamphlets, by Courier,
appears.
1825 * * La Revue Britannique is issued.
* * MSmoires, by Comtesse de Genlis, ap-
pears.
* * Charivari, by Jacques Jasmin, ap-
pears.
* * New Christianity, by Saint-Simon, ap-
pears.
* * Histoire de la conquMe de V Anqleterre,
by Jacques Nicolas Augustine Thierry,
appears. [1827, Lettres sur I'histoire de
France.]
1826 * * Cinq-Mars, or a Conspiracy
under Louis XIII., by De Vigny, ap-
pears. [1827, Ancient and Modern Poems.]
* * Philosophic Fragments, by Victor
Cousin, appears.
* * History of the Bukes of Burgundy, by
A. G. P. B. Barante, appears.
* * Les Natchez, by Chateaubriand, ap-
pears.
1827 * * -56 * * History of the Revolu-
tion in England, by Guiz'ot, appears.
1828 June 13. A royal ordinance sup-
presses the educational institutions
of the Jesuits, and places all academies
under the direction of the University
of Paris.
* * French and Foreign Studies, by Emile
Deschamps, appears.
* * Essay on the History of Philosophy in
France in the 19th Century, by Jean P.
Damiron, appears.
* * Historical and Critical Picture of
French Poetry and the French Theater
in the 16th Century, by Charles Augus-
tin Sainte-Beuve, appears. [1829, Life,
Poetry, and Thoughts of Joseph Delorme ;
1830, Consolations ; 1832-39, Literary Por-
traits.]
* * Jeremy Bentham's Organisation judi-
ciaire et Codification, edited by Duniont,
appears.
* * Princesse Aurilie, by Delavigne, ap-
pears. [1829, Marino Faliero.]
* * -30 * * La Revue Francaise is issued.
* * -38 * * Lectures on French Literature,
by Villemain, appears.
1829 * * Le dernier Chouan, by Balzac, ap-
pears. [1830, La physiologie du mariage
and the first of the Contes drblatiques ;
1831, La peau de chagrin and La femme
de trente ans; 1831-50, La ComSdie hu-
maine.]
* * -45 * * Paris. La Revue de Paris is
issued.
1830 Feb. 25. Hernani, ou I'Honneur
Castilian, by Victor Hugo, appears.
July 25. Charles X. orders that the lib-
erty of the press be suspended.
Oct. 18. VAvenir is issued by Lamen-
nais.
SOCIETY.
1828 Dec. 10. Paris. Pierre Jean de
Beranger, the poet, is fined 10,000 francs
and imprisoned [for five months] for
writing political songs.
1830 July* Paris. The mob sacks
the Tuileries. (See State.)
STATE.
1823 Apr. * France interferes against
liberal government in Spain with mili-
tary force.
Oct. Sp. French arms liberate Ferdi-
nand VII., and reestablish an odious
despotism. [A cruel reaction and numer-
ous executions follow.]
1824 Apr.± * The Government secures
a Chamber of Deputies with only 19
Liberal members, by corruption^
fraud, and intimidation.
* *The election laws are changed so
as to elect a new House every seven
years, instead of one-fifth part of the
Chamber each year.
Sept. 16. The king dies at the Tuile-
ries ; he is succeeded by his brother,
Charles Philippe, Comte d'Artois.
1824-1830 Charles X.
1825 Mar. * Returned refugees are
paid.
They receive a grant of a milliard francs
($200,000,000) as compensation for their
estates, which have been confiscated by
the Government of the Revolution.
May 29. Charles X. is crowned in the
cathedral at Reims.
1827 Apr. * A popular outcry prevails
against the Jesuits; the National
Guard participates. [Apr. 30. It is dis-
banded by royal ordinance.]
July 6. France joins Great Britain and
Russia to stop hostilities between the
Porte and the revolting Greeks.
Nov. 5. Paris. The Government creates
76 new peers.
1828 Jan. 4-29 Aug. 8. Paris. De
Villele resigns his Ministry, and is suc-
ceeded by M. de Martignac, a Liberal-
Royalist, as premier.
June 13. The Ministry make conces-
sion to public opinion by a bill suppress-
ing the educational establishments of
the Jesuits, and giving the control of
all seminaries to the University of Paris.
1829 Aug. 8-30 July,* Paris. The
Martignac Ministry is dismissed, and
Prince Polignac, an Ultra-Royalist,
succeeds as premier. [The Ministry vio-
lently suppresses the liberty of the
press.]
1830 Mar. 18. Paris. An address is
voted, plainly declaring a want of con-
fidence in the Ministry. Vote, 221-181.
[May 16. The Chamber is dissolved.]
Mar. * Paris. Charles X. declares his
purpose to firmly sustain his ministers
against the Chamber ; " No compromise,
no surrender," his motto.
* * A new election for the Chambers is
held.
The Liberals gain an increased major-
ity by the election ; 202 of the 221 voting
against the Ministry are elected.
July * Algiers is conquered with an im-
mense spoil, valued at 48,000,000 francs,
and permanently annexed as a province.
(See p. 9.)
July 27-29. Parts. The July Revo-
lution, " The Three Days' Revolution,"
" The Great Week."
The populace rises in fury against the
king; Charles X. and his family flee before
it. The revolt is caused by the publication of
the three (five) ordinances on July26: (1) de-
claring the recent elections illegal; (2) chan-
ging the electoral system arbitrarily so as
limit the right of suffrage to rich land-own-
ers, who are chiefly Royalists; (3) the prohi-
bition of newspapers and pamphlets not
having the permit of the king.
A popular revolt occurs.
Barricades appear in the streets, and
fights with the troops occur.
July 28. Paris is declared in a state of
siege.
The bourgeoisie , or middle class, join
the revolt ; and the troops, badly led, be-
come infected, and part of them join in
the popular cause. The Hotel de Ville
is captured, every house becomes a for-
tress, and the victory is complete.
July 29. Paris. The Louvre is taken,
and the troops retire.
The Tuileries is sacked, and wild
excesses abound.
When too late, Charles dismisses bis
ministers, revokes the obnoxious ordi-
nances, and reestablishes the National
Guard.
A provisional government is formed.
Gen. Lafayette is placed in command of
the National Guard, and Louis Thiers
and Francois Mignet urge the transfer of
the crown to the Due d' Orleans.
July 30. Paris. The Due d' Origans,
of the younger line of Bourbons, accepts
the office of lieutenant-general of the
kingdom, on the invitation of the peers
and deputies.
Aug. 2. Charles X. and his son ab-
dicate in favor of the Due de Bordeaux.
The House of Orleans.
1830-1848 Louis Philippe I. reigns.
Aug. 9. Paris. Louis Philippe, Due
d'Orleans, accepts the tendered crown
from the Legislature.
In this act he rejects the doctrine of
the " divine right of kings," and ac-
knowledges the people as the source of
sovereign power.
Aug. 11-36* * Paris. The Ministry
of Achille C. Broglie, Francois P. Gui-
zot, and Marquis de Lafayette.
Aug. 17. Charles X. retires to Eng-
land.
Nov. 2-31 Mar. 13. Paris. Ministry
of Jacques Laffltte.
Dec. 21. Paris. Prince Jules A. de
Polignac and other ministers are tried
for high treason, and sentenced to per-
petual imprisonment.
726 1830, * *-1838,
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1832 Feb. 22. It. French troops re-
occupy Aneona.
Nov. * Neth. Under a treaty with the
English, the French army of 50,000 men
under Marshal Gerard besieges the
citadel of Antwerp. [Dec. 23. The
Dutch capitulate, and surrender the
fortress.]
1834 * * Algeria. The French incorpo-
rate the Turkish cavalry, called Spa-
his, in the army.
1835 ** Algeria. Abd-el-Kader, the
religious enthusiast, opposes the French
[for 15 years], (p. 8.)
Nov. 23. Algeria. The Arabs under
Achmet Bey defeat two assaults, and
the French retire.
1838 Nov. 27. Mex. The French
bombard St. John of Ulloa ; after four
hours the Mexicans surrender. [Vera
Cruz is also bombarded.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1830+ * * Raised printing for the blind
is invented by Charles Barbier.
± * * Psychrometer, an apparatus for
measuring the amount of elastic vapor
in the atmosphere, is invented by Joseph
Louis Gay-Lussac. [1848, It is modified
by Regnault.]
1832+ * *Narcein is discovered by
Pierre Joseph Pelletier.
* * Cromwell gazing on the. Corpse of
Charles I. is painted by Paul Delaroche.
1834 * * A sewing-machine is [said to
•have been] invented by Thimonnier.
* * Execution of Lady Jane Grey is painted
by Paul Delaroche.
* * Martyrdom of St. Sympkorian is
painted by Jean Auguste Dominique
Ingres.
1835 * * Assassination of the Dulce of
Guise is painted by Paul Delaroche.
1836 * * Battle of Jena is painted by
Horace Vernet.
* * Paris. The Luxor obelisk is erected.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1830 * * Aulnaye, Francois Henri Stanislas,
de 1', writer, A91.
Beauvais, Charles Theodore, general, A58.
Catel, Charles Simon, musical comp., A57.
Constant de Rebecque, Henri Benjamin, ora-
tor, statesman, writer, A63.
Faure, Jean Baptiste, singer, born.
Fourier, Baron, Jean Baptiste Joseph,
savant, A 62.
Genlis, Comtesse de, Stephanie Felicite,
mis. writer, A74.
Lally-Tollendal, Marquis de, Trophime Ge-
rard, politician, A79.
Laugel, Antoine Auguste, author, born.
Lavalette, Comte de, Marie Chamans, officer,
minister of Napoleon, A61.
Mistral, Fr£d6ric, Provencal poet, born.
Keclus, Jean Jacques Elisfee, geographer, b.
Segur, Comte de, Louis Philippe, author,
statesman, A77.
Vandamme, Dominique Ren6, general, A60.
1831 * * Aiguebelle, Paul A. N. d', French-
Chinese admiral, born.
Cartellier, Pierre, sculptor, A74.
Girard, Stephen, merchant, banker, million-
aire, A81.
Pons, Jean Louis, astronomer, A70.
Rood, Ogden, naturalist, born.
Sardou, Victorien, dramatist, born.
1832 * * Adet, Pierre Auguste, envoy, chem-
ist, A69.
Augustin, Jean Baptiste Jacques, miniature
painter, A73.
Avril, Jean Jacques, engraver, A88.
Baudrillart, Jacques Joseph, agriculturist,
author, A58.
Beauchamp, Alphonse de, author, A65.
Belliard, Comte Augustin D., general, di-
plomatist, A 63.
Bergasse, Nicolas, jurist, writer, A 82.
Billard, Charles Michel, physician, A32.
Bonaparte, Napoleon IJ., or .Napoleon Fran-
cois Charles Joseph, son of Napoleon I.
and Marie Louisa, A21.
Champollion, Jean Francois, Egyptol., A41.
Chaptal, Jean Antoine, Comte de Chante-
loup, chemist, statesman, A76.
' Chauvelin, Francois Bernard de, pol., A66.
Cherbuliez, Victor, novelist, born.
Chezy, Antoine Leonard de, orientalist, A59.
Cornet, Comte de, Mathieu Augustin, states-
man, A 82.
Cuvier, Baron, Georges Chretien Leopold
Frederic Dagobert, naturalist, A63.
Daumesnil, Pierre, general, A55.
Delpech, Jacques M., phys., surg., wr., A57.
Dore, Paul Gustave. artist, born.
Droz, Antoine Gustave, novelist, born.
Galois, Evariste, mathematician, A20.
Jacquemont, Victor, naturalist, A31.
Lamarque, Comte Maximilien, general, poli-
tician, A62.
Martignac, Vicomte de, Jean B. S. G., states-
man, A56.
Meilhac, Henri, dramatist, born.
Perier, Casimir, statesman, A55.
Portal, Baron, Antoine, physician, A90.
Remusat, Jean Pierre Abel, orientalist, A44.
Rochefort, Henri (Victor Henri), Comte de
Rochefort-Ludcay, journalist, politician, b.
Say, Jean Baptiste, political economist, A65.
Apr. 5. Ferry, Jules, statesman, born.
1833 * * Auvray, Felix, painter, A33.
Boyer, Baron Alexis, surgeon, A 76.
Bracquemond, Joseph Felix, artist, born.
Careme, Marie Antoine, cook, A49.
Chassepot, Antoine A., inv. of gun, b.
ChenedollS, Charles J. Pioult de, poet, A64.
Favart, Marie, actor, born.
Garat, Dominique Joseph, revolutionist, A84.
Herold, Louis J. F., musical composer, A41.
Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, marshal, A71.
Latreille, Piarre Andre\ naturalist, A71.
Legendre, Adrien Marie, math., A81.
Niepce, Joseph Nicephore, chemist, one of
inventors of photography, A68.
Schneider, Hortense Catherine, actor, born.
^834 * * Arnault, Vincent Antoine, au., A68.
Bartholdi, Frederic Auguste, sculptor, b.
Boieldieu, Francois Adrien. composer, A59.
Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de, di-
plomatist, author, A65.
Choron, Alexandre Etienne, musician, A63.
Dugas-Montbel, Jean Baptiste, Hellenist,A58.
Durand, Jean Nicolas Louis, architect, A74.
Gaboriau, ISmile, author, horn.
Genest (Genet), Edmond Charles, diploma-
tist, A69.
Hal6vy, Ludovic, dramatist, librettist, born.
Jacquard, Joseph M., inventor of Jacquard
loom, A82.
Naquet, Alfred Joseph, physician, author, b.
Pailleron, Edouard, poet, dramatist, born.
Richer, Edouard, author, A42.
May 20. Lafayette, Marquis, Marie Jean
Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, statesman,
A77.
1835 * * Chimay, Princesse de, Jeanne Marie,
society leader, A62.
Cladel, L6on, novelist, born.
Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine, pol., A60.
Du Chaillu, Paul B., traveler in Africa, b.
Dulaure, Jacques Antoine, historian, A81.
Dupuytren, Baron Guillaume, surgeon,
anatomist, A 57.
Gros, Baron, Antoine Jean, painter, A64.
Lenormant, Francois, archeologist, born.
Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph,
Due de Tre>ise, marshal, A67.
Pigault-Lebrun, Charles A. G., novelist, A82.
1836 * * Ampere, Andrg Marie, mathemati-
cian, natural philosopher, A61.
Carrel. Nicolas Armand, political writer, A36.
Cheverus, Jean Louis A. M. L. de, cardinal,
A68.
Didot, Firmin, publisher, typographer, A72.
Fieschi, Joseph Marie, Corsican conspirator,
regicide, A 46.
Ganilh, Charles, economist, A78.
Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, botanist, A88.
Malibran, Marie Felicite (Garcia), singer,
actor, A28.
Raynouard, FranQOis Juste Marie, mis-
cellaneous writer, A75.
Rouget de l'Isle, Claude Joseph, poet, A76.
Sieygs, Emmanuel Joseph, publicist, A88.
Tracy, Comte de, A. L. C. Destutt, philos-
opher, author, A80.
Vernet, Antoine C. Horace, painter, A78.
Nov. 6. Charles X.. king, A79.
1837 * * Alibert, Jean Louis, physician, A71.
Beauharnais, Hortense Eug«5nie de, wife of
Louis Bonaparte, Queen of Holland, A54.
Carnot, Marie-Frangois Sadi, President,!).
Dumas, Comte Mathieu, general, au., A84.
Fourier, Francois Charles Marie, socialist,
A65.
Gerard, Baron Francois P. S., painter, A67.
Jacquemart, Jules F., author, born.
Johannot, Alfred, engraver, painter, A37.
Le Sueur, Jean Francois, musical comp., A77.
Louis, Baron Louis Dominique, nnan., A82.
Rosny, Leon de, orientalist, born.
CHURCH.
1830 * * By the Revolution the Roman
Catholic Church loses the prerogative
of being the religion of the State.
* * The Abbe Chatel fails in an attempt
to found a new French Catholic
Church, in the spirit of liberalism, but
without a basis of Christian doctrine.
1831 * * The Jesuits are expelled.
Nov. * About 64 English and Irish Trap-
pists are transported to Cork, Ireland,
on the charge of rebellion and conspir-
acy. [The order is noted for the auster-
ity of its discipline, and for keeping a
perpetual silence.]
1832 * * The American Baptists begin
a mission.
* *The Socie"te Fjvange"lique de
France is founded.
1833 Apr. 23. The foundation is laid
of the first Protestant Fpiscopal
church erected in France.
* * Paris. The French and Foreign Bible
Society is organized.
* * The St. Vincent de Paul Charitable
Society is founded by 12 young men.
* * The Roman Catholic Church assails
the proposed plan to put popular edu-
cation under the superintendence of
the University.
LETTERS.
1830 * * Kermock le Pirate, by Eugene
Sue, appears. [1831, Plick et Plock and
Alar Gull; 1832, La Salamandre; 1833,
La Vigie de Koatven.]
* * Fra Diavolo, by Augustine E. Scribe,
appears.
* * Contes d'Espagne et d'ltalie and Nuit
Vinitienne, by Alfred De Musset, appear.
[1831, Poisies diverses ; 1832, Le spectacle
dans un fauteuil ; 1833, Andri del Sarto
and Les Caprices de Marianne ; 1834, On
ne badine pas avec I'amour.]
* * On Religion considered in its Source,
its Forms, and its Developments, by Ben-
jamin Constant de Rebecque, appears.
* * La Grece Moderne, by Quinet, appears.
[1833, Ahasv&rus, Napolion, and Pro-
mithee.]
* * -36 * * Lettres d 'un voyageur, by
George Sand, appears. [1832, Indiana
and Valentine ; 1833, Lilia ; 1834, Le Se-
cretaire intime and Jacques.]
1831 Feb. * Notre Dame de Paris, by
Victor Hugo, appears. [Later, Les:
Feuilles d'Automne; 1832, Nov. 22, Le
Roi s'amuse; 1833, Feb. 2, Lucrece Ror-
gia; Nov. 6, Marie Tudor; 1834, Littera-
ture et philosophic mUies and Claude
Gueux ; 1835, Apr. 28, later, Les Chants
du Crkpuscule; 1836, Esmeralda; 1837,
Les Voix Interieures ; 1838, Nov. 8, Ruy
Bias.]
* * Le Rouge et le Xoir, by Beyle, appears.
[1838, Memoirs of a Tourist.]
* * Barnave, by Jules G. Janin, appears.
* * Rose et Blanche is written by Jules
Sandeau in conjunction with George
Sand.
* * La Revue des Deux Mondes appears.
FRANCE.
1830,** -1838,
727
* * Iambes, by Auguste Barbier, appears.
1832 * * Marie, by J. A. P. Brizeux, ap-
pears.
* * The Quiz, by Madame D. G. de Girar-
din, appears. [Later, La Canne de M.
de Balzac.']
* * Louis XI., by Delayigne, appears.
[1833, Les Enfants d'Edouard; 1835,
Don Juan d'Aulriche.]
* *-39* * History of the French from the
Time of the Gauls to 1830, by Theophile
S. Lavallee, appears.
1833* * Milanges philosophiques, by
Theodore S. Jouffroy, appears.
* * Eugene Grandet, Le medecin de cam-
paqne, and L'Histoire des Treize, by
Honore de Balzac, appear. [1835, Sira-
phita,La recherche de l'absolu,a,nd Pere
Goriot ; 1836, Le lys dans la vallee ; 1837,
Illusions perdues.]
* * A Double Mistake, by Prosper Meri-
mee, appears. [1835, Notes of a Journey
in the South of France; 1836, Notes of a
Journey in the West of France.}
* *-36* * L'Histoire de France, by
Henri Martin, appears.
1834 * * Vicomte de Biziers, by Melchior
F. Soulie, appears. [1836, La Magneti-
seur and Diane et Louise; 1838, The
Man of Letters.]
* * Le Bulletin Monumental is issued.
* * Considerations on the Philosophic Sys-
tem of Lamennais, by Jean Baptiste
Henri' Lacordaire, appears. [1835-50,
Sermons at Notre Dame : 1838, Letter on
the Holy See.]
1835 * * Mile, de Maupin, by Gautier,
appears.
* * La Nuit de Mai and La Confession
d'un Enfant du Siecle, by De Musset,
appear. [1838, Le Poete dechu; 1839,
Caprice and Nouvelles; 1840, Comedies
et proverbes.]
* * Le voyage en Orient, by Lamartine,
appears! [1836, Jocelyn ; 1838, Chute d'un
Ange; 1839, Itecueillements poitiques.]
* * Cours de droit naturel, by Jouffroy,
appears.
* * Stello, or the Blue Devils and Chat-
terton, by De Vigny, appear.
* * Commentaries on the Yacua, by Eu-
gene Burnouf, appears.
* * Destruction of Paganism in the West,
by Arthur A. de Beugnot, appears.
* * Papillotes, by Jacques Jasmin, ap-
pears. [1836, The Blind Girl of Castel-
Cuilli; 1840, Fianconnetto.]
* * .^40 * * On democracy in America, by
A. C. H. C. de Tocqueville, appears.
* * _45 * * Monuments of Egypt and Nu-
bia, Egyptian Grammar, and a Hiero-
glyphic Dictionary, by Jean F. Chain-
pollion, appear.
1836 * * Picciola, by Xavier Boniface, or
Saintine, appears.
July 1. La Presse is issued.
* * Le Siecle is issued.
* * Mauprat, by George Sand, appears.
[1839, Spiridion.]
* * Life of St. Elisabeth of Hungary, by
Com'te C. F. de Montalembert, appears.
* * QJuvres inidites, by Madame de Stael,
appears.
* * -50 * * Trisor de numismatique et de
glyptique, by Charles Lenormant and
others, appears.
1837 * * Modern Slavery, The Book of
the People, Politics for the People, and
other works, by Lamennais, appear.
* * La Soci6t6 des Gens de Lettres is
founded by Balzac, Lamennais, Dumas,
and George Sand.
* * Latriaumont, by Eugene Sue, appears.
[1838, Arthur; 1839, La marquise de L6-
toriere and Deleytar ; 1840, Jean Cava-
lier and Deux histoires; 1841, Mathilde
and Le commandeur de Malte.]
* * History of Political Economy, by Je-
rome A. Blanqui, appears.
* * Sacred Biography, by A. L. C. Coque-
rel, appears. [1842, Modern Orthodoxy.]
* * -67 * * History of France, by Jules
Michelet, appears.
1838 * * Idees Napolioniennes, by Prince
Louis Napoleon, appears.
* * On the Material Interests of France,
by Michel Chevalier, appears.
* * Sports for the Winds, by Joseph Au-
tran, appears.
* * Treatise on the Metaphysics of Aris-
totle, by Cousin, appears. [1838-40, A
new series of Philosophic Fragments;
1840, Course of Moral Philosophy ; 1842,
Lectures on Kant.]
* * Gerfaut, by Charles de Bernard, ap-
pears. [1839, Paravent; 1841, Peau du
Lion.]
* * Le capitaine Paul, by Dumas, pere,
appears. [1839, Acte; 1840, Aventuresde
John Davy, Le capitaine Pamphile,
Maitre Adam le Calabrais, and Othon
I'archer; 1841, Praxede ; 1842, Aven-
tures de Lyderic]
* * _44 * * Dictionary of the Language
of the Troubadours, by Raynouard, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
1831 Dec. 31. Paris. Election riots
occur, in which barricades are made, and
several persons killed.
1832 June * Paris. A collision occurs
between the military and the people be-
cause of the Republican demonstration
at the funeral of Gen. Lamarque.
Sept. 18. Scot. Charles X. leaves Holy-
rood Palace for the Continent.
Nov. 21. Lyons is at the mercy of a
mob ; a strike for higher wages throws
out of employment 30,000 persons.
1833 May* The Duchess of Berry
gives birth to a daughter, and the scan-
dal ruins her cause. [It is alleged that
the scandal was invented by jealous en-
emies.]
1834 Apr.* Paris. The Government
indicts the " Society of the Eights of
*Man" and the " Society of Prog-
ress."
Apr. 12-14. Paris. The insurrection-
ists are brutally suppressed ; persons of
all ages and both sexes are massacred,
even in their own homes.
1835 July 28. Paris. Joseph Marie
Fieschi attempts to assassinate the
king while reviewing 40,000 troops on
the Boulevards.
An infernal machine is discharged;
the king and his sons escape, but Mar-
shal Mortier, Duke of Treviso, and three
others are killed, and more than 40 in-
jured. [1836. Jan. 31. Fieschi, with four
others, is brought to trial. Feb. 12.
Fieschi, Morey, and Pepin are convicted
and sentenced to be executed ; one is sen-
tenced to imprisonment, and the other is
acquitted. Feb. 19. Fieschi, Morey, and
Pepin are executed.]
1836 . une 26. Louis Alibund attempts
to assassinate the king with a walking-
stick gun, but misses his aim. [1840.
Oct. 15. Another by Darmes with an
overloaded rifle, which kills himself.]
Nov. 23. Prince Polignac and others are
set at liberty from Ham, and they are
sent out of France.
Dec. 27. Parts. Meuniers fires at the
king when on his way to open the Cham-
bers.
1837 * * The Due d' Orleans (heir ap-
parent) marries the Princess Helena of
Mecklenburg.
* * Paris. Gaming-houses are no longer
licensed.
STATE.
1831 Feb. 17. The Crown of Bel-
gium is offered to the king's son, the
Due de Nemours, and declined by his
father.
Mar. 13-32 May* Paris. Ministry
(Conservative) of Casimir P6rier.
Dec. 27. Paris. The abolition of the
hereditary peerage is decreed by both
Chambers ; the peers concur. Vote,
103-70.
1832 Jan. * The Duchess of Berry and
the Legitimists attempt a rebellion in
favor of her son, the Comte de Chambord.
An insurrection breaks out in Lyons.
[Nov. 30. The duchess is imprisoned.]
Mar. 22. Paris. The peers pass a bill
banishing the families of Napoleon and
Charles X. Vote, 80-30.
June 5, 6. Paris. The A.B.C.(abaisses)
insurrection is suppressed.
Oct. 11.-36. Feb. * Paris. The Min-
istry of Marshal Soult, Thiers, Guizot,
and Broglie.
1833 June 9. The Duchess of Berry
is sent to Palermo, after giving birth to
a female child and asserting her secret
marriage to Prince Lucchesi-Palli, an
Italian.
Sept. 11. Republican insurrection in
Lyons. [Oct. 14. Another in Paris.]
1834 Apr. 24. France joins with Eng-
land, Spain, and Portugal, in a quadruple
alliance, to put down the Carlists in
Spain.
July 15. Paris. Marshal Gerard be-
comes minister of war.
1835 Feb. * The Due de Broglie be-
comes foreign minister.
May* Paris. Republicans renew the dis-
turbances.
Sept. * The freedom of the press is lim-
ited by " the laws of September."
1836 Jan.* Paris. The Ministry is
defeated in the Chamber of Deputies on
the question of the budget.
Feb. 22. Paris. Guizot and Broglie
retire from the Ministry ; the Ministry
of Thiers, a Progressionist, follows.
Sept. 6. Paris. The Ministry of Count
Mole" ; Guizot is minister of public in-
struction.
Oct. 30. Louis Napoleon, nephew of
Napoleon I., makes a venturesome at-
tempt to get himself proclaimed emperor
by the soldiers at Strasburg ; the con-
spiracy fails.
Nov. 15. Napoleon is taken on board a
frigate to be sent to America by the
French Government; he is to receive
15,000 francs annuity from the king's pri-
vate purse.
1837 Apr. 15. Paris. The Ministry
of Mole without Guizot begins.
May 8. Paris. Amnesty is granted for
political offenses.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1832 * * Paris. Cholera has 18,000 vic-
tims during one summer month.
728 1838, * *-1847, Dec. *
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1840 * * Paris. Fortifications are con-
structed for the defense of the city.
1841* *Gen.Bugeaudissentto Algeria,
and terrifies the Arabs into submission.
1842 May 1. So. Pacific. Adm. Du-
petit-Thouars occupies the Marquesas
Islands.
* * Algeria. Abd-el-Kader is defeated
and routed.
1843 * * So. Pacific. A French force oc-
cupies Tahiti, of the Society Islands.
1844 May* "War with Morocco.
[Sept. 10. Peace follows, and Abd-el-
Kader is banished.]
June * Morocco. Prince de Joinville,
with a naval squadron, bombards and
takes the fortified town of Mogador.
Aug. 14. Algeria. Marshal Bugeaud
defeats the Moors on the banks of the
Isly River.
1845 June 18. Algeria. Gen. P&issier
suffocates nearly 1,000 Arabs in the
Caves of Dahra. (See Algeria.)
1847 Sept. 26. Marshal Soult suc-
ceeds Marshal Oudinot, deceased, aa
general of France.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1839 * * Paris. Louis Jacques Mand^
Daguerre publishes his method of mak-
ing daguerreotypes. [A life pension
of 6,000 francs is awarded him by the
Government.]
* * Stratonice is painted by Jean Auguste
Dominique Ingres.
1840 Aug. 15. A bronze statue of
Napoleon is placed on the column of
the Grande Annexe, Boulogne.
Oct. 31-Nov. 4. A great inundation
occurs.
The Saone pours its waters into the
Rhone, breaks through its banks, and
covers 60,000 acres ; Lyons is inundated ;
in Avignon 100 houses are swept away ;
218 houses are carried away at La Guil-
lotiere ; and upwards of 300 at Vaise,
Marseilles, and Nimes ; the Saone had
not attained such a height for 238 years.
* * Napolion at Fontainebleau is painted
by Paul Delaroche.
1843 * * Paris. Illusions Lost is exhib-
ited by Gabriel Gleyre, at the Salon.
* * Arabia. Paolo EmilioBotta com-
mences his explorations at Khorsabad.
1845* *-46* *Urbain Jean Joseph
Leverrier works out the position of
Neptune, and finally discovers it on Sept.
23, 1846 ; Johann G. Galle of Berlin finds
the planet on the same night.
1846 Oct. 22. An inundation occurs.
In the center, west, and southwest of
France numerous bridges, with the Or-
leans and Vierzon viaduct, swept away ;
the latter had cost $1,200,000. The dam-
ages exceeded $20,000,000. The Loire
rises 20 feet in one night.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1838* * Broussais, Francois J. V., physi.,A66.
Butin, Ulysse, painter, born.
Caille, or Caillie, Kent', traveler, A39.
Castellan, Antoine Louis, painter, arch., A66.
Chery, Philippe, painter, A79.
Cuvier, Frederic, naturalist, A65.
Junot, Madame, Lame Pennon, Duchesse
d'Abrantes, author, A54.
Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Paul Emile Francois,
chemist, born.
Lobau, Comte de, Georges M., marshal, A68.
Moreau, Hegesippe, poet, A28.
Paris. Comte de, Louis Philippe, Orleans
prince, born.
Percier, Charles, architect, A74.
Picot, Georges Marie Bene, historian, publi-
cist, born.
Proudhon, Jean Baptiste Victor, jurist, A80.
Sacy, Baron de, Antoine Isaac Silvestre, ori-
entalist, A80.
May 17. Talleyrand-P6rig:ord, Prince
de, Charles Maurice, statesman, A84.
Oct. 30. Gambetta, Leon Michel, states-
man, born.
1839 * * Berchoux, Joseph, poet, A?4.
Bonaparte, Letizia, mother of Napoleon, A89.
Bouchet, Claude Antoine, surgeon, A55.
Creuze de Lesser, Baron Auguste Francois,
, dramatist, poet, A68.
Emeric-David, Toussaint Bernard, archeolo-
gist, A84.
Engelmann, Godefroy, manufacturer, one
of inventors of lithography, A51.
Fievee, Joseph, litterateur, A72.
Fesch, Joseph, card.,archbp. of Lyons, A7fi.
Gamier, Marie Joseph Francois, explorer, b.
Lallemand, Baron, Charles Francois Antoine,
general, A65.
Maret, Hugues Bernard, Due de Bassano,
statesman, A76.
Michaud, Joseph Francois, historian, A72.
Prony, Baron de, Gaspard Clair Francois
Marie Kiche, engineer, mathematician, A84.
Salverte, Anne J. E. B., mis. writer, A68.
Wiirtemberg, Duchess of, daughter of Louis
Philippe, sculptor, dies.
1840 * * Bonaparte, Lucien, brother of Napo-
leon I., Prince de Canino, A65.
Chartres, Due de, Robert Philippe L. E. F.,
prince, born.
Claretie, Jules A. A., author, critic, born.
Daudet, Alphonse, humorist, novelist, b.
Daunou, Pierre C. F., statesman, au., A79.
Duveyrier, Henri Danny, explorer, born.
Esquirol, Jean Etienne Dominique, physi-
cian, alienist, A68.
Jacotot, Jean J., educational writer, A70.
Lemercier, Louis Jean N., dramatist, A69.
Macdonald, Etienne Jacques Joseph
Alexandre, Ducde Tarente, marshal, A75.
Meyer, Marie Paul Hyacinthe, paleog., born.
Poisson, Simeon Denis, geometrician, A59.
Zola, Emile, novelist, born.
1841 * * Audouin, Jean Victor, entomologist,
comparative anatomist, A 44.
Bacciocchi, Felice Pasquale, consort of Napo-
leon's sister, Marie Elisa, A79.
Barere de Vleuzac, Bertrand, revolution-
ist, A86.
Berlin, Jean Louis, painter, A66.
Bertin, Louis Francois, journalist, A75.
Bignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, historian,
statesman, A70.
Boivin, Marie Anne Victoire Gillain, physi-
cian, author, A68. $
Clemenceau, Eugene, politician, born.
Coquelin, Benoit Constant, actor, born.
Hulin (Hullln), Comte Pierre Augustin, gen-
eral, A83.
Noel, Francois Joseph Michel, grammarian,
A86±.
Victor (Victor-Perrin), Claude, Due de Bel-
luno, marshal, A77.
1842 * * Baillot, P. M. Francois de Sales, vio-
linist, A71.
Beyle, Marie Henri, writer, A59.
Caigniez, Louis Charles, dramatist, A80.
Cambronne, Pierre J. Etienne de, gen., A72.
Coppee, Francois Edouard J., poet, born.
Degerando, Joseph Marie, metaphysical phi-
losopher, A70.
Dumont, Charles Albert Eugene Auguste,
archeologist, born.
Dumontd'Urville, Jules S. C, navigator, A52.
Du Sommerard, Alexandre, antiquary, A63.
Duval, Alexandre Vincent Pineu, dram., A75.
Edwards, Guillaume Frederic, ethnologist,
physiologist, A65.
Ferdinand Philippe, son of King Louis Phi-
lippe, A32.
Flammarion, Camille, astronomer, born.
Freycinet, Louis Claude Desaulses de, navi-
gator, A63.
Gerando, Joseph Marie, philosopher, A70.
Jouffroy, Theodore S., philosophical writer,
A46.
Laborde, Comte Alexandre de, antiquary,
litterateur, A68.
Larrey, Baron, Dominique Jean, surg., A76.
Las Cases, Marquis de, Emmanuel A. D.
M. J., soldier, A76.
Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Due de
Conegliano, marshal, A88.
Pelletier, Pierre Joseph, chemist, A54.
1843 * * Bouvart, Alexis, astronomer, A76.
Campenon, Vincent, poet, A71.
Chabrol de Volvio, Comte Gilbert Joseph
Gaspard, civil officer, politician, wr., A70.
Cortot, Jean Pierre, sculptor, d.
Delavigne, Jean Francois Casimir, poet,
dramatist, A50.
Granier de Cassagnac, Paul A. M. P. de,
journalist, born.
Lacroix, Sylvestre Francois, math., A78.
Nicollet, Jean Nicolas, astron., geol., A57.
1844* * Agar, Jean Antoine Michel, finan-
cier, A73.
Bernhardt, Sarah, actor, born in Paris.
Bertrand, Comte de, Henri Gratien, gen., A71.
Bonaparte, J oseph, brother of Napoleon I.,
King of Naples and Spain, A76.
De Belleville, Frederick, actor, born.
Fauriel, Claude Charles, philol., hist., A72.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, natu-
ralist, A 72.
Grousset, Paschal, journalist, communist, b.
Lafitte, Jacques, banker, statesman, A76.
Nodier, Charles, poet, litterateur, A61+.
Reynaud, Antoine Andre Louis, math., A73.
Wyse, L. N. Bonaparte, hydrog., poet, born.
1845 * * Azais, Pierre Hyacinthe, phil., A79.
Becker, Georges, painter, born.
Cavaignac,' Eieonore Louis Godefroy, jour-
nalist, Alt.
Charlet, Nicolas Toussaint, paint., engr., A53.
Etienne, Charles Guillaume, dram, poet, A67.
Koyer-Collard, Pierre Paul, statesman, A82.
1846 * * Berard, Auguste, surgeon, A44.
Bonaparte, Louis, brother of Napoleon I.,
King of Holland, A68.
Bory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste George
Marie, naturalist, geographer, A 66.
Bourmont, Comte Louis A. V., marshal, A73.
Jouy, Victor Joseph E. de, author, A82.
Roze, Marie, actor, born.
Senancour, Etienne Pivart de, author, A76.
Villenave, Mathieu Guillaume Therese, au-
thor, A84.
Virey, Julien Joseph, physician, medical
writer, A71.
CHURCH.
1840 * * The English Baptist missionary
society sends a missionary to Breton.
1845 * * The Jesuits are expelled.
1846 * * Miracles are alleged to be
wrought at La Salette. [Apr. * Impos-
tors are prosecuted.]
* * Pome. Pius IX. is pope.
LETTERS.
1839 * * New Literary Tales and Jour-
ney in Italy, by Janin, appear.
* * The Carthusian Nun of Parma, by
Beyle, appears.
* * The Literary History of Prance before
the 12th Century, by Jean J. Ampere,
appears.
* * Life of Washington, by Guizot, ap-
pears.
* * San Mariana, by Sandeau, appears.
* * Bibliothhque de I'Ecole des Chartes is
issued.
* * History of Landed Property in Europe,
by Edouaril B. L. de Laboulaye, appears.
1840 * * Hicits des temps mirovingiens,
by Thierry, appears.
* * Studies on the Theodicea of Plato and
Aristotle, by Jules Simon, appears.
[1844-45, History of the School of Alex-
andria.]
* * Life of St. Dominic, by Lacordaire,
appears.
* * Poisies completes, by Emile Des-
champs, appears.
* * What is property ? by Pierre J. Proud-
hon, appears. [1846, Systeme des contra-
dictions &conomiques.~\
* * Les rayons et les ombref, by Victor
Hugo, appears. [1842, lihin ; 1843, Les
Burgraves.]
* * Vautrin, by Balzac, appears.
* * -43 * * Studies on Modern Reformers
or Socialists, by Marie R. L. Reybaud,
appears.
* * -62 * * History of Port Royal, by
Sainte-Beuve, appears.
FRANCE.
1838,* *-1847, Dec.
729
1841 Mar. 30. A law is made fixing
the duration of copyright to 30 years
after the author's death.
* * The Rhin Allemand, by De Musset,
appears.
* * Colombo,, by Merimee, appears. [1844,
Studies in Roman History and the Con-
spiracy of Catiline.']
* * Theory of Universal Unity, hy F. C. M.
Fourier, appears.
* * History of the Crusades, by J. F.
Michaud, appears.
* * Docteur Herbeau, by Sandeau, appears.
* * The Crown Diamonds, by Augustin
E. Scribe, appears. [1842, The Class of
Water and Bertrand et Raton.]
* *-46* * Sketch of a Philosophy , by La-
mennais, appears.
* * _46 * * History of the Ten Years,
1830-1840, by Louis Blanc, appears.
* * -48 * * La Revue Indipendante is is-
sued.
1842 * * Ginie des Religions, by Quinet,
appears.
* * The Mysteries of Paris, Therese 1~>u-
noyer, and Le morne au diable, by Eugene
Sue, appear.
* * Memoirs of the Devil, by Soule\ ap-
pears.
* * The Two Angels, by Pierre Dupont,
appears.
* * Les Cariatides, by Theodore de Ban-
ville, appears.
* * Travels in Icaria, by Etienne Cabet,
appears.
* * Practical Exercises of Chinese Syntax
and Lexicography, by Stanislaus Julien,
appears.
* * Consuelo, by George Sand, appears.
[1846, La mare au diable and Francois
le Champi ; 1846-48, La petite Fadette ;
1861, Claudie.]
* * Pensies, maximes, et correspond ance
de Joseph Joubert, by Paul Raynal, ap-
pears.
* * -48 * * La revue de V Empire is issued.
1843 * * Tras lot Montes, by Gautier, ap-
pears.
* * Le Correspondant is issued.
* * Jirdme Paturot, by Reyland, appears.
* * La Religion de I' Univers is issued.
* * Georges, Ascanio, and Le chevalier
d'Harmental, by Dumas, pere. appear.
[1844, The Three Musketeers, Cicile, Fer-
nande, Amaury, Gabriel Lambert, and
Le chdteau d'Eppstein; 1845, Twenty
Years After, Lesfreres corses, Une fille
du rigent, and La reine Margot ; 1845-
46,'Za guerre des femmes; 1846, Le che-
valier de Maison- Rouge, La Dame de
Monsoreau, and Le bdiard de Maulion;
1846-48, Mimoire d'un midecin.]
* * Lucrece, by Francois Ponsard, ap-
pears.
* * Recherches sur la condition civile et
politique des femmes, by E. R. L. de La-
houlaye, appears.
* * -63 * * Cours de litte'raturc drama-
tique, by Francois A. Saint-Marc Girar-
din, appears.
1844 * * Histori) of the Two Restorations
to the Fall of Charles X., by Achille
Tenaille de Vaulabelle, appears.
* * History of the Romans, by Victor Du-
ruy, appears.
* * Discours sur VEsprit positive and
Philosophic Treatise on Popular Astron-
omy, by Comte, appear.
* * Les mysteres de Londres, by Paul H.
C. Feva'l, appears. [1847. Le fils du
diable.]
* * Marthe la fille, by Jasmin, appears.
[1845, Les deux freres jumeaux; 1849,
La semaine d'un fils.]
* * -45 * * The Count of Monte Cristo, by
Dumas, pere, appears.
* * -47 * * Funeral Orations, by Lacor-
daire, appear. [1845, Sermons at Lyons
and Grenoble.]
* * -50 * * Gallery of Portraits of the
18th Century, by Houssaye, appears.
[1846. History of Flemish and Dutch
Painting.]
* * -57 * * Elite des monuments ciramo-
graphiques, by Charles Lenormant and
others, appears.
1845 * * II faut qu'une porte soit ouverte
oufermie, by De Musset, appears. [1848-
51, Bettine and Carmosine; 1850, Poisies
Nouvelles.]
* * History of Civilization, by Guizot, ap-
* * Biography of Jacqueline Pascal, by
Cousin, appears.
* * Introduction to the History of Bood-
hism, by Eugene Burnouf, appears.
* * Voyage autour de monjardin, by J. B.
A. Karr, appears.
* * -63 * * History of the Consulate and
the Empire, by Thiers, appears.
1846 * * Studies of Ancient and Foreign
Literature, by Villemain, appears.
* * The Wandering Jew, by Sue, appears.
* * Essay on the History of Philosophy,
by Jean P. Damiron, appears.
* * History of Provencal Literature, by
Claude Charles Fauriel, appears.
* * Histoire des Ch&teaux de France, by
M. Bailly, appears.
* * Les Stalactites, by De Banville, ap-
pears.
* * -50 * * Critical History of the Alex-
andrian School, by Etienne Vacherot,
appears.
1847 May 15. Lacordaire pro-
nounces, in the Cathedral of Nancy,
[the famous] funeral oration on Gen.
Drouot. [Lacordaire's masterpiece.]
SOCIETY.
1839* *The Reformatory School at
Mettray, near Tours, is founded by M.
de Metz, for the reformation of juvenile
delinquents.
1840 Oct. 15. St. Helena. The re-
mains of Napoleon I. are removed from
the tomb for transference to France.
[Oct. 16. They are placed aboard the
French frigate Belle Poule, commanded
•by Prince de Joinville. Nov. 30. The
Belle Poule arrives at Cherbourg.]
Dec. 15. Paris. The remains of Na-
poleon I. are solemnly reinterred under
the dome of the chapel of the Hotel des
Invalides.
The obsequies are witnessed by 1,000,000
people, including 150,000 soldiers and the
royal family, and all the high person-
ages of the realm. The family of Na-
poleon are absent, being in exile or in
prison.
1841 Sept. 13. An attempt is made to
assassinate the king's son, the Due
d'Aumale, on his return from Africa.
1844+ * * Paris. Creches are estab-
lished for the temporary care of the
young children of working mothers.
1846 Apr. 16. Lecompte attempts to
assassinate the king at Fontaiuebleau.
July 29. Joseph Henri makes the
seventh attempt to assassinate the
king.
Oct. 10. Don Francis d'Assisi marries
his cousin, Isabella II., Queen of Spain.
The Due de Montpensier marries
Maria Louisa, the infanta of Spain.
1847 Aug. 18. Paris. The Due de
Praslin murders his wife, the daughter
of Marshal Sebastiani. [He commits
suicide on the eve of his trial.]
Oct. 10. Je"r6me Bonaparte returns
from exile, having been absent 32 years.
STATE.
1839 May 12. Paris. A Republican
insurrection is led by Armand Barbes,
Bernard, and others.
May 12.-40 Mar. 1. Paris. The Min-
istry of Marshal Soult ; Guizot, Thiers,
and Odillon-Barrot are excluded.
* * Peace is made with Mexico.
1840 Mar. 1-Oct. 29. Paris. The
Ministry of Thiers (second time pre-
mier).
May 12. Paris. The removal of Napo-
leon's remains from St. Helena to France
is decreed by the Chambers.
July 15. England, Austria, Prussia, and
Russia make a quadruple treaty of al-
liance with Turkey to the exclusion of
France, the assumed ally of Mehemet
Ali, the viceroy of Egypt.
Aug. 6. Louis Napoleon and Gen.
Montholon with 50 followers ineffec-
tively attempt an insurrection at Vime-
reux near Boulogne. [Oct. 6. Napoleon •
is sentenced to imprisonment for life.]
Oct. * Paris. The Government deserts
the cause of the viceroy of Egypt.
Oct. 29-48 Feb. 24. Paris. Fall of
Thiers ; the Ministry of Soult and
Guizot.
* * Trouble with England arises respecting
the arrest of Mr. Pritchard,its consul at
Tahiti, by Capt. D'Aubigny ; redress is
demanded and granted.
1842 July 13. The Due d'Orleans,
the king's eldest son, dies.
* * The chief political parties are the
Legitimists, led by Comte de Chambord,
Orleanists, Bonapartists, and Republi-
cans.
1843 * * -46 * * Trouble occurs respect-
ing the Spanish marriages. (See So-
ciety.)
* * An extradition treaty with England
is signed.
1844 * * The Due de Nemours is ap-
pointed regent in the event of a va-
cancy by death.
1846 May 25. Louis Napoleon es-
capes from imprisonment at Ham in the
disguise of a mason.
1847+ * *The Socialists agitate the
country.
* * Popular clamor cries for reform,
electoral, parliamentary, and adminis-
trative. The prime minister refuses to
grant the reforms asked for.
Dec. 28. Paris. The Legislative Cham-
bers meet, but promise no reforms, and
refuse all concessions.
Dec.± * Paris. The Government prohib-
its a proposed reform banquet.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1842 July 13. The Due d'Orleans,
heir to the throne, is killed by a fall
from his carriage.
1847 July 8. The canal from Durana
to Marseilles is completed.
730 1847, * *-1852, Jan. 10.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1848 Feb. *+ Paris. Insurrections
arise. (See State.)
1849 Jan. 29. Paris. Gen. Changar-
nier makes amilitary demonstration to
forestall an anticipated insurrection of
the Republicans.
Apr. 25. It. The French expedition to
Rome, comprising three divisions of
infantry and a brigade of cavalry, lands
at Civita Vecchia.
Apr. 30. Garibaldi repulses the advance
at Rome. [May 1-July 3. Siege of
Rome. May 17. An armistice. June
3. Hostilities are resumed. July 4. The
garrison surrenders unconditionally to
the French.]
1850 Jan. 1. The President creates his
uncle J6rome a marshal of France.
1851 Jan. 9. Napoleon deprives Gen.
Changarnier of the command of the
National Guard.
Dec. 3-4. Paris. The troops are at-
tacked, and defeat the rioters.
1852 Jan. 10. Paris. The National
Guard is disbanded, reorganized, and
placed under the control of the Presi-
dent.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1847 ** Paris. Saccharometer, an
instrument for determining the amount
of sugar in solutions, is invented hy Jean
Baptiste Francois Soleil. [It is after-
wards improved by Jules Duboscq.]
1848 * * The Golden Age is painted hy
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.
1849 Apr. 12. The planet Hygeia is
discovered by A. de Gasparis.
* * The velocity of light is measured by a
method invented by Hippolyte Louis
Fizeau.
1850 May 11. The planet Parthenope
is discovered by A. de Gasparis.
Nov. 2. The planet Egeria is discovered
by A. de Gasparis.
* * Bonaparte at Saint Bernard is painted
by Paul Delaroche.
± * * Leon Foucault and Hippolyte Louis
Fizeau make important improvements
in photography, and develop the the-
ory of light.
1851 July 29. The planet Eunomia is
discovered by A. de Gasparis. [1852,
Sept. 19, Massilia ; Apr. 5, Themis; 1861,
Feb. 10, Ausonia; 1865, Apr. 26, Beatrix.]
Sept. 13. A statue of Joan of Arc by
Marie d'Orleans (M. C. C. A. F. L. de Va-
lois) is inaugurated at Orleans.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1847* * Adelaide, Eugenie Louise, sister of
Louis Philippe, A70.
A im£- Martin, Louis, author, A66.
Pallanche, Pierre Simon, philosopher, A71.
Brongniart, Alexander, chemist, naturalist,
A77.
Delessert, Penjamin, financier, natural., A74.
Dutrochet, Ren6 Joachim Henri, physiolo-
gist, natural philosopher, A71.
Gerard, Jean I. 1. Grandeville, artist, cari-
caturist, A44.
Grouchy, Marquis, Emmanuel, marshal, A81.
Guiraud, Paron, Pierre Marie Therese Alex-
andre, dramatist, A59.
Guillon, Abbg, Marie Nicolas Silvestre, au-
thor, A87.
Maria Louisa, second wife of Napoleon I.,
A56.
Mars, Mademoiselle Anne F. H. Boutet
Monvel, actor, A69.
Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, Due de Keggio,
marshal, A80.
Polignac, Prince de, Auguste Jules Ar-
mand Marie, statesman, A67.
Roll, Albert Philippe, painter, born.
Soulie, Melchior Freueric, novelist, A47.
1848 * * Afire, Denis Auguste, archbishop of
Paris, A55.
Bastien- Lepage, Jules, painter, born.
Chateaubriand. Vicomte de Frangois,
Auguste. author, A80.
Dutens, Joseph Michel, pol. economist, A83.
1849 * * Pugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas
Robert, marshal, A65.
Francoeur, Louis Penjamin, geomet., A76.
Genoude, Antoine Eugene, journalist, histo-
rian, A57.
Habeneck, Antoine Francois, musician, A68.
Mirbel, Lizinska A. Z. R. de, miniaturist, A53.
Quatremere de Quincy, Antoine Chrysos-
tome, art critic, archeologist, A94.
Kecaraier, Madame Jeanne F. J. A. B.,
accomplished lady, A71.
Rey, Jean, manufacturer, writer, A76.
1850 * * Ancelot, Jacques A. F. P., drama-
tist, poet, novelist, A56.
Balzac, Honore de. novelist, A51.
Bastiat. Frederic, political economist, A49.
Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de, zoolo-
gist, physician, A73.
Chambray, Marquis de, Georges, hist., A67±.
Proz, Joseph, historian, A77.
Gautier, Judith, author, born.
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, chemist, natural
philosopher, A72.
Aug. 26. Louis Phihppe, Due d'Orleans,
king, at Claremont, Eng., A77.
Planquette, Robert, composer, born.
Vidocq, Eugene Frangois, chief of detective
police, A75.
1851 * * Angouleme, Duchesse d', Marie The-
rese Charlotte, daughter of Louis XVI.
and Marie Antoinette, A73.
Pailly, Antoine, historian, dies.
Daguerre, Louis J. M., artist, A62.
Golembeski, Jean, centenarian, A 126.
Leuret, Frangois, physician, author, A54.
Sebastian!, Horace Frangois, marshal, states-
man, A76.
Silvestre, Paron de, Augustin Frangois, rural
economist, A89.
Soult. Nicolas J. de D., Due de Dalmatie,
marshal, statesman, A82.
CHURCH.
1848 June 26. Paris. The arch-
bishop of Paris is killed by the Red Re-
publicans while attending the dying.
Nov. 24. Rome. The Pope leaves in
disguise, and takes refuge from the pop-
ulace in Gaeta, in the Neapolitan terri-
tory.
1850 Apr. * Rome. The Pope returns,
having his authority restored by the
army of France.
LETTERS.
1847 * * Aventures de quatre femmes et
d'un perroquet, by Dumas, Jils, appears.
[1848, Cisarine and La Dame aux Cami-
lias; 1849, Le docteur Servan, Anto-
nine, and Tristan le Roux; 1850, Trois
Hommes, and Henri de Navarre.]
* * Carmen, by Merimee, appears. [1848,
History of Don Pedro I., King of Cas-
tile.]
* * La Belle Rose, by Louis A. E. Achard,
appears.
* * Hlstoire des Girondins, by Lamartine,
appears. [1849, Histoire de la revolution
defevrier; 1852, Graziella.]
* * Chien-Callon, by Champfleury, ap-
pears. [1852, Les Oies de Noel.]
* * Monuments of Nineveh, by Paolo E.
Botta and others, appears.
* * - 53 * * History of the French Revolu-
tion, by Michelet, appears.
* * -62 * * History of the French Revolu-
tion, by Louis Blanc, appears.
1848 Aug. 24-28. La Gazette de
France is suspended.
Aug. 30. La Gazette de France resumes
as Le Peuple Francais; Journal de I'Ap-
pel a la Nation is issued.
* * Mile, de la Seigliire, by Sandeau, ap-
pears. [1851, Sacs et Parchemins]
* * Vie de Boheme, by Murger, appears.
[1851, Claude et Marianne; 1852, Pays
latin; 1853, Adiline Protat ; 1854, Bu-
veurs.]
* * The Daughter of Mschylus, by Joseph
Autran, appears.
* * L'Evinement is founded by Victor
Hugo.
* * Histoire de I'esclavage dans I'anti-
quiti, by Henri Alexandre Wallon, ap-
pears.
* * Les Rivolutions d'ltalie, by Quinet,
appears. [1853, Les Esclaves; 1854,
Marnix de Ste. Aldegonde.]
* * -50 * * Dix ans plus tard, ou le Vi-
comte de Bragelonne, by Dumas, pere,
appears. [1849, Les mille et unfantom.es ;
1851, La femme au collier de velours;
1852, Olympe de Cleves, Un Gil Bias en
Calif ornie, and Isaac Laquedem; 1853,
Le pasteur d'Ashbourn, El Saltiador,
and Conscience I'innocent.]
1849 * * Gabrielle and L'Aventuriere, by
Emile Augier, appear.
* * Harmonies Economiques, by Frederic
Bastiat, appears.
* * Adrienne Lecouvreur, by Scribe, ap-
pears.
* * Histoire de la jeune Allemagne, by
Ren6 G. E. Taillandier, appears.
* * -50 * * La Chasse Royale, by L. A. E.
Achard, appears.
1850 Sept. 26. The Government adopts
measures restricting the liberty of the
press.
* * La Critique et la Foi, by Edmond H.
A. Scherer, appears. [1853, Alexandre
Vinet.]
* * The Nun of Toulouse, by Janin, ap-
pears. [1851-57, History of Dramatic
Literature.]
* * Charlotte Corday, by Francois Pon-
sard, appears. [1853, Honor and Money.]
1851* * History of Mary Stuart, by
Mignet, appears.
* * Les deux Frondes, and Diane de Lys,
by Dumas,^Zs, appears. [1852, Le regent
Muslel ; 1853, Conies et nouvelles; 1854,
Un cas de rupture and La Dame aux
perles.]
* * Mercadet, by Balzac, appears.
* * -54 * * Sy steme de Politique positive,
ou Traiti de Sociologie instituant la Re-
ligion de I'Humaniti, by Comte, appears.
* * -57 * * Causeries de Lundi, by Sainte-
Beuve, appears.
* * -63 * * Histoire de la restauration, by
Lamartine, appears.
SOCIETY.
1848 Feb. * Paris. The mob sack the
TuHeries. About 16,000 citizens are
killed or wounded during the riots.
(See Army and State.)
Mar. 3. Eng. The ex-king and his wife
arrive at Newhaven.
Mar. 4. Paris. A grand funeral pro-
cession commemorates the victims of
the Revolution.
Slavery is abolished in all the
French colonies, chiefly through the
agency of Victor Schoelcher, after
the labor of 20 years.
1849 Aug. 22. Paris. A peace con-
gress is opened ; representatives are
present from all parts of the world.
1850 Aug. 15. A Grand banquet is
given to Louis Napoleon at Lyons.
1851* *-52* *The Monts de Pi<5te"
are regulated by law.
FRANCE.
1847, * *-1852, Jan. 10. 731
1852 Jan. 1. The Prince-President is
installed at Notre Dame, and the day is
observed as a national holiday.
STATE.
1848 Jan. * Paris. It is resolved to
hold a reform banquet notwithstanding
the prohibition.
Banquets are held in Strasburg, Char-
tres, and elsewhere. It is proposed to
hold one on the 22d of February ; but it
is again prohibited, and abandoned.
* * The Socialists are called Commu-
nists, and become a powerful political
body.
Feb. 4. Paris. A great debate takes
place on the Reform Bill.
Feb. 22-24. Paris. The Revolution
of February. Cause : the spirit of dis-
content, and contempt for the existing
government.
Feb. 22. Paris. Mobs, chiefly directed
by Socialists, come into conflict with
municipal guards, which are defeated.
Feb. 23. Paris. The National Guard is
called out, barricades thrown up, the
Tuileries ransacked, the prisons
opened, and frightful disorders com-
mitted ; a partial defection of the guards
occurs ; Guizot resigns [and Count Mole'
succeeds him as premier, but later gives
way to Thiers].
Feb. 24. Paris. The king abdicates
the crown in favor of his grandson, the
Comte de Paris.
The Duchess of Orleans and her two
sons in the Chamber of the Deputies.
An armed mob rush in and proclaim a
Republic : " No more Bourbons ! " " No
regency ! " " The Republic forever ! "
A Provisional Government is ap-
pointed having 11 members ; Lamartine
is president.
Feb. 26. Paris. A Republic is pro-
claimed from the steps of the Hotel de
Ville.
1848* *-51* * The Second Republic.
Feb. * National workshops (Ateliers
Nationaux) are established by the Pro-
visional Government.
[Private trade is thereby deranged ;
100,000 workmen demand the govern-
ment work and pay. June * The shops
are abolished.]
Feb. * Paris. Louis Blanc, the journal-
ist and Socialist, is placed at the head of
a commission of laborers, with a view to
the "organization of labor" by the
Provisional Government.
Mar. 4. Paris. A grand funeral pro-
cession marches in honor of the victims
of the Revolution.
The National Assembly meets. [It
is no longer called the Chamber of Dep-
uties.]
May 7. Paris. The Provisional Govern-
ment yields to an Executive Com-
mission elected by the National As-
sembly.
Members : Dupont de l'Eure, Arago,
Garnier-Pages, Marie, Lamartine, Le-
dru-Rollin, and Cremieux.
May 15. Paris. The people's attack on
the Assembly is suppressed.
May 26. Paris. A decree of perpetual
banishment is issued against Louis
Philippe and his family.
June 13. Louis Napol6on is elected to
the Assembly for the department of the
Seine and three other departments.
June 22. The Assembly decrees that a
certain number of workmen shall join
the army, or be excluded from the na-
tional workshops if they refuse.
June 23-26. " The Days of June."
A popular insurrection breaks out,
with much bloodshed in Paris, because
of the closing of the government work-
shops.
(June 23.) Rise of the Red Repub-
licans. Fighting with the National
Guard continues all night in Paris ; more
than 300 barricades are erected in the
streets.
Gen. Cavaignac is nominated as dic-
tator. The executive committee resigns.
(June 25.) Paris is declared to be in
a state of siege.
(June 27.) Affre, the archbishop of
Paris, is killed by a random shot while
attempting a pacification.
(June 28.) The last barricade is
stormed by the troops, and the insur-
rection ends, and order is restored.
June 28. Paris. Gen. Cavaignac sur-
renders the dictatorship, and is ap-
pointed president of the council.
July 4. Paris. Cavaignac orders the
national workshops closed.
Sept. 26. Paris. Louis Napol6on
takes his seat in the National Assembly.
Oct. 20. Paris is relieved from a state
of siege, after being shut up for four
months.
Nov. 4. Paris. A new Constitution is
adopted. It provides for a single legis-
lative chamber of 750 members. [Nov.
12. Promulgated.]
Dec. 1. Louis Napoleon publishes an ad-
dress announcing himself as a candidate
for the presidency.
Dec. 11. Paris. Louis Napoleon, the
nephew of Napoleon I., is elected Pres-
ident of the French republic. [Dec. 20.
Proclaimed for four years.]
1848-1871 Louis Napoleon in power.
Dec. 20. He is proclaimed President of
the Republic. Vote : Napoleon, 5,327,345 ;
Cavaignac, 1,474,687; Ledru-Rollin, 381,-
026; Raspail, 37,121 ; Lamartine, 21,032;
and Changarnier, 4,975.
1849 Apr. * Louis Napoleon sends an
expedition to Rome to restore the
authority of the Pope.
June 11. Paris. Great excitement pre-
vails, and an impeachment of the Presi-
dent is proposed, because of his aiding
the cause of the Pope.
June 15. An insurrection in Lyons is
suppressed by the military.
Oct. 31. Paris. The President changes
his Ministry, and nominates ministers
favorable to his aims.
1850 May 31. Paris. The Assembly,
alarmed by the Socialists, restricts the
suffrage to citizens domiciled for three
years in the same commune.
June 24. Paris. A donation bill is
passed, giving the President 2,160,000
francs per annum.
Sept. 26. Liberty of the press is re-
stricted.
1851 Jan. 3. Paris. The Ministry
resign.
Jan. * Paris. The President by a decree
deprives Gen. Changarnier of the com-
mand of the garrison. [July 14-19. The
Assembly warmly debates this removal.]
July 19. Paris. The majority in the
Assembly who vote for the revision of
the Constitution is 97 less than the three-
fourths required.
Nov. * Paris. The Assembly makes fac-
tious opposition to the Government;
alleged plots are announced.
Dec. 2. Paris. Coup d'Fltat of Louis
Napoleon. The President becomes dic-
tator.
In complicity with Saint-Arnaud, Persigny,
Mauras, De Morny, and others, he causes the
arrest before daylight of leading Republicans
and Orleanists ; Cavaignac, Changarnier,
Charras, Lamoriciere, Bedeaus, Thiers, Vic-
tor Hugo, and several others are imprisoned.
He dissolves the National Assembly, annuls
the Constitution, and restores universal suf-
frage. He appeals to the people to elect him
President for ten years. Paris is occupied by
troops.
A new Ministry is announced.
Members : Count Morny, minister of
the interior; Gen. Saint-Arnaud, minis-
terof war; M. Fould,ministerof finance ;
and M. Rouher, minister of justice.
Dec. 18. Paris. The Napoleon succes-
sion, in default of issue from the em-
peror, is determined in favor of Prince
Jerome-Napoleon and his heirs male.
Napoleon arrests 180 members of
the National Assembly who attempt to
meet.
Dec. 3,4. Paris. Partial insurrections
are suppressed.
Dec. 12. Paris. A Consultative Com-
mission is founded.
Dec. 20,21. Paris. Louis Napoleon is
elected President for 10 years by a na-
tional vote (7,473,431-641,351).
He is clothed with monarchical power,
and permitted to issue a Constitution for
France.
1852 Jan. 1. Paris. Louis Napoleon
is installed President in the Cathedral
of Notre Dame, and the day is made a
holiday. The Prince-President resides
in the Tuilieries.
Jan. 9. The President arbitrarily ban-
ishes his most powerful opponents, in-
cluding Changarnier, Lamoriciere ; they
are conducted to the Belgian frontier.
Jan. 10. The President banishes 83
members of the Legislative Assembly ;
575 persons are also arrested for making
resistance to the coup (Vitat, and taken
to Havre for transportation to Cayenne.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1848 * * Paris. Trees of liberty are
planted.
1850 * * The vine disease reaches the
trellised vines, and many vineyards lose
the entire crop, at Versailles.
1851 Nov. 13. An electric telegraph
is opened between France and England.
* * Louis Napoleon makes the Tuileries
his residence, and [greatly renovates it J.
732 1852, Jan. 14-1857,
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1852 Mar. 28. The Departments are
released from a state of siege.
1853 Mar. 20. The fleet is sent into
Turkish waters, and joins that of Eng-
land.
Sept. * A military camp is established at
Satory, near Paris.
Oct. 4. Turk. The Anglo-French fleet
enters the Dardanelles. [Nov. 15. It
enters the Bosporus.]
1854* *-56* *The Crimean War.
(For events, see Great Britain.)
Sept. 20. Rus. Battle of Alma. (See
Great Britain.)
1856 Mar. 30. Peace is made with
Russia.
July 5. Rus. The French leave the
Crimea.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
.1852 Nov. 15. The planet Lutetia is
discovered by Hermann Goldschmidt.
[1854, Oct. 26, Pomona ; 1856, May 22,
Daphne; 1857, Sept. 9, Melete; Sept. 19,
Doris, also Pales ; Sept. 10, Alexandra ;
1860, Sept. 9, Danae; 1861, May 5, Pano-
psea.]
* * * Paris. The Horse Fair, painted by
Rosa Bonheur, is exhibited at the Salon.
1853 Apr. 6. The planet Phocsea is dis-
covered by Jean Chacornac. [1855, Apr.
6, Circe; 1856, Apr. 8, Lsetitia; 1860, Sept.
12, Olympia.]
Dec. 7. Paris. A bronze statue of
Marshal Ney, by M. Rude, is erected
on the spot where he fell 38 years before.
1854 Oct. 28. The planet Polyphymnia
is discovered by M. Chacornac. [1856,
Jan. 12, Leda.]
* * Joan of Arc is painted by Jean Auguste
Dominique Ingres.
1855 * * Paris. Ernest Wilfred Gabriel
Baptiste Legouv6 is elected a member of
the Academy. [1862, Jacques Victor
Albert, Due de Broglie ; 1865, Charles Ca-
mille Doucet ; 1870, Emile Ollivier and
Xavier Marmier: 1871, Henry Eugene
Orleans, Due d'Aumale ; 1874, Jan. 30,
Alexandre Dumas, fl Is.]
* * The Girondists in Prison is painted by
Paul Delaroche.
1856* * Paris. Jules Duboscq's electric
lamp is exhibited.
May * -June * Disastrous inundations
occur near Lyons and elsewhere in the
south ; whole villages are swept away.
1857 * * Small photographic portraits,
called carte-de-visite, are first taken
by M. Ferrier at Nice. [The Duke of
Parma has his portrait placed on his
visiting-cards ; the custom soon becomes
fashionable.]
Aug. 14. Paris. The magnificent build-
ings of the new Louvre, begun by Napo-
leon 1., are opened with splendid cere-
monies by Napoleon III.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
18S2 * * Beudant, Francois Sulpice, physi-
cist, A65.
Burnouf, Eugene, orientalist, A51.
Ebelmen, Jacques Joseph, chemist, A38.
Fayolle, Francois Joseph Marie, musician,
critic, litterateur, A78.
Gerard, Count, Etienne Maurice, marshal,
A79.
Gay, Marie F. S. N. de Lavalette, novelist,
A76.
Gourgaud, Gaspard, general, author, A69.
Graux, Charles, philologist, born.
Johannot, Tony, painter, wood engr., A49.
Lafarge, Marie C, poisoner, A36.
Maistre, Comte Xavier de, novelist. A88.
Marrast, Armand, journalist, politician, A51.
Marmont, Auguste F. L. V., Due de Kaguse,
marshal, A78.
Orsay, Comte d', Alfred Guillaume Gabriel,
artist, leader of fashion, A54.
Pradier, Jacques, sculptor, A 60.
Walckenaer, Baron Charles Athanase, au-
thor, A81.
1853 * * Arago, Dominique Francois, astron-
omer, natural philosopher. A67.
Arrighi, Due de Padoue, marshal, dies.
Bellot, Joseph Ren«5, Artie navigator, A27.
Collombet, Francois Z6non, author, A 45.
Fabre, Antoine F. II., medical writer, A56.
Fontaine, Pierre Francois Leonard, architect,
A91.
Montholon, Comte Charles Tristan de, gen-
eral, author, A70.
Orflla, Mateo Jos6 Bonaventura, chem., A66.
Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de, botanist, A54.
1854 * * Baudin des Ardennes, Charles, vice-
admiral, A70.
Beautemps-Beaupr6, Charles Francois, hy-
drographer, A88.
Bertin, Louis Marie Armand, journalist, A53.
Blanqui, Jerome Adolphe, political econo-
mist, A56.
Bourdon, Louis Pierre Marie, math., A55.
Chazal, Antoine, artist, A61.
Faucher, Leon, economist, statesman, A51.
Haussez, Charles L. de Longpr6 d', minister,
natural philosopher, A76.
Lallemand, Claude Francois, physician, sur-
geon, A64.
Lamennais, L'Abb6, Hugues Felicity Robert
de, religious and political writer, A72.
Marcel, Jean Joseph, orientalist, hist., A78.
Mirbel, Charles F. B. de, naturalist, A78.
Paixhans, Henri Joseph, general, inventor
of guns, author, A72.
Peyronnet, Charles Ignace, lawyer, pol., A76.
Rochette, D6sir6 Raoul, archeologist, A64.
Saint-Arnaud, Jacques Achille Leroy de,
marshal, A58.
Souvestre, Emile, journalist, author, A48.
Thibaudeau, Comte Antoine Claire, revolu-
tionist, historical writer, A89.
Tissot, Pierre Francois, author, A 86.
Villele, Comte de, Jean Baptiste Seraphin
Joseph, minister of finance, A81.
1855 * * Arago, Jacques Etienne Victor, trav-
eler, writer, A65.
Barchou de Penhoen, Baron Auguste T. H.,
writer, dies.
Chenot, Claude Bernard Adrien, eng., A52.
Duvernoy, Georges Louis, zoologist, anato-
mist, A78.
Girardin, Delphine Gay de, author, A51.
Isabey, Jean Baptiste, miniature paint., A88.
Lacretelle, Jean Charles de, historian, A89.
Magendie, Francois, physiologist, A72.
Miohaux, Francois Andr6, botanist, A85.
Mol6, Comte, Louis Mathieu, statesman, A74.
1856* * Adam, Adolphe Charles, musical
composer, A53.
Arlincourt, Vicomte d', Victor, poet, novel-
ist, A87.
Binet, Jacques Philippe Marie, mathemati-
cian, astronomer, A70.
Cabet, Etienne, socialist, A68.
David, Pierre Jean, sculptor, A67.
Delaroche, Paul (Hyppolyte), historical
painter, A59.
Fortoul, Hippolyte Nicolas Honored wr., A45.
Gerhardt, Charles Frederic, chemist, A40.
Monod, Adolphe, Protestant cler., A56.
Napoleon, Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, son of
Napoleon III., born.
Prevost, Louis Constant, geologist, A69.
Salvandy, Comte de, Narcisse Achille, au-
thor, A61.
Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, histo-
rian, A61.
1857* * Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre Charles,
diplomatist, A66.
Beranger, Pierre Jean de, lyric poet, A77.
Boissonade, Jean Francois, philologist, A83.
Bonaparte, Charles Lucien Jules Laurent,
writer on natural philosophy, A54.
Cauchy, Augustin Louis, math., poet, A68.
Cavaignac, Louis Eugene, general, A55.
Comte, Auguste, phil., fdr. positivism, A59.
Dufr^noy, Pierre Armand, geologist, A65.
Desnoyers, Auguste G.L. Boucher, engr., A78.
Isambert, Francois A., politician, jurist, A65.
Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de, poet,
A47.
Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines d', natural., A55.
Planche, Jean Baptiste Gustave, litterateur,
critic, A49.
Quatremere, Etienne Marc, orientalist, ATS.
Sue, Marie Joseph EuKene, novelist, A53.
Swetchine, or Svetchin, Anne Sophie, au-
thor, A75.
Thenard, Louis Jacques, chemist, A80.
CHURCH.
1852 Mar. 26. Louis Napoleon decrees
the reestablishment of the law of
1802. (See p. 715.)
1853 Jan. 3. Paris. The Pantheon is
reopened as the Church of St. Gene-
vieve.
July 17. Sacred relics are exhibited at
Aix-la-Chapelle ; 60,000 pilgrims view
them.
Aug. 19. Paris. The first meeting is
held of the World's Conference of
Young Men's Christian Association
Societies.
1855 * * Paris. The Evangelical AUi-
ance holds its third meeting.
1856 * * The mission of the American
Baptists is left in the hands of French
pastors. The theological seminary at
Douai is closed.
1857 Feb. 11. Miracles are alleged
to take place at Lourdes.
LETTERS.
1852 * * History of Ancient Greece, and
History of France, by Victor Duruy, ap-
pear.
* * Catichisme positiviste, ou Sommaire
Exposition de la Religion universelle, by
Comte, appears.
* * Les Illumines, ou les Precurseurs du
Socialisme, by Gerard de Nerval, ap-
pears.
* * Poemes antiques, by C. M. Leconte de
Lisle, appears. [1854, Poemes et poisies ;
1859, Le chemin ae la croix.]
* * Le regent Mustel, by Alexandre Dumas,
fils, appears. [1853, Diane de lys ; 1855,
Le Demi-Monde ; 1857, La question d'ar-
gent ; 1858, Lefils naturel; 1859, Unpere
prodige.]
* * La Revue Contemporaire is issued.
* * Napolton le Petit, by Victor Hugo, ap-
pears. [1853, Les chdtiments ; 1856-57,
Les contemplations.]
* * -54 * * Tard's Dictionnaire de Hy-
giene is published.
1853 * * Essays on Literary History, by
Eugene Gerusez, appears.
* * Le Tiers-Etat, by Thierry, appears.
* * The True, the Beautiful, and the Good,
by Cousin, appears.
* * Essay on the Fables of La Fontaine,
by Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, appears.
[1854, Essay on Titus Livius; 1855, A
Tour Through the Pyrenees; 1856, The
French Philosophers of the 19th Cen-
tury.]
* * Le pressoir, Moliere, and Les mattres
sonneurs, by George Sand, appear.
[1854, Lucie and Histoire de ma Vie;
1855, Mont Reveche; 1858, Elle et lui;
1859, L' Homme de neige.]
* * Les faux Demitrius : Episode de V His-
toire de Russie, by Merimee, appears.
* * Le Mercure de France, begun in 1672,
ceases to appear.
* * -55 * * La comtesse de Charny, by
Dumas, pere, appears. [1854, Catherine
Blum and Ingenue; 1854-58, Les Mohi-
cans de Paris; 1855-59, Salvator ; 1857,
Les compagnons de Jdhu ; 1859, Les louves
de Machecoul]
1854 * * Les bourgeois de Molinchart, by
Cbampfleury, appears [1857, La Succes-
sion de Cannis.]
FRANCE.
1852, Jan. 14-1857, *
733
* * -56 * * Causeries litteraires, by Ar-
mand A. J. M. F. Pontmartin, appears.
[1857-81, Causeries du Samedi ; 1861-63,
Semaine8 littiraires; 1862, Les Jeudis
de Mme. Ctiarbonneau.]
1855 * * Le Cabinet Historique is issued.
* * Tolla, by About, appears. [1856, Le
Roi des Montagues; 1857, Germaine;
1858, Trente et Quarante; 1862, Homme a
Voreille casse" and the Nez d'un notaire ;
1863, Madelon.]
* * Milanges kistoriques et litteraires, by
Merimee, appears.
* * La famille, by Paul Janet, appears.
[1858, Histoire de la philosophie morale et
politique ; 1860, Etudes sur la dialectique
dans Platon et Higel ; 1862, La philoso-
phie du bonheur.]
* * -56 * * Political History of the United
States, by fi. R. L. de Laboulaye, ap-
pears. [1862, United States and France ;
1864, Paris in America.]
1856 * * Revue Critique d' Histoire et de
Litterature is issued.
* * The Old Regime and the Revolution, by
De Tocqueville, appears.
* * Natural Religion, by Jules Simon, ap-
pears.
* * L'Allemagne et la Russie, by Taillan-
dier, appears. [1865, Maurice de Saxe.]
* * Symphonies, by P. M. V. R. de Paprade,
appears.
* * Les OdSlettes, by Theodore Faullain
de Banville, appears.
* * Emauxet Cami.es, by Gautier, appears.
1857 * * L'histoire des Gaulois, by A.
Thierry, appears.
* * The Flowers of Evil, by Charles Baude-
laire, appears.
* * Memoir on the Rural Economy of
France, by L. G. L. G. Lavergne, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
1852 Jan. * Paris. The Government
inaugurates a reaction against republi-
canism.
The inscription, " Liberty, Fraternity,
Equality," is proscribed and to be
everywhere erased ; " trees of liberty "
are cut down and burned ; old names of
public buildings, places, and streets are
restored.
July 1. Paris. A plot for the assassi-
nation of the Prince-President is dis-
covered.
Aug. 15. The birthday of Napoleon I.
is celebrated as the only national holi-
day.
Sept. 23. The police discover and seize
an infernal machine at Marseilles,
prepared against Louis Napoleon.
* * Napoleon III. restores the hereditary
peerage.
1853 Jan. 30. Napoleon HE. mar-
ries Euge~nie Marie de Montijo de Guz-
man.
Feb. 2. More than 4,000 political pris-
oners are pardoned.
Mar. 13. Paris. An immense Social-
istic demonstration occurs at the fu-
neral of Madame Raspail ; 40,000 persons
march in the procession.
Mar. 28. A peace address, signed by
40,000 Englishmen, is presented to Na-
poleon III. by Englishmen.
July 7. Paris. A plot to assassinate the
emperor while on his way to the opera is
discovered. [Nov. * Ten persons are
transported for life.]
Sept. * Paris. Bread riots break out.
1855 Apr. 28. Pianori unsuccessfully
attempts to kill the emperor.
* * Paris. An International Statistical
Congress meets.
1856 Mar. 16. Paris. Napoleon Eu-
gene Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte,
prince imperial, is born. Amnesty
is granted to 1,000 political prisoners.
1857 Jan. 3. Jean Verger, a priest,
assassinates Sibour, the archbishop of
Paris.
July 11. Paris. A conspiracy to assas-
sinate the emperor is detected. [Aug.
6, 7. The conspirators are sentenced to
transportation.]
STATE.
1852 Jan. 14. Paris. A new Consti-
tution is published ; it resembles that
of the first empire.
The Senate is reestablished in place
of the Chamber of Peers.
Jan. 22. Paris. A decree confiscating
their appanages, and obliging the Or-
leans family to sell all their real and
personal property in France within a
year, is issued.
Napoleon issues another decree.
It annuls the settlement made by Louis
Philippe upon his family in 1830, and an-
nexes the property to the public domain.
Mar. 29. Paris. The Legislative
Chambers are installed.
Aug. 8. Louis Adolphe Thiers and others
are permitted to return from exile.
Sept. 13. Paris. The Senate prays for
" the reestablishment of the hereditary
sovereign power in the Bonaparte
family."
Sept. 16. Paris. Napoleon commences
a tour through Southern France.
[Sept. 19. He is welcomed at Lyons.
Sept. 27. Visits Toulon. Oct. 7. Visits
Bordeaux. Oct. 16. Returns to Paris.]
Oct. 10. The President releases Abd-
el-Kader after an imprisonment of five
years (p. 9).
Oct. 19. Paris. Napoleon convokes the
Senate to deliberate on the restoration
of the empire, when a senatus consul-
turn will be proposed for the ratifica-
tion of the French people.
Oct. 25. Comte de Chambord makes a
protest.
Nov. 4. Paris. Napoleon announces in
his message to the Senate the contem-
plated restoration of the empire, and
orders the people to be consulted upon
this change.
Nov. 7. Napoleon is proclaimed em-
peror by a senatus consultum, subject
to ratification by the people.
Nov. 21, 22. The action of the Senate
is ratified by a public vote; for the
empire, 7,854,189; opposed, 253,145 ; null,
63,326.
Dec. 2. Paris. Louis Napoleon is pro-
claimed Emperor of the French, un-
der the name of Napole'on UL., at the
Hotel de Ville.
Dec. 2.-70 Sept. 2. The Napoleon
Dynasty restored.
1853 Jan. 11. Russia, Austria, and
Prussia finally acknowledge Napo-
leon m. as Emperor of the French.
Jan. 30. Amnesty is granted to 4,312
political prisoners and exiles.
Feb. 5. Paris. Gen. Saint-Priest and
many other Legitimists are secretly ar-
rested, under charges of communicating,
with the Comte de Chambord, or for send-
ing false news to foreign newspapers.
Feb. 17. Application is made to Great
Britain for possession of Napoleon
Bonaparte's will. [Granted.]
May 28. Paris. A bill is passed restor-
ing capital punishment for attempts
on the life of the emperor, or to subvert
the imperial government.
Nov. 17. The two branches of the Bour-
bon family become reconciled to each
other.
The Due de Nemours, on behalf of
the entire Orleans House, makes peace
with the Comte de Chambord.
1854 Mar. 28. Paris. "War is declared
against Bussia by France as an ally
of Turkey. (See Great Britain.)
1855 July 9. Paris. A bill is passed
to effect a loan of 750,000,000 francs on
account of the war with Russia.
[On the 30th the total sum subscribed
amounted to 3,652,591,985 francs, nearly
five times the amount required ; 2,533,-
888,450 francs were from Paris ; the num-
ber of subscribers was 316,864.]
1856 Feb. 25. Paris. A peace con-
ference is opened.
Mar. 16. Paris. Napoleon Eugene Louis
Jean Joseph, son of Napoleon III., is
born, and styled Prince Napoleon.
Mar. 30. Paris. The tripartite treaty,
a treaty of peace with Russia, is signed.
Apr. 16. Paris. The treaty of Paris.
It is signed by the representatives of Great
Britain, France, Austria, Russia, Prussia,
Turkey, and Sardinia. The powers agree
that privateering shall be abolished ; that
neutrals may carry an enemy's goods not
contraband of war; that neutral goods not
contraband are free even under an enemy's-
flag; and that blockades to be binding must
be effective. [1861. The United States ac-
cedes to these provisions.]
±* * The empire is at the zenith of its-
glory.
1857 June 21-22. General elections-
are held ; 3,000,000 voters elect 257 depu-
ties. Gen. Cavaignac is elected a deputy,
but declines to take the oath.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1852 Nov. 18. Paris. The Credit
Mobilier, a joint-stock company, is es-
tablished by Isaac and fonile Pereire,
and others.
It undertakes trading enterprises of
all kinds, applying to them the principle
of limited liabilities ; and is authorized
to use its own scrip to replace the shares-
or bonds of any, and also to carry on
the ordinary business of banking.
1853 Aug. * The site of a Roman cir-
cus of great size is discovered at Tours.
±* * A disease breaks out among the silk-
worms which reduces the value of the
silk crop to about one-third. [1858. A
commission of inquiry is appointed.]
1854 June 9. Paris. The emperor
and empress attend the first agricul-
tural exhibition held.
Nov.* A telegraph-line is opened be-
tween Paris and Bastia.
1857 Mar. 12. Many persons are killed
" in a railroad accident at the bridge of
Les Jardins canal.
734 1857, ** -1862, Nov.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1857 * * -60 * * A French and Eng-
lish expedition visits China.
The war is caused by the Chinese, who
disregard the treaty of 1842, and hostili-
ties are assumed by the English in Octo-
ber, 1856, at Canton. The French sup-
port the English to secure alterations
in their commercial treaty with China.
(See p. 618.)
* * Paris. .Napoleon lays out the camp
of Chalons. [It is later used for ma-
neuvers.]
1858 Feb. * The Government divides
France into five military depart-
ments.
June 26. Treaty of Tien-Tsin with
China. (See p. 619.)
* * France, cooperating with Spain, be-
gins a war with Siam.
1859 Apr. * -July * It. France is at
war with Austria.
May * It. The Austrian invasion of Sar-
dinian territories causes France to de-
clare war, and the French enter as allies
of Sardinia; the empress is appointed
regent.
May 12. It. The emperor arrives at
Genoa, and assumes the chief command.
[May 20. The Austrians are driven
back at Montebello. June 4. Battle of
Magenta. June 24. Battle of Solferino.
July 12. Peace (p. 524).]
June* China. The Chinese violate
the Treaty of Tien-Tsin, and turn back
the ambassadors of England, France,
and America.
Oct. * -60 Oct. 24. China. The French
and English are at war with China.
[They capture Peking.] (See p. 620.)
Nov. 10. Peace of Zurich.
* * The French navy consists of 51 ships
of the line and 398 other vessels, includ-
ing those recently ordered to be built.
1860 May * China. The French under
Gen. Montauban and the English under
Gen. Grant land and storm the camp
of the Chinese near Shanghai, while
the united fleet sails up the Pei-Ho river.
Aug. 5. Asia Minor. French troops are
sent to Syria to punish the murderers
of Christians.
Sept. 18. It. The Italians under Gen.
Caldini defeat the Papal army under
Marshal Lamoriciere at Castelfidardo.
* * The ironclad La Gloire is completed.
1861 Mar. * The army numbers 687,000
men.
June * The ironclads Solferino and Ma-
genta are launched.
Aug. 18. Switz. A conflict occurs be-
tween French and Swiss soldiers at
Ville-la-Grande.
Oct. 27. Switz. French troops enter
the valley of Dappes to prevent an ar-
rest.
Oct. 31-67 Mar. * Mex. A French
force aids the revolution in Mexico.
The allies [fail in an attempt to secure
the throne to Maximilian of Austria].
(See Mexico.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1857 * * Jules A. A. L. Breton paints the
Blessing the Harvest.
* * Paris. The Gleaners is exhibited at
the Salon by Jean Francois Millet. [1859,
Angelus.]
* * Marc Antoine Gaudin makes artificial
sapphires out of equal parts of alum and
sulphate of potash heated in a crucible.
1858 Jan. 22. The planet Nemausa is
discovered by Laurent.
1859 Mar. 19. Paris. Charles Fran-
cois Gounod's Faust is produced.
Mar. 26. The planet Vulcan, having its
orbit between Mercury and the sun, is
said to be discovered by M. Lescarbault,
a physician. [Not seen since.]
* * The Recall of the Gleaners is painted
by Jules Breton.
1860 * * Paris. The great aquarium at
the Jardin d'Acclimatation is built.
1861 Mar. 4. The planet Angelina is
discovered by M. Tempel. [Mai-. 8, Max-
imilia, later called Cybele ; Aug. 29,
Galatea ; 1864, Sept. 30, Terpsichore ;
1868, Feb. 17, Clotho ; Sept. 13, Clymene.]
1862 Sept. 8. Paris. An electric
safety lamp for miners, made by MM.
Dumas and Benoit, is exhibited.
Nov. * Paris. A daily international
meteorological bulletin of the Impe-
rial Observatory is first published.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1858 * * Argout, Comte d', Antoine M. A.,
financier, A76.
Berard, Pierre Honors, surgeon, A61.
Bonpland, Aim6, botanist, traveler, A85.
Chapsal, Charles Pierre, grammarian, A71.
Chomel, Auguste Francois, physician, A70±.
Portalis, Comte Joseph Marie, jurist, states-
man, A 80.
Rachel, Elisabeth Rachel Felix, actor, A38.
Ravignan, Gustave Francois Xavier Dela-
croix de, Jesuit, pulpit orator, A63.
Soyer, Alexis, cook, author, A58.
Stanhope, Adelaide, actor, born.
1859 * * Berger, Jean Jacques, senator, A69.
Bernard, Auguste Simon Louis, statesman,
director-general of mines, A76.
Keratry, Auguste Hilarion de, author, A90.
Lenormant, Charles, archeologist, A57.
Tocqueville, Alexis C. H. Clerel de, states-
man, political philosopher, writer, A54.
1860 * * Bonaparte, Jer6me, King of West-
phalia, A76.
Decamps, Alexandre Gabriel, painter, A57.
Decazes, Elie, Due, statesman, A80.
Dumeril, Andr6 Marie Constant, natu., A86.
Jullien, Louis, musician, A48.
Leroy d'Etiolles, Jean Jacques Joseph, sur-
geon, A62. ,
Say, Horace Emile, political economist, A66.
1861 * * Artaud, Nicolas Louis, writer, Greek
scholar, A67.
Bourdon, Isidore, physician, author, A65.
Cheri, Rose Marie Cizas, actor, A37.
Cordier, Pierre Louis Antoine, geologist,
mineralogist, A84.
Lacordaire, Jean B. H., clergyman, theolo-
gian, orator, author, A59.
Pujol, Alexandre Denis Abel de, paint., A76.
Scribe, Augustin Eugene, dramatist, A70.
Vicat, Louis Joseph, engineer, A75.
1 863 * * Adelon, Nicolas Philibert, physician,
writer, A 80.
Biot, Jean P., mathematician, phil., A88.
Bosquet, Pierre Francois Jos., marshal, A52.
Clement, Ambroise, economist, A57.
Damiron, Jean Philibert, eclectic phil., A68.
Gasparin, Comte de, Adrien E. P., states-
man, A79.
Hal6vy, Jacques Francois Fromental Elie,
composer, A63.
Pasquier, Due, Etienne Denis, states., A95.
CHURCH.
1857 * * -75 * * Pilgrimages are made
to Boulogne to adore an image of the
Virgin and Child, said to have been
miraculously brought in a boat in 633.
1858 Feb. 14. The Virgin is said to
have appeared to two girls at Lourdes,
in the Pyrenees.
1860 Mar. 9. Home. The Pope vir-
tually excommunicates the emperor,
together with the King of Sardinia, be-
cause of the annexation of Itoniagna by
Sardinia.
Nov. * The public levying of Peter'c
pence on behalf of the Pope is forbid-
den, and the free issue of pastoral letters
is checked.
Dec. 31. The emperor advises the Pope
to surrender his revolted Italian prov-
inces [and is severely condemned by the
clergy of the Roman Catholic church].
1861 Feb. 15. La France, Pome, et
I'ltalie, relating to the Pope's temporal
Eower, is published. [Feb. 27. The
ishop of Poitiers sharply replies, and
compares the emperor to Pilate.]
Mar. 1. Prince Napoleon makes a speech
against the Pope's temporal power.
Apr. 11. A circular is issued forbidding
the priests to meddle with politics.
Oct. * Paris. The St. Vincent de Paul
(charitable) Society excites the jealousy
of the Government, which suppresses its
central committee.
LETTERS.
1857 * * La tentation de Sainle Antoine
and Madame de Bovary, by Flaubert,
appear.
* * -60 * * Le Seraphim de Memphis, by
Auguste Edouard Mariette, appears.
* * -61 * * Histoire des usages funebres,
by Feydeau, appears. [1858. -Fanny ; 1861,
Silvie ; 1863, Un debut a I'opera; 1864, Le
Secret du BonheurJ]
1858 Mar. 11. Napoleon III. et I'An-
gleterre is published.
Oct. * The pamphlet Un Dibat sur I'Inde,
eulogizing English institutions, by Comte
de Montalembert, appears.
* * La maison de Penarvan, by Sandeau,
appears.
* * La Revue germanique is issued.
* * Roman d'un jeune homme pauvre, by
Feuillet, appears. [1862, The Story of
Sybille; 1863, Montjoye.]
* * Le Bossu, by Feval, appears.
* * Histoire de mes Idies, by Quinet, ap-
pears.
* * Le Roi Voltaire, by Houssaye, appears.
[1860, Histoire de I'artfrangais.]
* * -78 * * Memoirs to illustrate the His-
tory of My Time, by Guizot, appears.
1859 Feb. * NapoUon III. et I'ltalie is
published.
Dec. * Le Pape et le Congres is published.
[50,000 are sold in a few days.]
* * Illustre docteur Matheus, by Erck-
mann-Chatrian, appears. [1862, Le Fern
Yogof; 1863, Madame Thirese ; 1864,
L'Ami Fritz and Histoire d'un conscrit
de 1813.]
* * The first part of La Ligende des Siecles,
by Victor Hugo, appears.
* * La Revue Europtenne is issued.
* * Gazette des Beaux Arts is issued.
* * The Democracy, by Vacherot, appears.
* * Le testament de CSsar Girodot, by
Belot and Villetard, appears.
* * MirSio, by Frederic Mistral, appears.
1860 Jan. 29. Paris. L'Univers, an
Ultramontane journal, 4s suppressed
for publishing the Pope's letter to the
emperor.
Apr. 7. The press is censured for its
attacks on England.
* * La Revue Nationale is issued.
* * Le Tour du Monde is issued.
FRANCE.
1857, * *-1862, Nov.
735
* * La Revue archiologique is issued.
* * Le Roman d'une Nuit, by Catulle
Mendes, appears.
* * Jeanne D'Arc, by Wallon, appears.
* * Jean de la Roche, Constance Verrier,
and Flavii, by George Sand, appear.
[1861, Tamaris and Antonia ; 1864, Mile,
de la Quintinie and Laura.]
* * Melanges de critique religieuse, by E.
H. A. Scherer, appears. [1863-78, Etudes
critiques sur la litterature contempo-
raine; 1864, Melanges d'histoire reli-
gieuse.]
* * The Half Open Pomegranate, by Jo-
seph M. J. B. Aubanel, appears.
-* * Un cheval de Phidias, by Cberbuliez,
appears. [1863, Le Comte Kostia; 1864,
Paul Mere, Le roman d'un honnHe
femme, and Le prince Vitale.]
* * Les Cotillions cilebres, by Gaboriau,
appears. [1861, Le 13me Hussards ; 1862,
Les Gens de Bureau.]
** Paris. The Royal Library is said to
contain 815,000 volumes, 84,000 MSS.
* * -61 * * M . Girat and Les pres Saint-
Gervais, by Victorien Sardou, appear.
Also Nos Intimes and Les pattes de
mouche. [1862, Les Gamaches ; 1865, La
■ Famille Benoiton; 1866, Les bons villa-
geois, and Maison neuve.]
* * -68 * * The Monks of the West, by
Montalembert, appears.
1861 Jan. 6. Rome et les Eviques is
published.
* * L' Univers Religieux is changed to Le
Morale.
* * Les MisSrables, by Victor Hugo, is is-
sued simultaneously in Paris, Brussels,
London, New York, Milan, Leipsic, Ant-
werp, Madrid, Warsaw, Pesth, and Rio
Janeiro.
* * History of the French Language, by
Littr^, appears. [1863-73, Dictionary of
the French Language; 1867, La Philoso-
phic Positive.]
* * Merlin I 'Enchanteur, by Quinet, ap-
pears.
* * Poemes barbares, by C. M. Leconte de
Lisle, appears.
* * Saldmmbo, by Flaubert, appears.
SOCIETY.
1858 Jan. 14. Felix Orsini, an Italian,
with other conspirators, attempts to as-
sassinate the emperor ; three shells are
exploded, two persons killed, and many
wounded.
1859 Jan. 30. It. Prince Napoleon
marries Clotilde of Savoy at Turin.
Jan. * The conveying of free negroes
from Africa to the French colonies
ceases.
1861 Jan 25-Feb. 15. Je"rdme Bo-
naparte, son of Jerome Bonaparte and
Elizabeth Patterson, an American lady,
fails in his suit claiming his legitimate
rights.
1862 Oct. * Paris. Due de Grammont,
angered by a newspaper attack, kills Mr.
Dillon in a duel.
STATE.
1858 Feb. 19. Paris. A. public safety
bill is passed by the Assembly, allowing
the Government to arrest and banish
persons in certain cases without trial ;
Emile Ollivier makes a bold protest
against it.
Mar. 9. A Republican outbreak at
Chalons is suppressed.
Aug. 19. Paris. A conference respect-
ing the Danubian principalities closes.
Oct. 23. A dispute with Portugal re-
specting the condemned slaves, Charles
et Georges, is settled.
1859 Jan. 1. The emperor's address to
the Austrian ambassador causes a war
sensation. (See p. 525.)
" I regret that our relations with your
fovernment are not as good as formerly,
ut I beg of you to tell the emperor that
my personal sentiments for him have not
changed."
May 12. Austria having invaded the
territory of Sardinia, France declares
war in behalf of her ally.
It. The emperor arrives at Genoa.
May * Paris. The empress is appointed
regent during the absence of the em-
peror in the Austrian war. [July 17.
He returns.]
May 21. A war loan of 20,000,000 francs
is raised. (Only 500,000 were proposed.)
Number of subscribers, 525,000.
June * China. The ambassador to Peking
is turned back. (See Army and Navy.)
July 11. The preliminaries of peace are
signed. (See p. 525.)
Aug. 8-Nov. * Switz. A conference
of Austrian and French envoys is held
at Zurich. (See p. 525).
Aug. 17. Paris. Napoleon grants am-
nesty to political offenders after his vic-
torious campaign in Italy.
Sept. 22. Jap. A treaty with Japan is
ratified at Jeddo [Tokio].
Nov. 21. The ratifications of the Treaty
of Zurich are exchanged.
Dec. 31. The emperor advises the
Pope to cede Romagna to Sardinia.
1860 Jan.* Paris. Count Walew-
ski, the foreign minister, resigns. [Jan.
24. FJdouard Antoine Thouvenel
succeeds him.]
Jan. 5. Paris. The emperor announces
a free-trade policy.
Jan. 11. A treaty with Nicaragua is
ratified.
Jan. 23. A commercial treaty with
England is sjgned by Richard Cobden
and the French ministers.
Mar. 24. It. A treaty is entered with
Victor Emmanuel for the annexation
of Savoy and Nice to France; it is
signed at Turin. [Switzerland protests.]
[June 12. Vote of Savoy on annexa-
tion, 131,744 for, and 233 against : vote of
Nice, 24,448 for, and 160 against.]
Oct. 1. The new tariff becomes effec-
tive.
Nov. 24. Paris. A decree is issued al-
lowing greater liberty of speech to the
Chambers by permitting address to the
throne.
Dec. 11. The severity of the restric-
tions on the press are relaxed by Min-
ister Persigny [but soon restored].
Dec. 16. Paris. It is announced that
passports for Englishmen are to cease
after Jan. 1, 1861.
* * Cochin-China. The French establish
a colony at Saigon, after defeating the
Chinese.
* *Le8 Alpes Maritimes are ceded to
Italy.
1861 Feb. 2. One-third of the terri-
tory • of the principality of Monaco is
purchased by France for 4,000,000 francs.
Feb. 4. A commercial treaty with
Great Britain is ratified.
It provides for the admission of a large
portion of the manufactures of each
country into the other free of duty, and
nearly all the remainder at a greatly
reduced tariff.
Feb. * -Mar. * The struggle in Italy,
between the Pope for temporal sover-
eignty and Victor Emmanuel, Gari-
baldi, and others for a " kingdom of
Italy," causes great excitement.
The emperor decides to remain neu-
tral ; and his action is approved of by
the majority of parties, but is fiercely
denounced by the clergy.
Mar. 1. A liberal commercial treaty is
entered with Belgium.
Apr. 11. The criticism of the Govern-
ment by the clergy having become abu-
sive, the minister of justice orders the
strict enforcement of the law punishing
censure of the Government by ministers
of religion.
Apr. 13. Paris. The Due d'Aumale's
severe letter to Prince Napoleon, who
favors Italian unity, is published. [May *
The printer and publisher are fined and
imprisoned.]
June 11. Paris. A declaration of neu-
trality in the conflict between the
United States of America and the Con-
federate States is issued.
June 24. Paris. The kingdom of It-
aly is officially recognized.
June * France withdraws her troops
from Syria, which she had occupied to
suppress the insurrection and bloody
massacres of 1860.
Oct. * The Society of St. Vincent de Paul
is suppressed for aiding the clergy
against the Government.
* * The Orders of the Redemptorist Fa-
thers of Douay and the Capuchins of
Hasbrouck are dissolved by the Gov-
ernment, and their members are expelled
from the country, having been charged
with gross immorality.
1862 June 5. F.I. A treaty of
peace with Annam is signed. (See p. 481.)
Aug. 2. A new commercial treaty with
Prussia is signed.
Sept. * Paris. The emperor disclaims
any intention of imposing a government
on Mexico.
Sept. 12. A commercial treaty is en-
tered with Madagascar.
Oct. 15. Paris. FJdouard Drouyn de
Lhuys succeeds FJdouard Antoine Thou-
venel as foreign minister.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1857 * * Longwood, the residence of
Napoleon I. at St. Helena, is bought
for 180,000 francs.
1861 Mar. 31. Paris. The body of Na-
poleon I. is finally placed in its crypt at
Les Invalides.
* *The canal of Languedoc (Canal du
Midi), connecting the Atlantic with the
Mediterranean, 148 miles long, is com-
pleted.
736 1862, Dec. 7-1867, Nov. *.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1862 * * Cochin-china. War with the
natives. France is eager for Eastern
possessions. [Jan. 20. The province of
Bienhoa submits.] (P. 481.)
1866 * * France intervenes, and causes
the cessation of war between Prussia,
Italy, and Austria.
Dec. 2-12. It. The French troops quit
Home.
* *The Chassepot rifle, a modified
needle-gun and breech-loader, is adopted
by the Government.
1867 Feb. 5. Mex. The French army
finally evacuates the country.
Oct. 30. It. The French troops again
enter Rome to aid the Pope against the
insurgents.
Nov. 5. It. The Italian insurgents un-
der Garibaldi are defeated at Mentana
by the French under Gen. Failly ; French
loss, 1,000±.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1862 * * Paris. Leon Forcault exhibits
a reflecting telescope, the mirror of
which is 31£ inches in diameter ; the
focal length, 17J feet.
1863 Mar. * A human jaw is said to
have been found in the drift at Moulin
Quignon, near Abbeville.
* * Paris. Nadar's balloon, the largest
ever made, raises 35 soldiers.
* * M. Villeme's employment of photo-
graphs in the formation of sculpture
is announced.
* * Paris. The sphygmograph, an in-
strument for investigating disease by
showing the state of the pulse, is in-
vented by M. E. J. Marey.
* * -74 * * Paris. The Grand Opera
House is erected under the supervision
of Jean Louis Charles Gamier.
1865 * * Paris. Joan of Arc is exhibited
at the Royal Academy by Jules Bastien-
Lepage.
1866 Mar. 16. Paris. At the Royal
Institution, M. Baudre plays on a stone
pianoforte, formed of a series of flints
and other stones of various sizes, col-
lected in France, and arranged by him-
self.
Aug. 6. The planet Julia is discovered
by M. Stephau.
Sept. 14. A slight earthquake occurs
near Tours and Blois.
Nov. 4. The planet JSgina is discovered
by Alphonse Borelly. [1868, May 28,
Dike; 1870, Apr. 19, Lydia; 1871, Sept.
12, Lomia ; 1872, Apr. 10, Lachesis.]
* * Paris. The use of nitrous oxide gas
(laughing-gas) is introduced.
* * Paris. A steel bridge is constructed
by M. Joret.
* * Inundations cause 1,702 communes to
be flooded ; loss, $10,000,000.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1863 * * Billault, Auguste Adolphe Marie,
statesman, A58.
Bravais, Auguste, scientist, A52.
Carlowitz, Baronne de, Aloise Christine, au-
thor, A66.
Christofle, Charles, manufacturer, A58.
Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugene, paint-
er, A64.
Despretz, Cesar Mansuete, savant, A71.
Moquin-Tandon, Horace 13. A., botanist, A59.
Saisset, £mile Edmond, philosopher, A 49.
Vernet, £mile Jean Horace, painter, A74.
Vigny, Comte de, Alfred Victor, poet, novel-
ist, A 66.
Villermg, Louis Rene\ author, A81.
1864 * * Ampere, Jean Jacques, author, A64.
Dubufe, Claude Marie, portrait painter, A74.
DupetiUhouars, Abel Aubert, rear-admiral,
A71.
Enfantin, Barthelemy Prosper, socialist, A68.
Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte, historical painter,
dies, A 55.
Gerard, Jules, "the Lion-Killer," officer, A47.
Gamier, Adolphe, philosopher, A63.
Jasmin, Jacques, " the barber-poet of Agen,"
A66.
Hachette, Louis Christophe Francois, libra-
rian, editor, A64.
Matter, Jacques, philosopher, historian, A73.
Pefissier, Aimable J. J., Due de Malakoff,
marshal, governor of Algeria, A72.
1865 * * Boniface, Joseph Xavier (Saintine),
author, A67.
Buchez, Philippe J. B., philosoph. wr., A69.
Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe, military
writer, A55.
Duperrey, Louis Isidor, navigator, A79.
Dupin, Andr6 Marie Jean Jacques, jurist,
statesman, A82.
Duret, Frangisque, sculptor, A61.
G6ruzey, Eugene, litterateur, A66.
Hautpoul, Marquis d', Alphonse Henri, gen-
eral, A76.
Lamoriciere, Christophe Louis Leon Ju-
chault de, A 59.
Magnan, Bernard Pierre, marshal, A74.
Marie Ameiie, daughter of Louis Philippe, b.
Morny, Comte de, Charles Auguste L. J.,
politician, A54.
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, socialist, A56.
Querard, Joseph Marie, bibliographer, A68.
Troyon, Constant, painter, A52.
1866 * * Barante, Baron de, Aimable Gui-
Uaume Prosper Brugiere, states., hist., A84.
Beaumont de le Bonniere, Gustave A. de,
publicist, A64.
Berenger, Alphonse M. M. F., jurist, A81.
Chevalier, Sulpiee Guillaume Paul, carica-
turist, A65.
Clapisson, Louis, composer, A57.
Foucher, Victor A., jurist, A63.
Gozlan, Leon, dramatist, A 60.
Lavallee, Theophile Sehastien, historian, A62.
Marie Ameiie de Bourbon, wife of Louis
Philippe, A84.
Mery, Joseph, poet, novelist, A68.
Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine, pol., dip., A 48.
1 867 * * Barthef emy, Auguste Marseille, poet,
satirist, A71.
Bautain, Louis, philosopher, clergyman, A71.
Baudelaire, Charles, poet, A46.
Brunet, Jacques Charles, bibliographer, A87.
Champollion-Figeac, Jacques Joseph, arche-
ologist, A 89.
Civiale, Jean, physician, A75.
Cousin, Victor, philos., metaphysician, A75.
Duchatel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, states-
man, author, A64.
Didron, Adolphe Napoleon, archeol., A61.
Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre, physiol., A73.
Fould, Achille, financier, statesman, A67.
Fourneyron, Benoit, inventor, A65.
Gabourd, Am6dee, historian, A62.
Hittorf, Jacques Ignace, arch., antiq., A74.
Ingres, Jean Dominique Auguste, paint., A86.
Luynes, Due de, Honors Theodoric Paul J.
d'Albert, A65.
Pelouze, Theophile Jules, chemist, A60.
Poncelet, Jean Victor, geometrician, A79.
Ponsard, Francois, dramatist, A53.
Trousseau, Armand, physician, A66.
Velpeau, Alfred A. L. M., surg., anato., A72.
Veron, Louise Desire^ journalist, A69.
CHURCH.
1863 * * Charles M. A. Lavigerie is
consecrated bishop of Nancy. [1867.
Archbishop of Algiers and Carthage.]
1864 * * The Bible Society of France is
organized.
1865 Jan. 5. The archbishop of Besan-
con and other prelates read the pro-
hibited papal encyclical of Dec. 8 in
the churches ; great excitement prevails.
1866 * * The Jesuits in France number
2,422.
Dec. 3-11. Rome. The French troops
depart.
LETTERS.
1863 * * La Revue des Cours Uttiraires
is issued.
* * Contes a Ninon, by Zola, appears.
* * Madame de Chamblay, by Dumas, per e,
appears. [1864-65, La San Filice ; 1867-
68, Les Planes et les Bleus.]
* * Life of Jesus, by Ernest Renan, ap-
pears.
* * Victor Hugo, raconti par un thnoin de
sa vie, appears.
* * Les dieux et les demi-dieux de la pein-
ture, by St. Victor, Gautier, and Hous-
eaye, appears.
* * Five Weeks in a Balloon, by Jules
Verne, appears. [1864, Journey to the
Centre of the Earth ; 1865, A Trip to the
Moon.]
* * -65 * * A Sanskrit-French Diction-
ary, by E. L. Burnouf, Lenpol, and
others, appears.
1864 * * L'Ami des'femmes, by Alexandre
Dumas,/?s, appears. [1866, The ClSmen-
ceau Case; 1867, Les idlesde Mme. Aubray.]
* * William Shakespeare, by Victor Hugo,
appears.
* * Life of Jesus, by "Wallon, appears.
* * Le Catholicisms et le Protestantisms,
by A. J. Coquerel, appears. [1867, Libres
Etudes.]
* * History of English Literature, by
Taine, appears. [1865, Philosophy of Art ;
1866, Philosophy of Art in Italy and Tour
through Italy ; 1867, Notes on Paris ; 1868,
Philosophy of Art in the Netherlands.]
* * Le matirialisme contemporain en Al-
lemagne, by Paul Janet, appears.
1865 * * Paris. The publication is begun
d'une Histoire gi.nt.rale de Paris, a col-
lection of original documents.
* * Chansons des Rues et des Bois, by Victor
Hugo, appears. [1866, The Toilers of the
Sea.]
* * Histoire de la caricature, by Champ-
fleury, appears.
* * Waterloo and Histoire d'un homme du
peupie, by Erckmann-Chatrian, appear.
[1866, La guerre and La maison foresti-
ere; 1867, Blocus.]
* * Histoire de la Campagne, by Quinet,
appears.
* * Stances et Poemes, by R. F. A. Sully-
Prudhomme, appears.
* * La Revue germanique is changed to
La Revue moderne.
* * La Confession de Claude, by Zola, ap-
pears.
* * Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIXe
Siecle, 15 vols., by Pierre Larousse, ap-
pears.
1866 * * Le Parnasse Contemporain, a
collection of poems by different authors,
appear. [A similar collection appears
in 1869 and 1876.]
* * Gringoire and Les Exiles, by de Ban-
ville, appear. [Later, Idyllesprussiennes
and Trente-six Ballades.]
* * Histoire potiique de Charlemagne, by
G. B. P. Paris, appears.
* * La Reliquaire, by Francis E. J.
Coppee, appears. [1868, Intimitis ; 1869,
Poemes moderne.]
* * Ricit d'une Sceur, by Pauline Craven,
appears. [1868, Anne Sivtrin.]
* * Monsieur Sylvestre, by George Sand,
appears. [1869, Pierre frui roxae ; 1870,
Le Beau Lawrence ; 1872, Nanon.]
* * Monsieur, Madame et Bibe, by Droz,
appears. [1867, Entre-nous; 1872, Babo-
lein.]
* * The Apostles, by Renan, appears.
[1867, Saint Paul and his Mission.]
1867 Nov. * Napolion III. et V Europe
en 1S67 appears.
FRANCE.
1862, Dec. 7-1867, Nov. * 737
* * Paris. An international congress for
treating prehistoric subjects meets.
* * M. de Camors, by Feuillet, appears.
* * File tfo. 113, and The Mystery of Orci-
val, by Gaboriau, appear, ['i860, Monsieur
Lecog; 1870, La Vie infernale ; 1871, La
digrmgolade ; 1873, La cord e au cou.]
* * Odes Funambulesques, by de Banville,
appears.
* * Calendau, Pouemo nouveau, and The
Golden Shoes, by Frederic Mistral, ap-
pear. '
* * History of Julius Csesar, by Napoleon
III., appears.
* * Hommes et dieux, by Paul de St. Victor,
appears. [18C9, The Women of Goethe.]
* * Miss Multon, by Belot and Eugene
Nus, appears.
* *_76* * History of NapoUon I., by
Pierre Lanfrey, appears.
SOCIETY.
1864 Jan. 3. Grego and other conspir-
ators to assassinate the emperor are
arrested. [Feb. 27. They are sentenced
to transportation and imprisonment.]
Apr. 24. An attempt is made to assas-
sinate the secretary of the Russian em-
bassy.
May 3-27. Algeria. The emperor
makes a visit.
Aug. 15 1. The French entertain the of-
ficers of the British fleet at Cherbourg
and Brest. [Aug. 29+. The British re-
turn the compliment to the French at
Portsmouth.]
Dec. 18. Paris. Republican students
create a riot. [Several are expelled
from the College of Medicine.]
1866 Aug! 8. Paris. Charlotte, Em-
press (?) of Mexico, arrives.
1867 Mar. 7. Emile de Girardin is
fined for a libel published in La Liberty.
June 6. Paris. Berezowski attempts to
assassinate the Czar of Russia.
STATE.
1863 Jan. 9. France offers to mediate
between the United States and the
Southern Confederacy.
Jan. 17. A treaty of commerce with
Italy is signed.
Feb. 26. E. I. The revolt in Annam
against the assumption of the French is
suppressed.
Feb. 27. A convention regulating the
French and Spanish frontiers is con-
cluded.
May 20. A convention between France
and Japan is signed.
May * Minister Persigny issues arbitrary
injunctions to electors.
May 31-June 1. An election for a
new legislature takes place.
Paris elects Thiers, Ollivier, Favre, and
four other opposition candidates.
June 23. The elections cause a change
in the Cabinet.
The Due de Persigny resigns, and is
succeeded by M. Billault ; M. Baroche
becomes minister of justice and worship:
M. Rouher, president of the council of
state ; M. Boudet, minister of the in-
terior ; M. Behic, of public labors ; and
M. Duruy of public instruction.
Oct. 13. Paris. Gustave Billault, the
" speaking minister," dies. [Oct. 18.
Succeeded by Eugene Rouher.]
Nov. 9. Paris. Thiers and his friends
form a new opposition in the Assem-
bly ; it consists of Jules Favre, Jules
Simon, Thiers, Berryer, Emile Ollivier,
and many others.
1864 Jan. * A conspiracy against the
emperor's life is discovered. [Feb. 26.
Four Italians charged with the crime
are sentenced to imprisonment.]
June 20. Paris. A convention be-
tween France and Japan is signed by the
Japanese ambassadors.
June 30. Paris. A convention of
commerce between France and Switzer-
land is signed.
Sept. 15. A convention between France
and Italy respecting the evacuation of
Rome is signed ; the former agrees to
withdraw her troops in two years.
Dec. 7. Paris. Louis Antoine Gar-
nier-Pages and 12 others who had met
at his residence for election purposes
are convicted as members of a society
" of more than 20 members."
1865 Feb. 14. A treaty with Sweden
is signed.
Apr. * Napoleon agrees to withdraw his
army from Mexico between November,
1866, and November, 1867, under the ac-
tion of the United States.
Aug. * -66 Feb. * The United States
protests against French intervention
in Mexico. [A prolonged correspond-
ence ensues.] (See Mexico.)
1866 May 26. A treaty is signed with
Spain at Bayonne concerning the defi-
nite regulation of the frontier of the
Pyrenees.
July 4. The Emperor of Austria cedes
Venetia to France, and invites the em-
peror's intervention with Prussia.
Aug. 8. Paris. The Empress Char-
lotte of Mexico arrives on a mission
to Napoleon III. and Pope Pius IX., to
secure assistance for her husband, Maxi-
milian, who is sorely pressed by the Re-
publicans in Mexico. [She is unsucces-
ful.]
Aug. * A note to the Prussian govern-
ment, desiring rectification of the
French frontier to what it was in
1814, is declared by Prussia to be inad-
missible.
Sept. 2. Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys,
minister of foreign affairs, resigns.
[He is succeeded by the Marquis de
Moustier.]
Dec. 1. Paris. A gold medal, sub-
scribed for by 40,000 persons, is placed
in the hands of the American minister
for presentation to Mrs. Abraham
Lincoln. [1867. Jan. 3. Received by
Mrs. Lincoln.]
Dec. 11. A commercial treaty with
Austria is signed.
Dec. 29. Paris. A decree is issued
abolishing tonnage dues in French
ports except for vessels whose nations
impose differential duties upon French
vessels in their own ports. [1867. Jan.
1. Operative.]
1867 Jan. 19. Paris. An imperial
decree is published.
It suppresses the discussion by the
Legislature of the address in reply to
the speech from the throne, and grants
the right of interpellation to the mem-
bers of the Senate and Chamber ; re-
striction on the press is modified.
The Ministry resigns.
Eugene Rouher becomes minister of
finance ; Adolphe Niel, minister of war ;
Rigault de Genoully, navy; and M. de
Forcade la Roquette, of agriculture,
commerce, etc.
Mar. 18. Paris. Thiers severely ar-
raigns the Government's foreign policy
in the Assembly.
Mar. * Prussia strongly opposes Napo-
poleon's desire to purchase Luxem-
burg, as that province had formed a
part of the extinct Germanic Confede-
ration.
Mar. 29. Paris. Count Walewski,
president of the Chamber, resigns.
[Apr. 11. Joseph Eugene Schneider
succeeds him.]
May 7-11. London. In consequence of
a diplomatic contest between France
and Prussia for possession of Luxem-
burg, a conference of the Powers
guarantees its neutrality and its evac-
uation by Prussia.
June 17-July 9. Paris. An interna-
tional monetary conference is held.
The adoption of the gold standard is ad-
vocated and agreed upon.
June 25. E. I. Three provinces in An-
nam are annexed to the French empire.
(See p. 481.)
July 15. Paris. The Siamese ambassa-
dors sign a treaty recognizing the French
protectorate over Cambodia.
July 18. Paris. A law abolishing im-
prisonment for debt is adopted by the
Senate.
Aug. 18-21. Aust. The emperors of
France and Austria meet at Salzburg.
* * Intervention in Italy is proposed in
behalf of papal rule.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1862 Dec. 7. Paris. The emperor
inaugurates the Boulevard Prince
Eugene.
Dec.± * Great distress is caused in the
manufacturing districts through the cot-
ton famine caused by the civil war in
America.
1863 * * The grape-vine disease is much
abated.
1864 May 16. A convention is made
between France, Brazil, Italy, Portugal,
and Haiti, for laying a telegraphic ca-
ble between Europe and America.
1865 July * -Oct. * Cholera is preva-
lent at Marseilles, Paris, Madrid, and
Naples. [Sept. 30. It continues its rav-
ages in Marseilles and Toulon.]
* * A new grape-vine malady caused by
the phylloxera vastatrix is observed in
South France.
1866 July 9. Pans. An establish-
ment for the sale of horse-flesh as
human food is opened with success ; its
use as food is strongly advocated.
1867 Apr. 1. Paris. The Interna-
tional Exhibition is opened.
June 17-July 9. Paris. An Interna-
tional Conference respecting coinage
and monetary currency is held.
Oct. * Emile and Isaac Pereire, origina-
tors of the Credit Mobilier, withdraw
from the management ; the company
fails, and the capital is alleged to have
disappeared.
738 1867, Dec. 5-1870, Aug. 11.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1868 Jan. 1. Paris. The Legislature
passes a new army bill. Vote, 206-60.
It provides for ar» annual addition of
100,000 men to the army, the reorgani-
zation of a National Guard, and raising
the total military force to 1,200,000 men.
Mar. 20+. Enlistments for the new Na-
tional Guard provoke riots in Bordeaux
and other towns.
1870 July 19-71 Mar. 3. The
Franco-Prussian war. (See State.)
July 23. Baden. The bridge across
the Rhine at Kehl is blown up by the
Prussians.
July 26. Alsace. A Bavarian officer is
killed in a skirmish at Nierderbronn.
July 29. Lorraine. The emperor as-
sumes the chief command of the French
at Metz ; Marshal Edmund Lebceuf ,
chief of the general staff.
The French arrange for an advance of
four corps : one under Marshal Mac-
Mahon from Strasburg ; another under
Gen. De Failly from Bitsch in Lorraine ;
another under Marshal Bazaine from
Metz ; another under Gen. Ladmirault
at Thionville (Diedenhofen) in Lorraine.
The reserve of 320,000 men consists of the
corps of Marshal Canrobert at Chalons,
of Gen. Felix Charles Douay at Belfort,
and the National Guard under Gen.
Charles Bourbaki at Nancy.
Aug. 2. Prus. The first action of the
war occurs at Saarbriick; a battalion
of Prussians is driven out with small loss
by three divisions of the French.
Aug. 4. Alsace. Battle of "Weissen-
berg.
The Germans, with a numerically
stronger force under the the Crown
Prince of Prussia, defeat the French un-
der Gen. Douay, who falls in battle. It
is the first battle of the war ; the French
fight with obstinate courage.
Aug. 6. Alsace. Battle of Worth.
The Crown Prince of Prussia defeats
the French under Marshal MacMahon ;
German loss, 10,000 + ; French loss,
8,000+, besides 9,000± prisoners. [Mac-
Mahon retires to Saverne [Zaberne] to
cover Nancy.]
Lorraine. Battle of Forbach [Spi-
cheren].
The Germans under Gens. Von Goeben
and Von Steinmetz defeat the French
under Gen. Charles Auguste Frossard ;
the French retire, abandoning Saar-
briick. Loss on both sides, 4,000.
Aug. 7. The Germans advance, and oc-
cupy Forbach and Saargemiind in Lor-
raine, and Hagenau in Lower Alsace.
[The first army advances on Metz ; the
second army upon Pont a Mousson, to
cut off the French from Paris.]
Aug. 8. Marshal Bazaine is appointed
to command the army at Metz, 130,000+
strong. [Aug. 9. He assumes command.]
Marshal MacMahon commands 50,000±
near Saverne, and Marshal Canrobert
50,000+ at Nancy.
Aug. 9. The Germans occupy St. Avoid ;
they also invest Pf alsburg.
Aug. 10. Alsace. The Germans under
Gen. Von Werder invest Strasburg.
[Aug. 11. Communication with the
besieged is cut off. Aug. 16. They re-
pulse a sally. Aug. 24+. They bombard
the city.]
Prus. Lichtenburg [Sankt-Wendel]
capitulates to the Germans.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1867 * * Paris. The first International
Medical Congress is held.
± * * A machine for converting spher-
ical into rectilinear and other motions,
and for producing perfectly parallel
motion, is discovered by M. Peaucellier,
an engineer officer.
1868 Feb. * The siderostat, an appa-
ratus for observing the light of stars
in precisely the same way in which the
light of the sun may be studied in the
camera obscura, is constructed by Leon
Foucault.
Feb. 17. The planet AEgle is discovered
by M. Coggia.
July 27. Paris. The nephoscope, an
apparatus for measuring the velocity of
clouds, invented by Karl Braun, is re-
ported to the Academy of Sciences.
1869 June 17. The European end of
the French Atlantic cable is laid at
Brest (p. 267).
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1868* * Berryer, Antoine Pierre, political
orator, leader, A78.
Boucher de Perthes, Jacques, archeol., A80.
Carmouche, Pierre Frederic Adolphe, dram-
atist, A71.
Clot. Antoine Barthelemy (Clot-Bey), Egyp-
tologist, physician, A73.
Coquerel, Athanase L. C, Protestant cl.,A73.
Cormenin, Vicomte de, Louis Marie de la
Haye, jurist, writer, A80.
Foucault, L6on, natural philosopher, A49.
Mlryon, Charles, etcher, A47.
PonUlet, Claude Servais M., physicist, A77.
Serres, tftienne R. A., physiologist, A82.
Vechte, Antoine, goldsmith, A48.
Viennet, Jean Pons G., politician, au., A91.
Walewski, Comte Alexandre Florian Joseph
Colonna, statesman, writer, A58.
1869 * * Berlioz, Hector, musical comp., A66.
Cailliaud, Frederic, traveler, A82.
Clerc, Laurent, teacher of deaf mutes, A84.
Dantan, Jean Pierre, sculptor, A69.
Fauche, Hippolyte, Sanscrit scholar, A72.
Fournet, Victor, geologist, A68.
Jomini, Baron Henri, military author, A90.
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de,
poet, orator, historian, statesman, A79.
Laborde, Comte de, L6on Emmanuel Simon
Joseph, writer, traveler, A62.
Lef6bure-Wely, Louis J. A., composer, A52.
Libri-Carrucci, Comte, Guillaume Brutus
Icile Timoleon, Italian-French math., A6H.
Niel, Adolphe, marshal, minister of war, A 67.
Troplong, Raymond Theodore, jurist, states-
man, A74.
1870 * * Botta, Paolo Emilio, archeol., A70.
Broglie, Due de, Achille C. L. V., states., A85.
Cornu, StShastien Melchior, painter, A66.
Douay, Charles Abel, general, A61.
Dumas, Alexandre, pere, novelist, dram-
atist, A 68.
Dumeril, Auguste Henri Andr£, natu., A58.
Flahaut de la Billarderie, Comte de, Au-
gust C. J., general, A85.
Merimee, Prosper, novelist, historian, A67.
Montalembert, Charles Forbes, statesman,
orator, author, A60.
Niepce de Saint- Victor, Claude Felix Abel,
inventor photography on glass, A65.
Prevost-Paradol, Lucien Anatole, orator,
journalist, diplomatist, A41.
Villemain, Abel Francois, historian, educa-
tionist, A80.
CHURCH.
1867* *C. P. Place, archbishop of
Rennes, is consecrated cardinal priest.
* * It. France intervenes in behalf of the
Pope's sovereignty over the States of
Italy, and defeats the invaders at Monte
Rotundo, near Rome.
* * Paris. The «« Bible Stand" at the
exhibition gives away 2,338,968 portions
of Scripture in 17 languages. The ex-
penses ($60,000) are met by the dona-
tions of 6,000 Christian people.
1869 Sept. 20. Paris. Charles Loy-
son, known as Pere Hyacinthe, a Car-
melite preacher, protests against papal
infallibility and encroachments, and
resigns by letter from his order.
LETTERS.
1868 Mar. 20. Les Titres de la Dy-
nastie Impiriale, appears.
Aug. * Roche fort's weekly satirical pam-
phlet, La Lanterne, is suppressed, and
he and his printer are condemned to
fine and imprisonment. [They escape to
Belgium.]
* * La petite chose, by Alphonse Daudet,
appears. [1871, Lettres a un absent;
1872, The Strange Adventures of Tartarin
of Tarascon and Les Petits Robinson
cave.]
* * Manuel d'histoire ancienne de I' Orient,
by Francois Lenormant, appears.
* * La Religion, by Vacherot, appears.
[1870, Science and Conscience.]
* * The Countess of Chalis, by Feydeau,
appears.
* * Le Cahier bleu de Mademoiselle Cabot,
by Droz, appears.
* * Prosper liandoce, by Cherbuliez, ap-
pears. [1869, L'Aventure de Ladislas
Bolski ; 1872, La revanche de Joseph
Noirel.]
1869 * * Kain, by Leconte de Lisle, ap-
pears.
* * The Man who laughs, by Victor Hugo,
appears.
* * Hesperus and Le Soleil de Minuit, by
Catulle Mendes, appear.
* * Lions et Renards, by Emile Augier,
appears.
* * L' 'Education sentimentale, by Flau-
bert, appears.
* * Abydos, by Mariette, appears.
1870 • July * The publication of the
Marseillaise of Rochefort ceases. [Sept.
8. It reappears ; Rochefort resigns the
editorship, disclaiming connection on
account of a violent article ; it ceases to
appear soon after.]
SOCIETY.
1868 June 9. Paris. Election riots
occur.
June 11. Paris. The emperor and em-
press publicly appear, and bravely ride
through the Boulevards.
Aug. 1. The Pereires and other direc-
tors of the Credit Mobilier are held
liable for claims by the High Court of
Appeal ; it decides that damages should
be given to the shareholders.
Sept. 4. Paul Granier de Cassagnac, a
Bonapartist, and M. Lissagaray, jour-
nalists, fight a duel; the latter is run
through.
1869 Aug. 15. The centenary of the
birth of Napoleon I. is celebrated ; am-
nesty is granted to political prisoners,
and pensions increased to war veterans.
Sept. 19+. Paris. Great excitement
follows the discovery of the murder of
the Kinck family at Pantin by Trop-
mann. [1870. June 19. The murderer
is executed.]
1870 Jan. *-Mar. * Iron and steel
workers at Creuzot strike.
Cause, a quarrel about a benefit fund
and the dismissal of an obnoxious work-
man by the employers. The military
suppress the workmen.
Jan. 10. Pierre Bonaparte kiUs Victor
Noir, a journalist, at Auteuil, when inter-
viewed respecting a challenge sent by
FRANCE.
1867, Dec. 5-1870, Aug. 11. 739
M. Roehefort. [Mar. 27. Acquitted, but
sentenced to pay $5,000 to Noir's family.]
Jan. 22. Paris. Henry Roehefort, editor
of the Marseillaise, is sentenced to a fine
and imprisonment for publishing a libel.
The populace is greatly excited during
the trial.
Mar. 12. Sp. Due de Montpensier kills
Prince Henry (Don Enrique) in a duel,
near Madrid, .under great provocation.
Mar. 21. Paris. The insurgents levy
requisitions on the sbopkeepers.
Mar. 22. Paris. The Friends of Or-
der make an unarmed demonstration,
and are fired upon by insurgents ; 10 are
killed and 20 wounded.
Apr. 20+ . A young man named Baurie
is arrested at Blois as a conspirator
against the life of the emperor. [Aug.
8. Several conspirators are sentenced
to long imprisonment.]
STATE.
1867 Dec. 5. Paris. Minister Rouher
announces to the Legislative Assembly
the policy of the State, " We declare
that Italy shall never seize upon Rome."
[The Government is sustained ; vote
238-17.]
1868 Jan. * Ten newspapers are fined
for printing comments on legislative de-
bates .
Jan. 29. Paris. Pierre Magne an-
nounces a deficiency in the budget ;
he also announces a loan for £17,600,000.
Jan. 30. Paris. An army bill passes
the Senate. Vote, 125-1. [Jan. 30. The
bill becomes law.]
June * Paris. A new law giving greater
freedom of the press is introduced in
the Legislature. [Feb. * The " Arcadi-
ans," a new ultra-conservative party,
strongly oppose it. Mar. * It is passed.
Vote, 242-1. June * It becomes opera-
tive.]
Mar. 17. Paris. The Claims of the Na-
poleonic Dynasty,, a pamphlet, is pub-
lished at the imperial printing-press.
Its principal object is to show that the
empire was established with almost the
unanimous sanction of the people.
Dec. * Marquis de la Valette succeeds
De Moustier as foreign minister ; For-
cade la Roquette becomes minister of
the interior.
* * A law on the right of meeting is
passed.
1869 Jan. 1. Paris. The Moniteur is
replaced by the Journal offlciel.
May 23-27. A general election takes
place.
Although the Opposition carries Paris,
Lyons, Marseilles, and other large cities,
the Government obtains a complete vic-
tory. Vote, 4,455,287-3,643,271.
June 28. Paris. The new Legislative
Chamber meets, having an increase of
Republican members, making the Op-
position to the Government threefold
stronger than in the last Assembly.
[Riotous demonstrations follow.]
July 13. Paris. A message from the
emperor announces political changes
introducing ministerial responsibility,
and making concessions toward con-
stitutional government.
The ministers resign.
July 17. A new Ministry is formed.
It consists of J. B. M. Duvergier (justice
and of worship), Prince de la Tour d'Au-
vergne-Lauranguais (foreign affairs), M. De
Forcade la Roquette (interior), M. Magne
(finance), Adm. Kigault de Genouilly (navy
and colonies), L. O. Bourbeau (public in-
struction), M. Gressier (public works), M.
Le Roux (agriculture and commerce), M. Le-
boeuf (war), Marquis J. N. S. P. Chasseloup-
Laubat (president of council of state), and
Marshal Vaillant (imperial house and fine
arts).
July 20. Paris. M. Rouher is made
president of the Senate.
Oct. * -Dec. * Agitation against free
trade occurs.
Nov. 8. Paris. An imperial decree is
issued. The principle of personal gov-
ernment is relinquished, and it is pro-
posed to introduce gradually that of
constitutional government.
Nov. 16±. Paris. The Left (Ultra-Re-
publicans) of the Chambers issue a firm
and temperate manifesto in opposition
to the Government.
Nov. 22. Paris elects Henri Roche-
fort, the journalist, a deputy.
Dec. 27. Paris. The resignation of
the ministers is announced.
* * Paris. The censorship respecting
foreign newspapers is removed.
* * The " livrets," or service-books of
working-men, are abolished.
1870 Jan. 3. Paris. A new (Liberal)
Ministry is formed.
Members: Emile Ollivier (justice and re-
ligion), Count Napoleon Daru (foreign),
Chevandier de Valdrome (interior), Louis
Joseph Buffet (finance), Marshal Edmund
Lebceuf (war), Regault de Genouilly (Ma-
rine), Emile Alexis Legris (public instruc-
tion), Marquis de Talhouet (public works),
Esquirou de Parieu (president council of
state), Charles Louvet (agriculture and com-
merce), and Maurice Richard (line arts).
Jan. 6.± Paris. Georges Eugene
Haussmann, prefect of the Seine, is
dismissed.
He had greatly embellished Paris, and
improved its sanitary condition, water
supply and sewer system.
Feb. 22. Paris. Jules Favre makes
an attack on the Ministry in the Cham-
ber, and is defeated. Vote, 236-18.
Mar. 28. Paris. A senatus consul-
turn, relating to the modification of the
Constitution of the Senate, is communi-
cated to the Senate. [Apr. 20. Adopted.]
Apr. 10. Paris. A ministerial crisis
occurs; Ministers Daru and Buffet
oppose a proposed general election re-
specting changes in the Constitution.
[They resign.]
Apr. 13. Paris. The Ollivier Ministry
is reconstructed.
May 8. The people approve the con-
stitutional changes. Vote, 7,527,379-
1,530,909.
May 9, 10. Paris. Rioting occurs and
barricades are erected. [May 14. About
100 rioters are arrested; many are sen-
tenced to imprisonment.]
May 15. Paris. The Due de Gram-
mont becomes foreign minister.
June 19. Paris. The Orleans princes
address the Legislative Assembly, de-
manding their right to return to France.
[July 2, Refused. Vote, 173-31.]
July 5-7. France is offended because
of the nomination of Prince Leopold for
the throne of Spain.
It causes great excitement, being re-
garded as a Prussian intrigue endanger-
ing the safety of France. Count Vincent
Benedetti, the French ambassador, re-
quests William I. to forbid its accept-
ance, but he refuses. The ministers
make warlike speeches.
July 12. Prince Leopold withdraws
his acceptance.
France demands guaranties from
Prussia, " never again to permit the
candidacy of a German prince for the
Spanish throne." King William refuses
to discuss the matter, and refers the am-
bassador to the regular course through
the Ministry at Berlin. This refusal
is telegraphed as Prussia's insult to
France.
July 13. Paris. France decides to de-
clare war against Prussia, anticipating
the neutrality of South Germany ; the
Left oppose the war. [July 17. The de-
claration is signed.]
July 19-71 Mar. 3. The Franc-
Prussian "War.
Its actual cause is the desire of the
French nation to repossess the territory
on the left bank of the Rhine, and their
jealousy of the greatly increasing power
of Prussia among the German States
since the war of 1864 and 1866.
July 20. Ger. The States of Wiirtem-
berg, Bavaria, Baden, and Hesse-Darm-
stadt declare war against France, and
provide military support for Prussia.
July 23. Paris. Emperor Napoleon is-
sues a war proclamation. The empress
is appointed regent.
July 25. Prus. King William issues a
proclamation of war against France.
July 28. The emperor joins the army.
Aug. 3. Paris. The Due de Grammont,
foreign minister, publishes a reply to
Bismarck's charges against France.
Aug. 6. Gen. Turr publishes statements
of Bismarck's proposals for the annex-
ation of Luxembitrg and Belgium by
France in 1866 and 1867.
Aug. 8. Paris. The Government appeals
to France and Europe against Prussia.
Aug. 9. Paris. The Ollivier Ministry
is forced to resign.
Aug. 10. Paris. A new Ministry is or-
ganized.
Members : Gen. Cousin-Montauban, Comte
de Palikao (war), M. Ch^vereau (interior),
Pierre Magne (finance), Clement Duvernois
(commerce and agriculture), Adm. Rigault
de Ge'nouilly (marine), Baron J6r6me David
(public works), Prince de la Tour d'Au-
vergne (foreign affairs).
The Government declares against any
negotiations contemplating peace.
Aug. 11. France signs a treaty with
Great Britain guaranteeing the neu-
trality of Belgium, as Germany had
done on Aug. 9.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1868 July 8. The French Atlantic
Telegraph Company is formed to lay
a cable to America.
The Government grants a concession
for 20 years to Julius Reuter and Baron
Emile'd'Erlangen.
740 187 0, Aug. 13 - Oct. 8.
FRANCE.
ARMY— NAVY.
1870 Aug. 13. The emperor appoints
Marshal Bazaine to command the
French Army of the Rhine.
Aug. 14. Ger. The Germans begin the
bombardment of Strasburg.
± Many French sharpshooters join
the army. [The Germans refuse to rec-
ognize them as soldiers.]
Toul is besieged. The emperor es-
tablishes his headquarters at Verdun.
Lorraine. The first German army
under Gen. Von Steinmetz attacks Mar-
shal Bazaine at Colombey-Nouilly, and
checks the union of the French armies.
German loss, 4,906; French loss, 3.G08.
(Battle of Courcelles.)
Aug. 15. Ger. Nine French ironclads
blockade the German ports on the Bal-
tic coast.
Aug. 16. Lorraine. Drawn battle of
Vionville (Mars-la-Tour), 12 miles west
of Metz.
Prince Frederick Charles, with 67 ,000+
Germans of the second army, and Mar-
shal Bazaine with 120,000 to 128,000
French, engage in a terribly bloody bat-
tle ; it prevents the retreat of the French
from Metz to Verdun. German loss,
16,000 killed and wounded : French loss,
17,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners.
The French repulse an attack on
Pfalsburg. MacMahon's army reaches
Chalons-sur-Marne. [Aug. 20. It is
joined by the emperor.]
Aug. 18. Lorraine. Battle of Grave-
lotte (R^zonville).
The first and second armies, number-
ing 200,000±, under King William, deci-
sively defeat 120,000± French under Mar-
shal Bazaine, seven miles west of Metz ;
the French are driven into Metz. French
loss, 12,000 to 15,000 , German loss, 20,156.
± Paris. Gen. Trochu fortifies the
city.
Aug. 19. Alsace. The Germans fiercely
bombard Strasburg.
Aug. 20. The emperor, with between
130,000 and 150,000 men, unites his army
with the Army of the Rhine under Mac-
Mahon at Chalons-sur-Marne.
± The Army of the Rhine, 300,000+
strong, retreats before the advancing
Prussians, 500,000+ strong, under King
William and the Crown Prince Freder-
ick Charles.
Marshal MacMahon aims to relieve
Marshal Bazaine by a circuitous march
to the northeast. [He fails.]
Aug. 23. The combined French army at
Reims advances to join the army of
Marshal Bazaine, which the Germans
have shut up in Metz.
Aug. 23-26. Alsace. The Germans vig-
orously bombard Strasburg.
Aug. 24. The Germans under the Crown
Prince and the Prince of Saxony pursue
the French.
The Prussians establish headquar-
ters at Bar-le-Duc, only 125 miles from
Paris.
Aug. 25. The French repulse an attack
on Verdun. [Nov. * They capitulate.]
The Germans capture 800 national
guards at St. M6nehould ; they occupy
Chalons-sur-Marne.
The French surrender the small for-
tress at Vitry-le-Francois.
Aug. 26. Lorraine. The Germans re-
pulse a sortie of the French in strong
force at Metz, frustrating Marshal Ba-
zaine's desperate attempt to escape.
+ Ger. Three armies of the reserve are
formed, and a fourth to aid in opera-
tions against Paris.
Aug. 27. Lorraine. The Germans in-
vest Thionville (Diedenhofen). [Nov.
24. Bombarded and taken.]
The Germans nearly destroy a regi-
ment of French Chasseurs at Busancy.
Aug. 28. The two German armies, 220,-
000 strong, advance on Paris, driving
the French before them. They meet re-
sistance at Dun, Stenay, and Mouzon.
Aug. 29. The Germans storm Vrizy,
between Vouzeire and Attig.
Aug. 30. The army of MacMahon (150,-
000+) retreats northward.
The Germans surprise and defeat Gen.
de Failly near Beaumont, enabling
them to cut off the retreat of MacMa-
hon ; the French suffer in other actions.
Aug. 31. The Germans repulse the
French at Carignan.
They attack the French at Douzy, and
finally defeat them. The French retreat
to Sedan.
Aug. 31, Sept. 1. Lorraine. The army
of Marshal Bazaine attempts to break
through the German lines, and is de-
feated at Noisseville, five miles from
Metz.
Sept. 1. Battle of Sedan.
The Germans, 250,000+ strong, under
the personal command of William I., de-
feat the French, 140,000+ strong, under
Napoleon III., Marshal MacMahon, and
Gen. Emmanuel Felix de Wimpffen ;
MacMahon is wounded, and Wimpffen
assumes command. At three o'clock the
French are surrounded. Napoleon III.
gives his sword to William I., and be-
comes a prisoner.
Sept. 2. The French capitulate at Sedan.
Their army comprises 39 generals,
2,300 officers, 84,000 men, besides 25,000
captured in battle ; 10,000 French escape
to Belgium.
Alsace. The Germans direct a vigor-
ous artillery fire on Strasburg, and re-
pel a sortie of the French.
Sept. 5. King William I. establishes his
headquarters at Reims.
Sept. 7. Paris. Gen. Vinoy arrives
with a corps which was sent too late to
aid MacMahon. The Germans occupy
St. Dizier.
Sept. 8. The Germans invest Strasburg
with 60,000 men. The French vigorously
resist the Germans at Verdun.
Sept. 9. Five corps of the Germans ad-
vance on Paris.
Laon surrenders.
The explosion of the powder-magazine
by a soldier causes the death of 95 Ger-
man riflemen and 300 French soldiers.
Sept. 10. The French repulse an attack
by the Germans on Toul. [Sept. 23. It
capitulates.]
Sept. 12. The French blow up the
bridge over the Oise, at Creil, 30 miles
north of Paris.
The Germans occupy
Sept. 14. Alsace.
Colmar.
Sept. 15. Paris. The Germans begin
the investment of the city ; permits are
required of those who enter or leave it.
Sept. 18. The Prussians fix their head-
quarters at Meux, 20 miles from Paris.
Sept. 18, 19. The French sink vessels
in the Seine and the Marne rivers against
the approach of the Germans.
Sept. 19. King William fixes his head-
quarters at Ferrieres near Lagny , fifteen
miles east of Paris.
Gen. Vinoy with three divisions at-
tacks the Prussians on the heights of
Sceaux, and is repulsed with the loss
of seven guns and 2,500 prisoners.
The French troops at Versailles sur-
render. [Sept. 20. The Crown Prince
of Prussia enters.]
Sept. 19-71 Jan. 28. Siege of Paris
by the Germans.
Sept. 20. It. The French troops are
withdrawn from Rome; the Italians
capture the city, and abolish the tem-
poral power of the Pope.
Sept. 21. Lorraine. Prince Frederick
Charles assumes chief command before
Metz.
Sept. 22. Sevres, two and a half miles
from Paris, surrenders to the Germans.
Sept. 23, 24, 27. Lorraine. The French
are repulsed in desperate sallies from
Metz.
Sept. 23. Paris. Three actions take
place in the suburbs, at Drancy, Pierre-
fitte, and Villejuif.
A levy en masse of all men under
twenty-five years is ordered by the Gov-
ernment.
Sept. 25. The Germans invest Verdun.
[Nov. * It capitulates.]
Sept. 26. The Germans occupy all the
departments of the Seine and Marne.
The crown prince, standing beneath
the statue of Louis XIV. at Versailles,
bestows the iron cross on thirty soldiers
as a reward for bravery.
Sept. 27. Clermont is subdued and oc-
cupied by the Germans.
Alsace. Strasburg capitulates.
Sept. 28. Alsace. Strasburg formally
surrenders.
The Germans having made a breach in
the wall preparatory to an assault, Gen.
Uhrich surrenders nearly 18,000 men to
Gen. Von Werder. German loss, 906
men and 43 officers.
The Germans attack Soissons. [Oct. *
It capitulates.]
Sept. 30. Paris. Gen. Vinoy sends out
a sortie, which is repulsed by the Ger-
mans after fighting two hours. The Na-
tional Guards in the city are said to
number 375,000.
The French are defeated in an action
at Rouen, losing 1,200 killed and
wounded and 300 prisoners.
The Germans take Beauvais, forty-
three miles northeast of Paris. [Oct. 1.
Mantes is taken.]
Oct. 5. Paris. King William removes
his headquarters to Versailles ; Bis-
marck and Von Moltke are with him.
Gen. Treskow commands an army
which is ordered into Southern
France.
Gen. Regan, with the advance guard
of the Army of the Loire, defeats the
Germans near Thoury.
FRANCE.
1870, Aug. 13 -Oct. 8. 741
Oct. 6. Gen. Dupr($, commanding part of
the Army of Lyons, is defeated by the
Germans at St. Eemy; German loss,
450 ; French loss, 1500+ and 660 prisoners.
Oct. 7. Lorraine. A sortie of 40,000
French is made from Metz ; after four
hours of hard fighting the French are
driven back, with the loss of 2,000 men ;
German loss, 600.
Oct. 8. The Germans bombard Neu
Briesach.
The French repulse an attack on St.-
Quentin. [Oct. 21. Taken.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1870 Sept. 28. The planet Zelia is dis-
covered by Prosper Henry. [Sept. 11,
Liberatrix; Nov. 5, Johanna.]
SOCIETY.
1870 Sept. * Eng. The impress and
prince imperial reside at Camden House,
Chiselhurst, Kent.
STATE.
1870 Aug. 17. Paris. Gen. Louis
Jules Trochu, an Orleanist, is ap-
pointed governor of the city, and charged
with its defense.
Aug. 21. Paris. The Government for-
bids the exportation of food. A loan
of 750,000,000 francs is announced.
Aug. 26±. Paris. M. Thiers is placed
on the Defense Committee.
Aug. 28. Paris. Gen. Trochu issues a
decree for the expulsion of all foreign-
ers not naturalized.
Aug. 30, 31. Ger. Protests against
foreign intervention for peace are
passed at municipal meetings at Berlin,
Konigsberg, and other cities.
Aug. 30. Ger. Count Bismarck-
Bohlen is installed governor of Alsace
at Haguenau.
Sept. 2. The emperor becomes a pris-
oner of war at Sedan. (See Army.)
Sept. 3. Paris. A deputation from 10,000
persons calls on Gen. Trochu to assume
the government of the country; he
declines.
Sept. 4. Paris. The surrender at Sedan
is announced to the Legislative Assem-
bly.
Jules Favre proposes the uprising of
the nation for its defense, attacks the
imperial dynasty, and proposes to give
the chief command to Gen. Trochu. On
the motion of M. Thiers, the chamber ap-
points a commission of government
and national defense, and orders the
convocation of a constituent assembly,
and adjourns.
Revolution. The empire is at an
end.
The Assembly resumes its sitting, and
is invaded by a disorderly crowd, who de-
mand a republic.
A few Liberal deputies remain, and
proclaim the deposition of the imperial
dynasty and the establishment of the
Republic of France.
The Senate meets for the last time,
and upholds the imperial government.
A government of defense is pro-
claimed.
Members: Gen. Louis Trochu, president;
L6on Gambetta (interior), Jules Simon (pub-
lic instruction), Jules Favre (foreign), Isaac
Adolphe Cre^nieux (justice), Ernest Picard
(finance), Gen. Le Flo (war), Martin Fouri-
chon (marine), M. Magnin , (agriculture),
M. Dorian (public works), Etienne Arago
(mayor of Paris).
The empress, the Comte de Palikao,
and other ministers secretly leave, and
hasten to Belgium.
Sept. 5. Paris. The Legislative Cham-
ber is dissolved ; the Senate is abolished ;
the regular troops and National Guard
fraternize with each other.
Henri Rochef ort is added to the pro-
visional government.
Jules Favre calls on the United States
of America for moral support.
Prus. The ex-emperor Napole'on
arrives at Wilhelmshohe, near Cassel.
Sp. The Republican deputies in the
Spanish Cortes give greeting to the
French Bepublic.
The Red Republican flag is raised at
Lyons.
Sept. 6. Paris. Jules Favre issues a
circular.
He informs French diplomatic repre-
sentatives at foreign courts that France
desires peace, but " will not cede either
an inch of our territories or a stone of
our fortresses."
Gen. Trochu issues a proclamation
assuring the safety of Paris.
The police are replaced by National
Guards for the preservation of order.
The Government again declines the
proffered services of the Orleans
princes.
Victor Hugo and Louis Blanc arrive in
the city.
Sept. 7±. The Prussians seize imperial
correspondence of much importance.
[Oct. * Published.]
Paris. The Provisional Government
proclaims that to-day, as in 1792, the
Republic signifies the hearty union of
the army and people for the defense of
the country.
Sept. 8. The United States of America
and Spain recognize the Republic.
[Sept. 9. Switzerland.]
Paris. The Defense Committee sum-
mons the King of Prussia to retire im-
mediately from French territory.
A decree is issued convoking the Con-
stituent Assembly, to be composed of
750 members.
Sept. 13-16. Paris. Bismarck issues
circular letters.
He recounts French aggressions on
Germany in the past, and asserts the
necessity of obtaining material guaran-
ties for the future safety of Germany,
and for removing the frontiers and point
of attack farther west.
Sept. 16. ± Bismarck consents to receive
Jules Favre.
[Sept. 19. They meet at Chateau de la
Haute Maison. Sept. 20. They meet at
King William's headquarters near
Lagny. Both interviews are fruitless.]
Sept. 17. Paris. Jules Favre issues a
diplomatic circular.
He asks that France be left to the free
action of the Constituent Assembly, and
it will repair the wrong she has done by
a measure of justice.
Sept. 18. A Government delegation un-
der Isaac A. Cr^mieux, minister of jus-
tice, meet at Tours ; the foreign ambas-
sadors proceed there.
Sept. 18.+ Paris. The Red Republicans
issue a manifesto signed by Gustave
Paul Cluseret ; it is placarded through-
out the city.
Sept. 19. Paris. The struggle for the
military possession of the city begins.
The first siege of Paris is begun by the
Prussians.
Sept. 21. Jules Favre reports Bis-
marck's demands.
Terms: The cession of the department of
the Upper and Lower Rhine and part of Mo-
selle, with Metz, Chateau Salins, and Sois-
sons; France must surrender Strasburg,
Toul, and Verdun (or Pfalzburg according
to Favre ), and Mont Valerien ; if the Assem-
bly meets at Paris, an armistice may be
agreed to, in order that the French Constitu-
ent Assembly may meet. The French Govern-
ment positively rejects these terms of peace.
Sept. 26+ . All citizens of France be-
tween 20 and 25 years of age are prohib-
ited from leaving the country.
Sept. 28. The National Guard suppresses
an insurrection of the Red Republicans
at Lyons ; Gen. Cluseret, the war min-
ister of the Commune, flees [into exile].
Paris. The National Guard main-
tains order.
Sept. 29-Oct. 1. The delegates assem-
bled at Tours order elections of 753
members for the Constituent Assembly,
to take place on Oct. 16.
Oct. 1. Paris. The Government for de-
fense orders the elections deferred till
they can be carried out throughout the
whole extent of the Republic.
Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, U. S. A.,
visits Minister Favre. [Oct. 7. He vis-
its Bismarck.]
Bismarck issues a circular letter, dis-
claiming any intention of reducing
France to a second-rate power.
Oct. 2. The conquered country, in
addition to Alsace and Lorraine, is
placed under the grand dukes of Meck-
lenburg at Reims.
Oct. 3. Isaac A. Cremieux succeeds
Adm. Fourichon as delegate minister of
"war at Tours, remaining minister of
marine.
Oct. 6. The diplomatic mission of
Louis A. Thiers to foreign courts is
reported a failure.
Oct. 7. Le"on Gambetta escapes from
Paris in a balloon.
[Oct. 8. He arrives at Rouen. Oct. 9.
He arrives at Tours, and becomes min-
ister of war as well as of the interior.]
Oct. 8. The Government prohibits all
Frenchmen under 60 years of age from
leaving France.
* * Gambetta becomes the virtual dicta-
tor of France.
Aust. M. Thiers again appeals to
Vienna for aid against Germany. [Oct.
14. He arrives at Florence, Italy.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1870 Sept. 23. Paris. M. Durouf in a
post-baUoon ascends with mail-bags ;
he arrives at fivreux, and reaches Tours.
742 1870, Oct. 8.-1871, Jan. 9.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1870 Oct. 9. Garibaldi is received
with great enthusiasm at Tours ; he re-
views the National Guard.
Oct. 10. The Germans burn Albis near
Paris in retaliation for treachery, sleep-
ing soldiers having been killed.
Bavarians under Gen. Von der Tann
defeat part of the Army of the Loire at
Artenay, near Orleans, and capture
2,000 prisoners. [Germans occupy Or-
leans.]
The French repulse an attack on
Cherizy.
Oct. 11. The French fleet appears off
Heligoland in the North Sea.
Paris. The Germans fire the first
three shots into the suburbs of the city.
Gen. Von der Tann captures Orleans
and 4,000 prisoners.
After nine hours fighting (35,000+ on
each side), the defeated Army of the
Loire under Gen. La Motte Rouge^ re-
tires behind the Loire River. [The city
pays a war contribution of $300,000+.]
The French garrison at Montmedy
captures Stenay.
Oct. 12. Gen. Bourbaki takes command
of the French at Tours ; Gen. D'Aurelle
de Paladines takes command of the
Army of the Loire.
Garibaldi is appointed commander of
French irregular troops.
Germans capture Epinal. They also
take Breteuil after a sharp resistance.
Oct. 13. Neu Breisach is wholly in-
vested by the Germans.
The French surprise the Prussians,
and make a successful attack at Ba-
gneux, near Paris.
Oct. 13, 14. Paris.. St. Cloud is fired
on and burned by the French.
Oct. 14+. Lorraine. Frequent sorties
are made from Metz.
Oct. 14. A sharp fight takes place at
Ecouis; the French elude an attempt
to surround them.
Gen. Boyer, aid-de-camp to Marshal
Bazaine, commander at Metz, meets
Bismarck at Versailles.
Oct. 16. Soissons surrenders to the
Germans under the Grand Duke of Meck-
lenburg, having been invested three
weeks and bombarded four days. The,
French lose 99 officers, 4,633 men, and 128
guns.
Oct. 17. Gen. Bourbaki is appointed
to command the Army of the North ;
Gen. Maziere to that of the Loire.
The Germans attack Montdidier,
and capture 150 Mobile Guards.
Oct. 18. The Germans defeat 4,000
French near Chateaudun, in a 10 hours'
fight ; the barricaded town is stormed
and burned. Gen. Von Werder takes
Nuit, near Dijon.
Oct. 21. Paris. The French make a
vigorous sortie against Versailles and at
Malmaison ; they are forced to retire
after fighting three hours and losing 400±
killed and 100 prisoners.
Chartres, 48 miles southwest of Paris,
'is taken by the Germans. Vesoul is
also captured.
— Germans attack and take St.-Quen-
tin after cannonading for half am hour.
[Oct. 23. They evacuate.]
Oct. 22. Alsace. Schlettstadt is bom-
barded by the Germans. [Oct. 24.
Taken, with 120 guns and 2,400 prison-
ers.]
The French "Army of the East"
is defeated in the Vosges.
Gen. Cambriels repulses an attack
by the Germans on Chatillon le Due ;
M. de Keratry assumes command of the
French army in Brittany.
Oct. 26. Paris. The Imperial Guard
is suppressed.
Oct. 27. Marshal Bazaine surrenders
Metz and his army.
Gen. Von Werder defeats the French
near Gray, Haute Saone, northeast of
Dijon.
Oct. 28. The French recapture Le
Bourget near Paris. [Oct. 30. Retaken
with 1,200 prisoners, by the Germans.]
The French defeat Badenese troops
near Bascon ; they repulse an attack by
the Prussians on Formerie on the Oise.
Oct. 29. The crown prince and Prince
Frederick Charles are created field-
marshals.
Oct. 31. The Germans capture Dijon
after bombardment. The Wurtemberg-
ers defeat the francs-tireurs between
Montereau and Nangis.
It is estimated that 856,000 Ger-
mans are in Prance ami 223,000 French
in German prisons.
Oct. 31-Dec. 27. The Germans occupy
and hold Dijon.
Nov. 1. The Germans invest Tbion-
ville. [Nov. 7. Bombarded.]
Nov. 3+. Garibaldi issues a proclama-
tion appealing to other nations to help
France.
The Germans besiege Belf ort.
Nov. 4. Paris. The Government orders
the mobilization of all able-bodied men
between 20 and 40 years of age.
Nov. 6. The French recapture Cha-
teaudun. [Nov. 18. Indecisive action.]
Nov. 7. The French repulse an attack on
the Army of the Loire at Marchenoir.
Nov. 8. Verdun capitulates to the
Germans with 4,000 men.
Ger. The French fleet appears off
Heligoland.
Nov. 9. The Germans enter Montbe"-
liard, Doubs, near the Swiss frontier.
[Nov. 10. The French are repulsed.]
The French defeat Gen. Von der
Tann between Coulmiers and Baccon,
near Orleans ; they retire to Thoury.
Nov. 10. The French under Gen. D'Au-
relle de Paladines retake Orleans.
French loss, 2,000; German loss, 700±
and 2,000 prisoners. The Germans take
Neu Breisach, with 5,000 prisoners and
100 guns.
Nov. 13. The Germans occupy Cole,
near Dijon.
Nov. 14. Prince Frederick Charles
and the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg
are put in command of the armies in
Central France.
Nov. 15. The Germans completely in-
vest Montme"dy.
The Germans repulse French sorties
from M^zieres.
Nov. 16. The Germans repulse sorties
from Belf ort.
Nov. 17. The Grand Duke of Mecklen-
burg repulses the French Army of the
Loire near Dreux; the army is cap-
tured by Gen. Von Treskow.
The French make a successful sortie
from Mezieres; German loss, 500 men.
Nov. 18. The National Guard repulses
the Germans at Evreux.
Nov. 20+. Paris. The Germans engir-
dle the city with a second line of in-
vestment.
The Germans repulse the French at
La Fere, 14 miles from Laon ; the
French suffer heavy loss. [Nov. 27.
Surrendered by the French with 70 guns
and 2,000 men, after two days' bombard-
ment.]
Nov. 21. The Germans defeat the Mo-
bile Guard at Bretoncellea.
Nov. 22. The Germans begin the bom-
bardment of ThionviUe. [Nov. 24.
The French capitulate ; 2,000 prisoners
taken.] The Prussians occupy Ham.
The Germans are repulsed near Ami-
ens and also near Stagil.
Nov. 27. The Germans under Gen. Von
Werder defeat the Garibaldians near
Pasque, Cote d'Or.
The Prussians under Gen. Manteuffel
defeat the Army of the North near
Amiens. [Nov. 28. The city surren-
ders. Nov. 30. The citadel is taken.]
Nov. 28. Battle near Beaune-la-Bo-
lande, Loiret.
' The French Army of the Loire under
Gen. d'Aurelle de Paladines has a severe
engagement with the Prussians under
Gen. Voigts Rhetz. Prince Frederick
Charles arrives during the battle, and
turns the day; the French retire with
the loss of 6,700+ ; the Germans suffer a
heavy loss.
Nov. 29-Dec. 4. The army in Paris and
the Army of the Loire make unsuccess-
ful efforts to unite.
Nov. 29. Gen. Charles Denis Sauter
Bourbaki is appointed to command the
6th Army Corps.
Paris. The Prussians repulse sor-
ties from various parts of the city.
Nov. 30. Paris. A grand sortie is made.
The French (120,000) take Champigny
and Brie. [Dec. 2. They are driven
back by the Germans. Losses on both
sides are heavy.]
Dec. 2. The Army of the Loire under
Gen. Chanzy is defeated at Bazoche des
Hautes by the Grand Duke of Mecklen-
burg.
Dec. 3. The Germans begin the bom-
bardment of Belf ort. [The siege con-
tinues.]
Dec. 4. Orleans Again surrenders to the
Germans ; Gen. D'Aurelle de Paladines
retreats with 100,000+ men, losing 10,000
prisoners, 77 guns, and 4 gunboats.
Dec. 5-71 July 22. Marshal Manteuf-
fel, commanding the Prussian Army of
the North, occupies Rouen.
Dec. 7. The Grand Duke of Mecklen-
burg attacks the French Army of the
Loire at Beaugency, without decisive
result. [Dec. 8. The Germans take the
town and 1,100± prisoners.]
FRANCE.
/
1 8 7 0, Oct 8 -id 7*, Jan. 9. 743
Dec. 8. Marshal Manteuffel advances
on Havre with a part of his army, and
with the remainder occupies Cherbourg.
Dec. 9, 10. The Army of the Loire
is defeated by the Germans in severe
engagements, and retreats.
Dec. 12. The Germans occupy Dieppe.
They bombard Montme'dy. [Dec. 14.
It surrenders.] The siege of Pfalzburg
in Lorraine ends by its surrender be-
cause of famine.
Dec. 13. The Germans occupy Evreux
' and Blois.
Dec. 14. The Germans take and later
abandon Fr€teval.
Dec. 18. The Germans under Gen. Von
Werder defeat the French under Gen.
Cremer at Nuits, 14 miles from Dijon.
Dec. 21. Tours is partly shelled by the
Germans, and submits ; the Germans
fail to occupy the city.
Dec. 23. Indecisive battle at Pont-
Noyelles.
The Germans are under Marshal Man-
teuffel, and the French under Gen. Faid-
herbe ; the latter retreats.
Dec. 27. The Germans besiege F6-
ronne. [1871. Jan. 10. It capitulates.]
Gen. Bourbaki forces the Germans un-
der Gen. Von "Werder to evacuate Dijon.
Dec. 29. Paris. The French at Mont
Avron are bombarded and driven our.
* * Nancy and Chalons are taken by the
Germans.
1871 Jan. 1, 2. Me"zieres with '2,000
men and 106 guns is surrendered by the
French.
Jan. 2, 3. The Germans under Marshal
Manteuffel defeat the French under
Gen. Von Goeben, near Bapaume; the
French retreat.
Jan. 4. Paris. The Germans bombard
the eastern front of the city and the
southern forts.
Jan. 5. The Germans take the fortress
of Rocroi, near the Belgian frontier.
Jan. 6. The French under Gen. Chanzy
have an indecisive engagement with
Prince Frederick Charles, near Dijon
le Mans.
The Germans storm Daujoutin.
Paris. The Germans silence Forts
Issy and Vanves.
Jan. 7. The Germans defeat Gen. Roy
near Jumie"ges, on the Seine.
Jan. 9, 10. Pari*. The Germans bom-
bard the city, injuring many buildings
and killing mary citizens. [Jan. 10-13.
Sorties.]
Gen. Von Wvjrder defeats the French
at Villersexel.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1870 * * Gulliver and the Lilliputians is
painted by Georges Jean Vibert.
CHURCH.
1870 Oct. 8. The suppression of the
schools of tkie «« Brethren of the Chris-
tian Doctrine" by the Republicans
causes much dissatisfaction.
LETTERS.
1870 Nov. 4. London. Campagne de
1870, par un offlcier attache" a I'etat
major-ghierale [a pamphlet ascribed to
the Emperor Napoleon III.] appears in
the Daily Telegraph.
Dec. * A pamphlet [attributed to the
Emperor Napoleon] is published under
the name of the Marquis de Grincourt,
throwing the blame of the war upon the
French nation.
* * La Criation, by Quinet, appears. [1871 ,
Le Siege de Paris et la Defense Nation-
ale; 1872, La Pepublique.]
* * Mademoiselle Giraud ma femme, by
Adolf Belot, appears. [1871, Article 47.]
* * Twenty Leagues under the Sea and
The Mysterious Island, by Jules Verne,
appear.
* * -75 * * History of Prance, by Guizot,
appears.
* * -76 * * Apercu de I 'hisloire d'£gypte
and Dendirali, by Mariette, appears.
SOCIETY
1870 Oct. 12. The people at 'Tonflexir
oppose the embarkat n of ca.u' tor
England ; a riot brr
Like riots at St. M.tit.J
Dec. 20. The mob murd*- Jen. Ar-
raud, the comma
Guard at Lyons, after,- <u dleged trial,
for resisting them.
* * Statistics sho-w the consumption of
wine to be, por capita, 37.90 gallons ; of
distilled spirits, 0.58 gallons.
STATE.
1870 Oct. 10, 11. Paris. The Bed
Republicans, led by Louis Auguste
Blanqui, Gustave Flourens, Alexandre
Auguste, Ledru-Rollin, Felix Pyat, are
defeated in their attempts to overthrow
the present government and establish the
Commune. [Oct. 14+. Henri Rochefort
effects a reconciliation.]
Oct. 10. Direct mediation is declined
by Russia, Spain, and Great Britain.
Leon Gambetta issues a proclama-
tion from Tours.
He says Paris has 560,000 troops, that
cannon are cast daily, women help the
cause by making cartridges, and urges
cooperation and devotion everywhere
in maintaining the struggle.
Oct. 12. Aries Du Four, from Lyons, ap-
peals to the British public for active
sympathy in endeavoring to obtain
peace.
Paris. Auguste de Kerartry, as for-
eign envoy, leaves in a balloon. [Oct.
19, 20. He fails to obtain assistance from
Gen. Prim, premier at Madrid.]
Oct. 18. Jules Favre issues a circular
from Tours against Prussia.
" She coldly and systematically pursues
her task of annihilating us. France has now
no illusions left. For her it is now a ques-
tion of existence. We prefer our present
sufferings, our perils, and our sacrifices to
the consequences of the inflexible and cruel
ambition of our enemy. France needed per-
haps to pass through a supreme trial; she
will issue from it transfigured."
Oct. 19. Marseilles is disturbed by Bed
Republicans.
Oct. 21. The British Government, sup-
ported by the neutral powers, inter-
venes for an armistice that France may
elect a National Assembly. [Oct. 28.
Bismarck replies that overtures must
come from France, and will be accepted.]
Oct. 24. M. Thiers undertakes to nego-
tiate with ,r an armistice.
[Oct. 28. He is «k?" * 8afe conduct.
Oct. 30. He enters •' ' ri». bringing news
of the surrender of Metz.]
A girl who cb"m» to oe successor ot
Joan of Arc appears at Tours.
Oct. 25. Paris. The Government issues
a decree for a l"8-11 of 250,000,000 francs.
Oct. 28. Leon 3ambetta issues a circu-
lar condemn ng the surrender of
Metz as a crin e. [Nov. 1. He calls on
the army to av«"ge the dishonor.]
Oct. 30-Nov. \- Paris. Louis Thiers
receives authority from the Provisional
Government to treat with the Prussians
for an armistice, and has interviews
with BismarcK-
Oct. 31. Par1'- The Commune rise
against ti»e Government, and temporar-
ily ov"' throw it.
The Defense Government is impris-
oned in the Hotel de Ville, and Ledru-
Rcilin. Victor Hugo, and Gustave Flou-
rens are made a Committee of Safety
under Louis Picard. The National
Guard succeeds in restoring order.
Prus. The ex-empress joins the
ex-emperor at Wilhelmshohe. [Nov. 3.
She returns to Chiselhurst, England.]
Nov. 1. Paris. A popular vote is or-
dered to be taken on Nov. 3, to learn if
the people support the National Defense
Government. [Nov. 3. Vote, 557,976 for
it ; 62,638 against it.]
Nov. 2. Marshal Bazaine publishes a
le: < repelling the charge of treason in
the surrender of Metz.
Paris. Henri Bochefort resigns as
a member of the Defense Committee.
Nov. 3. Count Bismarck offers an ar-
mistice of 25 days for the election of a
National Assembly. [Nov. 7. The French
decline the offer ]
Paris. Revolutionists attempt to
overthrow the Government, but are de-
feated.
The Government orders the mobiliza-
tion of all able-bodied men between the
ages of 20 and 40.
Nov. 6. Paris. The negotiations for an
armistice fail.
Count Bismarck refuses to permit food
to enter Paris during the armistice with-
out any military equivalent therefore ;
Louis Thiers is ordered to cease negotia-
tions.
Nov. 7. Jules Favre issues a circular
defending the course of the French in
the armistice negotiations. [Nov. 8.
Count Bismarck gives the German side
in like manner.]
Nov. 10. Paris. The Government de-
crees the melting of some of the
church-bells into cannon.
Dec. 10. The Delegate Government
is transferred from Tours to Bordeaux ;
it also becomes the seat of the National
Assembly.
Dec. 19. Due d'Aumale and the Prince
de Joinville are permitted to take their
scats as members of the National As-
sembly at Bordeaux.
1871 Jan. 9, 10. The Government ap-
peals to foreign powers because of the
bombardment of Paris.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1870 Oct. 12. Balloons bring favora-
ble intelligence from Paris.
744 187 1, iTa*. 11 - June 26.
FRANCE.
ARMy — NAVY.
1871 Jan. 11, 1). The Germans under
Prince Fredericl Charles defeat the
Army of the Loire ,muer Gen. Chanzy
in attempting to rais<, the siege at Le
Mans ; the French lose20,000± prisoners.
[The French retreat.]
Jan. 13. Paris. The French make vig-
orous sorties, and are repulsed.
Jan. 15, 16. The Germans defeat Gen.
Chanzy near the Verges. [Jan. 18.
He retreats southward.]
Jan. 15-17. Battle of Belfort.
Gen. Bourbaki forct.s the besieging
Prussians under Gen. yon Werder to
change their position without raising
the siege ; the French ^re finally forced
to retreat. [Feb. 13. 1, ,if«,rt capitu-
lates with military honors.)
Jan. 17. The Germans begin the bom-
bardment of Longwy, in Northeastern
France. [Jan. 25. It capitulates, 8ur.
rendering 4,000 prisoners and 200 guns.]
Jan. 19. Gen. Von Goeben defeats the
French under Gen. Faidherbe at St.-
Quentin, on the Somme. German loss,
3,100; French loss, 15,000±, including
4,000 prisoners.
Paris. Gen. Trochu with 100,000 men
makes [the last] grand sortie ; he is re-
pulsed with the loss of 1,000 killed and
5,000 wounded.
Communication with the outside is
maintained during the siege by the use
of pigeons and balloons.
Jan. 20-Feb. 1. Gen. Manteuffel
drives 80,000 French under Gen. Bour-
baki into Switzerland near Pontarlier,
after losing 6,000 prisoners.
Jan. 22. Paris. The Germans refuse
an armistice for two days.
The Germans bombard St. Denis
and Cambrai.
Jan. 23. Paris. Gen. Trochu resigns
as governor. [Jan. 24. Gen. Vinoy suc-
ceeds him as governor and commander.]
Jan. 28. Paris. Capitulation of the
French; an armistice for 21 days is
signed by Jules Favre and Count Bis-
marck.
Jan. 29. The Germans occupy the forts
round Paris.
Jan. 30. The advance of German
troops into France is suspended.
Feb. 1. The Germans occupy Dijon
after a siege in which Garibaldi makes
an ineffective defense.
The army of Gen. Bourbaki takes
refuge in Switzerland, after failing to
break through the German lines.
Feb. 16. The Belfort garrison marches
out, and the war terminates.
Mar. 12. Paris. The German army city, and, fighting their way, take 10,000±
leaves Versailles. prisoners.
Mar. 18. Paris. Uprising of the May. 23. Paris. The troops under Gen.
Commune. Charles Felix Douay take Montmartre
It rises against Gen. Vinoy, the com- from the in8urgents.
mander of the city, when he attempts May 25. Paris. The insurgents evacu-
to take possession of defenses and can- ate Forts Montrouge, Hautes-Bruyeres,
non held by the workingmen, at Mont- Bicetre.
martre and Belleville, in the northeast- May 27. The Government troops take
Pere La Chaise from the Communists.
ern part of the city. [The Germans
remain in the forts, and observe a strict
neutrality.]
Paris. Several regiments of the
National Guard join the Communists.
They shoot Gens. Lecomte and
Thomas. Barricades are erected in the
streets, and Gen. Vinoy, commanding
the gendarmerie, retires from the insur-
gents across the Seine.
Apr. 2. Paris. The troops of the Na-
tional Assembly engage the insurgents at
Courbevoie, one and a half mile north-
west of the fortifications of Paris.
Gustave Flourens leads the armed
mob called the National Guard to Ver-
sailles. [It ends in a disorderly retreat.]
Agi- 3. Paris. The insurgents occupy
Forte Issy, Vanves, and the castle at
Meudon, five miles southwest of Paris.
[Apr. 4. 'jfhey shoot Gen. Duval, a pris-
oner.]
Marshal MaoMahon is appointed
commander-in-chie/ of the National
forces.
Apr. 6. — May 22. Paris. The second
siege of the city by the National troops,
under Marshal MacMahon ; the insur-
gents make a vigorous defense.
Apr. 9. Paris. The insurgents attempt
to take Chatillon, and are repulsed ;
they bombard the southern forts and
Paris itself from the parallels con-
structed by the Germans.
Apr. 11. Paris. Marshal MacMahon
invests Fort Issy, southwest of the
city.
Apr. 14. Paris. The insurgents capture
the redoubt of Gennevilliers.
Apr. 17. Paris. The insurgents capture
the Chateau de Becon, a post of im-
portance.
Apr. 20. Paris,
Bagneux.
Apr. 26. Paris. The insurgents keep
up a severe fire from their batteries
against the Federal forts.
Apr. 27. Parts. The National troops
capture Les Moulineaux, an outpost
of the insurgents.
Apr. 29. Paris. The insurgents take the
cemetery and park of Issy in the night.
[Apr. 30. They demand the surrender
of the fort, and are refused.]
May 1. Paris. The insurgents take the
station of Clamart and the Chateau of
Issy.
May 28. Paris. The troops under Gen.
MacMahon take the Buttes Chaumont,
invest and capture Belleville, and the
insurrection is suppressed.
Total losses in seven days' fighting:
regular troops, 877 killed, 545 wounded,
and 183 missing; insurgents, 60,000+
killed, 25,000 prisoners. All the leaders
are killed or captured, and about one-
fourth of Paris is destroyed.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1871 Feb. 2. Dupuy de L&me, at Vin-
cennes, ascends with 13 persons in his
navigable balloon.
The insurgents occupy
Mar. 1. German loss during the war, May 8. Paris. The battery of Mon-
killed or dying soon after the war, 17,570 ;
died of wounds eventually, 10,707 ; total
killed and wounded, 127,867.
Paris. The Emperor William reviews
100,000 troops at Longchamps, a race-
course near Paris. Paris is entered.
Mar. 1-3. Paris. About 30,000 Ger-
mans enter the city, and remain 48
hours.
Mar. 10. Paris. A meeting of the
National Guard is suppressed.
tretout, mounting 70 guns, opens fire.
The insurgents evacuate the Fort Issy.
May 12. Paris. The troops occupy the
Convent des Oiseaux at Issy, and the
Lyceum at Vanves. [May 13. Fort
Vanves is taken.]
May 14. Paris. The batteries of Cour-
bevoie, Becon, Asnieres, open a vigorous
fire on the villages, Levallois and Cli-
chy.
May 21. Paris. The National troops,
under Marshal MacMahon, enter the
CHURCH.
1871 Apr. 5. Paris. Archbishop
Georges Darboy is arrested by the
Commune while ministering to the dy-
ing. [May 24. He is executed in the
prison of La Roquette with 64 others.]
May 17. Silver ornaments in the
churches are seized by the Commune.
June 7. Paris. The funeral of Arch-
bishop Darboy is celebrated.
LETTERS.
1871 Mar. 11. Paris. Le Vengeur
and four other violent journals are sup-
pressed by Gen. Vinoy.
SOCIETY.
1871 Jan. * A short strike of 10,000
miner? occurs at Le Creuzot, Burgundy.
Mar. 18. Paris. Gen. Claude Martin
Lecomte is shot ; Gen. Thomas is assas-
sinated at the same time.
Feb. * Four workmen, members of the
Workingmen's International Congress,
are elected Hjembers of the National As-
sembly.
Apr.± * Paris. The reign of terror
suspends the liberty of the press, of
public meeting, of conscience, and of
person. k.
Apr. 6. Paris. The Guillotine is
burned on the PJace Voltaire.
Apr. 29. Paris. The Freemasons
make an ineffectiv ! attempt at recon-
ciliation with the Commune.
May 6. Paris. The newspapers are
suppressed. [May 16.' The Colonne
Vendome is overthrown by the Com-
mune.]
May* Paris. Henri Rochefort is ar-
rested. (See Sept. 21.)
May 30. Belg. Victor Hugo, an exile,
is expelled.
Paris is put under martial law ;
50,000 insurgents commit disorders.
Many prisoners are exec uted.
STATE.
1871 Jan. 19. Paris. The Prussians
refuse to permit foreigner's to leave the
city.
FRANCE.
1371, Jan. 11 - June 26. 745
Jan. 23. Paris. Disturbances arise, but
they are suppressed by the army.
Jan. 24. Paris. Jules Favre opens ne-
gotiations with Bismarck.
Jan. 28. Paris. The Capitulation of
Paris is signed by Jules Favre in the
Convention of Versailles.
Conditions: The forts and munitions of
war to be surrendered, and the city wall to be
disarmed. All the soldiers in Paris become
prisoners of war, except 12,000 left to aid the
National Guard In preserving order. The
city to be provisioned by French officials,
and to pay 5 milliards of francs. A truce will
include all France except the departments
of Doubs, Jura, and C6te d'Or, and con-
tinue for three weeks, during which time a
free election of members to the National
Assembly is to be held, by which the ques-
tion of peace or war will be decided.
Jan. 31. L6on Gambetta disavows the
armistice, at Bordeaux. [Feb. 6. He
resigns as minister of the interior and
member of the Government of Defense.]
Feb. 1. The Due d' Aumale, the son
of Louis Philippe, issues a manifesto in
favor of a constitutional monarchy.
Feb. 3. Paris. Food given by the con-
tribution of the English people arrives.
Feb. 4. Paris. The Defense Govern-
ment justifies the capitulation by an-
nouncing that provisions for only ten
days were left for 2,000,000 of people.
It annuls a decree issued by Gam-
betta for the continuance of the struggle.
Feb. 8. Prus. The ex-emperor issues a
proclamation.
He condemns the overthrow of the
Napoleon dynasty, and affirms that his
government was four times coutirmed
in 20 years.
Feb. 12. The National Assembly
meets at Bordeaux, and [Feb. 15] elects
Francois Gre"vy its president. Vote,
619 out of 538.
Feb. 15. Paris. The supplemental ar-
mistice is signed.
Feb. 16. A provisional government
is formed at Bordeaux. [Feb. 17. Louis
Thiers is elected chief. Feb. 18. Rec-
ognized by the great powers.]
Members: JuIps Dufaure (justice), Jules
Favre (foreign), Joseph Picard (interior),
Jules Simon (public instruction), M. Lam-
brecht (commerce), Gen. Adolphe Le F16,
(war), Adm. Pothuan (marine), M. De
Larcy (public works).
Feb. 22-24. Louis Thiers and Count
Bismarck negotiate for peace.
Feb. 25. Thiers, Favre, and 15 delegates
of the National Assembly meet at Ver-
sailles, and accept the preliminaries of
peace.
It includes the ceding of parts of
Lorraine, including Metz and Thiouville
and Alsace less Belfort ; also the pay-
ment of five milliards of francs ($1,000,-
000,000).
Feb. 26. The treaty is signed at Ver-
sailles. (See Germany.)
Mar. 1. The treaty is accepted by the
National Assembly at Bordeaux. Vote,
546-107.
The third Republic.
The National Assembly unanimously
confirms the setting aside of the Napo-
leonic empire for the Republic.
Mar. 6. Paris. The party of the Left,
led by Victor Hugo, Louis Blanc, and
Edgar Quinet, demand the impeachment
of the Defense Government.
Prus. The ex-emperor protests
against the overthrow of his govern-
ment.
Mar. 10. The National Assembly vote
to remove the seat of government
from Bordeaux to Versailles.
Mar. 12. Jerome Adolphe Blanqui,
Marie Flourens, and others are con-
demned for participating in the insur-
rection of Oct. 31, 1870.
Mar. 15. The Central Committee of
the republican confederation of the
National Guards (termed " The Govern-
ment of the Buttes ") meet, depose Gen.
Vinoy, general-in-chief, and appoint
Garibaldi as his successor.
Mar. 18. Paris. The Commune re-
volts against the Government.
It nominates a Central Committee of
the armed mob called the National
Guard, with workman Assy as chief. It
takes possession of the public offices.
Two governments hold authority ; one,
the Commune in Paris, and the regular
authority at Versailles. (See Society.)
Mar. 19. Paris. The Central Commit-
tee orders a communal election. [Mar.
20. It liberates about 11,000 political
prisoners.]
Mar. 20. The National Assembly meets
at Versailles. [Propose conciliatory
measures to the Commune, and appoint
a committee to support the Government.]
± The Communists exact " advances,"
amounting to several million of francs,
from the Bank of France, for the pay-
ment of the National Guard.
The Journal des Dibats and other
newspapers denounce the Commune's
Central Committee.
Mar. 21. The National Assembly ap-
peals to the nation and the army.
Mar. 22. Paris. The Communists fire
on a parade of the unarmed Friends of
Order ; 10 are killed and 20 wounded.
Mar. 23. Paris. Adm. Saisset is ap-
pointed commander of the National
Guard for the Assembly.
Mar. 26. Paris. In a municipal elec-
tion a majority of two-thirds of the vo-
ters favor the Communists. Only 200,000
out of 500,000 votes are polled.
Mar. 28-May 22. Paris. The Social-
istic Commune rules the city.
Mar. 28. Paris. The Government of
the Commune is proclaimed at the
Hotel de Ville.
Mar. 29. Paris. The Communistic
leaders, Gustave Flourens, Jerome
Adolph Blanqui, and Felix Pyat, pro-
pose a republic after the pattern of the
Italian republics of the Middle Ages.
The Commune orders the remission
of a part of the rents due from tenants.
Apr. 4. The Communists at Marseilles
are suppressed.
Apr. 5. Paris. The Communists arrest
the archbishop of Paris.
Apr. 5-16. Thiers, Picard, Favre,
and others are impeached and their
property confiscated ; 34 anti-communis-
tic newspapers are suppressed.
Apr. 6-May 22. Second siege of Paris
by the National troops.
Apr. 14. The National Assembly pass
the new municipal bill. Vote, 419-18.
Apr. 16. Paris. A court-martial is or-
ganized under Col. Kossel.
Apr. 19. Paris. The Communists ap-
peal to the nation against the National
Assembly.
Apr. 29. Paris. The Commune exacts
a sum of 2,000,000 francs from the
railway companies.
May 8. Paris. The Commune organ-
izes a Committee of Public Safety.
May 10. Gar. A definite treaty of
peace with Germany is signed at Frank-
fort. [May 12. Laid before the Assem-
bly and ratified. Vote, 440-98. May
18. Ratified by the National Assembly.]
Paris. Louis Charles Delescluze is
appointed delegate of war by the Com-
mune.
May 11. Louis Thiers is opposed in
the Assembly, and offers to resign ; a
vote of confidence is given him. Vote,
495-10.
May 17. Paris. The Communists are
divided by a secession ; a central club
is formed, and a battalion of women
is formed.
The Communists enforce a stringent
conscription in Paris.
May 21. Paris. Henri Rochefort is
brought a prisoner to Versailles.
The Commune holds its last sitting.
May 24. The Commune executes in
prison the archbishop of Paris ; also
L'Abbe' Deguerry and President Bon-
jeau with 64 others, all held as hostages.
May 29. Premier Thiers issues a decree
for disarming Paris, and abolishing the
National Guard of the Seine.
June 8. The laws of proscription are
abrogated by the National Assembly.
Vote, 484-103 ; the elections of the Due
d'Aumale and the Prince de Joinville
are declared valid. [Dec. 19. Seated.]
June 26. Paris. The loan of two mil-
liards of francs ($400,000,000) is decreed.
[June 27. Subscriptions are opened.
June 28. About four milliards are sub-
scribed for in France alone.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1871 Feb. 3. Paris. The distress is
relieved by the arrival of food from
London.
Mar. 20. Eng. Napole"on HI. arrives
at Dover.
May 17. Paris. Silver ornaments are
seized in churches.
A cartridge factory explodes near the
Champ de Mars ; 100 persons are killed.
May 24. Paris. The Palais Royal
buildings are much injured by the Com-
munists, who partly burn them.
[Estimated loss of property through
the insurrection is $160,000,000+.]
May 25-27. Paris. Petroleum be-
comes a destructive weapon in the hands
of the insurgents.
June 20±. Paris. Theaters and public
places are reopened.
746 1871, July 14-1873, Aug. 5.
FRANCE
ARMY — NAVY.
1873 June 3. Paris. Gen. Ladmi-
rault succeeds Gen. MacMahon at Ver-
sailles as the military governor.
July 10. Paris. A grand review of
the renovated army is given.
Aug. 2. The Germans complete the
evacuation of France, with the excep-
tion of Verdun. [Sept. 16. Total evac-
uation accomplished.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1872 Apr. 22. Paris. The French As-
sociation for the advancement of the
sciences is established by the General
Assembly.
Mar. 26. The skeleton of a man, sup-
posed to have been a contemporary of
the mammoth and cave-bear, is found,
also polished flint implements, by M.
Riviere in the Cavillin cavern, near
Mentone.
Nov. 5. The planet Velleda is discov-
ered by Paul Henry.
* * Paris. Idyl, painted by Jean Jacques
Henner, is exhibited in the Salon.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1871 * * Auber, Daniel F., musician, com-
poser, A87.
Bertin, Edouard Francois, journ., au., A74.
Bourgeois, Auguste, dramatic author, A65.
Darboy, Georges, archbishop of Paris, A58.
Daumas, Melchior Joseph Eugene, general,
writer, A68.
Delsarte, Francois A. N. C, singer, A60.
Dumeril, Edelestand Pontas, scholar, A70.
Farochon, Jean Baptiste Eugene, artist, A64.
Gasparin, Comte de, Agenor Etienne, Prot-
estant reformer, author, A61.
Houdin, Robert, prestidigitateur, mech., A66.
Jollivet, Pierre Jules, painter, A68.
Kock, Charles Paul de, novel., dram., A77.
Koechlin, Daniel, chem., cotton manuf., A86.
Lecoq, Henri, naturalist, A69.
Leroux, Pierre, socialist, writer, A73.
Longet, Francois Achille, physician, A60.
Payen, Anselme, chemist, A76.
Ponson du Terrail, Vicomte de, Pierre Alexis,
novelist, A42.
Texier, Charles Felix Marie, archeol., A69.
1872 * * Babinet, Jacques, natural phil., A78.
Capeflgue, Jean Baptiste Honors Raymond,
historian, A70.
Carre, Michel, author, A53.
Caussin de Perceval, Armand Pierre, orien-
talist, A 77.
Combes, Edmond, traveler, writer, A60.
Delaunay, Charles Eugene, astronomer, A56.
Dufour, Aries, of Lyons, St. Simoniau, free-
trader, dies.
Forey, Elie Frederic, marshal, A68.
Gautier, Theophile, author, poet, A61.
Gratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse, theolo-
gian, writer, A67.
Janet, Ange Louis, painter, A54.
Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre, phys., A85.
Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor de Fialin de,
statesman, A64.
Pouchet, Felix Archimede, physiologist, A72.
Vaillant, Jean Uaptiste Philibert, marshal,
A82.
1873 * * Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odillon,
statesman, A82.
Couder. Louis Charles Auguste, historical
painter, A83.
Caumont, Arcisse de, antiquary, A71.
Coste, Jean J. C. V., naturalist, A66.
Chasles, Victor E. Philarete, critic, an., A74.
Demetz, Frederic Auguste, pliilan., A77.
Dupin, Francois P. ('., geometrician, statis-
tician, politician, A89.
Freydeau, Ernest Aimg, author, A52.
Gaboriau, Emile, novelist, A3!).
Garnier, Marie Jos. Francois, explorer, A34.
Gay, Claude, botanist, historian, A73.
Saint-Marc Girardin, Francois Auguste, jour-
nalist, A72.
Henry, Etienne Ossian, chemist, A75.
Julien, Stanislaus, orientalist, A74.
Lebrun, Pierre Antoine, poet, novelist, A88.
Napoleon III., Charles Louis Kapoleon
Bonaparte, emperor, A65.
Nelaton, Auguste, surgeon, A66.
Pauthier, Jean P. G., Chinese scholar, A72.
Segur, Comte de, Philippe Paul, hist., A93.
Ysabeau, Victor Frederic Alexandre, rural
economist, A80.
Yvan, Melchior, traveler, A70.
CHURCH.
1871 * * Paris. Miss De Broen begins
the BeUeville Mission in behalf of the
widows and orphans of executed Com-
munists.
1872 Jan. 17. Paris. The McAll
Mission is opened at Belleville by Dr.
Robert W. McAll ; it aims to dissemi-
nate a religion of freedom and earnest-
ness.
Feb.* Paris. The Abb^Michaud begins
the Old Catholic movement in this
city.
June 7f. Paris. The Reformed Church
of France meets in General Synod to
propose a return to early doctrine and
discipline.
(June 20) The Synod approves a con-
fession of faith, acknowledging the au-
thority of the Bible, the divinity and
the resurrection of Christ, amid strong
opposition from the " Liberal party."
Vote, 61-15.
Aug. * The apparition of our Lady of
Salette is alleged to have been wit-
nessed.
Oct. 6. The grotto of the Virgin Mary
at Lourdes is visited by 20,000± pilgrims,
who are drawn thither by reports of al-
leged miracles.
LETTERS.
1871 * * Une visite de noces and Laprin-
cesse Georges, by Alexandre Dumas, Jils,
appear. [1873, La femme de Claude and
Monsieur Alphonse; 1876, L'Etrangere.]
* * -72 * * Lettres assyriologiques et ipi-
graphiques, by Francois Lenormant, ap-
pears. [1874-75, Les Sciences occultes en
Asie.]
1872 * * Julie de Tricceur, by Feuillet,
appears. [1878, Diary of a Lady.]
* * Problems of the Nineteenth Century,
by Paul Janet, appears. [1875, Philoso-
phic de la revolution francaise; 1876,
Les causes finales; 1878, Saint Simon,
etc. ; 1879, La philosophic francaise con-
temporaine.]
* * L' Annie terrible, by Victor Hugo, ap-
pears. [1872-76, Actes et paroles; 1878,
Le Pape ; 1878, La pitie supreme ; 1880,
L'Ane, and Les religions et les irrili-
gions.]
* * Pound the World in Eighty Days, by
Jules Verne, appears. [1876, Michel
Strogoff.]
* * Notes on England, by Taine, appears.
* * Rabagas, by Sardou, appears. [1875,
Ferrioi; 1877, Dora; 1878, Une Page
d'Amour.]
SOCIETY.
1871 Sept. * The Societe" de Prevoy-
ance, established to counteract the In-
ternationale, becomes permanent.
Sept. 2. Paris. Theophile Charles
Ferre and Lullier, leaders of the Com-
mune, are sentenced to death. [Nov.
28. 'Executed.] Others are sentenced
to transportation or imprisonment.
Sept. 5. Paris. Three women are sen-
tenced to execution for setting houses
on fire with petroleum.
Sept. 21. Paris. Henri Rochefort,
editor of La Lanterne, is sentenced to
life imprisonment. [1872. He is ban-
ished to New Caledonia. 1874. He es-
capes to England. 1880. He returns to
Paris.]
Nov. 18. Eight of the murderers of
Gens. Lecomte and Thomas are sen-
tenced to death.
Dec. 23. Joseph Lemettre is con-
demned to death for many brutal mur-
ders. [1872. Mar. 5. Executed.]
1872 Jan. 23. Paris. The assassins
of Archbishop Darboy are convicted, and
one is sentenced to death.
Feb. 1. Paris. The Radicals are much
excited over Sardou's new play, Rabagas,
which satirizes them.
Feb. * The League for Commercial Lib-
erty is formed.
Feb. 17. Paris. Five Communist mur-
derers of Dominicans on May 25, 1870,
are sentenced to death.
± Louis Auguste Blanqui, a Social-
istic agitator, is senlenced to transpor-
tation and confinement in a fortified
prison.
Mar. 14. Paris. The Assembly pro-
scribes the proposal of Spain, that the
Workingmen's International Asso-
ciation be crushed by combined govern-
ment action.
Apr. 2. Paris. The publishers of Figaro
are convicted of libeling Gen. Trochu,
and receive a light sentence.
May 25. Paris. Three condemned
Communists are shot.
[July 25. Three murderers of hostages
are executed at Satory. Sept. 15. Three
more Communists are shot at Satory.
1873. Jan. 22. Also three more.]
Dec. 23. Poitevin, a traitor, is exe-
cuted.
* * Paris. Sir Richard Wallace, an Eng-
lishman, presents to the city 50 drink-
ing fountains for the especial use of
the poor.
1873 July 5. Paris. The Shah of
Persia arrives.
July 7. Paul de Cassagnac and M. Rane
fight a duel; de Cassagnac is wounded.
STATE.
1871 July 14 ±. France pays 500,000,000
francs of the indemnity due Germany.
July 15. Prince Jerome Napoleon is
expelled from France.
July 23±. Jules Favre, minister of
foreign affairs, resigns. [Aug. 3±. Suc-
ceeded by Charles de Re"musat.]
Aug. 8. Paris. The trial of Commu-
nist prisoners begins.
Aug. 24. Great dissensions occur in
the National Assembly between the
Monarchist and Republican parties.
The Assembly dissolves the National
Guard.
Aug. 31. Premier Thiers' 8 powers are
prolonged, and he is nominated Presi-
dent of the French Republic by the
vote of the Assembly ; he is to continue
in office till the Assembly shall termi-
nate its sessions.
Sept. 6. A bill is adopted by the Na-
tional Assembly for making the whole
nation bear the war losses of the in-
vaded provinces. A loan of 350,000,000
francs for Paris is ratified.
FRANCE. 1871, July 14-1873, Aug. 5. 747
Sept. 8. Gen. Rossel, a Communist, is
sentenced to death. [Sept.* Others
are also tried by court-martial. Many
leaders are shot, and many transported
to New Caledonia.]
Sept. 12. The Assembly authorizes the
President to conclude a treaty with
Germany, to hasten the evacuation of
several departments by the German
troops in exchange for reduced import
duties.
Sept. 25. A "permanent commit-
tee " of 25 different parties is appointed
bv the National Assembly to watch oyer
the course of the Government during
the recess.
Oct. 8. General elections are held for
the Council General.
Lambrecht, minister of the interior,
dies. [Oct. 10. Succeeded by Casimir-
P6rier.]
Oct. 12, 13. A convention is signed
with Germany for the evacuation of six
departments.
Oct. 25 ±. Tunis. The dispute -with
Tunis is settled.
Nov.* Algeria. The Anti-French insur-
rection ends.
Nov. 28. Rossel, Ferre, and Bourgeois,
condemned Communist leaders, are snot
at Satory in presence of 3,000 soldiers.
Nov. 30. Gaston Cremieux is executed
at Marseilles.
Dec. 4. The territory held by Germans
is put into a state of siege.
Dec. 28. An income tax is proposed,
and negatived by the National Assem-
bly.
* * Belf ort is retroceded to France.
1872 Jan. 9. Berlin — Paris. The
French and the German ambassadors
each meet with a friendly reception.
Jan. 19. President Thiers urges upon
the National Assembly the necessity of
a new tariff.
After much discussion, a resolution is
passed providing only for the taxation
of raw material?. Vote, 376-307. [Jan.
20 The President and ministers resign,
but resume their posts at the earnest
and unanimous request of the Assem-
bly Mar. * The proposal to tax raw
materials is abandoned, other means of
raising revenue having been found.]
Feb. 2. The National Assembly passes a
bill abrogating the commercial treaties
■with Great Britain and Belgium ; it also
opposes a proposed return of the body
to Paris. Vote, 377-318.
Feb. 5. Paris. M. Casimir-FSrier,
minister of the interior, resigns. [Feb.
6. He is succeeded by Victor Lefranc.
M. Goulard is made minister of com-
merce.]
Feb. 21+. Paris. About 280 members
of the " Right " sign a manifesto in favor
of a constitutional monarchy.
Feb. * Universal subscriptions begin
to be taken for the early payment of the
indemnity due to Germany.
Mar. 7. Two milliards of the war in-
demnity, with interest to date on the
remaining three milliards, are paid at
Strasburg.
Mar. 14. A bill providing for the pun-
ishment of any one joining the Inter-
national Society or any similar organ-
ization is passed by the Assembly. Vote,
501-104. [Apr. 22. The law is placarded.]
May 12. Eng. The ex-emperor in a
letter assumes for himself all the re-
sponsibility for the surrender at Sedan.
June 22. Paris. The Assembly passes
a bill for the reorganization of the
army.
June 26+. Paris. President Thiers ad-
vocates a duty on raw material, and
opposes an income tax.
June 29. A new convention is signed
between Germany and France, respect-
ing the speedy payment of the indem-
nity and the evacuation of territory.
July 26. Paris. A loan of 3,000,000,000
francs at 6J per cent is announced for
the speedy payment of the indemnity
and the evacuation of the provinces held
by the Germans. [Nearly 12 times the
amount of the loan is subscribed, chiefly
in France.]
July * The majority in the National As-
sembly support Marshal MacMahon
as President and to displace Thiers.
Sept.* Paris. President Thiers and
the Ministry are established in the
city.
Oct. 9. Paris. The supreme council
of war is appointed, and meets. Mem-
bers : Marshal MacMahon, Marshal Can-
robert, Due d' Aumale, and several other
distinguished generals.
Oct. 13. Prince Napol6on and his
wife, visiting France, are ordered to
quit French territory ; they depart un-
der protest.
Oct. * Nov. * The Germans evacuate
Haute-Marne and some other depart-
ments.
Nov. 5. London. A new commercial
treaty -with Great Britain is signed.
Nov. 11. The Assembly reopens at
Versailles. [Nov. 12. M. Grevy is chosen
President.]
Nov. 13. President Thiers in his inau-
gural address declares that the whole
available capital of the commercial
world has been offered to France.
Nov. 18. A motion censuring the violent
Grenoble speech of Gambetta (Sept. 26),
and proposing a vote of confidence in
the Government, is passed by the As-
sembly. Vote, 267-117.
Nov. 21. The Assembly passes a trial-
by-jury bill. Vote, 416-178.
It intrusts the task of drawing up the
jury-lists to a committee of justices of
the peace and mayors.
Nov. 26-29. The General Assembly
adopts the proposal making changes in
the Constitution providing for a re-
sponsible Ministry, and excluding the
President from participation in the dis-
cussions. Vote, 370-334.
Nov. 30. A vote of censure on Lefranc,
the home minister, prevails. Vote, 305-
299. He resigns.
Dec. 9. Paris. M. Goulard is ap-
pointed minister of the interior, Leon
Say minister of finance, and M. Four-
tou minister of public works.
* * The territory of Belf ort on Haut-
Rhin is formed.
1873 Jan. 9. Eng. The ex-emperor,
Napoleon III., dies at Chiselhurst.
Feb. 28-Mar. 13. Paris. The new
Constitution proposed by the commit-
tee of thirty is discussed by the Assem-
bly. Thiers speaks in favor of it, Gam-
betta against it ; it is finally adopted.
Vote, 411-234.
Mar. 15. Ger. A convention for the
total evacuation of the departments by
the Germans in September on the pay-
ment of the indemnity is signed at Ber-
lin.
Mar.* Germany is notified that the
fourth milliard of the war indemnity
would be paid on May 5, 1873, instead
of Mar. 1, 1874, and that the last would
be paid before the end of 1873.
Apr. 1. Francois M. Grevy resigns the
presidency of the National Assembly
on account of the disrespectful conduct
of the party of the Bight. [Apr. 4.
Succeeded by M. Buffet.]
May 18. Paris. M. Casimir-Perier suc-
ceeds M. De Goulard as minister of the
interior, W. H. Waddington of Cam-
bridge (Eng.) succeeds Jules Simon as
minister of public instruction, and M.
Fortoul is made minister of public wor-
ship.
May 19. The National Assembly meets.
[May 21. The Government introduces
its constitutional bills.]
May 24. The Government is defeated,
in a discussion in the Assembly relating
to its administration, by the coalition of
the Legitimists, Orleanists, and Bona-
partists. Vote, 362-348.
President Thiers and his Ministry
resign; the resignations are accepted.
Vote, 368-339.
Marshal MacMahon, Due de Ma-
genta, is elected President of the Re-
public by 390 votes of the National As-
sembly ; the Left refrains from voting.
May 26. Paris. The new ministry is
completed.
Members: Due de Broglie (foreign affairs
and vice-president council of ministers), M.
Ernoul (justice), M. Boule (interior), M.
Magne (finances), Gen. de Cissey (war),
Vice-Adm. de Dampierre d'Harnoy (navy),
M. Batbie (public instruction), M. Desseil-
legny (public works), and M. De la Bouil-
lerie (agriculture and commerce). [May £».
Gen. de Cissey resigns, and is succeeded by
Gen. du Barail.]
Aug. 5. The Legitimist and Orlean-
ist parties unite ; Comte de Chambord
is recognized by the Comte de Paris as
the head of the Bourbon family, and the
only legitimate claimant of the throne ;
homage is offered to him as Henry V.
Dec. 5. The appointment of a commit-
tee of thirty, proposed by M. Dufaure,
to prepare a project for a Constitution,
causes much agitation : it consists of 19
for the Right, 11 for the Government.
[1873. Feb. 20. Reports.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1872 Jan. 24. A train is thrown into
the river Brague, on the Antibes rail-
way, between Nice and Cannes ; 12 per-
sons are killed.
Feb.* A universal subscription begun
to pay the indemnity to the Germans.
748 1873, Aug. 15-1875, Dec. 9.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1873 Oct. 6+. Marshal. Bazaine is
tried for surrendering Metz in 1870 with
170,000 men.
[Dec. 10. He is condemned to death.
Due d'Aumale, president. Dec. 12. The
sentence is commuted to imprisonment
for 20 vears. 1874. Aug. 9. He escapes
to Madrid.]
Oct. 8+. Annam. A naval expedition
subdues Tongking (p. 480).
1874 June 28. Paris. A grand re-
view of 60,000 troops takes place at
Longchamps.
1875 Aug. 31. The iron-clad frigate
Magenta is destroyed by fire.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1874 Apr. 18. Coggia's comet is dis-
covered at Marseilles by M. Coggia.
[Aug. 1. It gradually increases in bright-
ness, and passes out of sight in Europe
in a few weeks. Aug. 1. It appears
brilliant at Melbourne.]
May 19. The planet Tolosa is discovered
by M. Perrotin. [1875, Sept. 21, Medusa;
1876, Apr. 26, Erigone; 1877, Jan. 10, Ma-
ria, or Myrrha; 1878, Jan. 29, Garumna;
1885, Oct. 27, Clementina.]
Aug. 31. Paris. The Vendome col-
umn is restored.
Sept. 7. Paris. An exhibition of in-
sects, illustrating their structure, food,
and habits, is opened in the garden of
the Tuileries.
* * Cornu's improved tooth-wheel appara-
tus for measuring the velocity of light
gives 300,400 kilometers in a second of
mean time.
* * Paris. Homer and his Guide is exhib-
ited by William Adolphe Bouguereau at
the Salon.
* * Alfred Jean Francois Mezieres is
elected a member of the Academy.
[1875, John Emile Lemoinne ; 1876, Jules
Francois Simon and Maria Louis Antoine
Boissier ; 1877, Victorien Sardou ; 1878,
Joseph Ernest Kenan, Hippolyte
Adolphe Taine, and Edmond Armand,
Due d'Audiffret-Pasquier.]
1875 Jan. 5. Paris. The Grand
Opera House is opened with elaborate
ceremonies.
Jan. 13. The planet Lumen is discovered
by Paul Henry. [Nov. 2, Atala; 1876,
Jan. 26, Emilia ; Apr. 21, Laurentia ; July
12, Eva; 1877, Nov. 5, Jrma.]
Mar. 2. Paris. A diplomatic confer-
ence on the metric system is held ; 20
ambassadors are present.
Apr.± * M. De la Bastie invents the pro-
cess for tempering or toughening
glass by plunging it when heated into a
hot bath of oleaginous or alkaline com-
pounds.
June 8. The planet Lucina is discovered
by A. Borelly. [Dec. 1, Dejanira; 1877,
Jan. 13, Ophelia; Feb. 5, Baucis; Aug.
2, Ino; 1879, June 13, Ampella; 1883,
May 11, Asterope ; 1884, Aug. 24, Vana-
dis; 1887, June 9, Adorea.]
June 23. A large part of Toulouse is
destroyed by an inundation of the Ga-
ronne ; St. Cyprien is like a sepulcher ;
about 1,000 lives are lost.
Aug. 1. Paris. An International Con-
gress of Geographers is held.
Aug. 7. The planet Gallia is discovered
by Prosper Henry. [Nov. 6, Bertha; 1878,
Apr. 6, Celuta.]
* * Urbain J. J. Leverrier analyzes the
orbits of the planets.
* * Gyniceum is painted by Gustave Bou-
langer.
* * Paris. Cigale et Fourmi is exhibited
at the Salon by Jehan Georges Vibert.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1874 * * Baltard, Victor, architect, A69.
Beule, Charles Ernest, politician, A48.
I'.rasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Etienne,
clergyman, ethnologist, author, A60.
Fee, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire, bota.. A85.
Forc^de- Croquette, Jean L. L. A. de, states-
man, A53.
Grand-Pierre, Jean Henri, Protestant cl., A75.
Ouizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume, his-
torian, statesman, A87.
Hamon, Jean Louis, painter, A53.
Janin, Jules G., critic, A70.
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste, socialist,
A66.
Lucas, Charles Jean Marie, reformer, A71.
Michelet, Jules, historian, A76.
Morin, Frederic, writer, A51.
Taschereau, Jules Antoine, biographer, A73.
Vuillaume, Jean Baptiste, violin-maker, A76.
CHURCH.
1873 Aug. 21. The 13th biennial meet-
ing of the synod of the Union of Evan-
gelical Churches in France is held
at St. Jean-du-Gard ; Theodore Monod,
preacher, and M. Bersier of Paris, presi-
dent. Members reported, 2,551.
Nov. 20. Paris. The synod of the Re-
formed Church of France meets in
the Church du Saint-Esprit. The reor-
ganization of the church on an ortho-
dox basis is completed.
± * * Pilgrimages become popular.
1874 * * Paris. A medical mission for
the poor is opened by Miss De Broen.
1875 May * Petitions both for and
against the opening of museums on
Sunday are sent to the Government.
Sept. * Belgium and German pilgrims
visit Lourdes.
LETTERS.
1873 * * Jean de Thommeray , by Sandeau,
appears.
* * Lettres a une inconnue, by Merimee,
appears.
* * Antichrist, by Renan, appears.
* * La Terreure, by Wallon, appears.
* * History of Gregory VII., by Villemain,
appears.
* * Meta Holdenis, by Cherbuliez, appears.
[1876, Le fianci de Mile. Sahit-Maur ;
1877, Samuel Brohl et Cie.; 1878, L'Idee de
Jean Teterol.]
* * Les gridins and Le chevalier Casse Con,
by Fortune' Abraham Boisgobey, appear.
* * Contes du Lundi and Contes et recits,
by Daudet, appear. [1874, Robert. Hel-
mont, Lesfemmes d'artistes, and Fremont
jeune et Itisler aine ; 1876, Jack; 1877, Le
nabob.]
1874 Nov.* St. Genest's pamphlet,
L'Assemblee et la France, appears.
* * Le Chevalier de Keramour, by FeVal,
appears. [1879, Les merveilles du Mont
St. Michel.]
* * Quatre-vingt-treize, by Victor Hugo,
appears. [1877, VArt d'etre grand-p&re
and the second series of La Ligende des
siecles.]
* * Le Mot de VEnigme, by Craven, ap-
pears. [1877, Le Travail d'une Ame.]
* * Spectres lumineux, Spectres prisma-
tiques, by Paul E. F. Lecoq de Boisbau-
dron, appears.
1875 July 11. Paris. The Figaro is
suspended for 15 days for attacking the
Assembly.
Aug. * Les Responsabilitis, a pamphlet
recommending the Comte de Chambord
to resign his rights to the crown, ap-
pears.
* * The National Assembly passes an Act
enabling Roman Catholics to establish
free universities of their own.
* * L'Art is issued.
* * Le Livre de I'Exile, by Quinet, ap-
pears.
* * Les Etangs, by Droz, appears.
* * Karnak, by Mariette, appears.
* * -90 * * Origins of Contemporary
France, consisting of Ancient Rigime,
French Revolution, and Modern Rigime,
by Taine, appears.
SOCIETY.
1873 Nov. 7. Conspirators are con-
victed of planning at Autun to seize the
Marchioness MacMahon.
Nov. 27. Prince Soutza kills N. Ghilka
at Fontainebleau in a duel.
1874 Mar. 16. Eng. Louis Napo-
leon IV. comes of age (18 years), and
6,000 Frenchmen unite in a demonstra-
tion at Chiselhurst in his honor.
Mar. 25. Gabriel Hugelmann, a po-
litical spy and swindler, is sentenced to
imprisonment for five years.
± Contractor F err and, who ac-
cumulated $400,000 during the war, is
fined and imprisoned.
1875 Apr. 14. Clement Duvernois,
ex-minister and politician, is arrested
for alleged fraud. [Nov. 25. Sentenced
to imprisonment for two years.]
June 6. The Communist Bonnard,
condemned for murder, is shot.
Sept. 6. Paris. An International Peace
Congress meets.
Sept. 17. Col. Villette and others are
sentenced to imprisonment for aiding
Marshal Bazaine to escape.
Sept. 29. The murderer Poirier is exe-
cuted at Chartres for five murders.
Dec. 3. Eng. Queen Victoria re-
ceives four ornamental volumes, convey-
ing thanks for British relief furnished
during the war-famine, and having
12,000,000 signatures.
STATE.
1873 Aug. 15. At the celebration of
the/e<e Napoleon, the Imperial Prince
Napoleon declares the policy of his
family to be " Everything by the people,
for the people."
Sept. 5. The last instalment of 250,000
francs of the indemnity of five milliards
of francs is paid to Germany.
Sept. 26. Prince Jer6me Napoleon
joins the Republican party.
Sept. 30. The Republic !s divided into
18 new military regions, and 18 gen-
erals are appointed to command.
Oct. 18. Paris. The Monarchists is-
sue a manifesto.
It proposes the restoration of the mon-
archy under Comte de Chambord as
Henry V., a grandson of Charles X.,
FRANCE.
1873, Aug. 15-1875, Dec. 9. 749
and pledging the preservation of all ne-
cessary tributes. [The movement fails.]
Nov. 5. The National Assembly
meets.
Marshal MacMahon asks for increased
power, to be continued 10 years ; this is
referred to a committee of fifteen, and
voted urgent. Vote, 360-350. M. Buffet
is reelected president of the National
Assembly.
Nov. 13. Eight of the committee of
fifteen vote for prolongation of Mar-
shal MacMahon's presidency for five
years, beginning with the date of the
meeting of the' next Legislative Assem-
bly ; the others vote for 10 years' ex-
tension.
Nov. 19. The National Assembly pro-
longs the presidency of Marshal Mac-
Mahon for seven years, with -the title,
" President of the Republic." Vote,
383-317. [Nov. 20. Decreed.]
Nov. 20. Paris. The ministers resign
[but remain in office until the reconstruc-
tion of the Cabinet].
Nov. 25. Paris. The Ministry is re-
constructed.
Most of the members of the old Cabinet
retain their positions. The Due de De-
cazes becomes minister of foreign af-
fairs; M. Depeyre, justice; and M. de
Larcy, public works.
1874 Jan. 9. Paris. The Ministry
resigns because the Assembly postpones
the discussion of the Nomination of
Mayor's Bill. Vote, 268-226. [Jan. 12.
Vote of confidence, 379-329. Jan. 13. The
Ministry resumes office.] '
Jan. 17-20. The Assembly passes the
Nomination of Mayor's Bill. Vote,
361-324.
It gives the Government absolute
power to name the mayors in all the
36,000 communes of the country.
Mar. 11. In the Assembly a new elec-
toral law is introduced ; it will disfran-
chise about three millions of citizens.
Mar. 27. The Assembly negatives a Le-
gitimist's proposal that on June 1 the
Assembly should vote for either a
monarchy or republic. Vote, 330-256.
May 16. The Assembly defeats the Min-
istry on the electoral law. Vote, 381-
317. The Ministry resigns.
May 23. Paris. A new Ministry is
formed.
Members : Gen. Cissey (war and vice-
president of council), M. Decazes (foreign),
M. Fourtou (interior), M. Magne (finance),
M. Caillaux (public works), M. Grivart
(commerce), M. Camons (public instruc-
tion), M. Tailhaud (justice), and M. Mon-
tagnac (navy).
Prince Hohenlohe, the new German
ambassador, is received by President
MacMahon.
June 1. The National Assembly passes
the Electoral Bill to a second reading.
Vote, 393-318. [June 10. It fixes the
ages of electors at 21 years instead of
25, in opposition to the Ministry.]
June 14, 15. M. Casimir-Perier, the
leader of Left Center in the National As-
sembly, moves for the recognition of
the Republic, with Marshal MacMahon
President till Nov. 20, 1880, and for a
revision of the Constitution ; urgency is
voted. Vote, 345-341.
June 15. In the National Assembly the
Due de Rochefoucauld-Bisaccia's mo-
tion for the restoration of the legiti-
mate monarchy is negatived. [June 29.
Negatived by the committee of thirty.]
June * Paris. The legislative fusion be-
tween Legitimists and Orleanists ends ;
the Republicans and Bonapartists strug-
gle for supremacy.
July 4. Paris. The Ministry suspends
V Union, a Legitimist paper, for pub-
lishing a Legitimist manifesto by Comte
de Chambord.
July 8. The Ministry is defeated on
a motion referring to the suspension
of L' Union. Vote, 368-331. [Their resig-
nations are declined by the President.]
July 13. The National Assembly rejects
M. Casimir-P^rier's motion to proclaim
the Republic as the definite form of
government. Vote, 375-333.
July 15. Paris. The constitutional
committee of thirty lays before the As-
sembly a draft of new laws.
Nov. 30. The National Assembly con-
sists of six parties.
Extreme Right, the Legitimists who
adhere to Henry V. ; Moderate Right,
Monarchists ; Right Center, Septen-
nates, Imperialists, or Bonapartists ;
Left Centre, Moderate Republicans, hav-
ing Louis Thiers as leader; Left, more
pronounced Republicans ; Extreme Left,
Radicals, having Leon Gambetta as
leader.
Dec. 5. A bill for freeing superior
education from State control passes
its second reading in the Assembly.
Vote, 553-133.
1875 Jan. 6. The National Assembly
passes a motion against constituting
a Senate, which the President's mes-
sage had recommended. Vote, 420-250.
The Ministry resigns. [Jan. 7. The
President refuses to accept the resigna-
tion of the ministers.]
Jan. 21, 22. Paris. The Assembly
passes to a second reading the Trans-
mission of Powers Bill. Vote, 538-145.
It provides that the public power be
vested in a National Assembly, a Sen-
ate, and the Marshal President, and the
executive power be transferred to the
successor of Marshal MacMahon by a
Congress consisting of the Chamber of
Deputies and the Senate.
Feb. 2. An amendment to the constitu-
tional laws, providing for the election
of " the President of the Republic "
by the Senate and Chamber of Depu-
ties is adopted. Vote, 449-249.
Feb. 11. The Assembly passes an
amendment to the constitutional laws
providing for the election of a Senate
by the same electors as those who are
to choose the Chamber of Deputies.
Feb. 12. A motion to dissolve the
National Assembly is negatived, after
rejecting the third reading of the Con-
stitutional Bill by a vote of 357-345.
Vote, 407-266.
Feb. 24. The National Assembly passes
the bill to provide for a Senate, by the
union of Republicans and the mod-
erate Monarchists, and in opposition
to the Legitimists and Bonapartists.
Vote, 448-241.
It will consist of 300 members, 75 to be
life senators, elected by the National As-
sembly and afterward by the Senate itself;
225 senators will be elected for a term of
nine years by electoral colleges. The Presi-
dent will possess the executive power; and
he is to be elected by the Senate and Cham-
ber of Deputies, in joint session, for seven
years, and then to be eligible for reelection.
The President will govern through a respon-
sible Ministry, and be liable to impeachment
by the Chamber of Deputies before the Sen-
ate for high treason.
Feb. 25. The National Assembly passes
the new Constitution, thereby estab-
lishing the Republic. Vote, 436-262.
[Feb. 28. The new law is promulgated.]
Mar. 10. Paris. A new Ministry is
organized.
Members: M. Buffett (interior), Jules Du-
faure (justice), L6on Say (finance), Henri
Wallon (instruction), M. de Meaux (agri-
culture and commerce), Ernest Cissey
(war), Louis Decazes (foreign), M. Mon-
tagnac (marine), M. Caillaux (public
works).
Mar. 11. The Due d'Audiffret-Pas-
quier is elected President of the Na-
tional Assembly.
May 18. Part of the committee of
thirty resign because of the rejection of
a bill regulating the relations between
the public powers. [May 26. New mem-
bers are elected for this committee ;
they are mostly Republicans.]
June 21. The Assembly unanimously
votes $120,000 to procure a worthy rep-
resentation at the United States Cen-
tennial Exhibition. The Public
Powers Bill is reintroduced and dis-
cussed. [July 7. Passed.]
Aug. 2. The bill constituting the Sen-
ate passes the Assembly. Vote, 559-73.
Nov. 10. Paris. The National Assembly
passes a new election law. Vote, 357-
326.
It adopts the scruti7i d'arrondissement ,
restricting the right to ballot for a can-
didate residing in the district for which
he wishes to stand, instead of scrutin de
liste, permitting votes to be cast for any
Frenchman.
Dec. 9. The Due d'Audiffret-Pas-
quier is elected by the National Assem-
bly senator for life ; the first one so
elected. [Dec. 21. The entire 75 senators
have been elected, of whom 52 are Re-
publicans.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1873 Sept. * Paris. Cholera rages se-
verely.
Nov. 22. The Ville de Havre sinks in
mid-ocean.
Thismailsteamer, of 5,100 tons, running
from New York for Havre, is run into
near midnight by a Glasgow clipper,
Lochearn, and sinks in 12 minutes ; 226
out of 313 persons perish. [1870, Jan. *
On judicial examination, the Lochearn
is exonerated in England, but censured
in France.]
1875 June * A large part of Toulouse
is destroyed by the overflow of the
Garonne ; 1,000 lives are lost and much
property destroyed.
July * Paris. An International Mari-
time Exhibition is held.
750 1875, Dec. 27-1879, Mar.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1875 Dec. 29. The state of siege is
raised except in Paris, Versailles, Lyons,
and Marseilles. The Assembly votes
against raising it in Paris. "Vote, 369-279.
1876 Sept. * Paris. The new fortifi-
cations are nearly completed.
1878 Jan. 10, 11. Gen. Ducrot is
dismissed from command of the 8th
Corps for suspected connection with pro-
jected coup d'itat.
Sept. 15. A review of 50,000 soldiers
takes place at Vincennes.
1879 Mar. 19. The iron-clad battery
Arrogante sinks off Hyeres Islands ; 47
men are drowned.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1875 Dec. 27. Paris. The statue of
Napoleon I. is replaced on the top
of the Vendome column.
1876 Aug. 22. The Observatory at
Puy de Dome, near Clermont, is inaugu-
rated.
Oct. * Paris. Paul Jablochkoff's inven-
tion of an electric candle is reported to
the Academy of Science by M. Dena-
vrouse.
It is an electric current passed through
two carbons side by side with a slip of
kaolin between them, producing a soft,
steady, noiseless light ; the carbons burn
like wax.
1877 Dec. * A steam-hammer is made
at Schneider's works, Creuzot ; weight
between 75 and 80 tons.
* * Paris. The Gleaner is exhibited by
Jules Breton in the Salon.
1878 Apr. 11. The planet Lamberta
is discovered by Coggia. [1879, Feb. 28.
Ambrosia; 1880, Apr. 10, Cleopatra.]
* * Paris. Hay Harvest is exhibited at
the Salon by Jules Bastien-Lepage.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1875 * * Aiguebelle, Paul A. N. d', French-
Chinese admiral, A44.
Ancelot, Marguerite, author, A83.
Barye, Antoine Louis, sculptor, A 80.
Beaumont- Vassy, Vicointe de, Edouard F.
de la Bonniere, historian, A59.
Bonnechose, Francois Paul Emile Boisnor-
mand de, historian, mis. writer, A74.
Breton, Francois P. H. Krnest, artist, an., A63.
Cochet, L'Abb6, Jean Baptiste, Desirg, anti-
quary, A63.
Coquerel, Athanase Josue, rational, cl., A65.
Dejazet, Marie Virginie, actor, A78.
Jacquemart, Albert, historian, A67.
La Gueronniere, Vicomte Arthur, Bonapart-
lst, A59.
Larousse, Pierre, editor, author, A58.
Marbeau, Jean Baptiste Firmin, phllan., A77.
Migne, L'Abb6, Jacques Paul, publisher, A75.
Pereire, Emile, financier, a founder of Credit
Mobilier, A75.
Quinet, Edgar, philosopher, author, A72.
Kemusat, Comte de, Charles Francois Marie,
philosopher, statesman, A78.
Schneider, Eugene, manuf., politician, A70.
Waldeck, Count Jean Fred, Bohemian paint-
er, dies at Paris, A 109.
1876 * * Agoult, Marie C. S. de Flavigny d",
author, A76.
Andral, Gabriel, physician, A79.
Balard, Antoine J6r5me, chemist, A74.
Bertini, Henri, Eng.-Fr. comp. pianist, A78.
Broglie, Due de, J. V. Albert, author, A55.
Brongniart, Adolphe Theophile, botanist, A75.
Chaix d'Est-Ange, Gustave Louis Adolph
Victor Charles, advocate, A 76.
Colet, Louise (Revoil), novelist, A66.
David, Fglicien C6sar, musical comp., A66.
Didot, Ambroise Firmin, publisher, A86.
Esquiros, Henri Alphonse, novelist, A62.
Flandin, Eugene Napoleon, painter, archeol-
ogist, A67.
Fronientln, Eugene, painter, A56.
Guigniaut, Joseph Daniel, schol.,antiq., A82.
Lemaitre, Fredene, actor, A76.
Mallet, Charles Auguste, philosopher, A69.
Perier. Casimir. financier, statesman, A65.
Band, George (A. L. A. Dupin, Madame
Dudevant), novelist, A72.
Sainte-Claire-Deville, Charles, geologist, A62.
Wolowski, L. F. M. Raymond, econ., A66.
1877 * * Aurelle de Paladines, Claude Mi-
chel Louis, general, A73.
Autran, Joseph, poet, A65.
Bertin, Louise Angelique, singer, comp., A72.
Caventou, Joseph Bienaime, chemist, A82.
Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Theodule, gen-
eral, A84.
Conneau, Henri, physician, A74.
Courbet, Gustave, painter, A58.
Cournot, Antoine Augustin, math., A76.
Jeanron, Philippe Auguste, painter, A68.
Lanfrey, Pierre, historian, A49.
Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, astron-
omer, A76.
Picard, Ernest, statesman, A 56.
Sept. 4. Thiers, Louis Adolphe, histo-
rian, President, A80.
1878 * * Audiffret, Marquis d', Charles Louis
Gaston, financier, senator, A91.
Baraguey d'Hilliers, Achille, marshal, A83.
Becquerel, Antoine C6sar, physician, A90.
Bernard, Claude, physiologist, A65.
Charton, Edouard, litterateur, A71.
Daubigny, Charles Francois, painter, A61.
Dupanloup, F61ix A. P., bishop of Orleans,
writer, A76.
Freniy, Edmond, chemist, A64.
Gamier- Pagt5s, Louis Antoine, financier, A75.
Jacquand, Claudius, painter, A73.
Lomenie, Louis Leonard de, author, A60.
Naudet, Joseph, scholar, historian, A92.
Pape-Carpentier, Marie, educator, A63.
Raspail, Francois Vincent, chemist, revolu-
tionist, A84.
Regnault, Henri Victor, chemist, born.
Rochet, Louis, sculptor, A61.
CHURCH.
1876 June 1. Paris. The Midmay
Mission to the Jews is founded by Kev.
John Wilkinson.
1877 * * A society of Catholic young peo-
ple called the Militia of Jesus is organ-
ized to support the papal cause by moral
agencies.
1878 * * Rome. Leo XIII. is pope.
1879 Mar. * Paris. M. Ferry intro-
duces education bills to check clerical
influences, abolishing Jesuit colleges,
etc.
* * J. F. Desprez, archbishop of Tou-
louse, is consecrated cardinal priest.
* * Rome. The miracles claimed for the
shrine of La Salette are discredited by
the Pope.
* * Paris. Pere Hyacinthe founds a
Gallican congregation.
LETTERS.
1876 Jan. 10. Paris. ThenewCatho-
lio university is inaugurated.
* * Paris. The National Library is said
to contain 1,700,000 volumes and MSS.
* * Flamarande, by George Sand, appears.
* * La Pasquet, by Champfleury, appears.
* * La Revue Philosophique is issued.
* * La Revue Historique is issued.
* * Le Divorce, by Ejnile Augier, appears.
* * Monuments divers, by Mariette, ap-
pears. [1877, Deir-el-Bahari; later,
Jtiniraire de la Haute-igypte and Mas-
tabas.]
1877 * * Le luthier de Crbnone, by F.
E. J. Coppee, appears.
Apr. * Rochefort's Lanterne is repub-
lished.
* * Trois Contes, by Flaubert, appears.
* * L'Assommoir, by Zola, appears. [1880,
Nana; 1882, Pot-tiouille .]
* * Le dhni-monde sous la Terreur, by
Boisgobey, appears. [1880, La main
couple.]
* * -78 * * History of a Crime, by Victor
Hugo, appears.
1878 June 17. Paris. An Interna-
tional Literary Congress meets, with
Victor Hugo presiding. [June 28. The
members form themselves into an In-
ternational Literary Association.]
* * Justice and Jionheur, by Sully-Pru-
dhomnie, appear.
1879 July 9. Pans. M. Ferry's law
of superior public instruction is passed
by the House of Deputies.
* * Lesrois en exit, and Contes choisis, la
fantaisie et fhistolre, by Daudet, appear.
[1881, Numa Roumestan; 1883, Les cigo-
gnes, and L'E.vange'liste.]
* * The Christian Church, by Renan, ap-
pears. [1880, Alarc-Aurele et la Jin du
monde antique.]
* * La philosophie francaise contempo-
raine, by Paul Janet, appears.
SOCIETY.
1875 Dec. 27. Total Communists
convicted to date, 9,596 ; sentenced to
death, 110.
1876 Jan. 1. France adopts the pos-
tal system approved by the Interna-
tional Postal Convention.
June 28-Dec. 2. Paris. Many Com-
munists are pardoned ; others have
their sentences commuted.
1877 Apr. 6. Paul de Cassagnac is
fined and imprisoned for publishing a
libel against the Chamber of Deputies
in the Pays.
Aug. 25+. L6on Gambetta and editor
Murat are prosecuted.
The Ripublique Francaise having pub-
lished Gambetta's remark, that the
Marshal " must submit or resign " [Sept.
11. Gambetta is sentenced to three
months' imprisonment and a fine of
$400. Sept. 22. Sentence reaffirmed on
appeal].
Oct. 12. Paris. L6on Gambetta is
convicted for placarding his address, and
sentenced to pay $750, and imprisonment
for three months.
1878 Apr. 7. Paris. The International
Postal Congress meets.
July * -Aug. * Brief strikes of working-
men take place.
Sept. 3. Paris. The death of Thiers is
solemnly commemorated at Notre Dame.
Sept. 4. Paris. The International Con-
gress on Weights and Measures meets.
Nov. 16. Leon Gambetta and De For-
tou fight a harmless duel.
1879 Jan 26. Paris. The drawing of
the Great Lottery begins : total value of
prizes, $1,150,000 ; tickets sold, 12,000,000.
The Lottery was organized to raise a
fund to pay prizes to International Fair
exhibitors, and the expenses of work-
ing-men as visitors.
STATE.
1875 Dec. 29. The National Assembly
passes a new press-law, introduced
Nov. 12.
By its provisions the state of siege is
to be raised except in Algiers and the de-
partments of the Seine, Rhone, Bouches-
du-Rhone, and Seine-et-Oise. It also
provides that numerous press offenses,
such as insults to the authorities, false
intelligence, and instigation to crime,
shall be tried by the correctional tri-
bunals, instead of by a jury.
FRANCE. 1875,Dec. 27-1879, Mar. *. 751
1876 Jan 17. The election of senators May 20 1. Louis Thiers becomes the
in the Departments commences. [Jan
30. Louis Thiers and Victor Hugo are
elected.]
Feb. 20-Mar. 5. General election of
deputies; Republicans have a large
majority. [Also in the Senate.]
Feb. 21. Paris. M. Buffet, having
been defeated in four districts, resigns
his office.
Mar. 8. The Senate and the Assembly
meet.
One half of the Senators are Republi-
cans, and the other half betong to .the
three Monarchical parties. The Repub-
licans have a decisive majority of the
Deputies.
Mar. 9. Paris. Jules Dufaure is ap-
pointed premier.
Cabinet : Louis Decazes (foreign), Jean
Baptiste Say (finance), Ernest de Gissey
(war), and others.
Mar. 13. The Due d'Audiffret-Pas-
quier is elected president of the Senate
leader of the Republicans
June 1. Paris. Bonnet Duverdier, the
chief of the municipality, is arrested for
offensive remarks concerning President
MacMahon. [June 8. Fined and im-
prisoned.]
June 19. The Deputies vote against the
Government. Vote, 363-158.
June 22. The Senate votes for the dis-
solution of the Chambers. Vote, 150-130.
[June 25. Decreed.]
Oct. 14. The Republicans defeat the
Bonapartist and clerical parties in a
general election. Deputies elected:
325 Republicans, 112 Bonapartists, 96
Monarchists.
Nov. 10. F. Paul Jules GrSvy is re-
elected president of the Chamber of
Deputies.
Nov. 19. The Senate votes for a resolu-
tion indirectly reflecting on the minis-
ters. [Nov. 20±. They resign.]
sjarasrss;. iS-s »..« „*■*•• .<>-.»—»«.<—
the Assembly.
Mar. 21. Both Chambers unanimously
vote urgency on Victor Hugo's motion
proposing a general amnesty for all acts
committed during the reign of the Com-
mune. [May 18. Rejected by Deputies.
Vote, 394-52.]
May 18. Paris. Gen. deCissey, minister
of war, is dismissed at his own request,
and is succeeded by Gen. Berthaut.
Aug. 17. Paris. Pardon is granted to
68 Communists. [Dec. 2. Pardon and
commutations are granted to many
more.]
Dec. 2. Paris. The Ministry resigns,
having been defeated in the Chamber of
Deputies on the question of giving mili-
tary honors to civil legionaries, and in
the Senate on a bill for the cessation of
prosecutions of the Communists.
Dec. 12. Paris. A new Ministry is
organized under Jules Simon (interior),
Louis Joseph Martel (justice), other
members same as before.
1877 Feb. 5. The severe Press Decree
of Jan. 17, 1852, is repealed.
Feb. 22. Paris. The Ministry removes
53 sub-prefects who are hostile to the
Republic. [May 22. Sixty-two more.]
Apr. 4-7. Paris. A Catholic Con-
gress meets.
May 16. Paris. The Jules Simon Min-
istry is displaced by Marshal MacMa-
hon, because it allows the repeal of a se-
vere press law passed two years before.
May 17. Paris. The Due de Broglie
forms a Ministry of combined Royal-
ists and Imperialists, representing the
minority in the Chambers.
Members: M. De Fourtou (interior), M.
Cailloux (finance), M. Paris (public works),
M. De Meaux (agriculture), M. Brunet (in-
struction), Louis Decazes (foreign), M. Ber-
thaut (war).
The Deputies pass a resolution offered
by Leon Gambetta favoring parlia-
mentary government. Vote, 355-154.
[May 18. A protest against the arbitrary
act of the President is signed by 363 Lib-
eral deputies.]
a Royalist Cabinet
Its members not connected with either
Chamber, and in disregard of the senti-
ments of the majority in the Chambers,
it is termed a " Ministry of Affairs.
rNov 24. The Deputies vote no conn-
Sence in the Ministry. Vote, 323-208.
Dec. 7. The Ministry resigns.]
Dec 13. Paris. After repeated failures
informing Ministries opposed to the
Chambers, Marshal MacMahon submits
to the majority.
Dec. 14. Paris. Jules Dufaure is made
premier, and forms a Republican Min-
istry.
Members: Dufaure (justice), M. De : Mar-
cere (interior), William H. Waddington, a
Protestant (foreign affairs), Agenor Bardoux
(instruction), Gen. Jean Louis Borel ( war),
Vice-Adm. Pothuau (marine), Leon hay (n-
nance), Teisserenc de Bort (commerce ,
Charles Louis de Freycinet (public works).
Dec. 15. The Ministry remove restric-
tions on the press.
* * W. I. The Island of St. Bartholomew,
ceded to Sweden in 1784, is restored to
France.
1878 Jan. 24. The Assembly adopts a
bill granting amnesty for press offenses
from May 16 to Dec. 14, 1877.
Feb. 8. The Chamber passes a bill de-
claring that a state of siege cannot be
proclaimed without its consent.
June 13^Tuly 13. William H. Wad-
dington represents France in the Berlin
Conference.
Aug. 16. Paris. The first International
Monetary Congress meets. [1881.
Apr. 19. Meets again.]
* * The Court of Cassation decides that
the marriage of a priest is illegal, and
that the children of priests have no legal
rights.
1879 Jan. 13. Paris. Gen. Borel,
war minister, is forced to resign, and is
succeeded by Gen. Gresley.
Jan. 15. Louis Joseph Martel is elected
president of the Senate.
Jan 17. Paris. The President issues a
decree for the pardon of 2,245 Com-
munists.
Jan. 26. Paris. The drawing of the Na-
tional Lottery begins. (See Society.)
Jan. 28. Paris. President MacMahon
refuses to change officers of the four
army corps in the ministerial attempt to
displace officials who are opposed to the
Republic. President MacMahon escapes
from his conflict with the Chambers by
resigning the presidency.
Jan. 30. Jules Gr6vy is elected Presi-
dent of the Republic of France, by
the Senators and Deputies assembled in
joint meeting as " The National As-
sembly." Vote, 563 for Grevy, Repub-
lican ; 99 for Gen. Antoine Eugene Alfred
Chanzy, Monarchist.
Jan. 31. Leon Gambetta, a Republi-
can, is elected president of the Chamber
of Deputies. [Feb. 1. Jules Dufaure,
the premier, resigns.]
Feb. 4. Paris. William Henry Wad-
dington is made premier, and forms a
new Ministry.
Members : M. le Royer (justice), Jules Ferry
(instruction), M. Lepere (agriculture), Adm.
Jaureguiberry (marine), Leon Say (finance),
M de Marcere (interior), M. de Freycinet
(public works), Gen. Gresley (war).
Feb. 21. The Chamber of Deputies
passes an amnesty bill in behalf of
Communists. [Feb. 28. Passed by the
Senate.]
Mar. 3. Paris. ' Owing to a police scan-
dal, M. de Marcere, minister of the
interior, resigns. [Mar. 4. Succeeded
by M. Lepere.]
Mar. 15. Jules Ferry introduces in the
Chamber of Deputies two educational
bills.
One relates to higher education and
the other to the Supreme Council of
Public Instruction. [1880. Jan. 30. The
latter is passed by the Senate. Feb. 21.
By the Deputies.] Their object is to
secularize education, and limit the in-
fluence of religious orders in institutions
of learning.
Mar. 19. The Chamber of Deputies
passes a bill providing that within four
years normal schools for the instruc-
tion of primary schoolmasters and
schoolmistresses should be established
in every department of France.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1876 Jan.* General prosperity pre-
vails; the Government's revenue for
the past year has not been surpassed.
June 9. The bodies of King Louis Phi-
lippe and others of his family, having
been removed from England, are buried
in the mausoleum at Dreux.
July* A great destruction of vines
occurs by disease; $60,000 reward is
offered for a remedy.
1877 Nov. 8. The census announces
the population as 36,905,788, being an in-
crease of 802,867 over 1872.
1878 May 1. Paris. President Mac-
Mahon opens the International Exhi-
bition.
* * Many embarrassed subsidiary railway
lines are purchased by the Government
for $55,000,000.
752 1879, Apr. 8-1883, Jan. 28.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1880 Aug. 19. The great ironclad De-
vastation is launched.
1881 Mar. * -Apr. * Algeria. An ex-
pedition is sent to chastise the Kru-
mirs; it invades Tunis (p. 10).
May 12. A treaty with the Bey of Tunis
is signed at Bardo (p. 10).
1882 * * France sends a force to occupy
Tongking (p. 481).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1880 Oct.* Ozone is liquefied by Haute-
feuille.
* * Paris. Maxime du Camp and Aim6
Joseph Edmond Rousse are elected mem-
bers of the National Academy. [1881.
Rene' Francois Armand Sully-Prud-
homme, Louis Pasteur, Charles Victor
Cherbuliez, Adolphe Louis Albert Per-
raud, Edouard Jules Henri Pailleron,
and Louis Charles de Mazade-Percin ;
18S4, Francois Edouard Joachim Cop-
p6e, Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps, Jean
Victor Duruy, Joseph Louis Francois
Bertrand, and Ludovic Hale>y ; 1886,
Charles Marie Leconte de Lisle, Aim6
Marie Edouard Herve\ Vallery Clement
Octave Greard, and Jean Baptiste Leon
Say.]
* * Paris. Diamonds are artificially
made.
* * Paris. A prehistoric and Gaul mu-
seum is established.
1881 May * Paris. The electric ac-
cumulator, or secondary battery, a
modification by M. Faure of Gaston
Plante's powerful lead battery of I860, is
exhibited.
Aug. * Paris. An electric tramway is
set up.
Sept. 22. Paris. An Electrical Con-
gress is held.
Oct. 1. Paris. Louis Pasteur has suc-
cessfully vaccinated 68,900 sheep up
to this date.
Oct. 11-15. A Phylloxera Congress is
held at Bordeaux.
* * Paris. Herculantum is exhibited in
the Salon by Hector Leroux.
1882 Aug. 12. The planet Philoso-
phia is discovered by Paul Henry.
Sept. 4. Fourth International Congress
of Geographers is held at Bordeaux.
* * Paris. El Jaleo is exhibited at the
Salon by John S. Sargent.
* * Rosa Bonheur paints the Lion at
Home.
* * Ensilage, a system of preserving corn
and green fodder for cattle in pits made
air and water tight, comes into practise.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1879 * * Bastide, Jules, journalist, A79.
Chenu, Jean Charles, naturalist, A71.
Chevalier, Michel, economist, A73.
Chevalier, J. B. Alphonse, chemist, A86.
Clairville, Louis Francois Nicolaie, drama-
tist, A68.
Couture, Thomas, painter, A64.
Douay, F61ix Charles, general, A61.
Glaire, Jean Baptiste, theol., orientalist, A81.
Gervaise, Paul, naturalist, A63.
Le Moyne, Julius, advocate of cremation, d.
Minie\ Claude E., inv. Minis' rifle-bullet, A69.
Napoleon, Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, son of
Napoleon III., A23.
Piorry, Pierre Adolphe, physician, A85.
Reybaud, Marie Roch Louis, author, A80.
Taillandier, Ren<5 Gaspard Ernest, philoso-
pher, critic, A62.
Viollet-Le-Duc, Eugene E., architect, A65.
Vaulabelle, Achille Tenaille de, journalist,
statesman, A80.
1880* * A uzoux, Theodore Louis, phys.,A83.
Chasles, Michel, geometrician, A87.
Clinchamp, Francois E. V., paint., au., A93.
Cnimieux, Isaac Adolphe, advocate, A84.
Favre, Jules Q. C. orator, statesman, A71.
Flaubert, Gustave, novelist, A59.
Fournier, Edouard, litterateur, A61.
Galimard, Nicolas Auguste, painter, A67.
Granier de Cassagnac, Adolphe Bernard,
journalist, politician, historian, A72.
Gudin, Jean A. T., marine painter, A78.
Gramont, Due de, Antoine Agenor Alfred,
statesman, A61.
Jacquemart, Jules F., author, A43.
Mirecourt, Eugene de, novelist, writer, A68.
Offenbach, Jacques, composer of comic
operas, A61.
Poujoulat, Jean Joseph Francois, au., A80.
Pdreir, Isaac, financier, a founder of Credit
Mobilier, A74.
Saulcy, Louis F. J. de Caignart de, archeol-
ogist, A73.
Seguin, Edouard, physician, alienist, A68.
1881 * * Auger, Hippolyte Nicolas Just, nov-
elist, A 84.
Blanqui, Louis Auguste, socialist, A76.
Drouyn de Lhuys, Edouard, statesman, A76.
Deville, Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire, chem-
ist, A 63.
Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper, states-
man, A83.
Fisch, George, Swiss-Fr. Protestant cl., A67.
Gatteaux, Jacques Edouard, artist, A93.
Girardin, Emile de, journalist, A75.
Giraud, Charles J. B., jurist, A79.
Graux, Charles, philologist, A 39.
Littre, Maximilien Paul Emile, philolo-
gist, A 80.
Mariette, Auguste Edouard, Egyptolo-
gist, A60.
Uhrich, Jean J. A., general, A79.
1882 * * Barbier, Henri Auguste, poet, A77.
Biard, Francois Auguste, painter, A82.
Blanc, Auguste Alexandre Charles, art-critic,
A67.
Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis, pol., author, A69.
Cissey, Ernest L. O. C. de, general, pol., A70.
Ducrot, Auguste Alexandre, general, A65.
Dupre, Giovanni, Franco-Italian sculp., A65.
Gambetta, Leon Michel, statesman, A44.
Gignoux, Francois Regis, painter, A66.
CHURCH.
1880 Mar. 29. Benedictine monks
with other orders are expelled. A de-
cree is issued dissolving the Order of
Jesuits ; it also abolishes many con-
vents.
[Apr. * Many bishops protest against
the expulsion bills.]
June 30. The expulsion of the Jesuit
Order is effected. [Oct. 16+. The Car-
melites and other orders are expelled.]
* * -82 * * The American Baptist theo-
logical school is reopened.
1881 Oct. 1. Rome. The Pope releases
the Capuchins from their monastic
vows.
1882 * * Charles Martial Allemand La-
vigerie, archbishop of Carthage, is con-
secrated cardinal priest.
LETTERS.
1880 * * Le Livre is issued.
* * Le roman d'un brave homme, by About,
appears.
* * Daniel Rochat and Divorcons, by Sar-
dou, appear. [1885, Georgette.]
* * Moliere, by Houssaye, appears. [1885-
91, ConJ ess-ions.]
* * Amours fragiles, by Cherbuliez, ap-
pears. [1881, Noirs et rouges; 1883, La
ferme du Choquart ; 1885, Olivier Mau-
gant.]
* * -82 * * L'ffistoire du tribunal rSvolu-
tionnaire de Paris, by Wallon, appears.
* * -82 Les origines de I'histoire d'apres la
Rible, by Francois Lenormant, appears.
1881 Feb. 27. Paris. Victor Hugo
is fUed by a number of his admirers ; a
procession of children assemble at his
residence in the Avenue d'Eylau.
* * La princesse de Bagdad, by Alexandre
Dumas, Jits, appears. [1885, Denise;
1887, Francillon.]
* * Petit TraM de Versification Fran-
caise, by de Banville, appears.
* * Les quatre vents de I'esprit, by Victor
Hugo, appears.
* * Madame de Maintenon, by F. E. J.
Coppee, appears.
* * Serge Panine, by Georges Ohnet, ap-
pears. [1882, Le maitre de forges; 1883,
La comtesse Sarah ; 1884, L'ise Fleuron ;
1885, La grande mariniere ; 1886, Les
dames de Crolx-Mort.]
* * La maison Tellier, by Henri R. A .
Guy de Maupassant, appears. [1882,
Mademoiselle Fiji ; 1883, Contes de la
Mousse, sind Unevie; 1884, Miss Harriet,
Les saurs Rondoli, Au soleil, Clair de
lime, and Yvette.\
1882 Oct. 2. The Compulsory Edu-
cation Act goes into operation.
* * La Ribliographie artistique, historique,
et litliraire de Paris avant 1789, by
L'Abbe' V. Dufour, appears.
* * La revanche de Fernande, by Boisgo-
bey, appears.
SOCIETY.
1879 Apr. 20. Blanqui, a convict, is
elected to the Assembly, for Bordeaux.
[June 11. Pardoned.]
June 1. So. Afr. Napoleon TV. is
killed by natives in Zululand while
serving under the British flag. [July 12.
His remains are buried beside his father
at Chiselhurst.]
1880 July 14. Paris. The first Grand
Republican national fdte is celebrated.
The fall of the Bastille is celebrated with
elaborate ceremonies.
Oct. 19. Paris. Felix Pyat, editor of
the Commune, convicted of justifying
regicide, is fined and imprisoned.
Oct. 21+. Paris. The 200th anniversary
of the establishment of the Comedie
Francaise is celebrated.
1881 Jan. 15. London. The French
National Society is organized for social,
commercial, and artistic purposes.
May 13+. Much excitement prevails
at Marseilles following the signing of a
treaty with the Bey of Tunis.
[June 22. Dissensions and conflicts
occur between the French and Italians ;
several deaths occur and 200 arrests.]
Aug. 15-Nov. 15. Paris. The Inter-
national Electrical Congress meets,
and holds an exhibition. [1882. Oct. 11.
Another opens. Oct. 16. An Interna-
tional Submarine Conference meets.]
1882 Aug. * An organization of an-
archists is discovered.
It is alleged to have been originated in
Geneva by Prince Krapotkin ; tracts
are used to disseminate their doctrines.
Oct. 27. A mob creates a panic at
Lyons ; business and anuisement places
are closed. [Oct. 28+. The troops restore
order.]
Nov. 23. Paris. Crown jewels valued
at $500,000 are stolen from the Cathedral
of St. Denis.
Nov. 27. Le'on Gambetta is acciden-
tally shot by a revolver which he was
FRANCE.
1879, Apr. 8-1883, Jan. 28. 753
handling ; the wound is fatal. [1883.
Jan. 6. A state funeral is given.]
Dec. 20. Two directors of the Union
Generate are imprisoned for gross
frauds, which caused great distress.
This financial company was patronized
by Legitimists, the clergy, and the mid-
dle classes.
Dec. 21 ±. Prince Peter Krapotkin, a
Russian Socialist and Anarchist, is ar-
rested under the law directed against
the Internationalists.
[1883. Jan. 8+. He is tried at Lyons
with 50 others. Jan. 19. He is sentenced
to imprisonment for five years and to
pay a fine. 1886. Released.]
STATE.
1879 Apr. 8. Paris. The pardon of
252 Communists is decreed. [May 24.
Also 400 more. June 5. Also 288 more.]
June 4. The Chamber of Deputies an-
nuls the election of Louis Auguste
Blanqui, a Socialist and convict, elected
for Bordeaux. [June 11. He is par-
doned.]
June 29. The Congress of Senate and
Deputies vote for the return of the
Legislature to Paris. Vote, 626-249.
[Nov. 27. It meets in Paris.]
July 9. Paris. The Deputies pass the
Ferry Bill for superior public instruc-
tion. (See Mar. 15 and 19.)
July 20. Prince Napoleon Jerfime is
coldly accepted by the Bonapartists as
their leader.
Dec. 21. Paris. The Waddington Min-
istry resigns.
Dec. 28, 29. Paris. M. de Freycinet
forms a new Ministry ; it includes Jules
Ferry (instruction) and Lepere (interior)
[Gen. Farre (War)].
* * The Government sends out an expe-
dition to Central Africa; a fort is
built at Bafoulahe. thus bringing the
French frontier nearer the Niger.
1880 Jan. 30. Paris. A proclamation
is issued disbanding the Jesuits.
Feb. 12. Paris. The Chambers reject
plenary amnesty for Communists.
Mar. 9. Paris. The clause of the Lib-
erty of Education Bill abolishing Jesuit
schools is rejected by the Senate. Vote,
149-129. [Mar. 15. Passed. Mar. 16.
Passed by the Deputies.]
Mar. 29. Paris. Under the Ferry Edu-
cational Bill a decree is issued dissolv-
ing the Order of Jesuits and other
religious orders.
[Apr. * Many bishops and other per-
sons protest against it. May 1. M. Le-
pere, minister for the interior, resigns.
May 18. M. Constan succeeds him.]
May 25. Paris. Gen. Martel, president
of Senate, resigns, and is succeeded by
Leon Say.
June 21. Paris. The Chambers pass
the bill granting amnesty for political
offenses committed since 1870, incen-
diaries and assassins excepted. Vote,
333-140. [July 3. Passes the Senate.
Vote, 143-138.]
June 29. Tahiti, the largest island of
the Society group, lying in the South
Pacific Ocean, is annexed to France.
June 30. The Jesuit Order is expelled
amid much opposition.
July 10. President Grevy grants a gen-
eral amnesty to Communists.
July 12. Paris. Henri Rochefort is
warmly received on his return from
exile.
Aug. 1. The Republicans obtain a great
majority at the elections held by the
councils general on anti-clerical and
anti-Bonapartist issues.
Sept. 20. Paris. Premier de Freyci-
net resigns because of his disapproval
of the Jesuit exclusion decree.
A new Ministry is formed.
Members : Jules Ferry (premier and
instruction), Adm. Cloute (marine), Ma-
rie Sadi Carnot (public works), Barthe-
lemy Saint-Hilaire (foreign) ; other of-
fices unchanged.
Oct. 9. Paris. The International Postal
Congress meets.
Nov. * Paris. The Senate approves of a
bill establishing a high school for girls,
which had been previously passed by the
Deputies.
1881 Feb. 15. Paris. A bill extend-
ing the liberty of the press is passed
by the Deputies.
Mar. * An expedition is sent to Tunis
ostensibly to enforce the claims of the
Socie'te' Marseillaise to certain lands
in Tunis ; it ends in an attempt to estab-
lish a protectorate.
May 12. A treaty is signed with the
Bey of Tunis establishing a French
protectorate. [May 23. The Chamber
ratifies a treaty. Vote, 453-1. Nov. 9.
Confirmed by Deputies.]
May 18. Paris. A bill for the scrutin
de liste urged by Gambetta is adopted
by the Chamber of Deputies. Vote, 243-
235. [June 9. Rejected by the Senate.
Vote, 148-114.]
Aug. 21 i. The Republicans make
great gains in the general elections.
Nov. 3. Paris. M. Brisson is elected
president of the Chamber of Deputies.
Nov. 10. Paris. The Ministry resign.
Nov. 13. Paris. A new Ministry is
formed.
Members: Leon Gambetta (premier, and
foreign affairs), Marie Sadi Carnot (justice),
Waldeck-Rousseau (interior), Francois Ren6
Allain-Targa (finance), Gen. Campenon
(war), M. Gougeard (marine), Paul Bert
(education and worship), M. Raynal (public
works), Maurice Rouvier (commerce and
colonies), M. Cochery (posts and telegraphs),
M. Deves (agriculture), and M. Proust (arts).
1882 Jan. 9. Paris. Republicans pre-
dominate in the Senate ; it now stands
207 Republicans and 93 opposition.
Jan. 26. Paris. The Government is de-
feated by the Deputies, who reject the
scrutin de liste. Vote, 305-119.
Premier Gambetta resigns.
Jan. 30. Paris. A new Ministry is
formed.
Members : Charles Louis de Freycinet
(president of the council and foreign affairs),
Leon Say (finance), Jules Perry (instruction),
M. Goblet (interior and worship), M. Hum-
bert (justice), Gen. Billot (war), Adm. Jau-
reguiberry (marine), M. Varroy (public
works), Pierre Emmanuel Tirard (com-
merce), M. Mahy (agriculture), M. Cochery
(posts and telegraphs).
Mar. 31. Paris. A new education bill
is passed, notwithstanding the interfer-
ence of the Government.
May* Paris. The Deputies pass a bill
establishing a law of divorce.
June 1. Paris. The Government re-
ceives a vote of confidence. Vote, 298-
70. [July 20. Again respecting Egypt.
Vote, 286-105.]
July 29. Paris. The Deputies negative
the vote of credit for the protection of
the Suez Canal on motion of M. C16-
menceau. Vote, 416-75. The Ministry
resigns.
Aug. 7. Paris. A new Ministry is or-
ganized.
Members: M. Duclerc (president of the
council and foreign affairs), P. Paul Emman-
uel Tirard (finance), M. Deves (justice), M.
de Fallieres (interior), Pierre Legrand (com-
merce and public works), Gen. Billot (war),
Adm. Jaurreguiberry (navy), M. Cochery
(posts and telegraphs), M. de Mahy (agricul-
ture), M. Duvaux (instruction).
Aug. 31+. The Bonapartists select
Prince Victor as leader of their party.
Aug. * An attempted insurrection by
Anarchists at Montceau-les-Mines is
suppressed. [Many are arrested and
some convicted.]
July * Paris. The Ministry defends the
claims of France to a protectorate over
the northwest part of Madagascar, in
diplomatic correspondence with Great
Britain ; the claim is founded on a
treaty made in 1841 with rebel chiefs.
Nov. 21. The treaty negotiated with
the King of [French] Kongo by Count
Pierre Braganza is ratifiedi
* * Nickel is ordered to be substituted
for bronze coinage.
1883 Jan. 16. Prince Napoleon, hav-
ing published a manifesto against the
Government, is arrested. [Feb. 9. In-
dictment quashed, and the prince re-
leased.]
Paris. M. Floquet introduces a bill
for the expulsion of the Bourbons and
the Bonapartes. A Government bill is
introduced to effect the same end.
Jan. 28. Paris. The expulsion bill
having been adopted by the committee,
the Duclerc Ministry resigns. [Jan. 29.
It is reconstituted under M. Fallieres.
Feb. 13. It resigns.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1879 June * The new French trans-
atlantic cable to be laid from Brest to
St. Pierre leaves by the Faraday. [Oct. *
It connects with Halifax ; 1880. June 1.
The line from Paris to New York is
opened.]
* * Seven vessels sail with emigrants for
Port Breton, an isle near New Cale-
donia, South Pacific ; they meet with
misery, disease, and to a large extent
with death.
1880 Mar. 3. Paris. The Panama
Canal Company is organized.
Nov. 24. L'Oncle Joseph, a French
steamer, is sunk by collision with the
Ortigia, an Italian steamer, off Spezzia ;
about 250 lives are lost.
1881 Sept. 5. A collision occurs on
the Lyons railway at Charenton ; 20 per-
sons are killed.
1882 Jan. 1. Paris. Over speculation
causes a panic on the Bourse. [Jan. 30.
The Union GeneYale Company fails, and
the panic is renewed.]
Dec. • Paris. The Ex-Empress Eugenie
presents the Pharo Chateau and Park
to the city. [1883. July * Accepted.]
754 1883, Feb. 1-1887, Mar. 14.
FRANCE.
ARMY— NAVY.
1883 * * Madagascar. The French fleet,
under Adm. Pierre, bombards Tama-
tave. (See Madagascar.)
1884 * * Gen. Georges Ernest J. M. Bou-
langer commands the army of occupa-
tion in Tunis.
* * Open war occurs with China respect-
ing Tongking (p. 482).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1883 July 14. Paris. A colossal
statue of the Republic is unveiled.
1884 Feb. * Messrs. Goupil's process of
photogravure, rivaling mezzotint, is
reported highly successful.
Apr. ± * -May* Paris. An International
Conference on electrical units is held.
Apr. 14. A statue of Gambetta, by
Falquieres, erected at Cahors, is un-
veiled by Jules Ferry.
July 4. Paris. A colossal statue of
Liberty, made by Frederic Auguste
Bartholde, to be given to the United
States, is unveiled by Jules Ferry.
Aug. * Louis Pasteur discovers a method
for mitigating the effect of hydro-
phobia, analogous to vaccination. He
experiments successfully upon dogs.
Dec. 14. Louis Pasteur inoculates 40
persons against hydrophobia.
* * Massacre of Marchicoul is painted by
Francois Fla'meng Flaurenc.
1886 Feb. *± Paris. Volapiik, an at-
tempt at a universal commercial lan-
guage, is invented by L'Abbe' Schlever.
May * Paris. An international hospi-
tal [afterwards termed the Pasteur In-
stitute] is opened by President Carnot.
Aug. 10. A violent storm occurs in the
northeast ; much damage is done at
Reims, Nancy, and other places.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1883 * * Barrande, Joachim, geologist, A84.
Bescherelle, Louis Nicolas, grammarian, lex-
icographer, A81.
Chambord, Comte de, Henri C. F. M. D.,
head of the chief elder branch of Bourbon
dynasty, A63.
Chanzy, Antoine Eugene A., general, A60.
Clesinger, J. B. Auguste, sculptor, A69.
Cloquet, Baron Jules Germain, physician,
surgeon, A93.
Dore, Paul Gustave, artist, A51.
Dubufe, Edouard, portrait-painter, A63.
Gigault, Emile de la Bedolliere, author, A71.
Halevy, Leon, poet, A81.
Hippeau, Celestin, educator, A80.
Xiaboulaye, Edouard Rene Lefebre, jurist,
historical writer, A72.
Lagrange, Comte, Frederic, horseman, A67.
Lenormant, Francois, archeologist, A46.
Martin, Bon Louis Henri, historian, A73.
Sandeau, Jules Leonard Sylvain, novel-
ist, A72.
Veuillot, Louis, journalist, author, A70.
1884 * * Altaroche, Marie Michel, humorist,
A73.
Bastien-Lepage, Jules, painter, A36.
Damont, Charles Albert Eugene Auguste,
archeologist, A42.
Dumas, Jean Baptiste, chemist, A84.
Dumont, Augustin Alexandre, sculptor, A83.
Fleury, Emile F., general, statesman, A69.
Lacroix, Paul, novelist, mis. writer, A77.
Masse, Victor, composer, A62.
Migrnet, Francois Auguste Marie, histo-
rian, A 87.
Moigno, L'Abbe^ Francois Napoleon Marie,
scientist, A 80.
Pelletan, Pierre Clement Eugene, litterateur,
A71.
Philippoteaux, Felix E. H., hist, painter, A69.
Quicherat, Louis, lexicographer, A85.
Regnier, Jacques Auguste Adolphe, philolo-
gist, A 80.
Thenard, A mould Paul Edmond, chemist,
A64.
Ubicini, Jean H. A., author, A66.
Wimpffen, Emmanuel Felix de, general, A73.
Wurtz, Charles Adolphe, chemist, A67.
1885 May 82. About, Edmond, novelist,
dramatist, journalist, A56.
Clement, Felix, composer, A65.
Hugo, Victor Marie, novelist, poet, A83.
Milne- Edwards, Henri, naturalist, A85.
Monnier, Marc, litterateur, A56.
Robin, Charles Philippe, anatomist, A64.
1886 * * Baudry, Paul Jacques Aimee, paint-
er, A58.
Castille, Charles Hippolyte, novelist, politi-
cal writer, A66.
Falloux, Vicomte de, Fr6denc Alfred Pierre,
statesman, writer, A75.
Frere, Pierre Edouard, painter, A67.
Guibert, Joseph Hippolyte, cardinal, arch-
bishop of Paris, A 84.
Isabey, Eugene Louis G., painter, A82.
CHURCH.
1883 June 23. President Grevy re-
ceives a letter from the Pope censuring
the hostility of the Government toward
religious orders. [Aug. 8. Pome. A firm
reply is returned.]
1884 Feb. 11. A papal encyclical
urges the bishops to increased vigilance
against heresy and infidelity.
1886 Apr. 1. Paris. Archbishop Gui-
bert protests by letter against President
Grevy prohibiting monks and nuns
from teaching in the schools.
* * Pome. V. F. Bernardow, archbishop
of Sens, and B. M. Langenieux, arch-
bishop of Keims, are consecrated car-
dinal priests.
LETTERS.
1883 * * M. Pasteur's L'histoire d'un Sa-
vant appears.
* * Third series of La ligende des siecles,
by Victor Hugo, appears.
* * Les maitres de la pensie moderne and
Les origines du socialisme ccmtemporain,
by Paul Janet, appear. [1885, Victor
Cousin.]
* * My Reminiscences, by Renan, appears.
1884 Mar. * An Anti-Clerical Educa-
tional Bill passes. (See State.)
* * Tristesses et sourires and L' Enfant, by
Droz, appear.
* * Sappho, by Daudet, appears.
* * Poemes tragiques, by Leconte de Lisle,
appears.
1885* * Tartarin in the Alps, by Daudet,
appears.
* * Bel-Ami, Contes du jour et de la nuit,
and Contes et nouvelles, by Maupassant,
appear. T1886, M. Parent, La petite
Roque, and Toine ; 1887, Contes choisis,
Mont Oriol, and Le Horla.] »
1886 Apr. 6. Avant la Bastille, by M.
Barthelemy, advocating the reconquest
of Alsace and Lorraine, appears.
Oct. 26. Paris. The Education Bill
permitting lay teachers only is passed
by the Chamber.
* * La Jin de Satan, and Xe tht&tre en
libertk, by Victor Hugo, appear. [1887,
Choses ; 1888-93, Tout la hjre ; 1889, Les
jumeaux ; 1890, En Voyage : Alps et Py-
rhiies; 1891, Dieu.~\
* * La bande rouge, by Boisgobey, appears.
* * La belle Nivemaise, by Daudet, ap-
pears.. [1887, Trente ans 'de Paris; 1888,
L' Immortelle ; 1890, Port Tarascon ; 1892,
Rose et Ninette ; 1894, La petite Paroisse.]
SOCIETY.
1883 Mar. 9. Paris. Louise Michel,
the anarchist, and others incite unem-
ployed artisans to violence. [Many ar-
rests are made. Mar. 30. Michel is
arrested. June 23. Imprisoned for a
term of six years.]
Sept. 29. Paris. The President receives
Alfonso XII., King of Spain; the mob
hoot him in the streets.
Oct. 29. Paris. An International Con-
ference of Workmen meets.
1884 Oct. 10. Capt. Fournier and Henri
Kochefort because of an attack in the
Intransigtant fight a duel; both are
slightly wounded.
1885 June 1. Victor Hugo is buried
in the Pantheon ; the funeral proces-
sion is three miles long, all Paris being
spectators.
July 21. Paris. The Fourth Interna-
tional Monetary Conference meets.
Oct. 29. Paris. Minister de Freycinet
is shot at in the Place de la Concorde.
1886 Jan. 13. M. Barreme, the prefect
of Eure, is assassinated in a railway
carriage.
Jan. 26. a reduction of wages causes a
strike at the Decazeville iron mines and
works in Aveyron.
Watrin, the engineer in charge, is
trampled to death by the strikers, who
number 3,000. [June 10. It ends by a
compromise. June 20. Four of the mur-
derers of Watrin are sentenced to eight
or more years imprisonment.]
* * The reports show the average con-
sumption of wine per capita to be 26.74
gallons ; distilled spirits, 1.24 gallons.
Aug. * -Oct. * Labor disturbances oc-
curring in Paris and in Vierzon are sup-
pressed by the military.
STATE.
1883 Feb. 1. Paris. M. Fabre's bill
permitting the Bourbon and Bonaparte
princes to remain in France, but with
the loss of civil rights, passes the
Chamber. Vote, 343-163.
Feb. 12. Paris. The Senate rejects
the expulsion biU, but adopts an
amendment of MM. Say and Wadding-
ton providing for expulsion after trial
and conviction. Vote, 165-127.
Feb. 15. Paris. The Deputies adopt
the Barbey Bill, giving the President
power to expel the princes when they
become dangerous to the State. [Feb.
17. Rejected by the Senate.]
Feb. 21. Paris. Jules Ferry, Oppor-
tunist, or Moderate Republican, forms a
new Ministry.
Members: Jules Ferry (premier and in-
struction), Pierre Marie Paul An mini Chal-
lemel-Lacour (foreign affairs), M. Waldeck-
Rousseau (interior), Felix Martin FeuilhJ
(justice), Gen. Thibaudin (war), Charles
Marie Brun (marine), Paul Emmanuel Ti-
rard (finance), David Raynal (public works),
Felix Jules Meline (agriculture), Louis Co-
chery (posts and telegraphs), Anne Charles
Herisson (commerce). [Nov. 17±. Challe-
mal-Lacour retires; other changes follow.]
Feb. 24. Paris. The Beputies approve
the decree for the retirement of the
Orleanist princes from the army.
Vote, 295-103. It aims at the Due d'Au-
male, the Due de Chartres, and the Due
D'Alencon.
Sept. 20. Paris. A great Royalist meet-
ing is held.
FRANCE.
1883, Feb. 1-1887, Mar. 14.
755
Oct. 5. Pari$. Gen. Thibaudin resigns
as minister of war. [Oct. 9. Succeeded
by Gen. Campenon.]
Oct. 27-31. Paris. The Deputies give
the ministers a vote of confidence re-
specting Tongking, the French protec-
torate being threatened by the presence
of Taiping refugees and Black Flags.
[Dec. 10, 18. Also again.]
Dec. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties votes to postpone the Algerian col-
onization scheme, appropriating tribal
lands for French colonists.
* * The Chambers pass a bill for the re-
form of the judicature.
It proposes to reduce the excessive
number of judges, increase the salaries,
and recruit the bench entirely from the
legal profession.
1884 Feb. 4. Paris. A committee of
investigation to inquire into the condi-
tion of the working class, who are suf-
fering from the commercial crisis, is ap-
pointed by the Deputies. Vote, 254-249.
Mar. 27. Paris. The Chambers vote to
support French honor in Madagascar.
Vote, 450-32.
Mar. * Paris. The Chambers pass a bill
establishing boards of arbitration to
settle future disputes between mine-
owners and workmen.
Mar. * The Deputies pass a bill debarring
the clergy and members of religious or-
ders from the direction of primary
schools as teachers, inspectors, mem-
bers of the educational councils, or of
the officially appointed school boards.
June * Prince Victor is acknowledged
the leader of the Bonapartist party. His
father publishes a painful correspon-
dence.
July 31. Paris. The Deputies accept a
modified Senate bill for the revision of
the Constitution.
Aug. 4+. Paris. The Senate and Depu-
ties meet as a Congress. [Aug. 13. The
Congress accepts the revision of the
Constitution. Vote, 509-172.]
The Congress provides for the gradual
abolition of Senator for life as vacancies
occur. New Senators are to be elected
for nine years by the departments.
Aug. * The Senate passes a bill to pro-
vide for the transportation to Cayenne
of recidivists, or persons convicted of
repeated offenses of a certain class.
Oct. 4. Paris. A decree is issued creat-
ing a staff of French civilians for Tunis,
thus establishing the protectorate over
that country.
Nov. 4. Paris. A bill is introduced in
the Senate for revising the organiza-
tion of the Senate. [Dec. 15. Passed
by both Chambers.]
It merges the 75 life-senatorships as
they fall vacant with the 225 department-
al senatorships. The scale of senatorial
electors is to be: one elector to com-
munes with 10 municipal councillors, 2
for 12 councillors, 3 for 15, 6 for 21, 9 for
23, 12 for 27, 15 for 30, 18 for 32, 21 for 34,
24 for 36, and 30 for Paris.
Nov. 28. Paris. The Deputies vote a
credit for the war in Tongking. Vote,
282-187. [Dec. 11. Passed by the Sen-
ate.]
1885 Jan. 4. Paris. Gen. Campenon
resigns as war minister, and is suc-
ceeded by Gen. Lewal.
Mar. 24. Paris. The Deputies pass a
bill for the election of all the deputies
of each department on a single ticket
(the " scrutin de liste ")• Vote, 402-91.
[It is amended and passed by the Sen-
ate. June 8. Passed again by the Dep-
uties.]
Mar. 28. Paris. The Senate votes a
duty on foreign grain and meal.
Mar. 30. Paris. The Ferry Ministry,
defeated in the Chamber of Deputies on
a vote of credit for the Chinese war, re-
signs. Vote, 308-161. [Mar. 31. A credit
of 50,000,000 francs is voted. Apr. 7.
Also 150,000,000 more.]
Apr. 5. Paris. A new Ministry is
formed by Henri Brisson.
Members: Henri Brisson (president and
justice^, M. de Freycinet (foreign), Allain-
Targ6 (interior), M. Goblet (instruction and
worship), Gen. Campenon (war), Adm. Gali-
ber (marine), M. Clamageran (finance), Sadi-
Carnot (public works), Pierre Legrand (com-
merce), Herve-Mangon (agriculture), M. Sar-
rien (posts and telegraphs).
Apr. * Paris. The Government is in-
censed by the suppression by the British
on Feb. 29, 1884 of the Cairo newspaper
Bosphore igyptien. [A dispute with
Great Britain follows, but ends ami-
cably.]
May 12. Paris. Bills for the depor-
tation of relapsed criminals and mis-
demeanants and for abolishing public
executions are passed by the Senate.
May 24. Paris. Anarchists make a
demonstration at Pere La Chaise, which
is suppressed by the police.
June 9. Peace between France and
China is declared.
July 17. Paris. The Deputies pass a
bill imposing- a duty of 50 per cent. on
imports from Boumania.
Oct. 4. The parliamentary elections
are held, returning 200 Conservatives,
230 Moderates or Opportunists, 150 Radi-
cals. [Oct. 6. The ministers, Herve-
Mangon and Legrand, not being elected,
resign.
M. Gomot becomes minister of com-
merce.]
Dec. 28. P. P. Jules Gre"vy is elected
President of the Republic of France for
seven years. Vote, Grevy, 457 ; M. Bris-
son, 68.
Dec. 29. Paris. The Brisson Ministry
resigns.
Dec. * Peace between France and Mada-
gascar is declared.
1886 Jan. 7. A new Ministry is
formed.
Members: Charles Louis de Saulces de
Freycinet (president and foreign affairs),
Charles Etienne Demote (justice), Jean L.
F. Sarrien (interior), Ren6 Goblet (instruc-
tion), Marie Francois Sadi-Carnot (finance),
Gen. Boulanger (war), Adm. Aube (marine
and colonies), M. Baihaut (public works),
M. Develle (agriculture), Edouard E. A. S.
Lockroy (commerce), Etienne A. F. Granet
(posts and telegraphs).
Jan. 14. Paris. Amnesty is granted to
political prisoners.
Feb. 8. Paris. The Senate passes a
new school law forbidding the employ-
ment of members of religious orders as
teachers in the State schools. It will
deprive 10,000 monks and nuns of em-
ployment. [Oct. 28. Passed by the Dep-
uties.]
Feb. 16+. Paris. The Republican
majority is increased by new elections.
Republican Deputies, 400 ; the Right,184.
June 11. Paris. The Deputies pass a
bill providing for the immediate expul-
sion from France of the heads of fami-
lies and the heirs of former dynasties.
[June 22. Passed by the Senate. Vote,
137-122.]
June 23. The Bonapartists leave
France. [June 24. The Comte de
Paris and family leave. July 23. The
Due d'Aumale is exiled.]
Dec. 3. Paris. The Deputies having
passed an amendment to the budget,
abolishing sub-prefects, the ministers
resign.
Dec. 12. Paris.- A new Ministry is
formed.
Members : Ren6 Goblet (president of coun-
cil and interior), Leopold Emile Flourens(for-
eign), H. Albert Dauphin (finance), M. Ber-
thelotf instruction), M. Sarrien (justice), Gen.
Boulanger (war), Adm. Aube (marine), M.
Granet (posts and telegraphs), Edouard
Lockroy (commerce), Edouard B. P. Millaud
(public works), Jean Paul Denelle (agri-
culture).
1887 Mar. 14. Paris. The Deputies
adopt a bill for increasing the duty on
imported corn. Vote, 318-248. [Mar.
25. It is adopted by the Senate. Later,
the duty on imported meat is raised.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1883 June 20. A museum of Revolu-
tionary relics is established at Mar-
seilles.
* * -84 * * The phylloxera is checked in
West France, and vintages prosper.
1884 June 14. The cholera appears
at Toulon. [June 28. Deaths to date,
45. June 27. It appears at Marseilles.
Sept. 15. Total deaths at Marseilles,
1,671. July 6. A cholera panic occurs
at Toulon. Sept. 15. Total deaths by
cholera are 5,000. Oct. 26. Registered
deaths at Toulon, 880 since June 18.]
* * Paris. A crematory is established.
1885 Apr. * -May * Paris. The Inter-
national Commission sits ; English and
French schemes regarding the Suez
Canal are discussed. [May * A treaty
is prepared. 1886. June 13. The Com-
mission adjourns.]
Aug. 1. Cholera rages at Marseilles;
1,250 deaths are reported. [Aug. 20. A
l,^00 ueitLUO flic i^^/w. w^«. L" I? r
slight outbreak appears at Toulon ; six
deaths occur ; it soon diminishes.]
Dec. * Great commercial depression
occurs ; it is attributed to Government
prodigality.
1886* * Paris. An International
Trade-Union Congress is held. Inter-
national legislation for the protection of
laborers is discussed.
Feb.* Paris. Telephonic communica-
tion is established with Brussels by
means of Dr. Cornelius Herz's micro-
telephone.
756 188 7, Apr. 16 - 1 8 8 9, Mar. 15.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1887 Aug. 31. The 17th Army Corps
is mobilized near Toulouse.
1888 Mar. 15. Gen. Boulanger is
deprived of his command for insubor-
dination in visiting Paris against orders.
[Mar. * He is tried by a court of five
generals. Mar. 26. He is sentenced to
retirement. Mar. 27. The sentence is
confirmed.]
* * The navy numbers 256 vessels.
1889 Jan. 14+ . The construction of
two iron-clad cruisers and 15 torpedo-
boats is authorized.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1887 Apr. 16-26. Paris. An Astro-
nomical Congress is held ; it makes ar-
rangements for photographing charts of
the heavens at different observatories.
May 27. The planet Tirsa is discovered
by Charlois. [1888, Feb. 4, Antonia;
May 3, Elvira; 1881), Jan. 4, Clarinda;
Jan. 29, Emma; Feb. 8, Amalia; May
29, Regina.\
June 27. Paris. A British commission
for inquiry, consisting of Sir James
Paget, Dr. Burdon Sanderson, and oth-
ers, arrives to investigate Louis Pas-
teur's method of treating hydro-
phobia. [Its report is highly favorable.]
Aug. 13. Paris. MM. Jovis and Mallet
report that they reached the altitude of
7,000 meters in a balloon ascent.
Oct. 12. Paris. The Astronomical
Society of France is inaugurated.
* * Nice is severely damaged by an earth-
quake.
1888 July 13. Paris. A monument
to Gambetta is unveiled by President
Carnot.
A central laboratory of electricity
is inaugurated at Grenelle by the Inter-
national Society of Electricians.
Oct. 14. Paris. A statue of Shake-
speare is unveiled in the Boulevard
Haussmann.
* * Othenin Paul de Cleron (Comte d'Haus-
sonville), Jeanne Pierre Jurien de la
Graviere, Jules Arnaud Arsene Claretie
Henri Meihae, and Eugene Marie Mel-
chior (Vicomte de Vogue), are elected
members of the Academy. [1890, Charles
Louis de Saulces de Freycinet ; 1891,
Louis Marie Julien Viand (Pierre Loti):
1892, Ernest Lavisse ; 1893, Mar. 23, Paul
Challemel Lacour; later, Vicomte Henri
de Barnier, Paul Louis Thureau-Dangin,
and Marie Ferdinand Brunetiere ; 1894,
Feb. 22, M. de Heredia ; May 31, Paul
Bourget and Albert Sorel.
1889 Jan. 3. Floods in the southern
departments of France cause enormous
damage.
Jan. 7. A violent storm does much dam-
age in Pyrenees Orientales.
Feb. 5. Paris. Two professors of the
Pasteur Institute succeed in identifying
the generative microbe of diphtheria.
[May 1. The Institute has inoculated 1,673
patients for hydrophobia in one year.]
Feb. 24. The villages of Nivollet and
St. Michel in Savoy are destroyed, and
four persons are killed by avalanches.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1887 * * Boussingault, Jean B. J. D., chem-
ist, A83.
Faugere, Armand Prosper, author, A77.
Feval, Paul Henri Corentin, novelist, A70.
Michel, Franclsque Xavier, archeol., A78.
Oudine, Eugene Andre, sculptor, A77.
1888 Sept. 23. Bazaine, Francois
Achille, marshal, A77.
Baron, Felix Platel, writer, A55.
Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte, politic, wr., A87.
Colani, Timothee, Protestant cl., critic, A64.
Etex, Antoine, sculptor, A80.
Frere, Charles Theodore, painter, A73.
Labiche, Eugene Marin, dramatic au., A73.
Leboeuf, Edmund, general, marshal, A79.
Maquet, Auguste, novelist, A75.
Monselet, Charles, novelist, A63.
Nisard, Jean Marie Napoleon Desire^ critic,
litterateur, A82.
1889 Jan. 29. Mariani, M., diplo., dies.
Jan. 23. Cabanel, Alex., painter, A 66.
Mar. 14. Jaures, admiral, minister of ma-
rine, A66.
CHURCH.
1887* * Paris. A mission to the
Jews is founded by two English ladies.
1888 Feb. 14. The French Society
for the Evangelization of Israel is
founded.
LETTERS.
1887 * * Studies respecting Napoleon I.,
by Taine, appears.
* * La Tosca, by Sardou, appears. [1889,
La Marquise, and Belle-Maman; 1890,
CUopUre; 1891, Thermidor.}
* * History of Philosophy, by Paul Janet
and G. Seai'lles, appears.
* * La Terre, by Zola, appears. [1888, The
Dream; 1890, La Bete Hnmaine ; 1891,
L' Argent; 1892, La Debacle; 1893, Le
Docteur Pascal ; 1894, Lourdes.]
* * Noir et Rose, by Ohnet, appears. [1888,
Volonte and Docteur Rameau; 1890, Le
dernier amour and L'dme de Pierre ;
1891, Dette de haine ; 1892, Nemrod et Cie. ;
1893, Le Lendemahi des amours.]
* * La Bete, by Cherbuliez, appears. [1888,
La vocation du Comte L'hislain ; 1890,
Une gageure.']
* * -94 * * History of the People of Lsrael,
by Benan, appears.
1888 May 8. Boul anger's (alleged)
German Invasion No. 1 appears ; it has
a great circulation at first [but soon falls
off].
* * Pierre et Jean, Sur I'eau, and Le
rosier de Mme. Husson, by Maupassant,
appear. [1889, Port comme la mort and
La main gauche ; 1890, Histoire d'une
fille de ferme, I^a vie errante, L' Inutile
beaute", and Ndtre cceur.]
1889 Feb. * Paris. An enterprising
newspaper, on the day of the Boulanger
election, engages 250 special re-
porters, each of whom it provides with
a cab, and 30 bicyclists, to bring in the
results in each section with the greatest
possible speed.
SOCIETY.
1887 July 31+. Pranzini, a profligate,
is convicted of the murder of Marie
Regnault and two other women. [Aug.
31. Executed.]
Nov. 14. Gen. Count D'Andlau and
Mme. Battazzi are fined and imprisoned
for selling decorations. [M. Wilson,
the son-in-law of President Grevy, is im-
plicated.]
1888 Mar. 1. M. Wilson is fined 3,000
francs, sentenced to imprisonment for
two years, and the loss of civil rights for
five years, for trafficking in decorations.
[Mar. 26. The Court of Appeal quashes
the sentence.]
Apr. 29. Paris. M. Habert kills M.
Felix Dupuis, an artist, in resentment
for satirical verses.
May 27. Paris. Anarchists and Com-
munists fight at an annual celebration
of the Communist insurrection of Per©
La Chaise. [They are stopped by the
police.]
July 13. Gen. Boulanger and M. Floquet
fight in a duel ; the former is seriously
and the latter slightly wounded.
July 25-Aug. 20. Paris. Laborers in
the building-trade, numbering 10,000, un-
successfully strike.
Aug. * Unsuccessful strikes occur at
Amiens, Besseges, and Calais.
1889 Jan. 14. Paris. Henri Roche-
fort, editor of L'Inlransiyiant, and M.
Lissagaray, editor of La Bataille, fight
in a duel.
Jan. 15, Paris. M. Euhrussi gains the
$120,000 Panama Canal lottery prize.
Jan. 19. The Freemasons issue a pro-
nunciamento against Gen. Boulanger.
Jan. 23. Paris. The National exposes
Gen. Boulanger's private life.
Jan. 24. Paris. Deputy Comudett fights
in a duel with editor Chabrouillaud.
Jan. 25. Paris. The "Woman's Con-
gress opens with an oration by M. de
Raismes.
Feb. 14. Strikes increase in northern
France.
Feb. 24±. The Socialists in many parts
of France are dispersed by the police.
They are not allowed to hold meetings.
Feb. 28. Paul de Roulede, president of
the Patriotic League, and others are
arrested for signing the Atchinoff mani-
festo, disapproving of the Government.
Mar. 4. Paris. The police seize 5,000
letters in the offices of the Patribtic
League. [Mar. 17. They earch the
residences of members.]
STATE.
1887 May 17. Paris. The Ministry is
defeated on the Budget Bill. Vote, 275-
257. It resigns.
May 30. Paris. Maurice Rouvier forms
a Moderate Ministry.
Members: M. Rouvier (finance, posts, and
telegraphs), Leopold E. Flourens (foreign
affairs), M. Bousquet (justice), M. Fallieres
(interior and worship), M. Spuller (instruc-
tion), M. Barbey (marine and colonies), Gen.
Ferron (war), M. de Heredia (public works),
M. Barbe (agriculture).
Oct. 13. Paris. A scandal is brought
to light in the war-office.
Gen. Caffarel is convicted by a mili-
tary court of dishonorable conduct in
selling decorations. [Nov. 7. His trial
ends in acquittal.]
Oct. 14. Gen. Boulanger is under ar-
rest [for 30 days] because of offensive
remarks relating to the traffic in dec-
orations.
Oct. 24. Paris. Conventions respect-
ing the Suez Canal and the New Hebrides
are signed.
Dec. 1. Paris. President Grevy refus-
ing to resign when opposed by a com-
bination of parties, caused by the action
of Daniel Wilson, son-in-law of Presi-
dent Grevy, the Chamber of Deputies
immediately adjourn. Vote, 531-3.
President Gre"vy resigns the presi-
dency.
Dec. 3. Paris. The Deputies and Sena-
tors meet as a Congress at Versailles, and
FRANCE. 1887, Apr. 16-1889, Mar. 15. 757
elect Marie Francois Sadi-Carnot,
President of the Republic of France.
Vote, Carnot, a Moderate Independent,
616 ; Gen. Saussier, 188.
Dec. 10. Paris. An unsuccessful at-
tempt is made to kill Jules Ferry.
Dec. 12. Paris. Pierre Emmanuel Ti-
rard, as premier, forms a new Ministry.
Members: M. Tirard (finance), M. Flou-
rens (foreign affairs), M. Fallieres (justice),
M. Sarrien (interior), Etienne Leopold Faye
(education and worship), Francois C. de
Mahy [later, Adm. Krantz] (marine and col-
onies), Emile Loubet (public works), Lncien
Dautresme (commerce), M. Viette (agricul-
ture), Gen. Logerot (war).
Dec. 18. Paris. The parliamentary
session of the Chambers closes. [1888.
Jan. 10. It opens.]
1888 Mar. 15. Gen. Boulanger is ar-
rested. (See Army.)
Mar. 30. Paris. The Tirard Minis-
try resigns, being defeated by the Depu-
ties when opposing urgency for a revision
of the Constitution. Vote, 268-234.
Apr. 3. Paris. Charles Flo que t, as
premier, forms a new Ministry.
Members : Charles Floquet (president and
interior), M. de Freycinet (war), M. Goblet
(foreign affairs), Adm. Krantz (marine and
colonies), M. Peytral (finance, posts, and
telegraphs), M. Edouard Lockroy (instruc-
tion, fine arts, and worship), M. Deluns
Montaud (public works), M. Ferrouillat
(justice), M. Pierre Legrand (commerce and
industry), M. Viette (agriculture).
Apr. 8. Gen. Boulanger, an advocate
of the revision of the Constitution, is
elected a deputy for the Dordogne.
Vote, 59,500-35,750. [Apr. 15. For the
Nord. Vote, 172,528-75,901.]
Apr. 19. Paris. The Deputies give the
Ministry a vote of confidence. Vote,
379-177.
The Ministry is defeated on the ques-
tion of revising the Constitution. Vote,
340-215.
Apr. 28. Paris. The Chambers agree
to the Panama Canal Loan Bill.
May 8. The circular attributed to Gen.
Boulanger, entitled German Invasion
No. 1, is in immense demand.
July 12. Paris. Gen. Boulanger
creates an excitement in the Chamber
of Deputies.
He demands dissolution ; and during
the debate which follows he accuses
Premier Floquet of falsehood, resigns
his seat, and leaves the Chamber. [A
duel follows.] (See Society.)
July 17. Paris. The Chambers vote
67,000,000 francs for the military de-
fense of Toulon, Cherbourg, and Brest,
and pass the army bill reducing the
term of military service, but making
the obligation to serve universal.
Aug. 19. Gen. Boulanger is returned
to the Chamber of Deputies by three
departments, the Nord, Somme, and
Charente.
Aug. * France has a diplomatic dispute
with Italy respecting Massowah, Abys-
sinia.
Sept. * France takes possession of the
Marquesas Islands, previously a
French protectorate.
* * The League of the Rose is formed,
to promote the reestablishment of the
monarchy.
Oct. 15. Paris. Premier Floquet intro-
duces a bill for the revision of the
Constitution, for which urgency is
voted.
Oct. * The public demonstrations in favor
of Gen. Boulanger multiply. [Oct. 30.
The police seize Boulangist pictures.]
Dec. * The Government receives 1,218,000
francs by the termination of a tontine
begun in 1791 to diminish the national
debt.
1889 Jan. 14. Paris. The Senate
passes the bankruptcy bill as desired
by the Panama Canal Company, to
enable it to judicially liquidate its obli-
gations.
Jan. 18. Paris. The Senate approves
the scheme for the utilization of the
sewage of the city. [Mar. 25. It is
passed by the Deputies.]
Jan. 27. Paris. Gen. Boulanger is
elected deputy in the department of
the Seine over M. Jacques, an advanced
Republican. Vote, 245,236-162,000.
Feb. 2. Paris. Premier Floquet discov-
ers that the Patriotic League has ar-
senals well supplied, and is ready to
equip with arms 100,000 men.
Feb. 4. Paris. M. Ferrouillat, minis-
ter of justice, resigns. [Feb. 5. He is
succeeded by M. Gulot-Dessagen.]
Feb. 11. Paris. The Deputies adopt a
bill for replacing the scrutin de liste
by the scrutin d'arrondissement. Vote,
268-222. [Feb. 13. The Senate approves.
Vote, 228-54.]
Feb. 14. Paris. The Deputies reject
the scheme of the ministers for a revis-
ion of the Constitution. Vote, 307-218.
The Ministry resigns
Feb. 15. Paris. The Senate passes a
bill providing that press offenses be
punished by correctional police tribu-
nals. [Rejected by the Chamber.]
Feb. 19. The Government expresses its
determination to take possession of the
Leeward Islands of the Society group,
although stoutly opposed by the natives.
Feb. 21. Paris. M. Tirard forms a new
Ministry of mixed parties.
Members: M. Tirard, Premier (commerce
and agriculture), M. Constans (interior), M.
Spuller (foreign affairs), M. de Freycinet
(war), M. M. Rouvier (finance). M. Th^venot
(justice), Adm. Jaures [later Adm. Krantz]
(marine), M. Fallieres (education), Yves
Guyot (public works), M. Faye (agriculture),
M. De Courcel (foreign affairs).
Feb. 25. Paris. A bill providing for
the freedom and secrecy of the ballot
is passed in the Chamber.
Feb. 27. Paris. The Assembly Room
of the League of Patriots is searched,
and proceedings are begun against MM.
Dermlede and Richard, signers of the
call for subscriptions.
Feb. 28. Pans. The League of Pa-
triots, numbering 240,000 members, is
suppressed because of its devotion to
Gen. Boulanger and its seditious spirit.
[Mar. 2. Deputies approve.]
Mar. 7. Paris. The decree for the ex-
pulsion of the Due d'Aumale is re-
voked by the Ministry.
Mar. 8. Paris. The Court of Appeals
declares that the Panama Canal Com-
pany is a civil association, and not a
commercial society as decided by the
Tribunal of Commerce.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1887 May 12-23. Paris. The crown
jewels aresold for nearly 7,000,000 francs.
May 25, 26. Paris. The Opera Co
mique is destroyed by fire ; 131 persons
perish.
Oct. 24. Paris. A convention is signed
for England and France, neutralizing
the Suez Canal, and placing it under a
joint commission.
1888 Jan. 9. Eng. The remains of
Napoleon III. and son are removed
from Chiselhurst to the mausoleum at
Farnborough.
Mar. 1. The Panama Canal share-
holders resolve to issue bonds for 340,-
000,000 francs to complete the canal.
June * Much indignation is caused by
the German Government's adoption of
vexatious passport regulations for the
purpose of making the entrance into
Alsace-Lorraine very difficult to French-
men.
Aug. 6. Paris. Communication by tele-
phone with Marseilles is opened.
Sept. 13. The La France and the Sud
America (Italian) collide off the Canary
Islands ; 87 lives are lost.
Nov. 3. A mine explosion occurs at
Averyron ; 40 lives lost.
Nov. 10. Turk. The first through ex-
press-train from Paris arrives at Con-
stantinople.
1889 Jan. 7. A meeting of the bond-
holders of the Panama Canal offers M.
de Lesseps the chairmanship of the new
canal company.
Jan. 14. Paris. An agreement is signed
with the Banque Parisienne for a fresh
issue of 60,000,000 shares for sustaining
work on Panama Canal.
Jan. 17. Paris. A Russian loan of
$100,000,000 is announced.
The Banque Parisienne assumes the
entire cost of the issue of the bonds and
construction of the new Panama Canal
Company.
Jan. 22. Paris. M. de Lesseps issues
circulars inviting subscriptions for sixty
thousand 500-franc Panama Canal
shares.
Feb. 4±. The dissolution of the old
Panama Canal Company is decreed,
and M. Brunet is appointed the official
liquidator.
Feb. 6. Paris. F.de Lesseps announces
that the Panama Canal enterprise must
be abandoned if the sixty thousand 500-
franc bonds issued through the Banque
Parisienne are not taken.
Panama Canal shares close at 60.
Feb. 11. Paris. Leading financial
houses are trying to form a combina-
tion to complete the Panama Canal.
Feb. 18. Paris. The Tribunal of Com-
merce decides the Panama Canal Com-
pany to be a commercial company. [Re-
versed.]
Feb. * Paris. A fall occurs in the shares
of the Comptoir d'Escompte through
speculations in copper.
Mar. 8. Paris. Afinancial panic occurs.
The Bank of France advances 100,000,000
francs to the Comptoir d'Escompte to
meet the withdrawal of deposits.
Mar. 15. Six men are injured and 14
killed by a fire-damp explosion in a
mine in Nimes.
758 1889, Mar. 15-1890, Feb. *.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Mar. 23. A torpedo-boat foun-
ders off Cherbourg ; the captain and 14
of the crew are drowned.
Aug. 20. Fifty-nine army officers are
adjudged guilty of participation in po-
litical offenses, and suffer punishment.
Oct. 19. Paris. The Cabinet expels
Laisant, a Boulangist, from the army.
Dec. * The Government orders three new
ironclads, to cost $2,400,000 each ; two
will be cruisers, each carrying eight
guns.
1890 Feb. * -Oct. 5. W. Afr. War
with the King of Dahomey. (See North
Guinea.)
It is caused in large measure by the
arrogance of the new king, a young man
who takes slaves from adjoining French
territory.
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
1889 Mar. 15. Paris. Belle Maman,
by Sardou and Des Landes, is produced
at the Gymnase.
Mar. 28. Paris. The Chamber grants
credit of 20,000,000 francs for the erec-
tion of a memorial of the Revolution.
Apr. 17. Paris. The French version of
Phillips's As in a Looking Glass, under
title of Lena, is produced by Sarah
Bernhardt, at the Variety Theater.
May 30. Paris. An earthquake shock
is felt on left bank of the Seine. [June
7. Another at Brest.]
June * Severe storms have been raging,
doing immense damage ; in many places
the country is almost devastated.
July 1. Paris. At a sale of M. E. Secre-
tan's famous collection of paintings,
Jean Francois' Millet's The Angelus is
purchased for $111,000 by Proust.
Aug.* Paris. A colossal statue of
Coligny is unveiled.
Sept. 21. Madame Pommery of Reims
purchases Millet's Les Glaneuses, and
presents it to the French nation for
preservation in the Louvre.
Oct. 12. A monument commemorat-
ing Gambetta's escape from Paris in
a balloon during the siege in 1870-71 is
unveiled at Epinouse.
Oct. 16. Paris. A new statue of The
Republic is placed on the Place de Na-
tion.
1890 Jan. * Paris. The Pasteur Insti-
tute has treated 850 patients for hydro-
phobia without a single death.
Feb. * Sarah Bernhardt is announced
to appear in a new Passion Play as the
Virgin Mary. [In response to public
sentiment the authorities prohibit the
production.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1889 Mar. 16. Scherer, Edmond Henri
A., Protestant clergyman, critic, statesman,
A74.
— Ulbach, Louis, journalist, A67.
Apr. 2. Jobbe-Duval, Armand M. .Felix,
painter, A68.
Apr. 10. Chevreul, Michel Eugene, chem-
ist, A 103.
Sept. 28. Faidherbe, Louis L£on CCsar,
general, writer, A71.
Sept. * Coulanges Kama, Denis Fustel de,
historian, A59.
Oct. 6. Melingue, Gaston, painter, dies.
Oct. 7. Dupr6, Jules, painter, dies.
Oct. 21. Ricord, Philippe, physician, A89.
Oct. 25. Augier, Guillaume V. E., drama-
tist, author, A69.
Dec. 6. Polfrey, T. W., gen., historian, d.
Miazerolle, Alexis Joseph, painter, A63.
Pitra, Jean Baptiste, cardinal, schol., A77.
Pyat, Felix, agitator, dramatist, A79.
Ysabeau, Alexandre Clement, army officer,
author, A69.
1890 Feb. 4. Montpensier, Due de, A. M.
P. L. d'Orleans, 5th son of Louis Philippe,
A65.
Feb. 20. Daru, Comte Napoleon, states-
man, A83.
CHURCH.
1889 Nov. 20. Paris. The papal
nuncio is instructed by the Vatican to
favor adhesion to the Conservative Re-
publican party by Catholics.
Dec. 15. Pome. Pope Leo approves
Cardinal Lavigerie's policy of uniting
Church and State.
Dec. 31±. Paris. The Government
prosecutes 300 priests for meddling
with politics.
* * J. A. Foulon, F. M. Richard, and G.
D'Annibile, prefect of the Sacred Con-
gregation, are consecrated cardinal
priests.
LETTERS.
1889 June 20. Paris. The Interna-
tional Literary Association meets.
June 28. The first Protestant semi-
nary is created at Nimes.
* * Centenaire de 1789, by Paul Janet,
appears. [1890, La philosophie de La-
mennais and Lectures variees, etc.]
* * The French Army in Germany, by M.
Galli, appears.
* * History of French Society during the
Revolution, by De Goncourt, appears.
* * France and Ireland during the Revo-
lution, Hoche and Humbert, by M. E.
Guillon, appears.
* * La Chevre d'Or, by Paul Arene, ap-
pears.
* * Diplomatic Correspondence of Talley-
rand from 1791-1834 appears.
* * The Journal (1810-14) of Stendhal
appears.
* * A Chancellor under the Old Regime, by
Charles de Mazade, appears. [1893,
L' Europe et les Neutral tie's.]
* * Ma Vocation, by Ferdinand Fabre,
appears.
* * Biography of the Emperor Frederick,
by M. E. Simon, appears.
* * Cousin Babylas, by Gaston Bergeret,
appears.
* * Henriette, by Francois Coppee, ap-
pears. [1892, Les vrais riches ; 1894,
Contes tout simples.]
* *'Three Emperors of Germany, by Er-
nest Lavisse, appears. [1890, Vue Gene-
rate de I'Histoire Politique de V Europe ;
1893, Le Grand Fridiric avant I'avene-
ment.]
* * Passionniment, by Albert Del pit, ap-
pears.
* * Life and Manners on the La Plata,
by M. Daireaux, appears.
* * Autobiography of Michelet the Histo-
rian, with his Journal and Letters, ap-
pears.
* * The Works and Correspondence of
D'Alembert, edited by M. Chi Henri,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1889 Mar. 19. Paris. Senator Naquet
and Deputies Laguerre and Turquet of
the Patriotic League are arraigned be-
fore a magistrate. [Apr. 2. Also one
senator and four deputies are fined 100
francs each.]
Apr. 11. Dock-workers strike at Mar-
seilles.
May 11. Ten thousand cotton-weavers
strike at Thizy, Department of the
Rhone.
June 1. Paris. Minister Reid assem-
bles the Americans to express their sym-
pathy for the sufferers in Pennsylvania
by the Johnstown flood. [The U. S.
Legation subscribes $10,000; the Paris
Municipal League, 5,000 francs.]
June 12-18. Paris. The cabmen
strike, and greatly incommode citizens
and visitors.
June 13. Paris. Buffalo Bill's "Wild
West Show gives a benefit performance
for the Johnstown sufferers. [$2,000
contributed.]
June 25. Paris. The International
" Council of Women," advocating
women's rights, meets.
June 30. The dock-laborers of Mar-
seilles strike.
Paris. Deputy Fouquier wounds the
editor of the Matin in a duel.
June * Paris. The International Elec-
tricity Congress meets.
July 5. Paris. Six Nihilists are sen-
tenced to imprisonment for three years.
July 9. Paris. BuU-fights at the Ex-
position are stopped by the police.
July 14. Forty journals are fined for
publishing the indictment against Gen.
Boulanger.
July 18. Paris. The International
Labor Congress meets.
It demands a universal maximum of
eight hours for a day's labor, one holiday
a week, and the non-employment of chil-
dren under 14 years of age.
The centennial _ anniversary of the
Fall of the Bastille is celebrated.
Aug. 26. Paris. The names of Gen.
Boulanger and Count Dillon are erased
from the roll of the Legion of Honor.
Sept. 9. Paris. The municipal author-
ities give a banquet to Thomas A.
Edison, the American scientist. [Mr.
Edison gives 10,000 francs for the relief
of the poor.]
Sept. 16. Paris. The International
Commercial Congress opens.
Sept. 27. Paris. A Sunday Observ-
ance Congress is in session.
It advises that when Sunday observ-
ance is impossible, that employees be
given a weekly holiday and that pay-day
be other than Saturday or Sunday.
Nov. 26. Paris. About 500 employees
of the Western Railway Company strike
for higher wages.
STATE.
1889 Mar. 17. Gen. Boulanger is
enthusiastically greeted while journey-
ing from Paris to Tours.
Mar. 18. Gen. Boulanger issues a
manifesto to the Department of the
Nord against the Government.
Mar. 29. Paris. The Senate passes a
bill constituting itself a high court
of justice in cases of plots against the
State. Vote, 207-63.
Apr. 1. Gen. Boulanger, Henri Roche-
fort, and M. Dillon avoid arrest by a
sudden departure in the night for Brus-
FRANCE.
1889, Mar. 15-1890, Feb.
759
Apr. 4. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties, at the Government's request, votes
to sanction the prosecution of Gen.
Boulanger for treason.
Apr. 10. Paris. Warrants are issued
for the arrest of Gen. Boulanger and
his companions in exile, Count Dillon
and Henri Kochefort.
Apr. 12. Paris. The Senate meets as a
high court of justice, and begins the trial
of Gen. Boulanger for treason against
the State and the embezzlement of 252,000
francs. [He pronounces the charges to
be falsehoods.]
Apr. 24. Belg. Warned by the author-
ities, Gen. Boulanger leaves Brussels
for London.
Apr. 27. Paris. A law is passed regu-
lating the different methods of burial.
May 5. Paris. The centenary of the
meeting of the States- General is cel-
ebrated; President Carnot delivers a
eulogium on the Revolution before a
grand assembly. [On his way to Ver-
sailles a lunatic named Perrin attempts
to assassinate him. May 28. Perrin is
sentenced to four months' imprison-
ment.]
June 11. Paris. The Senate passes the
Panama Canal Bill. [June 28. The
Chamber of Deputies passes it.]
It empowers the liquidator of the company
to place, on the best conditions possible and
regardless of the legal limit as to price, the
800,000 francs of the bonds which have not
yet been subscribed for. It also authorizes a
subscription of 34,000,000 francs to cover the
expenses necessary for the maintenance of
the works pending an inquiry into the ques-
tion of the completion of the canal.
July 4 ±. Paris. The Government gives
a final refusal to assent to the Egyptian
Conversion scheme.
July 7. Paris. The indictment against
Gen. Boulanger is presented.
It charges him, when director .of infantry in
1882, with courting popularity by corruption
and other means, and when Minister of War
in 1886 with malversation of public money,
and plotting against the State, with Count
Dillon, H. Rochefort, and others; they are
cited to appear on Aug. 6, or else suffer the
loss of civil rights and sequestration of prop-
erty.
July 9. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties passes a new army bill.
It reduces the term of service from five
years with exemptions to three years,
nominally without exemptions.
July 10. Paris. The Chamber of Dep-
uties passes a bill providing for the
purchase of telephones by the Gov-
ernment. [July 28. It takes formal
possession ; protests are unheeded.]
July 15. Paris. The Senate passes the
Multiple Candidate Bill. The Cham-
ber of Deputies approves the bill provid-
ing for a credit of 58,000,000 francs,
spread over five years, for building
war-ships.
July 29. Election of Councils-Gen-
eral.
Out of 1,344 cantons the Boulangists
carry only_ 12 ; 949 Republicans and 489
Conservatives are elected.
Aug. 7. Paris. The Senate, as a high
court of justice, begins the trial of
Gen. Boulanger.
[Aug. 14. It finds him and his con-
freres guilty of a " felonious attempt
against the safety of the State and of
embezzling public funds." Count
Dillon and Henri Rochefort are guilty
as accomplices, and all are sentenced to
be deported to a fortified prison.]
Sept. 1. The telephones throughout the
country become the property of the
Government by law.
France declines to annex the New
Hebrides Islands.
Sept. 6. Gen. Boulanger demands of
the Prime Minister Tirard a trial by
court-martial.
Sept. 11. Paris. An International Bi-
metallic Congress opens.
Sept. 22. The general elections are
held. Results : Republicans, 158 ; Op-
position, 89, elected ; Chamber of Depu-
ties, 365 Republicans and 211 Opposition.
Sept. 23. Paris. It is claimed that
Gen. Boulanger is elected Deputy from
Montmartre. [Nov. 27. The electoral
bureau decides that he is not elected.]
Oct. 12. Paris. A committee of five —
four Frenchmen and one Belgian — is
appointed by the Government to inspect
and report on the condition of the Pan-
ama Canal.
Nov. 12. Paris. A Boulanger dem-
onstration is made. [The police arrest
150 participants.]
Nov. 11. Eng. Gen. Boulanger issues
a manifesto to the French people from
the Isle of Jersey.
Nov. 25. Paris. Deputy Farrail moves
a resolution to grant 750,000 francs to
assist the striking miners.
Nov. 28. Paris. The Senate rejects an
amendment to a bill supported by Pre-
mier Tirard and the Chamber, to pro-
hibit the employment of working-women
in factories at night. Vote, 125-110.
Dec. 25. Paris. The Government no
longer insists upon the evacuation of
Egypt by England as a condition to the
conversion of the Egyptian preference
loan from five to four per cent stock.
Dec. * Paris. The Senate agrees to a
law by which the Government assumes
the monopoly of the manufacture of
matches.
* * A law is passed providing for the re-
sponsibility of employers for acci-
dents and the insurance of laborers.
1890 Jan. 14. Paris. M. Floquet is
elected President of the Chamber of
Deputies. [The Senate choses M. Le
Roger president.]
Feb. 7. Paris. Louis Philippe Robert,
Duke of Orleans, son of the Comte de
Paris, applies for admission into the
army ; he is arrested for entering the
country in violation of the law forbid-
ding the territory of the Republic to
royalist princes. [Feb. 12. He is tried,
and sentenced to two years imprison-
ment. Feb. 24. He is removed to Clair-
vaux prison. June 3. He is pardoned
by the president, and conducted across
the Swiss frontier.]
Feb. 20. Paris. A Libel Law is passed
in the Senate. Vote, 178-107.
Feb. 24. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties defeats a motion to grant amnesty
to convicted strikers.
Feb. * Paris. A bill to tax foreigners
and employers of foreign labor passes
the first reading in the Chamber of
Deputies.
1890 Feb.* Paris. Editor Dreyfus is
wounded in a duel with the Marquis de
Mores.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Mar. 16. Paris. Financial panic;
75,000,000 francs are taken out from Bank
of France ; in addition, 100,000,000 francs
are advanced to Comptoir d'Escompte.
Mar. 18. Paris. TheSocietedesMetaux
stops payment, the Comptoir d'Es-
compte is in the hands of a receiver,
and copper drops heavily in Paris, Lon-
don, and New York.
Mar. 24. Paris. Twenty million francs
are subscribed to the Comptoir d'Es-
compte on the condition that the Bank
of France subscribes a million.
Mar. 31. Pans. The Eiffel Tower is
inaugurated ; Premier Tirard delivers
an oration. [May 15. Opened.]
Mar. * - May * The Comptoir d'Es-
compte, supported by Messrs. Roth-
schild and other bankers, is successfully
reorganized.
Apr. 21+. Paris. The liquidator of the
Panama Canal Company makes an
unsuccessful attempt to borrow $3,000,-
000 in London to continue the work.
May 6. Paris. President Carnot for-
mally declares open the Universal Ex-
hibition in France.
May 19+ . Paris. The daily attendance
at the Exposition averages 71,000 per-
sons.
May 22. Two French fishing-vessels,
with 175 fishermen on board, are lost.
May 26. Paris. In the Machinery De-
partment of the Exposition, the Amer-
ican exhibit occupies one-third the
space.
June 3. The new harbor at Calais is
opened by President Carnot.
July 3. An explosion of fire-damp in
a coal-pit at St. Etienne causes the death
of 200 miners and 60 horses.
July 27. Paris. The issue of Panama
Canal bonds to the amount of 8,935,000
francs at 105 has been fixed for July 27.
Aug. 1. Paris. M. Brunet, the liquida-
tor, informs the shareholders that a fi-
nancial syndicate has taken the whole
amount of the new lottery bonds of
the Panama Canal Company.
Aug. 4. Paris. The bodies of Carnot,
Merceau, D'Auvergne, and Baudin are
deposited in the Pantheon with impos-
ing ceremonies.
Aug. 20. Paris. Lightning strikes the
Eiffel Tower without injuring it.
Sept. 30. Paris. Although the day is
rainy, 307,000 tickets are taken in at the
Exposition ; the highest record of the
season.
Nov. 6. Paris. The Exposition is
closed. Total number of visitors about
25,000,000.
Dec. 27. Paris. At a meeting of 4,000
Panama Canal bond-holders, they ex-
press unshaken confidence in De Lesseps
and the canal.
1890 Jan. 27. Paris. The Panama
Canal Commission reports that it will
take 20 years and a cost of 1,737,000,000
francs ($347,400,000) to complete the
canal.
760 1890, Feb. *-1891, July 26.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 Jan. 18±. The French troops
rout the Sultan of Ahmadon's forces,
and take 1,500 prisoners, including the
sultan's -wives.
Mar. 12. E. I. A French garrison in
Tongking is overcome by natives, who
sack the town, and kill the French
officials.
May 7. A torpedo-boat collides with a
cruiser, and goes down off Cherbourg.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 May * Paris. Jean Louis Ernest
Meissonier's original picture, 1814, is
bought by M. Conchard for $170,000.
May * Paris. The new Salon is opened.
June 29 ±. A statue of Joan of Arc,
by Emmanuel Fremist, presented by the
city of Paris, is unveiled at Nancy.
July 31. A comet is discovered at Mar-
seilles by M. Coggia.
Aug. 17. A monument to Admiral
Courbet is unveiled at Abbeville.
Aug. 22. Paris. St. Cloud is struck by
a violent wind-storm, which wrecks 20
houses, and kills and injures a number
of the residents.
Nov. 13. Paris. Announcement is made
that The Angelus has been sold to the
Government for $150,000.
Nov. * A scientific expedition to explore
Central Asia has been organized.
* * The planets Nenetta, Brasilia, Felicia,
Phsetusa, Csecilia, and Clarissa are dis-
covered by Charlois. [1891, Gordonia,
Nike, Margarita, Claudia, Pierretta,
Rosalia, Goberta, Roxana, and two
others ; 1892, Demboivska, Columbia, and
10 others ; 1893, twenty more (un-
named).]
1891 Jan. 9. Paris. The Committee
of Physicians appointed to inquire iuto
the Koch system of inoculation report
that injurious effects sometimes follow
the injection of the lymph.
Jan. 26. Paris. The Chamber votes
500,000 francs for excavations in
Delphi.
Jan. 27. Paris. The performance of
Sardou's Thermidor is suppressed by the
Government. [Jan. 29. Sharply debated
in the Chambers.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890 Sept. 30. Karr, Jean Baptiste Al-
phonse, novelist, A82.
Oct. 13. Calnion, Marc Antoine, econo-
mist, politician, A75.
Dec. 18. Belot, Adolphe, dram., nov., A61.
Dec. 28. Feuillet, Octave, nov., dram., A78.
Chatrian, Alexandre, litterateur, A64.
Robert-FIeury, Joseph Nicolas, historical
painter, A93.
1891 Jan. 2. Peyret, Alphonse, senator,
author, A78.
Jan. 6. Leuchtenberg, Due de, Nicolas,
A48.
Montaland, Celine, actor, A48.
Jan. 10. Careil, Comte, Louis S. F., sena-
tor, author, dies.
Jan. 11. Ilaussinaiin, Georges Eugene,
magistrate, A82.
Jan. 14. Millet, Aime, painter, sculptor,
A75.
Jan. 31. Meissonier, Jean L. E., paint-
er, A76.
Feb. 1 . Berthet, Elie B., novelist, A76.
Feb. 26. Boisgobey, Fortune' du, novelist,
A70.
Mar. 12. Banville, Theodore Faullain de,
poet, A 68.
Mar. 16. Campenon, J. B. M. E., general,
statesman, A72.
Mar. 17. Bonaparte, Napoleon Joseph
Charles Paul, Prince Napoleon, son of
Jerdme, A69.
Bonaparte, Marianne, princesse, dies in
Corsica.
Apr. 2. Pouyer-Quertier, A. T., states., A71.
Apr. 8. Pressensse^ Edmond D. de, Prot-
estant theologian, orator, statesman, A 67.
Apr. 21. Chapu, Henri M. A., sculp., A58.
May 13. Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond,
physicist, A71.
May 19. Weiss, Jean Jacques, author,
statesman, A62.
July 6. Felix, Celestin Joseph, pulpit ora-
tor, A81.
CHURCH.
1890 Feb. * Paris. A new semi-reli-
gious order is formed, called " Brothers
of the Cross ; " object, to propagate re-
ligious socialism.
1891 Feb. 5. Pope Leo declines to
address the bishops as to their attitude
toward the Republic.
LETTERS.
1890 * * Histoire de la chanson populaire
en France, by Julian Tiersot, appears.
* * Six Ans Soldat, by Ch. Mismer, ap-
pears.
* * La Cadet, by Richepin, appears.
* * Les Souvenirs des Comte de Roche-
chouart appears.
* * Letters of the Duke of Or leans .edited
by the Coiiite de Paris' and the Due de
Chartres, appears.
* * Question d' Alsace appears.
* * L'Inde francaise avant Dupleix, by
Castonnet des Fosses, appears.
* * Life of Jesus, by Pere Didon, appears.
* * H&lcne and La maison de Vogre, by J.
B. A. Karr, appears.
* * The Purchase of the North Pole, by
Jules Verne, appears.
1891 Apr. 6. Emile Zola is elected
president of the Soci^te des Gens de
Lettres.
* * Memoirs of Prince Talleyrand, by the
Due de Broglie, appears.
* * Le Regne du Silence, by M. Rodenbach,
appears.
* * Un Cceur de Femme, by Paul Bourget,
appears. [1892, La Terre Promise and
Cosmopolis ; 1894, Outre-Mer.]
* * Hallali, by Henri Rabusson, appears.
* * Monsieur Bien-Aimi., by Paul Foucher,
appears. [1894, Rechain Avare.]
* * La Peine Jeanne, by M. F. Mistral,
appears.
* * Parliamentary History of the Second
Republic, by M. E. Spuller, appears.
* * Romance of the Prince Imperial and
Man-Hunting, by Comte d'He>isson, ap-
pear. [1892, Les ResponsabilMs de I' An-
nie Terrible.]
* * Les Riprisentants du Peuple en Misson,
et la Justice Rivolutionnaire, by Henri A.
Wallon, appears.
* * Diplomatic History of Europe, by M.
Debidour, appears.
* * La Politique franqaise en Tunise ap-
pears.
* * Rives et Impressions, by Ch. N6, ap-
pears.
* * Xaviere, by M. F. Fabre, appears.
* * Le Thidtre des Marionnettes de JVo-
hant, by M. Sand, appears.
SOCIETY.
1890 Apr. 24. Paris. Employers no-
tify workmen that they will be dismissed
on May 1st if absent from their work.
May 2, 3. Strikes and labor disturb-
ances occur in the North, 40,000 men
leaving work in Roubaix.Turcoing, Lan-
noy, Croix, and other places. [Louise
Michel and the Marquis de Mores are
arrested for inciting disturbances ; the
latter is sentenced to three months' im-
prisonment.]
May 5. Paris. M. Secretin and other
directors of the Comptoir d'Escompte
de Paris are tried for fraud in connec-
tion with the copper " corner " of last
year.
[May 23. M. Secretin is sentenced to
six months' imprisonment and to a fine
of 10,000 francs ; others receive lighter
sentences.]
May 16. Paris. An International Tele-
graph Conference opens.
May 21. Cuba. Eyraud, the murderer,
is arrested in Havana. [June 16. De-
livered to French authorities. July 2.
He confesses the murder of Notary
Gouffe\ Aug. 7. He fails in an attempt
to commit suicide. Dec. 20. He is con-
demned to be executed, and Mile. Bom-
pard is sentenced to imprisonment for
20 years.]
May 28. Paris. Many Nihilists are ar-
rested as conspirators against the Czar ;
15 are charged with manufacturing ex-
plosives. [June 3. Another plot is dis-
covered.]
Sept. 21. Paris. Cardinal Lavigerie
opens the Antislavery Conference.
He says that he does not desire the im-
mediate abolition of slavery, as it would
entail the starvation of slaves, hut that
man-hunting must be suppressed.
Sept. 28. Paris. About 3,000 lace- work-
ers in Calais strike.
Oct. 9. Madame Bonnet, who confessed
that she was a spy employed by the Ger-
man Government, is sentenced to impris-
onment for five years at Nancy.
Oct. 14. Paris. The Americanist
Conference opens.
Nov. 19. Paris. Gen. Seliverskoff, a
Russian agent, is killed by Nihilists.
1891 Feb. 19. Paris. Anarchists
meet at St. Denis, and denounce the con-
scription law ; they resist the police, and
20 are arrested.
Feb. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties decides to suppress immediately
every kind of betting on races.
Mar. 31. Paris. The International
Miners' Conference meets. [It decides
to organize a general strike on principle
only.]
Apr. 22. Paris. The police arrest 45
Anarchists.
Apr. 24. Gen. de Negrier, of the 7th
Army Corps, is wounded in a duel with
Gaston le Grand.
May 25. Paris. The stage-drivers
strike. [May 26. The strike is settled
in favor of the men.]
June 22-24. Horse-car employees in
Bordeaux successfully strike.
June 23. Paris. Charles and Victor de
Lesseps are examined before a magis-
trate in regard to the Panama Canal
charges.
June 25±. Paris. About 6,000 bakers
strike.
July 1. Paris. The strikers do not al-
low the omnibuses to run.
July 15. Paris. About 4,000 railroad
employees order an immediate strike
FRANCE.
1890, Feb. *-1891, July 26. 701
along the line of the five great railroads
entering Paris.
[July 16. Seven thousand men on the
Northern Railroad strike. July 18. Six
thousand strikers resolve to lay griev-
ance before the Chamber of Deputies.
July 23. The police of Paris disperse
riotous mobs.]
July 25. Paris. An explosive powder
is sent to Mme. Constans, wife of the
Minister of the Interior.
July 26. Paris. Anarchists rout 4,000
Boulangists who attempt a demonstra-
tion.
STATE.
1890 Mar. 2. Paris. Minister Con-
stans resigns, and is succeeded by Leon
Bourgeois.
Mar. 13. Paris. The Government de-
cides to occupy Whydah, a province
of Dahomey on the west coast of Africa.
Mar. 14. A modus Vivendi is agreed to
between France and Great Britain re-
garding the Newfoundland fisheries.
Paris. The commercial treaty
with Turkey having expired on March
13, a temporary arrangement is made,
to last till 1892.
The deputies from wine districts pro-
test ; the Government is defeated in the
Senate, and the Ministry resigns.
Mar. 17. Paris. A new Ministry is
formed.
Members : Charles de Freycinet (president
of council, war), M. Ribot (foreign), M.
Rouvier (finance), A. Fallieres (public wor-
ship), M. Bourgeois (instruction and fine
arts), M. Constans (interior), M. Yves Guyot
(public works), Jules Roche (commerce), M.
Develle (agriculture), Vice Adm. Barbey
(marine).
Apr. 27. Paris. The Boulangists are
totally defeated in the municipal elec-
tions.
Apr. 28-May 2. Paris. The Marquis de
Mores, Louise Michel, and 300 others are
arrested on suspicion of being engaged
in an Anarchist plot.
Apr. 30. The discovery of the plot to
proclaim the Duke of Orleans King of
France leads to the flight of the Duke
of Luynes.
May 14. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties passes a bill imposing a penalty of
three months' imprisonment on employ-
ers for dismissing unlawfully members
of trades-unions.
May 18. Gen. Boulanger publishes a
letter deprecating any further agitation
in favor of his views.
June 3. France, Germany, Russia, and
Switzerland sign a treaty for the re-
pression of anarchy.
July 16. A French vessel, while tak-
ing bait, is fired on by the Newfound-
land bait-cruiser Fiona.
Aug. 2. Paris. The Government issues
a decree of partial or complete amnesty
to persons convicted of offenses con-
nected with labor-strikes.
Aug. 5. London. The Anglo-French
Agreement respecting Africa is signed
by Lord Salisbury and Ambassador Wad-
dington.
The British protectorate over Zanzibar
and the French protectorate over Mada-
gascar are recognized ; and the delimita-
tion of territories in Africa, subject to
the influence of France, is to be settled
by two commissioners at Paris. [1893.
July* A delimitation convention is
signed.]
Aug. 20. The Government establishes a
protectorate over the Society Islands,
after subduing the natives and killing a
number who refuse to submit to the in-
vaders.
Oct. 5. A treaty of peace is concluded be-
tween France and the King of Dahomey,
France to have possession of Kotonou,
and a protectorate over Porto Navo.
[Jan. 27. Rejected by Committee of
Deputies.]
Oct. 20. Paris. AGeneralCustomsHigh
Tariff Bill is introduced in the Cham-
ber of Deputies.
It contains a clause empowering the
Government to retaliate against all
countries which discriminate against the
products of France.
Oct. * Paris. The Union for the Promo-
tion of Free Trade in Raw Material,
etc., is formed.
Nov. 11. Paris. The Chamber of Dep-
uties passes the Secret Service Vote.
Vote, 310-120.
1891 Jan. 4. Elections for the Senate
are held ; Premier Freycinet receives
579 votes out of a total of 605, and Jules
Ferry 723 votes out of a total of 997 ; in
the first ballots the Republicans gain ten
seats.
Jan. 13. Paris. The Senate and Cham-
ber meet ; M. Floquet is reelected presi-
dent of the Chamber.
Jan. 22. Paris. A Supreme Council
of Labor is created by law.
Mar. 14. Paris. President Carnot signs
the agreement by which England and
France undertake to submit to arbitra-
tion the Newfoundland dispute.
[Mar. 16. The arbitrators chosen by
France are : Prof. Martens of the St.
Petersburg University ; M. River, the
Swiss Consul at Brussels ; M. Gram, ex-
judge of the Supreme Court of Norway.]
Mar. 16. Paris. The Government ac-
cedes to the request of the Chilean revo-
lutionists that the Chilean warships,
recently built at Toulon for the service
of President Balmaceda, should be al-
lowed to depart.
Mar. 17. It. Prince Napoleon, son of
Jerdme dies ; his will designates Prince
Louis, his second son, as the head of
the Bonaparte house, Prince Victor be-
ing disowned.
Mar. 25 ±. A formal treaty of alliance
is concluded between France and Rus-
sia.
May 4. Paris. The Government is sus-
tained by a vote of confidence. Vote,
356-33.
In the debate on the May-day tragedy
at Fourmies, M. Rouche calls M. Con-
stans, minister of the interior, a mur-
derer, and is removed from the Chamber
by force.
May 13. Paris. Race-tracks are
placed under Government supervision,
and betting on horses is regulated by
law.
May 27. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties passes a bill providing for the sto-
rage of grain in every fortified town of
France, sufficient to feed its people for
two months in time of siege.
May 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties passes the high Tariff Bill recom-
mended by the Committee.
May 30. The Czar, as the arbitrator in
the dispute between Holland and France
regarding the Guiana boundary, de-
cides in favor of Holland.
June 3. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties adopts a motion to limit the hours
of labor of employees of public com-
panies to 12 daily. Vote, 406-3.
June 8. Paris. The Senate passes the
bill reducing the duties on corn.
Vote, 208-49.
June 9. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties decides that cocoons and raw silk
shall be admitted free of duty, but
that manufactured silks shall be subject
to a duty of 300 francs.
June 26. Paris. An injunction is is-
sued ordering the sequestration of
Chilean cruisers built in the shipyards
at La Seyne, near Toulon.
July 8. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties adopts a bill to establish a Govern-
ment Labor Bureau.
July 17. Paris. Senate passes a bill to
regulate the working of women and
children in factories, establishing a ten-
hour working-day, forbids night duty,
and prescribes one rest-day in seven.
July 18. Paris. The Deputies pass a
protectionist customs tariff bill. Vote,
385-111.
July 26±. Paris. France annexes Ta-
hiti on the death of King Pomare, and
placates the heir-apparent by the pay-
ment of 12,000 francs.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Apr.* Paris. The Eiffel Tower
is opened again for the season. On the
first day 10,000 persons ascend.
May 6. Paris. The report of the Special
Committee on Panama Canal estimates
that the total cost of completion would
be 900,000,000 francs. Work done and
material valued at 470,000,000. Time re-
quired, eight years.
May 11. Panama Canal shares fall 17
francs in consequence of the report of
the Commission.
July 29. A fire-damp explosion at St.
Etienne causes the death of 120 men and
a number injured.
Aug. * Paris. The final report of the
Panama Canal Company's affairs
shows that its total expenditures amount
to $262,000,000, and that its assets on
March 3 were $3,200,000.
1891 Jan. 15. Paris. It is announced
that a new Panama Canal scheme has
obtained the approval of the Govern-
ment, but the Bourse is not favorably
disposed to the plan.
Mar. 18. Telephone communication
is effected between Paris and London.
Apr. 19. Paris. Lieut. Wyse makes a
report to the liquidator of the Panama
Canal Company, in which he says that
the canal can be completed in five years,
at a cost of $120,000,000.
July 24. The official census report is
made; population of 38,095,150, an
increase of 208,584 since last census.
762 1891, Aug. 5-1892, Nov. 18.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 Aug. 21. Eng. The French and
British fleets are reviewed hy Queen Vic-
toria off Spithead.
Sept. * Another expedition sails against
the Dahomeans , "West Africa. (See North
Guinea.)
1892 Jan. 19±. W. Afr. A native
force is repulsed by a French garrison
in Dahomey ; 250 natives are killed.
Jan. 22+ . Algeria. A French force in
the Sudan defeats a hostile tribe, kill-
ing hundreds of natives. [Feb. 6±. It
routs the native forces.]
May 4±. The King Samadou, in the
French Sudan, recaptures two towns
from the French, taking 81 French pris-
oners and a number of Senegal natives.
May 18±. E. I. The French capture a
pirate stronghold in Tongking, losing 58
men and the pirates 125.
[July2±. In another battle with pi-
rates at Thanhoa, the French carry the
pirates' position.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 Sept. 16. Paris. Lohengrin is
successfully performed for the first time.
Oct. 4. The Mayor of Nice unveils a
monument to Garibaldi in the pres-
ence of a representative of the Govern-
ment.
1892 Apr. 24. A statue of Rouge t de
PIsle is unveiled at Choisy-le-Roi.
July 12. St. Gervais-les-Bains is de-
stroyed by an avalanche from Mont
Blanc ; 200 bodies are taken from the
ruins.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891 Aug. 5. Vitu, Auguste, dram, critic,
A68.
Sept. 8. Bundy, Jonas M., journalist, A56.
Sept. 9. Grevy, Francois Paul Jules.
President, A84.
Sept. 12. Ribot, Augustin T., painter, A68.
Sept. 30. Boulang-er, Georges Ernest
Jean Marie, general, politician, A54.
Dec. 22. Wolff, Albert, dram, critic, A56.
Dec. 25. Pommeray, Henri de la, crit.,A52.
Roumanille, Joseph, Provencal poet, A73.
1892 Jan. 5. Cambriels, Albert, gen., A76.
Jan. 13. Quatrefages de Breau, Jean Louis
Armand de, naturalist, A82.
Jan. 20. Dupont, Henrique N"., engr.,A94.
Jan. 22. Muller, Charles Louis, historical
painter, A77.
Jan. 24. Baudrillart, Henri J. L., political
economist, A71. ,
Feb. 9. Arago, Etienne, dram., pol., A90.
Feb. 12. Maury, Louis /erdinand, arche-
ologist, librarian of the Tuileries, A75.
Mar. 6. De la Uraviere, J. B. E. Jurien,
vice-admiral, A79.
Apr. 14. Kock, Henri de, novelist, dram-
atist, A71.
Apr. 23. Duveyrier, Henri Daring, ex-
plorer, A52.
May 7. Guiraud, Ernest, composer, A55.
May 20. De Laveaucoupet, M., gen., A83.
May 26. Martin, Joseph, explorer in Asia,
dies at Khokand.
July 15. De la Valette, Marquis, A58.
July 29. Bort de Teisserenc, Pierre, states-
man, A78.
Aug. 17. Trebelli-Bettini, Zelia, opera-
singer, A54.
Sept. 24. De Bourbon, Prince Francois de
Paule, Comte de Trapani, A65.
Sept. 29. Cremieux, Hector J., dram., A64.
Sept. 30. Giraud, Charles, artist, A73.
Oct. 1 . Erlanger, Michael, financier, dies.
Oct. 2. Re nan. Joseph Ernes te, critic,
philologist, historian, A69.
Oct. 1 1 . Marmier, Xavier, litterateur, A83.
Oct. 20. Rousset, Camille F. M., hist., A71.
Nov. 5. Herv6, Florimond, composer, A67.
Nov. 15. Failly, Pierre L. C.de, gen., A82.
Nov. 18. Reinach, Baron J., financier, A56.
CHURCH.
Aug. 16. The exhibition of a "Holy
Coat" at Argenteuil attracts crowds of
pilgrims.
Sept. 19. Rome. The Pope receives
the first contingent of the pilgrimage
of French workmen, whom he addresses
on the labor question.
Sept. 29. Dr. Dreyfus is installed chief
rabbi of France.
Oct. 5. Rome. French pilgrims, num-
bering 1,200, attend low mass celebrated
by the Pope in St. Peter's.
Nov. 24. The Archbishop of Aix is
fined. (See State.) [Nov. 30. The prel-
ate is congratulated by the Right.]
Nov. 25. The Government sends a
friendly note to the Pope.
Dec. 9. Paris. The Senate pledges the
Government to avail itself of its rights
to compel the clergy to respect the Re-
public, and to submit to its laws. Vote,
211-57.
Dec. 10. Paris. Notice is given in the
Chamber of Deputies of a motion de-
manding the Government to introduce
a bill as a prelude to the separation of
Church and State.
Dec. 26. Paris. The Senate passes a
resolution accusing the clergy of jeop-
ardizing social peace, and of violating
the rights of the state. Vote, 211-57.
1892 Jan. 2. Paris. Minister Fail-
lieres stops the salary of the bishop of
Carcassone because he left his diocese
without first obtaining legal permission.
Feb. 19. Paris. The Catholic papers
publish an encyclical from Pope Leo to
the clergy, saying that the Government
must be obeyed.
May 7. Six bishops are cut off from
treasury stipends for interfering in elec-
tions.
May 13. Paris. Pope Leo calls upon
the French Catholic Congress to comply
with the monitions in his encyclical en-
joining obedience to the constituted
government.
July 20. The Roman Catholic episco-
pate asks Pope Leo to arrange for the
canonization of Joan of Arc.
* * Rome. B. L. Thomas, archbishop of
Rouen, J. C. Ernest Bournet, archbishop
of Rodez, Victor L. Lecot, archbishop of
Bordeaux, and G. Ren6 Meignan, arch-
bishop of Tours, are consecrated cardi-
nal priests.
LETTERS.
1892 * * Souvenirs du Ge.ni.ral Jarras ap-
pears.
* * Autour de Bonaparte, by L. Xavier de
Ricard, appears.
* * Life of Mirabeau, by A. Mezieres, ap-
pears.
* * Correspondence of Madame Ackerman,
edited by Comte d'Haussonville, ap-
pears.
* * EnquHe sur I'Evolution Littiraire, by
Jules Huret, appears.
* * Histoire Anecdotique des Marionnettes
Modernes, by Lemercier de Neuville, ap-
pears.
* * Le Culte du Moi, by Maurice Barres,
appears.
* * Feuilles ditachies, by Renan, appears.
* * Le Lait d'un Autre, by Alexandre
Hepp, appears.
* * Le Thidtre, by Octave Feuillet, Fran-
cois Coppee, Ferdinand Dugue, Gondi-
net, and Jean Jullien, appears.
* * Michel Lando, by Maurice Bonchor,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1891 Aug. 11. Paris. The Grand
Duke Alexis is received with enthusi-
astic demonstration.
Aug. 29. Paris. The May-day Anar-
chists are sentenced — Descamps to im-
prisonment for five years, and Darcare
to three years — for firing at the police.
Sept. 30. Belgium. Gen. Soulanger
commits suicide at Brussels.
Oct. 12. About 3,500 coal-miners strike
in Lens.
Oct. 25. A league to establish a Social-
ist Republic is formed.
1892 Feb. 7. A Congress of Labor
Exchanges agrees to federation.
Feb. 18. Edwin Parker Deacon, an
American, shoots and kills his wife's
lover, M. Abeille, at Cannes.
[May 20. He is sentenced to imprison-
ment for one year. Sept. 21. He is par-
doned by President Carnot. Oct. 13. He
brings an action against his wife for a
divorce. Nov. 21. The Court of Appeal
gives a judgment in favor of Mrs. Dea-
con.]
Feb. 27. Paris. An explosion of dyna-
mite occurs in the Rue de Clichy; several
persons are injured.
Feb. 28. Pans. The destruction of
property by dynamite is made a capital
offense by the Chamber.
Feb. 29. Paris. A dynamite explo-
sion, attributed to Anarchists, occurs in
the house of the Princess of Sagan.
Mar. 4. Paris. An attempt is made to
blow up a police-station.
Mar. 12. Paris. An attempt is made to
wreck the house of a judge with dyna-
mite.
Mar. 15. Paris. A sensational duel is
fought between M. Isaac, sub-prefect of
Fourmies, and the Marquis de Mores ;
the latter champions the cause of the
Socialists; the former is severely
wounded.
Mar. 27. Paris. Seven persons are se-
riously injured by a dynamite explo-
sion.
[Mar. * An Anarchist named Ravachol
is supposed to have caused the recent explo-
sion, and is arrested; 40 foreign Anarchists
are to be expelled from France. Mar. 31.
Several Anarchists under arrest confess to
participation in two recent explosions, and
turn informers against Ravachol, who admits
the commission of several crimes. Apr. 2.
Anarchists are leaving the city in haste. Apr.
3. Ravachol makes a full confession concern-
ing the explosion. Apr. 13. He and his five
accomplices are indicted. Apr. 26. He and
another are found guilty, and sentenced to
penal servitude for life; the other Anarchists
are acquitted.]
Apr. 6. Anarchists blow up the police-
station at Angers. [Apr. 7. Another
explosion occurs in Roubaix.]
Apr. 22. Paris. The police arrest 45
Anarchists, also a large number in
other cities. [Apr. 23. They arrest 200
more.]
Apr. 25. Paris. Cafe Very is destroyed
by dynamite in revenge for Ravachol's
arrest ; six persons are injured.
May 13. The house of a miner overseer
at Lens is wracked by dynamite.
FRANCE.
1891, Aug. 5-1892, Nov. 18. 763
May 21. Paris. A dynamite car-
tridge is found in the house of the public
prosecutor.
May 23. Paris. Madame Reymond, in
her husband's presence, shoots and then
stabs his paramour to death.
May 28. A dynamite explosion occurs
at Commentry.
June 23. Paris. The Marquis de Mores
fights a duel, wounding his opponent,
Capt. Mayer, fatally. [June 24. The
Marquis de Mor^s is arrested. Aug. 2.
He is tried. Aug. 30. Acquitted.]
June 25. Paris. The plans of the
French defenses are sold to Germany
and Italy.
The criminal is M. Grenier, a clerk in
the office of the Keeper-General of the
National Archives ; Capt. Henry Borup,
attached to the American Legation, is
accused of being an accomplice. [Sept.
6. Grenier is sentenced to 20 years' penal
servitude and 20 years' banishment.]
July 16. Paris. Daniel Wilson, son-in-
law of President Grevy, is found guilty
of using illegal means to secure his elec-
tion, and is lined 1,000 francs.
July 26. Sixteen Anarchists are con-
victed at Liege ; Moireau is sentenced
to 25 years' penal servitude, Wolf and
Beaujean to 20 years each.
July 28. Paris. Four Anarchists are
convicted at Versailles of procuring dy-
namite for the May-day explosion.
Sept. 3. Three sacks of registered let-
ters, valued at $3,500, are stolen from a
train between Paris and Lyons.
Sept. 12. Paris. The Social Congress
is in session.
Sept. 22. The Centennial of the First
Republic is celebrated throughout
France ; brilliant ceremonies and illu-
minations take place in Paris.
Oct. 13. Striking miners at Carmaux
tear down the prefect's decree forbid-
ding public meetings ; a large force of
troops is present to preserve the peace.
[Oct. 20. The Carmaux miners decide to
submit their dispute to arbitration. Oct. 26.
The President of the Chamber of Deputies as
arbitrator decides that M. Calvignac, whose
discharge caused the troubles, shall be rein-
stated, and that all strikers except those con-
victed of rioting shall be taken back. Oct.
29. Ten of the rioters are pardoned. Oct. 31.
The strike at Carmaux is ended, the miners
returning to work, and the rioters are released
from prison.]
Nov. 8. Paris. A dynamite bomb is ex-
ploded at the police-office in Bois de
Boulogne.
STATE.
1891 Oct. 30. Paris. The bill impos-
ing a duty on salted meats is passed
by the Senate ; the prohibition against
American pork is removed.
Its entry is limited to four ports, Bor-
deaux, Dunkirk, Havre, and Marseilles.
[Dec. 5. Decreed.]
Oct. * W. Afr. The Senegambians con-
cede new territorial rights.
Nov. 24. Archbishop Xavier Gouthe
Soulard of Aix is fined 3,000 francs for
writing an insulting protest against a
a circular of M. Fallieres respecting pil-
grimages.
Dec. 11-13. Paris. The Government's
support of the Concordat is approved
after a stormy debate in the Chamber of
Deputies. Vote, 243-223.
Dec. 14. France severs diplomatic re-
lations with Bulgaria on account of its
expulsion of M. Chadonine, a French
journalist.
Dec. 17. Paris. The Senate passes a
new Tariff Bill. [Dec. 27. Passed by
the Chamber of Deputies. 1892. Jan.
27. Approved by President Carnot.
Feb. 1. Becomes operative.]
Dec. 22±. Ruptured relations exist be-
tween France and Madagascar.
Dec. 26. Paris. The Senate passes the
Commercial Treaties Bill.
Dec. * Paris. The Chamber passes a res-
olution indirectly censuring the clergy
for their political activity. Vote, 243-
223.
1892 Jan. 5. Paris. The Chamber of
Deputies passes a resolution demanding
that energetic measures be taken against
those responsible for the condition of
the Panama Canal Company.
Jan. 7. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties passes a tariff bill, introducing high
protection. Vote, 394-114.
Jan. 9. A reconciliation between
France and Bulgaria is effected by Italy.
[Jan. 21. The Government accepts Bul-
garia's note of apology.]
Jan. 12. Paris. The Senate and
Chamber meet; M. Floquet is again
reelected president of the Chamber.
Jan. 13. A new customs convention
is made with Norway and Sweden.
Jan. 15. A commercial treaty is con-
cluded with Holland.
Jan. 26-Feb. 19. The declaration of
Cardinal Lavigerie and four other cardi-
nals recognizing the Republic is accepted
by 76 bishops.
Feb. 16. Pope Leo's encyclical to the
French bishops enjoining submission
to the Republic is published.
France and the Sultan of Morocco
reach an agreement touching the sov-
ereignty of the Touat Oasis, in a
measure favoring the former.
Feb. 18. Paris. The Deputies discuss
the Associations Bill, abolishing
licenses as requisite for associations.
M. de Freycinet denies that it is aimed
at religious confraternities ; his request
for a vote of confidence is refused. Vote,
282-210. The Ministry resigns.
Feb. 19. The Pope issues an encycli-
cal in which he takes exception to the
attitude of the cardinals and arch-
bishops.
Feb. 28. Paris. A new Ministry is
formed by M. Loubet, after Maurice
Rouvier declined to take office.
Members: M. Loubet (interior), M. de
Freycinet (war), M. Ribot (foreign affairs),
M. Rouvier (finance), M. Bourgeois (public
instruction), M. Ricard (justice and public
worship), M. Cavaignac (marine), M. Develle
(agriculture), Jules Roche (commerce), M.
Viette (public works).
Feb. 29. France and the United States
come to an agreement for a commer-
cial treaty. [Mar. 15. It is signed by
President Carnot.]
Mar. 10. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties adopts a bill to give women the
right to vote for members of the Con-
seils des Prudhommes, but disallows
their election thereto as members.
Mar. 31. Paris. An anti-dynamite
bill passes the Senate.
Apr. 11. Paris. The Budget Committee
passes a credit of 300,000,000 francs for
an expedition against Dahomey.
Apr. 22. Paris. Orders are issued for
the prosecution of the archbishop of
Avignon and four other bishops for in-
citing Catholic electors against the
State.
May 10. Paris. The Cabinet votes 300,-
000 francs to pay for indemnity for loss
from dynamite outrages.
May 25. Spain and France arrange a
commercial modus vivendi.
June 9. Paris. The Due de la Roche-
foucauld's letter to Pope Leo declar-
ing submission in matters of faith, but
not in state affairs, is signed by 40 of the
70 Royalist deputies.
July 11. Paris. Minister Godefroy Ca-
vaignac resigns because of censure in
relation to Dahomey; he is succeeded
by M. Burdeau.
July 13. Paris. A decree is signed for
the Universal Exhibition, 1900, May
6-Oct. 31.
Aug. 1. The triennial elections held in
the provinces for members of the Coun-
cils General show a Republican gain of
150 seats. [Aug. 8. By supplementary
elections increased to 195.]
Aug. 23 ±. France takes possession of
Gloriosa Island near Madagascar, also
St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands, be-
tween Madagascar and Australia.
Oct. 27. Pans. The Chamber of Depu-
ties rejects a motion to grant amnesty
to the Carmaux rioters.
Oct. 29. Paris. A bill regulating the
labor of women and children in fac-
tories, first introduced in 1879, is passed.
Nov. 15. Paris. A bill abolishing the
duty on wine, beer, cider, and other
" hygienic " drinks, and increasing the
spirit duties, is introduced in the Cham-
ber of Deputies. [Dec. 21. Passed. 1893.
June 26. Passed by Senate.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 Dec. 6. In a mine in St. Etienne,
73 miners are killed by an explosion of
fire-damp.
1892 Feb. 18. The 21st anniversary of
the Commune is celebrated.
July 9. Paris. Cholera has recently
appeared ; several new cases are re-
ported. [July 16+. More deaths are
reported.]
July 13. Paris. President Carnot signs
a decree providing for the holding of a
Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1900,
from May 5 to Oct. 31.
1892 Sept. 3. Paris. Physicians report
59 new cases of cholera, and 42 deaths.
[Oct. 8. Cholera appears at Marseilles.
Nov. 11. An alarming increase of cholera
in France is reported. 1893. Feb. 8.
Choleraic disease causes 44 deaths this
day in Marseilles. Feb. 12. Eight more.
Aug. 3. It is reported that 826 deaths
have occurred in the last four weeks
from cholera. Sept. 11. An alarming in-
crease of cholera is reported in Nantes.]
764 1892, Nov. 15-1893, Sept. *
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Apr. 4. E. I. The French take
possession of Knone Island, in the Me-
kong Kiver, the Siamese withdrawing
without offering resistance.
May 17±. E. I. A battle, with consid-
erable loss of life, is reported between
the French and Siamese.
June 25 ±. E. I. Siamese islands are
occupied by the French without re-
sistance.
July 17±. E. I. French marines cap-
ture two Siamese forts on the Upper
Mekong River ; a Siamese force is re-
pulsed with great loss by Annamite
militia.
July 24. France gives notice to the pow-
ers of her intention to blockade the Si-
amese coast. [Aug. 4. Raised.]
Aug. 2. Paris. It is announced that
Gen. Dodds will lead another expedition,
against the King of Dahomey in Septem-
ber.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 Dec. 27. Paris. The gold medal
of the Academy of Sciences is given to
Louis Pasteur on his 70th birthday in
tlie presence of a large company.
1893 Apr. * Paris. By the will of M.
Meissonier the State receives many valu-
able paintings.
June 4. Paris. A statue of Theophraste
Renaudot, the first editor of the Gazette
de France, is unveiled.
June 11. Paris. A statue of the phi-
losopher D. F. Arago is unveiled.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1892 Nov. 26. Lavigerie, Charles Alle-
mand, cardinal, archbp. of Carthage, A67.
Dec. 14. Lemoinne, John Emile, states-
man, A77.
1893 Jan. 4. Delpit, Albert, dramatist,
poet, A 44.
Mar. 6. Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe.
philosopher, critic, historian, A65.
Mar. 17. Ferry, Jules, statesman, A 61.
July 6. Maupassant, Guy de, novelist, A43.
Aug. 18. Charcot, Jean Martin, physi-
cian, A 68.
Sept. 12. Miribel, Marie Francois, general,
A62.
Sept. * Yvon, Adolphe, hist, painter, A76.
LETTERS.
1893 * * The total number of publica-
tions for the year is 11,076.
* * Napolion intime, by Arthur Levy, ap-
pears.
* * Napoleon et les Femmes and Napolion
chez tut, by Frederic Masson, appears.
* * Memoirs of General Thiebault appears.
* * Memoires du Chanceiier Pasquier, ed-
ited by the Duke d'Audiffret-Pasquier,
appears.
* * Souvenirs du Gknhral du Barail ap-
pears.
* * Histoire du Cardinal de Richelieu, by
Gabriel Hanoteaux, appears.
* * Life of Madame de Lamballe, by George
Bertun, appears.
* * Lamartine, by Emile Deschanel, ap-
pears.
* * Victor Hugo apres 1852 (vol. iv.), by
Edmond Bire, appears.
* * he Masque : Conte milisien, by Gilbert
Augustin-Thierry, appears.
* * Les Trophies, by J. M.de Heredia, ap-
pears.
* * Jacqueline, by Th. Bentzon, appears.
* * Diborah, by Count Stanislaus Rze-
wuski, appears.
SOCIETY.
1892 Nov. 15. A general strike of
miners is declared in the north.
[Nov. 16. Sixteen thousand go out. Nov.
17. In the department of Pas-de-Calais 33,-
000 miners are out on strike; some rioting
occurs. Nov. 18. Strong bodies of troops
are at the scene of the strike. Nov. 19. The
Chamber of Deputies considers the strike, and
appoints an Arbitration Commission. Nov.
20. Disorderly strikers in Pas-de-Calais come
in contact with the police who are guarding
the miners, and are repulsed. Nov. 23. The
striking miners refuse to accept the Govern-
ment Arbitration Board. Nov. 29. The strik-
ing miners capture a mine at Kive de Gier.
Nov. 30. The strike is ended.]
Nov. 25+. Paris. The committee ap-
pointed by the Chamber of Deputies to
investigate the workings of the Pan-
ama Canal Company, which failed in
September, 1891, is in session.
(Dec. 10.) Several witnesses testify; a
sub-committee is appointed to examine docu-
ments. Charles de Lesseps testifies concern-
ing the blackmail levied on the Panama
Canal Company.
(Dec. 16.) Charles de Lesseps, Fontaine,
and Sans-Leroy are arrested for alleged con-
nection with the canal frauds ; the police
search many houses, and secure 14 van-loads
of documents bearing on the scandal.
(Dec. 17.) Bail is refused in the case of
Charles de Lesseps and the other Panama
Canal officers under arrest.
(Dec. 18.) Drumont's paper says the ag-
gregate amount of the Panama Canal Com-
pany's bribes is 20,000,000 francs. Letters in-
criminating senators and deputies are found
in the Panama Canal Company's office.
(Dec. 24.) M. Castelbon, who was on the
Thierry list as having had a check for 20,000
francs, testifies that he handed back 15,000
francs to Senator Deves, who cashed the
check.
( 1 893, J a n. 20. ) M. A ndrieux refuses to say
whose name he cut out of the list of 104
Deputies which he showed when he was ex-
amined in December; Dr. Herz is arrested
in Kngland.
(J an. 21.) M. Clemenceau denies all knowl-
edge of bribery by Dr. Herz or any other
person.
(Jan. 23.) It is said that the committee's
sub-committee has discovered enormous
frauds among the records of syndicates which
helped to float the Panama loans.
(Jan. 24. ) M. Stephane repeats his charges
against M. Clemenceau.
(Jan. 25.) It is announced that the Par-
liamentary Commission of Inquiry has ended
its investigations of the Panama Canal scan-
dal.
Nov. 25. Paris. The International
Emigration Congress opens.
Dec. 23. Paris. MM. Clemenceau and
Deroulede fight a harmless duel with
pistols.
Dec. 30. Paris. Anti-Socialist and An-
archist manifestoes are issued.
1893 Jan. 6. Paris. M. de Mores, at
a great anti-Semitic meeting held at the
Tivoli Vauxhall, bitterly assails the He-
brews, and holds them as primarily re-
sponsible for the Panama scandal.
Jan. 7. Paris. The persons implicated
in the Panama frauds are tried.
MM. Baihout, Blondin, Fontaine, Cotta,
and Charles de Lesseps are examined to-
gether. Charles de Lesseps and M. Fontaine
make full statements to the Government.
(Jan. 12.) Charles de Lesseps admits hav-
ing bribed public functionaries.
(Jan. 14.) Ex-minister Baihaut confesses
the bribery charges.
(Jan. 27.) M. Franqueville, magistrate,
returns true bills of accusation against 14
persons, among them ex-ministers Rouvier
and Baihout, and Senator Albert Grevy and
Charles de Lesseps, for connection with Pan-
ama frauds.
(Feb. 9.) The judges arrive at a decision.
M. F. de Lesseps and M. C. de Lesseps each
is sentenced to five years' imprisonment,
and to pay a fine of 3,000 francs; M. Fon-
taine and M. Cotta each three years, and a
fine of 3,000 francs; M. Eiffel, two years,
and a fine of 20,000 francs.
(Feb. 10.) MM. C. de Lesseps, Baihaut,
Blondin, Cotta, and others are arraigned on
an indictment charging corruption in the
matter of the Lottery Bonds Bill.
(Feb. 15.) M. Le Guay and M. Prevost
are convicted of complicity in the frauds, and
sentenced, the first to imprisonment for five
years, and to pay a fine of 3.000 francs, and
the latter, for three years, and a fine of 100
francs.
(Mar. 8.) The trial of those accused is
begun in the Assize Court; Charles de Les-
seps testifies at length.
(Mar. 9.) M. Baihaut, ex-minister of pub-
lic works, confesses his guilt.
(Mar. 10.) MM. Floquet, Clemenceau,
and Freycinet testify.
(Mar. 11.) Sensational disclosures are
made by M. Andrieux and Mine. Cotta; M.
Bourgeois, minister of justice, resigns; there
is much excitement.
(Mar. 21.) In the Assize Court, the Pan-
ama trials culminate in the sentence of M.
Baihaut, ex-minister of public works, to im-
prisonment for five years, to pay a fine of
750,000 francs, and to a forfeiture of civil
rights; M. Blondin ("go-between" in the
bribery of Baihaut), imprisonment for two
years; M. Charles de Lesseps (who bribed
Baihaut), imprisonment "to run concur-
rently with the five years' sentence already
imposed ; " the other defendants are ac-
quitted.
Jan. 28. By decree, the name of Dr.
Cornelius Herz has been expunged from
the roll of the Legion of Honor.
Feb. 2. Serious bread riots occur in
Marseilles. [May 1. More serious riot-
ing-]
Feb. 21. The centenary of the execu-
tion of Louis XVI. is celebrated in vari-
ous parts of France, both by Royalists
and Republicans.
Feb. 22. Paris. The police seize large
parcels of revolutionary proclama-
tions imported by local Anarchists.
Mar. 14. The President of Haiti, sail-
ing for Monte Cristo with $6-2,000 pur-
loined from the French Bank, is cap-
tured by French cruisers.
Mar. 22. Paris. The State funeral of
Jules Ferry, late president of the Sen-
ate, takes place at the Luxembourg.
Mar. 28. Paris. Otto Brandes, the
Paris correspondent of the Berliner
Tageblatt, is mobbed while leaving
with his family.
Apr. 1. Paris. M. Andrieux and M.
Henry Moret, editor of the Radical,
fight a duel; neither is hurt.
Apr. 11. Paris. The Bering Sea Court
of Arbitration holds a secret session of
six hours. (See Index.)
Apr. 13. Paris. The Court of Cassation
rejects the appeal of Charles de Les-
seps from his last sentence to imprison-
ment and fine.
Apr. 28. At the navy-yard in Nantes,
8,000 workmen strike.
June 15. Paris. In the Court of Cassa-
tion, the sentences of the Panama defen-
dants are set aside ; MM. Eiffel and
Fontaine are liberated, but C. de Lesseps
has to serve out a concurrent sentence
for bribery. [Sept. 1. Released.]
July 4. Paris. The streets are barri-
caded, and many injured on both sides
by collisions between the scavalry and
rioters.
[July 5. Troops occupy Paris. Several
stubborn fights occur between soldiers,
police, and rioters. July 7. Rioting is
renewed ; bitter speeches are made con-
cerning the Government's action in clos-
ing the Labor Exchange. July 8. A
FRANCE.
1892, Nov. 15-1893, Sept.
765
large number of rioters are under arrest,
and quietness is gradually restored.]
July 13. Paris. Emile Zola, the novel-
ist, is appointed an officer in the Legion
of Honor.
July 14. Paris. M. Duloz, editor of the
Jieuue des Deux Mondet, disappears after
having paid 16,250,000 francs to black-
mailers.
Aug/. 5, 6. Paris, Eclouard Ducret is
sentenced to one year's imprisonment,
and a mulatto named Norton to three
years, for concocting the "Cocarde"
forgeries. (See State, June 22.)
Aug. 5. Paris. President Carnot con-
fers the Cross of the Legion of Honor on
Baron Usedom.
Aug. 17. Ten men are killed in a fight
between French and Italian working-
men in Aigues-Mortes.
[Aug. 20. Anti-French demonstra-
tions occur in Kome. They are caused
by the Aigues-Mortes massacre of Ital-
ians ; mobs attack a seminary, and
threaten the French Embassy.
Aug. 21. The French government de-
cides that all foreign residents in
France must be registered.
STATE.
1892 Nov. 19. The Chamber of Depu-
ties, after an exciting debate, passes a
Press Bill to check anarchical publi-
cations.
Nov. 21. Paris. Deputies unanimously
vote for a parliamentary inquiry into
the Panama Canal Company's af-
fairs, after a stormy debate.
Nov. 25. Paris. A motion of urgency
on a proposition to enlarge the powers
of the Panama Canal Investigating
Committee is defeated by the Deputies,
the Government opposing it.
Nov. 28. Paris. The Chambers censure
the Government for neglecting an au-
topsy on the body of Baron Jacques, a
suicide, and director of the Panama
Canal Company, also for neglecting to
seal his papers. Vote, 304-219. The Min-
istry resign.
Dec. 5. Paris. M. Ribot forms a new
Ministry.
Members: M. Ribot (foreign affairs), M. de
Freycinet (war), M. Kouvier (finance), M.
Loubet (interior), Charles Sarrien (public
instruction), M. Bourgeois (public worship
and justice), M. Burdeau (marine), M. Sar-
rien (commerce), M. Develle (agriculture),
M. Viette (public works).
Dec. 8. Paris. The new Cabinet states
its policy, and the Deputies pass a vote
of confidence. Vote, 306-104.
Dec. 15. Paris. M. Rouvier, Finance
Minister, resigns, and is succeeded by
Pierre Emmanuel Tirard.
The Chamber of Deputies decides
against a proposal to invest the Panama
Investigating Committee with judicial
powers. Vote, 271-265.
Dec. 23. Paris. After a stormy debate,
the Chamber of Deputies votes confi-
dence in the Government. Vote, 353-91.
* * A commercial treaty is made with
Switzerland.
The minimum tariff on watches,
cheese, embroideries, silks, and other
Swiss products, is lowered.
* * The Government and the United
States of America make reciprocal tariff
arrangements.
1893 Jan. 8. A formal friendly
agreement is signed by France and
Russia at the instigation of Pope Leo
and others.
Jan. 10. Paris. The Ministry resigns.
Jan. 12. Paris. The Ribot cabinet is
reconstructed.
Members : A. Felix J. Ribot (premier,
interior), Jules Develle (foreign affairs),
Pierre Emmanuel Tirard (tinance), Leon
Bourgeois (justice), Gen. J. L. Loizellon
(war), CharlesDupuy (education), Albert
Viger (agriculture), Jules Siegfried (com-
merce), Francois Viette (public works),
Adm. Rieunier (marine and colonies).
Casimir Perier is elected president
of the Chamber of Deputies in place of
M. Floquet. Vote, 408-253.
The Chamber of Deputies sustains the
Government's course in expelling
Nihilists.
Jan. 25. Paris. News of the occupa-
tion of Timbuctu by a French expe-
dition arrives.
Jan. 26. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties votes the Secret Service Fund.
Vote, 303-182.
Feb. 3. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties passes the bill for punishing authors
of baseless attacks on savings-banks.
Feb. 7. Paris. The Deputies sustain
the Cabinet's refusal to interfere di-
rectly in getting an extension of the
Panama concessions. Vote, 374-34.
Feb. 8. Paris. The Deputies adopt M.
Cavaignac's motion for sustaining prose-
cution of official corruption, and order
their action to be placarded throughout
France. Vote, 446-3.
Feb. 9. Paris. A treaty for reciprocal
trade with Canada is signed.
Feb. 24. Paris. Jules Ferry is elected
to succeed Philippe Elie de Rover as
president of the Senate. [Mar. 17. He
dies.. Mar. 27. He is succeeded by M.
Challemel-Lacour. 1
Mar. 6. Paris. The Deputies sustain
the Cabinet by passing a bill directed at
libelous attacks on ambassadors.
Vote, 257-188.
Mar. 12. Paris. M. Bourgeois resigns
as minister of justice, and is succeeded
by M. DeveUe.
Mar. 29. Paris. The Deputies vote an
annual pension of 6,000 francs to Ernst
Kenan's widow.
Mar. 30. Paris. The Deputies decide
to retain the Liquor-Law Amend-
ment Bill as part of the budget, though
opposed by the Government. Vote, 247-
242. The Cabinet resigns.
Apr. 4. Paris. Charles Dupuy forms a
new Ministry.
Members: Charles Dupuy (interior), Jules
Develle (foreign affairs), Paul Louis Peytrol
(finance), Eugene Guerin (justice), Ray-
mond Poincare (instruction), Gen. Loizellon
(war), Adm. Rieunier (marine and colonies),
Louis Terrier (commerce), Francois Viette
(public works), Albert Viger (agriculture.)
Apr. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties votes to separate the liquor tax
from the budget at the request of the
Government.
May 4. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties passes a bill to abolish the octroi
duties on articles of food and drink
brought into towns, and empowering
the municipal authorities to levy other
taxes to make good the consequent loss.
June 11. Albert Ferry is elected sena-
tor to succeed the late Jules Ferry.
June 22. Paris. In the House of Depu-
ties, M. Millevoye, a Boulangist, ac-
cuses M. Clemenceau and others of com-
plicity in the publication in the Cocarde
of forged documents alleged to have
been stolen from the British embassy.
They consist of pretended letters from Eng-
lish diplomats, in which certain French pol-
iticians are spoken of as hired spies and
intriguers, and gives a list of bribes paid by
the British Government to the Jourval des
Dkbats, MM. Burdeau, Clemenceau, Roche-
fort, and Edwards.
The Deputies indignantly reject the docu-
ments as spurious. Vote, 389-4.
July 8. Paris. A Franco-Russian com-
mercial convention is decreed. [July
12. Becomes effective.]
July 19. Paris. The Government sends
an ultimatum to Siam demanding repa-
ration for alleged outrages, and requir-
ing an answer within 48 hours.
July 22. Paris. The reply of Siam is
given ; M. Develle refuses the request
of the Siamese minister for an extension
of time.
July 24. Paris. The reply of Siam be-
ing unsatisfactory, France gives notice
to the powers of her intention to block-
ade the Siamese coast; the French
minister at Bangkok informs the Siam-
ese Government that he will leave the
city. [Aug. 8. Returns.]
July 29. Paris. Siam at last consents
to surrender territory and pay indem-
nity according to the French ultimatum.
[July 30. Answer accepted. Aug. 1.
Siam gives guaranties.]
Aug. 6. Paris. The Franco-Siamese
agreement is ratified.
Aug. 20-Sept. 3. A general election
is held; 292 Government candidates, 35
"Rallied" Republicans, and 58 Mon-
archists are elected.
Aug. 24. Siam. The demands of the
French special envoy exceed those of
the ultimatum.
[Aug. 29. France demands immediate
acceptance. Aug. 30. The envoy pre-
sents for acceptance the draft of a
treaty superseding the convention pre-
viously submitted, saying it must be ac-
cepted without alteration within 48
hours. Oct. 1. Siam yields, and the
trouble is ended. Oct. 3. The treaty is
signed.]
The Government agrees to call a con-
ference of the members of the Latin
Union to decide the question of the
nationalization of fractional silver
currency.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Feb. 25. Paris. The Panama
Canal report.
The Government accountant reports
that the total amount received by con-
tractors for real or supposed work and
supplies was 462,620,064 francs, of which
102,358,444 represent labor said to have
been paid for, and 77,747,504 profits of
contractors
Apr. 4. Paris. The Bering-Sea Court
of Arbitration begins its sessions. Argu-
ments are made by counsel on both
sides. [Apr. 25. It adjourns for a week.},
766 1893,0ct. 13-1894, Dec. 22.
FRANCE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Oct. 27. The war-ship Jauregui-
berry is launched at Toulon.
1894 Jan. 2±. W.Afr. KingBehan-
zin surrenders to the French com-
mander in Dahomey, and will be sent to
Senegal.
Jan. 8±. Fr. Sudan. The French are
badly defeated at Timbuctu by
Tuaregs. Col. Bonnier, commander of
the force, is killed by the Tuaregs, with
78 officers and soldiers. (See p. 10).
Jan. 21. E. I. A French force at Tong-
king is attacked from ambush by pi-
rates, and loses 20 men killed and
wounded.
Apr. 15. The new ten-thousand-ton war-
ship, the Magenta, is declared to be vir-
tually worthless by M. Lockroy, who
was sent to make an examination of the
fortifications, etc., at Toulon ; the find-
ings not yet accepted.
* * The estimated strength of the French
army, with its various reserve and ter-
ritorial forces, is 4,375,000 trained men.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 Apr. 4. Paris. An International
Sanitary Congress meets to adopt anti-
cholera measures.
Dec. 6±. Henry Houssaye is elected a
member of the Academy.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1893 Oct. 17. MacMahon. Marie Edme
Patrice Maurice de, marshal, Pres., A85.
Oct. 18. Gounod, Charles, composer, A75.
Nov. 4. Tirard, Pierre E., statesman, finan-
cier, A66.
1894 Jan. 13. Waddington, William
Henri, statesman, A 68.
Feb. 8. Sax, Adolph, inventor of musical
instruments, A80.
Feb. 9. Du Camp, Maxlme, author, A72.
Mar. 28. Darmeister, James, scholar, A45.
Apr. 2. Brown-Sequard, Charles, Edouard,
physiologist, A 66.
June 24. Car not, Marie Francois Sadi,
President, A 57.
July 17. Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie
Ren6, poet, A 74.
Aug-. 7. Cain, Auguste, sculptor, A72.
Sept. 8. Paris, Comte de, Louis P. A.d'Or-
l5ans, pretender, A56.
Oct. 15. Jacque, Charles Emile, artist, A81.
Nov. 8. Figuier, Guillaume Louis, writer,
A75.
Nov. 18. Magnard, Francois, editor Fi-
garo, A 57.
Nov. 25. Duruy, Victor, states., hist., A83.
Nov. 28. Thierry, Edouard, dram., A81.
Sec. 7. Lesseps, Ferdinand de. finan-
cier, diplomatist, A89.
Dec. 10. Gigoux, Jean Francois, painter,
A85.
Dec . 12. Burdeau, Auguste, politician , A43.
LETTERS.
1894 Feb. 2. The Revue de Paris, ed-
ited by MM. Gander, Long, and Darmes-
teter, first appears.
* * Histoire ginirale du Second Empire, by
M. de la Gorce, appears.
* * Histoire militaire du Siege de Paris par
les Prussiens, by Alfred Duquet, appears.
* * Combats constitutionnels, and other
works, by J. J. Weiss, appear.
* * Souveraineti du Peuple et du Gouverne-
ment, by Eugene d'Eichthal, appears.
* * L' Annie philosophique, by MM. Beau-
nais and Binet, appears.
* * Histoire de. I' Art dans I' Antiquiti, vol.
vi., by MM. Perrot and Chipiez, appears.
* * Histoire ancienne des Peuples de V Ori-
ent classique, by G. Maspero, appears.
* * Histoire de I' Art pendant la Renais-
sance italienne, by M. Muntz, appears.
* * Pleureuses, by Henri Barbusse, ap-
pears.
* * Les Demi- Vierges, by Marcel Provost,
appears.
* * Le Lys rouge, by Anatole France, ap-
pears.
* * L' Armature, by Paul Hervieu, ap-
pears.
* * IS Education du Prince, Maurice Dou-
nay, appears.
* * Marionnettes, by Henri Lavedan, ap-
pears.
* * Annies d 'Aventures, by Alfred Capus,
appears.
* * Les Morticoles, by L^on Daudet, ap-
pears.
* * Myrrha, by Jules Lemaitre, appears.
* * La Silence and Rochesblanches, by
Edouard Rod, appear.
SOCIETY.
1893 Oct. 13 r. The visit of the Russian
war-ships is enthusiastically welcomed.
(Oct. 13.) The Russian war-ships arrive
at Toulon.
(Oct. 17.) The admiral and officers of the
Russian fleet are enthusiastically welcomed
at Paris; a dinner and ball are given in the
evening at the Elysee in their honor.
(Oct. 19.) The Ministry of Marine enter-
tains the Russian naval officers at a lunch-
eon in Paris, and at night a large torchlight
procession passes through the streets.
(Oct. 21.) They are entertained by Pre-
mier Dupuy; the Czar and President Carnot
are toasted.
(Oct. 23.) They are guests at a luncheon
at the War Office, at a banquet on the
Champ de Mars, and at a supper at the Mili-
tary Club; also at river fetes and a fine dis-
play of fireworks.
(Oct. 24.) They leave Paris for Lyons.
(Oct. 26.) They are enthusiastically wel-
comed at Marseilles.
(Oct. 29. ) The Russian fleet leaves Toulon
for Ajaccio.
(Nov. 1.) It arrives at Ajaccio, Corsica.
Oct. 22. Paris. The public funeral of
Marshal MacMahon is held ; Premier
Dupuy pronounces the eulogy.
Nov. 8. Serious riots occur at Mar-
seilles.
Nov. 16. An infernal machine is ex-
ploded at the residence of Gen. Mathe-
lin of the 15th Army Corps, at Marseilles ;
the houses adjoining suffer, all the win-
dows being broken.
Dec. 9. Paris. A dynamite explosion
occurs in the Chamber of Deputies ;
seven Deputies are hurt, one said to be
dying ; the usher is killed.
[Dec. 10. Auguste Vaillant, the Anar-
chist who threw the bomb in the Chamber,
is arrested, and confesses he wanted to kill
M. Dupuy; he himself is badly injured.
Dec. 17. A package is found in the street
containing ten dynamite cartridges, and
papers threatening reprisals in case Vaillant
is put to death.]
Dec. 15. Paris. The Government de-
clares that it does not favor an inter-
national league against Anarchists.
Dec. 18. Paris. Jacques Merigeau, an
Anarchist, tries to murder the leader
of a body of police-officers who arrested
him ; a large quantity of explosives are
found in his room ; 220 supposed Anar-
chists are to be expelled.
1894 Jan. 1. Paris. The police have
searched 10,000 houses occupied by sup-
posed Anarchists, and made many ar-
rests.
Jan. 4. Paris. The appeal of Vaillant,
the bomb-thrower, for postponement of
his trial, is rejected by the Court of Cas-
sation.
[Jan. 9. The Vaillant jurors are espe-
cially guarded, both at home and to and
from court. Jan. 10. Vaillant is con-
victed and sentenced to death in the As-
size Court. Feb. 5. He is guillotined.]
Feb. 5. Paris. Nine more Anarchists
are arrested.
Feb. 12. Paris. E. Henry, an Anar-
chist, throws a bomb in the cafi of the
Hotel Terminus, wounding 20 persons ;
he is captured after shooting a police-
man.
Feb. 13. Paris. Paul Bernard, an An-
archist leader, is arrested.
Feb. 20. Paris. A bomb left in a hotel
explodes, "and injures several persons.
Feb. 23. Paris. An Anarchist who
stabbed the Servian envoy is sentenced
to penal servitude for life. [May. 4.
Thirteen Anarchists are arrested. May
5. Nine more Anarchists are arrested.]
Apr. 4. London. The Anarchist Meu-
nier, whose bomb destroyed a cafi in
Paris two years ago, and killed the pro-
prietor, is recognized by the police and
arrested.
Paris. Three persons are injured by
a bomb explosion.
Apr. 5. Paris. A bomb explodes in
the Place du Luxembourg, near the
Senate Chamber.
Apr. 26. Paris. A bureau chief of the
War Department, Felix Feneon, is ar-
rested on suspicion of being an Anar-
chist.
Apr. 27. Paris. The trial of Fjmile
Henry, the defiant Anarchist, who
threw a bomb in the cafi of the Hotel
Terminus, is begun.
[Apr. 28. He is found guilty, and is
sentenced to death. The members of
the jury receive letters threatening their
lives. May 20. Guillotined.]
May 24. Editor Hinault, in Dijon, is
sentenced to imprisonment for two
years, and to pay a fine of 2,000 francs,
for defaming the army.
June 5. Paris. The Suez Canal Com-
pany reelects Charles de Lesseps a
director, and grants a pension of 16,000
francs annually to Madame de Lesseps,
and the same amount to the 13 de Les-
seps children.
June 24. While visiting the Lyons Ex-
hibition, President Carnot is assassi-
nated by a young Italian named Santo
Caserio, who is believed to be an Anar-
chist ; intense excitement prevails.
[June 25. The body of President Carnot
leaves Lyons for Paris; anti-Italian riots
occur in Lyons and Paris. June 26. Anti-
Italian riots continue throughout France; a
caucus of senators and deputies at Paris, on
the election of a new President, degenerates
into a free fight. June 29. Investigation
shows that Caserio drew the lot to kill Presi-
dent Carnot at a meeting of conspirators in
Crete.]
July 1. Paris. The funeral of Presi-
dent Carnot takes place with imposing
ceremonies.
Premier Dupuy and MM. Challemel-
Lacour and de Mahy pronounce orations
at the Pantheon ; services are held in sev-
eral European capitals.
FRANCE.
1893, Oct. 13-1894, Dec. 22. 767
July 13. An Anarchist attempts to burn
the ironclad Lazare Carnet as she is be-
ing launched at Toulon.
July 20. Paris. Placards are posted
throughout, threatening bomb-explo-
sions in retaliation for the Anti-Anar-
chist Law.
July 26. Paris. Meunier, the Anar-
chist, is found guilty of having blown
up Caf<§ Ve>y, and is sentenced to penal
servitude for life.
July 27. MM. Cl^menceau and Dascha-
nel fight a sword duel; the latter is
wounded.
Aug. 2. The trial of Santo Caserio,
the murderer of President Carnot, be-
gins at Lyons. [Aug. 3. He is found
guilty, and sentenced to death. Aug. 16.
He is guillotined.]
Aug. 30. Abbe1 Bruneau is guillotined
at Laval for murder, robbery, and arson.
Oct. 1. Eight Anarchists are arrested
in Marseilles.
Oct. 12. Paris. Casimir Pe>ier d e c o-
rates Verdi with the Grand Cordon of
the Legion of Honor.
Oct. 16. Paris. The Government con-
fers the Gross of the Legion of Honor
upon Captain von Susskind, the German
military attacM.
Dec. 10. The Emperor of Germany tele-
graphs a message of condolence to
M. de Lesseps.
Dec. 22. Paris. Capt. Albert Dreyfus
is found guilty by the court-martial, and
sentenced to life imprisonment in a for-
tress, and to degradation from all mili-
tary rank and honors, for stealing mili-
tary documents, and selling military
secrets.
STATE.
1893 Nov. 26. Paris. The Cabinet
resigns because of differences with
President Carnot ; violent attacks are
made upon the Government in the Cham-
ber of Deputies.
Dec. 2. Paris. Casimir Pe>ier forms a
new Ministry.
Members: Casimir Perier (premier and
foreign affairs), David Caynal (interior), M.
Dubost (justice), A uguste Burdeau(ftnance),
Gen. Mercier (war), Adm. Pefore (marine),
M. Marty (commerce), Thgophile Deleasse
(colonies), Eugene Spuller (public instruc-
tion), M. Viger (agriculture), M. Jonnart
(public works).
* * Paris. To check undesirable immi-
gration, it is enacted that all foreigners
entering France for work or business
shall declare themselves within a week
of their entry.
Dec. 5. Paris. Ex-Premier Dupuy is
elected president of the Chamber of
Deputies to succeed M. Casimir Perier.
Dec. 9. Paris. Vaillant throws a bomb
into the Chamber. (See Society.)
Dec. 11. Paris. The Senate passes a
restrictive press law against Anarchists.
Vote, 413-63.
Dec. 15. Paris. The Government dis-
favors an international league against
Anarchists ; the Chamber passes three
anti-anarchist bills.
* * * France occupies Kerguelen Island in
the Indian Ocean.
1894 Jan. 16. Paris. The Deputies
pass the Rentes Conversion Bill, to
convert the four and a half per cent
Rentes into three and a half per cents.
[Jan. 17. Adopted by the Senate.]
Feb. 8. Paris. The Cabinet decides to
impose an additional duty on wheat
imported from other countries than
those of Europe.
Feb. 27. Paris. The Senate approves
of the bill passed by the Deputies levy-
ing a duty on corn of seven francs per
quintal.
Mar. 19. Paris. The Senate approves
the creation of the Ministry of the
Colonies. [Mar. 21. Senator Boulan-
ger-Bernet is appointed minister.]
Apr. 19. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties rejects the bill to abolish capital
punishment and the bill for private
executions.
May 11. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties passes a motion of urgency regard-
ing the method of executing criminals.
Vote, 262-242.
May 17. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties sustains the Government's course in
regard to the papal nuncio's circular
to the bishops. Vote, 334-142.
May 23. Paris. The ministers resign
because of defeat on a labor question.
May 29. Paris. M. Dupuy forms a new
Ministry.
Members: Charles Dupuy (premier, Inte-
rior, public worship), M. Poincar^ (finance),
M. Guerin (justice), Georges Leygues (pub-
lic instruction), M. Hanotaux (foreign af-
fairs). Gen. Mercier (war), F61ix Fain- (ma-
rine), M. Delcass6 (colonies), M. Barthou
(public works), M. Lourties (commerce),
Albert Viger (agriculture).
June 2. Paris. Ex-Premier Casimir
P6rier is elected president of the Cham-
ber of Deputies.
June 8. Paris. France enters a protest
against the concession of 225 square
miles in the rubber district on the south
coast of Madagascar, granted to J. L.
Waller, ex-United States Consul at
Tamatave, and declares that without
her permission concessions shall not be
made to foreigners in that region.
June 9. Paris. The Deputies approve
of the bill, passed by the Senate, creat-
ing pensions for miners.
June 12. Paris. The Senate votes
1,900,000 francs for African reenforce-
ments.
June 14. France and Italy consent to
act with Spain in averting civil war in
Morocco.
June 21. Paris. The Deputies uphold
the Government in its treatment of So-
cialistic professors in State colleges.
Vote, 389-71.
June 24. President Carnot is assas-
sinated. (See Society.)
June 27. Paris. M. Casimir Perier
is elected President of France by the
National Assembly at Versailles. Vote,
451 out of 845 votes.
Order is restored in Lyons. More than
2,000 arrests are made of those who par-
ticipated in the recent riots.
July 1. Paris. M. Dupuy and his Cabi-
net agree to remain in office.
July 5. President Casimir Perier par-
dons 374 political and other prisoners in
recognition of his being chosen Presi-
dent of France.
July 13. Paris. The Board of Pardons
confirms the death sentence of Santo
Caserio, the murderer of President Car-
not.
July 15. Paris. On the anniversary of
the taking of the Bastile, President
Casimir Perier signs 1,314 pardons
and commutations.
July 26. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-
ties passes an Anti- Anarchist Bill after
final protests by Radical and Socialist
Deputies. Vote, 368-163. [July 27. It
is passed by the Senate. Vote, 205-27.]
Sept. 11. France sends an ultimatum
to the Madagascar Government.
Sept. 14. France makes her demands
of Madagascar.
She claims the Bay of Diego-Suarez
and the whole peninsula between that
part of the coast and Cape Amber, to-
gether with privileges that are to be free
to Frenchmen, but to no others except
by consent of the French Resident Gen-
eral.
A French-Kongo treaty is signed.
The French territory will extend to
the Kongo and Nile basins. The treaty
modifies the Anglo-Kongo State treaty,
the Kongo State renouncing the lease
Great Britain granted.
Oct. 17. France's ultimatum to Mada-
gascar is given, to be decided in eight
days.
France claims to exercise an exclusive
protectorate over the country, and de-
mands that there shall be a permanent
French garrison stationed at Antanana-
rivo. [Nov. 5. The natives decide to
resist.]
Nov. 10. Diplomatic relations between
France and Madagascar are sus-
pended.
Nov. 13. Paris. The Government asks
the Chamber to vote 65,000,000 francs
for the proposed campaign against
Madagascar. [Nov. 26. Voted by the
Deputies. Dec. 6. Approved by the
Senate.]
Nov. 27. Paris. The Chamber of Dep-
uties adopts a commercial treaty with
Canada.
Nov. 29. Paris. The Malagasy Govern-
ment replies to the French ultima-
tum.
It agrees that the French Resident
shall become intermediary between
Madagascar and other powers, and that
France shall effect such public works as
the Malagasy authorities shall deem
necessary ; also providing that the boun-
daries of the French territory around
Diego-Suarez shall be definitely settled.
[Dec. 7. France begins hostilities.]
Dec. 17. Paris. The Ministry escapes
defeat by a majority of five on the ques-
tion of depriving the Panama swin-
dlers of their decorations.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Apr. 29. The Lyons Exhibition
of Arts, Sciences, and Industries is for-
mally opened.
Sept. 22. Paris. New Panama Canal
shares to the amount of 30,000,000 francs
are issued. [Oct. 10. The new company
for the completion of the canal is defi-
nitely constituted.]
Oct. 19. Paris. Lafayette's grave is
decorated by Americans.
768 340b.c.-500a.d.
GERMANY.
Germany is a country of Central Europe. The government is a constitutional monarchy, and the king of Prussia the hered-
itary emperor. The imperial legislative power is vested in a Parliament of two houses, free from veto, — the Bundesrath, or
federal council, of 58 members, and the Reichstag, consisting of 397 members, who are elected for five years by universal suffrage
and ballot. It has possessions in New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, and the Marshall Islands. It has a
protectorate called Cameroons, also Damara-land, on the west coast of Africa, and a section of the Zanzibar coast in East Africa.
The language chiefly spoken is German ; but Poles, Lithuanians, Wends, Czechs, Danes, French, and Walloons are numerous,
and use their own tongues. The predominating religion is Protestant ; but about 35 per cent of the population are Roman Cath-
olics, who are numerous in the Southern States. Area, 208,738 square miles ; population in 1890, 49,428,470.
ARMY — NAVY.
225 * * b. c. It. The Romans under
jEmilius defeat 200,000 invading Germans
under Britomar, near the River Tela-
mon. (See Italy for German contests
with Romans.)
31 * * b. c. Augustus makes the first
serious attempt to conquer Germany,
in order to give his legions employment.
13 * * -9 * * b. c. The Roman attempt
at conquest is defeated.
Drusus, stepson of Augustus, con-
ducts several expeditions into Germany.
He defeats the natives in many battles,
builds fortresses, and constructs a canal
from the Rhine to the Yssel, but makes
no lasting conquests.
13 * * B. c. Hesse. Drusus erects a for-
tified camp [Mentz].
21 * * A. d. Saxony. The Romans hav-
ing been driven away, several tribes
revolt, and Arminius, the liberator
of Germany from the Romans, is killed
by a confederacy of German chiefs.
69 * * -71 * * The Batavians revolt
(p. 662).
90± * * The Romans build a line of for-
tifications.
It extends from Aschaffenburg on the
Maine to Regensburg on the Danube,
following chiefly the line of the great
rivers ; soldiers are settled on bordering
lands for its defense.
238 * * Fr. A confederation of German
tribes, called Franks, invade Gaul.
250 * * The Goths from the Lower Dan-
ube and Ostrogoths from South Russia
invade and ravage Germany.
376 * * Hang. Hermanric, King of the
East Goths, is defeated by the Huns.
451* * Fr. Attila, King of the Huns,
" the Scourge of God," invades and rav-
ages Gaul.
With 700,000 men he destroys Mentz,
besieges Orleans, but fails to subdue it.
He is defeated by Aetius, the Roman gen-
eral, on the Catalaunian Fields at Troyes,
near Chalons-sur-Marne.
476 * * Odoacer, the leader of Herulian
and other German bands, overthrows
the Western Roman Empire (p. 663).
496 * * Clovis I. defeats the Alemanni
(p. 662).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
* * * The chief employments of the an-
cient Germans are hunting, caring for
cattle, and the use of arms.
276 * * The Emperor Probus reintroduces
the grape-vine.
330 * * Sawmills are set up. (Haydn.)
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1st Century, a. d. Civilis, Claudius, Bata-
vian hero, born and dies.
SO* * Arminius, soldier, patriot, A 37.
230* * Tertulllan. Q. 8. F.. Christian Fa-
ther, theological writer, A70.
388 * * Ulfllas, bishop of the Arian Goths, LETTERS.
scholar, author, A 70.
477 * * Genseric. King of Vandals, A71. 4th Century. Bishop TJlfilas prepares a
clear, faithful, and simple rendering of
CHURCH. the Scriptures for the Goths.
* * * b. c. The ancient Germans believe
in the immortality of the soul, and wor-
ship or fear gods, demigods, or giants ;
they have non-professional priests,
bards, and sacred groves, and believe
in fairies, elves, and dwarfs, and use
images in worship.
Woden and his wife Fria, or Friga,
Ziu, and Fro are the principal divinities.
Woden, the " All- Father," is the su-
perior divinity, and the god of the air
and the sky, the giver of the fruits of
the earth, and one who delights in war ;
and is represented as an imposing figure
in a large white mantle, mounted on a
white horse.
Donar (Thor) is armed with a hammer
and a thunderbolt, and presides over
thunder and the weather. Thiu (Tur)
answers to the Roman Mars, the god of
war. Fro (Freyr) is the god of love ;
Frauna (Freya) is his sister.
Worship consists in the formal repeti-
tion of invocations, and the offering of
sacrifices.
Particular days [from which we have
the modern names for the days of the
week] are set apart for the worship of
each deity ; festivals are held in honor
of the gods ; sacrifices consist of domes-
tic animals, including horses; human
sacrifices, especially prisoners of war,
are sometimes offered. The will of the
gods is known by the chance of a lot,
the neighing of wild horses, and by the
movements of birds in their flight.
Lofty trees are esteemed sacred to the
gods, and the oak and the red ash are
set apart to Donar ; trees are decorated
with wreaths of flowers and lighted
candles.
1st Century (?) a. d. Rh. Prus. The
bishopric of Treves is founded.
3d Century. Lorraine. Christianity is
introduced at Metz.
283 * * Home. [St.] Caius becomes pope.
(For following popes see Italy.)
284-305 Bavaria. Christianity is in-
troduced into South Germany by
Bishop Narcissus.
314 * * Rh. Prus. Agricius is bishop of
Treves. Cologne is a bishopric.
366 * * Rome. St. Damascus is pope.
385 * * Rh. Prus. A council of the
church is held at Treves.
4th Century. Rh. Prus. The Church of
St. Simeon is founded at Treves.
480 * * Persecutions of the Christians.
Hunerich, son of Geiserich, persecutes
the Catholics, and condemns Iodocas,
patriarch of Carthage, to be burned alive
in the market-place ; he closes all the
monasteries and Catholic churches, and
sentences the priests, monks, and nuns
to be broken on the wheel, or driven
naked from the country.
500 * * Graitis, King of the Heruli, re-
ceives Christian baptism, and is con-
sequently murdered by his subjects.
SOCIETY.
* * * b. c. The ancient Germans have
fair hair "and blue eyes ; they are taller
than the Romans, and seem to them as
giants ; they pay great respect to women
and aged people ; they honor chastity in
women as they do bravery in men ; the
women are the companions and subjects
of their husbands, and work while their
husbands are idle, or absent in war or
the chase.
* * * b. c. The Germans, with their cat-
tle, live together in rude huts built of
wood, are fond of social gatherings, and
indulge in the vices of gambling and in-
toxication.
* * * b. c. The people are divided into
three classes, nobles, freemen, and
serfs.
* * * b. c. The people are chiefly free-
men and land-owners ; they carry arms,
and own serfs, later consisting chiefly of
prisoners taken in war, with their off-
spring. The nobles are men of higher
birth, but without special prerogatives ;
an intermediate class, called the liti,
hold land under some superior.
* * * b. c. Courts are held in the open
air; judges, assessors, or jurymen try
causes.
* * * b. c. Private injuries are avenged
by the person injured or his family.
* * * b. c. " The Germans are, above all,
distinguished by a strong sense of per-
sonal independence. In their faithful-
ness, courage, and personal purity they
are emphatically contrasted with other
barbarous peoples." (Fisher.)
* * * b. c. The land surrounding the vil-
lages is held in common, the remainder
being chiefly forests.
353 * * A. D. Magentius, on the eve of
the great battle of Mursa, entreats the
gods for victory, after sacrificing a
maiden on the altar, and mixing her
blood with wine, which the army drank.
408 * * The Vandal Stilichs is murdered
by command of the Emperor Honorius,
whom he had defamed.
STATE.
340 * * b. c. The Greek Pytheas gives
to Southern Europe the first authentic
account of the Germans who dwell on
the Baltic coast. [222 B. C. First men-
tioned in the Capitoline records.]
320± * * B. c. Prussia is inhabited by
the Venedi. [They are conquered by the
Borussia.]
* * *The German freemen elect their
chiefs, who are often called kings by the
Romans.
GERMANY.
340, b.c. -500, a. d. 769
113 * * B. C. The German nations, Cim-
bri and Teutons, begin a great migra-
tory movement.
37 ± * * b. c. Oppidum Ubiorum [Co-
logne], the chief town of the Ubii, is
founded on the Rhine.
27 * * B. c. The Roman provinces of
Upper and Lower Germany are
formed on the western bank of the Elbe.
21 b. c-14 a. d. Caesar Octaviantis
Augustus is emperor of the Romans.
15 * * b. c. Bavaria. Augusta [Augs-
burg] is built by Augustus.
13 * * b. c. Lorraine. Moguntiaeum
[Metz] is built.
4 * * b. c. Tiberius establishes the Ro-
man power over a part of the Germanic
tribes on the right bank of the Kibe.
9 * * a. d. Quintilius Varus is Roman
governor.
14-37 Tiberius is Roman emperor.
He settles 40,000 of the subdued Sicam-
bri tribe at the mouth of the Rhine.
15 * * The Romans nominally subdue
the country.
Tiberius begins the construction of
fortresses and the planting of colonies.
* * * The folly of "Varus alienates the
Germans, and provokes a revolt.
* * * The Romans being driven away,
Arminius is recognized as chief of the
the tribes. [21. Assassinated.]
* * * Augustus abandons the attempt to
subjugate the Germans.
37-41 Home. Caligula is emperor.
[41-54, Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Nero).]
50* *(51?) Jih.Prus. Claudius Agrip-
pa plants a Roman colony on the Rhine
[Cologne], at the suggestion of Agrip-
pina, his wife.
54-68 Home. Nero is emperor.
[68-69, Galba; 69, Otho and Vitellius; 69-
79, Vespasian; 79-81, Titus; 81-89, Domitian;
96-98, Nerva ; 98-117, Trajan; 117-138, Ha-
drian; 138-161, Antoninus Pius; 161-180,
Marcus Aurelius; 180-190, Commodus.]
88 * * The Romans are forced to pay
tribute to the Germans.
101* * E. Hang.+ Decebal, the de-
feated king of the Dacians, agrees to
become a dependent prince under the
suzerainty of Rome.
105 * * E. Hung.+ The Dacians revolt,
but are soon subdued or destroyed by
Trajan.
107 * * E. Hung. Dacia is made a Ro-
man province by Trajan. [It includes
Wallachia, Moldavia, Eastern Hungary,
and Transylvania.]
* * * Roman towns are founded.
* * * Iih. Prus. Treves is founded [and
becomes one of the most, important
cities of the Roman Empire, and at times
the residence of its emperors].
150 * * The Saxons dwell north of the
Elbe estuary.
167 * * The German tribes enter a con-
federacy [and struggle against the
Romans for 15 years].
180 * * Commodus purchases peace with
the Germans by the payment of tribute.
* * * E. Hung. The Goths invade Dacia.
193-284 Rome. Imperators rule the
empire ; they are for the most part ap-
pointed by the soldiers.
[193. Pertinax is imperator ; he is murdered
after three months, and followed by Didius
Julianus. 193-211, Septimus Serverus; 211-
217, Caracalla; 217, Macrinus; 218-222, Ela-
gabahis. 222-235. Severus Alexander; he is
killed by his mutinous troops on the Rhine.
235-238. Maximinus Thrax is imperator; he
devastates the German townships. 237, Gor-
dianus is imperator; Gordianus II., his son,
is co-regent; 238-244, Gordianus II.; 244-
249, Philip " the Arabian "; 249-251, Decius;
251-253, Gallus; 253, JEmilianus; 253-260,
Valerianus; 268-270, Claudius II.; 270-275,
Aurelianus.]
251 * * A confederacy of the Franks
is formed, extending from the Rhine to
the Elbe.
274 * * E. Hung. Aurelianus abandons
Dacia to the Goths and Vandals, who
thereby have complete possession of the
region north of the Danube.
* * * A period of almost unbroken
peace between Goths and Romans pre-
vails for 90 years.
276-282 Rome. Probus is imperator.
Probus drives out of Gaul the Bur-
gundians, Franks, Alemanni, and Van-
dals ; he enters Germany, and strength-
ens the line of fortifications connecting
the Rhine and the Danube. He enrolls
many generals in his army, rescues 70
towns, destroys 400,000 invaders, and
exacts tribute in money from the Ger-
mans, besides 16,000 recruits.
[282-283, Carus ; 282-284, Numerian, co-
regent; 282-285, Carianus, co- regent. 284-305,
Diocletian is imperator; his residence is at
Milan. 286, Maximian, co-regent; 293, Con-
stantius and Galerius. Caesars; 306, Con-
stantiusand Galerius, Augusti; 307, Severus,
Licinius, and Constantine, Augusti; six per-
sons wear the title auguatus at the same time ;
313-333, Constantine and Licinius alone.]
287 * * The Saxons aid the rebellion of
the Roman general Carausius.
300 * * Hung. Hermanric, King of the
East Goths, subdues the country from
the Danube to the Baltic.
323-337 Rome. Constantine the Great
is sole emperor.
[337-340, Constantine II. rules the West;
337-361, Constantius rules the East; 337-
350, Constans rules Illyricum and a part of
Africa. 361-363. Julian is emperor. 363-364,
Jovian; 364-375, Valentinian, with his court
at Milan; 364-378, Valens is co-regent; 367-
383, Gratian is co-regent; 375-392, Valentin-
ian is co-regent.]
330 * * Constantine the Great makes
Constantinople the capital of the
Roman Empire.
350 * * -409 * * Fr. Julian drives the
German invaders back from Gaul, and
restores the fortresses which had been
erected against them.
354 * * The city of Borbetomagus
[Worms] is plundered by the Alemanni.
357 * * Julian utterly defeats the seven
chiefs of the Alemanni near Argentora-
tum [Strasburg].
375 * * The Teutonic tribes begin to
migrate westward.
376 * * The Huns, a Mongolian race,
drive the Goths across the Danube, and
about 200,000 of them are permitted to
settle in Germany under the protec-
tion of the Romans.
* * * The Emperor Valens permits the
Christian Goths to settle in Mcesia,
with some others, when driven before
the Huns.
378 * * The Goths revolt against their
Roman protectors, and Valens is slain.
[Theodosius purchases peace.]
379-395 Rome. Theodosius the Great
becomes co-regent.
[383-388, Clemens Maximus, co-regent; 394-
395, Theodosius becomes sole ruler ; 395-423,
Honorius. 424. Ravenna. John the Usur-
per rules a short time.]
395 * * On the death of Theodosius the
Roman Empire is [permanently] divided.
Arcadius rules the East, and Honorius
the West.
400 * * Alsace. Strasburg is governed
by the Alemanni.
406-413 Hesse. A Gothic tribe, of Ger-
man origin, called Burgundians, settles
on the middle Rhine [near Worms].
413 * * The Burgundians enter Gaul, and
found the first kingdom of Burgun-
dy. [It lasts till 534, when it is absorbed
by the Franks.]
419 * * Theodoric I., King of the West
Goths, settles the region along the Dan-
ube.
425-455 Ravenna. Valentinian III. is
imperator.
[455. Ravenna. Pretonius Maximus; 455-
456, Avitus; 457-461, Majorian; 461-465, Li-
biua Severus; 465-467, Interregnum; 467-472,
Anthemius; 472, Olybrius; 473, Glycerius;
473-475, Julius Nepos; 475-476, Romulus Au-
gustua.]
443 * * Alsace. The Alemanni settle in
the Roman province of Germania Supe-
rior [Alsace and part of Switzerland.]
445 * * Attila, " the Scourge of God,"
becomes King of the Huns [and extends
bis dominion over the Germanic tribes].
449 * * The Britons secure the aid of
the piratical Angles and Saxons, who
dwell on the coasts of the German ocean,
to repel the incursions of Northern rob-
bers, called Picts and Scots. [Hengist
and Horsa found eight states in Britain.]
450 * * Germanic tribes migrate to Gaul
in great numbers.
451* * Hesse. Borbetomagus [Worms]
is plundered by Attila.
453 * * Theodosius LT. is King of the
East Goths on the death of Attila ; the
German tribes become free.
475* * Hesse. Worms is rebuilt by
Clovis I.
476 * * The line of the Western emperors
comes to an end by the overthrow of the
empire by Odoacer, the German general,
who rules as the vicar of the Eastern
emperor, under the title of patricius.
477* * Eng. JRUe, a Saxon, with his three
sons, lands in the southwest, and con-
quers the country south of the forest of
Andred's weald.
484 * * Alaric II. is king of the West
Goths.
486 * * Belg. The Merovingian mon-
archy of the Sal in ii Franks of the lower
Rhine region is established by Clovis I.,
who becomes sole ruler.
490± * * Alsace. Strasburg passes into
the hands of the Franks.
493 Feb. 27. Ravenna. Peace is made
between Odoacer and Theodoric the
Great.
Theodoric gains the throne as joint
king over the East Goths in Italy ;
Odoacer is to be Theodoric's military
subordinate. [Mar. Odoacer is slain,
and Theodoric becomes sole ruler.]
* * The Franks become the founders of
the German and French kingdoms.
495 * * Eng. Cedric and Cynric, the
Saxons, settle on the southwest coast.
770 511,* *-800, * *.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
520 * * Eng. The Saxon invaders are
repulsed by Arthur, King of the Silures,
in the battle of Mons Badonieus.
596 * * J'rus. The Avars from the Dan-
ube region, and also the Saxons, invade
Thuringia.
687 * * Fr. Battle of Testri (p. (564).
716 * * Charles Martel leads the Aus-
trasians against the Frisii [Friesians].
719* * Fr. Charles Martel defeats the
Basques and Goths, under Eudes, Duke
of Aquitania, at Soissons. [725. He sub-
dues the Bavarians.]
732 * * Fr. Charles Martel, at the head
of the German Austrasians, completely
defeats the Saracens, and delivers Eu-
rope (p. 664).
738 * * Fr. Charles Martel defeats the
Goths and Arabs at Narbonne.
745 * * Carloman gains victories over
the Saxons.
746* * Carloman defeats the Alemanni,
and executes Theudewald and many
noted prisoners with great cruelty.
772-804 The Franks subjugate the
Saxons.
772 * * "War with the Saxons is re-
solved upon in the May-field Assem-
bly at Worms.
* * The Franks capture Eresburg, and
cast down the Irminsul. Saxons west
of the Elbe are subdued.
775 * * The Franks capture Sigiburg.
778 * * Charlemagne is at war with
Spain.
* * The Saxons are again subdued by
the army of the East Franks and the
Alemanni.
779* * Westphalia. Charlemagne
gains a complete victory over the Saxons
at Bocholt on the Aa.
782 * * The Frankish army is defeated
by the revolting Saxons while crossing
the Sandel mountains. Charlemagne
takes the field against the rebels. (See
State.)
783 * * Charlemagne defeats the Sax-
ons, led by Wittekind, at Detmold ;
again at Hase in a general engagement.
788 * * The Franks are at war with the
Scandinavian Germans, called North-
men, and with the Slavs.
789 * * Prus. Charlemagne, at war with
the Slavs, defeats the Wiltzi, and ad-
vances to the river Peene.
791-799 Charlemagne engages in wars
with the Avars of the Danube region ,
the allies of the Duke of Bavaria ; Char-
lemagne's son Pepin is commander-in-
chief.
793-804 "War occurs with the Danes
for receiving Saxon refugees ; Gottfried,
King of Denmark, invades the Frankish
mark.
796 * * Hung. Duke Erich storms the
chief circular camp of the Avars (The
King's Ring) between the Danube and
the Theiss (p. 502).
799 * * Charlemagne undertakes a naval
expedition against the Moors in Spain,
but is called into Saxonv.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
800* * Heraldry is introduced by
Charlemagne. He encourages agricul-
ture and horticulture.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
533 * * Remy, or Reml, Saint, apostle of the
Franks, bishop of Reims, A 58.
625 * * Theodelinda, Bavarian princess, wife
of Autharic, dies.
657 * * Wilbrord, or Willibrod, Saint, apos-
tle of the Frisians, b. [738. ]). A81+.]
680 * * Boniface, Wilfrid, Saint, apostle of
Germany, born. [755. Dies. A75+.J
694 * * Charles Martel, Duke of Austrasia,
King of the Franks, grandfather of Char-
lemagne, born. [741. Dies. A47.]
714 * * Pepin le Oros, or Pepin of Heristal,
Duke of Austrasia, father of Charles Mar-
tel, dies.
742 Apr. 2. Charlemagne, King of
France, Emperor of the West, born. [814,
Jan. 28. Dies. A72.]
CHURCH.
579 * * It. The Langobardi surrender
their idols, and embrace Christianity,
at the request of their favorite, Queen
Theodolinda.
590-604 Home. [St.] Gregory I. the
Great is bishop and pope.
He is a great statesman as well as
churchman, builds schools and churches,
sends out missionaries to many lands,
and increases the numbers and wealth
of the church, and lays the foundation
of the great power of the papacy.
717 * * St. Boniface [Winfried], an Eng-
lish missionary, begins the successful
work of converting the Germans to
Christianity. [Apostle to the Ger-
mans.]
He preaches in the country of the
East Franks in Thuringia, Hesse, and
Friesland. [723. He is consecrated
bishop.]
731* * Home. [St.] Gregory III. becomes
pope. [741. [St.] Zachary.]
732 * * "Winfried is consecrated arch-
bishop, and named Boniface, and be-
comes the apostle to the Germans.
* * Fr. By the victory of Charles Martel
at Tours, over the Saracens, the liberties
and religion of Europe are saved.
742 * * Germany recognizes the Pope
as the head of the church (Concilium
Germanicum).
745 * * Hesse. Mentz becomes the seat
of an archbishopric.
746 * * The Apostles' Creed is trans-
lated into the Saxon tongue.
752 * * Home. St. Stephen II. becomes
pope.
[752, St. Stephen III. ; 757, St. Paul I. ; 768,
Stephen IV. ; 771, Adrian I.]
755* * It. The Popes' temporal power
begins in the government of the exar-
chate of Ravenna.
June 5. Neth. Bishop Boniface is mur-
dered [in Friesland],
779 * * Charlemagne imposes tithes for
the support of the clergy, churches,
schools, and the poor.
782 * * Hanover. Charlemagne massa-
cres 4,500+ Saxons at Verden, who had
rebelled, and lapsed into idolatry.
785 * * Saxony. The Saxons, after a
fruitless contest of 32 years, submit to
Charlemagne, and become Christians.
787 * * Asia Minor. Council of Nice
(p. 664).
794 Prus. The Council of Prank-
fort meets at Frankfort-on-the-Main
under the presidency of Charlemagne.
It is attended by 300 bishops from Ger-
many, Gaul, Italy, Spain, and England,
and condemns Adoptionism and the wor-
ship of images.
795 * * Home. St. Leo III. becomes pope.
[799. He is attacked by a band of con-
spirators, and driven out of Rome.
Later he is restored by Charlemagne.]
800 * * Saxony. Bishoprics are estab-
lished.
Osnabriick, Verden, Bremen, Pader-
born, Minden, Miinster, Hildesheim, and
Halberstadt become bishoprics.
* * The Eastern Empire is separated
from the Western, and the Pope is rec-
ognized as supreme bishop of the later.
LETTERS.
689 * * The Teutonic language is in-
troduced.
709 * * The Saxon laws of Dia are pub-
lished.
* * * Charlemagne revives learning to
some extent. (See France.) [S09. His
Homilarium appears.]
782**Alcuin, the Anglo-Saxon
scholar, and Paul, the Langobard,
are called to Charlemagne's court.
796+ * *Einhard, the historian, be-
comes secretary to Charlemagne.
SOCIETY.
524 * * Sigismund, his wife and child, are
drowned in a weU because of his cru-
elty in murdering his son, Siegerich, for
mocking the awkward walk of the queen,
his stepmother.
* * * Under Charlemagne, freemen are
liable at any moment to be ordered to a
distant part of the empire to fight, leav-
ing their fields neglected and their fami-
lies in direst poverty.
* * * Wealthy freemen buy exemption
from military service from the counts, so
that the hardships of the wars fall on
the poorest people.
* * * Vitiges, having conquered Milan,
spares the garrison, but puts 300,000
of the inhabitants to the sword, and
yields the city a prey to his Burgundian
auxiliaries.
* * * Theodobert of Austrasia offers a
sacrifice of young children (Goths) to
the river god, casting them into the Po.
539 * * The Gothic women, indig-
nant at the treachery and folly of the
men, spit in their faces with contempt.
* * * ndebard is killed by a jealous
Goth, who severs his head with one
stroke at a banquet, and rolls it upon
the table.
552 * * Tejas, leader of the Goths, marches
through Italy murdering every Roman
that crosses his path ; Marses, the Ro-
man general, murders the Goths in like
manner.
* * * The Langobardi put all their old
men to death, and the widows volun-
tarily burn themselves alive.
572 * * Alboin conquers the Romans in
the country of the Po, and reduces them
to servitude, to which they submit
without a struggle.
573 * * Beautiful Rosamunda, formerly
wife of Alboin, poisons her later hus-
GERMANY.
511,
800,
771
band, Helmichis ; he discovers her
crime in time to compel her to drink the
•dregs of the cup, and share his painful
fate.
575 * * Kleph, King of the Langobardi,
is killed by one of his subjects.
576 * * Sigebert I., made King of Paris, is
assassinated by the tools of his brother.
* * * Prince Childebert, three years of
age, is saved from murderers by the
act of his nurse, who secretes him in a
grain-bag. •
* * * Brunehilde, the Visigoth princess,
is a prisoner in the hands of Fredegunda.
579 * * Queen Theodolinda gains such in-
fluence over the people that they sur-
render their favorite gods, and embrace
Christianity at her request.
* * * Queen Fredegunda has licentious
relations with Landerich, her husband's
major-domus. T584. Chilperic discovers
her infidelity, out dares not punish it.]
591 * * The Langobardi permit the beau-
tiful Theodolinda, the widow of the
king, to select his successor, as king and
husband.
* * * Fredegunda is celebrated alike for
her beauty and ferocity.
* * * Chilperic marries Galaswintha ; se-
curing her rich dower, he soon murders
her, and in a few days proclaims Frede-
gunda, his mistress, to be his wife.
* * Chilpe>ic is put to death, while fol-
lowing the chase, by the queen's tools.
* * * Brunehilde, Queen of Austrasia,
takes bloody revenge on her nobles,
who have deprived her of her husband,
Merowich, and separated her from Lu-
pus, her faithful attendant. [Later, Fre-
degunda attempts to assassinate her,
but fails.]
* * * Brunehilde causes the JEgila Aus-
trasian major-domus to be murdered,
and his office given to her paramour.
* * * Brunehilde causes the Bishop De-
siderius to he stoned to death for
preaching repentance to her, and drives
Columhan, the Irish saint, out of the
country, for reprobating her crime.
600 ± * * Brunehilde introduces car-
riages.
611 * * Romilda, widow of the grand
duke of Gisulph, offers to betray the
city of Frioul into the hands of Cacan,
Khan of the Avari, the murderer of her
husband, on condition that he make her
his wife ; the agreement is kept, and he
takes her to Hungary, when the marriage
is celebrated, and the following morning
he causes her to be impaled alive.
>612 * * Brunehilde causes her grandson
Theudebert to be confined in a monas-
tery, where he is murdered by his
brother Theuderich, and the brains of
his little son are dashed out on a rock.
* * * Brunehilde revenges herself upon
her son Theuderich by administering
poison to him.
* * * Brunehilde, alarmed at the general
revolt at her feuds and crimes, flees to
Metz, and attempts to murder her ma-
jor-domus because of his wavering fidel-
ity. [She is entirely deserted by her
followers near Chalons, and she is deliv-
ered up to Clotaire, her adversary.]
•613 * * Clotaire punishes Brunehilde, 80
years of age, by having her suffer ex-
cruciating tortures.
For three days she is tortured, then
paraded through the camp on a camel's
back ; finally he ties her by one arm and
one foot to the tail of a wild horse, and
-ends her miserable life.
* * Sigebert and Corous are murdered
by order of Clotaire, as descendants of
Brunehilde.
* * Adalulf's criminal advances to the
Queen of Lombardy are scornfully re-
jected ; and he revenges himself by ac-
cusing Tafo of illicit intercourse, and
he is put to death. [Her innocence is
afterwards fully proved.]
750 * * Profligacy and misery charac-
terize the people.
STATE.
511 * * Clovis I., King of the Franks,
dies ; his kingdom is divided (p. 665).
512 * * Lorraine. Metz is the capital of
Austrasia under Thierry, or Theodoric
II.
530 * * The German confederations
are nominally subject to the successors
of Clovis, but are practically free ; each
is ruled by its own duke, and the office
becomes hereditary in certain families.
530-532 Thuringia. Theodoric, the
eldest son of Clovis, conquers the king-
dom of Thuringia, and the two younger
sons subdue the Burgundians.
536 * * Fr. Provence is ceded by the
Burgundians to the Franks.
547 * * Scot. The Angles, under Ida,,
" the flame-bearer," settle in the Low-
lands.
550-600 Eng. The Saxons settle the
country north of the Thames [Essex].
553 * * It. The kingdom of the East
Goths in Italy falls ; Teja, the king, is
killed in the battle at Mount Lactarius.
[556. Narses terminates the kingdom.]
558-561 The whole kingdom of the
Franks is again reunited. [561 and 567.
Again divided. 613. Reunited.] (P. 665.)
560-788 Bavaria is governed by dukes
of the Agilo-Finger family.
577± Eng. The Angles of North Ger-
many [Schleswig-Holstein] settle in the
west [Norfolk, Suffolk].
•603 * * Witteric, the usurper, takes the
throne of the West Goths.
610 * * Gundemar becomes King of the
West Goths.
622-678 The kingdom of the Franks
is divided into two parts ; Austrasia and
Neustria, together with Burgundy, are
peepled chiefly by Germans (p. 665).
625 * * Paris. A general assembly is
convoked to establish peace.
631 * * Bohemia. The Slavs break out
in revolt.
638 * * Lorraine. Sigebert I. becomes
King of Austrasia ; Metz is the capital.
[674. Dagobert H. 676. P6pin of
Heristal becomes major domus, or
mayor of the palace.] x
680* * Pepin of Heristal, Duke of Aus-
trasia, compels the German dukes to re-
turn somewhat to their allegiance as
subjects of the Frankish kings (p. 565).
714 * * Lorraine. Charles Martel is
practically king. [725. He becomes
mayor. 741. He dies.] (P. 665.)
* * * The Saxons are independent, and
unsubduable by the Franks.
741-987 The Carlovingian line of
French kings (p. 665).
752 * * It. P6pin compels Astolphus,
King of the Lombards, to cede Ravenna
and the Pentapolis, the territory of Bo-
logna and Ferrara, to the Pope, thus
founding the Papal States. The city
of Home is not included in the gift.
With the Pope's consent Pepin assumes
the title, King of the Franks.
754 * * It. Pope Stephen anoints Pepin
and his sons Charles and Carloman as
kings of the Franks. Pepin com-
mences the style " By the grace of God."
768-771 Charlemagne [Charles the
Great], with his brother Carloman,
reigns over the Franks [France and
Germany, etc.]. (P. 665.)
768-814 Rh. Prus. Aachen [Aix-la-
Chapelle], the northern capital of
Charlemagne, is a free imperial city.
771 * * On the death of his brother Carlo-
man, Charlemagne becomes sole
ruler of the Franks, by usurping the
government.
772 * * Saxony. A rebellion breaks out
against Charlemagne. [It lasts 30 years ;
he subdues it seven times.]
* * Hesse. A May-field, or national as-
sembly, held at Worms unanimously
votes for war with the Saxons.
773-774 It. The kingdom of the Lom-
bards is destroyed by Charlemagne be-
cause Desiderius, its king, threatens the
Pope, and favors the succession of Carlo-
man's sons.
774 * * Charlemagne becomes King of
Northern Italy.
776-777 The Franks again subjugate
the Saxons.
776 * * Westphalia. The first May-
field, or national assembly, in the land
of the Saxons assembles at Paderborn.
778 * * The Saxons again revolt against
the Franks on receiving the news of
Charlemagne's defeat in the Pyrenees ;
Wittekind of Westphalia, their leader,
wastes the country of the Franks as far
as Cologne.
780 * * Westphalia. A general revolt
of the Saxons subject to Charlemagne
breaks out under Wittekind.
The Saxon part of his army revolts, and
suddenly cuts down the French part
while crossing the Sandel Mountain.
[782. He massacres 45,000 armed Saxons
on the Aller in revenge, and this pro-
vokes a new and mad revolt.]
785 * * Wittekind, the leader of the re-
volting Saxons, submits to Charlemagne,
and embraces Christianity.
788 * * Bavaria. Tassilo II. , the revolt-
ing Duke of Bavaria, is deposed by
Charlemagne, and the margravate is
established.
* * Bremen is founded by Charlemagne.
791 * * Hung. The Avars are subdued
after a war lasting five years (p. 503).
The country between the Ems and the
Raab is annexed to the Frankish Em-
pire, and settled by German colonists,
chiefly Bavarians.
793 * * New revolts occur among the
Saxons.
794 * * Frankfort is the residence of
Charlemagne.
799 * * Westphalia. The Pope, being
expelled from Rome by the relatives of
his predecessor, finds refuge in the camp
of Charlemagne at Paderborn. [Charle-
magne restores the throne to the Pope.]
800 Dec. 25. Rome. Charlemagne is
crowned (p. 667).
772 802,**-962,
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
808 * * The Danes are defeated by
Charles, son of the emperor ; they retire
beyond the Eider. [810. Charlemagne
himself takes the field against the
Danes under King Gottfried.]
833 June 29. Alsace. Louis is de-
serted by all his troops in the night, on
the Field of Lies, near Colmar.
841 June 25. Fr. Battle of Fonte-
nay in Burgundy.
The Emperor Lothaire, claiming the
imperial title, is defeated by his broth-
ers, Louis the German and Charles the
Bald ; 100,000 men fall.
843 * * With ferocious energy the Scan-
dinavian sea-warriors (Vikings) simul-
taneously attack the Franks.
845 * * The Northmen attack all three
of the Frankish kingdoms.
848 * * The Slavs invade the Frankish
lands.
858 * * Fr. Louis the German invades
France, but is compelled to retire.
876* * Rh.Prus. Battle of Andernach ;
Charles the Bald is defeated by the sons
of Louis the German.
884+ * * Hung. The Magyars conquer
Hungary.
891 * * Belgium. Arnuf of Bavaria de-
feats the Northmen on the river Dyle
at Louvain.
893 * * By an alliance with the Magyars,
a nomadic Finnish tribe, Arnulf defeats
Svatopluk II., the founder of the king-
dom of Moravia. [896 Arnulf takes
Rome.]
899 * * Germany is furiously invaded
by the Magyars of Hungary. [908. They
overrun Bavaria and Franconia, enter
Thuringia and Saxony, desolating the
country.]
910 * * Bavaria. Louis the German is
defeated by the Magyars in the vicinity
of the river Lech.
910+ * * Internecine feuds break out
in Franconia.
The Conradines defeat Adalbert of
Babenberg, and execute him before his
castle.
91 1-918 Conrad is constantly at war.
He repels the invasions of the Danes,
Slavs, and Magyars; his own subjects
resist his sovereignty.
924 * * The Magyars renew their inva-
sions.
Henry buys them off from Saxony and
Thuringia by agreeing to the payment
of tribute for nine years.
929 Sept. 4. Brandenburg. Henry de-
feats the Wends (Slavs) at Lenzen.
933 * * The Magyars renew their inva-
sions ; a great victory is won on the
Unstrut by Henry. [934. The Danes,
Vandals, and Bohemians also defeated.]
937 * * Bavaria. Hordes of Hungarians
cross Franconia. (See Austria.)
938* *Otho defeats the rebellious
dukes of Bavaria and of Franconia.
939 * * King Otho's younger brother,
Henry, leads a rebellion and is sub-
dued.
946-950 Otho interferes in the French
wars, protecting King Louis IV. against
.Hugo, Count of France, — all three are
brothers-in-law.
951 * * It. Otho invades Italy nominally
in support of Queen Adelaide, widow of
Lothaire, but really for conquest. [952.
July 29. Berengar II. is defeated in the
battle of Firenzuola.]
* * "War occurs with the Wends.
Margrave Gero commands the Ger-
mans ; another war with the Danes, Otho
in command ; and another with Boleslav,
duke of Bohemia.
953-954 Civil war shakes the throne
of Otho, until the appearance of the
Hungarians alarms and unites the peo-
ple.
954 * * The Magyars sweep through
Germany to France, and become allies of
the rebel dukes, who, after a severe
struggle, are reconciled to the king.
955 Aug. 10. Battle of Lechfeld [Augs-
burg] ; Otho I. utterly defeats the Mag-
yars. Conrad is killed. [* * He defeats
the Wends on the Rekenitz.]
957 * * It. Berengar TX rebels, and
Lindolf, son of Otho, is killed in the ef-
fort to subdue him. Otho defeats the
Slavonian invaders in Saxony.
961 * * Second expedition to Italy.
Otho defends the Pope from Berengar
II. [963. He captures Rome. 964. He
captures Rome the second time, de-
poses Pope Benedict, and restores Pope
Leo.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
802 * * Charlemagne is presented with a
striking clock by Harun-al-Raschid the
[famous] calif of Bagdad.
820 * * Hop-gardens flourish.
925 * * The first dyers' guild is estab-
lished.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
0th Century. Otfried, monk, poet, born, dies.
806 * * Louis I., King of Bavaria and Ger-
many, born. [876. Dies. A70.]
808 * * Gottsehalk, monk, theologian, born.
[860. Dies. A52±.]
856 * * Rabanus Maurus, archbishop of
Mentz, scholar, author, A80.
876* * Henry I., Emperor of Germany,
born. [936. Dies. A60.]
883* * Louis H., or III., King of Bavaria
and Germany, dies.
890 * * TJlrich, Saint, bishop of Augsburg,
statesman, born. [973. Dies. A83.]
Otho I., emperor, born. [973. Dies. A61.]
900 * * Louis in., or IV., King of Bavaria
and Germany, A7.
918 * * Conrad, or Konrad I., Duke of Fran-
conia, King of Germany, dies.
939 * * Adalbert, Saint, apostle of Prus-
sians, born. [997. Dies. A58.]
CHURCH.
* * * Reign of Charlemagne.
The king rules the Church, setting up
and putting down archbishops, bishops,
and abbots; he begins a reformation.
* * * Bishoprics and many monasteries
are founded by the king, and enriched
by gifts of land.
* * * Prelates are invested with some of
the authority pertaining to civil, but
not criminal courts.
816 * * Rome. Stephen V. becomes pope.
[817, St. Paschal I.; 824, Engenius II.; 827,
Valentius; 827, Gregory IV. ; 844, Sergius II. ;
847, St. Leo IV.; 855, Benedict III.; 858, Nic-
olas I. the Great; 867, Adrian II.; 872, John
VIII.]
825 * * Louis the Pious reintroduces the
worship of images and pictures which
Charlemagne had prohibited.
834-1223 Hamburg is the seat of an
archbishopric.
836 * * Westphalia. The relics of St.
Anthony Vitus are removed.
They are borne in solemn procession
from Paris to the monastery of Corvey.
Parisians weep at their departure.
9th Century. lih. Prus. The archbish-
opric of Treves is founded. [It is the
oldest in Germany.]
873 * * lih. Prus. The Miinsterkerche
of Essen is consecrated.
882 * * Rome. Marinus I. becomes pope.
[884, Adrian III.; 885, Stephen VI.; 891,
Formo8us and Sergius, anti-pope; 896, Boni-
face VI.; 897, Stephen VII.; 898, Komanus,
Theodorus II., and John IX.]
899 * * Frequent conflicts occur between
the bishops and the nobles.
900 * * Rome. Benedict IV. is pope.
[903, Leo V. and Christopher; 904, Sergius
III.; 911, Anastasius 111.; 913, Lando; 915
John X.] '
* * * Veneration for saints abounds ;
the passion for relics becomes "very
general.
921 * * The Bohemians are converted
to Christianity.
928 * * Rome. Leo VI. becomes pope.
[929, Stephen VIII.; 931, John XI.; 936,
Leo VII.]
936-973 * * Prus. Otho I. founds the
bishoprics of Havelberg and Bran-
denburg.
937 * * Saxony. Otho the Great estab-
lishes a monastery at Magdeburg.
939 * * Rome. Stephen IX. is pope.
[Marinus II.; 946, Agapetus II.; 956, John
XII. becomes pope; he contends with the
emperor respecting investiture.]
* * * Monks have great influence.
LETTERS.
822-847 Hesse-Nassau. Rabanus Mau-
rus is abbot of the monastery of Fulda ;
he makes Fulda " the first and most
esteemed school of Germany."
830 * * The Heljand, a religious didactic
poem, appears.
9th Century. The Hildebrandslied ap-
pears.
9th Century. Bavaria. The Muspilla ap-
pears.
870± * * A poetical version of the Gos-
pels, by Otfried, a monk of Weissenburg,
appears.
890± * * Ludwigslied, a poem celebrating
the victory of Louis III. over the Nor-
mans, appears.
900 * * The first German book appears.
930 * * The poem, Walter of the Strong
Hand, appears.
10th Century. The Merseburger Gedichte
appears.
10th Century. Brunswick. Roswitha, a
nun of Gandersheim, the first German
poetess and dramatist, writes Life of
Otho the Great, Sacred Legends, and
Gallicanus, Dulcitius, Abraham, Calli-
machus.
SOCIETY.
850 * * Roman and common law are
gradually introduced.
909 * * The growth of feudalism is
promoted by the havoc caused by invad-
ing Magyars, while Germany is ruled by
a child king, as the people are obliged to
protect themselves.
* * * The feudal tenure of land prevails.
925 * * King Henry constructs fortresses
and walled towns for defense.
To build them he requires the labor of
every ninth man, and the eight men re-
GERMANY.
802,**-962,
773
maining in his group to till his fields ;
they are also to store one-third of their
harvests for days of trouble.
941 * * Henry, Otho's youngest brother,
fails in a murderous assault upon the
monarch, after having been forgiven his
rebellion ; he is forgiven the second time.
951 * * Otho leads an army into Italy to
release Queen Adelaide, widow of
Lothaire, who is imprisoned by the King
of Lombardy because she refused to
marry his son. [Otho himself soon mar-
ries the fascinating widow.]
STATE.
802 * * Charlemagne adds a second head
to the eagle to show that the empires of
Italy and Germany are united in him.
806 * * Lorraine. The Diet of Dieden-
hof en, Thionville, is held.
* * Charlemagne distributes the admin-
istration of the empire among his three
sons as his lieutenants, each having the
title of king.
808 * * Prus. Hamburg is founded by
Charlemagne.
813-1531 Rh. Prus. Aachen [Aix-la-
Chapelle] is the crowning-place of the
German emperors, and also the seat of
numerous diets and councils.
814 June 28. Ph. Prus. Charlemagne
dies at [Aix-la-Chapelle] [succeeded
by Ludwig, his son.] (P. 667.)
814-840 Louis I. le D^bonnaire is em-
peror.
817 * * Louis shares the realm with
his three sons (p. 667).
829 * * A new division among his four
sons. [Revolt and civil war.] (P. 667.)
833 June 29. Alsace. Louis's fol-
lowers to a man desert him during the
night near Colmar on the Field of Lies.
[He is deposed by three sons. 834. Re-
stored. 835. A redivision. 837. Redi-
vision. 838. Redivision rescinded.] (P.
667.)
838 * * Hesse- Nassau. Frankfort is en-
closed with walls by Louis.
839 * * Pepin, one of the sons of Louis I.,
dies, and his part of the empire is
divided between Lothaire and
Charles; Ludwig, the other brother,
rebels.
840 June 20. Hesse. Louis I., em-
peror, dies, near Mentz.
* * Lothaire I. assumes the imperial
power. [He is defeated by his brothers
at Fontenay.] (P. 666.)
* * Poland. The Slav dynasty is estab-
lished.
842 Feb. 14. Alsace. Louis and
Charles take the federation oath, which
is repeated by their armies, at Strasburg.
843 Aug. * Fr. Treaty of Verdun ;
the Empire is divided by the two sons
of Louis I. into France, Germany, and
Italy (p. 667).
843-911 The Carolingian dynasty
reigns.
843-876 Louis the German reigns.
Germany for the first time is ruled by
a king who rules nowhere else.
843* * Hesse-Nassau. Frankfort is
made a capital city.
850 * * Saxony. The duchy is estab-
lished.
±* * Pr. Saxony. Magdeburg is
founded.
855 Sept. * Prus. Lothaire I. dies in
a monastery at Prum. Lotharingia is
divided among his three sons.
± * * Lorraine becomes a kingdom under
Lothaire, son of the Emperor Lothaire.
856 * * Louis II., son of Louis the Ger-
man, has Italy with imperial dignity.
He establishes his court at Pavia in
Lombardy.
861 ** Lorraine. Brunswick is founded
by Bruns, Archbishop of Cologne.
870 * * Lorraine is divided by the treaty
of Mersen (p. 667).
The German portion (Friesland, Lor-
raine) is ceded to the East Franks
(France) ; the Romance portion (Bur-
fundy, Provence) is ceded to the West
ranks (Germany).
875 Dec. 25. Charles II., the Bald,
King of France, invades Italy, and is
crowned by the Pope Emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire, comprising the na-
tions of western and central Europe, be-
ing chiefly German-speaking peoples.
[877. Poisoned.]
876 Aug. 23. Louis II., the German;
dies, and is succeeded by his brother.
877-887 Charles 111., the Fat, son of
Louis II., reigns.
He is emperor conjointly at first with
his brothers Carloman and Louis. His
claims are successfully resisted on the
Rhine and in Italy.
881 * * Charles HI., the Fat, becomes
sole emperor, and is crowned.
[884. Fr. He is elected King of the
West Franks with exception of a part of
Burgundy ; thus the Empire is again
united.]
* * Germany is still called East Francia.
887 * * Charles HI. is deposed by the
great Diet at Tribur for cowardice in
yielding to the Northmen at the siege of
Paris ; he abdicates the throne.
887-899 Fr. Arnulf reigns.
Arnulf.the illegitimate son of Carlo-
man and grandson of Louis, is elected
King of Germany by the East Franks.
[896. Crowned at Rome. 897. Dec. 3.
Dies at Ratisbon.]
895 * * Bavaria. The Margrave Leopold
is styled the first duke.
899-911 Louis "the Child," son of
Arnuf, six years of age, succeeds to the
empire.
He is dominated by Hatto, Archbishop
of Mentz. The Magyars invade Ger-
many, and devastate the country. A
period of national weakness and gloom
follows. The monarchy is ready to fall
to pieces, and form separate duchies, as
Saxony, Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia,
Lotharingia.
900+ * * Silesia. Breslau is founded.
* * * The empire becomes elective.
911 * * Otho the Illustrious, Duke of
Saxony, is offered the crown, but declines
it because of old age.
912 Nov. 8. The German princes de-
clare their independence, and elect Con-
rad I., Duke of Franconia, their king.
His authority is strongly resisted by
the Franks and by many of his own sub-
jects.
919-1024 The Saxony Dynasty.
919-936 Henry I., " the Fowler," son
of Otho, Duke of Saxony, is founder of
the German monarchy.
He subdues the revolting Saxon lords,
and abolishes the prevailing anarchy. •
924 * * Henry prudently agrees to pay
tribute to the Hungarians for nine years,
and thus secures peace.
925 * * Lorraine. Lotharingia is re-
gained by Henry I.
* * The margraves, or military gover-
nors, are first appointed.
* * * Germany is virtually a federal
state. The growth of towns is pro-
moted by Henry I.
930 * * Prus. The North Mark of Sax-
ony is established by the Emperor Henry
I., and forms the beginning of the
Prussian State.
933 * * Henry I. refuses to pay tribute
to the Magyars ; they renew' their in-
vasions.
936 July 2. Saxony. Henry I. dies
at Menleben [and is succeeded by his
eldest son by Matilda].
936-973 Otho I., "the Great," is
elected by the Saxons and Franks King
of Germany.
* * The four court officers first appear.
The Duke of Lotharingia as chamber-
lain ; Duke of Franconis, steward ; Duke
of Swabia, cup-bearer ; and Duke of Ba-
varia, marshal.
940 * * Burgundy becomes a fief of the
empire.
941 * * Henry, the king's brother and
an ex-rebel, is forgiven and becomes
Otho's chief supporter. [946. Otho makes
him Duke of Bavaria.]
944 * * Lorraine. Otho gives Lotharin-
gia to Conrad the Red.
946-950 Otho interferes in the French
wars, and protects Louis TV. against
Hugh, Count of Paris.
948 * * Baden. Otho appoints his son
Lindolf duke of Swabia.
950 * * The Bohemians pay tribute to
Otho ; Boleslav becomes the vassal of
Germany.
* * Saxony is governed by the House of
Billing.
952 * * If. The defeated king, Berengar
H., accepts Otho as his suzerain.
953-954 Civil war prevails.
953 * * Bruno, archbishop of Cologne
and Duke of Lorraine, becomes a chosen
counsellor of Otho.
* * Otho's son Lindolf, and Conrad,
Duke of Lotharingia, the king's son-in-
law, rebel.
954 * * Hungarians cross the country in
their invasion of France and ravage it ;
they become the allies of the rebellious
dukes.
955 Aug. 10. Bavaria. The East
Mark [duchy of Austria] is reestab-
lished (p. 503).
10th Century. W. Prus. Danzig is
founded.
957 * * Ph. Prus. Cologne becomes an
imperial city.
962 Feb. 2. Beginning of the continu-
ous union of Germany with the Holy
Roman Empire. (962-1806.)
Otho by conquest includes Italy in his
dominions, and is crowned emperor at
Rome by the Pope. [Germany alone does
not become an empire.]
774 963, * *-1076, Oct. *.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
966-967 Otho leads a third expedition
to Italy.
978* * Fr. Lothaire, King of France,
surprises Otho, who escapes with diffi-
culty ; Otho reconquers Lotharingia
[Lorraine], invades France, and makes
an unsuccessful attempt to take Paris.
980-983 Wars in Italy.
Otho crosses the Alps, and advances on
Rome, and into Southern Italy..
981 * * It. Otho defeats the Saracens
and Greeks at Colonne.
982 July 13. It. The German army
under Otho is annihilated by the Sara-
cens and Greeks in an ambuscade ; he
escapes only because of the swiftness of
his horse.
983 * * The Danes and Wends rise in re-
bellion.
They successfully invade Germany ;
the bishoprics of Brandenburg and Ha-
velberg are destroyed.
996 * * Otho's first expedition goes to
Rome.
998-999 Otho's second expedition
against Rome.
999 Apr. 29. It. Crescentius, the
usurper, is defeated at St. Angelo.
He attempted to throw off the German
yoke, and reestablish tho ancient Roman
Republic ; he is executed.
1001 * * Otho's third expedition against
Rome. The Romans revolt against the
Germans.
1002 * * Lorraine. Civil war prevails
[for ten years].
1003 * * Henry's first expedition j the
emperor defeats the Margrave Henry
and Henry Count of Luxemburg at
Creusen.
1004 * * It. Ardoin of Ivrea, King of
Italy, and a rival for the empire, is de-
feated by Henry.
1004-18 Henry II. is at war with Bo-
leslav, King of Poland ; he is compelled
to surrender Bohemia, but retains Lusa-
tia. [1015. Henry II. is defeated.]
1014 * * It. Henry conducts a second
expedition to Italy, to surprise the up-
rising under Ardoin.
1016-18 Fr. Henry II. leads an army
to secure his inheritance in Burgundy,
which had been resigned in his favor by
Rudolf III. before his death.
1022 * * It. Henry's third expedition
to Italy.
He attacks the Greeks in Lo->ver Italy,
and is aided by the Norman settlers in
subduing them.
1026/ * It. Conrad II. leads an expe-
dition into Italy.
He is crowned King of Italy at Milan,
and maintains his sovereignty by force
of arms in Pa via and Ravenna.
1029 * * The Poles invade Germany,
and carry into captivity 10,000 prisoners.
They ravage the country as far as the
Saale. [1031. Conrad attacks the Poles,
rescues prisoners, and restores Lusatia
to the Empire.J
1030 * * Conrad makes an unsuccessful
attack on the Hungarians.
1041-44 Henry HI. conquers the Bo-
hemians in three campaigns, wasting the
country with fire and sword.
1044 * * Hung. Henry defeats the Hun-
garians at Menf ew. (See State.)
1046 * * It. Henry III. makes his first
expedition to Rome to suppress the
riVal popes.
1049 * * A protracted war ensues with
Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Upper
Lotharingia, for the succession of the
dukedom.
1052 * * Hung. Henry III., after a ten
months' siege of Presburg, is obliged
to retreat in haste because of the dis-
affection of some of his nobles.
1055 * * It. Henry's second expedition
goes to Italy.
1075 * * Henry IV. defeats the revolt-
ing Saxons on the Unstrut.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1000 * * Glass-painting is invented.
* * Brunswick. The Karzburg mines are
opened.
1007* * Alsace. The cathedral at
Strasburg, built by Clovis', is destroyed
by lightning.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
965 * * Bruno the Great, archbishop of
Cologne, scholar, statesman, dies.
972* * Henry II., emperor, born. [1024.
Dies. A50.]
10th Century. Hrotsvitha, nun, Latin poet,
born, dies.
lOOO * * Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen,
born. [1072. Dies. A72.]
1009* * Bruno, Saint, sometimes called
Apostle of Prussia, dies.
1017* * Henry III., emperor, born. [1056.
Dies. A 39.]
1040* * Bruno, Saint, founder of Carthu-
sians, born. [1101. Dies. A61.]
1050 * * Henry IV., emperor, born. [1106.
Dies. A56.]
1076 * * Adam of Bremen, church hist, d.
11th Century. Franco, or Francon, scholar,
writer on music, born and dies.
CHURCH.
963* * It. Pope John flees from Rome
when it is taken by Otho.
* * It. The Romans are compelled to
promise never to elect another pope
without the consent of the Emperor
of Germany.
* * Rome. Pope John is deposed by a
synod, and Leo VIII., the anti-pope, is
elected.
964 * * Rome. Benedict V. is elected
pope by a council of Romans.
[965, John XIII. becomes pope; his crimes
and scandals cause his banishment.]
967 * * Saxony. The archbishopric of
Magdeburg is founded.
972 * * Rome. Benedict VI. is pope.
[973, Donus II.; 974, Benedict VII.; 984,
John XIV. ; 985, Boniface VII, John XV. ; 996,
John XVI., Gregory V.; 999, Sylvester II.;
1003, John XVII.; later, John XVIII.; 1009,
Sergius IV.; 1012, Benedict VIII.; 1024, John
XIX.; 1033, Benedict IX., aged 10 years.}
975 * * Hesse. The Cathedral of Mentz
is founded.
993 * * Rome. Saints are first canonized.
996 * * Prus. St. Adalbert, bishop of
Prague, devotes himself to missionary
work among the Prussians. [997. Apr.
23. W. Prus. He is murdered.]
1000 * * Prus. The emperor makes a
pilgrimage to the bones of St. Adalbert
at Gnessen, Poland ; he founds the
archbishopric of Gnessen.
1007 * * Bavaria. The bishopric of
Bamberg is founded.
** Alsace. The cathedral of Strasburg
is destroyed by lightning. [It is recon-
structed, and more than four centuries
are required to complete it.]
1009 * * The monasteries are reformed.
* * Benedict IX. demands and receives ten
times as much as was previously paid
for the confirmation of German prel-
ates.
Archbishops and bishops buy their
places at public auction at the papal
court, and in their jurisdiction seU the
ecclesiastical offices to others.
1038* * Rome. The Pope is driven
from the city because of his vices, but
is restored by Conrad.
1039 * * Morality among the clergy is
at its lowest ebb, while simony is uni-
versally practised.
* * * The papacy is despised because
of the character of successive popes, and
the rivalries of three contemporaneous
popes, who excommunicate each other.
1042 * * Henry III. claims the right of
deposing and appointing popes. [He
appoints successively Damascus II., Leo
IX., and Victor II.]
1044 * * Rome. The Pope is again de-
throned, and followed by Sylvester III.
as anti-pope. Gregory VI. is also pope.
1046* * Rome. Clement II., bishop of
Bamberg, becomes pope.
The emperor enters with his army, and
deposes the three contemporaneous
popes, each of whom is accused of
simony.
* * It. The Council of Sutri gives the
emperors the right to nominate the
popes.
1048-49 Rome. Damascus II. is pope
for 23 days, and followed by [St.] Leo IX.,
who is the first Pope to provide himself
with a regular army.
1052* * Prus. Breslau is made the
seat of a bishopric.
1054 * * Pope Leo is defeated by the Nor-
mans, and taken prisoner.
* * * Rome. The papal throne is vacant
for one year.
1055 * * Rome. Victor II. becomes pope.
[1057, Stephen X.; 1058, Giovanni de Vel-
letri is pope for nine months; he is called
"Benedict X." [by some anti-pope]; 1059,
Nicholas II. A conclave of cardinals first
elect a pope.}
The church improves in piety and pu-
rity under the influence of Hildebrand,
its real head.
1061 * * Rome. Alexander II. is pope.
The papacy is at the summit of its
power ; it claims supreme dominion,
temporal and spiritual, over every Chris-
tian state.
1072 * * Rome. The emperor is sum-
moned before the Pope for selling the
investiture of bishops ; he regards the
summons with contempt. [1073. Sum-
moned the second time.]
1073 * * Rome. [St.] Gregory (Hilde-
brand) is elected pope.
His chief endeavors are directed
towards the establishment of the su-
premacy of the papacy within the
church, and the supremacy of church
over stat<\ the strict ceribacy of the
clergy, and the abolition of simony and
lay investiture.
1074 Mar. * Rome. A synod is held at
which simony is condemned, and the
old stringent laws of celibacy ordered
to be enforced.
1075 Feb.* Rome. A synod con-
demns lay investiture, and approves
GERMANY.
963, * * -1076, Oct. * 775
the decrees of the first synod, and
threatens excommunication to those
who disobey them.
1076 Jan.* Home. The Pope sum-
mons the Emperor Henry IV. to Rome
to answer to charges of simony, sacri-
lege, and oppression ; Henry dismisses
the Pope's legates with insults.
Jan. 24. Hesse. Henry IV. holds a Diet
at "Worms, and declares Pope Gregory
deposed on charges of tyranny, magic,
and adultery. [The Pope excommuni-
cates Henry.]
Feb. 22. Home. The Pope excommu-
nicates all the bishops who attended
the Diet of Worms, and deposes and ex-
communicates the emperor.
Sept. * Hesse. At a Diet at Tribur all
the clergy withdraw from alliance with
Henry, signify their contrition to the
Pope, and discuss the election of a new
emperor.
LETTERS.
995± * * The Emperor Otho III., be-
cause of his great intellectual endow-
ments, is called the " Wonder of the
World."
1020± * * Notker Labeo writes several
philosophical works, and translates De
Consolatione of Boethius and two of Aris-
totle's works into German.
1050+ * * Rudlieb, a Latin poem, ap-
pears.
1065 ± * * Bavaria. A song on the Life
of Christ is composed by Eggo and Willo,
two priests of Bamberg.
* * * A prose translation and paraphrase
of the Hong of Solomon, by Williram, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
1016 * * The people of Europe are dis-
tressed by a severe famine.
1030 * * Hesse. Polygamy in Christian
countries is prohibited by the Jewish
synod at Worms.
STATE.
963 * * Otho, having captured Rome,
requires the Romans to promise never
to elect another pope without the con-
sent of the emperor.
964 * * It. The Romans rise in a re-
volt ; it is speedily suppressed.
973 May 7. Pr. Saxony. Emperor
Otho I. dies at Menleben [and is suc-
ceeded by his son].
973-983 Otho II. is emperor (already
crowned during the reign of his father).
976* * Bavaria. A conspiracy is
formed by Henry, Duke of Bavaria, the
Quarrelsome, against Otho his cousin;
he is subdued and deposed. Bavaria is
given to Otho of Swabia, son of Lindolf ;
Carinthia is taken from Bavaria, and
made a duchy ; and the East Mark (Bava-
rian) is given to Luitpold of Babenberg.
978* * Lorraine. Lothaire, King of
France, is compelled to surrender to
Otho all claim of Lorraine.
10th Century. Alsace is incorporated
with the German empire.
983 Dec. 7. Rome. Otho II. dies [and
is succeeded by his son, three years of
age].
983-1002 Otho HI. is King of Germany
and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
983 * * Bavaria, without Carinthia, is
returned to Henry the Quarrelsome.
* * The king's Grecian mother, Theo-
phano, is regent in Germany, and his
grandmother, Adelheid, regent in Italy.
985 * * Lorraine. Metz is made a free
imperial city.
± * * Prus. The victorious Wends com-
pel the Germans to confine themselves
to the North Mark.
991 * * Theophano, the regent, dies ; and
Willigris, Archbishop of Mentz, and
Adelheid conduct the Government.
995 * * Otho IH., 15 years of age, as-
sumes control of the Government. [996.
Crowned emperor by Gregory V. at
Rome.]
999 * * Young Otho III. cherishes a
scheme to make a world-wide empire,
with " Golden Rome " for its center and
imperial residence. [This visionary and
impracticable ruler is called the " Won-
der of the World."]
1001 Jan.* It. Otho IH. dies at Rome,
and is succeeded by the son of Henry
" the Quarrelsome."
1002-24 Henry n., " the Saint," Duke
of Bavaria, is elected king at Mentz, and
crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle.
He is the great grandson of Henry the
Fowler, and is called the Holy and
Lame.
Hermann of Swabia, his competitor,
disputes the sovereignty.
1002 * * It. Ardoin, margrave of Ivrea,
is elected King of Italy, and disputes
the realm with Henry.
1004* * It. Henry II. is invited into
Italy by the German party ; Ardoin re-
signs after losing most of the realm.
1005 * * It. Henry is crowned King of
Italy at Pavia. [1014. Rome. Crowned
emperor.]
1014 * * It. Ardoin ceases to resist
Henry.
1015 * * Henry receives from Poland an
annual tribute.
1018* * Prus. Boleslav of Poland
avenges the murder of St. Adalbert by
terrible ravages in Prussia.
* * Saxony. Henry makes peace with
Poland at Bautzen.
1024 July 15. Henry dies ; he is the
last of the Saxon house.
1024-1125 House of Franconia, or
Salian emperors.
1024-39* * Hesse. Conrad n., the Sa-
lic, is emperor.
He is elected at Oppenheim ; the first
election in which all the princes and
tribes participate.
1025-30 Ernst, Duke of Swabia, re-
volts ; he claims to be the heir of Henry
II. in Burgundy. [1030. Dies in battle.]
1026* * It. Conrad n. is crowned
King of Italy at Milan. [And maintains
his sovereignty by force of arms. 1027.
Crowned emperor.]
* * The Eider is fixed as the boundary
between Germany and Denmark, and
Schleswig is surrendered thereby to the
Danes.
1032 * * Fr. Burgundy is annexed to
the empire, it having been bequeathed
to Conrad by Rudolf III., whose niece
Gisela is Conrad's wife.
* * Mieczeslav, Duke of Poland, becomes
the vassal of the German emperor.
1036 July 4. Conrad returns from
his expedition to Italy, and dies at
Utrecht. [He is succeeded by his son,
who had been crowned in his boyhood.]
1039-56 Henry m, " the Black," is
emperor.
* * * The imperial power attains its
greatest height.
1042+ * * The Bohemians struggle for
independence, but are conquered by
Henry III. ; Peter, King of Hungary,
becomes a vassal of the empire.
* * Bavaria. The Bavarian East Mark
is extended to the river Leitha.
1043 F r. Henry suppresses a revolt in
Burgundy.
1046 * * Rome. Henry goes to Eome to
remove the scandal of three reigning
popes, and to cleanse the Church.
Dec. 25. Rome. Henry is crowned
emperor by Clement II.
* * It. Henry creates Drogo, son of Tan-
cred of Hauteville, duke of Apulia. [It
results in the revolt of the Lombards.]
1050 * * The last years of Henry III. form
a turning-point in German history ;
direct and absolute authority diminishes
henceforth ; feudalism develops.
Henry favors the •* Truce of God,"
and proclaims a general king's peace
throughout the empire.
11th Century. Bavaria. Nuremberg is
founded.
Oldenburg begins to be ruled by
counts.
1056 Oct. 28. Brunswick. Henry in.
dies at Gozlar [and is succeeded by his
son, six years of age, and already
crowned.]
1056-1106 Henry IV. is emperor ; the
Empress Agnes is regent.
* * * The regent gives Bavaria to Otho
the Saxon, Graf of Nordheim ; Carinthia
to Berthold of Zahringen, and Swabia,
with Burgundy, to Rudolf, Graf of
Rheinfeld, her son-in-law.
1062 * * Rh. Prus. The young king is
abducted from Kaiserswert to Cologne
by Archbishop Anno; his distressed
mother resigns the regency.
1065 * * Adalbert, archbishop of Bre-
men, a rival for the regency, compels
Archbishop Anno to yield the adminis-
tration to him.
* * The Saxon princes through jealousy
form a conspiracy against Adalbert,
the favorite of the emperor.
1066 * * Hesse. An imperial diet is held
at Tribur. [Adalbert is in seclusion for
three years. 1072. Dies.]
* * Bavaria. Count Otho is accused of
conspiracy ; Bavaria is taken from him
and given to Welf, son of the Margrave
Azzo of Este, who becomes its duke.
* * The Saxons revolt because of the
erection of fortresses by Henry IV.
1073 * * Hesse. Henry IV. secretly flees
from Harzburg to escape the enraged
Saxons, who besiege and take it ; he is
forced to agree to a humiliating peace.
1073-1123 The emperor has disputes
with the Popes relating to ecclesiasti-
cal investitures.
1076 * * Pope Gregory VH. forms an
alliance with Robert Guiscard, Duke of
the Normans, and with certain disaf-
fected princes in Germany.
* * The Pope excommunicates and de-
thrones the emperor, and releases his
subjects from their oath of allegiance
[the boldest step ever taken by a pope].
Oct. * Hesse. The Diet of Tribur sus-
pends Henry TV. from the imperial office,
and refers the final decision of his case
to a future Diet [Augsburg, February,
1077].
776 1076, Dec. 20-1159, * *
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1078 Aug. 7. Fr. A pitched battle is
fought at Melridestadt in Franconia,
between the papal and anti-papal fac-
tions ; it is bloody but indecisive.
1080 Jan. 27. Thuringia. Henry IV.
again attacks Rudolf, the rival king,
near Miihlhausen, and is defeated.
Oct. 15. Saxony. Henry IV. invades
Saxony, and is again defeated by Rudolf
of Swabia at Molsen ; Rudolf is mortally
wounded.
1081 May 21. Rome. Henry IV. ap-
pears with a besieging army. (See Italy.)
1083 June 3. Rome. After a siege of
seven months, Henry takes a part of
Rome by storm. Pope Gregory VII. is
besieged by Henry in the castle of St.
Angelo. [He is released by Robert
Guiscard.]
1086 Aug. 11. Henry is defeated at
Bleichfeld by Eckbert, Welf, and Ber-
thold.
1089-97 Henry goes on a third expe-
dition to Italy.
He attempts the overthrow of the sup-
porters of the papal power with only
small success. Mantua surrenders after
a siege of eleven months.
1097 * * Henry returns from Italy.
Germany is crossed by armed bands
of the first Crusaders under Walter of
Perejo and Peter the Hermit.
1109* * Poland. Henry V. is defeated
by Boleslav.
1113 * * Saxony. The emperor sur-
prises his revolting subjects and defeats
them near Warmstadt.
1115 * * The Saxons are victorious over
the rebellious Wends at Kothen.
Battle of Welfesholze.
The imperial army is defeated by the
Saxons on the same day ; the emperor
seeks safety by flight.
1122 * * The Saxons march against the
emperor, whose situation is full of peril.
[Sept. 23. Peace.] (See State.)
1140+ War of the Ghibellines and
the G-uelfs(Welfs) — the Papal and Im-
perial parties ; each contends for the
possession of the crown.
* * Wurtemberg. Battle of Weinsberg.
Conrad III. defeats Count Welf, and
the city surrenders to him ; the faithful
women save the men by carrying them
on their backs out of the city (p. 504).
1147-48 Conrad III., influenced by St.
Bernard, leads an army which joins
the Second Crusade [and is destroyed
by Greek treachery].
1154-77 Wars in Italy between Fred-
erick and the cities and the Pope.
Frederick's campaign is against the
powerful Republican cities of Lombardy
and Pope Alexander III. ; he restores
imperial rights, which have become
much impaired by neglect ; six expedi-
tions are made.
1154-55 Frederick's first expedition
to Italy ; it maintains imperial author-
ity in the cities.
1157 * * Frederick I. conducts a cam-
paign against the Poles.
1158-62 Frederick's second expedi-
tion to Italy ; it subdues Milan and
other Lombard cities. [1159. July * He
attacks Crema.j
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1138-1208 Magnificent churches in
Gothic style gratify and develop the
feeling for art.
1150 * * Havana. The [modern] method
of gold-beating is invented in Nurem-
berg. Here glass-cutters flourish.
12th Century. Rh. Prus. Franco of Co-
logne codifies the uses of measured
music.
1152* * Frederick Barbarossa intro-
duces or improves the art of heraldry.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1093 * * Conrad III., king, born. [1152.
Dies A59 T
1106 * * Adoiphus, Count of Holsteln, born.
[1131. Dies. A25.]
Albert I., the Bear, Margrave of Branden-
burg, founder of House of Brandenburg,
born. [1170. Dies. A64.]
1121* * Frederick I., Barbarossa, em-
peror, born. [1190, June 10. Dies. A 69.]
1 189 * * Henry " The Lion," Duke of Saxony
and Bavaria, born. [1195. Dies. A. 66.]
1137* * Adalbert, archbishop of Mentz,
statesman, dies.
CHURCH.
1076 Dec. 20. Henry, finding resist-
ance useless, sets out to make his sub-
mission to the Pope. (See State.)
1077 Jan. 25-27. Rome. The Pope
humbles the emperor.
He compels Henry to stand three days,
in the depth of winter, barefooted, at the
gate of the castle of Canossa, to implore
pardon, and then only gives him condi-
tional absolution.
* * It. Matilda of Tuscany makes a re-
visionary grant of her vast estates in
Northern Italy to the Church of Rome.
1078 * * Rome. The Pope sets up Ru-
dolf as emperor of Germany.
1080* * Rome. Henry IV. is excom-
municated the second time ; Clement
III. becomes anti-pope.
1084* *The Order of Carthusian
Monks is founded by St. Bruno of Co-
logne at Chartreuse.
* * * The War of Investitures, between
the emperor and the Pope, lasts for over
200 years, and is a prominent feature of
medieval history.
1085 May 25. It. Pope Gregory dies
in exile at Salerno.
1087 * * Rome. Victor III. is pope.
[1088, Urban II. becomes pope; 1099, Pas-
cal II.; Albert and Theodoric, anti-popes.]
1095 * * Peter the Hermit preaches the
Crusade for the recovery of the Holy
Sepulcher.
1097* *The First Crusade. (See
Army.)
1106 * * Rome. Henry V. is excommu-
nicated by the Pope. [1112. Again by
a second council at Vienna.]
* * Rh. Prus. The Empress Helena is
said to have brought the seamless
"Holy Coat" of Christ to Treves.
1109* * Rome. Henry V. makes the
Pope a prisoner.
1111* * Emperor Henry V. determines
to separate the church from the
state.
He forces Pope Pascal II., his prisoner,
to acknowledge the imperial right of in-
vestiture.
* * Rome. The Lateran Council de-
clares the concessions to Henry V. in-
valid because extorted by force.
1118 * * Rome. Gelasius II. is pope.
[1119, CalistusII.; 1124, Honorius II.; 1130,
Innocent II., Anacletus II., anti-pope; 1143,
Celestinll.; 1144, Lucius II.; 1145,Eugenius
III.; 1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander III.;
he is opposed by four anti-popes; in 1159 by
Victor IV., in 1164 by Pascal III., in 1164 by
Calistus III., in 1178 by Innocent III.]
1122 Sept. 23. Hesse. The disputes
regarding investiture are compromised
by the Concordat at Worms.
The election of German bishops and abbots
is to take place in the presence of the empe-
ror or his representatives; investiture by the
emperor must precede consecration, and to
be conferred by the scepter instead of the
ring and the staff.
In Italy and Burgundy investiture is to
follow elections and consecration, and all
ecclesiastics possessing secular benefices are
to perform the feudal duties.
1125-37 Sax. Prus. The Wends are
converted to Christianity in increasing
numbers.
1146 * * Rome. Arnold of Brescia
preaches the deposition of the Pope, and
the restoration of the ancient republic.
1147-49 The Second Crusade; it is
conducted by Conrad III. of Germany
and Louis VII. of France [without re-
sult].
1155 * * Rome. Arnold of Brescia, a
scholar of the schoolman Aboard, a pop-
ular preacher, opposed to the notorious
corruption of the clergy, and an advo-
cate of civil and religious reform, is con-
demned and burned.
1159-77 Schism in the Church.
A majority of cardinals elect Alexan-
der III. ; a minority, influenced by the
emperor, elect Victor IV., who is recog-
nized by the council held at Pavia and
by the Emperor Frederick.
* * The Carmelite Order is instituted.
LETTERS.
1120+ * * The Alexander lied, by Lam-
brecht, appears.
1135-37 The poem, King Rother, ap-
pears.
1139+ * * The Rolandslied, by Conrad, a
priest, appears.
1140 * * Bishop Otto von Freising intro-
duces the peripatetic philosophy. (?)
1143-46 The Universal History, by
Bishop Otto von Freising, appears.
[1157. The Life of Frederick Barba-
rossa.']
12th Century. The Nibelungenot, or Nibel-
ungenlied, an epic poem composed of
various ancient mythical poems, termed
sagas, appears.
1157+ * * The Latin drama, Antichrist,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1077 * * Pope Gregory VII. excommu-
nicates the Emperor Henry IV., and
absolves his subjects from their alle-
giance. [His excommunicated body lies
for five years above ground after death,
no one daring to bury it.]
1089 * * Matilda of Tuscany marries
Guelf V., son of Guelf , Duke of Bavaria.
1105* *Henry IV., the deposed em-
peror, is forced to sell his boots to ob-
tain food.
1150 * * Chivalry, having much in its
nature that is fantastic and insincere,
keeps alive a grand ideal of manliness,
courtesy, and generosity.
GERMANY.
1076, Dec. 20-1159, * * 777
* * * The Crusades awaken the intellect
and arouse the genius of the people.
* * * Women never held a higher place
or received greater honor than during
this period.
* * * The population is divided into
classes, — prelates, dukes, palsgraves,
margraves, landgraves, counts, knights,
freemen, and serfs.
STATE.
1076 Dec. 20±. Bavaria. Henry TV.
secretly leaves Speier with his wife, son,
and a solitary knight, and makes a pain-
ful journey across the Alps in a severe
winter to placate thePope. (SeeChurch.)
1077 Mar. * Bavaria. At the instiga-
tion of the Pope the emperor, Henry IV.,
is deposed by some of the German princes
at Forchheim ; they elect Rudolf, Duke
of Swabia, as his successor.
1078 * * Ft. Franconia is the seat of
war between the emperor's party and
the party of St. Peter.
1079 * * Swabia is fortified, and given to
Frederick of Hohenstauf en, Henry's son-
in-law.
1080 Mar. 7. Rome. Henry IV. is ex-
communicated for the second time by
the Pope.
* * Rudolf of Swabia, the rival king, is
mortally wounded in battle.
1081 Aug.* Hermann, son of the
Count of Luxemburg, is elected by the
dissatisfied Saxon princes as a rival king
at the suggestion of the Pope. [1088.
Abdicates and dies.]
1089 * * Egbert, Margrave of Meissen,
who had been set up as a rival king,
dies.
* * Saxony. The Saxons submit to
Henry, and are assured of the preserva-
tion of their ancient privileges and es-
tates.
* * It. Matilda of Tuscany marries
Welf V. (Guelf), son of Duke Welf of
Bavaria.
1092 * * Conrad, son of the emperor, is
encouraged by the Pope to rebel against
his father. [1095. He is crowned at
Milan.]
1100-1637 Pomerania. Stettin is the
seat of the dukes of Pomerania.
1101 * * Bavaria. Guelf II. is duke.
1104 * * Henry, the emperor's youngest
and beloved son, under encouragement
by the Pope, rebels against his father,
•whom he imprisons.
1105 * * Henry IV. is betrayed by his
followers, flees from his son Henry, and
is forced to abdicate. [1106. Aug. 7.
Belg. He dies at Luttich [Liege], and
is succeeded by his son Henry.]
1106-25 Henry "V. is emperor.
1111 * * Rome. Henry V. forces Pope
Pascal H., his prisoner, to perform his
coronation, and acknowledge the emper-
or's right of investiture.
1112 * * Aust. The Synod of Vienna ex-
communicates Henry V. because he
refuses to give up the right of investi-
ture. [1122. Restored.]
1114 * * Lothaire and Louis, the rebel-
lious princes, beg for mercy.
* * Hesse. The emperor marries Ma-
tilda, daughter of Henry I. of England,
at Mentz, with ceremonies of great
splendor.
1116 * * Rome. Henry V. is crowned
by a Portuguese archbishop, Pope Pascal
being a fugitive.
* * Henry V. takes possession of the
lands of the Countess Matilda in the
name of the empire.
1119* * Pope Calixtus II. is enthroned,
and immediately renews the alliance
with Adalbert and the enemies of the
emperor in Saxony.
1120 * * Bavaria. Henry the Black is
duke.
1121 * * Westphalia. Minister, having
sided with the emperor's party, and ex-
pelled its bishop, is besieged and burned
by the Saxons.
1122 Sept. 23. The Concordat of
Worms is agreed to, and settles the
trouble with the Pope concerning inves-
titure. (See Church.^
1125 May 23. Neth. Henry V. dies
at Nimeguin.
1125-37 Lothaire, Duke of Saxony, is
King of Germany.
1126 * * Bavaria. Henry the Proud,
son-in-law of Lothaire, is duke. [Later,
Duke of Saxony.]
1128-58 Lippe is governed by Bernard,
the founder of the [present] reigning
family.
* * *The decay of royal power pro-
gresses.
1130** The title landgrave com-
mences with Louis III. of Thuringia.
1132-33 Lothaire II. visits Italy on
his first expedition.
1133-37 Lothaire H. is emperor.
He is elected, but the Hohenstaufens,
Frederick, Duke of Swabia, and Conrad,
nephew of Emperor Henry V., reject
his authority.
1133* * Rome. Lothaire H. is crowned
by Pope Innocent II.
He consents to restore to the Pope all
the property confiscated to the empire
by Henry V., and to receive them back
as fiefs from the Pope. As a vassal of
the Pope he receives the investiture of
Matilda's heritage with his crown.
1134 * * Prus. Lothaire II. invests Al-
bert the Bear with the North Mark
[Margrave of Brandenburg. 1136. Al-
bert conquers most of Mittelmark, and
its name is changed to Brandenburg,
from its chief city],
1136-37 Lothaire II. revisits Italy on
his second expedition.
He curbs the insolence of Roger the
Norman, and- drives him out of Italy to
Sicily, he having claimed to be King of
the Two Sicilies.
1137 Dec. 3. Bavaria. The Emperor
Lothaire H. dies at Breilenwang.
1138-1254 House of Hohenstaufen,
or the Swabian Dynasty, reigns.
1138 Mar. 13. Conrad III., Duke of
Franconia, is chosen king by an irregu-
lar election of the anti-Saxons.
1138-52 Conrad HI. is emperor.
Oct. 20. Conrad III. puts Henry the
Proud, of Bavaria, under the ban of the
empire.
* * Germany's political power gradually
diminishes.
* * Bavaria. Leopold, Margrave of Aus-
tria, is duke.
* * Saxony. Conrad HI. gives Saxony
to Albert the Bear.
1139 * * Bavaria. Henry the Proud
dies, but the claims of his young son to
Saxony are maintained by his relatives.
* * Welf VI., brother of Henry the
Proud, claims Bavaria.
* * Saxony. Henry the Lion, of Saxony
and Bavaria, becomes duke.
1140 * * The Guelf s and the Ghibel-
lines begin their bitter contentions for
the crown.
Otho of Saxony and the Papal party
belong to the former, and Philip of
Swabia, the Imperialists, and the Aristo-
cratic party belong to the latter. [For 300
years they desolate Germany and Italy.]
* * The Hanseatic League is formed by
the port towns for protection against the
piracies of the Swedes and the Danes.
1141 * * Bavaria by inheritance falls to
Henry Jasomirgott of Austria.
1142* * Saxony. Duke Albert the
Sear abdicates ; the Mark of Branden-
burg, an imperial fief, and his other pos-
sessions, are restored to him from his
enemies.
1147-48 Conrad III. engages in the Sec-
ond Crusade.
1152 Feb. 11. Conrad III. dies [and
is succeeded by his nephew Frederick of
Swabia].
1152-90 Frederick I., Barbarossa, is
King of Germany.
He is elected without opposition, and
becomes one of the most heroic persons
in the history of the Middle Ages, and
one of the greatest sovereigns of Ger-
many. He carries on wars against the
German nobility, and leads six expedi-
tions into Italy.
1152 * * Den. Sven becomes king of
Denmark, and a vassal of the German
Empire.
1153* * Baden. Frederick and the
Papal See hold a convention at Con-
stance.
1154* * Bavaria is restored to Henry
the Lion, son of Henry the Proud, the
ancestor of the Brunswick family.
1155 * * Rome. Frederick is crowned
emperor by Pope Adrian IV., who had
solicited his aid against the Romans.
* * Liibeck is founded.
* * Austria is separated from Bavaria,
and made an hereditary duchy in both
the male and female line.
1156 * * Frederick holds the Diet of
Katisbon, and gives the duchy of Saxony
to Henry the Lion.
12th Century. Brunswick flourishes un-
der the rule of Henry the Lion. Hesse
is ruled by the landgraves of Thuringia.
1157 * * Bavaria. The Diet of Wiirz-
burg assembles.
It has representatives from nearly all
the German States of the West; the
nobles do homage to the emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire.
* * Bohemia. Frederick I. confers the
kingly crown on Ladislaus, son of
Belas I.
1158 Nov. 11. It. A Diet meets on
the Roncaglian Plains.
The emperor's rights as against the
cities are defined, and their jurisdiction
transferred from the consuls to an officer
of the empire; the cities are prohibited
from the right of private war between
each other.
* * Bavaria. Munich is founded by
Henry the Lion.
778 1160, Jan. 27-1225, Nov. * GERMANY.
ARMY— NAVY.
1160 Jan. 27. It. After a terrible
siege Frederick takes Crema, the ally
of Milan ; the 20,000 burghers receive
permission to depart with their wives
and children.
1162 Mar. 6. It. After a resistance
for three years, famishing Milan sur-
renders to Frederick. [Mar. 19. He
orders all the inhabitants to leave
Milan within eight days.]
Mar. 26. It. Frederick proclaims the
utter destruction of Milan ; the tow-
ers and walls are pulled down ; the
neighboring cities of Lombardy finish
the destruction.
1163 * * Frederick makes a third ex-
pedition to Italy, without an army.
1164 * * Wurtemberg. Frederick defeats
the Welfs at Tubingen.
1165* *It. Pope Alexander HI. re-
volts against Frederick, and enters
Rome in triumph.
1166-68 Frederick's fourth expedition
to Italy to subdue the Pope is disastrous.
1167 * * It. Frederick captures Borne,
but loses 25,000 soldiers in eight days by
disease.
Aug. * -Sept. * It. The Lombards are
masters of Upper Italy ; they occupy the
Alpine passes ; the fragments of Fred-
erick's army retreat through by-roads
beyond the Alps to Pavia.
1172 * * Frederick restores German in-
fluence in Poland, Bohemia, and Si-
lesia by a single campaign.
1174-77 Frederick's fifth expedition
to Italy, by passing over Mont Cenis,
ends in disaster. 1174. He unsuccess-
fully besieges Alessandria. Henry the
Lion deserts the emperor, and returns
to Germany.
1176 May 29. It. The Lombard League
utterly defeats Frederick at the battle
of Legnano. [An armistice with the
cities and the Pope follows.]
1184-86 Frederick's sixth expedition
goes to Italy without a military force.
1189 May * Frederick joins the Third
Crusade at the head of an army num-
bering 150,000± men, and having 20,000+
knights.
1190 * * Kong Henry, son and vice-
gerent of the emperor, takes the field
against Henry the Lion, who prema-
turely returns from exile.
* * The vicegerent makes peace with
him, granting a full amnesty and part
of Liibeck.
1191 * * The first expedition of Henry
VI. goes to Italy to overthrow Tancred,
the usurper. [He destroys Tusculum,
and besieges Naples unsuccessfully for
three months, when sickness drives the
army out of Italy. 1192-94. He subdues
the Two Sicilies.]
1192 * * War is again waged against
Henry the Lion for breaking the first
treaty ; it ends in a compromise.
1194 * * Henry conducts a second expe-
dition to Italy, where he prosecutes a
successful war with the widow and son
of Tancred.
1197 * * A third expedition is sent to
Italy : a conspiracy against the emperor
is suppressed with great cruelty.
1198-1215 Civil war breaks out be-
tween the Hohenstauf en party and the
Welfs.
1199* * Alsace. Strasburg is besieged
by Philip : Otho IV., with an army of re-
lief, is defeated.
1214 July 27. Fr. Battle of Bou-
vines (p. 670).
1221 Apr.* Battle of Bornhceved.
The Danes are utterly defeated by the
princes of North Germany, assisted by
German Crusaders.
1221-26 It. Frederick subdues the
Saracens in Sicily.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1200 * * A kind of gunpowder is used
for blasting in the Hartz mountains.
* * * Bavaria. Augsburg has many brew-
eries. The Minnesingers, lyric poets
or love singers, flourish.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1165* * Henry "VI., emperor, born. [1197.
Dies. A52.]
1170* * Walther von der Vogelweide, min-
nesinger, born. [1228. Dies. A58+.]
1177 * * Philip, Duke of Swabia, king, born.
[1208. Dies. A31.]
1193* * Albertus Magnus, theologian, phi-
losopher, born. [1280. Dies. A87.]
1194* * Frederick II., Emp. of Germany,
K. of Naplesand Sicily, b. [1250. D. A56.)
l'Jth Century. Ofterdingen, Heinrich von,
minstrel, born and dies.
1218* * Rudolf of Hapsburg, emperor,
born. [1291. Dies. A73.]
1220 * * Esehenbach, Wolfram von, minne-
singer, dies.
CHURCH.
1160 * * Hesse. Arnold, Archbishop of
Mentz, is killed by the citizens for hav-
ing expelled his predecessor.
1164 * * Frederick I. quarrels with
the Pope, f 1177. Reconciliation.]
1165 * * Rh. Prus. Charlemagne is
canonized by Pascal III. at Aix-la-
Chapelle.
1172 * * Henry the Lion undertakes a
pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
1181 * * Rome. Lucius m. is pope.
[1185, Urban III.; 1187, Gregory VIII.;
later, Clement III.; 1191, Celestine III.;
1198, Innocent III.]
1182± * * Westphalia. The Vehmic
Tribunals flourish, and possess great
power.
The secret tribunals are established to
maintain religion and the public peace ;
they have their origin in the time of
Charlemagne. Persons of exalted rank
are subjected to their decisions, being
frequently seized, tried, and executed.
[The emperors are unable to suppress
them until the 16th century.]
1189-92 The Third Crusade. Fred-
erick II. leads an expedition from Re-
gensburg [Ratisbon].
* * * Rome. Henry VT. is threatened
with excommunication for withhold-
ing the vast estates of the Countess
Matilda of Tuscany from the Pope.
1198 * * The Order of the Holy Trin-
ity is established.
1202-04 The Fourth Crusade; it
ends in the establishment of the Latin
Empire at Constantinople.
1210 Nov. 18. Rome. The Pope ex-
communicates Otho IV. [1212. De-
posed.]
1215 * * Rome. The Lateran Council
is held.
Members : 71 prelates and archbish-
ops, more than 400 bishops, and 800 ab-
bots and priors, 8 kings, and countless
princes and envoys from cities (p. 670).
1216 * * Rome. Honorius III. is pope.
[1227, Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.:
1243, Innocent IV.; 1254, Alexander IV.;
1261, Urban IV.; 1265, Clement IV.]
1220 * * Frederick promises the Pope to
enter a crusade.
* * * Laymen are forbidden to read the
Scriptures.
* * *The Order of Teutonic Knights,
aided by the Knights of the Sword, con-
quer Poland in rescuing it from hea-
thenism.
1225 * * Frederick again promises to en-
ter a crusade.
Mar. 29. Prus. Henry Minike, pro-
vost of Goslar, condemned as a heretic,
dies at the stake for saying in his ser-
mons and poems " that the wisdom of
God surpassed that of the Virgin Mary."
LETTERS.
1160+ * * A satirical poem on the life of
priests, and other satires, by Heinrich
von Molk appear.
1170 * * The oldest German poem on
Reincke Fuchs is written by Heinrich
der Glichezarl.
* * The poems Count Rudof, Floris, and
Tristant appear.
1173+ * * Herzog Ernst and the Anegenge
appear.
1184* *The jEneid, by Heinrich von
Veldeke, appears.
1187+ * *The poem, King Orendel, ap-
pears.
1192-1202 Hartmann von Aue writes
Freck, Gregorius, Buchlein, Armer, Hein-
rich, Ixoein, and other poems.
1205-20 Wolfram von Esehenbach
writes Parzival Tagelieder, Willehalm
Titurel, and other poems.
1210 * * The epic poem, Tristan and
Isolde, by Gottfried of Strasburg, ap-
pears.
* * A translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses
is begun by Albrecht von Halberstadt.
* * The epic of Gudrum and the Wigalois
of Wirent von Grafenberg appear.
1215+ * * Welsche Gast, by Thomasin
Zerklar, appears.
1220-75 The Sachsenspiegel and the
Schwabenspiegel, two great collections
of local laws, the earliest prose works,
appear.
SOCIETY.
1191 * * The Teutonic Order of mili-
tary knights is established in the Holy
Land by the Germans (Teutones).
They minister to the sick and wounded
of the Christian army, under Guy of
Lusignan, before Acre. [On their return
the knights are invited to subdue and
Christianize the Prussians.]
STATE.
1160* * Rome. Pope Alexander HI.
puts the emperor and all his adherents
under the ban. (See Church.)
1163 * * Silesia. Breslau becomes the
capital of the duchy.
* * Berlin is founded by the Margrave
Albert the Bear, who brings a colony
from the Netherlands.
GERMANY. 1160, Jan. 27-1225, Nov. * 779
1164 May* It. Padua, Verona, Vi-
cenza, and other cities of the March of
Verona, unite in a league for mutual
defense [the precursor of the Lombard
League].
* * Feuds and devastation afflict West-
phalia on the Rhine and Swabia ; princes
and lords are arrayed against each other.
* * Hung. Saxon emigrants found Her-
manns'tadt.
1166 * * A feud arises between Henry
the Lion and his enemies, the archbishop
of Bremen and of Magdeburg, with Al-
bert the Bear and others.
* * New disturbances arise in Italy.
12th Century. Brunswick. The city is
enlarged and fortified by Henry the
Lion, and becomes one of the most im-
portant cities of Northern Germany.
1167 Apr. 7. It. The League of the
Lombard cities is formed.
Cremona, Bergamo, Mantua, and Fer-
rara, together with the cities of the
Veronese March, — Verona, Vicenza,
Padua, Treviso, — conclude a defensive
alliance against the emperor.
Dec. 1. It. The cities sign another and
greater league of all the cities of
Northern Italy. [The emperor at Pavia
soon proclaims the cities of the Lom-
bard League in outlawry.]
* * It. The Guelfs and Ghibellines unite
and rebuild Milan on a handsome scale,
and also the city of Alessandria.
1168* * Bavaria. Diet of Bamberg;
peace is made between Henry the Lion
and his enemies.
1169* * The emperor causes his son
Henry, five years of age, to be elected
and crowned king of Germany.
1176 Nov. * The emperor and the
League sign the proclamations of
peace.
1177 June 22. Venice. A peace is
signed by the emperor, Pope Alexander
III., and the Lombard League for six
years ; and by Frederick and the king of
Sicily for 15 years.
1180 Jan. 15. Bavaria. Henry the
Lion, failing to appear at four Diets to
which he had been summoned, is put
under the ban of the empire.
1180-1212 Saxony. Bernard of As-
cania is duke; Anhalt and Wittenberg
become parts of Saxony.
1180 * * Bavaria is taken from Henry
" the Lion " by Frederick, and granted to
Otto, Count Wittelsbach, Henry having
refused aid in the war in Italy against
the Pope.
* * Saxony. Duke Henry is overthrown
by Frederick, and the electorate is di-
vided.
1181 Nov. 30. Henry the Lion, of
Bavaria, throws himself at the emperor's
feet at the Diet of Erfurth.
Frederick refuses to restore the old
right, but permits Henry to hold the al-
lodial estates of Braunschweig [Bruns-
wick] and Luneburg.
1183 June 25. Baden. A perpetual
peace by a diet at Constance is made
between the emperor and the Lombard
cities.
The emperor renounces his regalian claims
on the cities of the League, and consents to the
reestahlishment of the independence of the
republics of Italy, acknowledging their right
to levy armies, erect fortifications, and exer-
cise civil and criminal jurisdiction, and also
to extend their confederation. The cities are
to maintain all just rights of the emperor
and to acknowledge his overlordship by the
payment of a sum of money, and each is to
accept an imperial judge.
* * Bavaria. Louis becomes duke.
1184 * * Hesse. A great imperial festi-
val is held at Mentz in celebration of
unity and peace between Germany and
Italy.
1184-86 Frederick's peaceful expedi-
tion visits Italy.
1186 Jan. 27. It. Frederick's son and
heir, Henry, marries Constance,
daughter of Roger II., aunt and heiress
of William II., the last of the Norman
kings of Naples and Sicily.
1189 Nov.* William II., Norman
King of the Two Sicilies, dies, and Prince
Henry inherits the kingdom.
1190 May* Bavaria. Frederick leaves
Ratisbon, and joins the Third Crusade ;
his son Henry is vicegerent in his ab-
sence.
June 10. The Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa is drowned in the Saleph
[Calycadnus] in Syria. [He is succeeded
by his son.]
1190-97 Henry VI. is King of Ger-
many.
1191 Apr. 15. Rome. Henry VI. re-
ceives the imperial crown of Germany,
Italy, and the Two Sicilies, after surren-
dering Tusculum to the Romans.
He besieges Naples in vain to rescue
his inheritance by Constance his wife,
from Tancred of Lecce, the usurper, who
had been elected king by the natives of
Palermo.
1193 Mar. 23. Henry secures the sur-
render of the captive Hi chard the
Lion-Hearted, by paying Duke Leo-
pold of Austria 50,000 marks. (P. 505.)
July 29. Hesse. Richard the Lion-
Hearted signs a treaty at Worms fixing
his ransom at 100,000 marks of silver
with other conditions. [1194. Feb. * He
is liberated.]
* * It. Henry VI. is crowned King of
Naples and Sicily at Palermo.
1195 Aug. 6. Brunswick. Henry
the Lion dies.
1196 Apr.* Bavaria. The Diet of
Wurzburg.
Henry fails to secure the approval of his
plan to make Germany and the Sicilies a
great hereditary monarchy by allowing the
great fiefs of the crown to be annexed by in-
heritance to the crown lands, also to make
the monarchy hereditary through either the
male or female line. It is opposed by the
Saxon princes and the lesser nobility, to whom
he vainly offered concessions for the sur-
render of the right of electing a sovereign.
Dec. * Hesse-Nassau. The princes of the
empire at Frankfort-on-the-Main unani-
mously elect Frederick's son, Freder-
ick Roger, two years of age, the emper-
or's successor.
1197 Sept. 28. It. Henry VI. dies
at Messina when contemplating grand
plans of conquest in the Eastern Empire.
1198-1208 Rival kings.
The princes elect and recognize Philip
of Swabia, youngest son of Frederick
Barbarossa, as King of Germany.
They ignore the pledges of December,
1196, " made to a child still unbaptized,"
and elect Philip of Hohenstaufen.
The Welflc, or Guelflc party, of inferior
numbers, chiefly from Low Germany,
elect Otho IV., son of Henry the Lion,
as King of Germany.
1198-1208 Philip of Swabia reigns.
1198-1215 (1218) Otho IV. reigns.
1198-1215 Civil war prevails between
the Hohenstaufen party and the Welfs.
The two parties divide the towns and
homes of Germany. The former is up-
held by the bishops of North Germany
and the princes of Bavaria, Austria, etc. ;
the latter by a very weak faction in Ger-
many, having England and Denmark as
allies, and is favored by the Pope.
12th, 13th Centuries. Prussia is largely
repeopled by colonies of Germans.
1201 Mar. 1. Rome. Pope Innocent
IH. acknowledges Otho as the lawful
head of the empire, and releases high
and low from their allegiance to the
Hohenstaufen.
1208 June 21. Bavaria. King Philip
is assassinated at Bamberg by the Count
Palatine, Otho of Wittelsbach.
Oct. 4. Rome. Otho TV. is crowned
emperor by the Pope, after renewing
his former concessions to the Holy See,
which include the surrender of the es-
tates of Matilda of Tuscany.
* * Cities rise to new importance, and
form leagues against the exactions of
nobles.
1210 Nov. 18. Otho IV. withholds
Tuscany, and is excommunicated by
Pope Innocent III. [1212. Deposed.]
1212 * * The Pope puts forward his pro-
ttgi., Frederick, King of Naples and
Sicily, son of Henry VI., as an anti-
emperor.
Apr. * It. Frederick LT. leaves Sicily
to take possession of the crown of Ger-
many.
1212-50 Frederick H., son of Henry
VI., is elected King of Germany by the
Ghibelline party (Hohenstaufen). [He
is the most brilliant of all the German
emperors.]
1214 * * The Palatinate falls to Bavaria.
1215 Dec. 9. R. Prus. Frederick II.
is crowned King of Germany at Aachen
[Aix-la-Chapelle] by Archbishop Sieg-
fried of Mentz.
Nov. 30. Rome. Innocent III. , as presi-
dent of a great council and " lord over
kings and peoples," confirms the deposi-
tion of the Emperor Otho IV. [1218.
May 19. Otho dies at Harzburg, Bruns-
wick.]
1217 * * S. Ger. Frederick II. gives
Swabia to his young son Henry.
1218 Apr. 15. Switz. Berne is made
a free imperial city.
1219 * * Bavaria. Nuremberg is made
a free imperial city.
1220 * * Frederick II. has his son Henry
elected King of Rome.
* * Frederick leaves Germany [and is
absent for 15 years].
Nov. 22. Rome. Frederick II. is
crowned emperor by Honorius III.,
after pledging himself to support the
feudal supremacy of the Holy See over
his hereditary lands, which should ever
be kept separate from Germany.
1222 * * Rh. Prus. Henry, son of the
emperor, is crowned king at Aachen
[Aix-la-Chapelle] ; Archbishop Engel-
bert of Cologne is his royal adviser.
1225 Nov. * It. Frederick marries
Iolanthe, daughter of John of Brienne,
and heiress of Lombardy.
780 1225,* *-1290,**.
GERMANY.
ARMY— NAVY.
1227 Sept. 9. Frederick embarks an
army of 40,000 Crusaders.
1229 Sept. * It. Papal troops invade
his realm, and Frederick drives them
out.
1230-40 Prussia is conquered by the
Order of Teutonic Knights, aided by
the Knights of the Sword, the object
being to convert it to Christianity.
1234 * * About 40,000 Crusaders attack
the Frisian Stedingers as heretics, and
nearly annihilate this tribe of peasants,
which numbers 11,000.
* * Hesse. Henry rebels against Frede-
rick, his father, and is repulsed at
Worms by loyal Imperialists.
1236 * * It. The Lombards are de-
feated by Frederick, supported by the
Ghibellines, in a brilliant campaign.
1237 Nov. 27. It. Battle of Corte-
nuova.
The Lombards are again decisively
defeated and routed. The Pope inter-
feres, his claims on Sardinia being
threatened.
1239-50 It. Frederick is at war with
the popes.
1239 * * It. Ancona is taken by King
Enzio, a natural son of Frederick.
1241 Apr. * It. King Enzio gains a
great naval victory near Meloria over
the Genoese fleet. [1249. Mar. 28. He is
captured at the battle of Fossalta, and
imprisoned in a dungeon 23 years, till
death.]
* * Germany is threatened with an in-
vasion of Mongols. Breslau (in Sile-
sia) is burnt by the Mongols (p. 504.)
1242 * * Civil war breaks out on the
Lower and Middle Rhine between the
Imperial and Papal parties. [It ends in
favor of the emperor.]
1246 * * Frankfort. Henry Raspe, the
anti-king, defeats the young King
Conrad.
1247 Jan. * Wiirtemberg. Raspe be-
sieges Ulm, until driven by Conrad into
Thuringia.
June 16. It. The Papal party, here
the Aristocratic party, by the aid of the
Lombard League, captures Parma from
Frederick. TAug. 2. He besieges Parma.
1248. Feb. 18. He is repulsed before
Padua.]
* * Hordes of Mongols from the East
appear on the Eastern frontier, and are
bravely resisted by Henry, Margrave of
Leignitz.
1253 Oct. 10. It. Naples surren-
ders to Conrad, and the revolters beg
for mercy.
1254 Dec. 2. It. Battle of Poggia.
Manfred defeats the Papal party, and
drives it out of Sicily.
1255 * * Prus. Ottocar II. of Bohemia
conducts a crusade against the heathen
Prussians. [1467. Another.] (P. 504.)
1262 Mar. 11. Alsace. The Stras-
burgers defeat Bishop Geroldseck at
Hausberg.
1266 Feb. 26. It. Battle of Bene-
vento (p. 672).
* * Prussia is nearly depopulated by the
barbarity of the Teutonic Knights.
1267 Oct. * * It. Conradin, Duke of
Swabia, the heir of Conrad IV., sup-
ported by an army, appears in Italy, and
is welcomed as its liberator.
1268 Aug. 23. It. Conradin is de-
feated by the French Tagliacozzo on
Sago di Celano [and soon captured and
beheaded at Naples — the last of the Ho-
henstaufen line].
1274 * * Rudolph I. is at war with Otto-
car II. (p. 504).
1276 Nov. 21. Peace. (See State.)
1278 Aug. 26. Aust. Battle of
Marchfeld (p. 604).
* * Rudolph conquers the Austrians.
1285 July * Rudolph, with a strong
force, marches against the false Fred-
erick. [Captures him by trickery, and
burns him as a heretic near Wetzlar.]
1286* * Wilrtemberg. Rudolph reduces
Swabia, Eberhard of Wiirtemberg, Ru-
dolph of Baden, and sixteen other
counts, who burn the castle of Stuttgart.
1289 * * Fr. Rudolph conducts a cam-
paign in Burgundy. [Also in Swabia,
where by his direction the oppressed
cities rise against Count Eberhard 1. of
Wiirtemberg.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1248 Aug. 15. lih. Prus. The cathe-
dral of Cologne is founded by Arch-
bishop Conrad von Hochstade ; the
architect is Gerhard von Riehl, or Rile.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1225 * * Engelbert, Saint, archbishop of
Cologne, dies.
1228 * * Conrad TV., Emperor of Germany,
King of Italy, born. [1254. Dies. A26.]
1250* * Eckhart, Meister, Father of Ger-
man mysticism, born. [1328. D. A78+.]
1252 * * Adolphus of Nassau, emperor, born.
[1298. Dies. A 46.]
1262* * Henry VII., emperor, born. [1313.
Dies. A51.]
1286 * * Louis IV.. or V., King of Bavaria,
Emperor of Germany, b. [1347. D. A62.]
1290* * Tauler, Johann, mystic, preacher,
born. [1361. Dies. A71.]
CHURCH.
1228-45 The Pope excommunicates
Frederick II. four times. [The ban is
removed.]
1228-29 The Fifth Crusade; it is
conducted by Frederick II. A conta-
gious disease in the army compels him
to relinquish the expedition.
1231 * * Hesse. The cathedral of Mar-
burg is founded.
1234 Feb. * Hesse-Nassau. Heretical
offenses are assigned to secular courts.
(See State.)
1237* * Frederick II. is accused of
heresy by the Pope, and is excommuni-
cated again.
1240 * * Rh. Prus. The cathedral of
Wetzlar is finished.
1243 * * Innocent IV. abandons Italy
to Frederick II., and fixes his residence
at Lyons, France.
* * The FlageUant sect appears.
1245 June 28. Fr. Innocent TV.
calls a council at Lyons, and renews the
ban against Frederick, and formally de-
poses him, and provides for the election
of his successor (p. 672).
1248 Aug. 15. Ph. Prus. The [great]
cathedral of Cologne is commenced.
1248-50 The Sixth Crusade ; it is con-
ducted by Louis of France. (Fruitless.)
1255 * * Bavaria. The cathedral at Rat-
isbon is begun by Andrew Egl.
1262 * * Hesse. St. Catherine's cathe-
dral at Oppenheim is begun. [1317.
Finished.]
* * *The monastic orders, by their
strict discipline, great numbers, wealth,
and popular influence, greatly aid the
Popes in accomplishing their purposes
* * * Clement IV. succeeds in his long
struggle for the dominion of Italy, and
places Charles of Anjou on the throne
of Naples.
1268-71 Pome. The papal throne is
vacant.
1270-71 The Seventh Crusade; it is
conducted by Louis IX. of France.
(Fruitless, p. 672.)
1271 * * Pome. Gregory X. is pope.
[1276, Innocent V., four months; Adrian
V., one month; John XXI., eight months;
1277, Nicholas III.; he introduces nepotism,
and enriches his family; 1281, Martin IV.;
1285, Honorius IV. ; 1288, Nicholas IV., a dis-
tinguished patron of literature and art; St.
Celestine V. ; he soon abdicates ; later, Boni-
face VIII.]
LETTERS.
1225+ * * Ortnit and Wolfdietrich ap-
pear.
1225-54 Rudolph of Ems writes Guter
Gerhard, Parlaam and Josaphat, and
other poems, and Wilhelm von Orleans,
Alexander, Trojan War, Universal
Chronicle, and other prose works.
13th Century. The first systematic expo-
sition of Aristotle is produced by Al-
bertus Magnus.
13th Century. The Saxon Chronicle, a
universal history, appears.
* * * Bescheidenheit, by Freidank, ap-
pears.
1260-70 The later Titurel, by Albrecht,
is written.
1275 * * The Frauendienst, by Ulrich von
Lichenstein, appears.
1276 * * Bruno von Schonebeck trans-
lates the Song of Solomon.
1290+ * * Bavaria. A poem on the Le-
gend of Lohengrin is written.
SOCIETY.
1235 * * Engelbert, archbishop of Co-
logne, is murdered.
1249 * * Enzio, the king's natural son, is
taken prisoner by the Bolognese [and
kept in a dungeon 23 years].
STATE.
1225 * * Anhalt becomes an indepen-
dent principality.
1226 * * It. Frederick summons a Diet
at Cremona for support against the
cities of the Lombard League.
* * Pome. Frederick is placed under the
ban of the church for abandoning the
crusade ; Frederick in return lays the
ban of the empire on all the cities of
the Lombard League.
+ * * Liibeck becomes a free town and
one of the leading cities of the Hanseatic
League.
1227 * * By their defeat at Bornhceved,
the Danes [permanently] lose the prov-
inces of Holstein, Liibeck, Hamburg,
Mecklenburg, and Pomerania.
1228 Mar. * Pome. The Pope repeats
the promulgation of the ban against
Frederick. [1230. He is released.]
GERMANY.
1225,** -1290,**. 781
June * It. Frederick sails as a Crusa-
der from Brindisi for Palestine. [1229,
June 10. It. Returns.]
1229 Feb. * Frederick signs a treaty
with El Kernel, ceding to Christians
the Holy Land, including Jerusalem,
Bethlehem, Joppa, Nazareth, and Sidon.
Mar. 18. Palestine. Frederick crowns
himself King of Jerusalem.
* * Wilrtemberg. Stuttgart is first men-
tioned.
1230f * * Prussia is conquered for
Christianity and civilization.
* * Frederick restores the office of grand
chancellor of the empire, and appoints
Bishop Siegfried of Ratisbon to fill it.
* * * Switz. To this period is assigned
the legend of William Tell in the up-
rising against the House of Hapsburg.
1231* * It. A great diet is held at
Capua.
* * W. Prim. Thorn is founded by the
Teutonic Knights.
* * Bavaria. Otho U. becomes duke ; he
is soon assassinated.
1234 Feb. * Hesse-Nassau. The Diet
of Frankfort.
It decrees that offenses against the
faith shall be tried in the secular courts
and according to regular judicial pro-
cedure. Rome. [Gregory IX. publishes
ecclesiastical laws opposing the codes
of Frederick.]
* * The young King Henry revolts
against Frederick, his father.
The lower German nobility and the
Lombard cities support him as allies ;
he aims at the separation of Italy from
Germany. [Henry is taken, and placed
in close confinement till his death in
1241.]
* * Hesse. Henry marries his fourth wife,
Isabella, the sister of Henry III. of
England, at Worms.
1235 Aug. * Hesse. The Diet of Mentz
sustains the war of the empire against
the Italian cities.
* * Brunswick. Otho, grandson of Henry
the Lion, becomes first duke.
* * It. Frederick draws up the Consti-
tutions of Melfl for legislation in Lower
Italy ; the feudal system is repressed,
and the power of the throne is exalted.
1237 June * Bavaria. At the Diet of
Speier, the princes, by request of Fred-
erick, elect Conrad, his son, as succes-
sor to the throne of Germany.
1239 * * Rome. The Pope again excom-
municates Frederick.
1241 * * The Hanseatic League is fully
established.
Liibeck, Cologne, Brunswick, and
Danzig, and other towns on the Baltic
coasts, unite for the protection of com-
merce against the exactions of the
nobles. [1370. The League is composed
of 66 cities and 44 confederates.]
1245 * * Rh. Prus. Frankfort is made
an Imperial city.
* * Fr. Frederick U. is deposed by the
Council of Lyons, and his subjects urged
to revolt. (See Church;)
1246 May 22. Henry Raspe, Land-
grave of Thuringia, is ineffectively set
up by the Papal party as emperor.
He is nicknamed " the parsons' king."
[The pope sends Raspe 10,000 marks, and
latter 15,000 more. 1247. Feb. 16. Henry
Raspe, the anti-king, dies at Wart-
burg.]
May * Rome. The Pope issues a severe
edict against Frederick ; his supporters
are not to give testimony in court, and
are denied the right of asylum, and pro-
hibited from trade.
Oct. 3. Rh.Prus. William, Count of Hol-
land, 20 years of age, is elected a second
anti-king at Worringen by the Papal
party, but he has a small following in
Germany. [1256. Jan.* He falls in battle
in Friesiand.]
1249 Feb. * It. Frederick II. causes
the arrest of Peter de la Vigne, the
chancellor at Cremona, charged with at-
tempting to poison the emperor ;
Frederick alleges that Peter is the tool
of the Pope.
* * * Period of national splendor.
Frederick possesses six crowns, — the
Imperial, German, Burgundian, Lom-
bard, Sicilian, and the crown of Jerusa-
lem.
1250 Dec* It. Frederick dies at
Florentino [and is succeeded by his son
Conrad].
1250-54 Conrad rV. reigns; he re-
mains in Italy, as did his father, and
rarely visits Germany during his reign.
* * * Germany is torn by the factions
supporting the rival kings, Conrad and
William.
1252 * * Conrad abandons the struggle
for the crown of Germany, and retires
to his Sicilian kingdom.
1253* * Bavaria. Louis U., the Severe,
becomes duke.
1254 Mar. * It. The Pope confers the
kingdom of Sicily on Edmund, son of
Henry III.
May 27. It. King Conrad dies at La-
vello, perhaps by poison.
July 13. Hesse. The first great meeting
of the Rhenish League of the cities is
held at Mentz, the head of the League.
1255 * * E. Prus. Konigsberg is found-
ed by the Teutonic Knights.
* * Bavaria. Munich becomes the capi-
tal.
13th Cent ury . Saxony . Dresden is
founded.
1256-73 The Great Interregnum occurs ;
club-law ; only the right of the strongest
prevail.
1257 Jan. 13. Richard Plantagenet,
Earl of Cornwall, younger son of King
John of England, is elected king by five
of the princes. [He is crowned at Aachen
(Aix-la-Chapelle), and his sovereignty
recognized along the Rhine.]
Apr. 1. Rh.Prus. The elector of Treves
secures the election of Alphonso X. of
Castile at Cologne.
* * The Electoral College first appears.
It comprises the persons of seven pow-
erful princes, who claim complete ex-
clusive power to elect whom they will.
The nation takes little interest in king
or anti-king.
1258 Aug. * It. Manfred, brother of
Conrad, as usurper, assumes the crown
of Sicily. Conradin, son of Conrad IV.,
claims it [and struggles to gain it].
1260 * * Saxony is divided into two
duchies, Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wit-
tenberg ; they are ruled by Duke Ber-
nard's two grandsons, John and Albert.
1262 * * Alsace. Strasburg is made a
free Imperial city.
1263 * * Bute. Henry of Brabant be-
comes landgrave and prince.
1265 Feb. * It. The Pope transfers the
kingdom of Sicily to Charles of Anjou,
the brother of Louis IX. of France.
* * Wiirtemberg is set apart from Swa-
bia, and made a county.
1266 Feb.* It. King Manfred of Si-
cily falls at the battle of Benevento.
1268 Oct. 29. It. Conradin, the last
of the Hohenstaufen House, being cap-
tured, is beheaded at Naples.
1272 Aug. * The spiritual princes and
the Pope unite in offering the crown
of Germany to Ottocar II., King of
Bohemia.
1273 Sept. 29. Rudolph I., Count of
Hapsburg and Ryburg, is elected (p. 505).
1273-1740 The House of Hapsburg.
1273-1291 Rudolph I. reigns.
Oct. 24. Rudolph is crowned by Engel-
bert II., archbishop-elector of Cologne.
1276 Nov. 21. Ottocar, King of Bo-
hemia, and Rudolph agree to a [brief]
treaty of peace.
Ottocar acknowledges Rudolph as king
of Germany, agrees to abandon Austria,
Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, but to
hold Bohemia and Moravia as fiefs of
the empire. [Nov. 26. He does homage
to Rudolph.]
* * The free cities, Frankfort, Freiberg,
and Oppenheim, revolt, and raze the
castles which Rudolph had erected with-
in their precincts as threatening their
freedom.
* * Bavaria. Augsburg becomes a free
Imperial city.
1282 Dec. 25. Bavaria. Diet of Augs-
burg.
Rudolph proposes to raise his sons Al-
bert and Rudolph to the rank of princes,
and to invest them with Austria, Carni-
ola, Styria, the Wendish Mark, and
Parlenau. [The nobles consent.] Thus
Rudolph becomes the founder of the
House of Hapsburg-Austria.
* * It. Peter of Aragon is King of Si-
cily.
Charles of Anjou is King of Naples.
1283-85 A false Frederick deceives
the people, and maintains himself in
Western Germany against Rudolph. He
is approved by the malcontents.
1283 * * Rudolph makes Albert his son
sole duke of Austria by promising
valuable considerations to his brother
Rudolph.
1285 * * The Papal See grants the tithes
revenues of four German bishoprics
to the King of France as a " contribu-
tion for a war against the King of
Aragon."
1286 * * Prus. The new city of Konigs-
berg becomes the capital of Prussia.
1288 * * Rh. Prus. Dusseldorf is raised
to the rank of a town.
* * Fr. Philip IV., the French king,
takes advantage of Rudolph's weakness,
and annexes the city and bishopric of
Verdun.
1289 * * Fr. Burgundy is again forcibly
united to Germany.
1290 * * Fr. Philip, King of France,
takes Lyons, belonging to the German
Empire, under French protection.
* * The defection of the cities from
Rudolph increases because of oppressive
subsidies demanded in the style of an
absolute monarch.
782 1291, June 20-1373,
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
£294 * * Saxony. Adolf, with mercena-
ries, enters Meissen, and suppresses
the revolt against confiscation to the
empire by wasting the country.
1298 Apr. * Albert of Austria with all
bis forces marches through Bavaria, to
tbe Kbine, for the overthrow of Adolf.
July 2. Rh.Prus. Battle of Gbllheim.
Albert of Austria defeats Adolf, and
kills him on the field.
1301 * * Albert defeats the allied eccle-
siastical electors of Mentz, Treves, and
Cologne, with the Count Palatine, who
conspire against him.
1307 May 31. Thuringia. Albert's
army is defeated at Luca by the Thu-
ringians under Philip of Nassau ; the in-
heritances of Frederick and Diezmon
are preserved for the emperor.
1310-13 Henry VII. conducts an expe-
dition to Italy.
He goes to restore order and peace
in the cities between the contending
Guelfs and Ghibellines.
1313 May * It. Henry marches with
a great force against Naples, where the
Guelfs rule.
* *(1314?) A German monk first discov-
ers the use of cannons.
1314-47 Civil war (p. 504).
1315 Nov. 15. Switz. Battle of Mor-
garten (p. 504).
1322 Sept. 28. Battle of Ampfing. The
flower of the Austrian nobility is left
dead or wounded on the field (p. 504).
1326 Jan. * Prus. At the Pope's sug-
gestion, Wladislaw the Short, of Poland,
with heathen allies, attacks the Mark of
Brandenburg. [More than 6,000 Chris-
tians are killed or taken prisoners.]
1327-30 Italian expedition of Louis.
1327 Oct. 11. It. Pisa admits Louis
after a siege of five weeks, promising to
pay 60,000 gold pieces of Florence as in-
demnity, and to lose none of its liber-
ties. [The king's promises are broken.]
1341 * * It. The Bohemians are driven
out of Tyrol by Margaret and the no-
bility.
1347 * * "War occurs with the Bavarian
party.
1354-55 Charles makes his first expe-
dition to Rome.
1361 * * "War between the Hanseatic
League and Denmark.
John Wittenborg of the Hansa invades
Denmark, and captures Copenhagen, but
is finally defeated before Helsingborg by
Waldemar IV. [ and is executed at LU-
beck].
1367+-70 Second war between the
Hanseatic League and Denmark.
The Hansa compels "Waldemar IV. to
fly ; conquers several cities, including
Copenhagen and Elsinore. [The war
ends with an advantageous peace for the
League.] (P. 636.)
1368 * * Charles makes his second ex-
pedition to Italy as the ally of the Pope
against John Galeazzo Visconti, Duke
of Milan.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1296 * * Sulfureous carbon is produced
by Lampadius.
1299 * * "Windmills first appear.
1320-40 Brunswick. Gunpowder is
invented (?) by Bertholdus or Michael
Schwartz, a Cordelier monk of Goslar
[but many authorities maintain that it
was known long before in various parts
of the world].
1322* * Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach. The play
of The Wise and Foolish Virgins is pro-
duced at Eisenach.
* * Bavaria. Sawmills are introduced
at Augsburg. [1427. In Breslau, Silesia.]
1324 * * Lorraine. Firearms are used
in the defense of Metz.
1325 * * Stoves are first used.
1337 * * Bavaria. A parchment fac-
tory is established at Nuremberg.
1340 (?) * * Bavaria. A process of wire-
drawing is invented by Rudolph at Nu-
remberg. [1410 (?). By drawing the iron.]
1350 * * Refining-houses are built.
1365 * * Bavaria. Pins are invented at
Nuremberg. [1370. Needlemakers are
here incorporated and their sales are
rapidly extended.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1318* * Erwin von Steinbach, archeologist,
architect, dies.
Frauenlob, Heinrich von Meissen, poet, d.
1365 * * Jerome of Prague, religious re-
former, comp. of Huss, b. [141H. D. A 51.]
1368* * Slgismund, emperor, born. [1437.
Dies. A 69.]
CHURCH.
1298 July* The Jews are horribly per-
secuted throughout South Germany,
chiefly through the lust of blood and
plunder, but their enemies alleging " it
is God's will."
1300* * Saxony. The cathedral of
Meissen is finished.
1303 * * Rome. Benedict XL is pope.
[1305, Clement V.; 1314, Avignon, The
papal throne is vacant. 1316. Avignon, John
XXII.; 1334, Avignon, Benedict XII.; 1342,
Avignon, Clement VI.; 1352, Innocent VI.]
1308 * * Fr. The Pope's residence is
removed from Rome to Avignon.
1311 * * Fr. The 6th General Coun-
cil at Vienne. (Synod of Vienne in Gaul,
p. 672.)
1316 * * The Pope informs Louis IV.
that he cannot wear the German crown
without papal sanction.
1324 * * Louis IV. is excommunicated
by the Pope, and his supporters inter-
dicted ; he appeals to a general council.
1337 ** Wiirtemberg. The cathedral at
Ulm is begun.
1338 * * Jews are persecuted.
Mayer Bon, a Jew, accused of forgery
and swindling, is condemned and burned;
Archbishop Walram, his creditor, is
thereby freed.
* * The Diet of Frankfort declares that
the Pope has no temporal power in the
empire.
* * *"A gay enjoyment of the world as
it is existed side by side with almost
superhuman spirituality."
* * * " All classes, clerical as well as lay,
looked upon resistance to papal preten-
sions as a necessity imposed by national
honor."
1348 * * Alsace. The Jews are accused
of causing the Black Death by poison-
ing the wells ; the mobs in Strasburg
burn 1300 of these people before their
synagogue.
1350 * * The Flagellants cruelly abuse
their bodies for the comfort of their
souls (p. 674).
1354 * * Borne. Rienzi, the reformer, is
killed.
1362 * * Avignon. Urban V. is pope.
[1370, Gregory XL; 1389, Boniface IX.; he
resides at Rome; 1394, Benedict XIII.; 1404,
Innocent VII.; 1406, Gregory XII.]
LETTERS.
1293 * * The Legend of St. Martin, by
Hugo von Lang'enstein, appears.
1300 * * Benner, by Hogo von Trimberg,
appears.
± * * Ulrich Boner, a Dominican monk of
Bern, writes the Jewel, the oldest Ger-
man Table-book.
* * * Der JVinsbecke and Krieg auf der
Wartburg appear.
1314 * * Wilhelm von Oeslerreich, by Jo-
hannes von Wurzburg, appears.
1336-98 Hesse-Nassau. The Limburg
Chronicle appears.
1340+ * * Die Jagd, an allegory, is writ-
ten by Hadamar'von Laber.
1348* * Bohemia. The Emperor Charles
IV. founds a University at Prague.
1352* *Rulmann Merswin writes the
Book of the Nine Bocks.
SOCIETY.
1298 * * Adolf of Nassau, the King of
Germany, falls in a personal conflict
with Albert I. of Austria. [1308. May 1.
Albert is assassinated by his nephew
John.]
1313 Aug. 24. Henry VII. is poi-
soned by a priest by the consecrated
wafer.
1348 * * Europe. Massacre of 1,500,000
Jews as the supposed cause of pesti-
lence.
1350 * * The people are distressed by the
black plague.
STATE.
1291 June 20. Rudolph's despotism
towards Valenciennes [occasions a revolt
of the citizens, who renounce the Ger-
man Empire, and seek the protectioo of
France].
July 15. King Rudolph I. dies.
Aug. 1. Switz. The men of the Helve-
tian cantons meet to throw off the yoke
of Hapsburg despotism, and they form
"a perpetual league." [It is the first
authentic movement towards a Swiss
confederacy.]
* * Interregnum.
1292 May 5. Adolf, Count of Nassau,
a relative of the archbishop of Mentz,
is elected king, excluding Albert, son of
Rudolph.
1292-98 Adolf reigns; he is poor in
possessions, in movables, and in preroga-
tives. [1298. He is deposed. July 2.
Killed at the battle of Golleim.]
1294 * * Bavaria. Louis TXL becomes
duke. #
1296 * * Hamburg becomes a free Im-
perial city by permission of the Dukes
of Holstein.
1298 July 27. Bh. Prus. Albert of
Austria, son of Rudolph, is unani-
mously elected by the electors at Frank-
fort [and crowned king of Germany at
Aix-la-Chapelle] .
GERMANY.
1291, June 20-1373, * * 783
1298-1308 Albert I. is emperor.
1299 Dec. * Albert enters an alliance
with Philip the Fair of France against
the Pope.
1300 Oct. 14. The three ecclesiastical
electors and the Count Palatine form
an alliance against the king, whose
election was not confirmed by the Pope.
[They are defeated.]
1301 * * Wenceslaus becomes King of
Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia.
1307* * William Tell(?) shoots the
tyrant Gesler, and the Swiss revolt.
1308 May 1. Baden. King Albert is
killed (p. 505).
* * Henry, Count of Luxemburg, a half-
Frenchman, is elected king.
1308-13 Henry VII. reigns.
* * W. Prus. Danzig passes under the
rule of the Teutonic Knights.
1309 Jan. 6. Rh. Prus. Henry VII.
is crowned king at [Aix-la-Chapelle.]
* * Switz. A confederation of three
cantons is formed, consisting of Schwyz,
Uri, and Unterwalden.
1310* * Bohemia. Henry's son, [Blind]
John, is enthroned by the National
Assembly.
1311 Jan. 6. It. Henry VII. is crowned
King of Lombardy.
1312 June 29. Rome. Henry is crowned
King of Italy, and Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire.
1313 Aug. 24. It. Henry VH. dies
near Sienna, probably poisoned by the
Guelfs.
1314 Oct. 19. Hesse-Nassau. The elec-
tors being unable to agree, those of
Cologne, the Rhenish Palatinate, elect
Frederick, Duke of Austria, son of
Albert, in the suburb of Frankfort.
Oct. 20. Hesse-Nassau. The electors of
Mentz, Treves, Brandenburg, and Bohe-
mia elect Louis of Bavaria at Frank-
fort. The votes of electors are sold at
high prices in both elections.
1314-47 Louis IV. of Bavaria reigns.
1314-30 Frederick of Austria reigns.
Nov. 25. Rh. Prus. Louis IV. is
crowned King of Germany at Aix-la-
Chapelle ; Frederick is crowned at
Bonn.
* * With two kings [civil war prevails
for eight years].
1315 Dec. 9. Switz. The confederated
cantons of Uri , Schwyz , and Unterwalden
renew their league forever at Brun-
nen.
1316* * Switz. King Louis IV. con-
firms the confederation, and recog-
nizes the immediate dependence of the
cantons on the empire ; Austrian power
is broken in Switzerland.
1322 Sept. 28. Bavaria. Frederick
of Austria is captured by Louis at the
battle of Ampting [and imprisoned.
1325. Released]. (P. 505.)
1323 Mar. * Brandenburg. Louis IV.
gives the Mark of Brandenburg, one of
the great fiefs, to his son Louis [who
later marries Margaret Multasch, the
heiress of Tyrol and Carinthia].
Oct. 8. Fr. Pope John, at Avignon,
summons King Louis IV. to lay down
" his assumed government of the Ger-
man Empire," as he had not obtained
papal continuation ; excommunication
is threatened.
1324 Mar. 23. Fr. The Pope at Avi-
gnon excommunicates Louis IV.
May 22. Louis IV. issues a protest
against excommunication, and makes
a statement of the sins of the Pope.
July 11. Fr. The Pope at Avignon de-
clares Louis IV. deposed, and his ad-
herents and territories under the curse
of the church.
1327 Jan. 17. Rome. Louis IV. is
crowned emperor. [May * Crowned
King of Lombardy at Milan.]
1328 Apr. 18. Rome. Louis IV. de-
poses Pope John for heresy and
treason.
Aug. 4. Rome. Louis IV., becoming un-
popular because of his greediness and
despotic acts, is driven out of the city by
an insurrection of the people.
1329 * * The Palatinate is separated from
Bavaria ; yet a part of Bavaria, the
Upper Palatinate, goes with it.
* * Saxony. The margrave obtains pos-
session of Altenburg.
1330 Jan. 13. Frederick, the rival of
Louis IV., dies.
1332 Jan. * Baden.+ Nine free cities
of Swabia petition the Elector Baldwin
of Treves that Germany resume its
original right to elect an emperor,
whether the Pope be for or against him.
[Nothing more is done for six and a half
years.]
* * Alsace. The guilds are admitted to
a share in the government of Strasburg.
1333 Nov. 14. To ease his conscience,
and secure the removal of the papal ban,
Louis secretly signs a renunciation of
the crown. [He denies it when aroused
by the electors.]
1335 * * Silesia. Breslau passes under
the jurisdiction of the Bohemian crown.
1338 July 16. Electoral meeting at
Rense.
Six electors sign a declaration of Ger-
many's independence of the Holy
See, the emperor deriving his authority
alone from the votes of a majority of
the electors ; it denies the Pope's tem-
poral power in the empire.
* * Louis IV. sides with the English in
the struggle with France.
1342 Feb. 10. Tyrol. Louis IV. mar-
ries his son Louis to the divorced Mar-
garet of Tyrol, thereby gaining to his
House this province.
Apr. 25. Fr. Pope Benedict XII., the
enemy of Louis IV., dies.
1344 Sept.* Hesse-Nassau. A national
Diet is held at Frankfort to consider the
concessions to his temporal power de-
manded by the Pope.
1346 Jan. 15. Louis IV. invests his
wife, the sister of the deceased Count
William of Holland, with the latter's
estates, thus alarming the electors by
the increase of family power. [It
provokes the setting up of an anti-king.]
July 11. Charles of Luxemburg,
" The Parson King," is elected anti-
king by five electors at Rense (p. 507).
They had revolted against Louis IV.
because of his violence in increasing his
power. The electors are paid a high
price for their votes.
1346-78 Charles IV. is emperor.
1347 Sept. 2. Bohemia. Charles IV.
is crowned King of Bohemia.
Oct. 11. BaiJari
Munich.
Louis IV. dies at
* * The imperial crown is offered to
Edward III. of England.
* * Bavaria. Stephen I. is duke.
1348 * * Bohemia. The city of Prague
is rebuilt by the Emperor Charles IV.,
who makes it his capital.
* * Mecklenburg is made a duchy.
* * Brandenburg. The false "Waldemar
appears in opposition to Louis, and fa-
vorable to Charles IV.
1349 Jan. 1. Hesse-Nassau. Giinther,
Count of Schwarzburg, is elected em-
peror at Frankfort by the Bavarian
party ; Charles, King of Bohemia, bribes
his friends to desert Giinther. [June 14.
Giinther dies, alleged to have been poi-
soned.]
May 26. King Giinther sells his claim
to Charles IV. for 20,000 marks of silver
for himself and men, besides deliverance
from debt.
July 25. Rh.Prus. Charles is crowned
emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle, having
been elected by all the electors.
1350* *The league of the cities
greatly prospers. Town markets are
established.
1355 Apr. 5. Rome. Charles IV. is
again crowned emperor by two car-
dinals acting in the Pope's name.
* * Bohemia. Silesia and Lower Lusa-
tia are united with Bohemia.
1356 * * Hesse-Nassau. Frankfort-on-
the-Main is recognized as the seat of
imperial elections.
* * Charles IV. issues the [famous] Golden
Bull to regulate the election of sover-
eigns ; it becomes the fundamental
law of the empire.
The election is entrusted to seven electors,
three ecclesiastics and four seculars, namely,
the archbishop of Mentz as arch-chancel-
lor of Germany; the archbishop of Treves
as arch-chancellor of Italy; the archbishop
of Cologne, arch-chancellor of Burgundy;
the King of Bohemia, as arch-seneschal;
Count Palatine, as arch-steward; Duke of
Saxe-Wittenberg, as arch-marshal ; and the
Margrave of Brandenburg as arch-chamber-
lain. Practically the same electors as here-
tofore. [It continues in force till 1806.]
With this edict commences the Diet
of the German Empire; it is com-
posed of three colleges ; viz., the elec-
tors, the princes, and the imperial towns.
* * Saxony. The dispute between the
two Saxon duchies regarding electoral
privileges is decided by the Golden
Bull in favor of Wittenberg.
1363 June 15. Bohemia. Wences-
laus, son of Charles, is crowned King of
Bohemia. [1376. June 12. Elected King
of the Romans. Price of votes, 100,000
gulden.]
* * Aust. Tyrol acquired (p. 507).
1365+ * * A League of the Rhine cities,
with some others, is formed to insure a
stricter enforcement of the public peace.
1370 * * Peace is made with Denmark
by the Treaty of Stralsund.
±* * Saxony. Rudolph LT. of Wittenberg
is the first duke to style himself elector.
1373 * * Brandenburg. Treaty of Fiir-
stenwalde.
Otho " the Lazy," in return for an an-
nuity, transfers to Charles IV. the Mark
of Brandenburg.
784 1375, * *-1450, June 22.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1377+ * * Wars between the nobles
and the cities commence.
1377 May 21. Battle of lieutlingen.
The Swabian League severely defeats
Ulrich, son of Eberhard, Count Eber-
hard " the Grumbler ; " 86 noble knights
fall.
1386 July 9. Switz. Battle of Sem-
pach.
The South German cities withdraw
their aid from Switzerland ; the Austri-
ans under Leopold are defeated by the
Swiss peasants (p. 506).
1388 Apr. 9. Switz. Battle of Naf els.
Duke Albert, brother of Leopold,
with German princes as allies, is de-
feated by a small body of Swiss, losing
2,000 men, including 188 knights and
squires.
Aug. 24. Wurtemberg. Battle of Dof-
flngen, between the aristocrats and the
citizens.
Eberhard of Wurtemberg defeats the
army of the Swabian cities at Doffing-
en ; Count Ulrich is mortally wounded.
1401 Oct. 24. It. Battle of Brescia.
Visconti defeats Rupert.
1410 July 16. E. Prus. Battle of Tan-
nenberg.
The Teutonic Order is disastrously
defeated by the Poles ; 200 knights and
40,000 warriors fall.
1419-36 Bohemia. Hussite war (p. 506).
1420 July 14. Bohemia. Ziska de-
feats the emperor at the siege of Prague,
and drives him into Hungary. [1422. The
imperial troops enter Bohemia, but are
soon driven out.]
1422 Jan. 8. Bohemia. Battle of
Deutsch-Brod (p. 506).
1431 Aug. 14. Bohemia. The impe-
rial army, having 40,000 cavalry and
90,000 infantry, is defeated and routed by
the Hussites near Kiesenburg.
1434 May 30. Bohemia. Battle of
Bohmisch-Brod (p. 506).
1438 * * Bohemia. Civil war rages.
1439 * * Alsace-Lorraine. The Count of
Vaudemont, with French Armagnae
hirelings, is at war with the bishop of
Metz.
1440-46 Switz. Zurich enters a treaty
with Frederick III., and civil war pre-
vails.
Zurich, allied with Austria, oppresses
the Swiss Confederation ; Zurich troops
are defeated, and the city is besieged.
1442 * * Westphalia. The city of Soest
resists the oppressive exactions of Arch-
bishop Dietrich II. of Cologne, and war
follows.
1443 May 23. Switz. Battle of Frien-
bach.
Itel Roding, commanding the Swiss
Confederates, defeats the Zurich-Aus-
trian allies. [May 24. Again at Hirzel.]
1444 July * Switz. The King of France
sends Frederick 24,000 Armagnacs, ac-
companied by 20,000 other ruffians, to
subdue the Swiss Confederates.
[Aug. 26. The Armagnacs, 30 times as
strong, cut down 1,600 heroic Confeder-
ate soldiers at St. Jacob. Aug. * The
French army under the dauphin sur-
prises Mompelgard, and abuses the cit-
izens.]
* * Lorraine. Metz undergoes a seven
months' siege by King Charles VII. of
France. [The siege is raised on the pay-
ment of a ransom of 100,000 florins.]
1446* * Switz. The Swiss defeat the
Germans at Ragaz, and become practi-
cally independent.
* * Casimir IV. of Poland aids the na-
tives of Prussia in an uprising against
the oppression of the Teutonic
Knights.
* * "War with Hungary. Cause, its re-
fusal to surrender the young prince Wa-
ladislas.
1447 July 2. Westphalia. The arch-
bishop of Cologne besieges Soest with
60,000 men. [They ravage the country,
and fail of provisions for their own sup-
port. July 20. The last assault is made
and repelled.]
1449 r * * A second great war between
the cities and the princes breaks out,
and lasts seven years ; many counts and
barons side with the German princes
against civil liberty.
1450 Mar. 11. Bavaria. TheNurem-
bergers severely defeat the Margrave
of Pillenreut.
Apr. 14. Bavaria. Albert defeats the
citizens of Nuremberg and part of their
allies.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1375* * Bavaria. Diamond-cutters ply
their trade in Nuremberg.
1381 * * Augsburg. The gun as a tire-
arm is known.
1390 * * The first mill for making linen
paper is established.
1403* * Bavaria. Ribbon and lace
workers thrive at Augsburg.
1413* * Pr. Saxony. Fulminating gold
is discovered by Valentine, a monk, at
Erfurt.
1419* * Bavaria. File-cutters ply their
trade in Nuremberg.
1423 * * Bavaria. The art of engrav-
ing on wood for printing pictures is
invented by Kepler at Nordlinger.
1430 * * Bavaria. Gester invents an
air-gun at Nuremberg.
1436* * Hesse. The art of printing
from movable type is invented by Jo-
hannes Gutenberg at Mentz.
1439 * * Alsace. The lofty tower of the
Strasburg cathedral is completed.
1440 * * The art of copper-plate en-
graving is invented by Ruprecht Rust.
1444+ * * Bavaria. Bleaching - works
are established in Nuremberg.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1376* * Hubs, John, religious reformer,
born. [1416. Dies. A40.]
1380* * Kempis, Thomas a, monk, as-
cetic, writer, born. [1471. Dies. A9L]
1400* ♦Gutenberg, Johann, or Henne,
Inventor of printing, b. [1468. D. A68.]
1414* * Albert, Elector of Brandenburg,
born. [1486. Dies. A72.]
1423 * * Purbacb, Georg, astronomer, born.
[1461. Dies. A 38.]
1434 * * Wohlgemuth, Michael, painter, b.
1435 * * Schoffer, Peter, impr. of printing, b.
1436 * * liehaim, Martin, navigator, geog., b.
Regiomontanus, Johann M., astronomer,
born. [1476. Dies. A40.]
CHURCH.
1378 * * " The Schism of the West."
England and the empire acknowledge
. Urban VI. as pope, while France, Spain,
and Scotland acknowledge Clement VII.
Rival popes reciprocally excommunicate
each other (p. 674).
* * * Mysticism awakens in many minds
an aspiration which the church in its
corrupt state could not satisfy. Mystics
are much opposed, and charged with im-
morality, pantheism, communism, and
maintaining private inspiration.
1386 * * Christianity is introduced into
Lithuania.
1409 * * It. The Council of Pisa.
It deposes Popes Gregory and Bene-
dict, and elects Alexander V. ; as neither
of the deposed Popes will yield, there are
three Popes (p. 506).
1410 * * Rome. John XXIII. is pope.
1412* * Bohemia. The Reformation is
begun.
John Huss denounces the bull of Pope
John XXIII. against King Ladislaus of
Naples, and together with -Jerome of
Prague opposes the sale of indulgences.
1414-18 Baden. The Council of Con-
stance.
It is a council of the empire, yet having
prelatical visitors from Italy, France, Eng-
land, and Spain, besides numerous princes
with their imposing trains. The great Assem-
bly includes Pope John XXIII., five patri-
archs, 33 cardinals, 200 archbishops and bish-
ops, and 80,000 laymen.
Its objects are to suppress the Bohemian
heresy, heal the papal schism, and reform
the church. It proclaims its superiority over
the Pope, condemns the doctrines of John
Huss, deposes Pope John XXIII., and pre-
vails on Pope Gregory XII. to abdicate, and
later deposes Pope Benedict XIII. It is pro-
posed to reform the church, but by the ac-
tion of Spain, the effort fails; Martin V. is
elected pope; the council adjourns without
accomplishing any effective reformation of
abuses (p. 506).
(Mar. 20.) Pope John XXIII. a fugi-
tive.
In disguise of a stable-boy he flees from
Constance when it is proposed that the coun-
cil investigate his crimes; many prelates and
cardinals follow him, but they do not break
up the council. [ He is captured, imprisoned,
and deposed.]
(June 15.) Communion in one kind
only is authoritatively sanctioned by the
council.
(1417. Mar. 16.) The University of Prague
demands the communion in both kinds for
both clergy and laity.
(1418* *) The council suspends all the
privileges of the university because of its de-
mand.
(Apr. 22.) Pope Martin V. leaves the
council.
1420 Mar. 17. Bohemia. Sigismund
burns Crasa at the stake, after having
dragged him through the streets of
Prague.
1421 July * Bohemia. The emperor,
and the Crusaders against the heretics
attack the city of Prague. (See
Army.)
1423 * * lih. Prus. A church council
is held at Treves.
1429* * Borne. "The Schism of the
West" is ended by the resignation of
Clement VIII.
1431 * * Borne. Eugenius IV. becomes
pope. [Felix is anti-pope.]
July 23-49 May 7. Switz. The Gen-
eral Council of Basel is held ; Julian
is president.
(July 23.) It meets to effect the union
of the Greek and Roman churches, recon-
cile the Protestants, arul promote the
reformation of the church.
(1433 * *) The council settles the Bo-
hemian controversy by the Compact of
Prague, by which the Hussites are
granted the use of the cup in the Eu-
charist.
(1439. Oct. 29.) Eugenius, refusing to
recognize its authority, is deposed. (Oct.
30.) Felix V. is elected (anti-pope).
[Its decisions are in part recognized
GERMANY.
1375, * *-1450, June 22. 785
by the Gallican Church, but rejected by
the Ultramontanes.]
1438* *-39* * It. The Council of
Ferrara-Florenee.
It decrees the Seven Sacraments ; viz.,
baptism, confirmation, the eucharist,
penance, extreme unction, holy orders,
and matrimony. It proclaims the union
of the Greek and Roman churches.
* * * The spiritual princes have all the
faults of the secular princes, besides spe-
cial defects of their own.
Simony universally prevails ; the scan-
dalous social life of the inferior clergy,
with cold and unimpressive services,
weakens the hold of the church on the
public mind.
1445 * * The emperor attempts to frus-
trate the efforts made to reform the
church, and compels the German bish-
ops to quit their antagonism to Rome ;
he receives 100 prebends and other con-
siderations from the Pope.
1446 Mar. * Hesse-Nassau. A league
is formed at Frankfort by the Diet.
It proposes general resistance of the
attacks of the emperor and pope on the
rights of the leaguers, and to compel a
recognition of the reforms of the Coun-
cils of Constance and Basel. [The league
is broken up by bribery.]
* * Vienna. The Concordat of Vienna
is concluded with the Pope, who aban-
dons the reforms promised in the Coun-
cil of Basel.
1447 * * Rome. Nicholas V. is pope.
1448 * * Bavaria. The Concordat of
Aschaffenberg is signed by Frederick,
thus perpetuating the evils in the church
which had been partly reformed.
LETTERS.
1379 Sept. 16. Pr. Saxony. The Uni-
versity of Erfurt receives its charter
from the anti-pope, Clement VII., as a
" Studium generale " in all the faculties.
1385 Oct. 23. Baden. The Univer-
sity of Heidelberg receives its charter
from Pope Urban VI. [1386. Oct. 19.
Opened.]
1388 May 21. Bh. Prus. The Uni-
versity of Cologne is chartered as a
"Studium generale," by Pope Urban
VI. ; it is under the influence of the
Dominicans.
1389 May 4. Pr. Saxony. The Uni-
versity of Erfurt is founded afresh by
Pope Urban VI. without any recognition
of the former action of the anti-pope,
Clement VII. It is under Franciscan
influence.
1398 * * Bohemia. John Huss becomes
a professor in the University of Prague.
1399 * * Bohemia. Ackermann aus Boh-
men, by Johannes Ackermann of Saaz,
appears.
1400-1500 Bavaria. Nuremberg is a
great center of literature.
1409 Sept. 9. Saxony. The Univer-
sity of Leipsic is founded as a " Stu-
dium generale," by Pope Alexander V.
* * Bohemia. The Hussite troubles in
Prague and a change in the university
statutes occasion the withdrawal of all
German professors and students from
the university ; they go to Leipsic.
1419 Feb. 13. Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
The University of Rostock is founded
and authorized br the Pope's bull.
1430+ * * The Thuringian Chronicle, by
Rothe, appears. (?)
1432 * * Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The fac-
ulty of theology is added to the Univer-
sity of Rostock.
1433* * The History of the. Emperor Sigis-
mund, by Eberhard Windeck, appears.
1442 * * Hesse. Johann Fust estab-
lishes a printing-office at Mentz, and
prints the Tractatus Petri Hispani.
15th Century. TheHeldenbuch&ppearB. (?)
SOCIETY.
1400 * * Frederick (III.) is assassinated
immediately after his election. [He is
seldom placed in the list of emperors.]
* * Nuremberg is the center of art,
trade, and intelligence.
STATE.
1376 * * Bavaria. John becomes duke.
* * WUrlemberg.i- The Swabian city
league is formed for mutual defense
against the nobility. [1377. Recognized
by the emperor.]
* * The Association of Nobles (middle
nobility) is organized to oppose the
league of the cities.
The imperial knights of Swabia, Fran-
conia, and on the Rhine, with others,
unite to maintain their independence
against the higher nobility, and espe-
cially the princes of the empire who
were ambitious for territorial sover-
eignty.
The Martinsvogel, Schlegler, and Lo-
welbund Associations are formed.
1378 Nov. 29. Prague. Charles IV.
dies.
He had already given his lands to his
three sons, Bohemia and Silesia to Wen-
ceslaus, Brandenburg to Sigismund, and
Lusatia to John.
1378-1400 Wenceslaus, King of Bo-
hemia, is also King of Germany.
1381 * * The Swabian League of the
cities unites with that of the Rhine.
1384 * * The emperor proclaims a new
public peace, called the Heidelberg
Statlung, for four years. [The king re-
turns to Bohemia.]
1385* * Bh. Prus. Diisseldorf is chosen
as a place of residence by Count Adolf
of Berg.
1389 May 2. Bohemia. A council of
the princes meets at Eger.
A new public peace for eight years
is proclaimed by Wenceslaus ; he orders
the dissolution of the Swabian League
and all union of cities.
1393-94 Bohemia. Wenceslaus is im-
prisoned by the nobles at Prague be-
cause of his cruelty and indolence.
1397* * Bavaria. Ernest becomes duke.
1400* * Brunswick. "Wenceslaus is de-
posed by a section of the Rhenish elec-
tors. [1410. German crown renounced.
1419. Aug. 16. Dies.] After much in-
trigue the crown is given to Rupert,
Count Palatine.
1400-10 Rupert, Count Palatine, is
King of Germany. His authority is
feeble. He fails in his attempt to reach
Rome.
1405 Sept. 14. Alsace. The League
of Mar bach is formed of 17 Swabian
cities and Strasburg, for the purpose of
resisting the oppressions of Rupert.
1409 * * Brunswick. Henry I. becomes
duke of Brunswick-Luneburg.
1410-37 Sigismund reigns. [1419. In
Bohemia.] (p. 507.)
1410 May 18. Hesse. Ejng Rupert
dies at Oppenheim.
Sept. 20. Three electors, including the
candidate, who is represented by proxy,
elect Sigismund, the brother of Wen-
ceslaus, King of Germany.
* * Jossus, Marquis of Moravia, is chosen
emperor by a party of the electors.
[1410. He dies. July 21. At a second
election his two votes are given to Sigis-
mund.]
1415 * * The Swiss Republic is formed.
* * Sigismund sells to Frederick IV. of
Nuremberg the Margravate of Branden-
burg.
1416* * Brunswick. "William I. and
Henry II. become dukes of Brunswick.
1419 * * Prus. Frederick I. of Nurem-
berg, of the House of Hohenzollern, be-
comes elector.
1420-60 Westphalia. Period of the
greatest power of the secret tribunals.
1422* * Saxony. The Ascanian line
becomes extinct at the death of Albert
III., [and (1428) the Emperor Sigismund
confers the electorate and duchy upon
Frederick, Margrave of Meissen].
1431* * It. Sigismund is crowned King
of Italy. [1433. He is crowned em-
peror by Pope Eugenius IV.]
1437 * * Sigismund is driven from the
throne ; and Albert II., his son-in-law,
Duke of Austria and King of Hungary
and Bohemia, is elected emperor. [Dec.
9. Sigismund dies.]
1438-1740 The Hapsburg Dynasty:
the House of Austria reigns.
1438-39 Albert H. reigns.
1438 * * Bohemia. Albert I. is duke.
1439 Oct. 27. Albert II. dies, and is
succeeded by Frederick, Duke of Styria,
his cousin. [Destructive feuds follow.]
* * The Pragmatic Sanction is issued
(p. 509).
1440-93 Frederick HI. (or IV.) reigns.
[1442. June 1. Crowned king. 1452.
Crowned emperor at Rome, the last Ger-
man ruler so honored.]
Feb. 2. Frederick II I. is elected em-
peror.
He is a physical weakling of inferior in-
tellect, and, unfortunately for his subjects,
remains longer than any of his predecessors;
he is powerless both in Germany and in his
own lands. [1449, July* Piccolomini (later
Pope Pius III.) is his adviser.]
Feb. 20. W. Prus. The estates of Prus-
sia form a union, called the Prussian
League, against the domination of the
Teutonic Knights. [Confirmed by the
emperor.]
1445* * Saxony. Thuringia is sepa-
rated from Saxony. [1482. Reunited.]
1446 * * Prus. Casimir IV. of Poland
assists the native Prussians in resisting
the oppressions of the Teutonic
Knights.
1448 * * Den. Oldenburg is annexed to
Denmark (p. 637).
1449 Apr. 2. Westphalia Peace is
made between the archbishop of Co-
logne and the city of Soest, which re-
tains its independence.
1450 June 22. Bavaria. The Peace
of Bamberg is concluded: each party
is to restore all it has seized, and to for-
get the past.
786 1450,**-1514,
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1451 * * It. Frederick leads an expedi-
tion to Rome.
* * * The discovery of gunpowder leads
to the custom of depending on hired
troops, a few of whom outmatch many
who are armed in the former style.
1458 * * Frederick I. of the Palatine
defeats eighteen princes and counts at
Pfeddersheim.
1460 * * Frederick III. is at wax with
Albert.
1462 June 30. Baden. Battle of
Seckenheim.
Frederick I. of the Palatine severely
defeats the allied forces of Baden and
Wiirteinberg.
* * Vienna. The emperor is besieged
(p. 508).
1468* * Belg. Charles the Bold, Duke
of Burgundy, destroys Xiie'ge, massa-
cres the male citizens who surrender, and
throws several thousand women, tied
hack to back, into the Meuse.
1469-80 The Turks invade the realm
in aid of the Hungarians. (See Austria.)
1474 * * War with Charles the Bold,
who demands the title, King of Bur-
gundy.
1475 * * Switz. Charles the Bold mas-
sacres the garrison of Granson after its
surrender under the promise of protec-
tion.
1476 Mar. 3. Sioitz. Battle of Gran-
son.
An army of 20,000 Confederate Swiss
utterly defeats 40,000 1 of the army of
Burgundy, who lose 420 cannon and im-
mense treasures.
June 22. Switz. Charles the Bold is
again defeated and routed by the Swiss
Confederates at Morat. [1477. Jan. 5.
He is defeated and killed by the Swiss
and Alsatians near Nancy.]
1485 * * Frederick III. is driven out of
Austria by Matthias Corvinus, King of
Hungary.
1494 * * It. The emperor enters the
war in Italy (p. 678).
/ 1498-99 Switz. The emperor engages
in war against the Swiss ; the immedi-
ate cause is a dispute regarding land-
marks ; he is sustained by the Swabian
League.
1499 * * It. Louis XII. of France in-
vades Italy (p. 678).
1500 * * Holstein. The Ditmarshes en-
ter a serious war with Denmark.
1502 Mar. 15. The Peasants' "War
begins in South Germany ; it is caused
by the oppressions of the clergy and no-
bles. [May -June. Cruelly suppressed.]
1504 * * Bavaria. The emperor is in-
volved in a petty war of succession.
1509 * * It. Maximilian vainly besieges
Padua, after taking part of Venetian
lands.
1510* * It. Vieenza is taken by the
imperial troops.
1511 * * Holstein. An invading army
of Danes is cut to pieces by the Ditmarsh
peasants.
1512 * * It. The Swiss join the emperor
and Pope, and drive the French out of
Milan.
1513** .FY. The emperor joins Henry
VHI. in the Battle of the Spurs (p. 680).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1450 * * Bavaria. A large-sized para-
bolical burning reflector is made by
Johann Begiomontanus.
1457 Aug. 14. Hesse. Johann Fust
and Schoeffer of Mentz make the first
book with a printed date ; it is the Book
of Psalms.
1460 * * Printing in dyes is invented.
The decimal system in arithmetic is
worked out by Johann Begiomontanus.
1467 * * Maps are made by wood-en-
graving by the monk Donis.
1477 * * Bavaria. "Watches are first
made at Nuremberg. [1510. Here Philip
Hele invents pocket watches.]
1486 * * Bavaria. Diirer studies under
Michael Wohlgemuth.
1490 * * Chiaroscuro engraving is first
practised.
1498 * * Saxony. The rifled gun is
first used at Leipsic.
1506 * * Bavaria. Diirer paints Christ
on the Cross, also The Feast of Hoses, and
Garchus in Italy.
1509 * * Rh. Prus. The building of the
cathedral of Cologne is suspended.
1511 * * Bavaria. Albert Diirer paints
the Trinity. [1512. He invents etching.
1515. Nuremberg gives him a yearly
pension of 100 gulden.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1455 * * Reuchlin, Johann, philologist, Hel-
lenist, Hebraist, born.
1458 * * Brandt, Sebastian, poet, born.
1459 * * Celtes, Conrad, poet, scholar, born.
1460 * * Fust, Johann, an inv. printing, d.
Froben, Johann, printer, born.
• Maximilian I., emperor, born.
1461 * * Zasius, Ulric, jurist, born.
1465 * * Peutinger, Conrad, archeologist, b.
1466 * * Aventinus, Johannes, historian, b.
1470 * * Baldung, Hans, artist, born.
1471 * * Diirer, Albert, painter, engr., b.
1472 * * Cranach, or Kranach, Lucas von,
painter, engraver, born.
1473 * * Burgkmair, Hans, engr., paint., b.
Feb. 19. Copernicus, Nicholas, astron-
omer, born.
1475 * * Faber, Johann, Dominican monk,
theologian, adversary of Luther, born.
Murner, Thomas, satirist, controversialist, b.
1478 * * Pellican, Conrad, scholar, reformer,
Biblical critic, born.
1479 * * Cochlaus, Johann, Catholic theolo-
gian, controversialist, born.
Folz, or Volz, Hans, poet, reformer, born.
1480* * Berlichingen, Gotz, or Gottfried von,
soldier, born.
Capito, Wolfgang F., theol., reformer, born.
Faust, or Faustus, Dr. Johann, necro-
mancer, born.
Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximil-
ian I. and Mary of Burgundy, born.
1481 * * Sickingen, Franz von, general, re-
former, born.
1482 * * Oecolampadius, Johannes, reformer,
born.
1483 * * Amsdorf , Nicolaus von, reformer, b.
Carlstadt, Andreas, reformer, born.
Nov. 10. Luther, Martin, monk, leader
of German reformation, born.
1485 * * Bugenhagen, Johann, reformer, b.
1486+ * * Agrippa, Heinrich C, physician,
theological writer, born.
Eck, or Eckius, Johann von, theologian, b.
1487 * * Gonthier, Johann, physician, Hel-
lenist, born.
1488 * * Altdorfer, Albrecht, paint., engr., b.
1489 * * Albert, archbp. of Magdeburg, born.
Aquila, Casper, theologian, born.
Hutten, Ulrich von, poet, theologian, born.
1490 * * Agricola, Georg, mineralogist, born.
Agricola. Johann, reformer, founder An-
tinomians, born.
Albert of Brandenburg, first Duke of Prus-
sia, born.
Friedland, Valentin, educator, born.
Schwenckfeld, Kaspar, religionist, born.
1491 * * Bucer, Martin K., reformer, born.
1494 * * Sachs, Hans, shoemaker, poet, born.
1495 * * Apian, Peter, math., astronomer, b.
Lufft, Hans, printer, bookseller, born.
1496 * * Beham, Bartholomaus, painter, b.
Henna Simons, reformer, t'dr. Mennon-
ites, born.
1497 * * Holbein, Hans, painter, born.
Melanchthon, Philip, reformer, born.
1498 * * Althammer, Andreas, reformer, b.
Osiander, Andreas, reformer, born.
15th Century. Alkmar, Henry von, poet, b.,d.
1500 * * Beham, Hans S., engraver, born.
Camerarius, Joachim, classical scholar, t>.
Charles I. (V.), King of Spain, Emperor of
Germany, born.
1501 * * Fuchs, or Fuchsius, Leonhard von,
botanist, born.
1502 * * Schoeffer,Peter, impr. printing, A67.
1503* * Ferdinand I., emperor, born.
1504 * * Fagius, Paul, reformer, born.
1506 * * Behaim, Martin, nav., geog., A70.
Sleidan, Johann, historian, born.
1507 * * Sturm, Johann, classical scholar,
teacher, born.
1508 * * Celtes, Conrad, poet, scholar, A 49.
1511 * * Eber, Paul, clergyman, Hebraist, b.
1512* * Aurifaber, Andreas G., physician,
teacher, born.
CHURCH.
1455±* * Hesse. The Bible is first
printed. (See Letters.)
1455 * * Rome. Calixtus III. is pope.
[1458, Pius II.; 1464,PaulIL; 1471, Sixtus
IV.; 1484, Innocent VIII.; 1492, Alexander
VI. (Borgia), a tyrannical ruler and moral
monster. 1503. Pius III. is pope for 26 days;
he is succeeded by Julius II., a military pon-
tiff, by whom Europe is embroiled in war,
the church discipline neglected, and the
spirit of religion discredited.]
1483 Nov. 10. Pr. Saxony. Martin
Luther is born at Eisleben.
[1507. Becomes a priest. 1508. The
vicar-general of the Augustinian monks
sends Martin Luther from Erfurt to
"Wittenberg to be a professor of philoso-
phy. 1510. Sent to Borne on the busi-
ness of his order. Here he ascends
Pilate's staircase on his knees with beg-
gars and peasants, pausing to weep and
pray when a voice seems to cry within
him, "The just shall live by faith."
1512. He takes the degree of a doctor of
divinity.]
1485* * Rh. Prus. The Jews are ex-
pelled from Cologne.
1502 * * John Diez (Tetzel) begins the
selling of absolutions. Tetzel's rates :
witchcraft, two ducats ; polygamy, six ;
murder, eight ; sacrilege and perjury,
nine.
1511 * * It. A council is called at Pisa
by some of the cardinals, the French
king, and the emperor, to restrain the
ambitious Pope, and reform religion.
[Its labors are fruitless.]
1512* * Rome. A council is called at
the Lateran palace, composed chiefly
of Italians, which condemns the council
of Pisa ; Julius dies before the work is
completed.
1513 * * Rome. Leo X. becomes pope.
[He needs much money for artists, scholars,
the splendor of his court, for building St.
Peter's, and as many allege, for the dowry
of his favorite sister; he attempts to obtain
money by " a voluntary tax of the Germans,"
collected by the sale of absolutions.]
* * * The general state of religion is de-
plorable ; public worship is ceremonious
and heartless, sermons are often mere
theological quibbles, warnings of purga-
tory, and expositions of the utility of in-
dulgences.
* * * Many of the bishops are luxurious
and prodigal, and buy and sell sacred offices;
priests are indolent, unchaste; monks are
numerous and indolent ; the Benedictines are
wealthy and forgetful of their rules; the'
mendicants add ignorance to lax observance
of rules; the Dominicans preside over the
terrible tribunal of the Inquisition.
LETTERS.
1450 * * Rh. Prus. The University of
Treves receives its charter.
GERMANY.
1450,** -1514,**. 787
1450* *-55* *The earliest book
printed with movable type, a Vul-
gate Bible, set up by Gutenberg and
Fust, appears at Mentz.
1451-53 Hermann von Sacksensheim
writes Spiegel, Mohrin, and other poems.
1455 Apr. 20. Baden. The Univer-
sity of Freiburg is chartered by a papal
bull.
1456 May. 29. Pomerania. The Uni-
versity of Greifswald is established
by the bull of Pope Calixtus III.
1457 * * Bavaria. The Gazette appears
at Nuremberg ; it is the first newspaper
printed from metal type.
1459 Apr. 7. Bavaria. The Univer-
sity of Ingolstadt receives a papal
charter.
1460 * * Baden. The University of
Freiburg opens its first session.
* * Hesse. The " Catholicon," an attempt
at a Latin lexicon, by Friar Johannes
Balbus Januensis, is printed at Mentz.
1463* * Hesse. Cicero de Offlciis is
printed by Fust at Mentz.
1472 * * Bavaria. The University of In-
golstadt is founded.
± * * Albrecht von Eyb translates the
Menchsemi and Baccides of Plautus.
* * Rh. Prus. The University of Treves
opens its first session.
1476 Nov. 9. Wurtemberg. The Uni-
versity of Tubingen receives a papal
charter.
Nov. 23. Hesse. The University of
Mentz receives a papal charter.
* * The German ballads appear, — war-
songs of Veit Weber.
1480 * * Theodorich Schemberg writes
his play, Frau Jutte.
± * * Buck der Abenteuer, by Ulrich
Futrer, appears.
1483 * * The stories of Till Eulenspiegel
appear.
* * Bavaria. A Bible in the German
language is printed at Nuremberg.
1486 * * De Imitatione Christi, by Thomas
a Kempis (?), appears.
1494* * Ship of Fools, by Sebastian
Brandt, appears.
1498 * * Lubeclc. Reynard the Fox, a
Low-German version of the Flemish poet
Willem's Reinaert, by Hermann Bark-
husen, appears.
1502 Feb. 2. Pr. Saxony. The Uni-
versity of Wittenberg is constituted
a " Studium generale " in all the facul-
ties by the papal legate.
July 6. Pr. Saxony. The University
of Wittenberg receives its charter from
Maximilian I. by imperial rather than
papal decree.
* * Amoves, by Konrad Celtis, appears.
1505 * * Jacob Wimpfeling writes in
Latin the first history of Germany.
* * Pr. Saxony. Martin Luther is made
a master of arts and instructor at Er-
furt.
1506 Mar. 15. Brandenburg. The
University of Frankfort-on-the
Oder is chartered by a papal bull.
[Oct. 16. It receives an imperial char-
ter.]
1508* * Pr. Saxony. Martin Luther
becomes a professor in Wittenberg.
1512 * * Exorcism of Fools, by Thomas
Murner, appears.
SOCIETY.
1458+ * * Leipsic becomes celebrated
for its fairs.
1514-24 Bands of revolting peasants,
termed the Bund, or league, of Poor
Conrad, appear ; about 100,000 lives are
sacrificed ; the insurrection of the Ana-
baptists is incited. (See State.)
STATE.
1450 * * Frederick III. is forced to give
up portions of Austria to his brother
and cousins.
1452 Dec. 1. W. Prus. The emperor
dissolves the Prussian League. [Dec.
22. He is bribed with 5,400 gulden, and
again recognizes the League.]
1453 Dec. 1. W. Prus. The bribes of
the Teutonic order — 80,000 gulden — se-
cure a new order from the emperor for
the immediate dissolution of the union
of Prussian estates.
1454 * * Wurtemberg . Esslingen puts
itself under the protection of Baden for
60 years to escape taxation in the league
of cities.
1455 * * W. Prus. Danzig is ceded to
Poland.
1457 * * Hungary and Bohemia elect na-
tive kings, whom Frederick is forced to
recognize (p. 509).
1457-1525 E.Prus. Kbnigsberg is the
residence of the Grand Masters of the
Teutonic Order.
1460 * * Bavaria. John II. and Sigis-
mund become dukes.
1462* * Vienna. The emperor be-
sieged, and delivered (p. 508).
1464 * * Saxony is divided between Al-
bert and Ernest, sons of Frederick II.
Thus originate the Albertine and Er-
nestine lines. Albert receives Meissen
and the remaining parts of eastern Sax-
ony ; and Ernest retains the electoral
duchy, Thuringia, half of Osterland, and
Naumberg.
1465 * * Bavaria. Albert II. is duke.
1466 Oct. 19. W.Prus. The Teutonic
Order is forced to conclude a treaty at
Thorn ceding West Prussia to the crown
of Poland ; East Prussia is left with the
order.
1470 * * Brandenburg. Albert HI. be-
comes margrave. [1476. John HI.]
1474 May 9. Peter von Hagenbach,
governor of Burgundy, is beheaded.
1477 Aug. 19. Belg. Maximilian
marries Mary of Burgundy at Ghent ;
he thereby acquires for his House Bur-
gundy and the Netherlands.
1482* * Brunswick. Frederick and
William H. become dukes of Bruns-
wick-Wolfenbiittel. [Henry HI. and
Eric in 1495.]
* * IViirtemberg. Stuttgart is made the
capital.
1485 * * Saxony. Dresden becomes the
residence of the Saxon sovereigns.
1486-1525 Saxony. Frederick HI.,
the Wise, is duke of a part of Saxony ;
he is an imperial elector, and a cham-
pion of the Reformation.
1486 * * Hesse-Nassau. Maximilian,
son of Frederick III., is elected King of
the Romans by the Diet of Frankfort.
* * Prus. John III, becomes an imperial
elector.
1488 Feb. * Wurtemberg. The great
Swabian League is formed at Ess-
lingen, consisting of princes, nobles, and
towns, for the establishment of peace.
1493 Aug. 14. Frederick HI. dies.
1493-1514 Maximilian I. reigns.
Maximilian I. is elected emperor of
the Holy Roman Empire, and crowned
at Aix-la-Chapelle ; one of the best and
most popular emperors.
1493 * * Aust. All the Austrian lands
are now in possession of Maximilian I.
1494 * * Wurtemberg is made a duchy
for Duke Eberhard I.
1495 Aug. * Rh. Prus. Imperial Diet
of Worms.
Public and perpetual peace is pro-
claimed ; the right of feud is abolished
under the protection of the Swabian
League.
1496 * * Wurtemberg. Eberhard H.
becomes duke.
* * Hesse-Nassau. Maximilian establishes
the imperial chamber at Frankfort.
1498 * * Alsace. The first extensive con-
spiracy of the peasants is formed at
Schettstadt.
* * Wurtemberg. Ulric becomes duke.
1499 * * Prus. Joachim I. is elector.
± * * Switzerland, being practically in-
dependent,becomes gradually detached
from the empire.
1500 * * Saxony. George becomes elec-
tor of a part of the duchy.
1501 * * The Imperial Aulic Council
is established by Maximilian I. Ger-
many is divided into six circles for the
administration of justice (p. 509).
1504 * * It. Maximilian I. is forced to
invest Louis XII. of France with the
duchy of Milan by treaty, for 200,000
francs.
1508 * * Maximilian I. goes to Italy to
be crowned by the Pope ; Archbishop
Lange of Salzburg takes the Pope's
place.
* * Maximilian joins the League of
Cambrai against Venice (p. 681).
* * Bavaria. William I. becomes duke.
1510 * * Hamburg is acknowledged as a
free town.
1511 * * The Pope withdraws from the
League of Cambrai, and enters the Holy
League with Venice and Ferdinand
against France.
1512 * * It. The French are driven out,
and Max Sforza is restored to the
ducal throne of Milan.
* * The Diet of Cologne increases the
divisions of Germany to ten circles for
the better maintenance of public peace.
The ten circles include (1) Austria, (2) Ba-
varia, (3) Swabia, (4) Franconia, (5) the
Upper Rhine, (6) the Lower Rhine, or the
three electorates of Mentz, Treves, and Co-
logne, (7) Burgundy, (8) Westphalia, (9)
Lower Saxony, (10) Upper Saxony; Bohe-
mia, Moravia, Silesia, Lusatia, Prussia, and
Switzerland are not included in the circles.
1513* * Maximilian joins the Holy
League against France.
1514* * Wurtemberg. The " Poor Con-
rad" conspiracy.
It throws off the mask of a society for
the amusement of peasants who suffer
from oppression of the lords. [July 31.
Suppressed.]
* * Henry IV. becomes duke of Bruns-
wick-Wolfenbiittel.
T88 1515,**-1527,**.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1515* * The revolting peasants attack
the fortresses of Maichau, take the no-
bles prisoners, and behead the two lords
of Mundorf.
1521* *-26* *War in the Low
Countries.
First war of Charles V. with Francis
I. of France, in supporting his claims to
Milan and the duchy of Burgundy.
1522 Apr. 27. It. Battle of Bicocca
(p. 680).
Aug. 27. Rh. Prus. The war of the
nobles begins against the oppression of
spiritual principalities ; it is conducted
by Baron Franz von Sickingen and Ul-
rich von Hutten. [1523. They are de-
feated.]
* * Rh. Prus. Sickingen vainly besieges
Treves. [1523. May * Besieged and
killed at Landatuhl.]
1523-24 It. Disastrous French inva-
sion under Seigneur de Bonnivert (p.
680).
1524-25 The Peasants' "War.
It is occasioned by the oppression of
the nobles and the clergy ; terrible de-
vastation and outrages occur in Swabia
and Franconia. In Saxony it becomes a
religious war.
(1525, Feb. 24.) Decisive battle of
Pavia (p. 680;.
(Apr. 18.) Wurtemberg. The peas-
ants utterly defeat Count Louis H elf rich
at Weinsburg; "The Revenge of
Weinsburg.
(* *) Thuringia. Thomas Miinzer,
a preacher, leads 8,000 insurgent peas-
ants against the nobility and clergy at
Muhlhausen.
(May *) Prus. The peasants besiege
Frauenburg. [May 15. Their assault is
repulsed.]
(May 12.) Wilrtemberg. The peas-
ants are defeated at Boblingen by the
Steward of the Swabian League.
(May 15.) Miinzer is defeated at
Frankenhausen, and captured in flight.
May 30. Executed.
(June 9.) Hesse-Nassau. Florian
Geyer, leader of the Black Band, is
killed near Vellburg.
(June 25.) Prus. Twenty-three thou-
sand peasants are defeated in Upper
Swabia by the Steward of the Swabian
League.
(July 2.) Prus. The peasants are
defeated at Konigshofen by the Stew-
ard of the Swabian League.
(July 3.) Aust. The peasants sur-
prise and defeat the nobles near Salz-
burg, killing 3,000 men.
(* *) Battle of Muhlhausen. The
German princes defeat the peasants,
4,000 of whom are killed. The war ends
after 130,000 lives have been lost in the
struggle of the people against the
princes.
1526 M.ay*Aust. The Salzburg peas-
ants besiege Radstadt. [May 4. Mi-
chael Geismayer raises the siege.]
July 5. Aust. Geismayer escapes from
the Leaguers at Radstadt by a retreat in
the night, having disbanded the chief
part of the peasant army.
1526-32 Hung. "War with the invad-
ing Turks, who favor John Zapola (p.
508).
* * Transylvania. Zapola, aided by the
Turks, defeats the emperor and estab-
lishes his independence (pp. 508, 509).
1527 May 6. It. Rome is assaulted
and taken by Spanish and German mer-
cenaries (p. 680).
1527-29 Second war with Francis I.
(p. 680).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1516 * * Saxony. Encaustic painting
is introduced by Lukas Cranach.
1517 ** Bavaria. The matchlock
musket is invented at Nuremberg.
1518* * Bavaria. Fire-engines are
first made at Augsburg.
1520 * * Saxony. Lace-making is in-
troduced into Annaberg by Barbara
Uttlman.
* * Prus. Copernicus at Frauenburg de-
scribes attraction as an appetence or ap-
petite which the Creator impressed upon
all parts of matter.
1521 * * The musket is commonly em-
ployed in the armies of the Emperor
Charles V.
1526 * * Hanover. Broiham, a kind of
beer, is invented by Cord Broiham.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1519 * * Aurifaber, Johann, clergyman, pul-
pit orator, editor, born.
Maximilian I., emperor, A60.«
Wohlgemuth, Michael, painter, A85.
1520 * * Faber, Basil, scholar, born.
Flacius, Matthias (lllyricus), theologian, 1).
1531 * * Brandt, .Sebastian, poet, A63.
Maurice, Elector of Saxony, born.
1522 * * Chemnitz, Martin, theologian, born.
Beuchlin, Johann, philologist, Hellenist, He-
braist, A67.
Waldseemiiller, Martin, compiler, A52±.
1523 * * Hutten, Ulrich von, poet, theologian,
A35. '
Sickingen, Franz von, general, reform., A42.
1525 * * Frederick III., "the Wise," Elec-
tor of Saxony, A62.
1536 * * Berg, Joachim von, philan., born.
1527* * Froben, Johann, printer, A57.
Maximilian II., emperor, born.
Ortelius, or Oertel, Abraham, geographer, b.
CHURCH.
1516* * Bavaria. Balthazar Hub-
meyer, an Anabaptist, preaches to
great crowds in the cathedral at Ratis-
bon.
1517+ * * The Reformation begins and
rapidly advances.
(1517. Oct. 31.) Pr. Saxony. Martin
Luther nails to the church door at Wit-
tenberg his thesis containing 95 propo-
sitions.
He condemns as wicked the traffic in
indulgences by which John Tetzel, a
Dominican friar, the bishop's agent, col-
lected money, and all his accomplices ;
also the doctrine which lay at the root
of the offense.
(* *) Sylvester Prierias, the general
of the order of Dominican monks, James
Hoogstrat of Cologne, and John Eckins
of Ingolstadt furiously assail Luther.
(* *) Luther writes modest letters to
the Pope to show the j ustice of his cause.
(1518* *) Bavaria. Luther, sum-
moned before the Diet of Augsburg, re-
fuses to abjure, but appeals to the
Pope.
(Oct.*) Bavaria. Luther holds three
interviews at Augsburg with Cajetan,
the Pope's legate, who requires submis-
sion without argument.
(Nov *) Rome. The Pope issues a
bull condemning the attacks on indul-
gences. He asserts that he has the power
of delivering sinners from all punish-
ments due to every sort of transgression.
(Nov. 25.) Pr. Saxony. Luther at
Wittenberg appeals from the Pope to a
council of the whole church.
(1519. Jan. *) KarV von Miltitz, the
Pope's legate, prevails upon Luther to
write a very submissive letter to the
Pope.
(Mar. 3.) Luther writes a letter to
the Pope. He promises silonce if the
same be observed by his adversaries.
(* *) Rome. The Pope writes a kind
letter to Luther.
(June26.-July 16.) Saxony. Luther
and his friend, Andrew Bodenstein of
Carlstadt, have a public disputation at
Leipsic with John Eck at Pleissenburg
Castle. The controversy takes a new
shape ; Luther attacks not only indul-
gences, but the authority of the church
and of the Pope.
(* *) Pr. Saxony. Luther continues his
preaching, lecturing, and writing, at
Wittenberg, gaining many thousands of
adherents.
(1520. June 26.) Pr. Saxony. Luther
issues an address to the German nobles.
He attacks church corruption and the
authority of the Pope, and advocates
" Germany for the Germans," civil gov-
ernment uncontrolled by ecclesiastics, a
married clergy, and a national system of
education.
(July 15.) Rome. The Pope issues a
bull condemning 41 of Luther's tenets.
He adjudges his writings to the flames,
and commands his submission, with sup-
plication of papal clemency, within 68
days, on peril of being cast out of the
church.
(Oct. 6.) Pr. Saxony. Luther issues
his work, the Babylonian Captivity of the
Church, in which he argues that faith
alone is sufficient for salvation.
(Oct. 12.) Rh.Prus. The papal legate,
Miltitz, has another interview with
Luther, who expresses his willingness to
test the questions in dispute by appeal
to a council.
(Oct. *) Saxony. The Pope's bull
is published at Leipsic by John Eck, and
also posted up in the various German
towns [where it is torn down by the
students].
(Dec. 10.) At Leipsic Luther publicly
burns the Pope's bull, with a copy of
the canon law, thus signifying his with-
drawal from the Roman Catholic
Church.
(Dec. 17e) Saxony. Luther draws up
a solemn protest at Leipsic, appealing
from the Pope to a council.
1518* * Pr. Saxony. Philip Melanch-
thon becomes professor of Greek at "Wit-
tenberg. [1519. Switz. Ulrich Zwingli
inaugurates the Reformation.]
1520 * * Romet The Pope appeals to the
new emperor, Charles V., to crush the
reform movement ; Frederick of Sax-
ony advises caution and a regard for
German laws ; it is resolved to summon
Luther to a Diet at Worms. [Mar. 6.
Summoned.] , ,
1521 Jan. 28±„ The Diet of Worms.
(Jan. 28') Hesse. The Diet is opened
by the emperor.
The suggestion of the papal nuncio,
Hieronymus Alexander, that Luther be
condemned and punished without a
hearing, is rejected ; and a list of 100
grievances of the German nation
against Rome is presented.
(Apr. 5.) Saxony. Luther starts from
Wittenberg, though strongly advised not
to go.
(Apr. 16.) Hesse. Luther arrives at
Worms, and is met by more than 2,000
people.
(Apr. 17.) Hesse. Luther appears
before the Diet.
The distinguished assembly includes
the emperor, the Archduke Ferdinand,
six electors, 24 dukes, seven margraves,
30 bishops and prelates, and many
Erinces, counts, lords, and ambassadors ;
uther acknowledges bis writings and
opinions, and refuses to recant. " Here
I stand; I cannot do otherwise. God
help me. Amen." The emperor despoti-
cally declares his purpose to proceed
against Luther as an open heretic.
(Apr. 20.) The Diet condemns
Luther, and places him under the ban
of the empire.
(Apr. 25.) Luther receives the impe-
rial order to leave "Worms, proceed to
GERMANY.
1515,* *-1527,
789
Wittenberg, and cease to disturb people
by preaching or writing.
(Apr. 26.) Hesse. He rides out of
Worms accompanied by the imperial
herald and many Franconian knights.
[He is secretly hid in the castle of Wart-
burg.]
* * Melanchthon publishes Loci Com-
munes, his principal theological work
i which passes through 60 editions in his
ifetime, and greatly advances the Ref-
ormation].
* * Saxony.
Zwickau.
Anabaptists first appear at
* * Thomas Miinzer [organizer of the
Anabaptist movement] becomes an evan-
gelical preacher.
1522* * Saxony. Luther translates the
New Testament into the popular tongue.
Mar. * Pr. Saxony. Luther leaves the
castle of Wartburg, and appears before
his adherents at Wittenberg.
* * Rome. Adrian VI. becomes pope.
[He reigns 13 months. 1523. Clement
VII.]
* * The German princes, in the absence
of the emperor, demand a free council,
and pass a decree forbidding further in-
novations in religion till the council
should determine what ought to be
done.
1524 * * Aust. Ferdinand of Austria is
hostile to the Reformation.
* * The Reformation spreads in Prussia.
* * The Emperor Charles joins in the
Pope's demand for the execution of the
decree of the Diet of Worms, which
the princes engaged to enforce.
* * The Reformation gains strength
daily throughout all Europe.
* * The Sacrament controversy dis-
turbs the reformers.
* * Luther prepares the German Cate-
chism.
* * The Anabaptists are active in Thu-
Tingia.
* * Bavaria. Hans Kock and Leonard
Meyster, the first martyrs of the Ref-
ormation, suffer death at Augsburg.
1525 May 5. Saxony. Frederick III.,
the Wise, Elector of Saxony, Luther's
powerful friend, dies.
June 11. Luther marries Katharina
von Bora, an ex-run.
* * Brandenburg. Albert of Branden-
burg, grand-master of the Teutonic
order, renounces Catholicism, embraces
Lutheranism, and is acknowledged
duke of East Prussia, a fief of Poland.
* * Thuringia. Thomas Miinzer becomes
preacher in Muhlhausen.
He makes himself master of the city,
deposes the city council, and introduces
a democratic communistic form of gov-
ernment. (See Army.)
* * Bavaria. Nuremberg is the first
Imperial city to accept the Reformation.
1526* * Saxony. The Alliance of
Torgau is formed by the Protestants.
(See State.)
June 26-Aug. 27. Bavaria. A diet is
held at Speyer.
It grants the German princes the con-
trol of religious matters in their own
dominions till a general council as-
sembles.
1527 * * Michael Setler, an Anabaptist,
formerly a monk, has his tongue cut
out, his flesh torn with red-hot pincers,
and his body Anally burned.
* *The Pope's war on the emperor
helps the reformers' cause.
* * King Ferdinand declares death the
penalty for Anabaptism.
LETTERS.
1515 * * Pr. Saxony. Epistolse Obscuro-
rum virorum, a collection of 41 letters
denouncing the ignorance and corrup-
tion of the clergy, the work of Ulrich
von Hutten, Crotus Rubianus, and other
scholars of the University of Erfurt,
appear. [1517. Epistolse Obscurorum
virorum, second part.]
1517 * * Martin Luther's 95 Theses
against Indulgences appear. [1520, June *
Address to the Christian Nobility of the
German Nation on the Reformation of
Christendom : Oct. * The Babylonian Cap-
tivity of the Church ; 1521, Passional
Christi und Antichrist; 1522, Sept. 22,
translation of the New Testament ; 15.34,
Old Testment.]
* * Hans Sachs writes his first carnival
play.
* * Theuerdank, by Melchior Pfinzig, ap-
pears.
151 7-2 1 Hutten writes Ich hab's gewagt
mit Sinnen, Dialogi, and several songs
and dialogues.
1520 * * Eccius dedolatus, by Willibald
Pirkheimer, appears.
1521 * * Funfzehn Bundgenossen, essays
on the Reform movement, by Eberhn
von Gunsberg, appears.
REVIVAL OF LEARNING.
1522 * * The Great Lutheran Fool, a satire
on the Reformation, by Thomas Murner,
appears.
* * Jesting and Seriousness, a collection
of medieval anecdotes, by Johannes
Pauli, appears.
1522-23 Luther writes Contra Henri-
cum regem Anglise, and more than 200
other treatises. [1530, Aesop's Fables.]
1523 * * Wittenberg Nightingale, a de-
fense of Luther, by Hans Sachs, appears.
[1524, Dialogues ; 1527, Lucretia.]
1524 * * Luther, in conjunction with his
friend Walther, issues a collection of
poems for choral singing.
1526 * * Bavaria. The Gymnasium jEi-
dianum of Nuremberg, the precursor of
Altdorf University, is founded.
1527 May 30. Hesse-Nassau. Mar-
burg University, the first Protestant
university in Germany, is founded
by Philip the Magnanimous.
* * A German translation of the New
Testament, by Hieronymus Emser, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
1525 * * The peasantry revolt under
Thomas Miinzer. (See Church.)
* * The Grand Master of the Teutonic
Order is made a prince of the empire,
and the order much weakened.
STATE.
1515-1798 Alsace. Muhlhausen is in
close alliance with the Swiss Confedera-
tion . [1798. It is annexed to the French
Republic. 1871. Annexed to Germany,
with Alsace-Lorraine.]
* * Eastern Friesland submits to the
emperor.
1519 Jan. 12. Aust. The Emperor
Maximilian I. dies at Wels ; Francis I.
of France and Charles I. of Spain become
competitors for the empire.
July 29. Charles, son of the archduke
Philip of Austria, and grandson of Max-
imilian I. and Mary, Duchess of Bur-
gundy, is elected emperor.
1519-56 Charles V. reigns.
1520 Oct. 22. Rh.Prus. The emperor
visits Germany for the first time, and ar-
rives from Spain at Aix-la-Chapelle
for coronation. ,
1521 Jan. 28. Hesse. The emperor at-
tends the Diet at "Worms.
[Apr. 28. The Diet opens. Later,
Luther is condemned.]
May 8. The young emperor makes a
secret treaty with the Pope, agreeing to
have the same friends and the same
enemies.
* * Brandenburg incorporates a large
part of the possessions of the Teutonic
Knights.
* * The archduke Ferdinand of Austria,
the emperor's brother, marries Anne,
sister of Louis, thus bringing Bohemia
and Hungary to the House of Haps-
burg.
1522 * * Prus. Franz von Sickingen
becomes the head of a league for the
forcible introduction of the Reforma-
tion and the overthrow of the bishops
and princes.
1523 * * Mecklenburg. The Landes-
Union of prelates, nobility, and burgh-
ers is formed.
1524 Aug. 24. Saxony. The 12 arti-
cles of Muhlhausen are drawn up by
Henry Pfeiffer, defining the rights of the
peasants as being the true rights of man
in a constitutional state.
* * Bavaria. A Roman Catholic
League is formed at Ratisbon to ex-
terminate Lutheranism.
* * Ferdinand of Austria, entrusted with
the Hapsburg lands in Germany, at the
instigation of the papal legate Campeg-
gio, enters an alliance to oppose the
religious changes.
1525-1618 E.Prus. Konigsberg is the
residence of the dukes.
* * Aust. A popular uprising of the
peasants against the nobles occurs in
Swabia and Franconia ; a great struggle
ends in failure.
Apr. 17. Baden. The treaty of Wein-
garten is signed by the Steward of the
Swabian League with the armed peas-
ants whose leaders are bribed.
Sept. 1. Aust. The Salzburg peasants
enter a compact with Cardinal-Arch-
bishop Lange.
The cause of the people against the
princes is everywhere defeated, and the
nobles are jubilant.
* * E. Prus. Albert of Brandenburg,
Grand-Master of the Teutonic Order,
having freed the land from the suprem-
acy of the Poles, renounces the Roman
Catholic religion, embraces Lutheran-
ism, and makes the land a temporal
dukedom for himself, to be held as fief
of Poland.
* * Saxony. John becomes elector of a
part of Saxony.
1526 Jan. 14. Sp. The Peace of
Madrid (p. 681).
* * Charles V. marries Isabella of Portu-
gal.
* * Pr. Saxony. An alliance is formed
at Torgau by Saxony, Hesse, and other
Protestant powers against the Roman
Catholic Church.
1527-29 The concessions of the Peace of
Madrid being forced, and therefore in-
valid, Francis renews the war with
Charles V.
An alliance is formed at Cognac against
the emperor ; Francis, the Pope, Venice,
and Francisco Sforza unite against him.
790 1527,**-1548,
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1527* *The Pope unites with the
French and Venetians against Charles
V.
1529 * * The Turks invade Germany
(p. 510).
* * It. The French army is driven out
of Italy by the plague.
1534 Easter. Westphalia. The Ana-
baptists, led by John of Leyden(Bockel-
son), seize Munster, and behead their
opponents.
1535 June 25. Westphalia. Munster
is carried by storm after a siege of 14
months, by the bishop and neighboring
princes; the Anabaptists are utterly
defeated.
* * The emperor sends an expedition
against Tunis; the city is taken, the
pirates subdued, and the Christian slaves
are liberated.
1536-38 It. The third war between
the emperor and Francis I.
After the death of Francesco Sforza II.
without issue, Francis I. claims the duchy
of Milan, and Charles resists. Charles in-
vades Provence; and Francis enters Savoy
and Piedmont, and finds an ally in Solyman
II. the Turk, who appears in Hungary, and
sends his fleets to ravage the coast of Italy;
it ends by the truce of Nice (p. 680).
1541* * Unsuccessful expedition
against the pirates of Algiers (p. 8).
1542-44 The fourth war between the
emperor and Francis I. Charles V.
gathers an army of 32,000 infantry and
8,000 cavalry.
1543 * * The allied Turkish and French
fleets bombard and pillage Nice.
1544* * Charles V. finds an ally in
Henry VIII. of England, and subdues
the Duke of Cleves.
* * Solyman invades Hungary and Aus-
tria as the ally of France.
1540+ * * War with Protestants.
June 26. War occurs between the em-
peror and the Protestant princes united
in the League of Schmalkald ; its leaders
are John Frederick, Elector of Saxony,
and Philip, Landgrave of Hesse.
Dec* Saxony. The Elector of Saxony ,
at the head of 20,000 men, completes the
expulsion of the Imperialists under his
cousin Maurice.
* * The allies conduct the war with ir-
resolution in Northern Germany, and
finally the elector and landgrave retire
each to his own land.
* * The emperor places a Spanish garri-
son in the cities that submit.
* * John Frederick reconquers his elec-
torate from Maurice of Saxony.
1547 Apr. 24. Pr. Saxony. Battle of
Miihlberg.
Charles V. defeats the Protestants,
and takes prisoner the Elector of Sax-
ony.
* * Philip of Hesse throws himself on
the mercy of Charles, and is detained a
prisoner in violation of pledges.
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
.1530+* * Brunswick. The spinning-
wheel is invented by Jiirgem at Wolf en-
buttel.
* * Saxony. The first mineral system is
laid down by Georg Agricola.
1532 *. * Bavaria. A striking machine
ram is invented by Weber at Nurem-
berg.
1533 * * Bavaria. Brass is made from
copper and zinc byElner at Nuremberg.
1540 * * Bavaria. The padlock is in-
vented by Beecher at Nuremberg.
* * Prus. The first meridional instru-
ment is invented by Copernicus.
1543 * * Prus. The Copernican sys-
tem of astronomy is published.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1528 * * Andrea, Jakob, Lutheran theol., b.
Diirer, Albert, painter, engraver, A67.
Lotich, Peter, poet, born.
1530 * * Chytraus, David K., schol., theol., b.
Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximil-
ian I. and Mary of Burgundy, A50.
1631* * CEcolampadiu8, Johannes, reformer,
A48.
1532 * * Xylander, Wilhelm, classical schol-
ar, translator, born.
1533 * * Caselius, Johannes, philol., wr., b.
1534* *Aventinus, Johannes, Bavarian
historian, A68.
Camerarius, Joachim, botanist, born.
Ursinus, Zacharias, cl., controversialist, b.
1535 * * Agrippa, Heinrich C., physician, the-
ologian, writer, A 49.
Zasius, Ulric; jurist, A74.
1536 * * Knipperdolling, Bernhard,fanat.,d.
Murner. Thomas, satirist, controver., A61.
1537 * * Clavius, Christoph, Jesuit, math., b.
1538 * * Altdorfer, Albrecht, painter, en-
graver, A50.
Faust, Johann, necromancer, A58.
1540 * * Alberti, Salomon, anatomist, born.
Beham, Bartholomaus, painter, engr., A44.
Scapula, John, philologist, born.
1541 * * Capito, Wolfgang F., theologian, re-
former, A61.
Carlstadt, Andreas, reformer, A58.
Faber, Johann, Dominican monk, theolo-
gian, adversary of Luther, A66
1543* * Copernicus, Nicholas, astrono-
mer A70.
Eck, or Eckius, Johann M. von, theol., A57.
Holbein, Hans, painter, A46.
1545 * * Albert, archbp. of Magdeburg, A56.
Fischart, Johann, satirist, born.
1546 * * Don Juan, or John, of Austria, gen-
eral, statesman, born.
liuther, Martin, leader German Reforma-
tion, A63.
1547 * * Frischlin, Nicodemus, philologist,
poet, born.
CHURCH.
1527* * Prus. The Kef ormation flour-
ishes.
1528 Mar. 10. Aust. Balthazar Hub-
meyer, Anabaptist, having been taken
to Vienna, is burned.
* * Wilrtemberg. Leonard Schoener, an
Anabaptist, formerly a barefooted
monk, is beheaded and burned at Rot-
tenburg.
1529 Mar. 13-Apr. 22. Bavaria. A
Diet is held at Speyer.
The Catholics, being in the majority,
declare that the doctrines of Luther
must not be spread ; the minority,
headed by the Elector of Saxony, the
Landgrave of Hesse, and Melanchthon,
protest against this decision. [Hence
they receive the name PROTES-
TANTS.] The Diet ordains the pun-
ishment of death for Anabaptists.
(See State.)
Oct. * Prus. Luther and Zwingli, and
other Swiss reformers who hold to a
free interpretation of the Bible, have a
fruitless conference for union at Mar-
burg.
* * Baden. Louis Hetzer, Anabaptist, is
beheaded at Constance.
* * Hesse. At Alzei 350 Anabaptists are
executed as fast as the executioner can
put them to death.
1530 June 20-Nov.* Bavaria. A Diet
is held at Augsburg.
(June 20.) It meets at the call (Apr. 3) of
the emperor to hear the reasons advanced
by the reformers for breaking away from the
Catholic Church. A statement of their doc-
trines, drawn up by Luther, Melanchthon,
and other reformers, and called The Confes-
sion of Augsburg, is read (June 25) by Chris-
tian Bayer [and becomes the reformers'
standard of doctrine]; the Diet breaks up
with the decision that the Protestants should
have till the following spring to consider
whether they should return to the Catholic
Church, or, being obstinate, measures shall
be taken for their extermination. ( See State. )
1531 Feb. 27. The Alliance of
Schmalkald is formed.
It is a defensive alliance, composed of
nine Protestant princes and 11 imperial
cities, who unite for protection against
the edict of Augsburg. [Later five other
princes and 10 imperial cities join the
league.]
* * Sicke Snyde, an Anabaptist, is be-
headed.
Oct. 11. Swits. Huldreich Zwingli
falls in the battle of Kappel.
1532-35 • Westphalia. The Anabaptists
attempt to establish a theocracy.
Fanatical persons announce a commis-
sion to set up a holy empire on the
ruins of all human institutions, and place
John Bockhold a tailor of Leyden, at
the head of their new commonwealth in
the city of Munster.
(1534. Feb.*) They drive out of
Munster the bishop, Count Waldeck,
together with all other evangelical or
Roman Catholic opponents.
(Apr. *) Count Waldeck lays siege to
the city.
(Apr.*) The fanatic Mathieson
makes a sally from Munster with 30
followers, but is annihilated.
(1535. June 24.) The Anabaptists
surrender Munster to Count Waldeck.
(1536. Jan. *) Bockhold and other
Anabaptists are cruelly tortured and
executed at Munster.
1534 * * Pome. Paul III. becomes pope.
1535 * * Fr. John Calvin is exiled be-
cause of his religion, and goes to Basel,
Switzerland. [1536-38. He abides in Ge-
neva. 1538-41. He abides in Strasburg.].
* * The emperor issues an edict against
the Anabaptists.
1536 * * The empire is about equally
divided between Catholics and Protes-
tants.
1537 * * Menno Simons, formerly a
Catholic priest, becomes a teacher and
leader of the Anabaptists. [His followers
are known as Mennonites.]
1539 * * Tiaeart Keynerts is put to
death for sheltering and refusing to re-
veal the hiding-place of Menno, his
brother.
1540 * * Rome. The Pope approves of
the establishment of the Society or
Company of Jesus by Ignatius Loy-
ola, who proposes the conversion of in-
fidels and the checking of Protestantism.
± * * A sect of Lutherans called Ubiqua-
rians, teaching that the natural body of
Christ is everywhere, is founded by
Brentius.
1541-64 Switz. John Calvin is head
of the state in Geneva, where he intro-
duces the Reformation, from whence it
spreads to France and Scotland.
1541 * * Bavaria. A Diet is held at
Ratisbon for uniting the Protestants
to the Church of Rome.
Melanchthon and John Eckius and
others discuss without agreement the 22
articles of faith drawn up by the Prot-
estants. The emperor orders the con-
troversy to be referred to a general
' council, the Protestants in the meantime,
being allowed to retain their religion.
GERMANY.
1527,**-1548,
791
1542 * * Saxony. The first consistory
for regulating ecclesiastical discipline
and worship in the churches is estab-
lished at Wittenberg.
1545 Dec. 13-63 * * Aust. The Coun-
cil of Trent meets (p. 510).
1546 Jan. 17. Saxony. Martin Lu-
ther preaches his final sermon at Witten-
berg. [Feb. 18. He dies at Eisleben,
his native town.]
* * Bavaria. A second diet is held at
Ratisbon.
None of the Protestant princes being
present, the Catholic majority resolves
to abide by the decision of the Council
of Trent.
July 20. The Emperor places the Pro-
testant Confederates under the ban of
the Empire. [They declare war.]
July 26. The Emperor and Pope Paul
III. enter into a secret league against
the Protestants.
1547 * * Protestantism is apparently
ruined by the success of Charles V.
1548 May 15. Bavaria. The Interim
of Augsburg.
A compromise composed of 26 articles
of faith, for uniting the Catholics and
Protestants, is drawn up by order of the
Emperor. [It is rejected by both parties.]
LETTERS.
1527 * * Fables, in imitation of iEsop, by
Burkard Waldis, appears. [1548, Msop's
Fables.-]
1528 * * Proverbs, by Johann Agricola,
appears. [1537, Johann Huss.]
1531 * * A Universal History, by Sebas-
tian Franck, appears. [1532, Proverbs;
1534, A History of the People of Ger-
many.']
1532 * * Susanna, by Sixt Birck, appears.
1533-39 Fiersbras, Haimonskinder, Kai-
ser Octavianus, Diesclione Magelone, and
Bitter Oalmy, appear ; they are among
the first German novels.
1534* *A translation of the Bible, by
Johann Dietenberger, appears.
1537 * * A translation of the Bible, by
Johann Eck, appears.
1538 * * Pammachius, by Thomas Nao-
georg, appears. £1540, Mercator; 1541,
Incendia; 1543, Hemanus ; 1551, Hiere-
mias; 1552, Judas Iscariotes .J
1540 * * Verlorner Sohn, by Jorg Wick-
ram, appears. [1550, Tobias; 1551, Ga-
briottound Beinhard ; 1554, Knabensvieqel
and Goldfaden ; 1555, Rollwagenbuchlein ;
1556, Gute und bose Nachbarn.]
1543 ** Bavaria. Copernicus publishes
at Nuremberg his Revolution of the Heav-
enly Bodies, and revives the true doc-
trine of the planetary bodies, and lays
the foundation of modern astronomy.
1544 Aug. 17. E.Prus. The Lu-
theran University of Konigsberg is
founded by Albert III., Margrave of
Brandenburg.
* * Hofteufel, by Johann Chryseus, ap-
pears.
SOCIETY.
1529 * * The sweating sickness afflicts
North Germany.
* * * The Levelers appear.
They are fanatics headed by Muncer
and Storck, who teach that all distinc-
tions of rank are usurpations on the
rights of mankind. Muncer, with a
force of 40,000 men, commands the sov-
ereign princes of Germany and the
magistrates of cities to resign their
authority.
STATE.
1529 Mar. 13+. Bavaria. The second
Diet of Speyer meets for the settlement
of the disturbances of the Empire.
The recent victories of the Emperor
Charles V. in Italy and Ferdinand [the
King of the Romans] make the Catholic
party more aggressive, and decide on a
more strict execution of the decree of
the Diet of Worms.
(Apr. 19.) The minority in the Diet
of Speyer favoring the Reformation —
the Elector of Saxony, the princes of
Hesse, Luneberg, Anhalt, Brandenburg,
and 14 imperial cities — present a pro-
test. (See Church.)
Aug. 5. Fr. The Peace of Cambrai.
(p. 681).
1529-32 "War with the Turks.
The Hungarians are divided into two
parties, each seeking the vacant king-
ship, one under Ferdinand, brother of
the emperor, and the other under John
Zapolya, who is aided by the Turks.
1530 * * It. Charles V. is crowned
emperor at Bologna by the Pope; the
last of the German emperors crowned by
the pontiff.
Aug. 7. Bavaria. Diet of Augsburg.
The Landgrave of Hesse leaves the
Diet of Augsburg after the emperor has
demanded submission and threatened
the Protestants, to prepare for defense.
[The Catholic party assumes a gentler
tone.]
(Sept. 23.) The Protestant princes
declare that they cannot conform to
the emperor's demand, as it is contrary
to their consciences ; they leave the city
at noon : their representatives remain.
(Oct. 17.) Sixteen free cities have now
united in a refusal to pay the •• Turk-
ish tax" unless they are assured of a
general peace in their own country.
(Nov. 11.) The decision of the Diet
is again read to the members ; the Prot-
estants object that the emperor has no
right to give orders in matters of faith,
and leave the city.
(Nov. 19.) The decision of the Diet
against Protestants is proclaimed ; the
Diet adjourns.
1531 Feb. 27. Hesse-Nassau. Nine
Protestant princes and 11 imperial cities
enter the League of Schmalkald.
It is a defensive alliance against the
emperor for nine years in his attack upon
religion. [Later five other princes join,
also 10 other imperial cities.]
The Elector of Saxony and the Land-
grave of Hesse are appointed its chiefs.
* * The Emperor causes his brother Ferdi-
nand of Austria to be elected King of
the Romans, and to be crowned at
Aachen [Aix-la-Chapelle] ; the Elector
of Saxony protests in the name of the
Protestants.
1532-47 Saxony. John Frederick
"The Magnanimous" is duke.
He is defeated in the Schmalkald war,
and captured by the emperor Charles V.,
who compels him to sign the capitulation
of Wittenberg, by which the electorate
and various territories are transferred
to Maurice, of the Albertine line.
July 23. Bavaria. The religious Peace
of Nuremberg is signed.
The Turks and their French allies
threatening war, it is deemed prudent
to revoke the edict of Augsburg, sus-
pend all processes, and permit freedom
of worship to the Protestants, until the
meeting of a new council to be held
within a year.
1534 * * The Protestants consent to rec-
ognize Ferdinand as King of the Ro-
mans on condition that he renounces his
claim on Wiirtemberg, which had been
given him by the emperor.
1535 * * Brandenburg. Joachim H. be-
comes margrave.
1536+ * * Difficulty with France. (See
Army.)
1538 June 18. Fr. The Council of
Nice assembles.
The Pope, emperor, and King of France
meet. Peace is concluded for 10 years
on the basis of present possession.
1539 * * Saxony. Henry becomes elec-
tor of a part of Saxony. [1541. Mau-
rice.]
1542* *-44* *The fourth war be-
tween the emperor and Francis I. occurs.
Iris caused by the investiture of Phil-
ip, son of Charles, with Milan; its pre-
text is the killing at Milan of two secret
agents sent there by Francis to Solyman
the Turk, who, with the Duke of Cleves,
becomes the ally of the French.
1544 Sept. 18. The Peace of Crespy.
The difficulty between the emperor
and Francis is settled by the proposed
marriage of the Duke of Orleans to a
princess of the imperial family, who will
receive Milan. [The duke dies, and the
emperor retains Milan, but gives it nom-
inally to his son Philip as a fief.] (P. 681.)
* * A truce of five years is signed with
the Turks, and the emperor turns towards
the Protestants.
* * The emperor prepares for a struggle
with Francis I. in Italy.
The crown of France disputes with the
House of Hapsburg for possession of
Milan, Piedmont, Naples, Flanders, and
Artois.
1546 June 17. The emperor gives as-
surance that he does not aim at a reli-
gious war.
June 26. The emperor makes an alli-
ance with Pope Paul for a religious war.
He pledges himself to compel the
submission of the Protestant princes
to the Holy See, the Pope having prom-
ised 200,000 scudi for the expenses of the
war, and 12,000 foot and 500 horse.
July 4. Borne. T'he Pope astonishes
the Protestants by announcing his alli-
ance with the emperor (June 26) for a
new crusade to extirpate heresy.
July 20. Charles places the Protestant
leaders under the ban of the empire.
July 29. Borne. The Pope announces a
sentence of outlawry against the Protes-
tant leaders, — the Elector of Saxony
and the Landgrave of Hesse. [The
Protestants prepare for war.]
1547 * * Altenburg is assigned to the
Ernestine line of the House of Saxony.
* * Bavaria. The emperor holds a Diet at
Augsburg.
1548 Mar. 15. Bavaria. Charles V.
publishes an imperial decree from Augs-
burg, " how religion and church prop-
erty were to be treated till the decision
of a general council" — called the In-
terim Law. [It is disregarded by most
of the Protestant princes.]
* * Saxony. Duke Maurice of the Al-
bertine line is made elector in place of
John Frederick the Protestant ; he sus-
tains the emperor ; the Ernestine line
retains Weimar, Jena, Eisenach Gotha,
etc.
* * Even the Catholic princes are alarmed
at the success ai.d domination of
Charles V.
* * Pr. Saxony. Magdeburg is placed
under the ban of the empire.
* * Saxony. Dresden becomes the capi-
tal.
792 1549,* * -1612,
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1550-51 Pr. Saxony. Magdeburg is
besieged and taken by Maurice of Sax-
ony.
1552-56 Fr. War between Henry II.
of France and the emperor.
* * Maurice of Saxony with an army
suddenly marches southward, captures
Augsburg, is repelled at Ulm, hastens to
Allgau, defeats Imperialists posted at
Reiti, and forces the Pass of Ehrenberg,
opening the road to Innsbruck, nearly
captures the emperor, who flees secretly
in disguise.
Oct. 31-53 Jan. 15. Lorraine. Metz
is successfully defended by the Duke of
Guise (p. 682).
1553 July 9. Prus. Maurice of Sax-
ony defeats the predatory Albert,
Margrave of Brandenburg-Culmbach, at
Sievershausen, but is mortally wounded.
[Henry, Duke of Brunswick, continues
the war.]
Oct. 18 Fr. Terouanne surrenders to
the Imperialists after a siege.
1560 * * Hung. Constant war prevails.
[1564. King Ferdinand is finally forced
to abandon Hungary in great part to the
Turks. 1566. A truce.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1550 * * Bavaria. The sextant, con-
taining 60 degrees of the sixth part of a
circle, is invented by Tycho Brahe at
Augsburg.
* * Saxony. The madder is cultivated.
1557 * * Saxony. The first treatise on
the art of surveying is published by
Agricola.
1560 * * Bavaria. A press for stamp-
ing leather is invented by Hans Lob-
singer at Nuremberg ; also an air-gun.
16th Ce7itury. Germany is visited by a
band of English comedians, who
travel about, acting in their own lan-
guage.
1561 * Hesse-Nassau. The first observa-
tory is established at Cassel.
1565 * * Veneer-mills are invented by
Reener at Augsburg.
1580 * * Saxony. Serpentine is first
worked by Brendel.
1594 * * Aust. Johann Kepler studies
the planets.
1597 * * Bohemia. Kepler joins Tycho.
1598* * Aust. Kepler first satisfactorily
explains the theory of the tides.
1599 * * Aust. Kepler's Budolphine
tables are begun.
1602 * * Hesse. The measuring-com-
pass is invented by Jost Bing.
1603 * * Bavaria. The pantagraph, an
instrument for copying, reducing, or en-
larging plans, is invented by Christopher
Scheiner.
* * The areometer is used for determin-
ing the density of cold water.
1609 * * Kepler's first two laws con-
cerning planetary motions appear. [1618.
Bohemia. Kepler's third law.]
1611* * Bohemia. Kepler makes a tele-
scope.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1550 * * Baldung, Hans, artist, A80.
Beham, Hans S., engraver, A50.
Fagius, Paul, reformer, A46.
1551 * * Apian, Peter, math., astron., A56.
Bucer, Martin, reformer, A60.
1552 * * Cochlaus, Johann, R. C. theol., A73.
Gaultier, Leonhard, engraver, born.
Osiander, Andreas, reformer, A54.
Rudolph II., emperor, born.
1553 * * Agricola, Oeorg, mineralogist, A63.
Alber, Erasmus, preacher, poet, dies.
Cranach, or Kranach, Lucas von, painter,
engraver, A81.
Maurice, Elector of Saxony, A32.
1555 * * Arnd, Johann, Lutheran cl., au., b.
1556 * * Calvisius, Sethus, chronologist, b.
Friedland, Valentin, educator, A66.
Pellican, Conrad, scholar, reformer, Bibli-
cal critic, A78.
Sleidan, Johann, historian, A50.
1558* * Bugenhagen, Johann, reformer, A73.
Charles I. (V.). K. of Spain, Emp. Ger.,A58.
1559 * * Aurifaber, Andreas G., physician,
teacher, A47.
Burgkmair, Hans, painter, A86.
TUly, Count of, Johann Tserclaes, gen., b.
1560 * * Albertinus, jEgidius, satirist, born.
Aquila, Casper, theologian, A71.
Lotich, Peter, poet, A32.
Melanchthon, Philip, reformer, A63.
Schwenckfeld, Kaspar, religionist, A70.
1561 * * Menno Simons, reformer, foundei
Mennonites, A65.
1563* * Berlichingen, Gotz, or Gottfried von,
soldier, A82.
1564 * * ARhammer, Andreas, reformer, A66.
Buxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, born.
Ferdinand I., emperor, A61.
1565 * * Amsdorf, Nikolaus von, reformer,
A82.
1566 * * Agricola, Johann, reformer, founder
of Antinomians, A76.
Fuchs, or Fuchsius, Leonhard von, bot., A 65.
Sigismund III., King of Poland, born.
1567 * * Acidalius, Valens, scholar, born.
1568 * * Albert, lirst Duke of Prussia, A78.
Aurifaber, Johann, Lutheran cl., A51.
Christian, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, gen-
eral, born.
1569 * * Eber, Paul, cl., Hebraist, A58.
Vorstius, Conrad, cl., controversialist, born.
1571 * * Kepler, Johann, astronomer, born.
Pratorius, Michael, composer, born.
1573 * * Bayer, Johann, pul. ora., astron., b.
1574* * Camerarius, Joachim, classical
scholar, A74.
Elsheimer, Adam, painter, born.
Gonthier, Johann, physician, Hellenist, A87.
1575 * * Aurifaber, Johann, cl., ora., ed.,A56.
Bohme, or Bohm, Jakob, mystic, born.
Faber, Basil, scholar, A 55.
Flacius Matthias (lllyricus), theol., A55.
1576 * * Maximilian II., emperor, A49.
Sachs. Hans, shoemaker, poet, A82.
Scioppius, Caspar, scholar, born.
Xylander, Wilhelm, class, schol., trans., A44.
1577 * * Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop
of Cologne, prince-bishop of Liege and
Miinster, born.-
Kirsten, Peter, physician, orientalist, born.
Vossius, or Voss, Gerard J., philol., au., b.
1578 * * Don Juan, or John of Austria, gen-
eral, statesman, A 32.
Ferdinand H., emperor, born.
1579 * * Kilian, Lucas, engraver, born.
Ludwig, Prince of Anhalt-Coetben, classical
scholar, soldier, born.
1580 * * Cluver, Philipp, linguist, geog., b.
1581 * * Arnheim, Johann G. von, diploma-
tist, general, born.
Helvicus, Christopher, philol., chronolo., b.
1583* * Alting, Heinrich, Calvinistic theo-
logical writer, born.
Lufft, Hans, printer, bookseller, A88.
Ursinus, Zacharias, cl., controversialist, A49.
"Wallenstein, Count of, Albrecht Eusebius
von, general, born.
1585 * * Mansfeld, Count, Ernest, gen., b.
1586 * * Andrea, Johann von, satirist, born.
CalixtuB, Georgius, Lutheran cler., au., b.
Chemnitz, Martin, theologian, A64.
1587 * * Jung, Joachim, philosopher, born.
Reinesius, Thomas, physician, philologist, b.
1588 * * Alsted, Johann H., author, born.
1589* * Sturm, Johann, classical scholar,
teacher, A 82.
1590 * * Andrea, Jakob, Luth. theol., A62.
Fischart, Johann, satirist, A45.
Frischlin, Nicodemus, philol., poet, A43.
1595 * * Acidalius, Valens, scholar, A28.
Carpzov, Benedict, jurist, author, born.
Scultetus, Johannes, surgeon, born.
1597 * * Opitz, Martin, poet, born.
1598 * * Camerarius, Joachim, botanist, A64.
Ortelius. or Oertel, Abraham, geog., A71.
1599 * * Buxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, born.
Olearius, or Olschlager, Adam, orientalist, b.
1600 * * Alberti, Salomon, anatomist, A60.
Busembaum, Hermann, Jesuit, author, born.
Chytraus, David K., scholar, theol., A70.
Galen, Christopher B. von, prmce-bishop of
Miinster, general, born.
Scapula, John, philologist, A60.
1602 * * Berg, Joachim von, philan., A76.
Guericke, Otto von, natural philosopher, in-
ventor of air-pump, born.
Kircher, Athanasius, Egyptologist, phil., b.
1603 * * Balde, Jakob, Jesuit, pott, born.
1604* * Bernhard, duke of Saxe-Weimar,
general, born.
Glauber, Johann R., chemist, born.
1 605 * * Ayrer, or Eyer, Jacob, dram, poet, d.
1606 * * Gerhardt, Paul, clergyman, poet, b.
1607* * Hollar, Wencelaus, engraver, born.
1608 * * Friensheim, Johann, scholar, born.
1609 * * Flemming, Paul, poet, born.
1610 * * Schneider, Conrad, anatomist, born.
161 1 * * Hevelius, Johannes, astronomer, b.
1613 * * Calov, Abraham, Lutheran cl., born.
Clavius, Christoph, Jesuit, math., A75.
Dietrich, Johann C, philol., historian, born.
Rudolph II., emperor, A60.
Zwicker, Daniel, syncretist, born.
CHURCH.
1550 * * Rome. Julius III. is pope.
[1555, MarceUus II.; 1559, Pius IV. ; 1566,
Pius V.]
1552 July 31. Bavaria. The Peace
of Passau (p. 510).
.1555 Sept. 25. Bavaria. The Keli-
gious Peace of Augsburg is agreed to
by the Catholics and Lutherans.
All accepting the Augsburg Confession
are declared exempt from the jurisdic-
tion of the Holy See, and guaranteed
equal rights in everything with the
Catholics.
1556* * Lippe. Bernard VTH., who
styles himself Count of Lippe, embraces
the tenets of the Reformation.
1564 * * The emperor favors the with-
drawal of the state from religious dis-
putes, and Protestantism flourishes.
* * New quarrels occur over the ecclesi-
astical reservation.
1571* * Aust. Maximilian grants liberty
of conscience to his subjects.
1572 * * Rome. Gregory XIII. is pope.
[1585, Sixtus V.; he displays activity, and
corrects abuses in the church. 1590, Urban
VII.; Gregory XIV.; 1591, Innocent IX.
reigns two months; 1592, Clement VIII.;
1605, Leo XL reigns 25 days; later Paul V.
(Borghese)O
1576 * * The Jesuits gain ascendancy
over the new emperor.
1576-1612 An anti-Protestant reac-
tion occurs as the successful result of
the labors of the Jesuits.
1578 * * The concessions made to Prot-
estants are revoked by the throne.
1585 * * Rh. Prus. The electorate of
Treves becomes subject to the arch-
bishop.
1594 * * Wurtemberg. Protestants
unite in a defensive league at Heilbronn.
1608 May 4. The Protestant Union.
(See State.)
1609 * * The Bohemians receive reli-
gious liberty. (See State.)
* * The Catholic League. (See State.)
LETTERS.
1549 * * Grobianus, by Friedrich Dede-
kind, appears.
1550 * * Bavaria. The Koyal Library
is founded at Munich by Albert IIL
1555 * * The History of the Reformation
and of Charles V., by Johannes Sleida-
nus, appears.
1556 * * Carriage- Booh, by "Jacob Frey,
appears.
* * Menno Simons, founder of the Men-
nonites, publishes his True Christian
Belief.
1557 * * Journey-Shortener, by Monta-
nus, appears.
* * Hurnen-Seufrid, a tragedy, by Hans
Sachs, appears.
GERMANY.
1549,**-1612,**. 793
1558 Feb. 2. Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach.
The Lutheran University of Jena,
founded by John Frederick the Magnan-
imous, Elector of Saxony, is opened.
1559 * * Nachtbuchlein, by Valentine
Schumann, appears.
1561 Sept. 27. E. Prus. King Sigis-
niund of Poland gives a charter to the
University of Kbnigsberg, as both the
imperial and papal sanction are with-
held.
1563 * * Cheer for Low Spirits, by Kerch-
hof, appears.
1566 * * Life of Luther, by Johann Ma-
thesius, appears.
* * Speculum vitse aulicse (Reineke Fuchs),
by Hermann Schopper, appears.
1572 * * A version of Till Eulenspiegel,
by Johann Fischart. appears ; also, The
Grandmother of all Prognostication, a
satire on prophetical calendars. [1573,
Flohhatz (Flea-hunt) ; 1575, History of
Gargantua; 1576, Fortunate Ship; 1577,
Book of Comfort in Gout and Susanna;
1578, Marriage-Book ; 1579, Beehive ; 1580,
Jesuit Mat.]
1575 May 8. Brunswick. The Lu-
theran University of Helmstadt re-
ceives its charter from Maximilian II.
* * Bavaria. The Gymnasium JEgidi-
anum of Nuremberg is removed to Alt-
dorf, and is the nucleus of the Univer-
sity of Altdorf .
1576 * * Rebecca, by Nicodemus Frisch-
lin, appears. [1578, Priscianus vapulaus ;
1579, Hildegardis magna and Frau Wen-
delgard; 1580, Phasma; 1584, Julius re-
divivus.]
1578 * * * Hans Sachs, poet, dramatist,
novelist, miscellaneous writer, dies ; his
works number more than 6,000.
* * A Grammar of the German Language,
by Johannes Clajus, appears.
* * Bavaria. The University of Altdorf
receives its charter from the emperor
Rudolph II. [1580. Opened.]
1589 * * Pr. Saxony. John E. Avenar's
Dictionarium Hebraicum appears at Wit-
tenberg.
1595 * * Froschmauseler , by Georg Rol-
lenhagen, appears.
1596 * * Mysterium cosmographicum, by
Johann Kepler, appears.
1605-12 On True Christianity and Das
Paradies-Gartlein voll christlicher Tu-
genden, by Johann Arnd, appear.
1607 May 19. Hesse. The Univer-
sity of Giessen receives its charter from
the emperor.
* * Gansk'onig, by Wolf hart Spangenberg,
appears.
1609 * * Astronomia Nova, by Kepler, ap-
pears. [1611, Dioptrice.]
1612 * * Aurora, or the Morning Redness,
by Jacob Boehme, appears.
SOCIETY.
1563 * * Bavaria. The imperial knight,
Wilhelm Grumbach, has a feud with
the Bishop of Wurzburg, and plunders
the city. [1564. Grumbach is pro-
tected by John Frederick, Duke of
Saxony. 1567. He is cruelly executed.]
STATE.
1550 * * Bavaria. Albert Til, becomes
duke.
* * Wiirtemberg. Christopher the Pa-
cific becomes duke.
1551 Oct. 1. Hesse. The Treaty of
Friedewald.
It is secretly agreed to by Henry II. of
France, the League of Schmalkald, and
Maurice of Saxony, whereby an alliance is
formed against the emperor ; nominally to
release Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, really to
advance German liberties and the Protestant
religion.
1552 July 16. Bavaria. The Treaty
of Fassau.
It is signed by King Ferdinand for the
empire, with Maurice of Saxony and the
other five electors ; it grants freedom of
religion to the Lutherans until the next
Diet.
1553 Mar. 3. Saxony. Duke Mau-
rice dies. [Augustus becomeselector.]
* * Fredatory nobles disturb the peace,
and create wild disorder.
1555 Sept. 25. The religious peace
of Augsburg is established. (See
Church.)
Oct.± * Charles V., made despondent by
ill-success, resolves to abdicate his
two thrones, Germany and Spain, giv-
ing the former to his brother Ferdi-
nand [later King of Hungary and Bohe-
mia] , and the latter to his son Fhilip.
Oct. 25. Brussels. Charles V. resigns
the Netherlands to his son Philip.
[1556. Jan. * He cedes to Fhilip the
kingdoms of Spain and Naples.]
1556 Aug. 27. Charles "V. signs a
deed resigning the German Empire to
his brother.
Sept. 7. The abdication of Charles V.
is announced to the estates.
Oct.± The ex-emperor resolves to retire
to a monastery.
1556-64 Ferdinand I. reigns.
The Hapsburg lands go with the impe-
rial dignity ; but the crown of Spain and
the colonies — Naples, Milan, Franche
Comte, and the Netherlands — go to
Philip, son of Charles V.
* * Coronation by the Pope is relinquished
by the emperor.
1557 Feb. 27. Sp. The ex-Emperor
Charles V. enters the monastery of St.
Justus, not as a monk, but as a private
individual, with only 12 domestics.
1558 Feb. 25. Hesse-Nassau. The
electors at Frankfort formally transfer
the imperial dignity to Ferdinand I.
Sept. 21. Sp. Charles V., ex-empe-
ror, dies.
* * Hung. Ferdinand is confirmed (p.
511).
1559 * * Holstein. The Ditmarsh men
submit to the rule of the King of Den-
mark.
1562 * * Maximilian LT. is elected King
of the Romans. [1563. King of Hun-
gary.]
1563+ * * Bavaria. The imperial knight
Grumbach is under the ban of the em-
pire for plundering "Wurzburg.
1564 July 25. Ferdinand I. dies.
[Succeeded by his son.] (P. 511.)
* * Maximilian II., King of Hungary
and Bohemia and the Romans, is elected
emperor.
1564-76 Maximilian II. reigns.
1566 * * A truce is entered with the
Turks ; Selim II. and the emperor agree
that each shall retain his possessions.
1567 * * Hesse is divided into Hesse-
Cassel and Hesse-Darmstadt.
1568 * * Wiirtemberg. Louis " The Pi-
ous " becomes duke.
* * Brunswick. Julius becomes duke of
Brunswick- Wolf enbiittel.
1571* * Brandenburg. John-George
becomes ele.ctor.
1576 Oct. 12. Maximilian II. dies.
[He is succeeded by his son Rudolph.]
Oct. * Rudolph II., King of Bohemia
and Hungary, is elected emperor.
1576-1612 Rudolph II. reigns.
1579 * * Bavaria. William II. becomes
duke.
* * * The princes disregard imperial au-
thority, and war among themselves.
1586 * * Saxony. Christian I. becomes
elector.
1589 * * Brunswick. Henry Julius be-
comes duke of Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel.
1591 ** Saxony. Christian H. becomes
elector.
1593 * * Wiirtemberg. Frederick I. be-
comes duke.
1594 * * Prus. The dukedom of Frussia
is annexed to the electorate of Bran-
denburg.
1596* * Bavaria. Maximilian the
Great becomes duke.
1597 * * Hesse-Homburg is separated
from Hesse-Darmstadt, and established
as a landgraviate.
1598 * * Brandenburg. Joachim-Fred-
erick becomes margrave.
1603-72 Altenburg is an independent
state.
1606* * Baden. Mannheim is founded.
1608 May 4. The first meeting of the
princes is held as the Frotestant Union
of Germany, with Frederick IV., Elec-
tor-Palatine, as leader ; its object is mu-
tual defense for ten years.
* * Brandenburg. John Sigismund be-
comes elector^ and duke of Prussia.
* * Wiirtemberg. John Frederick be-
comes duke.
1609 * * The Catholic League is formed
in opposition to the Protestant Union,
with Maximilian and the Duke of Ba-
varia leaders, " to see that the old, true
religion, which alone could save, was
not extirpated."
* * Rudolph II. conciliates the Bohemians
by granting them a royal charter,
which permits the free exercise of reli-
gion by the three estatesof lords, knights,
and royal cities (p. 511).
* * The elector of Brandenburg and the
Prince of Neuburg are claimants for
the succession to the duchy of Jiilich-
Cleves ; a quarrel ensues.
1610 Oct. 29. The Frotestant Union
concludes a peace with the Catholic
League.
1611 * * Saxony. John-George I. be-
comes elector.
* * Rudolph II. is forced to abdicate the
crown of Bohemia.
1612 Jan. 20. Rudolph II. dies. [He
is succeeded by his brother.]
June 13. Matthias is elected emperor.
[Crowned June 24.]
1612-19 Matthias reigns.
He is strongly anti-Protestant, and
secures for his Catholic cousin, Ferdi-
nand, Duke of Styria, Corinthia and Car-
niola, the succession of Bohemia and
Hungary, though much opposed by the
Protestant estates.
794 1613, * *-1635, May 30.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1618 * * -48 * * Bohemia. The Thirty
Years' War. The emperor aims to de-
stroy Protestantism (p. 510).
Nuremberg, Saxony, and Wiirtem-
berg suffer greatly during the war. Gus-
tavus Adolphus is besieged in Nurem-
berg by Wallenstein ; about 10,000 of
the inhabitants die of want or disease
during the blockade; Saxony changes
sides frequently.
Leipsic is besieged and taken.
1618-23 The War in Bohemia and
County Palatine.
Aug. * Bohemia. The imperial troops en-
ter. [1640. Subdued.]
* * Bohemia. The Margrave John
George of Jagerndorf brings 300 troops
from Silesia and Lusatia to aid the re-
volt.
1619 * * Aust. Count Thurn marches on
Vienna. [1619. Nov. * Again.] (P. 510.)
* * Bohemia. Counts Mansfeld and Thurn
defeat the imperial Army at Pilsen.
1620 * * Bohemia. Catholic invasion
(p. 510).
Nov. 8. Bohemia. Battle of White
Mountain (p. 510).
1622 * * The seat of war is transferred
from Bohemia to the Palatinate, which
is soon subdued.
Apr. 29. Mansfeld defeats the Impe-
rialists under Tilly at Wiesloch.
May 6. Hesse. Tilly defeats the Mar-
grave of Baden-Durlach at Wimpfen.
June 10. Hesse-Nassau. Tilly defeats
Christian of Brunswick at Hochst.
1623 Aug. 6. Westphalia. Tilly again
defeats the Administrator Christian of
Halberstadt at Stadtlohn.
1625-29 Saxony. The seat of war is
in Lower Saxony (Danish Period) ; allies
aid the Protestants (p. 512).
* * Prince Wallenstein becomes com-
mander of the imperial army, which
he recruits himself, and then provisions
by a system of robbery.
1626 * * Anhalt. Wallenstein defeats
Count Mansfeld at the Bridge of Des-
sau, and then pursues him through
Silesia to Hungary, where Mansfeld
joins Bethlen-Gabor.
Aug. 27. Brunswick. Tilly utterly de-
feats Christian IV. of Denmark at
Lutter.
1627 * * Holstein. Tilly and Wallen-
stein conquer Holstein.
* * N. Ger. Wallenstein alone conquers
Schleswig and Jutland. The Dukes of
Mecklenburg flee the country, and the
Duke of Pomerania makes his submis-
sion.
1628 * * Prus. Wallenstein vainly be-
sieges Stralsund for 10 weeks, while its
heroic citizens defend themselves.
1629 * * Magdeburg is blockaded, and
successfully resists Wallenstein.
May * Peace of Liibeck (p. 637).
1630-35* * Swedish period of the
Thirty Years' War.
1630 June* Gustavus Adolphus,
King of Sweden, becomes an ally of the
Protestants (p. 512).
July* Wallenstein is dismissed from
imperial service.
1631 Apr. * Tilly opposes Gustavus.
[Gustavus captures Frankfort-on-the-
Oder ; later he takes Spandau.]
May 20. Tilly takes Magdeburg (p.
512). [May 21. Only 5,000 of 35,000 in-
habitants remain alive.]
* * Fr. Gustavus takes Mentz. [* * N.
Prus. He drives the imperial forces
from Pomerania, and proceeds up the
Oder.]
* * Tilly takes and burns Halle, Eisleben,
Merseburg, and other cities.
Sept. 7 (o. s.). Saxony. Gustavus with
the Saxons wins a brilliant victory over
Tilly at the battle of Leipsic.
Imperial loss, 6,000 killed, besides the
wounded and prisoners, and all their ar-
tillery ; allies' loss, Saxons, 2,000, Swedes,
700 (p. 512).
* * Bohemia. The Saxons invade Bo-
hemia.
* *Gustavus marches to the Rhine
through Thuringia and Franconia.
[Hesse. He crosses the Rhine at Oppen-
heim, and goes into winter quarters at
Mentz.]
* * Bohemia. The Saxons under Arnim
capture Prague.
1632 * * Bavaria. Gustavus marches
for the Danube by way of Nuremberg.
Apr. 15. Bavaria. Gustavus is victo-
rious at Rain (p. 512).
* * Wallenstein is recalled, and by re-
quest of Ferdinand collects an army and
receives uncontrolled command.
* * Bohemia. Wallenstein recaptures
Prague, and drives the Saxons out of
Bohemia.
* * Bavaria. Gustavus vainly besieges
Maximilian in Ingolstadt ; Wallenstein
hastens to his relief. [Gustavus forces
Munich to surrender.]
July *-Sept. * Bavaria. Gustavus and
Wallenstein face to face in a fortified
camp near Nuremberg, the latter de-
clines a battle.
* * The Swedes receive reehforcements,
and attack Wallenstein's entrench-
ments, but are repulsed with fearful
loss.
* * Gustavus advances to the Danube,
and Wallenstein enters defenseless Sax-
ony, and fearful depredations are com-
mitted.
* * Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. Gusta-
vus hastens back at the call of the elec-
tor of Saxony, and joins forces with
Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar in Arnstadt.
Nov. 16. Battle of Lutzen (p. 512).
1633 ** Bavaria. Gen. Bernhard,
having succeeded Gustavus, leads an
expedition to Franconia ; he takes
Bamberg and Hochstadt, and drives
back the Bavarians under Count Al-
dringer.
Feb. * Bohemia. Wallenstein tries and
punishes many of his officers with death
while at Prague.
* * Silesia. Wallenstein, having re-
cruited his army, marches into Silesia,
and tights the troops of Saxony, Bran-
denburg, and Sweden.
Oct. * Hung. A Swedish corps is cap-
tured at Steinam-on-the-Oder.
* * Wallenstein invades Brandenburg,
sends raiders to Berlin, and plunders
Lusatia.
Nov. * Bavaria. Gen. Bernhard cap-
tures Regensburg [Batisbon].
1634 Feb. 25. Bohemia. Wallenstein
is assassinated (p. 512).
Aug. 17. Bavaria. Swedes defeated at
Nordlingen (p. 512).
Dec. 23. Siege of Heidelberg raised
(p. 512).
* * Hesse. Mentz is taken by the Impe-
rialists.
1635 May 30. Bohemia. Peace.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1617 * * Bohemia. Beacon telegraph is
invented by Kepler.
1625 * * Bavaria. The helioscope, a
telescope for observing the sun without
injury to the eye, is invented by Christo-
pher Scheiner.
1627 * * Saxony. Heinrich Schultz
writes music to a translation of Perie
Daful, which is performed for a court
wedding. at Torgau.
Apr. 13. Saxony. Daphne, by Opitz,
the first German opera, is produced at
the court of the Elector John George I.
1628 * * Bohemia. Kepler completes his
Budolphine tables, and foretells the
transits of Venus and Mercury.
1633 * * Bavaria. The Passion of Christ,
a miracle-play, is performed at Ober-
Ammergau.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1613* * Caselius, Johannes, philol.,wr., A80.
1614 * * Fischart, Johann, satirist, A69.
1615 * * Calvisius, Sethus, chronologist, A59.
1616 * * Gryphius, Andreas, poet, dram., b.
1617 * * Helvicus, Christopher, philol., A36.
1618 * * Alting, Jacob, theol., Hebraist, b.
Rachel, Joachim, satirical poet, born.
Vossius, Isaac, classical scholar, mis. wr., b.
1619 * * Rupert, Prince, gen. in Eng., born.
Struve, Georg A., jurist, born.
1620 * * Albertinus, ^Egidius, satirist, A60.
Elsheimer, Adam, painter, A46.
Feb. 16. Frederick William, "the Great
Elector," of Brandenburg, founder Prus-
sian monarchy, born.
1621 * * Arnd, Johann, Luth. cl., au., A66.
Praetorius, Michael, composer, A50.
1622 * * Adam, Melchior, biographer, dies.
Clauberg, Johann, philosopher, born.
Vorstius, Conrad, clergyman. A55.
1623 * * Cluver, Philipp, linguist, geog., A43.
Aleninski, Francis AI., orientalist, born.
1624* * Bohme, or Bohm, Jakob, mystic,
A 49.
1626 * * Mansfeld, Count, Ernst von, gen-
eral, A41.
Seckendorf, Veit Ludwig von, scholar, theo-
logian, statesman, born.
1629 * * Buxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, A55.
1630 * * Becher, Johann J., chemist, born.
Christian, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, gen-
eral, A62.
Kepler, John, astronomer, A59.
1632 * * Gravius, Johann G., scholar, born.
Puffendorf, Baron, Samuel, jurist, born.
Sigismund III., King of Poland, A66.
Tilly, Count de, Johann Tserclaes, general,
A73.
1634 * * Amman, Paul, botanist, born.
Wallenstein, Count of, Albrecht Euse-
bius von, general, A51.
CHURCH.
1618 * * Jih. Prus. The Protestants are
expelled from Cologne.
1620 Nov. 8. Bohemia. The disastrous
battle of Prague ruins the Protestant
Union; Protestantism is extirpated in
Bohemia (p. 510).
1621 * * Rome. Gregory XV. is pope.
[1623, Urban VIII.; 1644, Innocent X.;
1655, Alexander VII.; 1667, Clement IX.;
1670, Clement X.; 1676, Innocent XI.; 1689,
Alexander VIII.)
1627 * * Bohemia. An edict of the em-
peror requires the Protestants to apos-
tatize.
1629 Mar. 6. The Edict of Bestitu-
tion (p. 512 ; see State).
1635 May 30. The Peace of Prague.
(See State.)
GERMANY.
1613, * *-1635, May 30. 795
LETTERS.
1615 * * Frankfurter Journal is issued.
* * The Confessio Jtosese Crucis appears.
[Attributed to Valentine Andreas.]
The Rosicrucians swear fidelity, prom-
ise secrecy, and write hieroglyphically,
and aftirm' that the ancient philosophers
of Egypt, the Chaldeans, Magi of Persia,
and Gymnosophists of the Indies taught
the same doctrine.
1616 * * Germanla Antigua, by Philip
Cluverius, appears.
* * The Frankfurter Ober postants Zei-
tung is issued, alleged to be the first
daily paper in the world.
1617 Aug. 24. Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach.
The Fruchtbringende Society for the
advancement of the arts, sciences, and
literature, is formed at Weimar.
1618-19 Oden und Gesange, by Rudolf
Weckherlin, appears.
1619 * * Harmonice mundi, by Kepler,
appears.
* * A newspaper is issued at Hildesheim.
1621 July 17. Hesse-Nassau. The
University of Rinteln is founded by
the emperor.
* * Alsace-Lorraine. The University of
Strasburg is founded.
1623 * * Bavaria. The University of
Altdorf is authorized to create doctors
of law and medicine.
1624 * * Opiccii Teutsche Poemata, by
Julius W. Zincgref, appears.
* * Book of the German Art of Poetry, by
Martin Opitz, appears.
1625* * Hesse. The University of
Giessen is transferred to Marburg.
1627 * * Tabulse Rudolphinse, by Kepler,
appears.
1630 * * Westphalia. A newspaper is
issued at Herford.
* * An Encyclopedia, in seven volumes,
by Johann H. Alsted, appears.
1634 *• * Musa teutonica, by Johann Rist,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1618-48 The Thirty Years' War reduces
the population from 20,000,000 to 7,000,000,
whole towns are laid in ashes, and fertile
districts become deserts.
1627-29 Bavaria. At Wurzburg 157
witches are burned ; all classes are rep-
resented, old and young, learned and
ignorant.
1631 May 20. Saxony. Magdeburg is
captured, and the unbridled soldiers
massacre the people, sack and burn
the city.
STATE.
1613* Brunswick. Frederick-Ulric be-
comes duke of Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel.
* * Lippe is divided among the three
sons of Simon VI.
1618 * * Prus. The duchy of Prussia is
united with Brandenburg.
* * Bohemia. The irritation of the Pro-
testants is increased by changing the
administration of the country, giving
it to ten governors, seven of whom are
Catholics.
May 23. Bohemia. The Protestants
revolt (p. 511).
* * The Protestant Union sends Count
Mansfeld to aid the Bohemians.
1619 May 20. Matthias dies. [He is
succeeded by his cousin Ferdinand,
King of Hungary.]
Aug. 18. Bohemia. The Assembly of
Prague declares Ferdinand the heredi-
tary enemy of the evangelical religion,
and to have forfeited the throne of Bo-
hemia. [Sept. 5. Deposed.] The Thirty
Years' War follows.
* * The Bohemians elect young Fred-
erick V., Elector Pal itine and head of
the Protestant Union, as king ; he is a
son-in-law of James I. of England.
Aug. 28. Ferdinand is elected em-
peror by six electors, three of whom are
Protestants. [Sept. 9. Crowned at
Frankfort-on-the-Main.]
1619-37 Ferdinand II. reigns.
He seeks to extirpate Protestantism
by energetic measures ; the Bohemians
refuse allegiance, and elect Rudolph V.
in opposition.
* * Ferdinand II. enters a league with
Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria, the head
of the Catholic League, who becomes his
ally in subduing the Austrian estates.
* * Ferdinand II. enters a league with
Spain. Also with the Lutheran Elec-
tor of Saxony.
* * Prus. George-William becomes
duke.
* * Bohemia. The elector Frederick V.
of the Palatinate accepts the tendered
crown of Bohemia.
1620 July 3. Wiirtemberg. A treaty
of peace is signed at Ulm, by which
Frederick V. of the Palatinate loses
Bohemia.
Nov. 8. The Protestant Union is prac-
tically ruined by the disastrous battle
of Prague.
Bohemia becomes Catholic, its royal
charter destroyed, and the country
nearly ruined by losing two-thirds of
its population.
Nov. * Frederick, Count Palatine, is
put under the ban of the empire, and
his lands confiscated.
1621 Feb. 21, 22. Bohemia. Fred-
erick arrests 43 illustrious Bohe-
mians ; 27 of them are executed on the
scaffold at Prague.
May* The Protestant Union of princes
holds its last meeting.
1622 * * The Protestant Union is dis-
solved.
1623 Feb. 25. Bavaria. Maximilian
H. receives the electoral vote belonging
to Frederick V. and the Rhine Palati-
nate, the electoral dignity being trans-
ferred to Bavaria by the Catholic elec-
tors at Ratisbon.
* * "Wallenstein becomes a prince of the
empire. [1624, Duke of Friedland ; 1628,
Duke of Mecklenburg.]
1625 * * Christian TV., King of Den-
mark and Duke of Holstein, is leader of
the Protestants of the Lower Saxon
Circle.
1628 * * Bavaria. The restoration of
the Upper Palatinate is secured.
* * Wiirtemberg. Eberhard HI. becomes
duke.
1629 Mar. 29. Ferdinand II. issues
the Edict of Restitution.
The adherents of the Augsburg con-
fession alone are to have free exercise
of religion, all other sects to be exter-
minated. (Mar. 6?) (P. 512.)
May 22. The Peace of Lubeek.
Christian IV. receives his conquered
lands back from the emperor, and prom-
ises to abandon his allies, and abstain
from interference in German affairs.
May 25. King Christian of Denmark
makes a separate peace with Wallen-
stein, leaving his allies in the lurch.
* * The Dukes of Mecklenburg are put
under the ban of the empire, and their
lands bestowed upon Wallenstein. [1630.
Restored.]
1630 June 5. Bavaria. An electoral
assembly meets at Ratisbon.
Wallenstein's enemies, chiefly from
Bavaria and in the Catholic League, are
alarmed at his power ; they successfully
demand his dismissal and the disbanding
of a large part of the army, because of
the terrible extortion and cruelty prac-
tised upon Catholics and others.
Oct. 13. Bavaria. The emperor con-
cludes the Peace of Ratisbon with
France, thus terminating the war for
the Mantuan succession (p. 689).
1631 Apr. 6. It. The Peace of
Cherasco (p. 689).
* * Saxony. The elector John-George
forms an anti-imperialist alliance with
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
1633 * * Wiirtemberg. The League of
Heilbronn.
The Swedes and German Protestants
form an alliance for the prosecution of
the war against the imperialists.
* * Wallenstein loses favor with the im-
perial court, where the Spanish party
seeks his overthrow.
* * Treason of Wallenstein.
He negotiates secretly with the Saxons,
the Swedes, and the French ; he pro-
poses to use the army to secure independ-
ent action for himself, and deliver the
emperor from the Spanish party, and
compel a peace, if necessary, and then
reorganize the empire ; the court suc-
ceeds in detaching his leading generals
from his cause. [1634. Jan. 24. The
conspiracy is proclaimed. Feb. 18. He
is deposed.]
1634 Feb. 24. Bohemia. Wallenstein
goes to Eger, expecting to meet Bernhard
Saxe- Weimar and Arnim.
Feb. 25. Bohemia. Wallenstein is as-
sassinated.
He is killed by Capt. Devereaux, at
the instigation of the Irish Gen. Butler,
and with the evident approval of the
emperor, but without his command.
[The assassins of the great general and
his friends are rewarded with riches and
honors.]
* * Brunswick. Augustus becomes the
Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel.
1635 May 30. The Peace of Prague
ends the war between the emperor and
the Elector of Saxony.
(1) The elector receives Lusatia and t'-e
archbishopric of Magdeburg; the latter for
his son August, only for life.
(2) Confiscated ecclesiastical estates to re-
main with the possessor, if confiscated before
the convention of Passau ; if after, it then to
be held by the possessor for forty years, and
in certain cases forever; those estates held
immediately of the emperor excepted.
(3) Amnesty is granted, except to those
guilty of disturbances in Bohemia and the
Palatinate; Saxony is to aid the emperor
against Sweden; the Lutherans (alone) are
to have freedom in religion. The peace is
accepted by most of the Protestant States.
796 1635, * *-1681, Sept. 28.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1636-48 Swedish-French period of
the Thirty Years' War (p. 512).
Sept. 24 (o. s.). Brandenburg. Battle of
Wittstock (p. 512).
* * Gallas defeats the Swedes.
1638 Mar. 3. Switz. Duke Bernhard
of Saxe-Weimar defeats the army of
the Imperialists and the Bavarians at
Rheinfelden.
1639* * Saxony. The Swedish Gen.
Ban^r defeats the Imperialists in the
battle of Olsnitz and Brandiez.
1641 * * Gen. Lennart Torstenson be-
comes commander of the Swedes.
1642 Nov. 2. Saxony. Second battle
of Leipsic.
The Imperialists under Leopold of
Austria and Gen. Piccolomini are de-
feated by the Swedes under Count Tors-
tenson.
1643-45 "War between Denmark and
Sweden; it Is caused by envy at Swe-
dish success in Germany (p. 636).
Sept. * Schleswig-Holstein is conquered
by Swedes. The Danes are compelled
to desert Austria (p. 636).
* * Wiirtemberg. The French advance to
Bottweil.
* * Battle of Duttlingen.
The French under Count Rantz are
surprised and defeated by an Austro-
Bavarian army under Gens. Mercy, and
Werth.
* * Marshal Turenne and the Duke of
Enghien, 21 years of age, are appointed
to command the French troops.
1644 * * The French force the Bavarians
under Gen. Mercy to retreat.
* * Baden. The Duke of Enghien takes
Mannheim, Speyer, and Philippsburg.
* * Hesse. Count Turenne takes Worms,
Oppenheim, Mentz, and Landau.
* * Gen. Gallas with an Imperial army
goes to the relief of the Danes against
the Swedes (p. 636).
* * Hung. Prince Rakoczy invades
Hungary. [* * Hesse. The French cap-
ture Mentz.]
1645 Jan. * Battle of Magdeburg (p.
636).
Mar. 6. Bohemia. Battle of Jankau (p.
512).
Mar.* Aust. Count Torstenson and
Prince Rakoczy conquer the whole of
Moravia, and threaten Vienna.
May * Wiirtemberg. Battle of Mergen-
theim (p. 636).
Aug. 3. Bavaria. Battle of Allerheim.
The French under Prince Cond^ and
Hessians under Marshal Turenne defeat
the Imperialists under Gen. Mercy, who
is killed.
Aug. 7. Bavaria. Battle of Nbrdlingen
(p. 612).
* * Peace is concluded between Sweden
and Denmark.
* * Bohemia. The plague occasions the
retreat of the Swedes from Bohemia
after an ineffective siege of Briinn.
* * Gen. Wrangel succeeds Count Tors-
tenson (ill) in command of the Swedes.
1646 * * Bavaria. The French and
Swedish armies are joined at Giessen ;
they invade Bavaria (p. 512).
1647 * * Bavaria. Truce of Ulm (p. 512).
1648* * Bavaria. Maximilian having
broken the truce of Ulm, the French
and Swedes make a second invasion,
committing terrible ravages.
May 17. Bavaria. Marshal Turenne
and Gen. Wrangel defeat the Imperial-
ist and Bavarian army under Gen. Hol-
zapfela-Susmarshausen ; it is the last
pitched battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Oct. 24. Westphalia. Peace of West-
phalia. (See State.)
Nov. 2. Bohemia. The Swedes begin
the bombardment of Prague.
Nov. 3. Bohemia. Messengers bring tid-
ings of peace ; the Thirty Years' "War
ends.
1658+ * * Holstein is overran by Gus-
tavus. [1659. By Frederick IV.] (P. 636.)
1661-64 The first war with the Turks.
Cause (p. 513).
1664* 'Hungary is invaded by the
Turks.
Aug. 1. Hung. Battle of St. Gothard.
[A truce for 20 years which favors the
Turks follows.] (P. 512.)
1673 * * "War between France and Aus-
tria (p. 692).
1674 * * War with France. (Quad-
ruple Alliance.)
June 16. Baden. Battle of Sinsheim
(p. 692).
Oct. 4. Defeat at Entzheim. [Dec. 31.
At Muhlhausen.] (P. 692.)
1675 Jan. 5. Alsace. Battle of Turk-
heim (p. 692).
June 18. Brandenburg. Frederick Wil-
liam, elector of Brandenburg, surprises
and defeats the Swedes at Fehrbellin,
near Berlin.
* * The French under Gen. Crequi are
defeated by Gen. Consarbruck.
* * Fr. Treves is taken by the Austrians.
July 27. Baden. Action at Sasbach
(p. 692).
1680 * * Alsace. A great part of Alsace
is seized by the French.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1640 * * It. Athanasius Kircher invents
the magic lantern.
1643 * * Hesse. Mezzotinto, a kind of
copper engraving, is invented by Col.
Ludwig von Siegen.
1647 * * W. Prus. A map of the moon's
surface is first drawn at Danzig.
* * Saxony. Otto von Guericke of Magde-
burg constructs the first electrical ma-
chine, — a globe of sulphur.
1648 * * Mezzotinto-engraving is im-
proved by Prince Rupert.
1650 * * Saxony. Guericke invents the
air-pump.
[He is the inventor also of the air-
balance, and the anemoscope, a species
of weather-cock, and is said to have dis-
covered the property of electro-repul-
sion.]
* * The pearl-barley mill is invented.
1652 * * It. The speaking-trumpet is
improved by Athanasius Kircher. [1660.
He invents the eolian harp.]
1661* * Saxony. The barometer, for use
as a weather-glass, and the manometer,
are invented by Otto von Guericke.
1667 * * Phosphorus is discovered by
Brandt of Hamburg.
1670 * * Bavaria. Fluoric acid is used
for etching by Schwanhard at Nurem-
berg.
1674 Feb. 5. W.Prus. A parhelion,
or mock sun, appears on the horizon be-
neath the material sun ; it is seen near
Marienburg.
1678 * * Bavaria. An observatory is
established at Nuremberg.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1635 * * Kirchmaier, Georg K., chemist, b.
Spener, Philipp J., theologian, horn.
1636 * * Adelgreif, Johann A., fanatic, dies.
1637 * * Ferdinand II., emperor, A59.
Kilian, Lucas, engraver, A58.
1638 * * Alsted, Johann H., cl., author, A50.
Cellarius, Christoph, critic, geographer, h.
Eimmart, Georg C., artist, astronomer, horn.
1639 * * Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar,
general, A35.
Marhof, Daniel, scholar, born.
Netscher, Gaspar, or Kaspar, painter, horn.
Opitz, Martin, poet, A42.
1640 * * Bohm, Johann, physician, author, b.
Flemming, Paul, poet, A31.
Kirsten, Peter, physician, orientalist, A63.
Leopold I. the Great, emperor, born.
1641 * * Arnheim, Johann G. von, diploma-
tist, general, A 60.
1642 * * Abraham a Sancta-Clara, Augustin-
ian friar, orator, author, born.
1643* * Bach, Johann C composer, or-
ganist, born.
1644 * * Alting, Heinrich, theol., au., A61.
1645 * * Scultetus, Johannes, surgeon, A50.
Wedel, Georg W., physician, writer, born.
1646 * * Leibnitz, Gottfried W. von, phi-
losopher, born.
1648 * * Kneller, Sir Godfrey, painter, b.
1649 * * Vossius, or Voss, Gerard J., philol-
ogist, author, A72.
Scioppius, Caspar, scholar, A73.
1650 * * Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop
of Cologne, prince-bishop of Miinster and
Liege, A73.
Fischer von Erlach, Baron Johann B., archi-
tect, born.
Ludwig, Prince of Anhalt-Coethen, classical
scholar, soldier, A71.
1651 * * Kampfer, Engelbrecht, botanist, b.
1653* * Gunther, Anton, Prince of Anlialt,
general, born.
1654 * * Andrea, Johann V., satirist, A68.
Dantz, or Danz, Johann A., orientalist, born.
1656* * Calixtus, Georgius, Lutheran cler-
gyman, author, A 70.
1657 * * Frederick I., first k. of Prussia, b.
Jung, Joachim, philosopher, A7?.
1660 * * Bayer, Johann, preacher, astrono-
mer, A88.
Freinsheim, Johann, scholar, A52.
Hardt, Hermann von der, philologist, born.
Hoffmann, Friedrich, physician, born.
Stahl, Georg E., chemist, born.
1661 * * Schulembourg-, Johann M., gen-
eral, born.
1663 * * Francke, August H., cl., philan., b.
1664 * * Buxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, A65.
Gryphius, Andreas, poet, dram., A48.
1665 * * Clauberg, Johann, philosopher, A43.
Camerarius, Rudolf J., phys., botanist, b.
1666 * * Carpzov, Benedict, jurist, au., A7I.
Frisch, Johann L., naturalist, philol., born.
1667 * * Buddajus, Johann, Luth. theol., au.,
born.
Canstein Baron Carl H. von, philan., born.
Reinesius, Thomas, physician, philol., A80.
1668 * * Balde, Jakob, Jesuit, poet, A65.
Busenbaum, Hermann, Jesuit, author, A68.
Glauber, Johann, chemist, A 64.
1669 * * Dietrich, Johann, philologist, histo-
rian, A 57.
1670 * * Augustus I., Frederick, King of Po-
land, born.
1671 * * Olearius, or Olschlager, Adam, trav-
eler, orientalist, A72.
Struve, Burkhard G., jurist, born.
1672* * Schmolk, Benjamin, hymn-writer, b.
1673 * * Reiser, Reinhard, composer, born.
Seckendorf, Count Friedricli Heinrich von,
general, diplomatist, born. •
Wachter, Johann, scholar, archeologist, b.
1674 * * Eckhart, Johann G. von, antiquary,
historian, born.
1675 * * Gerhardt, Paul, cl., poet, A69.
Hederick, Benjamin, philol., lexicog., born.
1676 * * Leopold, Prince of Anhalt- Dessau,
general, born.
1677 * * Hollar, Wenceslaus, engraver, A70.
1678 * * Galen, Christoph von, prince-bishop
of Miinster, general, A78.
Zwicker, Daniel, syncretist. A66-
GERMANY.
1635, * *-1681, Sept. 28. 797
1679 * * Alting, Jacob, theol., Hebraist, A61.
Wolf, Johann von, philosopher, born.
1680 * * Kircher, Athanasius, Egyptologist,
philosopher, A78.
Schneider, Conrad V., anatomist, A70.
CHURCH.
1644 * * The peril of invasion forces the
emperor to concede the demands of the
Protestants.
1648 * * The Peace of "Westphalia es-
tablishes the principle of toleration in
religious belief. (See State.)
* * * The Cocceians, a small sect be-
lieving in a visible reign of Christ in this
world after a general conversion of the
Jews and all other people to the Chris-
tian faith, is founded by John Cocceius
of Bremen.
LETTERS.
1638 * * Melpomene, by Philipp von
Zesen, appears. [1645, Adriatische Rose-
mund.]
* * Be Vanitate Mundi, by Jacob Balde,
appears. [1643, Carmina lyrica.]
1640 * * Geschichte Philanders von Sitte-
walt, by Hans M. Moscherosch, appears.
1642 * * Spiritual and Secular Poems, by
Paul Flemming, appears.
1643 * * History of Arminius, by Hagel-
gan, appears.
1648 Sept. 1. Bavaria. The Univer-
sity of Bamberg is opened.
1649 * * Guldenes Tugendbuch and Trutz
Nachtigall, by Friedrich Spee, appear.
1650 * * Leo Arminius, by Andreas Gry-
phius, appears. [1657, Katharina von
Georgien, Cardenio und Celinde, Carolus
Stuardus, and Peter Squenz; 1659, Papi-
nianvbs ; 1660, Die Geliebte JJornrose ; 1663,
Horriq il icribrifax .]
* * Hesse. The University of Giessen
is removed back to Giessen from Mar-
burg.
1652 * * Four Comic Poems, hy Johann
Lauremberg, appears.
1654 * * Sinngedichte, a collection of epi-
grams, by Friedrich von Logau, appears.
1657 * * Cherubimischer Wandersmann
and Heilige Seelenlust, by Johann Schef-
fler, appear.
1659 * * Simplicissimus, by Christoffel
Grimmelshausen, appears.
1660 * * Saxony. A newspaper is issued
at Leipsic.
1663 * * Gotthold's Occasional Meditcu-
tions, by Christian Scriver, appears.
[1675-91, Soul's Treasure.]
* * Justus G. Schottelius writes a gram-
mar and history of the German language.
* * Erbauliche Monatsunterredungen is is-
sued by Johann Rist.
1664 * * Satirische Gedichte, by Joachim
Rachel, appears.
1665 * * The Gothic Gospels of Bishop
Ulfllas are published by Franciscus Ju-
nius.
* * Schleswig-Hol stein. The University
of Kiel is founded.
1666 * * De Arte Combinatoria, by Gott-
fried W. Leibnitz, appears. [1671, The-
ory of Concrete Motion and Theory of
Abstract Motion.]
1667 * * One hundred and twenty Hymns,
by Paul Gerhardt, appear.
1668 * * Uberflussige Gedanken der gru-
nenden Jugend, by Christian "Weise, ap-
pears. [1671, Die. drei Hauptverderber ;
1672, Die drei klugsten Leute.]
1670-1704 Misceltana curiosa medico
physica is issued.
1675 * * Sinnliche Betrachtung der vier
letzten Dinge, by Johann Scneffler, ap-
pears.
* * Pia desideria, by Spener, appears.
1679 * * Bundeslieder und Dankpsalmen,
by Joachim Neander, appears.
* * Merks Wien, by Father Abraham
Sancta Clara, appears.
1680 * * Anni Franciscanorum is issued.
SOCIETY.
1660 * * The Order of Concord is in-
stituted by Christian Ernest, Duke of
Prussia, to commemorate the important
part he had taken in restoring peace to
Europe.
1662 * * Bavaria. The citizens of Passau.
are distressed by the burning of the
greater part of the town, including the
cathedral.
STATE.
1637 Feb. 15. Ferdinand II. dies.
[He is succeeded by his son Ferdinand.]
1637-57 Ferdinand III. is emperor.
* * Pomerania. The ducal house becomes
extinct.
1640* * Brandenburg. Frederick "Wil-
liam of Prussia, ** The Great Elec-
tor," succeeds his father.
1640-88 Prus. Beign of Frederick
William.
Brandenburg-Prussia is raised to the
head of the German States, and becomes
recognized as a European power ; its
territory is increased to 43,000 square
miles, its revenue multiplied fivefold,
and its small army nowhere surpassed
in efficiency.
* * Saxe-Weimar. The principality is
founded by William,' brother of Ernest
the Pious.
* * Schaumburg-Lippe. Philip, the young-
est son of Simon VI., inherits a large
part of the countship of Schaumburg,
including Buckeburg, and adopts the
title of Count of Schaumburg-Lippe.
1641 * * Hamburg. Preliminaries of
peace are discussed, and a Congress is
agreed upon.
1643 * * Hanover. Negotiations for
peace begin at Osnabriick between the
Swedes and the emperor. [1644. Also
in Miinster with the French.]
1644 * * The emperor is forced to yield
to the demands of the Protestants.
* * Eisenach is annexed to Saxe-Weimar.
1648 Oct. 24. Westphalia. The Peace
of "Westphalia is signed at Minister.
Switzerland and The Netherlands are recog-
nized as independent States; Sweden receives
territory including Stettin, three votes in the
Imperial Diet, and a money indemnification;
France receives the lower part of Alsace, and
is confirmed in the possession of the cities of
Metz, Toul, and Verdun; Brandenburg re-
ceives three bishoprics and the archbishopric
of Magdeburg as a duchy; Hesse-Cassel a
part of Minden and money; Mecklenburg
receives two bishoprics as principalities; and
Brunswick receives alternate presentation to
the bishopric of Osnabriick.
Catholics and Protestants stand on an
equality before the law; the " balance of
power " is secured; the Thirty Years' War is
ended (p. 513).
* * The Rhine Palatinate is restored by
Bavaria to its former rulers, and an
eighth electoral dignity is created for it ;
the Upper Palatinate is not detached
from Bavaria.
* * Bremen is acknowledged a free city.
1651* * Bavaria. Ferdinand Mary
rules the duchy.
1656 * * Saxony. John George H. be-
comes elector.
1657 Apr. 2. Ferdinand m. dies.
* * Poland is constrained to acknowledge
Prussia as an independent state under
Frederick William, the Great Elector.
1658 July 18. Leopold of Austria,
son of Ferdinand III., is elected empe-
ror.
1658-1705 Leopold I. reigns.
1663 * * Bavaria. The Imperial Diet
becomes a permanent body, meeting at
Ratisbon. Corpus Catholicorum and
Corpus Evangelicorum.
1664 * * Prus. Altona is made a city.
1665 * * It. The Tyrol is annexed to
Austria.
* * Germany hecomes a maze of little
despotisms, with a few larger States as
Prussia and Austria.
* * Brunswick. Rodolph Augustus be-
comes duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel.
1666* *The quarrel concerning the
succession of Cleves-JUlich is settled.
Brandenburg receives Cleves, Mark,
Ravenstein, and half of Ravensburg.
[Later, all of Ravensburg in place of
Ravenstein.]
1667 * * Oldenburg passes under tno
rule of Denmark.
1672 * * Altenburg is divided between
Gotha and Weimar.
* * Saxe-Weimar is divided into Saxe-
' Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach.
Apr. 26. Prus. Frederick William, the
elector, concludes an armed alliance
with Holland against France.
1673 June 6. Peace of Vossem (p. 693).
July 10. Prus. Frederick William signs
a treaty of neutrality with France.
Aug. 15. League of The Hague.
1674 May 28. The German Empire
unites in the quadruple alliance, and de-
clares war against France (p. 693).
* * Wurtemberg. "William Louis be-
comes duke.
* * The Palatinate and Bavarian lands
are again united.
1676 * * The Hungarians, led by Em-
eric, unite in a widespread revolt.
1677 * * Wurtemberg. Eberhard Louis
becomes duke.
1679 Feb. 6. The emperor signs a
peace with France, ending the Seven
Years' War.
June 29. Brandenburg. Frederick
"William is forced to sign a peace with
France (p. 693).
* * Baden. Charles "William becomes
margrave of Baden-Dourlach.
* * Bavaria. Maximilian Emanuel be-
comes duke.
1680 ** Saxony. John George HI. be-
comes elector.
* * Magdeburg is annexed to Branden-
burg. Alsace is seized.
* * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The elder line
of Saxe-Coburg is founded by Albert,
second son of Ernest the Pious.
* * Saxe-Meiningen. The duchy is founded
by Bernhard, third son of Ernest the
Pious.
1681 Sept. 28. Alsace. Louis XIV.
seizes Strasburg.
He also takes most of Alsace, claiming
that, in gaining Austrian lands in Alsace,
he should have all that had belonged to
those lands. [1671. Confirmed by the
Peace of Ryswick.]
798 1681,**-1721,
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1681 * * Alsace. Strasburg is seized by
Louis XIV. of France.
1682-99 Second war with the Turks.
1683 July 14. Vienna is besieged by
the Turks with an army of 270,000 men
(p. 512).
Sept. 12. Vienna. Siege raised (p. 512).
1686 Sept. 2. Hung. Buda is stormed,
and the Turks driven out.
1687 Aug. 12. Hung. Battle of Mo-
hacs (p. 512).
1688-97 Third war with France; it
aims to obtain the Palatinate (p. 694).
1688 * * Hesse. Mentz is again captured
by the French.
Sept. 30. Bh.Prus. French troops un-
der Gen. Melac suddenly appear. [They
occupy Cologne and Treves, Mentz and
"Worms. The French devastate the Pa-
latinate to make it a desert ; 400,000 are
made homeless.]
Oct. 29. Baden. Philippsburg is taken
by Louis.
1690* * Imperial troops defeat the
Turks.
1691 Aug. 19. Slavonia. Battle of
Slankamen (p. 512).
1693 * * Louis of Bavaria assumes the
chief command of the forces brought
against the French invaders.
1697 Sept. 11. Hung. Battle of Zenta
(p. 512).
Sept. 20. Neth. Peace. (See State.)
1699 Jan. 26. Hung. The Turks con-
clude a peace (p. 513).
1701-14 War of the Spanish Succes-
sion.
The most of the German princes grad-
ually come to the support of the em-
peror. Cause : (p. 695.)
Battles: 1703, Sept. 20, Hochstadt;
1704, July 2, Donauworth, Bavaria ; 1708,
July 11, Oudenarde, Belg. ; 1709, Mal-
plaquet, Fr. ; 1712, July 27, Denain, Fr.
(pp. 694, 696).
1702 Aug. 15. It. At Luzzara a
drawn battle is fought by the Imperial-
ists under Prince Eugene and the
French and Spanish allies under Due
de Vendome..
Sept. 9. Wurtemberg. Maximilian of
Bavaria, an ally of France, captures
the Imperial city of Ulm.
1707 Sept. 24. Baden. The Imperial-
ists under Marshal Mercy defeat the
French at Offenburg.
1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace (p. 697).
Sept. * Wurtemberg. The French under
Marshal Villars cross the Rhine and
threaten Ulm. [Peace is negotiated.]
* * Schleswig-Holstein. Altona is burned
by the Swedes.
1714-18 War of the Turks with Venice
and after 1716 with Germany (p. 514).
1716 Aug. 5. Hung. Battle of Peter-
wardein (p. 514).
1717 Aug. 15. Servia. Prince Eugene
defeats the Turks at "Wisnetza near
Belgrade.
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
1681 * * Nitric ether is discovered by
Kunkel.
1685 * * Andreas Cassius describes the
preparation of gold purple used by
Kunkel to make red glass, and for other
purposes.
1687 * * Cinnebar is prepared in the
fluid state by Schultze.
1690 * * Bavaria. The clarionet is in-
vented by Johann C. Denner of Leipsic
at Nuremberg.
* * Saxony. Telescopes with a single
lens are invented by Ehrenfried W.
Tschirnhausen.
* * Saxony. August Q. Rivinus proposes
to give two names to each plant.
1698-99 Pr. Saxony. The orphano-
tropheon at Halle is established by
August Francke.
1700 * * Saxony. The first European
porcelain [Dresden china] is made at
Dresden, by Johann F. Bottcher.
1702** Berlin. The Academy of Sci-
ences is established.
1709 * * Prussic acid is accidentally
discovered by Diescach, a chemist [and
first obtained in a separate state by
Scheele].
1710 * * Saxony. Spoons are forged out
of iron plate in the Erz-Gebirge.
1711 * * Berlin. The observatory is
erected under Leibnitz's direction.
1717* * Saxony. Christoph G. Schroter,
the inventor, presents a model of his
pianoforte to the court of Saxony.
1720 * * Paper is made from asbestos.
* * Saxony. Hose without seam is in-
vented by Bok at Leipsic.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1681 * * Heineccius, Johann, jurist, born.
1682 * * Rupert, Prince of the Palatinate,
general in England, A63.
1683 * * Uffenbach, Zackarias C. von, schol-
ar, born.
1684 * * Haas, Johann, historian, born.
Kohler, or Koehler, Johann D., historian, b.
Netscher, Gaspar, or Kaspar, painter, A 45.
1685 * * Bach, Johann 8., composer, musi-
cian, born.
Becher, Johann J., chemist, A55.
Denner, Balthasar, painter, born.
Klein, Jacob, naturalist, born.
Handel. Georg: Frederick, composer,born.
1686 * * Fahrenheit, Gabriel I)., physicist, b.
Calov, Abraham, Lutheran clergyman, A74.
Guericke, Otto, natural philosopher, inventor
of air-pump, A84.
Neuhof, Baron, Thedor von, adventurer, b.
1687 * * Bengel, Johann A., theol. wr., born.
Hevelius, Johannes, astronomer, A76.
1688* * Frederick "William, "the Great
Elector" of Brandenburg, fdr. of Prus-
sian monarchy, A68.
Vossius, Isaac, classical scholar, miscellane-
ous writer, A70.
1690 * * Bogatzky, Karl H., theol. writer, b.
Canz, Israel G., philosopher, born.
Schmauss, Johann J., legal writer, born.
1691 * * Amman, Paul, botanist, A57.
Gesner, Johann M., philologist, born.
Morhof, Daniel G., scholar, A52.
1692 * * Hahn, Simon, historian, publicist, b.
Pollnitz, Karl von, adventurer, hist, wr., b.
Seckendorf, Veit L. von, scholar, theologian,
statesman, A66.
Struve, Georg A., jurist, A73.
1698 * * Bilflnger, Georg B., phys., math., b.
1694 * * Bayer, Gottlieb S., orientalist, born.
Hartzheim, Joseph, Jesuit historian, born.
Mosheim, Johann L. von, eccles. historian, b.
Puffendorf , Baron Samuel, jurist, A62.
Riemarus, Hermann S., philologist, born.
Schopflin, Johann D., historian, born.
1695 * * Kiedinger, Johann, designer, engr.,b.
Trew, Christoph J., botanist, anatomist, b.
1696 * * Albinus, Bernard S., anatomist, b.
Bruckner, Johann, cl., schol., historian, b.
Keith, James, field-marshal, born.
Saxe. Count o^, Hermann Maurice, gen., b.
1697* * Charles VII., Charles Albert, em-
peror, born.
Hamberger, Georg E., physician, born.
Tersteegen, Gerhard, poet, mystic, born.
1698 * * Foque, Henri A., Baron de la Motte,
general, born.
Meniski, Francis M., orientalist, A75.
1699 * * Daman, Christian, classical schol., b.
Basse, Johann, composer, born.
Ziethen, Hans J. von, general, born.
1700 * * Gottsched, Johann, critic, born.
Kirchmaier, Georg K., chemist, A65.
Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Count von, Ni-
kolaus Ludwig, founder (or restorer) of
Moravians, born.
1701 * * Hontheim, Johann N. von, jurist, b.
Moser, Johann J., jurist, born.
1708 * * Oetinger, Friedrich C, theol., born.
1703* * Bach, Johann C, composer, organ-
ist, A60.
Gravius, Johann, scholar, A71.
1704 * * Cartheuser, Johann F., physician, b.
Spangenberg, August G., founder Moravian
church in America, born.
1705 May 5. Leopold I., the Great, em-
peror, A 65.
Eimmart, Georg C, artist, astronomer, A67.
Spener, Philipp J., theologian, A70.
1706* * Baumgarten, Sigismund J., theol., b.
1707 * * Cassel, Johann P., philologist, born.
Cellarius, Christoph, critic, geog., A69.
Ernesti, Johann A., critic, born.
1708 * * Engau, Johann R., jurist, writer, b.
Hagedon, Friedrich von, poet, born.
1709 * * Abraham a Sancta-Clara, Augustin-
ian friar, pulpit orator, author, A67.
Gmelin, Johann G., botanist, born.
Holzer, Johann, fresco-painter, engr., born.
Ludwig, Christian G., botanist, born.
Marggraf, Andreas, chemist, born.
18th Century. Balthasar, Theodor, inventor
of solar microscope, born.
1710 * * Bach, Wilhelm F., organist, born.
Breitkopf, Johann G. E., typographer, born.
1711 * * Muhlenberg, Henry M., founder of
Lutheran church in America, born.
1712 Jan. 24. Frederick II. , the Great,
King of Prussia, born.
Dietrich, Christian W., painter, b.
1713 Feb. 25. Frederick I., first king of
Prus., A56.
Hagedorn, Christian L., art critic, wr., born.
1714 * * Bach, Karl P. E., composer, born.
Baumgarten, Alexander G., philosopher, b.
Daries, Joachim (J., jurist, philosopher, b.
Gleditsch, Johann G., botanist, born.
Gluck, Johann C. von, composer, born.
Gunther, Anton, Prince of Anhalt, gen., A61.
Meckel, Johann F., anatomist, born.
Trench, Baron Franz von der, general, b.
1715 * * Crusius, Christian A., theol., born.
Gellert, Christian F., poet, mis. wr., born.
Kleist, Ewald C. von, poet, born.
Wille, Johann G., engraver, born.
1716 Nov. 14. Leibnitz, Gottfried W.
von, philosopher, A70..
Hasenclever, Peter, merchant, manuf., b.
Kampfer, Engelbrecht, botanist, A66.
Reiske, Johann J., Arabic scholar, born.
1717 May 13. Maria Theresa. Empress
of Germany, Queen of Hungary, born.
Michaelis, Johann, orientaMst, Bib. critic, b.
Oeser, or Oser, Adam F., paint., modeler, b.
Winckelmann, Johann J., archeologist, b.
1718 * * Bonn, Johann, physician, au., A78.
Fink, Friedrich A. von, general, born.
1719 * * Achenwall, Gottfried, statistician, b.
Canstein, Baron Karl H., philan., A52.
Kantner, Abraham, poet, math., born.
Lichtwer, Magnus G., poet, fabulist, born.
1720 * * Eckhof, Conrad, " the German Gar-
rick," actor, born.
Eisenhart, Johann, F., jurist, born.
Haberlin, Franz D., historian, born.
Miinchhausen, Baron, Karl Friedrich
Hieronymus von, soldier, romancer, born.
TJz, Johann P., lyric poet, born.
1721 * * Baratier, Johann P., linguist, born.
Brunswick, Duke of, Ferdinand, general, b.
Camerarius, Rudolf J., botanist, phys., A66.
Semler, Johann S., theologian, born.
Wedel, Georg W., physician, writer, A76.
CHURCH.
1689± Saxony. The Pietists, a Lu-
theran sect, is founded in Leipsic by
Philip James Spener, a professor of
theology.
They assert that the church is corrupt,
the ministry unfaithful, and the people
cursed with spiritual death. [1760. He
establishes " colleges of pietists."]
1691 * * Rome. Innocent XII. is pope.
[1700, Clement XI.; 1721, Innocent XIII.;
1724, Benedict XIII.; 1730, Clement XII.;
1740, Benedict XIV.; 1758, Clement XIII.;
1769, Clement XIV.]
1706 * * A Danish Protestant mission is
planned by Frederick IV.
GERMANY.
1681,**-1721,
799
LETTERS.
1682 * * Acta Eruditorum Lipsiensium is
issued under the editorship of Leibnitz.
1686 * * Ephemericles Litterarise is is-
sued at Hamburg.
1688 * * The Asiatic Banise, by Anselm
von Zeigler, appears.
* * Monatsgesprdche is issued by Chris-
tian Thoinasius.
1689 * * Monatliche Erzahlungen is is-
sued.
* * Arminius und Thusnelda, by Lohen-
stein, appears.
* * -98 * * Monatliche Unterredungen is
issued.
1691 * * Life of Jesus, by Father Martin
of Cochem, appears.
1693 Oct. 19. P. Saxony. The Uni-
versity of Halle is chartered by the
emperor.
1694 * * Thesaurus Antiquitatum Roma-
norum, by Johann G. GraBvius, appears.
1697 * * Bavaria. The University of
Altdorf is authorized to create doctors
of theology.
* * A volume of epigrams by Christian
Wernicke appears.
1698-1708 Nova Litteraria Maris Bal-
thici et Septentrionis is issued.
1700 * * Nebenstunden unterschiedener
Gedichte, by Freiherr von Cauitz, ap-
pears.
•* * Observationes selecta ad rem littera-
riam is issued.
1701 * * Monallicher Anzug is issued.
1702 * * Neue Unterredungen is issued.
1703-09 Nova Litteraria Germanise col-
lecta Hamburgi is issued.
1704 * * Curieuse Bibliothek is issued
(the continuation of Monatliche Unterre-
dungen.)
1705 * * Geistliche Cantaten, by Erdmann
Neumeister, set to music by Johann
Sebastian Bach, appears.
1709 * * Electa Juris Publici is issued.
1710 * * Saxony. The Rostocker Zeitung
is issued at Leipsic.
* * Neuer Vorrath is issued at Mecklen-
burg.
* * Theodicee, by Leibnitz, appears.
1711 * * Works, by Johann von Besser,
appear.
1712 * * Oratorio of the Passion, an opera
by Barthold H. Br'ockes, appears. [1721-
48, Earthly Pleasures in God.]
* * Thoughts on the Power of the Human
Mind, by Christian Wolf, appears. [1713-
16, Elements of Universal Science.]
* * Teutsche Acta Eruditorum is issued.
1714 * * Hamburg. Der Vernunftler, the
first German weekly newspaper, appears.
* * Holsteinische Zeitung s- Correspondent
is issued. [1716. Changed to Hamburg-
ischer- Corresponden t. ]
1715-23 Neue Acerra Philologica is is-
sued.
1715-32 Grundlingiana is issued.
1715 * * Neue Zeitungen von gelehrten
Sachen is issued.
1715-27 Acta Philosophorum is issued.
1718* * Wurttembergische Nebenstunden
is issued.
1718-20 Literarische Analekten is issued.
Pr. Saxony. Vermischte Bibliothek is
issued at Halle.
1718-21 Pr. Saxony. Bibliotheca No-
vissima is issued at Halle.
1721 * * Die Discurse der Mailer is issued.
SOCIETY.
1702 * * Prus. Serfdom is abolished by
Frederick I.
STATE.
1683 * * The Treaty of The Hague is
concluded against the French.
1686 July 9. The League of Augs-
burg is signed.
The emperor, kings of Sweden and
Spain, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony,
and the Palatinate, unite in a league to
maintain the treaties of Miinster and
Nimeguen against France.
* * Hung. Buda is taken from the Turks
after possession for 145 years.
1687 * * Hung. Joseph I. receives the
crown of Hungary.
* * Hung. The Diet of Pressburg (p. 513).
1688 Apr. 19. Prus. Frederick
William, the Great Elector, dies.
Frederick 111. becomes duke of Prus-
sia.
1689 * * The French send a ravaging
army into South Germany which rouses
some of the princes. (See France.)
May 12. Vienna. The grand alliance
is formed (p. 513).
1690 * * Bavaria. The Diet of Augsburg
elects Joseph I. King of the Romans.
1691* * Saxony. John Georg IV. be-
comes elector. [1694. Frederick Augus-
tus II.]
1692 Dec. 19. Hanover becomes the
ninth electorate.
1697-1763 Saxony. The electors are
kings of Poland.
1697 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace of
Ryswick is signed (p. 695).
Oct. 30. Neth. The Treaty of Rys-
wick is ratified by the empire and the
emperor (p. 513, 695).
* * Saxony. Frederick Augustus I.,
elector, becomes the king of Poland ; he
adopts the Catholic faith.
* * Schwarzburg - Sondershausen is
made a principality.
1699 Jan. 26. Aust. Peace of Kar-
lowitz is signed by Austria, Poland,
Russia, Venice, and Turkey (p. 513).
* * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Albert dying
childless, John Ernest, seventh son of
Ernest the Pious, succeeds as ruler.
1701-14 "War of the Spanish Succes-
sion. Cause (see p. 512).
1701 Jan. 18. Prus. Prussia first
becomes a kingdom.
Frederick III., Elector of Branden-
burg, in an assembly of the States at
Konigsberg, crowns himself and his wife,
and is proclaimed King of Prussia by the
name of Frederick I.
* * Mecklenburg is divided into Meck-
lenburg-S c h w e r i n and Mecklenburg-
Strelitz. [Their later history is gener-
ally the same.]
* * Waldeck-Pyrmont is made a prin-
cipality.
Sept. 7. Second grand alliance against
France (p. 695).
1702 * * Crefeld is transferred from the
House of Nassau to Prussia.
* * Neth. Gelderland is seized by the
Prussians.
1703 Apr.* Bavaria. The Elector
Maximilian, as an ally of France, de-
clares war against the emperor.
1704 * * Brunswick. Anthony Ulric
becomes duke of Brunswick- Wolfenbiit-
tel. [1714, Augustus William; 1731,
Lewis Rudolf ; 1735, Charles.]
1705 May 5. Vienna. The Emperor
Leopold I. dies. [His son Leopold,
King of Bohemia, succeeds him.]
1705-11 Joseph I. is emperor.
1707 ** Switz. Neuchatel, or Neu-
burg, and Valengia are seized and an-
nexed by Frederick I. ; the principality
of Tecklenburg is purchased.
1709 June 28. Saxony. Saxony and
Denmark and Russia enter an alliance
at Dresden.
1710 * * The Treaty of The Hague is
signed by England, Holland, and the
Empire, to push the war away from Ger-
man boundaries.
1711 Apr. 17. The Emperor Joseph
I. dies. [Dec. * His brother Charles is
elected emperor.]
1711-40 Charles VI. is emperor.
[Count Linzendorf is his minister.]
* * Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt is made a
principality.
1712 * * Rh. Prus. The principality of
Meurs is annexed to Prussia.
* * Bremen is taken into the possession
of Denmark.
1713-40 Prus. Frederick William I.
is king.
He lays the foundation of Prussian
freatness, acquires great influence in
lurope, and leaves a well-disciplined
army of 70,000 men at his death.
1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace of
Utrecht (p. 697).
Apr. 19. Charles VI. issues the Prag-
matic Sanction (p. 514).
* * Neth. Gelderland is ceded in great
part to Prussia.
1714 Mar. 6. Baden. The prelimina-
ries of peace with France are signed at
Rastatt (pp. 514, 697).
Sept. 17. Switz. Treaty of Baden be-
tween the German Empire and France
(p. 514).
* * Bavaria. Maximilian Emanuel is re-
stored to his dominions.
* * Berlin. The five districts of Berlin
are united under one magistracy.
1717 * * Spain seizes Sardinia.
Jan. 17. Neth. At The Hague a treaty
is signed by Spain, Savoy, and Austria.
1718 July 22. Peace of Passarowitz
(p. 515).
July 26. London. The Quadruple Al-
liance is formed against Spain. [1719.
Holland joins.] (P. 697.)
* * Spain seizes Sicily.
1720 * * Prus. Vompomern and Stet-
tin are annexed to Prussia.
* * The Treaty of Stockholm is signed
by Sweden and Prussia.
Sweden cedes Hither Pomerania with
Stettin and the islands of Usedom and
Wollin to Prussia, and Bremen and Ver-
den to Hanover, and receives a payment
of money.
* * The Pragmatic Sanction is ratified
by the estates of the Austrian Empire
and many of the states of Europe.
Lands belonging to the House of Aus-
tria are to be indivisible : the inheri-
tance of these lands shall devolve on
the daughters of Charles in the absence
of male heirs, according to Drimogeni-
ture ; if the line of Charles become ex-
tinct, the daughters of Joseph I. and
their descendants shall inherit.
800 1722,** -1749,**
AKMY — NAVY.
1733-35 "War of the Polish Succes-
sion (p. 514).
1734 * * W. Prus. Danzig, having de-
clared in favor of Stanislas Leszczyn-
ski, is besieged and taken by the Rus-
sians and Saxons.
1736-39 War with Turks and Rus-
sians (p. 514).
1735 Nov. 18. Vienna. The Peace
of Vienna ends the war of the Polish
Succession (p. 701).
1740-48 Prus. War of the Austrian
Succession (p. 514).
1740-42 The First Silesian War.
Saxony is an ally of Prussia (p. 514).
1741 Apr. 10. Silesia. Battle of
Mollwitz (p. 514).
* * Silesia. Glogau is captured by Prus-
sians.
GERMANY.
* * Silesia. Frederick H. captures
Breslau from Austria.
1742 May 17. Moravia. Battle of
Chotusitz near Czaslau (p. 514).
* * Bohemia. The French are driven out.
June 11- July 28. Peace of Breslau
and Berlin (p. 515).
1743 * * The allies are driven out of
Bavaria by the Austrians.
June 27. Bavaria. Battle of Det-
tingen (pp. 514, 700).
* * The French are compelled to recross
the Rhine.
* * Prus. Frederick introduces flying
horse artillery, and improves military
tactics.
1744-45 Second Silesian War.
Battles: 1745, May 11, Fontenoy, Belg. ;
June 4, Hohenfriedburg, Silesia ; Sept.
30, Soor, Bohemia ; Dec. 15, Kesselsdorf,
Saxony (pp. 514, 515).
1744 * * Saxony. Frederick with 80,000
men forces his way through Saxony and
invades Bohemia. [Takes Prague.]
1745 Jan.* Bavaria. Munich is
taken by the French and Bavarians.
Dec. 25. Saxony. Peace. (See State.)
1746 Oct. 11. Belg. Marshal Saxe
defeats the allies of Austria at Ro-
coux, and completes the conquest of
the Austrian Netherlands.
* * War in Italy between Spain, France,
and Austria.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1722* * E. Prus. Denis Papin's steam-
engine is used for raising water by
Weber and Potter at Konigsberg, near
Chemnitz.
1723 * * Saxony. Muslin is first made
in Dresden.
1726* * Neth. Gabriel D. Fahrenheit
invents his thermometer.
1729 * * Prus. Georg E. Stahl founds a
system of chemistry on the theory of
phlogiston.
1731-63 Saxony. Johann A. Hasse pro-
duces many operas, chiefly at Dresden.
1732* * Reuss-Gera. The French lock
is invented by Freytag at Gera.
* * Martin, a snuffbox maker, is said to
have learned the art of making papier-
mache" from one Lefevre.
1746 * * Bavaria. The pedal harp is
invented by J. P. Vetters at Nuremberg.
1747* * Beet-root sugar is first pro-
duced by Andreas Marggraf , the chemist.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1722 * * Augustus Wilhelm, prince, brother
of Frederick the Great, born.
1723 Oct. 19. Kneller. Sir Godfrey,
painter, A75.
Basedow, Johann B., teacher, educational
reformer, born.
Bloch, Markus E., Jewish phys., natural., b.
Cramer, Johann A., theologian, poet, born.
Cranz, David, hist., Moravian missionary, b.
Grimm. Baron Friedrich M., wit, critic,
author, born.
Mayer, Johann T., astronomer, born.
Moser, Friedrich K. von, jurist, born.
1724 Apr. 22. Kant, Immanuel, meta-
physician, philosopher, born.
jEplnus, Franz M. U. T., electrician, b.
Busching, Anton F., geographer, born.
Fischer von Erlach, Baron Johann B., archi-
tect, A74.
Guischard, Karl Gottlieb, colonel, author, b.
Klopstock, Friedrich G.. poet, born.
1725 » * Dusoh, Johann J., poet, born.
Putter, Johann S., publicist, born.
1726 * * Chodowiechi, Daniel N., engr., b.
Schwarz, Christian F., missionary, born.
Trench, Baron Friedrich von der, gen., b.
Walch, Christian W. F., eccles. hist., born.
"VVeisse, Christian F.,poet, dram., mis. wr.,b.
Zacharia, Just F. W., poet, satirist, born.
1727* * Dantz, or Danz, Johann A., orien-
talist, A73.
Francke, Augnst H., cl., philanthropist, A64.
Gatterer, Johann C, geog., historian, b.
1728 * * Mengs, Anton 1{., painter, author, b.
Oeder, Georg L., botanist, born.
1729 Jan. 22. Leasing-, Gotthold Ephra-
1m, dramatist, critic, born.
Buddaeus, Johannes, Lutheran theologian,
historian, A 62.
Forster, Johann R., naturalist, traveler, b.
Fiirstenberg, Baron Friedrich W. F., states-
man, born.
Hahn, Simon, historian, publicist, A37.
Heyne, Christian G., philologist, born.
Mendelssohn, Moses, philosopher, born.
Panzer, Georg Wolfgang, cl., bibliog., born.
1730 * * Chemnitz, Johann, cl., naturalist, b.
Eckhard, John G., antiq., historian, A56.
Hamann, Johann G., philosopher, born.
Hedwig, Johann, botanist, born.
Knyphausen, Baron William von, general of
Hessians in America, born.
Steuben, Frederick W. A., general, born.
1731 * * Dathe, Johann A., theol., orient., b.
1732 * * Adelung, Johann C, philologist, b.
Bach, Johann C, composer, born.
Haydn, Joseph, composer, born.
1733 * * Augustus I., Frederick, King of Po-
land, A63.
Meamer. Friedrich A., founder of mesmer-
ism, born.
Nicolai, Christoph F., litterateur, born.
Niebuhr, Karstens, traveler, born.
Wieland, Christopher Martin, poet, novel-
ist, mis. writer, born.
1734 * * Stahl, Georg E., chemist, A74.
Tychsen, Olaus G., orientalist, philologist, b.
TJffenbaoh, Zacharias von, scholar, A51.
1735 * * Musaus, Johann K. A., mis. wr., b.
Schlozer, August L. von, historian, born.
Walter, Johann G., physician, anatomist, b.
1736 * * Fahrenheit, Gabriel D., physicist,
A50.
Rosenmiiller, Johann G., theologian, born.
Schmidt, Michael I., historian, born.
1737 * * Hackert, Philipp, painter, born.
Koch, Christoph W. von, historical wr., b.
Schmolk, Benjamin, hymn-writer, A65.
1738 * * Abbt, Thomas, mis. writer, born.
Baldinger, Ernst Gottfried, phys., au., born.
Bayer, Gottlieb S., orientalist, A44.
Klotz, Christian A., scholar, critic, born.
Kiedesel, Friedrich A. von, general in Amer-
ica in British service, born.
Struve, Burkhard G., jurist, A67.
1739* * Ainalie, Anna, Duchess of Saxe-
Weimar, born.
Beckmann, Johann, naturalist, agricultural
writer, born.
Eberhard, Johann A., philosopher, wr., b.
Hahn, Philipp M., mechanician, inventor, b.
Reiser, Keinhard, composer, A66.
Wrisberg, Heinrich A., anatomist, born.
1740 * * Baratier, Johann P., linguist, A19.
Holzer, Johann, fresco-painter, engr., A31.
Jacobi, Johann G., poet, scholar, born.
Jung-Stilling, Johann H., mystic, born.
Oberlin, Jean F., social reformer, philan., b.
Sturm, Christopher C, moralist, preacher, b.
1741 Mar. 13. Joseph II., emperor, b.
Archenholz, Johann W., historical writer, b.
Bahrdt, Karl F., theologian, born.
Ebeling, Christoph D., scholar, historian, b.
Engel, Johann J., critic, mis. writer, born.
Heineccius, Johann G., jurist, AGO.
Naumann, Johann G., composer, born.
Pallas, Peter S., naturalist, traveler, born.
1742 Dec. 16. Blue her, Gebhard L.
von, field-marshal, born.
Esper, Eugen J. C, entomologist, born.
Haas, Johann M., historian, A58.
Hoffmann, Friedrich, physician, A82.
Lichtenberg, Georg C, physicist, born.
1743 * * Claudius, Matthias, poet, born.
Eschenburg, Johann J., litterateur, born.
Fabricius, Johann C, entomologist, born.
Frisch, Johann L., philol., naturalist, A77.
Jacobi, Friedrich H., novelist, philosopher,
mis. writer, born.
Klaproth, Martin H., chemist, born.
Planer, Johann J., botanist, physician, born.
Rothschild, Mayer A., banker, born.
Zimmerman, Eberhard A. W. von, natural-
ist, author, born.
1744 Sept. 25. Frederick William II.,
King of Prussia, born.
Bauer, Ferdinand, botanical, painter, born.
Bogatzky, Karl H., theological writer, A54.
Dalberg, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von,
archbp. of Mentz, scliol., writer, born.
ErxJeben, Johann C. P., naturalist, born.
Gmelin, Samuel G., botanist, traveler, born.
Herder, Johann G. von, philosopher, au., b.
Knebel, Karl L. von, litterateur, born.
1745 * * Charles VII., Charles Albert, em-
peror, A 48.
Frank, Johann P., physician, born.
Griesbach, Johann J., theologian, philol., b.
Schulembourg-, Johann M., general, A84.
1746 * * Campe, Joachim H., philanthropist,
mis. writer, born.
Hardt, Hermann von der, philologist, A86.
Zauner, Franz, sculptor, born.
1747 May 5. Leopold II., emperor, born.
Bertuch, Friedrich J., journalist, mis. writer,
born.
Bode, Johann E., astronomer, born.
Denner, Balthasar, painter, A 62.
Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, gen., A7S.
Meiners, Christoph, historian, born.
Schultze, Johann A. P., poet, composer, b.
1748 * * Burger, Gottfried A., poet, born.
Fiorillo, Johann D., painter, art- writer, b.
Hederich, Benjamin, philol., lexicog., A73.
Holty, LudwigH. C, poet, born.
Weigel, Christian E. von, naturalist, born.
Weishaupt, Adam, jurist, philosopher, born.
1749 Aug. 28. Goethe, Johann Wolf-
gang von, poet, dramatist, novelist, phi-
losopher, born.
Forkel, Johann N., composer, born.
Trench, Baron, Franz von der, general, A 35.
CHURCH.
1722 June 17. Saxony. The town of
Herrnhut is commenced by refuge©
Moravians.
1724* * W.Prus. Several Protestants
are put to death at Thorn under a pre-
tended legal sentence of the chancellor
of Poland, for being concerned in a
tumult occasioned by a Boman Catholic
procession.
1727* *The Moravian Church in
North Germany consists of 500 persons.
1730 Aug. 30. Switz. The German
Christian Society is organized at Basel
on the Upper Bhine ; it is a mission-
society.
LETTERS.
1722 * * Bavaria. Parnassus Boieus is
issued at Munich.
* * Gelehrtes Preussen is issued.
1724 * * Hamburg. Der Patriot is issued.
* * Erlautertes Preussen is issued.
1724-25 Poems, by .Christian Gunther,
appear.
1725 * * The Vernunftiqe Tadlernnen is
issued by Johann C. Gottsched. [1727.
Continued as Biedermann.]
* * Der musikalische Patriot is issued.
* * Nova Litteraria is issued in Franconia.
* * Thesaurus Antiquitatum et Historicum
Italise, Sicilse, etc., by Johann G. Grae-
vius and P. Burmannus, appears.
GERMANY.
1722,**-1749,
801
* * Hesse. Kurze Histoire is issued.
* * Der patriotische Medikus is issued.
1728 * * Die Matrone is issued.
* * A Treatise on Logic, by Christian Wolf ,
appears. [1730, Primitive Philosophy or
Ontology ; 1732, Moral Philosophy or
Ethics'; 1734, national Psychology ; 1738-
39, Universal Practical Philosophy;
174CM9, The Law of Nature and The
Laws of Nations.]
* * Art of Rhetoric, by Gottsched, appears.
[1730, Critische Dichtkunst ; 1732, Cato,
and essays on literary history and the
German language ; 1734, World-Wisdom;
1736, PoemsT]
1729 * * Versuch einigen Gedichte, by
Friedrich von Hagedo'rn, appears.
* * Bavaria. The University of Bam-
berg adds a faculty of theology.
1730-32 Acta Borussica is issued in
Prussia.
1731-36 Hamburg. Medicinische Nach-
richten is issued.
1731-50 The Universal Lexicon of Sci-
ence and Arts, 64 vols., by Johann H.
Zedler, appears.
1732 * * Versuch schweizerischer Ge-
dichte, poems by Albrecht von Haller,
appear.
1736 Dec. 7. Hanover. The Univer-
sity of Gottingen is endowed by George
II. of England, Elector of Hanover.
[1737, Sept. 17. Opened.]
* * Frankfurter gelehrte Zeitung is is-
sued.
1738 * * Fabeln und Erzahlungen, by
Hagedorn, appears. [1747, Odes and
Songs; 1750, Moral Poems.]
* * Considerations sur I'itat prisent du
corps politique de V Europe, by Frederick
II. (the Great) of Prussia, appears. [1740,
L' Antimachiavel ; 1751, Mimoires de Bran-
delbourg.]
1739 * * Zeitungen von gelehrte Sachsen
is issued at Gottingen.
1740-58 Zuverlassige Nachrichten (the
continuation of Teutsche Acta Erudi-
torum) is issued.
1740-45 German Stage, by Gottsched,
appears. [1745-54, Neuer Buchersaal ;
1748, Deutsche Sprachkunst.]
1742 * * Spring, by J. P. Uz, appears.
1743 Feb. 21. Bavaria. The Uni-
versity of Erlangen is chartered by
the emperor.
1744 * * Essays in Humorous Poetry, by
J. W. L. Gleim, appears.
* * Bremen Contributions is issued by Ma-
giste Schwabe and other Leipsic poets.
1746 * * Fables and Tales and The Life
of the Swedish Countess G., by Christian
F. Gellert, appear. [1657, Sacred Odes
and Songs.]
* * The Anacreon is translated by Uz and
I. N. Gotz.
* * Gelehrte Zeitung is issued.
1747* * Theatrical Works, by Elias
Schlegel, appears.
1748 * * The Young Scholar, by Gotthold
E. Leasing, appears. [1751, Trifles; 1753,
Complete Works, Parts I. and II. ; 1754,
Parts III. and IV. ; 1755, Parts V. and
VI., and Miss Sarah Simpson.]
* * Elements of Belles-Leltres, Metaphy-
sica, Ethica Philosophia, and AVsthetica,
by Alexander G. Baumgarten, appear.
1748-73 The Messias, by Friedrich G.
Klopstock, appears. [1758, Religious
Songs.]
1749 * * Spring, by Ewald C. von Kleist,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1725 Nov. * Hanover. Peter, the Wild
Boy, is found in the Harzwald by King
George I. of England and some friends
while hunting ; he is found walking on
his hands and feet, climbing trees like a
squirrel, and feeding on grass and moss.
1749* * Bavaria. Maria Renata is
burned at Wiirzburg for witchcraft.
STATE.
1722 * * WUrtemberg. The duke becomes
a Catholic. [Former dukes were Protes-
tants.]
1726 * * Bavaria. Charles Albert be-
comes duke.
1728-48 Saxe- Weimar. Under the reign
of Ernest Augustus the principality is
reunited.
1731 * * Bremen is sold to Hanover.
1733-35 "War of the Polish Succes-
sion (pp. 515, 699).
* * Saxony. Frederick Augustus II.
becomes elector, and King of Poland.
* * WUrtemberg. Charles Alexander
becomes duke. [1737. Charles Eugene.]
1735 * * Brunswick. Ferdinand Albert
becomes duke of Brunswick-Bevern.
* * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. John Ernest's
two sons ruling in common, acquire pos-
session of Coburg, and, changing their
residence, stvle themselves dukes of
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
1736 * * Francis I., Duke of Lorraine,
marries Maria Theresa, the heiress of
Austria.
1738 Nov. 18. Vienna. The Peace
of Vienna (p. 701).
* * Baden. Charles Frederick becomes
margrave of Badeu-Durlach.
1740 May 31. Prus. Frederick
William I. dies. [He is succeeded by
his son Frederick.]
1740-86 Prus. Frederick II. [Fred-
erick the Great] is King of Prussia.
He is the greatest soldier of his time ;
he elevates Prussia to the rank of a
European power.
Oct. 20. The Emperor Charles VI.
dies, and the male line of the House
of Hapsburg becomes extinct. [Three
rivals claim the Austrian throne against
Maria Theresa.] (P. 515.)
1741 Jan. * Silesia. Breslau is con-
quered by Frederick II. of Prussia.
Mar. 13. Hung. Maria Theresa, Queen
of Hungary, gives birth to a son [Jo-
seph U.].
May* Bavaria. Alliance of Nym-
phenburg against Austria (p. 515).
* * Bohemia. Prague is taken into alli-
ance with the Saxons.
* * Aust. Charles Albert of Bavaria
causes himself to be proclaimed arch-
duke of Linz, while homage is paid to
Frederick in Silesia. [Dec. * He is
crowned King of Bohemia.]
1742 Jan. 22. Charles Albert, Duke
of Bavaria, who had never recognized the
Pragmatic Sanction, is made emperor by
the aid of Louis XV. of France.
[General war ensues. Maria Theresa
exhibits undaunted spirit ; with her in-
fant son, Joseph II., in her arms, she ap-
peals to the Hungarian Diet, and the
chivalrous Magyars respond with enthu-
siasm.]
1742-45 Charles VU, is emperor of
Germany.
Feb. 12. Frankfort. Charles VII. is
crowned emperor at Frankfort-on-the-
Main.
* * Frederick II. of Prussia claims Si-
lesia, and the electors of Bavaria and
of Saxony dispute Maria Theresa's claim
to the Austrian lands. Frederick de-
clares war.
June 11- July * The Peace of Breslau
and of Berlin is signed by Austria and
Prussia.
Terms : Frederick II. withdraws from
the alliance against Maria Theresa ;
Austria cedes Upper and Lower Silesia
and the county of Glatz to Prussia, and
retains only the southwestern part of
Neisse, Troppau, and Jagerndorf ; Prus-
sia assumes the debt or Silesia due to
English and Dutch creditors to the
amount of 1,700,000 rix dollars.
1743 * * Frederick H. concludes a sec-
ond alliance with Charles VII. and
France.
* * Charles Theodor becomes elector
palatine of the Rhine.
1744 May 22. Frankfort. The Union
of Frankfort is signed by Frederick II.
with the Emperor Charles VII., the
Swedes, and Hessians. [France also
joins. The second Silesian war follows.]
* * Hanover. East Friesland falls to
Prussia on the extinction of the reigning
house.
1745 Jan. 20. Munich. Charles VII.
dies. [He is succeeded by his son, Max-
imilian Joseph.]
Jan. * Alliance against Prussia (p. 515).
Apr. 22. Bavaria. Peace of Fiissen
(p. 515).
May 18. Saxony enters a treaty of al-
liance with Austria ; the elector is to
receive a portion of territory in the par-
tition of Prussia.
Sept. 13. Francis, Duke of Lorraine,
is elected emperor by the aid of England
and Holland. He is an amiable nonen-
tity ; but Maria Theresa, his wife, be-
comes a ruling spirit in Europe.
1745-1806 House of Lorraine.
1745-65 Francis I. is emperor.
Dec. 25. Saxony. The Peace of Dres-
den is concluded between Prussia and
Austria, with Saxony, her ally.
It ratines the peace of Breslau and
Berlin in the ceding of Silesia to Prussia,
and ends the second Silesian war.
Frederick II. recognizes Francis I. as
Emperor of Germany ; Saxony agrees to
pay to Prussia the impossible sum of
1,000,000 rix dollars.
* * Bavaria. Maximilian Joseph I. ia
duke.
* * * Prussia is a first-class power
among the states of Europe.
1748 Oct. 7. Rh.Prus. Peace of Aix-
la-ChapeUe (p. 515).
* * A growing envy embitters Austria
against Prussia since the latter came to
be a great power.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1725 * * Nassau. Frederick Augustus,
King of Poland, builds the Konigstein
Tun.
It is made to hold 233,667 gallons of
wine ; and the top, enclosed by a railing,
furnishes accommodation for 20 persons
while regaling themselves.
802 1750,** -1772,**.
GERMANY.
ARMY— NAVY.
1756-63 The Third Silesian "War, or
Seven Years' War.
Prussia is attacked by Austria aided
by France and Russia ; it is occasioned
by jealousy of Prussian power.
Battles: 1756, Oct. 1, Lobositz, Bohemia;
Oct. 16, Pima, Saxony; 1757, May 6, Prague;
June 18, Kolin, Bohemia; June 26, Hasten-
beck, Hanover; Aug. 30, Grossjagerndorf,
E. Prus. ; Nov. 5, Rossbach, Saxony (p. 516) ;
Nov. 22, Breslau; Dec. 5, Leuthen, Silesia;
1758, June 23, Crefeld (p. 516) Rh. Prus. ; Aug.
25, Zorndorf, Brandenburg; Oct. 14, Hoch-
kirch, Saxony; 1759, July 23, Kay, Branden-
burg; Aug. 1, Minden, Prus.; Aug. 12, Ku-
nersdorf; Nov. 20, Maxen, Saxony; 1760,
June 20, Landeshut; Aug. 15, Liegnitz; Oct.
30, Schweidnitz, Silesia; Nov. 3, Torgau, Sax-
ony; 1762, July 21, Burkersdorf, Saxony,
(pp. 514, 516.)
1756 Aug. * Frederick II. suddenly in-
vades Saxony with 67,000 men, and sub-
dues it in anticipation of a combined
endeavor of great powers to partition
Prussia. He captures Dresden.
1757 * * The Prussians opposing tbe
French are commanded by Ferdi-
nand, Duke of Brunswick, brother of
the ruling duke.
* * The French send a second army un-
der Soubise to unite with the Imperial
army in liberating Saxony.
June 28. Moravia. The Austrians un-
der Gen. Laudon cut off the convoy of
the Prussian army, and compel it to
retreat.
Nov. * Silesia. Frederick II. leads the
victorious Prussians into Silesia, to re-
store the prestige lost in the defeat and
capture of the Duke of Brunswick-Bev-
ern by the Austrians.
Dec. 21. Silesia. Breslau is recovered
by the Prussians after a siege, with 2,000
Austrian prisoners.
* * Bremen is taken by the French, also
Verdun.
1758 * * Moravia is occupied by Fred-
erick.
* * Moravia. Frederick unsuccessfully
besieges Olmiitz.
* * The Russians under Count Fermor
advance to join the Austrians.
* * Ferdinand of Brunswick drives the
French back across the Rhine.
* * Prus. The Russians conquer Prussia
as far as the Mark, and then advance.
* * Saxony. The Austrians advance on
Lusatia.
* * Bremen is taken out of the hands of
the French by Hanoverians.
1759 Jan. 2. Frankfort-on-the-Main
is surprised and captured by the French.
Apr. 13. Ferdinand, Duke of Bruns-
wick, is defeated by the French under
the Duke of Broglie, in the skirmish of
Bergen, near Frankfort-on-the-Main.
July 1. Silisia. The fortress of Glatz is
captured by Gen. Laudon.
July * Saxony. Dresden is unsuccess-
fully bombarded by Frederick.
July 31. Westphalia. At Warburg
the French are defeated by the Duke
of Brunswick and the allies.
1760 Oct. 9-13. Berlin. The Russians
and Austrians under Gen. Todleben sur-
prise, capture, and burn the city.
* * Berlin is laid under contribution by
Gen. Lacy, with 15,000 Austrians and a
Russian army ; 800,000 guilders and 1 ,900,-
OOOcrowns paid, and magazines, arsenals,
and foundries destroyed.
Oct. 30. Silesia. At Schweidnitz
Frederick II. surprises and storms and
captures the castle. [1761. Oct. 1. Re-
captured by Austrians. 1769. Oct. 9.
Recaptured by Frederick.]
1761 * * Silesia. Frederick is encamped
opposite the united armies at Bunzel-
witz.
* * The Russian and Austrian armies
separate through jealousy of Gen. Lau-
don.
Dec. 13. Pomerania. The Russians cap-
ture the fortress of Kolberg.
1762 May 16. At Schweidnitz Fred-
erick defeats the Austrians.
July 21. Silesia. Battle of Burkers-
dorf (p. 516).
Oct. 29. Saxony. Battle of Freiberg
(p. 516).
1763 Feb. 15. The Peace of Huberts-
burg ends the Seven Years' War (p.
517).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1752 * * Musical notes are printed by
Johann G. E. Breitkoff.
1759 * * The theory of epigenesis is ad-
vanced by Kaspar F. Wolff in his The-
oria Generationis.
1760* * Reuss-Gera. Candle-molds
of pewter are made by Freytag at Gera.
1766 * * Frederick Anthony Mesmer, a
physician of Merseburg, publishes his
doctrines respecting "mesmerism."
1767 * * Rh. Prus. A school of art, for
landscape and religious painting, is
founded at Dusseldorf [and becomes
famous].
1769 * * Hanover. The first waterspout
machine is made by Winterf ried in the
Hartz Mountains.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1750 July 28. Bach. Johann Sebas-
tian, composer, musician, A65.
Bilflnger, Georg B., physicist, math., A57.
Hardenberg, Prince Karl A. von, states., b.
Jahnr Johann, R. C. cl., orientalist, born.
Saxe, Hermann Maurice, Count of, gen., A54.
Schneider, Johann G., naturalist, philologist,
lexicographer, born.
Stolberg, Count, Friedrich von, poet, born.
Werner, Abraham G., geol., mineralogist, b.
1751 * * Klengel, Johann C, painter, born.
Nitzsch, Karl L., theologian, born.
Planck, Gottlieb J., theol., church hist., b.
Voss, Johann H., poet, philologist, born.
1752 * * Bengel, Johann A., theol. wr., A65.
Blumenbach, Johann F., naturalist, physiol-
ogist, born.
Eichhorn, Johann G., Biblical critic, born.
Tiedge, Christoph A., poet, born.
Thaer, Albert, agriculturist, writer, born.
1753 * * Achard, Franz K., chemist, born.
Canz, Israel G., philosopher, A63.
Gabler, Johann P., theologian, born.
Klinger, Friedrich M., dram., novelist, born.
Knapp, Georg C, theologian, born.
Meissner, August G., dram., litterateur, b.
Reinhard, Francis V., theol., preacher, born.
1754* * Forster, Johann G. A., naturalist,
writer, born.
Hagedorn, Friedrich von, poet, A46.
Niemeyer, August H., author, born.
Wolf. Johann O. von, philosopher, A75.
1755 * * Bauer, Georg L., rationalistic cler-
gyman, orientalist, born.
Blumauer, Aloys, poet, born.
Billow, Count Friedrich W. von, gen., b.
Clootz, Baron Anacliarsis de, political en-
thusiast in France, born.
Engau, Johann R., jurist, writer, A47.
Gmelin, Johann G., botanist, A 46.
Hahnemann, Samuel C. F., physician, fdr.
of homeopathic system, born.
Hamberger, Georg E., physician, A58.
Mosheim, Johann L. von, eccles. hist., A61.
Kohler, or Koehler, Johann I)., antiquary,
historian, A71.
Sommering, Samuel T. von, anat., physiol., b.
1756 Jan. 27. Mozart. Wolf gang Ama-
dous, composer, born.
Ackermann, Johann C. G., physician, au., b.
Babon, Franz M. von, dramatic writer, b.
Chladni, Ernst F. F., philosopher, in v., b.
La Fontaine, August H. J., novelist, mis.
writer, born.
Neuhof, Baron Theodor von, advent., A70.
Scharnhorst, Gerhard D. von, gen., au., b.
1757 Oct. 26. Stein, Baron Heinrich
F. K. von, statesman, born.
Baumgarten, Sigismund J., theologian, A51.
Bechstein, Johann M., naturalist, born.
Beck, Christian D., historian, philologist, b.
Pleyel, Igriaz, composer, born.
Schmauss, Johann J., legal writer, A67.
Wachter, Johann G., scholar, archeol., A84.
1758 * * Augustus Wilhelm, Prince, brother
of Frederick the Great, A36.
Dannecker, Johann H., sculptor, born.
Gall, Franz J., phyg., fdr. of phrenology, b.
Keith, James, field-marshal, A62.
Olbers, Heinrich W. M., astronomer, born.
Reinhold, Karl L., philosopher, born.
Tychsen, Thomas C, philologist, born.
1759 Apr. 14. Handel, Oeorg F., com-
poser, A74.
Nov. 10. Schiller. Johann C. F. von,
poet, dramatist, historian, born.
Guts Muths, Johann C. F., founder of Ger-
man system of gymnastics, born.
Klein, Jakob T., naturalist, A74.
Kleist, Ewald C. von, poet, A44.
Reil, Johann C, anatomist, born.
Wolf, Friedrich August, classical scholar,
critic, born.
1760 * * Ahlwardt, Christian W., philol., b.
Bottiger, Karl A., archeologist, born.
Demme, Hermann K., novelist, born.
Dinter, Gustav F., teacher, wr. on educa.,b.
Gneisenau, Count, August N. von, marsh., b.
Hebel, Johann P., poet, born.
Heeren, Arnold H., historian, born.
Ziegler, Friedrich W., actor, dramatist, b.
Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Count, Nikolans
Ludwig, fdr. (or rest.) of Moravians, A60.
1761 * * Bardili, Christoph G., phil., born.
Gesner, Johann Matthias, philol., A 70.
Kotzebue, August F. F. von, dram., b.
Matthisson, Friedrich von, poet, born.
Paulus, Heinrich E. G., theologian, born.
Staudlin, Karl F., theologian, born.
Tennemann, Wilhelm G., philosopher, born.
Tauchnitz, Karl C. F., printer, bookseller, b.
1762 * * Baumgarten, Alexander G., philoso-
pher, A48.
Fichte, Johann G., metaphysician, born.
Hufeland, Christoph W., physician, born.
Kluber, Johann L., jurist, politician, born.
Mayer, Johann T., astronomer, A39.
Poniatowski, Prince, Joseph A., Polish gen-
eral, born.
Vulpius, Christian A., author, born.
Zobel, Benjamin, artist, born.
1763 Mar. 21. Richter, Jean Paul
Friedrich, poet, novelist, satirist, born.
Buhle, Johann G., historian of phil., born.
Hartzheim, Joseph, Jesuit, historian, A69.
Hayne, Friedrich G., botanist, born.
Seckendorf, Count, Friedrich H. von, gen-
eral, diplomatist. A90.
1764 * * Buttmann, Philipp K., philol., b.
Ebel. Johann G., geologist, born.
Erman, Paul, physicist, born.
Gentz, Frederick von, states., pol. wr., born.
Hugo, Gustav, jurist, born.
Jacobs, Frederick, C. W., classical scholar,
critic, born.
Schadow, Johann G., sculptor, born.
1765 * * Baader, Franz X. von, phil., born.
Daub, Karl, theologian, born.
Kielmeyer, Karl F. von, naturalist, born.
1766 * * Abbt, Thomas, mis. writer, A28.
Ammon, Christoph F. von, theol., preach., b.
Ancillon, Johann P.., statesman, hist., born.
Bouterwek, Friedrich, phil., critic, born.
Ersch, Johann S., cyclopedist, born.
Fink, Friedrich A. von, general, A48.
Gottsched, Johann C, critic, A66.
Humboldt, Baron Karl W., statesman,
philologist, born.
Ideler, Christian I.., astron., linguist, born.
Kreutzer, Rudolf, composer, born.
Schelling, Friedrich G. , novelist, born.
Scholl, Maximilian S. F., hist., publicist, b.
Sprengel, Kurt, botanist, born.
GERMANY.
1750,**-! 772,**. 803
1767 * * Lehmann, Johann G., mineral., d.
Hiedinger, John E., designer, engraver, A72.
Schlegel. August W. von, poet, oriental-
ist, author, born.
Seetzen, Ulrich J., naturalist, traveler, born.
Wrede, Karl P., prince, field-marshal, born.
1768 Feb. 12. Francis II.. emperor, b..
Adelung, Friedrich, philologist, born.
Eberhard, Konrad, sculptor, born.
Eschenmayer, Karl A., philosopher, meta-
physician, mystic, born.
Kind, Johann F., poet, novelist, dram., born.
Koch, Joseph A., painter, born.
Krummacher, Friedrich A., theologian, poet,
mis. writer, born.
Kuhnoel, Christian F., Biblical critic, born.
Reiinarus, Hermann S., philologist, A74.
Rosenmiiller, Ernst F. K., Bib., critic, born.
Schleiermacher. Friedrich E. D.. theolo-
gian, critic, mis. writer, born.
Werner, Friedrich L. Z., dramatist, born.
Winckelmann, John J., archeologist, A51.
1769 Sept. 14. Humboldt. Baron,
Friedrich Helnrich Alexander von,
naturalist, traveler, philosopher, born.
Accum, Friedrich, chemist, born.
Albertini, Johann B. von, Moravian cl., pul-
pit orator, born.
Arndt, Ernst M., poet, political writer, born.
Bernhardi, August F., philologist, born.
Gellert, Christian F., poet, mis. writer, A54.
Pichler, Caroline von, novelist, born.
Tersteegen, Gerhard, poet, mystic, A72.
Trew, Christoph J., botanist, anatomist, A 74.
1770 Aug. 3. Frederick "William III.,
King of Prussia, born.
Dec. 16. Beethoven. Iiudwig van, com-
poser, born.
Albinus, Bernhard S., anatomist, A74.
Bruckner, Johann J., cl., schol., hist., A74.
Ess, Karl van, R. C. theol.. Bib. schol., born.
Hassel, Johann G. H., statistician, born.
Hegel. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, phil., b.
Krug, Wilhelm T., philosopher, born.
Rapp, George, fdr. of sect of Harmonists, b.
Schopenhauer, Johanna, novelist, born.
Trommsdorff, Johann B., chemist, born.
1771 * * Augusti, Christian J. W., theol., b.
Creuzer, Georg F., antiquary, philologist, b.
Ernest, Augustus, King of Hanover, born.
Klotz, Christian A., scholar, critic, A33.
Rosenmirller, Johann C, anatomist, born.
Schopflin, Johann D., historian, A76.
Schwartzenberg, Prince, Karl P., gen., b.
Senefelder, Alois, inv. of tithography, born.
Vater, Johann S., theologian, philologist, b.
Zschokke, Johann H. D., mis. writer, born.
1772 * * Achenwall, Gottfried, statistic, A53.
Autenrieth, Johann H. F. von, phys., au., b.
Bast, Friedrich J., scholar, diplomatist, b.
Brockhaus, Friedrich A., pub., of Leipsic, b.
Collin, Heinrich J. von, poet, born.
Ess, Leander van, theologian, born.
Hardenberg, Friedrich (Novalis) von, phi-
losopher, mystical writer, born.
Hermann, Johann G. J., philologist, born.
Lampadius, Wilhelm A., metallurgist, born.
Perthes, Friedrich C, publisher, born.
Schlegel, Karl W'. von, philosopher, critic, b.
LETTERS.
1750 * * (Euvrea du Philosophe de Sans
Souci, by Frederick the Great, appears.
1752 * * Arminius or Hermann, by Chris-
toph M. Wieland, appears. [1761, Araspes
and Panthea.]
1755 * * Reflections upon the Imitation of
the Antique, by Johann J. Winckelmann,
appears. [1764, History of Ancient Art.]
* * Universal Natural History and Theory
of the Heavens, by Immanuel Kant, ap-
pears.
1756-63 War Songs of a Grenadier, by
Johann W. L. Gleim, appears.
1757 * * The Bibliothek der schonen Wis-
senschaften is begun by Lessing, Men-
delssohn, and Nicolai.
1759* * Scenes from Faust, Philotas,
Fabeln, and other works by Lessing, ap-
pear. [1759-65, Letters on Literature.]
* * Memorabilia of Socrates, by Johann G.
Hemann, appears.
1759-68 Beitrafi zum dcutschen Theatre,
by Christian F. Weisse, appears. [1767,
Komische Opern.]
1760-62 The German Grandson, by
Johann K. Musaus, appears.
1762 * * War-songs of a Royal Danish
Grenadier, by Heinrich W. Gerstenberg,
appears. [1776, Gedicht eines Skalden;
1768, Ugolino.]
1762-66 A translation of Shakespeare's
dramas, by Wieland, appears ; it is the
first German version of Shakespeare.
[1764, Don Sylvio von Rosalva; 1766,
Agathon; 1768, Musarion and Idris.]
1764 * * Bavaria. The University of
Bamberg adds a faculty of medicine.
* * Wilhelmine, by Moritz A. Thummel,
appears.
* * Observations upon the Sentiment of
the Beautiful and the Sublime, by Kant,
appears. [1766, Dreams of a Ghost-seer.]
1765-1806 The Universal German Li-
brary (162 vols.) is published under the
editorship of Christoph F. Nicolai and
others.
1765 * * New Essays on the Human Un-
derstanding, by Leibnitz, appears.
1766 * * Laocoon, or the Limits of Poetry
and Painting, and Humorous Tales, by
Lessing, appear. [1767, Minna von Barn-
helm; 1769, How the Ancients depicted
Death; 1772, Emilia Galotti.]
* * Kritische Walder is issued.
1767 * * Phsedo, a Dialogue on the Im-
mortality of the Soul, by Moses Mendels-
sohn, appears.
* * Fragments concerning the More Recent
German Literature, by Johann G. Her-
der, appears. [1769, Critical Forests;
1772, On the Origin of Language.]
1767-69 Hamburg. Dramaturgie is is-
sued by Lessing.
1769 * * History of Osnabriick, by Justus
Moser, is begun. [1774, Patriotic Fan-
ciest]
* * Hermann's Schlacht, by Klopstock,
appears. [1771, Oden; 1774, The Scholar's
Republic]
* * Der Postzug, by Cornelius H. Ayren-
hoff, appears.
1770 * * The Graces, by Wieland, ap-
pears. [1771, Amadis; 1772, The Golden
Mirror; 1773, Alceste; 1776, Gaudelin;
1777, Geron the Noble.]
1770-74 Poems, by Johann G. Jacobi,
appear.
1770-78 The Journey of Sophia from
Memel to Saxony, by Johann T. Hermes,
appears.
1771 * * Usong, by Haller, appears.
STATE.
1755 * * Fr. Madame Pompadour suc-
ceeds in overthrowing the Ministry, and
induces the Government to give up
Prussia and become an ally of Austria.
France joins the alliance of Russia
and Austria (p. 515).
1756 * * Austria brings on the Seven
Years' War in seeking recovery from the
disgrace of surrendering Silesia to a
smaller power (p. 515).
1756-63 Hanover and Brunswick suf-
fer greatly during the Seven Years' War.
1757 Jan. * * Prussia and England join
in an alliance.
* * "War is declared on Frederick II. (p.
516).
* * Sweden joins the alliance against
Prussia.
Sept. 8. Hanover. Richelieu and the
Duke of Cumberland enter into the
treaty of the Monastery of Zeven, requir-
ing the French to occupy Hanover. [The
English Government rejects the treaty.]
Oct. 14. Frederick n. receives the
summons of the Imperial Diet at Ratis-
bon to answer the charge of treason to
the empire.
1758-1828 Saxe-Weimar. Under the
reign of Charles Albert, Saxe-Weimar is
a famous center of learning and litera-
ture.
1761 * * Prus. Frederick II. suffers for
lack of the English subsidies, which
have been withheld since the accession
of George III. in 1760.
1762 Jan. 5. Rus. Elizabeth, Em-
press of Russia, Frederick's personal
enemy, dies, and thereby Prussia is saved
from destruction.
Mar. 16. W. Prus. Peter III., Em-
peror of Russia (an admirer of Freder-
ick), withdraws from the Austrian alli-
ance (p. 516).
May 5. Peace of St. Petersburg be-
tween Russia and Prussia (p. 517).
May 22. The Peace of Hamburg is
concluded betweeen Prussia and Sweden,
restoring the situation existing before
the war.
Nov. 24. Maria Theresa signs a separate
peace with Prussia, leaving her allies
in the lurch.
1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. The Peace
of Hubertsburg is concluded between
Prussia and Austria and Saxony (p. 517).
* * Saxony. Frederick Augustus HI.
becomes elector.
* * Prus. Frederick II. endeavors to re-
store prosperity ; the ravages and ruin
of war abound ; magazine stores are dis-
tributed and taxes remitted in several
provinces.
1764-1800 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Ernest
Frederick I. reigns.
* * * The land is plunged into bank-
ruptcy, and the measures adopted by
an imperial commission to manage the
finances of the nation cause a rebellion,
which is not suppressed without the aid
of troops from Saxony.
1765 Aug. 18. Aust. The Emperor
Francis I. dies at Innsbruck. [He is
succeeded by his son.]
1765-90 Joseph H. is emperor.
He is co-regent only with his mother
Maria Theresa until 1780, for the Aus-
trian lands.
1766 Feb. 23. Lorraine reverts to
France on the death of Stanislaus of
Poland.
1771 * * Baden-Baden. Charles Freder-
ick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, ac-
quires Baden-Baden.
1772 July 25. A secret treaty is
signed by Russia, Austria, and Prussia
for the partition of Poland.
Aug. 5. Poland is partitioned for the
first time by the three powers.
Austria gets East Galicia and Lodo-
meria ; Prussia gets Polish Prussia
(West Prussia) with the exception of
Danzig, Thorn, and Ermeland, besides
the Netze district. Russia gets the re-
gion lying between the Duna, Dnieper,
and Drutsch. [1773. Agreed to by Po-
land.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1763 * * Prussia is proud of her king
because of his heroic courage, his gen-
eralship, and his beneficent rule.
1770 * * -72 * * Many parts of Germany
are afflicted with famine.
804 1772,**-1791,**.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1778-79 The War of the Bavarian Suc-
cession. (See State.)
* * The lower part of Bavaria is occu-
pied by Austriaus. Joseph II. and Fred-
erick II. join their armies, and encamp
on the boundary of Bohemia and Silesia.
[July * Frederick and Prince Henry
invade Bohemia. Autumn. Prince
Henry withdraws to Saxony, and Fred-
erick withdraws to Silesia. Skirmishes
occur, but no battles are fought in the
war.]
1779 May* The Peace of Teschen
(p. 517).
1788 * * "War with Turkey (p. 516).
Sept. 20. AtLugash the Austrians un-
der the Emperor Joseph are surprised
by the Turks, and compelled to retreat.
1789 Sept. 22. At Rimnik the Aus-
trians and Russians are victorious.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1777 * * Georg C. Lichtenberg produces
electrical figures.
1780 * * The circular saw is invented
by Gervinus.
* * E. Prus. Pressing-boards are made
by Kanter at Konigsberg.
* * The Meteorological Society of the
Palatinate is established.
1782 * * Holstein. Vaccination is first
performed.
1785 * * Fr. A cylindrical printing-
machine is invented by Christoph P.
Oberkampf.
1786 * * Mozart's opera Die Zauberflote
appears. [1787, Don Giovanni ; i791,
La Clemen za di Tito appears. He pro-
duces his Requiem, his last work.]
1789 * * Zirconium, the metallic base
of the earth zirconia, is discovered by
Martin A. Klaproth.
* * Uranium is discovered by Klaproth.
1790 * * Goethe writes on the meta-
morphosis of plants.
* *The glass harmonia, with glass
tubes, is invented by Chladnitz.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1773 * * Aretln, Baron Jobann C. A. M. von,
mis. writer, born.
Bredow, Gabriel G., historian, born.
Burckhardt, Johann K., astronomer, born.
Fries, Jacob F., philosopher, born.
Hasse, Friedrich C. A., historical writer, b.
Ludwig, Christian G., botanist, A64.
Schill, Ferdinand von, soldier, born.
Tieck, Ludwig, poet, novelist, essayist, b.
Tittmann, Johann A., Biblical critic, born.
Witzeleben, Karl A. F. von, novelist, born.
1774 * * Bogatzky, Karl H., theol. wr., A84.
Buch, Leopold von, geologist, born.
Dietrich, Christian W. E., painter, A62.
Fouque, Henri A., Baron de la Motte, gen-
eral, A76.
Fuchs, Johann von, chemist, born.
Gmelin, Samuel G., botanist, traveler, A30.
Haunner-Purgstall, Joseph von, orientalist,
historian, born.
Meckel, Johann F., anatomist, A60.
Reiske, Johann J., Arabic scholar, A58.
Thibaut, Anton F. J., jurist, born.
1775 * * Crusius, Christian A., theol., A60.
Feuerbach, Paul J. A., jurist, born.
Grotefend, Georg F., scholar, antiquary, b.
Guischard, Karl Gottlieb, colonel, an., A51.
Habicht, Christian M., orientalist, born.
Hermes, Georg, R. C. theologian, born.
Jacobi, Maximilian, alienist, born.
Konig, Friedrich, inventor of steam printing-
press, born.
Koppen, Friedrich, philosopher, born.
Pollnitz, Karl L., adventurer, hist, wr., A83.
Rotteck, Karl, jurist, statesman, historian, b.
Schelling, Friedrich W. J. von, phil., b.
1776 * * Bretschneider, Karl G., rational-
istic theologian, born.
Gorres, Jakob J., mis. writer, publicist, b.
Herbart, Johann F., philosopher, born.
Hoffmann, Ernst W., story-teller, mis. wr., b.
Holty, Ludwig H., poet, A28.
Kleist, Heinrich von, poet, novelist, born.
Nees von Esenbeck, Christian G. I)., bot., b.
Niebuhr. Barthold G.. hist., philologist, b.
Schlosser, Friedrich C. historian, born.
Spurzheim, Johann G., phys., phrenologist, b.
Tieck, Christian F., sculptor, born.
Treviranus, Gottfried R. K., physiologist, b.
1777 * * Berger, Ludwig, composer, born.
Brentano, Clemens, novelist, dramatist, b.
Cartheuser, Johann E., physician, A73.
Cranz, David, hist., Moravian mission., A54.
Erxleben, Johann C. P., naturalist, A33.
Gauss, Karl F., mathematician, born.
Fouque. Friedrich, Baron de la Motte,
poet, novelist, born.
Rauch, Christian D., sculptor, born.
Rothschild, Nathan M., financier, million-
aire, born.
Zacharia, Just F. W., poet, satirist, A51.
1778* * Auer, Anton, Bavarian porcelain
painter, born.
A st, Georg A. F., scholar, teacher, born.
Damm, Christian T., classical schol., A79.
Eckhof, Conrad, " the German Garrick,"
actor, A 58.
Harms, Claus, theologian, horn.
Hummel, Johann N., pianist, composer, b.
John, Friedrich L., patriot writer, born.
.Neukomm, Chevalier, Sigismund von, com-
poser, born.
1779* * Augustus Friedrich Wilhelm Hein-
rich, Prince of Prussia, born.
Bartholdy, Jakob Salomon, diplom., au., b.
Leonhard, Karl C. von, geologist, born.
Mengs, Anton R., painter, author, A51.
Oken, Lorenz, naturalist, born.
Retzsch, Friedrich A. M., paint., designer, b.
Ritter, Karl, geographer, born.
Savigny, Friedrich K. von, jurist, born.
1780 * * Clausenitz, Karl von, Prussian gen-
eral, born.
Crelle, August L., architect, born.
De Wette, Wilhelm M. L., scholar, theolo-
gian, Biblical critic, born.
Doebereimer, Johann W., chemist, born.
Hagedorn, Christian L., art-critic, wr., A67.
Hagen, Friedrich H. von der, philologist, b.
Gunderode, Karoline von, poet, born.
Lichtenstein, Martin H. K., naturalist, born.
Lindenau, Bernhard A. von, astronomer, b.
Maria Theresa, Empress of Germany,
Queen of Hungary, A63.
Marheineke, Philipp K., author, born.
Marggraf, Andreas S., chemist, A71.
1781 Feb. 15. Lessing. Gotthold Ephra-
im, dramatist, critic, A52.
Arnim, Ludwig A. von, poet, born.
Castelli, Ignaz F., dramatist, born.
Chamisso, Adelbert von, poet, naturalist, b.
Eichhorn, Karl F., jurisconsult, historian, b.
Ernesti, John A., critic, A74.
Littrow, Joseph J. von, astronomer, born.
Meckel, Johann F., anatomist, born.
Raumer, Friedrich L. G. von, historian, b.
Schinkel, Karl F., architect, born.
1782 * * Biela. Wilhelm von, astron., b.
Froebel, Friedrich, educationist, born.
Karsten, Karl J. B., mineralogist, born.
Maximilian, Alexander Philipp, Prince of
Neuwied, naturalist, traveler, born.
Oetinger, Friedrich C, theologian, A80.
1783 * * Boisseree, Sulpice, arcth, antiq., b.
Cassel, Johann P., philologist, A76.
Eiserdiard, Johann F., jurist, A 62.
Hasse, Johann A., composer, A 84.
Klaproth, Heinrich J. von, orientalist, born.
Lichwer, Magnus G., poet, fabulist, A64.
Tarnow, Fanny, novelist, mis. writer, born.
Theremin, Ludwig F. F., cl., author, born.
1784 * * Bach, Wilhelm F., organist, A74.
Bessel, Friedrich W., astronomer, born.
Depping, George B., scholar, litterateur, b.
Devrient, Ludwig, actor, born.
Dissen, Georg L., class, scholar, philol., b.
Klenze, Leo von, architect, born.
Menzel, Karl A., historian, born.
Spohr, Ludwig, composer, born.
Thiersch, Friedrich W.. philologist, born.
Walch, Christian W. F., eccles. hist., A58.
Welcker, Friedrich G., archeologist, born.
1785 * * Arnim, Elizabeth von, mis. wr., b.
Bekker, Immanuel, philologist, critic, b.
Bockh, August, philanthropist, antiq., b.
Dahlmann, Friedrich C, historian, born.
Grimm, Jakob L., philologist, jurist, born.
Gunther, Anton, philosopher, born.
Hanke, Henriette W., novelist, born.
Ledebour, Karl F. von, botanist, born.
Moser, Johann J., jurist, A84.
Planck, Heinrich L., theological writer, b.
Preuss, Johann D. E., historian, born.
Puckler-Muskau, Prince of, Hermann Lud-
wig Heinrich von, traveler, author, born.
Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August, au., b.
1786 Aug. 17. Frederick H. the Great,
King of Prussia, A74.
Dec. 18. Weber, Baron Karl M. F. K.
von. composer, musician, born.
Adam, Albrecht, painter, born.
Borne, Ludwig, political writer, born.
Gesenius, Friedrich H. W., orientalist, Bib-
lical critic, born.
Gleditsch, Johann G., botanist, A72.
Kerner, Andreas J., lyric poet, born.
Louis I., King of Bavaria, born.
Mendelssohn, Moses, philosopher, A 57.
Passow, Franz L. K. F., philol., lexioog., b.
Quaglio, Domenico, architectural painter, b.
Sturm, Christopher C, moral., preach., A46.
Voigt, Johannes, historian, born.
Ziethen, Hans J. von, general, A87.
1787 * * Bernstein, Georg H., orientalist, b.
Cornelius, Peter von, painter, born.
Dreyse, Johann N. von, inv. of needle-gun, b.
Dusch, Johann J., poet, A62.
Ennemoser, Joseph, physiologist, born.
Fraunhofer, Joseph von, optician, born.
Gluck, Johann von, composer, A73.
Grafe, Karl F. von, oculist, born.
Haberlin, Franz D., historian, A67.
Mittermaier; Karl J. A., jurist, statesman, b.
Muhlenberg, Henry M., founder of German
Lutheran church in America, A76.
Musaus, Johann K. A., mis. writer, A52.
Ohm, Georg S., electrician, horn.
Passavant, Johann D., painter, author, born.
I'hland, Johann L., lyric poet, born.
1788 * * Bach, Karl P. E., composer, A74.
Baumgarten-C'rusius L. F. O., theologian, b.
Cramer, Johann A., theologian, poet, A65.
Eichendorff, Baron Joseph von, poet, nov-
elist, dramatist, born.
Flugel, Johann G., lexicographer, born.
Freytag, Georg W., orientalist, born.
Hamann, Johann G., philosopher, A58.
Kalkbrenner, Friedrich, pianist, comp., b.
Kunth, Karl S., botanist, born.
Keichenbach, Baron Karl von, chemist, b.
Riickert, Friedrich, poet, orientalist, born.
Schopenhaur, Arthur, philosopher, born.
1789 * * Carus, Karl G., piiysiol., phys., b.
Hase, Heinrich, antiquary, bom.
Knyphausen, Baron William von, general
of Hessians in America, A59.
Neander, Johann A.W., eccles. hist., b.
Overbeck, Friedrich, painter, born.
Planer, Johann J., botanist, physician, A46.
Schadow-Godenhaus, Friedrich W., paint., b.
Schulze, Ernst K., poet, born.
Fesca, Friedrich E., musician, composer, b.
Twesten, August D. C, theologian, horn.
Winer, George B., theologian, orientalist, b.
Zimmermann, Clemens von, painter, born.
1790 Feb. 20. Joseph II., emperor, A49.
Basedow, Johann B., teacher, educational
reformer, A 67.
Brandis, Christian A., hist, of philosophy, b.
Diesterweg, Friedrich A. W., teacher, born.
Dieterici, Karl F. W., economist, born.
Gau, Franz C, architect, born.
Halm. Philipp M., mechanician, inv., A51.
Hausemann, David J. L., statesman, finan-
cier, born.
Hontheim, Johann N. von, jurist, A89.
Leopold L, King of the Belgians, Duke of
Saxony, born.
Maurer, Georg L. von, jurist, born.
Mdbius, August F., mathematician, born.
Kitzsch, Gregor W., philologist, antiquary, b.
Zeditz, Joseph C. von, poet, A72.
1791 Dec. 5. Mozart, Wolfgang Ama-
deus, composer, musician, A35.
Amsler, Samuel, engraver, born.
Bopp, Franz, orientalist, born.
Breithaupt, Johann A., mineralogist, born.
Bunsen, Chevalier Christian K. J. von.
philologist, diplomatist, theologian, born.
Choulant, Ludwig, physician, born.
Daries, Joachim G., jurist, philosopher, A77.
Dathe, Johann A., theol., orientalist, A60.
Doderlein, Ludwig, philologist, born.
Ebert, Friedrich, bibliographer, born.
Encke, Johann F., astronomer, horn.
Korner, Karl T., poet, born.
Meineke, Johann A. F. A., classical schol., b.
Michaelis. Johann D.. orientalist, Biblical
critic, A74.
Oeder, Georg L., botanist, A63.
Ohlmiiller, Joseph D., architect, born.
Sender, Johann S., theologian, A70.
Ritter, Heinrich, philosopher, born.
CHURCH.
1773 July 21. Rome. The Pope signs
the brief abolishing the Order cf
Jesuits.
1775 * * Rome. Pius VI. becomes pope.
1780 * * Wurtemberg. The Harmonist
sect is founded by George and Frederick
GERMANY.
1772, **-1791,
805
Rapp ; the members hold their property
in common, and consider marriage a
civil contract.
1781 * * The Emperor Joseph II. issues
an edict of tolerance, granting freedom
of worship to all Protestants and to
members of the Greek Church.
1781-89 During eight years 700 mon-
asteries are closed, and 36,000 mem-
bers of orders are released from their
vows.
1782 * * Pope Pius VI. visits Frederick
William III., and vainly pleads that the
Church be not attacked.
1785 July * The nuns are expelled
from their convents throughout Ger-
many. [The emperor suppresses 2,000
religious houses.]
LETTERS.
1772 * * General History of the North,
by August von Schlozer, appears.
* * Leonore, by Gottfried A. Burger, ap-
pears.
* * The Frankfurter gelehrten Anzeigen
is issued by Johann H. Merck, Herder,
and Goethe.
* * Songs for the People, by Gleim, ap-
pears. [1773, Poems after the Minne-
singers ; 1779, Poems after Walther von
der Vogelweide.]
1773 * * Sebaldus Nothanker, by Nicolai,
appears.
* * Gotz von Berlichingen, by Goethe, ap-
pears. [1774, Sorrows of Young Werther
and Clavigo; 1776, Stella.]
1773-1810 Der Deutsche Merkur is is-
sued by Weiland.
1774 * * oldest Record of Man, Provin-
cial Leaflets for Clergymen, and Another
Philosophy of History with Reference to
the Development of the Human Race, by
Herder, appear. [1778-79, Folk-Songs.]
* * Hofmeister, by Jakob M. R. Lenz, ap-
pears.
* * Orbis Pictus, an elementary school-
book, by Johann B. Basedow, appears.
1774-78 Brunswick. Lessing publishes
The Wolfenbuttel Fragments (on the dis-
crepancies of the Gospel narratives), by
Hermann S. Reimarus, found by him in
the Wolfenbuttel Library. [1775, Minna
von Bamhelm ; 1778, Anti-Goerze and
Ernst and FaJk, Dialogues for Free-
masons; 1779, Nathan der W~eise; 1780,
The Education of the Human Race.]
1775-82 The Kinderfreund, a weekly
paper for children, is issued by Weisse.
1 775 * * Storm and Stress, or Impulse, by
Friedrich M. Klinger, appears.
1775-78 Physiognomic Fragments for
the Promofion of the Knowledge and Love
of Mankind, by John C. Lavater, ap-
pears.
1776 * * The Song of the Brave Man, by
Burger, appears.
* * Das Deutsches Museum is issued by
Martin Miller.
1779 * * Poems, by Counts Christian and
Friedrich L. Stolberg, appears.
* * Siegfried von Lindenberg, by Gott-
werth Miiller, appears.
1780 * * Oberon, by Wieland, appears.
* * De la iitterature allemande, by Fred-
erick the Great, appears. [1788, History
of My Time.]
1781 * * The Robbers, by Schiller, ap-
pears. [1783, Fiesco ; 1784, Love and, In-
trigue; 1787, Don Carlos.]
* * Critique of Pure Reason, by Kant, ap-
pears. [1784, What is Enlightenment?
1788, Critique of Practical Reason ; 1790,
Critique of the Power of Judgment.]
* * A Translation of Homer's Odyssey, by
Johann Voss, appears. [1784, Luise ;
1789, Vergil's Georgics.]
1781-90 Schools are established by
the Emperor Joseph II. with the prop-
erty of the churches.
1782-83 Popular Legends of Germany,
by Musaus, appears.
1783 * * The Greenland Lawsuits, by
Jean Paul F. Richter, appears. [1788,
Selections from Papers of the Devil/]
* * Poems, by Ludwig H. C. Holty, ap-
pears.
* * The Berlin Monatschrift is issued.
1784 * * Jerusalem, by Mendelssohn, ap-
pears. [1785, Morning Hours.]
1784-91 Ideas on the Philosophy of the
History of Mankind, by Herder, appears.
1785 * * Anton Reiser, by Karl P. Moritz,
appears. [1786, Essay on German Pros-
ody ; 1787, Fragments from the Journal
of a Visionary.]
* * Saxe- Weimar- Eisenach. Allgemeine
Literaturzeitung is issued at Jena.
* * The Emperor and the Abbot, by Burger,
appears. [1786, The Wild Huntsman.]
1787 * * Ardinghelo, by Johann J. W.
Heinse, appears.
* * Poems, by Friedrich von Matthisson,
appears.
* * Iphigenia, by Goethe, appears. [1788,
Egmont; 1790, Faust, a fragment, and
Tasso.]
1788 * * The emperor seeks to control
the universities.
* * The History of the Revolt in The Neth-
erlands, The Gods of Greece, The Artist,
and other poems, by Schiller, appear.
[1790, History of the Thirty Years' War.]
* * The Stranger and The Indians in
England, by August F. F. Kotzebue, ap-
pear.
1790 * * Preparatory History of the World
for Children, by Schlosser, appears.
1791 * * Peregrinus Proteus, by Wieland,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1772* * Hesse-Nassau. Meyer A.
Rothschild begins business as a
money-lender and dealer in old coins in
the house in which he was born at
Frankfort, over which he places the
sign of the red shield.
1776 May * Bavaria. A secret society
bearing the name Illuminati, opposed
to tyranny and priestcraft, is founded
at Ingolstadt by Dr. Adam Weishaupt.
[1784. Suppressed.]
1777 * * Socialism makes progress in
Germany.
1781 Nov. 1. The emperor, by edict,
abolishes serfdom in his hereditary
states.
STATE.
1773 * * Oldenburg. The King of Den-
mark agrees to a family compact for an
exchange of territory.
He resigns Oldenburg to the Holstein-
Gottorp line in return for a renunciation
on their part of all claims to Schleswig
and Holstein. Oldenburg is created a
duchy.
1777 * * Bavaria. The electoral House
of Bavaria becomes extinct by the
death of Maximilian Joseph. [The war
of the Bavarian succession follows.]
* * Bavaria again acquires the Rhine
Palatinate.
1778-79 Saxony is an ally of Prussia
in the war of the Bavarian succession.
Germany takes possession of Bavaria
(p. 516).
1778 Jan. * The Treaty of Vienna is
concluded.
Joseph II. persuades Charles Theodor,
elector palatine, and legal heir of Ba-
varia, to recognize certain old claims of
Austria to Lower Bavaria.
* * Bavaria. Charles Theodor, elector
palatine, becomes duke.
1779 May 13. Silesia. The Peace of
Teschen is signed (p. 517).
1780 Nov. 29. Vienna. Maria The-
resa, Empress of the Holy Roman Em-
pire, dies.
1780-90 Joseph 33. is emperor alone.
* * Brunswick. Charles William Fer-
dinand becomes duke of Brunswick-
Wolf enbuttel.
1781* * Edict of tolerance. (Church.)
* * Disputes occur with the Dutch ; the
emperor arbitrarily removes the barrier
treaties in The Netherlands.
1782* * Civil reforms and liberal
changes take place by direction of the
emperor. [Only the abolition of serf-
dom and the edict of toleration, of all
his reforms, survive him.]
1783 * * Prus. Frederick II. opposes the
emperor (p. 517).
1785 * * Fr. The Peace of Versailles
is concluded.
Joseph II. receives 10,000,000 florins
from the Dutch, instead of the opening
of the Scheldt, according to his previous
demands.
* * The emperor proposes an exchange
of territory, which Frederick II. op-
* poses (p. 517).
July 23. Frederick II. unites the princes
in the formation of the Germanic
Union (p. 517).
* * Oldenburg. Peter Frederick be-
comes duke.
1786 Aug. 17. Brandenburg. Fred-
erick II., "The Great," dies at San
Souci. [He is succeeded by his nephew.]
1786-97 Prus. Frederick "William
H. is king of Prussia [an unworthy suc-
cessor of a great king].
1789* * Belg. A revolt is caused by the
revocation of the Constitution of Bra-
bant by the emperor (p. 517).
1790 Jan. 31. Silesia. The Congress
of Reichenbach meets, and pacifies
Prussia.
Feb. 20. The Emperor Joseph H.
dies. [He is succeeded by his brother.]
Sept. 30. Leopold II. is elected em-
peror.
He restores the old Constitution and
the old privileges in the Austrian Neth-
erlands after suppressing the revolt ; the
empire gradually decays.
1790-91 Leopold II. is emperor.
* * * The nation is divided into two jeal-
ous factions that neutralize each other,
and only official routine is possible in
the diet; the empire has practically
ceased to exist, only a loose confeder-
ation of principalities and free cities
remaining.
1791 Jan. 21. Fr. " War to the pa'.-
ace, peace to the cottage." Louis XVI.
is executed. [The sovereigns of Europe
are aroused against France.]
Aug. 27. Saxony. The Treaty of Pill-
nitz (pp. 519, 709) is signed. It becomes
the basis of the first coalition.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1775 * * Berlin. The Bank of Berlin
is established by Frederick.
806 1792, Jan. 25-1802, Sept. 7. GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1792-97 War of the first coalition
against France.
1792 * * Frederick William II. of Prus-
sia invades France.
Sept. 20. Fr. Battle of Valmy (p. 708).
Sept. * Fr. The Prussians take Verdun
[and hold it 43 days].
Oct. 28. Frankfort is captured by the
French under Gen. Custine.
Nov. 6. Belg. Battle of Jemappes (p.
518).
Dec. 2. Frankfort is retaken by the
Prussians.
1793-1803 Disastrous wars between
Germany and France.
The emperor loses much territory, in-
cluding The Netherlands, the country
west of the Rhine, and his States in
Italy.
1793 Mar. 18. French defeat at iNeer-
winden (p. 518).
July * Hesse. Mentz is retaken from
the French.
Sept. 14. Bavaria. At Pirmasens the
Prussians under the Duke of Bruns-
wick defeat the French under Gen.
Moreau.
Oct. 11-13. Alsace. The French forti-
fications at Weissenburg on the Rhine
are stormed and taken by the Aus-
trians and Prussians under Marshal
Wurmser.
Nov. * Bavaria. At Kaiserslautern the
Prussians under the Duke of Brunswick
defeat the French under Gen. Hoche.
Dec. * Fr. The French under Gen.
Pichegru defeat the Austrians under
Marshal Wurmser.
* * The allies retreat across the Rhine.
[They retake Worms in Hesse ; also
Speyer in Bavaria.]
2794 Apr. 18. Battle at Turcoing (p.
718>.
May 25. Bavaria. Battle of Kaisers-
lautern.
Aug. 10. Bavaria. Battle of Neres-
heim (p. 712).
Aug. 24. Bavaria. Battle of Amberg
(p. 518).
Sept. 3. Bavaria. At Wiirzburg (p.
518).
1797 Apr. 18. Aust.-Hung. Peace
of Leoben (p. 519).
Oct. 17. It. Peace (p. 519).
1799-1801 War of the second coali-
tion against France (p. 712).
1799 Mar. 26. Baden. Battle at Stock-
ach (p. 518).
Oct.i * Field-Marshal Suvaroff leaves
Switzerland after a series of terrible
battles, and returns with his army to
Russia.
1800 May 3. Baden. The French un-
der Gen. Moreau defeat the Austrians
at Engen.
May 4. Baden. Battle of Stockach,
[May 6, Biberach.J (P. 518.)
1801 Feb. 9. Fr. The Peace of
Luneville (p. 519).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1796* * Bavaria. Lithography, or
drawing on stone, is invented by Alois
Sennefelfer, a Bohemian, at Munich.
1798 * * Saxony. Spinning by machin-
ery is introduced.
1798-1803 F. H. A. von Humboldt
and Aime Bonpland explore the northern
part of South America.
1800 * * Alsace-Lorraine. A weighing-
machine is made by Jean Baptiste
Schwilgue at Strasburg.
1801 * * Bavaria. Johann W. Ritter dis-
covers chemical rays.
1802 Mar. 28. Bremen. Pallas, the as-
teroid, is discovered by Heinrich Olbers.
[Other asteroids are' discovered. 1807,
Mar. 29. He discovers Vesta.]
Sept. 7. A remarkable eclipse of the
sun is observed.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
The Prussians under the Duke of
Brunswick defeat the French under
Gen. Hoche. [Sept. * After a second
battle at the same place the Prussians
retire across the Rhine.]
June 26. Belg. Battle of Fleurus.
[Austrians evacuate Belgium.] (P. 518.)
* * Baden. Mannheim and Cologne are
taken by the French. [They bombard
Dusseldorf. 1795. Sept. 6. Austrians
driven back.] (P. 518.)
1795 Apr. 5. Switz. Peace (p. 711).
Oct. 31. Baden. Near Mannheim the
Austrians under Marshal Wurmser de-
feat the French.
1796 * * It. Napoleon Bonaparte in-
vades Italy (p. 712).
* * It. Bonaparte conquers the whole
of Lombardy as far as Mantua, and
compels the Dukes of Parma and Mo-
dena, the Pope, and Naples to purchase
peace.
* * The French invade South Germany.
May 15. It. Bonaparte occupies Milan.
May* The French cross the Lower
Rhine.
1792 Mar. 1. Leopold H.. emperor, A45.
Bahrdt, Karl F., theologian, A51.
Baur, Ferdinand C, theologian, critic, born.
Brunswick, Duke of, Ferdinand, gen., A71.
Eckermann, Johann P., litterateur, born.
Giese'.er, Johann K., church historian, born.
Hahn, August, theologian, born.
Hanel, Gustav F., jurist, born.
Hauptmann, Moritz, composer, born.
Kosegarten, Johann G. L., orientalist, born.
Lewald, Johann K. A., litterateur, born.
Lucke, Gottfried C. F., theologian, born.
Rau, Karl H., political economist, born.
Spangenberg, August G., founder of Mora-
vian Church in America, A 88.
Zumpt, Karl G., classical scholar, born.
1793 * * Allioli, Joseph F., R. C. cl., au., b.
Busching, Anton F., geographer, theol., A69.
Friedmann, Friedrich T., teacher, born.
Eschscholtz, Johann H., naturalist, born.
Hasenclever, Peter, merchant, manuf., A77.
Lachmann, Karl, philologist, critic, born.
Reichenbach, Heinrich G. L., naturalist, b.
Schonlein, Johann L., physician, born.
Struve, Friedrich G. W. von, astronomer, b.
Veit, Philipp, painter, born.
1794* * Amelia, Duchess of Saxony, poet,
musician, born.
Begas, Karl, painter, born.
Breitkopf, Johann G. E., typographer, A84.
Burger, Gottfried A., poet, A46.
Chelius, Maximilian J., physician, born.
Clootz, Baron Anacharsis de, political enthu-
siast in France, A39.
Diez, Friedrich C., philologist, born.
Diffenbach, Johann F., surgeon, born.
Follen, August, poet, born.
Forster, Johann G. A., naturalist, wr., A40.
Lappenberg, Johann M., historian, born.
Madler, Johann H., astronomer, born.
Martius, Karl F. P. von, botanist, born.
Meyerbeer, Giacomo, composer, born.
Mitscherlich, Eilhard, chemist, born.
Moscheles, Ignaz, .pianist, composer, born.
Miiller, Wilhelm, lyric poet, born.
Riippell, Wilhelm P. E. S., natural., tra v., b.
Saphir, Moritz, humorous, satiric wr., born.
Schmidt, Michael I., historian, A58.
Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius, painter, b.
Steuben, Frederick W. A., general, A64.
Trench, Baron Friedrich von der, gen., A68.
Waagen, Gustav F., art critic, born.
Zunz, Leopold, Jewish theologian, born.
1795 Oct. 15. Frederick William IV..
King of Prussia, born.
Bach, Johann C. F., composer, A63.
Ehrenberg, Christian G., naturalist, born.
Follen, Charles T. C, clergyman, theologian
(in IT. S. A.), born.
Gergard, Edward, archeologist, born.
Haidinger, Wilhelm, geologist, mineral., b.
Hansen, Peter A., astronomer, born.
Hermann, Friedrich B. W. von, publicist,
economist, born.
Meinhold, ,iohann W., cl., poet, novelist, b.
Pertz, Georg H., historian, born.
Pfeiffer, Ida, traveler, born.
Ranke, Leopold von, historian, born.
Rose, Heinrich, chemist, born.
Umbreit, Friedrich W., theologian, born.
1796 * * Ahn, Johann F., grammarian, born.
Bohlen, Peter von, orientalist, born.
Casper, Johann, physician, born.
Hiigel, Karl A. A. von, trav., naturalist, b.
Launitz, Edward Schmidt von der, sculptor,
born.
Lorinser, Karl I., physician, born.
Lowe, Johann K. G., composer, born.
Mohler, Johann A., R. C. theologian, born.
Olshausen, Hermann, theologian, au., born.
Poggendorf, Johann C, physicist, chem., b.
Siebold, Philipp F. von, naturalist, born.
Spindler, Karl, novelist, born.
Ullmann, Karl, theologian, born. .
Uz, Johann P., poet, A66.
1797 Jan. 31. S c h u b e r t. Franz, com-
poser, born.
Mar. 22. "William I.. King of Prussia,
Emperor of Germany, born.
Nov. 16. Frederick William H., King
of Prussia, A53.
Dec. 13. Heine, Heinrich. poet, born.
Berghaus, Heinrich, geographer, born.
Bluhme, or Blume, Friedrich, jurist, born.
Fichte. Immanuel H.. philosopher, born.
Hagen, Ernest A., novelist, wr. on art, born.
Haring, Wilhelm, novelist, born.
MuUer. Karl Otfried. classical scholar, his-
torian, antiquary, born.
Miinchhausen, Baron, Hieronymus K.
F. von, soldier, romancer, A77.
Poppig, Eduard, naturalist, traveler, born.
Radowitz, Joseph M. von, gen., states., b.
Wachter, Karl G. von, jurist, born.
1798 * * Auffenberg, Joseph von, poet, born.
Bfihr, or Baehr, Johann C. F., classical
scholar, mis. writer, born.
Baumgartner, Karl H., phys.,embryolo., b.
Blumauer, Aloys, poet, A43.
Beneke, Friedrich, philosopher, born.
Devrient, Karl A., actor, born.
Forster, Johann R., traveler, naturalist, A69.
Gans, Eduard, jurist, born.
Hensel, Luise, religious poet, born.
Hoffmann, August, poet, born.
Menzel, Wolfgang, critic, historian, littera-
teur, born.
Moser, Friedrich K. von, jurist, A75.
Naumann, Moritz E., physician, born.
Neumann, Karl F., orientalist, born.
Reissiger, Karl G., composer, born.
Rose, Gustav, mineralogist, born.
Schwarz, Christian F., missionary, A72.
1799 * * Argelander, Friedrich W. A., astron-
omer, born.
Barthold, Friedrich W., historian, born.
Bloch, Markus E., Jewish physician, natu-
ralist, A76.
Dollingrer. Johann J. I., theologian, church
hist., fdr. " Old Catholic " movement, b.
Gagern, Baron, Heinrich W. A. von,
statesman, born.
Gatterer, Johann C, historian, A72.
Hedwig, Johann, botanist, A 69.
Leo, Heinrich, historian, born.
Lichtenberg, Georg C^ physicist, A48.
Oeser, or Oser, Adam F., paint., modeler, A82.
Priessnitz, Vineenz, fdr. of Wydropathy, b.
Rothe, Richard, clergyman, author, born.
Schonbein, Christian F., chemist, born.
Thqluck, Friedrich A. G., cl., author, born.
Uhlich, Leberecht, rationalistic theol., born.
1800 Oct. 26. Moltke. Count von, Hell-
muth Karl Bernhard, field -marshal, b.
Bandel, Ernst von, sculptor, born.
Beer, Michael, dramatist, born.
Chemnitz, Johann J., cl., naturalist, A70.
Daumer, Georg F., philosopher, born.
Dechen, Ernest H. C, mineralogist, born.
GERMANY. 1792, Jan. 25-1802, Sept. 7. 807
Fliedner, Theodor, philanthropist, born.
Forster, Ernst J., paint., wr. on art, born.
Forster, Heinrich, prince-bishop of Breslau,
author, born.
Goppert, Heinrich R., botanist, born.
Haizinger, Amalie, actor, born.
Hase, Karl A., theologian, born.
Kastner, Abraham G., mathematician, A81.
Mohl, Julius von, orientalist, born.
Olshausen, Justus, orientalist, born.
Riedesel, Frederick A. von, general in Brit-
ish service in America, A62.
Schulze, Johann A. P., composer, poet, A53.
Uechtritz, Friedrich von, poet, dramatist, b.
Wohler, Friedrich, chemist, born.
Zahn, Johann K. W., artist, born.
1801 * * Ackermann, Johann C, physician,
author, A45.
jEpinus, Franz M. U. T., electrician, A77.
Chodowiecki, Daniel N., engraver, A75.
Devrient, Philipp E., actor, dramatic wr., b.
Fechner, Gustav T., natural philosopher, b.
Fleischer, Heinrich L., orientalist, born.
Gruner, Wilhelm H. L., engraver, born.
Hagenbach, Karl R., theologian, ecclesiasti-
cal historian, born.
Hardenberg, Friedrich (Novalis) von, phi-
losopher, mystical writer, A29.
Heyt, August von der, statesman, born.
Jahr, Georg H. G., homeopathist, born.
John, King of Saxony, born.
Michelet, Karl L., philosopher, born.
Muller, Johann, physiologist, anatomist, b.
Muller, Julius, theologian, born.
Naumann, Johann G., composer, A60.
l'etermann, Julius H., orientalist, born.
Pliicker, J ulius, physicist, born.
Rodiger, Emil, Hebraist, born.
Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann, economist, b.
Volkmann, Alfred W., physiologist, born.
CHURCH.
1800 * * Rome. Pius VII. becomes pope.
1801 * * The archbishopric of Cologne
is secularized.
LETTERS.
1792 * * History of the World in Extracts
and Connection, by Schlosser, appears.
* * The Critique of all Revelation, by Jo-
hann G. Fichte, appears.
* * Letters for the Advancement of Human-
ity , by Herder, appears.
1703 * * The History of the Seven Years'
War, by Johann "W. Archenholz, ap-
pears.
* * The Invisible Lodge, by Richter, ap-
pears. [1794, Hesperus; 1796, tyuintus
Fixlein ; 1796-97, Flower, Fruit, and
Thorn Pieces and the Valley of Cam-
pau.]
* * A translation of the Iliad, by Voss,
appears.
1794 * * Goethe's version of Reynard the
Fox in High (or literary) German hex-
ameters, appears.
* * Fundamental Principles of the Whole
Theory of Science, by Fichte, appears.
* * Travels through Germany, Switzer-
land, Italy, and Sicily, by Count F. L.
Stolberg, appears.
1795 * * Wilhelm Meister's Apprentice-
ship, by Goethe, appears. [1796, Alexis
ana Dora ; 1797, Hermann and Dorothea ;
1804, Eugenie.]
* * Prolegomena ad Homerum, by Fried-
rich A. Wolf, appears.
* * Abellino the Bandit, by Johann H.
D. Zschokke, appears. [1796, Julius von
Sassen.]
1795-98 The Horse is issued by Schiller
and Goethe.
1795-1800 The Almanac of the Muses
is issued by Schiller.
1796 * * Die Xienen, a series of satiric
epigrams, by Schiller and Goethe, ap-
pear.
1797-99 Hyperion, by Johann C. F.
Holderlin, appears.
1797 * * Folk Tales, by Ludwig Tieck,
appears. [1798, Franz Stembald's Wan-
derings; 1799-1800, Prince Zerbino, or
Travels in Search of Good Taste.]
* * Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature, by
Schellin'g, appears. [1798, On the Soul
of the World; 1799, First Plan of a Sys-
tem of the Philosophy of Nature.]
1798 * * Allgemeine Zeitung is issued
(first called Neueste Weltkunde).
* * The Universities of Mentz and
Cologne suspend.
1798-1810 A Translation of Shake-
speare's Works, by August W. von
Schlegel, appears.
1799 * * Discourse son Religion, by Fried-
rich E. D. Schleiermacher, appears.
* * Ancient History, by Arnold H. L.
Heeren, appears.
* * An Essay on Goethe's Hermann and
Dorothea, by Karl W. Humboldt, appears.
* * Wallenstein, by Schiller, appears.
[1799-1803, The Maid of Orleans, Mary
Stuart, and The Bride of Thessina : 1801,
The Song of the Bell; 1804, William
Tell.]
* * Lucinde and Alarcos, by Karl W. F.
von Schlegel, appear. [1808, On the Lan-
guage and Wisdom of the Indians ; 1815,
Lectures 'on the History of Old and
Modern Literature.]
1799-1810 Erlanger Literaturzeitung
is issued.
1800* * Heidelbergische Jahrbuch der
Literatur is issued.
1800-03 Titan, by Richter, appears.
[1804-05, The Years of Youth.]
1800-34 Leipziger Literaturzeitung is
issued.
1801* * Urania, by Christoph A. Tiedge,
appears.
* * Lorenz Stark, by Johann J. Engel,
appears.
* * Arithmetical Disquisitions, by Karl F.
Gauss, appears.
* * On the Differences between the Philo-
sophical Systems of Fichte and Schel-
ling, by Hegel, appears. [1807, Phrnnom-
enolgy.]
* * Heinrich von Ofterdingen, by Fried-
rich von Hardenberg, appears.
* * Heinrich J. Colin writes Regulus,
Coriolanus, Balboa, and three other
tragedies.
* * Bavaria. The University of Ingol-
stadt is moved to Landshut.
SOCIETY.
1794 May 28. Fr. Gen. Beaurepaire,
the commandant of Verdun, executes
14 ladies for going to the King of Prus-
sia, and beseeching him for clemency
for the town then besieged by him.
STATE.
1792 Jan. 25. Paris. The Assembly
declares war against the German
Empire if it does not issue a pacifying
declaration concerning French exiles in
Treves. [Feb. 10. Issued.]
Jan. 26. The King of Prussia issues a
manifesto against France.
Feb. 7. Austria and Prussia unite in an
alliance against France.
Mar. 1. The Emperor Leopold II.
dies. [He is succeeded by his eldest
son, Francis, the King of Bohemia and
Hungary.]
1792-1806 Francis II. is emperor of
the Holy Roman Empire.
He reigns in the Austrian dominions,
and as Francis I., Emperor of Austria,
from 1804 [till 1835].
Nov. 6. Belg. The Austrian Nether-
lands are lost (p. 519). [First coali-
tion : the sovereigns of Europe, except
those of Sweden and Denmark, unite
against France.]
1793 * * Prussia joins Russia in the sec-
ond partition of Poland.
Prussia gets [Posen] and the western
part of [Russian Poland], including
Danzig and Thorn. Russia gets all the
territory lying east of longitude 44% be-
ing the greater part of Lithuania.
* * Wurtemberg. Louis Eugene be-
comes duke.
* * * Hesse. Hesse-Darmstadt loses its
territory on the left bank of the Rhine
during the war of the French Revolu-
tion.
1795 Apr. 5. Switz. Peace of Basel.
Prussia withdraws from the coali-
tion, abandoning the German cause, and
ceding to France her territory on the
left bank of the Rhine.
* * Wilrtemberg. Frederick I. becomes
duke. [1797. Frederick II.]
* * Third and last partition of Poland.
Prussia gets a large part [Russian Poland],
including Misovia and Warsaw, the region
between the Vistula, Bug, and Niemen, and
part of Cracow (New Silesia); area, 57,000
square miles; population, 2,500,000. Austria
gets West Galicia as far as the river Bug,
area, 45,000 square miles; population, 3,700,-
000. Russia gets all the remainder of Poland
lying east of the Niemen and the Bug. Area,
57,000 square miles; population, 2,500,000.
1796 Sept. * The Archduke Charles
of Austria, by brilliant military opera-
tions, recovers from the French the
entire right bank of the Rhine.
1797 Apr. 18. Hung. Preliminaries
of Peace signed at Leoben (p. 519, 713).
May 18. Frederick II., Duke of Wur-
temberg, marries the princess royal of
England.
Oct. 17. It. Peace of Campo Formio
signed by France and Austria (p. 519).
Nov. 16. Prus. King Frederick Wil-
liam H. dies.
1797-1840 Prus. Frederick William
III. is king.
Dec. 8-99 Apr. 8. Baden. The Con-
gress of Rastatt considers the question
between France and Germany.
It agrees to cede to France the terri-
tory on the left bank of the Rhine, and
to secularize certain German towns
(p. 713).
* * Hesse. Mentz is ceded to France.
* * Wurtemberg cedes Montbeliard and
other possessions to France.
1798 * * Alsace. Mulhausen is annexed
to France.
1799 * * Bavaria. Maximilian Joseph
H. is elector.
1799-1801 The second coalition is
formed against France.
It is joined by Russia, Austria, Eng-
land, Portugal, Naples, and Turkey.
1800-06 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Francis
Frederick Antony is duke.
1801 Feb. 9. Fr. Bonaparte dictates
the Peace of Luneville (p. 519).
* * Prussia joins the Convention of the
North against England.
Mar. * Hamburg. British property is
sequestrated.
Apr. 3. Hanover is seized by Prussia.
808 1802, ** -1809, **.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1805* * Third coalition against
France.
It is composed of Austria, England,
Russia, and Sweden.
Sept. 9. Bavaria. Austrians enter (p.
518).
The Austrian army in Germany is
under the Archduke Ferdinand and
Gen. Mack ; Napoleon in person com-
mands the French.
Oct. 17. Wiirtemberg. At Ulm Gen.
Mack surrenders (p. 518).
Dec. 26. Hung. Peace of Presburg (p.
519).
1806-07 France is at war with Prussia
and Russia (p. 716).
* * Prussia is greatly imperiled by the
separation of the military and civil
orders, and the miserable condition of
the half-trained army. The Prussian
army, under the superannuated Duke of
Brunswick, is concentrated in Thu-
ringia.
Battles with the French : Oct. 10,
Saalfeld ; Oct. 14, Jena ; also Auerstadt ;
Oct. 14, Prussians surrender ; Nov. 6, Lii-
beck ; Nov. 8, Magdeburg ; 1807, Jan. *
Breslau ; Feb. 8, Eylau ; May 24, Dan-
zig ; June 14, Friedland (p. 716).
Oct. 27. Berlin. The French enter
Berlin.
The French take Hamburg, Brunswick ,
Stettin, and other cities.
1807 June 10. E. Prus. At Heils-
berg the French under Soult and the
Russians under Gen. Bennigsen engage
in a bloody but indecisive battle.
June 16. E. Prus. Konigsberg is
taken by the French.
June 21. Russia signs a truce with
France. [June 25. Prussia also.]
1809-13 Prus. The army is secretly
reorganized on the basis of universal
military service, by a commission
headed by Gen. Gerhard J. D. von
Scharnhorst.
1809 * * Napoleon is at war with Aus-
tria (p. 518).
Apr. 23. Bavaria. Napoleon, after
five days' fighting, drives the Austrians
under Archduke Charles into Bohemia.
Apr.* Berlin. Maj. Frederic von Schill,
with 600 hussars, precipitates the war
of liberation from France. (See p. 718.)
Oct. 14. Peace of Vienna (p. 519).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1802 * * Bk. Prus. Bone-dust is dis-
covered to be a manure by Kropp at So-
lingen.
1803 * * A steam-press for printing is
invented by Konig and Bauer.
1804 Sept. 1. The planet Juno is dis-
covered by Harding.
* * Fraunhofer compares lines in the
spectrum of the sun and stars.
1805-14 Bavaria. Telescopes are im-
proved by Pierre Louis Guinaud and
Fraunhofer.
1809 Aug. 29. Bavaria. An electric
telegraph machine is exhibited at Mu-
nich by Sommering.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1808 * * Bohm, Theobald, Bavarian flutist, b.
Bube, Adolph, poet, born.
Dlndorf, Wilhelm, philologist, born.
Engelj Johann J., critic, mis. writer, A61.
Ettmiiller, Ernst M. L., philologist, born.
Feldmann, Leopold, dramatist, born.
Felsing, Jakob, engraver, born.
Flugel, Gustav L., orientalist, born.
Goldschmidt, Hermann, painter, astron., b.
Hauff, Wilhelm, novelist, born.
Hengstenberg, Ernst W., theologian, Bibli-
cal critic, born.
Kiss, August, sculptor, born.
Kiihner, Rafael, philologist, born.
Lange, Johann P., clergyman, author, born.
Lenau, Nikolaus, poet, born.
Magnus, Heinrich G., chemist, born.
Pott, August F., philologist, born.
Ruge, Arnold, scholar, journalist, born.
Schwanthaler, Ludwig M., sculptor, born.
Sichel, Julius, oculist, born.
Stahl, Friedrich J., jurist, born.
Trendelenburg, Friedrich A., philosopher, b.
Vehse, Karl E., historian, born.
Wolff, Kinil, sculptor, born.
Zwirner, Ernst F., architect, born.
1803 * * Amerling, Friedrich, painter, born.
Baltzer, Johann B., R. C. theologian, born.
Berthold, Arnold A., physiologist, born.
Camphausen, Ludolf, statesman, born.
Devrient, Gustav E., actor, born.
Dove, Heinrich W., meteorologist, born.
Ewald, Georg H. A., orientalist, Bib. cr., b.
Guericke, Heinrich E. F., theologian, born.
Gutzlaff, Karl, missionary, Chinese schol.,b.
Herder, Johann G., preacher, philosopher,
mis. writer, A59.
Klopstock, Friedrich G., poet, A79.
Kobell, Franz von, poet, mineralogist, born.
Leibig:. Baron Justus, chemist, born.
M tiller, Sophie, tragic actor, born.
Ollendorff, Henry Godfrey, edu., gram., b.
Roon, Albrecht T. E. von, Prussian gen., b.
1804 Feb. 12. Kant. Immanuel, meta-
physician, philosopher, A 80.
Baldinger, Ernst G., physician, author, A66.
Beck, Johann T., theologian, born.
Becker, Karl F., organist, composer, born.
Benedict, Sir Julius, composer, born.
Erdmann, Otto L., chemist, born.
Feuerbach, Ludwig A., philosopher, born.
Hildebrandt, Ferdinand T., painter, born.
Lachner, Franz, composer, born.
Panzer, Georg W., bibliographer, A75.
Perty, Joseph A. M., naturalist, born.
Preller, Friedrich, artist, born.
Rokitansky, Karl, physician, pathologist, b.
Ronne, Ludwig M. P., jurist, born.
Schomburgk, Sir Robert H., naturalist, trav-
eler, born.
Schleiden, Matthias J., phys., botanist, born.
Schwetschke, Karl G., satirist, bibliog., b.
Semper, Gottfried, architect, born.
Siebold, Karl T. E. von, physiologist, born.
Strauss, Johann, composer, born.
Weber, Wilhelm E., physicist, born.
Weisse, Christian F., poet, dramatist, mis.
writer, A78.
1805 May 9. Schiller,- Johann C. F.
von, poet, dramatist, hist., mis. wr., A46.
Albers, Johann F. H., physician, born.
Buschmann, Johann K. E., philologist, born.
Dirichlet, Peter G., geometrician, born.
Drake, Friedrich, sculptor, born.
Erdmann, Johann E., philosopher, born.
Fiirst, Julius, orientalist, born.
Gervinus, Georg G., hist., critic, mis. wr., b.
Hahn-Hahn, Countess, Ida M. L. S. F.
Q. von, poet, novelist, born.
Herzog, Johann J., theologian, author, born.
Kaulbach, Wilhelm von, painter, born.
Kurz, Heinrich, orient, schol., litterateur,^).
Matzner, Eduard A. F., philologist, born.
Manteuffel, Baron Otto T., statesman, born.
Mohl, Hugo von, botanist, born.
Rodbertus, Karl, economist, socialist, pol., b.
Rosen, Friedrich A., philologist, born.
Rosenkranz, Johann K. F., philosopher, b.
Rubens, Christoph, painter, born.
Sohn, Karl F., painter, born.
Venedey, Jakob, jurist, politician, born.
Wagner, Rudolph, physician, anatomist, b.
1806 * * Abich, Wilhelm, geologist, au., b.
Adelung, Johann C, philologist, A74.
Auresperg, Count Anton A. von, poet, b.
Bauer, Georg L., rationalistic cl., orient., A61.
Diefenbach, Lorenz, philologist, born.
Erman, Gustav A., natural phil., trav., born.
Freund, Wilhelm, lexicographer, born.
Froebel, Julius, politician, mis. writer, born.
Giinderode, Karoline von, poet, A26.
Harless, Gottlieb C. A., theologian, born
Herz, Heinrich, pianist, composer, born.
Hubner, Rudolph J. B., painter, born.
Kuhne, Gustav F., novelist, born.
Laube, Heinrich, poet, novelist, mis. wr., b.
Mohr, Karl, physicist, philosopher, born.
Miicke, Heinrich K. A., painter, born.
Peters, Christian A. F., astronomer, born.
Sontag, Mme. Henriette, Countess Rossi, vo-
calist, born.
Ritschl, Friedrich W., philologist, born.
Speckter, Erwin, painter, born.
Sternberg, Alexander, novelist, born.
Ulrici, Hermann, scholar, critic, phil., born.
Vatke, Johann K. W., theologian, born.
Wiesbach, Julius, mathematician, born.
Wille, Johann, engraver, A91.
Zeuss, Johann K., philologist, hist, wr., b.
1807 * * Ainmiiller, Maximilian E», paint., b.
Amalie, Anna, Ouch, of Saxe- Weimar, A68.
Bischoff, Theodor L. W., anat., physiol., b.
Blum, Robert, democratic politician, born.
Burmeister, Hermann, naturalist, born.
Detmold, Hermann J., statesman, born.
Fabricius, Johann C, entomologist, A64.
Gabelentz, Hans C. von der, politician, phi-
lologist, linguist, born.
Grimm, Baron Friedrich M., wit, critic,
mis. writer, A83.
Hackert, Philipp, painter, A 70.
Hitzig, Ferdinand, Biblical critic, born.
Meissner, August G., dram., litterateur, A54.
Hast, William, founder of German Method-
ism in America, born.
Putter, Johann S., publicist, A82.
Schmitz, Leonhard, class, schol., philoi.,b.
Vischer, Friedrich T., philosophical wr., b.
1808 * * Ahrens, Heinrich, jurist, author, b.
Andree, Karl T., gepgrapher, born.
Bardilli, Christoph G., philosopher, A47.
Cotta, Bernhard, geologist, born.
Droysen, Johann G., historian, born,
iiaase, Heinrich G. F. C, philologist, born.
Haupt, Moritz, philologist, born.
Kohl, Johann G., traveler, writer, born.
Kugler, Franz T., critic, writer on art, born.
Lessing, Karl F., painter, born.
Meyerheim, Friedrich E., painter, born.
Mundt, Theodor, mis. writer, born.
Oettinger, Eduard M., novelist, bibliog., b.
Schmid, Leopold, R. C. theologian, born.
Strauss, David F., rationalistic theol., b.
Trentowski, Ferdinand B., Polish phil., b.
Vangerow, Karl A. von, jurist, born.
Weber, Georg, historian, born.
Weil, Gustav, orientalist, born.
Wichern, Johann H., cl., philanthropist, b.
Wrisberg, Heinrich A., anatomist, A69.
1809 Feb. 3. Mcndelssohn-Bartholdy.
Felix, composer, born.
Bauer, Bruno, rationalistic theol., critic, b.
Benfey, Theodor, orientalist, philologist, b.
Beust, Baron, Friedrich t". von, states., b.
Braun, August E., archeologist, born. ,
Dorner, Isaac A., theologian, born.
Duller, Eduard, historian, poet, born.
Eberhard, Johann A., philosopher, wr., A70.
Grassmann, Hermann G., mathematician,
orientalist, born.
Haydn, Joseph, composer, A77.
Hefele, Karl von, R. C. bishop of Rotten-
burg, author, born.
Henle, Friedrich G. J., physician, born.
Koch, Karl H. E., naturalist, born.
Kurtz, Johann H., theologian, born.
Manteuffel, Baron Edwin H. K., gen., born.
Otto, Friedrich J., chemist, born.
Preller, Ludwig, class, scholar, antiquary, b.
Sauppe, Hermann, classical schol., philol., b.
Schlozer, August L. von, historian, A74.
Schill, Ferdinand von, soldier, A36.
Stockhardt, Julius A., chemist, born.
Zimmerman, Albert, painter, born.
CHURCH.
1805 * * Berlin. Pastor Janicke founds
a Bible Society, which becomes the
Prussian Central Bible Society. [1811,
He founds a Tract Society.]
LETTERS.
1802 * * Borne, a poem, by K. W. Hum-
boldt, appears.
1803 * * Baden. The University of Heid-
elberg is reconstituted. •
* * History of Serfdom in Pomerania and
Bugen and Poems, by Ernst H. Arndt,
appear. [1805-06, Spirit of the Time.]
* * Bight of Possession, by Friedrich K.
von Savigny, appears.
* * The Family Schroffenstein , by Hein-
rich B. W. von Kleist, appears. [1808,
Penthesilea: 1810-11, Katchchen von
Heilbronn, the Broken Jug, and Tales.]
GERMANY.
1802,**-1809,
809
* * Minnesnngs, by Tieck, appears. [1812-
15, Phantasus.]
* * Poems in the Alemannic dialect, by
Juhann P. Hebel, appears.
1803-09 Spanish Theatre, by August W.
von Schlegel, appears. [1809-11, Lectures
on Dramatic Art and Literature.]
1804 * * Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach. The
Allgemeine Literaturzeitung is issued at
Jena.
* * The Universities of Bamberg, Dil-
lingen, and Duisburg suspend.
1805 * * The Cid, by Herder, appears.
* * Bavaria. The University of Alt-
dorf is united to that of Erlangen.
1807-32 History of the Crusades accord-
ing to Oriental ana" Western Accounts, by
Friedrich Wilken, appears.
1808 * * The first part of Faust, by
Goethe, appears. [1809, Elective Affini-
ties; 1810, The History of the Doctrine of
Colors; 1811-31, From My Life; Poetry
and Truths.]
* * Pr. Saxony. The University of
Halle is closed.
* * Die Einsiedlerzeitung is issued.
* * Das Heidelbergische Jahrbuch is is-
sued.
* * Aspects of Nature, by F. H. A. von
Humboldt,' appears.
* * Sigurd the Dragon- Slayer and The
Magic Ping, by Friedrich Fouque, ap-
pear. [1811, Undine.]
1808-18 History of the States and Law
of Germany, by Karl F. Eichhorn, ap-
pears.
1809 * * The Universities of Rinteln and
Helmstadt suspend.
* * The University of Frankfort-on-the-
Oder is united to that of Breslau.
* * History of the Political Systems and
Colonies of Europe, by Heeren, appears.
* * The Twenty-fourth of February, by
Friedrich L. £. Werner, appears.
SOCIETY.
1807 June * E. Prus. The Tugend-
bund, or League of Virtue, is formed at
Konigsberg, for relieving the sufferers
by the late wars, and the revival of
morality and patriotism. [1809. It ex-
cites the jealousy of Napoleon ; he de-
mands its suppression. 1815. Dissolved.]
STATE.
1802 * * Prussia acquires Erfurt. [1803.
Beceives more territory.]
* * Westphalia is made over to Hesse-
Darmstadt.
1803 June 5. Hanover is occupied
and harassed by the French.
Bonaparte expresses his contempt for
the vanishing empire by invading Ger-
many.
* * Wiirtemberg. Frederick II. is made
elector of Germany.
* *Hesse-Cassel becomes an elec-
torate ; William I. elector.
* * The county of Hanau is made a prin-
cipality.
* * Bavaria is compelled by the Imperial
delegations to give up certain territory,
but receives W'urzburg, Bamberg, Augs-
burg, and other accessions.
* * Wiirtemberg and Baden receive ac-
cessions of territory, and are made elec-
torates.
* * The Empire of Austria is formed.
1804 Aug. 11. Francis II., the elected
Emperor of Germany, takes the addi-
tional title of Francis I., hereditary
Emperor of Austria, in view of the
approaching dissolution of the German
Empire.
1805 Nov. 3. Prus. The King of Prus-
sia and the Emperor of Bussia conclude
the Convention of Potsdam, and
" swear eternal friendship."
* * Third coalition against France.
England, Austria, Bussia, and Sweden
unite against France and Spain.
Dec. 15. Prussia is deterred from join-
ing the coalition by a treaty with
France, in which Hanover is promised
in exchange for part of Cleves.
Dec. 26. The Peace of Presburg adds
to the humiliation of Austria (p. 519).
* * Diisseldorf becomes the capital of the
Napoleonic duchy of Berg.
* * Prussia acquires Hanover in return
for Ausbach, Cleves, and Neuchatel.
* * Wiirtemberg. Frederick II., Elector
of Wiirtemberg, becomes king as Fred-
erick I.
* * Baden receives more accessions of
territory.
1806-44 Saxe-Coburq-Gotha. Ernest
III. is the reigning duke.
1806 Jan. 1. Bavaria becomes a
kingdom ; Maximilian Joseph is made
king ; Augsburg is annexed.
Secession of German princes.
July 12. Paris. The Confederation
of the Rhine is formed.
The allegiance of 16,000,000 people is
transferred to a foreign State, 258,000
troops are pledged to aid Napoleon in
case of war, and a Diet is established at
Frankfort (p. 717.).
Aug. 6. End of the old German or
Holy Boman Empire.
The Union of the empire and the Ger-
man kingdom is dissolved. The Em-
peror Francis renounces his imperial
Boman title, and announces himself the
first of the emperors of Austria, with
the title Francis I.
Aug. 18. Napoleon decrees the erec-
tion of the kingdom of Westphalia.
It is to be composed of conquests from
Prussia, including Hesse-Cassel, Han-
over, and the smaller States to the west
of the Elbe. [1813. Abolished.]
Oct. 6. Prussia joins the allies of Eng-
land against France. [Oct. 9. Declares
war against France.]
Oct. 14. Prussia suffers by the fatal
battles of Jena and Auerstadt.
Oct. 27. Berlin. Napoleon enters the
city.
Nov. 21. Berlin. Napoleon issues his
famous Berlin decree (p. 717).
Dec. 11. Saxony withdraws from its
alliance with Prussia (p. 717).
The Elector Frederick assumes the
title of king ; he receives as a reward the
territory of Kottbus and the duchy of
Warsaw, but surrenders some of his
former territory to the new kingdom of
Westphalia.
* * Frankfort-on-the-Main is granted
to the prince primate Von Dalberg.
* * The landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg
is absorbed by the grand duchy of
Hesse.
* * Bavaria. Nuremberg is annexed to
to Bavaria.
* *Saxe-Weimar is changed from a
principality to a duchy.
* * Baden. Charles Frederick is made
grand duke by Napoleon, and receives
another addition of territory. Baden
becomes a grand duchy.
* * Hesse-Darmstadt becomes a grand
duchy, with additional territory. Louis
I. becomes grand duke.
* * Brunswick. William Frederick be-
comes duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel.
[1813. Oct * Actual reign begins.]
1807 Apr. 26. E. Prus. Alexander
and the King of Prussia form a com-
pact aiming to unite all Europe on a
new political foundation. [Vienna, re-
fuses, and the compact fails.]
June 25. W. Pus. Napoleon meets
Czar Alexander and Frederick William
III. on a raft in the river Niemen; Na-
poleon detaches Alexander from his alli-
ance with Prussia.
July 7-9. E. Prus. The Peace of Til-
sit.
(July 7.) Peace with Bussia is signed
by France.
(July 9.) Peace with Prussia is signed
by France.
Frederick William HI. yields one-half
the best part of his kingdom and more
than half his subjects to France (p. 717).
July 9. Saxony. Magdeburg is an-
nexed to the kingdom of Westphalia.
Dec. 1. Westphalia. J6r6me Bona-
parte is appointed king by his brother ;
Hesse-Cassel and Brunswick are in-
corporated in the kingdom.
* * E. Prus. The Tugendbund is or-
ganized as a patriotic society, and is
promoted by Baron von Stein.
* * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Napoleon occu-
pies the country and deposes Duke
Ernest.
* * Waldeck-Pyrmont. Schwarzburg-
Sondershausen and Schwarzburg-
Rudolstadt join the Confederation of
the Bhine.
* * Schaumburg-Iiippe is made a prin-
cipality.
1807-20 Lippe prospers under the rule
of the Princess Pauline.
* *-08 Nov.* Prus. Baron von Stein
is chief minister.
He reorganizes the administration ;
serfdom is abolished, municipal rights
granted, education encouraged, all
classes to compete for civil offices, and
drastic military rules enforced.
1808 Apr. 6. Austria declares war
against France.
Nov. 5. Berlin. The Convention of
Berlin is signed.
Napoleon remits to Prussia the sum due
on the war-debt, and withdraws many
of his troops to reenforce his armies in
Spain.
* * Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Old-
enburg join the Confederation of the
Bhine.
1809 June * -July * Saxony. Dresden
is held by Austria.
Oct. 14. Vienna. The Peace of Vi-
enna (p. 519).
* * Hesse-Nassau. Hanau is incorporated
with the duchy of Frankfort.
* * Ausi. The Tyrol revolts from Bava-
ria and from French rule.
* * Lippe-Detmold joins the Confedera-
tion of the Bhine. [1813. It joins the
German Confederation.]
* * Bavaria. Salzburg is annexed.
810 1810, Mar. 1-1816,
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1812 * * Prussia is forced to act as an
ally of Napoleon in bis Russian cam-
paign, and furnishes 20,000 men [but
afterwards goes over to Russia].
1813-14 War of Independence: tbe
allies unite against Napoleon.
Mar. 10. Prus. Tbe Order of the Iron
Cross is instituted by King Frederick
William.
1813 Feb. 3. Silesia. At Breslau
Frederick "William TTT. appeals to the
patriotism of the young men ; they enlist
en masse.
Mar. 17. The people rally with enthu-
siasm to expel the French from Germany,
and form the " landwehr," or militia.
Mar. 27. Preparations are made for a
great conflict.
The Russians and Prussians under
Prince Willgenstein and Field-Marshal
Bliicher occupy Dresden. The French
army and the troops furnished by tbe
Confederacy of the Rhine concentrate
in Franconia, Tburingia, and on the
Elbe.
May * Napoleon has 180,000 men ; the
allies, 85,000. (See battles, p. 720.)
Battles: May 2, Ltttzen ; May 20, 21,
Bautzen ; Aug. 23, Grossbeeren ; Aug.
26, Katzback ; Aug. 26, 27, Dresden ;
* * Torgau besieged ; Sept. 6, Dennewitz;
Sept. 17, Nollendorf ; Oct. 3, Warten-
burg ; Oct. 16, Mockern ; Oct. 16-18, Leip-
sic ; Oct. 30, Hanau ; Nov. 2, Hoehheim.
June 4. Prus. Armistice of Poisch-
•witz (p. 720). [The allies provide three
great armies.] (Pp. 520, 720.)
* * Many cities are retaken by the allies.
Nov. 11, Dresden; Nov. 21, Stettin ; Dec.
5, Lubeck ; Dec. 26, Zamosc, Modlin, and
Torgau ; Dec. 30, Danzig ; 1814, Jan. 12,
Wittenberg ; Mar. 7, Kustrin.
[* * Many cities maintain themselves
against Napoleon until the peace, as
Glogau, Magdeburg, Hamburg, Erfurt,
Wurzburg, Wesel, and Mentz.]
* * * Hamburg is evacuated by the
French before tbe advance of the Rus-
sians into Germany.
1814 Jan. 1. Danzig surrenders to
the allies under the King of Wiirtem-
berg.
Jan. 14. Saxony. Torgau surrenders
to the allies.
1815 June 16. Belg. "William Fred-
erick, Duke of Brunswick, falls at
Quatre-Bras.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1810 * * Prus. Krupp's Cast Steel Fac-
tory at Essen is established. [1876. It
employs about 10,500 men, besides 5,000
miners and others.]
* * The harmonichord, a keyed instru-
mant in which sounds are produced by
friction, is invented by Thomas Kauii-
mann.
1811 * * Pr. Saxony. A musical fes-
tival is held at Erfurt.
1813 * * Galvano-plastik process is in-
vented by Jacobi and Speneer.
1815* * Bavaria. Joseph von Fraun-
hofer, an optician, discovers that the
solar spectrum is crossed by 590 lines.
1816 * * Gas-lighting is introduced by
Wilhelm A. Lampadius at Freiberg.
* * Pr. Saxony. The first paper- making
machine in Germany is made by Kerf-
stan at Halle.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1810 * * Esper, Eugen J. C, entomol., A68.
Frankl, Ludwig A., poet, born.
Freiligrath, Ferdinand, poet, born.
Furstenberg, Baron Friedrich W., states-
man, A81.
Hasse, Karl E., physiologist, born.
Holtzmann, Adolf, philologist, born.
Juncker, Henry 1)., R. C. cl. (bp. in Am.), b.
Krupp, Alfred, manuf. of steel guns, b.
Meiners, Christoph, historian, A63.
Nicolai, Karl O. E., composer, born.
Reuter, Fritz, poet, novelist, born.
Schumann, Robert, composer, born.
Schwann, Theodor, physiologist, born.
Valentin, Gabriel G., phys., physiologist, b.
1811 * * Bast, Friedrich J., schol.,diplo.,A39.
Beckmann, Johann, naturalist, agricultural
writer, A74.
Bendermann, Eduard, painter, born.
Brendel, Karl P., musical critic, born.
Collin, Heinrich J. von, poet, A39.
Gutzkow, Karl F., novelist, dramatist, born.
Hahnel, Ernst J., sculptor, born.
Hecker, Friedrich K. F., lawyer, pol., born.
Hiller, Ferdinand, composer, born.
Hoefer, Johann C. F., mis. writer, born.
Keller, Joseph, engraver, born.
Ketteler, Baron Wilhelm E. von, R. C.
bishop of Mentz, statesman, mis. wr., b.
Kleist, Heinrich von, poet, novelist, A35.
Littrow, Karl L., astronomer, born.
Maximilian II., King of Bavaria, born.
Maria Louisa Augusta, wife of Emperor
William I., born.
Nicolai, Christoph F., litterateur, A78.
Tallas, Peter S., traveler, naturalist, A70.
Seetzen, Ulrich J., naturalist, traveler, A45.
Vincke, Ernst G. von, orator, states., born.
1812* * Archenholz, Johann W., historical
writer, A71±.
Auerbach, Berthold, novelist, born.
Daniel, Hermann, theologian, geographer, b.
Duncker, Maximilian W., historian, born.
Flotow, Friedrich von, composer, born.
Galle, Johann G., astronomer, born.
Griesbach, Johann J., theol., philol., A67.
Heyne, Christian G., philologist, A83.
Junghuhn, Franz W., naturalist, born.
Kuhn, Adalbert, mythologist, philol., born.
Reinhard, Francis V., theologian, pulpitora-
tor, A59.
Rothschild, Meyer A., banker, A69.
Schwarz, Karl H. W., rationalistic theol., b.
Thalberg, Sigismund, pianist, composer, b.
Windthorst, Ludwig, statesman, born.
1813 May 22. "Wagner, Wilhelm Rich-
ard, composer, born.
Bergenroth, Gustav, historian, born.
Delitzsch, Franz, theologian, born.
Delius, Nikolaus, philologist, critic, born.
Fendler, August, botanist, born.
Fernkorn, Anton 1)., sculptor, born.
Frauenstadt, Christian M. J., philosopher, b.
Gass, Friedrich W. H. J., theologian, born.
Hebbel, Friedrich, dramatist, born.
Koch, Christoph W. von, hist, writer, A76.
Ronge, Johannes, R. C. cl., schismatic, b.
Korner, Karl T., poet, A22.
Lepsius, Karl R., trav., philol., antiq., born.
Laemlein, Alexandre, painter, born.
Meyer, Johann G., painter, born.
Peters, Christian H. F., astronomer, born.
Poniatowski, Prince, Joseph A., gen., A51.
Reil, Johann C, anatomist, A54.
Scharnhorst, Gerhard I), von, gen., au., A57.
Schenkel, Daniel, rationalistic theol., born.
ITlrich, Titus, poet, born.
Wagner, Moritz F., traveler, naturalist, b.
Wieland. Christopher Martin, poet, novel-
ist, mis. writer, A 80.
1814* * Auer, Anton, Bavarian porcelain
painter, A 36.
Baltzer, Wilhelm E., rationalist, born.
Bredow, Gabriel G., historian, A41.
Caspari, Karl P., theologian, Bib. critic, b.
Curtius, Ernst, antiq., archeologist, hist., b.
Dingelsfedt, Baron Franz von, poet, born.
Ernst, Heinrich W., musician, born.
Fichte. Johann G., metaphysician, A52.
Geinitz, Johann B., geologist, born.
Geissler, Heinrich, physicist, born.
Grisebach, August H. R., botanist, born.
Halbig, Johann. sculptor, born.
Hankel, Wilhelm G., physicist, born.
Heuselt, Adolph, pianist, composer, born.
Hubner, Karl, painter of genre pictures, b.
Jacohi, Johann G., poet, scholar, A74.
Kahilis, Karl F. A., theologian, born.
Lehmann, Heinrich, painter, born.
Mayer, Julius R., physicist, born.
Miilbach, Luise (Mrs. Theo. Mundt), nov., b.
Wolff, Albert, sculptor, born.
Zefler, Eduard, theologian, born.
1815 Apr. 1. Bismarck, Prince Otto
Eduard Leopold, statesman, born.
Achenbach, Andreas, painter, born.
Claudius, Matthias, poet, A72.
Duringsfeld, Ida von, novelist, born.
Franz, Robert, composer, born.
Geibel, Emmanuel, poet, born.
Grassmann, Robert, philosopher, born.
Kinkel, Johann G., poet, writer on art. born.
Leonhardt, Gerhard A. W., jurist, born.
Lowe, Sophie, singer, born.
Mesmer, Friedrich A., founder of mes-
merism, A82.
Michaelis, Friedrich, theologian, born.
Niebuhr, Karstens, traveler, A82.
Peters, Wilhelm K. H., zoologist, born.
Reuter, Julius, founder of Reuter's telegraph
news agency, born.
Rosenmuller, Johann G., theologian, A79.
Stein, Lorenz von, political economist, b.
Tann, Baron Ludwig von der, general, born.
Tischendorff, Lobegott F. K. von, philologist,
Biblical critic, born.
Tychsen, Olaus G., orientalist, philol., A81.
Wunderlich, Karl A., physician, born.
Zimmerman, Eberhard A. W., naturalist,
author, A72.
Zumpt, August W., classical schol., antiq.. b.
CHURCH.
1812 * * Wurtemberg. The Wurtemberg
Bible Society is organized.
1813 * * Rh. Prus. Tbe Berg Bible So-
ciety is organized at Elberfeld.
1814 * * The Hamburg Altona Bible So-
ciety is organized ; also the Hanover
Bible Society.
* * Berlin. The Prussian Central Bible
Society is organized.
* * The Lubeck Bible Society is organized.
* * Saxony. The Saxon Bible Society is
founded at Dresden.
* * Rh. Prus. Great collections are made
by Prussia for resuming the building of
the cathedral at Cologne.
1815* * Prus. The Bremen, Brunswick,
Schleswig-Holstein Bible Societies are
organized.
LETTERS.
1810 * * Poverty and Riches, Guilt and
Repentance of the Countess Dolores, by
Ludwig A. Arnim, appears. [1811, Halle
and Jerusalem, and Isabella of Egypt.]
* * On German Nationality, by Friedrich
L. Jahn, appears.
* * Berlin. The University of Berlin
is established.
1811 * * Traveling Shadows, by the Magic
Lantern Player, by Andreas J. Kerner,
appears.
* * History of the Religion of Jesus Christ,
by Count F". L. Stolberg, appears. [1815,
Life of Alfred the Great.]
1811-32 Roman History, by Barthold G.
Niebuhr, appears.
1812 * * Children's and Domestic Tales,
by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, appears.
[1816, German Legends.]
* * Divan des Hifas, by Joseph von Ham-
mer, appears.
* * The Emperor Julian and his Times, by
Johann A. W. Neander, appears.
1812-16 Science of Logic, by Hegel, ap-
pears. [1817, Encyclopedia of the Phil-
osophical Sciences.]
1813 * * What is the German's Father-
land ? and other songs, by Arndt, appear.
1813-16 Wiener Literaturzeitung is is-
sued.
1814* * Lyre and Sword, by Karl T.
Korner, appears.
* * German Poems by Freimund Raimar,
by Friedrich RUckert, appears.
* * The Wonderful History of Peter Schle-
mihl, by Adalbert von Ohamisso, ap-
pears.
GERMANY.
1810, Mar. 1 -1816, * * 811
1814-16 The Jiheinscher Merkur, ed-
ited by Jacob J. Gorres, is issued.
1814-22 Tales, by E. T. W. Hoffmann,
appears.
1815 * * Des Epimenides Erwachen, by
Goethe, appears. [1816, Art and Antiq-
uity; 1816-29, Italian Journey; 1817-24,
On Natural History.']
* * Poems, by Max von Schenkendorf , ap-
pears.
* * Poems, by TJhland, appears. [1816,
Fatherland, Poems ; 1817, Duke Ernest of
Swabia ; 1819, Louis the Bavarian ; 1822,
On Walther von del Vogelweide.]
* * Presage and Presence, by Joseph von
Eichendortf, appears.
* * Pr. Saxony. The University of
"Wittenberg is united to Halle.
SOCIETY.
1812 * * Prus. The greater part of the
citizens are trained to arms by succes-
sive terms of service in the army.
1813 Mar. 10. The Order of the Iron
Cross is established by Frederick Wil-
liam III. to honor bravery in the Franco-
Prussian War.
Aug. * Silesia. Gen. Bliicher is made
Prince of Wahlstatt because of his vic-
tory near that place.
1815 Aug. 12. Hanover. The Guel-
phic Order of knighthood is instituted
for Kanover by the prince regent [George
IV. of England].
STATE.
1810 Mar. 1. Hanover. A part of this
province is annexed to Westphalia.
* * North Germany is annexed to
France as far eastward as the Trave,
beyond the Elbe.
It includes Oldenburg, a large part of
Westphalia, the grand duchy of Berg,
East Friesland, and the numerous Han-
seatic cities, among which are Bremen,
Hamburg, and LUbeck ; the princes are
humiliated, and their patriotism is
aroused.
* * Hesse. Frankfort becomes a grand-
duchy under Carl von Dal berg.
1811 * * Napoleon, the terror of Europe,
is at the summit of his power.
* * Baden. Charles Lewis Frederick
becomes grand duke. [1818. May 26.
Baden becomes an hereditary constitu-
tional monarchy by charter.]
1812* * War with Russia. (See Army.)
Sept. 16-19. The defeat of Napoleon
at Moscow gives Germany an opportu-
nity to free herself from France.
1813 Feb. 3. Prus. King Frederick
William III. successfully appeals to
German patriotism, and calls for volun-
teers.
Feb. 28. Prussia and Bussia enter into
an alliance against France at Kalish.
They agree to unite in offensive and
defensive operations ; the Prussian mon-
archy to be restored according to old
political relations, and Austria and Eng-
land to be invited to enter the alliance.
1813-14 Mar. 17. Prus. The War
of Liberation.
Frederick William signs the declara-
tion of war, and appeals to " my people"
and " my army " (pp. 718, 720).
Mar.* Saxony. The King of Saxony flees
from his kingdom. [Mar. 27. Napoleon
enters Dresden ; the King of Saxony re-
turn*. ]
Mar. * Mecklenburg. The dukes with-
draw from the Confederation of the
Khine.
Mar. * Great preparations are made for
the struggle on both sides of the Elbe.
June 15. Silesia. England concludes a
subsidy treaty against France, with
Prussia and Bussia, at Beichenbach.
July 5, 28, Aug. 11. France, Austria,
and Prussia are represented in the Con-
gress of Prague ; negotiations for peace
fail.
July 8. Silesia. Great Britain and Bus-
sia sign an alliance against France at
the Convention of Peterswaldau.
Aug. 12. Austria declares war against
France, supported by German allies, se-
cured by means of English subsidies.
Sept. 9. Bohemia. Bussia and Prussia
enter an alliance with Austria against
France at Teplitz (p. 521).
Oct. 8. Aust. The Treaty of Eied is
signed. Bavaria becomes an ally (p. 521).
Oct. 19. Reconstruction of German
States (p. 721).
Nov. 6. Hanover is regained for Eng-
land by Marshal Bernadotte.
Nov. 13. Neth. An insurrection
breaks out in Holland; French officials
are expelled, and the House of Orange
restored.
* * Saxony, Baden, Hesse, and WUrtem-
berg leave the Confederation, and join
the allies against France.
* * Bremen, LUbeck, and Brunswick re-
gain their independence.
* * Hesse. The electorate of Hesse-
Cassel is reestablished.
* * Silesia. Breslau is again surrendered
to the French.
1814 Jan. 14. Schleswig-Holstein. The
Peace of Kiel (p. 639).
Feb. 5-Mar. 19. Fr. Congress at
Chatillon-sur-Seine (p. 721).
Mar. * Fr. The allies, Austria, Great
Britain, Prussia, and Bussia, sign a close
alliance at Chaumont, and resolve to
depose Napoleon. [The Pentarchy of
the Great Powers.]
Mar. 13. Paris. The allies enter the
city; the French Senate declares that
Napoleon and his family have for-
feited the throne.
Apr. 6, 11. Fr. Napoleon abdicates
(p. 721).
May 30. Paris. The First Peace of
Paris (p. 721).
May * Hamburg is restored to indepen-
dence by the allies. Magdeburg is re-
stored to Prussia.
June 7-22. London. The Czar Alex-
ander and King Frederick William of
Prussia, accompanied by their victorious
generals, are enthusiastically received.
Sept. 30-15 June 10. Vienna. Im-
portant Congress of Vienna, to settle
the conflicting claims of various States,
especially of Germany (pp. 521, 721).
1814-15 Saxe-Weimar receives acces-
sions of territory, and is formed into a
grand duchy.
* * Iih. Prus. The French portion of the
Palatinate lying west of the Bhine (in-
cluding Diisseldorf and Cologne) is re-
stored to Germany.
1815 Mar. 1. Fr. Napoleon, having
escaped from Elba, arrives at Cannes to
recover his throne. [Mar. 13. The ban
against him is proclaimed by the allies.]
Mar. 20. Paris. Napoleon arrives, and
resumes the government of France.
Mar. 25. Vienna. The great powers
form a new alliance against Napoleon
(p. 521).
May 22. Prus. Frederick William
IH. grants constitutional law.
May 8. Saxony. Saxony is dismem-
bered, and a great part given to Prussia.
June 8. Vienna. The Germanic Con-
federation is constituted to supersede
the Confederation of the Bhine and the
Old Empire. [It lasts till 1866.]
The Confederation is founded.
It consists of 35 States — 31 monarchies
and four republics. The States com-
prise : one empire, Austria ; live king-
doms, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hano-
ver, and WUrtemberg ; one electorate,
Hesse-Cassel ; seven grand duchies,
Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Luxemburg,
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-
Strelitz, Saxe-Weimar, and Oldenburg;
eight duchies, Holstein (with Lau-
enburg), Brunswick, Nassau, Saxe-
Meiningen, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-
Altenburg, Anhalt-Dessau Kothen, and
Anhalt-Bernburg ; nine principalities,
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarz-
burg - Budolstadt. Schaumburg - Lippe,
Lippe-Detmold, Waldeck, Beuss the el-
der, Beuss the younger, Hesse-Homburg,
and Leichtenstein ; four free cities, LU-
beck, Frankfort, Bremen, and Hamburg.
East and West Prussia and Posen are
not included.
June 22. Fr. Napoleon again abdi-
cates.
July 1. Paris. The allies again arrive.
July 15. Napoleon surrenders him-
self to the British.
Sept. 26. Paris. The Holy Alliance
is signed (p. 521).
Nov. 20. Paris. The Second Peace
of Paris is signed (p. 723).
* * Mecklenburg.. The dukes are made
grand dukes. Frederick Francis I.
becomes grand duke.
* * Bremen is restored all its old fran-
chises.
* * Brunswick. Charles Frederick
William becomes duke of Brunswick-
Wolfenbuttel.
* * Frankfort-on-the-Main is made a
free city, and appointed capital of the
Germanic Confederation.
* * Oldenburg receives the addition of
Birkenfeld.
* * Prosperity comes with 40 years of
peace after many years of war.
1816 Nov. 16. Frankfort. The first
session of the First Diet of the Ger-
manic Confederation begins.
Nov. * Hanover. The Duke of Cam-
bridge is appointed viceroy, and a rep-
resentative government is established.
* * Wurtemberg. William I. becomes
king. [1819. He establishes represen-
tative government under a Constitution.]
* * Baden, Saxe-Weimar, Bavaria, Hesse,
WUrtemberg, and Waldeck-Pyrmont re-
ceive new constitutions.
1816-17 Hesse cedes Westphalia to
Prussia ; Mentz passes under the rule of
Hesse-Darmstadt.
812 1816,**-1827,
GERMANY.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1817 * * Bavaria. A system of stenog-
raphy is invented by Franz Gabefs-
berger.
1818* * Frankfort. Louis Spohr's Faust
appears.
1819+ * * Hesse-Nassau. Spohr's Zemire
und Azor appears at Frankfort.
1819-51 Saxony. Artbur Schopenhauer
advocates the doctrine of pessimism.
1820 * * An electroscope is invented by
Bohnenberger.
* * Color-printing is invented.
1821 June 18. Berlin. Weber's Der
Freischiitz appears. [182C. Oiieron.]
* * Rh. Prus. A musical festival is held
at tjologne.
1822 Sept.* "NaturforscherVe-
rein" is formed by a scientific associa-
tion.
1823 * * Thermoelectricity, produced
by heating pieces of copper and bismuth
soldered together, is discovered by See-
beck.
* * The philosophical lamp is con-
structed by Johann Wolfgang Doberei-
ner; he applies in it the property pos-
sessed by spongy platinum of causing
the combination of oxygen and hydro-
gen, discovered by him.
1824 * * Hesse. Etching on metal for
printing is invented by Eberhard at
Darmstadt.
* * Cobalt blue is discovered by Johann
G. Kopfner.
1825 * * Sloping tramways are used.
* * Steam navigation on the Rhine com-
mences.
* * Dr. von Fuchs invents 'water-glass, a
solution for hardening the exteriors of
buildings.
1826 * * Biela's comet is observed.
1826-60 Heinrich S. Schwabe proves the
periodicity of sun-spots. He discov-
ers that a cycle of changes in the num-
ber of spots occurs in 11 years.
1827 Feb. * Pomerania. Mendels-
sohn's Overture to Shakespeare' s Mid-
summer Night's Dream, is performed at
Stettin.
July 13. Silesia. Two waterspouts fall
on the Glatz mountains, causing devas-
tation to Hautenbach and many other
villages, and destroying many lives.
* * Ohm's Law, discovered by Georg S.
Ohm, for determining the quantity of
the electromotive force of the voltaic
battery, is published.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1816 * * Becker, Nikolaus, poet, born.
Bulow, Count Friedrich W. von, engi-
neer, A 61.
Formes, Karl, singer, born.
Freytag, Gustav, dramatist, novelist, born.
Gneist, Rudolph, jurist, born.
Hacklander, Friedrich W. von, novelist, b.
.la I] ii, Johann, R. C.-cl., orientalist, A 66.
Ludwig, Karl F. W., physiologist, born.
Miiller von Konigswinter, Wolfgang, poet, b.
Bethel, Alfred, historical painter, born.
Siemens, Krnst W., inventor, born.
Tauchnitz, Baron Christian B., Leipsic pub-
lisher, born.
Wolff, Wilhelin, sculptor, born.
Zacher, Ernst J. A., scholar, born.
1817 * * Carriere, Moritz, phil. writer, born.
Dalberg, Karl T. A. M. von, archbishop of
Mainz, scholar, writer, A 73.
Delbruck, Martin F. K., statesman, born.
Ebeling, Christoph D., scholar, hist., A76
Gratz, Hirsch, Jewish historian, born.
Herwegh, Georg, lyric poet, born.
Hildebrandt, Eduard, painter, born.
Jung-Stilling, Johann H., mystic, A77.
Klaproth, Martin H.; chemist, A74.
Lotze, Rudolph H., philosopher, born.
Mommsen, Christian M. Theodor, jurist,
antiquary, historian, born.
Schultze, Ernst, poet, A28.
•Sybel, Heinrich von, historian, born.
Vogt, Karl, naturalist, physiologist, born.
Werner, A braham T. , geol. , mineralogist, A67.
1818 * * Anderssen, Adolph, chess-player, b.
Campe, Joachim H., philan., mis. writer, A72.
Dreyschock, Alexander, pianist, composer, b.
Du Bois, Keymond E. H., physiologist, b.
Ebrard, Johann H. A., theologian, born.
Forkel, Johann N., composer, A69.
Fresenius, Karl R., chemist, born.
Hausser, Ludwig, historian, born.
Hofmann, August W., chemist, born.
Kiepert, Heinrich, geographer, born.
Kolbe, Adolf W. H., chemist, born.
Kollack, Theodor, composer, pianist, born.
Kolliker, Albert, physiologist, born.
Marx, Karl, economist, socialist, born.
Pettenkofer, Max von, chemist, born.
Schmidt, Heinrich J. critic, mis. writer, b.
Taschenberg, Ernst L., entomologist, born.
Walter, Johann G., phys., anatomist, A83.
Wuttke, Heinrich, historian, born.
1819 Sept. 13. Blucher, Gebhard L. von.
field-marshal, A77.
Abt, Franz, composer, born.
Bodenstedt, Friedrich, poet, journalist, mis.
writer, born.
Evers, Carl, composer, born.
Frerichs, Friedrich T., physician, author, b.
George V., King of Hanover, born.
Hofer, Edmund, novelist, born.
Jacobi, Friedrich H., philosopher, novelist,
mis. writer, A76.
Jaffe, I'hilipp, historian, born.
Jordan, Wilhelm, poet, born.
Kotzebue, August F. F. von, dram., A58.
Schafer, Arnold, historian, born.
Schwegler Albrecht, historian, born.
Stolberg, Count Friedrich L. von, poet, A69.
Tennemann, Wilhelm G., philosopher, A58.
1820* * Ammon, Christoph F. von, theolo-
gian, preacher, A54.
Bernhardi, August F., philologist, A51.
Blind, Karl, political agitator, mis. writer, b.
Curtius, Georg, philologist, grammarian, b.
Eschenburg, Johann J., litterateur, A77.
Kalisch, David, poet, born.
Rosenmuller, Johann C, anatomist, A49.
Schwarzenberg, Prince, Karl P., gen., A49.
Spiegel, Friedrich, orientalist, born.
Teuffel. Wilhelm 8., class, schol., philol.,b.
Tweston, Karl, statesman, mis. writer, born.
Weber, Paul, landscape painter, born.
1821 * * Achard, Franz K., chemist, A68.
Barth, Heinrich, African explorer, Worn.
Buhle, Johann G., hist, of philosophy, A58.
Dieterici, Friedrich, orientalist, born.
Engel, Ernst, statistician, born.
Fiorillo, Johann I)., painter, art-writer, A73.
Frank, Johann P., physician, A76.
Goldstucker, Theodor, Sanskrit scholar, b.
Gregorovius, Ferdinand, poet, historian, b.
Hartman, Moritz, poet, born.
Helmholtz, Hermann, physicist, born.
Mosenthal, Salomon H., dramatist, born.
Putlitz, Gustav H. G., litterateur, born.
Reinkens, Joseph H.," Old Catholic " bp., b.
Roth, Rudolf, orientalist, born.
Rustow, Wilhelm, military writer, born.
Schleicher, August, philologist, born.
Schwartz, Wilhelm, mythologist, born.
Vince, Samuel, mathematician, astro., dies.
Virchow, Rudolf, pathologist, born.
1822 * * Arrest, Heinrich L. d', astro., born.
Babo, Franz M. von, dramatist, A66.
Bauer, Wilhelm, engineer, inventor, born.
Bechstein, Johann M., naturalist, A65.
Bertuch, Friedrich J., jour., mis. writer, A75.
Clausius, Rudolf J. E., physicist, born.
Demrae, Hermann C. G., novelist, A62.
Hardenberg, Prince Karl August von, states-
man, A77.
Hergenrother, Joseph, cardinal, schol. , au. , b.
Hoffmann, Ernst T. W., story-teller, mis.
writer, A46.
Meissner, Alfred, poet, born.
Moleschott, Jacob, naturalist, physiol., born.
Overweg, Adolf, African traveler, born.
Petermann, August H., geographer, born.
Schliemann, Heinrich, archeologist, b.
Schneider, Johann G., naturalist, philologist,
lexicographer, A72.
Zauner, Franz, sculptor, A76.
1823 * * Bamberger, Ludwig, statesman, b.
Brockhaus, Friedrich A., Leipsic pub., A51.
Carus, Victor J., zoologist, author, born.
Charles I., King of Wiirtemberg, born.
Demmin, August F., art-critic, born.
Dillman, Christian F. A., orientalist, born.
Esmarch, Johannes F. A., surgeon, born.
Falk, Johann F. G., historian, born.
Gottschall, Rudolph, poet, born.
Hilgenfeld, Adolf B. C. C, Biblical critic, b.
Leuckart, Karl G. F. it., naturalist, born.
Pauli, Georg R., historian, critic, born.
Polke, Elise, novelist, born.
Reinhold, Karl L., philosopher, A65.
Siemens, Karl W., physicist, inventor, born.
Wagner, Rudolph J., chemist, born.
Werner, Friedrich L. Z., poet, dram., A55.
1824* * Aretin, Baron, Johann C. A.M. von,
missionary writer, A51.
Arnim, Count Harry Karl Kurt Eduard von,
diplomatist, born.
Auberlen, Karl A., theologian, born.
Biichner, Friedrich K. C. L., materialistic
philosopher, born.
Brachvogel, Albert E., mis. writer, born.
Ess, Karl, R. C. tlieol., Bib. scholar, A54.
Fischer, Kuno, philosopher, born.
Heuglin, Theodor von, traveler, author, born.
Kapp, Friedrich, historical, mis. writer, born.
Kjrchhoff, Gustav K., astro., plivsicist, born.
Klengel, Johann C, painter, A73.
Lazarus, Moritz C, philosopher, born.
Wolf, Friedrich A., class, schol., critic, A65.
1825 Nov. 14. Richter, Jean Paul
Friedrich, poet, novelist, satirist, A62.
Bartholdy, Jakob S., soldier, diplomatist,
historical writer, A46.
Baumgarten, Hermann, historian, born.
Burckhardt, Johann K., astronomer, A52.
CocciU8, Ernst A., oculist, born.
Eye, Johann L. A., art-historian, born.
Julg, Bernhard, philologist, born.
Knapp, Georg C., theologian, A72.
Lange, Ludwig, antiquary, archeologist, b.
Lassalle, Ferdinand, socialist, born.
Oppert, Jules, orientalist, born.
Schultze, Max, biologist, born.
Seemann, Berthold, botanist, born.
Strauss, Johann, composer, born.
TJhl, Friedrich, novelist, born.
1826 June 5. Weber, Baron Karl M. F.
E. von, composer, musician, A40.
Bastian, Adolph, ethnologist, born.
Bauer, Ferdinand, botanical painter, A84.
Bode, Johann E., astronomer, A79.
Chrysander, Friedrich, musical critic, born.
Fesca, Friedrich E., musician, composer, A37.
Fraunhofer, Joseph von, Bavarian optician,
A39.
Gabler, Johann P., theologian, A73.
Gegenbaur, Karl, anatomist, biologist, born.
Hebel, Johann P., poet, A 66.
Krupp, Friedrich, iron manufacturer, dies.
Lang, Heinrich, clergyman, author, born.
Lubke, Wilhelm, historian of art, born.
Lutz, Johann von, statesman, born.
Oberlin, Jean F., social reform., philan., A86.
Ottendorfer, Oswald, journalist, politician
in America, born.
Peschel, Oskar F., geographer, born.
Piloty, Karl T. von, painter, born.
Scheffel, Joseph V. von, poet, born.
Schlagintweit, Hermann^ traveler, born.
Staudlin, Karl F., theologian, A65.
TJeberweg, Friedrich, philosopher, born.
Vater, Johann S., theologian, philol., A55.
Voss, Johann B., poet, philologist, A75.
1827 Mar. 26. Beethoven, Ludwig van.
composer, A57.
CHURCH.
1816 * * The Strasburg, Frankfort, Lau-
enburg-Ratzeburg, Lippe-Detmold, and
Rostock Bible Societies are organized.
1817* *Prus. The 300th anniversary
of the Reformation is celebrated by a
jubilee.
* * The festival of the Wartburg in Sax-
ony is held where Luther translated the
Scriptures.
June 30. Prus. The Prussian Govern-
ment orders the word evangelical to be
used in place of Protestant, which has
become obsolete.
* *The Eutin Bible Society for the Prin-
cipality of Lubeck, and the Hesse-Darm-
stadt, the Waldeck, and Pyrmont Bible
Societies are organized.
* * Hesse-Nassau. The Evangelical Church
in Germany begins with a fusion of the
Lutherans and Calvinisits in Nassau. [It
is followed by similar movements in
many parts of Germany.]
1818 * * The Eisenach, Gottingen, Miil-
hausen, Hanau, and Hesse-Cassel Bible
Societies are organized. [1820. The
Colmar and Duchy of Baden Bible So-
cieties.]
1821* *The Anhalt, Bernburg, and
Weimar Bible Societies are organized.
GERMANY.
1816, * *-1827,
813
1822 Jan. 12. Saxony. The Chief
Mission Society of Evangelical
Lutherans, for promoting true Biblical
knowledge among Israel, is formed at
Dresden.
Feb. 1. Berlin. The Society for Pro-
moting Christianity among the Jews is
formed at the instance of Lewis Way
and Prof. Tholuck.
1823* * Berlin. Pastor Janick's Mission
Seminary develops into the Berlin Mis-
sionary Society.
* * Bavaria. The Bavarian Protestant
Institution at N urernberg [ Bible Society]
is organized.
* * Rome. Leo XII. becomes pope. [1829.
Pius VIII.]
LETTERS.
1816 * * Pr. Saxony. The University
of Erfurt suspends. '
* * The Original Form of the Nibelungen-
noth, by Karl K. F. W. Lachmann, ap-
pears.
* * A translation of ^Eschylus' Agamem-
non, by K. VV. Humboldt, appears. [1821,
Researches on the Aborigines of Spain by
Means of the Basque Language.']
* * On the Conjugation System of the San-
skrit Language, Glossarium Sanscritum,
and a Critical Grammar of the Sanskrit
Tongue, by Franz Bopp, appear.
1817 * * Political Economy of the Athe-
nians, by August Bockh, appears.
* * A Ministry of Education is formed
in Prussia.
* * The Ancestress, by Franz Grillparzer,
appears. [1818, Sapp ho; 1821, The Golden
Fleeces 1825, King Ottokar's Fortune and
End.]
1817-18 Geography in Relation to Na-
ture and to the History of Man, by Karl
Ritter, appears.
1817-41 History of the World in a Con-
nected Relation, by Friedrich C. Schlos-
ser, appears. [1823, History of the 18th
Century : 1824-36, Universal Historical
View of the History of the Ancient World.]
* * Wehmuller, Kasperlund Aunerl, Ponce
de Lion, The Foundation of Prague, and
Des Knaben Wunderhorn, a collection of
national ballads by Clemens Brentano,
appear.
1818* * Enchanted Rose, by Ernst
Schulze, appears.
* * Miller Songs, by Wilhelm MUller, ap-
pears. [1821, Songs of the Greeks.]
* * Friedrich A. Brockhaus's Conversa-
tions Lexicon, appears.
* * Rh. Prus. The University of Bonn —
the Rhenish Frederick Wilhelm Univer-
sity— is founded.
* * Literarisches Wochenblatt is issued.
1819 * * The World as Will and Appear-
ance or Representation, by Schopenhauer,
appears.
* * The universities are placed under
police supervision by the Government
to repress the progress of liberal ideas.
* * Baron H. F. von Stein founds the so-
ciety for the publication of the Monu-
menta Germanis Historia, the object
being to promote the knowledge of
ancient German History.
* * * Free schools are established.
1819-31 Saxony. Hermes is issued at
Leipsic.
1820 * * History of the Hellenic Races
and Cities, by Karl Otfried Miiller,
appears. [1824-30, The Dorians: 1825,
Introduction to a Scientific System of
Mythology and On the Origin and An-
cient History of the Macedonians ; 1828,
The Etruscans; 1830, Manual of the
Archeology of Art.]
1821 * * Bertrand du Guesclin, by Foque,
appears.
* * Ghaselin and other poems, by August
Platen, appears.
* * Poems, by Tieck, appears. [1826, Revolt
of the Civennes.]
* * The Battle of Hermann and The Prince
of Homburg, by Kleist, appear.
* * Wilhelm Meister's Traveling Years,
by Goethe, appears. [1829. Revised].
1821-22 * * Christian Dogma according
to the Fundamental Principles of the
Evangelical Church, by Schleiermacher,
appears.
1822 * * Memorable Occurences from the
History of Christianity and Christian
Life, hy Neander, appears. [1825^62,
General History of the Christian Reli-
gion and Church.]
* * Love's Spring and Eastern Roses, by
Riickert, appear.
* * Poems, by Heinrich Heine, appears.
[1823, Amansor and Radcliff; 1826-31,
Pictures of Travel; 1827, Book of Songs.]
* * Saxony. The German Union of
Natural Philosophers, the forerunner
of the British Association, is founded by
Oken at Leipsic ; its object is partly to
promote political unity in Germany.
1823 * * Walladmor, by Wilibald Alexis
(Wilhelm Haring), appears.
1823-30 * * Indische Bibliothek is issued
by August W. von Schlegel.
1824 * * Histories df the Romanic and the
Teutonic Peoples, 1494-1535, by Leopold
von Ranke, appears. [1827, Princes and
Peoples of Southern Europe in the 16th
and 17th Centuries; 1829, The Servian
Revolution ; 1831, The Conspiracy Against
Venice in 1688.]
* * The Corpus Inscriptionum Grsecorum
is begun by Bockh.
* * Die AVschylische Trilogie Prometheus,
by Friedrich G. Welcker, appears.
* * Ideas on the Politics, Commerce, and
Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiq-
uity, by Heeren, appears.
* * War on the Philistines, by Eichendorff,
appears. [1826, From the Life of a Good-
for-Nothing .]
1825 Aug. 2. The Wacht des deutschen
Vaterland ("Watch of the Genman
, Fatherland "), German national hymn,
* by Reichardt, is first publicly sung.
1826 * * Bavaria. The University of
Landshut is moved to Munich, and
united to the Academy of Sciences.
* * The Fatal Fork, by Platen, appears.
[1828, Poems; 1829, Romantic (Edipus.]
* * Lichtenstein, by Wilhelm Hauff, ap-
pears. [1827, The Man in the Moon, The
Portrait of the Emperor, and other tales.]
* * An edition of the Nibelungenlied, by
Lachmann, appears.
* * Die Menschenerziehung, a work on edu-
cation, by Friedrich Froebel, appears.
SOCIETY.
1818 * * Wiirtemberg. King William I.
abolishes serfdom.
1819 Mar. 23. Baden. August F. F.
von Kotzebue, a popular dramatist, on
suspicion of being a Russian spy, is as-
sassinated at Mannheim by a student
named Sand.
* * The students organize a secret so-
ciety (Burschenschaft). [The secret
societies are hunted out by the Govern-
ment in suppressing liberty.]
STATE.
1818 Aug. 22. Bavaria. The king
grants a constitutional charter.
Oct. 9. Rh. Prus. The Congress of
Aix-la-Chapelle.
The sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and
Prussia, aided by ministers of Great Britain,
France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, sign a
convention for the withdrawal of the army
of occupation from France, and the recep-
tion of France into European concert.
* * Baden. Louis William becomes
grand duke. [1830. Leopold.]
1819 Aug. 1. Bohemia. The ministers
of Austria and Prussia meet in the Con-
gress of Karlsbad with representatives
of minor German States.
(Aug. 19.) The Congress is reactionary,
and recommends the " Karlsbad Decrees,
establishing the censorship of the press, the
investigation of " demagogical " citizens, and
the suppression of the Burschenschaft — a
secret organization of students. Jletternich
is the controlling spirit. [ Sept. 20. Adopted. ]
* * Prus. Baron W. von Humboldt,
minister and privy councilor to the
king, resigns his office because of the
king's opposition to a liberal constitu-
tion.
1820 Jan. 29. Hanover. George Au-
gustus Frederick [George IV., King
of England] becomes king. [1830. June
26. William Henry (William IV. of Eng-
land).]
May 17. The Confederation gives Aus-
tria and Prussia preponderating influ-
ence.
May * Vienna. The Final Act of Vi-
enna is signed by the Congress of Min-
isters in opposition to liberal govern-
ment.
Oct. 20 -Dec. * Aust. Congress of
Troppau.
Russia and Austria and Prussia unite
for the consideration of popular politi-
cal movements, and the preservation of
the Holy Alliance.
1821 Jan. * Aust. The Congress cf
Laibach resolves to put down popular
insurrections (p. 521).
* * Hesse. William II. becomes elector.
[1831. Sept. 30. He abdicates in favor
of the electoral prince as co-regent.]
1822 * * It. The Congress of Verona
(p. 521).
1823 Oct. 30. Brunswick. Charles
Frederick William assumes the gov-
ernment of Brunswick. [The German
Diet declares he is incapable of reigning.
1830. Sept. 7. An insurrection breaks
out, followed by a revolution ; the duke
escapes by flight, and retires to England.
He is succeeded by his brother William.]
1825 Oct. 13. Bavaria. Louis I. be-
comes king.
* * Prus. Mail routes are established.
1826 * * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Ernest re-
signs Saalfeld to Meiningen, receiving
in return Gotha, and assuming the title
of Ernest I.
* *Altenburg is assigned to the Duke
of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who takes the
title of Duke of Saxe-Altenburg.
* * Saxe-Meiningen acquires Hildburg-
hausen, Saalfeld, Kemburg, Kranich-
feld, and other territory.
814 1327, * *-1841, Feb. 12
GERMANY.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1827 * * Von Fuchs invents stereoch-
romy, a mode of painting in -which
water-glass serves as the connecting me-
dium between the color and the sub-
stratum.
* * The needle-gun is invented by Jo-
hann N. Dreyse of Soemmerda.
* * Prua. Ernst von Baer of Kiinigsberg
demonstrates that all mammals are de-
veloped from a minute egg not a
hundredth of an inch in diameter.
1828 * * Tbe rare metal yttrium is first
obtained by Frederick Woler.
1829 Apr. 9. E. Prua. Danzig is in-
undated by the Vistula breaking
through some of its dikes ; 10,000 head
of cattle and 4,000 houses are destroyed,
and many lives are lost.
1830 Oct. 18. Bavaria. The temple
Walhalla, the Hall of Glory, near Ratis-
bon, is begun by Louis, King of Bavaria,
to receive the statues and memorials of
the great men of Germany.
* * Ilease. Baron Justus von L i e b i g ' s
analysis of organic substances appears
at Giessen. [1732. He discovers chlo-
roform and chloral.]
1831* * Meyerbeer's opera, Robert le
Diable, appears. [1836. The Hugue-
nota.]
* * Cholera morbus prevails.
1833 * * Electromagnetic telegraph
machines are invented by Gauss and
Weber. The first telegraph actually
constructed and used is set up at Got-
tingen.
1835 Dec. 7. Bavaria. The first rail-
way in Germany is opened between Nu-
remberg and Fiirth ; worked by horses.
1836 May 22. Rh.Prus. Mendels-
sohn's St. Paul is produced at the Lower
Rhine festival at Diisseldorf.
* * Wiirtemberg. The last guild of meis-
tersanger is dissolved at Ulm.
1837 * * Coal-tar colors are invented by
Otto P. Runge.
* * A locomotive railway is opened from
Leipsic to Dresden.
1839 * * Belg. The cell theory is pro-
pounded by Theodor Schwann ; it holds
that the ultimate particles of all tissues
consist of small cells.
* * Agassiz publishes his work on fresh-
water fishes.
1840 * * Anilin is invented by Hoffmann
and Fritzsche.
* * Agassiz discourses on the glacial
period and blocks carried over Europe
by ice.
1841 * * A system of stenography is in-
vented by Stolze.
Feb. 12. E. Prua. Frederick W. Bessel
discovers the annual parallax of star
61 Cygni. [He calculates its distance
from the earth to be about sixty billion
of miles.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1827 * * Brugsch Bey, Heinrich K., Egyp-
tologist, b.
Chladni, Ernst F. E., phil., inventor, A71.
Eichhorn, Johann G., Biblical critic, A75.
Ealk, Paul I* A., statesman, born.
Hauff, Wilhelm, novelist, A25.
Miiller, Wilhelm, lyric poet, A33.
Schnlte, Johann F.. " Old Catholic " theol., b.
Vulpius, Christian A., author, A65.
Ziegler, Friedrich W., actor, A67.
1828 Nov. 19. Schubert, Franz, com-
poser, A31.
Ahlwardt, Theodor W., orientalist, born.
Albert, King of Saxony, born.
Bargiel, Woldemar, musician, born.
Becker, August, poet, born.
Bouterwek, Friedrich, phil., critic, A57.
Conn, Ferdinand, botanist, born.
Frederick Charles, Prince of Prussia, gen., t).
Ersch, Johann S., cyclopedist, A62.
Gall, Franz J., phy.,fdr. of phrenology, A70.
Grafe, Albreeht von, oculist, born.
Grosse, Julius, poet, dram., novelist, born.
Niemeyer, August H., author, A74.
Schrever, Adolph, painter, born.
Schilling, Johann, sculptor, born.
Thaer, Albert, agriculturist, writer, A76.
1829 * * Brehm, Alfred E., naturalist, born.
Buttmann, Pliilipp K., philologist, A65.
Deut8ch, Emanuel O. M., orientalist, born.
Dittes, Friedrich, educator, born.
Fick, Adolf, biologist, born.
Geiger, Lazarus, scholar, born.
Goldschmidt, Levin, jurist, born.
Hassel, Johann G. H., statistician, A59.
Hillebrand, Karl, historian, born.
Kayserling, Moses, Hebrew preacher, histo-
rian, born.
Kekule, Friedrich A., chemist, born.
Lasker, Eduard, statesman, born.
Meding, Oskar, novelist, born.
Noire, Ludwig, monistic philosopher, born.
Schlagintweit, Adolf, traveler, born.
Schlegel. Karl W. von, scholar, hist., A57.
Spielhagen, Friedrich, novelist, born.
Vogel, Eduard, African traveler, born.
1830 * * Ahlwardt, Christian W., philol., A70.
Becker, Ernst A., painter, born.
Benin, Ernst, geographer, born.
Bulow, Hans G. von, pianist, composer, b.
Dummler, Ernst L., historian, born.
Ebel, Johann G., geologist, A66.
Heyse, Johann L. P., poet, dram., novelist, b.
Huber, Johann N., " Old Catholic " theol., b.
Meyer, Leo, philologist, born.
Miiller, Sophie, tragic actor, A 27.
Sommering, Samuel T. von, anatomist, phys-
iologist, A75.
Weishaupt, Adam, jurist, philosopher, A82.
1831 June 29. Stein, Baron Heinrich
F. K. von, statesman, A74.
Oct. 18. Friedrick III., Prince of Prussia,
Emperor of Germany, born.
Albertine, Johann B. von, Moravian clergy-
man, pulpit orator, A 62.
Arnim, Ludwig A., poet, A50.
Baumstark, Reinhold L., author, born.
Caprivi, de Caprara de Montecucoli, Georg
Leo von, chancellor, born.
Clausewitz, Karl von, Prussian general, A51.
Conze, Alexander C. L., archeologist, born.
Dinter, Gustav F., educationist, A71.
Eschscholtz, Johann F., naturalist, A38.
Gneisenau, Count August N., marshal, A71.
Hegel, Georg: W. F., philosopher, A61.
Hermes, Georg, R. C. theologian, A 56.
Jadassohn, Salomon, composer, born.
Kreutzer, Rudolf, composer, A 65.
K linger, Friedrich M. von, dramatist, novel-
ist, soldier, A78. '
La Fontaine, August H. J., novelist, A75.
Matthisson, Friedrich von, poet, A70.
Nlebuhr, Barthold G., hist., philol., A55.
Nitzsch, Karl L., theologian, A80.
Planck, Heinrich L., theological writer, A46.
Pleyel, Ignaz, composer, A 74.
Tittmann, Johann A. H., Biblical critic, A58.
Weigel, Christian K. von, naturalist, A83.
Zobel, Benjamin, artist, A69.
1832 Mar, 22. Goethe, Johann Wolf-
gang-, poet, dramatist, novelist, phil., A83.
Bartsch, Karl P., philologist, born.
Beck, Christian 1)., hist., philologist, A75.
Devrient, Ludwig, actor, A 48.
Foerster, Wilhelm, astronomer, born.
Gomperz, Theodor, philologist, born.
Gentz, Friedrich von, states., pol. wr., A66.
Gunther, Albert C. C. G., naturalist, born.
Hayne, Friedrich G., botanist, A69.
Junkermann, August, actor, born.
Rothschild, Nathan M., financier, A55.
Semper, Karl, traveler, naturalist, born.
Spiess, Heinrich, painter, born.
Spurzheim, Johann G., physician, phrenolo-
gist, A 56.
Wundt, Wilhelm M., physiologist, born.
1833 * * Becker, Jean, violinist, born.
Beer, Michael, dramatist, A33.
Brahms, Johannes, composer, born.
Chrlstlieb, Theodor, clergyman, au., born.
Dove, Richard W., jurist, born.
DUhring, Eugen K., philosopher, born.
Diimlchen, Johannes, Egyptologist, born.
Feuerbach, Paul J. A., jurist, A58.
Hauser, Kaspar, the mysterious Nuremberg
foundling, dies.
Konig, Friedrich, inventor of steam printing-
press, A58.
Meckel, Johann F., anatomist, A52.
Passow, Franz L. C. F., philologist, lexicog-
rapher, A49.
Planck, Gottlieb J., theol., church hist., A82.
Schlagintweit, Robert, traveler, born.
Scholl, Maximilian S. F., hist., pub., A67.
Sprengel, Knrt, botanist, A67.
1834 * * Ebert, Fried. A., bibliographer, A43.
Haeckel, Ernst H.. naturalist, born.
Knebel, Karl L. von, litterateur, A90.
Nachtigal, Gustav, traveler, born.
Rohlfs, Gerhard, explorer, born.
Schleiermacher. Friedrich E., theologian,
critic, mis. writer, A66.
Senefelder, Alois, inv. of lithography, A63.
Tychsen, Thomas C, philologist, A76.
Zollner, Johann K. F., physicist, astron., b.
1835 Mar. 2. Francis II. , emperor, A67.
Autenrieth, Johann H. F. von, physician,
author, A 63.
Bayer, Adolf, chemist, born.
Bottiger. Karl A., archeologist, A75.
Brackel, Ferdinande von, poet, novelist, b.
Claus, Karl F. W., zoologist, born.
Goltz, Hermann von der, cl., author, born.
Humboldt, Baron Karl W. von, philolo-
gist, statesman, A68.
Klaproth, Heinrich J. von, orientalist, A52.
Rosenmiiller, Ernst F. K., Bib. critic, A67.
Speckter, Erwin, painter, A29.
1836 * * Daub, Karl, theologian, A71.
Hufeland, Christoph W., physician, A74.
Plitt, Gustav L., clergyman, author, born.
Schrader, Eberhard, Assyriologist, born.
Schweinfurth, Georg A., trav., explorer, b.
Tauchnitz, Karl C. F., printer, bookseller,
A75.
1837 * * Ancillon, Johann P. F., statesman,
historian, A71.
Bandmann, Daniel E., actor, born.
Borne, Ludwig, political writer, A51.
Dissen, Georg L., class, scholar, philol., A53.
Ebers, Georg, novelist, Egyptologist, born.
Hummel, Johann N., pianist, composer, A59.
Kluber, Johann L., jurist, politician, A75.
Quaglio, Donenico, architectural paint., A53.
Rosen, Friedrich A., philologist, A32.
Treviranus, Gottfried R., physiologist, A51.
Trommsdorff, Johann B., chemist, A 67.
1838 * * Accum, Friedrich, chemist, A69.
Chamisso, Adalbert von, poet, natural., A57.
Dohrn, Heinrich, malacologist, born.
M older, Johann A., R. C. theologian, A42.
Wrede, Prince, Karl P., field-marshal, A71.
1839 * * Cohnheim, Julius F., pathologist, b.
Euting, Julius, orientalist, born.
Gans, Eduard, jurist, A41.
Guts Muths, Johann C. F., founder of Ger-
man system of gymnastics, A80.
Habicht, Christian M., orientalist, A64.
Koch, Joseph A., painter, A71.
Ohlmiiller, Joseph D., architect, A48.
Olshansen, Hermann, theologian, au., A43.
Schelling, Friedrich G.. novelist, A73.
Witzeleben, Karl A. F., novelist, A66.
1840 June 7. Frederick William III..
King of Prussia, A66.
Blumenbach. Johann F., naturalist, physi-
ologist, A88.
Bohlen, Peter von, orientalist, A44.
Dohrn, Anton, zoologist, born.
Follen, Charles T. C, clergyman, theologian
in (U. S. A.), A45.
Gnauth, Gustav A., architect, born.
Gotz, Hermann, composer, born.
Grafe, Karl von, oculist, A53.
Hartmann, Eduard von, philosopher, born.
Littrow, Joseph J., astronomer, A59.
Miiller, Karl Otfried, classical scholar, his-
torian, antiquary, A43.
Olbers, Heinrich W. M., astronomer, A82.
Rotteck, Karl von, jurist, states., hist., A65.
Thibaut, Anton F., jurist, A 66.
CHURCH.
1829 June 24. Several small societies
are united under the name of the Rhen-
ish Mission Society.
1830 * * Methodism is introduced.
1831* * Pome. Gregory XVI. is pope.
1834 Apr. 23. Hamburg. American
Baptist missionaries engage in mission-
work in Germany ; Rev. Barnas Sears
baptizes seven persons in the River
Elbe.
1833 * * A dispute occurs with the Holy
See. [It is ended by concessions.]
Aug. 17. A (aace- Lorraine. The Society
of Israel's Friends is founded at Stras-
burg.
1836 * * Saxony. The Leipsic Evan-
gelical Lutheran Society is founded.
Apr. 9. The North German Mission-
ary Society is organized.
* * The Society for Christian Care of Jew-
ish Proselytes is formed as a supplement
to the Berlin Society, which confines it-
self to purely missionary work.
GERMANY.
1827, * *-1841, Feb. 12. 815
* * The Anhalt-Dessau Bible Society is
organized.
1837 * * Rh. Prus. The Archbishop of
Cologne is confined in the fortress of
Miden, having been forbidden attend-
ance at Bonn.
1840 June 7. Prus. Frederick William
IV. comes to the throne, and soon makes
concessions to the church.
* * Prus. The Government disputes -with
Roman Catholic clergy begin ; ultra-
montanism appears.
* * Rev. Johann G. Oncken, the Baptist
pastor and missionary, is imprisoned by
the Government.
He is prohibited from administering
the sacraments, and all persons except
his own household are prohibited attend-
ance at his family worship.
LETTERS.
1827 * * The Jew, by Karl Spindler, ap-
pears.
1827-46 * * Jahrbuch fur wissenschaft-
liche Kritik is issued by Cotta.
1828 * * Poet-life, by Tieck, appears.
* * Legal Antiquities of Germany, by Ja-
cob Grimm, appears. [1835, German
Mythology.]
* * A True Servant of His Master, by
Grillparzer, appears. [1831, The Waves
of Love and of the Sea.]
1829 * * The German Heroic Legend, by
Wilhelm Grimm, appears.
* * The Seeress of Prevorst, by Andreas J.
Kerner, appears.
* * Don Juan and Faust, by Christian D.
Grabbe, appears. [1829-30, Friedrich Bar-
barossa and HeinrichlV. ; 1838, Battle of
Hermann.]
1829-34 The Collected Writings of Lud-
wig Borne appear.
1829-53 History of Philosophy, by Hein-
rich Ritter, appears.
1830-35 Hanover. Prince Bismarck
studies at the University of Gottingen.
* * Hesse. Polytechnic schools are es-
tablished in Darmstadt.
* * Original Documents for German His-
tory, by Friedrich C. Dahlmann, appears.
[1840-43, History of Denmark.]
1830-37 Lexicon Arabico-Latinvm and
Proverbs of the Arabs, by G. W. P. Frey-
tag, appear.
1830-44 The Dramatic Works of Ernst
B. S. Raupach appear.
1832 * * The Second Part of Faust, by
Goethe, appears.
July 16. Rh. Prus. The Diet at Frank-
fort issues a protocol suppressing the
liberty of the press in Baden.
* * History of the Planting of the Apostolic
Church, byNeander, appears. [1837, The
Life of Jesus Christ in its Historical Re-
lation.]
1833 * * History of Alexander the Great,
by Johann G. Dfoysen, appears. [1836-
43, History of Hellenism.]
1833-35 Origin of Christianity , by Jo-
hann J. I. Dollinger, appears. [1838, A
Treatise on the History of the Church.]
1834* * Repertorium der gesammten
deutschen Literatur is issued.
* * Literarische Zeitung is issued at Ber-
lin.
1834-37 Reisenovellen (Tales of Travels),
by Heinrich Laube, appears. [1843, The
Countess Ch&teaubriand.]
1834-37 The Popes of Rome, by Ranke,
appears. [1839-47, German History in
the Period of the Reformation.]
1835* * Wally the Skeptic, by KuriGutz-
kow, appears. [1841, Patkul.]
* * Poems, by Ida M. S. L. Hahn-Hahn,
appears. [18M, Countess Faustine.]
* * Dr. Solon, by Heine, appears. [1836,
The Romantic School.]
1835-42 History of the Rational Poetic
Literature of the Germans, by Gervinus,
appears.
1836 * * On the Myth of the Northern
Legend of Thor, by Uhland, appears.
1837 * * Frederick Froebel opens a
kindergarten at Blankenburg in Thu-
ringia.
* * Spinoza, by Berthold Auerbach, ap-
pears. [1839, The Poet and Merchant;
1842, The Cultivated Citizen; 1843, Vil-
lage Tales of the Black Forest.]
* * Art of German Prose, by Theodor
Mundt, appears. [1842, History of Con-
temporary Literature.]
* * Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung is issued.
* * Hanover. Seven professors of the
University of Gottingen — Jacob and
"William Grimm, Dahlmann, Gervinus,
Ewald, Albrecht, and Weber — are dis-
missed and banished for signing a pro-
test against the King of Hanover's
abrogation of the constitution.
1837-51 Dictionary of Chemistry, by
Justus von Liebig, appears. [1840, Or-
ganic Chemistry in its Application to
Agriculture and Physiology ; 1842, Ani-
mal Chemistry in its Application. to Phys-
iology and Pathology?]
1838 * * Hallische Jahrbuch is issued.
1839 * * Platonic Studies, by Eduard Zel-
ler, appears. [1844-52, The Philosophy
of the Greeks ; 1847, History of the Chris-
tian Church.]
1840 * * History of the Literature of An-
cient Greece, by Karl Otfried MUUer,
appears.
1840-41 Thou shalt not have it, the Free
German Rhine, a song by Nikolaus
Becker, appears, in response to the pro-
posed annexation of the valley of the
Rhine to France ; it is answered by Al-
fred de Musset in the Le Rhin Alle-
mande.
SOCIETY.
1829 June 11. [Emperor] William I.
is married to the Princess Augusta of
Saxe-Weimar.
1830 * * The term " Philistines " is ap-
plied by the Liberal party to the oppo-
nents of progress — the Conservative
party.
1833* * Hesse-Nassau. A riot occurs at
Frankfort.
1837 * * Hesse. A festival in honor of
John Gutenberg is held at Mentz.
STATE.
1827* * Saxony. Anthony Clement
becomes king. [Sept. 13. A revolu-
tion occurs ; Anthony abdicates ; Fred-
erick Augustus [II.] is regent. Liberal
uprisings occur throughout Europe.
1831. Sept. 4. A constitution is adopted.
1836. Frederick Augustus becomes king.]
1828-53 Saxe-Weimar. Charles Fred-
erick is grand duke.
± * * The Zollverein, or German Cus-
toms Union, is gradually formed among
North German States. [It paves the way
for a national union in 1834.]
1829 May 21. Oldenburg. Augustus
becomes grand duke.
1830 July 27-39* * Paris. The Rev-
olution arrests the attention of Europe.
* * Hesse. Louis II. becomes grand duke
of Hesse-Darmstadt.
* * The Customs Union includes a pop-
ulation of 25,000,000, and a territory of
80,600 square miles.
1831 Jan. 5. Hesse. The Constitu-
tion of Hesse-Cassel is given ; the Cham-
ber receives the exclusive right of voting
taxes.
1832 June 28. New Confederate
laws are passed.
1833 * * Frankfort. Students make un-
successful attempts at insurrection.
1834. [May * They fail the second time.]
Two policemen are overpowered for a
few hours, and the reactionary spirit
spreads rapidly throughout Germany.
* * Bohemia. A meeting of sovereigns
takes place at Munchengratz ; Austria,
Prussia, and Russia are represented.
[Conference of ministers is held at Tep-
litz.]
1834 Jan. 1. The German Tariff
Union is established.
It is finally accomplished after long
endeavor by Prussia, and called the
Zollverein by Maassen, the Prussian
Minister of Finance. [It is gradually
joined by all the States except Austria.]
* * Vienna. A conference of ministers
is held.
* * * The French Revolution has stirred
the people of Southwestern States to a
more vigorous political life.
1835 Mar. 2. Aust. The Emperor
Francis I. dies [and is succeeded by his
son, Ferdinand I.].
Metternich is his councillor of state
(p. 521).
1836 Oct. 30. Alsace. Louis Napo-
leon attempts to raise an insurrection
at Strasburg (p. 727).
1837 June 20. Eng. Victoria suc-
ceeds William IV. of Hanover, her
uncle, to the throne of Great Britain.
[Hanover is separated from England
on the death of William IV., under the
operation of the Salic law.]
Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumber-
land, brother of William IV. of Eng-
land, becomes king. [He abolishes the
Constitution, and revives an older and
less liberal one.]
* * Rh. Prus. Droste von Vischering,
archbishop of Cologne, has a quarrel
with the Government about marriages
between persons of different religious
beliefs ; he is arrested.
1840 June 7. Prus. Frederick "Wil-
liam III. dies [and is succeeded by his
son].
1840-61 Prus. Frederick William
IV. is king.
1840 * * Prus. Governmental disputes
with Roman Catholic clergy Increase.
July 15. England, Austria, Prussia, and
Russia enter a treaty of alliance with
Turkey, to the exclusion of France-
[Austria and England force its decis-
ion.] (P. 729.)
816 1841, June 22-1848, * *.
GERMANY.
ARMY— NAVY.
1842 Nov. 12. Berlin is declared in
a state of siege.
1848 * * "War with Denmark respect-
ing Schleswig-Holstein, caused in part
by the open letter of Christian VIII. (p.
641).
Mar. 24. Schleswig-Holstein. B, ends-
burg is taken. [Apr. 9. Defeat at
Flensburg. Apr. 23. Danes defeated
at the Danewerk.] (P. 610.)
Apr. *-Aug. * Schlesioig-Holstein.
Troops are furnished to the two duch-
ies by Prussia and the German confed-
eracy, to form a new army.
May 2. Den. The fortress of Frede-
ricia is captured by the Schleswig-Hol-
stein troops and Prussians.
July 25. The Italians are defeated at
Custozza by Radetzky.
Aug. 26. Sweden. The Truce of
Malmo for seven months (p. 640).
Nov. 10. Berlin. Gen. Wrangel en-
ters Berlin without opposition.
Nov. 12. Berlin. A state of siege pro-
claimed ; the burgher-guard is dismissed
by the king, but it refuses to disband.
* * Austria and Hungary are at war (p.
521 +).
* * "War between Austria and Sar-
dinia (p. 520+).
ART — SCIENCE
NATURE.
opened
1841 * * A steam-railway
from Berlin to Magdeburg.
* * Berlin. Anastatic printing, in which
printed matter is transferred upon zinc
plates, is invented by Baldermus.
1842 * * Robert W. R. Bunsen constructs
the first carbon battery.
1843 Jan. 1. Alsace-Lorraine. The
astronomical clock of the Strasburg
Cathedral, stopped for a long time, and
repaired by M. Schwilgue, is inaugu-
rated.
1845 Oct. 19. Saxony. "Wagner's
Tannhauser appears at Dresden. [1848.
Lohengrin.]
* * The name odyl is given by Baron Karl
von Reichenbach to a so-called new " im-
ponderable or influence," said to give
rise to luminous phenomena, visible to
certain sensitive persons only.
1846 Sept. 23. Berlin. The planet
Neptune is discovered by Johann G.
Galle.
* * Guncotton Is invented by Christian
Friedrich Schonbein.
1847 * * The electric light is much im-
proved by Moritz H. Jacobi.
1848 Aug. 15. Rh. Prus. The body of
the cathedral at Cologne is opened in
the presence of the king on the 600th an-
niversary of its foundation.
* * An induction electrometer is in-
vented by Peltier.
* * Anti-phosphoric matches are in-
vented by BottgeT.
* * Meyerbeer's opera, Le Prophete, ap-
pears.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
F., scholar, teacher,
Schinkel, Karl F., architect, A60.
Tiedge, Christoph A., poet, A89.
1842 * * Brentano, Clemens, novelist, dram-
atist, A65.
Gesenius, Friedrich H. W., orientalist, Bib-
lical critic, A56.
Hase, Heinrich, antiquary, A53.
Heeren, Arnold H. L., historian, A82.
Hellwald, Friedrich A. H. von, geographer, b.
Krug, Wilhelm T., philosopher, A72.
Lampadius, Wilhelm A., chemist, A70.
1843 * * Adelung, Friedrich, philologist, A75.
Augustus, Friedrich, W. H., Prince of Prus-
sia, A64.
Baumgarten-Crusius, L. F. 0., theol., A55.
Fouque. Friedrich. Baron de la Motte,
poet, novelist, A66.
Fries, Jakob F., philosopher, A70.
Hahnemann, Samuel C. F., physician,
founder of homeopathic system, A88.
Kind, Johann F., poet, novelist, dram., A75.
Perthes, Christian F., publisher, A71.
Pichler, Caroline, novelist, A74.
1844 * * Held, Adolf, economist, born.
Hugo, Gustav, jurist, A80.
Kielmeyer, Karl F. von, naturalist, A79.
1845 * * Becker, Nikolaus, poet, A 29.
Berger, Ludwig, composer, A68 1.
Junghans, Sophie, novelist, born.
Krummacher, Friedrich A., theologian, poet,
mis. writer, A77.
Schlegel. August W.. poet, orientalist,
critic, A78.
1846 * * Bessel, Friedrich W., astron., A62.
Ideler, Christian L., astron., linguist, A80.
Marheineke, Philipp K., author, A66.
Theremin, Ludwig F. F., cl., author, A63.
Zimmern, Helen, German author in Eng., b.
1847 Nov. 4. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,
Felix, composer, A 38.
IMeffenbach, Johann F., surgeon, A53.
Ess, Leander von, theologian, A75.
Jacobs, Friedrich C. W., classical scholar,
critic, A83.
Materna, Amalie, vocalist, born.
Rapp, (ieorge, founder of sect of Harmo-
nists, A77.
1848 * * Blum, Robert, democratic pol., A41.
Bretschneider, Karl G., rationalistic theolo-
gian, A72.
Geiger, Ludwig, historian, born.
Gorres, Jakob J., publicist, mis. writer, A72.
Hasse, Friedrich C. A., historical wr., A75.
Hermann, Johann G. J., philologist, A76.
Schwanthaler, Ludwig M., sculptor, A46.
Zschokke, Johann H. I)., mis. writer, A77.
CHURCH.
1842 June 28. Berlin. TheGossner
Missionary Society is confirmed in its
organization by the king's cabinet.
* * Cologne. The cathedral repairs are
completed, and new buildings are
founded.
1844-59 The Codex Sinaiticus, presu-
mably written in the 4th century, is dis-
covered by M. Constantino Tischendorf,
a Biblical paleontologist, philologist,
and critic, at St. Catherine's Monastery,
Mount Sinai, Arabia.
* * Lubeck. The Society of Friends of
Israel is founded.
* * Rh. Prus. Johannes Ronge, the
Catholic priest and reformer, attacks
Arnoldi, bishop of Treves, for offering
for devotion an alleged relic which he
called the holy seamless coat of Christ ;
being expelled, he initiates the German
Catholic Movement.
* *_Berlin. The Berlin "Woman's Mis-
sionary Association is organized.
1846 * * Rome. Pius IX. becomes pope.
1848 Aug. 15. Rh. Prus. The body of
the cathedral of Cologne is opened on
the 600th anniversary of its foundation,
in the presence of the king.
1841-74 Metaphysics, by Rudolph H
Lotze, appears. [1842, General Pathol-
ogy and Therapeutics as Mechanical and
Natural Sciences; 1843-79, Logic; 1851,
General Philosophy of the Organic Life;
1852, Medical Psychology, or'Physiol'oqy
of the Soul.']
* * Lieder der Gegenwart, by Rudolph
Gottschall, appears. [1843, Madonna
and Magdeline.]
1844 * * The Acropolis of Athens, by
Ernst Curtius, appears. [1851-52, His-
tory of Greeee ; 1852, Peloponnesus.]
* * History of the English Revolution, by
Dahlmann, appears. [1845, History of
the French Revolution.]
* * Rambling and Hu nting Excursions
through the United States of North Amer-
ica, by Friedrich Gerstacker, appears.
[1845, The Regulators of Arkansas ; 1847-
48, Mississippi Pictures ; 1848, The River
Pirates of the Mississippi; 1849, Ameri-
can Forest and Stream Pictures.]
1844-45 Ancient High and Low Dutch
Popular Songs, by Uhland, appears.
1844-47 Life of Jesus, by Johann P.
Lange, appears. [1849-52, Christian Dog-
matic; 1853-54, History of the Church.]
1845 * * Physiological Letters, by Karl
Vogt, appears. [1852, Pictures from Ani-
mal Life.]
1845-58 Kosmos, by Friedrich H. A.
von Humboldt, appears.
1846 * * History of the 18th Century, and
the 19th till the Fall of the French Em-
pire, by Schlosser, appears.
* Die Valentine, by Gustav Freytae, ai
pears. [1853 "
Journalists]
pears. [1853, Debit and Credit and The
'lit
1846-51 Comparative Lexicon of the
Indo-Germanic Language, by Lorenz
Diefenbach, appears.
1847 July * Deutsche Zeitung is issued.
* * Uriel Acosta, by Gutzhow, appears.
[1850-52, Die Ritter von Geist.]
* * Atta Troll, a Summer Night 's Dream,
by Heine, appears. [1851, Romanzero,
and Doctor Faust; 1853, Neuer Friihling
(New Spring); 1854, Das Buch des La-
garus.]
1847-48 Nine Books of Prussian His-
tory, by Ranke, appears. [1852-61, French
History, especially in the loth and 17th
Centuries.]
1848* * Wurlemberg. "Workmen's
schools are established.
* * History of Philosophy, by Albrecht
Schwegler, appears. [1853, Roman His-
tory.]
1841 * * Ast, Georg A
A63.
Auguste, Christian J. W., theologian, A70.
Baader, Franz X. von, philosopher, A76.
Dannecker, Johann H., sculptor, A83.
Herbart, Johann F., philosopher, A65.
Hoist, Hermann E. von, historian, born.
Kuhnoel, Christian F., Biblical critic, A73.
LETTERS.
1841 * * History of the First Crusade, by
Heinrich von Sybel, appears.
* * Poems, by Robert E. Prutz, appears.
[1847, Political and Literary Essays; 1847-
49, Dramatic Works.]
SOCIETY.
1842 May 4-7. Hamburg is distressed
by a great fire, which destroys 2,000
houses.
1843 Aug. 6. The Thousand Years'
Jubilee is celebrated in commemora-
tion of the settlement by which the em-
pire was divided among the three sons
of Philip the Devout.
* * Berlin. The "Workingmen's Union
is established.
* * Riots occur at Frankfort and Cologne.
1844 July 26. Prus. Two shots are
fired at the king by the assassin Tesch.
1847 July* Bismarck marries Jo-
hanna von Puttkamer.
Oct. 19. Bavaria. Lotteries are abol-
ished by a unanimous vote of the depu-
ties.
1848 Mar. 18. Berlin. An insurrec-
tion breaks out ; an assassin wounds
the king.
GERMANY.
1841, June 22-1848,
817
Sept. 18. Hesse-Nassau. Prince Felix
Lichnowsky and Gen. Hans A. E. von
Auerswald are killed by rioters at
Frankfort.
1848-49 Saxony. Several riots occur.
STATE.
1841 June 22. Berlin. The First
General Estates meet.
* * * Constitutional rights and larger
liberties are demanded by the people.
1842* * Mecklenburg. Frederick
Francis II. becomes grand duke.
1843 * * Revolutionary tumults occur
in Cologne and Frankfort ; reforms are
instituted in Hesse-Cassel and Saxe-
Coburg-Gotha.
1844 July 26. Prus. The assassin
Tesch makes a serious attempt on the
life of the king, firing two shots at him.
1846 July 8. Den. Christian VIII. de-
crees the union of Schleswig-Holstein
with Denmark (p. 641).
* * Insurrections break out in Poland
and Galicia.
1847 Feb. 13. Prus. Summons are
issued to the United Provincial Diet.
Sept. 12. Baden. The Liberals hold a
meeting at Offenburg. [1848. Feb. 27.
A revolutionary assembly at Mann-
heim, led by Itzlein, demands a German
parliament, trial by jury, a free press,
and the right of citizens to form socie-
ties.]
Oct. 10. Hesse. The Constitutional
party hold a meeting at Heppenheim.
[Nov. 20. Frederick William becomes
elector of Hesse-Cassel. 1848. Mar. 11.
The elector is constrained to grant the
reforms demanded.]
* * Revolutionary agitation increases in
Germany in consequence of the French
Revolution.
* * Prus. A representative govern-
ment is established ; a united legisla-
ture is formed at Berlin called the
^iandtag.
1848 Jan. 20. Den. Frederick VTL
becomes king. [Jan. 28. He proclaims
a new constitution uniting Schleswig-
Holstein more closely with Denmark .]
Feb. 24. Paris. Outbreak of the
Revolution.
Mar. 6. Bavaria. Insurrectionists ap-
pear in Munich. [Mar. 20. Louis I. ab-
dicates in favor of his son, Maximilian
II.]
Mar. 13 f. Vienna. A revolutionary
outbreak occurs ; Metternich flees (p.
521).
Mar. * Prus. The king promises liberty
of the press.
Mar. 14. Prus. The king resists urgent
demands for liberal measures.
Mar. 15. Berlin. The students fight
the troops behind barricades.
Mar. 18. Prus. The king issues a decree
demanding a federal union, and grant-
ing liberty of the press.
Another outbreak occurs ; 274 people
are killed ; a new Ministry is formed.
Mar. 19-20. Berlin. By order of the
king, the troops leave the city. [A bur-
gher-guard is formed ; anarchy prevails.
The Liberal ministers are frequently
changed. A constitutional assembly is
called.]
Mar. 20. Prus. The king announces a
general amnesty.
Mar. 23. Schleswig-Holstein. A revolt
arises. [The aid of Prussia is required to
subdue the rebels.] (P. 041.)
Mar. 24. Den. The Eider Danish Gov-
ernment declares Schleswig-Holstein
incorporated.
Mar. 27. Prus. The king proposes to
lead the agitation for the reconsolida-
tion of the German Empire.
Mar. 30-Apr. 4. Frankfort. The Ger-
man Preliminary Parliament meets ;
Karl J. Mittermaier, president.
It holds four sessions, and resolves to
call a national German constituent as-
sembly for the purpose of forming a con-
stitution for the German Empire; 500
members present.
* * Insurrections arise throughout all
Germany ; the people demand freedom
of the press, trial by jury, national in-
stead of imperial armies, and national
representation.
* * Kossuth the Liberator. Uprising of
the Magyars (p. 521).
Apr. * Baden. A republican insurrec-
tion arises.
It is led by Frederick K. F. Hecker and
Oustav von Struve and other radicals, and
strengthened by the arrival of Georg Her-
wegh and others of the confederation of re-
fugees and foreign republicans. The troops
suppress the republicans in a short time-.
[Apr. 20. Gen. Frederick von Gagern of
the army of the German Confederation is
treacherously shot by the volunteers in the
disturbance.]
Apr. 21. Prus. Bismarck in parlia-
ment votes in disapproval of the meas-
ures of reform granted by the king.
Apr. * The Schleswig-Holstein ques-
tion occasions a struggle between Den-
mark and Prussia for possession of the
duchies (p. 640).
May 15. Vienna. Another insurrection
breaks out. [May 26. Another ; the king
departs.] (P. 521.)
May 18. Frankfort. The German
National Assembly meets as a parlia-
ment. [It selects Heinrich von Gagern
as president of the National Assembly ;
Bismarck is a member. It is fruitless for
lack of discretion, energy, and prompt-
ness.] (Pp. 522, 523.)
May 21. Wurtemberg. The largernum-
ber of representatives in the Assembly
voluntarily resign their seats.
Four parties in the National Assem-
bly advocate various schemes of union.
The Right advocates an imperial constitu-
tion in harmony with the governments of the
various States; the Left, the sovereignty of
the people, aims at a republican confedera-
tion by means of a revolution; the Kight
Center, a constitutional monarchy for Ger-
many; the Left Center, a central monarchy,
with the several States subordinate, and hav-
ing as its basis the recognized sovereignty of
the people.
May 29. Frankfort. The Archduke
John of Austria is elected administrator
of the empire (p. 523). [June 11. He
enters Frankfort.] (P. 521).
June 2. Aust. A Slavonic Congress
meets (p. 523).
June 29. Frankfort. The National As-
sembly issues a decree convening a
. central government.
July 12. Frankfort. The Confederate
Diet remits its functions to the regent,
Archduke John, and dissolves.
July 15. Frankfort. The Archduke
John is installed.
The first imperial Ministry is appointed:
for foreign affairs, Anton von Schmerling of
Austria; for war, Gen. Kduard von Pencker
of Prussia; for justice, Heckscher of Ham-
burg. [For the lack of real authority, the
central power proves insufficient, both at
home and abroad.]
Aug. 4. Capital punishment by civil
authorities is abolished.
Aug. 26. Swe. Truce of Malmo (p. 640).
Aug. (+) * Schleswig-Holstein. A com-
mon government is established. Popu-
lar dissatisfaction and much agitation
concerning the truce of Malmo.
Sept. 5. Frankfort. The Committee of
the National Assembly rejects the com-
pact of Malmo. [Sept. 16. It is accepted
by the National Assembly.]
Sept. 17. Frankfort. A riot breaks out.
Oct. 6. Vienna. Vienna is in the hands
of revolutionists (p. 523).
Nov. 1. Prus. The reaction in favor of
despotism commences.
Nov. 9. Great excitement prevails in
Germany, occasioned by the execution at
Vienna of Robert Blum, a Leipsic pub-
lisher and agitator, for aiding the insur-
rection.
Nov. 10. Berlin. Gen. Wrangel en-
ters the city unopposed by the Liberals.
[Nov. 12. He declares it to be in a state
of siege against the Liberal party.]
Nov. 22. Aust. Schwarzenberg be-
comes prime minister at Vienna ; the
first Diet of Austria meets at Kremsier.
Nov. 29. Frankfort. The National As-
sembly is removed from the city by the
king because fair deliberation is alleged
to be impossible at the capital, and it
meets in Brandenburg Castle.
Dec. 2. Aust. Ferdinand II., Emperor
of Austria, abdicates in favor of his
nephew Francis Joseph.
Dec. 5. Fra/nkfort. The king having
given the National Assembly such a
constitution as he pleased, without
consulting the Assembly, dissolves it.
there being no quorum present (p. 523).
Dec. 10. Fr. Louis Napoleon elected
President.
* * Both Austria and Prussia are opposed
to a constitution formed by a popular
congress.
* * Hanover. King Ernest grants a con-
stitution with electoral rights.
* * Bavaria. Maximilian Joseph H. be-
comes king.
* * Rh. Prus. Earl Marx issues a com-
munist manifesto.
* * Hesse. Louis HJ. becomes grand
duke.
* * Revolts occur in Venice and Milan
and also in Austria and Hungary.
* * Liibeck receives a constitution.
* * Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Unsuccessful
attempts are made to change the feudal
conditions.
818 1849, Jan. 17-1853,**.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1849 Mar. * -July * The second
Schleswig-Holstein war.
Apr. 5. Prus. At Eckernforde the 8hip
Christian VIII. is fired (p. 540).
Apr. 13. Schleswig. Diippel is stormed
(p. 640).
Apr. 23. Den. The Schleswig-Holstein
army under Gen. Bonin, a Prussian, de-
feats the Danes under Gen. Biilow at
Kolding.
May * Prussian and other German troops
become indifferent because of the
threatening attitude of England,
France, and Russia.
June 15. Baden. A Prussian force un-
der the Prince of Prussia enters Baden,
and defeats the republican insur-
gents at Waghausel. [July 23. It cap-
tures Rastatt after a siege.]
* * Den. Sortie at Fredericia (p. 640).
June 23. Baden. The Prussian army
enters Karlsruhe.
July 10. Berlin. The Truce of Berlin
(p. 641).
* * Prus. Republican defection occurs
in the army.
1850 Jan.* -51 July* Third Schles-
wig-Holstein war, having no aid from
Germany (p. 640).
July 24-25. Schlesicig-Holstein. Battle
of Idstedt (p. 640).
Sept. 12. Schleswig. Defeat at Mis-
sunde. [Oct. 4. Friedrichstadt bom-
barded.] (P. 640.)
Nov. 6. Hesse. An Austro-Bavarian
force enters Hesse.
Nov. 7. Prus. The whole Prussian
army is called out, consisting of 223,000
infantry, 38,000 cavalry, 29,000 artillery,
with 1,080 field-guns. A force enters
Hesse in the north.
Nov. 9. Hesse. The Prussians hold posi-
tions on the military roads.
Nov. 14. Baden. The Prussians retire
from the grand duchy.
Dec. 5. Hesse-Cassel. The Prussians be-
gin their retreat.
1851 * * Holstein. Austrians occupy it
(p. 640).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1850 Aug. 28. Saxe- Weimar. Wag-
ner's Lohengrin is produced under the
direction of Franz Liszt.
* * Martyrdom of Huss is painted by Karl
F. Leasing.
* * Paraffin is made by Karl von Reichen-
bach.
* * Hermann F. Helmholtz invents the
myographion, an apparatus for deter-
mining the velocity of the nervous cur-
rent.
1851 May 31. Berlin. The colossal
statue of Frederick the Great, made
by Christian Rauch, is unveiled.
* * Rh. Prus. Alfred Krupp of Essen ex-
hibits an ingot of steel weighing 4,500
pounds.
* * Helmholtz invents the ophthalmo-
scope, an apparatus for inspecting the
interior of the eye.
1852 Sept. 19. The valleys of the Rhine
and the Rhone are inundated.
* * The gyroscope is invented by Prof.
Fessel of Cologne.
It is a rotatory apparatus, exhibiting
the combined effects of the centrifugal
and centripetal forces, and of the cessa-
tion of either, illustrating the great law
of gravitation.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1849 * * Amsler, Samuel, engraver, A58.
De Wette, W. M. L., scholar, theologian,
Biblical critic, A69.
Doebereimer, Johann W., chemist, A69.
Herkomer, Hubert, painter, born.
Kalkbrenner, Kriedrich, comp., pianist, A61.
Nicolai, Karl O. K., composer, A39.
Schopenhauer, Johanna, novelist, A79.
Strauss, Johann, composer, A45.
Zolling, Theophil, poet, born.
Zumpt, Karl G., classical scholar, A57.
1850* * Delitzseh, Friedrich, Assy riol., born.
Hertwig, Richard, zoologist, born.
Kalbeck, Max, poet, born.
Kunth, Karl S., botanist, A62.
Lenau, Nikolaus, poet, A48.
Neander, Johann A. W., eccles. hist., A61.
Schadow, Johann G., sculptor, A8t>.
1851 * * Erman, Paul, physicist, A87.
Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, A80.
Gutzlaff, Karl, mission., Chinese schol., A48.
Lachmann, Karl, critic, philologist, A58.
Ledebour, Karl F. von, botanist, A66.
Meinhold, Johann W., cl., poet, novel., A56.
Oken, or Ockenfuss, Lorenz, naturalist, A72.
Paulus, Heinrich E. G., theologian, A90.
Priessnitz, Vincenz, fdr. of hydropathy, A52.
Tieck, Christian F., sculptor, A75.
1852 * * Froebel, Friedrich, educa., A70.
Jahn, Friedrich L., patriot, writer, A74.
Overweg, Alfred, African traveler, A30.
CHURCH.
1849 Jan. 17. Hamburg. The first
triennial conference of Baptists is
opened. It reports 28 churches in Ger-
many and 2,800 memberc.
Sept. 26. Bavaria. The Bavarian Evan-
gelical Lutheran Association for Pro-
moting Christianity among the Jews is
formed.
* *The! Hermannsburg Missionary
Society is inaugurated by Pastor Louis
Harms.
1851 * * Berlin. Rev. J. G. Oncken, a
Baptist pastor and missionary, is ex-
pelled from the city for preaching on
the Sabbath.
1852* * Berlin. The Jerusalem Union
to promote German evangelical institu-
tions and undertakings in the Orient is
founded.
* * The Immaculate Conception of the
Virgin Mary is made a dogma of the
Roman Catholic Church.
* * The Altenburg Bible Society is organ-
ized.
LETTERS.
1849 * * Researches on the Chemistry of
\ Food, by Liebig, appears.
* * Military Life in Time of War, by
Friedrich W. Hacklander, appears.
[1850, Scenes from Life: 1851, Nameless
Histories; 1852, Eugene Stillfried; 1853,
Winter in Spain.]
* * First German Parliament, by Laube,
appears.
1850 May 21. Der Evangelist, organ
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, is
first issued.
* * A Study of Shakespeare, by Gervinus,
appears. [1855-66, A History of the 19th
Century.]
* * History of Danish Politics from Acts
and Documents, by Droysen, appears.
* * Deborah, by Salomon H. Mosenthal,
appears. [1856, Sonnenwendhoff.]
* * Francesca von Rimini, by Johann H.
P. Heyse, appears. [1852, The Brothers
and Urika: 1854, Meleager ; 1858, Thekla;
1859, The Sabine Women.]
* * Literarisches Centralblatt is issued.
* * Allgemeine Monatschriftfiir Literatur
is issued.
1851 * * Lambertine de Miricourt, by
Gottschall, appears. [1852, Die Gottinn.]
1851-57 Deutsche Museum is issued.
1852 * * Natur is issued.
SOCIETY.
1850 May 22. Prus. An attempt is
made by Sofelage, the assassin, to kill
King William IV.
1851 Jan. 18. Prus. King William
IV. celebrates the 150th anniversary
of the Prussian monarchy.
Oct. * Prus. Permission is granted to
the Jews to study law.
1852 May 28. Berlin. A Prussian In-
dustrial Exhibition is opened.
1853 Mar. * Baden. George C. Gervi-
nus, the historian, is tried for high
treason for publishing his Introduc-
tion to the History of the 19th Century,
a prophecy of the filial victory of democ-
racy ; he is sentenced to 10 months im-
prisonment, and his book is ordered to
be burned. [The sentence is not exe-
cuted.]
STATE.
1849 * * The revised Constitution of
the German Empire is completed.
It provides for a Diet composed of a cham-
ber of state, and also a popular chamber ; the
former consisting of two classes of represen-
tatives, one half to be elected by the separate
states, and the other half appointed by the
Government, while the monarch has only a
suspensive veto over its acts; the popular
chamber is to be elected by universal (man-
hood) suffrage.
* * Two popular parties are formed, the
Great German and Small German.
The first favors the inclusion of Aus-
tria, and the latter its exclusion, because
of the preponderance its states would
have, and thereby a smaller confederacy
under the hegemony of Prussia.
Mar. 4. Aust. A general constitution
for Austria is promulgated (p. 523).
Mar. 24. Prus. The king formally rec-
ognizes the claims of Schleswig-Hol-
stein.
Mar. 28. Frankfort. The German Na-
tional Assembly elects the King of
Prussia "hereditary emperor of the
Germans."
Apr. 3. Prus. Reaction of imperial-
ism.
King 'William Frederick, not having the
consent of all the German states, declines
the imperial crown of the Germans, which is
offered to him by a deputation of the National
Assembly at Frankfort; his act grieves the
patriots.
Apr. 12. Frankfort. The German Na-
tional Assembly recognizes the provis-
ional government of Schleswig-Hol-
stein.
Apr. 14. Hungary asserts her freedom.
** Frankfort. The National Assembly
struggles for unity, but fails.
May 3. Saxony. An insurrection
breaks out in Dresden. [It is soon sup-
pressed by Prussian ai(L]
May 10. Prussia is put under martial
law.
May 11. Baden. A republican insur-
rection, commanded by Ludwig Miero-
slawski, breaks out at Rastatt ; the grand
duke flees. [June 15. Insurrection sub-
dued by Prussian soldiers. July* Again
subdued. Aug. 18. Grand Duke of
Karlsruhe enters.]
GERMANY.
1849, Jan. 17-1853,** 819
May 14. Prus. The king recalls Prus-
sian members from the National As-
sembly at Frankfort. [Many represen-
tatives are recalled.]
May 26. The short-lived "alliance of
the three kings" of Prussia, Hanover,
and Saxony is formed. [Most of the
smaller German states soon join it.]
May 30. Frankfort. The National
Assembly transfers its sittings to
Stuttgart ; it is called the Bump Par-
liament. [June 18. Dissolved by the
Government of Wiirtemberg.]
May* An insurrection in the County
Palatinate occurs.
May* Republican defection weakens
the army.
June 5. Den. The king sanctions a new
constitution of liberal character.
June * Prus. A central power is pro-
vided (p. 523).
July 10. Peace with Denmark (p. 641).
Sept. 8. Bavaria comes out for an im-
perial constitution, with the King of
Prussia on the throne.
Sept. 30. Vienna. The Treaty of "Vi-
enna.
Austria and Prussia provide a new
central authority for a limited time;
the governments of Germany are to be
consulted.
* * * Prussia seeks the leadership of
Germany while Austria, her rival, is
prostrated by the Hungarian war.
* * Saxony, Hanover, and Prussia form
an alliance. [1850. Feb. 25. Hanover
withdraws ; later, Saxony.]
Nov. 12. Austria protests against the
alliance of Prussia with the smaller
states of Germany.
Dec. 16. Prus. Prince Charles An-
thony of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,
foreign minister, resigns.
* * Bremen and Oldenburg receive new
constitutions.
* * Bismarck is first chosen a deputy to
the Landtag meeting in Berlin.
1850 Jan. 31. Prus. The new Con-
stitution is adopted. [Feb. 6. The king
takes the constitutional oath.]
Feb. 27. Bavaria. Bavaria, Saxony,
and "Wiirtemberg sign a treaty at
Munich for a revision of the German
Confederation, and to maintain the Fed-
eral Union. [Mar. 15. Announced.]
Feb. 29. Hesse. Hassenpflug is ap-
pointed minister in Hesse-Cassel.
Mar. 10. Frankfort. The Diet of Con-
federation meets.
Prussia strongly favors a German
federal state with Austria ex-
cluded ; the old party of the hereditary
empire also favors it.
Mar. 20. Saxony. A union parlia-
ment, consisting of two houses, meets at
Erfurt.
It is convoked by Prussia to discuss
the new German union, r Apr. 27. Ends.]
Bismarck advocates an alliance between
Prussia and Austria. [In later years he
revives this policy. Hesse-Cassel sends
no representative.]
May 9-16. Berlin. A congress of
princes meets (p. 523).
May 10. Frankfort. A confederate
congress, summoned by Austria, meets.
July 2. Prussia and Denmark agree
to a separate treaty of peace ; Prussia
abandons the two duchies to their'fate.
July 12. Hesse. The Cassel Congress
of deputies from the states included in
the Prussian Zolverein opens.
July 19. Austria issues a call for an
assembly of the old Confederation.
Aug. 17. Frankfort. The German
sovereigns meet at the call of the Em-
peror of Austria to consider a plan of
Federal reform.
Aug. 25. Prussia and Austria uni-
formly and mutually disagree.
Sept. 2. Frankfort. Reopening of the
Parliament. It convenes to consider
the restoration of the Confederacy;
Prussia and her associates do not join it
(p. 523).
Sept. * Hesse. A determined contest oc-
curs; Hassenpflug repeatedly dissolves
the Assembly of the Estates. [Sept. 7.
The elector declares his dominions in a
state of siege because of the attitude of
the Chamber towards the budget ; he
flees. Sept. 21. Prussia declares to
Austria its purpose to uphold the Con-
stitution in Hesse-Cassel; a rupture
between the states follows. Oct. 2.
Gen. Hanau is appointed military dic-
tator in electoral Hesse. Later, nearly
all the corps of officers are dismissed.]
* * Germany is divided into pro-Austria
and pro-Prussia States.
Oct. 11. Aust. Austria, Bavaria, and
Wiirtemberg enter a league at Bregenz
against Prussia.
Oct. 14. Frankfort. The Elector of
Hesse applies to the Diet for aid in
recovering his authority. [It is promised
against the protest of Prussia.]
* * The Minister Joseph Maria von Ra-
dowitz is dismissed, and Prussia aban-
dons her efforts for union.
Oct. 17. Pus. Minister Brandenburg
meets the Czar at Warsaw on a mission
for Prussia. [Oct. 26. He meets the
Emperor of Austria. Nov. 6. Dies.]
Nov. 2. Berlin. The Ministerial Council
decides to support peaceful measures.
Nov. 6. Austria sends an ultimatum
(p. 523).
Nov. 9. Vienna. Minister Schwarzen-
berg demands the abolition of the
Prussian Union.
Nov. 11. Aust. The Prussian policy in
Hesse is declared a casus belli by the
Russian ambassador at Vienna.
Nov. 29. Moravia. A convention
opens at Olmiitz for the pacification of
Germany (p. 523).
Dec. 3. A treaty of amnesty is an-
nounced.
Dec. 23-51 May 15. Saxony. Con-
ferences are held at Dresden respecting
the German Constitution ; by the advice
of Russia it settles the contest between
Prussia and Austria by a simple return
to the Diet of the Confederacy.
Dec. 27. Hesse. The elector returns
to his capital, the taxes having been
paid under threat of imprisonment. [He
remodels the Constitution ; the Chamber
receives the right to vote the taxes. Apr.
13. Proclaimed for Hesse-Cassel.]
Dec. * The proposed extension of the
Germanic Confederation beyond the
Alps occasions the remonstrances of
France and Great Britain. [1851. July
17. The Confederation replies, denying
England's right to interfere.]
1851 Apr. 30. Prus. The Constitu-
tion is modified.
May 30. Frankfort. The Confederate
Diet in its old form is established. Bis-
marck is a member.
May 31. Poland. The King of Prussia
and the Czar leave Warsaw for Olmiitz
to meet the Emperor of Austria.
* * Period of reaction ; popular liberty
is opposed.
Great hopes are crushed in Germany's
humiliation at the feet of her princes; the
press is persecuted, discontent punished arbi-
trarily, penalties inflicted; petty despotism is
triumphant. Many of the people emigrate.
Aug. 20. The Emperor of Austria
claims absolute government (p. 524).
Aug. 29. Prus. Bismarck is appointed
a deputy to the Confederate Diet.
Sept. 7. Hanover becomes a member
of the Tariff Union. [Oldenburg and
Schaumburg-Lippe soon follow.] She
also signs a commercial treaty with
Prussia.
* * A postal and telegraphic union is
formed between all the German States.
Nov. 18. Hanover. George V. becomes
king.
1852 Jan. 12. Prus. The king revives
the old Council of State as it was be-
fore the revolution of 1848.
Mar. 28. Ben. The king issues a royal
manifesto of a conservative tone.
May 5. The great powers sign an agree-
ment concerning Neuchatel, which re-
volted from Prussia in 1848.
May 8. The London Protocol, con-
cerning the Danish succession, is
signed.
The five great powers and Sweden
sign a treaty guaranteeing the integrity
of the Danish monarchy. The treaty is
not recognized by the German Confeder-
ation, but accepted by Hanover, Saxony,
and Wiirtemberg (p. 641).
June 5. Prus. The Constitution is
modified. [May 7, May 24, June 10 ; 1855,
May 30 ; 1857, May 15. Again modified.
June 7. A customs union with Austria
is rejected.]
June * The German fleet is sold at auc-
tion.
July * Bismarck is sent as an envoy to
Austria.
Dec. 23. Biennial parliaments are es-
tablished by law.
1853 Feb. 19. Prussia and Austria
agree to a treaty of commerce and
navigation (p. 525). [Apr. 8. Approved
by the Zollverein.]
Feb. 27. Peter becomes grand duke of
Oldenburg.
Mar. 29. Berlin. A democratic con-
spiracy is discovered. [Apr. * Another.]
July 21. Den. The king proclaims a
new constitution. [1855. Oct. 2. An-
other.]
* * Prussia lends Russia moral support
in the Crimean war.
* * Saxe- Weimar. Charles Alexander be-
comes grand duke.
820 1853,**-1862,**.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1859 * * War of France and Sardinia
with Austria (p. 524).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1853 * * Von Mohl discourses on proto-
plasm.
1855 Jan. 1. Hamburg. One-half of
the city is inundated by the Elbe.
Apr. 17. Rh. Prus. Karl T. R. Luther,
at the observatory of Billk, near Diissel-
dorf , discovers a new planet.
1856 * * Daughter of Jairus is painted
by Gustav Kichter.
1858 * * A telegraph line, connecting
Cromer and Emden, is opened.
1859 * * Tungsten steel is manufac-
tured.
* * Christian Schonbein announces his
discovery of antozone, a modification
of oxygen, hitherto found only in the
compound state.
* * Berlin. A set of celestial maps is
issued under the superintendence of the
Royal Prussian Academy.
1860 Sept. 14. The planet Eralo is
discovered by M. M. Foster and Lessing.
1862 * * Rh. Prus. Krupp of Essen ex-
hibits an ingot of steel weighing 20
tons.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1853 *' * Buch, Leopold von, geologist, A79.
Depping, Georg B., scholar, litterateur, A69.
Duller, Eduard, poet, historian, A44.
Friedemann, Friedrich T., teacher, A60.
Gau, Franz, architect, A63.
Grotefend, Georg F., scholar, antlq., A78.
Karsten, Karl J. B., mineralogist, A71.
Lortnser, Karl I., physician, A57.
Radowitz, Joseph M. von, gen., states., A56.
Tieck. Ludwig-, poet, novelist, essayist, A80.
1854 * * Begas, Karl, painter, A60.
Beneke, Friedrich E., philosopher, A56.
Boisseree, Sulpice, architect, antiquary, A71.
Eckermann, Johann P., litterateur, A62.
Eichbom, Karl F., jurisconsult, hist., A73.
Ennemoser, Joseph, physiologist, A67.
Eschenmayer, Karl A., philosopher, meta-
physician, mystic, A86.
Gieseler, Johann K. L., church hist., A62.
Lindenau, Bernhard A. von, astron., A74.
Ohm, Georg S., electrician, A67.
Schellinpr, Friedrich W. J. von, phil., A79.
Sontag, Mme. Henriette, Countess Rossi, vo-
calist, A48.
1855 * * Crelle, August L., architect, A75.
Fliigel, Johann G., lexicographer, A67.
Follen, August, poet, A61.
Gauss, Karl F., mathematician, A78.
Harms, Claus, theologian, A77.
Lucke, Gottfried C. F., theologian, A63.
Henzel. Karl A., historian, A71.
Spindler, Karl, novelist, A59.
1856 Feb. 17. Heine. Heinrich. poet,
A58.
Biela, "Wllhelm von, astronomer, A74.
Braum, August E., archeologist, A47.
Detmold, Hermann J., statesman, A49.
Fuchs, Johann N. von, ohemist, A 82.
Hagen, Friedrich H. von der, philol., A76.
Hammer-Purgstall, Baron Joseph von, ori-
entalist, historian, A82.
Schumann, Kobert, composer, A46.
Vogel, Eduard, African traveler, A27.
Zeuss, Johann K., philol., hist, writer, A50.
1857 * * Auffenberg, Joseph von, poet, A59.
Eichendorf, Baron Joseph K. B. von, poet,
novelist, dramatist, A69.
Lichtenstein, Martin H. K., naturalist, A77.
Rauch, Christian D., sculptor, A80.
Retzsch, Friedrich A. M., painter, A78.
Schlagintweit, Adolf, traveler, A28.
Schwegler, Albrecht, philosopher, A38.
1858 * * Barthold, Friedrich W., hist., A59.
Creuzer, Georg F., antiquary, philol., A87.
Jacobi, Maximilian, alienist, A83.
Koppen, Friedrich, philosopher, A83.
Kugler, Franz T., critic, WTiter on art, ASO.
Miiller, Johann, physiologist, anatomist, A57.
Nees von Esenbeck, Christian G. D., bot-
anist, A82.
Neukomm, Chevalier Sigismund von, com-
poser, A80.
Pfeiffer, Ida, traveler, A63.
Saphir, Moritz, humorous, satiric wr., A64.
Varnhagen von Ense. Karl August, an., A73.
Winer, Georg B., theol., orientalist, A69.
1858 Hay 6. Humboldt, Friedrich
Heinrich Alexander von, naturalist,
traveler, philosopher, A90.
Arnim, Elisabeth (Bettina), mis. wr., A74.
Dieterici, Karl F. W., economist, A69.
Dirichlet, Peter G., geometrician, AM.
Eberhardt, Conrad, sculptor, A91.
Reissiger, Karl G., composer, A61.
Rethel, Alfred, historical painter, A43.
Ritter, Karl, geographer, A80.
Spohr, Ludwig, composer, A75.
1860 * * Arndt, Ernst M., poet, pol. wr., A91.
Bernstein, Georg H., orientalist, A73.
Bunsen, Chevalier Christian K. J. von,
philologist, diplomatist, theologian, A69.
Dahlmann, Friedrich C, historian, A75.
Kosegarten, Johann G. L., orientalist, A68.
Schopenhauer, Arthur, philosopher, A72.
Thiersch, Friedrich W., philologist, A76.
ITmbreit, Friedrich W. K., theologian, A65.
1861 Jan. 8. Frederick "William IV.,
King of Prussia, A66.
Baur, Ferdinand C, theologian, critic, A70.
Berthold, Arnold A., physiologist, A58.
Chelius, Maximilian J., physician, A67.
Choulant, Ludwig, physician, A70.
Freytag, Georg w., orientalist, A73.
Mundt, Theodor, mis. writer, A53.
Nitzsch, Gregor w., philol., antiquary, A71.
Passavant, Johann D., painter, writer on
art, A 74.
Freller, Ludwig, class, schol., antiq., A52.
Savigny, Friedrich C, jurist, A82.
Schlossor, Friedrich C, historian, A8S.
Stahl, Friedrich J., jurist, A59.
Zwirner, Ernst F., architect, A59.
1863 * * Adam, Albrecht, painter, A76.
Castelli, Ignaz F., dramatist, A81.
Damrosch, Walter J., musician (in
U. S. A.), born.
Hanke, Henrielle W., novelist, A77.
Harless, Gottlieb C. A., theologian, A56.
Kerner, Andreas J., lyric poet, A76.
Leonhard, Karl C. von, geologist, A83.
Schadow-Godenhaus, Friedrich W. von,
painter, A73.
Tarnow, Fanny, novelist, mis. writer, A79.
Uhland, Johann L., lyric poet, A75.
Zedlitz, Joseph C. von, poet, A72.
CHURCH.
1857 Sept. * Berlin. The Evangelical
Alliance meets.
1860 Apr. 7. Baden. Autonomy is
granted to Catholic and Protestant
churches by the grand duke.
Oct. 16. Baden. A new ecclesiastical
law is promulgated, which is much
opposed by the clerical party.
LETTERS.
1853 * * Frederick the Great and his
Court, by Luise Muhlbach (Mrs. Theo-
dor Mundt), appears.
* * The Theological System of Zwingle, by
Zeller, appears. [1854, Acts of the Apos-
tles.]
* * How is it, really, in America? by Ger-
stiicker, appears. [1855, To America;
1856, California Sketches.]
1853-67 History of the Revolutionary
Period of 1789-1800, by Heinrich von
Sybel, appears.
1854 * * German Dictionary, by Jacob
and Wilhelm Grimm, is begun.
* * Society, or High Life in Germany, by
Ida Hahn-Hahn, appears. [1858, A Few
Words about the Good Shepherd.]
1854-55 The History of Rome, by C. M.
Theodor Mommsen, appears.
1855 * * History of Germany from the
Death of Frederick the Great to the
Formation of the Germanic Confedera-
tion, by Ludwig Hausser, appears.
* * Bazar is issued.
* * Hausblatter is issued.
* * Lduschen un Rimels, P otter abendge-
dichte, and Reis nach Belligen, by Fritz
Reuter, appear. [1857, Blucher in Trep-
tow; 1858, Kien Husung ; 1860, Olle Ka-
mellen.]
* * Berliner Revue, is issued.
* * Mittheilungen uber wichtige neue Br-
forschungen auf der Gesammtgebiete der
Geographie, a monthly journal (geo-
graphical), is founded by August H.
Petermann.
1855-76 History of Prussian Politics,
by Droysen, appears.
1856-64 Microcosmus, by Lotze, appears.
1856-76 Bibelwerk, or Commentary, by
J. P. Lange, appears.
1857 * * Ursere Zeit is issued.
1857-70 History of Literature in the 18th
Century, by Hermann J. Hettner, ap-
pears.
1857-73 Poems, by Dahn, appear. [1861-
72, The Kings of the Germans.]
1858 * * Preussische Jahrbuch is issued.
1859 * * The Fabians, by Freytag, ap-
pears. [1859-62, Pictures from the Ger-
man Past; 1863, The Technic of the
Drama; 1864, The Lost Manuscript;
1870-80, Our Ancestors.]
1859-67 English History in the 16th and
17th Centuries, by Ranke, appears.
1860 * * Outlines of Geology, by Vogt,
appears. ri863, Lectures on Man, his Po-
sition in tne Creation and in the History
of the Earth.]
* * Problematic Nature, by Friedrich
Spielhagen, appears. [1862, In der zwolf-
ten Stande; 1863, Die von Hohenstein;
1864, Roschen von Hofe and Through
Night to Light; 1866, In Ra7ik and File;
1867, Unter den Tannen ; 1869, Hammer
and Anvil.]
1861 * * The Papacy and the State of the
Church, by Dollinger, appears. [1869,
Papal Myths of the Middle Ages.]
SOCIETY.
1854 Aug. 10. Aust. The King of
Saxony is thrown from a carriage and
killed at Innsbruck.
1857 Oct.* Berlin. Christian K. J.
Bunsen, the scholar and diplomatist,
is made a baron and a life peer by King
William IV.
1858 Jan. 25. Prus. Prince Frederick
William [Frederick III.] marries Vic-
toria, princess-royal of England.
1859 Jan. 27. Brandenburg. Prince
Frederick William, son of the prin-
cess-royal of England, is born.
* * Prus. Weltmann, a bookbinder
at Posen, poisons four wives and tw»
children.
Aug. 22. Hesse-Nassau. A peace con-
gress meets at Frankfort in St. Paul's
Church.
1860 Nov. * Prus. Oppression by
the police is disclosed ; Stieber, th»
director, is only censured.
1861 July 8-11. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
The first meeting of the National Shoot-
ing Match is held at Gotha.
July 14. Prus. Becker, a Leipsic stu-
dent, attempts to assassinate the king.
[Sept. 23. He is sentenced to 20 years'
imprisonment.]
1862 * * Socialism first becomes a power
in Germany through the labors of Fer-
dinand Lassalle, a scholar and pub-
licist, a man of fortune, with luxurious
habits, but eager for the elevation of the
masses.
STATE.
1854 Mar. * -Apr. * Prussia vacillates
on the Eastern Question.
Apr. 7. Vienna. Prussia agrees to a
protocol for maintaining the integrity
of Turkey (p. 525).
GERMANY.
1853,** -1862,**. 821
July 24. Frankfort. The Federal Diet
joins in the alliance of Austria and
Prussia. [1855. It decides to make
preparations for war. 1856. Nov. 6. It
resolves to assist Prussia in reconquer-
ing Neuchatel, but its help is not
needed.]
Sept. 6. Prussia declares neutrality in
the war. [Oct. * Again.]
Dec. 2. Austria enters an alliance with
the Western powers against Russia.
* * Saxony. John becomes king.
1855 Feb.* Vienna. Prussia is ex-
cluded from the conferences.
Apr. 12. Hanover. The Constitution
of 1848, granting electoral rights, is an-
nulled in obedience to the decree of the
Federal Diet.
Aug. 18. Austria signs a concordat vir-
tually submitting itself to the control
of the church (p. 525).
* * Frankfort. A Diet is elected with
scarcely a Liberal representative, owing
to the violent suppression of the Govern-
ment.
1856 Apr. 16. Fr. The representa-
tive of Prussia signs the Treaty of
Paris, abolishing privateering, and de-
fining the rights of neutrals in time of
war. [May 15. Accepted by the Federal
Diet.]
Nov. *-57 May* Prus. Disputes with
Switzerland occur concerning the rights
of Prussia in Neuchatel. [1857. May
■26. Prussia renounces its claims.]
* * The reaction of Feudalists reaches its
height.
1857 Jan. 15. Bavaria. A confer-
ence at Nuremberg considers the gen-
eral code of commerce.
July 9. Baden. Arrests are made for
political offenses.
Oct. 23. Prus. The prince becomes
temporary regent because of the alarm-
ing mental illness of the king. [1858.
Oct. 9. Permanent regent.]
* * Wurtemberg. King William I. enters
into a concordat with Rome.
* * Hanover. The king claims from Eng-
land crown jewels which belonged to
George III., valued at £120,000. [1858.
Jan. * Given up by arbitration.]
1858 Jan. 24. A currency conven-
tion is concluded between all the Ger-
man states. [1859. Jan. 1. Becomes
effective.]
* * Frankfort. The Federal Diet requires
the Danes to submit their project of a
new political organization to the duch-
ies. [Feb. 11. It declares the Danish
Constitution of 1855 to be illegal.]
Mar. 27. Den. The fortification of Co-
penhagen is decreed.
Nov. 6. Den. Frederick VII. concedes
that the general Constitution is invalid
in the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein.
Nov.* Prus. The Liberalists defeat
the Federal party in a free election.
1859 Mar. 5. Prus. Bismarck goes
to St. Petersburg as representative of
Prussia.
Apr. 23. Austria demands the disarm-
ament of Sardinia. [War follows.]
(Pp. 524, 525.)
June 11. Aust. Prince Metternich
dies
June 28. Baden signs a concordat with
the Pope. [Apr. 7. Being greatly op-
posed by the Chambers, the grand duke
annuls it.]
June * Great excitement prevails in the
German states because of the French
victories in Lombardy, and prepara-
tions for war are hastened.
July 17. Saxe- Weimar. The new lib-
eral party holds meetings in Eisenach.
* * * Austria and Prussia, the two rivals,
continue to be the great impediments
to German unity.
Aug. 14. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. A
meeting is held at Eisenach for the es-
tablishment of the German National
Association.
The Liberal party ask that the im-
perfect Federal Constitution be changed,
that a strong central government sub-
stitute the German Diet, that a national
assembly be held, and that Prussia take
the lead.
Nov. 10. Switz. The Peace of Zurich
is signed by Austria and France (p. 525).
1860 Jan. 12. Prus. Prince William,
the regent, announces that " the Prus-
sian army will be in future the Prussian
nation in arms."
Feb. 10. Prus. The Government brings
forward the military bills in the Diet ;
they relate to service and appropriation
of money.
Mar. 24. Frankfort. The Hesse-Cassel
Constitution of 1852 is maintained by
the Federal Diet against the opposition
of Prussia.
June 15. Baden. The German kings
and princes, with the Prince-regent of
Prussia, meet the Emperor Napoleon
III. at Baden-Baden.
July 2. Bohemia. At Toplitz the Czar,
Emperor of Austria, and the Regent of
Prussia meet for conference.
July* Hamburg. A new Constitution
is granted by the Senate. [1861. Jan. 1.
Operative.]
Sept. 5. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. A meeting
is held at Coburg to promote German
unity against French aggression.
Oct. 16. Baden. The new ecclesiasti-
cal law recently adopted by the Cham-
bers is promulgated.
Oct. 20. An imperial diploma is issued
promising the restoration of the old
Constitution in Holstein.
Oct. 22. Bus. The Czar, Emperor of
Austria, and the Prince-Regent of Prus-
sia meet at "Warsaw.
Oct. * Aust. The Emperor of Austria is
crowned at Pesth.
Nov. * Germany disputes with Denmark ^
respecting the rights of Holstein and
Schleswig.
Dec. 6. Hamburg. The new Assembly
of 191 deputies first meets.
* * Mecklenburg. William is grand duke.
1861 Jan. 2. Prus. King Frederick
William IV. dies [and is succeeded by
his brother William I.].
1861-88 Prus. William I. is king.
Feb. 26. Aust. A new Liberal con-
stitution is published (p. 525).
Mar. 8. Prus. The Hohenzollern min-
istry resigns ; August von der Heydt
organizes a new one.
June 12. Hanover gives up the Stade
dues for compensation.
Aug. 23. Baden. A meeting of the
German National Federal Associa-
tion is held at Heidelberg ; it decides to
form a fleet. [Soon after many sub-
scriptions are made for it.]
Oct. 18. E. Prus. William I. and his
queen are crowned at Kbnigsberg ; he
declares that he will reign by the
" Grace of God."
1862 Mar. 6. Prus. The Diet passes
a bill for making the ministry respon-
sible.
The Ministry is opposed by the
Chamber of Representatives respecting
the length of military service.
Mar. 8. Frankfort. The Austrian and
Prussian members of the Diet demand
the renewal of the Constitution from
the Elector of Hesse.
Mar. 11. Prus. The Representative
Chamber of the Landtag persists in dis-
cussing the items of the budget ; the
Schwerin Ministry resigns ; the king
dissolves the chambers, and retains the
ministers against the request of the dep-
uties.
Mar. 13. Berlin. The National Asso-
ciation recommends the formation of a
federal form of government, with a cen-
tral executive under the leadership of
Prussia.
Apr. 12. Prus. The Liberal Ministry
resigns, and is succeeded by reactionists
under Van der Heydt.
May* Prus. The elections return a
stronger opposition ; only one minister
is elected.
May 26. Prus. Bismarck is sent as an
ambassador to Paris.
July 8. -Aug. 10. Vienna. Plenipo-
tentiaries from the German states meet,
and discuss federal reform.
Sept. 11-16. Berlin. The military re-
forms cause bitter disagreements.
The deputies vote for a reduction of
the budget so as to maintain an army
of only 135,000, instead of 200,000 men.
Sept. 28, 29. Deputies from the German
States meet at Weimar ; they advocate
the formation of one federal state for
all Germany.
Sept. 30. Prus. Bismarck informs the
Representative Chamber of Deputies
that the budget is deferred till 1863 ; he
is met by the charge of unconstitution-
ality.
Oct. 8. Prus. Bismarck is appointed
minister of state and president of the
Council of Ministers.
Oct. 11. Prus. The Upper House sus-
tains Bismarck, and passes the budget
without the amendments of the other
Chamber ; the act is declared unconsti-
tutional by the Chamber of Deputies.
Vote, 237-2.
Oct. 13. Prus. The king closes the
legislative session, saying, " The Gov-
ernment is under the necessity of con-
trolling the public affairs outside the
Constitution."
Nov. * Prus. Public agitation prevails
respecting the violating of the Consti-
tution ; it ends in passive resistance.
Liberal papers are suppressed.
822 1863, Jan. 22-1866, June 19. GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1863 Nov. * Holstein. The troops of
Hanover and Saxony enter the duchies
of Holstein and Lauenburg pending the
settlement of the succession ; the duchies
belong to the Confederation.
Dec. 23. Holstein. German troops ap-
pear in the duchy for federal execution
of the London Protocol (p. 641).
1864 Jan. 21. Holstein. Federal in-
vasion (p. G40). (See Denmark.)
Feb. * -Oct. * Schleswig-Holstein. War
of Austria and Prussia against Den-
mark (pp. 526, 640).
* * Prussia and Austria secede from the
London Protocol, and failing in an agree-
ment the war is renewed.
July 2. Schlesung-Hol stein. Rendsburg
is taken by the Prussians. [July 18.
Another armistice. Aug. 1. Prelimi-
naries of peace.]
1866 June 7. Holstein. The Prussians
under Gen. Manteuff el enter theduchy ;
the Austrians retire.
June 13. Hanover. Prussian troops
enter Hanover, it being on the side of
Austria.
June 16.-July 22. The Austro-Prus-
sian "War ; The Seven Weeks' War.
The smaller states of North Germany
and Italy are allies of Prussia, while Ba-
varia, Wurtemberg, Saxony, Hanover,
Baden, and the two Hesses are allies of
Austria. Gen. Benedek commands the
Austrian northern army, 240,000 strong,
in Bohemia and Moravia ; the Archduke
Albert commands their southern army,
the army of Venice.
Five Prussian armies take the field.
(1) Prince Frederick Charles commands
93,000 men in Lusatia ; (2) The Crown
Prince Frederick William commands
the Silesian army (115,000) ; (3) Gen. Bit-
tenfeld commands the army of the Elbe
in Thuringia (46,000); (4) Gen. Von
Mulbe commands the reserves at Berlin
(24,000) ; (5) King William commands the
army of the Main [later formed] (48,000) ;
chief of the general staff, Gen. Von
Moltke (p. 526).
June 16-20. Hanover, Hesse-Cassel,
Saxony, and Nassau, as allies of Austria,
are occupied by Prussians ; the Elec-
tor Frederick William is taken prisoner,
and removed to Stettin.
June 18. Silesia. The Austrian north-
ern army crosses over into Silesia. The
Prussians enter and occupy Dresden,
Saxony.
June 19. Silesia. The Saxon army,
king, and government join the Aus-
trians.
Fliedner, Theodor, philanthropist, A64.
Haussmann, David J. L., statesman, finan-
cier, A74.
Junghuhn, Franz W., naturalist, A52.
Klenze, Leo von, architect, A80.
Lassalle, Ferdinand, socialist, A39.
Maximilian 11., King of Bavaria, A53.
Meyerbeer, Giacomo, composer, A70.
Rose, Heinrich, chemist, A69.
Schonbein, Johann L., physician, A71.
Struve, Friedrich G. W. von, astron., A71.
Wagner, Rudolph, physician, anatomist, A59.
1865 * • Ann, Johann F., grammarian, A69.
Barth, Heinrich, African explorer, A44.
Encke, Johann F., astronomer, A74.
Ernst, Heinrich W., musician, A61.
Kiss, August, sculptor, A63.
Lappenberg, Johann M., historian, A71.
Leopold, King of the Belgians, Duke of Sax-
ony, A75.
Ollendorff, Henry Godfroy, educ, gram., A62.
Schomburgk, Sir Robert H., naturalist, trav-
eler, A61.
Ullmann, Karl, theologian, A69.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1865 * * The extract of meat is invented
by Liebeg.
1866 Jan. 4. Berlin. The asteroid
Semele is discovered by F. Tietjen.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1863 - * Dbderlein, Ludwig, philologist, A72.
Grimm, Jakob L., philologist, jurist, A78.
Gunther, Anton, philosopher, A78.
Hahn, August, theologian, A 71.
Hebbel, Friedrich, dramatist, A50.
Mitscherlieh, Eilard, chemist, A 69.
Voight, Johannes, historian, A77.
1864 * * Anberlen, Karl A., theologian, A40.
Casper, Johann L., physician, A68.
CHURCH.
1866 Jan.* Ith.Frus. The dispute be-
tween the king and the chapter respect-
ing the election of an archbishop for
Cologne is settled.
LETTERS.
1863 * * Novellen in Versen, by Heyse,
appears.
1864 * * An Egyptian Princess, by Georg
Ebers, appears. [1867-68, Egypt and the
Book of Moses.]
1865 * * Pietra, by Mosenthal, appears.
SOCIETY.
1863 Oct. 18. Saxony. The 5 0th
anniversary of the battle of Leipsic is
celebrated.
1865 June 2. Ph. Prus. An Inter-
national Industrial Exhibition is
opened at Cologne by the Crown Prince.
June 8. The 50th anniversary of the
establishment of the Germanic Confed-
eration is celebrated.
1866 May 7. Carl Cohen makes an
unsuccessful attempt to assassinate
Bismarck.
STATE.
1863 Jan. 22. Frankfort. The Con-
federate Diet rejects the proposal of
Austria.
Jan. 27. Prus. Bismarck offends the
deputies by threatening to enforce his
policy. [He recommends the king to
dismiss the Ministry.]
Feb. 28. Prus. The deputies recom-
mend Prussian neutrality in the Polish
war.
Mar. 30. Den. The king issues an Eider
Danish proclamation, abandoning the
basis of 1852, and annexing js-chleswig.
[Germany is incensed. Apr. 17. ' Austria
and Prussia protest.]
May * Prus. A controversy occ an be-
tween deputies and Ministry. I
* * Prus. The king concludes to govern
without a parliament.
June 1. The press is exceedingly re-
stricted.
July 9. The Confederate Diet demands
that Denmark annul the patent grant-
ing independent rights to Holstein, and
annexing Schleswig. [Aug. 27. Denied.]
(P. 641.)
July 31. The German sovereigns are
invited to a Congress at Frankfort by
the Emperor of Austria.
Aug. 2. Aust. The Austrian emperor
meets King William at Gastein.
Aug. 16. Frankfort. The congress of
nearly all the German princes meets.
By the advice of Bismarck the King of
Prussia declines to participate. Francis
Joseph, Emperor of Austria, presides ;
and the reorganization of Germany is
considered, but without results. [Aug.
21. It declares in favor of unity. Sept.
1. They approve the Austrian plan of
federal reform. Sept. 22. Disapproved
by King William.]
Sept. 8. Prus. The crown prince is
reconciled to the king.
Sept. 29. Den. The parliament receives
a bill forthe incorporation of Schles-
wig.
Oct. * Prus. A majority of Liberal dep-
uties is elected.
Nov. 5. Fr. Napoleon III. proposes a
European congress.
Nov. 16. Schleswig-Holstein. The dis-
pute concerning the two duchies is re-
vived (p. 641).
Nov. 26. Schleswig-Holstein. Several
German powers, including Saxony, Ba-
varia, and Hesse, resolve to support
Prince Frederick of Augustenburg.
[Dec. 2. Prussia also.]
Dec. 7. Frankfort. The Confederate
Diet decides to punish Holstein. [Dec.
24. Troops enter.] (P. 640.)
Dec. 21. Frankfort. Germany sends
900 representatives who pledge their
states to support Prince Frederick as
duke of Schleswig-Holstein, and pro-
claim their union inseparable; a com-
mittee of 36 is appointed.
There is great excitement concerning
the Danish encroachments in Schleswig,
and Prussia is urged to occupy the
duchies.
Dec. 25. Schleswig-Holstein. The Fed-
eral Commissioners in control. [Dec.
30. Prince Frederick, as duke, en-
ters Kiel.]
Dec. * Frankfort. The Chamber of Dep-
uties refuses to defray the expenses of
the war for the duchies.
* * Prus. The Socialistic party is or-
ganized by Ferdinand Lassalle.
* * Anhalt becomes a duchy by the
union of the duchies Anhalt-Dessau-
Kothen and Anhalt-Bernburg.
1864 Jan. 14. Frankfort. The Con-
federate Diet rejects by a majority of
two votes the motion of Austria and
Prussia to occupy Schleswig.
Jan. 16. Austria and Prussia issue a
peremptory demand (p. 641).
Jan. 21. The demand being refused,
German troops enter Holstein (p. 641).
[Jan. 31. Austria and Prussia issue a
joint note. Mar. 5. They sign a new
agreement.]
Feb. 13. Den. The Federal Commis-
sioners protest against the occupation
of Altona by Prussia.
Apr. 25. London. A conference is
opened for the settlement of the Schles-
wig-Holstein question. [June 25. Ends.]
June 22. Bohemia. King William and
the Emperor Francis Joseph meet at
Carlsbad.
GERMANY. 1863, Jan. 22-1866, June 19. 823
July 9. Den. Jutland is placed under
Prussian administration.
July 26. Vienna. A peace confer-
ence opens.
[Aug. 1. Prus. Preliminaries of
peace are signed.]
Aug. 22. Vienna. The sovereigns of
Prussia and Austria meet at Schon-
brunn.
Oct. 27. Aust. Premier Rechberg re-
signs. [Count Mensdorf f Pouilly is his
successor.]
Oct. 30. Peace of Vienna (pp. 526, 641).
Prussia and Austria establish " a com-
mon government " in Schleswig city.
The final disposition of the duchies Is
postponed because of disagreements be-
tween Austria and Prussia.
Dec. 5. Frankfort. The Confederate
Diet agrees to the withdrawal of the
troops from the two duchies.
* * Bavaria. Louis H. becomes king.
* * Wurtemberg. Charles I. becomes
king.
1865 Jan. 16. Constitutional agita-
tion is renewed concerning the control
of the army budget.
Feb. 22. Prussia sends to Vienna its
demand concerning the ownership of
the two duchies.
Mar. 24. Prussia orders the marine
station to be transferred to Kiel.
Apr. 6. Frankfort. Schleswig and
Holstein are retained by Prussia.
The contention between Austria and
Prussia is considered by the Confeder-
ate Diet ; it unites with Bavaria and
Saxony requesting Austria and Prussia
to give up Holstein to the Duke of Au-
gustenburg. [Apr. 6. Prussia declines.
Apr. 17. It informs Austria of its de-
termination to retain control of the two
duchies.]
May 29. Berlin. The Ministerial Coun-
cil discusses the annexation of the
duchies.
June 17. Prus. The Chamber of Repre-
sentatives is prorogued.
It had rejected the army budget which
provides for the reorganizing of the
army, for increasing the fleet, and for
war expenses in Denmark. [The king
rules without the aid of the Lower
House.]
June 27. Vienna. The Schmerling
Ministry ends [and the Belcredi Min-
istry succeeds it].
July 5. Prus. The king issues at Carls-
bad a despotic decree appropriating
and disposing of the revenue.
July 18, 19. Prus. The Liberal mem-
bers are fSted in the provinces.
July 23. Aust. King William and Von
der Pfordten hold an interview at
Salzburg.
July 27. Frankfort. In the Confederate
Diet, Bavaria, Saxony, and Darmstadt
move to summons the estates of the two
duchies and to admit Schleswig into
the Confederation.
Aug. 14. Treaty of Gastein for the
disposal of the conquered duchies (p.
526).
* * Disputes arise between Austria and
Prussia respecting the Treaty of Gastein
(p. 526). [Oct. 1. Condemned by the Con-
federate Diet.]
Aug. 15. Schleswig-Hoistein. The King
of Prussia takes formal possession of
Lauenburg, having purchased it with
his own money of Austria ; Manteuffel
and Gablenz assume the administration
of government in Schleswig-Hoistein.
Aug. 16. Prussia concludes a naviga-
tion treaty with Great Britain.
Aug. 19. Aust. The sovereigns of Aus-
tria and Prussia meet at Salzburg.
Sept. 23. Prus. Premier Van der
Heydt resigns, and is succeeded by the
Count Otto Edward L. Bismarck.
Oct. 4. Bismarck first meets the Em-
peror Napoleon at Biarritz.
Dec. * The German states accept a com-
mercial treaty with Italy, and recognize
King Victor Emmanuel.
1866 Jan. 20. Prus. Bismarck de-
mands of Austria the banishment of
Prince Augustenburg of Schleswig-
Hoistein.
Jan. 26. Prus. Bismarck seeks a quar-
rel with Austria, and sends a sharp de-
spatch complaining of Austria's infidel-
ity. [Feb. 7. He receives a bitter reply ;
a cry for war arises on both sides.]
Jan. * Prus. The dispute between the
king and the chapter respecting the elec-
tion of an archbishop of Cologne is
settled; the Pope appoints Bishop
Melchers.
Mar. 7. Vienna. The Council decides to
send more soldiers to the north.
Mar. 11. Prussia issues a decree assert-
ing jurisdiction over Holstein.
Mar. 24. Prussia, by a circular letter,
formally asks the neutral German states
to decide whether they will aid Prussia
or Austria in the war.
Mar. 27. Prus. The ministerial council
decides to prepare for war.
[Mar. 29. Orders are issued for secur-
ing the frontiers.]
Mar. 31. Bavaria. Baron Pfordten
issues a note to the two great powers of
Germany. [Apr. 22. The prime min-
isters of the lesser German states meet
at Augsburg.]
Apr. 7. Austria demands that Prussia
demobilize its army. [Apr. 21. Prussia
agrees to a common disarmament.]
Apr. 8. Prus. A treaty between Prus-
sia and Italy against Austria is con-
cluded (?), Italy having an eye to the
acquirement of Venezia.
Apr. 9. Frankfort. At the Diet of the
Confederation , Bismarck disregards Aus-
tria's demands, and requests the convo-
cation of a German parliament at Frank-
fort on the basis of universal suffrage.
Apr. 15. Berlin. A great peace meet-
ing is held.
Apr. 21. Austria decides to mobilize its
forces. [Apr. 27. Italy also.]
Apr. * -May * Recriminatory corre-
spondence passes between Austria and
Prussia relating to disarmament.
Apr. * Fr. France professes neutrality.
May 4. Aust. Count Mensdorff declares
the negotiations respecting disarma-
ment to be at an end.
May 9. Berlin. The Prussian Diet
is dissolved.
May 11. Frankfort. The Confederate
Diet decides to ask Prussia to specify
its plans of reform.
May 12. Bismarck secures Italy as an
ally.
Austria has allies in Bavaria, Wiir-
temberg, Saxony, Hanover, Baden, and
the two Hesses.
May 19. Frankfort. The Confederate
Diet calls on Austria and Prussia to
disarm.
May 20. A meeting of deputies repre-
senting the smaller German states
condemns the approaching war.
May 24. Fr. Napoleon EEL officially
invites the contending states to a Con-
gress. [Austria declines.]
May 27-28. Frankfort. The media-
tion of France, England, and Russia is
proffered.
Austria makes a condition that there
shall be no reference to an alteration
of boundaries in any peace conference,
and thereby frustrates the mediation.
May 28. Schleswig-Hoistein. Gov. An-
ton von Gablenz proposes a plan of
mediation. [It is declined.]
June 1. Austria proposes to refer the
matter of the two duchies to the Confed-
erate Diet. [June 3. Bismarck protests
against it.]
June 2. Holstein. The Austrian gover-
nor, Von Gablenz, holds an assembly of
states in Holstein [and an open rupture
with Prussia follows].
June 7. A Prussian force enters Hol-
stein, the king claiming that the Treaty
of Gastein is broken ; Von Gablenz pro-
tests, and retreats with the Austrian
brigade ; he goes to Hanover.
June 10. Frankfort. Bismarck sub-
mits to the parliament the draft of a
new constitution for Germany. He
sends it to all the German states.
Prussia assumes the administration
of Holstein.
June 11. Austria alleges that Prussia
has broken the treaty by invading
Holstein.
June 12. Austria breaks off diplomatic
relations with Prussia.
June 13. Hanover. Invaded (p. 527).
June 14. Frankfort. The Germanic
Confederation is dissolved. [The Diet
continues its functions for a short time.]
(P. 527.)
June 15. Prussia declares war against
Hanover, Hesse, and Saxony, after each
has declined her request to disregard the
summons of the Confederacy, and to
replace their troops on a peace footing,
and join a new confederation under the
lead of Prussia.
June 16-July 22. The Austro-Prus-
sian "War. (For causes, see p. 527.)
June 16. Prus. The Confederate Diet
decides for war; the bund is to be
mobilized.
* * Frankfort. Prussia sends a note to
the smaller states, requesting their
cooperation.
June 17. Austria and Prussia issue jus-
tification manifestoes.
June 18. "War is declared against
Austria by Prussia and Italy. [June 23.
Nearly all the Northern states side
with Prussia.]
824 1866, June 20-1869, Feb. 15. GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1866 June 20. Saxony. The Prussians
occupy all Saxony except Konigstein.
June 22. Bohemia becomes the seat
of war.
The crown prince, with the second
army, enters Bohemia to forestall the
Austrians and protect Silesia.
June * Prussia resolves on an offensive
war.
June 22-25. Bohemia is entered by
Prince Frederick Charles and the first
army, and also by the Army of the Elbe.
June 24. It. At Custozza 75,000 Aus-
trians under the Archduke Albert de-
feat 130,000 Italian allies under King
Victor Emmanuel.
June * Prince Alexander of Hesse is
made commander of the Confederation
army against Prussia.
June 26. Bohemia. Prince Frederick
Charles and the first army and the
Army of the Elbe are victorious in
severe engagements at Liebenau, Tur-
nau, and Podol.
June 27. Frankfort. Prince Charles
of Bavaria is proclaimed by the Diet
general of the Confederation troops.
Bohemia. Several engagements
take place.
Prince Frederick Charles and the first
army and the Army of the Elbe defeat
the Confederation troops at Hiihner-
wasser.
The crown prince, with the second
army, is repulsed at Trautenau by the
Austrians.
The Prussians under Von Steinmetz,
with needle-guns, defeat the Austrians
at Nachod.
Saxony. At Langensalza, 18,000
Hanoverians under Gen. Arendtschildt,
while on their way to join the Bavarians,
are attacked by 8,700 Prussians under
Gen. Von Flies; the defeated Prus-
sians lose 1,000 killed and wounded, and
912 prisoners. [June 28. The Prussian
force is increased to 40,000 men. June
29. The Prussians compel the Hanove-
rians to accept honorable terms, and
surrender.]
June 28. Prus. At Miinchengratz
Prince Frederick Charles, with the first
army and the Army of the Elbe, drives
back the Austrians and Saxons.
June 28-29. Bohemia. Prussians are
successful.
At Soor the second army defeats Gen.
Von Gablentz, and occupies Trautenau.
At Skalitz, the left column of the
crown prince's army defeats the Aus-
trians with heavy losses.
(Juke 29.) At Gitschin Prince Fred-
erick Charles, with the first army and
the Army of the Elbe, defeats the Aus-
trians.
The crown prince, with the second
army, defeats the Austrians and cap-
tures Koniginhof.
At Schweinschadel the left column of
the crown prince's army defeats the
Austrians.
June 30. Berlin. Having directed the
armies by telegraph from Berlin, King
William I. and Gen. Von Moltke,
chief of staff, now leave for the seat of
war.
July 3. Bohemia. Decisive battle of
Kbniggratz (Sadowa).
King William I., Crown Prince Freder-
ick William, Prince Frederick Charles,
and Gen. Von Bittenfeld, commanding
220,984 Prussians, defeat 250,000 Austri-
ans under Gen. Benedek, who retreat
towards Olmiitz; Prussian loss, 10,000;
Austrian loss, 40,000.
* * Aust. Prussia and Italy reject a pro-
posed truce.
* * Two-thirds of the Austrian southern
army is sent to the northern seat of war.
July 4. The Prussian army under Vogel
von Falkenstein is sent against the army
of the Confederation under Princes
Charles of Bavaria and Alexander of
Hesse ; it defeats the allies at Wiesen-
thal and Dermbach.
July 10. Bohemia. The Prussians oc-
cupy Prague.
Moravia. The united armies under
King William I. advance, defeat the
Austrian cavalry in a skirmish at Saar,
and compel them to retreat.
July 10, 11. Bavaria. The united
Prussian armies under William I. are
victorious at Hammelburg, Kissingen,
Friedrichshall, Hausen, and Walda-
schach.
July 12. Hung. A Prussian corps in-
vades Hungary.
Moravia. Prince Frederick Charles
enters Brixnn while the main Prussian
army marches upon Vienna.
Gen. Benedek with an Austrian army
marches for the capital, but is compelled
to take a circuitous route, while the
Prussians make rapid and direct ad-
vance.
July 13. Bavaria. At Laufach the
Hessians are defeated.
July 14. Frankfort is held by Prus-
sians.
Bavaria. At Aschaf f enburg-on-
the-Main the Prussians defeat the
united Hessian, Austrian, and Darm-
stadt troops, under Gen. Neipperg.
July 15. Moravia. At Tobitschau a
Prussian brigade defeats an Austrian
force.
July 16. Frankfort is entered by the
Prussians under Gen. Falkenstein, who
exacts heavy supplies.
July 17. Bavaria. The Prussians oc-
cupy Wiirzburg and Nuremberg.
July 18. Hesse-Nassau. The Prussians
occupy "Wiesbaden.
July 20. Dalmatia. The Austrians un-
der Adm. Tegetthoff defeat the Ital-
ians under Adm. Persano in a naval
battle near Lissa.
July 22. Aust. At Blumenau a battle
is stopped on the reception of tidings
of peace, and a truce for five days is
signed.
July 23- Aug. 1. Bavaria. The Prus-
sian reserves under the Grand Duke
of Mecklenburg-Schwerin occupy Fran-
conia.
July 24. Baden. The Prussians defeat
the troops of Baden at Tauberbischofs-
heim, Hochhausen, and Werbach.
July 25. Brunswick. The Prussians
gain victories at Neubrunn, Helmstadt,
and Gerscheim.
July 27. Bavaria. The citadel of
Wiirzburg is bombarded by the Prus-
sians.
July 31. Aust. King William I. re-
views his army 15 miles from Vienna.
Aug. 1. Bohemia. The Prussian army
begins its homeward march.
Aug. 2. Bavaria. Hostilities are sus-
pended by a truce.
Aug. 18. Bohemia and Moravia are
evacuated by the Prussians.
Aug. 23. Bohemia. Peace of Prague.
Sept. 20. Berlin. The victorious Prus-
sian army makes a triumphal entry into
the capital.
1867 Sept. 9. Luxemburg. The Prus-
sian garrison evacuates the fortress.
1868 Apr. 25. Eng. The iron-clad
Konig Wilhelm is launched at Blackwall
[afterward bought by Prussia].
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1866 June 26, 27. Fr. Krupp'snee-
dle-guns win the victory for the Prus-
sians.
1867 Aug. 14, 15. Hesse-Nassau. The
cathedral of St. Bartholomew, founded
in 1315, completed in 1512, is burned.
1868 June 21. Bavaria. Wagner's
Die Meistersinqer von Number g ap-
pears at Munich under the direction of
Von Biilow.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1866 * * Diesterweg, Friedrich A. W., teacher,
A76.
Goldschmidt, Hermann, astron., painter, A64.
Llebold, Philipp F. von, naturalist, A70
Rowe, Sophie, singer, A51.
RUckert, Friedrich, poet, orientalist, A78.
1867 * * Albers, Johann F. H., phys., A62.
Bockh, August, philan., antiq., A82.
Bopp, Franz, orientalist, A76.
Brandis, Christian A., hist, of phil., A77.
Cornelius, Peter von, painter, A80.
Dreyse, Johann N. von, Inventor of needle-
gun, A80.
Gerhard, Eduard, archeologist, A 72.
Haase, Heinrioh G. F. C, philologist, A39.
Hausser, Ludwig, historian, A49.
Maximilian, A. P., Prince of Keuwied, nat-
uralist, traveler, .A 85.
Mittermaier, Karl J. A., jurist, states., A80.
Rothe, Richard, clergyman, author, A68.
Sohn, Karl F., painter, A62.
1868 * * Brendel, Karl F., musical critic, A57.
Hauptmann, Moritz, composer, A76.
Hermann, Friedrich B. W. von, publicist,
economist, A73.
Hildebrandt, Eduard, painter, AM.
Juncker, Henry I)., R. €. cl.(bp. in Am.),A58.
Louis I., King of Bavaria, A82.
Martius, Karl F. P., botanist, A74.
Mobius, August F., mathematician, A78.
Pllicker, Julius, physicist, A67.
Poppig, Eduard, naturalist, traveler, A71.
Preuss, Johann D. E., historian, A 83.
Schleicher, August, philologist, A 47.
Schonbein, Christian F., chemist, A69.
Sichel, Julius, oculist, A 66.
Sternberg, Alexander, novelist, A62.
Waagen, Gustav F., art critic, A74.
Welcker, Friedrich G., archeologist, A84.
CHURCH.
1866 June 22. Rome. Archbishop A.
von Hohenlohe is created a cardinal
priest.
GERMANY. 1866, June 20-1869, Feb. 15. 825
Sept. 5. Berlin. A synagogue, alleged
to be the largest and most beautiful in
the world, is consecrated.
1868 June 25. Hesse. The Luther
monument is unveiled at Worms by
the King of Prussia.
LETTERS.
1866 * * China and Japan, by Heinrich
Schliemann, appears. [1869, Ithaca, Pel-
oponnesus, and Troy.]
* * Generelle Morphologie der Organismen,
by Ernst H. Haeckel, appears. [1868,
Natural History of Creation; 1870, On
the Origin and Genealogy of the Human
Race.]
1867 * * Lives of Fathers of tjie Desert,
by Ida Hahn-Hann, appears. [1868, Eu-
doxia, a Picture of the 5th Century.]
1868* * History of Esthetics in Ger-
many, by Lotze, appears.
* * Military Life in Prussia, by Hack-
lander, appears.
* * The Salon is issued.
1868-70 History oflioman Literature, by
Wilhelm S. Teuffel, appears.
1868-71 Bavaria. Anton Bachmaier
publishes a German-French-English dic-
tionary of pasigraphy, a system pro-
fessing to teach people to communicate
with each other by means of numbers
which convev the same ideas in all lan-
guages ; 4334 mental conceptions, it
is claimed, may be communicated by the
system.
SOCIETY.
1866 Nov. 17. Baden. Civil mar-
riage is made obligatory.
1868 Apr. 1. Saxony. Capital pun-
ishment is abolished.
Sept. 26-29. Berlin. A workmen's
congress to promote centralization is
held.
STATE.
1866 July 3. Austria is prostrate at
the feet of Prussia after the battle of
Sadowa. Prussian supremacy in Ger-
many is assured.
July 4. Austria cedes Venezia to
France, and requests the intervention
of Napoleon III.
July 13. The Prussian army under Gen.
Frankenstein advancing, the Confeder-
ate Diet retires from Frankfort to
Augsburg.
July 16. Prus. The king invites the
states of North Germany to form a new
confederation, to be called the North
German Confederation.
July 26. Moravia. A preliminary treaty
of peace is signed at Nikolsburg under
French mediation.
Prussia demands Hanover, Hesse,
Nassau, and Frankfort ; Austria with-
draws from Germany.
July 30. Prussia grants an armistice to
the German states.
Aug. 4. Bavaria. The dissolution of
the German Confederation is recog-
nized by the Confederate Diet at Augs-
burg.
Brunswick. A tariff convention
meets.
Aug. 13. Prussia makes peace with
Wtirtemberg.
Aug. 17. Berlin. The bill for making
annexations to Prussia is introduced
in the Prussian parliament.
Prussia concludes peace with Baden.
Aug. 18. The North German Con-
federation is formed by an alliance of
the North German states with Prussia.
Prussia enters a treaty of alliance,
offensive and defensive, with 15 states :
Saxe-Weimar, Oldenburg, Brunswick,
Saxe-A ltenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,
Anhalt, two Schwarzburgs, Waldeck,
the younger Reuss, two Lippes, Liibeck,
and Bremen.
Aug. 21. Hamburg joins the North
German Confederation. The dukes of
Mecklenburg also join.
Aug. 22. Prussia makes peace with
Bavaria.
Aug. 23. The Peace of Prague be-
tween Austria and Prussia is signed.
Prussia gains Hanover, Hesse-Cassel,
Nassau, and Frankfort (p. 527).
Aug. 24. Bavarta. The old Confeder-
ate Diet at Augsburg holds its final
session, and is dissolved.
Aug. 29. Prus. Deputies hold a special
meeting; cost of the war is given as
$88,000,000.
Sept. 3. Prut. Peace with Hesse-
Darmstadt is concluded by ceding
Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Homburg, and other
territory. [Sept. 15. Dominions in the
north part ceded to Prussia,]
Sept. 8. Berlin. The treaty of alliance
between Prussia and the North German
states is ratified.
Sept. 11. Berlin. The Annexation
Bill is passed. The kingdom of Prus-
sia is enlarged u>. 527).
Sept. 20. Berlin. A decree is issued for
annexing to Prussia, Hanover, Electo-
ral Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfort. [Sept.
23. Hanover's king protests to Europe.]
Sept. 26. Thuringia. The elder Reuss
joins the North German Confederation.
Oct. 6. Hanover. Prussia takes posses-
sion. [Oct. 8. Also of Hesse, Homburg,
Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, and Frankfort.]
Oct. 8. Prus. Frankfort-on-the-Main is
annexed; the legislative corps and
15,000 citizens protest against it.
Saxe-Meiningen joins the North
German Confederation.
Oct. 21. Prussia and Saxony sign a
treaty of peace.
Oct. 23. Berlin. The electoral law
respecting the new German parliament
is promulgated.
Oct. 27. Prussia and Oldenburg enter
a special treaty.
Oct. * -Nov. * The Schleswig-Hol-
stein controversy continues between
the Diet and Austria and Prussia.
Dec. * Berlin. Parliament obstinately
refuses to defray the expenses of war.
* * All the allies of Austria are forced
to join the North German Confeder-
ation.
Bavaria is forced to cede some of its
territory to Prussia because of its atti-
tude as an ally of Austria during the
war ; Wiirtemberg is forced to pay an
indemnity to Prussia.
1867 Jan. 24. Berlin. A decree is is-
sued incorporating Schleswig and
Holstein with Prussia.
Feb. 24. Berlin. The King of Prussia
opens the first North German Parlia-
ment.
It has been elected by universal man-
hood suffrage, and comprises 295 depu-
ties, from 22 states. [Mar. 2. Dr. Simp-
son is elected its first president.]
Apr. 17. The Federal Constitution is
adopted.
The Prussian monarchy is made hered-
itary over the Confederation ; a federal
legislative council and a Diet elected by
the whole people is established. [July
1. Operative.]
May 7-11. London. A conference set-
tles the Luxemburg question. (See Great
Britain.)
May 8. Prus. The Prussians accept
the North German Constitution, thus
sacrificing Prussian civil rights to Ger-
man unity.
July * Baden joins the Tariff Union.
Aug. * Fifty deputies from parliaments
of Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Baden, and
Hesse-Darmstadt meet, and declare the
union of South German states with
North Germany to be necessary.
The mass of the Catholic South Germany
is opposed to union with Protestant
North Germany.
Sept. 7. Prus. Bismarck, by a circular
despatch; announces that the German
nation will not submit to interference
or guidance on the part of any foreign
power.
Sept. 10. Berlin. The. new North Ger-
man Parliament meets.
Oct. 18. Hanover. The treaty with
Prussia is ratified.
Oct. * -Nov. * A new German Zoll-
verein, or Tariff Union, is fprmed.
Nov. 15. Berlin. King William opens
the new Prussian Landtag.
1868 Feb. 22. Berlin. A treaty with
the United States is signed relating to
naturalization of aliens.
* * Hanover. The government seques-
trates much of the property of the
king because he maintains a Hanoverian
legion.
Apr. 27. — May 23. Berlin. Delegates
from the ZoUverein meet in the first
customs parliament in Germany.
May 20. Hanover. Hanoverians are
convicted of incipient treason against
Prussia.
June * Berlin. Chancellor Bismarck
retires temporarily because of ill health.
Oct. * Berlin. A South German Military
Commission is appointed after commu-
nicating with Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, and
Baden.
Nov. 2. Hesse. The ex-elector has his
property sequestrated for intriguing
against Prussia.
Dec. 1. Berlin. Deputies strongly op-
pose the government ; Minister Leon-
hardt makes a violent speech.
Dec. 8. Berlin. Bismarck, having re-
covered his health, returns to the chan-
cellorship.
* * Baden proposes the union of the
states of South Germany with the North*
ern Confederacy.
1869 Feb. 15. Hanover. The king's
Eroperty is sequestrated because of
is opposition to Prussia. [Feb. * And
again for intriguing.]
826 1869, May 31-1872, Sept. 20. GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1870 July 19-71 Mar. 3. The
Franco-Prussian War. (See France.)
July 23. Berlin. War is declared
against France ; great enthusiasm pre-
vails in Germany.
Aug. 4. Alsace-Lorraine. The Germans
invade France. Battle of Weissen-
burg (p. 738).
Aug. 4. William I. revives the order of
the "Iron Cross." It is bestowed on
the crown prince, "Unser Fritz." (The
first crosses were distributed in the war
of 1813.)
Aug. 6. Fr. The French army com-
mences its retreat to the Moselle.
Sept. 4-16. Fr. The German armies all
advance towards Paris.
Sept. 19-71 Jan. 28. The Siege of
Paris.
Sept. 19. Alsace-Lorraine. AtMetzthe
French under Gen. Ducrot make an
unsuccessful sortie.
Sept. 30. Alsace-Lorraine. The victori-
ous Germans enter Strasburg on tbe an-
niversary of its surrender to the French
in 1681.
Oct. * Alsace-Lorraine. Gem Uhrich
receives the Grand Cress of the Le-
gion of Honor at Strasburg.
1871 Jan. 10, 11. Battle of Le
Mans.
The French army under Gen. Chanzy
is almost annihilated by the Germans
under Frederick Charles.
Jan. 15-17. Fr. At Belfort a French
army of 40,000 under Gen. Bourbaki un-
successfully attacks the Germans under
Gen. Von Weder, and is compelled to
retreat to Switzerland.
Jan. 19. Fr. Battle of St. Quentin.
The last army of the French is com-
pletely defeated in several engagements
near Paris (p. 744).
Jan. 28. Fr. An armistice is signed,
while the Germans occupy the Paris
forts. The capitulation of Paris is
effected by the Convention of Versailles.
May 4. A provision is added to the Im-
perial Constitution, stipulating that
every German fit for duty is liable to
serve for seven years in the Imperial
army.
May 10. Peace of Frankfort (p. 745).
June. 16. Berlin. The victorious ar-
mies enter the city.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1869 June 15. The second expedition
of discovery sails for the Polar seas in
the Germania and Hansa; it seeks to
find a northeast passage.
July 20. Bavaria. An International
Exhibition is opened in the Crystal
Palace at Munich.
1871 June 16. Berlin. A statue of
Frederick William TV. is inaugu-
rated.
Aug. * E. Prus. Fatal cholera prevails
in Konigsberg.
1872 July 9. Hesse-Nassau. A me-
morial to Baron Heinrich F. K. von
Stein, the patriotic statesman, is inau-
gurated at Nassau by the emperor.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1869 * * Bergenroth, Gustav, historian, A56.
Carua, Karl G., physiologist, physician, A80.
Erdmann, Otto L., chemist, A65.
Hengstenberg, Ernst W., theologian, Biblical
critic, A67.
Launitz, Eduard Schmidt von der, sculptor,
A72.
Lowe, Johann K. G., composer, A73.
Overbeck, Friedrich, painter, A80.
Beichenbach, Baron, Karl von, chemist, A81.
Bitter, Heinrich, philosopher, A78.
Schmid, Leopold, B. C. theologian, A81.
Trentowski, Ferdinand B., Polish phil., A61.
Zimmermann, Clemens von, painter, A80.
1870* * Ainmiiller, Maximilian E., painter,
A63.
Amelia, Duchess of Saxony, poet, musician,
A76.
Fliigel, Gustav L., orientalist, A68.
Geiger, Lazarus, scholar, A41.
Grafe, Albrecht von, oculist, A42.
Holtzmann, Adolf, philologist, A 60.
Hugel, Karl A. A. von, trav., naturalist, A74.
Jaffe\ Philipp, historian, A51.
Magnus, Heinrich G., chemist, A68.
Meineke, Johann A. F. A., class, schol., A79.
Moscheles, Ignaz, pianist, composer, A76.
Neumann, Karl ¥., orientalist, A72.
Otto, Friedrich J., chemist, A61.
Bau, Karl H., political economist, A78.
Twesten, Karl, statesman, writer, A50.
Vangerow, Karl A. von, jurist, A62.
Vehse, Karl E., historian, A68.
1871 * * Baltzer, Johann B., B. C. theol., A63.
Bekker, Immanuel, philologist, critic, A86.
Chrysander, Friedrich, musical critic, A45.
Gervinus, Georg G., historian, critic, A66.
Haidinger, Wilhelm, geol., mineralogist, A76.
Haring, Wilhelm, novelist, A74.
Laemlein, Alexandre, painter, A58.
Lewald, Johann K. A., litterateur, A78.
Naumann, Moritz E. A., physician, A73.
Puckler-Muskau, Prince, Hermann Ludwig
Heinrich von, traveler, author, A86.
Seemann, Berthold, botanist, A46.
Thalberg, Sigismund, pianist, composer, A59.
Eeberweg, Friedrich, philosopher, A45.
Venedey, Jakob, jurist, politician, A66.
Weisbach, Julius, mathematician, A65.
Zahn, Johann K. W., artist, A71.
CHURCH.
1869 May 31. Hesse. A Pan-Protes-
tant conference is held at Worms;
1,000 delegates are present.
1870 May * Rome. Count Arnim, Ger-
man representative at Rome, protests
against the proposal to make the doc-
trine of papal infallibility a dogma.
July 18. Rome. The dogma of the in-
fallibility of the Pope in regard to
faith and morals, decreed by the Vati-
can Council, is promulgated. [It is
much opposed.]
* * The opponents of papal infallibility,
under the leadership of Dr. Johann J.
I. von Dollinger of Munich, organize the
"Old Catholics."
Aug. * -Oct. * Alsace. The cathedral
of Strasburg is much injured in the
siege.
Dec. * Rh. Prus. The " Old Cath-
olics" of Bonn issue a circular asking
for a church for their worship.
They declare opposition to the Vatican
decrees, but do not secede from the
Catholic Church ; repudiate infallibility
and supremacy of the Pope ; sanction
reading of the Bible, and divine worship
in the vulgar tongue, and the marriage
of priests.
1871 Apr. 13. Rome. Dr. Johann Jo-
seph Ignaz Dollinger of Munich is ex-
communicated for antagonizing the
doctrine of papal infallibility.
June 1. The Central Association of the
Evangelical Lutheran Mission among
the Jews is formed.
July 5. Dr. WoUner is excommuni-
cated by the bishop of Ermland for
denying papal infallibility.
* * Acts of excommunication for denying
the Pope's infallibility are disapproved
by the Government.
July 29. Bavaria. Dr. Dollinger is
elected rector of the University of
Munich.
Aug. 2. Berlin. The Evangelical
Church meets in convention.
Sept. 22. Rh. Prus. An " Old Cath-
olic" meeting is held at Bonn to op-
pose the dogma of papal infallibility.
Sept. 27. Bavaria. The dogma of papal
infallibility is opposed by the Bavarian
minister of public worship in a letter to
the archbishop of Munich.
Sept. 30. Bavaria. The " Old Cath-
olic " church is opened at Munich.
Nov. 26. A law is passed forbidding the-
clergy to meddle with politics in the*
pulpit.
* * The Roman Catholic clergy oppose the
Government in respect to education.
1872 Jan. 22. Dr. Paul L. A. Falk
is appointed minister of public worship
and instruction. [He introduces meas-
ures giving the Government control of
ecclesiastical affairs.]
* * The supremacy of the state in mat-
ters of education is asserted by th&
Government.
Mar. * Intense Ultramontane agitation
arises against the Government. The
Roman Catholic clergy vainly oppose
Bismarck's school-inspection bill.
Mar. * Dr. Dollinger advocates a union
of Old Catholics with the Church of
England.
June 12. Berlin. The Reichstag votes
(131-93) to expel the Jesuits because of
their activity in behalf of papal infalli-
bility.
July 5. Berlin. The Government pub-
lishes the law for the expulsion of the
Jesuits.
Sept. 20-22. Cologne. A Congress of
Old Catholics meets.
LETTERS.
1869 * * Philosophy of the Unconscious,
by Karl R. E. Hartmann, appears. [1871,
The Thing in Itself and Its Constitution.]
1870 Aug. * -Oct. * Alsace - Lorraine.
The library of Strasburg is destroyed
in the siege.
* * The Country -House on the Rhine, by
Auerbach, appears. [1874, Little Bare-
foot and Waldfried.]
1871 * * Die Pioniere, by Spielhagen, ap-
pears. [1872, Always Ahead ; 1873, What
the Swallow Sang: 1874, Ultimo; 1875,
Love for Love ; 1876, Hans und Grethe ;
1878, Flood Tide.]
1871-76 The Provinces of the Roman
Empire, by Mommsen, appears.
187 1± The term "Reptile Bureau-
cracy" is applied to those journalists
in the pay of the Government.
1872 Feb. 8-10. Berlin. The Reichs-
tag takes a stand agayist clerical in-
terference with the national schools.
May 1. Alsace-Lorraine. The Uni-
versity of Strasburg is restored, and
remodeled on German principles.
SOCIETY.
1872 Sept. 6. Berlin. The Emperor of
Austria arrives.
GERMANY. 1869, May 31-1872, Sept. 20. 827
1869 Sept. 14. The centenary of the
birth of Alexander von Humboldt is
celebrated.
1870 Sept. 3. Berlin rejoices over
the surrender of the Emperor Napoleon.
1870-71 About 40,000 soldiers receive
the decoration of the Iron Cross.
Oct. * Gen. Jean J. A. Uhrich, the de-
fender of Strasburg, receives the Grand
Cross of the Legion of Honor.
1871 Jan. 3. Several bankers are
condemned to imprisonment for sub-
scribing to the French loan.
Mar. 22. Berlin. Bismarck is created
a prince.
1872 Mar. 22. Berlin. The German
princes have a meeting in honor of the
emperor's birthday.
STATE.
Julv 20 *•. Bavaria. The king announces
bis intention of joining Prussia against
France [July 20±. Aden also joins.
July * Frankfort also.]
1869 June 17. Oldenburg. The King
of Prussia inaugurates the first German
military post, Wilhelmshafen, at Hip-
pens, Bay of Jahde.
Oct. 29. Berlin. The Landtag rejects
the proposal to disarm.
Baden. Universal suffrage is
adopted by the second chamber of the
Landtag.
Nov. 25. Bavaria. The ministry resign
(Dec. 9). [Resignations are partially ac-
cepted by the king.]
1870 Feb 12. Bavaria. The Landtag
votes a want of confidence in Prince
Hohenlohe, its president. [Feb. 14.
He resigns.]
July 5±. Prus. Prince Leopold of
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen consents to
become a candidate for the throne of
Spain ; [France makes this a pretext
for war.]
July 12. With the king's consent Prmce
Leopold declines the candidacy for the
Spanish throne because of the strong
opposition of the French government.
July 13. The French Government re-
quires King William to guarantee that
no Hohenzollern prince shall again ac-
cept-the candidacy for the Spanish
throne. [The king refusing, diplomatic
relations between the countries are sev-
ered, and Benedetti, the French minis-
ter, is not received at Berlin.]
A tpleeram from Ems [attributed to
Co^ntBS™k] , falsely stating that the
French ambassador had been publicly
insulted by King William, intensifies the
irritation of the French, as it was de-
signed to do.
July 15. Fr. Napoleon III. declares
war against King William.
* * Contrary to Napoleon's expectations,
Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt,
and Baden uphold Prussia in the war
against their " hereditary enemy."
July 19. Berlin. Count Bismarck an-
nounces the declaration of war by
France, and declares it groundless and
presumptuous.
The North German Parliament
meets, and votes to support Prussia
against the French.
July 29. Berlin. Bismarck issues a cir-
cular despatch explaining to the Ger-
man states his dilatory treatment of
France.
July 31. Berlin. William issues a
proclamation granting amnesty for po-
litical offenses, and accepting the battle
for the defense of the Fatherland.
Aug. 3. Berlin. The king issues a proc-
lamation to the army, and takes com-
mand of it.
Sept. * Negotiations are carried on be-
tween Bismarck and Pavre, but with-
out result, the French refusing any con-
cession of territory-
* * The great victories in France facilitate
German unity.
Sept. 6i. Munich, Stuttgart, and other
cities of South Germany, declare for
union with North Germany.
Sent 13. Berlin. Bismarck by circu-
lar letter announces that Prussia will
not make peace with France until she
possesses the fortifications which
threaten German frontiers on the west.
Sept. * -Nov. * Berlin. The Socialists
oppose the annexation of Alsace and
Lorraine.
Nov. 15. Baden and Hesse-Darm-
stadt join the North German Confeder-
ation by treaty. [Nov. 23. Bavaria
also joins. Nov. 25. Wiirtemberg
joins.]
Nov. 28. Berlin. The parliament votes
100,000,000 thalers to continue the war.
Dec. 3. Berlin. The imperial crown
is offered to the King of Prussia.
Dec. 4± . Bavaria. The king, in a letter
to the King of Saxony, proposes the
nomination of the King of Prussia as
Emperor of Germany.
Dec. 10. Berlin. The North German
Parliament in an address requests the
king to become emperor. Vote, 188-6.
[Dec. 18. It is solemnly presented to
King William in an assembly of princes,
by President Simpson.]
tty to decide international relations, and to
declare war and peace with the consent of
the Federal Council, to conclude alliances,
and to command the army and navy. A
federal council, called the Bundesrath, is to
consist of tl^e representatives of the twenty
flve governments of the empire, and the
chancellor of the empire is to be its presi-
dent. Prussia will have 17 votes Bavaria
six Saxony and Wiirtemberg each four, Ba-
den and Hesse each three Mecklenburg-
Schwerin and Brunswick each two, and the
rest of the states one vote each. Total, &s
V0The imperial parliament, called the Reichs-
tag will consist of 382 members, who are to
he chosen by manhood suffrage.
A centralized military system requires uni-
versal compulsory service of three years In
the rtanXg arm>" four years in the reserves
and five years in the Landwehr. The posta
and telegraph system, the coinage, and
lights agnd measures are to be uniform in
the empire.
Apr. 17. Hamburg is confirmed in its
privileges as a free port.
May 4. The new Constitution of the
German Empire becomes effective.
May 10. Frankfort. A treaty of peace
is signed (p. 745). [May 16. Berlin.
Ratified.]
May 12. Berlin. The chancellery of the
empire is established, with Prince Otto
von Bismarck as first chancellor.
1871. Jan. 1. The German Empire
is reestablished.
Jan. 18. Fr. All the sovereign princes
and the three free cities having offered
the crown of Germany to the King of
Prussia, William I. is proclaimed
Emperor of Germany at Versailles.
Jan. * Hamburg joins the Empire.
Feb. 26. Fr. The prenminaries of
peace are signed at Versailles (p. 745).
Mar. 21. Berlin. First Imperial par-
liament of Germany, called the Reichs-
tag, is opened by Emperor William;
397 members are present.
Mar. 22. Berlin. Bismarck is made an
hereditary prince.
Apr. 14. The Constitution of the new
German Federal State is adopted al-
most unanimously by the Reichstag.
Provisions ; The presidency is connected
hereditoruy with the crown of Prussia wrth
the title of German Emperor; he has author-
June 9. Berlin. The law completing the
annexation of Alsace is enacted.
July* The Government disapproves of
the excommunication of bishops who
deny papal infallibility.
Nov. 6±. Berlin. The coinage is re-
formed ; the introduction of a gold com
is approved by the Federal Council.
[Nov. 18. The Keichstag approves.]
1872 Jan. 17. Berlin. VonMuhler,
the minister of public instruction an
ultra Conservative is forced to resign
[Jan. 22. Dr. Paul L. A. I alJt is ap
pointed.]
Feb 8-10. Berlin. The Reichstag op-
poses clerical interference with
schools.
May 14. Bismarck announces to the
Reichstag that the Pope has rejected
Cardinal Hohenlohe, the German am-
bassador.
May* The new "National Conserva-
tive Party" is formed.
* * Berlin. The Government creates new
peers to sustain its measures in the Ger-
man parliament.
June 19. Berlin. The Reichstag votes
for the expulsion of the Jesuits; the
session ends. Vote, 131-93. [July 5. The
law is published.]
June 29. Germany and Fiance enter a
new agreement.
It fixes the payment of the fourth mil-
liard for March 1 1874 ; the fifth, , Mwth
1 1875; a financial security for the nn n
milliard is to be accepted: by Germany
m place of the continual occupation of
French territory.
July 5. Berlin. Bismarck declares that
Ultramontanes are a peril to the empire.
Sept 5,6. Berlin. A meeting of sov-
ereigns. The Czar and the Emperor of
Austria meet the Emperor of Germany ;
they form a secret alliance.
Sept 20. Alsace. Option day arrives.
The people of Alsace finally choose
their nationality, and ermgrate with
their property if they prefer France.
828 1872, Sept.*- 1878, June 5.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1878 May 31. Eng. The ironclad
Grosser Kurfurst is sunk by collision
■with Konig Wilhelm ; 300 lives are lost.
[1879. July. * Adm. Batsch is sen-
tenced to six months' imprisonment.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1872 * * Jeremiah at the Fall of Jerusa-
lem is painted by Eduard Bendermann.
1873 Sept. 2. Berlin. A monument
of victory is unveiled.
It commemorates successes in three
wars, with Denmark (1854), Austria(1866),
and France (1870-71).
* * The Triumph of Germanicus is painted
by Karl von Pilitz.
1873-75 Paul Gussfeldt conducts a sci-
entific expedition intoWest Africa.
An attempt to explore the interior
fails because of insuperable difficulties ;
but valuable collections and observa-
tions are made, brought back, and pub-
lished.
1874* * Schleswig-Holstein. The seat of
the observatory, for a long time at Al-
tona, is removed to Kiel.
1875 Aug. 16. Lippe. A statue of
Hermann (Arminius), erected at Det-
mold by Ernst Bandei, is uncovered by
the emperor.
1876 Aug. 13. Bavaria. Three series
of performances of "Wagner's Ring des
Nibelungen in four parts open at Bai-
reuth, in the presence of the Emperors
of Germany and Brazil, the King of Ba-
varia, and many other sovereigns.
* * The Holy Family is painted by Lud-
wig Knaus.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1872 * * Bahr, or Baehr, Johann C. F., classi-
cal scholar, author, A74.
Daniel, Hermann A., theologian, geog., A60.
Devrient, Gustav K., actor, AC9.
Devrient, Karl A., actor, A74.
Feuerbach, Ludwig A., philosopher, A68.
Goldstucker, Theodor, Sanskrit scholar, A51.
Hartmann, Moritz, poet, A50. •
Kalisch, David, poet, A52.
Maurer, Georg L., jurist, A83.
Mohl, Hugo von, botanist, A67.
Oettinger, Eduard M., novelist, bibliog., A64.
Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius, paint., A78.
Trendelenburg, Friedrich A., phil., A70.
Uhlich, Leberecht, rationalistic theol., A73.
1873 * * AUioli, Joseph F., R. C. cl.,au.,A80.
Breithaupt, Johann A. F., mineralogist, A82.
Bube, Adolph, poet, A71.
Deutsch, Emanuel O. M., orientalist, A44.
Fiirst, Julius, orientalist, A68.
John, King of Saxony, A72.
Keller, Joseph, engraver, A62.
Kurz, Heinrich, orientalist, A68.
Liebiff , Baron Justus von, chemist, A70.
Menzel, Wolfgang, critic, historian, A75.
Miihlbach, Luise (Mrs. Theodor Mundt),
novelist, A59.
Muller von Konigswiter, Wolfgang, poet,
A57.
Raumer, Friedrich L. G., historian, A92.
Kose, Gustav, mineralogist, A75.
1874 * * Alirens, Heinrich, jurist, au., A66.
Bluhme, or Blume, Friedrich, jurist, A77.
Gabelentz, Hans 0. von der, politician, phi-
lologist, linguist, A 67.
Hagenbach, Karl K., theol., eccl., hist., A73.
Hansen, Peter A., astronomer, A79.
Haupt, Moritz, philologist, A66.
Heyt, August von der, statesman, A73.
Hildebrandt, Ferdinand T., painter, A70.
Hoffmann, August H., poet, A76.
Kaulbach, Wilhelm, painter, A69.
Madler, Johann H., astronomer, A80.
Reuter, Fritz, poet, novelist, A64.
Rodiger, Emil, Hebraist, A73.
Schuitze, Max, biologist, A49.
Strauss, David F., rationalistic theol., A66.
Tischendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Constantin
von, philologist, Biblical critic, A59.
1875 * * Andree, Karl T., geographer, A67.
Argelander, Friedrich W. A., astron., A76.
Arrest, Heinrich L. d', astronomer, A53.
Bauer, Wilhelm, engineer, inventor, A53.
Daumer, Georg F., philosopher, A75.
Ewald, Georg II. A., orientalist, Biblical
critic, A72.
Herwegh, Georg, lyric poet, A58.
Hitzig, Ferdinand, Biblical critic, A68.
Jahr, Georg H. G., homeopathist. A74.
Peschel, Oskar F., geographer, A49.
Rodbertus, Karl, economist, socialist, A70.
Rubens, Christoph, painter, A70.
Spiess, Heinrich, painter, A43.
TJechtritz, Friedrich von, dram., poet, A75.
Vincke, Ernest G. von, orator, states., A64.
1876 * * Auersperg, Count Anton A. von,
poet, A70.
Bandei, Ernst von, sculptor, A76.
Chelius, Maximilian J., surgeon, A82.
Diez, Friedrich C, philologist, A82.
Diiring8feld, Ida von, novelist, A61.
Ehrenberg, Christian G., naturalist, A81.
Falke, Johann F. G., historian, A53.
Freiligrath, Ferdinand, poet, A66.
Gotz, Hermann, composer, A 36.
Hensel, Luise, religious poet, A78.
Heuglin, Theodor von, traveler, an., A52.
Lang, Heinrich, clergyman, author, A50.
Michelet, Karl L., philosopher, A75.
Mohl, Julius von, orientalist, A76.
Pertz, Georg H., historian, A81.
Petermann, Julius H., orientalist, A75.
Ritschl, Friedrich W., philologist, A70.
Twesten, August D. C., theologian, A87.
Wuttke, Heinrich, historian, A58.
1877 * * Becker, Karl F., organ., comp.,A73.
Devrient, Philipp E., actor, dram, wr., A76.
Erman, Georg A., natural phil., trav., A71.
Ettmuller, Ernst M. L., philologist, A75.
Grassmann, Hermann <;., mathematician,
orientalist, A 68.
Hacklander, Friedrich W. von, novelist, A61.
Ketteler, Baron Wilhelm E. von, R. C.
bishop of Mentz, statesman, author, A66.
Littrow, Karl L., astronomer, A66.
Mosenthal, Salomon H., dramatist, A56.
Poggendorff, Johann C, physicist, A81.
Tholuck, Friedrich A. G., cl., pulpit orator,
author, A78.
Veit, Philipp, painter, A84.
Volkmann, Alfred W., physiologist, A76.
Wunderlich, Karl A., physician, A62.
Zumpt, August W., class, schol., antiq., A62.
1878 * » Beck, Johann T., theologian, A74.
Brachvogel, Albert E., writer, A54.
Fernkorn, Anton D., sculptor, A65.
George V., King of Hanover, A59.
Gutzkow, Karl F., novelist, dramatist, A67.
Hanel, Gustav F., jurist, A86.
Hoefer, Johann C. F., writer, A67.
Kohl, Johann G., traveler, writer, A70
Keim, Theodor, theologian, A53.
Kuhner, Rafael, philologist, A76.
Leo, Heinrich, historian, A79.
Muller, Julius, theologian, A77.
Mayer, Julius R., physicist, A64.
Petermann, August H., geographer, A56.
Preller, Friedrich, artist, A74.
Rokitansky, Karl, phys., pathologist, A74.
Teuffel, Wilhelm S., class, scholar, A58.
CHURCH.
1872 * * Berlin. Government disputes
arise with the Roman Catholic clergy be-
cause of their support of papal infalli-
bility; the bishop of Ermland's salary
is ordered to be suspended.
1873 Feb. * The archbishops of Co-
logne, and Gnesen and Posen issue a
declaration against contemplated legis-
lation on church affairs.
Mar. 12. Berlin. The Reichstag de-
clares the church in subjection to the
state.
May 11. Berlin. Dr. Falk, minister of
public worship, secures the passage of
the May Laws.
They require candidates for the clerical of-
fice to undergo a certain amount of secular
training at the universities, and the sanction
of the secular authorities to all ecclesiastical
appointments, also providing for a royal tri-
bunal for ecclesiastical matters ; the Pope
declares these laws invalid. (See State.)
* * A severe struggle occurs with the Ro-
man Catholic clergy in establishing the
supremacy of the state.
Many penalties imposed, refractory bish-
ops imprisoned, deposed, and banished, and
financial support withdrawn from the clergy ;
religious orders dissolved, and laymen are
made administrators of church property in-
stead of the clergy.
June 1. The Old Catholics elect their
first bishop, Dr. Joseph Rein kens.
[Aug. * He is recognized by the em-
peror and other powers.]
Aug. 7. The Pope writes the emperor
complaining of ecclesiastical persecu-
tions, and asserting his authority over
all baptized persons.
Sept. 3. Berlin. The emperor sends a
letter to the Pope justifying the Minis-
try and Government, and asserting that
there is no mediator between God and
man but Jesus Christ.
Sept. 18. Switz. A Congress of Old
Catholics is held at Constance.
[1874, Sept. 6, at Freiburg, Hanover ;
1875, Aug. 12, at Bonn, Prussia; 1877,
Sept. 28, at Mentz, Hesse ; 1880, Sept. 19+,
at Baden.]
Oct. * Fines are imposed on Archbishop
Ledochowski of Gnesen and Posen lor
threatening to excommunicate a pro-
fessor, and on Archbishop Melchers for
ordaining priests without permission of
the Government.
1874 Feb. 3. Archbishop Ledo-
chowski is imprisoned for his hostility
to the May Laws. [Apr. 15. Deposed.]
Mar. 30. Rh. Prus. The Government
arrests Archbishop Melchers of Co-
logne for resisting the May Laws.
May* The new ecclesiastical laws,
restraining the bishops and punishing
disobedience, are published.
May 27. Rh. Prus. The first synod of
Old Catholics held in Germany meets at
Bonn.
July 10. Westphalia. Bishop Martin
of Paderborn resists the clerical laws.
[Sept. 7. He is summoned to resign : he
refuses. Sept. 21. He is sentenced to
imprisonment for sedition.]
July 21. Berlin. The Roman Catholic
associations are closed by the Govern-
ment.
Sept. 14. Bavaria. Dr. Dollinger re-
ceives delegates from Eastern and West-
ern churches at Bonn, with a view for
union with the Old Catholics. [After
much discussion agreement is obtained
on certain preliminaries.]
Nov. 30. Berlin. The first Old Catho-
lic church in Berlin is opened.
1875 Jan.* Catholic bishops and priests
are imprisoned for violating ecclesias-
tical laws.
Feb. 5. A papal encyclical is Issued,
declaring the church laws, based on the
new order of things, invalid ; the Roman
Catholic deputies in the Landtag protest
against it.
Apr. 2. Prus. Roman Catholic bishops
at Fulda address the emperor against
ecclesiastical legislation. [Apr. 9.
They are rebuked for disobeying the
law.]
Aug. * The partial submission of the
bishops to the laws is announced.
Oct. 6. Silesia. Prince-Bishop Forster
of Breslau is deposed.
* * Rome. Archbishop Ledochowski is
made a cardinal priest. [1876. Feb. 3.
He is released from prison.]
1876 July * The quarrel with the
Holy See occasions the deposition of six
archbishops, four bishops ; the expul-
sion of 600 persons, including 120 priests,
from Cologne alone ; the vacancy of 476
parishes in seven bishoprics alone.
1878 Feb. 7. Rome. Pius IX. dies.
[Leo XIII. enthroned.]
GERMANY. 1872, Sept. * -1878, June 5. 829'
LETTERS.
1872 * * Moliere, by Paul Lindau, ap-
pears. [1875, Beaumarchais ; 1877, Alfred
de Musset.]
± * * Die Gegenwart is issued.
* * Papyrus Ebers and Through Goshen
to Sinai, by Ebers, appear, f 1877, Uar-
da; 1878, Homo Sum and Egypt in
Word and Picture.]
1873 * * Die Kinder der Welt, by Heyse,
appears.
* * State and Church, by Zeller, appears.
[1880, History of the Foundations of Gre-
cian Philosophy.]
1874 * * Trojan Antiquities, by Schlie-
mann, appears. [1877, Mycense.]
* * Anthropogenic, by Haekel, appears.
* * Literaturzeitung is issued at Jena.
* * Deutsche Rundschau is issued.
1876* * The Struggle for Rome, byDahn,
appears. [1878, Primitive History of the
Germanic and Romance People and Bal-
lads and Songs; 1879, Reason in Law;
1880, Odin's Consolation.]
1877 Sept. 26. Hesse-Nassau. Tbe
32d Congress of German philologists
meets at Wiesbaden ; Ernst Curtius is
president.
SOCIETY.
1872 Sept. * The conscription causes
great emigration of young men to Amer-
ica.
Oct. 31. Baden. Gambling-houses are
finally closed.
Dec. 2. Berlin. The Government cre-
ates 24 new peers.
1873 Apr. 21, 22. Hesse-Nassau. Riots
occur in Frankfort through rise in the
price of beer ; they are suppressed by sol-
diers ; 37 people killed, 100 wounded.
1874 July 13. Bavaria. At Kissen-
gen, Kullman, a cooper's apprentice, at-
tempts to kill Bismarck " because of
the church laws." [Oct. 30. Sentenced
to 14 years' imprisonment.]
Oct. 4. Berlin. Count Harry Arnim,
formerly ambassador at Rome and Paris,
is suddenly arrested and imprisoned for
refusing to give up official ecclesiastico-
political papers. [Oct. 28. Ill and re-
leased on bail. Nov. 12. Rearrested.
Dec. 19. Tried and convicted, and sen-
tenced to imprisonment for three
months. Later, he gets a new trial.
Sentence confirmed.]
1875 Jan. * A law is passed requiring
the registration of births, deaths, and
marriages.
May 28. Berlin is visited by the King
and Queen of Sweden.
Dec. 11. A dynamite fiend is ar-
rested.
A man named Thomson consigns a cask
containing dynamite to Bremerhafen, to
be shipped by the steamer Mosel. A se-
cret machine was to have exploded it
in eight days, but a premature explosion
occurs on4he dock, killing 80 and wound-
ing about 200 persons, mostly emigrants.
[Thomson commits suicide.]
1877 Jan. 1. Berlin. The emperor
celebrates his 70th military anniver-
sary. [Jan. 22. Also his 80th birth-
day.]
* * Socialists are alleged to constitute
about one-tenth of the entire body of
voters.
1878 May 11. Berlin. EmilH.M.Ho-
del, a young Socialist, shoots at and
misses the emperor. [June 2. Dr. Karl
E. Nobiling, another Socialist, wounds
the emperor. June * -Sept. * He gradu-
ally recovers.]
STATE.
1872 Sept. * The great emigration of
young men to America to avoid the con-
scription is forbidden by the Govern-
ment.
Oct. 31. Berlin. The Bundesrath, or
House of Peers, defeats the Govern-
ment on the districts' administrations
reform bill, which would lessen the
power of the peers in the provinces by
granting representatives to the peasants
in the local assemblies. Vote, 146-18.
Oct. * The Emperor William arbitrates
the San Juan boundary dispute, and
decides in favor of the United States.
Dec. 2. Berlin. In the Bundesrath 24
new peers have been created to give the
Government additional votes.
Dec. 7. Berlin. In the Bundesrath the
peers pass the principle of the reform
bill. Vote, 114-87.
Dec. 18. Berlin. It is announced that
Bismarck resigns the presidency of the
Federal Council, but continues the for-
eign department.
Dec. 31. Berlin. Diplomatic relations
with the Pope are severed.
Dec* Berlin. Count Boon is made
president of the Federal Council.
1873 Jan. 9. Berlin. A bill is intro-
duced in the Reichstag by M. Falk,
minister of public worship, for the estab-
lishment of a royal tribunal of eccle-
siastical affairs in opposition to the
authority of the Pope in Germany.
[May 11. Passed.]
Mar. 12. Berlin. The subjection of the
church to the state is announced by the
Reichstag.
Mar. 15. Berlin. The May Laws are
passed by the Reichstag. (See Church.)
May 11, 12. Berlin. The chancellors
of Germany, Austria, and Russia meet.
[May 13. They agree to an urgent
note to Turkey on the Eastern policy.
May * France and Italy approve. May
19. England disapproves. Note not pre-
sented because of a revolution in Tur-
key.]
June 23. Berlin. The Reichstag passes
the monetary reform law.
Nov. 12. Berlin. The Reichstag opens ;
the Government has 432 votes, the Oppo-
sition, 121.
Dec. 3. Berlin. Ultramontanes in the
Reichstag join the Opposition, and defeat
the Government in restricting the
press.
Dec. * Berlin. In the Reichstag a new
oath of implicit obedience to the state
is proposed for the clergy ; the Civil
Marriage Bill is passed. [1875. Jan.
25. It is adopted by the Landtag.]
* * Saxony. Albert becomes king.
1874 Jan. 11. Parliamentary elec-
tions are held. [Of 397 members elected,
about two-thirds are Nationalist Liber-
als, and about 100 Ultramontanists.]
Mar. * Berlin. The Army Bill, requir-
ing permanently 401,659 men instead of
360,000, occasions a constitutional strug-
gle in the Reichstag. [Apr. 10±. A com-
promise, settling the army for seven
years, is agreed to.]
June * The German Liberal Associa-
tion is formed against Particularists and
Ultramontanists.
Oct. 1. Berlin. A law for compulsory
civil marriage and the civil registration
of births and deaths is introduced into
the Reichstag. [1875. Jan. Passed.]
Oct. 4. Berlin. Count Harry Arnim,
an opponent of Bismarck's anti-papal
plans, is arrested. (See Society.)
Dec. 16. Berlin. The Reichstag gives
an adverse vote to Bismarck, and he re-
signs the chancellorship.
Dec. 18. Berlin. The Reichstag gives-
Bismarck a vote of confidence; he de-
cides to retain his office. Vote, 199-71.
1875 Mar. 16. Berlin. The clerical
control of parish funds is taken away
by the Reichstag; a bill for depriving-
the Roman Catholic clergy of state aid.
is introduced.
July 1. The international postal
laws become operative.
1876 Jan. 1. Berlin. The Imperial
Bank of Germany opens.
Mar. 20. The Southern states oppose
the purchase of all railways by the
Government.
Oct. 27. Berlin. The new Reichstag
meets, with a Liberal majority*
1877 Jan. 10, 11. Parliamentary elec-
tions return a Liberal majority to the
Reichstag ; Socialist-Democrats repre-
sent Berlin.
Mar. 6. Bavaria. A new Ultramon-
tane party, called the " Popular Catho-
lic Party," is formed.
Mar. 21. Berlin. The Reichstag settles
the Supreme Court at Leipsi«. [1879.
Sept. 1. Opens.]
* * The Reichstag enacts a new code of
laws.
Apr. 3. Berlin. Bismarck resigns.
[Apr. 8. He withdraws his resignation,,
but retires temporarily for his health.
1878. Feb. 15. Resumes his work.]
* * Hesse. Louis TV. becomes grand
duke of Hesse-Darmstadt.
1878 Feb. 19. Berlin. Bismarck an-
nounces the German policy on the
Eastern question ; strict neutrality and
non-interference are assured.
Mar. 6. Ministerial crisis; Camphau-
sen, minister of finance, resigns.
May 24, 25. Berlin. The Reichstag re-
jects a stringent bill for the repression,
of Socialism. Vote, 251-57.
June 4, 5. Berlin. The crown prince
rules on account of his father, the em-
peror, being wounded by Nobiling.
[Dec. 5. The emperor resumes the gov-
ernment.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1874 June 13. Bremen. An Interna-
tional Agricultural Exhibition is
opened.
1875 May 7. The Hamburg mail-
steamer Schiller is wrecked in a fog
on rocks off the Scilly Isles ; 331 persons-
are drowned.
July 1. International postal regula-
tions go into operation.
830 1878, June 13 -1886, Feb. *
GERMANY.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1878 * * It h. Prus. A colossal statue of
Frederick "William III. is erected in
Cologne.
It is 22 feet high, with figures of
Bliicher, Humboldt, and others at the
base ; it is erected by Rhinelanders ; it
is unveiled by the emperor.
1879* * Berlin. Dr. Robert Koch
identifies the microscopical germs of
cattle disease, consumption, cholera,
and other diseases.
1880 Aug. 14. Rh.Prus. The cathe-
dral at Cologne, begun in 1248, is com-
pleted. [Oct. 15. Opened.]
1881 May 12. Berlin. An electric
railway is opened near Berlin.
Aug.* Hanover. Petroleum oil is
found in Liiueberger Heidee.
1882 June * The Germania sails on an
arctic expedition. [Oct. 23. It re-
turns.]
Nov. * -Dec. * Hesse-Nassau. A great
rise of the Rhine and Danube occurs ;
five villages with 250 houses are de-
stroyed near Wiesbaden.
* * Berlin. Dr. Koch demonstrates that
tubercular disease can be propagated
by organisms termed bacilli.
1883 Jan. * Hesse. Floods cause much
destruction of life and property near
Worms ; 60 persons are drowned.
May 28. Berlin. Statues of Wilhelm
and Alexander von Humboldt are un-
veiled in presence of the emperor.
Sept. 28. Hesse-Nassau. Germania, a
colossal monument, a national memorial
of German unity and victories of
1870-71, set up in the Niederwald at
Riidesheim on the Rhine, is uncovered
by the emperor in the presence of Ger-
man sovereigns.
1884 June 9. Berlin. The foundation
of the new Parliament House is laid
by the emperor.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1879 * * Anderssen, Adolph, chess-player,
A61.
Cotta, Bernhard, geologist, A71.
Dove, Heinrich W., meteorologist, A76.
Fichte, Immanuel H., philosopher, A82.
Frauenstadt, Christian M. J., phil., A69.
Grisebach, August H. R., botanist, A65.
Hiibner, Karl, painter of genre pictures, A65.
Koch, Karl H. K., naturalist, A70.
Meyerheim, Friedrich E., painter, A71.
Mohr, Karl F., physicist, philosopher, A73.
Reichenbach, Heinrich G. L., naturalist, A86.
Roon, Albrecht T. E. von, general, A76.
Rosenkranz, Johann K. F., philosopher, A74.
Semper, Gottfried, architect, A75.
Wolff, Emil, sculptor, A77.
1880* * Gagern, Baron Heinrich "W. A.
von, statesman, A81.
Hagen, Ernest A., novelist, wr. on art, A83.
Harm-Halm, Countess Ida Marie Luise
Sophie Friederike Gustave von, poet,
novelist, A75.
Held, Adolf, economist, A 34.
Leonhardt, Gerhard A. W., jurist, A65.
Lessing, Karl F., painter, A72.
Peters, Christian A. F., astronomer, A74.
Plitt, Gustav L., clergyman, author, A44.
Ruge, Arnold, publicist, journalist, A78.
Wachter, Karl G. von, jurist, A83.
Wagner, Rudolph J., chemist, A57.
1881 * * Arnim, Count Harry Karl K. E.,
diplomatist, A57.
Bahnsen, Julius F. A., philosopher, A51.
Benfey, Theodor, orientalist, philologist, A72.
Dingelstedt, Baron Franz von, poet, A67.
Forster, Heinrich, prince-bishop of Breslau,
author, A81.
Hecker, Friedrich K. F., lawyer, pol., A70.
Kuhn, Adalbert, philologist, mytholo., A69.
Lotze, Rudolf H., philosopher, A64.
Ruge, Arnold, scholar, journalist, A79.
Schleiden, Matthias J., phys., botanist, A77.
Tann, Baron Ludwig von der, general, A66.
Wichern, Johann H., cl., philanthropist, A73.
1882 * * Auerbach, Berthold, novelist, A70.
Bauer, Bruno, rationalistic theol., critic, A73.
Brake, Friedrich, sculptor, A77.
Feldmann, Leopold, dramatist, A80.
Gruner, Wilhelm H. L., engraver, A81.
Halbig, Johann, sculptor, At>8.
Herzog, Johann J., theologian, author, A75.
Hofer, Edmund, novelist, A63.
Hiibner, Rudolph J. B., painter, A76.
Kinkel, Johann G., poet, wr. on art, A67.
Kullack, Theodor, composer, pianist, A64.
Lehmann, Heinrich, painter, a68.
Manteuffel, Baron Otto T., statesman, A75.
Olshausen, Justus, orientalist, A82.
Pauli, Georg K., historian, A69.
Schlagintweit, Hermann, traveler, A56.
Schwann, Theodor, physiologist, A72.
Vatke, Johann K. W., theologian, A76.
Wohler, Friedrich, chemist, A82.
Zollner, Johann K. F., physicist, A48.
1883 Feb. 13. Wasner, Wilhelm Rich-
ard, composer, A70.
Diefenbach, Lorenz, philologist, A77.
Dindorf, Wilhelm, philologist, A81.
Felsing, Jakob, engraver, A81.
Fendler, August, botanist, A70.
Flotow, Friedrich von, composer, A71.
Marx, Karl, economist, socialist, pol., A60.
Schafer, Arnold, historian, A64.
Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann, economist, A72.
Siemens, Karl W., physicist, inventor, A60.
Valentin, Gabriel G., physiologist, phys., A73.
1884 * * Behm, Ernst, geographer, A54.
Berghaus, Heinrich, geographer, A87.
Brehm, Alfred E., naturalist, A55.
Cohnheim, Julius F., pathologist, A45.
Dorner, Isaac A., theologian, A75.
Droysen, Johann G., historian, A76.
Geibel, Emmanuel, poet, A69.
Goppert, Heinrich R., botanist, A84.
Haizinger, Amalie, actor, A84.
Hillebrand, Karl, historian, A55.
Kapp, Friedrich, historical writer, A60.
Kolbe, Adolf W. H., chemist, A66.
Lange, Johann P., clergyman, author, A82.
Lasker, Eduard, statesman, A55.
Laube, Heinrich, poet, novelist, writer, A78.
Lepsius, Karl R., trav., philol., antiq., A71.
Perty, Joseph A. M., naturalist, A80.
Peters, Wilhelm K. H., zoologist, A69.
Kuppel, Wilhelm P. E. S., naturalist, trav-
eler, A90.
Ulrici, Hermann, scholar, philosopher, A78.
1885 Jan. 15. Frederick Charles, Prince
of Prussia, general, A57.
June 2. Charles Anthony, Prince of Ho-
henzollern-Sigmaringen, A73.
June 17. Manteuffel, Baron Edwin H. K.,
general, A76.
Abt, Franz, composer, A66.
Benedict, Sir Julius, composer, A81.
Curtius, Georg, philologist, gram., A65.
Heule, Friedrich G. K., physician, A76.
Hiller, Ferdinand, composer, A74.
Lange, Ludwig, antiquary, archeologist, A60.
Meissner, Alfred, poet, A 63.
Nachtigal, Gustav, traveler, A51.
Schenkel, Daniel, rationalistic theol., 72.
Schlagintweit, Robert, traveler, A 52.
Siebold, Karl T. E. von, physiologist, A81.
CHURCH.
1878 * * Prus. The Mennonites, being
always opposed to war, emigrate to
Odessa to escape military service, and
from thence go to America.
1879 July 14. Berlin. Dr. Falk, min-
ister of public worship and instruction,
resigns, and Robert V. von Puttkamer
is appointed his successor.
[He endeavors to establish peace with
the Roman Catholics, and secures the
passage of a measure in the Landtag re-
pealing the obnoxious provisions of the
May Laws.]
1880 July 3. Prussia passes a bill
making all the clergy subordinate to
the state.
Oct. 15. Rh.Prus. The recently finished
Cathedral of Cologne is opened with
many ceremonies by the emperor and
the German princes.
Nov. 22±. Berlin. Mommsen, Virchow,
and others condemn the movement
against the Jews; the question is dis-
cussed in the Landtag without result.
[Dec. * Many Jews leave Berlin.]
1881 Aug. 14. Berlin. Bismarck ap-
proves the papal nomination of Dr.
Felix Korum to be bishop of Treves.
Aug. * Berlin. The emperor attempts to
defend the Jews from persecution in
Prussia.
1883 Oct. 31. The fourth centennial
of Luther's birth is celebrated at Er-
furt, Halle, and other cities with great
enthusiasm.
Dec. 18. Rome. The crown-prince vis-
its the Pope.
LETTERS.
1878 Dec. * One hundred and seventy-
four clubs, 44 newspapers, and 157 other
papers are suppressed by in junctions.
1879 Jan. * Quid Faciamus nos? by
Count Arnim, appears.
* * Johann Martin Schleyer, inventor of
Volapuk, publishes a book on his sys-
tem.
1880 * * The Sisters, by Ebers, appears.
[1881, The Emperor; 1885, Seraphis ;
1887, Die Mlbraut.]
1880-86 Universal History, by Ranke,
appears.
1881 * * Orchomesos, Reise in der Troas,
and Ilios, by Schliemann, appear. [1883,
Troja; 1886, Tiryus.]
* * Angela, by Spielhagen, appears. [1883,
Uhlenhauns.]
1882 * * The Heritage of Blood, by Gott-
schall, appears. [1883, The Paper Prin-
cess.']
1883-84 Buch der Freundschaft, by
Heyse, appears.
SOCIETY.
1878 July 10. Berlin. Hodel, the would-
be assassinator of the emperor, is con-
demned. [Aug. 10. Executed. Sept. 10.
Dr. Nobiling commits suicide.]
* * Parliament gives the police special
powers for the suppression of Social-
ism.
Nov. * A decree is issued for the expul-
sion of Socialists and other persons ob-
noxious to the Government.
Dec. 21. Hanover. The King of Han-
over marries Princess Thyra of Den-
mark.
1879 Mar. 13. The Princess Louise
Margaret of Prussia is married to the
Duke of Connaught.
June 11. The Emperor William's gold-
en wedding is celebrated.
1880 Aug. 25. Bavaria. The seventh
centenary of the founding of the reign-
ing dynasty of dukes is celebrated.
Oct. * Socialists are expelled from Ger-
many.
1881 Jan.* Berlin. The anti-Se-
mitic league is formed ; it is opposed
by the prince imperial and many others.
Feb. 27. Prince "William, grandson of
the emperor and of Queen Victoria, is
married to Princess Augusta Victoria of
Schleswig-Holstein.
* * The average annual consumption per
capita of distilled spirits is 1.09 gallons ;
beer 24.99 gallons.
1883 * * Berlin. The Reichstag, influ-
enced by Prince Bismarck, passes bills
to compel the working people, with the
assistance of their employers and the
state, to provide a fund against sickness.
1884 Sept. 28. Saxony. Eight dyna-
mitards are brought to trial at Leipsic
GERMANY.
1878, June 13-1886, Feb. *. 831
for attempting to kill the emperor. [Dec.
15-22. F. A. Reinsdorf, Rupsch, and
Kuchler are sentenced to death ; two
are imprisoned and three acquitted.]
* * In six years emigration has increased
fivefold.
1885 Apr. 1. The anniversary of Bis-
marck's 70th birthday is celebrated.
1886 Jan. 3. The 25th anniversary
of the king's accession to the throne of
Prussia is celebrated.
Feb. 11. Sarauw, having been tried
for high treason, in giving to the French
Government information respecting for-
tresses, is sentenced to 12 years of penal
servitude.
STATE.
1878 June 13-July 13. Congress of
Berlin, to settle questions relating to the
Balkan peninsula. It is caused by the
dissatisfaction of England and Austria
with the Peace of San Stefano (p. 566).
Representatives present : Germany,
Prince Bismarck ; Russia, Prince Gort-
schakoff ; Turkey, Alexander Caratheo-
dori Pasha; Great Britain, Lord Bea-
■consfield and the Marquis of Salisbury ;
Austria, Count Andrassy ; France, M.
Waddington ; Italy, Count Corti.
Terms: (1) Montenegro, Servia, and Ru-
mania are to be independent, the two former
having new frontiers, and the latter losing
Bessarabia, but receiving a larger territory.
(2) Bulgaria is constituted an autonomous
principality, tributary to the Sultan, and re-
stricted to the territory between the Danube
and the Balkans, with the exception of Sophia
and its territory of the Balkans.
(3) The new province of East Rumelia,
formed out of Southern Bulgaria, having its
boundaries narrowed towards the south and
east, is to have a Christian governor-general
appointed by the Sultan, and it will maintain
a sepaiate militia and administration.
(4) The occupation of East Rumelia by
Russian troops is limited to nine months, and
of Rumania to twelve months.
(5) Austria has the administration of Bos-
nia, Herzegovina, and the military occupation
of the Sandshak of Nori Bazar.
(6) The Porte is advised to cede a part of
Epirus and Thessaly to Greece ; legal reforms
are to be made in Crete.
(7) Russia receives enlargement in Asia,
Batoum as a free harbor, Ardaghan and
some border territories; and Alasgird and
Bayazid are restored to Turkey, which is to
grant religious liberty to all her subjects.
Aug. 3. The Berlin Treaty is ratified.
Sept. 9. Berlin. The Reichstag opens.
Division of parties : National Liber-
als, 123 ; Imperialists and Conservatives,
119 ; Center, including the Roman Cath-
olics, 105.
Oct. 11. Austria and Germany abro-
gate the clause of the Peace of Prague
favorable to freedom in Schleswig, by a
secret treaty.
Oct. 19. Berlin. The Reichstag passes
a bill, repressing Socialism, with a
majority of 72.
Nov. * Berjin. A decree is issued for the
expulsion of Socialists and others.
Dec* The Government has sup-
pressed by injunctions, to date, 174
clubs, 44 newspapers, and 157 other
papers.
* * Hanover. Ernest Augustus II. be-
comes king.
* * In the Reichstag the enemies of na-
tional unity combine.
The Socialists, Ultramontanes, Polish
deputies, members for Alsace and Lor-
raine, the so-called Particularists and
Conservative members who are at-
tached to ancient customs, unite against
the Government.
1879 Jan. 9. In the Reichstag is intro-
duced the Parliamentary Discipline
Bill to " muzzle " speakers ; also called
" the gagging bill." [May 7. Defeated.]
Jan. * Bismarck enters a fruitless nego-
tiation with the Roman curia respect-
ing the Falk laws.
These require a certain amount of secu-
lar training for candidates for the cleri-
cal office, and the sanction of secular
authorities to ecclesiastical appoint-
ments.
Feb. * The Treaty of Prague (of 1866) is
abrogated.
May 9. Berlin. The chancellor's pro-
tectionist tariff bill is virtually passed
by the Reichstag after an excited dis-
cussion. [July 12. Passed. Vote, 217-117.]
May 20. Berlin. Von Forckenbeck
(Liberal), president of the Reichstag, re-
signs. [May 22. An Ultramontane is
elected.]
June 30. Berlin. The resignation of
Dr. Falk, minister of public worship,
and other ministers, is announced.
July 9. Bismarck disclaims connection
with the Liberal party.
July 14. Berlin. The ministry is re-
constructed ; Von Puttkamer is elected
minister of religion.
* * Russia assumes a hostile attitude
towards Germany, and attempts to form
an alliance with France.
Sept. 16. Aust. Bismarck meets Ja-
cobini, the Pope's nuncio, at Gastein,
and attempts a reconciliation with the
Pope.
Sept. 21. Vienna. Bismarck makes a
defensive alliance with Austria against
Russia.
Oct. 1. A new system of jurisprudence
comes into force.
1880 Apr. 3. Berlin. Twenty-two
small states outvote Prussia, Saxony,
and Bavaria in the Federal Council, re-
specting new stamp duties. [Bismarck
resigns. The emperor declines to accept.
Apr. * The states yield.]
Apr. 9. Berlin. The Reichstag passes
the new army bill, adding 27,000 men to.
the army. Vote, 186-96.
June 16-July 1. Berlin. The Berlin
Conference is held.
It meets to consider the Grecian ques-
tion, and questions relating to Monte-
negro ; the resolutions of the Congress
of 1878 being unexecuted. Great Britain,
France, and Germany are represented.
It agrees to a collective note to be pre-
sented to the Sultan urging the surren-
der of Dulcigno and cession of provinces
to Greece.
June 28. Berlin. The Reichstag passes
the amended ecclesiastical laws. Vote,
206-202.
Aug.* The "New Liberal" party is
organized by former members of "Na-
tional Liberals," who have become re-
actionary.
1881 Feb. 19. Count Eulenburg,
minister of the interior, resigns through
offense of Bismarck.
Oct. 28. The general elections favor a
large Liberal majority.
Autumn. The German Reichstag and
Prussian Landtag lean towards Rome
and the clerical party.
Dec. 1. Berlin. Bismarck is defeated
in the Reichstag on a financial question.
Vote, 169-83.
1882 Jan. 7. Berlin. The Imperial
rescript against parliamentary govern-
ment is published.
Mar. 21. Berlin. The Economic Coun-
cil rejects Bismarck's tobacco bill.
[June 14. The Reichstag rejects it.
Vote, 276-43.]
Dec. 11. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects
the budget.
1883 June 5. Berlin. An amendment
to the ecclesiastical laws of May, 1873, is
introduced in the Reichstag [which
leads to a reconciliation with the Vati-
can. July 2. The bill is adopted].
1884 May 10. Berlin. The Reichstag
extends the anti-Socialist law two
years. [Vote, 189-157.]
June 9. Berlin. The emperor lays the
foundation of the new House of Par-
liament.
June 18. Berlin. The Council of
State is revived, its members being the
crown prince, president, and royal
family.
Aug. * Africa. A German colony is
founded at Cameroons, and Bimbia on
the west coast, by Gustav Nachtigal.
Oct. 28. A general election is held, in
which the Liberal vote is diminished ;
the Social Democrat vote is increased.
Nov. 26. Berlin. Bismarck is defeated
in the Reichstag ; votes for the payment
of members, 180-99.
Dec. 3. Berlin. The Reichstag repeals
portions of the May ecclesiastical laws.
Vote, 217-93.
Dec* Berlin. Colonization progresses.
Reports are received of the hoisting of
the German flag on the north coast of
New Guinea, New Britain, and other
islands.
1885 Jan. 10. Berlin. The Reichstag
votes 180,000 marks for the protection
of colonies.
* * Berlin. Bismarck adopts a policy of
colonization. [Acquisitions are made
in Africa and islands of the Pacific]
1886 Jan. 11. Berlin. The
"Schnapps" (dram of spirits) Mo-
nopoly Bill is introduced in the Reichs-
tag by Bismarck. [Mar. 12. It is re-
jected by the committee. Mar. 27. Re-
jected in the Reichstag. Vote, 181-3.]
Feb. * Berlin. In the Reichstag, Bis-
marck proposes to Germanize Posen by
the purchase of Polish estates to be set-
tled by Germans, and 5,000,000 marks to
be raised for the expenses. [Apr. 7. The
money is voted.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1879 July 19. Bavaria. An Inter-
national Exhibition opens at Munich.
1882 Sept. 3. Baden. At Hugstetten,
between Friedburg and Colmar, an ex-
cursion-train leaves the track ; 70 per-
sons are killed.
1883 May 12-15. Berlin. The In-
ternational Hygienic Exhibition is
held.
1885 Mar. 17. Rh. Prus. A mine
explosion at Camphausen, near Saar-
briick, causes 140 deaths.
832 1886, Mar. 31-1890, Feb. *. GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Jan. 23. Adm. "Von Dergoltz is
appointed chief of the admiralty.
Feb. 23. A fleet is sent to Samoa to pro-
tect German interests there.
Mar. 16. Samoa. The German war-ves-
sels, Adler, Olga, and Eber, with three
American war-vessels and 16 merchant-
men, are driven on the reef at Apia ; nine
officers and 87 men are drowned.
Oct. * The Government appropriates the
sum of 32,000,000 marks ($800,000,000±)
for new men-of-war.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1886 May 2. Berlin. The Interna-
tional Art Exhibition is opened by the
emperor.
1888 Oct. 20. Hamburg. The emperor
with a hammer completes the great har-
bor works.
Feb. 16. Brandenburg. A white marble
statue of the Emperor William is
erected at Charlottenburg.
Apr. 1. Wiirtemberg. Statues of
Prince Bismarck and Count Von
Moltke are unveiled at Stuttgart.
June 5. Saxony. A hurricane and
waterspout cause great loss of life and
property at Reichenbach.
June 17. Gastien. A monument to
Emperor William I. is unveiled.
Aug. 1. Saxony. A new art academy
is opened in Dresden.
Dec. * Berlin. Emperor William confers
upon Emin Fasha the decoration of the
second-class Order of the Crown with
the star.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1886 • * Abich, Wilhelm H., geolo., au., A80.
Beust, Baron Friedrich F. von, states., A77.
Duncker, Maximilian W., historian, A74.
Julg, Bernhard, philologist, A61.
Meyer, Johann G., painter, A73.
Michelis, Friedrich, theologian, A71.
Piloty, Karl T. von, painter, ABO.
Ranke, Leopold von. historian, A91.
Scheffel, Joseph V. von, poet, A60.
Schmidt, Heinrich J., critic, writer, A68.
Stockhardt, Julius A., chemist, A77.
Zunz, Leopold, Jewish theologian, A92.
1887 * * Amerling, Friedrich, painter, A84.
Baltzer, Wilhelm, E., rationalist, A73.
Fechner, Gustav T., natural phil., poet, A86.
Kirchhoff, Gustav R., physicist, A63.
Krupp, Alfred, manuf., of steel guns, A77.
Pott, August F., philologist, A85.
Ronge, Johannes, R. C. el., schismatic, A74.
Vischer, Friedrich T., philos. writer, A80.
Wagner, Moritz, traveler, naturalist, A74.
Werder, August von, general, A79.
1888 Mar. 9. William I., King of Prus-
sia, Emperor of Germany, A91.
June 15. Frederick III., emperor, A57.
Bartsch, Karl F., philologist, A56.
Clausius, Rudolf J. E., physicist, A66.
Delius, Nicolaus, philologist, critic, A75.
Ebrard, Johann H. A., theologian, A 70.
Fleischer, Heinrich L., orientalist, A81.
Herz, Heinrich, pianist, composer, A82.
Kahnis. Karl F. A., theologian, A74.
Kuhne, Gustav, novelist, A82.
Mohl, Moritz von, politician, A86.
Storm, Theodor W., poet, A71.
Weber, Georg, historian, A80.
1889 Jan. 22. .Montz, Count von, adm., d.
Feb. 18. Dechen, Ernest H. C., mineralo-
gist, A88.
May 16. Mary, Queen of Bavaria, dies.
Aug. 29. Weil, Gustav, orientalist, A59.
Nov. 8. Henselt, Adolph, composer, pian-
ist, A75.
Bendermann, Eduard, painter, A79.
Formes, Karl, singer, A73.
Lewald, Fanny, novelist, A78.
Noire, Ludwig, monistic philosopher, A60.
1890 Jan. 7. Maria Louisa Augusta, wife
of Emperor William I., A79.
Jan. 10. Dolling-er. Johann J. I., theo-
logian, founder "Old Catholics" A91.
Jan. 20. Lachner, Franz, musician, A86.
CHURCH.
1886 Aug. 11. Prussia and the Vati-
can sign a convention.
1887* * Hanover. Archbishop Mel-
chers of Osnabrttck is created a cardinal
priest.
1888 Oct. 12. Rome. The emperor
visits the Pope at the Vatican.
1889 Mar. 9. Berlin. The Salvation
Army is prohibited from carrying on its
work.
Aug. 15. Westphalia. The Archbishop
of Cologne is stoned by anti-Catholics.
Nov. 15. Bavaria. The Government
decides to readmit the clergy of the
Redemptorist Order.
Dec. 7. Berlin. Pastor Kritzinger of
Storkow, Brandenburg, is appointed
court chaplain.
1890 Feb. 11. Silesia. The bishop of
Breslau issues a pastoral letter favor-
ing Catholic working-men's unions to
frustrate the Socialists.
LETTERS.
1886 * * The Alsace Chronicle appears.
1888 Sept. * Part of Prince Freder-
ick's diary is published in the Kieler
Zeitung.
1889 Jan. 4. Berlin. The emperor
orders that the newspapers of the
ultra- Conservative party be not re-
ceived at any royal palace.
Mar. 18. Berlin. The Government sup-
presses the V oiks- Zeitung , under the
Socialistic law.
Oct. 10. Saxony. The Government de-
cides to admit women to privileges
of the universities.
* * Joshua and Gred, by Ebers, appear.
[1892, Per Aspera.}
* * Encyclopadie Allgemeine, in 164 vol-
umes, is published hy Ersch and Gruber.
* * New Pharaoh, by Spielhagen, appears.
* * Dahiel der Convertet, by R. Voss, ap-
pears.
* * A. Huber's History of Austria, con-
tinued by E. Reimann, appears.
* * Diego Velazquez und sein Jahrhun-
dert, Dy C. Justi, appears.
1890 Feb. * Berlin. The University of
Berlin refuses to recognize the Amer-
ican diplomas of some 200 American
students matriculated there ; the au-
thorities claim the American colleges do
not come up to the German standards.
Feb. * There are 29,007 students in
the universities ; of these, 5,680 study
theology, 6,872 jurisprudence, 8,714 med-
icine, and 7,741 philosophy.
SOCIETY.
1886 June 13. Bavaria. The King of
Bavaria drowns himself in Starnberg
Lake ; Dr. Gudden is drowned in the at-
tempt to save him.
* * Strikes increase.
1887 Mar. 22. Berlin. A grand cele-
bration is held in honor of the emper-
or's 90th birthday.
Sept. 25. The 25th anniversary of
Bismarck's premiership of Prussia is
celebrated.
* * The Crown Prince Frederick William
is attacked with cancer in the throat ;
Sir Morell Mackenzie of England is the
attending physician.
1888 Feb. 9. Sir Morell Mackenzie
performs the operation of tracheotomy
to remove a malignant growth from the
larnyx of the crown prince: German
doctors differ with the English surgeon.
Mar. 16. Berlin. Solemn obsequies of
the Emperor William take place.
The Kings of Belgium, Saxony, and
Roumania, the Prince of Wales, Duke of
Cambridge, the crown princes of Aus-
tria, Russia, Denmark , and other princes
are present: Emperor Frederick, Bis-
marck, and Count Moltke are absent.
Apr. 15. Berlin. The health of the
Emperor Frederick is stated to be
alarming. [June 15. Brandenburg. He
dies of cancer of the larynx. June 18.
Impressive but simple funeral services
are held.]
Apr. 24-26. Queen Victoria visits the
emperor, and meets Bismarck.
May 24. Brandenburg. Prince Henry
of Prussia is married to Princess Irene
of Hesse at Charlottenburg.
July 19. The young Emperor William
and the Czar of Russia meet off Cron-
stadt.
July 26. Sweden. The emperor visits
Stockholm. [July 30. He visits Copen-
hagen. Oct. 3. He arrives at Vienna.
Oct. 11. It. At Rome. Oct. 16. At Naples.]
1889 Feb. 18. Bavaria. King Otho
becomes hopelessly insane.
Feb. 23. Bavaria. Prince Rupert,
the eldest son of Prince Ludwig, and
heir to the throne, is pronounced insane.
Feb. 25. Bavaria. Prince Luitpold,
the regent, condemns the Countess of
Larish, daughter of Louis of Bavaria, to
perpetual exile for her part in the death
of Rudolph, the crown prince of Aus-
■ tria.
Apr. 5. Berlin. The Courts decide that
all the recent dispersions of Socialist
meetings by the police were illegal.
Apr. 8. Bavaria. A serious riot
breaks out at Nuremberg as the result
of a lockout declared by master joiners
against striking employees.
May 7. Westphalia. In a conflict be-
tween troops and miners near Glad-
beck in Essen, three miners and several
soldiers are killed.
May 8. Westphalia. About 39,000 men
are out on a strike.
May 13. Coal-mine owners and striking
miners appoint a committee to confer,
and arrange a settlement of the points
in dispute.
Nearly 100,000 miners are on strike.
Berlin. The Ministry decides to sum-
mon deputations from mine-owners
and miners.
May 15. Several owners in Essen and
Dortmund concede the demands of their
employees, and the men resume work.
May 16-20. There are 110,000 strikers
in Westphalia and 10,000 in Silesia.
May 21. Strikers in Dortmund, Bo-
chum, and Essen districts resume work.
Berlin. About 3,000 masons strike.
May 22. The Gelsenkischen miners re-
solve to continue the strike, their
terms being rejected by the owners.
May 24. It is legally enacted that
working-classes make provision for
old age and infirmity.
GERMANY. 1886, Mar. 31-1890, Feb. *.
833
May 27. All meetings of miners are
prohibited by the Government.
May 31. Westphalia. The strike ends
by compromise.
June 24. Berlin. The marriage of
Prince Frederick Leopold and Princess
Louise of Schleswig is celebrated.
June 25. Strikers are sentenced to
terms of imprisonment varying from 18
months to five years.
June 27. Berlin. The editors of Gleich-
heit Dr Adler and Herr Bretschneider,
are fined for being Anarchists.
Prince William of Hohenzollern is
married to Princess Marie of Bourbon
at Sigmaringen.
July 29. Westphalia. The police dis-
perse a meeting of miners at Dort-
mund, and arrest Herr Dickmann, a
member of the Socialists' Congress at
Paris.
Aug. 19. Westphalia. Rhenish and
Westphalian miners form a union in
opposition to the union of mine-owners.
Aug. 24. Emperor William confers the
Order of the Red Eagle of the first
class upon the commander-in-chief of
the Belgian army and upon Herr Ey-
schen, minister of state of Lusenburg.
Oct 20. Wurtemberg. Prince William
of' Wurtemberg is shot at by an as-
sassin.
Oct. 26. Greece. The crown prince of
Greece and the Princess Sophie of Prus-
sia are united in marriage at Athens.
1890 Jan. 16. Hamburg. Sixty thou-
sand people attend the funeral of the
Socialist editor Wedde.
Jan.* Westphalia. The strike is spread-
ing. . ,
The miners demand eight hours and
increased wages. Troops have been or-
dered to suppress any demonstration
looking toward violence.
Feb. 18. Saxony. A Socialist riot oc-
curs at Miihlhausen; 30 persons are
wounded.
Feb 20. Elections to the Reichstag are
attended with much violence ; the mob
is charged by the police, and many are
wounded.
STATE.
1886 Mar. 31. Berlin. The Reichstag
extends the Socialist law two years.
Apr. 13. Berlin. The Federal Council
passes a bill greatly amending the eccle-
siastical laws.
May 14. Berlin. A decree is issued pro-
hibiting political meetings that are held
without permission.
June 10. Bavaria. Prince Luitpold is
proclaimed regent because of the
king's mental illness.
Aug. 11. Prussia and the Vatican sign
a convention.
Dec. 3. Berlin. A bill is introduced in
the Reichstag for adding 41,000 men to
the army for seven years. [Dec. 17.
Opposed by Clericals, Socialists, and
others.]
1887 Jan. 14. Berlin. The army bill
is limited to three years, and then
passes.
Feb. 21. General elections are held ;
efforts are made to change the army
from Imperial to parliamentary; the
Government gains a majority.
Mar. 11. Berlin. The army bill is
passed in the Reichstag. Vote, 227-31.
Mar. 13. A treaty of alliance with Aus-
tria and Italy is signed.
Mar. 22. Berlin. In the Reichstag, Bis-
marck introduces a bill softening the
Falk laws.
Dec. 19. Cabannes, having been con-
victed of selling military secrets to the
French Government, is sentenced to 10
years' penal servitude.
1888 Jan. 30. Berlin. In the Reichs-
tag a more stringent anti-Socialist bill
is urged by Von Puttkamer ; opposed by
all parties ; it is committed. [Feb. 17.
The bill passes.]
Mar. 8. Berlin. It is announced that
Prince "William, the emperor's grand-
son, is entrusted with official powers
during the illness of the aged emperor ;
having so served since Nov. 17, 1887.
Mar. 9. Emperor William dies, and is
succeeded by his son Frederick.
Mar. 9- June 15. The Emperor Fred-
erick III., " The Noble," reigns.
Mar. 21. Berlin. A rescript is issued
authorizing the Crown Prince Wil-
liam to exercise official powers when
required.
June 7. Berlin. The parliamentary
quinquennial bill is promulgated.
June 15. The Emperor Frederic III.
dies after a reign of 98 days ; [he is suc-
ceeded by his son William.]
June 15+. Emperor William n. reigns.
Aug. 24. Berlin. The Government an-
nounces its occupation of Addelah, near
Dahomey, West Africa.
Oct. 15. Hamburg surrenders its privi-
leges as a free port, and joins the Tariff
Unfon, being the last of the German
free ports.
1889 Jan. 18. Saxony. The president
of the Superior Court at Leipsic resigns
on account of Bismarck's strictures.
Berlin. Bismarck asks for 2,000,000
marks to carry out his East Africa
colonial scheme. [Jan. 23. The Federal
Council approves the East Africa
Bill. Jan. 30. The bill passes the
Reichstag appropriating money for the
protection of German interests, and the
suppression of the slave-trade. Feb. 1.
It is adopted by the Federal Council.]
Jan. 31. The Germans declare war on
Mataafa in Samoa.
Feb. 4. England and Germany conclude
an alliance for the protection of the
northern seas and ports.
Feb. 7. Hanover. Count William Bis-
marck is appointed president of the
Landtag.
Feb. 28. Berlin. The Army Expen-
diture BiU is introduced in the Federal
Council ; it provides for a loan of 12,492,-
304 marks to meet the supplementary
estimate.
Mar. 19. Prus. The Government grants
6,000,000 marks to aid in construction
of a canal connecting the Elbe and
Trave Rivers.
Aor 10. Berlin. Count von Schellen-
dorf retires from the ministry of war,
and is succeeded by Gen. Verdiz du
Vernois.
Apr. 29. Berlin. The deliberations of
the Conference on Samoan affairs be-
gin. [Apr. 30. The British ambassador
and Prince Bismarck categorically deny
the existence of a secret treaty be-
tween England and Germany to parti-
tion between them the Tonga and
Samoan Islands. May 21. Germany
accedes to demands of the United
States Commissioners to restore King
Malietoa. June 15. Autonomy is as-
sured, and the Conference closes.]
Oct. 11. Berlin. The Government sub-
mits a bill to the Federal Council author-
izing a loan of 249,000,000 marks.
Oct. 17. Germany refuses to recognize
Mataafa as King of Samoa.
Oct. 24. Berlin. The Reichstag re-
elects Herr von Kevetzow president.
Oct. 25. Berlin. The Bundesrath cre-
ates a Court of Appeals, with 11
judges on the bench.
Nov. 26. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts
the Socialist Bill.
Dec* Berlin. The Catholics of the
Center party in the Reichstag form a
separate political organization, with a
program demanding liberty for the
church denominational schools, and di-
rect representation in the Reichstag of
the rural population.
1890 Jan. 23. Berlin. The Reicbstag
rejects the expulsion clause of the So-
cialist Bill. [Jan. 25. Rejected. Vote,
98-169.]
Jan. 27. Berlin. The conference agree-
ment between the Germans and Old
Czechs is ratified by both parties.
Feb 3. Berlin. Prince Bismarck re-
signs his position as minister of com-
merce.
Feb. 6. Berlin. A new commercial
treaty is signed with Turkey.
Feb. 20. A general election is held.
The Government parties lose 15 seats,
and the Socialists double their vote in
the Reichstag.
Dr. Nasse, an advocate of state So-
cialism, is appointed governor of the
Rhine provinces.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1886 Sept. 24. Westphalia. A mine
explosion causes 45 deaths.
1887 June 3. Schleswig-Holstein. The
emperor lays the foundation-stone of
the opening lock of a ship canal at
Holtenau, near Kiel.
June 8. Prus. A mine explosion at
Gekenkirchener causes 60 deaths.
1888 Aug. 14. Off Sable Island in the
North Atlantic a collision between the
TMngvalla and the Geiser, German
steamers, occurs ; 105 lives are lost in
the Geiser.
1889 June 30. Hanover. Fire destroys
36 buildings in Liineburg, Loss, 12,000,000
Oct^.8 WUrtemberg. Ten persons are
killed and 50 injured in a railroad acci-
dent at Stuttgart.
Nov. 3. Silesia. An explosion in a
dynamite factory causes 20 deaths.
Nov 13. At Rauban 20 miners are
burned by a mine explosion.
Dec 9. Berlin. The influenza epi-
demic has spread from St. Petersburg
fo this city. [Dec. 15. Fifteen thousand
persons arc suffering.]
834 1 8 90, Feb. * - 1 8 9 1, Sept. 9.
GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 Apr. * Berlin. The emperor issues
an order reducing the amount of private
income necessary to secure a commission
in the army.
Apr.* Duelling is forbidden in the
army, "except in cases where a council
of men of honor, to which all the circum-
stances shall have been referred, shall
declare that a duel is necessary."
1891 Feb. 9. Gen. von Schlieffen
succeeds Gen. von Waldersee as chief
of general staff.
July 8. Orders are issued to begin forti-
fications at Heligoland.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 July 7. Bavaria. An art exhi-
bition is opened at Munich.
Aug. 4. Berlin. The tenth Interna-
tional Medical Congress opens ; Prof.
Virchow presides. There are present
2,500 German and 2,500 foreign delegates,
including 500 American physicians.
Sept. * Berlin. The experiment of trans-
mitting opera music by telephone is
successfully made.
Nov. * Berlin. Dr. Robert Koch, di-
rector of the Imperial Hygienic Insti-
tute, announces the discovery of a rem-
edy for tuberculosis in its incipient
stage.
Nov. 17. Berlin. The method of pre-
paring Prof. Koch's curative lymph is
made public.
Nov. 25. Prof. Koch publishes the re-
sults of his experiments in the Deutsche
Medicinische Wochenschrift ; he is
elected an honorary member of the
Medical Society of Vienna.
Nov. 27. Brandenburg. A monument
to William I. is unveiled at Charlotten-
burg.
1891 Jan. 15. Berlin. Dr. Kochissues
a report as to the ingredients compris-
ing his lymph ; the remedy consists of a
glycerine extract derived from the pure
cultivation of the tubercle bacilli.
May 1. Berlin. The Art Exhibition
opens.
May * Prus. The Lower House of the
Prussian Diet votes $41,000 for Prof.
Koch's Institute.
July 13. Brunswick. A monument
erected by German-American musical
societies in honor of Franz Abt is un-
veiled.
Sept. 9. Pr. Saxony. The Congress of
Naturalists and Physicians opens at
Halle; 1,215 delegates are present, in-
cluding 218 women.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890 Mar. 4. Delitzsch, Franz, theol., A77.
July 19. Peters, Christian H. F., astrono-
mer, A77.
Dec. 27. Schliemann, Heinrich, arclie-
ologist, A68.
Hase, Karl A., theologian, A90.
Hergenrbther, Joseph, cardinal, scholar,
author, A78.
Lutz, Johann von, statesman, A64.
1891 Mar. 14. Windthorst, Ludwig,
statesman, A79.
Apr. 24. Moltke, Count, Hellmuth
Karl Bernhard von, fleld-marslial, A91.
May 2. Gregorovius, Ferdinand, poet, his-
torian, A69.
May 22. Hahnel, Ernest J., sculptor, A80.
CHURCH.
1890 Apr. 24. Prus. The Supreme
Council of the Protestant Church of
Prussia issues a circular counseling the
clergy to denounce Socialism.
May Q. Wurtemberg. The last stone of
the spire of the tllm cathedral, the
highest in the world, is laid.
July 18. Bavaria. Professor Schoen-
felder, of the Wurzburg University, is
nominated to be Archbishop of Bam-
berg.
Nov. 5. Hesse. The grand duke issues
a prescript censuring the persecutors
of Jews. [Dr. Stocker, an anti-Semitic
preacher, resigns the chaplaincy of the
Prussian court in consequence.
Dec. 7. Berlin. Pastor Kritzinger is
appointed court chaplain.
1891 Mar. 22. Berlin. The founda-
tion of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial
Chapel is laid with elaborate ceremo-
nies.
Aug. 15. Rome. Pope Leo approves the
exhibition of the Holy Coat in the
Cathedral of Treves as laudable and op-
portune, and promises indulgences to
pilgrims. [Aug. 20. It is exhibited.
Sept. 5. A nail from the true cross is
added. Oct. 3. Closed. Much money
received.]
Sept. 1. W. Prus. The conference of
German Catholic societies assembles
in Danzig, resolves that the time has
come to convoke an International
Catholic Congress to consider the res-
toration of temporal power to the
Pope, and appoints a committee of ar-
rangements.
LETTERS.
1890 May * Berlin. A motion to ex-
clude Jews from public schools is
passed in Upper House of Prussian Diet.
June 10. Prince Bismarck attributes
disaffection in Germany and Russia to
over-education.
Dec. 4. Berlin. The Emperor William
speaks on the educational system.
[The speech has a marked effect upon
school methods. The School Reform
Committee votes unanimously to substi-
tute modern for ancient languages in all
lower classes, and to make other changes
in accord with the emperor's ideas.]
* * Deutsche Kaiserlieder , by A. Moeser,
appears.
* * Eva and Alexandria, by Voss, appear.
* * Lebensmachte, by S. Millow, appears.
* * Skirnir, by Dahn, appears.
* * Wahrheil, by K. Frenzel, appears.
* * Schulter an Schulter, by H. Heiberg,
appears.
* * Vnsehnbar, by Marie Von Ebner-Esch-
enbach, appears.
* * History of the Moors in Spain , by Count
Adolf Schack, appears.
* * Lebensbilder, by M. Carriere, appears.
* * Geschichte der Grilndung des neuen
deutschen Reichs, by H. von Sybel, ap-
pears.
1891 Aug. 9. Berlin. Six schools are
opened for training Socialistic laborers.
SOCIETY.
1890 Feb. * Westphalia mine-owners
have founded an anti-strike insu-
rance union with an initial capital of
£60,000.
Mar. 9. Berlin. The emperor confers
the order of the Black Eagle on Herr
von Boettcher. [Mar. 21. Also on Jules
Simon ; June 18. Chancellor von Ca-
privi ; June 27. Count von Hatzfeldt ;
Nov. 22. Prof. Koch.]
Mar. 15. Berlin. It is found that 41
per cent of the crimes for which pris-
oners are held in 32 German jails were
committed under the influence of al-
cohol.
The first sitting of the International
Labor Conference takes place ; the
Prussian Minister of commerce presides.
[Mar. 19. The Committee favors the ex-
clusion of children under twelve from
factories. Mar. 22. The Children's
Committee favors a maximum of six
hours' labor for children under 14 years
of age.]
Mar. 21. Saxony. Several Hebrews
are arrested in Leipsic on the charge
of treason.
Mar. 22. Prince Bismarck declines
the dukedom offered him by Emperor
William. [Apr. * He says, " I prefer to
bear the name my work has made fa-
mous— Bismarck."]
Apr. 1. Westphalia. More than 1,800
greetings and several car-loads of pres-
ents are sent to Prince Bismarck on
his 75th birthday.
Apr. 21. Berlin. Strikes occur.
May 4. Strikes prevail in many cities.
May 23. Saxe-Weimar. Prince Wil-
liam is pronounced a bankrupt through
gambling.
May 31. Emperor William opposes the
removal of the anti- Socialist law.
May * Over 50,000 workmen are on
strike ; employers in Leipsic and Berlin
form a union to fight the strikers.
June 2. Berlin. Emperor William
warns Prince Bismarck to stop his
press utterances, or serious results may
follow.
June 12. Bremen. American riflemen
arrive at Bremenhafen.
Aug. 26. Berlin. Socialists hold a great
mass-meeting ; 7,000 are present at mid-
night.
Sept. 30. Berlin. Great rejoicing oc-
curs over the expiration of the anti-
Socialist law; many exiles return.
Oct. 12. Pr. Saxony. The SociaUst
Congress opens in Halle ; 366 delegates
are present. [Oct. 18. Closes.]
Nov. 9. Pr. Saxony. The shoe man-
ufacturers at Erfurt declare a lockout
against 3,000 men.
Nov. 12. Berlin. Emperor William
makes a personal gift to Prof. Koch of
$250,000 for the prosecution of his stud-
ies, and an equal amount to establish a
national institute for the production of
the lymph used in Koch's method.
Nov. 19. Berlin. Princess Victoria of
Prussia and Prince Adolphus of Schaum-
burg-Lippe are married.
Nov. * Minister von Gossler gives $50,000
for the creation of a special hospital for
the treatment of consumption by the
Koch method.
1891 Mar. 11. Berlin* The Reichstag
rejects the petition to admit women to
the liberal professions.
Apr. 8. Bavaria. Troops quell a labor
disturbance, in which 25 men are more
or less seriously injured.
Apr. 24. Westphalia. A strike of 10,-
000 miners occurs at Dortmund.
GERMANY.
1890, Feb. *-1891, Sept. 9. 835
May 24. Baron Hirsch proposes to buy
5,000,000 acres of land in the Argentine
Republic for a Jewish Colony.
June 11. Bremen. Strikers become
riotous.
July 30. Berlin. The Deutsche Bank
loses $295,000 by a clerk's frauds.
Aug. 16. Berlin. An International
Social Workmen's Congress opens.
Sept. 5. Berlin. The centenary of
Meyerbeer is celebrated.
STATE.
1890 Mar. 18. Berlin. Prince Bis-
marck, chancellor and foreign minister,
and Count Bismarck, regent of Hanover,
both tender their resignations.
Gen. von Caprivi is selected as Bis-
marck's successor as chancellor.
Mar. 20. Berlin. The emperor makes
Prince Bismarck duke of Lauenberg
and colonel-general of cavalry, and ap-
points Count Herbert Bismarck min-
ister of foreign affairs.
Mar. 25. Berlin. Count Herbert Bis-
marck resigns, and Herr von Alvens-
laben is nominated to succeed him.
[Mar. 26. Declined.]
Apr. 4. Borne. The Vatican instructs
the papal nuncio in Berlin and Bishop
Kopp to act with the Centrist party,
and to yield to the Government on no
point without obtaining an adequate
concession.
Apr. 25. Berlin. The Bundesrath re-
peals the law of 1874, by which priests
failing to comply with the May Laws
rendered themselves liable to imprison-
ment.
Apr. * Berlin. The Government asks
the new Reichstag for a military credit
of about 50,000,000 marks.
May 3. Berlin. The peace-footing bill
for the army adds 5,000 to the infantry,
6,000 to the artillery, and adds 54 bat-
teries to the field artillery.
May 7. Berlin. Von Levetzow is elected
president of the Reichstag.
May 20. Berlin. The Labor Bill is
discussed by the Reichstag.
It prohibits labor on Sundays and holidays,
and the employment of children under 13 in
factories. Women will not be allowed to
work at night, or after 5.30 o'clock on Satur-
day evenings or on the eve of holidays. The
hours of work for women are limited to 11.
The bill also provides for the protection of
the life and health of workers, and for pun-
ishment for a breach of contract by master
or man by a fine paid to the injured party.
May 26. Berlin. Bismarck's state-
ments to correspondents of newspapers
incense the emperor.
May 27. Berlin. Dr. von Scholz, min-
ister of finance, resigns his office.
May * Berlin. The new army budget
shows that a large increase in the army
is to be made at a cost of 18,000,000 marks.
June 3. Berlin. The Factory Bill is
amended in the Reichstag to provide for
the closing of factories from midnight
of Saturdays till six o'clock on Mon-
days. Vote, 15-10.
The Catholics in the Lower House of the
Reichstag demand that the church authori-
ties have full power to dispose of its funds;
it is opposed by Minister Von Gossler as be-
ing politically impossible, even with specific
stipulations as to how the money appropri-
ated should be employed.
Germany, France, Russia, and Switzer-
land have signed the treaty for the re-
pression of anarchy.
June 4. Berlin. The Clerical Fund
Bill is passed in the Prussian Lower
House.
June 13. Berlin. Germany and Moroc-
co sign a commercial convention.
The Reichstag makes an African grant
of 4,500,000 marks.
June 17. England and Germany define
the boundaries of their respective pos-
sessions in Africa, with concessions
on both sides.
June 26. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects
all amendments to the Army Bill, but
passes the first paragraph, which fixes
the peace effective force at 486,983 men
until April, 1894. Vote, 16-12.
June 27. Berlin. Gen. V. du Vernois,
minister of war, resigns.
The Sultan cedes the Zanzibar coast
to Germany.
June 30. Berlin. Herr Miguel, leader
of the National Liberals, is appointed
minister of finance.
July 1. Berlin. The Anglo-German
Agreement, concerning African pos-
sessions, is signed by Chancellor von
Caprivi and Dr. Krauel for Germany,
and Sir E. B. Malet and Sir Percy An-
derson for England.
July* A second large expedition of
2,000 persons is sent to Africa to take
possession of German lands.
Aug. 10. Emperor William arrives at
Heligoland, and takes possession.
Aug. 22. Constantinople. A treaty of
commerce between Turkey and Ger-
many is signed.
Sept. 13. Emperor William accepts the
extension of the Triple Alliance
Treaty to May, 1897.
Oct. 3. A treaty is signed by Germany
and the Sultan of Zanzibar.
Germany obtains the coasting-trade
along the east coast of Africa on pay-
ment of 4,000,000 marks to the sultan.
Oct. 6. Berlin. The appointment of
Gen. von Kaltenborn Strachan as
minister of war is officially announced.
* * Colonies are to be planted in South-
west Africa, Morocco, and Tripoli.
Dec. 5. Berlin. In the Reichstag the
Center party moves to repeal the law
excluding Jesuits from Germany.
Dec. 8. Berlin. The bill providing for
the defense of Heligoland passes its
third reading in the Reichstag ; the So-
cialist members oppose it.
The Government recognizes the Re-
public of Brazil.
1891 Jan. 14. Berlin. An uproar is
occasioned in the Reichstag by Herr
Helldorf protesting against Herr Rich-
ter's " coarse and vulgar attack upon
Prince Bismarck."
Jan. 22. Berlin. In the Reichstag a mo-
tion is made to repeal the prohibitions
on American pork and bacon imports.
[Jan. 23. Defeated. Vote, 133-103. Sept.
3. Repealed.]
Feb. 28. Alsace-Lorraine. A decree by
the governor announces that passport
regulations referring to Alsace-Lor-
raine will be carried out to the fullest
extent. [July 9. Relaxed.]
Mar. 11. Berlin. The resignation of Dr.
von Gossler, minister of public works, is
accepted. [The minister of public wor-
ship also resigns.]
The Reichstag rejects the petition to
admit women to the liberal profes-
sions.
Mar. 18. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca-
privi removes the embargo placed upon
American cattle landed at Hamburg.
Apr. 6. Berlin. The Government de-
cides to withdraw its embargo against
American pork.
Apr. 30. Hanover. Bismarck is re-
turned to the Reichstag.
May 3. The Austro-German commercial
treaty is signed, to remain in force for
12 years from February, 1892.
May 9. Berlin. The Reichstag passes
the Sugar Bill, the Spirit Taxation
Bill, the Koch Institute Endowment
Bill, and adjourns to Nov. 11.
June 11. Berlin. Herr Brandenburg,
a member of the Center party in Ber-
senbrueck, is elected to succeed Dr.
Windthorst in the Reichstag.
The Russo-German treaty negotia-
tions are ruptured.
June 20±. A great Center European
Customs League is formed by Ger-
many, Austria, Hungary, Italy, and
Switzerland.
June 28. Berlin. Emperor William an-
nounces the renewal for six years of the
triple defensive alliance of Germany,
Austro-Hungary, and Italy.
July 30. Berlin. The imperial budget
for 1890-91 shows a surplus of 15,148,201
marks over the estimates.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 Feb. * Hanover is made an Im-
perial capital residence.
Mar. 7. Silesia. A meat famine oc-
curs at Breslau. The law excludes
American pork, and the native product
is insufficient.
Mar. 26+ . Berlin. Prince Bismarck
leaves Berlin permanently for his coun-
try home at Friedrichsruhe.
May 16. Bavaria. Thirty-six children
are drowned while returning from con-
firmation at Ratisbon by the upsetting
of a ferryboat while crossing the Oder.
June 21. Hesse. The 450th anniversary
of the invention of the art of printing
commences at Mentz.
Aug. 11. Bh.Prus. At Crefeld a house
falls during a heavy storm, and 13 per-
sons are killed and 20 injured.
Aug. 22. Berlin. Several cases of chol-
era appear.
Nov. 1. Bremen. Within a week 11,-
000 Polish Jews arrive on their way
to Brazil.
1891 Jan. 3. Bh. Prus. Sixteen per-
sons are killed and 10 wounded by a coal-
shaft explosion near Diisseldorf.
Jan. 25. Fifty-two persons are killed by
a coal-mine explosion at Gelcenkir-
chen.
Feb. 5. Hamburg. A new Southwest
African Company, with a capital of
20,000,000 marks, is formed.
Mar. 31. Berlin. Influenza is preva-
lent. [Dec. 3.± Epidemic]
Aug. 12. Berlin. The action of the
Russian ukase in prohibiting the export
of rye causes a sensation ; rye be cornea
deafer than wheat.
836 1891, Sept. 21-1894, Dec. 15. GERMANY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Apr. 7. Berlin. The Government
decides to adopt the Maxim gun, and
orders 180 for use in the navy.
Oct. 24. Berlin. The peace effective of
the army is fixed at 492,008, and its war
strength reorganization is at 4,400,000.
1893 Aug. 3. Two officers and seven
men are killed and 17 injured by an ex-
plosion on the war-ship Baden at Kiel.
1894 Sept. 30. Non-commissioned ar-
tillery officers (183) are arrested on the
charge of anarchism.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 Jan. 5. Dr. Pfeiffer, son-in-law of
Prof. Koch of Berlin, discovers the in-
fluenza bacillus, the smallest bacillus
yet discovered, also the original cause
of infection.
1893 May 1. Berlin. The standard
time for the empire is fixed to longitude
15° east of Greenwich.
Oct. 18. Bremen. A statue of Em-
peror William I. is unveiled by the
emperor.
1894 July 24. A monument to the
memory of Field Marshal Von Bliicher
is inaugurated near Caub, where he
crossed the Rhine into France on the
New Year's night of 1814.
Sept. 4. E. Prus. Emperor "William un-
veils a monument to the memory of his
grandfather at Konigsberg. [Oct. 16.
Another at Wiesbaden.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891 Oct. 6. Charles I., King of Wiirtem-
berg, A68.
1892 Jan. 7. Brucke, Ernest W., physiol-
ogist, A73.
Jan. 26. Ludovica, Duch. of Bavaria, A83.
Mar. 13. Hesse, Grand Duke of, A55.
Apr. 19. Bodenstedt, Friedrich, poet, jour-
nalist, A73.
Oct. 12. Bticher, Lothar, statesman, A75.
Dec. 6. Siemens, Ernest W., electric, A76.
1893 Jan. * Ratibor, Duke of (House of
Hohenlohe), A74.
Apr. 16. Bismarck-Schierstein, Count
von, Friedrich August Ludwig, councilor
of legation, A83.
May 8. Adolphus George, Prince Schaum-
burg-Lippe, A76.
June 5. Hefele, Charles Joseph von,
bishop of Rottenburg, eccl. hist., A84.
Aug. 22. Ernest II., Duke of Saxe-Co-
burg-Gotha, A75.
Dec. 16. Michelet, Karl L., phil., A92.
1894 Feb. 6. Billroth, Theodore, surgeon,
A63.
Feb. 12. Biilow, Hans Guido von, pianist,
composer, A64.
July 4. Dillman, Christian F. A., theolo-
gian, orientalist, A71.
July 24. Brunn, Henry, archeologist, A72.
Sept. 9. Helmholtz, Hermann L. F. von,
physiologist, natural philosopher, A73.
Nov. 21. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Duke of,
A50.
CHURCH.
1893 Apr. 23. Rome. The Pope re-
ceives the emperor and empress, and
has a long interview with the emperor.
May 9. Rome. Pope Leo receives 500
German Catholic pilgrims.
* * Archbishop Philip Krementz of Co-
logne is made a cardinal priest.
* * Prus. George Kropp, archbishop of
Breslau, is consecrated a cardinal priest.
LETTERS.
1891 * * Haubenlerche, by "Wildenbruch,
appears.
* * Einsame Menschen, by Gerhardt
Hauptmann, appears.
* * Sodom's Ende, by H. Sudermann, ap-
pears.
* * Eine Neue Well, by H. Bulthaup, ap-
pears.
* * Aus Eiserner Zeit, by Spielhagen,
appears.
* * Das Zwelte Gesicht, by Oscar Blumen-
thal, appears.
* * Tino-Moralt, by "Walter Siegfried, ap-
pears.
* * Steinerne Gast, by Rudolph von Gott-
schall, appears.
* * Letzte Rottenburgern, by Louise von
Francois, appears.
* * Geschichte der Pdpste der Renaissance,
by Ludwig Pastor, appears.
1892 * * Romischen Vignetten, by Marie
Eugenie dell Grazie, appears.
* * Seitab vom Wege, by Hans Hoffmann,
appears.
* * Jenseits von Gut und Bose, by Friedrich
Nietzsche, appears.
* * Heimat, by Hermann Sudermann, ap-
pears.
* * Der Meister von Palmyra, by Adolf
Wilbrandt, appears.
* * Merlin, by Paul Heyse, appears.
* * Sonntagsklnd, by Spielhagen, appears.
1893* * Hannelle Mattern's Himmel-
fahrt, by Gerhardt Hauptmann, appears.
* * Neiv Poems, by Hermann Hango, ap.
pears.
* * Poems, by D. Saul, appears.
* * Erster Frilhling, by Maurice Reinhold
von Stern, appears.
* * Vestigia Leonis, by Richard Nord-
hausen, appears.
* * Gl&nzendes Elend, by Hans Hopfen,
appears.
* * Melusine, by Paul Heyse, appears.
* * Geschichte der Malerei im neunzehnten
Jahrhundert, by Richard Muther, ap-
pears.
1894 * * Robespierre, by Marie Eugenie
delle Grazie, appears.
* * Faust und Prometheus, by Hermann
Hango, appears.
* * The Schmetterlingsschacht, by Suder-
mann, appears ; also Es war.
* * Stumme des JRmmels, by Spielhagen,
appears.
* * Donna Lionarda, by Paul Heyse, ap-
pears.
* * Der Ring des Frangipani, by Henry
Thode, appears.
SOCIETY.
1891 Sept. 21. Pr. Saxony. The Con-
gress of Naturalists and Physicians,
consisting of 1,215 delegates, including
280 women, opens at Halle.
1892 Feb. 1. The police arrest 20 An-
archists.
Mar. 4. W. Prus. A riot occurs in Dan-
zig, the rioters looting shops and wagons.
June 21. Vienna. Count Herbert Bis-
marck and Countess Margarethe Hoyes
are married.
Nov. 1. Berlin. TtieArbeiterZeitung,a.n
Anarchist newspaper, is suppressed.
1893 Jan. 8. Rh. Prus. An attempt is
made near Rouple to blow up the Cologne
express with a dynamite bomb.
Jan. 10. Prus. Princess Marie of Edin-
burgh and Prince Ferdinand are mar-
ried at Sigmaringen.
Jan. 25. Berlin. Emperor William's
sister Princess Margaret is married to
Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse.
Oct. 23. Rh. Prus. The National Con-
gress of Social Democrats opens at
Cologne.
Nov. 6. Berlin. The Emperor Wil-
liam issxies an edict against gambling
in the army.
Nov. 27. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca-
privi receives at his official residence a
box containing an infernal machine.
[Nov. 28. Another is sent to the Em-
peror "William ; both are from Orleans,.
France.]
Dec. 11. Berlin. Two persons are in-
jured by an infernal machine.
1894 Jan. 26. Berlin. Prince Bis-
marck is received with tremendous pop-
ular enthusiasm ; the emperor greets
him with great warmth, and pays him
notable honors.
Feb. 19. Emperor "William visits Prince
Bismarck at Friedrichsruhe.
Mar. 25. Emperor William decrees that
the 25th anniversary of Sedan Day
shall be celebrated by the creation of a
new order, to be called The Veterans
of 1870, the medals to be worn only by
soldiers who fought at the front.
Apr. 19. The marriage of the Grand
Duke of Hesse and Princess Victoria
Melita of Saxe-Coburg takes place at
Coburg.
June 22. Emperor "William causes the
arrest of Imperial Chamberlain Von
Kotze for sending scandalous anony-
mous letters through the mails.
Oct. 21. The German-Socialist Con-
gress opens at Frankfort-on-the-Main.
Oct. 28. Berlin. The Sunday closing
law is strictly enforced ; many trades
which did their best business on Sunday
have suffered heavy losses.
Oct. 29. Emperor William confers dec-
orations upon Gen. von Caprivi and
Count Eulenburg.
STATE.
1891 Nov. 5. Berlin. An official de-
cree is issued permitting the importation
of American and British cattle into
Germany.
Dec. 1. Berlin. The German posses-
sions in Southwest Africa are sold to a
syndicate for 3,750,000 marks.
Dec. 18. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts
the commercial treaties with Austro-
Hungary, Italy, and Belgium.
1892 Jan. 23+. Active opposition to
the emperor's Sectarian Education
BiU arises throughout the empire.
Feb. 10. Berlin. In the Reichstag the
Center withdraws its demand that the
Jesuits should be allowed to return.
Mar. 1. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca-
privi is defeated in the Reichstag on
naval estimates.
Mar. 21. Berlin. Count von Zedlitz's
resignation from the Cabinet is accepted.
[Mar. 24. Dr. von Bosse succeeds him.]
Mar. 23. Berlin. Count Eulenberg ac-
cepts the premiership.
GERMANY. 1891, Sept. 21-1894, Dec. 15. 837
Apr. 1. Berlin. The Lower House of
the Landtag passes the Guelph Fund
Bill.
May 16. Berlin. The Government
agrees to take part in the International
Silver Conference.
Aug. 9. Herr Herrfuth, minister of the
interior, resigns.
Sept. 24. Berlin. The Federal author-
ities yield assent to the proposition for
two years' service in the army.
Sept. 29. Berlin. The Social Demo-
crats win in the municipal elections.
Dec. 6. Berlin. The majority of the
members of the Center of the Reichstag
vote to support the Army Bill.
It fixes the strength of the peace effec-
tive at 492,068 men, the war strength at
4,400,000 ; the time of service is generally
reduced to two years.
Dec. 12. Berlin. In the Reichstag Chan-
cellor von Caprivi announces that Ger-
many will adhere to the gold standard.
1893 Feb. 18. Popular agitation in
favor of the Army Bill is increasing.
Mar. 17. Berlin. The Reichstag Com-
mittee rejects the second reading of the
Army Bill, and adjourns till after
Easter.
May 6. Berlin. The Army Bill is re-
jected. Voted, 210-102. The emperor
dissolves the Reichstag ; Chancellor von
Caprivi goes to Potsdam to tender his
resignation ; new elections are appointed
to be held June 15.
May 23. The Center party declares
against the Army Bill.
July 4. Berlin. The new Reichstag is
opened by Emperor William, who urges
the importance of passing the Army
Bill immediately.
July 7. Berlin. Chancellor von Caprivi
introduces the amended Army Bill in
the Reichstag.
July 13. Berlin. The first article of the
Army Bill, fixing for two years the
peace effective at 479,229 men, is passed
by the Reichstag by a vote of 198 to 187.
July 15. Berlin. The Army Bill is
passed by the Reichstag by a vote of
200-183, in the fullest house ever known.
July 28. Berlin. The Federal Council
resolves to increase the duties on im-
ports from Russia 50 per cent.
Aug. 22. Saxe - Coburg - Gotha. Duke
Ernst dies ; he left no children, and the
Duke of Edinburgh, the second son of
Queen Victoria, is formally recognized
as the ruler of the duchy.
Sept. 8. Berlin. Emperor "William or-
ders that all the exceptional laws en-
forced in Alsace and Lorraine since
the war shall be abolished.
Sept. 19. Berlin. Emperor William ap-
points Gen. Brousart Schellendorf as
minister of war in place of Gen. von
Kaltenborn-Strachan, resigned.
Chancellor von Caprivi and the papal
nuncio agree, if the Centrists will sup-
port the Government, concessions ■will
be granted on the educational ques-
tion, and the Catholic orders will be
readmitted into Germany.
Oct. 23. Rh. Prus. The National Con-
gress of Socialists opens in Cologne.
Dec. 1. Berlin. The Reichstag votes, by
a majority of 37, to revoke the decree
expelling the Jesuits from Germany.
1894 Jan. 16. Bavaria. The Upper
House decides to depose the insane
King Otho, and transfer the crown to
Prince Luitpold, the regent and heir
presumptive.
Mar. 10. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts
the first part of the Russo-German
Treaty. Vote, 200-146.
Apr. 16. Berlin. The bill permitting
the Jesuits to return passes its third
reading in the Reichstag. Vote, 168-145.
Apr. 19. Berlin. The Reichstag passes
the Bourse Taxation Bill.
June 6. The German Imperial Silver
Commission adjourns without having
agreed on any solution of the silver
problem.
June 8. Berlin. Dr. Lieber, leader of
the Clerical party, resigns from the
Reichstag.
July 9. Berlin. The Bundesrath rejects
the bill passed by the Reichstag to re-
peal the anti- Jesuit laws, but approves
the admission of the Redemptorists.
July 12. Germany declares a tariff war
against Spain.
Sept. 25+. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca-
privi no longer opposes severe repressive
measures against Anarchists and So-
cialists.
Oct. 14. Germany rejects England's pro-
posals to join the powers in intervention
in the China- Japanese war.
Oct. 26. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca-
privi resigns his office, and Count
Botho zu Eulenberg resigns as presi-
dent of the Council.
Prince von Hohenlohe-Schillings-
furst is appointed imperial chancellor,
also premier of Prussia.
Nov. 7. Germany formally recognizes
the Hawaiian Republic.
Nov. 14. Berlin. The anti-Anar-
chist Bill is introduced in the Bundes-
rath ; it is drastic in its provisions.
Dec. 6. Berlin. An exciting scene oc-
curs in the Reichstag, caused by the
refusal of the Socialists to cheer for the
emperor.
Dec. 10. Berlin. Baron von Ber-
lespsch, minister of commerce, tenders
his resignation because the Ministry re-
jects bills he drafted.
Dec. 14. Berlin. The Anti-Revolu-
tionist Bill is introduced in the German
Reichstag.
Dec. 15. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects
the Government's proposal to prose-
cute the Socialists for lese-majesty.
Vote, 168-58.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Feb. 13. Afr. The German col-
onization of New Guinea is a complete
failure.
Aug. 13. Berlin. Emperor William has
withdrawn all official support to the
proposed Berlin exposition.
Aug. 23. Hamburg. The authorities
acknowledge the presence of Asiatic
cholera.
Aug. 29. Cholera appears at Bremen ;
there is an apparent abatement in Ham-
burg.
Aug. 31. Hamburg. The cholera is
becoming worse. [Sept. 2. There are
upwards of 600 new cases of cholera.
Sept. 6. ' Cholera cases increase. Sept.
14. Total cases of cholera from Aug.
17 to this day amount to 15,663, of which
6,764 proved fatal ; the House of Bur-
gesses appeals to the Senate for a grant
of 1,000,000 marks for relief purposes.]
Sept. 29. New cases of cholera are re-
ported in Berlin ; the disease is decreas-
ing in Hamburg. [Oct. 9. Only two
new cases at Hamburg.]
Oct. 1. Berlin. The private bank of
Schultz fails, with liabilities amount-
ing to 30,000,000 marks.
Oct. 4. Berlin. In the long-distance
ride between Berlin and Vienna, Lieut.
Miklos (Austrian) and horse arrive first
at Berlin, and Prince Leopold (German)
and horse arrive first at Florisdorf.
Oct. 5. Hamburg reports 30 new cases
of cholera.
Oct. 17. Hamburg. The official figures
show that there have been 17,962 cases
and 7,508 deaths from cholera in Ham-
burg. [Oct. 18, eight; Oct. 19, 11; Oct.
25, 25 ; Oct. 26, 6 ; Oct. 28, seven ; Nov. 2,
none.]
Nov. 2. Hamburg is officially declared
to be free from cholera.
Dec. 3. The steamer Spree is heard from ;
she had broken her shaft when 1,000
miles out, and was towed into Queens-
town by the steamer Lake Huron.
Dec. 8. Berlin. Influenza again prev-
alent.
Dec. 15. Hamburg. In one week 28
cases of cholera occur with two deaths.
(Dec. 16, new cases ; Dec. 22, four ;
Dec. 25, new cases ; Dec. 27, two deaths ;
Dec. 29, two cases ; Dec. 30, seven cases.]
1893 Jan. 1. W. Prus. Several per-
sons are frozen to death at Thorn and
other places on the Vistula.
Jan. 18. Pr. Saxony. Seven deaths from
cholera are reported in the lunatic
asylum at Halle.
Jan. 21. Seventeen new cases of cholera
are reported at the Neitleben Lunatic
Asylum. [Jan. 29. Four new cases at
Altona ; one death at Hamburg.]
Jan. 28. Berlin. A fire causes a loss of
two million marks.
Apr. 18. Prus. A fire in the Hohen-
zollern Palace at Sigmaringen destroys
many works of art.
June 18. Fr. The bodies of Prussians
who fell at Stail in 1870 are delivered
by French to German troops, and taken
across for reburial.
Aug. 15. Berlin. Cholera appears.
Aug. 19. Explosions in two coal-pits
kill 57 miners, and wound many others.
Aug. 27. The business depression con-
sequent upon the tariff war between
Germany and Russia is increasing.
Sept. 7. The authorities officially pro-
claim the Rhine to be infected with
cholera, and bathing in it has been for-
bidden.
Sept. 10. Four new cases of cholera
are discovered in Berlin. [Sept. 20, 10 ;
Sept. 21, three ; Sept. 23, 14 cases ; Sept.
30, three deaths.]
Oct. 1. Three new cases of cholera and
one death are reported in Hamburg.
Oct. 10. A policeman and a sanitary
official are killed in a cholera riot in
St. Paul, a suburb of Hamburg.
Oct. 14. Berlin reports eight cases of
cholera with five deaths.
Oct. 29. Schleswig-Hotstein. Two deaths
from cholera occur in Kiel.
838 1862,**-I894,0ct.30. GERMAN EAST AFRICA.
German East Africa is a dependency of the empire, lying near the equatorial region, between the Indian Ocean and the
Great Lakes ; its government is administered by an Imperial officer. Area, 380,000i square miles ; population, 1,760,000±.
EXPLORATION — ARMY — STATE.
1866 Mar. 22. David Livingstone
ascends the ltovuma River. [1809. Mar.
14. Livingstone reaches Ujiji, " a ruckle
of bones." 1871. Oct 13. He returns to
Ujiji. Oct. 18. H.M. Stanley, thecorre-
spondent of the New York Herald, finds
Livingstone at Ujiji. 1871-72. They ex-
plore the north end of Lake Tangan-
yika. 1872. Mar. 15. They part at Un-
yanyembe. Aug. 15. Livingstone leaves
Unyanyembe for Lake Bangweolo. 1874.
He visits Lake Tanganyika.]
1867 * * Lake Tanganyika is discov-
ered by John H. Speke.
1887 * * Lieut. Wissmann arrives at
Zanzibar after crossing the continent.
1888* *The German East African
Company acquire from the Sultan of
Zanzibar a lease of the coast for 50
years, with rights to all duties and tolls.
This territory, with other concessions in
Masai-land, constitutes a protectorate.
Jan. 12. The natives under Bushiri,
the Arab chief, attack the German mis-
sion-station at Dar-es-Salaam, near Bag-
amoyo, but are repulsed with heavy loss.
[They capture and reenslave 100± freed
natives ; German missionaries are cap-
tured. Jan.22±. The fighting continues;
the Arabs demand that the Germans
evacuate the coast. Jan. 25. The Arabs
are defeated.]
Jan. 2J.+. Berlin. Lieut. Wissmann is
appointed Imperial Commissioner for
German East Africa. [Apr. 6. Assumes
command.]
Feb. 8. Complete anarchy prevails
along the coast.
The Catholic missionaries are released
by Bushiri on payment of a ransom of
9,000 marks by the Germans.
Mar. 3. The Germans recapture Baga-
moyo.
Mar. 6. Capt. "Wissmann punishes the
Kibosh tribe.
Mar. 10. H. M. Stanley meets Tippoo
Tib at Ujiji.
Mar. 22. A German force attacks Saa-
dani. [Mar. 28. They burn Kondutchi.]
May 10. Capt. "Wissmann captures
Chief Bushiri's camp. [June 7. He de-
feats the Arabs.]
1889 June 1. Germans proclaim war
against the revolting natives north of
Bagamoyo.
July 9. Capt. Wissmann attacks the
Arabs with gunboats, and occupies
Pangani without loss. [July 10. Shells
and takes Tanga.J
Sept. 6. Capt. Wissmann with 400 men
starts for Mpwapwa to punish Bushiri
for killing Officer Nielsen of the East
African Company.
Sept. 11. Capt. Wissmann offers £5,000
reward for the head of Chief Bushiri, he
having threatened to destroy the mis-
sions in the interior. [Oct. 22. Bushiri's
camp is surprised by a German force.
Oct. 26. Capt. Wissmann defeats Bushiri.
Bee. 10. Again defeated. Dec. 17. Bu-
shiri is captured and hanged.]
Oct. 27. Vitu is captured and burned.
Nov. 4. Capt. Wissmann's expedition
encounters 6,000 Bushiri, and repulses
the natives, who suffer great loss.
Nov. 12. The New York Herald sends
an expedition, escorted by Capt. Wiss-
mann, to meet Henry M. Stanley.
Dec. 4. Stanley and Emin Pasha arrive
at Bagamoyo from Central Africa.
1890 Jan. 6±. Capt. Wissmann routs
the Arabs, and captures one of their
strongholds.
Jan. 16. Thousands of Arabs accept the
German offer of amnesty, and come to
the coast at Zanzibar.
Apr. 2. Emin Pasha arrives at Zanzi-
bar.
Apr. 7+. The German flag is raised in
the territories of the Sultan of Man-
dara, following the mission of Lieut.
Ehlers.
Apr. 30. Capt. Wissmann leaves Baga-
moyo with a large force to attack Kil-
wa. [May 4. Bombards and occupies
the town. May 13. He captures Lind.]
May 14. Capt. Wissmann captures Mi-
kindani ; this places the whole coast as
far as Zanzibar in the hands of the
Germans.
May 26. Capt. Wissmann leaves Zan-
zibar for Europe. [June 23. Arrives at
Berlin.]
June 27. The Sultan of Zanzibar con-
sents to cede the coast to Germany.
[July 3. Dr. Peters arrives at Usugara.
July 22. He leaves Zanzibar for Europe.]
Aug. 11. The Sultan's army is defeated
by rebel Arabs. [Aug. 20. Defeats the
rebel Arabs at Zemmour.]
Aug. 13. Slaves are reported to be sold
on German territory without abatement.
Sept. 29. Herr Von Soden is ap-
pointed governor of German East Africa.
Oct. 3. The Sultan of Zanzibar by treaty
surrenders to Germany for $1,000,000
his sovereign rights over that portion
of the East African Coast which is leased
to the German East African Company.
[Oct. 8. The Company purchase the
whole property of the Vitu Company.]
Nov. 19. The Sultan of Vitu raids the
German outposts, and is repulsed with
heavy loss.
1891 Jan. 1. The German flag is
formally raised at various points on the
Zanzibar Coast, to mark its acquisition.
Jan. 9. Emin Pasha establishes a for-
tified station on the shore of the Victo-
ria Nyanza.
Jan. 31. Peace is declared in Zanzibar.
May 16. The German government noti-
fies the powers that Dar-es-Salaam will
be the capital of the German colonies
in East Africa.
Sept. 12. A German force defeats the
natives, but loses 300 men, and all their
guns and ammunition ; only two non-
commissioned officers escape.
Dec. 1. The German possessions in
Southeast Africa are sold to a syndicate
for 3,750,000 marks.
1892 Oct. 17. The Wahehe tribe at-
tack the German station at Mpwapwa ;
many residents are killed or wounded.
1893 Mar. 14. A German force defeats
hostile natives, killing Sikki, the leader,
and a number of his followers. [Aug.
29. An African fortified camp is
stormed.]
1894 Oct. 30. A German force storms
and captures Kuiranga, the capital of
the Wahehe country.
CHURCH — SOCIETY.
1862* *The Universities Mission at
Magomero, on Lake Shirwa, is moved
to the mainland opposite Zanzibar.
1869 * * Magila, opposite Zanzibar, be-
comes a mission-station of Bishop Tozer.
[1875 * * It becomes a mission-station of
the Universities Mission.]
1878 * * Ujiji becomes a mission-station
of the London Society. [1879, Uram-
bo ; 1887, Fwambo, near Lake Tangan-
yika.]
1882* * The Moslems of Magilain Usam-
bara close their mosques, and become
Christians.
1889 Jan. 17. Arab slave-dealers kill
eight German missionaries in Zanzibar,
and mutilate their bodies ; they sell as
slaves the native inmates of German
mission-premises at Tugu, 15 miles from.
Dar-es-Salaam.
Jan. 29. An English missionary and 16
of his followers are massacred by na-
tives.
Feb. 27. The German missionaries held
captive by the Arabs are liberated.
Sept. 28. Capt. Wissmann reports that
exportation of slaves in his territory
has stopped.
Oct. 30. A missionary party is massa-
cred.
1890 Mar. 24. The German authori-
ties hang a slave-dealer at Bagamoyo.
Sept. 14. The German authorities at
Bagamoyo publish a notice permitting
slave-dealing, but prohibiting the ex-
portation of slaves by sea.
Sept. 22. A German merchant at Vitu
and seven German employees are mas-
sacred by natives.
* * The English Church Missionary Soci-
ety has a missionary station 180 miles
inland, in the Uguru district ; another
(Mpwapwa) 40 miles farther, in Usu-
gara, and another (Uyui) in the district
of Unyanyembe.
* * Mbweni, on the Zanzibar coast, is a
village of 300 released slaves, with per-
manent church, domestic chapel, work-
shop, traction-engine, lime-kiln, etc.
1891 May 22. Arab slave-raids are
frequent on the shores of Lake Tangan-
yika.
Dec. 16. Great cruelty is practised by
slave-traders near Lake Tanganyika ;
from 10 to 20 slaves are killed daily
when they become exhausted by the
march.
GERMAN SOUTH-WEST AFRICA.
German South-west Africa is a dependency of the empire, and comprises a territory bordering the Atlantic, and
extending from the Orange to the Kunene Rivers. Area, 330,000 square miles ; population, about 150,000, of these 600 are
whites. Walfish Bay on the coast belongs to Great Britain.
1884 * * The German flag is hoisted on
land purchased around Angra Pequefia,
by F. A. S. Liideritz. 18S5 * * Here-
roland is annexed by treaty. 1886* *
Portugal recognizes the boundaries.
1888 * * Hereroland is given up. 1889
* * Hereroland is regained by force.
1890 * * England recognizes the boun-
daries. 1893 * * Henric Witboy, the
civilized chief, is at last defeated by the»
Germans.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 2048b.c.-150
A. D.
839
Great Britain and Ireland is a country of "Western Europe, and classed as one of the great powers. The government
is an hereditary constitutional monarchy, having the executive authority lodged with the sovereign and a responsible ministry.
The legislature consists of a Parliament of two houses ; the House of Lords having about 5G0 members, and the House of Com-
mons, 670 members.
The principal colonies and foreign possessions are Gibraltar, Malta, Aden, and Perim, and a protectorate along the Somali
Coast, Bahrein Islands, British North Borneo including Brunei and Sarawak, Ceylon, Cyprus, Hongkong, India and its depen-
dencies, Kamaran Island, Labuan, Straits Settlements, Ascension Island, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Cape Colony, Mauritius,
British East Africa, Natal, Niger River Territories, British Zambesia, Oil Rivers Protectorate, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha,
Gold Coast, Lagos, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Zanzibar, Zululand, Bermudas, Canada, Newfoundland, Falkland Islands, British Gui-
ana, British Honduras, Islands in the West Indies including the Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Windward Islands, Leeward
Islands, and Trinidad ; Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Western Australia, New Zealand,
British New Guinea ; also many groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean, including Fiji, Cook's Islands, Union, Phoenix, and Gil-
bert Islands ; Heligoland in the North Sea is ceded to Germany in 1890.
Area of the United Kingdom, 120,979 square miles ; population in 1891, 38,104,975. Total area of the empire and its protecto-
rates and spheres of influence, 11,421,100 square miles ; estimated population, about 381,404,960.
Note. — All items not having a locality word following the date are located in England. Scotland, Ireland, and Wales are designated by
abbreviations. Many ot the very early dates are of doubtful value.
ARMY — NAVY.
55 Aug. 26 b. c. Julius Caesar in-
vades Britain, and encamps [on Barham
Downs near Deal]. [54. Again invades
it.]
54 * * b. c. Cassivelaunus leads the
Britons against Caesar, and is defeated.
40 * * a. d. The Roman Emperor Calig-
ula leads a mock invasion.
* * * "War between the Romans and
Britons.
43 * * The Emperor Claudius lands an
expedition in Britain, parades 16 days,
then [44] returns to Rome, assumes the
title Britannicus, and is worshiped as
a god.
45 * * [Gloucester] submits to the Ro-
mans.
50* * Battle of Shropshire. The Brit-
ons are defeated by the Roman general,
Ostorius Scapula.
Caractacus, King of the Silures, is
taken prisoner, through the treachery of
Cartismandua, Queen of the Brigantes.
* * * Jr. The Silures of South Wales
maintain an obstinate resistance to the
Romans.
58 * * Suetonius Paulinus commands
the Romans.
61 * * Britons under Boadieea revolt,
burn London, and kill 70,000 Romans
and strangers.
Paulinus subdues the revolting
Druids.
78 * * Julius Agricola commands the
Romans.
He defeats and subdues the Britons in
Anglesey, and completes the conquest of
Britain.
79 * * Romans establish a military sta-
tion at Mancenion [Manchester], a
stronghold of the Brigantes.
81 * * Agricola builds forts between the
Tyne and Solway to protect Britain
against invasion from Caledonia.
84 * * Scot. Agricola defeats Caledoni-
ans under Galgacus in the battle of the
Grampians.
* * Agricola builds a line of forts from
the Forth to the Clyde, and sends a
fleet around the north of Scotland for
the first time.
121 * * The Emperor Hadrian builds a
rampart from the Tyne to the Solway.
138 * * The Caledonians invade Britain
and are repelled. Antoninus Pius
commands the Romans.
140 * * Lollius Urbicus, lieutenant of
Antoninus, strengthens by a turf ram-
part, called Wall of Antoninus, the
line of forts hetween the Clyde and the
Forth.
150± * * Ire. Tuathal organizes a
standing army [afterwards known as
the Fiann, or Fenians].
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
50 b. c. — 250 a. d. London. Gothic
architecture appears in St. Martin's
Church, Canterbury.
15* * b. c. London. The "London
Stone," fixed by the Romans, is placed
[in Cannon Street] in the center of the
city. [1742. Removed from the oppo-
site side of the way. 1798. Placed in
the wall of St. Swithin's Church.]
84 * * A. d. A Roman fleet sails round
the north coast, and discovers Britain
to be an island.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
62 * * Boadieea, Queen of the Iceni, dies.
CHURCH.
54 * * b. c. The Druids serve the people
as ministers of sacred things, teachers
of the young, and arbiters and judges.
* * * The Druids offer up criminals in
sacrifice to deity.
1st Century, a. d. St. Paul preaches in
Britain. [Affirmed by some authorities,
but without positive proof.]
* * Ire Christianity is introduced (?)
from the East.
LETTERS.
1300+ B. c. Scot. — Ire. A colony from
Spain introduces Phenician letters.
SOCIETY.
54 * * b. c. " The population is very
great, and the buildings very nume-
rous." (Caesar.)
* * The Equestrian Order and the Dru-
ids possess the power and privileges.
The people are clothed in skins, and
live chiefly on milk and flesh.
78-84 A. D. Civilization makes rapid
progress under the mild rule of Agri-
cola.
STATE.
2048 * * b. c. Ire. Partholan, coming
from Greece, lands in the island. (?)
1463 * * B. C. The Damnonii make their
descent.
1300 * * B. c. Ire. Herber and Here-
mon, Milesian princes, come from
Spain, and conquer the island. (?)
1000+ * * b. c. Phenicians appear
from Western Asia.
330** B.C. Scot. Camelon.Kingof the
Picts, builds the castle of the " Hill of
Edin" [Edinburgh]. (?)
* *b. c. Scot. The monarchy is
founded by Fergus, an Irish prince. (?)
140 * * B. C. Scot. The southern lands
are settled by Picts from England.
54 * * b. c. [London] is the capital of
of the Trinobantes.
* * b. c. Roman rule begins under Ju-
lius Caesar.
4-24 A. D. Ire. Fearaidhach-Fionfacht-
nath reigns. (?) [24-27, Fiachadh-Fion
(?) ; 127-54, Fiachadh-Fionohudh (?) ; 54-
69, Cairbre-Cincait ; 59-79, Elim (?) ; 79-
109, Tuathal-Teachtmar. (?) He imposes
the " boiroimhe," or cow tribute, on the
province of Leinster. (?) 109-113, Malor
Mail; 113-122, Feidhlimhidh ; 122-125,
Cathoire Mor, or the Great ; 125-145,
Conn Ceadchadhach, the " Hero of the
Hundred Battles ; " 145-152, Condir ;
152-182, Art-Aonfhir ; 182-212, Lughaidh
(MacConn) ; 212-213, Fergus the Black
Teeth.]
41 * * Rome. Claudius Britannicus is em-
feror. [58, Suetonius Paulinus; 81, Domitian ;
17, Hadrian; 138, July 10, Antoninus Pius;
161, Marcus Aurelius; 180, Commodus; 193,
Pertinax, (three months); later, Septimus
Severus. ]
* * Caractacus is leader of the native
Britons.
61 * * Boadieea is queen of the Iceni.
* * Londinum [London] is a large town.
70 * * Scot. Perth is founded by Agri-
cola [capital].
78 * * Agricola, the Roman consul, rules.
Many Roman towns are built. [84.
Recalled.]
120 * * Hadrian is in Britain.
140 * * Ire. Ashcled [Dublin] is built,
and becomes the capital. (?)
840
156,**-580,**
GREAT BRITAIN
* * * Almost incessant wars continue
for 100 years between pagans and Chris-
tians.
ARMY — NAVY.
184 * * Scot. Ulpius Marcellus drives
back invading bands of Caledonians.
207* * South Britain is invaded by the * * * Wars of the invaders among
Caledonians. themselves.
208 * * The Emperor Severus arrives
in Britain, advances north, and strength-
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
ens Hadrian's rampart by [the Wall of 245 * * Many thousand acres in Lincoln
shire are inundated by the sea.
253 * *An inundation in Cheshire
causes the loss of 3,000 lives and many
cattle.
300 * * The country abounds in grain-
fields and pastures.
The tin-mines of Cornwall, the lead-
mines of Derbyshire, and the iron-mines
of Birmingham are worked by the Ro-
mans.
5th Century. Aurelius Ambrosius erects
an [alleged] sepulchral monument called
Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain, Wilt-
shire, to the memory of 460 Britons mur-
dered by Hengist.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
Severus], 80 miles long,
209 * * Severus advances to the Moray
Firth, and repels the Caledonians.
258 * * Scot. The Scots from Ireland
invade Caledonia.
296 * * The usurper Allectus is defeated
and slain by the llomans under Asclepi-
odotus.
360 * * Picts and Scots (Irish) from Ire-
land invade Britain.
367 * * The Roman general, Theodosius,
defeats the Saxons on the sea, in their
first attempt to invade Britain.
368* * Picts and Scots devastate the
country, and approach London, but are
driven back by Theodosius.
406 * * The 20th Roman legion, Vale-
ria Victrix, evacuates [Chester].
410* *The Romans finally retire from 311dte8* ffYork' A65°iU8 Septimiu8' emPeror-
Britain. 282 * * Fingal. legendary prince of Morven,
429* *Eugemusn.of Scotland invades„293c^
±imam- -3d Century. Ossian. Celtic bard, warrior,
446 * * The Britons invoke the aid of the dies.
Romans against invading Picts; but 357* * Fergus I., King of Scotland., dies.
they are struggling with the Goths, and— 373 * * Patrick, Saint, missionary, patron
decline to assist the Britons. saint of Ire.,b. in Scot., or Fr. [460±. Dies.]
383 * * Ursula, Brit, legendary St., Ger., dies.
449 * * The Saxons are invited to dwell --420+ * * Pelagius, monk, theologian, dies in
in Thanet [Kent] to fight the invading . _ _pf'1S8une- T «„., ™ * mh a ■ v. *»i
L , &-455* * Horsa, Jutish chief, killed in battle.
Picts ; they come, and the Angles follow. 501 * * Fergus II., king, Scot., k. in battle.
455* * Horsa the Teuton is killed in^'A^JJK;, J^uiZn^e,Jn\f n.^A^
battle at AvlPHford -521 * * Columba, Saint, apostle of Caledo-
oattie at Ayiesiord. nia, Ireland, born. [597. Dies.]
465 * * The Britons are defeated at Wip — 537 * * Arthur, legendary prince, dies,
pidsfieet by the English, the new in- 543 * * Columbanus, Saint, Irish monk, born.
[615. Dies.]
551 * * Gall, Saint, Irish theologian, bp. of
Constance, apostle of Swiss, b. [646. d.]
vaders, under Hengist ; and their power
is overthrown in Northern Kent.
473 * * Lymne in Kent is taken by the
English.
480 * * Kent is won by the English after
a struggle of 30 years.
483 * * Ire. King Oilioll is defeated
and killed at Ocha.
488* * Mancenion [Manchester] is
taken from the Britons.
491 * * The South Saxons under ^Elle
and Cissa storm Anderida [Pevensey],
exterminate the inhabitants, and estab-
lish the kingdom of the South Saxons.
495 * * A Saxon tribe called Gewissas
enters the great down, or Gwent, to take
[Winchester].
519 * * The Britons are defeated by Cer-
dic the Saxon at Carford.
* * W. David orders his soldiers to place
a leek in their caps, in honor of King
Arthur's great victory over the Saxons.
[It becomes the national emblem.]
520* *The Saxons are defeated by
Prince Arthur at Badon Hill.
^•M ^fl Pvmrio a w«t Snirrm kir.fr 314: ** Fr. Three British bishops attend
nS> the first Council of the Church of
Aries.
CHURCH.
156± * * Christianity is introduced by
Lucius, King of the Britons. [300. It
is accepted.]
[200± Turtullian speaks of places
not yet reached by the Romans, yet sub-
ject to Christ.]
179 * * London. The bishopric is erected
[624, an archbishopric], also that of York.
(Mythical.)
212* * Scot. Christianity is introduced.
302 * * London. The first St. Paul's
Church is built on the site of a temple
to Diana.
[It is destroyed during the persecution
of Diocletian. 337. Rebuilt.]
304 (?) June 23 (?). Saint Alban, the
protomartyr of Britain, is beheaded at
Verulam. (June 17. ?)
conquers [Berkshire].
542 * * Prince Arthur is defeated and
killed at Comlan [Cornwall].
552 * * "West Saxons capture the hill-
fort of Old Sarum from the Britons.
345-500 The Arian controversy dis-
quiets the Western Church ; contentions
also arise concerning the celebration of
Easter.
568 * * The first recorded fight in Britain 347. * * British bishops attend the 'Coun-
cil of Sardica. [359. Also that of
of Englishmen against Englishmen
occurs at Wibbandun [Wimbledon] ;
Ethelbert, King of Kent, is defeated by
Ceawlin, King of Wessex.
577 * * The English under Ceawlin de-
feat the British kings at Deorham, cap- 360 * * Scot
ture [Bath, Gloucester, and Cirencester] . erected.
Ariminum.]
350* *The see of Sodor and Man is
erected. (Or 447.)
* *The archbishopric of York is
erected.
The see of the Isles is
361 Apr. 23. George of Cappadocia
is put to death after torture by Diocle-
tian. [He is adopted as the patron saint
of England.]
402 * * Ire. The bishopric of Ossory is
established.
412* * Scot. St. Ninian establishes
Christianity in Galloway.
± * * Pelagius, the first British monk,
founds the sect of Pelagians. Pelagian-
ism disturbs the Western Church.
429 * * The British bishops call in Sts.
Germanian and Lupus from Gaul to re-
fute the Pelagians at the Council of
Verulam (St. Albans).
430 * * Scot.— Ire. PaUadius, a monk,
is sent by the Pope to convert the Irish
and Scots.
432 * * Ire. St. Patrick, a Scotch monk,
arrives, and establishes Christianity.
[Ireland is soon known as the Island of
the Saints.]
* * Ire. The bishopric of Trim is cre-
ated. [434, Killala, 444, Armagh, by St.
Patrick ; 450, Elphin ; 454, Ardagh ; 493,
Clogher; 499, Down ; 500±, Ardfelt,Ag-
hadoe, and Connor.]
* * * Dublin. St. Patrick's Cathedral
is founded.
434* * Ire. The church of Killala is
built by St. Patrick.
450 * * Wales. The see of Llandaff , St.
David's, is erected. [642±. Asaph.]
* * Ire. The first cathedral at Armagh
is built.
5th Century. Ire. The nunnery of St.
Bridget is founded at Kildare.
[In a building called the fire-house, it
is supposed, the nuns kept the inextin-
guishable fire which existed till the
Reformation.]
* * * The Pelagian controversy provokes
the disunion of the church.
473± * * Idolatry is revived by the
Saxons.
* * Relapse to heathenism, except in
Wales and Cornwall [for about 150
years].
The heathen Saxons invade Britain ;
and Christianity, with its churches and
ministers and professors, is generally
exterminated.
493 * * Ire. St. Patrick is buried in the
Abbey of Saul at Down.
500+ * * Ire. St. Cailan Is consecrated
the first bishop of Down. (?)
* * Scot. The see of Galloway is erected.
[562, Glasgow, by St. Mungo.]
501 * * Ire. The see of Tuam is erected.
[510, Dromore ; 516, Bangor ; 519, Kildare ;
520, Meath ; 550, Achonry ; 534, Louth ;
548, Clonmacnois ; 558, Clonfert (or 562) ;
570, Ross : 598±, Ferns ; 604±, Cloyne ;
606+, Cork.]
550+ * * Ire. A church is built and a
bishopric is established at Limerick by
St. Munchin.
563 * * Scot. St. Columba founds Iona.
LETTERS.
300 * * A. d. Scot, or Ire. Ossian, the
Celtic bard, flourishes.
447 * * W. St. Germain visits Wales the
second time, and founds schools.
473 * * The Teutonic invaders call them-
selves Angles, or English, while the
Celtic inhabitants call all invaders Sax-
ons.
516+ Gildas the Wise, the first British
historian, flourishes ; he compiles the
De Excldio Britannim — the subjection
of Britain.
577+ * * The English language displaces
the Welsh in nearly every part of the
island.
AND IRELAND.
156,**-580,
841
SOCIETY.
300 * * Public roads connect the towns,
and facilitate the marketing of grain
and the intercourse of the people.
* * Owners of land dwell in towns from
which their serfs go forth to cultivate
the fields and tend the herds. The
"curiales" are the aristocracy; free
laborers abound, but slaves are more
numerous in the Roman cities.
449 * * The Saxons are energetic, ag-
gressive, and practical ; they love their
homes.
457 * * Scot. Constantino I. is assassi-
nated by Dougal for dishonoring his
daughter.
516* * Order of the Round Table is
instituted by Arthur. (Or 528, or 540.)
' 538 * * The Council of Orleans prohibits
Sunday labor in the country.
• 580 * * Not a Briton remains on Eng-
lish ground, all having retired before the
conquerors, who rapidly disperse all
over the land.
* * * By the laws of Ethelbert, damages
are to be paid a bishop elevenfold, a
clerk threefold, of the value of stolen
property.
* * * A value is fixed on men's lives
according to their degree, from 50 shil-
lings to six shillings.
* * * Slaves abound, who may be mur-
dered or mutilated by their masters
without accountability.
STATE.
208 * * Caracalla rules under his father
Severus.
210* * Scot. Severus concludes a treaty
with the Caledonian chiefs.
* * * During 70 years of peace the history
of Britain is nearly silent.
211* * Rome. Caracalla is emperor. [217,
Macrinus; 218, Heliogabalus; 222, Alexander
.Severus; 235, Maximinus; 237, Gordlanus;
238, Balbinus; 244, Philip the Arabian; 249,
Hi-cms; 251, Gallus; 253, Kmilianus; later,
Valerian.]
213 * * Ire. Cormac Ulfada is king.
" A prince of most excellent wisdom, and
kept the most splendid court that ever was in
Ireland." [He revises and codifies the an-
cient laws of Ireland, known as the Brehon
laws. ]
253-254 Ire. Lughaidh-Gunait is king.
[254-282, Cairbre Liffeachair. 282-315,
Fiaehadh.]
260 * * Rome. Gallinus is emperor. [268,
Claudius; 270, Aurelian the warrior; 275,
Tacitus; 277, Probus; 282, Cams; 283, Ku-
merian, co-regent; 284, Diocletian; 286, Max-
imian, co-regent.]
286 * * Carausius usurps sovereign au-
thority in Britain ; it is independent of
Rome for nine months. [292. He is
killed by Allectus, his minister, who as-
sumes sovereign power.]
292 * * Constantius Chlorus is assigned
to the provinces of Britain, Gaul, and
Spain. He overthrows Allectus.
296 * * Roman rule is reestablished ;
Britain is divided into four districts.
300 * * The active members of municipal
bodies are the " curiales."
There is much taxation, taxes being
levied on polls, funerals, legacies, auc-
tions, sales of slaves, and ores ; oppres-
sive levies of grain, hay, and cattle are
made.
The Roman government is " suspi-
cious, exclusive, rapacious, and utterly
selfish." (Knight.) Mixed races of Ro-
mans, British, and Teutons inhabit the
land.
305 '•'• * Rome. Constantius and Gallertus
are Augusti, co-regents. [306 July 25.
Constantius Chlorus dies at York ; his
son Constantino is proclaimed emperor.]
306 * * Rome. Maxentius is emperor ;
four emperors reign at the same time.
[307. Severus, Licinius, and Constantino
are Augusti.]
±* * London. The original walls are
built.
315** Ire. Colla Uais reigns. [319-352,
Muireadhach Tireach ; 352-353, Caol-
bhack; 353-360, Eochaidh Moighmesdhin;
360-375, Criomthan ; 375-398, Niall ; 398-
421, Dathy ; he is killed by a thunder-
bolt].
323 * * Rome. Constantine the Great
is sole emperor. [337, Constans is co-
regent.]
350± * *Paulus the Spaniard, infa-
mous as a notary sent by Constantius,
oppresses and plunders the people for
the increase of his own wealth.
353 * * Borne. Constantius is sole em-
peror.
357 * * Scot. Eugenius L, son of Fincor-
machus, is king.
[He is killed in battle by the Romans ;
his death temporarily ends the kingdom
of the Scots.]
361 * * Rome. Julian the Apostate is em-
peror. [363, Jovian; 364, Valentinian I.;
Valens is co-regent; 367, Gratian is co-regent;
375, Valentinian II., co-regent; 379, Theodo-
sius the Great is co-regent; 392, Eugenius;
394, Theodosius the Great becomes emperor.]
368 * * The Saxons begin their invasion
of Britain.
383* * Fr. A British colony is
founded in Gaul under the Roman gen-
eral and usurper, Maximus. [It is joined
by 100,000 warriors from Britain.]
395 * * The Roman empire is divided.
Honorius is emperor of the West.
404 * * Scot. Fergus II. revives the
Caledonian monarchy.
* * * Scot. Scots from Ireland settle
on the west coasts.
410 * * Britain becomes independent,
the Romans having withdrawn from the
country.
420-451 Scot. Eugenius II. reigns.
[451-457, Dongardus ; 457-479, Constan-
tine I. ; 479-501, Congallus I. ; 501-635,
Goranus.]
421-453 Ire. Laoghaire is king; he is
killed by a thunderbolt. [453-473, Oilioll
Molt ; 473-493, Lughaidh ; he is killed
by a thunderbolt ; 493-515, Murtough ;
515-528, Tuathal-Maolgarbh ; 528-550,
Diarmuid.]
445 * * The Britons send an embassy to
Rome to ask for help against the Picts.
* * Vortigern is king.
449 * * Hengist and H o r s a, Saxon
chiefs, invited by King Vortigern, land
in Kent to light against the Picts. [The
Angles follow.]
454-586 The Heptarchy, seven Saxon
kingdoms, is formed.
454-488 Hengist is King of Kent.
465 * * Ambrosius is King of Britain.
488-512 ^Esc, son of Hengist, is King
of Kent. [512-542, Octa, son of 2Esc.
542-560, Hermenric, son of Octa.]
491-514 M\\& is King of Sussex.
491 * * .3211a and Cissa, after taking the
fortress of Anderida [Pevensey], estab-
lish the kingdom of the South Saxons
[Sussex and Surrey].
492 * * JE11&, King of the South Saxons,
becomes Bretwalda I., or leader of all
the Saxon chiefs in war against a com-
mon enemy.
500±-532i Arthur is King of Brit-
ain.
514-580 Cissa, son of MW&, is King of
the South Saxons.
519-534 Cerdic is King of the West
Saxons, or Wessex. [534-560, Cynric ;
560-591, Ceawlin.]
519 * * The Saxon chief Cerdic and his
son Cymric found the kingdom of Wes-
sex. [The royal line of Wessex becomes
the royal line of England.]
520-560 Ida is King of Deira (North-
umbria).
He forms the kingdom of Northum-
bria, including Lancaster, York, Cum-
berland, Westmoreland, Durham, and
Northumberland.
527±-587 Erchen win is King of the East
Saxons. He founds [Essex].
535-558 Scot. Eugenius III. succeeds
his uncle, Goran. [558-569, Congallus II.,
brother of Eugenius ; 569-570, Kinathal ;
570-605, Aidanus ; 605-606, Kenneth, son
of Congallus II. ; 606-621, Eugenius IV.,
son of Aidanus.]
546 * * Ire. Londonderry is first men-
tioned.
550-551 Ire. Feargus and his brother
Daniel reign jointly. [551-554. Eochaidh
and his uncle Baodan reign jointly ; 554-
557, Ainmereach ; 557-558, Baodan ; 558-
587, Aodh ; he convenes an assembly or
parliament of nobility and clergy at
Drumceat ; 587-591, Hugh Slaine ; 591-
618, Aodh-Uaireodhnach.]
560-567 Adda, son of Ida, is King of
Bernicia (Northumbria). [567-572, Glap-
pa: 572-573, Headwulf ; 573-580, Freod-
wulf ; 580-588, Theodoric ; 588-593, Ethel-
ric]
560-590 ^Ella is King of Deira (North-
umbria) ; sole King of Northumbria
until 587.
560-616 Ethelbert is King of Kent.
He is the first Christian king^ he pro-
mulgates a code of laws [which is in
force for seven centuries].
560-593 Ceawlin, King of Wessex, is
Bretwalda II.
568 * * Surrey is made West Saxon by
the defeat of Ethelbert.
570 * * West Saxons become masters of
[Oxfordshire and Berkshire].
571-578 Uffa is King of East Anglia.
He founds the kingdom of East Anglia
[including Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge,
and Ely], afterwards called Angle-
land ; Britain becomes England.
578-599 Titilus, or Titulus, son of Uffa,
is King of East Anglia. [599-624, Raed-
wald, son of Titulus.]
580-648 The South Saxons are almost
totally dependent upon Wessex.
MISCELLANEOUS.
208 * * The plague carries off 50,000 Ro-
man soldiers. [430. A desolating plague
sweeps through Britain ; the living are
scarcely able to bury the dead. 644.
London. It causes great ravages. 772.
An epidemic at Chichester causes 34,000
deaths. 954. The plague destroys 40,000
lives in Scotland. 962. London. The
plague prevails.]
842
585,* *-777,**.
GREAT BRITAIN
fcl
ARMY — NAVY.
603 * * Ethelfrith defeats the Scottish
king Aidau at Daegsastan. [607. He
defeats the Cymry of Strathclyde at the
battle of Chester. 617. He is defeated
and killed by Redwald at the battle of
the Idle.]
607 * * The war ceases to be English
against Britons, and becomes English
against English.
620 * * The Isle of Man is subdued by
Edwin; also Mancenion [Manchester],
628 * * Penda attacks and dismembers
Wessex.
633 * * Penda joins the "Welsh King Cad-
wallon in an attack at Heathfield on
King Edwin, who is defeated and killed.
634* * Oswald defeats Cadwallon at
Heavenfield. ■
642 Aug. 5. Penda defeats Oswald at
Maserfield; Oswald is killed. [655.
Penda is defeated and killed at Winaed
[near Leeds] by Oswy, brother of Oswald.]
676 * * Ethel red ravages Kent, and de-
stroys Rochester.
684 * * Ire. Egfrid, King of Northum-
bria, invades and wastes Ireland with an
army under Beort. [685. Scot. He
crosses the Forth to subj ugate the Picts ;
he is defeated and killed by the Cymry
at Nectansmere (Dunnechtan).]
694 * * The Saxons under Edric, son of
Egbert, conquer Kent.
715 * * Ine defeats Ceolred, King of Mer-
cia, at Wanborough.
733 * * Ethelbald defeats the West Sax-
ons at Somerton. [740. Defeated by
Eadbert. 752. Again by Ceolred the
West Saxon, at Burford [Oxfordshire].
743 * * The Kings of Mercia and Wessex
declare war against the Cymry.
757 * * The West Saxons again defeat
the Mercians at Secandum, and thus
maintain their independence.
775 * * Offa conquers Kent. [777. He
conquers West Saxons at Bensington.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
600± * * Saddles are used in riding.
633 * * Glazed windows are occasion-
ally seen.
640 * * Improvement in architecture is
manifest.
Circular arches are introduced ; many
churches built, also forts, and the castles
Castletown (Derbyshire), Conisborough
(Yorkshire), and others.
674 * * Stone buildings come into use.
676 * * Benedict Biscop imports glass
for windows.
678 Aug. 3. A morning comet shaped
like a fiery pillar [is seen for three
months].
758 * * Scot. Glasgow is inundated ;
400± families are drowned.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
885 *z * * Edwin, King of Northumbria, born.
[633. Dies.]
601 * * David, Saint, patron of Wales, dies.
604 * * Augustine, Saint, apostle of Kng.,
first archbishop of Canterbury, dies.
614 * * Hilda, Saint, abbess of Whitby, born.
[680. Dies.]
616 * * Ethelbert, King of Kent, dies.
634 * * Wilfrid, Saint, archbishop, bishop of
York, born. [709. Dies.]
65 1 * * Aidan, Saint, bishop of Lindisfarne, d.
673 * * Bede. Venerable, monk, historian,
Dorn. [735. Dies.]
680 * * Ceedmon, poet, dies.
<OT* * Cuthbert, Saiut, monk, bishop of
Lindisfarne, dies.
709 * * Aldhelm, bishop, poet, dies.
735 * * Alcuin, Flaccus A., scholar, teacher
of Charlemagne in Fr., b. [804. Dies.]
767 * * Fergus III., King of Scotland, dies.
770* * Einhard, or Eginhard, historian of
Charlemagne, Scotland, born. [840±. D.J
CHURCH.
590± * * Christianity accepted in Kent.
A Christian queen, Bercta (Bertha),
wife of Ethelbert, is accompanied from
Gaul by a Christian bishop ; and the
ruined church of St. Martin, near Can-
terbury, is given for Christian worship.
597 * * Pope Gregory sends Austin [St.]
(Augustine), his legate, and 40 monks,
as missionaries to reintroduce Chris-
tianity into Britain ; the Roman Cath-
olic Church is established.
* * Choir service is first introduced at
Canterbury.
± * * London. The pagan Saxons having
destroyed St. Paul's Church, it is re-
stored by Ethelbert and Sebert (604 7).
* * Bretwalda, the Saxon king, is con-
verted to Christianity.
* * St. Augustine introduces Benedictine
monks.
598 * * King Ethelbert becomes a Chris-
tian, and Christianity spreads rapidly.
* * The archbishopric of Canterbury is
created. [St.] Augustine is the first
archbishop.
599 * * Raedwald, the East-Anglian king,
resolves to serve Christ and the na-
tional gods together.
* * * The conversion of the English be-
comes one of the turning-points in the
history of Christianity.
600 * * The Western Church is disturbed
by the introduction of image worship,
* * A meeting of bishops is held at Augus-
tine's Oak, near the Severn,
602 * * The Canterbury Cathedral is
founded by Augustine.
604 * * The see of Rochester is erected.
605 * * Laurentius is chosen archbishop
of Canterbury.
607 * *Ethelfrid, King of Bernicia, causes
the massacre of 1,200 monks of Ban-
gor, and burns their monastery. (Or 612.)
609 * * The see of London is erected.
612 * * Ire. The see of Glendalough is
erected. [618, Derry; 620±, Kilmacdu-
agh;628±,Leighlin,bySt.Laserian;631±,
Lismore ; 632+ , Leighlin ; 665, Mayo.]
617 * * Bretwalda IV. embraces Chris-
tianity.
* * London. St. Peter's [Westminster
Abbey] is founded by Sebert.
619 * * Mellitus is chosen archbishop of"^
Canterbury. [624, Justus; 631, Hono-
rius.]
627 * * King Edwin is converted by
means of a vision and the instructions
of Paulinus, the bishop of his Christian
wife.
* * Northumbria is converted.
* * The inhabitants of Manchester be-
come Christians.
630 * * The see of East Anglia is erected.
[635, West Saxons.]
* * The first convent is erected at Folk-
stone by Eadbald.
634* * Scot. The see of Lindisfarne,
or Holy Island, is erected. [635, Aiden
becomes bishop.]
* * The inhabitants of "Wessex are con-
verted.
* * * The conversion of England is the
first strictly foreign mission movement
of the Western Church ; in about 100
years all the kingdoms become Christian.
636* * Parish boundaries are first fixed
by Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury.
640 * * Churches are built at Canter-
bury, Glastonbury, St. Albans, and Win-
chester.
* * Lent is first observed in England by
command of King Ercombert. (Or 641.)
645 * * Ire. The abbey of Kilmallock,
Limerick, is founded by St. Mochoallog,
or Molach.
655 * * The armed strife between Chris-
tianity and heathendom is ended by
the defeat of Penda at Winwajd. The
heathen national gods are forever aban-
doned.
655 * * Mercia becomes a Christian king-
dom. [656. The see is erected.]
* * Deusdedit is chosen archbishop of
Canterbury. [668, Theodore ; 693, Berh-
tuald.]
659 * * Rivalry exists between the Irish
missionaries and Rome : a council is
called by Oswin, which decides against
the Irish.
660 * * Wina is consecrated the first
bishop of Winchester.
664 * * A great ecclesiastical council is
held at Whitby.
The English favor Rome ; and the Irish
Church refuses to bend to Roman au-
thority, but finally yields.
* *Winfrid [St. Boniface] is made a
priest. [665. He is consecrated arch-
bishop of York. He builds churches,
and teaches the industrial arts to the
South Saxons.]
668 * * Theodore of Tarsus is sent from
Rome.
He is made archbishop of Canterbury, and
sent to hold England in loyalty to Home.
[The councils he gathers are the first na-
tional assemblies for English legislation.
All England submits to his authority. 690.
He completes the organization of the
English Church.]
669 * * The see of Lichfield, formerly
Mercia, is erected.
670* * Scot. The first convent in Scot-
land is established at Coldingham, where
Ethelreda takes the veil.
674 * * The abbey of Whitby is erected ;
the monastery of Gilling is founded.
676 * * The see of Hereford is erected.
[680, Lindisse; also Worcester. 705,
Winchester, formerly West Saxon ; Sher-
borne.]
681 * * Sussex is converted from hea-
thenism by the preaching of Wilfrith
of Northumberland.
j686 * * St. Cuthbert, prior of the mon-
astery of Lindisfarne, dies.
690± * * Benedict Biscop founds the
monasteries of Wearmouth and Jar-
row.
700± * * The abbey of Gloucester is
founded by King Wulfere. (Or 679.)
710* *St, Michael is said to have ap-
peared on the mount in Cornwall bear-
ing his name. [It is reputed to be holy,
and becomes the seat of a body of monks.]
716* *St. Boniface (Winfrid) [the
Apostle to the Germans] is sent from
Rome as a missionary to the Friesians.
718 * * Glastonbury Abbey is rebuilt
by Ine.
722 * * Priories are mentioned ; they are
dependent on the great abbeys.
725 * * Peter's pence are collected for
the endowment of a Saxon college at
Rome. (Or for a new bishop of Lichfield.
Die. of Eng. Hist.)
\
AND IRELAND.
585,** -777,**.
843
726 * * King Ine makes a pilgrimage to
Rome.
731 * *Tsetwine is chosen archbishop of
Canterbury.
[735, Nothelm; 741, Outhbert; 759, Breog-
wine; 763, Jaenbert; 793, Ethelheard.]
740 * * Jews are first mentioned in Eng-
lish chronicles.
747 * * Drunkenness of the clergy is
forbidden by the canon law.
777 * * APeter's-penee tax is confirmed
by Offa.
It is levied on all families possessed
of 30 pence yearly rent in land, out of
which they pay one penny.
LETTERS.
597 * * The arts and letters, which dis-
appeared in the Angles' conquest, return
with the Christian faith.
620+ * * Cambridge University is com-
menced by Sigebert.
* * Latin is first taught in England by
Adelmus, brother of King Ina.
656-709 Aldhelm writes his songs, De
Laudibus Virginitatis,DeLaudibus Vir-
ginium.
669-671 The School of Canterbury is
set up by Archbishop Theodore.
670 * * Csedmon, the " father of English
song," flourishes ; he is the first writer
of note who composes in the Anglo-
Saxon tongue ; he writes poems on por-
tions of the Bible ; he is the prototype
of Milton.
674-682 Benedict Biscop founds libra-
ries at Wearmouth and Jarrow.
690 + * * Ine's code of Saxon laws is pub-
lished.
731+ * * Baeda, the Venerable Bede,
writes his Ecclesiastical History of_ the
English Nation, in Latin, lives of saints,
works on chronology and grammar, and
commentaries on books of the Old and
New Testament — 45 works in all.
735 * * Birth of Alcuin, or Flaccus Al-
binus. [He is scholar at York, pre-
ceptor to Charlemagne, and author of
numerous theological and scientific
works; he founds several schools, col-
leges, and monasteries.]
* * Egbert, archbishop of York, estab-
lishes the school and library of York.
766-782 York becomes the center of
European learning, through the ef-
forts of Ethelbert and Alcuin.
770± * * Cynewulf , bishop of Lindis-
farne, writes Elene, Juliana, Christ, and
several other religious poems.
775+ * * Poems, by Cynewulf, appear.
SOCIETY.
621 * * Scot. King Ferchard, or Ferqu-
hard, is confined to his palace for mis-
deeds.
668* * Scot. King Maldumius is
strangled by his wife for supposed in-
yA ', fidelity. She is burned for the crime.
M 674 * * Freemasonry is introduced. (?)
* * * The Anglo-Saxons make rapid
advance in civilization after the intro-
duction of Christianity.
697 * * Ire. "Women are exempt from
military service.
* * * Alfred's laws are remarkable for
the great amount of Scripture incorpo-
rated in them. He establishes trial by
jury.
702 * * Scot. King Amberkeletus is as-
sassinated.
704 * * Scot. Ruffians enter the King
Eugenius's chamber to murder him ;
he being absent, they stab and kill hia
queen, Spontana.
709 * * Bishop Wilfrid of Northumbria
is the first to use silver plate and
vessels.
747 * * Drunkenness of the clergy is
forbidden by the canon law.
761* * Scot. Eugenius VIII. is put to
death by his nobles.
764 * * Scot. Fergus LTI. is killed by
his jealous queen ; to escape death by
slow torture she kills herself.
STATE.
585 * * The kingdom of Mercia, includ-
ing the midland counties, is formed by
Crida.
586-827 The Saxon Heptarchy. Pe-
riod of fierce hostilities.
587-597 Sledda, son of Erchenwin, is
King of the East Saxons. [597-614, St.
Sebert, son of Sledda ; 614-623, Saxred,
Sigebert, and Seward rule jointly ; 623-
655, Sigebert II. ; 655-661, Sigebert III.]
591-597 Ceolric, nephew of Ceawlin, is
King of Wessex. [597-61 l,Ceolwulf; 611-
643, Cynegils ; 614, his son Cwichelm
reigns jointly ; 643-672, Cenwal.j
593-617 Ethelfrith the Fierce is King
of Northumbria.
596+.-616 Ethelbert, King of Kent, has
the supremacy as Bretwalda III. ; his
wife is the Christian princess Bertha,
daughter of the King of the Franks.
597-615 Wibba is King of Mercia. [615-
626, Ceorl.]
600+ * * Swearing on the Gospels is
introduced into judicial proceedings.
605 * * (or 887) The Court of Chan-
cery is instituted.
610-617 Ksedwald, King of East An-
glia, is Bretwalda IV.
616-640 Eadbald, son of Ethelbert, is
King of Kent. [640-664, Ercenbert, son
of Eadbald.]
617-635 Edwinis Kingof Northumbria,
and Bretwalda V. [635-642, Oswald.]
618-622 Ire. Maolchaba is king. [622-
635, Suibhne ; 635-648, Domhnail ; 648-
661. Conall, jointly with his brother
Kellach; 661-668, Diarmuid and Blath-
mac ; 668-674, Seachnasch ; 674-678, Cion-
f aola ; 678-685, Fionachta Fleadha ; 685-
693, Loingseach; 693-702, Congal Cion-
maghair.]
621-632 Scot. Ferchard, or Ferquhard,
I., reigns — "a most execrable king."
[632-646, Donald IV., brother of Ferqu-
hard [he is drowned in Lough Tay] ; 646-
664, Ferquhard II., son of Ferquhard
I ; 664-684, Malduinus, son of Donald
IV ; 684-688, Eugenius V. ; 688-698, Eu-
fenius VI. ; 698-699, Amberkeletus ; 699,
Eugenius VII.]
624-627 Erpwald, or Eorpwald, is King
of East Anglia. [627-629, Richbert ; 629-
632, Sigebert ; 632-635, Egfrid, or Egric ;
635-654, Anna, or Annas.]
625-655 Penda is King of Mercia. [655-
656, Peada, son of Penda ; 656-675, Wulf-
here.]
626* * Scot. Edinburgh Castle is
founded (or rebuilt) by Edwin of North-
umbria.
630-634 W. Cadwallon, King of Gwyn-
edd, reigns. [634-661, Cadwalader ; 661-
728, Idwal.]
634-635 Eanfrid is King of Bernicia,
and Osric of Deira.
635-642 Oswald, King of Northumbria,
is Bretwalda VI.
642-670 Oswy is King of Northumbria,
and Bretwalda VII. 655. Heissupreme
over all Teutonic Britain except Wessex,
Kent, and Sussex.
648-686 Edilwald is King of the South
Saxons.
654-655 Ethelric is King of East Anglia;
[655-664, Ethelwald; 664-713, Adulf, or
Aldwulf.]
661-663 Swithelm, or Suidhelm, son of
Sexbald, is King of the East Saxons.
[663-693, Signer ; 693-700, Sigenard ; 700-
709, Offa ; 709-738, Suebricht, or Selred.]
664-673 Egbert, son of Ercenbert, is
King of Kent. [673-685, Lothar, or Lo- ««-\
thair ; 685-687, Edric j_694-725, Wihtred, *•
or Wihgtred; 725-7487~Eadbert, son of 0
Wihtred; 74S-760, Ethebert II.]
670-685 Ecfrid, or Egfrid, is King of
Northumbria. [685-705, Alcfrid, or Eald-
ferth ; 705-716, Osred, or Ealdferth ; 71C-
718, Cenric; 718-729, Osric ; 729-737, Ceol-
wulf s 737-757, Eadbert, or Egbert.]
672-674 Sexburga, wife of Cenwal, is
Queen of Wessex. [674-676, Esc wine and
Centwine are joint kings ; 676-685, Cent-
wine alone ; 685-688, Ca;dwallo.]
675 * * Ethelred is King of Mercia.
[This reign is one of peace.]
678 * * Caedwalla, last king of the Brit-
ons, reigns.
686-689 Authun and Berthun, broth-
ers, are kings of the South Saxons. [725.
The kingdom is conquered by Wessex.]
688-728 Ine is King of Wessex. [He
leaves an excellent code of laws.]
702-719 Ire. Feargall, son of Maol-
duin, reigns. [719-720, Fogartach ; 720-
724, Kionath, he is killed in battle ;
724-731, Flahertach reigns. [He retires
to a monastery, where he spends the last
30 years of his lite. 731-740, Hugh Al-
lan ; 740-782, Daniel III. ; 782-786, Niall
Freasach ; 786-815, Donagh, or Donchad.]
704-709 Cenred, or Cendred, is King of
Mercia. [709-716, Ceolred, Celred, or
Chelred ; 716-755, Ethelbald ; 755, Beorn-
red, or Bernred.]
713-746 Selred, or Ethelred, becomes
King of East Anglia. [746-749, Alph-
wuld ; 749-758, Beorna and Ethelred
jointly; 758-761, Beorna alone; 761-790,-
Ethelred; 790-792, Ethelbert, or Ethel-
bryght.]
715-730 Scot. Mordach, son of Am-
berkeletus reigns. [730-761, Etfinus, son
of Eugenius VII. ; 761-764, Eugenius
VIII. ; 764-767, Fergus III., son of Et-
finus ; 767-787, Solvathius, son of Euge-
nius VIII. ; 787-819, Achaius.]
716 * * Ethelbald becomes King of Mer-
cia. [He reigns 40 years ; he is recog-
nized as overlord by all Britain south
of the Humber.]
Britain is controlled by three States
of nearly equal power, — Northumbria,
Mercia, and Wessex.
728-740 Ethelheard is King of Wessex.
[740-754, Cuthred, his brother ; 754-755,
Sigebright, or Sigebert ; 755-784, Cyne- -
wulf ; 784-800, Beorhtric]
728-755 W. Rhodri, or Roderic, reigns.
[755-818, Cynan and Howel ; 818-844, Mer-
vyn and Essaylt.]
738-792 Swithred is King of the East infi*- ,
Saxons. [792-799, Sigeric ; 799-823, Si- v
gered.]
757 * * Offa becomes King of Mercia.
[During his reign of 40 years he holds" a
Eosition as great as any English king
efore the union of the kingdoms."]
757-759 Oswulf, or Osulf, is King of I
Northumbria. [759-765, Edilwald, or |
Mollo ; 765-774, Aired, Ailred, or Alured ; l
774-778, Ethelred; 778-789, Elwald, or
Celwold ; 789-790, Osred ; 790-794, Ethel-
red restored ; 794-806, Erdulf , or Ardulf ;
806-808, A If wulf ; 808-809, Erdulf re-
stored ; 809-841, Eanred.]
760-794 Alric, son of Wihtred, is King
of Kent. [794-796, Edbert, or Ethelbert
Pryn ; 796-805, Cuthred, or Guthred ; 805-
823, Baldred.]
8U
783, * *-959,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
783 * * Ire. The Danes burn the abbey
of Londonderry.
787 * * First recorded landing of the
Danes and Northmen ; they appear on
the eastern and southern coasts. [794.
They are defeated at Wearmouth.]
795 * * Ire. The Danes invade Ire-
land.
They pillage the Isle of Recrain [Rath-
lin] on the coast of Antrim.
798 * * Ire. The Danes with a fleet of
GO vessels attack and take possession of
Dublin ; they build walls round the
city.
823 * * Egbert, King of the West Sax-
ons, conquers Kent and Essex. [827. He
conquers Mercia, and becomes virtually
King of England.]
832 * * The Island of Sheppey, at the
mouth of the Thames, is ravaged by
Northmen.
.833 * * The Northmen land from 35 ves-
sels, and defeat Egbert in Wessex.
* * Ire. Ulster is ravaged by Feidhlime,
King of Munster.
836 * * Egbert defeats the Danes and
Welsh at Hengestesdun [Cornwall] in
West Wales. £*838. They invade Kent.]
839 * * London is pillaged by the
Danes. [840. They defeat Ethelwolf.]
843 * * Scot. Kenneth II. [MacAlpine]
takes Camelon, the capital of the Picts ;
the inhabitants are massacred. Kenneth
becomes sole king of Scotland.
851 * * The Danes arrive in 350 ships
at the mouth of the Thames, land, and
take Canterbury and London. [Ethel-
wolf defeats them at Ockley. 852. He
defeats them in the Isle of Thanet
(Kent).]
852 * * Ire. Armagh is ravaged by the
Danes.
855 * * The Danes winter for the first
time in England, at Sheppey.
867-870 The Danes conquer Northum-
bria and East Anglia ; nine battles are
fought ; York is taken. [870. They take
and burn Cambridge and Man-
chester. 871. They defeat the Saxons
at Mer ton. J
872-901 Alfred makes all his subjects
soldiers, forming the first standing
army of England; hired instead of
feudal troops are employed.
872 * * The Danes defeat Alfred at
Wilton ; they take London. [874. They
conquer and ravage Mercia. 875. Alfred
defeats seven Danish ships. This is the
first naval victory of the English. 876.
The Danes take Wareham and Exeter.]
877 * * Alfred compels the Danes to sur-
render at Exeter. They take Chippen-
ham, but lose 120 vessels. [878. The
Danes ravage Wessex.]
* * Alfred defeats the Danes in battle at
Edington ; they sue for peace.
882* * Alfred creates a fleet of war-
ships. [884. London. He expels the
Danes, and repairs and fortifies the
city.]
894 * * The Danes are defeated at Farn-
ham. Alfred destroys the Danish fleet
at Appledore. [896. He defeats and
expels Hasting, the Scandinavian vi-
king.]
897 * * Alfred defeats the Danes, and
secures peace, his navy of 10 galleys cap-
turing 300 Danish piratical vessels, near
the Dorset and Hampshire coast.
901 * * War is renewed with the invad-
ing Danes. They devastate Wales. [904.
Scot. Under Ivar they invade the coun-
try from Ireland.]
905* * Edward def eats EJhelwald and
the Danes at Bury. [910. Aug. 6. And
again at Tettenhall.]
918 * * Ethelfleda, " Lady of the Mer-
cians," conquers the "five boroughs"
of Derby, Lincoln, Leicester, Stamford,
and Nottingham.
* * Scot. Invading Danes from Ireland
under Reginald are defeated at Tin-
more.
919 Sept. 15. Ire. Danes defeat
King Niall Glundubh, near Dublin.
022 * * Edward the Elder defeats the
Danes. [923. Manchester is retaken
from the Danes.]
933 * * Scot. An invasion under Athel-
stan occurs.
937 * * Athelstan, aided by his brother
Edmond, defeats the Danes, Scots, and
Welsh, in the bloody battle of Brunan-
burh. [945. He conquers Cumberland.]
956 * * Ire. The Danes are victorious
at Leinster.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
800-1066 Gothic architecture appears
in Earl's Barton Church, St. Peter's,
Lincolnshire. [It is the earliest example
now remaining of early English style.]
836 * * Scot. Thirty miles of country are
flooded by the overflow of the Tweed.
872-901 King Alfred invents lanterns
of scraped horn.
Horn is supposed to have been used as
window-lights, glass not being commonly
known. [886. He devises time candles,
burning three inches an hour, six in 24
hours.]
937 Dec. 28. A severe frost occurs
[and continues 120 days].
944 * * London. A storm destroys 1,500
houses.
951 * * The first authentic record is made
of the use of organs.
959 * * Candlesticks are used.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
837 * * Egbert, King of Wessex, dies.
849 * * Alfred the Great, k., b. [901. D.]
858 * * Ethelwolf, king, dies.
860 * * Ethelbald, king, dies.
865 * * Ethelbert, king, dies.
870 ** Edward the Elder, k., b. [925. D.]
886+ * * Erigena, Johannes Scotus, phi-
losopher, Ireland, dies.
895* * Athelstan. king, born. [940. Dies.]
910+ * * Asser, monk, biographer of Alfred
the Great, dies.
925 * * Dunstan, Saint, archbishop of Can-
terbury, statesman, born. [988. Dies.J
946 * * Edmund I., king, assassinated.
955 * * Edred, king, dies.
959 * * Edwy, king, dies.
CHURCH.
787 * * Tithes are first made compulsory.
794 * * Offa, King of Mercia. gives tithes
of all his kingdoms to the church, to
atone for his base murder of Ethelbert,
King of the East Angles.
* * * Period of rapid increase of monas-
tic institutions throughout Europe.
805 * * Wulfred is chosen archbishop of
Canterbury.
[832. Fleogild; 833, Ceolnoth; 870, Athel-
red; 890, Plegmund.]
816 * * The Christian Era is first fol-
lowed in Britain.
838 * * Ethelwolf makes a pilgrimage
to Rome.
870± * * Scot. The see of St. Andrews
is created
872 * * Anointing at coronations is in-
troduced.
878* *The conquered Danes under
Guthrum becomo Christians by treaty
of peace with Alfred.
886 * * Fairs and wakes are introduced
by Alfred.
* * The veneration of the saints and
relics becomes a passion among the Chris-
tians of Europe.
901 * * Ire. The see of Cashel is created.
904 * * Scot. Kellach goes to Rome for
confirmation.
909+ * * The see of CornwaU [after-
wards Devonshire, with Eudulphus as
its first bishop, and later Exeter] is
created ; also the see of Wells [with
Ethelm, or Adelmus, for its first
bishop]. '
914 * * Ethelm is chosen archbishop
of Canterbury. [928, Wulfelm ; 942, Odo;
958, Alsine.]
935 * * St. Burian's Church in Cornwall
is made a sanctuary of refuge for crim-
inals.
943 * * Dunstan becomes abbot of Glas-
tonbury.
He dwells in a wretched hut or cave
in which he cannot stand erect : his mid-
night groans under the self-inflicted
scourge exalt him as a saint in the eyes
of the people. [950. He becomes prom-
inent, and establishes the supremacy
of monastic orders, and the celibacy of
the clergy. 960. He becomes archbishop
of Canterbury.]
10th Century. Violent disputes rage be-
tween the monks and the clergy.
958 * * Dunstan makes King Edgar sub-
mit to seven years' penance for his
licentious attack upon a nun.
LETTERS.
802 * * Pope Martin II. describes an
academy as being in existence at Ox-
ford.
849-901 King Alfred the Great flour-
ishes ; he is the restorer of learning,
neglected during the devastation of the
Danes ; he writes the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle ; he translates into Anglo-
Saxon Bede's Ecclesiastical History,
Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy,
Pope Gregory's Hook on the Care of the
Soul, the Universal History of Orosius,
the Soliloquies of St. Augustine, and
many other work's ; he buys a book on
cosmography, and pays an estate for it.
867-876 The seats of learning in North-
umbria are destroyed by the Danes.
880 * * Johannes Scotus Erigena of Mal-
mesbury writes On the Division of Na-
ture.
886+ * * The University of Oxford is
founded (?) by King Alfred.
* * King Alfred makes a code of laws,
which is the foundation of the common
law of England.
915 * * Cambridge, neglected during the
Danish invasions, from which it had suf-
fered much, is restored by Edward the
Elder.
925-988 Dunstan, archbishop of Can-
terbury, lives. He writes a commentary
on the Benedictine rule, a Regularis Con-
cordia, and other works.
937 * * The Song of Brunanburh is writ-
ten.
10th Century. iEthelwold, bishop of Win-
chester, translates into English St. Ben-
edict's Rule of a Monastic Life.
10th Century. Neunius, a Celtic author,
writes a History of the Britons, in Latin.
958+ * * The monks become eminent
■ as architects and painters, and write his-
AND IRELAND.
783,**-959,
845
tory, copy the Scriptures, and preserve
in use the Latin tongue.
SOCIETY.
800 * * Edburga, wife of Beortric, the
daughter of King Offa, gives poison to
her husband's friend, which by accident
kills her husband also ; the people drive
her into exile.
809 * * Scot. The Order of the Thistle
is instituted by King Achaius I.
831 * * Scot. King Alpine is beheaded
by the Picts.
837 * * King Ethelwolf marries Judith,
daughter of Charles the Bald, King of
the West Franks.
843 * * Scot. Kenneth.II. takes Camelon,
the capital of the Picts, and puts every
living creature to death.
854* *Scot. Donald V., being dethroned,
commits suicide.
858± * * Scot. Constantino IT., taken
by the Danes in battle, is beheaded.
* * Ethel bald marries Judith, his
father's widow. [Matilda, wife of Wil-
liam the Conqueror, is descended from
her by union with Baldwin, Count of
Flanders.]
870 * * Scot. Drunkenness is punished
with death by King Constantine.
874± * * King Eth, or Ethus, imprisoned
for his sensuality and crimes, dies of
grief.
878 * * Alfred the Great, deserted by
his subjects, retires to the woodlands of
Somersetshire.
* * * A turf cut from the sward, and
handed over to the purchaser by the
vender, is the Saxon conveyance of
land.
896 * * Alfred surveys and subdivides
the country into counties, hundreds, and
tithes.
927 * * King Athelstan is the protector
and defender of deposed and exiled
princes.
* * * King Athelstan encourages com-
merce by legalizing the elevation of all
merchants to the rank and privileges of
a thane, who should make three voyages
over the high seas with a ship and cargo
of their own.
946 Mar. 26. King Edmund seizes
an uninvited guest by the hair of his
head, and dashes him to the ground, for
which he receives a dagger-thrust, and
dies.
950 * * King Edwy banishes Dunstan.
954 * * Scot. Malcolm I. is murdered.
958 * * Elgiva, wife of Edwy, is dragged
from her husband by his enemies, dis-
figured by hot searing-irons, and
exiled to Ireland ; she returns, and is
hamstrung, dying in great agony.
* * * The monks render great service to
civilization as architects and artists,
by copying the Scriptures, and preserv-
ing knowledge from decay.
* * * The ostentatious and cruel King
Edgar is rowed down the Dee in his
royal barge by eight royal vassals, or
under-kings.
* * * King Edgar kills his friend and
foster-brother, Athelwold, by his own
hand, and marries his widow.
* * * A day is appointed for paying tithes,
and nine-tenths of one's tithable prop-
erty are forfeited by non-payment.
* * * Pegs are ordered to be put in drlnk-
ing-cups so as to prevent quarrels among
the drinkers regarding the amount be-
longing to each one.
STATE.
_ 787 * * First invasion of the Danes.
794* *Egfrid, or Egferth, is King of
Mercia. [794-819, Cenulph, Cenwulf, or
Kenulph ; 819, Kenelm, or Cenelm ; 819-
821, Ceolwulf ; 821-823, Beornwulf ; 823-
82B, Ludecan ; 825-838, Withlafe, or Wig-
laf.]
795 * * Ire. Ost- or Ox-mantown [a part
of Dublin] is built by the Danes and
Normans (Easterlings).
798 * * Dublin. The Danes surround the
city with walls.
800 * * Egbert becomes King of Wessex.
[He convenes a witenagemot — a council
or parliament of the Anglo-Saxons — at
Winchester.]
815-837 Ire. Hugh VI., surnamed Oir-
nigh, is king. [837-851, Connor, or Con-
chabhar; 851-866, Niall-Caillie ; 866-879,
Turgesius, the Norwegian chief, he ex-
pels the Irish historians and burns their
books ; 879-897, Maol Ceachlin, or Mal-
achy, I. ; 897-913, Hugh Fionnliath.]
819-824 Scot. Congallus III. is king.
[824-831, Dougal, son of Solvathius ; 831-
834, Alpine, son of Achaius ; 834-854,
Kenneth II., his son (Mac Alpine) ; after
conquering the Picts, he becomes (843)
first sole monarch of Scotland ; 854-
858, Donald V.,his brother ; 858-874, Con-
stantine II., son of Kenneth II.]
827+-1066 Supremacy of the West
Saxon kings (Wessex).
827-839 Egbert, King of Wessex, is
Bretwalda VIII. ; after many victories
he becomes King of England. [As
such he reigns 12 years ; in his reign the
Saxon Heptarchy ends.]
828± * * Egbert holds a council at Win-
chester, at which the name England
(Angles-land) is applied to the whole
country.
838-852 Berthulf , or Bertulf , is King of
Mercia. [852-874, Burhred, or Burdred ;
874-877, Ceolwulph.]
839-858 Ethelwolf, son of Egbert, is
King of Wessex.
844-877 W. Koderic the Great rules
over the Welsh.
857-860 Ethelbald, son of Ethelwolf, is
King of Wessex, by a compulsory parti-
tion of the kingdom. [860-866, Ethel-
bert, second son of Ethelwolf; 866-871,
Ethelred, third son of Ethelwolf.]
858-874 Scot. Constantine II., son of
Kenneth II., is king.
866 * * The Danes settle in East Anglia.
[867. In Northumbria. 868, In Mercia.]
870* * St. Edmund becomes (vassal) King
of East Anglia. [Killed by the Danes.]
871-901 Alfred the Great, fourth son
of Ethelwolf, is King of Wessex.
872 * * Alfred is the first king of England
to receive the royal crown. (?) Anoint-
ing at coronations is introduced.
* * Birmingham is a small town.
874-876 Scot. Eth, surnamed Light-
foot, reigns. He dies in prison. [876-
893, Gregory the Great ; 893-904, Don-
ald VI., son of Constantine II. ; 904-944,
Constantine III., son of Eth.]
877-915 W. Anarawd is prince. [915-
943, Idwal Voel.]
878 * * Alfred retires to the Isle of Ath-
elney [Somersetshire], being left with-
out the support of his people.
* * Alfred's fortunes revive after the de-
feat of the Danes at Edington.
± * * Ire. Waterford is built.
882 * * Scot. Gregory founds Aber-
deen. [893. It is made a city.]
886± * * Trial by jury is introduced by
Alfred. He institutes a Court of Chan-
cery. [890. Frames a code of laws.]
* * * Alfred begins the division of the
country into shires [counties]. [895.
He forms a privy council.]
901-925 Edward the Elder, son of Al-
fred, reigns.
908 * * Ethelfleda builds the city walls of
Chester.
913-916 Ire. Flan Sionna reigns. [916-
954, Niall Glundubh, son of Hugh VII. ;
Cormac MacCulinan is King of Munster,
and bishop of Cashel ; 954-074, Donnagh,
or Donough ; 974-984, Congal ; 984-1002,
Daniel.]
920 * * Mercia is annexed to Wessex.
924 * * Edward the Elder, after many
victories, is generally acknowledged
"lord and protector" of Britain.
925-940 Athelstan, son of Edward the
Elder, is King of Wessex.
928 * * Athelstan enacts regulations for
the government of the mint.
934 * * A league is formed against Ath-
elstan by the under-kings of Scotland
and Cumberland. [937. This confeder-
acy is overthrown by Athelstan's victory
at Brunanburh.]
940-946 Edmund, son of Athelstan,
reigns.
943-948 W. Howel Dha the Good is
prince of all Wales. [948-972. leform
and lago.]
944-953 Scot. Malcolm I., son of Don-
ald VI., reigns. [953-961, Indulfus, or
Gondolph ; 961-965, Duff, or Duffus, son
of Malcolm ; 975-970, Cullen, or Cul-
lenus, son of Indulfus.]
945 * * Edmund gives Cumberland as a
fief to Malcolm of Scotland.
946-955 Edred, brother of Edmund,
reigns.
952 * * Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury,
becomes the favorite of the king, and j
chief director of public affairs.
954* * Northumberland, East Anglia.
and half of central England — called the
Danelaugh — submit to Edred.
955-9*5— Edwy, nephew of Edred and
son of Edmund, reigns.
Dunstan insults the king at his coro-
nation banquet ; he is banished from
the kingdom on a charge of malversa-
tion in office.
958 * * The Mercians and Northumbrians
revolt, proclaim Edgar, Edwy's brother
and second son of Edmund, their king ;
they recall Dunstan.
* * Elgiva, Edwy's queen, is mutilated
and exiled.
959 * * Dunstan is made archbishop of
Canterbury.
He becomes chief minister of the king,
and real ruler of the realm. [Laws are
revised, and a powerful navy is built,
with which the sea is swept ot pirates.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
798 * * London. A great fire nearly con-
sumes the city. [962. Again.]
823 * * Famine causes thousands of
deaths in England, Wales, and Scotland.
[868-869. Famine and pestilence do
much damage. 954-958 Much suffering
is caused by famine.]
888± * * Fairs and markets become
known.
846 960,**-1067,*
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
961 * * Scot. Indulf defeats the Danes
near Cullen [Banffshire], but he him-
self is killed.
965 t * * King Edgar has 350 galleys, and
claims to be "lord of the ocean " sur-
rounding Britain.
974 * * Scot. The Scots under Kenneth
III. defeat the Dunes at Luncarty, near
Perth.
980 * * The last series of Danish inva-
sions begins.
* * Ire. Malachi II. defeats the Danes
at Tara.
* * The Danes ravage Chester. [982.
They ravage and plunder the southwest
counties.]
990 * * The Danes arrive in Essex and
Suffolk.
991 * * Battle of Maldon [Essex]. The
Danes burn the city.
994 * * Sweyn, King of Denmark, and
Anlaf make their first invasion; they
ravage Kent. [1003+ * * Second inva-
sion. Sweyn is bought off by the
promise of an annual tribute of £36,000.
1006. A Danish fleet anchors off the
Isle of Wight. 1010. Sweyn with Canute,
his son, make a third invasion. 1016.
May* He besieges London.]
997-999 The ravages of the Northmen
afflict England.
1002 Nov. 2. There is a general mas-
sacre of the resident Danes. [1010. They
burn Cambridge. The Saxons are de-
feated by the Danes in Suffolk. 1011.
They capture Canterbury, and mas-
sacre the inhabitants.]
1014 Apr. 23. Ire. King Brian Bo-
roihme (Boru) totally defeats the Danes
at Clontarf , near Dublin.
1016 * * Edmund II., King of the Eng-
lish, and Canute, King of the Danes,
fight six battles, and finally divide the
kingdom between them. [1031. Scot.
Canute advances into Scotland.]
1054 * * Scot. The Chieftain Macbeth
is defeated at Dunsinane by Siward,
Earl of Northumberland.
1056 Dec. 5. Scot. Macbeth is de-
feated and killed by Macduff, Earl of
Fife, at Lumphanan, Aberdeen. (Or
1057, Aug. 15).
1063 * * "Wales is subjugated by Earl
Harold.
1066 Sept. 25. Harold II. defeats the
Norwegians under Tostig, Earl of North-
umbria, and Hardrada, at Stamford
Bridge. Tostig and Hardrada are
killed.
Sept. 29. "William, Duke of Nor-
mandy, lands at Pevensey.
Oct. 14. Battle of Hastings. "William
defeats King Harold at Senlac [Battle]
near Hastings.
Thirty thousand men, including Har-
old, are killed. The Saxon dynasty
falls, and the Norman rises.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1014* * London. A bridge over the
Thames is built of wood. [1078. Another
is built by Peter Colechurch.]
* * A number of seaport towns are de-
stroyed by an inundation.
1016 * * A prayer for Ethelred II. is set
to music written on the lines and in the
spaces of a staff of four lines.
1036 * * The fruit is destroyed by a frost
on a midsummer day.
1062* * London. The Thames is frozen
over for 14 weeks.
1066-1135 Gothic architecture ap-
pears in the Rochester Cathedral nave,
in St. Bartholomew's at Smithfield, and
St. Cives at Hants.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
975 * * Edgar the Peaceable, king, dies.
995 +: * * Canute, King of England, Den-
mark, Norway, born. [1035. Dies.]
1004 * * Edward the Confessor, king, born.
[1066. Dies.]
1005 * * Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury,
born in Pavia, Italy, [1089. Dies.]
1014 * * Sweyn, Danish king, dies.
Brlan-Boroihme, King of Ireland, killed in
1 attle.
1016 * * Ethelred II., king, dies.
1017* * Ilanliuanute, King of England and
Denmark, born. [1042. Dies.]
1025 * * Malachi IT., King of Ireland, dies.
1027 * * William I., Conqueror, born in
Normandy. [1087. Dies.]
1030 * * Ingulphus, abbot of Croyland, born.
[1109. Dies.]
1033 * * Anselin, Saint, archbishop of Can-
terbury, born in Piedmont. [1109. Dies.]
1040 * * Harold I., king, dies.
1053 * * (iodwin, earl of Wessex, states., d.
1056 * * Macbeth, king, Scotland, dies.
William II., Kuf us, king, born. [1100. D.]
1063 * * Dermot, King of Leinster, Ire., d.
1066 * * Banquo, thane, accomplice of Mac-
beth, Scotland, dies.
Harold II., king, killed at Hastings.
CHURCH.
960 * * One-tenth of the produce is paid
as tithes for the churches, priests, and
the poor.
* * The Sabbath day is ordained to be
kept holy from Saturday at three p. M.
to Monday at break of day.
964 * * The married priests of the ca-
thedral at Worcester are substitutedfor
monks.
984 * * Alfheah [St. Alphege] becomes
bishop of Winchester. [1005, archbishop
of Canterbury. 988, Ethelgar ; 990, Si-
gerec ; 995, Elfric]
995 * * The see of Durham, formerly
Lindisfarne, is named.
* * The Church of Home is at the sum-
mit of its power in Europe, and claims
both spiritual and temporal supremacy.
1003* * It. John XVIII. is elected pope;
later, John XIX. [1009, Sergius IV. J 1012,
Benedict VIII. ; 1024, John XX.; 1033, Bene-
dict IX.; 1044, Gregory VI.; 1046, Clement
II.; 1048, Damasus II.; 1049, [St.] Leo IX.;
1055, Victor II.; 1057, Stephen X.; 1058,
Benedict X.; 1059, Nicholas II.; 1061, Alex-
anderll.; 1073, St. Gregory VII.; 1087, Victor
III.; 1088, Urban II.; 1099, Paschal II.]
1012 Apr. 19. Alphege, the brave
archbishop of Canterbury, is killed by
the Danes.
1013 * * Lyflng is chosen archbishop of
Canterbury. [1020. ^Ethelnoth ; 1038,
Eadsige ; 1050, Robert ; 1052, Stigand ;
1070, Lanfranc]
± * * King Canute, the son of Sweyn, an
apostate, becomes a convert to Chris-
tianity.
1015 * * A see is erected at Mortlach in
Banffshire, with St. Beaunus as bishop.
[1125. Removed to Aberdeen.]
1016 * * King Canute patronizes the
church. [1026. He makes a pilgrimage
to Rome with staff in hand.]
1019 * * The doctrine < it ^ran substantia-
tion is opposed. [1066. Accepted.]
* * Ire. The archbishopric of Killaloe is
created.
1038* * Dublin. Christ's Church is
built by the Danes.
1040* *The sees of Devonshire and
Cornwall are united.
1042 * * The see of Salisbury, formerly
Sherborne, is named.
1050 * * Leofric is first bishop of Exeter.
Tins see, formerly Devonshire and ori-
ginally Cornwall, is named.
* * The Abbey of St. Mary's is founded at
York by Earl Siward.
1055-65 London. "Westminster
Church, becomingruinous, is splendidly
rebuilt by Edward the Confessor, and
occupied by monks from Exeter. [1065.
Dec. 28. Dedicated.]
1063 * * Anselm becomes prior of Bee.
[1078, abbot.]
1065 * * London. The Pope appoints
"Westminster Abbey as the place for
inaugurating the kings of England.
* * Harold is crowned by Eldred, arch-
bishop of York.
LETTERS.
960 * * Oxford is restored by Alfred.
971* * The Blicking Homilies are writ-
ten ; they are the result of the labors of
iEthelwold, bishop of Winchester, and
Archbishop Dunstan and Oswald of Wor-
cester.
991-996 ^Elfric, the abbot, writes his
Homilies; he is the author also of the
first English translation of the Bible,
a Latin Colloquy, and a Latin-English
Glossary.
991 * * Song of the Battle of Maldon is
written.
1000+ * * The introduction of the Eng-
lish language in law-deeds, instead of
Latin, is begun.
1041-66 A poem entitled The Grave is
written by an unknown author.
1042-65 French Romance first be-
comes known in England.
1066 * * The Lay of Roland is brought
from France.
1066-1250 Norman French is the lan-
guage of the court, and is taught in all
the schools.
SOCIETY.
968 * * Scot. King Duff is murdered
by Donald, the governor of Forres Castle.
* * Scot. King Cullen himself avenges
the murder of Duff, but he is assassi-
nated by a thane whose daughter he
had dishonored.
979 Mar. 18. While drinking a goblet
of wine at Corfe Castle, King Edward is
stabbed to death at the instigation of
his stepmother, Elfrida.
995 * * Scot. Constantine IV. is slain.
1002 Nov. 13. By order of Ethelred,
a general massacre of the Danes takes
place in the southern counties.
It is most bloody at London, the
churches being no sanctuary. Gunilda,
sister of Sweyn, King 06 Denmark, left
in hostage for the performance of a
treaty but newly concluded, is among
the victims.
1014 * * Ire. Brian Boroihme is assas-
sinated in his tent by a Dane, while pray-
ing, after having defeated the Danes at
the battle of Clontarf.
1020 * * Jews are banished from Eng-
land by Canute. (?)
AND IRELAND.
960, *-1067,**. 847
* * * The old custom of English parents
selling their children to the Irish for
slaves is prohibited by Canute.
* * * The Saxons and Danes become
blended with the Angles into an Eng-
lish people.
1033 * * Scot. King Malcolm is assassi-
nated on his way to Glamis ; in their
flight across a frozen lake ttie assassins
are drowned.
1039 * * Scot. Duncan I. is assassinated
by Macbeth, the thane of Fife.
1041 Nov. 12. The people rise against
the tax-gatherers and kill them.
1042 * * The Truce of God is adopted.
(See France.)
* * Scot. The Saxon title of nobility of
thane is abolished by King Malcolm
III., and the title of earl adopted in its
stead.
1058 * * Scrofula, or king's evil, is [first
supposed to be] cured by the touch of
King Edward the Confessor.
1062 * * Surnames are first employed
by the nobility.
1066* *The French language, laws,
and customs are introduced by Wil-
liam I.
* * Jews return to England [and settle
chiefly in London and Lincoln].
STATE.
©61 * * Edgar demands as a tribute from
Wales 300 wolves' heads.
964 * * Ire. Dublin is named by Edgar
in the preface to his charter, " Nobilis-
sima Civitas."
870-994 Scot. Kenneth III. , brother of
Duff, reigns. [994-995, Constantino IV. ;
995-1003, Kenneth IV., or Grimus, son of
Duff.]
972-984 W. Howel ap lefan the Bad is
prince. [984-985, Cadwallon, his brother ;
985-992, Meredith ap Owen ap Howel
Dha ; 992-998, Idwal ap Meyric ap Edwal
Voel ; 998-1015, Aedan.]
975-979 Edward the Martyr, son of
Edgar, reigns. [Opposed by many of the
clergy, but is supported by Dunstan.]
979-1013 Ethelred II., the Unready,
brother of Edward the Martyr, reigns.
[He drowses on the throne, fighting the
Danes with gold instead of with steel.]
991 * * Ethelred compounds with the
Danes for peace, paying them 10,000
pounds of silver to depart. [One pound
equals three of modern money. 994. The
Danes are paid 16,000 pounds to depart.
1001. Paid 24,000 pounds to depart.]
* * Ethelred makes a treaty of alliance
with Normandy, which is the first
connection between Normandy and Eng-
land.
1002-14 Ire. Malachi resigning, Brian
Boroihme. or Boru, reigns. J1014-22.
Malachi restored. 1022-48. Disputed
succession. 1048-98. Donough, or Denis,
O'Brien. 1098-1110. Terloch.]
* * Sweyn invades England to avenge
the Danes massacred by Ethelred; he
resolves to conquer the country.
1005-33 Scot. Malcolm II., son of
Kenneth III., reigns ; he publishes a
new code of laws. [1004. He estab-
lishes the feudal system.]
1007 * * The Danes are bought off by
the payment of 36,000 pounds of silver.
[1012. Again, by 48,000 pounds.]
* * * The total amount of the Danish
tribute, or Danegelt, is equal to a fee
simple of nearly one-tenth of the acreage
of England.
1013 * * The Danes under Sweyn become
masters of England.
* * Ethelred flees to Normandy. [1014.
He returns on the death of Sweyn ; he
is received as king by part of the nation.]
1015-23 W. Llewelyn ap Sitsylht
reigns. [1023-39, Jago ap Idwal ap
Meyric. 1039-67. Griffith ap Llewelyn
ap Sitsylht.]
1016 Apr. 24. Ethelred dies.
Apr. * -Nov. 30. Edmund Ironside,
son of Ethelred, reigns.
He divides the kingdom with Canute,
son of Sweyn ; he is murdered at Oxford.
1016-42 Danish supremacy.
1017-35 Canute reigns as sole king;
from a barbarian conqueror he develops
into a wise ruler.
* * * Canute creates four provincial gov-
ernments, or earldoms, Mercia, North-
umberland, Wessex, and East Anglia.
1018 * * Canute holds a national coun-
cil at Oxford.
1020 * * Scot. Lothian is ceded to the
Scottish king by Earl Eadulf.
* * Godwin is made Earl of Wessex ; he
is the first English statesman who is
neither king nor priest.
1031 * * Canute compels Malcolm, King
of the Scots, to acknowledge himself
vassal for Cumberland and England.
1032 * * Scot. The country is divided
into baronies.
1033-39 Scot. Duncan I., grandson
of Malcolm, reigns ; he is assassinated
by Macbeth.
1035 Nov. 12. Canute dies.
* * The kingdom is divided between
Harold, called Harefoot, and Hardi-
canute, sons of Canute.
1037-40 Harold, illegitimate son of
Canute, reigns as sole king ; his life
having been infamous, Ethelnoth, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, refuses to conse-
crate him ; his government is cruel and
unpopular.
1039 * * Scot. Macbeth, having assas-
sinated Duncan I., usurps the crown.
1039±-57 Scot. Macbeth reigns.
1040 Mar. 17. Harold I. dies.
1040-42 Hardicanute, son of Canute,
reigns ; his government is violent and
oppressive.
1042-66 Saxon supremacy restored.
1042 June 8. Hardicanute dies.
1042-66 Edward the Confessor, son
of Ethelred, reigns.
[His chief minister for some years is
Earl Godwin, who rules firmly and
wisely. Siward, Earl of Northumbria,
and Leofric, Earl of Mercia, are also
prominent and powerful in the state.]
* * * In this reign is compiled a body of
laws which is " long the object of affec-
tion to the English nation." The king,
having been educated in Normandy, in-
troduces many Normans at court,
where they soon have great influence.
1051 * * Earl Godwin rebels against the
influence of Normans at court ; he and
his son Harold are banished, and his son
Sweyn, who had murdered his cousin, is
outlawed.
* * The Danegelt tax is abolished by Ed-
ward.
* * William of Normandy [afterwards
King William the Conqueror] visits
England.
1052 * * Earl Godwin returns to Eng-
land with a fleet ; he is reconciled to the
king, and the Norman foreigners are ban-
ished.
1053 Apr. 14. Godwin dies; his
power and earldom of Wessex pass to
his son Harold.
1055 * * Siward dies, and Tostig, Har-
old's brother, becomes earl of North-
umberland.
1057-93 Scot. Malcolm m., Can-
more, son of Duncan, reigns. [1068 He
marries Margaret, sister of Edgar
Atheling, heir in the Saxon line to the
throne of England ; be is killed while
besieging Alnwick Castle.]
1066 Jan. 5. Edward the Confessor
dies.
Jan. 6-Oct. 14. Harold LT., son of
Godwin and brother-in-law of Edward
the Confessor, reigns.
* *On the death of Edward, William,
Duke of Normandy, claims the crown
because of the alleged bequest of Ed-
ward the Confessor ; by an oath taken
by Harold about 1064 pledging himself
to marry William's daughter, and to se-
cure the succession to William ; and by
the right of Matilda his wife, a descen-
dant of Alfred.
1066-1154 The Norman Line.
1066-87 William I., the Conqueror,
reigns.
(1066. Dec. 25. Crowned at Westmin-
ster.) He subjugates the Anglo-Saxons
with terrible severity and robbery of
estates. Two nationalities — French
and English— -exist side by side, Mercia
and Northumberland alone remaining
aloof.
1067 * * (or 1070). The Court of Chan-
cery is refounded by William I.
* * Taxes in specie are introduced by
William I. ; he raises them arbitrarily.
1067-73 W. Bleddyn reigns. [1073.
Trahaern ap Caradoc. 1079-1137. Grif-
fith ap Cynan.]
* * Arf astus, or Herefast, chaplain to the
king, is appointed lord chancellor.
At this time [and to a much later pe-
riod] the chancellor is merely a state
functionary who admits suitors to the
presence of the sovereign.
MISCELLANEOUS.
981 * * Ire. Waterford is destroyed by
fire. [982. London. A great fire oc-
curs. 1087. London. A great part of
the city, including St. Paul's Cathedral,
is destroyed by fire. 1122 May 19.
Lincoln is also destroyed. Also the sec-
ond abbey of Gloucester.]
1016 * * An awful famine occurs. [An-
other in 1037.]
1066 * * Shoeing of horses is introduced
by William I.
848 1067,* *-1139, Sept. 30. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1067 * * Oxford is stormed by William.
[1068. Kent and Herefordshire revolt
against him ; he besieges Exeter .J
The revolt in the north is crushed by
William in a winter campaign ; North-
umberland is ravaged with fire and
sword.
1069 * * The Danes burn York, and
kill its 3,000 Normans ; western England
is subdued. The Irish invade England
without success.
1070 * * Malcolm m., King of Scot-
land, invades England, and ravages
Durham. [1072. William in turn in-
vades Scotland, and exacts homage of
Malcolm.]
1071 * * A revolt of the English under
Edwin and Morcar ends in the capture
of Ely and the death of Edwin.
1073 * * English troops are sent to re-
conquer Maine [FranceJ for William.
1075-76 Revolt of Norman barons.
Ralph, Earl of Norfolk, and Rodger
Pitzosbern, Earl of Hereford, aided
by mercenaries and adventurers, rebel
against William. The Danes aid the
barons, and retire when they are sup-
pressed.
1077 * * Godred Crovan, son of Harold
the Black, of Iceland, conquers the Isle
of Man.
1080 * * Robert Curthose, son of Wil-
liam I., builds a castle [at Newcastle].
1085* * An invasion of Danes is
averted by the killing of King Canute by
his own subjects.
1088 * * Fr. Odo of Bayeux and others
support Robert, Duke of Normandy, in
a rebellion against his brother William
II. [1099. Suppressed.]
* * The barons plunder Cambridge.
1090 * * The revolt of the Norman bar-
ons is suppressed by aid of the English
of Normandy.
1093 * * The Scots under Malcolm III.
invade England.
Malcolm is defeated and killed by
Rodger de Mowbray, at the siege of
Alnwick Castle.
1095 * * Newcastle is taken by William
II.
1096 * * The Crusades begin.
1098 * * Magnus of Norway subdues the
Isle of Man.
1101 Aug. 1. Robert, Duke of Nor-
mandy, brother of Henry, invades Eng-
land, but is persuaded to retire after
landing at Pevensey.
1106 Sept. 28. Fr. Battle of Tinche-
bray. Henry I. conquers Normandy
(pp. 668, 669).
1119 Aug. 20. Fr. Battle of Brenne-
ville ; Normandy secured (pp. 668, 669).
1136* * Exeter Castle surrenders to
King Stephen.
1138 * * The Earl of Gloucester takes
Bristol, in defense of his sister Matilda,
1139 * * The Empress Matilda unsuc- 1078 * * Jews first arrive in England. O
cessfully invades England in person.
(See State.)
1139-53 Civil war and utter anarchy
prevail. (One of the darkest periods of
English history.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1078 * * London. The Tower is begun
by William I.
1086* * London. St. Paul's Cathe-
dral is destroyed in the great conflagra-
tion ; Mauritius, bishop of London, un-
dertakes to rebuild it. [1087. The first
stone is laid. 1240. Completed.]
1089 * * A widespread earthquake is
felt.
1091 Oct. 5. A wind-storm in sev-
eral parts of England destroys many
churches ; 500 houses in London fall.
1097* * London. "Westminster Hall
is built by William Rufus for banquet-
ing purposes.
1100 * * The sea overflows 400 acres of
Earl Godwin's lands, and forms an im-
mense sand-bank on the coast of Kent.
[Known as Godwin-Sands. J ■
1101 * * The yard measure is founded
on the length of the arm of King Edgar.
1110+ * * Henry I. enlarges "Windsor
Castle, which William the Conqueror
began as a residence for the British sov-
ereigns.
* * The miracle-play of St. Catherine is
written ; it is acted at Dunstable, and
it is the first [known] dramatic pro-
duction in England.
1120+ * * Kenilworth Castle in War-
wickshire is built by Geoffrey de Clin-
ton [whose grandson sells it to Henrv
II.]. J
1135-1272 Gothic architecture ap-
pears in the Temple Church, London,
and in parts of the cathedrals of Win-
chester, Wells, Salisbury, and Durham ;
also in Westminster Abbey.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1068 ** Henry I., king, born. [1135. D.]
1075 * * OrdericusVitalis, hist.,b. [1143+. I).]
1080 * * Walcher, bishop of Durham, Earl of
Northumberland, killed.
1083 * * Matilda, queen of William I., dies.
1086 * * Tirloch, king, Ireland, dies.
1093 * * Malcolm 111., Canmore, k., Scot., d.
1095 * * Malmesbury, William of, historian,
born, ri 143. Dies.]
1101* * Matilda, daughter of Henry I. , born.
[1165. Dies.]
1105* * Stephen, king, born. [1154. D.]
1118+ * * Wace, Master Robert, Anglo-Nor-
man poet, born. [1I74 + . Dies.]
1117 * * Becket. Thomas a, archbishop of
Canterbury, born. [1170. Dies.]
1120 * * Salisbury, John of, scholastic, born.
[1180. Dies.]
1124+ * * Eadmer, or Edmer, monk, hist., d.
1126 * * Beverley, Alfred of, historian, dies.
1133* * Henry 11., king, born. [1189. D.]
± * * Sidnacester, or Lindisse, and Dor-
chester, two distinct sees in Mercia, are
united. [1086. The see is removed to
Lincoln by Bishop Remigius de Fes-
champ, who builds a cathedral.]
1079 * * The Pope's authority is fully
established.
*, * Dublin. The archbishop of Dublin is
consecrated by Lanfranc.
1088 * * The see of Batti is erected.
* *The [Norwich] cathedral is first
erected by Bishop Herbert Losinga.
[1280. Completed.]
1091 * * The see of Norwich, formerly
East Anglia, is named.
1093 * * [St.] Anselm is consecrated
archbishop of Canterbury. [1114, Ralph
de Turbine ; 1123, William de Curbellis ;
1139, Theobald.]
1096* *Ire. Trinity Cathedral, Water-
ford, is dedicated by Malchus, its first
bishop.
1108* * The see of Ely is erected. [1182.
Carlisle.]
1111 Peb. * Emperor Henry V. gives
up the right of investiture of ecclesias-
tics, by treaty [but other sovereigns
resolutely refuse to concede it].
1118* * It. Gelasius II. is elected pope.
[1119, Calixtus II.; 1124. Hononus II.; 1130,
Innocent II.; 1143, Celestine II.; 1144, Lu-
cius II.; 1145, Eugenius HI.; 1153, Anasta-
sius IV.; 1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander
HI.; 1181, Lucius HI.; 1185, Urban III.;
1187, Gregory VIII.; later, Clement III.;
1191, Celestine III.; 1198, Innocent III.]
1120 * * Edinburgh. St. Giles Church
is founded (845 ?). [1124-1153. Improved
by King David.]
1124 Scot. King David endows several
sees ; the see of Ross is erected. [1130,
Dunkfeld; 1139, Holyrood.]
1128 * * The first Cistercian monks ar-
rive.
They observe silence, abstain from
flesh, sleep on straw, and wear neither
shoes nor shirts; Gilford, bishop of
Winchester, founds the abbey at Wa-
verley.
1135 * * London. St. Stephen's Chapel
of Westminster is built by King Stephen.
1136* * Ire. The see of Kilmore is
erected. [1151. Armagh is reestab-
lished.]
1139 * * Scot. Melrose and Kelso mon-
asteries are founded.
CHURCH.
against King Stephen.
Aug. 22. Battle of the Standard, at
Northallerton, Yorkshire.
Stephen's force under the Earl of Al-
bemarle defeats David, the Scotch king ;
in the center of the English forces a
ship's mast, fixed to a wagon, bore upon
its top a consecrated host. [Hence the
name of the battle.]
1072 * * Barons are created, and bish-
ops receive the honor.
1073* *The [present] "Winchester
Cathedral is begun.
1076+ * * William checks the aggrandiz-
ing policy of the church. (See State.)
He refuses to pay homage to the Pope,
and retains for himself the appointment
of bishops. No papal letter can be re-
ceived or papal synod held in England,
or appeal made to Rome, without his
consent.
LETTERS.
1071+ * * The Exeter Codex and The
Verceli Codex, containing a collection
of ancient poetry, are compiled.
Uth Century. A Life of King Edward the
Confessor is written by an unknown
author.
1080 * * Scot. English fugitives escap-
ing from the Normans introduce the
Saxon-English language.
1087+ * * William tries to learn the
English language.
1090+ * * The Charlemagne, a Norman
poem, is written.
1100+ Education is chiefly eonflned to
the clergy ; the king's chief clerks are
sometimes rewarded with, bishoprics.
1100+ * * Henry I. is called the Scholar.
1118 * * The Chronicle of Florence of
Worcester ends.
1120 * * Homilies, popular expositions of
Scriptures, are written by an unknown
author.
1129 * * The Earl of Simeon of Durham's
Chronicle ends.
AND IRELAND. 1067,* *-1139, Sept. 30. 849
1132-35-47 Geoffrey of Monmouth
writes his History of British Kings.
1135-54 Henry of Huntingdon writes a
Chronicle in seven books, and On the
Contempt of the World.
SOCIETY.
1068 * * Ringing of the Curfew Bell at
eight o'clock in the evening is intro-
duced ; all fires and candles are to be
extinguished under severe penalties.
* *The rights of primogeniture come
into English jurisprudence with the feu-
dal law.
1074 * * William introduces beheading
as a less ignominious mode of execution
than others for high-born criminals.
1079 * * William I. lays waste a large
tract in Hampshire to form a forest lor
his pleasure.
1087 * * Fr. William I. burns the town
of Nantes, not because the people had
offended him, but because their king
had uttered a silly jest at his expense.
1094 * * Scot. Duncan II. is murdered.
1096 * * Trial by Combat is introduced.
A prisoner who pleads not guilty
may choose whether he will put himself
for trial upon God and his country by 12
men, as at this day, or upon God alone.
[A battle by single combat is fought be-
fore William II., and the peers, between
Geoffrey Baynard and William, Earl of
Eu, who was accused by Baynard of high
treason ; Baynard having conquered, Eu
is deemed convicted, and then blinded
and mutilated.]
1098 * * Scot. King Edgar, having de-
throned Donald Bane, his rival, puts
out bis eyes.
1099 * * London. William Rufus, on his
return from Normandy, celebrates in
royal style the feast of Whitsuntide in
Westminster Hall.
1100+ * * Chivalry and knighthood are
introduced.
1106 * * Henry puts out his brother
Robert's eyes, and confines him in a
castle of Wales [during life, 28 years].
1132 * * The Hospital of Holy Cross,
Winchester, is founded by Bishop Henry
de Blois.
STATE.
1068 * * The Danegelt tax is revived.
"Every hide of land, i.e., as much as
one plow can plow, or as much as can
maintain a family, is taxed at first one
shilling [afterwards as much as seven
shillings]."
* * Cornwall is given by William to his
half-brother, Robert de Mortein.
* * Malcolm of Scotland does homage to
William for Cumberland.
1070 * * The feudal system is intro-
duced by William.
The estates of many of the Anglo-
Saxon nobility are confiscated, and their
owners reduced to poverty ; most of the
kingdom is divided into baronies, which
are conferred on Norman followers of
the king, on condition of stated military
service and payments ; all government
offices are given to Normans.
1071 * * The great earldoms of Wessex,
Mercia, and Northumberland are abol-
ished by William, and sheriffs are nom-
inated for the government of the shires
[counties].
1074 * * Edinburgh. The city is forti-
fied, and the castle is rebuilt by Malcolm
Canmore.
1076 May 31. Waltheof, a powerful
English earl, is beheaded at Winches-
ter, as a political enemy of William ; he
is regarded as a martyr by the English.
* * Justices of the peace are first ap-
pointed. (?)
* * William refuses to pay homage to
the Pope for the kingdom of England,
or receive papal letters, or allow a papal
synod or a bishops' appeal to Rome
without his sanction.
* * London. The bishop of London erects
a small prison in connection with the
gate of the city. [It is gradually en-
larged, and is the origin of the present
Newgate.]
* * Domesday Book, a record of the re-
sults of a statistical survey of the king-
dom, is completed.
[It is one of the oldest and most valua-
ble records of England, and is still pre-
served in the Public Record office at
London.]
1087 Sept. 9. William I. dies from
injuries caused by the plunging of his
horse amid the burning cinders at
Nantes, France.
1087-1100 William II., surnamed Ru-
fus, son of William I., reigns. Ralph
Flambard, Bishop of Durham, is his chief
minister.
1090 * * John, the king's chaplain and
physician [afterward bishop of Bath and
Wells], is the first mentioned physician
to the king.
1092 * * Carlisle is built.
1093-94 Scot. Donald VII., Donald
Bane, brother of Malcolm Canmore,
reigns.
1094 * * Duncan, illegitimate (?) son of
Malcolm Canmore, wrests the crown
from Donald Bane ; he reigns but six
months, when he is assassinated, and
Donald Bane recovers the throne.
1098-1107 Scot. Edgar, son of Mal-
colm Canmore and Margaret, sister of
Edgar Atheling, reigns.
1100 Aug. 2. William II. dies ; he is
accidentally shot with an arrow by Wal-
ter Tyrrel. (Perhaps intentionally shot.)
1100-35 Henry I., surnamed Beauclerc,
youngest son of William I., reigns. (1100.
Aug. 5. Crowned.)
Nov. 11. Henry marries Matilda, or
Maud, niece of Edgar Atheling, thus
uniting the Norman and Saxon in-
terests.
± * * The power of bequeathing lands
by the last will and testament of the
owner is confirmed to English subjects,
but with great restrictions and limita-
tions respecting the feudal system.
* * London. Henry grants a charter to
the city.
It secures to the citizens " trial by
oath," the right of electing sheriffs and
justiciary, and protecting their trade
" from toll or exaction over the length
and breadth of the land."
1101* * Henry publishes a charter of
liberties, in which he engages to put
in force the laws of Edward the Con-
fessor.
1105 * * The Court of Exchequer [so
called from the chequered table at which
it sits] is established by Henry (?), its
function being to try causes relating to
the public revenue, and common-law
causes between subject and subject.
* * Henry imprisons Robert. (Society.)
1107 Jan. 8-24 Scot. Alexander I.,
the Fierce, and David, brothers of
Edgar, reign ; Alexander having the
western, David the southern part.
1109* * Matilda, daughter of Henry I.,
is betrothed to Henry V., Emperor of
Germany. [1114. Jan. 7. Ger. They
are married at Mentz.]
1110-30 Ire. Mortough reigns.
He is in strict friendship with Henry
I. of England ; he makes alliances with
many foreign princes ; and he gives one
of his daughters in marriage to Sicard,
son of Magnus, King of Norway.
1120 Nov. 25. Henry's son and heir,
William, with 140 knights, perishes in
the White Ship, which sinks in the Brit-
ish Channel.
1124 Apr. 27-53 * * Scot. Alexander
having died, David I. , the Saint, brother
of Alexander the Fierce, reigns in the
West, sole king.
He forms Scottish burghs (?), and es-
tablishes feudal barons.
1125* * Henry takes severe measures
against false coining; nearly 50 false
coiners are hanged or mutilated.
1127 June 17. Henry's daughter Ma-
tilda, widow of the Emperor of Ger-
many, is married to Geoffrey Plan-
tagenet, son of Fulk, Earl of Anjou.
[1136. She claims the crown of England,
and is assisted by David of Scotland.]
1130-50 Ire. Turlough O'Connor reigns.
[1150-68. Murtough MacNeil MacLach-
lin. 1168-72. Roderic, or Roger, O'Con-
nor.]
1135 Dec. 1. Fr. Henry I dies in
Normandy from eating too plentifully
of lampreys.
1135-54 Stephen of Blois, son of Ad-
ela, sister of Henry I., usurps the throne.
(1134. Dec. 26. Crowned.)
His reign is one of almost constant
civil strife, and oppression of the people
by the nobles, who multiply fortified
castles throughout the country.
1137-69 W. Owen Gwynedd reigns.
[1169. Howel. 1169-94. David ap Owain
Gwynedd.]
1138* *The Norman Theobald [later
archbishop of Canterbury] introduces
the study of civil law.
1139 July * Stephen arrests Roger,
Bishop of Sarum [Salisbury], and Alex-
ander, Bishop of Lincoln, suspecting
them to be in sympathy with the claim
of Matilda.
Sept. 30. Matilda, accompanied by the
Earl of Gloucester and a retinue of
knights, lands in Suffolk to assert her
claim to the throne. [1141. Feb. 2.
Stephen is captured.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1071* * Fairs are encouraged by Wil-
liam.
1086* * London. St. Paul's Cathedral
is burned.
1092 * * London. The mortality is very
great.
1095 * * Ire. The mortality is unusual.
1111* * London. The unusual mortal-
ity sweeps away, besides human beings,
cattle, fowls, and other domestic ani-
mals.
1120 Nov. 25. Prince William and
140 noblemen lose their lives by ship-
wreck in the German Ocean.
1125 * * The first great park in England
is formed at Woodstock by Henry I.
1135 * * Rents are first paid in money
instead of in kind.
* * English commerce consists in the
exportation of wool.
1136 * * London. The London Bridge is
burned.
1137 June 3. The Rochester Cathedral
is burned. [June 4. The greater part
of York, including the cathedral and
39 churches, is burned. June 27. The
city of Bath is destroyed by fire.]
850 1140, Mar. 21-1195, *
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY— NAVY.
1141 Feb. 2. Battle of Lincoln:
Stephen is defeated and captured by the
Earl of Gloucester, Matilda's brother.
[1142. The earl is defeated and cap-
tured.]
1142 * * Matilda is besieged at Oxford
by Stephen, who had been exchanged.
1150 * * Ire. Connor O'Brien defeats
Turlough O'Connor.
During the 12th century the five kings
of Ireland and its petty princes are al-
most continuously at war with each
other.
1153* * Scot. Somerled of the Isles
invades England.
1157 * * W. Henry II. leads an unsuc-
cessful expedition into Wales. [1163.
Second Welsh war; South Wales is
subdued. 1165. Third Welsh war.]
* * Fr. "War occurs with Louis of
France for the succession of Toulouse.
1169** Ire. Fitz-Stephen with 500
Anglo-Normans makes a successful in-
vasion.
1170 Aug. 23. Ire. Eichard Strong-
bow, Earl of Pembroke, lands with an
army at Waterford. [He takes Dublin.]
1171 Oct. 18. Ire. Henry II. lands
near Waterford with 4,500 men.
1172 * * Ire. Cork is garrisoned by
Henry II.
[The conquest of Ireland is gradually
effected, with the exception of Ulster,
whose princes refuse to submit to Eng-
lish authority.]
1173* * Rebellion. (See State.)
* * Henry defeats Louis VII. of France.
1174 July 13. The Scots under Wil-
liam I., the Lion, invade England to
recover Northumberland ; they are de-
feated at Alnwick by Ranulf de Glan-
ville. William is taken prisoner.
1180* * Ire. The castle of Carlow is
erected by John.
1181* * The assize of arms is held;
the militia service restored.
1189 * * Conspiracy of Henry's sons.
(See State.)
1190-94 Richard I., with Philip Au-
gustus of France, and Frederick Barba-
rossa of Germany, engages in the Third
Crusade.
1191 * * Syria. Richard I. defeats Sa-
ladin at Ascalon, and concludes a
truce for three years.
1194-96 Fr. War occurs with France,
caused by Philip's intrigues against
Richard with King John. [1194. Battle
at Fr^teval (p. 670). 1198. Sept. 20.
Battle of Gisors; Richard defeats the
French.]
1195 * * Ire. The castle of Kilkenny
is built by William Marshall, Earl of
Pembroke.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1140 Mar. 21. A total eclipse of the
sun occurs, and complete darkness pre-
vails in England.
1142 * * A severe earthquake is felt in
Lincoln.
1150 Dec. 9+. A severe frost con-
tinues for two months and ten days.
12th Century. The bridge at Burton
over the Trent is built ; length, 1,545 feet.
1171 * * The [present] building of York
Minster is begun.
1175 * * Canterbury Cathedral is be-
gun under the direction of a French
architect, William of Sens.
1176-1209 London. A bridge of stone
is built over the Thames.
1177 * * Imported glass is used in the
windows of private houses.
1191 June 23. An eclipse of the sun
occurs. The stars are visible near mid-
day ; with the true sun another appears,
so that glasses are necessary to distin-
guish the difference.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1146* *Giraldus Camhrensis, historian,
born. [122U. Dies.]
1154* * Monmouth, Geoffrey of, chronicler,
dies.
1157 Sept. 8. Richard I., king, Coeurde
Lion, born. [1199. Apr. 6. Dies.]
1160± * * Robin Hood, legendary outlaw,
born. (?)
1166± * * Langton, Stephen, card., archbp.
of Canterbury, states., b. [1228. Dies.]
1167± ** John, king, born. [1216. Dies.]
1 170 * * Madoc, legendary Welsh prince, d.
1173+ * * Edmund, Saint, archbishop of Can-
terbury, born. [J240. Dies.]
1176* * Clare, Richard de (Strongbow),
Earl of Pembroke, dies.
1190* * Paris, Matthew, hist., b. [1259. D.]
Glanville, Ranulf de, jurist, dies.
CHURCH.
1143 * * Peter de Gousla, or Gousel,
founds the first monastery of the White
Canons in Lincolnshire.
1148* * Archbishop Theobald is sent
into exile because of a quarrel with
King Stephen.
1150 * * Scot. The sees of Brechin and
Caithness are erected.
1151-52 Ire. Cardinal John Paparo,
the Pope's legate, divides the bishop-
rics, and constitutes prelacies.
* * The archbishoprics of Dublin, Ar-
magh and Cash el, and Tuam are
created.
1154 * * The first appeals are made to
the Pope from the decisions of English
tribunals.
* * Thomas a Becket becomes arch-
deacon of Canterbury. [1162. Arch-
bishop.]
1155 * * Pope Adrian IV. gives Ireland
to England for Peter's Pence. (?)
He permits King Henry II. to invade
Ireland on condition that every Irish
family shall pay a carolus to the Pope,
and that Ireland be regarded as a fief of
the church.
1160* *Heretics are inhumanly
treated.
Thirty Germans who came to propa-
gate their doctrines are branded in the
forehead, whipped, and turned into the
streets naked, to perish of the winter's
cold, as none dare to show them compas-
sion.
1161 * * It. Henry II. pays homage to
the Pope by holding his stirrup while
he mounts his horse. [1170. July 22.
He does the same for Archbishop
a Becket.]
1162* * Scot. The see of Moray is
erected.
1170 Dec. 29. Thomas a Becket re-
turns from France.
He is murdered at the altar. (See
State.) [1172. Canonized.]
* * It. The Pope puts all England under
an interdict. [1174. July 8. Henry
makes a pilgrimage to the tomb of the
murdered a Becket, and expiates his
sin by prostration and public scourging.]
1174* * Richard is chosen archbishop
of Canterbury. [1185, Baldwin; 1191,
Reginald Fitz-Joceline ; 1193, Hubert
Walter.]
1178 * * The clergy of Berkshire are re-
lieved from keeping the archdeacon's
dogs and hawks, during his visitation,
by a special act of the Pope.
1181 * * Scot. The cathedral, or high
church, of Glasgow, dedicated to St.
Kentigern, or Mungo, is begun.
1183±* * Ire. The cathedral of
Down, formerly dedicated to the Holy
Trinity, is, at the instance of John de
Courcy, the conqueror of Ulster, rededi-
cated to St. Patrick.
1185* * London. The Temple is
founded ; also the church built by the
Knights Templars ; it is consecrated by
Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem.
1189 Sept. 3. London. Priests insti-
gate the mob to massacre the Jews at
the coronation of Richard.
* * King Richard I. engages in the Third
Crusade.
1190* * Dublin. Archbishop Comyn
founds St. Patrick's Cathedral on the
site of an old church.
LETTERS.
12lh Century. Bookselling and book-
sellers are first mentioned.
Oxford is a center for clerical study.
[1136. Chartered.]
William of Malmesbury writes the
History of the Kings of England (449 to
1120), and History of English Prelates.
Nigel Wireker, a Benedictine monk,
writes On the Corruptions of the Church
and Brunellus, or Speculum Stultorum,
The Mirror of Fools, and other works
against clerical irregularities.
1155 * * Robert Wace writes Le Brut
d 'Angleterre.
1156-59 John of Salisbury, bishop of
Chartres, writes Polycraticus, or De
Nugis Curialium el Vestigiis Philoso-
phorum, on the trifles of courtiers and
tracks of the philosophers.
1160 * * The Moral Ode is written.
1160-70 Robert de Boron's Le petit
Saint Graal is written.
Walter Mapes writes De Nugis Cu-
rialium. [1170-90, Le Grand Saint Graal,
Queste de Saint Gh-aal, Lancelot du Lac,
and Morte d' Arthur, contributions to
the King Arthur legends.]
1170 * * The Roman de Rou is finished by
Wace.
1181 * * Randulph de Granville writes
Upon the Laws and Customs of the King-
dom of England; it is the first digest
of English laws and customs.
1190 * * Alexander Neckam writes, in
Latin verse, a Treatise on Science. He
is the author of many other Latin
poems, grammatical and theological
treatises, and commentaries on Aris-
totle and other works.
± * * Educated men use three lan-
guages, English, the common tongue ;
French, the polite, literary, and fash-
ionable language ; and Latin, the lan-
guage of learning.
SOCIETY.
1148 * * London. St. Katherine's
Hospital is founded by Queen Matilda.
AND IRELAND.
1140, Mar. 21-1195,
851
1154+ * * Rosamond, the mistress of
Henry II., is poisoned.
A conspiracy is formed against her hy
the queen, Prince Henry, and the king's
other sons. Henry keeps her in a laby-
rinth at Woodstock, where Queen
Eleanor discovers her apartment by the
clue, a silk thread, and poisons her.
1155 * * Foreigners are banished be-
cause they are considered too numerous.
1158 * * London. Population, 40,000.
1170 Dec. 29. Assassination of Bec-
ket. (See State.)
1180 * * London. Skating is known.
1181 * * Ire. The title Baron Kinsale is
created.
* * * The surname of a family is begun
to be handed down from father to son ;
the system is introduced by the Nor-
mans.
1189-90 London. Riots against the
Jews occur.
Some few pressing into Westminster
Hall at the coronation of Richard I. are
put to death by the people, and a false
alarm being given that the king had or-
dered a general massacre of them, the
people in many parts of England kill all
they meet. Jews besieged in York Cas-
tle cut each other's throats to escape the
fury of the mob.
± * * Robin Hood, the [legendary] rob-
ber, flourishes.
STATE.
1141 Mar.* Matilda is crowned
queen by the Bishop of Winchester and
other clergy. [She alienates her sup-
porters by her severe and unwise gov-
ernment.]
1147 * * After a civil war of six years,
Matilda, being defeated, retires to Nor-
mandy.
1153-65 Scot. Malcolm IV., grandson
of David I., reigns. (1153. May 24.
Crowned.)
* * Henry Plantagenet, Matilda's son,
lands in England to assert his claim to
the crown.
1154 Oct. 25. Stephen dies.
1154-1399 House of Plantagenet.
1154-89 Henry Plantagenet, son of
Matilda, and grandson of Henry I.,
reigns as Henry II. (1154. Dec. 19.
Crowned.)
He becomes the greatest monarch of
the age ; his non-English realm includes
(1) Touraiue and Anjou, inherited from
his father ; (2) Maine and Normandy in
right of his mother ; (3) the seven prov-
inces of Poitou, Saintonge, Auvergne,
PeVigord, Limousin, Angoumois, and
Guienne, in right of his wife Eleanor ;
and Brittany annexed ; being altogether
more than a third part of France.
1155* * Thomas a Becket is made
chancellor [and becomes Henry's favor-
ite and chief minister].
* * Pope Adrian IV. issues a bull giving
Henry sovereign authority over Ire-
land. (See Church.)
1 162 * * Henry introduces the scutage
system, permitting lower tenants to
commute military service by payment
of money.
1163 * * Becket opposes the king's at-
tempt to reform the law relating to the
punishment of clerical criminals.
1164 Jan. 25. The barons and bishops
in a council at Clarendon, Wiltshire,
adopt the "constitutions of Claren-
don," which diminish the power and
privileges of the clergy. [1164-70. Con-
tested by Henry II. and Becket.]
* * Becket flees to France after trial on
a charge of " contempt of royal au-
thority."
1165-1214 Scot. William the Lion,
brother of Malcolm IV., reigns in the
West. (1165. Dec. 9. Crowned.)
1166* *The Assize of Clarendon re-
vives the frank-pledge.
By this the freemen of villages are
mutually responsible for one another's
'•good behavior;" it orders that juries
of " 12 iawf ul men " present to the courts
for trial persons suspected of crime ; it
abolishes compurgation proof of inno-
cence by oath of neighbors.
1168* * Ire. Dermod McMurrough.King
of Leinster, is banished by King Roderic
and other Irish princes, for his crimes
and cruelties.
1170* * Under threat of excommunica-
tion hy the Pope, Henry becomes rec-
onciled to Becket, who returns to
England.
* * Ire. Kilkenny is made an English
settlement.
Dec. 29. Becket is assassinated in the
Cathedral of Canterbury by Reginald
Fitzurse, William Tracy, Hugh de More-
ville, and Richard Brito, who- had been
instigated to the deed by passionate ex-
pressions of Henry.
1171 Oct. 18. Ire. Henry II. lands
at Waterford with an army.
He receives the submission of some of
the chiefs of Muiister and Leinster, and
becomes " Lord of Ireland," by which
title the kings of England are styled
until the reign of Henry VIII., who
takes the title, King of Ireland.]
1172 * * Ire. Henry appoints Hugh de
Lacy governor of Dublin, and lord jus-
tice of Ireland ; he divides Ireland into
counties, and regulates the government.
1173 * * A rebellion is led by the king's
son Henry ; the French and English
nobles unite in a league against the
English king.
1174-86 Edinburgh. The castle is held
by the English against the French and
English nobles and the King of Scotland.
* * Ire. The parliament of Ireland be-
gins with conferences of English at
Tara. (?)
* * Dublin. Henry grants a charter to
the city.
* * Scot. "William the Lion, who has
been taken prisoner by the English,
agrees by the treaty of Falaise, Nor-
mandy, to recognize Henry as lord para-
mount, and to render him homage for
Scotland. [1175. Aug. 10. The treaty
is executed, and the homage rendered in
the Cathedral of York.]
1176 * * England is divided into six cir-
cuit court districts for the administra-
tion of justice.
± * * Ire. John de Courcy is made Earl
of Ulster.
* * Ire. "William Fitzaldeln de Burgo,
or Burke, is appointed lord deputy, or
viceroy.
1180* * Scot. Glasgow is made a burgh
hy King William the Lion.
1185* * Ire. Henry grants its first char-
ter to Cork.
Apr. 1. Ire. Prince John, son of
of Henry II., lands at Waterford. [Irish
chieftains pay him homage.]
1189 * * Richard and John, sons of
Henry, enter into a conspiracy with
the King of France against their father.
July 6. Henry II. dies.
1189-99 Richard I., Cceur de Lion,
the lion-hearted, eldest surviving son
of Henry II., reigns. (1089. Sept. 3.
Crowned.)
* * John, King Richard's brother, mar-
ries Avisa, daughter of the Earl of
Gloucester. Richard gives him the
earldomsof Cornwall, Devon, Somerset,
Nottingham, Dorset, Lancaster, and
Derby.
* * Richard for 10,000 marks releases
William of Scotland from vassalage,
and cedes to him the fortresses of Rox-
burgh and Berwick.
* * London. The Fleet prison is erected.
1189-1213 London. Henry Fitz-Alwyn
is the first mayor.
* * Ire. Hugh de Lacy the younger is
made lord deputy, and Stephen Ridel,
chancellor.
± * * The mode of levying money by
licenses is introduced by Richard I. ;
it is confined to such of the nobility as
desire to enter the lists at tournaments.
1190 * * Richard leaves England for
the Crusade.
He entrusts the administration of the
Government to the chancellor, William
de Longchamp, bishop of Ely. [Later
it is directed by Hubert, archbishop of
Canterbury, and yet later by Geoffrey
Fitz-Peter.]
1191 May 12. Richard I. marries
Berengaria, daughter of the King of
Navarre.
Oct. 8. London. At a meeting of nobles
and prelates, Chancellor Longchamp
is deposed, and Prince John is chosen
chief justiciary of the kingdom.
1192* * Aust. Richard, in returning
from Palestine, is shipwrecked in the
Adriatic, and driven on the coast of
Istria.
Dec. 20. Aust. Richard, while travel-
ing in disguise, is arrested at Vienna by
Leopold, Duke of Austria.
1193 Mar.* Leopold, for 60,000 pounds,
delivers Richard to Henry VI., Em-
peror of Germany, who imprisons him
in a castle in the Tyrol (pp. 505, 779). [1194.
He returns to England.]
* * John, in the absence of his brother
Richard, attempts to seize the crown.
1194-1240 W. Llewelyn the Great is
prince.
1195 * * Ire. Its first charter is given
to Limerick. [1198. Adam Servant is
its first mayor.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1172* * Ire. The plague compels Henry ,
II. to leave the country.
1193-95 Famine and pestilence de-
vastate the country.
852 1196,**-1240,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1211 * * Scot. Guthred lands an invad-
ing force from Ireland. [He is defeated,
captured, and put to death.]
1214* * Fr. Battle of Bouvines. The
French defeat the English (p. 670).
1215 May 17. The barons elect Robert
Fitzwalter as their leader, with title
of marshal.
1216 * * King John, with an army of
mercenaries, overruns the country, and
wreaks his vengeance in blood.
May 30. Louis, son of Philip II. of
France, with 680 vessels, lands at
Sandwich (p. 670).
1217 * * Louis withdraws from Eng-
land, after suffering defeat near Lincoln
by the Earl of Pembroke.
1222* * Scot. The tithe rebellion
commences in Caithness. [1228. The
McScolane rebellion breaks out in
Moray. 1233. The Galloway rebellion.]
1229 * * Fr. King Henry III. leads his
first expedition to recover Poitou from
the French.
1232 * * Ire. Galway is conquered by
Richard de Burgh.
1232-72 The barons' war. (See State.)
1240 * * Palestine. Kichard, Earl of
Cornwall, leader of the Seventh Crusade,
delivers Jerusalem.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1200 * * Chimneys are introduced.
1220 Apr. 28. The building of Salis-
bury Cathedral is begun.
* * London. The first stone is laid for
[the present] 'Westminster Abbey.
1234 * * Coal is discovered at Newcastle.
[1245. Used as a fuel.]
1235* * London. The lawyers are
brought from Westminster Hall in boats
on account of the rising of the
Thames.
1237 * * "Water is first conveyed to Lon-
don in leaden pipes.
1240 * * London. St. Mary's, or the Tem-
ple, Church is erected. (See 1185.)
* * The earliest [extant] piece of music
for several voices, a " six men's song,"
is written.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1201 * * Hovedon, Roger of, historian, dies.
1803 Apr. 3. Arthur, Duke of Brittany,
murdered, A15.
1205 * * Hubert, Walter, archbishop of Can-
terbury, dies.
1206+ * * Montfort, 8imon de, Earl of
Leicester, leader of barons, b. [1265. D.]
1207 Oct. 1. Henry III., king, born.
[1272. Nov. 16. Dies.]
1210 * * Layamon, poet, A60±.
1210+ * * Maps, Walter, archdeacon, poet,
A73+.
1214* * Bacon. Roger, friar, scholastic,
born. [1294. Dies.]
1219 * * Pembroke, Earl of, Protector, dies.
1237 * * Orm, monk, poet, A50+.
1239 June 17. Edward I., "Longshanks,"
king, born. [1307. July 7. Dies.]
CHURCH.
1198 * * The King of England is a vas-
sal of the Pope, the same as all other
kings.
1200* * Scot. The see of ArgyU is
erected.
* * Ire. The cathedral of Limerick is
founded by Donald O'Brien.
12Q4 * * Jews of both sexes are impris-
oned by King John.
Their eyes or teeth are plucked out,
and numbers are butchered with great
savagery.
1205 * * The death of Hubert "Walter,
archbishop of Canterbury, is followed
by a disputed election, which is referred
to Rome.
1206* * It. The Pope excommunicates
the citizens of Dublin.
1207 * * It. Pope Innocent III. com-
mands the election of Stephen Lang-
ton as archbishop of Canterbury by the
English monks.
June 27. Innocent finally consecrates
Langton primate of England.
1208 * * John refuses to receive Lang-
ton as archbishop of Canterbury.
Mar. * It. The Pope lays an interdict
on King John and all England for six
years.
The church bells are silent, the sacra-
ments unadministered, and the dead
lay on the ground unburied.
1209 * * John is excommunicated.
He retaliates by banishing the obedi-
ent bishops, and confiscating the lands
of the clergy.
1212 * * It. The Pope deposes John.
He also proclaims a crusade against
him ; his subjects are released from al-
legiance, and he is proclaimed an enemy
of Christendom.
1213 May 15. John yields, and be-
comes the Pope's vassal.
He kneels in homage to Pandulf, the
Pope's legate, for his dominions, and
binds himself and his successors to an
annual payment of 1,000 marks. He also
cedes Ireland to the Pope.
1215 May 19. It. The barons are cen-
sured by the Pope. [Dec. 16. They are
excommunicated, and London is inter-
dicted. 1216 * * Scot. The papal inter-
dict is laid against the barons and their
allies.]
* * It. Honorius III. is elected pope. [1227,
Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.; 1243, In-
nocent IV.; 1254, Alexander IV.; 1261, Ur-
ban IV.; 1265, Clement IV.; 1271, Gregory
X.; 1276, Innocent V. ; later, Adrian V. ; and
later, John XXI.; 1277, Nicholas III.; 1281,
Martin IV.; 1285, Honorius IV.; 1288, Nich-
olas IV.; 1294, [St.] Celestine V.; later,
Boniface VIII.]
1217 * * Ire. John forbids the consecra-
tion of native bishops. [1224. The
Pope restores them.]
1225* * Dublin. Christ's Church is re-
built.
1226 * * The tenths of the whole king-
dom are collected for the Pope ; large
sums are exacted.
* * * Archbishop Langton divides the
Bible into chapters and verses. [1228.
July 9±. Great loss falls to the church
and state by his death.]
1229 * * Laymen are forbidden to read
the Scriptures by the Pope.
* * Richard Weathershed is chosen arch-
bishop of Canterbury.
[1233, Edmund de Abbendon ; 1245,
Boniface of Savoy; 1272, Robert Kil-
wardly ; 1279, John Peckham ; 1293, Rob-
ert "Wmchesley.]
1236* *The [celebrated] nunnery of
Exeter is founded.
LETTERS.
1198 * * "William of Newbury writes the
History of English Affairs.
1199± * * Chronicle of Richard of De-
vizes, Annals of Barnwell, Chronicle of
Joselyn of Brakelond, and many other
chronicles, are written.
1200+ * * The Sayings of Alfred is writ-
ten by an unknown author.
1202+ * * Roger of Hoveden writes An-
nals of England, 732-1201.
1205 * * Layamon writes the poem Brut.
1215 * * Orm, or Ormin, writes The Or-
mulum, a set of religious services in
meter.
1216 * * Giraldus Cambrensis, a Welsh
historian, dies.
He is the author of Topography of Ire-
land, History of the Conquest of Ireland,
Itinerary of Wales, Gemina Ecclesias-
tica, or Jewel of the Church, De Rebus
a se Gestis, Of the things done by him-
self, and a Symbolum Electorum, a lite-
rary miscellany.
* * The Chronicle of Roger of "Wendover
is written at St. Albans.
1220+ * * Ancren Riwle, Rule of the An-
choresses, is written by Bishop Poor.
13th Century. Nicholas of Guildford
writes Owl and Nightingale.
1224 * * The Franciscans establish them-
selves as teachers at Cambridge.
1225-35 The Bestiary is written.
1229-31 Great numbers of students
come to Cambridge from Paris and Ox-
ford. [1230. Henry III. grants it a
charter.]
1232 The University of Oxford is
founded by William, archdeacon of Dur-
ham. (?) [1248. A charter is granted.]
1235-73 Matthew Paris writes his
Greater Chronicle, History of Englandr
and Lives of Earlier Abbots.
13th Century. First mention is made of
university chests at Oxford ; they are
benefactions designed as funds for the
assistance of poor students.
SOCIETY.
1200± * * Ire. English settlers gene-
rally adopt Irish names and manners.
1209 Mar. 30. Dublin. The "Black
Monday" massacre occurs.
A British colony from Bristol, while
diverting themselves at Cullen's "Wood,
are attacked by the O' Byrnes and
O'Tooles of Wicklow, and 300 of them
are killed.
1213 * * London. St. Thomas's Hos-
pital, South wark, is founded by Prior
Richard, as an almshouse.
1218 * * Trial by ordeal is abolished.
1220* * Tournaments are prohibited by
Henry in.
1221 * * London. Riotous citizens de-
molish the convent belonging to "West-
minster Abbey ; the ringleader is hanged,
and the rest have their hands and feet
amputated. #
1228 * * Scot. The title Earl of Suther-
land is created.
1236 Jan. 1. Henry III. causes 6,000
poor persons to be entertained in West-
minster Hall, and in the other rooms of
his palace, as a celebration of Queen.
Eleanor's coronation.
AND IRELAND.
1196,**-1240,*
853
STATE.
1197 * * Scot. An insurrection raised
by Harold, Earl of Caithness, is sup-
pressed by King William. [Harold's son
Torphin, who renews the rebellion, is
seized, and put to death.]
1199 Apr. 6. Fr. Richard I. dies of
an arrow-wound inflicted by Bertrand
de Gourdon at the siege of the Castle of
Chalus.
1199-1216 John, surnamed Lackland,
brother of Richard, reigns. (1199. May
28. Crowned.)
* * Fr. Touraine, Maine, and Anjou ac-
knowledge Arthur, son of John's
elder brother, Geoffrey, as the rightful
heir to the throne. [1201. King Philip
supports the claimant.]
* * Ire. Meyler Fitzhenry. natural son
of Henry II., is viceroy.
* * King John begins the use of "We"
as the common language of kings.
1200* * Fr. John, having divorced
Avisa, takes as his second wife Isabella,
daughter of the Count of AngoulSme,
who had been betrothed to Hugh, Count
of La Marche.
1203 * * Fr. Prince Arthur is mur-
dered in the Castle of Rouen by, or at
the instigation of, his uncle, King John.
* * Fr. King Philip secures the trial of
<>hn by French peers on a charge of
'"elony and treason ; " he is unani-
mously condemned, and sentenced to
fof eituro of all his territories in France.
1204* * Fr. John, being unsuccessful
in awar with Philip, loses all his prov-
ince^ France, which are " reannexed
to th French crown after a separation
of 292rears " (pp. 670, 671).
1205 * ■ The barons refuse to aid John
to rec(7er Normandy, which is now
lost to he English crown.
* * Ire. iugh de Lacy is viceroy.
* * Dublin The foundation of the castle
is laid by lenry de Loundres. [1213. It
is finished)
1208 Mar 24. Pope Innocent III. lays
England uner an interdict because of
King John>efusal to accept Cardinal
Stephen Lanton as archbishop of Can-
terbury. [12.. Removed.]
1210 June 2v ire. King John lands
at Waterford uh a numerous army.
He marches t.Dublin, where 20 chiefs
pay him homag; he divides the Anglo-
Irish provinces uto shires or counties ;
he establishes si riffs and other officers
to govern the coi,try according to Eng-
lish law ; he remiel8 the coin, decree-
ing the same to, ass in England and
Ireland; he alsc introduces English
customs duties.
1212 * * The Pope ^solves the vassals
of John from their,aths of fealty, ex-
horts all Christian rinces to unite in
dethroning him, an commits the exe-
cution of the senten> to King Philip
of France.
May 13. John yields 0 the demands
of the Pope, including ,e admission of
Langton to the archbish,ric 0f Canter-
bury.
May 15. John gives a tarter to the
Papal legate, Pandulph.
It grants to Pope Inntent and his
.successors the kingdoms f England
and Ireland, to be held for the Bo-
man see by the king and his heirs for
an annual tribute of 1,000 marks ; he
also takes an oath of fealty to the Pope.
[1313. Oct. 3. Deed delivered.]
1213 Nov. 15. First writ summoning
representatives of counties to Parlia-
ment is issued, ordering that " four dis-
creet knights " from each county be
sent to Oxford to treat with the king
concerning the affairs of the kingdom.
1214 May 19. London. King John
grants a charter authorizing the annual
election of mayor and common council.
Nov. 20. The barons meet at St. Ed-
monsbury, Suffolkshire [and determine
to demand reforms from the king],
1214-49 Scot. Alexander II., son of
William the Lion, reigns. (1214. Dec. 6.
Crowned.)
1215 Jan. 6. London. The barons
meet, and demand from the king a re-
newal of the charter of Henry I., and a
confirmation of the laws of Edward the
Confessor.
May 22. London. The barons, with
" the army of God and Holy Church,"
led by Robert Fitzwalter, enter the
city ; the citizens make common cause
with them against the king.
June 15. King John signs Magna
Charta, the Great Charter, at Runny-
mede, near Windsor, after several days'
conference with the barons.
It ratifies Henry's charter, and pro-
vides that no freeman be arrested, or
imprisoned, or deprived of his property,
except by the lawful judgment of his
peers ; it regulates feudal dues and obli-
gations ; and it provides for the conven-
ing, and the selection of members, of a
great council, to control the granting of
supplies to the king, and regulates na-
tional taxation.
June 23. The barons disperse after ap-
pointing 25 of their number to secure
the execution of the provisions of the
Charter.
Aug. * Pope Innocent issues a bull an-
nulling Magna Charta.
Dec. * Pope Innocent excommunicates
the barons for their refusal to submit to
King John, and he lays London under
an interdict.
* * Ire. Geoffrey de Mariscis is viceroy.
[1229. Maurice Fitzgerald. 1232. Re-
appointed.]
1216 Apr. * Louis of France accepts
the crown of England from the barons,
who declare it forfeited by John (p. 671).
Oct. 19. King John dies.
1216-72 Henry III., 10 years of age,
son of John, reigns. (1216. Oct. 28.
Crowned.)
Nov. 11. William, Earl of Pembroke,
is chosen at a great council at Bristol
regent and guardian of the kingdom,
and Magna Charta is revised and con-
firmed.
1217 Sept. 11. A treaty i9 signed at
Kings ton-upon-Thames.
By it Louis of France, after an unsuc-
cessful conflict, withdraws his claim to
the English crown ; this is the first
written treaty made by England with
a foreign nation.
1219 * * The regent Pembroke dies ; the
administration is entrusted to Hubert
de Burgh, the justiciary, and Peter des
Roches, bishop of Winchester, who are
assisted by the papal legate, Pandulph.
1220 * * Doubts having been raised re-
specting the coronation at Gloucester,
Henry is again crowned, Archbishop
Langton officiating.
* * Pope Honorius decrees that no baron
shall hold more than two of the royal
castles.
1222 * * The Great Charter is renewed
and confirmed in the king's name at a
council at Oxford.
1225 Feb. 11. Henry III. subscribes
the Great Charter of English liberties
in the presence of 13 bishops, 20 abbots,
and 32 earls and barons. [It has since
remained as revised.]
1227 * * Henry declares himself of
age, and begins his personal govern-
ment. In 1222 he had been so declared
by the Pope.
1229 * * Henry grants a charter of cor-
poration to Liverpool.
1230 * * Fr. Henry receives homage in
Poitou and Gascony.
1232 * * Hubert de Burgh is charged
with " avarice and despotism," and de-
prived of his office of justiciary ; Peter
des Roches, bishop of Winchester, is
made chief minister [and foreigners be-
come favorites of the king, and are ap-
pointed to high offices of government].
1232-72 The barons' war.
It is caused by the faithlessness of
King Henry, and oppression by his fa-
vorites ; it is led by Simon de Montfort,
Earl of Leicester, and Gilbert de Clare,
Earl of Gloucester ; it ends in the defeat
of the barons.
1233 * * London. Henry III. grants a
charter to the city. [1142. Aldermen
are appointed. 1253. The watch is or-
ganized.]
1236 Jan. 14. King Henry marries
Eleanor, daughter of Raymond, Count
of Provence.
* * Peter des Roches is dismissed from
the office of chief minister, owing to the
barons' opposition to foreigners.
* * A great council is held at Merton,
Surrey, at which the " provisions of
Merton" are passed, including an ordi-
nance against the violation of common-
age.
1238 * * Simon de Montfort, Earl of
Leicester, marries Eleanor, King
Henry's sister.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1199-1220 London. Foreign mer-
chants are invited to settle in the city.
1200 * * The price of wine is raised to
sixpence per quart for red, and eight-
pence for white, " that the sellers may
be enabled to live by its sale."
1204 * * Ire. Vast numbers die of dis-
ease.
1208 * * Cider is first made in England,
and called wine.
1212 July 10. London Bridge is
burned; 3,000 lives are lost.
1216* *St. Nicholas Church at New-
castle is burned.
1220 * * The bones of Thomas a Becket
are enshrined in gold and jewels.
1232 * * The steelyard society is estab-
lished ; it is the oldest commercial com-
pany in England.
1238 * * The first elephant said to have
been seen in England is one of enormous
size, presented by the King of France to
Henry III.
1239 * * Henry III. gives a charter for
digging coal at Newcastle.
854 1240, * *-1290,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1242 May 19. Henry 111. embarks on
his second expedition for France, to re-
cover his estates, taking with him 30
hogsheads of silver. [July 20. Defeated
at Taillebourg. July 21. Battle of
Saintes.] (P. 670.)
1249 * * Scot. Alexander H. leads an
expedition against Argyle, to subdue the
Western isles.
1263 * * Scot. Hakon, King of Norway,
with 20,000 men in 160 ships, arrives.
[Oct. 2. They are defeated at Largs by
Alexander III.]
1264 May 14. Battle of Lewes,
Sussex.
King Henry III. and his son Edward
are defeated and imprisoned by the
barons under Simon de Montfort.
1265 Aug. 4. Battle of Evesham,
"Worcestershire.
Prince Edward [Edward I.] defeats the
barons ; Montfort, their leader, is killed,
and King Henry released from captivity,
and the barons' party is broken up.
1266 * * Simon, son of Montfort, sur-
renders to the forces of Henry III., after
sustaining a siege of six months in Kenil-
worth Castle.
* * The Scots subdue the Isle of Man.
1270 * * Prince Edward departs on the
Eighth Crusade.
1276 * * W. Edward I. begins the con-
quest of Wales.
1282 Mar. 21. W. Llewellyn and his
brother David, princes of Wales, sur-
prise and capture Hawarden Castle.
[They also destroy Flint and Rhuddlan
castles.]
1283 * * W. Llewellyn is defeated and
slain at Aber Edw. The Welsh are
finally subdued by Edward I.
1286 * * The first English admiral is
appointed, William de Leybourne.
1290 * * Edward I. occupies the Isle of
Man by the wish of the inhabitants.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1245 * * London. Peter of Savoy builds
Savoy palace. [He gives it to the fra-
ternity of Mountjoy ; Queen Eleanor,
his niece, purchases it for her son Ed-
mund.]
1250 * * Roger Bacon describes the
principle on which telescopes [are
afterwards] constructed. He invents the
magic lantern. [1290+ . Also the camera
obscura. 1280+ . Spectacles.]
1260 * * London. Beliefs of angels are
executed [in Westminster Abbey].
1267 * * The Opus Major, by Boger
Bacon, appears, teaching the sphericity
of the globe.
1268 * * Street plays, or pageants, are
iirst performed.
1270* *The Chester Mysteries are
performed.
1272-1377 The pointed or pure Gothic
architecture appears in building Exe-
ter Cathedral, Waltham Cross, and St.
Stephen's, Westminster.
1274 * * A widespread earthquake oc-
curs ; Glastonbury is destroyed.
1280* *The sea rises at Winchelsea;
more than 300 houses are inundated.
1290+ * * Tallow candles commonly
substitute the tallow-dipped splinters of
wood formerly used.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1249* * Baliol, John de, king, Scotland,
born. [1315. Dies.]
1253 * * Albans, St. John of, physician, the-
ologian, philosopher, dies.
Grosseteste, Robert, theologian, bishop of
Lincoln, dies.
1255* * Robert of Gloucester, historian,
born. (1307. Dies.]
1269 * * Baliol, Sir John de, founder Baliol
college, Oxford, dies.
1273+ * * Manning, Robert, monk, chron-
icler, born.
1274 July 11. Robert I., Robert Bruce,
king, Scotland, born. [1329. June 7. D.]
"Wallace, "William, hero, patriot, Scotland,
born. [1305. Aug. 23. Dies.]
1280+ * * Ocean, or Ockham, William of,
scholastic, born. [1347. Dies.]
1282 * * Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, killed.
1284 Apr. 25. Edward II., king, born.
[1327. Sept. 21. Dies.]
1287 * * Mortimer, Roger, Earl of March,
statesman, born. [1330. Dies.]
1290 * * Bradwardine, Thomas, archbishop
of Canterbury, writer, born. [1349. Dies.]
Margaret, " Maid of Norway," Scotland, d.
CHURCH.
1250* * Ire. The Irish forbid the
English clergy taking orders.
+ * * Beligious plays are encouraged by
the church ; miracle plays are given.
1254* *Ire. The see of Kilfenora is
erected.
1260* * London. Massacre of the
Jews.
A Jew having forced a Christian to
pay him more than two shillings per week
as interest upon a loan of 20 shillings,
700 Jews are slain.
1261 * * The right of presenting to every
benefice in the world is claimed by
Pope Urban IV.
13th Century. The Pope makes an inter-
vention in regard to electing bishops.
King John originates the Cong 6
d'Elire of the king to choose a bishop.
1264 * * The festival of Corpus Christi
is instituted.
1269 * * A statute is passed that no Jew
should enjoy a freehold.
* * * The Scotists appear.
They adopt the doctrines of John Dun
Scotus on divine grace, freewill, the ori-
gin of the moral law, the conception of
the Virgin Mary. They are strongly op-
posed by the Thomists, who follow the
teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas.
1274* * Fr. The 14th General Coun-
cil of the Church is held at Lyons.
1276 * * London. The corporation gives
the Dominican friars two streets near
the Thames, where they erect a large
convent [Blackfriars].
May 24. Capitation tax of three pennies
is laid on all Jews above the age of 12
years, and all above seven years are to
wear a yellow badge.
1279 * * The Statute of Mortmain pro-
hibits further alienation of land to re-
ligious bodies, so that it shall not render
its due service to the king.
1280+ * * Norwich Cathedral is com-
pleted by Bishop Middleton.
1285 * * The alien priories are seized
by the king on the breaking out of war
with France. [Restored on the return
of peace.]
1287* *In one day 15,660 Jews are
apprehended, and are all banished from
England. [1290. All Jews are ordered
to leave under penalty of death ; 16,511
prefer exile to apostasy.]
1290* * London. Edward I. expels
16,511 Jews.
LETTERS.
1250 * * The poem Genesis and Exodus
is written in English by an unknown
author.
± * * Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lin-
coln, writes Ch&teau d' Armour, a reli-
gious allegory, sermons, treatises on
physical and mental philosophy, com-
mentaries on Aristotle, and Latin and
French verse.
1257* *Peterhouse CoUege, Cam-
bridge, is founded by Hugo de Balsham,
bishop of Ely.
* * Bonaventura, the general of the Fran-
ciscan order, interdicts Boger Bacon's
lectures at Oxford, and sends him to-
France.
13th Century. The Lay of Bavelok the
Dane, King Horn, and Romance of Al-
exander, French poems by unknown
authors, are translated into English.
13th Century. The Dominicans establish
themselves as teachers at Cambridge.
1261 * * The records of Cambridge Uni-
versity are wantonly burned by the
townsmen. /
1263* * Baliol College, Oxford, is /
founded by John Baliol and Deborah /
his wife.
1264+ * * Merton CoUege, Oxford, is
founded by Walter de Merton, bishop
of Rochester.
1268+ * * Boger Bacon returns to O^
ford ; he completes his philosophic^
work, Opus Major (Greater Work) ; ie
also writes Opus Minus (Lesser Wwt)»
and Opus Tertium (Third Work).
1272-1307 The Alexander Iiomance>-n&
the Tristan Story become popular frnd-
many versions of them are writtei in
English ; romances begin to be w>tten
in Northumbria.
1276 * * The discipline of Camlridge
is reformed ; every student has a^aster
within 15 days of his entrance.
SOCIETY.
1241 * * Maurice, the son of a jibleman,
is hanged, drawn, and quavered for
piracy, the first execution of ts kind in
England.
1244* * Robert Fitz-Waltermakes his
curious tenure of the Mapr of Dun-
mow, Essex.
Whatever married couple Mil go to the
priory, and, kneeling on tw sharp-pointed
stones, will swear that thejnave not quar-
reled nor repented of theirharnage within
a year and a day after its slebration, shall
receive a flitch of bacon.
1247* *The depredates of Bob in
Hood come to an end 7 his death. (?)
1256 * * The piUory I recognized by
statute.
It is a scaffold for p^ons to stand on to
render them publicly ifamous, and is de-
signed for persons conned of forgery, per-
jury, libeling, etc. snetimes the head is
put through a hole, £ hands through two
others, the nose slit/>e face branded with
one or more letters, w one or botn ears are
cut off. Persons di/« the pillory by being
struck with stones^ the mob, and pelted
with rotten eggs arPutad offal.
1260 * * London JSeyeri hundred Jews
are slain becau* a «*ew forces a Chris-
tian to pay hin^iore than 2s. per week
as interest on /°an of 20s.
* * London. Rjtous Goldsmiths' and
Tailors' coin* nies fight in the streets ;
several kille</the sheriffs restore order,
and hang 13 /them-
1264 * * Thfitle Baron De Ros is cre-
ated. /
AND IRELAND.
1240,**-1290, **. 855
[1283, Baron Mowbray, Segrave (1295), and
Stourton (1448). 1295, Baron Hastings; 1299,
Baron De Clifford; 1308, Baron Zouche of
Haryngwark; 1309, Baron Beaumont.]
1267 * * Adulteration of food is pro-
hibited.
1269 * * Jews are prohibited by statute
from owning a freehold.
1271* * Rioters at Norwich burn the
cathedral and monastery ; the king
comes to see the ringleaders executed.
1273 * * Sea-coal is prohibited from
being used in and near London as being
" prejudicial to human health ; " even
smiths are obliged to burn wood.
* * London. St. Katherine's Hospital is
ref ounded by Eleanor, Queen of Henry
III.
1274 * * Ire. The title Baron Dunboyn
is created.
* * Every Jew lending money on interest
is compelled to wear a plate on his breast
to show he is a usurer, or quit the realm.
1278* *267 Jews, accused of clipping
coin, are hanged and quartered.
1282 * * A child at Northampton is cru-
cified by Jews, for which 50 are drawn
at horses' tails and hanged.
1286 * * Silk mantles are worn by noble
ladies at a ball at Kenilworth Castle.
1289 * * Judges are punished for bri-
bery; Thomas de Weyland is banished
for this crime.
STATE.
1240-46 W. David ap Llewellyn reigns.
[1246. Llewellyn ap Griffith ; he is the
last Welsh prince. 1282. He is killed
in battle.]
1249-85 Scot. Alexander III., eight
years of age, son of Alexander II., reigns.
(1249. July 8. Crowned. 1251. He is
married to Margaret, daughter of
Henry III. of England.)
1253* * Simon, Earl of Leicester,
Henry's lieutenant in Gascony, returns
to England.
1254 * * Pope Innocent offers the king-
dom of Sicily, a fief of the Holy See, to
Henry for his son Edmund ; Henry
accepts.
1256* * Richard, Earl of Cornwall,
brother of Henry III., goes to Germany,
where he disburses vast sums under the
promise of being elected next emperor.
[He is elected " King of the Romans "
instead.]
1257 * * The king demands a money
aid from the laity to support his war
alliance with the Pope against Germany ;
the laity refuse, and an aid of a tenth
of their rents is demanded from the
clergy.
* * The English gold coin first appears.
1258 June 11. A great council,
known as the " Mad Parliament," as-
sembles at Oxford under the direction
of Simon de Montfort.
It meets to " correct abuses and enact
salutary laws ; " it appoints a " commit-
tee of reform " of 24 members, who swear
to allow no consideration, " neither of
gift nor promise, profit nor loss, love nor
hatred, nor fear," to influence them in
discharge of their duty.
July * The " committee of reform " adopt
the •* provisions of Oxford."
These ordain that three sessions of
Parliament be held annually, that sher-
iffs for the counties be annually elected
by the freeholders, and that four knights
elected by the freeholders of counties
present to Parliament statements of
grievances.
1259 * * Further payments to Home,
secular or ecclesiastical, are prohibited.
1260 * * Henry forbids the summoning
of a parliament.
1261 June * Henry produces a bull
from the Pope annulling the provis-
ions of Oxford, and freeing him from
his oath.
* * London. Free-trade privileges are
granted by Henry to the Hanse mer-
chants.
1263 * * Simon de Montfort lands in
England, and leads the barons.
* * Henry's refusal to observe the pro-
visions of Oxford leads to civil war.
* * Scot. Alexander HI. obtains the
sovereignty of the Western Isles. (See
Army.)
1264-65 The barons hold the gov-
ernment.
1264 Jan. * King Louis of France arbi-
trates in the " mise of Amiens" be-
tween King Henry and the barons ; he
annuls the provisions of Oxford.
May 15. In the treaty, or "mise," of
Lewes, it is agreed between Henry's
son, Prince Edward, and Montfort, that
the provisions of Oxford be again sub-
mitted to arbitration.
* * Ire. Walter de Burgh is made Earl
of Ulster. (Or 1265.)
Dec* Simon de Montfort issues
writs to the sheriffs of counties, com-
manding the election of two knights for
each county, two citizens for each city,
and two burgesses for each borough, to
serve in Parliament.
1265 Jan. 28. London. The knights,
citizens, and burgesses, elected in obe-
dience to de Montfort's writs, meet ; they
form the first " English House of
Commons."
Sept. * Parliament confirms the vio-
lence of the restoration, annuls the
charter of London, and decrees the ban-
ishment of the house of de Montfort.
1266 * * The Dictum de Kenilworth is
issued.
It enacts a payment from all who had
borne arms against the king of the value
of their lands for periods from six
months to seven years.
1267 * * A parliament held by King
Henry at Marlborough, Wiltshire, passes
the ** Statutes of Malbridge."
1272 Nov. 16. Henry III. dies.
1272-1307 Edward I., surnamed Long-
shanks, eldest son of Henry III., reigns.
[He is called the English Justinian, be-
cause of the improvements made during
his reign in the laws and the adminis-
tration of justice.]
* * The name parliament first appears in
a statute.
* * Edward makes a treaty of commerce
with the Flemings ; it is the first Eng-
lish commercial treaty with a foreign
nation.
1274 Aug. 3. Edward arrives in Eng-
land from the Crusade.
Aug. 19. London. Edward and his
queen, Eleanor of Castile, are crowned
at Westminster.
1275 ** Parliament imposes export
duty on wool of six shillings and eight-
pence on each sack.
1276 * * Parliament passes the statute
of bigamy.
1277* * W. Edward forces the Welsh to
cede the coast district as far as Conway,
and to do homage for the rest as far as
Snowdon.
1278 * * A royal writ is issued, ordering
that all freeholders holding land to the
value of £20 receive knighthood at the
king's hand.
* *The "quo warranto" statute is
passed, authorizing the issue of a writ
calling upon any person to show by what
warrant he holds any public office or
privilege.
1279 * * The Statute of Mortmain is
passed. (See Church.)
1281 * * W. The sons of Grufydd being
treacherously drowned in the river Dee
by the Earl Warrenne and Roger Morti-
mer, a great insurrection breaks out.
1283 * * Wales is united to England.
(See Army.)
* *The "Statute of Merchants," for
the registration of debts, and recovery
by distraint of debtor's goods, is passed.
1284 Apr. 25. W. Edward's son [Ed-
ward H.] is born at Carnarvon.
Oct. * The [celebrated] " Statute of
Winchester" is passed.
It revives the custom of requiring sure-
ties from lodgers and strangers, it estab-
lishes " watch and ward " from sunset
to sunrise in all cities, and regulates the
hue and cry. The king issues a commis-
sion to knights in every shire, authoriz-
ing them to enforce the provisions of
the statute : [these conservators of the
peace are later styled justices of the
peace.]
* * W. The "Statute of Wales" is
promulgated at Rhuddlan ; it proposes
the introduction of English jurispru-
dence into Wales.
1285 Mar. 16. Scot. Alexander III.
is killed by a fall from his horse near
Kinghorn, Fife.
* * The second " Statute of Westmin-
ster" is passed.
It defines the jurisdiction of the courts
of King's Bench, Exchequer, and Com-
mon Pleas, and enacts that two judges
hold assizes in each county three times
a year.
* * London. The water- works are com-
pleted after nearly 50 years of labor.
Cheapside conduit is erected. Water is
brought from Tyburn to West Cheap-
side.
1285-90 Margaret, granddaughter of
Alexander III., the " Maid of Norway,"
reigns.
1289 * * Edward returns to England
from France, after an absence of three
years, and punishes judges found guilty
of corruption ; Weyland is banished,
Hengham is heavily fined, and Stratton
is fined and imprisoned.
* * Edward I. issues a mandate for the
destruction of wolves in several coun-
ties of England.
1290* *The third Statute of West-
minster, known as " quia emptores," isV
passed ; it provides that sub-tenants of/
alienated lands shall hold directly or
the superior lord instead of from the
tenant.
* * Edward expels Jews. (See Church.)
Sept. * Scot. Margaret, the infant
queen, dies on her journey to Scotland
from Norway. [A contest for the
crown arises between John de Baliol
and Robert Bruce, both descendants of
King David I.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1248 * * The Merchants' of St. Thomas
a Becket's Company is organized.
1267 * * Toll bars first appear, on the
grant of a penny for every wagon passing
through a certain manor.
1269 Oct. 13. The bones of Edward
the Confessor are enshrined in gold.
1286 * * Wheat is one shilling per quar-
ter.
856 1291, **-1332, Sept. 24. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1294 * * War occurs with France, fol-
lowed by war with Scotland as its
ally.
1296* * Berwick is captured by the
English, and its inhabitants are mas-
sacred.
* * Scot. Dunbar is taken by the Eng-
lish.
* * Edinburgh. The city is taken by the
English. [1385. Burned by the English.
1401. Again.]
1297 Sept. 12. Scot. Battle of Stir-
ling, near Cambuskenneth. William
Wallace defeats and expels the English.
1298 July 22. Scot. Battle of Fal-
kirk.
The English under Edward I. defeat
the Scotch under Wallace. Scotch loss,
15,000 killed.
1303 Feb. 24. Scot. Battle of Ros-
lin, near Edinburgh. John Comyn de-
feats the English under Segrave and
Neville.
* * Fr. Edward recovers Gascony.
1304 * * Scot. Stirling is taken by Ed-
ward, after a siege of three months.
1307 May 10. Scot. Robert Bruce
defeats the English under the Earl of
Pembroke, at Loudon Hill, Ayrshire.
1308* *The insurrection of the
barons breaks out against Robert, the
king's favorite.
1311 * * Scot. Bruce captures Linlith-
gow. [1312. Perth.]
1312 * * The lords spiritual and temporal
rebel against Edward II. on account
of his favorites, the Gavestons ; [later
on account of the Spencers].
1313 * * The Isle of Man is recovered
by the Scots.
* * Scot. Robert Bruce takes Edin-
burgh and Inverness.
1314 June 23. Scot. The Scots be-
siege Stirling Castle, but are repulsed
by the Earl of Moray. Edward invades
Scotland with 100,000 men.
June 24. Scot. At Bannockburn near
Stirling Edward's great army is defeated
by Bruce with 30,000 men. [Stirling Cas-
tle and the rest of the fortresses in the
hands of the English, except Berwick,
surrender to Bruce.]
1315** Ire. Edward Bruce, the
brother of Robert, invades Ireland.
1318 Oct. 5. Ire. Edward Bruce is
defeated and killed at Tagher, near
Dundalk, by the English under Sir John
de Bermingham.
* * Scot. Robert Bruce takes Berwick.
1321 * * The lords rebel on account of
the Spencers.
1322 Mar. 16. Edward II. defeats the
barons at Boroughbridge, Yorkshire.
1326* * Isabella, queen of Edward II.,
successfully invades England, with
the help of the hostile barons.
1327 June 1. Sir James Douglas and
Randolph, Earl of Moray, invade Eng-
land with a Scotch army of 24,000 men.
[June 7 -Aug. 15. They ravage Cum-
berland and vicinity. Edward III. with
40,000 men leads an unsuccessful expedi-
tion against them. He is forced to make
a treaty with them.] (See State.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1300 * * London. The two bronze effi-
gies on the tomb of Henry III. and
Queen Eleanor [in Westminster Abbey]
are executed by William Torell.
1318 Nov. 14. The greatest earth-
quake ever recorded in England occurs.
1320 * * Gunpowder is known to Roger
Bacon.
1326 * * Linna, an Oxford monk and
astronomer, constructs a map of the
Northern Seas.
1331 * * Edward III. settles 70 families of
cloth-workers from the Netherlands.
* * Woolen manufacture is established
at York by two weavers from Brabant.
[1390. Begun at Kendal.]
* * Total darkness occurs from the eclipse
of the sun.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
sup-
and a translation into English of Peter
Langtoft's Chronicle.
± * * Duns Scotus writes several theolo-
gical and scholastic treatises.
1310-12 London. Lincoln's Inn be-
comes an inn of court.
1312* * Hertford College, Oxford, is
founded. [1314. Exeter CoUege, by
Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter. 1326.
Oriel CoUege, by King Edward II. 1333.
St. Mary's HaU. 1340. Queen's Col-
lege, by Robert de Eglesfield, clerk, con-
fessor of Queen Philippa.]
1320+ Many stories are written about Sir
Tristem, Sire Otuel, Guy of Warwick,
and Bevis of Hampton.
1320-30 Cursor Mundi, a chronicle of
events from the creation, is written in
rhyme.
1322 * * The records of Cambridge Uni-
versity are again wantonly burned by
the townsmen.
1326* *Michaelhouse CoUege is
founded at Cambridge; also "King's
Scholars;" later, King's Hall, by Ed-
ward II.
1291* * Scott, Michael, philosopher,
posed magician, Scotland, dies.
1300* * Mandeville, Sir John de, physician,
traveler, writer, born. [1372. Dies.]
1308 * * Duns Scotus, John, scholastic the-
ologian, A40±.
13 lO * * Langham, Simon de, cardinal, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, born.
1312 Nov. 13. Edward III., king, born.
1316± * * Robert II., King of Scotland, first
of the Stuarts, born.
1318 * * Bruce, Edward, brother of Robert, d.
1320 * * Barbour, John, poet, hist., Scot., b.
1324± * * Wyclif, John, reformer, born.
[1384. Dies. A60+.J
Wykeham, William of, bishop, statesman,
born. [1404. Dies. A80.]
1325 * * Gower, John, poet, lawyer, born.
1328± * * Chaucer, Geoffrey, poet, courtier,
diplo., schol., b. (1340?) [1400±. D. A72.]
1330* * Edward (Black Prince), son of ± * * Silver knives, spoons, and cups are
Edward III., born. [1376. Dies. A46.] classed as great luxuries.
±* * Wax candles are esteemed a luxury,
being but little used. Common people
light their houses with splinters of
fatted wood.
SOCIETY.
1295 * * The use of privateers is adopted
by Edward I. against the Portuguese.
1296 * * Crosses in honor of Queen
Eleanor are set up in the places where
her hearse rested.
1300 * * The dance called the hornpipe
is introduced.
* * Wine is sold by apothecaries as a cor-
dial [and so continued for some time
after].
CHURCH.
1292 * * St. Mary's Church, Bristol, is
built.
1294 * * The king demands of the clergy
one-half of their annual income. [1297.
Refusing it, they are placed under a ban.]
1300-1400 The great cloisters, abbots'
houses, and the principal monastic
buildings are erected.
1303 * * It. Benedict XI. is elected pope.
[1305, Clement V.; 1316, John XXII.; 1334
Benedict XII.; 1342, Clement VI.; 1352, In-
nocent VI.; 1362, Urban V.; 1370, Gregory
XI.; 1378, Urban VI.; 1389, Boniface IX.]
1309-76 Fr. The residence of the
popes is established at Avignon.
1313 * * Walter Reynolds is chosen arch-
bishop of Canterbury.
[1327, Simon de Moepham; 1333, John
Stratford; 1348, John deUfford; 1349, Thomas
Bradwardine, later Simon Islip; 1366, Simon
Langham; 1375, Simon Sudbury; 1381, Wil-
liam Courtenay; 1396, Thomas ArundeL]
LETTERS.
1292 * * John of Oxnead, a monk of the
Abbey of St. Benet Holme, writes in
Latin the Chronicle (449-1292).
13th Century. Nicholas Trivet writes the
Annals of the Six Kings of the House of
Anjou.
Peter Langtof t writes in French verse
a Chronicle of England to the death of
Henry III.
The Land of Cockaygne, a satire on the
clergy, is written by an unknown author.
1297± * * Robert of Gloucester writes
his Chronicle of England in rhyme, the
first literary work 'of the kind known
in England ; he also writes Lives and
Legends of the English Saints.
1300-38 Robert Manning of Brunne 1295 * * Writs are issued by King Ed-
writes Handlynge Synne, a book of verse, ward ordering the attendance in Parlia-
1306 Feb. 10. Scot. John Comyn is
murdered by Robert Bruce.
* * The rich petition against the use of
coal, as being "prejudicial to human
health."
* * * The Normans become absorbed
into the substance of the nation.
1312 June 19. Piers Gaveston, the
favorite of Edward II., is executed be-
cause of his pride and cruelty.
1319 Oct. 10. London. Edward II.
holds a tournament in Smithfleld.
1323 * * The title Baron Grey de Ruthyn
is created. [1332. Baron Clinton.]
1324 * * A law is passed ordering that
" The king shall have the custody of the
lands of natural fools."
1327 Sept. 21. Edward II. is crueUy
murdered in Berkeley Castle by the
contrivance of his queen, Isabella, and
her paramour, Mortimer, Earl of March.
1328* *The Preston Guild Mer-
chants' Festival, " instituted by the
Saxons," is celebrated.
1329 Sept. 25. London. Solemn tour-
naments are held by Edward III.
STATE.
1292 * * Barristers are first appointed
by an ordinance of King Edward in Par-
liament. (?)
Nov. 17. Scot. The claims of Baliol and
Bruce having been referjed to the judg-
ment of King Edward of England, he
decides in favor of Baliol, who becomes
King of Scotland ; [Baliol swears fealty
to Edward in the Castle of Norham,
Northumberland. ]
1292-96 Scot. John de Baliol reigns.
AND IRELAND. 1291, ** -1332, Sept. 24. 857
ment of two knights from every shire,
and two burgesses from every city, bor-
ough, and leading town. [Parliament
assumes substantially its present form.]
1296 July 2. Scot. John de Baliol
surrenders his crown and kingdom to
King Edward I. at Perth. [He and his
son Edward are sent as prisoners to the
Tower of London, where they are held
for three years.]
* * Scot. King Edward carries from
Scone, Perthshire, and places in West-
minster Abbey, London, the famous
stone on which the Scottish kings had
been crowned for centuries. [This stone
is still in Westminster Abbey, and is
used at the coronation of English mon-
archs.]
1297 * * Edward issues a proclamation
of outlawry against the clergy for re-
fusing his demand for money.
* * The barons refuse to follow the
king to Flanders to aid him in his war
with the King of France.
* * Edward is compelled by the barons
and prelates to sign a confirmation of
the charter of liberty and the forest
charter.
He signs articles binding him and his
heirs not to levy taxes without the con-
sent of the " prelates, earls, barons,
knights, and burgesses and other free-
men" of the realm.
1298* * Scot. The Scots appeal to Pope
Boniface VIII. for protection against
Edward's attempt to assert sovereign
authority over Scotland.
1299 June * Pope Boniface VIII., in a
letter to King Edward, claims suze-
rainty over Scotland, and demands that
the controversy between the Scots and
Edward be referred to him. [1301. Jan.*
A parliament summoned by Edward at
Lincoln rejects the claim, and refuses
the Pope's demand.]
Sept. 12. Edward marries for his second
wife Margaret, sister of the King of
France.
* * London. The Common Council fixes
the price of provisions as follows : two
pullets, three halfpence ; a partridge,
or two woodcocks, three half-pence ; a
fat lamb, sixpence from Christmas to
Shrovetide ; the rest of the year four-
pence.
1301 * * Manchester receives a warrant
or charter of municipal liberties and
privileges from Thomas Gresley, lord of
the manor.
* * Edward again renounces the claim of
taxing the people without the consent
of Parliament.
1305 Aug. 23. London. "William
"Wallace, betrayed into the hands of
King Edward, is executed as a rebel at
Smithfield.
1306 * * The Statute of Praemunire is
passed.
Its object is to prevent the disposal by
the Pope of ecclesiastical benefices in
England before they become vacant.
Feb. 10, Scot. John Comyn, nephew
of John Baliol, is killed at Dumfries by
Kobert Bruce, grandson of Robert, the
competitor for the crown in 1292.
1306-29 Scot. Robert Bruce reigns.
May 27. Robert Bruce is crowned
King of Scotland at Scone, Perth. [Be-
ing defeated at Methven and at Strath-
fillen, he flees for refuge to Rathlin
Island, off thexiorth coast of Ireland.]
1307 July 7. Edward I. dies at Burgh-
on-the-Sands, near Carlisle.
1307-27 Edward II. ,son of Edward I. ,
reigns. [1308, Feb. 25. Crowned.]
He is a weak ruler ; Piers Gaveston,
a foreigner and one of his favorites, is
his chief minister.
1308 Jan. 25. Fr. Edward marries
Isabella, daughter of the King of
France.
Feb. 28. The barons demand the ban-
ishment of Piers Gaveston, whom Ed-
ward had made Earl of Cornwall, and
who is chief dispenser of royal favors.
[Gaveston leaves England, but Edward
appoints him viceroy of Ireland.]
* * Dublin. John de Decer is appointed
[the first] provost, and Richard de St.
Olave and John Stakebold [the first]
bailiffs.
1309 Mar. 17. At a Parliament at
Westminster, Edward is compelled to
consent to the appointment of a com-
mittee of peers, under the name of or-
dainers, to regulate the king's house-
hold, and redress the grievances of the
nation. [A committee of 21 prelates,
earls, and barons is appointed.]
1311 * * The ordainers present ordi-
nances to the king providing for the re-
form of abuses.
They specify the banishment of Gav-
eston and other favorites, and require
that the great officers of government
be chosen with the advice and assent of
the baronage in Parliament, that the
king shall not levy war without the con-
sent of the baronage, and that parlia-
ments shall be held at least once a year.
The king reluctantly consents to sign
and publish the ordinances.
1312 * * The barons, under the leader-
ship of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster,
grandson of Henry III., rebel because
of the king's recalling Gaveston, who
had been banished in accordance with
the ordinances.
June 19. Gaveston, who had been
made prisoner at the Castle of Scarbor-
ough, is beheaded at Blacklow Hill,
near Warwick.
* * Ire. Edmund leBotiller is appointed
viceroy. [1320. Thomas Fitzgerald is
appointed governor. 1321. John de
Bermingham.]
1316* * Ire. Edward Bruce, brother
of Robert, is crowned king.
1321 * * The earls and barons rebel on
account of the favorites, the two Spen-
cers.
In Parliament they pronounce a decree
of exile against father and son on the
charge of usurping the royal authority,
causing estrangement between the king
and the lords, and recommending un-
constitutional measures.
* * The king recalls the two Spencers.
1322 Mar. 23. Thomas, Earl of Lan-
caster, one of the leaders of the revolt-
ing barons, after being defeated by the
king's forces, is beheaded at Ponte-
fract, Yorkshire.
1323 May * Edward makes a truce for
13 years with King Robert Bruce of
Scotland.
1325 * * Queen Isabella goes to France
to treat with her brother, the French
King Charles IV., concerning the hit-
ter's claim of homage from Edward for
the province of Guienne.
* * Fr. A conspiracy is formed against
Edward by the Lancastrian faction, en-
couraged by Queen Isabella and her fa-
vorite, Roger, Lord Mortimer.
1326 Sept. 24. Queen Isabella and the
barons hostile to Edward land in Eng-
land with a force of 3,000 men. [They
declare that their purpose is to free the
king and the nation from the tyranny of
the Spencers.]
Nov. 19. Edward, after an unsuccess-
ful attempt to escape, surrenders him-
self to the Earl of Leicester, who sends
him a prisoner to the Castle of Kenil-
worth.
* * Scot. A great council or parliament
is held at Cambuskenneth, Stirling; it
is the first Scotch parliament at which
representatives of cities and burghs are
called to attend. (?)
1327 Jan. 8. Edward II. is deposed
by a parliament sitting at Westminster,
and his eldest son Edward is declared
king. [Feb. 1. Crowned.]
1327-77 Edward III. reigns.
* * Ire. The Earl of Kildare is ap-
{>ointed governor. [1328. Roger Out-
aw, prior of Kilmainham. 1332. Sir
John D'Arcy. 1337. Sir John Charlton.
1340. Richard Outlaw again.]
1328 Mar. 1. A parliament meets at
York at which Scotland is recognized
as an independent kingdom, and Rob-
ert Bruce acknowledged as king. [Mar.
17. Edinburgh. Peace is concluded
with England. May 4. The peace is
ratified by England. J
1329 June 7. Robert Bruce dies. His
son, David H., six years of age, be-
comes king ; Thomas Randolph, Earl of
Moray, becomes regent.
1329-71 Scot. David II. reigns.
* * Scot. The town of Leith is granted
to Edinburgh.
1330 Oct. 30. Edward assumes per-
sonal direction of the Government,
which hitherto since his coronation had
been controlled by Queen Isabella and
Mortimer.
Nov. 26. Mortimer is tried by Parlia-
ment, and condemned as a " traitor and
enemy of the king and kingdom." [Nov.
29. He is hanged at Tyburn, and is the
first publicly put to death at this place
of execution.]
Dec. 22. Queen Isabella is sent as a
prisoner to her own house at Castle
Risings [where she passes the remaining
27 years of her life].
1332 * * Scot. Randolph dying, the Earl
of Mar, Robert Bruce's nephew, is
made regent.
Sept. 24. Scot. Edward Baliol, son of
John Baliol, after having, by the aid of
English barons, defeated the regent Mar
at Dupplin Moor, is crowned king at
Scone.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1315* * A famine occurs ; itissodread-
ful that the people devour the flesh of
horses, dogs, cats, and vermin.
* * The Leeds bridge is built.
1326 * * London. The Merchant Tail-
ors' Company is formed. [1327, Skin-
ners' ; 1327, Goldsmiths' ; 1345, Gro-
cers' ; 1363, Vintners' ; 1368, Linen
"Weavers'.]
* * Livery companies are incorporated.
858 1332,**-1377,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1332 * * Scot. English invaders under
Edward 111. come to the aid of Edward
Baliol.
Aug. 11. Scot. Baliol and the English
defeat the Regent, Earl of Mar, at Dup-
plin Moor, Perthshire.
Dec. 16. Scot. Sir Archibald Douglas
and other barons defeat Baliol at An-
nan ; Baliol becomes a fugitive.
1333 July 19. The English under Ed-
ward III. defeat the Scots under the
regent Archibald Douglas at Halidon
Trill near Berwick, killing 14,000 men,
including Douglas and others of the
nobility.
* * Edinburgh surrenders to Edward III.
[1344. Burned. 1356. He ravages the
country.]
1336 * * Scot. Aberdeen is burned by
the English.
1339 Aug. * Scot. Perth is besieged
and taken by the Regent Robert.
1340 June 24. The English and Flem-
ish allies under Edward III. defeat the
French in a naval battle off the coast of
Holland.
1343 * * Montacute [afterwards Earl of
Salisbury] takes the Isle of Man.
1346 Aug. 26. Fr. Battle of Crecy.
The French defeated (p. 674).
Oct. 17. Battle of Neville's Cross,
near Durham.
The English, under Queen Philippa,
defeat and capture David of Scotland.
1347 Aug. 4. Fr. Edward III. takes
Calais (p. 674).
1350 Aug. 29. Edward III. defeats
40 Spanish ships in the Straits of Dover,
capturing 26.
1354 * * Robert Stuart, the regent, cap-
tures Berwick.
1356 Sept. 19. Fr. The French de-
feated at Poitiers (p. 674).
* * Scot. Edward HI. again invades
Scotland, but want of supplies forces
him to retire.
1359 * * Fr. Edward m. lands an in-
vading army, and ravages and wastes
the country.
1360 May 8. The Peace of Bretigny
ends the war with France (p. 675).
1362* * Sp. The Black Prince aids
Don Pedro (Peter the Cruel) to recover
his throne in Castile [Spain].
1364 * * War again breaks out with
France.
1367 Apr. 3. Sp. Battle of Najera :
the Black Prince defeats Henry of Tras-
tamare. [1370. He captures Limoges.]
1369 July 20. Scot. A truce is made
with England for 14 years.
1376 * * A border war with the Scots
breaks out.
* ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1337 June * A remarkable comet is
visible.
1340-1483 London. The western parts
of the nave and aisles of Westminster
Abbey are rebuilt.
1340 * * Fr. Gunpowder is first used
at the battle of Crecy.
* *The first wool is spun in Worsted,
Norfolk [whence its name].
* * Blankets are first made in England. (?)
1347 * * Manufactures develop rapidly.
1356 * * Edward III. takes down all the
walls of Windsor Castle, except three
towers, and reerects it under the direc-
tion of William Wykeham, architect.
1360 Apr. 14. " Black Monday " oc-
curs.
It is " so full dark of mist and hail,
and so bitter cold that many men died
on their horses' backs with the cold."
(Stow.)
1368 * * London. A striking clock is
set up in Westminster.
1377-1509 Florid pointed Gothic ar-
chitecture appears in Westminster
Hall, King's College, Cambridge, St.
George, Windsor, and Henry VII.'s
chapel at Westminster.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1332+ * * Langland, William, clergyman,
moralist, born. [1400+. Dies. A68.)
1340 * * Gaunt. John of, Duke of Lancas-
ter, founder of House of Lancaster, born.
[1399. Dies. A59.]
Manning, Hobert, monk, chronicler, A67.
1349 * * Kolle, Richard, hermit, writer, dies.
1358 * * Whittington, Sir Richard, lord
mayor of London, born.
1359± * *Glendower, Owen, chieftain,
Wales, born, [1416+. Dies.]
1360 * * Oldcastle, Sir John, Lord Cobham,
reformer, martyr, born. [1417. Dies.J
1362 * * Chichele, Henry, archbishop of Can-
terbury, born. [1443. Dies.J
1363 * * Higden, Ralph, monk, writer, dies.
1366* * Richard II., k.,b. [1400. D. A34.J
1370* * Beaufort, Henry, cardinal, bishop
of Winchester, born. [1447. Dies. A77.J
Occleve, Thomas, poet, b. [1429. D. A60.J
1374+ * * Lydgate, John, poet, born.
1376 * * Langham, Simon de, cardinal, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, A66.
1377 June 21. Edward III., king, A65.
CHURCH.
1347 * * London. St. Stephen's Chap-
el, Westminster, is rebuilt by the king.
He makes it a collegiate church, to
which are appointed a dean and 12 secu-
lar priests.
* * * A period of religious credulity
and superstition, with ecclesiastical
dominance, is fostered by a blind obe-
dience.
1351 * * The Statute of Provisors for-
bids any one receiving a papal provision
or appointment.
1353 * * A statute is enacted to restrain
the Pope in promoting his favorites.
He bestows most of the bishoprics, and the
charge of abbeys is given to the favorites
of the papal power before vacancies occur,
under color of providing successors with bet-
ter qualifications.
14th, 15th Centuries. The LoUards arise.
They are political, socialistic, and religious
agitators. They oppose the worship of im-
ages and relics, pilgrimages to tombs, tem-
poral lordship of the clergy, the hierarchy,
the papal authority, the celebration of the
mass, transubstantiation, religious decora-
tions, war, and capital punishment.
1359 * * St. Nicholas Church, Newcas-
tle, is rebuilt.
1361 * * John Ball (" the mad priest ")
attracts attention as a preacher ; he pro-
motes the Wat the Tyler insurrection.
1363 * * Ire. The see of Waterf ord is
united with that of Lismore.
* * Parliament refuses the Holy See's
demands on England.
1366* * Ire. The English Parliament
prohibits Irish ecclesiastical investi-
ture by the Irish.
1370±* * Popular hatred of the papacy
prevails, owing to the greed and scandal
of many of its leaders.
1375 * * Rivalry exists between the.
monastic orders and secular priests.
* * Clergymen performing divine ser-
vice are privileged from arrest for debt.
1376 * * The residence of the popes is
changed from Avignon to Rome again,
after an absence of 65 years.
1377 Feb. * London. John Wyclif , a
popular preacher, is summoned before-
the bishop of London as an enemy to
Rome.
He had attacked the inordinate wealth
and power of the hierarchy.
LETTERS.
1340± * * Richard Rolle writes the poem,
Pricke of Conscience.
± * * London. The Inner and Middle
Temple are made inns of law.
+ * * Dan Michel of . Northgate writes
Ayenbite of Inwyt.
1341 * * Chancellor Richard de Bury
purchases 30 or 40 books from the abbot
of St. Albans for 50 pounds' weight
of silver.
1342 * * Clare College is founded at
Cambridge by Elizabeth de Bourg, sister
of the Earl of Clare ; originally founded
in 1326 by Dr. Richard Baden, but de-
stroyed by fire. [1347. Pembroke Hall
College. 1348. Gonville Hall CoUege,
and Caius. 1350. Trinity Hall, Cam-
bridge, by Win. Bateman, bishop of Nor-
wich. 1352. Corpus Christi College.]
± * * Ralph Higden writes the Polychron-
icon.
1344+ * * Richard Aungervyle de Bury
writes in Latin Philobiblon.
1345 ** London. Clif ford's Inn of
Court is established.
14th Century. Thomas Brad ward en, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, writes On the
Cause of God against Pelagius.
1352 * * Sir John Mandeville, the first
English traveler, concludes his Travels,
after 30 years of work ; he believes that
the earth is spherical in form, and can
be circumnavigated.
* * Lawrence Minot, the first English
song-writer, composes war-lyrics.
1355 * * Edward III. grants a charter
to the University of Oxford.
1357 * * London. Gray's Inn of Court
is founded.
1361 * * William Langland writes the
Vision of Piers Plowman.
14th Century. Education is confined chief-
ly to the clergy.
1362 ** Geoffrey Chaucer, the
" Father of English Poetry," writes The
Court of Love. [1362-69? Compleynt
unto Pi'te. 1369. Soke of the Duchesse.]
1373 * * A school is established at Win-
chester by Bishop William Long ; [it is
the oldest school in England.] (1387 ? )
SOCIETY.
1340 * * Highway robbery is frequent,
and undeterred by capital punishment.
* * Masquerades are in fashion at the
court.
1344 Jan. 19. A tournament is held
at Windsor.
* * The order of the Knights of the
Round Table is revived.
* * Patents are granted for titles of no-
bility first made by Edward III.
1349* *A law is passed enacting that
none shall give alms to a beggar able
to work.
AND IRELAND.
1332,** -1377,**. 859
By the common law the poor are to be
sustained by "parsons, rectors of the
church, and parishioners, so that none
should die for default of sustenance."
Apr. 23. Edward III, institutes the Or-
der of St. George. [Later called the
Order of the Garter.]
1350 * * There is a scarcity of laborers
after the plague ; laborers are forbidden
to leave their own parishes.
* * An Act of Parliament allows hay-
makers but one penny a day, master
carpenters, masons, not more than three-
pence, and their servants one and one-
half pence.
1351* * "William de Thorpe is hanged for
bribery.
1352 * * Harlots are by statute required
to wear striped hoods of party colors,
and their garments wrong side out.
1357 May 24. London. Edward, the
Black Prince, conducts his royal captive,
John, King of France, through the
streets.
1360± * * Chivalry is at its height.
± * * Edward TIL establishes the Poor
Knights of Windsor, or Alms Knights,
as a charity, for the support of 24 [later
26] poor persons eminent for military
services.
1363 * * Excess in dress is restrained
by sumptuary laws.
* * Edward III. begins the custom of
giving alms on Maunday Thursday.
Alms, food, and clothing are given to
as many persons as the sovereign is
years of age.
1367 * * Ire. The Statute of Kilkenny
is passed. (See State.)
1368 * * The title Baron Botreaux is cre-
ated. [1383, Baron Camoys.]
1370 * * The working-classes are poor,
fretful, and eager for the easing of bon-
1371 * * The Black Prince visits Exeter.
STATE.
1332 Dec. 16. Scot. Baliol being de-
feated at Annan by the barons, flees
from the country.
1333 * * Edward HI. claims the throne
of Scotland in the right of his mother.
1334 Feb. 9. Scot. Baliol, by the aid
of Edward III , is again made king, as
a result of the English defeat of the new
regent, Douglas, at the battle of Halidon
Hill.
1337 * * King Edward makes Cornwall
a duchy, and confers it on his eldest
son Edward.
* * Edward lays claim to the crown of
France in right of his mother Isabella,
sister of the French King Charles IV.
[The English monarchs struggle for
more than a century to possess the
French crown.]
* * Laws are passed prohibiting the wear-
ing of any cloth but of English man-
ufacture, and prohibiting the exporta-
tion of wool or woolen goods.
1338 Nov. 17. Edward by writ per-
mits the abbots of Beading to coin
money.
* * Liverpool is made an independent
port.
1339* * Scot. Baliol withdraws to Eng-
land, where he is pensioned by the king.
1340 Jan. * Edward assumes the title
King of France, and quarters in his
arms the French lilies with the English
leopards.
* * Parliament votes Edward a subsidy
of 20,000 sacks of wool to aid him in his
war with France.
1341 June 4. Scot. David Bruce re-
turns from France, to which he had fled
during the usurpation of Baliol. [1342.
He recovers his throne.]
* * Parliament prohibits usury.
±* * Parliament is separated into two
Houses, the House of Lords and the
House of Commons, the latter consisting
of knights of the shire and burgesses, —
representatives of the counties and of
the cities and towns ; responsibility of
ministers is established. (?)
1344 * * Ire. Sir Ralph Ufford is ap-
pointed governor. [1346. Sir Roger
Darcy; later, Sir John Morris.]
±* * A duty of two shillings on every
tun of wine imported, and sixpence on
every pound of goods imported or ex-
ported, is granted to the king. [This is
known as tunnage and poundage.]
1347 * * Edward III. is offered the im-
perial crown of Germany. [Declined.]
1348 * * Ire. "Walter de Bermingham
is appointed governor. [1356, Mar. 30,
Maurice, Earl of Desmond ; July 26,
Thomas de Bokeby.]
1350 * * Parliament passes the Statute
of Laborers, fixing the rate of wages.
1351 * * The Statute of Treasons, de-
fining the crime of high treason, is
1352± * * Lionel, second son of Edward,
marries Elizabeth, daughter of Wil-
liam de Burgo, and thus becomes Earl
of Ulster and " Lord of Connaught."
1353* * Another Statute of Praemunire
is passed.
1354 * * London. Edward grants the
mayor the title of lord mayor.
1355 * * London has four representa-
tives in Parliament.
1356 * * Scot. Baliol sells to Edward
III. his right to the Scottish throne for
5,000 marks and a pension of 2,000 pounds
a year.
1357 * * Scot. King David II., impris-
oned in England since his capture at
the battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, is
ransomed by the Scottish parliament
[for £4,000 in modern money].
* * Ire. Almeric de St. Amand is ap-
pointed governor. [1359, James, Earl
of Ormond ; 1361, Lionel, King Edward's
son.]
1360 May 8. Fr. The Peace of Bre-
tigny is signed (p. 675).
1362± * * The use of the French lan-
guage in law pleadings and public deeds
is abolished, and the use of English in-
troduced.
1364 * * Statutes are confirmed prescrib-
ing penalties against persons seeking
from the papal court ecclesiastical
benefices in England.
1367 * * Ire. The Statute of KUkenny
is enacted at a parliament held in Kil-
kenny by Lionel, who has been made
Duke of Clarence.
It prohibits the English settlers, under
penalties of high treason, from holding
any intercourse with the native Irish,
to form alliances with them by mar-
riage, to speak their language, or to
adopt their names or modes of dress.
[Not enforced.]
* * Ire. Gerald Fitzmaurice, Earl of
Desmond, is appointed governor. [1369,
July* Sir "William de Windsor ; 1372,
Sir Robert de Ashton.]
1371+ * * Edward's four.th son, John of
Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, marries Con-
stance, daughter of the Castilian king,
Don Pedro, Peter the Cruel, and as-
sumes the title of King of Castile, Don
Pedro having been murdered by his
brother, Henry, Count of Trastamare.
1371-90 Scot. Robert H. reigns.
Mar. 26. The crown passes to the House
of Stuart. Robert Stuart, nephew of
David II., is crowned at Scone, and pro-
claimed king as Robert II.
1372* *Sir Thomas Hungerford is
chosen Speaker of the House of Com-
mons, and is the first so styled.
1373 * * Edward grants to Bristol the
rights of a city and a county.
1374* * Fr. Edward, after a war of four
years with France, loses all his French
possessions except Calais, Bordeaux,
and Bayonne.
* * Ire. Sir William de Windsor is
again appointed governor. [1376. Mau-
rice, Earl of Kildare ; later, James
Butler, Earl of Ormond.]
1376* *The House of Commons elects
Peter de la Mare Speaker. [He is the
first regular Speaker of the House.]
* * The Commons in Parliament, through
their Speaker, Peter de la Mare, de-
nounce oppressive taxation, and de-
mand an account of expenditure ; they
impeach the king's ministers, several of
whom are dismissed and imprisoned. [It
is called the Good Parliament.]
* * The Duke of Lancaster, the leader of
the nobles, arbitrarily annuls the Acts
of the Good Parliament, and casts Peter
de la Mare into prison.
1377 * * By illegal returns made by the
sheriffs at the request of the Duke of
Lancaster, the House of Commons is
packed with the duke's adherents.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1343 * * Ire. Wool staples are estab-
lished at Waterf ord, Cork, and Drogheda.
1347 * * Wheat is imported for the first
time.
1348 * * A great plague occurs at Nor-
wich.
1348-49 The plague of Black Death
occurs ; more than half the population
die ; 200 are buried daily in Loudon ; labor
becomes scarce. [1361. The plague re-
turns ; the mortality in London is very
great. 1369. It returns for the last time]
1353 * * A famine occurs.
1362 * * Edward III. orders all law-
pleadings to be made in English
instead of French, as formerly done.
1367 * * London. The mortality is great.
1370 * * Ire. The mortality record is
very large.
1377 * * Subsidies in kind, as in wool,
leather, and other products of the coun-
try, are levied.
* * London. Population, 3,500.
860 1377,** -1412,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1381 June * The Peasants' revolt be-
gins. "Wat the Tyler kills a tax col-
lector, and heads a party to oppose the
tax.
[June 12. The rebel peasants assem-
ble on Blackheath near London, to the
number of 100,000 men. June 15. "Wat
is killed by the mayor of London, and
the insurrectionists are appeased.]
1384* *The Scots invade England.
[1385. They receive aid from France.]
1385 Aug. * Richard invades Scotland
with 80,000 men. The Scotch fly before
him. Edinburgh, Dunfermline, Perth,
and Dundee are burned.
1388 Aug. 19. Battle of Otterburn,
Chevy Chase, Northumberland.
The English under the Earl of North-
umberland are defeated by the Scots,
under the Earl of Douglas, who is killed
by Sir Henry Percy (Hotspur) ; both of
the Percys are captured by the Scots.
1394 Oct. * Ire. Richard II. lands at
Waterf ord with 4,000 men-at-arms and
30,000 archers.
1399 July 4. Henry, Duke of Lancas-
ter, returns from France [and incites a
successful rebellion].
1400-05 W. Great rebellion of Owen
Glendower.
[1401. He takes Radnor and other
places. 1402. Aided by the Scots and
the Percys, besieges Carnarvon. 1404.
He seizes Harlech castle. 1405. Mar. 11.
Prince Henry defeats the Welsh rebels
under Griffith, son of Glendower, at
Grosmont in Monmouthshire. The re-
bellion is soon after suppressed.]
1400 Aug. * The English under Henry
IV. unsuccessfully invade Scotland.
1402 May 7 (or June 22). Battle of
Nesbit Muir, Northumberland.
The Scots, under Sir P. Hepburn, are
defeated by the English, under Sir Henry
Percy (Hotspur) and the Earl of March.
Sept. 14. Battle of Homildon Hill,
Northumberland.
The English, under Sir Henry Percy
(Hotspur) and the Earl of March, defeat
the Scotch, under the Earl of Douglas,
who surrenders.
1402-03 A rebellion against Henry IV.
is incited by many of the English nobles.
1403 July 23. Battle of Shrews-
bury, Shropshire.
The insurgent lords are defeated by
Henry IV. ; Henry Percy (Hotspur), son
of the Earl of Northumberland, is killed,
and his ally, the Earl of Douglas, taken
prisoner.
1405 * * W. The English defeat the
French in a naval battle near Milf ord
Haven, capturing eight and destroying
15 of their ships.
1407* *The Welsh, aided by the
French, cross the border, and threaten
Worcester. [1409. Again invade Eng-
land.]
1408 Feb. 19. Battle of Bramham
Moor, Yorkshire.
The royal forces under Sir Thomas
Rokeby defeat the Earl of Northum-
berland and Lord Bardolf, the leaders
of the revolting nobles ; Northumber-
land is killed.
1411 July 24. Scot. The Battle of
Harlaw, Aberdeenshire.
Royalists under the Earl of Mar de-
feat the Highlanders under Donald,
Lord of the Isles ; many noble families
lose all their male members.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1397 * * London. The parish clerks at
Clerkenwell perform plays and repre-
sent miracles in the fields.
* * London. The king repairs Westmin-
ster Hall.
He raises the walls, alters the win-
dows, and adds a new roof, as well as a
stately porch and other buildings.
1404 Jan. 13. London. Parliament
enacts that no chemist shall use his
craft to multiply gold or silver.
1381 * * In Wat Tyler's and Jack Straw's
insurrection the rebels seize the Cam-
bridge University records, and burn
them.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1381 * * Tyler, Wat, rebel, dies.
Sudbury, Simon of, arcbbp. Canterbury, d.
1382 * * Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of War-
wick, general, born.
1388* * Henry V.. king, born.
1380* * Robert II., king, founder of House
of Stuart, Scotland, A74.
1394* * James I., king, Scotland, born.
[1437. D. A43.]
1395* * Barbour, John, poet, Scotland, A75±.
Kortescue, Sir John, jurist, born.
± Pecock, Reginald, bishop of St. Asaph,
author, born. [1460+. Dies.]
1401 * * Cirencester, Richard of, monk, his-
torian, dies.
1402 * * Littleton, Sir Thomas, jurist, born.
1403 * * Percy. Henry (Hotspur), warrior,
killed at Shrewsbury.
1408 * * Gower, John, poet, A83.
Northumberland, first Earl of, Henry Percy,
dies.
CHURCH.
1378 * * Rome. Papal schism (p. 674).
1380 * * Wyclif teaches the doctrine
that the Bible is the sole rule of faith,
and opposes the church of Rome.
1381 * * Wyclif denies transubstantia-
tion, and the Kef ormation begins.
1383* *John Wyclif completes his
translation of the Bible.
1384 Dec. 31. Wyclif, virulently per-
secuted by the church, escapes martyr-
dom by a paralytic attack, which causes
his death.
1385 * * Edinburgh. St. Giles Church
is destroyed. [1387. Rebuilt.]
1390 * * The persecution of the follow-
ers of Wyclif becomes severe.
1391 * * Parliament forbids the English
clergy to cross the sea for benefices.
1401 * * The first law directed against
heretics is passed, permitting the bish-
ops to arrest and burn them.
Feb. 19. London. William Sautre, a
clergyman, is burned for heresy by
the clergy ; presumably the first execu-
tion in England on account of religion.
1404 * * It. Innocent VII. is elected pope.
[1406, Gregory XII.; 1409, Alexander V.;
1410, John XXIII.; 1417, Martin V.; 1431,
Eugenius IV. ; 1447, Nicholas V. ; 1455, Calix-
tus HI.; 1458, Pius II.; 1464, Paul II.; 1471,
SixtusVI.; 1484, Innocent VIII.; 1492, Alex-
ander VI.]
1409* * It. Three popes claim the
throne. The council of Pisa deposes
Popes Gregory and Benedict, and elects
Alexander, but neither will yield the
office to another.
1410+ * * Religion is chiefly the accom-
plishment of ceremonies.
LETTERS.
1377 * * Scot. John Barbour, archdea-
con of Aberdeen [earliest Scotch poet],
writes The Bruce.
1378 * * John Wyclif writes Summa in
Theologia. [1383. Trialogus.]
1380 * * The New College, or the col-
lege of St. Mary Winton, Oxford, is
founded by Bishop William Long. [1382.
Chartered. 1392. New Inn Hall. J
1381-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer writes As-
sembly of Foules, Complaint of the Black
Knight, House of Fame, The Legend of
Good Women, Troilus and Cressida, and
The Canterbury Tales.
1385 * * All the grammar schools teach
in English instead of French.
1387 * * John Trevisa completes a trans-
lation of Higden's Polychronicon, and
makes additions to it.
± * * The poems, The Cuckoo and the
Nightingale and The Flower Leaf, are
written by unknown authors.
+ * * The Testament of Love, an imitation
of Boetius, is written by an unknown
author.
1408+ * * John Gower writes Speculum
Meditantis (The Mirror of the Speculat-
ing), Vox Clamantis (Voice of One Cry-
ing), and Confessio Amantis (Confession
of a Lover).
1411 * * Scot. The University of St.
Andrews is founded by Bishop Henry
Wardlaw.
1412 * * Thomas Occleve writes the De
Regimine Principum, or " Governail of
Princes."
SOCIETY.
1381 * * The price of wine is regulated
by statute.
Junel4. Wat the Tyler's rebels murder
Simon of Sudbury, archbishop of Can-
terbury, and Sir Robert Hales, the royal
treasurer.
* * Judge de Cavendish is beheaded by
the Suffolk rebels.
1385 * * The first Englishman given the
title of marquis is the favorite of Rich-
ard II., Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford :
he is created Marquis of Dublin, ana
placed in Parliament between the dukes
and earls.
1388** Chief Justice Tresilian, Sir
Nicholas Brember, Lord Mayor of Lon-
don, and others are executed as trai-
tors.
1394* * Ire. Richard LT. visits the
country, and confers the honor of knight-
hood on the Irish chiefs.
1397 * * London. In Westminster Hall
Richard II. holds his Christmas festival ;
10,000 guests are entertained each day.
1398 Nov. 1. King Henry marries
Isabella of France, who is seven years
of age.
* * Scot. The title Earl of Crawford is
created. [1404, Earl of Mar. ]
1399 Oct. 11. The Order of the Bath
is formally instituted by Henry IV.
Two days previous to his coronation
he confers the order on 46 squires, who
had watched the night before and
bathed.
* * The title of Grace is assumed by
Henry IV. on his accession.
1406-23 James I. of Scotland is im-
prisoned at Windsor.
STATE.
1377 * * The first poll-tax is imposed.
It is a tax of one shilling on every
beneficed clergyman, and of fourpence
on every other person, male or female,
above the age of 14 years, with the ex-
ception of mendicants.
June 21. Edward III. dies.
1377-99 Bichard LT. reigns.
Richard, son of Edward the Black
Prince, and grandson of Edward III., 11
AND IRELAND.
1377,**-1412,
# #
861
years of age, becomes king as Richard
H. (July 16. He is crowned at West-
minster.)
1378 * * Parliament meets in Glouces-
ter.
* * The Statute Scandalum Magnatum
is enacted.
It prescribes penalties of fine and im-
prisonment lor persons found guilty of
speaking words derogatory to peers,
judges, or high officers of Government.
1379 Apr. * A poll-tax is assessed to
sustain the war in France. [1380. Dec. 6.
Another poll-tax follows.]
1380 * * London. William of Walworth
is lord mayor.
* * Ire. Edward Mortimer, fourth Earl
of March and Ulster, is appointed gov-
ernor. [1381, John Colton, Dean of St.
Patrick's ; 1383, Philip Courtney, a rela-
tive of King Richard ; 1385, Robert de
Vere, Earl of Oxford, Lord Lieutenant,
Sir John Stanley, deputy ; 1389, Sir John
Stanley, deputy.]
1381 June * The peasants of Essex,
under the leadership of a priest who
assumes the name of Jack Straw, re-
volt against the poll-tax.
June * The peasants of Kent and other
counties, led by "Wat the Tyler, revolt
against the poll-tax and serfdom.
They are incited to insurrection by
John Ball, an itinerant preacher, who
harangues them on the natural equality
of men. They are appeased by the grant
of a "charter of liberation.'* (See So-
ciety.)
1382 Jan.* King Richard marries
Anne of Bohemia, daughter of the Ger-
man Emperor Charles IV., and sister of
Wenceslaus, King of the Romans.
[" Good Queen Anne."]
* * London. The system of electing
common councilmen at wardmotes,
or ward meetings of the citizens, is
introduced.
1385 * * Ire. Robert de Vere, Earl of
Oxford, is appointed governor. [He is
created Marquis of Dublin and Duke of
Ireland.]
1386 * * Richard is compelled to agree
to the appointment of a Continual
Council or Commission to manage the
affairs of government ; it is under the
control of the Duke of Gloucester and
the Earl of Arundel.
* * Parliament impeaches Robert de
Vere, Earl of Oxford, Michael de la
Pole, Earl of Suffolk, and other favor-
ites of the king.
It requires that officers of state be
appointed either by the Parliament or by
the Continual Council; it is called the
" Wonderful Parliament," or the "Mer-
ciless Parliament."
* * London. The crown and regalia of
England are pledged to the city by
Richard II. for £2,000.
1389 May * Richard dismisses the
Council, and takes the control of gov-
ernment into his own hands.
* * Richard grants a charter to York,
the mayor receiving the title of lord
mayor.
1390 May 13. Scot. Robert II. dies,
and his eldest son John becomes king ;
he assumes the title Robert HI., the
name John being unpopular because of
the unpatriotic actions of John Baliol.
1390-1406 Scot. Robert III. reigns.
1392 * * Ire. James, Earl of Ormond,
is appointed governor. [1393, the Duke
of Gloucester, the king's uncle ; 1394, Sir
Thomas Scroop.]
1393 * * Another Statute of Praemunire
is introduced.
It contains provisions against papal
bulls granting ecclesiastical benefices in
England without the approval of the
king.
1394 * * London. The system of electing
aldermen for life is introduced.
* * Ire. Richard II. with an army lands
at Waterford.
Many of the native chiefs do him
homage ; he confers the honor of knight-
hood on those of them who are willing
to receive it.
1395 * * Ire. Roger Mortimer, Earl of
March, heir apparent to the English
crown, is appointed governor.
1396 Sept. 27. Richard marries as
his second wife Isabella, eight years
old, daughter of the French King
Charles VI.
* * A truce is made with France for 28
years.
1397 * * The Duke of Gloucester and
the Earls of Arundel and Warwick
are arrested and imprisoned for
alleged treason ; they are impeached
in Parliament and condemned, War-
wick and Arundel to suffer death, and
Gloucester to confiscation of estate.
1398* * Henry, Duke of Hereford,
son of the Duke of Lancaster, and
cousin of Richard, accuses the Duke of
Norfolk of slanderous speech against the
king.
Norfolk denies the charge, and offers
to prove his innocence by duel, to which
Hereford agrees ; Richard forbids the
combat, and banishes Norfolk for life,
and Hereford for 10 years.
* * London. Richard "Whittington is
elected lord mayor. [1406. Again. 1419.
Again.]
* * Ire. Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl
of March, the viceroy and heir apparent
to the crown, is killed in an insurrection.
* * Ire. Thomas Holland, Duke of Sur-
rey, is appointed lord trustee.
1399 May 31. Ire. Richard lands in
Waterford on a second Irish expedition.
July 4. Henry of Bolingbroke, Duke
of Hereford, who had become Duke of
Lancaster by the death of his father,
lands in England, and incites a success-
ful rebellion.
Aug. 24. Richard H., having returned
from Ireland, is taken prisoner by
Henry of Lancaster [and sent a captive
to the Tower of London].
1399-1461 House of Lancaster, a
branch of the House of Plantagenet.
Sept. 30. Parliament deposes Richard.
It gives the crown to Henry of Lan-
caster, son of John of Gaunt, fourth son
of Edward III., as against the right of
Roger Mortimer, grandson of Lionel,
third son of Edward. [Oct. 13. Crowned.]
1399-1412 Henry IV. reigns.
1400 Jan. * A conspiracy in favor of
Richard is suppressed ; and the leaders,
the Earls of Huntingdon, Salisbury,
and Kent, and Lords Spencer and Lum-
ley, are put to death.
Mar. * Richard H. is murdered (?) in
Pontefract Castle.
* * W. Owen Glendower proclaims him-
self the Prince of Wales, and rebels
against Henry IV. He is a descendant
of the last Prince Llewellyn.
1401 * * Ire. Thomas, Duke of Clar-
ence, King Henry's son, is appointed
governor. [1406. Again.]
1403 * * The Percys lead a revolt in
favor of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of
March, the true heir to the crown.
* * Henry IV. marries as his second
wife Jane, daughter of the King of
Navarre, and widow of the Duke of
Brittany.
1404 May 10. W. Owen Glendower
makes a treaty with the French.
Oct. 6. A parliament meets at Coven-
try, from which lawyers are excluded.
[" Parliamentum Indoctum," or " Parlia-
ment of Dunces."]
1405 Apr. 12. Prince James, aged
14 years, son and heir of the King of
Scotland, having been captured by an
English cruiser off Flamborough Head
[is taken to King Henry, who keeps him
in custody. He is detained in England
for 18 years].
Apr. * Ire. James, Earl of Ormonde,
who has been appointed lord lieutenant,
convenes a parliament in Dublin, at
which the Statute of Kilkenny is con-
firmed.
May* Another revolt in favor of the
Earl of March and against the alleged
tyranny of Henry IV. is suppressed ; and
its leaders, Scrope, archbishop of York,
and Lord Mowbray, son of the banished
Duke of Norfolk, are executed.
1406 Apr. 4. Scot. Robert III. dies.
1406-37 Scot. James I., son of Robert
III., reigns. The Duke of Albany is
regent.
* * The Isle of Man is granted in per-
petuity to Sir John Stanley, to be held
of the crown of England by rendering to
the English kings a cast of falcons at
their coronation.
* * Ire. Gerald, Earl of Kildare, is
chosen lord justice.
1406-23 Every county in England is as-
sessed to send workmen to build Wind-
sor Castle.
1409 Mar. * Ire. The lord lieutenant,
having appointed Thomas Butler, prior
of Kilmainham, his deputy, returns to
England.
±* * Dublin. King Henry grants a gilded
sword and the title of mayor to the pro-
vost ; Thomas Cusack is the first mayor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1381 * * London. The Savoy Palace is
burned by Wat the Tyler and his follow-
ers.
* * Coal is first made an article of trade
from Newcastle to London.
1383 * * Ire. A great pestilence, called
" the fourth," prevails.
1388 * * Side-saddles are introduced by
Queen Anne.
1390 * * "Wheat is one shilling and one
penny the bushel.
1393 * * London. Mercers' Company
is formed.
1399 * * King Richard II. in his will
directs his body to be clothed " in vel-
veto."
1400 * * Wine is 12 shillings a pipe.
* * Spurs [of the present kind] come into
use.
* * London. Notwithstanding the many
previous complaints against coal as a
public nuisance, it is generally burned.
1407 * * The great plague causes 30,000'
deaths.
862 1412, * *-1459, Nov. 20. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1415 Aug. 15. Fr. Naval battle off
Harfleur.
The English, under the Duke of Bed-
ford, take or destroy nearly 500 French
ships (p. 676).
Oct. 25. Fr. Battle of Agincourt; the
French defeated (p. 676).
1417 July 23. Fr. King Henry V.,
with 40,000 men, invades Normandy.
[It is soon conquered.] (P. 676.)
* * An invasion is attempted by the
Scots under the Duke of Albany, who
retreats before the Duke of Bedford.
(" The foul raid.")
1421 * * Fr. The third invasion of
France.
Henry V., as regent, attempts to sub-
due the dauphin, who still holds out
(p. 676).
1424 Aug. 17. Fr. Battle of Ver-
neuil (p. 676).
1428 Oct. 12. Fr. The English be-
siege Orleans (p. 676).
1429 Feb. 12. Fr. Battle of Rou-
vrai, or of "the herrings" (p. 676).
Apr. * Fr. Joan of Arc appears against
the English (p. 676).
June 18. Fr. The English are defeated
at Patay (p. 676).
1430 May 24. Fr. Joan of Arc is
captured (p. 676).
1436 * * Hostilities are renewed with
Scotland.
1443 May 28. A truce of 22 months
is concluded between England and
France.
1450 June+ * Jack Cade (John Mor-
timer), cousin to the Duke of York,
raises a brief insurrection ; he has 20,000
followers.
(June 24.) Cade defeats the king's
forces under Duke Humphrey and Staf-
ford at Sevenoaks, in Kent.
(July 2.) Cade enters London in tri-
umph.
(July 4.) Lord Treasurer Say and
several other eminent persons are put to
death by Cade.
(JULY 12.) The insurrection is sup-
pressed, and Cade is killed in Sussex.
1453 July 17, or 20. Fr. Battle of
Castillion [Castillion-sur-Dordogne] (p.
678).
Oct. 17. Fr. Bordeaux surrenders to
the French (p. 678).
1455-85 "War of the Koses, between
the houses of York and Lancaster.
The red rose is the emblem of the Lan-
castrians, — the party favorable to King
Henry VI. ; the white rose is the emblem
of the Yorkists, — the party opposed to
the king.
1455 May 23. First battle of St. Al-
bans, Herefordshire.
The Lancastrians are defeated by the
Duke of York ; their leaders, Somerset,
Northumberland, and Clifford, are
killed, and the king made prisoner.
1459 * * The Earl of Warwick defeats
and captures a Spanish and Genoese
fleet in the Downs.
Sept. 23. Battle of Blore Heath, Staf-
fordshire.
The Yorkists under the Earl of Salis-
bury defeat the Lancastrians under Lord
Audley.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1416 * * London. Guildhall is com-
pleted.
1425 * * Pumps are in general use.
1433 June 7. Scot. An eclipse of
the sun is observed, and called the
"black hour."
1434 Nov. 24. The Thames is frozen
over from London Bridge to Gravesend,
[until the following February].
1446 * * Excitement prevails over the
reported discoveries on the West Coast
of Africa by the Portuguese.
* * Guildhall at York is erected.
1457+ * * Printing is introduced at Ox-
ford.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1412 * * Trevisa, John, chronicler, dies.
1413 * * Henry IV., king, A47±.
1419 * * Gascoigne, Sir William, jurist, dies.
1423 1 * * Caxton, William, printer, born.
1427 * * Whittington, 8ir Richard, lord
mayor of London, A65+.
1428 i * * Warwick, Earl of, Richard Ne-
ville," king-maker," general, b. [1471. D.]
1430* * James II., king, Scotland, born.
[1460. Dies. A30.]
1431 * * Elphinstone, William, clergyman,
statesman, Scotland, born.
1442 * * Edward IV.. king, born.
Grocyn, W., Prof, of Greek at Oxford, born.
1450 * * Cade, John, Irish insurgent, dies.
± Fabyan, Robert, chronicler, born.
1452* * James III., k., Scot., h. [1488. Dies.
A36.]
Richard m., last Plantagenet, born.
1457 Jan. 28. Henry VII., king, born.
CHURCH.
1413 * * Sir John Oldcastle (Lord Cob-
ham) is tried and condemned for heresy ;
he escapes from prison.
1414 * * The king suppresses 110 prior-
ies.
* * An insurrection of the LoHards is
under the direction of Oldcastle. [1418.
Hangedin chains and burned as a heretic]
* * Henry Chichele is chosen archbishop of
Canterbury. [1443, John Stafford ; 1452, John
Kemp; 1454, Thomas Bouchier; 1486, John
Morton; 1501, Henry Dene; 1503, William
War ham.]
* * Alien priories are dissolved, and their
estates vested in the crown.
* * Switz. The Council of Constance de-
crees that John Wyclif's bones be dis-
interred and burned. [1415. The bishop
of Lincoln executes the order, and casts
his dust into the River Swift.]
1415 * * The Church of the Blackfri-
ars [now St. Andrew's Hall] is erected
at Norwich.
1435 * * Ire. The sees of Cork and
Cloyne are united.
* * Fr. Joan of Arc is burned by the
English. (See France.)
1441 * * Ire. The see of Down is united
with that of Connor.
* * London. St. Paul's Church is nearly
destroyed by fire.
15th Century. Parishes are enlarged and
the number reduced ; total number, 10,-
000±.
1454 * * ire. The cathedral of Kilmore
is erected.
LETTERS.
1415* * London. Staple's Inn of Court
is founded. [1420. Lyon's Inn of
Court.]
1421 * * Troy Book, by John Lydgate,
appears. [1424-25, Falles of Princes
and The Story of Thebes; 1456+ , London
Lickpenny.]
1422-1505 The Paston Letters are writ-
ten.
1424* * London. Sir Richard Whit-
tington founds a college, and dedicates
it to the Holy Ghost and the Virgin
Mary.
1437 * * Scot. King James I. writes
The King 's Quair (the King's Little
Book), and other poems.
* *A11 Souls College, Oxford, is
founded by Henry Chichele, archbishop
of Canterbury. [1456. Magdalen Col-
lege, by William of Waynflete, bishop
of Winchester.]
1440 * * Galfridus Grammaticus pub-
lishes his Promptoriam Parvulorum, the
earliest known complete English-Latin
dictionary.
1441 * * Eton CoUege, Buckingham-
shire, is begun by King Henry VI. [1490±.
Completed.]
* * King's College, Cambridge, is
founded. [1442. Christ's CoUege. 1448.
Queen's College, by Margaret of
Anjou.]
1449* * The Repressor of Overmuch Blam-
ing the Clergy, a defense of the clergy,
is written by Bishop Reginald Pecock.
1450 Jan. 7. Scot. The College [Uni-
versity] of Glasgow is founded by Pope
Nicholas V. (papal bull) and Bishop
Turnbull.
± * * Ballads are popular, especially
among the lower classes.
1456 * * Edinburgh. The College of St.
Salvator's, St. Andrews University,
is founded by Bishop James Kennedy.
SOCIETY.
1420* *The Irish are expeUed from
England.
1421 * * The title Baron Berkeley is cre-
ated. [1442, Earl of Shrewsbury.]
1427 * * London. Mayor Rainwell con-
demns 150 butts and pipes of wine for
being adulterated ; they are emptied
into the channels of the streets.
1429 * * London. Sir Richard Whitting-
ton's charitable almshouses are
founded.
1437 * * Scot. The title Earl of Rothes
is created. [1442. Baron Forbes ; 1445.
Baron Saltoun.]
1439 * * Ire. The title Baron Dunsany
is created.
1440 Feb. 10. John, Lord Beaumont,
is created Viscount Beaumont by Henry
VI., and is given the precedence above
all barons ; he is the first viscount
created by patent.
* * Edinburgh. William Douglas is
murdered.
* * The Duke of Gloucester marries his
mistress, Eleanor Cobham.
1444 * * A law is passed fixing the wages
of a bailiff of husbandry at 23 shillings,
four pence per annum, and clothing of
the price of five shillings, with meat and
drink ; chief hind, carter, or shepherd,
20 shillings, clothing four shillings :
common servant of husbandry, 15 shil-
lings, clothing 40 pence ; woman-servant,
10 shillings, clothing four shillings.
1447 * * Five gentlemen attached to the
Duke of Gloucester are arraigned and
condemned for treason, and at the place
of execution are hanged, cut down alive
instantly, stripped naked, and their
bodies marked for quartering, and then
pardoned.
AND IRELAND. 1412,* *-1459, Nov. 20. 863
1452 * * Scot. The title Baron Borth-
wick is created ; also Earl of Errol.
[1454, Baron Cathcart ; 1455, Earl of
Caithness; 1458, Earl of Morton. 1461.
Ire. Baron Trimlestown.]
STATE.
1413 Mar. 20. Henry IV. dies.
1413-22 Henry V., son of Henry IV.,
reigns.
Oct. * Ire. Sir John Stanley, appointed
lord lieutenant, lands at Clontarf. [1414.
Jan. * He dies at Ardee.]
1414 Jan. 11, 12. The Lollard in-
surgents, under the leadership of Sir
John Oldcastle, having attempted to
seize the king, are tried and condemned.
[Many of them are put to death ; Old-
castle escapes. 1418. He is hanged as
a traitor.]
Jan.* Ire. Thomas Crawley, arch-
bishop of Dublin, is appointed lord jus-
tice by the nobles. [Sept. John Tal-
bot, Lord Furnival, is appointed lord
lieutenant. 1420. James Butler, Earl
of Ormond.]
July 10. Henry makes claim to the
crown of France as the heir of Isa-
bella, queen of Edward II. and daugh-
ter of the French King Philip IV.
* * The House of Commons adopts the
use of the English language. (?)
1415* * London. The city is first lighted
by lanterns.
July * A conspiracy to proclaim the
Earl of March heir to the crown is dis-
covered.
[The leaders, Richard, Earl of Cam-
bridge, cousin to the king, Sir Thomas
Grey, and Lord Scrope, are tried, con-
demned, and executed.]
1420 May 21. Fr. The Treaty of
Troyes is signed (p. 677).
June 2. Fr. Henry V. is married to
Catherine (p. 677;.
Sept. 3. Scot. The Duke of Albany dy-
ing, his son Murdoch assumes the re-
gency.
1421 Feb. 23. London. Henry V.
and Queen Catherine enter the city with
magnificent pageant, and are received
with great enthusiasm ; Catherine is
crowned at "Westminster.
1422 Aug. 31. Henry V. dies.
1422-61 Henry VI. reigns.
Dec. 5. Protectorate of Humphrey,
Duke of Gloucester.
The king being only nine months old,
his uncle, the Duke of Bedford, is ap-
pointed protector and guardian of the
kingdom ; but being in France as re-
gent, his younger brother, the Duke of
Gloucester, is appointed during his
absence " protector of the realm and
Church of England."
1423 Sept. * James I., King of Scot-
land, is released from captivity in Eng-
land.
For this he agrees to forbid his sub-
jects to enter the service of France, and
the payment of £40,000 compensation
for his expenses during detention.
* * Ire. Edmund Mortimer, Earl of
March and Ulster, is appointed gov-
ernor. [1425. Lord John Talbot, lord
lieutenant. 1427. Sir John Grey. 1428.
Sir John Grey returns to England after
appointing Edward Dantzy, bishop of
Meath, his deputy.]
1424 Feb. 13. James I., King of
Scotland, marries Jane Beaufort,
daughter of the Earl of Somerset, and
niece of Cardinal Beaufort. The cere-
mony is performed in the cardinal's pal-
ace at Southwark.
May 21. Scot. James I. and his queen
are crowned at the Abbey of Scone
by Henry Wardlaw, bishop of St. An-
drew's.
* * Ire. John Sutton, Lord Dudley, is
appointed deputy. [1431. Sir Thomas
Stanley is appointed lord lieutenant.]
1429 * * Ire. Lord Deputy Sutton con-
venes a parliament, which makes regu-
lations for juries to investigate criminal
prosecutions.
* * The crime of arson is made high trea-
son. (?)
* * Parliament : Laws are passed limit-
ing the right of voting at parliamentary
elections to resident possessors of land
worth 40 shillings a year, and requiring
that the representatives of cities and
burghs be inhabitants of the same.
Dec. 17. Fr. Henry VI., the boy-king
of England, is crowned at Paris by
Cardinal Beaufort.
* * * Parliament: A law is passed for
the personal security of members of
Parliament while attending to their
duties.
1435 * * Fr. The Congress of Arras is
held.
The Duke of Burgundy abandons the
alliance with England, and concludes
peace with France (p. 677).
1436 Apr. 13. Fr. Paris is lost to
the English, the city being taken by
King Charles VII.
1437 * * Pari. The first act of natural-
ization is passed.
Feb. 21. Scot. James I. is murdered
at Perth by conspirators headed by Sir
Robert Graham and the Earl of Athol
[both of whom are executed].
1437-60 James H., son of James I.,
reigns.
* * Scot. Because of the murder of James
at Perth, the court and capital are trans-
ferred to Edinburgh.
1438 * * Ire. Leon, Lord "Wells is ap-
pointed lord lieutenant. [1443. James,
Earl of Ormond, again.]
1440+ * * The term " Grace of God"
is assumed by kings as signifying their
divine origin.
1442* * Dublin. Lord Lieutenant Wells
nominates his brother "William deputy.
The deputy holds a parliament, which
appoints commissioners to acquaint the
king with " the wretched state of af-
fairs in Ireland."
1444* * Fr. Maine and Anjou are
surrendered to the French, in a negotia-
tion for the marriage of King Henry VI.
to Margaret, daughter of Ren6, titular
King of Sicily and Jerusalem, and Duke
of Anjou.
1445 Apr. 22. Henry VI. marries
Margaret of Anjou. [May 30. She is
crowned at Westminster.]
1446* * Ire. John Talbot, Earl of
Shrewsbury, is appointed lord lieuten-
ant. [1449. July ± * Richard, Duke of
York.]
1447 Feb. 11. The Duke of Glouces-
ter is arrested on a charge of high trea-
son [and murdered (?) in prison].
Apr. 11. Cardinal Beaufort, advi
of King Henry, dies. [William de ia
Pole, Earl of Suffolk, succeeds him]
* * Ire. A parliament held at Trim pastes
a law prohibiting taxes on merchandise
or provisions, except in towns.
1448 Feb. 12. Parliament grants
Henry a poll-tax of six shillings ano
eightpence on every merchant strangi r,
and 20 pence on their clerks, and a gen-
eral poll-tax of sixpence.
* * Fr. Rouen is surrendered to France.
1450* * Fr. The second French con-
quest of Normandy is completed.
* * The Duke of Suffolk is arrested on
a charge of treason, and condemned to
banishment for five years. [He is cap-
tured at sea on his way to France. Miiy
2. He is beheaded.]
June* -July* An insurrection breaks
out, headed by Jack Cade. (See Army .)
* * The Government is conducted by
Richard, Duke of York, grandson of
the fifth son of Edward III., and son
of Anna Mortimer, heir of the claims of
the third line ; the Duke of Somerset,
grandson of John of Gaunt, is his
rival.
1451 * * Scot. James II. grants a char-
ter to Glasgow.
1452 * * Scot. "William, Earl of Doug-
las, having himself committed man.
murders, is killed at Stirling Castle by
King James 11.
* * Richard, Duke of York, claimant tr
the crown, is persuaded to disband his
army ; he is then arrested, but released
on swearing fealty to the king.
* * Edinburgh. James II. , by charter,
gives the city preeminence over other
Scotch burghs.
1453 Oct. 13. The queen gives birth
to a son, who is called Edward.
Oct. 19. Fr. Guienne is lost to Eng-
land by the surrender of the English
forces occupying it.
Oct. * King Henry sinks into a state of
mental incapacity. [1454. Dec. * He
recovers from his malady. 1455. Oct. *
The king relapses.]
Nov. 25. London. The Duke of Som-
erset is sent a prisoner to the Tower.
* * London. Sir John Norman goes by
water to Westminster, to be sworn in as
lord mayor; he institutes the lord
mayor's show.
1455-85 "War of the Roses. (See
Army.)
1455 Nov.i * The Duke of York be-
comes protector as a consequence of
the Yorkist victory at the battle of St.
Albans.
1456 Feb. 25. The Duke of York's
commission as protector is revoked, and
Henry, having recovered his health,
is reinstated in sovereign authority.
1458 Mar. * London. After a series of
conferences, a formal but insincere rec-
onciliation is effected between the
Yorkists and the Royalists.
1459 Nov. 20. A parliament meets at
Coventry, at which the Duke of York,
his family, and chief supporters are
attainted of treason.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1415 * * London. Street lights are in-
troduced.
1430 * * England extends her trade into
the Mediterranean.
1438 * * London. A Drapers' Company
is formed. [1448, a Haberdashers'.]
* * A famine occurs ; it is so great that
bread is made from fern.
1439 July 16. A terrible pestilence
breaks out. [It continues for two years.]
1447 * * Edinburgh. An annual fair is
granted to the city by James II.
1459, * * 14G4, * *.
ORJiAi' BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
i.460 July 10. Battle of Northamp-
ton.
The Yorkists under the Earls of Salis-
bury, Warwick, and March defeat the
Lancastrians under King Henry; the
liing is taken prisoner.
Dec. 31. Battle of Wakefield, York-
shire.
The Royalist forces under Queen Mar-
faret defeat the Yorkists ; the Duke of
ork is killed. [1461. Jan. 1. The Ear)
of Salisbury is captured and killed.]
i.461 Feb. 2. Battle of Mortimer's
Cross, Herefordshire.
The Lancastrians under the Earl of
Pembroke are defeated by Edward, the
young Duke of York [afterwards King
Edward IV.].
Feb. 17. Second battle of St. Albans,
Herefordshire.
The Yorkists under Warwick are de-
feated by the Royalists under Queen
Margaret, who rescues the king. [Feb.
28. Edward, Duke of York, having
joined his forces to those of Warwick,
marches into London. |
Mar. 29. Battle of Tow ton, near
York.
Edward IV., with an army of 50,000,
defeats the Lancastrians under the
Duke of Somerset, with an army of
60,000 ; over 30,000 men are killed.
1464 Apr. 25. Battle of Hedgley
Moor.
The Lancastrians under Queen Marga-
ret, aided by the Scots and French,
make another effort to retrieve their
fallen fortune, but are defeated by Lord
Montague in Northumberland.
May 8. Battle of Hexam, Northumber-
land.
Lord Montague totally defeats the Lan-
castrians under the Duke of Somerset ;
Somerset is captured [and beheaded].
1470 * * The war is continued by the
Lancastrians, aided by the French, the
Earl of Warwick, and the Duke of Clar-
ence.
1471 Mar. 14. King Edward lands
2,000 men at Bavenspur. [He is soon
welcomed at York.]
Apr. 14. Battle of Barnet, Hertford-
shire.
Edward IV. defeats the Lancastrians
under Warwick, who, with his brother,
is killed.
May 4. Battle of Tewkesbury, Glouces-
tershire.
Margaret, wife of Henry VI., and her
forces are defeated by Edward IV. and
his brothers, the Dukes of Gloucester
and Clarence ; Margaret and her con-
sort are taken prisoners, and her son
Edward is murdered after his surrender.
1475 June 22. Fr. Edward IV. in-
vades France (p. 678).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1470 * * John Hamboys is the first doc-
tor of music. (1463 ? The first.)
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1459 * * Fisher, John, bishop of Rochester,
cardinal, scholar, martyr, born.
1460 * * Dunbar, Wm., friar, courtier, poet,
Scotland, born.
Linacre, Thomas, scholar, physician, born.
± Skelton, John, poet, born.
York, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of, dies.
1461 * * Lydgate, John, poet, A86.
1465 * * Boethius, or Boece, Hector, hist.,b.
1468 t * * Lilly, W., teacher, grammarian, b.
1470 * * Edward V., king, born.
+ Latimer, Hugh, reformer, b. (1490 + ?)
1471± * * Wolsey, Thomas. card., states., b.
1473 * * James IV., king, Scotland, born.
1473 * * Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk,
statesman, general, born.
1474 * * Douglas, Gawin, or Gavin, poet,
Scotland, born.
1475± * * Barclay, Alexander, poet, Scot.,b.
1477± * * Cabot, Sebastian, navigator, b.
1478 Ftb. 7. More, Sir Thomas, theolo-
gian, historian statesman, born.
1481 * * Litleton, Sir Thomas, jurist, A67.
1483 * * Edward TV., king, A41.
Edward V. and his brother, murdered.
Fortescue, Sir John, chief justice, au., A92.
Oardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester,
statesman, born.
1484 * * Tyndale, William, reform., wr., b.
CHURCH.
1470 * * Scot. The archbishopric of St.
Andrews is founded. (?)
1474 * * Scot. St. Andrews is raised
to an archbishopric. [1488. The see of
Glasgow also.]
1483 Apr. 9. London. Dr. Shaw,
brother of the Lord Mayor, preaches
from the text "Bastard slips shall not
thrive."
LETTERS.
1460± * * Juliana Berners, prioress of
the nunnery of Sopwell, near St. Albans,
the first English female author, writes
in verse, a Book of Hunting, and in prose,
the Art of Hawking, and the Laws of
Arms.
1460-1524 Thomas Linacre writes an
Elementary Latin Grammar, a work on
Latin composition, De Emendata Struc-
tural Latini Sermonis.
1461* * Scot. Henry the Minstrel writes
the poem Wallace.
1465 + * * The printing types in use are
Gothic or old German.
1470* *Sir Thomas Malory writes the
History of King Arthur. [1485. It is
printed by William Caxton.J
± * * The Court of Love is written by an
unknown author.
1471-74 The liecuyel of the History es of
Troy, by Raoule le Fe'ure, is translated
into English, and set up in the types of
Colard Mansion in Bruges, by William
Caxton ; (?) it is the first book printed in
English. (?)
1471 * * "William Caxton, a London
mercer, sets up at Westminster the first
printing-press known in England.
1473+ * * Scot. The Glasgow University
Library is founded.
* *St. Catherine's CoUege, or Hall,
Cambridge, is founded.
1474 * * The Game and Playe of the
Chesse, a translation from the French,
is set up and printed by Caxton ; it is
the first book printed in England.
1475* * The University Library, Cam-
bridge, is founded. ,
1477 * * The Bides and Wise Sayings of
the Philosophers is written by Anthony
Woodville, Lord Rivers ; it is printed by
Caxton.
1478* * London. Clement's Inn of
Court is established. [1385. The New
Inn Court.]
1479* * Lincoln CoUege, Oxford, be-
gun in 1427 by Richard Fleming, is com-
pleted by Rotherham, bishop of Lincoln.
[1487. St. Mary Magdalen Hall is estab-
lished.]
* * The Temple of Glass, by John Lyd-
gate, is printed by Caxton.
1480 Mar. 29. Wm. Caxton finishes
the Cordial in folio.
* * William Caxton prints the Chronicles
of England.
1481 * * The Court of Sapience, by John
Lydgate, is printed by Caxton.
* * Caxton prints in English the Boke of
Tulle of Old Age — Cicero's De Senec-
tute.
1482 July 2. William Caxton finishes
the printing of the Polychronicon ; it
contains the Berynges and Dedes of
many Tymes in eight Bokes.
1483 * * Statutes are first printed.
Sept. 2. Caxton publishes the Confessio
Amantis. (?)
1483-84 * * The Herald's CoUege is in-
corporated and endowed by King Rich-
ard III.
± * * Sir John Fortescue writes De Laudi-
bus Legum Anglise, and the Difference
between Absolute and Limited Monarchy.
1484+ * * Scot. Robert Henryson of Dun-
fermline writes The Morall Fables of
Esope the Phrygian, Bobeno and Makyne,
the first pastoral poem in English,
and The Bludy Serk.
Mar. 26. JEsop's Fables, printed by Wil-
liam Caxton, appears ; it is the first book
having the leaves numbered.
* * The Life of Our Lady, by John Lyd-
gate, is printed by Caxton.
* * John Skelton writes the poem On the
Death of King Edward IV. ; [he writes
also the Speculum Principis, Speke Par-
rot, Why come Ye not to Court, Colin
Clout.]
* * ± Concordance of History, a history of
Britain, is written by Robert Fabian.
SOCIETY.
1460 Aug. 3. Scot. James II. is killed
by the bursting of a cannon.
1462 * * The people wear the beaks or
points of their shoes so long that they
encumber themselves in walking, and
are forced to tie them up to their knees ;
the fine gentlemen fasten theirs with
chains of silver or silver gilt, and others
with laces. [1467. This is prohibited,
and punished by the forfeiture of 20
shillings, and cursing by the clergy.]
1465 * * Ire. The Head Act is passed
at Trim by the deputy, Earl of Desmond.
It provides " that . . . any persons going
or coming, having no faithful man of good
name and fame in their company in English
apparel, that it shall be lawful to take and
kill those, and to cut off their heads, without
any impeachment of our sovereign lord the
king."
1469 * * Scot. The title Duke of Rothe-
say is created ; also Earl of Buchan.
[1470, Baron Lovat.]
1471 * * Edward, Prince of Wales, is
murdered.
1476 * * Scot. Cochrane, Earl of Mar,
is murdered.
* * Scot. James Stuart, second son of
James III., is made Marquis of Or-
monde, without territories. [Created
Earl of Ross.]
1478 * * Ire. The title Viscount of Gort-
manston is created.
* * George Neville, Duke of Bedford, son
of John, Marquis of Montague, is de-
graded from the peerage by Parlia-
ment because of his poverty.
* * "Witches are convictfed and executed.
1483* *The title Baron of Norfolk is
created. [1485, Earl of Derby.]
STATE.
1460 June* The Earls of Salisbury
and March and Warwick arrive in
England.
AND IRELAND.
1459,**-1484,**. 865
July * Atler the defeat of Henry at
Northampton. Queen Margaret, with
her son, flees to Scotland.
Aug. 23. jScot. King James II. is acci-
dentally killed by the bursting of a
cannon at the siege of Roxburgh Castle.
1460-88 Scot. James III., son of
James II., reigns.
Oct. 7. A parliament meets at West-
minster ; Richard, Duke of York, claims
the crown.
He bases his claim on bis lineal de-
scent from Lionel, third son of Edward
III., King Henry being descended from
John of Gaunt, Lionel's younger brother.
Oct. 24. Parliament, having consid-
ered the claim of the Duke of York,
agrees to a compromise that Henry
shall reign during his life, and that on
his death the Duke and his heirs shall
succeed to the throne.
Dec. 31. Richard, Duke of York, is
killed at the battle of "Wakefield ; his
son Edward succeeds him as heir to
the throne.
* * * Debt is first incurred on the secu-
rity ot Parliament during Henry's reign.
1461-85 House of York, a branch line
of the House of Plantagenet.
1461 Mar. 4. Henry VI. is deposed,
and Edward, son of the deceased Rich-
ard, Duke of York, is proclaimed king
as Edward IV.
1461-83 Edward IV. reigns.
Apr. * The deposed King Henry and Mar-
garet retreat to Scotland.
June 29. Edward IV. is crowned at
Westminster; he creates his brother
George Duke of Clarence, and his
brother Richard Duke of Gloucester.
1462* * Ire. George, Duke of Clar-
ence, is appointed lord lieutenant for
life.
Mints are established in Dublin, Trim,
Droglieda, Waterford, and Galway.
1463 Apr. 8. Scot. Queen Margaret
sails for France to seek the aid of the
French king.
* * Pari. A Statute of Apparel is passed,
prohibiting excess in dress.
* * Pari. It is enacted that no cloths
shall be imported except from Wales
or Ireland.
1464 May 1. King Edward secretly
marries Elizabeth Woodville, daugh-
ter of Lord Rivers, and widow of Sir
John Grey, a Lancastrian.
The Earl of Warwick is incensed, hav-
ing by Edward's authority negotiated a
marriage between him and the Princess
Bona of Savoy, sister of the Queen of
France.
1465 * * Ire. A parliament at Trim en-
acts that the Irish in the English prov-
inces shall dress in the English fashion,
and that they shall assume English
names, and take the oath of allegiance.
* * Parliament: The Surname Act is
passed.
1468 * * Scot. Christian, King of Nor-
way and Denmark, cedes the Orkney
and Shetland Isles in mortgage to
James III. as security for portion of the
dowry of his daughter Margaret, to be
married to James. [The money not be-
ing paid, the Isles remain attached to
the crown of Scotland.]
* * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Kildare, is
appointed deputy. [1470. The Earl of
Worcester, lord lieutenant.]
1469-7 1 Warwick, the King-Maker.
1469 * * The Earl of Warwick intrigues
against the king in the interests of the
king's brother, George, Duke of Clar-
ence, to whom he gives his daughter in
marriage. [July 11. Isabella, Warwick's
daughter, is married to Clarence.]
July* Scot. Margaret, daughter of the
King of Norway and Denmark, is mar-
ried to James III.
July * An insurrection breaks out in
Yorkshire, headed by Robert Hilyard,
commonly called Robin of Redesdale.
July 26 ± * * Edward IV. is taken pris-
oner after the Yorkist defeat at Ban-
bury. [He obtains his liberty in a few
weeks.]
1470 Mar. * An insurrection, osten-
sibly against extortious by officers of
the royal household, but instigated by
Warwick, breaks out in Lincolnshire ;
it is beaded by Sir Robert Welles. [Sup-
pressed.]
Apr. 15. Warwick and Clarence flee
to France, having been declared trai-
tors after the suppression of the Welles
insurrection.
Sept. * Edward IV. flees to Holland,
Warwick and Clarence having returned
from France, and defeated the royal
forces. [1478. Mar. 14. Returns.]
Oct. 6. London. Henry VI. is released
from the Tower, and restored to the
throne.
1471 Apr. 15. London. Henry VI. is
again sent a prisoner to the Tower after
Edward's victory at Barnet, where War-
wick, the " King-maker," is killed.
May 21. London. Henry VI. is mur-
dered (?) in the Tower by Richard, Duke
of Gloucester (?), King Edward's brother.
May * Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond,
[later Henry VII.], escapes to Brittany.
1474 * * Edward IV. intrigues with the
Duke of Burgundy for the crown of
France.
He raises money for his war with
France by voluntary (?)" benevolences,"
without the consent of Parliament.
1475 Aug. * Fr. Peace of Picquigny
with France (p. 679).
1477 * * The Piepowder Court — the
pied poudreux, or Dusty- foot Court — is
introduced.
It is established for the summary ad-
ministration of justice at fairs and mar-
kets between buyers and sellers.
1478 Feb. 7. The Duke of Clarence,
the king's brother, is condemned to
death for treason. [Feb. 18. Hf> dies in
the Tower by drowning in a butt of Malm-
sey.] (?)
* * Ire. Richard, Duke of York, aged
six years, son of Edward, is appointed
lord lieutenant ; Lord Grey is ap-
pointed his deputy. Later, the Earl of
Kildare.]
1481 * * Scot. A conspiracy of the
nobles is formed, encouraged by Edward
IV., to dethrone James, and make his
brother, the Duke of Albany, king. [The
conspirators take King James pris-
oner.]
* * A secret treaty is made at Fotherin-
gay Castle, Northampton, by which the
Duke of Albany undertakes to surrender
Berwick and other forts to the English.
1482 Aug. 25. Fr. Margaret, widow
of King Henry VI., dies at Saumur.
Dec. * Fr. Louis XI. breaks the treaty
of Picquigny by preventing the marriage
of his son to Edward IV. 's daughter.
* * Edinburgh. By the Golden Charter,
James III. confers on the provost and
magistrates power to hold courts, levy
fines, and impose duties on goods enter-
ing at Leath .
1483 Apr. 9. Edward IV. dies.
Apr.*— June.* Edward V., aged 12
years, son of Edward IV., reigns.
May * London. The boy-king Edward is
sent to the Tower ; and his uncle, the
Duke of Gloucester, is made protector
by a great council of the nobles.
June * Lords Hastings and Rivers, Sir
Richard Grey, and Sir Thomas Vaughn,
friends of the late king, are executed
through the agency of Gloucester.
June * The crown is claimed for the
Duke of Gloucester by his adherents.
They declare Edward IV. 's marriage
with Elizabeth Grey to have been in-
valid, and the attainder of the Duke of
Clarence to have debarred him from the
succession.
June 26. TheDuke of Gloucester,
brother of Edward IV., usurps the
crown, and assumes the title of king as
Richard HI.
1483-85 Richard HI. reigns.
July 6. Richard is crowned at West-
minster with his queen, Anne, daughter
of the late Earl of Warwick.
* * London. The boy-king Edward V. and
his brother, the Duke of York, are mur-
dered in the Tower by order of King
Richard III. ; Miles Forest and John
Dighton, employed by Sir James Tyrrel,
are the assassins.
Sept. 8. Richard is again crowned at
York.
Oct. * The Duke of Buckingham heads
a revolt in favor of Henry Tudor, Earl
of Richmond, great-great-grandson of
John of Gaunt, son of Edward III.
[Nov. 2. The duke is executed as a
traitor, at Salisbury.]
* * The importation of lace is prohibited.
1484 Jan. 23. A parliament meets at
Westminster [at which Richard's title
to the crown is confirmed ; the parli
anient also passes an act abolishing ex-
actions of money by '* benevolences "].
MISCELLANEOUS.
1464 * * London. Ironmongers' Com-
pany is formed. [1480, Clothworkers' .]
1466 * * Ire. A plague follows famine,
and a great number of people die.
1467 * * Sheep are exported to Spain
[and the breed thereby improved to the
detriment of English woolen manufac-
ture].
1470 * * Dublin. A plague wastes the
city.
147 1 * * Chester is nearly destroyed by
fire.
* * A pestilence afflicts Oxford.
1478 * * The plague prevails throughout
the realm ; more people die than have
fallen during the continual wars of 15
preceding years.
1481 * * Riders on post-horses go stages
of the distance of 20 miles from each
other in order to procure the king the
earliest news from the war with the
Scots.
866 1485, June 23-1527, * * GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1485 Aug. 7. Henry Tudor, Earl of
Richmond, lands at Milford Haven.
[He is -welcomed by the enemies of Rich-
ard III.]
Aug. 22. Battle of Bosworth Field,
Leicestershire.
Henry Tudor [Henry VII.] defeats
Richard III., who is killed in action ;
this ends the War of the Roses.
Oct. 30. The yeomen of the guard are
appointed at the coronation of Henry
VII. ; it is the first permanent mili-
tary band instituted in England.
1486 Apr.* The unsuccessful insur-
rection of Lords Lovell and Stafford
breaks out.
1487 * * Insurrection.
Lambert Simnel, pretending to be
Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick,
son of Edward IV. 's brother, the Duke
of Clarence, claims a right to the crown.
[June 16. Simnel and his followers are
defeated at Stoke-upon- Trent, Not-
tinghamshire, by the royal forces under
Henry VII. Later, Simnel is pardoned,
and employed as a menial in the king's
domestic service.]
1488* * Henry VII. builds the Great
Harry, considered to be the first ship
of the royal navy.
1492 Oct.* Fr. Henry VI., with an
invading army, supports Maximilian,
King of the Romans, in his claim on the
duchy of Bretagne ; he besieges Bou-
logne with 26,000 men.
Nov. 9. Peace. (See State.)
• * Ire. Perkin Warbeck, pretending
to be a son of Edward IV., lands at
Cork, and assumes the name of Richard
Plantagenet.
1495 July * Warbeck, attempting to
land in Kent, is driven off by the inhab-
itants ; 169 of his followers are captured.
1496 * * James IV. of Scotland, with an
invading army, supports the claims of
Warbeck.
1497 * * An insurrection in Cornwall
against the levying of taxes to support
the war with Scotland is led by Thomas
Flammock.
June 22. The anti-tax insurgents are
defeated with great loss by the king's
troops at Blackheath, near London ;
their leaders are captured, and 24 are
hanged.
Sept. 7. Perkin Warbeck lands in
Cornwall, where he is joined by 3,000
men.
[Sept. 17. He attacks" Exeter, and
burns part of the city. * * His force
is dispersed by the king's troops at
Taunton, Somerset ; Warbeck flees to
the monastery of Beaulieu in Hamp-
shire. Oct. 5. He is taken prisoner.
1499. Nov. 23. He is hanged at Tyburn.]
1513 Sept. 9. Battle of Plodden
Field, Northumberland.
The Earl of Surrey, with 26,000 Eng-
lish, defeats 50,000 Scotch under their
king, James IV. ; the Scotch king and
10,000 of his men are killed.
1523 * * The Duke of Albany, as regent
of Scotland and brother of James III.,
invades England ; he is driven back.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1496 Mar. 5. John Cabot secures a
patent to make discoveries and occupy
territory in America.
1497 June 24. Can. John Cabot
makes important discoveries (p. 570).
(See Canada for Arctic expeditions.)
1498 May* Sebastian Cabot sails
from Bristol, visits Davis Strait in the
Arctic regions, and discovers the coast
of North America. [1512. He discov-
ers Hudson Bay.]
1502 Jan. 24. Henry VII. commences
the chapel in Westminster Abbey which
bears his name.
1505 * * Spinning by the distaff is in-
troduced.
1508+ * * Ornamental gardening is
introduced, chiefly from The Nether-
lands.
1509-1625 Rise of Elizabethan Gothic
architecture.
1510 * * Hats are first manufactured in
England by Spaniards.
1513 * * London has only 13 surgeons
and doctors; they are exempted from
bearing arms or serving on juries.
1520 * * The art of knitting flourishes.
[1577. Becomes common.]
* * Lettuce is introduced from Flanders.
1527 * * Robert Thorpe of Bristol sails in
search of a Northwest Passage.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1485 * * Catherine, or Katherine of Aragon,
born.
Kichard m., king, A33.
1487 * * Coverdale, Miles, bishop of Exeter,
translator of the Bible, born.
1488 * * Audley, Thomas, lord chancellor, b.
1489 * * Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of
Canterbury, statesman, born.
1490± * * Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Es-
sex, statesman, born.
1491 June 28. Henry VIII. . king, born.
Caxton. William, first English printer, A79.
Lindsay, Sir David, poet, Scotland, born.
1494 * * Beaton. David, cardinal, states-
man, Scotland, born.
1495 * * Bonner, Edmund, bishop of London,
lawyer, statesman, born.
Elyot, Sir Thomas, diplomatist, lexicog., b.
1496 * * Maitland, Sir Richard, of Leithing-
ton, poet, Scotland, born.
1500 Mar. 3. Pole, Reginald, cardinal,
archbishop of Canterbury, statesman, b.
Ridley, Nicholas, bishop, of London, martyr,
born.
Rogers, John, clergyman, martyr, born.
Somerset, Duke of, Edward Seymour, states-
man, born.
1502 * * Dudley, John, Duke of Northumber-
land, Earl of Warwick, statesman, born.
1503 * * Wyatt, Sir Thomas, poet, states., b.
1504 * ** Parker, Matthew, archbishop of
Canterbury, reformer, born.
1505 * * Cavendish, Sir William, courtier,
writer, born.
Knox, John, reformer, Scotland, born.
1506* * Buchanan, George, historian, poet,
Scotland, born.
Leland, John, antiquary, Unguist, born.
Udall, Nicolas, dramatist, born.
1507* *Boleyn, Anne, wife of Henry
VIII., born.
Sadler, Sir Ralph, diplomatist, historian, b.
1509 * * Henry VII., king, A53.
Bacon, Sir Nicholas, statesman, b.
1 5 1 1 * * Craig, .)ohn, reformer, Scotland, b.
1512 * * Fabyan, Robert, chronicler, A62±.
James V., king, Scotland, born.
Poynings, Sir Edward, statesman. Ireland, d.
1513 * * James IV., king, Scotland, A40.
15 14 * * Douglas, Archibald, " Bell the Cat,"
Earl of Angus, Scotland, dies.
Elphinstone, William, cl., states., Scot., A83.
1519* * Grocyn, William, prof. Greek at
Oxford, A77.
1520 Sept. 13. Burleigh, Lord, William
Cecil, statesman, born.
1522* * Douglas, Gawin, or Gavin, poet,
Scotland, A49.
Jewel, John, bishop of Salisbury, author, b.
1624 * * Linacre, Thomas, pliys., schol., A64.
CHURCH.
1490 * * Papal admonitions are given to
correct the gross profligacy of the mon-
asteries.
1503* * It. Pius III. is elected pope: later;
Julius II. [1513, Leo X.; 1522, Adrian VI.,
1523, Clement VII.; 1534, Paul 111.]
1504 * * It. The pope grants a dispen-
sation permitting Henry VTTT, to
marry Catherine, his brother's widow.
1523 * * Ire. Bishop Doran is appointed
to the see of Leighlin.
[He is murdered by his archdeacon,
Maurice Cavenagh, who is hanged on the
spot where the crime was committed.]
1525 * * William Tyndale translates the
Bible from the Greek.
LETTERS.
1489 * * Sea-charts are first introduced
by Bartholomew Columbus to explain
the theory of his brother Christopher
respecting a western continent.
1490 * * The lioke of Eneydos is printed
by Caxton.
1491* * William Grocyn settles at
Exeter College, Oxford ; he is the first
teacher of Greek in England.
1494 * * Scot. King's College, Aber-
deen, is founded by Bishop William
Elphinstone.
± * * A Lytel Geste of Robin Hode, liobin
Hood and the Potter, liobin Hood and the
Monk, and many other Robin Hood bal-
lads and stories are written by unknown
authors.
1497 * * The Hylle of Perfection is printed
" at the instance of the reverend reli-
gyous fader Tho Prior of the hous of
St. Ann."
15th Century. The ballads of the Battle
of Otterburn and Chevy Chase are written
by unknown authors.
1500-06 Scot. The University of
Aberdeen is founded.
1500 * * Stephen Hawes writes his Tem-
ple of Glass, an imitation of Chaucer's
House of Fame. [1500. The Pastime of
Pleasure.]
1501 * * Acts of Parliament are first
begun to be printed.
* * Scot. Gavin Douglas writes his alle-
gory, The Palace of Honor.
1502 * * The divinity professorship is
founded at Cambridge.
1505 * * Christ's College, Cambridge, is
endowed by Margaret, Countess of
Richmond.
* * Edinburgh. The Royal College of
Surgeons is incorporated.
1507* * Edinburgh. The first printing-
press is set up by William Chepman and
Andrew Myllar in the Cowgate.
* * John Skelton writes Bowge of Court,
and Boke of Phyllip Sparrowe.
1508 * * Scot. The Golden Terge, Dance
of the Seven Deadly Sins, Lament for
the Makaars, The Joust between the Tai-
lor and the Soutar, and Amends to the
Tailors and Soutars, poems by William
Dunbar, appear ; together with William
Kennedy he writes The fly ting of Dun-
bar and Kennedy.
1509 * * Brazenose College, Oxford, is
founded by William Smyth, Bishop of
Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton.
* * The journals of the House of Lords
are commenced.
* * Alexander Barclay writes The Ship
of Fools.
AND IRELAND. 1485, June 23-1527,
867
* "London. St. Paul's school is founded
by Dean Golet.
1510 * * Henry VIII. grants another
charter to the University of Oxford.
1511 * * St. John's College, Cambridge,
is endowed by Margaret, Countess of
Richmond.
1512 * * Scot. St. Leonard's College,
University of St. Andrews, is founded
by Archbishop Stuart and John Hep-
burn.
St. Mary's College, University of St.
Andrews, is founded by the Beatons.
1513-1625 Renaissance Period.
The revival of letters in Italy spreads
into other lands, and reaches England.
1513 * * Latin Grammar, by William
Lily, appears.
* * Scot. Gavin Douglas finishes his
translation of Vergil's jEneid ; it is the
first translation of Vergil, or any
Latin classic into English verse ; [he
also writes an allegory, King Hart],
* * Sir Thomas More writes History of
Edward V. and Richard III. [1516.
Utopia, in Latin ; it is translated" into
English by Ralph Robinson, and pub-
lished in 1551.]
1516 * * Corpus Christi College, Ox-
ford, is founded by Bishop Fox of Win-
chester.
1518* * Edinburgh. The High School
is founded.
1520-40 John Heywood composes his
Interludes.
1521 * * Scot. History of Great Britain,
in Latin, by John Mair, appears.
1526 * * Scot. History of the Scots, in
Latin, by Hector Boece, appears. [It is
translated into English and published in
1536 by John Bellenden.]
SOCIETY.
1489 * * Scot. The title, Baron Sempill.
is created; also Baron Sinclair and
Baron Herries. [1492. Eng. Baron Wil-
loughby de Broke.]
1494 * * Any two justices have the power
to suppress unnecessary ale-houses.
1495 * * Wages are regulated by law.
A freemason, master carpenter, rough
mason, bricklayer, mason tiler, plumber,
glazier, carver, or joiner, are allowed from
Easter to Michaelmas to take six pence a day
without meat and drink, or with meat and
drink, four pence ; from Michaelmas to
Easter, to abate a penny ; a master having
under him six men is allowed a penny a day
extra. [1496. The law is repealed.]
1497 Sept. 21. Perkin Warbeck finds
sanctuary at the monastery of Beaulieu,
New Forest.
1501 Nov. 6. London. Prince Arthur,
son of Henry VII., is married to Cather-
ine of Aragon, at St. Paul's.
1503 June 25. Prince Henry [VIII.],
aged 12, is betrothed to Catherine or
Aragon, his brother's widow.
* * Princess Margaret, daughter of
Henry VII., marries James TV., King
of Scotland.
* * The privilege of sanctuary being
much abused, is limited by the Pope at
the request of King Henry VII. [1540.
It is further limited.]
1504 * * The penalties for vagrancy are
somewhat mitigated in cases of sickness
and^ld age.
1508* * London. Avaricious King
Henry extorts money from merchants
by prosecutions under obsolete laws.
* * Scot. The title, Earl of Eglinton, is
created. [1509. Baron Elphinston, and
Earl of Casmlis.]
1509 June 11. Henry VIII. marries
Catherine of Aragon. [1533. Divorced.]
* * The title, Baron Conyers, is created.
[1523, Baron Vaux of Harrowden, Baron
Windsor, Baron Braye, and Earl of
Huntingdon.]
STATE.
1485 June 23. Richard issues a proc-
lamation against Henry Tudor.
July 24. Richard establishes cavalry
posts on the high-roads for the speedy
conveyance of intelligence.
* * Richard levies "benevolences" in
disregard of the law recommended by
himself.
1485-1603 House of Tudor.
Aug. 22. Richard III. is killed at the
battle of Bosworth Field.
Henry Tudor, descendant of John of
Gaunt, becomes King, as Henry VII. ;
he is crowned on the battle-field.
Oct. 30. London. Henry is again
crowned at Westminster, King of
England and France.
1485-1508 Henry VII. reigns.
* * Henry sends the Earl of Warwick,
son of the Duke of Clarence, to the
Tower.
* * Ire. The Duke of Bedford is ap-
pointed lord lieutenant ; Gerald, Earl
of Kildare, retains the office of deputy.
1486 Jan. 18. King Henry marries
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV.,
thus uniting the red and white roses.
* * Insurrection. (See Army.)
* * The Star Chamber Court is institu-
ted or revived.
It is composed of the chancellor,
Treasurer, keeper of the privy seal,
with a bishop, a lord of the Council, and
chief and other justices, and has juris-
diction to punish certain offences with-
out trial by jury.
1487 Insurrection. (See Army.)
1488 June 11. Scot. James HI. , es-
caping from the battle-field of Sauchie-
burn, is killed by the rebel Borthwick.
1488-1583 Scot. James IV., son of
James II., reigns.
1489 * * A law is made prohibiting any
one from selling any hat for above 20
pence, or cap for above two shillings,
eight pence.
1492 Nov. 9. The Peace of Etaples
ends the war with France.
* * Ire. Warbeck's rebellion. (See
Army.)
1494 * * Ire. The king's son, Henry,
Duke of York, aged three years [later
Henry VIII.], is appointed lord lieuten-
ant ; Sir Edward Poynings is appointed
his deputy. [1496. Apr. * Henry Deane,
bishop of Bangor, later, Gerald, Earl of
Kildare, deputies.]
Sept. 13. Ire. Poynings's Law is
passed at a parliament in Drogheda
by Lord Deputy Poynings.
It prohibits the convening of any par-
liament, or the enacting of any law, in
Ireland, unless first approved of by the
king and his council.
1497 * * Insurrection. (See Army.)
1498 Aug. * A parliament at Trim
enacts that custom-house laws passed
in England shall be adopted in Ireland.
1502 Jan. * A treaty of perpetual
peace is concluded between England and
Scotland ; James is to marry Margaret,
the daughter of Henry VII.
1504 * * William Warham is made
lord high chancellor.
* * Ire. Gerald, Earl of Kildare, is ap-
pointed deputy.
* *The true English shilling is first
coined by Henry VII. (?)
1508 * * Edinburgh. James IV. grants
the city a charter.
1509 Apr. 21. King Henry VII. dies.
1509-47 Henry VIH., son of Henry
VII., reigns.
* * Archbishop Warham, Bishops Fisher
and Fox, the Earl of Surrey, Sir Edward
Poynings, and Sir Thos. Lovel are among
the ministers and advisers of the
king.
June 3 . Henry VLTL marries Cather-
ine of Aragon, sister of King Philip of
Spain, and widow of his brother Arthur.
June 24. London. Henry and Cather-
ine are crowned at Westminster.
* * John Fineux is appointed chief jus-
tice.
1510 Jan. 21. Parliament meets.
[Feb. 23. Dissolved.]
* * Thomas Wolsey becomes a member
of the Council.
1511 Feb. 4. Parliament meets.
[1513. Mar. 4. Dissolved.]
* * Henry becomes a member of the Holy
League with the Pope, Ferdinand of
Aragon, and Venice, the object being to
expel the French from Italy.
* * Henry receives from the Pope the title
•• Most Christian King."
1513 Sept. 9. Scot. James IV. is killed
at the battle of Flodden Field.
1513-42 Scot. James V., son of James
IV., reigns.
He being but one year old. his mother
is made regent. [1514. She marries the
Earl of Angus, head of the house of
Douglas.]
1514 Feb. 5. Parliament meets.
[1515. Dec. 22. Dissolved.]
* * Thomas Wolsey becomes bishop
of Lincoln and archbishop of York.
[1515. He is made cardinal, and ap-
pointed lord high chancellor.]
1515 * * Scot. The Duke of Albany
becomes regent.
1521 * * Ire. Thomas Howard, Earl of
Surrey and lord admiral of England, is
appointed lord lieutenant.
May 17. The Duke of Buckingham is
executed after trial and condemnation
for high treason.
1525* * Scot. The Earl of Angus
usurps the ruling power while keeping
the young king a captive. [1528. The
king escapes. Angus and his family
are banished.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1485 * * London. Many people die of
the Sudor Anglicus, or sweating sick-
ness.
1490 June 17. Claret wine is first
imported.
1499-1500 London. The plague being
so dreadful, Henry VII. removes his
court to Calais.
1502* * London. The Fleet ditch is
navigable.
1505 * * Norwich is nearly consumed by
fire.
1506 * * Sweating sickness breaks out
again. In many of the chief towns half
the inhabitants die, and Oxford is de-
populated.
1522 * * Ire. Many thousands die of the
plague at Limerick.
868 1528,**-1546, July 16. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1534 * * Ire. The insurrection of the
Fitzgeralds or Geraldines breaks out in
Kildare.
It is led by Thomas, son of the Earl of
Kildare, known as " Silken Thomas ; "
it is suppressed. [1537. Jan. 3. Five
of the Fitzgeralds and " Silken Thomas "
are hanged at Tyburn, London.]
1536 * * The insurrection against the
suppression of monasteries, called the
" Pilgrimage of Grace," begins.
The 30,000 insurrectionists are sup-
pressed by the royal forces under the
Duke of Norfolk ; [Lord Darcy, Robert
Aske, and other leaders are put to death.]
1542 Oct.* Scot. The Duke of Norfolk,
with an invading army of 20,000 men,
ravages the country.
Nov. 25. Battle of Solway Moss in
Cumberland, " the rout of Solway Moss."
The Scotch under Lord Maxwell are
defeated by the English under Dacre
and Musgrave ; a thousand of the Scotch
are taken prisoners.
1544 May 5. Scot. The English, un-
der the Earl of Hereford, with 200
ships, appear in the Frith of Forth, and
attack and burn Leith and Edin-
burgh. [They retire after devastating
the country.]
June * Fr. Henry VHI. comes with
45,000 men to assist the Emperor Charles
V. in the reduction of France.
July 18. A French fleet of 150 ships,
under command of Annebaut, ravages
the southeastern coast.
They attempt to destroy Portsmouth,
but are compelled to retire by Viscount
Lisle, commanding the Great Harry and
60 other vessels.
Aug.* -Sept. 14. Fr. Henry VIII. be-
sieges and captures Boulogne, and
then returns to England.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1540* * London. Barbers and sur-
geons are united in one company.
It is enacted that " no person using any
shaving or barbery in London shall oc-
cupy any surgery, letting of blood, or
other matter excepting only the drawing
of teeth."
* * Pins are brought from France ; first
used by Queen Catherine Howard. [1543.
First made in England.]
1541 * * Dancing by cinque paces is in-
troduced from Italy.
1543 * * Ralph Page and Peter Baude
make cast iron in Sussex.
* * The first cannon cast in England is
made at Uckfleld, Sussex, by Hugget.
Mortars are also cast.
1544 ± * * Pistols are first used by the
cavalry of England.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1530-fc * * Dunbar, William, poet, Scot., A70-fc.
Morton, Earl of, James Douglas, regent,
Scotland, born.
Whitgift, John, archbishop of Canterbury, b.
1538 Sept. 7. Klizabeth, daughter of
Henry VIII., queen, born.
Moray, Earl of, James Stuart, regent, Scot., b.
1535 July 6. More, Sir Thomas, theolo-
gian, historian, statesman, A57.
Cartwright, Thomas, Puritan clergyman, b.
Fisher. John, bishop of Rochester, lawyer.
statesman, A76.
Gascoigne, George, poet, born.
1636 * » Boethius, or Boece, Hector, histo-
rian, A71.
Bothwell, James husband of Mary Queen of
Scots, born.
Dorset, Earl of, Thomas Sackville, poet,
statesman, born.
Frobisher, Sir Martin, navigator, born.
Howard, Charles, Lord Howard of Effing-
ham, born.
Tyndale, William, reformer, writer, A52.
Walsingham, Sir Francis, statesman, born.
1537 * * Edward VI., King, born.
Grey, Lady Jane, born.
1538 * * Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, navigator, b.
1540± * * Barclay, William, jurist, Scot., b.
lsirde, William, comp., organist, born.
Ctaig, Sir Thomas, lawyer, antiq., Scot., b.
Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex, states-
man, A50.
* * Drake, Sir Francis, navigator, born.
Egerton, Thomas, Baron of Ellesmere, states-
man, born.
Gilbert, William, physicist, born.
Vere, Thomas de, miscellaneous writer, b.
1541± * * Essex, Earl of, Walter Devereux,
statesman, general, born.
1542 Dec. 7 (8?). Mary Queen of Scots,
Scotland, born.
Allen, Thomas, mathematician, born.
James V., king, Scotland, A30.
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, poet, A39.
1544* * Audley, Thomas, Lord Chancellor,
A56.
Bodley, Sir Thomas, founder of Bodleian
library, born.
1545 * * Bannatyne, George, antiquarian,
Scotland, born.
Harvey, Gabriel, author, born.
Melville, Andrew, reformer, scholar, Scot., b.
CHURCH.
1531 * * Henry VIII. declares the Eng-
lish Church independent of Borne ;
he is recognized as its head.
1533 * * Thomas Cranmer is appointed
archbishop of Canterbury.
1534 Nov. 3. The Act of Supremacy
is passed, severing the connection of the
English Church with Rome. The king
is the supreme head of the church.
1535 Apr. 29. The «monks of the
Charter-house are hanged and beheaded
for refusing to acknowledge the king as
head of the church.
* *Persecution. All conscientious
Catholics are liable to the death of
traitors.
* * Thomas Cromwell is appointed vicar-
general to inspect monasteries. June *
A commission visits the monasteries
and reports much dissipation in the
smaller ones. [1536. They are dissolved.]
June 22. London. Bishop Fisher is
executed for denying the king's spiritual
supremacy. [July 6. Sir Thomas
More, " the greatest thinker of his gen-
eration," is executed for like cause.]
* *Beligious primers for private devo-
tion, containing the Ten Commandments
and Lord's Prayer, are published.
* * Ire. The Reformation is promoted
by Archbishop George Browne.
* * Coverdale's translation of the Bible
is appointed to be read in all the
churches.
1536 June 8. A convocation of Eng-
lish clergy agrees to articles, which are
published.
It acknowledges transubstantiation,
communion of one kind, vows of chas-
tity, private masses, celibacy of the
clergy, and auricular confession. Offend-
ers are to be punished as heretics.
June 9. The clergy of London agree
upon a form of petition soliciting per-
mission to read the Bible for the people.
Sept. * The Pilgrimage of Grace.
An insurrection occurs of 30,000 men
opposed to the dissolution of monaster-
ies. [Oct. * They are subdued by the
Duke of Norfolk after taking Hull, York,
and other towns.]
* * Henry VIII., with all England, is put
under a papal interdict. [Published in
1538.] Catholics are absolved from alle-
giance to the king.
* * William Tyndale is burned at the
stake. " Lord, open the King of Eng-
land's eyes."
* * Scot. The Reformation spreads.
* * The clergy are excluded from Parlia-
ment.
* * A convocation of the National Church
declares the doctrines of the Baptists
to be detestable heresies.
1537 * * The Pilgrimage of Grace is
revived.
The religious insurgents opposed to
the dissolution of the monasteries again
take arms, but are promptly suppressed,
and the leaders, several abbots, and
many others are executed.
* * Mattheio's Bible a translation of the
Bible into English, by John Rogers, ap-
pears.
1538 Nov. 16. Henry VIII. proclaims
that Thomas a Becket was no saint,
but a rebel.
* * Archbishop Cranmer is ordered to pro-
ceed against the Baptists and burn their
books.
1539 May 13. A bill is introduced in
Parliament confiscating to the Crown
the monastic institutions.
[Six hundred and forty-five monaster-
ies, 90 colleges, 2,374 chantries, and 110
hospitals, having a revenue of £161,000,
soon after fall. St. Bartholomew's
monastery of London is changed into
an hospital.]
* * Scot. The Protestants are perse-
cuted by the regent Cardinal Beaton.
* * Parliament passes the Six Articles
Statute defining heresy.
It is heresy to deny (1) transubstan-
tiation ; (2) communion in one kind to
laymen ; (3) celibacy of the clergy ; (4)
inviolability of the vows of chastity ;
(5) the necessity of private masses ; (6>
the necessity of auricular confession.
* * The enshrined bones of Thomas a
Becket are burned by Henry VIII.
* * The abbots of Glastonbury, Reading,
and others, are executed.
* * Two new versions of the Bible ap-
pear, — Taverner's Bible, by Richard
Tavemer, and Cromwell's, or the Great
Bible, by Miles Coverdale.
* * The clergy are regulated by Parlia-
ment.
1540 * * A revision of Tyndale's Bible
(Cranmer's Bible), by Archbishop
Cranmer, appears.
1541 * * The words "Lord Pope" are
stricken out of all English books.
* * The see of Peterborough is created ;
also Gloucester. [1542, Bristol; also
Chester and Oxford.]
* * Dublin. Christ's Church is made a
deanery and chapter by Henry VIII.
* * The privilege of sanctuary is moved
from Manchester to Chester.
1542 Apr. 30. The Houses of Convo-
cation approve the new areed, called the
King's Book. [It becomes the stan-
dard of English orthodoxy.]
* * It. The tribunal of the Inquisition
is established at Rome by Cardinal Ca-
raffa.
1543 Jan. 16. Parliament forbids
women, apprentices, etc., reading the
New Testament in English.
AND IRELAND. 1528,* *-1546, July 16. 869
* * Ire. Some of the English settlers em-
brace the reformed religion.
* * During Lent Henry VIII. permits the
use of white meats by a proclamation.
1544* *The first English litany is
commanded to be used in the Reformed
churched by Henry VIII.
1546 Jan. 18. Aust. The Council of
Trent assembles, and proceeds to pre-
pare a confession of faith (p. 510).
Mar. 29. Scot. George Wishart, re-
former, is burned at St. Andrews. [May
29. Cardinal Beaton is murdered at the
same place.]
July 16. Anne Askew, an accom-
plished Protestant lady, is burned for
heresy after enduring torture.
* * Dublin, St. Patrick's Cathedral is
desecrated, and used as a law court.
LETTERS.
1528 * * Scot. Sir David Lyndsay writes
Lyndsay' s Dream. [1529, Lyndsay' s
Complaint ; 1530, The Testament of the
Papinge, or Popinjay ; 1535, A Satire of
the Three Estates; 1536, Answer to the
King's Flyting, Complaint and Public
Confession of the King's Old Hound,
and' JSagsche; 1553, The Monarchies
* * The Dialogue and the Supplication of
Souls, by Sir Thomas More, appear.
1530 * * The Practice of Prelates, by
William Tyndale, appears.
* * The Royal Injunctions, recording the
views of Thomas Cromwell, mark the
downfall of the old scholastic methods
of study at the Universities of Cambridge
and Oxford.
1537* *A papal bull dedicates St.
Mary's College to the Blessed Virgin
Mary of the Assumption, and adds en-
dowments.
1538 * * Sir Thomas Elyot produces the
first Latin-English dictionary pub-
lished in England ; he is the author also
of The Governor, a treatise on education,
The Castle of Health, and a Defence or
Apology of Good Women.
1539 * * Regius Professorship is estab-
lished at Cambridge; also professor-
ships of law, Hebrew, Greek, and physic.
* * Professorships of divinity, law, med-
icine, Hebrew, and Greek, are estab-
lished at Oxford.
* * Sir Thomas Wyatt writes Sonnets and
Lyrics. He is the first writer of son-
nets in English, and the first writer of
satires in classical form.
* * Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey,
writes sonnets, lyrics, and satires.
1541 * * Ralph Roister Doister, a play, is
written by Nicholas Udall ; it is the
earliest known English comedy.
1544 * * Roger Ascham writes Toxophi-
lus, a book on archery.
SOCIETY.
1533 Jan. 25. Henry VIII. marries
Anne Boleyn. [1536. May 19. Beheaded
for infidelity.]
June 1. London. The great conduit
runs with white and claret wine, the
whole afternoon, in honor of the wed-
ding of Anne Boleyn.
1535 May 8. Henry VIII., having had
his head shaved, commands all about
his court to follow his example.
* * Society punishes the poor.
A vagrant a second time convicted is
to lose the upper part of the gristle of
his right ear ; a third time convicted, is
to be put to death. *
1536 May 20. Henry VIII. marries
Jane Seymour, maid of honor to Anne
Boleyn, on the day following the execu-
tion of Anne. [1537. Oct. 24. She dies
after the birth of her son Edward VI.]
1537 Dec. 5. The expulsion of Gipsies
is ordered.
* * Regulations for wakes are enacted.
1538 * * London. Bills of mortality are
ordered to be kept. [1539. First com-
piled.]
* * Scot. James V. marries Mary of
Guise.
1540 Jan. 6. Henry VIII. marries
Anne of Cleves. [July * Divorced. July
28. He marries Catherine Howard.
1542. Feb. 12. Executed for treason.]
* * The order of the Knights of Malta is
suppressed. [1557. Restored.]
* * Scot. The Order of the Thistle is
instituted by James V.
" It consists of the sovereign and 12
knights, in imitation of Christ and his
12 apostles. [1543. The order is discon-
tinued. 1687. Renewed.]
1541 May 27. The venerable Count-
ess of Salisbury is beheaded, after
resisting the executioner and being hor-
ribly mangled.
* * Margaret Davie, a young woman, is
boiled to death for poisoning.
* * A statue is enacted declaring all
witchcraft and sorcery to be felony
without benefit of clergy.
* * Ire. The title, Baron Louth, is cre-
ated. [1543, Baron Inchiquin.]
1542 Dec. 13. People deemed the bet-
ter sort are permitted to read the Bible.
* * Scot. Princess Mary, only eight days
old, is sent to France.
1543 July 12. Henry VIII. marries
Catherine Parr. [1548. Sept.* She
dies.]
1545 * * Circulating slanderous libels is
made a felony.
* * The property of guilds is confiscated.
1546 May 29. Edinburgh. Cardinal
Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrews, is
assassinated at St. Andrews by the
Protestants. .
STATE.
1529 Nov. 3. Parliament meets.
[1536. Apr. 4. Dissolved.]
* * Sir Thomas More is made lord chan-
cellor, Cardinal Wolsey having incurred
the king's displeasure.
* * Ire. Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Rich-
mond and Somerset, natural sou of the
king, is appointed lord lieutenant.
1532 May 17. Scot. A statute is
passed instituting the Court of Session,
the highest Scotch civil tribunal.
* * Sir Thomas More resigns, and Sir
Thomas Audley is made lord keeper of
the seal.
* * Thomas Cranmer is made arch-
bishop of Canterbury, and one of the
king's ministers and advisers. Thomas
Cromwell is one of the king's favorites
and ministers.
1533 * * Parliament fixes the price of
beef and pork at a halfpenny a pound,
and veal three farthings.
1534 Nov. 3. A Parliament meets, at
which the Act of Supremacy is passed
declaring the king the only supreme
head of the church; and other acts
are passed totally abolishing the papal
power in England.
1536 * * An act is passed uniting and
incorporating "Wales with England.
June 8. Parliament meets. [July 18.
Dissolved.]
It passes an Act ratifying the divorce
of Anne Boleyn, and declaring the issue
of the king's former marriage illegiti-
mate.
* * Thomas Cromwell is made lord privy
seal.
1539 Apr. 28. Parliament meets.
[July 24. Dissolved.]
* * Sir Edward Montague is appointed
chief justice.
1540 * * Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, Hen-
ry, Earl of Surrey, Thomas, Lord Aud-
ley, Bishop Gardiner, and Sir Ralph
Sadler are ministers.
Apr. 17. Thomas Cromwell is created
Earl of Essex.
July 28. Cromwell, Earl of Essex, is
executed on a charge of treason. He had
incurred the king's displeasure by rec-
ommending the marriage with Anne of
Cleves.
* * Scot. The Hebrides are annexed by
James V.
1541 Jan. 16. Parliament meets.
[1544. Mar. 28. Dissolved.]
1542 * * Parliament : An act is passed
making Ireland a kingdom. Henry
assumes the title King of Ireland, in-
stead of " lord of Ireland " used by
previous kings.
* * Parliament : Members are exempted
from arrest on civil action.
Dec. 13. Scot. James V. dies.
1542-67 Scot. Mary Queen of Scots
reigns.
She being an infant one week old, the
Earl of Arran is made regent.
1543 Feb. 11. Henry forms an alli-
ance with the Emperor Charles V.
1544 * * Thomas Wriothesley is ap-
pointed lord high chancellor.
* * Parliament declares Henry's daugh-
ters, Mary and Elizabeth, heirs to the
crown, in the event of Edward dying
without issue.
* * Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, Lord Lisle,
Sir William Petre, and Sir William
Paget are the king's ministers.
* * Ire. Anthony St. Leger is appointed
deputy.
* * The subsidies are expended, and " be-
nevolences" are extorted.
1545 Jan. 30. Parliament meets.
[Dissolved at an uncertain date.]
Nov. 23. Parliament meets. [1547.
Jan. 31. Dissolved.]
* * The coin is debased ; the rate of in-
terest is fixed at 10 per cent.
1546 June 7. Peace is concluded
with France ; England is to surrender
Boulogne on the payment of a heavy
former debt due by France.
* * Sir Richard Lyster is appointed chief
justice.
* * * The king suppresses 645 monas-
teries, 90 colleges, 2,374 chantries and
chapels, and 110 hospitals, and confis,-
cates their revenue, amounting to
£161,100.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1537 * * London. The Fishmongers'
United Company is formed.
1544 * * Land is [said to have been] let
generally for one shilling per acre.
1545 July 20. The Mary Pose from
Portsmouth, bound for Spithead, is up-
set in a squall ; all on board drowned.
870 1546,**-1555,**.
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1547 Sept.* Scot. The Duke of Somer-
set, with a fleet and 16,000 men, invades
the country.
Sept. 10. Scot. Battle of Pinkie, near
Edinburgh. The Duke of Somerset de-
feats the Scotch under Earls Angus and
Huntley ; Scotch loss, 10,000 killed.
1549 * * A rebellion breaks out in the
southern and western counties.
It is an uprising against the introduc-
tion of the New Church liturgy, is
suppressed by the royal forces under
Lord Grey at Bridgewater, Somerset-
shire ; the leaders are put to death.
* * Robert Ket, a tanner and landowner
of Norfolk, heads an insurrection
against the new liturgy, and the " op-
pression of the commons by the rich."
He gathers an army of 20,000 men and
attacks Norwich, setting fire to part of
the city ; he is defeated at Dussing-
dale by the royal troops under the Earl
of Warwick, and, with other insurgent
leaders, hanged.
1550 * * The regiment of Horse Guards
is first raised.
1554 Feb. * Sir Thomas Wyatt, son of
the poet, leads a rebellion of Kent men
against the marriage of Queen Mary
with Philip of Spain. [Feb. 6. He is
taken prisoner. Apr. 11. Executed.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1550 * * Pencils are made of black lead.
16th Century. Orlando Gibbons writes
music for the Anglican service, as well
as secular music.
1551+ * * The first regular comedy is
performed in England.
* * A musical sacred drama is first per-
formed in an oratorio [hence its name]
by St. Philip Neri.
1553 May 20. An expedition sails from
the Thames under Sir Hugh Willoughby
and Richard Chancellor to find a north-
east passage to China. [He discovers
Spitzbergen in the Arctic Ocean, and
calls it Greenland, supposing it to be a
part of the Western Continent.]
* * The art of starching linen is brought
into England by Mrs. Dinghein, a Flem-
ish woman.
1554 Aug. 3. The first letter in Europe
[known to be] sealed with sealing-wax,
bears this date.
± * * Bus. The Arctic explorer, Richard
Chancellor, in the Edward, reaches
Archangel and Moscow ; the rest of the
expedition have perished off the coast of
Lapland.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1546 * * Beaton, David, cardinal, statesman,
Scotland, A52.
Darnley, Lord, Henry Stuart, husband of
Mary Queen of Scots, Scotland, born.
Elyot, Sir Thomas, diplomatist, lexicog., A51.
Wishart, George, martyr, reformer, Scot., b.
1547* * Baker, Peter, caligraphist, one of
the inventors of shorthand writing, born.
Surrey, Earl of, Henry Howard, poet, dies.
1549 * * Savile, Sir Henry, hist, and math., b.
Sternhold, Thomas, versifier of Psalms, born.
1550 * * Amidas, Philip, navigator, born.
Bellenden, John, archdeacon of Moray, his-
torian, Scotland, dies.
Brown, Robert, Puritan theologian, founder
of the Brownists, born.
Lancaster, Sir James, navigator, born.
Napier, John, inventor of logarithms, born.
1551 * * Camden, William, antiquary, born.
1552 * * Barclay, Alexander, poet, Scot., A77.
Coke. Sir Edward, jurist, statesman, born.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, poet, courtier, histo-
rian, traveler, statesman, born.
Somerset, Duke of, protector, A52.
Spenser, Edmund, poet, born.
1653 * * Dudley, John, Duke of Northumber-
land, Earl of Warwick, statesman, AM.
Edward VI., king, A16.
Hakluyt, Kichard, historian, geographer, b.
Lilly, or Lyly, John, dramatist, born.
1554 Feb. 12. Grey, Lady Jane, claim-
ant to the crown, A17±.
Greville, Sir Fulke, Lord Brooke, states-
man, author, born.
Hooker, Richard, clergyman, author, born.
Sidney. Sir Philip, poet, courtier, states-
man, born.
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, arctic navigator, d.
1555 Oct. 16. Latimer, Hugh, reformer,
martyr, A65.
Nov. 12. Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of
Winchester, lawyer, statesman, A72.
Bradford, John, clergyman, martyr, dies.
Hooper, John, reformer, martyr, A55.
Lyndsay, Sir David, poet, Scotland, A55+.
Ridley. Nicholas, bishop of London, mar-
tyr, A 55.
Rogers, John, clergyman, martyr, A55.
CHURCH.
1546 * * Scot. The name Congregation
of the Lord is taken by the Reformers
headed by John Knox. [1547. John
Knox becomes a preacher.]
1547 * * The six articles defining heresy
are repealed. (See 1539.)
* * Protestantism is formally established
by Edward VI. A committee is ap-
pointed to draw up a liturgy.
1 548 Mar. * The Privy Council set forth
a new commission office.
Apr. 16. The reading of evening
prayer in English begins in the chapel
of King Edward.
Dec. * The first prayer-book of Ed-
ward approved by the Commons. [1549.
Jan. * Lords approve.]
* * A Book of Homilies, a manual for the
use of ministers who are unable to com-
pose sermons, is published by order of
Archbishop Cranmer. [1563. A second
book is published by order of Queen
Elizabeth.]
1549 Jan. 15. The Uniformity Act
It establishes uniform service in all
the churches, and provides fine and im-
prisonment as its penalties. [May 20.
Operative.]
Feb. 19. Parliament permits clergy-
men to marry on the ground that it is
less evil than compulsory chastity.
Apr. 12. Joan of Kent, an Anabaptist,
is condemned to be burned.
July 2. Vicar Welsh, of St. Thomas's,
Exeter, is hanged on the tower of his
church as a Cornish rebel.
Aug. * An insurrection in Devon and
Cornwall against the Protestant lit-
urgy is defeated by Lord Russell.
* * John Knox finds shelter in England,
and is offered a bishopric in Northum-
berland. [Refuses.]
* * The first Book of Common Prayer
is issued.
* * The offices of morning and evening
prayer are set forth [in nearly their
present form].
* * The English liturgy is completed,
superseding the Latin missal, and estab-
lished by Act of Parliament.
* * A new form of ordination of minis-
ters is prepared by a committee of six
prelates and six divines.
* * The communion service is instituted
[as now observed in the Church of Eng-
land].
1550 It. Julius III. is elected pope.
[1555, Marcellus II. ; later, Paul IV.;
1659, Pius IV.]
* * Ire. Thomas Lancaster becomes the
first Protestant bishop of Kildare.
* * The words " so help me God and all
the saints " are no longer used in con-
cluding an oath.
1551 Mar. 8. John Hooper is con-
secrated bishop of Gloucester. [1552.
Bishop of Worcester.]
* * Protestantism is established by order
of the king.
* * Ire. The Irish bishops are summoned
before the deputy, Sir Anthony St. Le-
ger, to receive the new English liturgy
which is to supersede the Latin Service-
Book.
* * George Van Pare, a Dutch Baptist,
is burned.
* * At the solicitation of Calvin and others
the liturgy is revised and altered.
1552 Nov. * The second prayer-book
is issued.
* *The Church of England retains
the Apostles', Nicene, and Athanasian
creeds, with 42 articles of religion.
* * Parliament confirms the Act of Uni-
formity of 1549. [1554. Repealed by
Mary.]
1553 May* The Articles of Faith
drawn up by Cranmer are ratified by
convocation and signed by the king.
* * Dublin. St. Patrick's Cathedral is
restored to church uses.
1553-58 The Reformation is annulled,
and Roman Catholicism is restored
by Mary ; the Catholic bishops are again,
in ascendancy.
1554 * * Persecution of Protestants by
Mary begins. [More than 300 are put to-
death in five years.]
Feb. 6. John "Wyatt and others are
executed as heretics.
Nov. 20. The assembled Parliament at
Lambeth is solemnly absolved, and the
nation reconciled to Borne.
Dec. 6. Cardinal Pole, the pope's legate,
absolves and reconciles the clergy
in convocation. [Dec. 24. Restores their
church property.]
* * Seven bishops are deprived of their
office for being married.
1555 Feb. 4. London. John Rogers,
prebendary of St. Paul's, and the proto-
martyr, is burned at Smithfield.
Feb. 9. Bishop John Hooper is burned
at Gloucester; also Bishop Taylor.
[Mar. 30. Bishop Farrar is burned at
Carmarthen, Wales.]
Oct. 16. Nicholas Ridley, bishop of
London, and Hugh Latimer, bishop
of Worcester, are burned at Oxford.
Dec. 18. John Philpot, a Reformer, is
burned at Smithfield,
* * Cruel Persecution of Protestants.
During three years of Mary's reign
277 persons are brought to the stake, be-
sides those punished by imprisonment,
fines, and confiscations'. Among those
who suffer by fire are five bishops, 21
clergymen, eight lay gentlemen, 84
tradesmen, 100 husbandmen, servants,
and laborers, 55 women, and four chil-
dren. The principal agents of the queen
are the Bishops Gardiner and Bonner.
(Haydn.) •
LETTERS.
1546 * * Trinity College, Cambridge, is
endowed by He»nry VIII.
1547 * * The journals of the House of
Commons are begun.
* * St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, is estab-
lished.
AND IRELAND.
1546,**-1555,
871
1548 * * John Bale writes in Latin the
Summary of the Illustrious Writers of
Great Britain; it is the first serious at-
tempt at a history of English literature.
1550 t- * * Hugh. Latimer writes vol-
umes of sermons.
* * Ire. Humphrey Powell publishes the
Liturgy, the first book printed in Ire-
land.'(?)
1552 * * Shenfield's grammar-school,
Leeds, is founded.
1553 * * A grammar-school is founded at
Birmingham by King Edward VI.
* * Books of astronomy and geometry are
destroyed because it is alleged they are
infected with magic.
* * Thomas Wilson writes Rhetoric and
logic; it is the first systematic treatise
on' the English language.
1554 * * Trinity College, Oxford, is
founded. [1555. St. John's College.]
* * George Cavendish writes the Life of
Wolsey.
SOCIETY.
1547 * * The name Merry-Andrew is
first given to Andrew Borde, a physician,
because of his facetious manners.
* * An act respecting runaways is passed.
It enacted that a runaway, or any one
who lived idly for three days, should be
brought before two justices of the peace,
and marked V with a hot iron on the
breast, and adjudged the slave of him
who bought him for two years.
* * London. The Bethlehem Hospital for
lunatics is incorporated. [It is the old-
est in the world.]
* * The title, Duke of Somerset, is cre-
ated. [1550, Viscount of Hereford ; 1551,
Marquis of Winchester, and the Earl of
Pembroke and Montford (1605); 1553,
Earl of Devon ; 1554, Baron North ; 1559,
Baron St. John of Bletsoe.]
1540 Aug. 6. An annual festival is
established at Exeter.
1550* * Ire. The title, Viscount of
Mountgarret, is created.
* * The Family of Love, founded by
David George, an Anabaptistof Holland,
called also Philadelphians, from the
love they profess to bear to all men, as-
semble at Brewhouse Yard, Nottingham.
1551-52 The first license law is passed.
It requires that none shall keep ale-
houses who are not authorized to do so
by the Sessions of the Peace or two jus-
tices, and those permitted or licensed
are to give bond for good order, and are
not to allow unlawf ulgaming. Any per-
son selling without license is to be fined
20 shillings.
1553 * * Dublin. In a trial by combat
in Dublin Castle, before the lords, jus-
tices, and council, between Connor Mac-
Cormack O'Connor and Teig Mac-Gilpat-
rick O'Connor, the former has his head
cut off, and presented to the lords.
1553-54 It is enacted that none shall
sell wines excepting in cities and mar-
ket-towns, and then only in restricted
numbers and under licenses issued by
the mayors and sessions respectively;
the penalty for unlawful selling is £5.
* * London. Forty taverns and public
houses are allowed in the city, and
three in Westminster.
* * London. Christ's hospital is founded
by King Edward VI.
* * Elizabeth Croft, a girl of 18 years of
age, is secreted in a waU, and, with a
whistle made for the purpose, utters
many seditious speeches against the
queen and the prince, and also against
the mass and confession, for which she
does penance.
STATE.
1547 Jan. 19. The Earl of Surrey is
beheaded on a charge of high treason.
Jan. 28. Henry VIII. dies.
1547-53 Edward VI., son of Henry
VIII., reigns.
Ministers: Lord Wriothesley, as
lord chancellor ; the Earl of Hertford,
who is made Duke of Somerset and lord
protector : Cranmer, Archbishop of Can-
terbury ; Lord Russel, the Earl of Arun-
del, Lord Seymour, Sir William Paget,
Sir William Petre, and others.
Nov. 4. Parliament meets. [1552.
Apr. 15. Dissolved.]
* * William St. John is appointed lord
keeper. [Richard Rich, lord high
chancellor.]
1548 * * Ire. Sir Edward Bellingham is
appointed deputy.
Aug. 7. Scot. Mary Queen of Scots,
escorted by a French fleet, sets sail at
Dumbarton for France. [Aug. 13. She
lands at Brest.]
Nov. 15. Ire. Sir Francis Bryan is ap-
pointed lord marshal.
* * Posting is fixed at a penny a mile.
1549 Jan. 15. Parliament: The Uni-
formity Act. (See Church.)
* * Dublin. Bailiff is changed to sheriff,
and John Ryan and Comyn are the first
appointed.
Mar. 20. Sir Thomas Seymour, after
being attainted of treason without a
hearing, is beheaded on the charge of
seeking to marry the Princess'Elizabeth.
Oct. * Somerset is deprived of the office
of protector [and sent a prisoner to the
Tower ; the Earl of Warwick becomes
protector].
* * Francis Russel, son of the Earl of
Bedford, sits in the House of Commons
— the first time for a peer's eldest son.
* * Ire. Sir Francis Bryan is chosen dep-
uty by the Irish Privy Council. [1549.
Feb. 2. He dies. 1550. Sir William
Brabazon is chosen to succeed him.]
1551 * * The Earl of Warwick, the
Earl of Bedford. Bishop Goodrich, and
Sir William Cecil are ministers.
* * Thomas Goodrich is appointed keeper
of the great seal.
* * Ire. Anthony St. Leger is again ap-
pointed deputy.
1552 Jan. 22. The Duke of Somerset
is beheaded on a charge of treason.
* * Thomas Goodrich is appointed lord
high chancellor ; Sir Roger Cholmely
chief justice.
1553 Mar. 1. Parliament is opened.
[Mar. 31. Dissolved.]
* * Northumberland intrigues to settle
the crown on his daughter-in-law, Lady
Jane Grey, the granddaughter of Mary,
sister of Henry VIII. ; he persuades King
Edward to sign a will bequeathing the
crown to her.
* * Ire. The office of Ulster king-of-
arms, chief heraldic officer, is created
by letters patent.
July 6. King Edward VI. dies, aged 16
years.
July 10-19. Through the influence of
Northumberland and others, Lady Jane
Grey reigns as queen.
July 19. Mary, daughter of Henry
VIII. and Catherine of Aragon, Is pro-
claimed queen. [She is by some called
" the bloody." Oct. 1. She is crowned.]
1553-58 Mary reigns.
Aug. 22. The Duke of Northumber-
land and others, after trial and convic-
tion, are executed for high treason in
connection with the proclaiming of
Lady Jane Grey.
Aug. 23. Bishop Stephen Gardiner is
appointed lord high chancellor.
Oct. 5. Parliament meets. [Dec. 3.
Dissolved.]
* * A treaty of marriage between Queen
Mary and Prince Philip of Spain [later
Philip II.] is concluded.
Philip is to have the title of King of
England, without authority in its gov-
ernment, or right of succession to the
English crown ; the treaty excites much
popular opposition, in which Sir Thomas
Carew, the Duke of Suffolk, and Sir
Thomas Wyatt are leaders.
Nov. 13. Lady Jane Grey, Archbishop
Cranmer, and others, are arraigned on
charges of high treason. [1554. Feb. 12.
Lady Jane Grey is executed.]
* * Sir Thomas Bromley is made chief
justice.
1554 Mar. 18. The Princess Eliza-
beth, daughter of Henry VIII. and
Anne Boleyn, is sent a prisoner to the
Tower.
Apr. 2. Parliament opens. [May5. Dis-
solved.]
Apr. 11. Sir Thomas Wyatt is executed.
Apr. * Scot. Mary Queen of Scots ap-
points her mother, Mary of Guise, re-
gent.
July 19. Philip of Spain lands in Eng-
land. [Sept. * He leaves.]
July 25. Queen Mary marries Philip
of Spain.
Nov. 12. Parliament meets. [1555.
Jan. 16. Dissolved.]
* * Sir William Portman is appointed
chief justice.
* * Ministers: Gardiner, Bishop of Win-
chester ; Bonner, Bishop of London :
William, Marquis of Winchester; and
Sir Edward Hastings.
* * London. The Uniformity Act is re-
pealed.
1555 Jan.* The Princess Elizabeth is
released from prison.
June * Ire. Pope Paul IV. issues a bull
confirming the title of Ireland as a
kingdom.
Oct. 21. Parliament meets. [Dec. 9.
Dissolved.]
* * Ire. Thomas Radcliffe, Viscount Fitz-
walters, is appointed lord lieutenant.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1550* * W. Afr. English merchants
visit Guinea.
* * The Turkey trade commences.
1551 * * The sweating sickness appears
for the fifth time.
Apr. 16. A pestilence breaks out at
Shrewsbury.
1553 * * London. The Russian trading
company is established.
1554 Mar. 1. Queen Mary's household
expenses include 15 shillings given to a
yeoman for bringing her a leek this
day.
1555* * London. Poultry Compter
[one of the old city prisons] is made a
prison-house.
872 1555, **-1570,Feb. 25. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1557 Aug. 10. Fr. The English and
Spaniards defeat the French at St.
Quentin (p. 682).
1558 Jan. 8. Fr. The French take
Calais (p. 682).
July 13. Fr. The English, with twelve
ships under Adm. Malin, and the Span-
ish under Count Egmont, defeat the
French under Marshal de Thermes at
Gravelines.
1559 June 25. Scot. The reformers
take Perth, which had heen held by a
French garrison under Mary Queen of
Scots.
1564* * Ire. Shane (John) O'Neill,
the Proud, makes war against the author-
ity of the English in Ulster, and devas-
tates a part of that province. [1567.
June 2. He is defeated in battle by
the Ulster chief, O'Donnell.]
* *The Catholic earls, Northumberland
and Westmoreland, head an unsuccess-
ful insurrection to " reestablish the
religion of their ancestors."
1568 May 13. Scot. Battle of Lang-
side, near Glasgow.
The regent, Earl of Murray, defeats
Mary Queen of Scots, who had escaped
from prison in Loch Leven Castle, Kin-
ross, and raised an army 6,000 strong ;
Mary escapes [and four days after the
battle flees to England.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1555 * * Rude carriages are used.
1557 * * London. The manufacture of
glass is begun at Crutched-friars. Glass
bottles are first manufactured.
1560 * * Sewing-needles are made by
Chreening.
1561 Jan. 18. London. The first tra-
gedy, entitled Gorboduc, by Thomas
Sackville,is performed at Whitehall be-
fore the queen.
1563 * * London. Knives are first made
by Matthews of Fleet Bridge.
1564± * * Knit worsted stockings are
first made in England.
1566 June 7. London. The founda-
tion of the Royal Exchange is laid by
Sir Thomas Gresham.
1567 * * London. Physic gardens are
first planted by John Gerard, a surgeon.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1556 Mar. 21. Oranmer, Thomas, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, statesman, A67.
Lodge, Thomas, poet, born.
Udall, Nicholas, dramatist, A50.
1557 * * Cabot. Sebastian, navigator, A81±.
Chapman, George, poet, dramatist, born.
Cheke, Sir John, statesman, scholar, A43.
1558 Nov. 17. Mary I., queen, A42.
Nov. 18. Pole, Reginald, cardinal,
statesman, A58.
Peele, George, poet, born.
1560 * * Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury, b.
Greene, Robert, poet, dramatist, born.
Harriott, Thomas, mathematician, astron., b.
1561 Jan. 22. Bacon, Francis, Lord
Verulam, lawyer, statesman, phil., born.
Briggs, Henry, mathematician, born.
Harington, Sir John, translator, born.
Liddel, Duncan, physician, math., born.
1562 * * Abbot, George, archbishop of Can-
terbury, born.
Spelman, Sir Henry, historian, antiquary, b.
Daniel, Samuel, poet, born.
1563 * * Bale, John, bishop of Ossory, re-
former, author, A68.
Drayton, Michael, poet, born.
1564 Apr. * Shakespeare, "William, poet,
dramatist, actor, born at Stratford-upon-
Avon, Warwickshire.
Cavendish, or Candish, Thomas, navigator, b.
Marlowe, Christopher, dramatist, born.
Nash, Thomas, dramatist, born.
1565 * * Ales, or Alane, Alexander, theolo-
gian, reformer, Scotland, A65.
1566 June 19. James VI. [James 1., Eng-
land], king, Scotland, born.
Alleyn, Edward, scholar, actor, friend of
Shakespeare, fdr. of Dulwich college, b
Boyle, Richard, " the great Earl of Cork,"
soldier, statesman, born.
1567 * * Darnley, Lord Henry, husband of
Mary Queen of Scots, A21.
Essex, Earl of, Robert Devereux, courtier,
general, born. [1601. Dies, A34 ]
O'Neill, Shane, chieftain, Ireland, dies.
1568* *Ascham, Roger, lecturer, school-
master, author, A53.
Wotton, Sir Henry, wit, poet, diplomatist, b.
1569* * Bonner, Edmund, bishop of Lon-
don, lawyer, statesman, A69.
navies, Sir John, poet, statesman, born.
CHURCH.
1555 * * London. Dissenting meetings
which are essentially congregational are
held.
* * Scot. John Knox, having returned
from Geneva, gathers a congregation.
1556 Mar. 21. Thomas Cranmer,
Archbishop of Canterbury, is burned at
Oxford.
Mar. 22. Cardinal Reginald Pole suc-
ceeds Cranmer as archbishop of Can-
terbury.
* * London. The Abbey of "Westmin-
ster is reestablished by Mary.
1567 Dec. 3. Edinburgh. The First
Covenant is signed.
The mass of the signers is known as
the congregation, the nobility, and lead-
ing subsentries as the lords of the con-
gregation.
1558 * * The queen orders the church
services to be read in English.
* * Rise of the Puritans.
1558-1603 Roman Catholicism is abol-
ished, and Protestantism is restored.
Puritan dissensions begin.
1559 May 31. Scot. The Second
Covenant is signed at Perth.
The former covenant having met with
dissimulation and treachery, the Scotch
hind themselves to render mutual assist-
ance in the defence of religious rights.
June 24. The use of the prayer-book
of 1552 is made binding in the churches.
Dec. 17. Matthew Parker is conse-
crated archbishop of Canterbury at
Lambeth by four bishops in regular
form. The " Nag's Head Story ' al-
leged that he was consecrated at the
Nag's Head Tavern, Cheapside. He is
a firm opponent of Puritanism.
* * Parliament restores to the crown its
ancient ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
* * Queen Elizabeth demands the title
" Supreme Governor of the Church " on
the earth.
* * Uniformity in religion is reenacted.
Conformity is exacted in Scotland.
1560 Apr. * Scot. The Privy Council
appoints John Knox and four others
"to commit to writing their judgments
touching the reformation of religion."
[They issue for the Scotch church the
First Book of Discipline, which is re-
jected by the nobles, who cling to the
patrimony of the old church.]
* * Scot. The Reformation is estab-
lished under John Knox.
Aug. 17-24. Edinburgh. The Scotch
estates abolish Roman Catholicism,
and adopt a confession of faith
Dec. 20. Edinburgh. The first Gen-
eral Assembly of the Scottish Church
opens, consisting of six ministers and 34
laymen.
* * London. "Westminster Abbey is
made a collegiate church by Elizabeth.
1561 June 15. London. The massy
spire of St. Paul's Church, 460 feet high,
is struck by lightning and consumed.
* * Scot. The Reformers organize them-
selves into «' the Congregation of the
Lord."
Having defeated in battle the queen-
mother, Mary of Guise, their Parlia-
ment replaces bishops with " superin-
tendents," after the Genevese model.
1562 Aug. * The papacy pronounces
the joining in the common prayer schis-
matical, and forbids attendance of Cath-
olics at chur.ch.
* * Separatists begin to appear.
1563 Mar. 26. A bill is introduced into
Parliament permitting the Bible and
the church service to be translated into
the Welsh and British tongues, and used
in the Church of "Wales.
* * The Anglican Church, or Church of
England, is established.
The convocation of the clergy arranges
and agrees to the Thirty-nine Articles,
but the queen quietly interpolates the
opening clause of Article XX. before
ratifying them.
1563-1608 Many Puritans emigrate
to Holland.
Dissenters or non-conformists ahound
as Presbyterians, Puritans, Brownists,
Separatists, etc.
1564 Jan. 26. //. The Pope issues a
bull confirming the decrees of the Coun-
cil of Trent.
±* * The name Puritan hecomes common.
It is given to persons who aim at
greater purity of doctrine, a more holy
life, and stricter discipline than others.
1566* * Scruples against the surplice
leads to a formal schism.
* * It. St. Pius V. is elected pope. [1572,
Gregory XIII. ; 1585, Sixtus V.]
1567 * * Separatists are committed to
Blackwell for assembling in worship.
1568 * * Archbishop Matthew Parker
publishes The Bishop's Bible.
1570 Feb. 25. The Pope issues a bull
of excommunication against Eliza-
beth.
He anathematizes her and her adher-
ents as heretics, absolving her subjects
from their allegiance, enjoins them not
to obey her commands. It leads to an-
other schism.
LETTERS.
1556* * London. The Company of
Stationers, in existence long before the
introduction of printing, is incorporated,
and has powers to repress obnoxious
publications.
1557 * * -Scot. First Blast of the Trum-
pet against the Monstrous Regiment of
Women, an invective against Mary
Queen of Scots and Queen Mary of Eng-
land, by John Knox, appears.
* * Miscellany of Uncertain Authors, by
Richard Tottel, appears.
1558 * * Gonville and Caius College,
Cambridge, is enlarged £y Dr. John
Caius.
1559 * * The Mirror for Magistrates, by
Thomas Sackville, appears.
1560* * London. The Outer Temple is
made an Inn of Court.
* * Queen Elizabeth founds Westmin-
ster School, or St. Peter's College, for
preparing 40 boys — the queen's scholars
— for the university.
AND IRELAND.
1555, * *-1570, Feb. 25. 873
1561 * * Richard Edwards writes the
comeditss%pamon and Pythias, Palamon
and Arcite, and the poem Paradise of
Dainty Devices.
1562 * * John Heywood writes his Epi-
grams and Proverbs.
* * Apologia Ecclesise Anglicanse, hy John
Jewel, appears.
* * A translation of nine books of Vergil's
jEneid, by Thomas Phaer, appears.
1563 ** London. Purnival's Inn of
Court is established.
* * Tancred and Gnsmunde is produced.
* * Book of Martyrs, by John Fox, appears.
* * The drama Appius and Virginius is
produced.
1564 * * Edinburgh. Highgate School
is founded by Sir Roger Cholmeley.
1566 * * Two plays, The Supposes, a
translation from Ariosto, ana Jocasta,
an adaptation from Euripides, are pro-
duced by George Gascoigne.
1567 * * Rugby School is founded by
Lawrence Sheriff, a tradesman of Lon-
don.
1568 * * Roger Ascham completes his
work on education, The Schoolmaster.
[1570. Published.]
SOCIETY.
1556 * * Crime increases. Men of rank
become robbers. Fifty robbers are
hanged at one time at Oxford.
1557 Mar. 6. Lord Stourton is hanged
at Salisbury in a halter of silk to mark
his dignity.
1558 * * London. Citizens' wives who
are not aldermen's wives, nor gentle-
women by descent, are obliged to wear
minever caps, being white woolen,
knit three-cornered, with peaks project-
ing three or four inches beyond their
foreheads : aldermen's wives wear them
made of velvet.
1559 * * The Poor Knights of Windsor,
or Alms Knights, are established by
Elizabeth.
1560 * * A pair of knit black silk stock-
ings is presented to Queen Elizabeth by
her silk-woman, Mrs. Montague [and she
never wears cloth ones any more.]
1561 * * A commission is appointed to
consider the question of social pauper-
ism.
1562 Oct. * The slave-trade is begun.
Sir John Hawkins sails with an expe-
dition to the coast of Africa and secures
a cargo of negroes [which he takes to
the West Indies and sells.]
* * A statute against witchcraft is issued.
* * Forgery of deeds, or giving forged
deeds in evidence, is made punishable by
tine, by standing in the pillory, having
both ears cut off, the nostrils slit up and
seared, the forfeiture of land, and per-
petual imprisonment.
* * Scot. The title, Earl of Moray, is
created. [1564, Baron Torphichen ; 1565,
Earl of Mar and Kellie (1619).
* * An act is passed requiring the mayors
of the towns and church wardens to
draw up lists of all inhabitants able to
contribute for the relief of the poor,
and enforce payments.
* * London. An inquisition officially
taken by order of Queen Elizabeth dis-
closes only 58 Scotchmen in the city.
1563 * * A severe statute against sorcer-
ers is passed.
1566 Mar. 9. Edinburgh. David Riz-
zio, Queen Mary's confidential secretary
and favorite, is murdered in her pres-
ence by Mary's husband, Lord Darnley.
* * London. Two marshals are ap-
pointed to clear the streets of vagrants,
and to send the sick, blind, and lame to
asylums and hospitals for relief.
1569 Jan. 11-May 6. A lottery [the
first mentioned in English history] is
held at the western door of St. Paul's
Cathedral.
It contains 40,000 " lots " at 10s. each
lot ; the prizes are pieces of plate, and
the profits are for repairing the harbors.
STATE.
1556 * * Nicholas Heath is appointed
lord chancellor ; Sir Edward Saunders,
chief justice.
1557 Mar. * Philip returns to Eng-
land.
June * Dublin. A Parliament is con-
vened.
Acts are passed confiscating for royal
use the districts of Leix and Otfaly, giv-
ing them the names King's County and
Queen's County, and giving to the forts
Dingen and Leix the names of Philips-
town and Maryborough, in honor of the
king and queen.
1558 Jan. 30. Parliament meets.
[Nov. 17. Dissolved.]
Apr. 24. Paris. Mary Queen of Scots
is married at the Cathedral of Notre
Dame to Francis, son of the French
King Henry II.
Oct.* Edinburgh. A Parliament meets
at which the title, " King and Queen of
Scotland," is conferred on Francis and
Mary.
Nov. 17. Queen Mary dies.
1558-1603 Elizabeth reigns. She is
the daughter of Henry VIII. 1559. Jan.
15. Crowned ; she assumes the title
semper eadem.
Dec. 22. Sir Nicholas Bacon is ap-
pointed lord high chancellor.
* * Ire. Sir Henry Sidney is appointed
Deputy.
* * Ministers : Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord
Edward Clinton, Sir Robert Dudley, and
Sir William Cecil.
1559 Jan. 21. Parliament meets.
[May 8. Dissolved.]
Statutes are passed repealing the
Catholic legislation of Mary, declaring
the queen head of the Church of Eng-
land, and reenacting the laws of King
Edward relating to religion.
Jan.i * Mary Queen of Scots and her
husband, Francis, assume the title of
King and Queen of Scotland, England,
and Ireland, Mary being great-grand-
daughter of the English King Henry VII.
Apr. 23. Fr. The Treaty of Le Cha-
teau- Cambre'sis is concluded between
Elizabeth and the kings of France and
Spain ; it postpones for eight years the
restoration of Calais to England.
Aug. * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Sussex,
is appointed lord deputy.
* * Sir Robert Catlyn is appointed chief
justice.
1560 July 6. Edinburgh. A treaty be-
tween Scotland and France and Eng-
land, is signed.
It stipulates that the King and Queen
of France and Scotland shall abstain
from bearing the arms of England, or
assuming the title of the English sov-
ereignty. [Only partly ratified.]
Dec. 5. Fr. Francis II., husband of
Mary Queen of Scots, dies.
* * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Sussex, is ap-
pointed lord lieutenant.
* * Ire. A shilling is struck, worth nine
pence, but it is to be current at twelve.
1561 Aug. 19. Scot. Mary arrives in
Leith after an absence of 13 years in
France. [She is strongly opposed by the
Calvinists.J
1562 * * Ire. The country is divided into
counties.
1563 Jan. 11. Parliament meets.
[1567. Jan. 2. Dissolved.]
1564 Apr. 29. Fr. The Peace of
Troyes is concluded with France. Eng-
land, for the sum of 220,000 crowns, aban-
dons her claim to Calais.
* * Lord Robert Dudley, who is a fa-
vorite of the queen, is created Earl of
Leicester.
* * The name Puritans is first used.
It is applied to those who refuse to
conform to the liturgy of the English
church, and who adopt simpler forms of
worship and a strict discipline of con
duct.
1565 July 29. Scot. Mary marries
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley ; they are
styled king and queen of Scotland.
1567 . Feb. 10. Scot. Lord Darnley
is killed by a gunpowder explosion at
the Kirk of Field, near Edinburgh ; Mary
is charged with complicity in the deed.
May 15. Scot. Mary marries James
Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who is
accused of the murder of Darnley.
June 15. Scot. Mary is made pris-
oner by her nobles at the head of an
armed force at Carberry hill.
June 23. Scot. Mary, a prisoner in
Loch Leven Castle, signs an abdication
in favor of her son, James VI., one year
old.
Aug. 22. Scot. The Earl of Murray is
proclaimed regent.
1568 May 2. Scot. Mary escapes
from Loch Leven Castle.
May 16. Scot. Mary, after the defeat
of her army at Langside, crosses the
Solway into England. [July 15. She is
sent a prisoner to Bolton Castle, York-
shire.]
1569 Jan. 26. Mary is removed from
Bolton Castle to Tutbury, Staffordshire.
1570 Jan. 23. Scot. The regent Mur-
ray is assassinated at Linlithgow by
Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1556 * * Sealing-wax is introduced.
1557 July 15. Great dearth of bread-
stuffs is reported ; wheat is £2 13s. 4d.
per quarter.
* * Fatal, or Slack, Oxford Assizes.
The high sheriff and 300 persons die
suddenly of an infection from the pris-
oners.
1558* * London. The Salters' Com-
pany is formed. [1564. The Merchant
Adventurers'.]
1559 * * Liverpool is a paved town.
1560 * * Milk is sold, three pints ale
measure, for one halfpenny.
1563 Aug. 2. London. The plague
becomes a great scourge.
1564 * * Excitement attends the intro-
duction of carriages.
1565 * * Potatoes are [said to have been]
brought to England from Santa F6, New
Mexico, by Sir John Hawkins. [1586.
Also by Sir Francis Drake.]
* * An aulnager (measurer) is stationed
at Manchester.
1567 * * Flemish dyers, cloth-drapers,
linen-makers, silk-throwers, etc., settle
at Canterbury, Norwich, Colchester,
Southampton, and other places, on ac-
count of the Duke of Alva's persecution.
874 1570, **-1586, Oct. 29. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1574-83 Ire. The Desmond revolt
against persecution of the Catholics is
led by James Fitzmaurice and his kins-
man, the Earl of Desmond.
1577 * * Ire. The Castle of Carlo sur-
renders to Rory Oge O'More, after a
siege.
1579 July* Ire. James Fitzmaurice
lands in Kerry with 800 Italians and
Spaniards to tight for the Catholics.
[They are treacherously lured into a
surrender, and slaughtered by the
queen's forces under the guidance of
the Earl of Ormonde. [1583. Desmond
is surprised, captured, and killed, his
head sent to England, and exposed to
public view on London Bridge.]
1585 * * "War with Spain follows Eng-
lish aggression in the Netherlands.
1586 * * W. I. Sir Francis Drake at-
tacks and captures San Domingo, Car-
thagena, and several other Spanish
possessions.
Sept. 22. Neth. The Spanish and Dutch
under the Prince of Parma are defeated
at Zutphen by the English under the
Earl of Leicester and Sir Philip Sidney.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1570 * * Cam peachy (Brazilian) wood is
introduced.
± * * Leonard Digges dies ; alleged to
have arranged glass lenses so that he
could see very distant objects.
1571 Feb. 17. An earthquake at
. Herefordshire removes a hill of 26 acres
' a considerable distance.
1572 * * London. The Temple Hall is
built.
* * London. A Society of Antiquari-
ans is formed by Bishop Parker and
others for the preservation of national
antiquities. [1604. Broken up by King
James I.]
1574 May 10. Queen Elizabeth licenses
the performance of stage plays.
Nov. 14. A remarkable aurora bore-
alis appears.
1575 Jan. 22. Queen Elizabeth grants
an exclusive patent for printing music
to Thomas Tallis and William Byrde for
21 years.
1576* * London. Blackfriars Theater,
the first regular theater, is built by the
Earl of Leicester's servants.
* * The notion of the earth's magnetism
is suggested by William Gilbert.
* * London. Robert Norman discovers
the dip of the magnetic needle.
* * Sir Martin Frobisher makes an at-
tempt to find a Northwest Passage to
China. [1577. He sails again in search
of gold.]
1577 * * The log is first mentioned by
William Bourne.
Dec. 13. Francis Drake commences
his voyage around the world. [1580.
Nov. 3. He completes his undertaking.]
1578 Spring. London. A " mineral
man" pronounces a stone brought from
Meta Incognita [Labrador] to be gold,
and 15 vessels sail with gold-seekers.
[They return with worthless cargoes.]
1579 * * The art of staining linen is
known.
1580 Apr. 6. An earthquake is felt
throughout England ; bells ring and
chimneys fall ; parts of St. PauFs and
the Temple Churches in London fall.
* * The first paper-mills are erected at
Dartford by Sir John Speilman, a Ger-
man. (1588?)
1582 * * The Gregorian reformation
of the calendar is adopted in most of
the Catholic states of the Continent ;
[but not in England until 1752].
1585 * * London. The " Fellowship for
the Discovery of the Northwest Pas-
sage" is organized.
* * Greenland is discovered by Sir Fran-
cis Drake.
* * Capt. John Davis's expedition sails to
find the Northwest Passage. [1586 and
1587. Sails again.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1570 * * Fawkes, Guy, leader of Gunpowder
Plot conspirators, born.
Middletou, Thomas, dramatist, borni.
Murray, or Moray, Karl of, James Stuart,
regent, Scotland, A37.
1571 * * Jewel, John, bishop of Salisbury,
author, A49.
1572 Nov. 24. Knox, John, reformer,
Scotland, A67.
Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, dies.
1573 Oct. 7. Laud, William, archbishop
of Canterbury, statesman, born.
Jonson. Ben, poet, dramatist, actor, born.
Donne, John, dean of St. Paul's, preacher,
poet, born.
Kirkaldy, Sir William, statesman, Scot., d.
Southampton, Earl of, Henry Wriothesley,
statesman, born.
1574 * * Barnfleld, Richard, poet, born.
Hall, Joseph, bishop of Norwich, author, b.
Parker, Matthew, archbishop of Canter-
bury, reformer, A71.
1575 * * Stuart, Arabella, cousin of James I.
of England, born.
Marston, John, poet, dramatist, born.
1576* * Bothwell, Earl of, James Hep-
burn, husband of Mary Queen of Scots,
Scotland, A50.
Burton, Kobert, philosopher, author, born.
Dekker, Thomas, dramatist, pamphleteer, b.
1577 * * Coryatt, Thomas, traveler, born.
Purchas, Samuel, clergyman, author, born.
Sandys, George, traveler, born.
1578 Apr. 1. Harvey, William, physi-
cian, discoverer of the circulation of the
blood, born.
1579 * * Smith, John, traveler, explorer, his-
torian, born.
Fletcher, John, dramatist, poet, born.
1580* * Alexander, Sir William, Earl of
Stirling, poet, Scotland, born.
Anderson, Alexander, mathematician, born.
Cameron, John, el., scholar, Scotland, born.
Holinshed, Raphael, chronicler, dies.
Taylor, John, " the Water Poet," born.
Usher, or Ussher, James, archbishop of
Armagh, schol., hist., antiq., chron., Ire., b.
1581 * * Gunter, Edmund, math., astron., b.
Morton, Earl of, James Douglas, regent,
Scotland, A51.
Wilson, Thomas, dean of Durham, rhetori-
cian, dies.
1582 * * Buchanan, George, historian, poet,
Scotland, A76.
Corbet, Uichard, poet, born.
Fiennes, Wm., Lord Saye and Sele, states-
man, born.
Fletcher, Phineas, religious poet, born.
.Tuxon, William, archbp. of Canterbury, b.
1583 Sept. 9. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, nav-
igator, A44+.
Balfour, Sir James, judge, Scotland, dies.
Digges, Sir Dudley, statesman, horn.
Gibbons, Orlando, organist, composer, born.
1584 * * Baffin, William, navigator, born.
Hales, John, clergyman, critic, born.
Massinger, Philip, poet, dramatist, born.
Pym, John, patriot, orator, born.
Selden, John, scholar, antiquary, author, b.
1585 * * Drummond, William, of Hawthorn-
den, poet, Scotland, born.
CHURCH.
1570 * * The Presbyterian Church of
England is virtually founded when
Thomas Cartwright, a Puritan clergy-
man, opposes Episcopal intolerance.
* *Puritan clergymen hold meetings
called prophesying, for prayer and in-
struction in the Scriptures, especially at
Northampton.
1571 June 1. London. Dr. John
Story, the persecutor of the Puritans,
is hanged at Tyburn.
* * The Bible is appointed to be read in
churches.
1572 Nov. 20. The first Presbyte-
rian meeting-house in England is estab-
lished at Wandsworth, in Surrey.
* * Scot. The Presbyterian discipline
is introduced.
1572-73 Scot. The regent Morton nom-
inally restores Episcopacy.
His bishops are called tulchan bish-
ops ; tulchan is a stuffed calf's skin set
up before a cow to facilitate milking.
1575 Jan. 10. Edmund Grindal is
elected archbishop of Canterbury.
July 22. London. John Peters and
Henry Tetvoort, Anabaptists, are
burned in Smithfield.
* * London. A congregation of Baptists
is formed without Aldgate.
1577 May 7. The meetings of Puri-
tans for prayer and exposition of the
Scriptures are forbidden by Queen Eliz-
abeth ; they immediately suspend.
1579 June 1. Matthew Hammond,
a heretic, is burned in a ditch at Nor-
wich for asserting that Christ was not
the Son of God.
1580 Jan. 16. Parliament enacts a
penalty of £20 for persons absenting
themselves from church.
* * Scot. The Scotch assembly abolishes
the office of bishop.
* * A sect called the Family of Love is
repressed by Elizabeth [but is revived
in the following century].
1581 July * Edmund Champion, a
Roman Catholic, is tortured.
* * Scot. A Second Book of Discipline
is adopted by the Scotch Assembly of
Presbyteries. [1592. Confirmed by King
James, and now in force.]
1583 * * John Whitgift is chosen arch-
bishop of Canterbury.
1584 Jan. 9. London. WiUiam Car-
ter, a printer, is hanged, disemboweled,
and quartered at Tyburn for printing
lewd and " popish " pamphlets, espe-
cially a Treatise on Schisme.
* * The Jesuits and all priests are or-
dered by Parliament to leave England
within 40 days.
* * All preaching or reading in private
houses is forbidden, and all the clergy
are requested to sign the three articles.
1585+ * * Kobert Brown preaches Con-
gregational doctrines, but after 32 im-
prisonments he eventually conforms to
the Established Church.
LETTERS.
1570 * * The Elements of Geometrie of
the most auncient Philosopher Euclide
of Megara, the first English translation
of Euclid, appears.
* * The University of Oxford is incorpo-
rated by Queen Elizabeth.
1571* * Jesus College, Oxford, is
founded by Dr. Hugh Price and Queen
Elizabeth.
* * Harrow School, Harrow-on-the-Hill,
Middlesex, is founded by John Lyon for
the education of poor children.
* * Dublin. Printing in- Celtic letters
is introduced bv N. Walsh, chancellor
of St. Patrick's. *(?)
1574 * * George Gascoigne writes The
Princely Pleasures at the Court at Ken-
ilworth. [1576, The Steele Glas; later, A
Hundreth Sundrie Floures Bound up in
one Small Poesie, The Complaint of J'hil-
omene, A Delicate Diet for Daintie-
moulhde Droonkards, and translations
from Euripides and Ariosto.]
AND IRELAND. 1570,* * -1586, Oct. 29. 875
1575+ * * Gammer Gurton's Needle is
printed.
* * London. Gresham College is founded
by Thomas Gresham.
1576 * * Paradise of Dainty Devices, a
poetical miscellany by various authors,
appears.
* * The Discourse to Prove a Passage by
the North- West to Cathay and the East
Indies, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, ap-
pears.
1577 * * Scot. The University of Glas-
gow receives a new charter.
* * Raphael Holinshed, with the assist-
ance of John Hooker, Richard Stani-
hurst, Boteville, Harrison, and other
scholars, compiles the Chronicles of
England, Scotland, and Ireland.
* * John Stow writes Annals or General
Chronicle of England.
* * William Camden writes Britannia, a
work on English history.
1578 * * Sir Philip Sidney writes The
Lady of May.
* * Gorgeous Gallery of Gallant Inven-
tions, a poetical miscellany, appears.
* * Promos and Cassandra, by George
Whetstone, appears.
1579 * * The Shepherd's Calendar, by
Edmund Spenser, appears.
* * Euphues, or the Anatomy of Wit, by
John Lyly, appears. [1584, The Woman
in the Moon, The Maid's Metamorphosis,
Alexander and Campaspe, Sapho and
Phao.]
* * Thomas Kyd writes his Spanish Tra-
gedy.
* * A translation of Plutarch's Lives, by
Sir Thomas North, appears ; it is the
first English translation of Plutarch.
1580-90 The Countess of Pembroke's Ar-
cadia, by Sir Philip Sidney, appears.
[1581, Defence of Poesy, in reply to the
School of Abuse, written by Stephen
Gosson in 1579; 1582±, Arcadia, it is
published in 1590; 1583, Astrophel and
Stella.]
* * Thomas Lodge writes a Defence of
Poetry, Music, and Stage Plays.
1581 * * Ten Books of Homer's Iliades,
by Arthur Hall, appears ; it is the first
attempt at a translation of Homer into
English verse.
* * Four Books of the Histories of Cornelius
Tacitus, and a Life of Agricola, by Sir
Henry Savile, appears.
1582 * * Scot. The CoUege of Edin-
burgh is chartered by James VI.
* * Scot. Rerum Scoticarum Historia, a
history of Scotland in Latin, by George
Buchanan, appears ; he is the author
also of the Casket Letters, papers deal-
ing with the murder of Darnley, hus-
band of Mary Queen of Scots ; he writes
also several poems, satires, and plays, all
in Latin.
* * Richard Hakluyt publishes his first
book of Voyages.
It contains accounts of discoveries
made in America by Englishmen,
Frenchmen, and others. He is the author
also of The Principal Navigations, Voy-
ages, and Discoveries made by the Eng-
lish Nation [which is published in 1589J.
* * Hecatompathia,or Passkmate Century,
by Thomas Watson, appears.
1584 * * The Arraignment of Paris, a
pastoral play, by George Peele, appears.
[1589. The Tale of Troy.]
* * Handful of Pleasant Delights, a poet-
ical miscellany, appears.
* * Scot. Historie of the Reformation of
Religion within the Realm of Scotland,
by John Knox, appears.
* * Emmanuel College, Cambridge, is en-
dowed by Sir Walter Mildmay.
1585 * * Every book and publication in
England ordered to be licensed.
* * Christopher Marlowe produces his first
play, Tamburlaine the Great. [1588.
Tragical History of Dr. Faustus.]
* * George Puttenham writes The Art of
English Poesie.
* * William Webbe writes A Discourse of
English Poetrie.
* * Scot. King James VI. writes The Es-
sayes of a Prentise in the Divine Art oj
Poesie.
SOCIETY.
1570 * * Excess in dress is restrained
by sumptuary laws.
1571 Sept. 6. Scot. The regent Lennox
is murdered.
* * Laws are passed punishing vagrancy
by whipping, jailing, boring the ears,
and death for a second offense.
* * A law is passed compelling every per-
son above seven years of age to wear on
Sundays and holidays a cap of wool,
knit, made, thickened, and dressed in
England by some of the trade of cappers,
under the forfeiture of three farthings
for every day's neglect ; certain classes
. are excepted.
1572 * * Masks, and muffs, fans, and
false hair for the women, devised in
Italy, are brought to England from
France.
* * A statute requires justices and may-
ors to make registers of the impotent
poor, and find them habitations at the
expense of the inhabitants of their lo-
cality.
1575 ** Peter Wentworth protests
against the queen's interference in f ree-
' dom of speech, and is sent to the Tower
by Parliament.
1578 * * John Middleton, giant, of Lan-
cashire is born.
He is commonly called the child of
Hale ; his hand from the carpus to the
end of his middle finger is 17 inches long ;
his palm 8i inches broad ; his whole
height 9 feet 3 inches.
1583* * Edward Arden is executed for
treason, being a party to a plot against
the queen.
1584 * * Scot. The Earl of Gowrie is ex-
ecuted for treason.
* * A National Association is formed,
headed by the Earl of Leicester, to pro-
tect Queen Elizabeth from assassina-
tion, in consequence of the discovery of
several plots.
1585 Mar. 2. Dr. William Parry is
executed, for conspiracy against the
queen.
1586 Sept. 20, 21. Fourteen members
of Babington's conspiracy to assassi-
nate the queen and to make Mary of
Scotland queen, are executed.
STATE.
1570 July 12. Scot. The Earl of
Lennox, Lord Darnley's father, is ap-
pointed regent.
1571 Apr. 2. Parliament meets.
[May 29. Dissolved.]
Sept. 3. Scot. The regent Lennox is
killed at Stirling, and the Earl of Mar
is made regent.
* * Liverpool petitions the queen to be
relieved from a subsidy.
1572 Jan. * The Duke of Norfolk is
tried on a charge of plotting for the
invasion of England by Spain in the in-
terests of Mary Queen of Scots. [June
2. Executed after conviction.]
May 8. Parliament meets. [1583. Apr.
19. Dissolved.]
Oct. 28. Scot. The regent Mar dies.
Nov. 24. Scot. James Douglas, Earl
of Morton, is made regent.
* * Lord Burleigh (Sir William Cecil) and
Sir Nicholas Bacon are ministers of
the queen.
1573 * * Sir Christopher Wray is ap-
pointed chief justice.
1578 * * Scot. The Earl of Morton
resigns the regency ; James rules in
person.
1579 Oct. 20. Scot. Parliament de-
crees that householders having lands
or goods worth £500 shall have a Bible
for family instruction.
* * Sir Thomas Bromley is appointed
lord chancellor.
* * Ministers : Lord Burleigh , Sir Thomas
Bromley, the Earl of Essex, the Earl of
Leicester, the Earl of Lincoln, Sir Walter
Mildmay, and Sir Francis Walsingham.
1580 * * London. To restrict the en-
largement of the city, a law is made
forbidding the erection of buildings
" where no former hath been known to-
have been."
1581 * * Thomas Randolph is appointed
first postmaster-general.
1582 Aug. 23. Scot. Raid of Ruth-
ven. . _, T
The Earl of Gowrie invites King James
to his Castle of Ruthven, Perthshire [and
keeps him a prisoner there for nearly a
year, to deliver him from the influence
of his favorite, the Earl of Arran].
1583 June * Scot. James escapes
from Ruthven Castle.
1584 June * Ire. Sir John Perrot is
appointed deputy.
July* [U.S.A.] Sir 'Walter Raleigh
lands at Roanoke Island [Virginia], and
takes possession in the name of the
queen.
Nov. 23. Parliament opens. [1585.
Sept. 14. Dissolved.]
1585 June 20. London. Henry Percy,
Earl of Northumberland, is found shot
and dead in the Tower, where he has
been imprisoned on a charge of plotting
against the queen.
June 29. Elizabeth is offered the sov-
ereignty of the Netherland States.
[She declines, but sends an army to aid
the Dutch Protestants against Spain.]
1586 * * Anthony Babington, John Bal-
lard, John Savage, and the Catholics
engage in a plot against the life of the
q I^is discovered by Walsingham, and
the conspirators are seized, tried, and
executed. Mary of Scotland is impli-
cated in the conspiracy.
Oct. 14. The trial of Mary Queen of
Scots begins at Fotheringay Castle.
She is charged with an attempt to
transfer the sovereignty of England to
the King of Spain, and with complicity
in the plot to assassinate Elizabeth.
[Oct 29. Mary is convicted at West-
minster and sentenced to death. 1587.
Feb 1. Elizabeth signs the death-war-
rant. Feb. 8. Mary is executed at
Fotheringay Castle.]
Oct. 29. Parliament meets. [1587. Mar.
23. Dissolved.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1577* * Watches are first brought from
Germany.
* * Whales are killed at Newfoundland
and Iceland for their oil only.
1579 * * Elizabeth charters the Turkey
or Levant company.
1580 * * Cambrics are first worn.
1580-94 London. The Thames water is
conveyed into the city by leaden pipes.
876 1586,**- 1601,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1588* *Sp. King Philip organizes a
fleet of 130 vessels and collects over
50,000 men for the invasion of England.
The " Invincible Armada."
May 28. Port. King Philip's Armada
sails from Lisbon. [It is soon after-
wards dispersed by a storm.]
July* The "Invincible Armada,"
having been recollected, enters the Eng-
lish Channel.
July 21-29. The English fleet of 80
vessels, commanded by Lord Howard
and Sir Francis Drake, in several en-
gagements almost destroys the Armada.
The Spanish retreat northward, and
most of their remaining vessels are de-
stroyed by storms.
1589 * * Fr. Queen Elizabeth sends a
force of 4,000 men to assist tbe Prot-
estant King, Henry IV., in his conflict
with the French Catholic nobility, sup-
ported by Philip of Spain.
1596 * * Sp. An English force of over
7,000 men, under the Earl of Essex, Sir
Walter Raleigh, and Lord Howard, in-
vades the country.
Sept. 15. Sp. Cadiz is taken and burned
by the Earl of Essex.
1597* * Sp. King Philip forms another
armada.
The Earl of Essex sails from Plymouth
with a fleet to attack it ; a storm dis-
perses both fleets.
* * Ire. A revolt in Ulster, led by Hugh
O'Neill , Earl of Tyrone, begins. O'N eill
storms and captures the garrison of
Portmore, on the River Blackwater.
1598 Aug. 14. Ire. Battle of Black-
water, near Armagh, called by the Irish
the battle of the "Yellow Ford;"
Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, defeats
the English forces under Marshal Sir
Edward Bagnal.
1601 Feb. 8. London. The Earl of
Essex attempts to incite an insurrec-
tion ; the attempt fails. [Feb. 25. Essex
is beheaded.]
Sept. 23. Ire. Spanish forces under
Don Juan Del Aguila land at Kinsale,
Cork.
Here they are besieged by the English
under Sir George Carew and Deputy
Mountjoy ; the Irish, under O'Neill, Earl
of Tyrone, O'Donnell, and Tyrrel, at-
tack the besiegers. [Dec. 24. They are
defeated. 1602. Mar. 16. The Span-
iards, having surrendered Kinsale, de-
part for Spain.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1586 * * "William Shakespeare leaves
Stratford for London.
* * London. A statue of Queen Elizabeth
is erected in St. Dunstan's, Fleet Street.
* * Scot. J. Napier invents logarithms.
1589 * * The art of weaving stockings
in a frame is invented by the Rev.
William Lee, of Cambridge.
1590 * * A copper-plate mill is invented
by a German named Box.
1591 * * The first patent is granted for
printing.
1.593 Sept. 5. The Thames is almost
dry by reason of westerly winds and
low tides.
1594 * * London. Shakespeare's Globe
Theater is built.
Shakespeare being part proprietor,
some of his plays are first produced here,
and he himself performs in them. The
building is of a horseshoe form, and
partly covered with thatch. (1599?)
1598 * * London. Taffeta, a kind of
silken goods, is first manufactured by
John Tyce of Shoreditch.
* * English whale-fishing commences at
Spitzbergen.
1599 * * London. Lord Chamberlain's
Company of actors, including Shake-
speare and Richard Burbage, occupies
the Globe Theater.
* * Scot. The Faculty of Physicians and
Surgeons of Glasgow is founded.
1600 * * Gilbert makes experiments in
electricity. He publishes his work On
the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies.
* * The Lord Admiral's Company of
actors occupies the Fortune Theater.
* * Davis's quadrant, or backstaff for
measuring angles, is invented.
± * * Mulberry-trees and silkworms are
propagated throughout the kingdom.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1586 * * Beaumont, Francis, dramatist, b.
Ford, John, lawyer, dramatist, born.
Maitland, Sir Richard, of Lethington, poet,
Scotland, A90.
Sidney. Sir Philip, courtier, poet, A32.
1587 Feb. 8. Mary Queen of Scots, A45.
Fox, John, martyrologist, A70.
Sadler, Sir Ralph, diplomatist, historian, A80.
1588 * * Fletcher, Giles, poet, born.
Hobbes. Thomas, philosopher, born.
Wither, George, poet, born.
1589 * * Carew, Thomas, poet, born.
Clifford, Anne, Count, of Pembroke, au., b.
Junius, Franciscus, philologist, born.
Littleton, Lord Edward, statesman, born.
1590 * * Eliot, Sir John, statesman, orator, b.
1591 * * Grenville, Sir Richard, vice-admiral,
A51.
Hatton, Sir Christopher, lord chancell., A51.
Herrick, Robert, poet, born.
1592 * * Arundel, Earl of, Thomas Howard,
statesman, born.
Buckingham, Duke of, George Villiers, lord
high-admiral, born.
Cavendish, or Candish, Thos., navigator, A32.
Essex, Earl of, Robert Devereux, parlia-
mentary general, born.
Greene, Robert, dramatist, A32.
Newcastle, Duke of, William Cavendish,
general, born.
Quarles, Francis, poet, born.
Ravenscof t, Thomas, composer, born.
1593 Apr. 13. Strafford, Earl of , Thomas
Wentworth, statesman, born.
Herbert, George, poet, born.
Walton, Izaak, author of The Complete
Angler, born.
1594 * * Cosin, John, bp. of Durham, au., b.
Frobisher, Sir Martin, navigator, A58.
Hampden, John, statesman, born.
1595 * * Drake, Sir Francis, admiral, A57.
Hawkins, Sir John, rear-adm., A75.
Shirley, James, dramatist, born.
1597 * '* Glisson, Francis, anatomist, born.
"Waller, Sir 'William, parliamentary gen-
eral, born.
1598 Aug. 4. Burleigh, Lord, William
Cecil, statesman, A78.
Peele, George, dramatist, A40.
1599 Apr. 25. Cromwell, Oliver, gen-
eral, statesman, protector, born.
Baillie, Robert, theologian, hist., Scot., born.
Blake, Robert, admiral, born.
Spenser, Edmund, poet, A47.
1600 Nov. 19. Charles I., king, born.
Craig, John, reformer, Scotland, A89.
Goodwin, Thomas, Puritan cl., author, born.
Hooker, Richard, clergyman, author, A47.
Lilly, or Lyly, John, dramatist, A47.
Nash, Thomas, dramatist, A36.
Ogilby, John, poet, geographer, Scot., born.
Prynne, William, Puritan clergyman, au., b.
Puttenham, George, poet, critic, born.
CHURCH.
1587+ * * Three hundred priests arrive
to organize an insurrection, and circu-
late a book proving it to be the bounden
duty of Catholics to take up arms at the
Pope's bidding against the queen and
English heretics.
1588 Nov. 24. London. Special na-
tional thanksgivings are offered at St.
Paul's Cathedral for the defeat of the
Spanish Armada; Queen Elizabeth is
present,
1589 * * Alliance is made with Henry IV.
of France favorable to Protestantism.
1590 * * It. Urban VII. is elected pope ;
later Gregory XIV. [1591, Innocent IX. ;
1592, Clement VIII. ; 1605, Leo IX. ; later,
Paul V.]
1592 July 28. William H>cket, hav-
ing personated the Saviour, is hanged
and quartered.
Sept. * London. A Congregational
church is founded ; it is the first
[known] modern Congregational church
formally organized.
* * Scot. Episcopacy is formally abol-
ished, and the Calvinistic organization
of the church largely sanctioned by
King James.
1593 Apr. 6. Two Congregational
martyrs are executed — John Green-
wood and Henry Barrowe.
May 29. John Penry, a Congregation-
alist and principal writer of the Marprel-
ate tracts is cruelly executed for writing
seditious works against the queen. (See
Letters 1586.)
* * The act for conformity in religion is
1595 * * The Lambeth Articles, with
Calvinistic leanings, proposed by Arch-
bishop Whitgif t, are withdrawn to please
Queen Elizabeth.
1597 * * Scot. James succeeds in brid-
ling the liberty of the church.
1600 * * Ire. The see of Leighlin is
united to Ferns.
* * Scot. King James succeeds in send-
ing two bishops to Parliament, and pro-
claims his divine right over all orders
of men.
LETTERS.
1586* * Albion's England, by William
Warner, appears.
1588 * * Characterie.ortheArteofShorte,
Swifte, and Secrete Writing, by Dr. Tim-
othy Bright, appears. It is the first
English work on shorthand.
1589 * * Thomas Nash writes an Anat-
omy of Absurditie. [Later, Summer's
Last tVill and Testament.]
± * * Marprelate Tracts appear.
They are written by Martin Marprel-
ate, John Penry, John Udall, John Field,
and Job Throckmorton, and are invec-
tives against priestly orders and epis-
copacy, whose defenders are Bishop
Cooper, John Lyly, and Thomas Nash.
* * Spanish Masquerado, Tullies' Love,
and Orpharion, by Robert Greene, ap-
pear. [1592, Philomela ; later, Pandosto,
or the Triumph, Perimendes, a collection
of stories, poems, and reflections, A
Looking-Glass for London and England,
Friar Bacon 'and Friar Bungay, and
Alphonsus, King of Arragon.]
1590 * * Thomas Lodge writes Rosa-
lynde. [It suggests the plot of Shake-,
speare's As You Like It.] [1593, Phillis.
Life and Death of WilMam Longbeard.
and the History oi' Robin the Dwelt : 1794,
Tragedy of the Wounds of the Civil War
of the Roses; later, Domestic Medicine,
a Treatise of the Plague, Fig for Momus,
and A Mar'garite of America.]
* * The Tragedy of Sir Thomas More is
produced.
1590-96 Edmund Spenser writes the
Faerie Queene. [1591, Complaints ; 1595,
AND IRELAND.
1586, **-1601,
877
View of the Present State of Ireland,
later, Amoretti and Epithalamion.]
* * Peter Bales, " the famous penman,"
publishes a book on stenography.
* * William Shakespeare begins to
write ; Henry VI., part 1, and Pericles
are his first plays. (?)
1591 * * Dublin. Trinity College is
founded.
* * Marlowe writes The Second Part of
Tamburlaine Die Great. [Later, The Jew
of Malta, Edward II., the Massacre of
Paris, and Dido, Queen of Carthage.]
* * The Troublesome Reign of King John is
printed.
* * A translation of Ariosto's Orlando
Purioso, by Sir John Harington, ap-
pears.
* * Patents are first granted for the ex-
clusive privilege of printing books.
± * * Shakespeare writes the Two Gen-
tlemen of Verona.
1592 ± * * Shakespeare writes The Com-
edy of Errors.
* * Samuel Daniel writes Sonnets. [1595-
1604, Books of the Civil Wars.]
1593 ± * * Shakespeare writes his poem
Venus and Adonis.
* * True Chronicle History of King Lear is
produced.
* * Satires, by John Donne, appears.
* * Scot. Marischal College, of Aber-
deen University, is founded by George
Keith, fifth Earl of Marischal.
1594-1600 Richard Hooker writes the
Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, a work in
defense of the Church of England.
± * * Shakespeare writes the Rape of Lu-
crece.
* * Michael Drayton writes Ideas Mirrour,
and Matilda. [1598. Heroical Epistles.]
1595-1600 Shakespeare writes his
poems, A Lover's Complaint and the Pas-
sionate Pilgrim, and his plays, Love's
Labor's Lost, Romeo and Juliet, Henry
VI., parts 2 and 3, Richard III., Rich-
ard II., Henry IV., parts 1 and 2, Henry
V., The Merry Wives of Windsor, The
Merchant of Venice, Hamlet, King John,
A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Tam-
ing of the Shrew, and Titus Andronicus.
* * George Chapman writes Ovid's Ban-
quet of Sense.
1596 Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores post
Bedam, by Sir Henry Savile, appears.
[1598, A View of Certain Military Mat-
ters, or Commentaries concerning Roman
Warfare.]
* * The Discovery of Guiana, by Sir Wal-
ter Raleigh, appears.
* * Ben Jonson writes Every Man in his
Humour.
1597-98 Joseph Hall, bishop of Nor-
wich, writes Satires upon the poets and
stage-players of the day. [1608-11. Medi-
tations ; later, Epistles.]
1597-1624 Francis Bacon writes his
Essays, observations and precepts on
men and society.
* * The Pilgrimage to Parnassus, a play
satirizing poor authors, is acted at Cam-
bridge.
1598 * * John Stow publishes his Survey
of London.
* * John Marston writes The Scourge of
Villainy. [Later, The Malcontent.]
* * Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge,
is founded by Frances Sidney, Countess
of Sussex.
* * Du Bartas's La premiere semaine, or
La Creation, is translated by Sylvester.
* * The Bodleian Library, Oxford, is
founded by Sir Thomas Bodley. [1602.
Nov. 8. Is opened. 1895. It has 400,000
books and 30,000 MSS.]
1598-1601 The Return from Parnassus
is acted at Cambridge.
1598-1609 A translation of Homer's
Iliad, by George Chapman, appears.
1599 * * James VI. of Scotland [James I.
of England] writes Basilicon Doron, a
treatise on the art of government. Later,
Poeticall Exercises at Vacant Houres,
Demonologie, and Counterblast to To-
bacco.]
* * Musophilus, by Samuel Daniel, ap-
pears.
1600-16 Shakespeare writes his Son-
nets, and his plays, —
All's Well that Ends Well, Much Ado about
Nothing, As You Like It, Troilus and C'res-
sida, Timon of Athens, The Winter's Tale,
Measure for Measure, King Lear, Cymbe-
line, Macbeth, Julius Cxsar, Antony and
Cleopatra, Coriolanus, The Tempest, The
Twelfth Sight, or What You Will, Henry
VIII., and Othello.
1600* * London. The Cottonian Li-
brary is founded by Sir Robert Cotton.
[1753. Is incorporated in the British
Museum.]
* * England' s Helicon, England' s Parnas-
sus, and Belvedere, poetical miscellanies,
appear.
* * Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered is trans-
lated by Edward Fairfax.
* * Thomas Dekker writes The Shoe-
makers' Holiday. [Author also of The
Wonder of a Kingdom, and other plays,
and The' Gulls' Horn-book.]
* * Cynthia's Revels, by Ben Jonson,
appears. [1601, The Poetaster; 1605,
Volpone, or the Pox; 1609, The Silent
Woman; 1610, The Alchemist.]
SOCIETY.
1586 * * Tobacco is introduced by Sir
"Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake.
[Or by Sir John Hawkins, 1565.]
* * A proclamation is issued against the
use of tobacco.
1587 * * Fighting with small swords is
introduced.
1594 * * Patrick York, an Irish fencing-
master, is hired by Spaniards to kill the
queen.
June 7. Roderigo, a Jewish royal phy-
sician, is charged with being bribed to
poison the queen, and is executed.
1597 * * Scot. For acquitting persons
charged with witchcraft King James or-
ders the prosecution of a whole assize.
* * The title, Baron Howard de Walden, is
created. [1603, Earl of Suffolk and Berk-
shire ; (1626), Baron Saye and Sele, and
Baron Petre; 1608, Baron Clifton].
1599* * Scot. The title, Marquis of
Huntly, is created. [1602. Baroness Kin-
loss : 1605, Earl of Home and Earl of
Perth and Melfort (1686) ; 1606, Earl of
Abercorn, and Baron Blantyre ; 1607,
Baron Balfour of Burleigh ; 1609, Baron
Colville of Culross, and Baron Dingwall.]
1600 Aug. 5. Scot. Conspirators de-
coy the king into the house of Ruthven,
Earl of Gowrie, for the purpose of de-
throning him ; the plot is frustrated, and
the earl and his brothers are slain on
the spot.
1601* * An anti-effeminacy act
is passed, forbidding men to ride in
coaches.
* * Overseers of the poor are appointed
in parishes.
1601-02 Monopolies are so numerous
that Parliament petitions against them,
and many are abolished.
STATE.
* * * Sir Christopher Hatton is ap-
pointed lord chancellor, though not a
lawyer. Masters in Chancery are for
the first time appointed to assist him in
his legal duties.
1586 * * Ministers : Lord Burleigh, the
Earl of Essex, and Sir Christopher Hat-
ton.
1588 Nov. 12. Parliament meets.
[1589. Mar. 20. Dissolved.]
1589 Nov. 23. Sweden. James VI.
of Scotland is married at Upsal to Anne,
daughter of the King of Denmark.
1591 * * The judges decree that England
is an absolute empire, of which the sov-
ereign is the head.
* * The great seal is put in commission.
* * Sir "Walter Raleigh is sent to prison
for an offence at court.
1592 June 2. Sir John Popham is
appointed chief justice.
* * Sir John Puckering is appointed
lord keeper of the seal.
1593 Feb. 19. Parliament opens.
[Apr. 10. Dissolved.]
* * Sir Edward Coke is chosen speaker
of the House of Commons.
1596 * * Sir Thomas Egerton is ap-
pointed lord high chancellor, or " lord
keeper."
1597 Oct. 24. Parliament meets. [1598.
Feb. 9. Dissolved.]
1598 * * A large, but very base, coinage
is struck for Ireland.
1599 Apr. * Ire. Robert Devereux,
Earl of Essex, is appointed lord lieu-
tenant.
* * Ministers : Thomas Sackville, Lord
Buckhurst [Earl of Dorset], Sir Thomas
Egerton [Lord Ellesmere],and Sir Robert
Cecil [Earl of Salisbury].
1600 * * St. Helena is acquired by settle-
ment.
Dec. 31. Queen Elizabeth grants a
charter to " the Governor and Company
of Merchants of London to the East
Indies " [known as the East India Com-
pany].
1601 Oct. 27. Parliament meets.
[Dec. 19. Dissolved.]
* * It is declared in Parliament that the
queen has the power to make or un-
make laws.
"By her prerogative she may set at
liberty things restrained by statute-law
or otherwise, and by her prerogative she
may restrain things which be at liberty."
* * The first law relating to insurance is
MISCELLANEOUS.
1588 * * Queen Elizabeth grants a patent
to an African company.
1590 * * Hair-powder comes into use.
1591 * * Tea is introduced.
1592 * * Potatoes are generally intro-
duced into England.
1595 * * Mahogany is brought to Eng-
land by Sir "Walter Raleigh.
1598 * * Scot. The first coach is seen
in the country.
1600 Dec. 31. The East Indian Com-
pany is established by eharter.
* * The commercial docks at Rotherhithe
are erected.
* * London. The population is 300,000+.
The city is built almost entirely of wood.
878 1602,**-1613,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1608 * * Ire. The insurgents surprise
and capture Londonderry ; Sir George
Powlett, the governor, and the entire
garrison are massacred.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1602 * * George Weymouth and John
K night sail on an Arctic expedition.
[They stop at the entrance to Hudson
Bay because of a mutiny of the crew.]
* * Mr. Beaumont operates a railway
about Newcastle.
It has wooden rails and bulky four-
wheel coal-cars drawn by horses.
1603 * * William Harvey, physician
and anatomist, engages in the practise
of midwifery.
1604 * * Silk is manufactured.
1606 * * John Knight is sent on an Arc-
tic expedition by the Muscovy Com-
pany.
* * Edmund Gunter invents Grunter's
chain for measuring land.
1607 May 1. Henry Hudson starts
from Gravesend on his first voyage, in-
structed to sail northwest, and directly
across the pole. [1608. Apr. 22. He sails
on his second voyage of discovery.]
July 1. London. "God save the
King," is first vocalized in Merchant
Tailors' Hall by the choir of the Royal
Chapel.
* * The waters of a great freshet rise
above the tops of the houses in Somer-
setshire and Gloucestershire ; 100 lives
are lost.
* * Rev. William Barlow invents the com-
pass box and hanging compass.
1610± * * Lambeth Palace is founded
by Archbishop Bancroft.
**Hudson Bay is rediscovered by
Henry Hudson, when in search of a
Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean.
1611* *Robert Johnston writes the
original music for Shakespeare's
Tempest.
1612 * * Sir Thomas Button sails on an
Arctic voyage. [He passes Hudson
Strait and winters at Fort Nelson.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1603 * * Chilling worth, William, theological
author, born.
Bradshaw, John, judge, born.
Greaves, John, orientalist, mathematician, b.
Leigh, Sir Edward, theol., critic, philol., b.
Lightfoot, John, theologian, Hebraist, born.
Lilly, William, astrologer, born.
Manchester, Earl of, Edward Montagu,
statesman, born.
1603 Mar. 84. Elizabeth, Queen, A70.
Cartwright, Thomas, Puritan cl., A68.
1604 * * Bagshaw, Edward, lawyer, au., b
Eliot, John, "the Apostle of the Indians," b.
Morley, Thomas, musical composer, A59 + .
Whitgift, John, archbp. of Canterbury, A74.
1 605 * * Browne, Sir Thomas, physician, b.
Crashaw, Richard, poet, born.
Davenant, Sir William, dramatist, born.
Davis, John, navigator, A75-fc.
Gauden, John, bishop of Exeter, author, b.
Habington, William, poet, born.
Urquhart, Richard, translator, Scotland, b.
Waller, Edmund, poet, born.
Whitelocke, Bulstrode, statesman, born.
1606 * * Barclay, Wm., jurist, Scot., A66±.
Castell, Edmund, cl., lexicographer, born.
Fawkes, Guy, Gunpowder Plot consp., A36.
Lyly, John, dramatist, A 52.
1607 * * Rush worth, John, historian, born.
1608 Dec. 9. Milton. John, poet, states-
man, author, born.
Clarendon, Earl of, Edward Hyde, states-
man, historian, born.
Craig, Sir Thomas, lawyer, an tiq., Scot.,A67.
Dee, John, mathematician, astrologer, A81.
Fanshawe. Sir Richard, poet, diplomatist, b.
Feltham, Owen, religious author, born.
Fuller, Thomas, preacher, author, horn.
Greville, Robert, parliamentary general, b.
Monk, George, duke of Albemarle, gen., b.
Tradescant, John, botanist, born.
1609 * * Cooper, Samuel, painter, born.
Hale, Sir Matthew, chief justice, author, b.
Muggleton, Ludowiek, fanatic, born.
Suckling, Sir John, dramatist, born.
1610* * Butler, James, 12th Earl and 1st
Duke of Ormonde, general, born.
Cary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, author, b.
Chilmead, Edmund, mathematician, born.
Dobson, William, painter, born.
Ireton, Henry, parliamentary general, b.
Wharton, Thomas, anatomist, born.
1611 * * Allein, Richard, Puritan cl., au., b.
Daye. Stephen, first printer Am. colonies, b.
Fairfax, Lord Thomas, pari, general, b.
Harrington, James, political author, born.
Hudson, Henry, navigator, explorer, d±.
Leighton, Robert, archbishop of Glasgow,
author, born.
1612 • * Bodley, Sir Thomas, founder Bod-
leian library, Oxford, A68.
Butler, Samuel, poet, born.
Gascoigne, William, inv. of micrometer, b.
Killigrew, Henry, dramatist, born.
Montrose, Marquis of, James Grahame, sol-
dier, born.
Stafford, Viscount, William Howard, states-
man, born.
Vane. Sir Henry, statesman, born.
CHURCH.
1602 * * A Congregational church is
organized in Gainsborough, Lincoln-
shire.
* * Parliament orders the expulsion of
the Jesuits.
1603 July* The Council informs the
leading Catholics that the fines for re-
cusancy will be no longer enforced.
1603-04 The canons and constitutions
of the Church of England are passed by
a convocation of the clergy, and become
the chief English Church law. [1604.
Ratified by the king.]
1604 Jan. * Jesuits and seminary
priests are ordered out of the land by
proclamation.
Jan. 14, 16, 18. The [celebrated] con-
ference at Hampton Court is held.
The prelates and Puritan dissenters
meet to effect a union of the church.
It leads to the production of King
James's translation of the Bible, and
but little else.
* * Public excitement over reported con-
versions to the Catholic faith ; the king
is said to be a convert.
* * Richard Bancroft is chosen arch-
bishop of Canterbury. [1611. Jan. *
George Abbot ; 1633, "William Laud.]
* *The Convocation of the clergy
meets.
Its acts are oppressive to Puritans, 300
of whom soon leave their livings rather
than conform.
* * James orders the judges to enforce the
Elizabethan statutes against the Cath-
olics. Roman Catholic priests are to be
banished.
1606 * * Penal laws are enacted against
Catholics.
One act provides for levying one shil-
ling on every person absent from church
on Sundays.
* *A Congregational church is
founded at Southwark.
* * An Independent church is organized
at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire.
1606-10 Scot. King James consecrates
three bishops, and attempts to reintro-
duce Episcopacy.
1608* *The Independent church In
the North of England is finally trans-
planted to Leyden, Holland.
1608-11 Ire. Protestant settlements
are formed in Ulster.
Oct. 21. London. Bishops are conse-
crated at Lambeth for the sees of Glas-
gow, Galloway, and Brechin.
1611 * * King James's version of the
Bible is completed.
1612 Apr. 11. Edward Wightman, a
Baptist, is burned at Lichfield.
LETTERS.
1602 * * John Willis publishes his Ste-
nographie, the second English work on
shorthand.
1603 * * John Florio translates Mon-
taigne's Essays.
* * John Fletcher writes The Woman
Hater, and Thierry and Theodoret. [1610.
The Faithful Shepherdess.]
* * The History of the Turks, by Richard
Knolles, appears.
1604 * * Oxford University receives the
elective franchise to send two mem-
bers to Parliament.
1605 * * George Chapman writes his com-
edy, All Fools.
* * Eastward Ho, a comedy, is written by
Jonson, Chapman, and Marston.
* * Francis Bacon writes his Advancement
of Learning.
1606-16 Francis Beaumont and John
Fletcher write plays together.
Plays: Philaster, The Maid's Tragedy,
A King and No King, The Knight of the
Burning Pestle, Cupid's Revenge, The Cox-
comb, Four Plays in One, The Scornful
Lady, The Honest Man's Fortune, The Little
French Lawyer, Wit at Several Weapons,
A Right Woman, and The Laws of Candy.
1606* * London. The melody, God Save
the King, is [said to have been] composed
by John Bull for a dinner given to James
I. at Merchant Tailors' Hall.
1607 * * The Family of Love, by Thomas
Middleton, appears.
1609* * London. The Stationers'
Company agree to give a copy of every
book published to the Bodleian Library,
Oxford.
* * Dublin. A charter is granted to
Trinity College by James I.
1610* * Giles Fletcher writes Christ's
Victory and Triumph in Heaven and
Earth over Death. [Author of the Kusse
Commonwealth, Sorrow's Joy, and a col-
lection of verses.]
1611 * *King James's edition of the
Bible is completed, after seven years'
labor, by 47 ministers.
* * The History of Great Britain, by John
Speed, appears.'
* * News from Spain is issued by Nathan-
iel Butter.
* * London. The Charter - House, a
school for poor children, is founded by
Thomas Sutton.
1612 * * The White Devil, or Vittoria
Corombona, by John Webster, appears.
[1616, The iHichess of Malfi; 1623, The
Devil's Law Case.]
* * History of England, by Samuel Daniel,
appears.
1612-20 Thomas Shelton translates Don
Quixote.
SOCIETY.
1603 June 1. London. A man is
whipped through the streets for go-
ing to court when his house was infected
with the plague.
* * James I. is proclaimed King in viola-
tion of the will of Henry VIII.
AND IRELAND.
1602, ** -1613,**. 879
* * A law is passed making the pretension
to sorcery capital.
* * The title of «« Majesty" is begun to
be used in addressing the king.
1603-04 Tippling Acts are passed.
They apply to both ale and wine-sell-
ing, and impose a fine of 10 shillings
upon each seller allowing townsmen to
tipple.
1604 Sept. 29. New laws against
witchcraft become operative.
■* * Ire. Tanistry is abolished.
It was the equal division of lands, after
the decease of the owner, among his
sons, legitimate or illegitimate ; if one
of the sons died, his son did not inherit,
but a new division was made by the
tanist or chief.
1605 Aug. 5. Walter Calverly of York-
shire is pressed to death, a large iron
weight being placed upon bis breast ; he
had murdered two of his children, and
had stabbed his wife in a lit of jealousy,
and being arraigned for his crime at the
York assizes, stood mate.
Nov. 4. The Gunpowder Plot is dis-
covered. (See State.)
1606 * * Englishmen are forbidden to en-
ter foreign service without taking an
oath not to be reconciled to the Pope.
* * Drunkenness is legally punished by
a fine of live shillings, or confinement
for six hours in the stocks.
1609-10 A law is made providing that
any alehouse-keeper convicted of vio-
lating the law shall be disqualified for
three years from keeping a public house.
1611 May 23. The hereditary order of
baronets is instituted by James I. Sir
Nicholas Bacon is made the first baro-
net. Patents are sold for £1,095 each,
and the money applied fo* -the army in
Ulster.
1612 June 29 -July 20. London. A
lottery, granted by the king for the
benefit of Virginia, is drawn near St.
Paul's ; the prizes are pieces of plate.
1613 Feb. 13. Princess Elizabeth Stu-
art [Queen of Bohemia], daughter of
James I., marries Frederick, Elector
Palatine.
;Sept. 15. Sir Thomas Overbury is
Eoisoned while a prisoner in the Tower ;
e is a victim of. the malice of Somerset.
[1616. The Earl of Somerset and his
wife are tried and condemned for the
murder.]
STATE.
1603 Mar. 24. Queen Elizabeth dies.
Apr. 5. Edinburgh. James VI. leaves
for London, to be crowned king of Eng-
land.
1603-49 (1714) The House of Stuart.
1603-25 James I. reigns.
James VI. of Scotland becomes King
of England as James I. He is the son
of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and
Mary Queen of Scots, granddaughter of
James IV. of Scotland and his queen
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of
England. [July 25. London. He is
crowned.]
* * The Millenary Petition is presented
to the king.
It is signed by 1,000+ Ptiritan minis-
ters, who ask for a reform in church
services and a stricter observance of
Sunday.
* * Ministers : The Earl of Dorset, Lord
Ellesmere, the Earl of Nottingham, the
Earl of Suffolk, the Earl of Worcester,
and RobertT'ecil [Earl of Salisbury],
* * Sir Thomas Egerton, Lord Elles-
mere, is appointed lord chancellor.
* *The "Main" conspiracy is ex-
posed ; Lords Cobbam and Grey and Sir
Walter Raleigh are accused of conspir-
ing for the dethronement of James in
favor of Arabella Stuart, a cousin of
James I. ; also the " Rye plot " for the
seizure of the king's person is devised by
the priest Watson and others.
* * An alliance with France is negoti-
ated by the French minister, Baron de
Rosny, Duke of Sully.
* * Cambridge University is empow-
ered to send two members to Parlia-
ment. (?)
* * Ire. The whole country becomes sub-
ject to the rule of the English.
1604 Jan. 14, 15, 16. The king holds
a conference of clergy at Hampton
Court ; he resolves to make no conces-
sions to the Puritans.
Mar. 19. Parliament assembles. [1611.
Feb. 9. dissolved.]
[It receives unfavorably a scheme of
the king for the union of England and
Scotland, but appoints commissioners to
treat with the Scots upon the question.]
Aug. 18. A treaty of peace is con-
cluded with Spain.
Oct. 24. James is proclaimed "King of
England, Scotland, France, and Ire-
land."
Nov. 17. London. Sir Walter Raleigh
is tried for treason. [Convicted and im-
prisoned in the Tower. 1618. Oct. 29.
Executed.]
* * Sir Francis Bacon is appointed the
first king's sergeant, the highest mem-
ber of the bar, he alone being permitted
to plead in the Court of Common Pleas.
1605 Oct. 26. The Gunpowder Plot
is disclosed.
It is a conspiracy by Robert Catesby,
Thomas Winter, John Wright, Guy
Fawkes, Thomas Percy, and others, to
blow up the Parliament building during
the sitting of both houses and the pres-
ence of the king. [Nov. 5. Guy Fawkes
is discovered in a vault under the Parli-
ament house with matches and touch-
wood in his possession, and 36 barrels of
gunpowder are found close by. 1606.
Jan. 30, 31. Guy Fawkes, Sir Everard
Digby, Rookwood, Winter, and other
conspirators are executed. May3. Henry
Garnet also.]
* * W. I. English colonists first settle in
Barbados.
They land from the Orange Blossom,
erect a cross as a memorial, and cut in
the bark of a tree the words, " James,
King of England and of this island."
1606 Apr. 10. James grants a char-
ter to the London Company, and one to
the Plymouth Company, for colonies in
North America (p. 27).
Apr. 12. The Union Jack is made the
national flag. [1801 complete.]
1607 May 13. [U. S. A.] An English
settlement is formed at Jamestown,
Virginia.
June 25. Sir Thomas Fleming is ap-
pointed chief justice.
1608 * * By the sole power of the crown,
duties are imposed on nearly every
article of foreign commerce.
1609* * Ministers: Robert Cecil, Earl
of Salisbury, Lord Ellesmere, the Earl of
Northampton, and the Earl of Suffolk.
* * W. I. Sir George Somers plants an
English colony in the Bermudas.
1609-12 Ire. English and Scotch Prot-
estants are planted in Ulster.
In consequence of repeated rebellions and
forfeitures, 511,465 acres of land in Ulster
become invested in the crown, and James I.,
after removing the Irish from their hills and
fastnesses, divides the land among such of
his English and Scotch Protestants as choose
to settle there. The colonization is begun by
the Honorable Irish Society, a committee of
citizens of 12 London companies.
1610 * * The Isle of Man is restored to
Stanley, Earl of Derby, from whose
family it had been taken by Elizabeth.
* * Pari. The "Great Contract" is
discussed, but not decided on.
It proposes to grant the king a fixed
sum of £200,000 per annum, in return for
the surrender by him of his claim to
revenue from feudal privileges.
* * London. Twelve new granaries are
built at Bridewell to hold 6,000 quarters
of corn, and two storehouses for sea-
coal to hold 4,000 loads, to prevent the
sudden dearness of these articles by
great increase of inhabitants.
1611 * * Arabella Stuart is imprisoned
at Lambeth.
* * Ire. James grants Belfast to Sir Ar-
thur Chichester, lord deputy. [1613. It
is erected into a corporation.]
* * Scot. Glasgow has freedom to elect
its own magistrates.
1612 * * Ministers : The Earl of North-
ampton, Lord Ellesmere, the Earl of
Worcester, Sir Ralph Winwood, the Earl
of Nottingham, Robert Carr, Viscount
Rochester [Earl of Somerset].
Nov. 6. Henry, Prince of Wales, dies.
1613 May 19. James issues farthing
tokens by proclamation. (?)
* * Sir Edward Coke is appointed chief
justice. [1616. Sir Henry Montague.]
* * Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, dying, Rob-
ert Carr, Viscount Rochester, becomes
a favorite of the king, and is made
Duke of Somerset.
* * Ire. The London Irish Society obtains
a charter of incorporation for Derry un-
der the name of Londonderry.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1603 Apr. 10. Bristol men fit out two
vessels to bring sassafras from America ;
it is much overrated for its medicinal
virtue.
1603-04 Ire. A plague infests the
country.
* * London. A plague sweeps away 20,578
people.
1606 * * The springs at Tunbridge
Wells, Kent, are discovered by Dudley,
Lord North, who is restored to health
by the use of the waters.
1607 * * Windsor Forest, situated to
the south and west of the town of
Windsor, is restricted to but 77£ miles
round.
1610 Dec. 3. Great Tom, a bell seven
feet in diameter, is placed in the steeple
of St. Mary's Cathedral, Lincoln.
1613 June 29. London. Shakespeare's
Globe Theater is burned.
Aug. 7. Dorchester is destroyed by fire.
Sept. 29. London. The New River is
opened.
It is an artificial stream, 48 miles long,
rising in Chadwell and Amwell in Hert-
fordshire, and projected by Sir Hugh
Myddleton for the purpose of supplying
London with water.
880 1613,** -1626, July
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1623 * * The British militia numbers
160,000 men.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1614 * * Medleys, or mixed broadcloth,
are first made.
* * Scot. John Napier, the inventor of
logarithms, the indexes of the ratio of
numbers one to another, publishes his
canon or table. [1616-18. Completed
and published by Henry Briggs at Ox-
ford.]
1616 * * Bylot's and Baffin's Arctic ex-
pedition sets out. (See Canada.)
* * Engines for plowing land are pat-
ented by David Ramsey and Thomas
Wildgoose.
1619 * * The art of making tapestry is
introduced by William Sheldon, and
established at Mortlake by Sir Francis
Crane.
1620 * * Bone-setting is first scientific-
ally practised.
* * Broad silk is woven from raw silk.
* * Paper-hangings made of velvet and
floss, for hanging apartments, are used.
* * Francis Bacon suggests that heat may
be a motion.
* *The Drebbel alcohol thermometer
appears.
1621 * * Sir Anthony Van Dyck paints
the portrait of James I.
* * Thomas Ravenscroft's collection of
printed harmonizations of tunes
[which has become standard with the
psalms] appears.
1622 * * The botanic garden at Oxford
is established by the Earl of Dauby.
1623 * * Middle latitude sailing is intro-
duced.
1625 * * Grecian architecture is re-
vived.
The Banqueting House, Whitehall,
London, and other buildings are erected
in this style.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1613 * * Cleaveland, John, poet, born.
Liddell, Duncan, phys., math., Scot., d.
Overbury, Sir Thomas, courtier, poet, A32.
Taylor, Jeremy, Anglican clergyman,
preacher, author, born.
1614 * * Annesley, Arthur, Earl of Anglesey,
statesman, born.
More, Henry, poet, theologian, phil., born.
Wilkins, John, bishop of Chester, author, b.
1615 Sept. 27. Stuart, Arabella, cousin of
James I., A40.
Baxter, Richard, clergyman, author, born.
Biddle, John, theologian, author, born.
Denham, Sir John, poet, born.
1616 Apr. 23. Shakespeare, William,
poet, dramatist, actor, A52.
Beaumont, Francis, dramatist, A30.
Faithorne, William, engraver, born.
Hakluyt, Kichard, historian, geog., A63.
Maitland, J., Duke of Lauderdale, states., b.
L' Estrange, Sir Roger, political author, born.
Bancroft, William, archbishop of Canter-
bury, born.
Thurloe, John, statesman, born.
Wallis, John, mathematician, born.
1617 * * Ashinole, Elias, antiquary, born.
Coryate, Thomas, traveler, A40.
Cud worth, Ralph, religious author, born.
Egerton, Thomas, Baron Ellesmere, states-
man, A 77.
Hutchinson, John, colonel, politician, born.
Napier, John, laird of Merchiston, inventor
of logarithms, A 67.
1618 * * Cowley, Abraham, poet, born.
Lancaster, Sir James, navigator, dies.
Lilburne, John, political agitator, born.
Lovelace, Richard, poet, born.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, navigator, statesman,
courtier, historian, A 66.
1619 * * Anne, queen, dies.
Dalrymple, James, first Viscount Stair, ju-
rist, Scotland, born.
Daniel, Samuel, poet, A57.
Horrox, or Horroeks, Jeremiah, astron., b.
Lambert, John, parliamentary general, born.
1620* * Anderson, Alexander, mathemati-
cian, Scotland, A40.
Bathurst, Ralph, poet, philosopher, theol.,b.
Evelyn, John, writer, born.
Ludlow, Edmund, judge, born.
Marvell, Andrew, poet, politician, born.
( )at es, Titus, contriver of sham popish plot, b.
1621 * * Boyle, Roger, Earl of Orrery, gen-
eral, litterateur, born.
Cooper, Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury,
statesman, born.
Dewsbury, William, preacher (Friends), b.
Finch, Heneage, first Earl of Nottingham,
statesman, born.
Harriott, Thomas, math., astronomer, A61.
1'enn, William, admiral, born.
Vaughan, Henry, poet, born.
Vaughan, Thomas, alchemist, born.
Willis, Thomas, physician, born.
1622 * * Baffin, William, navigator, A38.
Melville, Andrew, reformer, scholar, A77.
Savile, Sir H., mathematician, historian, A73.
Sidney, Algernon, statesman, born.
1623 * * Camden, William, antiq., hist., A72.
Fletcher, Giles, poet, A55.
Petty, Sir William, economist, born.
1624 * * Fox, George, founder (Friends), b.
Howard, Charles, Lord Howard of Effingham,
admiral, A88.
1625 Mar. 27. James I., (VI. of Scot-
land), king, A59.
Cameron, John, theologian, Scotland, A45.
Fletcher, John, dramatist, A 49.
Florio, John, grammarian, A80.
Lodge, Thomas, poet, A69.
Montagu, Edward, E. of Sandwich, adm., b.
Moreland, Sir Samuel, mechanician, inv., b.
Sydenham, Thomas, physician, born.
CHURCH.
1614* * Members of both Houses of Par-
liament are ordered to take the sacra-
ment to guard against the reintroduction
of Roman Catholics.
* * Dublin. The Protestant Convocation
establishes the Thirty-nine Articles of
religion.
1618 May 24. The Book of Sports is
published.
It treats of the sports which may be
lawfully engaged in after prayers on the
Sabbath, and discusses the authority for
Sabbath observance.
Aug. 25. Scot. The "Articles of
Perth," relating to religious ceremo-
nies, are agreed to by the General As-
sembly.
* * Scot. A proclamation is issued allow-
ing sports on Sunday after the morning
service.
1620 Dec. 21. U. S. A. New Eng-
land is founded by the Puritan followers
of John Robinson at Plymouth, Mass.
1621 Jan. 29. Scot. William Laud is
made bishop of St. David's.
* * It. Gregory XV. is elected pope.
[1623, Urban VI. ; 1644, Innocent X.]
1625 * * The Maids of the Cross are
established.
A community of young women make
vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
1626 July 1. Chaplains are first ap-
pointed to each ship in the navy.
LETTERS.
1613 * * George Wither writes Abuses
Stript and Whipt. [1615. Shepherd's
Hunting.]
* * Scot. Tears on the Death of Meliades,
by William Drummond, of Hawthorn-
den, appears. [1616. Poems.]
**Wadham College, Oxford, is
founded by Nicholas Wadham.
1613-14 Polyobion, by Drayton, ap-
pears.
1613-16 Britannia's Pastorals, by Wil-
liam Browne, appears. [1614. The Shep-
herd's Pipe.]
1613-25 Purchas, his Pilgrimage, by
Samuel Purchas, appears.
1614 * * John Shelden writes Titles of
Honor. [1618. History of Tithes.]
* * Sir Walter Raleigh publishes The
History of the World, written during his
twelve years' imprisonment in the
Tower.
* * A translation of Homer's Odyssey, by
George Chapman, appears.
1615 * * The king grants to his poet-
laureate (Samuel Daniel?) a yearly pen-
sion of 100 marks.
* * Travels, by George Sandys, appears.
1617 * * Thomas Heywood writes A
Woman Killed with Kindness. [Later,
War vnthout Blows and Love without
Suit, Joan as good as my Lady, An
Apology for Actors, and General History
of Woman.]
1618 * * The first Book of Sports under
the title of The King's Majestie's Declar-
ation to His Subjects concerning Lawful
Sports to be used on Sundays after Even-
ing Prayers, is published by King James.
* * Non Nobis, Domine! ("Not unto us,
O Lord," etc., Psalm cxv. 1), a musical
canon, sung as a grace at public feasts,
is composed by W. Birdie.
* * Pharmacopoeia, a book giving direc-
tions for the preparation of medicine, is
published by the London College of
Physicians ; "it is the first work of its
kind known in England.
June* London. A Relation of all matters
done in Bohemia, Austria, Sletia, France,
etc., that is worthy of Relating since the
2nd of March, 1618, to the 4th of May,
is issued by Ralph Remithwaite.
1619 * *Dulwieh CoUege, Surrey,
called " God's-Gift-College," is founded
by Edward Alleyn.
* * Francis Bacon completes his great
work, Novum Organum, in Latin (The
New Organ), " on the proper methods of
inquiry into nature ; " it is the founda-
tion of the " inductive " system of phi-
losophy. [1621, The History of Henry
VII. ; 1622, Historia Ventorum ; 1623, De
Augmentis Scientiarum and Historia
Vitte et Mortis; 1624, Apothegms; 1626,
The New Atlantis.]
* * Francis Quarles writes A Feast for
Worms. [1624, Job Militant.]
1621 Nov. * London. The Courant, or
Weekly News from Foreign Parts, is
issued.
* * The, Anatomy of Melancholy, by Wil-
liam Burton, appears.
* * The Witch, by Thomas Middleton, ap-
pears.
1622 * * Communion of Saints, a mosaic
of Scripture quotations, is compiled by
Henry Ainsworth.
* * London. The Weekly News from Italy,
Germany, etc., is issued.
* * London. The Certain News of this
Present Week is issued.
* * The Spanish Curate, by John Fletcher,
appears.
1623 * * London. The Sion College
and Hospital is fourWed by the legacy
of Dr. Thomas White, who bequeathed
£3,000 for the purpose. [1630. Incorpo-
rated.]
* * Edmund WaUer writes his first
poems.
* * The Duke of Milan, by Philip Massin-
ger, appears.
* * Scot. The Flowers ofZion, by William
Drummond, appears.
AND IRELAND.
1613, **-1626, July* 881
* * The first collected edition of Shakes-
peare's works appears.
1624 * * Pembroke College, Oxford, is
founded by Thomas Teesdale and Rich-
ard Wightwick.
* * Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, by John
Fletcher, appears. [Later, A Woman
Mater.]
1625 * * An Anatomy of the World, by
John Donne, appears. [Later, Biatha-
natos.]
SOCIETY.
1615 * * The title, Baron Dormer, is cre-
ated. [1616, Baron Teynham ; 1622, Earl
of Denbigh; 1624, Earl of Westmore-
land ; 1626, Earl of Lindsay.]
* * George Villiers, son of a poor knight,
of great personal beauty, having become
the king's favorite, is raised to the peer-
age, and given lands valued at £80,000.
[He soon passes to the head of the Eng-
lish nobility.]
* * A hospital and almshouses are erected
at Sheffield by the Earl of Malmesbury.
1617 * * London. Francis Bacon, lord
chancellor, disgusts the public by his
vanity, love of show, meanness, and cor-
ruption.
May 16. Edinburgh. James I. visits
the city.
1619* * Scot. The title, Earl of Had-
dington, is created. [1620, Viscount of
Falkland ; 1621, Viscount of Stormont ;
1623, Earl of Galloway ; 1624, Earl of Lau-
derdale ; 1627,Baron Fairfax of Cameron,
and Baron Napier ; 1628, Baron Reay.]
* * Transportation of criminals to
America begins.
1620* * U. S. A. Ninety respectable
English women are imported by the
planters of Jamestown, Virginia, for
wives, at the price of 120 pounds of to-
bacco, worth 50 cents a pound.
* * London. Games and gaming-houses
are licensed.
* * Ire. The title, Earl of Cork and Or-
rery (1660) is created : also Viscount of
Grandison and Baron Digby. [1621, Earl
of Westmeath ; 1622, Earl of Desmond,
and Viscounts Valentia and Dillon ; 1627,
Earl of Meath, and Baron Sherard ; 1628,
Earl of Fingall, and Viscounts Lumley
and Taaffe ; 1647, Earl of Cavan.]
1621 * * Sir Giles Mompesson and Sir
Francis Mitchell are punished for their
abuse of monopolies.
1624 * * Edinburgh. George Heriot's
hospital is founded by his will.
1625* *An act restraining amuse-
ments is passed.
STATE.
1614 Apr. 5. Parliament meets.
[June 7. Dissolved.]
[The session is occupied in disputes
with the king over proposed imposi-
tions ; no bill is passed, hence it is called
the " Addled Parliament."]
1615* * Ministers : Thomas, Lord Elles-
mere, Thomas, Earl of Suffolk, Charles,
Earl of Nottingham, and Sir George
Villiers [Duke of Buckingham].
* * Oliver St. John refuses to contribute
to a " benevolence" for the king, and
is fined £5,000.
* * Sir Thomas Roe is sent on a mission
to the Great Mogul in India.
1616 Mar. 20. London. Sir Walter
Raleigh is released from prison. [1G17.
Aug. 19. He sails from Cork with 14
vessels to seek for gold-mines in Guiana.]
* * George Villiers becomes a favorite
of the king. [He is made Duke of
Buckingham.]
1617 Mar. 27. London. Sir Francis
Bacon is made lord high chancellor and
lord keeper of the great seal. He gets
the title Lord Verulam [and is made
Viscount St. Albans.]
1618 Oct. 29. London. Sir "Walter
Raleigh is beheaded in compliance
with the demand of Spain because of
his invasion of Spanish territory in
America.
* * London. Tothill Fields, BrideweU
Prison, is built.
* * Scot. King James establishes troy
weight Scots.
* * W. Afr. The Gold Coast is settled.
1619 * * Matthew de L'Eguster is ap-
pointed foreign postmaster.
* * A commercial treaty is made with the
Dutch in relation to the East Indies.
* * Ire. Derry, with 210,000 acres, is
granted to various companies.
1620* *Sir Henry Montague [Vis-
count Mandeville and Earl of Manches-
ter] is one of the king's ministers.
± * * The Court Party and the Country
Party are formed.
[The latter becomes the Tory or landed
interest, the former the Whig or trading
interest.]
* * W. Afr. The English start a factory
in Gambia.
1621 Jan. 30. Parliament opens.
[1622. Feb. 8. Dissolved.]
[It grants the king a supply to aid the
war in support of his son-in-law, the
elector palatine.]
Apr. *- May* Parliament: Lord High
Chancellor Bacon is impeached for
bribery and corruption.
He is condemned to pay a fine of
£40,000, and declared incapacitated for
life for sitting in Parliament, or holding
office under the crown. [The fine is re-
mitted.]
May * Parliament : Sir Giles Mompesson
and Sir Francis Mitchell are impeached
and banished for fraudulent use of pur-
chased monopolies of inn-licensing
and gold and silver thread manufacture.
Nov. * H. C. The Commons request
the king to enforce the laws against
" papists," and to marry his son to a
Protestant princess.
Dec. 3. H. C. James writes to the
Commons in angry terms, forbidding
them to inquire into affairs of state, or
to concern themselves about his son's
marriage
Dec. 18. H. C. The Commons, after
several communications with the king,
enters on its journals the Great Prot-
estation, in declaration of its rights.
The king tears the record from the
journal.
* * Sir James Ley is appointed chief
justice, and John Williams, bishop of
Lincoln, lord keeper.
* * Ministers: Lionel, Lord Cranfleld
[Earl of Middlesex] ; Edward, Earl of
Worcester] ; John, Earl of Bristol ; John
Williams, Dean of Westminster ; George
Villiers, and Sir Edward Conway.
* * King James grants Acadia to Sir
William Alexander, and its name is
changed to Nova Scotia.
* * The great seal is in commission.
1622 * * London. Sir Edward Coke, Sir
Robert Philips, and the Earls of Oxford
and Southampton, popular leaders in
Parliament, are imprisoned for their
opposition to the king.
1623* * E. I. The Dutch massacre
Englishmen on the island of Amboyna
in the Moluccas.
* * The Statute of Limitations is passed.
It enacts that actions for trespass or
debt, or simple contract, must be com-
menced within six years after the cause
of action, and actions for assault, men-
ace, or imprisonment, within four years.
± * * W.I. The island of St. Christo-
pher is settled by the English.
1624 Feb. 19. Parliament meets.
[1625. Mar. 27. Dissolved.]
[It grants £300,000 to prosecute the
war in the Palatinate ; it passes an act
making monopolies illegal, and an act
prohibiting subsidies.]
* * Sir Ranulph Crew is appointed chief
justice.
1625 Mar. 27. James I. dies.
1625-49 Charles I. reigns.
He is a son of James I. [1626. Feb. 22.
Crowned at Westminster.]
May 13. Charles marries Henrietta Ma-
ria, daughter of Henry IV. of France.
June 18. Parliament meets. [Aug. 19,
dissolved.]
It grants " tonnage and poundage " for
one year, and £140,000 for the war with
Spain.
July 11. Parliament is adjourned be-
cause of the great plague.
* * Sir Thomas Coventry is appointed
lord keeper.
1626 Feb. 6. Parliament meets.
[June 15. Dissolved.]
Sir Nicholas Hyde is appointed chief
justice.
Feb. * H. C. The House appoints three
committees — of religion, of grievances,
and of evils, causes, and remedies.
Mar. * H. C. The House resolves to im-
peach Buckingham for oppressions
and extortions.
May 11. H. C. Sir John Eliot and Sir
Dudley Digges, leaders of Bucking-
ham's opponents, are sent to prison by
the king. [They are released in a few
days, the Commons refusing to do any
business till they are discharged.]
June 15. Charles dissolves Parliament
to save Buckingham from impeachment.
July * Charles dismisses the queen's
servants ; this leads to a quarrel with
France.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1616 * * London. The principal streets
are paved.
1617 * * The apothecaries' and grocers'
trades are separated.
1620 * * London. The New River Com-
pany is incorporated, and supplies the
city with its water by conveyance of
wooden pipes in the streets, and small
leaden ones in the houses.
1621* * Ire. A large part of Cork is
burned.
1624 * * London. The Thames is made
navigable to Oxford.
1625 * * London. The mortality is very
great, 35,417 persons dying.
* * Coal is in common use.
* * London. Hackney coaches are first
used.
882 1626,**-1640,**.
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1627 June 27. Fr. The Duke of Buck-
ingham sails with a fleet to the aid of
the Huguenots besieged in Rochelle.
[The Huguenots declining to receive him,
he returns to England.]
1633 * * The Royal Scots regiment is
organized.
1637 * * The Sovereign of the Seas is
launched.
1639 Apr. * Scot. War against the
Scotch Covenanters begins ; it is called
the "Bishops' War."
June 18. Scot. The Scots under Sir A.
Leslie meet the English under King
Charles, at Dunse, near Berwick, where
the " Pacification of Dunse " is made,
which prevents a battle.
1640 * * The Constant Warwick, first
frigate known in England, is built by-
Peter Pett.
Aug* Scot. The second Bishops' "War
. occurs.
Aug. 20. The Scots invade England.
[Aug. 28. They defeat the English at
Newburn, on the Tyne.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1628 * * William Harvey makes the posi-
tive discovery of the circulation of the
blood. It furnishes an entirely new
system of physiological and pathological
speculation.
1629 * * Peter Paul Rubens purchases
seven of the cartoons of Raphael at
Flanders for Charles I. to adorn Hamp-
ton Court Palace.
They represent the Miraculous Draught of
Fishes, The Charge to Peter, Peter and John
Healing the Lame at the Gate of the Temple,
The Death of Ananias, Ely mas the Sorcerer
struck with Blindness, The Sacrifice to Paul
and Barnabas by the People of Lystra, Paul
Preaching at Athens.
1631 * * Richard Norwood is the first to
measure a degree of the meridian.
* * Luke Fox's Arctic expedition sails.
1632 * * Sir Anthony Van Dyck paints
the portraits of Charles I. of England
and his queen.
1633 * * London. A wind sawmill, in-
vented by a Dutchman, is erected near
the Strand.
* *An optical signaling telegraph is
made by the Marquis of Worcester.
1634* * London. Jerome Lanyer patents
his "velvet paper."
1635 * * Cannon are made of brass.
* * Dublin. The Werburg Street Thea-
ter is commenced ; it is the first one
erected.
1639 Nov. 24. The first transit of
Venus over the face of the sun is ob-
served by the Rev. Jeremiah Horrox, or
Horrocks, and his friend, William Crab-
tree, as predicted by Horrox in 1633.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1626 Apr. 9. Bacon. Francis, Lord Veru-
lam, lawyer, statesman, philosopher, A65.
Alleyn, Edward, actor, A60.
Aubrey, John, topographer, antiquary, born.
Boyle, Robert, chemist, philosopher, Ire., b.
Dalgarno, George, philosopher, born.
Gunter, Edmund, math., astronomer, A45.
Patrick, Simon, bishop of Chichester, com-
mentator, born.
Purchas, Samuel, clergyman, author, A49.
1627 * * Middleton, Thomas, dramatist, A57.
Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham,
statesman, author, born.
1628 * * Bunyan, John, preacher, author, b.
Cromwell, Richard, protector, born.
Greville, Sir Fulke, Lord Brooke, poet, phi-
losopher, A74.
Grew, Nehemiah, vegetable anatomist, born.
Ray, or Wray, John, naturalist, born.
Temple, Sir William, statesman, wr., b.
Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham,
statesman, A 36.
1630 * * Barrow, Isaac, cl., math., born.
Child, Sir Josiah, economist, merchant, b.
Cotton, Charles, humorist, poet, born.
D'Urfrey, Thomas, dramatist, poet, born.
Godolphin, Earl of, Sidney, statesman, b.
Halifax, Marquis of, George Savile, states-
man, born.
Harvey, Gabriel, author, A85+.
Howe, John, chaplain to Cromwell, born.
Tillotson. John, archbp. of Canterbury, b.
1631 * * Cocker, Edward, engraver, arithme-
tician, author, born.
Briggs, Henry, mathematician, A70.
Danby, Earl of, Thomas Osborne, states., b.
Donne, John, clergyman, poet, A58.
Dryden. John, courtier, poet, critic, born.
Lower, Richard, anatomist, born.
1632 Aug. 29. Locke, John, statesman,
scientist, philosopher, born.
Allen, Thomas, mathematician, A90.
Compton, Henry, bishop of London, au.,b.
Cumberland, Richard, moral philosopher, b.
Eliot, Sir John, statesman, A42.
Firmin, Thomas, philanthropist, born.
Herbert, George, poet, A39.
Pepys, Samuel, sec. to the admiralty, au., b.
Wood, Anthony, antiquarian, born.
Wren, Six Christopher, architect, born.
1633 Oct. 14. James H., king, born.
Abbot, George, archbp. of Canterbury, A71.
Brown, Robert, Puritan theologian, founder
(Brownists), A80.
Flatman, Thomas, poet, born.
Roscommon, Earl of, Wentworth Dillon,
poet, born.
South, Robert, clergyman, wit, poet, au., b.
1634 * * Allein, Joseph, Puritan cl., born.
Chapman, George, poet, dramatist, A77.
Coke, Sir Edward, jurist, statesman, A82.
Marston, John, dramatist, A59±.
1635 * * Betterton, Thomas, actor, born.
Burnet, Thomas, author, born.
Capel, Arthur, Earl of Essex, statesman, b.
Fairfax, Edward, poet, dies.
Hooke, Robert, mathematician, born.
Parr, Thomas, centenarian, A 153.
Stillingfleet, Edward, bishop of Worcester,
author, born.
Verstegan, Richard, antiquary, dies.
1636 * * Etherege, Sir George, dramatist, b.
Glanvill, Joseph, clergyman, phil., au., b.
Mackenzie, Sir George, lawyer, statesman,
writer, Scotland, born.
Russell, Lady Rachel, author, born.
Sprat, Thomas, bishop of Rochester, poet,
mis. writer, born.
1637 * * Cave, Wm., canon Windsor, au., b.
Dorset, sixth Earl of, Charles Sackville, wit,
poet, born.
Jonson, Ben, dramatist, actor, poet, A63.
Ken, Thomas, bishop of Bath, author, born.
North, Francis, Baron Guilford, jurist, born.
1638* * Bernard, Edward, clergyman, as-
tronomer, born.
1639 * * Burton, Robert, author, A63.
Carew, Thomas, poet, courtier, A50.
Creighton, Robert, cl., musical comp. born.
Ford, John, dramatist, A53.
Russell, Lord William, statesman, born.
Rymer, Thomas, antiquary, born.
Sedley, Sir Charles, poet, dramatist, born.
Wotton, Sir Henry, poet, diplomatist, A71.
CHURCH.
1627-29 Charles I. intercedes for the
persecuted Waldenses of France.
1628 * * Theophilus Brabourne, a clergy-
man, publishes the first work favoring
the Seventh day (Saturday) as the true
Christian Sabbath ; he and several others
suffer great persecution for this opinion.
1630 Oct. 16. Sir John Gayler es-
capes from a lion in Arabia.
To commemorate the event a Lion
Sermon is preached annually at the
St. Katherine Cree church, London.
1631 Apr. 2. London. A commission
is granted to Bishop William Laud to
restore St. Paul's Cathedral.
1633 Sept. 12. London. The first Par-
ticular Baptist church is formed ; John
Spelsbury, pastor.
Oct. 18. Royal declaration is ordered
to be read in churches reviving wakes,
lawful sports, and recreations on the
Sabbath after divine service.
* * Scot. The see of Edinburgh is
erected.
1635 * * Clergymen are ejected from
their churches for refusing to read the
Book of Sports to their congregations.
1637 Apr. 30. Puritans are forbidden
to emigrate to New England.
July 23. Scot. By order of the king the
liturgy is read in the churches ; a tumult
follows at St. Giles and in Grey Friars
church, Edinburgh.
1638 Mar.* Scot. Scotland rejects
Episcopacy. The National Covenant
is signed, all over Scotland, with great
enthusiasm.
It is a repetition of former covenants, and
also contains a solemn protest against prel-
acy. They defy the king's orders to accept
the prayer-book. [War follows.]
Nov. 21. Scot. A General Assembly
of the Scottish Church meets at Glas-
gow.
It abolishes the Episcopacy, new lit-
urgy, and the canons. The church is
declared independent of the state.
Dec. * Scot. The Covenanters' Parlia-
ment abolishes Episcopacy, deposes
the king's bishops, and excommunicates
four of them.
1639 June 18. Scot. The Pacifica-
tion of Dunse.
1640 * * Ire. Bishop Atherton suffers
an ignominious death for an unnatural
crime.
* * Liondon. The building of the western
parishes, including St. Giles is begun.
* * The Broadmead Baptist church at
Bristol is founded.
* * London. The Devonshire Square Bap-
tist church is formed.
* * The bishops are excluded from voting
on temporal affairs. [1641. Dec. 30.
Several protesting bishops are sent to
the Tower.]
LETTERS.
1628 * * The Alexandrian Codex, a man-
uscript of the Septuagint translation of
the Bible, in Greek, said to have been
written in the 6th century, is presented
to Charles I. by Cyrillus Leucaris, Pa-
triarch of Constantinople.
* * Essay on the Motion of the Heart and
the Blood, by William Harvey, appears.
1629 * * Ode on the Meaning of Christ's
Nativity, by John Milton, appears.
[1633, V Allegro and HPcnseroso; 1634,
Arcades, Comus, and Lycidas.]
* * The Lovers' Melancholy , by John Ford,
is produced. [1633, The Broken Heart;
1634, Perkin Warbeck.~\
1630. Mar. 26. Charles I. renews the
patent granted by his father to Ben
Jonson, as poet laureate, increasing
the 100 marks to £100, with the grace
cup of "one tierce of Canary Spanish
wine."
1631 * * The Temple, by George Herbert,
appears.
1632 * * An Arabic professorship is es-
tablished at Cambridge.
* * Emblems Divine and Moral, by Fran-
cis Quarles, appears.
AND IRELAND.
1626, ** -1640,**. 883
1633 Oct. 18. The Second Book of
Sports, with a ratification by Charles I.,
is published.
* * The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletch-
er, appears.
* *A Nero Way to Pay Old Debts, by
Philip Massinger, appears.
* * Histriomastix, by William Prynne, ap-
pears. [1637. For indirectly criticising
the king and queen he is sentenced to
imprisonment and fined £5,000.]
* * Cselum Britannicum, by Thomas Ca-
rew, appears.
1635 * * The Lady of Pleasure and The
Traitor, by James Shirley, appear.
1636 * * The Wonder of a Kingdom, by
Thomas Dekker, appears.
1637 July 1. The Star Chamber im-
poses seventy restraints upon the lib-
erty of the press, and limits the num-
ber of master printers in London and
Westminster.
* * Dublin. Trinity College receives a
charter.
* * The Religion of Protestants: A Safe
Way to Salvation, by William Chilling-
worth, appears.
* * Aglaura, by Sir John Suckling, ap-
pears. |1639, Brennoralt ; later, Con-
stancy, Ballad on a Wedding, and Tell
Me, Ye Justsr Deities.]
SOCIETY.
1627 * * A law is passed subjecting ale-
house-keepers to a penalty of whipping
for the first offense of illegal selling,
and for the second offense imprison-
ment for one month.
1628 Aug. 23. George Villiers, Duke
of Buckingham, is assassinated at
Portsmouth by John Felton.
* * The title, Duke of Chesterfield, is cre-
ated ; also Earl of Winchelsea, and Not-
tingham (1681) and Earl of Stamford.
1630 * * The first lottery for sums of
money is drawn. ■
1631* *The king prevents a trial by
combat between Lord Reay and David
Ramsay.
1633 June* Edinburgh. Charles I.
visits the city.
* * Scot. The title, Earl of Elgin and
Kincardine (1647), is created ; also Earls
Wemy8s and March (1697), Loudon,
Souttiesk, Kinnoull, Dalhousie, Lindsay,
and Baron Forrester. [1639. Earl of Air-
lie.]
* * Shoes [as at present worn] are intro-
duced.
1634 * * Forgery is first made punish-
able by death.
1635 * * In order to discourage English
subjects from traveling to foreign coun-
tries and spending money there, a tax
is levied by way of license for going
abroad, to be paid to the crown.
1637 June 14. William Prynne, Henry
Burton, and Robert Bastwick are sen-
tenced to fine and the pillory for speak-
ing and writing against popery and
Sabbath-breaking.
July 23. Edinburgh. The cutty-stool
is thrown by a woman at the head of the
bishop in St. Giles Church.
1639 * * The title. Earl of Carnwath, is
created. [1640, Baron Stafford ; 1643,
Baron Byron.]
1640 * * The rack is abolished.
STATE.
1627 * * Charles exacts a forced loan to
carry on the war with France, and im-
prisons five persons who refuse to con-
tribute.
1628 Mar. 17. Parliament meets.
[1629. Mar. JO. Dissolved.]
June 26. Charles I., after much delay
and opposition, assents to the Petition
of Rights formulated by the House of
Commons.
It claims that no loan or tax shall be im-
posed without the consent of Parliament;
that no person be imprisoned except on a
specified charge, and by due process of law ;
that soldiers shall not be billeted in private
houses; and that martial law shall not be
executed in time of peace.
* * Ministers : Richard, Lord Weston
[Earl of Portland] ; Sir Thomas Coventry
[Lord Coventry]; Henry, Earl of Man-
chester [succeeded by the Earl of Marl-
borough, and Viscount Conway] ; Wil-
liam Laud, Bishop of London ; and Sir
Albert Martin.
* * W.I. Nevis is settled by the English.
* * The king levies tonnage and pound-
age, and seizes the goods of merchants
who refuse to pay.
* *Liverpool is separated from the
duchy of Lancaster.
1629 Jan. 20. Parliament assembles.
[Oliver Cromwell speaks in the House
for the first time.]
Mar. 2. H. C. Sir John Eliot reads res-
olutions of remonstrance.
They declare that any person introducing
innovations in religion, or levying tonnage
and poundage without consent of Parlia-
ment, or paying such duties, shall be re-
garded as an enemy to the kingdom; the
Speaker, being forbidden by the king, refuses
to put the resolutions; he is held forcibly In
the chair while they are being put and car-
ried.
Mar. 4. The Massachusetts Bay Col-
ony is chartered (p. 31).
Mar. 5. H. C. Sir John Eliot and
other members are sent to prison. [1632.
Nov. 27. Eliot dies in prison.]
Mar. 10. The king dissolves Parlia-
ment [and rules for 11 years without
a Parliament, extorting money by ille-
gal taxation and sale of monopolies].
* * W. I. The English settle New Prov-
idence in the Bahamas.
Nov. * Thomas "Wentworth [Earl of
Strafford] is privy councillor. [1632. He
is the king's chief adviser.]
1630 Apr.* Peace is made with France.
[Nov. * Peace is made with Spain.]
* * Fifteen hundred Puritans emigrate
in 17 ships.
1631 Oct. 24. Sir Thomas Richard-
son is appointed chief justice.
* * London. Postal communication is
opened with Edinburgh, West Chester,
Holyhead, Ireland, Plymouth, Exeter,
and other places.
The rates of postage are : one letter
carried 80 miles, 2d. ; under 140 miles,
■id. ; above that distance in England, 6rf. ;
to any part of Scotland, 8d.
1632 * * W. Afr. An English colony is
planted in Gambia. (?) Also in Mont-
serrat and Antigua, West Indies.
* * y. Amer. Newfoundland is settled
by the English.
* * William Frizell and Thomas Wither-
ings are appointed foreign postmasters.
1633 June 18. Edinburgh. Charles
is crowned at Holyrood.
1634 * * Charles levies the ship-money
impost.
Each county is assessed for a sum neces-
sary to provide a certain number of ships
for the navy, and its sheriff is required to levy
the sum on the inhabitants; the impost ex-
cites a spirit of resistance throughout the
country.
* * Liverpool is rated for ship-money in
only £20.
1635 * * Ministers : William Laud, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, Lord Cottington,
the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of
Dorset, Sir John Coke, and Sir Francis
Windebank,
Apr. 14. Sir John Brampston is ap-
pointed chief justice.
1636 * * John Hampden refuses to pay
the 20 shillings ship-money assessed upon
him. [1637. June 12. The judges de-
cide that ship-money is legal.]
* * Scot. Glasgow fully becomes a royal
burgh.
* * Scot. Charles tries to set aside the
Scotch Presbyterian Church and en-
force Episcopacy, thus causing war.
* * The Irish Society for the colonization
of Ulster loses its charter. [1670. Re-
stored.]
1639 June 18. Scot. Charles meets
the deputies of the Covenanters at
Dunse.
A treaty of peace is concluded ; the
Scotch army is to disband, and differ-
ences are referred to Parliament and a
general assembly.
* * Ire. Wentworth, Earl of Strafford,
is appointed lord lieutenant; he boasts
of his policy and measures as "thor-
ough."
1640 Apr. 13. Parliament meets, the
first time for 12 years. [May 5. Dis-
solved.]
[It refuses to grant supplies without
redress of grievances, it is dissolved by
the king; it is called the " Short Par-
liament."]
* * Ministers: William Juxon, Bishop of
London, Sir John Finch [Lord Finch],
Lord Cottington, the Earl of Strafford,
the Earl of Northumberland, the Mar-
quis of Hamilton, Archbishop Laud, Sir
Francis Windebank, and Sir Henry
Vane.
Oct. 26. The treaty of Ripon is con-
cluded between the king and the Cove-
nanters.
Charles agrees to pay the Scottish army
£850 pounds a day until a permanent
treaty is signed.
Nov. 3. Parliament opens. ["William
Lenthal, Speaker. This Parliament
continues in existence for 20 years, — the
" Long Parliament."]
Nov. 11. H. C. The Commons impeach
Strafford for high treason. [Dec. 18.
Also Archbishop Laud.]
* * Parliament : It is enacted that no
monopolies shall in future be created
by royal letters patent.
* * E. I. Madras is founded by Fran-
cis Day of the East India Company.
* * London. Fleet prison is allotted for
debtors.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1631 * * Calico is first imported.
* * Clocks and watches are in common
use.
1635 * * Hackney coaches are limited
by the Star Chamber.
884 1640, * *-1645, June 14. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1641 * * Ire. Roger O'More and other
Irish chiefs head a revolt against the
granting to British colonists the estates
taken from native owners.
Oct. 23. Ire. A •• rising" of the na-
tives in Ulster attempts to expel the
British "planters." [Newry, Carrick-
macross, and Castle-Blayney are taken
by the Irish.]
1642-47 The First Civil "War.
1642 Oct. 23. Indecisive battle of
Edgehill, Warwickshire, is fought be-
tween the Royalists under Charles I.
and the Parliamentarians under the Earl
of Essex.
* * Volunteer forces, in aid of the Par-
liamentarians, are raised by Oliver
Cromwell [under whose stern disci-
pline they become famous as the
••Ironsides"].
1643 Feb. 22. Queen Henrietta,
wife of Charles I., lands at Burlington,
Yorkshire, with arms and troops from
Holland.
Apr. 24. Beading surrenders to the
Earl of Essex.
May 16. Battle of Stratton Hill, Corn -
wall : the Royalists defeat the Parlia-
mentarians under Lord Stamford.
June 19. John Hampden is mortally
wounded at Chalgrove, Oxfordshire, in a
skirmish with the Royalists under Prince
Rupert.
July 5. Battle of Lansdown, Somer-
setshire : the Royalists defeat Sir Wil-
liam Waller.
July 27. Bristol surrenders to the
Royalists under Prince Rupert, after an
assault with heavy losses on both sides.
Sept. 8. Essex relieves Sir Edward
Massey at Gloucester, which is besieged
by the Royalists.
Sept. 20. Indecisive battle at New-
bury, Berkshire : the Parliamentarians
are under the Earl of Essex, and the
Royalists under Prince Rupert. Lord
Falkland, a Royalist, is killed.
Sept. * Exeter is taken by Prince Mau-
rice for King Charles I.
* * Sir Thomas Fairfax takes Man-
chester.
* * Birmingham is besieged and taken
by Prince Rupert.
1644 Jan. 16. Scot. A Scotch army
crosses the Tweed to aid the Parlia-
mentarians.
Jan. 29. Battle of Nantwich, Chesh-
ire : Lord Fairfax defeats the Irish Roy-
alists under Lord Byron.
Feb. * Charlotte, Countess of Derby,
defends Lathom House, Lancashire,
against the Parliamentarians. [May
27. She is relieved by Prince Rupert.]
Apr. * York is besieged by the English
and Scotch Parliamentary armies under
the Earl of Manchester, Fairfax, and
Leslie, the Earl of Leven. [July 16.
Taken.]
June 26. Liverpool is taken by Prince
Rupert.
June 29. King Charles defeats Sir Wil-
liam Waller at Cropredy Bridge, near
Banbury, Oxfordshire.
July 2. Battle of Marston Moor, near
York.
About 22,000 Royalists under Prince
Bupert are totally defeated by 24,000+
Parliamentarians under Cromwell and
Fairfax.
* * Scot. The Marquis of Montrose —
formerly with the Covenanters, but now
on the side of King Charles — organizes
an army of Highlanders and Irish ; he
then raises the royal standard.
Sept. 1. The army of Essex surrenders
to King Charles at Lostwithiel, Corn-
wall, Essex himself escaping in a boat to
Plymouth.
Scot. Montrose defeats the Covenant-
ers under Lord Elcho at Tippermuir,
Perthshire.
Sept. 2. Scot. Montrose captures and
plunders Perth.
Sept. * Scot. On the approach of the
Marquis of Argyll, with 40,000 men,
Montrose retreats to Athole, Perthshire.
Oct. * Scot. Montrose captures Fyvie
Castle, Aberdeenshire. [During the re-
mainder of the year he plunders and
ravages many parts of the country.]
Oct. 27. Battle of Newbury, Berk-
shire : the Parliamentarians under Es-
sex, Waller, and Manchester, defeat the
Royalists under Charles I.
Dec. * Scot. Montrose invades and rav-
ages Argyllshire.
1645 Feb. 2. Scot. Montrose defeats
Argyll at Inverloehy, Inverness-shire.
Apr. * The Parliamentarian army is
reorganized ; Essex and other leaders
resign their commissions, and Lord
Fairfax is appointed commander, with
Cromwell as lieutenant-general.
May 4. Scot. Montrose defeats the
Covenanters at Auldearn, near Nairn.
June 14. Decisive battle of Naseby,
Northamptonshire.
The Royalists under Charles and
Prince Rupert are totally defeated by
the Parliamentarians under Fairfax and
Cromwell. Each side has about 11,000
men; Cromwell's cavalry decide the
struggle. The Royalists lose 5,000± pris-
oners.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1641 Dec. 9. London. Van Dyck dies,
and is buried in St. Paul's Cathedral.
* * London. The pendulum is con-
structed by Richard Harris, a clock-
maker, and the younger Galileo.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1640* 'Alexander, William, Earl of Stir-
ling, poet, statesman, Scotland, dies.
Dekker, Thomas, dramatist, A65+.
Massinger, Philip, dramatist, A56.
Shadwell, Thomas, poet, born.
Tradescant, John, traveler, naturalist, dies.
Wharton, Marquis of, Thomas, statesman, b.
Wycherly, William, poet, dramatist, born.
1641 May 12. Strafford. Earl of,
Thomas Wentworth, statesman, A48.
Horrox, or Horroeks, Jeremiah, astro., A22±.
Sherlock, William, cl., religious writer, born.
Spelman, Sir Henry, historian, antiq., A79.
1648 * * Behn, Aphra, novelist, dramatist, b.
Hicks, George, non-juring cl., author, born.
Holt. Sir John, jurist, born.
Newton, Sir Isaac, mathematician, scien-
tist, greatest of natural philosophers, born.
Sunderland, second Earl of, Robert Spen-
cer, statesman, born.
Tyrrell, James, historian, born.
1643 June 24. Hampden. John, states-
man, A49.
Burnet, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, histo-
rian, writer, Scotland, born.
Cary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, classical
scholar, author, A 33.
Graham, John, Viscount of Dundee, Scot., b.
Greville, Robert, parliamentary gen., A35.
Guy, Thomas, philanthropist, born.
Pym, John, statesman, A59.
Strype, John, clergyman, biographer, born.
1644 Oct. 14. Penn, "William, Quaker,
founder of Pennsylvania, statesman, born.
Boyle, Richard, Earl of Cork, statesman, A78.
Chilllngworth, WUliam, theol. an., A42.
Gascoigne, Wm., inv. of micrometer, A32±.
Quarles, Francis, poet, A52.
Sandys, George, poet, A67.
CHURCH.
1641 Oct. 23. Ire. The Catholics in,
Ulster uprise on St. Ignatius's day and
massacre 40,000 Protestants in order
to expel the English.
* * A version of the Bible by Francis
Rous, provost of Eton, is first published-
[1646. Parliament orders its use in the
churches.]
1642 * * The Puritans become divided
into two parties, the Presbyterians and
the Independents.
* * Thomas Hobbs advocates material-
ism.
1643 May 5. Parliament orders the-
Book of Sports to be burned by the-
hangman.
July 1. London. The Westminster-
Assembly.
It is convoked by Parliament and com-
prises 18 clergymen and 18 laymen, to
consider the liturgy, government, and
doctrines of the church.
[The Scotch Covenant is adopted, and
the Directory for public worship, con-
fession, and catechism, now used by the
Church of Scotland are drawn up. It
continues for six years.]
Aug. 17. Scot. The General Assembly
of the Church of Scotland approves The
Solemn League and Covenant.
It Is also ratified by the Convention of es-
tates. [Sept. 25. It is accepted and sub-
scribed by the English Parliament and the
Westminster Assembly.] It is a compact
binding the united kingdoms to mutual aid
in the extirpation of " popery " and prelacy,
and for the preservation of true religion and
liberty.
1644 Dec. * The Common Prayer is
voted out of doors by Parliament, and
the Directory of Worship is set up in its
place.
Dec. * Christmas is made a fast by Par-
liament.
* * London. The Baptists publish a con-
fession of faith.
1645 Jan. 3. The liturgy of the
Church of England is abolished by ordi-
nance.
Jan. 10. Archbishop Laud, a supporter
of the king, is martyred on the petty
ground that cumulative infractions con-
stitute treason.
•
LETTERS.
1640 * *' Poems, by Thomas Carew, ap-
pears.
1641 Nov. * London. Diurnal Occur-
ences, or the Heads of several Proceed-
ings in both Houses of Parliament is
issued, its earliest authentic report.
* * Of Reformation touching Church Dis-
cipline in England, by John Milton,
AND IRELAND. 1640, ** -1645, June 14. 885
appears. [1612, The Reason of Church
Government urged against Preiacy.]
1641-1705 John Evelyn writes his
Diary.
1642 Aug. 22. The London Gazette is
issued.
* * Be Give, by Thomas Hobbes, appears.
[1650, Human Nature, or the Funda-
mental Elements of Policy.]
* * The Holy State and the Profane State,
by Thomas Fuller, appears.
1643 * * Parliament passes acts repress-
ing *' disorders in printing." [Also
in 1649.]
Aug. 22. London. Mercurius Britanni-
cus, is issued by Marchmont Needham.
[1647, He issues Mercurius Pragmaticus.]
Sept. 7. The Scotch Intelligence is is-
sued.
* * Mercurius Aulicus is issued.
* * Ire. Ireland's True Diurnal is issued.
* * Religio Medici, by Sir Thomas Browne,
appears. [1658, Hydriotaphia.]
* * Cooper's Hill, by Sir John Denham,
appears.
* * Mundus Alter et Idem, by Joseph Hall,
appears.
1644 * * Areopagitica ; or, a Speech for the
Liberty of Unlicensed Printing, by John
Milton, appears. [1649, Eikonoklastes ;
1650, Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio;
1654, Defensia Secunda.']
* * Poems, by Edmund Waller, appears.
* * Ire. Mercurius Hibernicus is issued.
SOCIETY.
1641 Feb. 13. Judges are threatened
with impeachment, and Berkeley is
taken off the bench and committed by
the Commons, on a charge of treason.
* * Edinburgh. King Charles visits the
city.
* * Scot. The title, Earl of Leven and Mel-
ville (1690), is created ; also Viscount of
Arbuthnot. [1643, Duke of Hamilton,
Earl of Dysart, and Baron Elibank ; 1647,
Earl of Northesk, and Baron Belhaven
and Stenton; 1651, Earl of Balcarres,
Baron Rollo, and Baron Ruthven.]
1642 * * Parliament forbids dramatic
representations.
STATE.
1640 * * Sir John Finch is appointed
Lord High Chancellor.
* * Edinburgh. The Parliament House
is finished.
1641 * * Viscount Falkland and Lord
Digby are administrators.
* * The struggle between the king and
Parliament begins.
Feb. 15. Parliament: The Triennial
Act is passed, providing for meetings of
Parliament every three years, without
summons by the king.
Mar. 22. Parliament: The trial of
Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, on
impeachment commences. [The im-
peachment is dropped, and a bill of at-
tainder introduced in Parliament. Apr.
21-29. The bill passes both houses. May
12. He is executed.]
Mar. * Parliament : A bill for the aboli-
tion of Episcopacy is introduced ; it is
called the " root and branch bill."
May 10. The king reluctantly gives his
assent to the bill of attainder against
Strafford, and to another prohibiting the
dissolving or proroguing of the present
Parliament without its own consent.
May 18. Sir Edward Littleton is ap-
pointed lord keeper.
June * H. L. A bill disqualifying cler-
gymen to hold civil office is rejected.
July * Parliament: The Star Chamber
Court and the High Commission are
abolished.
Aug. * A treaty of pacification is con-
cluded with Scotland.
Sept. 8. Parliament adjourns after
each House has appointed a committee
to sit during the recess.
Oct. 23. Ire. An insurrection breaks
out in Ulster under Roger O'Moore and
Phelim O'Neill.
Oct. * Scot. The Marquis of Montrose
plots to seize the Duke of Argyll, the
leader of the Presbyterians ; Charles is
suspected of complicity, and makes a
favorable treaty with Argyll.
Nov. * Great indignation prevails because
of a reported massacre of Protestants
in Ireland ; but Parliament is reluctant
to trust Charles with an army.
Dec. 1. The Grand Remonstrance is
presented to the king by the House of
Commons ; it recites the grievances of
the people and the king's oppressive acts.
Dec. 28. London. Several bishops,
who protest against Acts of Parliament
passed while they are deprived of votes,
are committed to the Tower.
* * The adherents of the Parliament are
called Roundheads, from having their
hair closely cut ; the adherents of the
king are called Cavaliers.
1642 Jan. 3. H. C. The king im-
peaches members of Parliament.
He accuses Lord Kimbolton, Pym,
Hampden, Haselrig, Holies, and Stroud
of treasonable correspondence with the
Scots in the late war ; the Commons
refuse to order their arrest.
Jan. 4. H. C. The king attempts to
arrest the five members.
He visits the House of Commons with
500 troops, but the accused are not found.
The Commons withdraw and form a
committee at Guildhall, guarded by citi-
zens.
1642-46 The Civil "War ; the great re-
bellion.
Jan. 10. London. Charles leaves the
city, and the five members return in tri-
umph to Westminster.
Jan. 12. A Royalist rising takes
place at Kingston under Lord Digby and
Colonel Lunsford.
Buckinghamshire freeholders, to the
number of 4,000, arrive and offer their
services to Parliament.
The king signs the bill excluding the
bishops from the House of Lords, but
refuses to sign the bill giving to Parlia-
ment the command of the militia.
Mar. * Charles retires to York.
Apr. 23. The king appears before
Hull with a body of horse, but is de-
nied admission.
Apr. * Charles is joined by 32 peers and
65 members of the Commons ; Parlia-
ment is divided, and the king has the
great seal.
May * Parliament ceases to pass bills,
and passes ordinances.
May 5. Parliament passes an ordinance
giving to itself the control of the mi-
litia.
June 2. Parliament submits 19 prop-
ositions to the king, which he angrily
rejects.
Parliament requires the king's assent to
the militia bill ; the control of fortified
places ; the reformation of the liturgy and
of church government; power to dismiss
ministers and appoint guardians of the king's
children, and to exclude from the House of
Lords peers in future created.
July * Parliament appoints a committee
of public safety. [Sept. 2. It passes
an ordinance closing the theaters.]
Oct. 23. Ire. Irish independence is
assumed by an assembly of Confederate
Catholics at Kilkenny; 11 bishops, 14
peers, and 226 English and Irish oom-
moners present.
1643 Feb. * -Apr. * Negotiations for
peace are renewed, and fail.
June * -July * The plot of Edmund
Waller, the poet, against the Parlia-
mentarians is detected and punished ;
he is permitted to emigrate.
Sept. 25. The Solemn lie ague and
Covenant is signed by 25 peers and 288
members of the Commons.
It adopts the Protestant religion, and
agrees to establish church uniformity in
England, Scotland, and Ireland; nearly
2,000 beneficed clergymen refuse to sign
it, and are deprived of their livings.
Sept.* Charles alienates friends by
making peace with Irish insurgents, and
enlisting them in his army.
* * An enlarged post-office is erected by
order of Parliament.
Dec. 8. John Pym, the popular leader
of the Parliamentary party, dies.
* * Ire. The Marquis of Ormonde is
appointed governor.
* * Sir Robert Heath is chief justice by
patent. [1642. Appointed.]
* * London. The excise system is estab-
lished by Parliament ; duties are levied
on wines, beer, and tobacco.
1644 Jan. 22. The king convenes his
Parliament at Oxford.
Feb. 15. A committee of the two king-
doms is appointed to follow Pym's
plans in the conduct of the war.
Mar. 12. Archbishop Laud is tried for
treason. [1645. Jan. 10. Beheaded.]
Mar. 26. Parliament en joins upon every
family to contribute to the kingdom the
value of one meal per week.
July * By the victory at Marston Moor
Parliament acquires supremacy over
the northern counties, the king retain-
ing those in the west.
Oct. 24. Parliament orders that no
quarter is to be given any " Irish Pa-
pist" in arms for the king.
* * A naval pay office is organized. (?)
1645 Jan. 30. Royalist and Parlia-
mentarian commissioners meet at Ux-
bridge, Middlesex, to consider propos-
als of peace. [Feb. 22. Charles rejects
the proposals of Parliament ; the com-
missioners separate without agreement.]
Mar. 24. Parliament votes for the omis-
sion of the clause for the preservation
of his majesty's person from Sir John
Fairfax's commission.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1641 * * Coffee is introduced by Na-
thaniel Canopus, a Cretan.
886 1645, June 17-1650,**. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1645 June 17. Leicester city surren-
ders to the Parliamentarian army under
Fairfax. [June 28. Carlisle, Cumber-
land, surrenders to the Parliamentari-
ans.]
July 2. Scot. Montrose defeats the Cov-
enanters under Baillie at Alf ord, Aber-
deenshire.
July 23. Bridgewater, Somersetshire,
is surrendered to the Parliamentarians.
Aug. 15. Scot. Battle of Kilsyth, Stir-
lingshire : the Parliamentarians under
Baillie are defeated by Montrose with
heavy loss.
Sept. 11. Bristol is surrendered to
Fairfax and Cromwell by Prince Rupert.
Sept. 13. Scot. Battle of Philip-
haugh, near Selkirk.
The Covenanters under David Leslie,
totally defeat the Royalists under Mont-
rose.
Sept. 24. King Charles is defeated
by tbe Parliamentarians under Pointz
and Jones at Chester.
* *Devizes, in Wiltshire, and "Win-
chester, in Hampshire, surrender to
Cromwell. He takes Berkeley Castle,
Gloucestershire, and Basinghouse Cas-
tle, Hampshire, by storm.
1646 Jan. 18. Dartmoor, Devon-
shire, is taken by Fairfax.
Feb. 19. The Royalists, 8,000 strong, un-
der Sir Ralph Hopton are defeated by
Fairfax at Torrington, Devonshire.
*. * Fairfax defeats the Royalists at
Truro, Cornwall, and takes Exeter,
Devonshire.
May 5. Charles I. surrenders himself
to the Scotch generals at Newark, Not-
tinghamshire.
June 5. Ire. Battle of Benburb, Ty-
rone. Owen Roe O'Neill defeats the
English under Monroe.
June 24. Oxford surrenders to Fair-
fax.
1647 Feb. 22. Dublin. The Marquis
of Ormonde surrenders the city to the
Parliamentarians.
June 16. The army, through Gens.
Henry Ire ton and John Lambert, de-
mands the impeachment of 11 mem-
bers of the House of Commons, including
the chief Presbyterian leaders, Denzil
Holies, Glyn, Sir "William Waller, Sta-
pleton, and Clotworthy.
[June 25. The army marches towards
London. June 26. The 11 obnoxious
members retire from Parliament, and
the army falls back to headquarters at
Reading. Aug. 6. London submits to
the army under Fairfax.]
Aug. 8. Ire. Battle of Dungan Hill,
Meath.
The Irish Royalists under Preston are
defeated by the Parliamentarians under
Gen. Jones.
1648-50 Second Civil War.
1648 Apr. 28. The Scots, under the
Duke of Hamilton, make an invasion.
July 10. W. Pembroke surrenders to
Cromwell.
Aug. 17. Battle of Preston, Lanca-
shire : Cromwell defeats the Scots un-
der the Duke of Hamilton.
Aug. 20. The Duke of Hamilton sur-
renders to the English Gen. Lambert at
Uttoxeter, Staffordshire.
Aug. 27. Colchester, Essex, surrenders
to Fairfax, after a siege of two months.
Sept. 20. Scot. Cromwell enters the
country [and is welcomed in Edinburgh].
1649 Aug. 2. Dublin. Gen. Jones,
besieged by the Irish Royalists under
the Marquis of Ormonde, sallies forth
and defeats the besiegers at Rathmines.
Aug. 15. Dublin. Cromwell arrives
with 9,000 foot and 400 horse.
Sept. 11, 12. Ire. Cromwell storms
and takes Drogheda, and massacres
the governor, Sir A. Aston, and the gar-
rison of 3,000 men.
Oct. 12. Ire. Cromwell takes "Wex-
ford, and massacres 2,000 of the inhabi-
tants.
* * Ire. The Royalist garrisons of
Cork, Youghal, Bandon, and Kinsale
declare for the Parliament.
1650 Mar. 28. Ire. Kilkenny, after
a siege, surrenders to Cromwell. [May
10. Clonmel surrenders.]
Apr. 27. Scot. Montrose is defeated
and captured at Corbiesdale, Caith-
ness. [May 21. He is hanged in Edin-
burgh.]
May 29. Ire. Cromwell sails from
Youghal for England.
June 23. Scot. Charles II. lands in
Scotland.
Sept. 3. Scot. Cromwell defeats the
Scots under David Leslie at Dunbar;
Scotch loss, 4,000 killed, 10,000 taken
prisoners.
Dec. 24. Edinburgh Castle surrenders
to Cromwell. [1651. Perth surrenders.]
ART— SCIENCE —NATURE.
1645 * * London. The first meetings of
the Royal Society are held.
1648 * * Prince Rupert invents mezzo-
tint, a peculiar manner of engraving
figures on copper. [1662. Improved by
Sir Christopher Wren.]
1650 * * A railroad with wooden rails is
built near Newcastle.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1645 Land. 'William, archbishop of Can-
terbury, statesman, A71.
1646 * * Arundel, Earl of, Thomas Howard,
statesman, A54.
Essex. Earl of. Robert Devereux, parlia-
mentary general, A54.
Flamsteed, John, astronomer, born.
Riley, John, portrait painter, born.
1647 * * Aldrich, Henry, theol., logician, b.
Rochester. Earl of, John Wilmot, states., b.
1648* * Barclay, Robert, Quaker, religious
writer. Scotland, born.
Dartmouth, George Legge, 1st Lord, adm., b.
Gibbons, Grmling, sculptor, born.
Jeffreys, Lord George, jurist, states., b.
Prideaux, Humphrey, dean, historian, born.
1649 Jan. 30. Charles I., King, A4K
Carstares, Win., chaplain to William ftf. b.
Claridge, Richard, Quaker preacher, born.
Drummond, William, of Hawthornden,poet,
Scotland, A64.
Johnson, Samuel, clergyman, author, born.
Monmouth, Duke of, James Scott, natural
son of Charles II., born.
Sheffield, John, Duke of Buckinghamshire,
poet, statesman, born.
Tyson, Edward, anatomist, bOHu_____
CHURCH.
1645 Aug. 30. Parliament orders a
fast to invoke a blessing on Scotland
and the abatement of the plague.
* * Ranters, zealous religionists, appear.
* * Scot. The General Assembly again
ratify the Solemn League and Cove-
nant, together with the Directory of
Worship.
± * * Fifth-Monarchy Men arise.
They suppose the period of the millennium
to be just at hand, when Jesus Christ shall
descend from heaven, and erect the fifth
universal monarchy. They proceed to elect
him king at London.
1646 Apr. 3. Presbyterianism is es-
tablished by Parliament, with conces-
sions to the Independents.
Oct. 9. The whole order of bishops is
abolished by Act of Parliament.
± * * The Friends or Quakers first ap-
pear.
George Fox, 22 years of age, George Keith,
William Penn, and Robert Barclay of Ury,
and others are leaders. Fox rejects all reli-
gious ordinances, explains away the com-"
mands relative to baptism, discards the ordi-
nary names of days and months, and uses thee
and thou as more harmonious with truth.
* * The Independents appear as advo-
cates of religious liberty.
* * The Parliament is Presbyterian and
the army chiefly Independents ; the
latter favor toleration.
1647 * * A proclamation is issued against
the Book of Common Prayer.
* * The "Westminster Confession is
adopted by the Presbyterian Church of
Scotland.
* * George Fox traverses England on
foot, preaching, at his own cost ; his
disciples are called Seekers.
1649 July 27. A missionary movement
is incorporated by Parliament.
A corporation for the promoting and
propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ
in New England is authorized for work
among the Indians. It is influenced by
the example and success of John Eliot.
* * The Episcopal Church is suppressed,
and the clergy driven off ; using the
prayer-book is declared to be a crime.
1650* *The Seventh- day Baptists
form an organization.
* * The Friends are reproachfully called
Quakers.
Justice Bennet of Derby gives them
the name because George Fox admon-
ished him to quake at the Word of the
Lord.
LETTERS.
1646 * * Steps to the Temple, by Richard
Crashaw, appears.
1647 * * Liberty of Prophesying, by Jer-
emy Taylor, appears. [Later, Holy Liv-
ing and Holy Dying.]
* * The Mistress, by Abraham Cowley,
appears. [1656, Pindaric Odes.]
1648 * * Psyche, or Love's Mystery, by J.
Beaumont, appears.
* * Noble Numbers atid Hesperides, by
Robert Herrick, appear. [Later, Cherry
Ripe, To Blossoms, To Daffodils, and
Gather Rosebuds While You May.]
1649 * * Lueasta, To Altheafrom Prison.
and other songs, by Sir Richard Love-
lace, appear.
* * The Saint's Everlastinq Rest, by Rich-
ard Baxter, appears. [1657, A Call to
the Unconverted.]
AND IRELAND. 1645, June 17-1650, * * 887
1650 * *' Scot. Francis Rous's version of
the Bibl t appears.
* * Dr. Wallis publishes a work on the
instruction of deaf mutes.
SOCIETY.
1645-47 Matthew Hopkins, the" witch-
jinder," causes the judicial murder of
about 100 persons in Essex, Norfolk, and
Suffolk
1648* • The Puritans describe actors as
rogues, and order every theater to be de-
stroyed.
STATE.
1645 Aug. 30. Sir Richard Lane is lord
keeper of the seal.
1646 * * Dissensions occur in Parliament
between the Presbyterians and a new
sect called Independents.
Apr. 3. Parliament: The Self-deny-
ing Ordinance is passed ; it prevents
members of either House from holding
offices of command in the army. [1647.
Reenacted.]
May 5. Cfrarles surrenders to the
Scottish army at Newark.
July 24. Charles rejects the terms
submitted to him at Newcastle.
It is proposed that Parliament have
control of the militia for 20 years ; and
that the king subscribe to the Covenant
and support the Presbyterian Church.
* * The great seal is in the hands of com-
missioners.
1647 Jan. 30. The Scots, for £400,000,
surrender Charles to a commission
from Parliament ; he is taken to Holmby
House, Northamptonshire.
* *There is strife between the army and
Parliament.
The commission vote for the disband-
ing of the troops, except those needed
for garrisons or duty in Ireland ; the
army refuses to disband till its back pay
is received.
May 12. Charles agrees to accept,
with modifications, the propositions of
Parliament.
June. 4. Charles is removed from
Holmby House to the army by Col.
Joyce.
Oliver Cromwell flees to the army
at Triploe Heath to escape his Presby-
terian enemies in Parliament. [The
army takes an oath not to disband until
liberty of conscience is secured ; it ap-
points a council of adjudicators.]
June 10. The army of St. Albans peti-
tions Parliament on the subject of ar-
rears and the service in Ireland.
June 16. The army demands that 11
members obnoxious to it be expelled
from Parliament. (See Army.)
July 24. The army makes proposals to
the king, which he rejects.
It proposes that religious worship be free;
that Parliament have military control for 10
years, and the power to appoint officers of
state; that Parliament meet triennially; and
that the House of Commons be reformed.
July 26. Apprentices assault mem-
bers of the House of Commons for
changing commanders of the London
militia; for safety two Speakers, 14 lords,
and 100 commoners flee to the army.
Aug. 6. The army conveys the refugee
members of Parliament to London and
restores them to their places ; Charles
is removed to Hampton Court.
Sept 7. Parliament submits to the king
a modification of the 19 propositions ;
he rejects it.
Nov. 11. Charles escapes from Hamp-
ton Court to the Isle of Wight ; he is
detained at Carisbrooke Castle by the
governor.
Dec. 24. Parliament submits the" Four
Bills" to the king. [He rejects them.]
They provide that Parliament command
the army for 20 years; that the king recall
all proclamations and declarations against
Parliament; that all peers created since the
great seal was sent to the king be prohibited
from sitting in the House ; and that the House
adjourn at their own pleasure.
Dec. 26. Charles signs a secret treaty
with the Scots called " the engage-
ment."
He agrees to abolish Episcopacy, and
restore Presbyterianism ; they agree to
restore him by force to the throne.
* * Ire. Philip de lisle is appointed
governor.
1648 Jan. 15. Parliament renounces
allegiance to Charles, and resolves to
sever communication with him.
* * The Second Civil War ; Scotland is
against England ; Royalists against
Roundheads ; Presbyterians against In-
dependents.
Mar. * A council of army officers re-
solves that the king be put on trial.
Apr. 24. Parliament: By a reaction
of sentiment the Presbyterians regain
control; they incline to conciliation
with the king.
May 2. Parliament: An ordinance is
passed suppressing blasphemies and
heresies; it is designed against Inde-
pendents, especially their leaders, Crom-
well, Ireton, and others.
July* Parliament: A resolution is
passed to open negotiations with the
king. [Sept. 18. - Nov. 29. Negotiations
are concluded at Newport between
Charles and its representatives.]
Aug. 14. H. C. Holies, a leading Pres-
byterian, resumes his seat after being
driven out by the army.
Nov. 15. Henry Rolle is appointed
chief justice.
Nov. 16. A strong remonstrance is
made by the army against reconcilia-
tion with the king. [Nov. 30. Parlia-
ment refuses to consider it.]
Dec. 1. The king is seized and taken
to Hurst Castle by the army.
Dec. 5. Parliament approves the king's
proposals in the Treaty of Newport as
the basis of an agreement ; the army
is indignant, and it proceeds to take con-
trol of the government.
Dec. 6. Col. Pride, by the direction of
Cromwell, coerces Parliament with
military force.
He surrounds the house with troops,
orders 160 members of the Commons
home, seizes 41 who are favorable to
reconciliation with the king, imprisons
them in a low tavern known as " hell,"
and permits only 60 Independents to
enter the house. These are called the
"Rump Parliament," and the act of
exclusion is known as "Pride's
Purge."
Dec. 13. The Rump Parliament cancels
the motion to proceed with the Treaty
of Newport, and it votes to bring the
king to trial.
Dec. 23. The king is taken under guard
to Windsor.
* * Ire. The Marquis of Ormonde is
appointed lord lieutenant.
1649 Jan. 1. H. C. A court of 135
members is appointed by ordinance for
the trial of the king.
Jan. 2. H. L. The Common's ordinance
for the king's trial is rejected ; the
Commons vote that the king has been
guilty of treason in making war on Par-
liament.
Jan. 4. H. C. The Commons resolve
that, as representatives of the people,
they are the sole law-making power.
Jan. 6. H. C. The Commons declare
the ordinance for the king's trial to be
law without the approval of the House
of Lords.
Jan. 20. The army draws up a form of
government.
Jan. 20-27. London. Charles I. is
tried before the High Court of Justice
in Westminster Hall, John Bradshaw
presiding, and 67 members present ; the
king makes no defense, but denies the
jurisdiction of the court.
Jan. 27. Charles I. is condemned to
death. [Jan. 30. He is beheaded at
Whitehall.]
1649-60 The Revolution ends in the
commencement of the Common-
wealth.
Feb. 5. Edinburgh. Charles II., son
of Charles I., is proclaimed king.
Feb. 6, 7. The Rump Parliament passes
resolutions abolishing monarchy, and
the House of Lords.
* * London. A Council of State is formed
of three chief judges, three commanders
of the army, five peers, and 30 members
of the Commons ; John Bradshaw is
president.
Mar. 15. John Milton (poet) is ap-
pointed Latin Secretary to the Council
of State.
Apr. 25. The House of Lords meets
again.
Apr. 27. Lockyer, leader of the Level-
ers, is shot by order of Government.
May 30. London. The Common-
wealth is proclaimed.
Aug. 13. Cromwell embarks for Ireland
to suppress a Royalist insurrection un-
der the Marquis of Ormonde.
* * Ire. Oliver Cromwell is appointed
lord lieutenant.
* * Parliament: A peer sits as a member
of the Commons.
* * The great seal is in commission for
the Commonwealth.
1650 May 21. Edinburgh. The Mar-
quis of Montrose is executed, after
being defeated by the Covenanters.
June 24. Scot. Charles LT., having
agreed to the Covenant, is proclaimed
king. [1651. Jan. 1. He is crowned at
Scone.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1649 Jan. 4. London. Sixty houses in
Tower Street are destroyed by an ex-
plosion ; a child in its cradle lands un-
hurt on the roof of Barking Church.
1650 * * Chocolate is introduced from
Mexico.
888 1650,** -1659, Dec. 26. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1651 July* Scot. Charles II., with
16,000 men, invades England.
Sept. 3. Charles II. is defeated at Wor-
cester by Cromwell. [He escapes to
France.]
1652 May * Ire. The subjugation of
the country is completed. [Three of its
provinces are occupied by English colo-
nists.]
May 19. Naval battle in the Downs :
Adm. Robert Blake defeats the Dutch
under Adm. Van Tromp. [War between
Holland and England follows.]
1652-54 "War with Holland over navi-
gation laws.
Sept. 28. Adm. Robert Blake defeats
Cornelius De Witt and Adm. De Ruyter
in a naval battle in the Channel.
Nov. 30. Naval battle in the Downs.
Adm. Van Tromp defeats Adm.
Robert Blake, and sails the Channel
with a broom at his masthead, to show
that he had swept the seas.
* * The walls and fortifications of Man-
chester are razed.
1653 Feb. 18-20'. Adm. Van Tromp
is defeated by Adm. Robert Blake off
Portland, after a hard struggle. [June
2, 3. Again off North Foreland.]
July 31. Neth. Naval battle off the
Texel, at the mouth of the Zuyder Zee.
Van Tromp is defeated and killed
by the English under Gen. Geoi'ge Monk.
[Rewards and medals are granted by the
House of Commons to the victors.]
1655 Mar. *- Apr. * Admiral Robert
Blake punishes pirates in the Medi-
terranean, and bombards Algiers.
May 10. W. I. Jamaica is captured
by the English under Adms. Penn and
Venables.
1656-59 War with Spain is caused by
English aggression on the sea.
1656 Sept. 9. One of Admiral Blake's
captains captures two Spanish treas-
ure-ships of great value, off Cadiz.
Oct. * London. Parliament reduces the
authority of major-generals.
* * Belg. Charles II. first raises the
Royal Regiment of Guards in Flan-
ders, with Lord John Wentworth as
colonel.
1657 Apr. 20. Blake destroys a Span-
ish fleet off Santa Cruz, Canary Isles.
1658 May * Fr. Dunkirk is besieged
by the English and French under Mar-
shal Turenne.
June 4. (o.s.) Fr. Battle of the Dunes,
near Dunkirk : The English and French
under Marshal Turenne defeat the Span-
iards under Conde\
June 17 ±. Fr. Dunkirk capitulates.
[It is given to the English. Ypres and
other Flemish towns also submit.]
1659 Aug. * A Royalist insurrection
in Cheshire, led by Sir George Booth,
is crushed at Winnington Bridge by the
army under John Lambert.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1656 * * London. Mrs. Colman appears
in The Siege of Rhodes at Rutland House
in the character of Ianthe ; the first
female to take a part in a public musi-
cal or dramatic performance in Eng-
land.
1657-59 Dr. Robert Hooke claims to
discover the method of regulating the
movement of watches by means of a
balance-wheel.
1658 Sept. 3. A hurricane prevails
throughout Europe, doing very consid-
erable damage on the day of Cromwell's
death.
* * The Thames ebbs and flows twice in
three hours.
* * Pocket watches are first made.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1650 June 24. Marlborough. Duke of,
John Churchill, general, statesman, b.
Benbow, John, admiral, born.
Collier, Jeremy, clergyman, critic, au., b.
Crashaw, Richard, clergyman, poet, A44.
Fletcher, Phineas, poet, A68.
Gwyn, Eleanor, actor, mistress, born.
Hauksbee, or Hawksbee, Francis, phy., b.
Heywood, Thomas, dramatist, dies.
Montrose, Marquis of, James Graham, gen-
eral, Scotland, A38.
Rooke, Sir George, admiral, born.
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, admiral, born.
1651* * Ireton, Henry, general, A41.
Otway, Thomas, poet, dramatist, born.
Webster, John, poet, dramatist, dies.
1652 * * Dampier, William, navigator, born.
Jones, Inigo, architect, A80.
Tate, Nahum, poet, born.
Pitcairne, Archibald, phys., au., Scot., b.
Somers. Lord John, statesman, born.
1653 * * Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, politi-
cal writer, Scotland, born.
Oldham, John, satirical poet, born.
1654 * * Ulount, Charles, deistical writer, b.
Selden, John, scholar, antiquary, au., A72.
Sewel, William, Quaker historian, born.
Taylor, John, poet, A 74.
1656 * * Fleetwood, William, bishop of Ely,
orator, born.
Hall, Joseph, bishop of Exeter, au., A82.
Halley, Edmund, astronomer, math., born.
Molyneaux, William, mathematician, born.
Usher, James, archbishop of Armagh,
scholar, historian, chronologist, Ire., A76.
1657 * * Blake, Robert, admiral, A58.
Dennis, John, poet, critic, born.
Derham, William, cl., natural phil., born.
Fenwick, George, administrator, dies.
Harvey, William, physician, discoverer of
circulation of blood, A79.
Lee, Nathaniel, dramatist, born.
Lindal, Matthew, theological writer, born.
1658* * Cromwell, Oliver, protector, gen-
eral, statesman, A59.
Lovelace, Richard, poet, A40.
Patterson, William, fdr. Bank of Eng., b.
Peterborough, Earl of, Charles Mordaunt,
general, admiral, statesman, born.
Purcell, Henry, musical composer, born.
CHURCH.
1650 * * The Muggletonians become
prominent.
They follow the teachings of Ludowick
Muggleton, a tailor, asserting that God
the Father suffered death in human
form on the cross, and that Muggleton
and John Reeve were the last witnesses
of God before the end of the world.
+ * * The term Reverend as an honorary
appellation is first given to the clergy.
* * Baptist churches begin to form asso-
ciations, they being the most numerous
of all Dissenters.
1652 * * Jews are readmitted into Eng-
land by Cromwell, after being excluded
for 365 years.
1653 July 25. Scot. The General
Assembly of the Scottish Church, con-
vened at Edinburgh, is dismissed by Cot-
terel under the laws forbidding that as
many as three of them be seen together.
* * John Bunyan is converted, and the
burden of his sins is gone ; he becomes
a Baptist. [1657. He begins to preach.]
1654 June 23. Southwick, a Catholic
clergyman in his 72d year, is executed.
1655 Oct. 19. Scot. The kirk refuses
to observe the fast appointed by Crom-
well — the civil power ; it is alleged that
only the kirk can make such appoint-
ments.
* * Oliver Cromwell, by threat! , obtains
some degree of toleration for t *ie perse-
cuted Waldenses In France.
* * London. The festival of the Sons of
the Clergy [held annually at St. Paul's
Cathedral] is instituted as a charity.
[1678. July 1. Incorporated.]
* * Anglican clergymen are forbidden
to officiate as preachers or teachers ;
priests are ordered to leave the king-
dom.
* * It. Alexander VII. is elected pope.
1656 * * London. The first Portuguese
synagogue is erected in King Street,
Duke's Place.
1658* * London. The Independents pub-
lish an epitome of their faith drawn
up at a conference at the Savoy.
* * Dublin. The first meeting of the
Quakers in Ireland is held.
LETTERS.
1651* * The Leviathan, by Thomas
Hobbes, appears. [1654, Of Liberty and
Necessity.]
* * Reliquiae Wottonianm, by Sir Henry
Wotton, is published by Izaak Walton.
* * Gondibert, by Sir William Davenant,
appears.
1651-52 Richard Marvell writes his
Garden Poems.
1651-56 Silex Scintillans, by Henry
Vaughan, appears.
1652 * * Priest to the Temple, by George
Herbert, appears.
1653 Oct. 8. London. The Public In-
telligence is issued.
Oct. * Scot. Mercurius Politicus is is-
sued at Leith.
* * Cheetham College, or Blue-coat
Hospital, is founded at Manchester.
1653-55 The Complete Angler, by Izaak
Walton, appears.
* * Revenge for Honor, by George Chap-
man, appears.
1655 The censorship of the press by a
license is established.
* * A Panegyric to my Lord Protector of
the Present Greatness and Joint Interest
of His Highness and this Nation, by Ed-
mund Waller, appears ; also, On a War
with Spain.
1656 * * Oceana, by James Harrington,
appears.
* * Church History of Britain, by Thomas
Fuller, appears. [1662, Worthies of Eng-
land.]
1657**Durham University is
founded. [It collapses at the Restora-
tion.]
1658 * * Oroonoko, by Aphra Behn, ap-
pears.
* * Heroic Stanzas on the Death of Crom-
well, by John Dryden, appears.
1658-65 Paradise Lost is written by
John Milton. [1667. Published.]
SOCIETY.
1650 * * The Jews return to England by
permission of Cromwell, after having
been banished 365 years.
* * The first coffee-house known in
England is kept by a Jew, named Ja-
cobs, in Oxford.
1652 Apr. 29. General alarm prevails
because of an eclipse of the sun.
AND IRELAND. 1650, * *-1659, Dec. 26. 889
r
* * London. Pasquet, a Greek servant of
an English Turkey merchant, opens the
first coffee- j^ouse known in the city, in
George Yard, Lombard Street.
1653 Aug. 24. Parliament permits
marriages to be solemnized by justices
of the pea.ce.
1654 Mar. 31. Parliament prohibits
cock-fighting. [It is called an act of
usurpation.]
1655 * * An unsuccessful attempt is made
to assassinate Cromwell by Penrud-
dock. r1657. Jan. * Another, by Sin-
dercombe and others.]
STATE.
1651 Sept.* Cromwell unites Scot-
land with the English Commonwealth.
Oct. 9. Parliament : The first naviga-
tion law is passed.
It forbids the importation of goods in
non-English vessels, excepting vessels of
the country producing the goods ; it is
designed to cripple the commerce of the
Dutch, with whom it causes war.
1652 Feb. * London. The Act of In-
demnity and Oblivion is passed.
Aug. 12. Parliament: The "Act for the
settlement of Ireland" is passed.
It prescribes various degrees of pun-
ishment, including death, banishment,
and ci nfiscation of estates, for Catholics
and Royalists.
* * Parliament : The " Rump " contends
with the army, and opposes the election
of a new Parliament unless the seats of
present members are retained.
* * Parbament : Members of the Com-
mons are bribed in connection with the
ransom of confiscated estates by Roy-
alists.
1653 Apr. 6. Sir Edward Herbert is
appointed the king's lord keeper.
Apr. 20. Cromwell dissolves the
Rump or the Long Parbament by the
aid of the military, and locks the doors
of the house ; he also dissolves the Coun-
cil of State.
July 4. A new Parbament, summoned
by Cromwell, assembles.
It has 140 members [and is called the
Little, or Barebone's Parbament].
Sept. 26. Parbament: A second "Act
of Settlement of Ireland " is passed.
It sets aside the confiscated estates in
Leinster, Munster, and Ulster for Prot-
estant colonists and supporters of
Cromwell. [Those who have borne arms
against the Parliament, mainly Catho-
lics, are required to " remove and trans-
plant " themselves into Connaught be-
fore May, 1654.]
Dec. 12. Parbament: The partisans
of Cromwell surrender their powers to
him. [The majority approve the act.]
1653-59 The Protectorate.
1653-58. Obver Cromwell Lord Pro-
tector.
Dec. 16. Parliament : An act is passed
declaring Oliver Cromwell lord pro-
tector for life of the Commonwealth of
England, Ireland, and Scotland.
A written constitution is the " instru-
ment of government ; " it provides for a
council, not to exceed 21 members, or be
less than 13 ; a standing army of 30,000
men ; a triennial Parliament, consisting
of 460 members, and not to be dissolved
in less than five months, and to have the
sole power of levying taxes and grant-
ing supplies.
* * The post-office is farmed to John
Manley.
1654 Apr. 5. Peace is concluded with
Holland.
Apr. 23. Fr. A proclamation is sent
out by Charles II. against " a certain
base mechanic fellow, by name Oliver
Cromwell, and a usurper. (?)
Sept. 3. Parbament opens. [1655. Jan.
22. Dissolved.]
Sept. 12. Parbament: The protector
excludes members who refuse to sign
a pledge to support him.
In this Parliament members from
Scotland and Ireland for the first time
sit side by side with members from
England.
Oct. 13. Parliament resolves that the
office of Protector shall be elective, not
hereditary.
* * The great seal is in commission [dur-
ing the Protectorate].
1655 Mar. * A Royalist insurrection,
headed by Sir Joseph Wagstaff, Lord
Wilmot, Grove, John Penruddock, and
others is suppressed. [May 16. Penrud-
dock and Grove are beheaded at Exeter.]
May 10. W. I. Jamaica capitulates
[and is ceded to England].
June 15. Sir John Glynne is appointed
chief justice.
Oct. * It. The Pacification of Pine-
rolo is concluded with Louis XIV.
Cromwell secures protection for the
persecuted Vaudois (Waldenses), and it
is stipulated that Charles II. be expelled
from France.
* * Parbament : An ordinance is issued
imposing a tax of 10 per cent on the es-
tates of Royalists.
* * Parbament : England is divided
into 12 military districts, with a major-
general in charge of each, to levy the 10
per cent tax, to disarm Papists and Ca-
valiers, and imprison suspected persons.
* * A " Board of Trade and Plantations "
is appointed, and is the first movement
toward a board of trade.
1656 Sept. 17. Parliament opens.
[1658. Feb. 4. Dissolved.]
Sept. * Members are again excluded from
the Commons.
Dec. * The House of Commons assumes
judicial powers.
In the case of James Naylor, a Quaker,
who proclaims himself the Redeemer,
the House votes him guilty of blas-
phemy, and punishes him by the pillory
and branding with hot irons.
1657 Jan. 3. Miles Sindercomb's plot
to kiU the protector is discovered. [H e
is condemned to execution, but is found
dead in his bed.]
Jan. * The power of the major-generals
is reduced.
Mar. 25. H. C. The Commons adopt
the "Humble Petition and Advice,"
and present it to the protector.
Its 18 articles provide for two Houses
of Parliament, the non-exclusion of
members, for toleration for all Chris-
tians except Roman Catholics and Epis-
copalians, and that the head of the
state have the title of king.
May 8. The title of king is offered to
Cromwell, but refused.
May ±* A tract entitled Killing no Mur-
der, written by Col. Titus (?), is ex-
tensively circulated ; it applauds the
attempt of Sindercomb, and incites to
the killing of the protector.
May 9. Paris. A secret treaty is alleged
to have been signed at this date by Crom-
well and Louis XIV., for the ruin of the
monarchy of Spain. (It is a forgery.)
June 26. Oliver Cromwell, for the
second time, is solemnly inaugurated
lord protector.
Dec. 11+. Cromwell issues writs to 60
persons to meet at Westminster and
compose a House of Lords.
* * A post-office is erected " to benefit
commerce, convey the public despatches,
and as the best means to discover and
prevent many dangerous wicked designs
against the Commonwealth by the in-
spection of the correspondence."
* * Ire. Henry Cromwell is appointed
governor.
1658 Jan. 20. Parliament meets.
[Feb. 4. Dissolved.]
* * Popular feeling is hostile to Cromwell.
Roman Catholics, sceptics, mystics,
ceremonialists, latitudinarians, and
Presbyterians are against him ; he is
upheld by the army alone.
Sept. 3. Obver Cromwell dies, aged
59. [Sept. 4. Richard Cromwell, his
son, is proclaimed protector.]
1658-59 Richard Cromwell, Protector
of the Commonwealth.
* * London. A council of army officers
rules at Wallingford House.
1659 Jan. 17. Sir Richard Newdi-
gate is appointed chief justice. Rob-
ert Nicholas is also appointed.
Jan. 27. Parbament opens. [Apr. 22.
Dissolved.]
* * H. C. Sir Ashley Cooper bitterly
attacks the Government ; the army offi-
cers hotly reply, and demand the disso-
lution of Parliament.
Apr. 22. Yielding to the demand of the
army, Richard dissolves the Parba-
ment.
May 7. The Rump Parbament reas-
sembles through the action of the
army ; it has 160 members, and William
Lenthall is Speaker. [1660. Mar. 16.
Dissolved.]
May 25. Richard Cromwell resigns
the Protectorate.
Aug. * A royalist rising in Cheshire,
headed by Sir George Booth, is sup-
pressed by Parliamentary forces under
Gen. John Lambert.
Oct. 13. London. The army under Gen.
Lambert expels the Rump Parlia-
ment. [It appoints a military committee
of safety, which causes divisions in the
army, arid rouses opposition in the navy.]
Dec. 26. London. Forced by popular
opposition, the army restores the
Rump Parliament. [The tyranny of
the army weakens.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1652 * * Scot. Glasgow is wasted by a
great fire.
890 1659, ** -1664,**.
GREAT BRITAIN
1
* * Scot. James Sharpe is made arch-
bishop of St. Andrews, and attempts to
introduce Episcopacy.
May 17. Parliament votes that every
member shall receive the sacrament
according to the forms of the Anglican
Church.
May 22. London. The Solemn League
and Covenant is burned by the com-
mon hangman [and afterwards through-
out the country].
Oct. 19. John James, a Sabbatarian
Baptist, is dragged out of his pulpit to
prison. [Afterwards hanged and quar-
tered.]
Dec. 15. Scot. Episcopacy is restored,
and three bishops are consecrated by
Sheldon, Bishop of London.
* * Scot. The National Covenant is
signed in" Greyfriars Church.
* * Scot. The Scottish Parliament, in the
interest of the king, reestablishes the
royal supremacy, and annuls the Solemn
League and Covenant.
1662 May 10. Parliament : The Uni-
formity in Religion Act is passed.
It restores the Church of England,
obliges all the clergy to subscribe to the
Thirty-nine Articles, use the same forms,
and the same book of common prayer.
It requires all clergymen, fellows, and
schoolmasters to accept and use the
Book of Common Prayer.
Aug. 24. "Black Bartholomew's
Day."
The Uniformity Act goes into opera-
tion [which causes 2,000 non-conforming
ministers to resign their benefices, and
quit the Church of England.]
Dec. * The king suspends the Conform-
ity Act by proclamation, out of respect
for peaceable people having tender and
misguided consciences, but aiming at
toleration for Catholics.
* * The Prayer-book is revised.
* * Non-conformists begin to be called
Dissenters.
1663 July 27. A bill for the better
preservation of the Sabbath is stolen
from the House of Commons before it
receives the king's signature.
1664 May 17. Parliament : The Con-
venticle Act is passed.
It forbids more than Ave persons meeting
for religious worship, except such as are reg-
ulated by the Book of Common Prayer; also
forbidding any person over 16 years of age
attending any meeting other than such as the
liturgy of the Church of England allows;
banishment is the penalty for the third
offense.
LETTERS.
1659* * The Whole Duty of Man appears.
[Authorship uncertain.]
1660 * * To the King on His Majesty's
Happy Return, by Edmund "Waller, ap-
pears. [Later, Go, Lovely Rose, To
Chloris, and many other poems.]
* * Astrma Redux, celebrating the Resto-
ration, by John Dryden, appears.
1660-69 Samuel Pepys writes his
Diary.
1661* * The Government represses
" disorders in printing."
* * Scot. Mercurius Caledonius, the first
Edinburgh newspaper, appears.
1662-85 Treatise of Taxes and Contri-
butions, by Sir William Petty, appears.
1663 * * The Lucasian professorship of
mathematics is established at Cam-
bridge.
* * Coffee-houses — the literary clubs of
the day — abound.
ARMY— NAVY.
1660 Feb. 3. London is entered by
Gen. Monk with his army.
Apr. * John Lambert makes an unsuc-
cessful attempt to rouse the army
against the Royalists.
May 16. James, Duke of York, is ap-
pointed lord high admiral, and warden
of the Cinque Ports.
July 7. Gen. Monk is created Earl of
Torrington and Duke of Albemarle ; he
is made captain-general.
* * Special privileges are granted to the
Third Buffs Regiment, formerly the
London train-band.
* * Col. John Russell raises a royal regi-
ment of guards. The first foot guards
[Grenadiers] are raised.
* * The wall of Gloucester is demol-
ished by order of the king, because of
its successful resistance to Charles I. 17
years before.
1661 Dec. * The victualling office is
instituted for managing the royal navy.
The Coldstream Guards are consti-
tuted by Duke of Albemarle the Second
Regiment, and are the beginning of the
standing army.
* * The Horse Guards are revived by
the king.
* * The Second Queen's Royal Regi-
ment is raised.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1659 * * The sugar refining process is
practised (perhaps previous to this date).
1660± * * Astronomy, chemistry, medi-
cine, and physiology make decided ad-
vancement.
1660-63 London. Sir Robert Moray is
president of the Royal Society.
1660-1702 The spirit level and many
other inventions are devised by Dr.
Robert Hooke.
1661 * * Boyle's law of compression of
gases appears.
1662 Feb. 18. London. An unprece-
dented storm occurs.
Apr. 8. Scot. An eclipse of the sun is
observed on [" Mirk Monday "].
Apr. 22. London. The Royal Society is
incorporated by Charles II.
Its appellation is " The President,
Council, and Fellowship of the Royal
Society of London, for improving Nat-
ural Knowledge."
* * Dublin. The Orange Street [Smock-
Alley] Theater is erected.
* * CharlesII.is the first to encourage the
public appearance of females on the
English stage.
* * Ijondon. St. Bartholomew's Hospital,
with William Harvey the physiologist
for its physician, has a medical school.
1663 Apr. 2. The British Royal So-
ciety of Arts is chartered.
Nov. 30. London. The first anniversary
meeting of the Royal Society is held.
Lord Brouncker becomes president.
* * Scot. James Gregory invents a re-
flecting telescope.
* * A telegraph is suggested by the Mar-
quis of Worcester in nis Century of In-
ventions ; he also suggests the steam-
engine as " a way to drive up water by
fire."
* * The first wire-mill in England is
erected at Mortlake. A sawmill is
erected.
Their introduction is violently op-
posed ; one is erected by a Dutchman.
[1665. He is forced to abandon it.]
1663-66 The journeys of the botanists,
John Ray (Wray) and Francis Wil-
loughby, are made in France, Germany,
and Italy.
1664 Dec. 24. A comet called the
blazing star appears.
* * Sir Isaac Newton discovers the Dif-
ferential Calculus, or method of flux-
ions. [Discovered about the same time
by Leibnitz.] He obtains a suggestion
of gravitation by observing the fall of
an apple.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1659 * * Arrowsmith, John, Puritan cl., A57.
liradshaw, John, judge, A57.
1660 * * Ainsworth, Kobert, gram., lexic, b.
Harcourt, Viscount, Sir Simon, statesman, b.
Marlborough. Duchess of, Sarah Jen-
nings, born.
Macgregor-Campbell. Rob Roy. free-
booter, Scotland, born.
Shrewsbury, Duke of, Charles Talbot, poet,
statesman, born.
Sloane, Sir Hans, physician, naturalist, b.
Southerne, Thomas, dramatist, Ireland, b.
Urquhart, or Urchard, Richard, translator,
Scotland, A55±.
1661 * * Be Foe, Daniel, jour., novelist, b.
Fuller, Thomas, preacher, hist., au., A53.
Garth, Sir Samuel, poet, physician, born.
Halifax, Earl of, Charles Montague,
statesman, born.
Harley, Kobert, Earl of Oxford, states., b.
1662 Apr. 30. Mary II., queen, daughter
of James II., wife of William III., born.
Atterbury, Francis, bishop of Rochester,
states., controversialist, author, born.
TSaillie, Robert, theologian, historian, A63.
Bentley, Richard, classical scholar, born.
Biddle, John, Unitarian theologian, an., A 47.
Fiennes, William, Lord Saye and Sele, states-
man, A80.
Gauden, John, bishop of Exeter, an., A57.
Henry, Matthew, clergyman, author, born.
Heylin, Peter, hist., polemical writer, A62.
Iniies, Thomas, historian, Scotland, born.
Wesley, Samuel, f. of John Wesley, cl., au., b.
1663 * * Brown, Thomas, satirist, born.
BynK, George, Viscount Torrington, ad.,b.
Juxon, William, arch, of Canterbury, A81.
Sanderson, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, moral
philosopher, A76.
1664 Feb. 6. Anne, queen, born.
Cowper, Earl, William, statesman, born.
Prior, Matthew, poet, statesman, born.
CHURCH.
1659 * * Quakers are persecuted.
It is stated in Parliament that 2,000 Friends
have endured sufferings and imprisonment
in Newgate; and 164 Friends now offer
themselves by name to the Government to
be imprisoned as substitutes for the relief of
an equal huniber who are in danger of death
from close confinement.
1660 Oct 25. The king issues a dec-
laration avowing himself an Episcopa-
lian, and commending toleration.
Nov. 20. The bishops again take seats
in the House of Lords.
* * John Bunyan refuses to conform to
the Church of England, and is taken to
Bedford jail under a sentence for 12
years.
* * "William Juxton is chosen arch-
bishop of Canterbury, [1663. Gilbert
Sheldon.]
1660-88 Scot. The Scottish Church
is " in the wilderness," suffering cruel
persecutions.
1661 Jan. 6. London. About 80 Ana-
baptists rise in insurrection, headed by
their preacher ; they fight desperately,
but are subdued ; 17 are executed.
Apr. *- July* Fruitless Savoy Confer-
ence of Episcopalians and Presbyterians
is held for the revision of the liturgy, to
make it acceptable to both parties.
AND IRELAND.
1659,**-1664, **. 891
* * Hudibras, by Samuel Butler, appears.
* * The Wild Gallant, John Dryden's first
play, appears. [1667, Annus Mirabilis.]
* * Algernon Sidney writes Discourses
Concerning Government. [1698. Pub-
lished.}
1664-6f> Mar. 6. Philosophical Trans-
actions is first published.
SOCIETY.
1660 July 6. Charles II. resumes
touching for the curing of scrofula.
Aug. 13. Charles II. issues a proclama-
tion against dueling.
* * The theaters are reopened.
* * Titles created, Earl of Sandwich.
[1661, Earl of Essex, and Earl of Car-
lisle ; 1663, Earl of Doncaster.]
* * Ire Titles created, Viscount of Mas-
sereene and Ferrard (1797). [1661 Earl
of Drogheda, and Viscount of Onol-
mondeley ; 1665, Viscount of Charle-
mont.]
* * Scot. The title, Earl of Newburgh, is
created.
* * With the abolition of tenures in cap-
ita, knights' service, etc., serfdom is
finally extinguished.
* * Masquerades are frequent among the
citizens.
1660-85 Tennis is introduced from
France, and becomes fashionable.
1661 Jan. 1. Edinburgh. Parliament
meets, and " has a mad and roaring
time," the men of affairs being almost
all drunk.
Jan. 3. London. The comedy of Beg-
gar's Bush is produced at Lincoln s Inn
Eields. " Here the first time that ever
I saw a woman on the stage." (Pepys's
Diary.)
Jan. 30. The bodies of Cromwell,
Bradshaw, and Ireton are dragged
from their grand tombs in Westminster
and hanged on the gallows, and their
heads set on poles at Westminster Hall.
Apr. 25. An act for licensing sellers
of wine is passed.
1662* * Notorious profligacy of the
king and his court.
Charles presents his mistress, Lady
Castlemaine, to the queen in the pres-
ence of his court.
1663 Apr. 8. London. The first play-
bill is issued from Drury Lane Theater,
entitled Humovrous LieiUenant, play to
commence at three o'clock precisely.
1664 May 18. " His Sacred Majesty,"
Charles II., advertises that he will at-
tend to healing by touching during
May.
* * Sir Matthew Hale burns two persons
for witchcraft.
STATE.
1659 * * London. The ballot-box is used
at a Rota Club meeting.
1660 Feb. 3. London. Gen. Monk
enters at the head of the army [and as-
sumes control of the Government].
Feb. 21. Members of Parliament ex-
cluded in 1648 are restored by Monk ;
the Long Parliament is reestablished.
Mar. 16. The Long Parliament is
finally dissolved by its own act.
Apr. * Gen. Lambert makes a last at-
tempt to rouse the army for the over-
throw of the Royalists ; he is defeated
and arrested.
Apr. 14. Neth. Declaration of Breda.
Charles II., at Breda, promises a gen-
eral pardon, religious toleration, sat-
isfaction to the army, settlement of
confiscated estates on their present pos-
sessors.
Apr. 25. Parliament opens. [Dec. 29.
Dissolved.] It has 556 members, chosen
without restriction [" the Convention
Parliament"].
May 1. Parliament votes that the gov-
ernment of England shall be by King,
Lords, and Commons, and loyally ac-
cepts the king's Breda declaration.
May 8. Restoration of the Stuarts.
1660-85 Charles II. reigns.
Charles II., son of Charles I., is pro-
claimed by both Houses of Parliament
as king of England, Scotland, and Ire-
land. [May 25. He lands at Dover.
May 29. He enters London.]
June* Parliament: Tonnage and
poundage are granted to Charles for
life.
Aug. * An act of general amnesty for
political offenders, except regicides, is
passed, and receives the royal assent.
Sept. 3 . James, Duke of York, theking's
brother, secretly marries Anne Hyde,
daughter of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clar-
endon.
Sept. 4. Parliament grants to the king
an annual income of £1,200,000. [For
this Charles consents to the abolition of
the feudal claims of knights' service,
wardships, and purveyance.]
Oct.* London. Twenty-nine persons are
tried and convicted for connection
with the execution of Charles I.
Of the regicides, 25 are dead, 19 are in
exile, 19 having surrendered under the
king's proclamation are imprisoned for
life, and 10 are executed— Harrison,
Scot, Carew, Jones, Clements, Scroope,
Cook, Axtele, Hacker, and Peters.
Oct. * The army is disbanded, except
5,000 men.
Oct. * Bishops are restored to their
sees and to Parliament.
Dec. 27. Parliament: An act is passed
for erecting a general post-office. (See
1657.) It is enacted that none but the
postmaster or his deputies shall fur-
nish post-horses for travelers.
* * Ministers: Sir Edward Hyde [Earl of
Clarendon], George Monk [Duke of Al-
bemarle], Edward Montagu [Earl ot
Sandwich], Lord Saye and Sele ; Earl
of Manchester, Lord Seymour, and Sir
Robert Long.
* * Parliament: A tax of eightpence is
levied on every gallon of tea made for
sale.
* * Charles establishes two Councils of
Trade for controlling the commerce ot
the country and foreign plantations.
** London. The East India Company,
with a capital of £30,000, is chartered.
* * Sir Robert Foster is appointed chief
justice.
* * Edward, Lord Hyde [Earl of Claren-
don], is appointed lord high chancellor.
1661 Jan. 1. Edinburgh. The Scottish
Parliament meets.
Jan. 6. London. A rising of Fifth
Monarchy men takes place under
Thomas Venner, a cooper.
They proclaim Jesus Christ as their
king, and they kill many persons who
resist them. [Venner and 16 of his fol-
lowers are tried and executed.]
Apr. 23. London. Charles II. is
crowned.
May 8. Parliament opens. [1679. Jan.
24. Dissolved. It is called the "cava-
lier," or Pension Parliament.]
May 27. Scot. The Marquis of Argyll
is beheaded as an Anti-Royalist.
Nov. 20. Parliament: The Corpora-
tion Act is passed.
It requires all municipal officers and
magistrates to receive the sacrament
according to the rites of the Church of
England, to renounce the League and
Covenant, and to take oath declaring it
to be unlawful to bear arms against the
king for any cause.
* * Parliament : The Covenant between
England and Scotland, which Charles
II. accepted in 1650, is declared to be
illegal, and ordered to be burned.
* * E. Ind. Bombay is ceded to Charles
by Portugal, as part of the dowry of his
queen.
1662 May 19. Act of Uniformity
passed. (See Church.)
May 20. Charles H. marries Cather-
ine of Braganza, daughter of John IV.,
King of Portugal.
Nov. * Dunkirk is sold to France for
£400,000.
* * Parliament: The Hearth, or Chim-
ney Tax, is imposed. [It produces about
£200,000 "hearth money" a year.
Milled shillings are coined.]
* * Parliament: The Act of Settlement
for Ireland is passed.
It makes regulations respecting the
disposal of confiscated estates, and oper-
ates largely against Catholics.
* * Ire. The Duke of Ormonde is ap-
pointed lord lieutenant.
1663 Oct. * There is another rising of
Fifth Monarchy men in the northern
counties.
* * Guineas are first coined from gold
brought from Guinea.
* * Sir Robert Hyde is appointed chief
justice. Sir Francis North is first
(modern) king's counsel . The post-office
is farmed to Daniel O'Neil.
1664 May 17. Parliament: The
Conventicle Act. (See Church.)
Sept. 8. [U.S.A.] New Amsterdam [New
York] is taken from the Dutch.
* * Parliament: The Triennial Act of
1641 is repealed.
Dec* Parliament: £2,500.000 is voted
for the expenses of war with Holland,
growing out of commercial rivalry in
African gold-dust and slaves.
* * W. Afr. Cape Coast Castle is taken
by the English.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1660 May 29. The new conduit runs
with wine for a few hours in honor of
the restoration of Charles II.
Sept. 25. Samuel Pepys records his first
" cup of tea."
* * London. Banking is begun by Fran-
cis Child.
* * Toll-gates and turnpikes are first
set up.
1665 Apr. 26. London. The great
plague occurs.
Fires are kept up night and day for
three days to purify the air ; 68,596 per-
sons, some say 100,000, perish. [Ihe in-
fection is not totally destroyed till the
great conflagration.]
892 1665, Feb. 22-1674, **. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY— NAVY.
1665 Feb. 22-67 July 21. War
with Holland.
June 3. The Duke of York defeats the
Dutch fleet off Lowestoft, taking 18
ships, and destroying 14 ; Adm. Opdain,
in command of the Dutch, and his crew
are blown up.
Sept. 4. The Earl of Sandwich takes
12 men-of-war and two India ships from
the Dutch.
1666 Jan. 16-67 July 21. War
with France.
June 1-4. Neth. Battle of the Downs :
George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, with
54 ships, defeats the Dutch under Adms.
De Ruyter and De Witt, with 80 ships,
off North Foreland ; English loss, nine
ships ; Dutch loss, 15 ships.
July 25, 26. Naval battle at the mouth
of the Thames : The Dutch are driven to
their ports, losing24 ships, four admirals,
and 4,000 men.
* * Scot. The Scotch Presbyterians re-
bel against the establishment of Epis-
copacy by Charles II.
Nov. 28. Scot. Gen. Dalziel defeats the
insurgent Covenanters at Pentland
Hills, near Edinburgh.
1667 Jan. * -June * The sailors mu-
tiny because of non-payment of wages.
June 11. The Dutch admiral De Ruy-
ter sails up the Thames, within 20
miles of London, destroys some ships,
and burns Sheerness.
July 21. The war with France and with
Holland ends.
1671 May 10. Sir Edward Spragg
destroys 12 Algerine ships-of-war.
1672 Mar. * Lord Ossory attacks a
fleet of Dutch merchantmen in the Chan-
nel, and captures four ships.
Mar. 17. War with Holland begins.
May 28. De Ruyter is defeated by the
Duke of York in a naval battle at Sole-
bay, or Southwold Bay, Suffolk.
1673 Aug. 11. Sir Edward Spragg
is killed in a naval battle off the coast
of Holland ; Adms. d'Estrees and De
Ruyter are defeated.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1665 * * Robert Boyle experiments on
air, discovers its elasticity, and improves
the air-pump.
* * Robert Hooke studies the use of air
in combustion; he also propounds the
first elements of the undulatory theory
of light.
1666-71 Newton discourses on disper-
sion of light, and proves its compound
nature by means of the prismatic lens.
He constructs his reflecting telescope.
* * Robert Hooke conveys sounds to a
distance by a distended wire [tele-
phone.] [1674. He devises a system of
gravitation.]
* * Broadcloth is first dressed and dyed
by Adrian Breauwer.
1669 ± * * A diving-bell is used on the
coast of Mull in searching for the wreck
of a part of the Spanish Armada.
* * Newton lectures on the analysis of
light. lie originates the emission
theory, and opposes the undulatory the-
ory* [1670. He proves the law of grav-
itation],
1670 * * John Mayow discourses on
respiration. He discovers fire-air, and
shows how it is used in burning.
1670-77 London. A monument of
London, commemorating the great fire,
is erected by Christopher Wren.
The pedestal is 40 feet high, and the
edifice altogether 202 feet ; cost, £14,500.
* * London. Drury Lane Theater is
rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren at a
cost of £200,000.
1672 * * The experiments of Jean Richer
(France) lead Newton to prove the
earth to be in the shape of an oblate
spheroid. He is elected a member of
the Royal Society. [1674. He makes
discoveries in colors.]
* * Edinburgh. The Theater of Music
is erected.
1673 * * Glass plate for coach windows
and mirrors is made at Lambeth by
Venetians, under the patronage of
George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1666* * Calamy, Edmund, Presbyterian
clergyman, chaplain to Charles II., A66.
Cowper, William, anatomist, born.
Dlgby, Sir Kenelm, phys. philosopher, A62.
Howell, James, traveler, lexiocog., wr., A71.
Shirley, James, dramatist, A70.
Vanbrugh, Sir John, poet, dram., arch., b.
1667 Nov. 30. Swiit, Jonathan, dean of
St. Patrick's, Dublin, satirist, au., Ire., b.
Arbuthnot, John, physician, wit, miscella-
neous writer, born.
Oentlivre, Susannah, dramatist, Ireland, b.
Cowley, Abraham, poet, A49.
Granville, George, Viscount Lansdowne,
poet, dramatist, statesman, born.
Lovat, Lord, Simon Fraser, sol.,pol., Scot.,b.
Pomfret, John, poet, born.
Taylor, Jeremy, Anglican oL, au., A54.
Whiston, William, cl., math., translator, b.
Wither, George, poet, A79.
Worcester, Marquis of, Edward Somerset,
inventor (steam-engine), A66.
1668 * * Astell, Mary, author, born.
Davenant, Sir William, dramatist, A63.
Baye, Stephen, first printer Amer. col., A57.
Denham, Sir John, poet, A53.
Maittaire, Michael, bibliographer, born.
Waller, Sir Wm., parliamentary gen., A71.
1669 * * Balchen, Sir John, admiral, born.
Beaumont, Basil, rear-admiral, born.
Gibson, Edmund P., bp. of London, born.
King, Peter, jurist, born.
Prynne, William, Puritan cl.,antiq.,au., A69.
1670 * * Clarke, Jeremiah, musical comp., b.
Congreve, William, poet, dramatist, born.
Fitzjames, James, Duke of Berwick, mar-
shal, peer of France, natural son of James
II., general, born.
Gagnier, Jean, professor at Oxford, born.
Monk, George. Duke of Albemarle, general,
statesman, A 62.
Toland, John, leader of English deists, born.
1671 * * Calamy, Edmund, cl., author, b.
Cibber, Colley, actor, poet, dramatist, born.
Fairfax, Lord Thomas, pari, general, A60.
Hyde, Anne, queen, mother of Mary II.
and Anne, A34.
Law, John, financier, Scotland, born.
Montagu, Edward, Earl of Manchester,
statesman, A69.
Philips, Ambrose, poet, born.
Shaftesbury, third Earl of. Anthony
Cooper, philosopher, born.
Steele, Sir Richard, poet, essay., pol., Ire., b.
1678 May 1. Addison, Joseph, poet, es-
sayist, under Secretary of State, Secretary
of State, born.
Hoyle, Edmund, writer on games, born.
Manley, Mary de la Riviere, novelist, drama-
tist, born.
Montague, Edward, Earl of Sandwich, ad-
miral. A47.
Sacheverell. Henry, cl., polemical wr., b.
Wilkins, John, bishop of Chester, au., A58.
1673 * * Oldmixon, John, historian, born.
Rowe, Nicholas, poet, dramatist, born.
Stanhope, first Earl, James, gen., states., b.
Wharton, Thomas, anatomist, A63.
1674 Nov. 8. Milton, John, poet, states-
man, A66.
Ayscue, Sir George, statesman, cUfcs.
Clarendon, Earl of , Edward Hyde, states-
man, historian, A66.
Gibbs, James, architect, born.
Halyburton, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., b.
Herrick, Robert, poet, A 83.
Hutchinson, John, philosopher, born.
Nash, Richard, " Beau Nash," master of
ceremonies, born.
Potter, John, archbishop of Canterbury,
antiq., author, born.
Sunderland, third Earl of, Charles Spencer,
statesman, born.
Watts, Isaac, dissenting clergyman, poet,b.
CHURCH.
1665 Oct. 31. Parliament: The Five
Mile Act is passed.
It forbids all persons from coming within
five miles of any incorporate town, or non-
conformist ministers from returning to any
place where they had formerly been settled
as minister*, unless they have subscribed to
the Act of Uniformity, and have on oath de-
clared it unlawful to take up arms against
the king under any pretense. They are also
declared incapable of teaching or keeping
boarders. It prevents their filling the pul-
pits made vacant by the plague.
1666 * * Non-conformists are perse-
cuted; William Penn is tried under
the Conventicle Act.
1667 * * It. Clement IX. is elected pope.
[1670, Clement X. ; 1676, Innocent XL ;
1689, Alexander VIII. ; 1691, Innocent
XII.]
* * Roman Catholics are excluded from
corporate offices.
* * London. Moravians form two small
societies.
1669 * * Scot. The Duke of Lauderdale
publishes a royal decree, enabling many
Presbyterian ministers to return to
their flocks.
1670 * * A second Conventicle Act is
passed, fining minister, people, and the
owner of the place of meeting.
1672 * * Ire. The Regium Donum, or
Royal Gift, is founded.
It consists of an allowance from the sov-
ereign for the support of the Presbyterian
ministers in Ireland. [Later revived by
William III.]
* * John Bunyan is released from jail,
and preaches to great crowds of people.
1673 Mar. 29. Parliament : The Test
Act is passed.
It prohibits any person holding govern-
mental office unless he takes the oaths of
allegiance and supremacy, and partakes of
the Lord's Supper according to the rites
of the Church of England, and makes a dec-
laration against transubstantiation. [1828.
It is repealed.]
LETTERS.
1665 Nov. 14. The Oxford Gazette is
issued. [After the 24th number it be-
comes The London Gazette.]
1666 Feb. 5. The London Gazette is
removed from Oxford to London ; it is
issued bi-weekly.
* * Parliament censures Hobbes's Levia-
than and De Cive.
* * London. Serjeant's Inn, Chancery
Lane, is established.
1667 Apr. 27. John Milton sells the
copyright of Paradise Lost for £5. [His
widow is paid £8 more.]
* * London. The Royal Society Library
is founded.
* * Dublin. The CoUege of Physicians
is founded.
* * Essays, by Cowley, appear.
1668 * * An Essay on the Presen t State
and Settlemen t oj Ireland, by Sir William
AND IRELAND.
1665, Feb. 22-1674,
89a
Temple, appears. [1671, The Empire, * * John Bunyan is released from an
etc., a survey of the different govern- imprisonment of 12 years by the Act of
ments of Europe and their relations to T , ti
England ; 1672, Observations Upon the loierauon. .
United Provinces and Essay Upon the * * Titles created, Earl of Shaftesbury,
Original and Future of Government; and Baron Clifford of Chudleigh. [16 <5,
1679-92, Miscellanea.] Duke of Richmond and Gordon (1876),
1669* * The Lexicon Heptaglotton, by and Duke of Grafton..; .1679, Earl of
Edmund Castell, appears.
1670 Aug. 18. John Dryden is created
poet laureate.
* * A Collection of English Proverbs, by
John Ray, appears.
1671 * * Paradise Regained, and Sam-
son Agonistes, by John Milton, appear.
[1673, Of True Religion, Heresy, Schism,
Toleration, etc.]
* * Tht Rehearsal, by George Villiers,
Dukeiof Buckingham, is produced.
* * Love in a Wood, by William Wycherly,
appears. [1673, The Gentleman Dancing
Master; 1675, The Country Wife; 1676,
The Plaindealer.]
* * Conquest 'of Granada and Essay on
Heroic Plays, by John Dryden, appear.
[1678, All for Love.]
SOCIETY.
1665 Feb. 24. London. A Dutch im-
postor is whipped through the streets.
Mar. 31. An order is issued for the ar-
rest of George Fox for preaching on
the crime of building meeting-houses
with steeples on them.
* * Scot. The Scottish Corporation,
charitable, is established.
1666 ± * * Valentine Greatrix, an Irish
impostor, pretends to cure all diseases
by stroking the patient ; his imposture
deceives the credulous and occasions
very warm discussion in England and
Ireland.
1667 * * Charles builds a stand-house
at the race course at Newmarket for his
own diversion. [From this time to the
present races are annually held.]
1667-74 Management of the House of
Commons by bribery is [said to have
Berkeley ; 1682, Earl of Abingdon, and
Baron of Beaufort; 1684, Baron of St.
Albans.]
1673 * * Scot. Titles created, Duke of
Buccleuch and Queensberry (1684). [1675,
Duke of Hamilton, and Viscount of
Dumblane; 1677, Earl of Breadalbane,
Earl of Strathmore, and Earl of Kintore ;
1681, Baroness Nairne ; 1682, Baron Kin-
naird, Earl of Aberdeen, and Marquis of
Queensberry.]
STATE.
1665 Oct. 9. Parliament meets at
Oxford because of the plague in Lon-
don.
Oct. 31. Five Mile Act passed. (See
Church.)
* * H. C. The Commons enforce the
right of appropriating the supplies to
specified objects.
* * Sir John Kelyng is appointed chief
justice.
1666 * * Parliament : An act is passed
empowering judges to sentence criminals
to transportation to any of the king's
dominions in North America.
* * Scot. Presbyterians rise in rebellion
against Episcopacy. (See Army.)
* * W. I. Tortola, the Virgin Islands,
and Anguilla are settled.
1667 July 31. The Treaties of Breda
(p. 691).
England gains Albany, New York, An-
tigua, Montserrat, and part of St. Chris-
topher; Holland retains Surinam;
France receives Acadia [Nova Scotia].
Aug. * The Earl of Clarendon is im-
peaohed and banished because of the
unpopular acts of the Government.
K] begun* bySord S ^ the Cabal * * George Monk, Duke of Albemarle
Ministry . [Afterwards continued by the
Whigs and Tories.]
* * Actresses become the mistresses of
the king by gradual promotion from
their being the mistresses of the king's
servants.
1668 May 4. London. A riot occurs
under the pretense of destroying the
brothels.
1670 Jan.* Claude Duval is executed
at Tyburn as a highwayman.
Aug. 14. "William Penn is arrested
for preaching to Friends. [Sept. 3. He
is brought to trial. The jury acquit him
and are outrageously abused.]
Dec. 6. Col. Thomas Blood seizes the
is appointed first commissioner of the
treasury.
* * Ministers : Sir T. Clifford [Lord Clif-
ford], Lord Ashley, the Duke of Buck-
ingham, Lord Arlington, and the Duke
of Lauderdale. They are the «« Cabal
Ministry" (the initials of their names
spell the word cabal). [1672. Broken
up.]
* * Sir Orlando Bridgman is appointed
lord keeper of the great seal.
* * The poll-tax is assessed by the head ;
a duke has to pay £100, a marquis, £80,
a baronet, £30, a knight, £20, an esquire,
£10, and every single private person, one
shilling.
Duke of Ormonde, wounds him, and pre-
pares to hang him, but is beaten off by 1668_ Jan. 23. The Triple Alliance is
the duke's servants
* * Louise la Querouaille, mistress of
King Charles, is created Duchess of
Portsmouth. [1671 Oct. 10. London.
She is installed as chief " Miss," with
ceremonies little short of those of the
altar, " after the manner of a married
bride."
* * Dublin. A blue-coat hospital is in-
corporated.
formed (p. 691).
1669* * Ire. Lord Roberts is appointed
lord lieutenant. [1670, Lord Berkeley ;
1672, Arthur Capel. Earl of Essex.]
1670 May 22. The secret Treaty of
Dover (p. 693).
* * Cent. Amer. British Honduras is
partly acquired by treaty. [1786. Abso-
lutely.]
1671 May 9. Col. Thomas Blood un- ** The Irish Society for the colonization
successfully attempts to steal the royal
regalia from the Tower. He is seized
and imprisoned.
1672 June 12. A proclamation is is-
sued to suppress the spreading of false
news, and licentious talking of matters
relating to state and government.
of Ulster again receives its charter, with
various changes.
167 1 * * Sir Matthew Hale is appointed
chief justice.
1672 Jan. 2. Charles gains fresh sup-
plies by closing the Exchequer, and seiz-
ing £1,200,000; a commercial panic
follows.
Mar. 15. Charles makes a Declaration
of Indulgence.
He proclaims " that all manners of
penal laws in matters ecclesiastical
against whatsoever sort of non-conform-
ists or recusants be suspended ; " Catho-
lics are excepted, but they may have-
their religious service in private nouses.
[1673. Pronounced illegal, and with-
drawn.]
Mar. * Lord Ossory falls upon a fleet of
Dutch merchantmen in the Channel, and
captures four ships in order to replenish
the king's treasury.
Nov. * Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl
of Shaftesbury, is appointed lord high
chancellor.
* * Ministers: Lord Clifford, the Earl of
Shaftesbury, the Earl of Arlington, the
Earl of Anglesey, Sir Thomas Osborne,
Viscount Latimer, Henry Coventry, Sir
George Carteret, and Edward Seymour.
1673 Mar. 20. The Test Act. (See
Church.) [The Duke of York (lord ad-
miral) andLord Clifford ( lord treasurer)
decline to take the test, and resign their
offices.]
June 14. Charles TI. becomes first
lord of the admiralty. [July 9, Prince
Rupert ; 1679, Feb. 14, Sir Henry Capel ;
1680, Feb. 19, Daniel Finch ; 1681, Jan.
20, Lord Finch ; 1683, Apr. 17, The Earl
of Nottingham.]
June 26. Thomas Osborne, Viscount
Latimer [Earl of Danby], is appointed
lord high treasurer.
Oct. 20. H. C. The Commons declare
against the proposed marriage of the
Duke of York to the Catholic Princess
ofModena. [Nov. 21. He marries Mary
d'Este, Princess of Modena.]
Nov. 4. The king prorogues Parlia-
ment because of the Commons' desiring
to address him against grievances.
* * The Earl of Shaftesbury becomes
leader against the court.
* * Sir Heneage Finch is appointed lord
keeper of the seal.
1674 Feb. 9. Treaty of "Westminster
(p. 693).
June 9. Parliament is prorogued on
account of irreconcilable differences
between Lords and Commons ; £200,000
has been spent in bribing the Commons.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1665 * * Gibbets and gallows are so
numerous as to be used for road-marks.
1666 * * Tea is brought into England by
Lord Ossory and Lord Arlington from
Holland ; being admired by persons of
rank, it is imported and sold for 60 shil-
lings per pound.
* * Lanterns are hung before one house
in ten from 6 to 12 o'clock.
Sept. 2-6. London. The great fire oc-
curs.
Four hundred and thirty-six acres of
ashes ; 13,200 houses consumed ; 200,000
people encamped in Islington and High-
gate fields. It is extinguished by blow-
ing up houses.
1667 * * London. Insurance of houses
and goods against fire begins.
* * London. The first run on the bank-
ers occurs.
Oct. 23. Loiidon. Charles II. lays the
foundation stone of the Boya Ex-
change. [1687. Sept. 28. Opened.]
1669 * * The East India Company first
imports tea.
1671 Apr. 25. Oxford is nearly de-
stroyed by fire.
894 1674,**-1682,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY— NAVY.
1674* *The Dutch agree to strike to
the English colors in the British seas.
* * The Duke of Monmouth is made
commander-in-chief. [1G78. Made cap-
tain-general.]
1679* * Scot. Brutal slaughterings of
Convenanters occur by the authority of
the Duke of Lauderdale.
June 1 (o. s.). Scot. The Covenanters
under Balfour defeat Viscount Clav-
erhouse at Drumclog, Lanarkshire.
June 22. Scot. The Covenanters are
defeated by the Duke of Monmouth and
Claverhouse at Bothwell Bridge, Lan-
arkshire.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1675 Aug. 10. Greenwich Observa-
tory is founded.
* * Henry Purcell composes his opera
Dido and uEneas.
* * John Flamsteed is astronomer royal.
* * Newton, Robert Boyle, and others
use glass in generating electricity.
1676+ * * London. The weaver's Dutch
loom is used.
* * Repeating-clocks and watches are
invented by Peter Barlow.
* * Boyle publishes his electrical exper-
iments.
* * Edmund Halley proves the motion of
the sun round its own axis. He ob-
serves the transit of Mercury.
* * Dublin. The Essex bridge is built
by Sir H. Jervis.
1677* * London. Sir Joseph Williamson
becomes president of the Royal Society.
[1680, Sir Christopher Wren; 1682, Sir
John Hoskyns.]
* * Violins are introduced.
1678 Jan. 12. A remarkable darkness
occurs.
* * London. A statue of Charles I. is
set up at Charing Cross. It is the first
equestrian statue erected in Great
Britain.
* * Odometers, or road-measures, are
improved by Butterfield.
1679 May 15. The Ashmolean Mu-
seum at Oxford is founded.
Nov. 3. A comet becomes visible, and
terrifies the people by its near approach
to the earth. [1680. Mar. 9. Disap-
pears.]
* * London. Wal broke Church, a
masterpiece of Sir Christopher Wren, is
completed.
* * Newton applies mechanics to astron-
omy, parallelism of forces, and laws of
motion.
1680** * Button manufactories are es-
tablished at Birmingham.
1681 * * The tinning of iron is intro-
duced from Bohemia.
1682* * Hydraulic engines are in-
vented.
* * John Ray publishes an important sys-
tem of anatomical classification, called
A New Method of Plants.
* * Newton works out and publishes the
laws of gravitation.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
.1675 * * Clarke, Samuel, cl., philosopher, b.
Cocker, Edward, engraver, math., au., A44.
Ditton, Humphrey, mathematician, born.
Erskine, eleventh Earl of, John, soldier, b.
Freind, John, physician, medical writer, b.
Graham, Geo., mechanician, watchmaker, b.
Ltghtfoot, John, theologian, Hebraist, A73.
Willis, Thomas, physician, A54.
1676 Auk-. 26. Walpole, Sir Robert, Karl
of Orford, statesman, born.
Boston, Thomas, polemical writer, Scot., b.
Boyle, Charles, Earl of Orrery, scholar,
statesman, Ireland, born.
Clifford, Anne, Countess of Pembroke, au-
thor, A 87.
Collins, Anthony, freethinker, plill., au., b.
Hale, Sir Matthew, chief justice, author, A67.
Hoadley, Benjamin, bp. of Winchester, au., b.
Newcastle, Duke of, William Cavendish, gen-
eral, A84.
Ogilby, John, poet, geographer, Scot., A76.
Philips, John, poet, born.
Selkirk, Alexander, sailor (Robinson Cru-
soe), Scotland, born.
Thornhill, Sir James, historical painter, b.
Townshend, Viscount, Charles, states., b.
1677 * * Barrow, Issac, cl., math., A47.
Croft, William, organist, composer, born.
Glisson, Francis, physician, anatomist, A80.
Hales, Stephen, natural philosopher, born.
Harrington, James, political writer, A66.
1678* * Argyll, second Duke of, John, states-
man, Scotland, born.
Barrington, Viscount, John Shute, states-
man, theological writer, born.
Bolingbroke, Viscount, Henry St. John,
statesman, author, born.
Farquhar, George, poet, dramatist, Ire., b.
Ligonier, Earl of, John, field-marshal, born.
Marvell, Andrew, poet, A58.
Neal, Daniel, historian, born.
Ockley, Simon, orientalist, born.
Sherlock, Thomas, bishop of London, au., b.
1679* * Boyle, Roger, Karl of Orrery, gen-
eral, litterateur, A78.
Catesby, Mark, naturalist, born.
Chubb, Thomas, deistical writer, born.
Goodwin, Thomas, I'uritian cl., author, A76.
Hobbes, Thomas, philosopher, A81.
Parnell, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born.
Poole, Matthew, Bible commentator, A55.
1680* * Abernethy, John, Nonconformist
clergyman, author, Ireland, born.
Butler, Samuel, poet, A68.
Cameron, Richard, founder of the " Cam-
eronians," Scotland, dies.
Chambers, Ephraim, cyclopedist, born.
Collier, Arthur, cl., metaphysician, born.
Erskine, Ebenezer, preacher, chief founder
of the Secession Church, Scotland, born.
Glanvill, Joseph, cl., phil., author, A44.
Long, Roger, astronomer, born.
Sale, George, historian, orientalist, born.
1681 * * Booth, Barton, actor, born.
Lilly, William, astrologer, A79.
CHURCH.
1674 * * The Hutchinsonians appear.
They do not form a sect, but accept the
doctrines of John Hutchinson of Yorkshire.
They reject the Newtonian system, and con-
tend that the Bible contains a complete sys-
tem of natural philosophy.
* * London. Work is begun preparatory
to the rebuilding of [the present] St.
Paul's Cathedral. [1675. June 21. First
stone is laid.]
* * Parliament : A Sabbath Observ-
ance Act is passed.
It restrains the performance of all servile
works, the sale of all provisions except milk
at certain hours and meat in public houses,
and allows works of necessity and charity.
1677 * * William Sancroft is chosen
archbishop of Canterbury.
* * Roman Catholics are excluded from
Parliament.
1678* * Ire. The sees of Cork and
Cloyne are separated.
1681 Nov. * Scot. Test Act against
Presbyterians. (See State.)
Dec. 15. Scot. Frst meeting of the
United Societies of Covenanters at Lo-
gan House, Lanarkshire, called " The
Persecuted Remnant," also " Society
People."
* * Scot. The Reformed Presbyterian
Church secedes from the Scottish
Church.
LETTERS.
\
1675 Nov. * London. The City Mer-
cury, or Advertisements concerning
Trade, is issued.
1676 * * The Man of Mode, by Sir George
Etherege, appears."
1677 ** London. The first city Directory
is published. (Or 1679?)
* * Cocker's Arithmetic, compiled by Ed-
ward Cocker, and edited by John Haw-
kins, appears.
1678 * * The True Intellectual System of
the Universe, by Ralph Cudworth, ap-
pears.
1678-84 The Pilgrim's Progress, by
John Bunyan, appears. [1684, The
Holy War.]
1679* * London. Domestick Intei ligence
published gratis for the Promoting of
Trade is issued.
* * History of the Revolution, by Gilbert
Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, appears.
1680 * * Edinburgh. The Advocates'
Library is extensive and valuable.
* * The printing of newspapers and pam-
phlets is prohibited.
* * London. Mercurium Librarius, or a
Faithful Account of All Books and Pam-
phlets, the nrst literary periodical in
English, is issued.
* * Patriarcha, a treatise on government
in defense of the divine right of kings,
by Sir Robert Filmer, appears.
1681 Jan. 16. Weekly Memorials for
the Ingenius is issued.
* * Edinburgh. The College of Physicians
is incorporated.
* * Telluris Theoria Sacra, by Thomas
Burnet, appears.
* * Absalom and Achitophel, by John
Dryden, appears. [1682, The Medal, Mac-
Flecknoe, and Religio Laid.}
SOCIETY.
1674* * London. The court spends
£200,000 in bribing members of Parlia-
ment ; " they save no man's neck, but
they break his purse."
1675 * * Dublin. The Boyal Hospital,
Kilmainham, for aged and disabled sol-
diers in Ireland, is founded by Arthur,
[Earl of Granard], marshal-general of
the army in Ireland. [1679. Improved
by the Duke of Ormonde.]
1676 * * At St. Osyths, Essex, 17 or 18 per-
sons are burned for witchcraft.
1677 ** Edinburgh. Coffee-houses are
first opened.
1678 Sept. * The " Popish Plot" rev-
elations of Titus Oates cause great ex-
citement. (See State.)
Oct. 17. Sir Edmundbury Godfrey is
found murdered.
Nov. 17. London. Popular anti-Cath-
olic demonstrations take place, with
pageants and ridiculous effigies of the
Pope.
1679 * * Scot. The Duke of Lauderdale
cruelly persecutes the Covenanters.
Mar. 9. The Council issues a declaration
forbidding pardon to any person killing
another in a duel.
May 3. Scot. Archbishop Sharp is
murdered near St. Andrew's by fanatics
led by John Balfour of Burley, because
of his apostasy.
1680 * * Three judges are impeached for
favoring the levying of ship-money.
* Ire. The title Viscount of Downe is
created. [1684, Earl of Granard.]
1681 Jan. 26. Edinburgh. TwoCam-
eronian women are hanged for calling
AND IRELAND.
1674,**-1682,
895
the king and bishops " perjured, bloody
men."
1682 Feb. 12. London. Thomas
Thynne, " Tom of Ten Thousand," a
wealthy man, is murdered at the in-
stance of Charles John, Count Konigs-
mark, a paramour of Thynne's wife.
(The assassins are executed, but Kbnigs-
mark is acquitted.]
Mar. 11. Chelsea Hospital is founded.
Dec. 13. A provost marshal is appointed
to seize ballad singers, and suppress
stage-plays.
* * London. A riot takes place at Guild-
hall at the election of sheriffs.
STATE.
1675 Nov. * Charles receives 500,000
crowns from Louis XIV., in considera-
tion of which he prorogues Par bam ent
to prevent the adopting of a war policy
against France.
Dec. 29. A proclamation is issued re-
calling the licenses of coffee-bouses
because of the " treasonable discourses "
carried on in them against the Govern-
ment. [The proclamation is withdrawn,
owing to the indignation of the people.]
* * Lord Finch [Earl of Nottingham] is
appointed lord high chancellor.
1676 * * Sir Richard Rainsford is ap-
pointed chief justice.
1677 Oct.± * William, Prince of Or-
ange [William III.], pays a visit to
England.
Nov. 4. Mary, daughter of James, Duke
of York [James II.], and presumptive
heiress to the Crown, is married to
WiUiam, Prince of Orange [William
III.].
* * Charles makes a treaty with Holland
for the preservation of Flanders.
* * English troops are withdrawn from
the French service.
* * The Writ de tserehico comburendo (for
the burning of a heretic) is abolished.
* * Ire. James Butler, Duke of Ormonde,
is appointed lord lieutenant.
1678 May 17. A secret treaty is con-
cluded with France.
Aug. 10. Peace of Nimeguen (p. 693).
Sept. * Titus Oates discloses the ficti-
tious " Popish Plot."
This clerical adventurer discloses a
rising of Catholics, a massacre of Prot-
estants, the burning of London, the
assassination of the king, and a French
invasion of Ireland ; Don John of Aus-
tria and Pere La Chaise, the confessor
of Louis XIV., are the alleged authors.
Oct. 23. Five Catholic peers, the Earl
of Powis, Viscount Stafford, and Lords
Petre, Arundel, and Belasyse, accused
of complicity in the " Popish Plot,"
are arrested and sent to the Tower,
[two thousand persons are imprisoned,
and Catholics are ordered to quit Lon-
don.]
Oct. 31. H. C. On the evidence of
Oates, a resolution is passed declaring
the existence of the ** Popish Plot."
Nov. 30. Parliament: The Disabling
Act is passed, excluding Catholics from
Parliament.
Dec. 3. Coleman, secretary to the Duch-
ess of York, is executed on a charge of
complicity in the Popish Plot.
Dec* H. C. The disclosureof the king's
intrigues with France causes surprise
and excitement in the Commons. (See
1675.)
Dec. * The Earl of Danby is impeached
forcriminalcorrespondence with France.
[1679. Apr. 16. Committed to the Tower
till 1685.]
* * Sir William Scroggs is appointed
chief justice.
1679 Jan. 24. Parliament is dis-
solved ; it is the " Pension " Parliament,
which had been in existence since 1661.
Feb. * Election bribery is practised on
an extensive and systematic scale.
Mar. 4. James, Duke of York, departs
for France, because of the violent oppo-
sition to him as a Catholic.
Mar. 6. Parbament meets. [July 12.
Dissolved.]
Mar. 7. H. C. The king refuses to ap-
prove of the choice of Sir Edward Sey-
alleged Popish Plot. [Dec. 29. Be-
headed.]
* * London. The city receives a charter
from Charles II.
1681 Jan. 18. Parliament is dissolved.
Mar. 14. Charles makes a secret treaty
with Louis XIV.
Louis agrees to pay Charles 2,000,000
livres for one year, and 500,000 crowns
for two years ; Charles agrees to with-
draw from the alliance with Spain.
Mar. 21. Parliament meets. [Mar.
28. Dissolved.]
Mar. 28. The king dissolves Parliament,
a new bill for the exclusion of the
(Catholic) Duke of York from the
throne having been introduced, and
compromise refused by the Commons.
Apr. 1. Sir Francis Pemberton is ap-
pointed chief justice.
mour as Speaker. [William Gregory Apr 16 The province of New jersey
is made Speaker.]
Apr. 20. The king, on the advice of Sir
William Temple, forms the Council of
Thirty to direct public affairs.
It is provided that half the members
shall be high officers of State, that the
other half shall be popular leaders in
Parliament, and that the income of the
thirty shall not be less than £300,000.
May 26. The Habeas Corpus Act is
signed by the king.
It compels judges to issue, on applica-
tion, a writ ordering the jailer to pro-
duce the prisoner in court, and show
cause for his detention ; it requires that
accused persons shall be tried or bailed
at the first assizes after arrest, and dis-
charged if not tried at the second ; and
it prohibits recommitment for the same
offense after discharge.
May 27. Parliament is prorogued.
[Oct. 7. Meets and again prorogued,
without advice of the council. Oct. 17.
Meets. 1680. Oct. 21. Reassembles.]
July * The Duke of Monmouth, nat-
ural son of Charles, and James, Duke
of York, are rivals for succession to
the throne.
Oct. 20. The alleged Meal Tub Plot is
disclosed by Dangerfield.
It is a pretended conspiracy against
the life of the king, the particulars of
which are found in fabricated papers
concealed in a tub of meal. [Dangerfield
is imprisoned, and whipped several times.
1685. He dies under the lash.]
Oct. * The Earl of Shaftesbury is de-
prived of his office of President of the
Council.
Oct. * Sir William Temple and Lords c
Essex and Halifax resign from the H
Council ; they are succeeded by the
Earl of Godolphin and Lawrence Hyde,
Earl of Rochester.
Nov. * At the suggestion of Shaftesbury,
numerous popular petitions are sent
to the king, asking for the assembling
of Parliament.
The court or government supporters
issue declarations expressing abhorrence
at the conduct of the petitioners ; hence
there are two parties, — petitioners and
abnorrers [later called Whigs and
Tories].
1680 Nov. 15. H. C. The Exclusion
Bill is passed, to prevent the succession
of the Duke of York to the throne. [Un-
der the influence of Halifax the Lords
reject the bill.]
Dec. 7. Lord Stafford is condemned
on impeachment for complicity in the
[U. S. A.], a country almost as large as
England, is offered for sale for $25,000.
July 1. London. Oliver Plunket,
Catholic archbishop of Armagh, is ex-
ecuted at Tyburn on a charge of high
treason [later proved innocent].
July 2. London. The Earl of Shaftes-
bury is committed to the Tower on a
charge of high treason. [The grand jury
refuse to find a true bill against him,
and he is discharged ; he escapes to Hol-
land. 1683. Jan. 21. He dies.]
Aug. 31. Stephen College, the " Prot-
estant Joiner," convicted of attempting
to seize the person of the king, is ex-
ecuted.
Scot. Parliament declares rebgious
difference does not bar the right of
succession or impair authority.
Nov. * Scot. The Duke of York, high
commissioner in Scotland, secures the
passage of a test act against Presby-
terians.
It renounces the Covenant, asserts the
king's supremacy, indorses passive obe-
dience, and disclaims any attempt to
change civil or religious establishments ;
about 80 Episcopal clergymen resign.
Dec. * Scot. The Earl of Argyll is tried
and found guilty of treason for opposing
the Test Act; he escapes to Holland.
1682 Jan.± * The Duke of Monmouth
makes a tour of the northern counties,
to add to the number of his partisans.
[He is arrested at Stafford, and sent a
prisoner to London , where he is admitted
to bail in the sum of £10,000.]
William Penn sails with 100
colonists for America in the Welcome.
One-third die of small-pox on the voyage.
* * The Earl of Sunderland is restored
to the office of Secretary of State.
* * Sir Francis North [Lord Guilford]
is made lord keeper.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1675 * * A canal is cut from Exeter to
Topsham.
1Q1Q* * London. Sixty houses are
burned in Southwark.
1680 * * Tea, coffee, and chocolate are
increasing in use.
1681 * * London. The streets are first
lighted with oil-lamps.
* * London. The penny post is set up by
Robert Murray, an upholsterer. (?)
* * Edinburgh. The Merchants' Com-
pany is incorporated.
896 1682,* *-1688, Nov. 28. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1685-88 James II. forms the Dragoon
Guards, Royal Irish, and the Scots
Greys.
1685 May 2. Neth. The Earl of Ar-
gyll's expedition sails from Holland
in three ships. [June 30. After many
disasters, Argyll is taken, tried, and
beheaded.]
June 11. The Duke of Monmouth
lands at Lyme, Dorsetshire. (See State.)
June 29. Grenadiers are introduced in
the service. (See 1660.)
* *The Fifth Northumberland Fusi-
leers are raised.
* * The Fourth King's Own Regiment
is raised.
July 6. The Duke of Monmouth is de-
feated by the king's forces under the
Earl of Feversham at the battle of
Sedgemoor, Somersetshire ; he is taken
prisoner. [July 15. Executed.]
1688 Oct. 19. Neth. William of
Orange sails from Holland to invade
England.
He is accompanied by a fleet of 50 war-
ships, 25 frigates, and 400 transports,
under the command of Adm. Herbert,
and an army of 10,000 infantry and 4,000
cavalry under Marshal Schomberg. [He
is driven back by a storm.]
* * The Earl of Feversham commands the
royal army, and Adm. Dartmouth com-
mands the navy.
Nov. 1. Neth. "William starts the
second time to invade England. [Nov.
5. He lands at Torbay, on the west
coast.]
ART — SCIENCE —NATURE.
1682 * * Edmund Halley foretells the
return of a comet.
1682-86 Ire. The long bridge of 21
arches is built at Belfast ; length, 2,562
feet.
1683 May 1. A patent is given to
Robert Fitzgerald for making salt
water fresh.
Dec. 1-84 Feb. 5. Continuous frost
prevails ; oxen are roasted and bulls are
baited on the ice-covered Thames.
The forest-trees, and even the oaks in
England, are split by the frost ; most of
the hollies are killed. The Thames is
covered with ice 11 inches thick, and
nearly all the birds perish.
* * London. Sadler's "Wells are opened
as an orchestra for the visitors who use
the waters medicinally.
* * Charles II. begins a palace at Win-
chester, with Christopher Wren as
architect.
* * Edmund Halley's theory of magnetic
variations is published.
* * The theory of the tides, first satisfac-
torily explained by Kepler in 1598, is
more completely explained by Sir Isaac
Newton.
1684 * * A professorship of music is
founded at Cambridge.
* * The first idea of the modern telegraph
is suggested by Dr. Robert Hooke.
* * London. William Davenport intro-
duces a species of operas into England.
[1692. The first regularly performed
opera is produced at York buildings.]
* * London. Samuel Pepys, author of
Diary, becomes president of the Royal
Society. [1686, John, Earl of Carberry ;
1689, Thomas, Earl of Pembroke ; 1690,
Sir Robert Southwell.]
1685 * * The manufacture of velvet,
long confined to Italy and later to
France, is introduced into England.
* * Iron pens are mentioned by Chamber-
layne.
1685-88 James II. systematizes sea-
signals.
1686 Apr. 28. London. Newton pre-
sents to the Royal Society the manu-
script of his Principia. [1687. Pub-
lished.]
* * An inundation occurs in Yorkshire^
a rock opens and spouts water to the
height of a church steeple.
1687 May 5. The Government issues
a proclamation to establish a manufac-
tory for making white paper.
* * London. A statue of James II. is
erected at Whitehall.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1682 * * Browne, Sir Thomas, phys., A77.
Cotes, Roger, mathematician, astronomer, b.
Finch, Heneage, Earl of Nottingham, A61.
Purcell, Thomas, musical composer, born.
1*383 Nov. 10. George II., King, born.
Fenton, Elijah, poet, born.
Lambert, John, parliamentary gen., A63.
Leighton, Robert, archb. of Glasgow, au., A73.
Middleton, Conyers, clergyman, author, b.
Oldham, John, satirical poet, A30.
Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Ashley
Cooper, statesman, A62.
Sidney, Algernon, statesman, A61.
Walton, Izaak. author, A90.
1684 * * Bathurst, Earl, Allen, statesman, b.
Lardner, Nathaniel, clergyman, author, b.
Miller, Joseph, comic actor, born.
Roscommon, Earl of, Dillon Wentworth,
poet, A51.
Vernon, Edward, admiral, born.
Young, Edward, poet, born.
1685* * Berkeley. Georg-e, bishop of
Cloyne, metaphysician, Ireland, born.
Budgell, Eustace, essayist, born.
Castell, Edmund, lexiocographer, A 79.
Erskine, Ralph, el., author, poet., Scot., b.
Forbes, Duncan, statesman, Scotland, born.
Gay, John, poet, born.
Kent, William, painter, architect, born.
Monmouth. Duke of, James Scott, nat-
ural son of Charles II., A36.
North, Francis, Baron Guilford, jurist, A48.
Otway, Thomas, poet, dramatist, A34.
Taylor, Brook, mathematician, born.
Vertue, George, engraver, born.
1686 * * Annesley, Arthur. Earl of Anglesey,
statesman, A72.
Baxter, Andrew, metaphysician, Scotland, b.
Clayton, John, botanist, born.
Dugdale, Sir William, antiquary, A81.
Law, William, mystic, clergyman, author, b.
Pearson, John, bishop of Chester, au., A73.
Ramsay, Allan, poet, Scotland, born.
Ramsay, Andrew Michael, wr., Scotland, b.
Tickell, Thomas, poet, essayist, born.
1687 * * Cotton, Charlts, humorist, poet, A57.
Dalgarno, George, of Aberdeen, philol., A60.
More, Henry, poet, theologian, phil., A73.
Petty, Sir William, pol. economist, A64.
Stukeley, William, antiquary, born.
Waller, Edmund, poet, A 82.
Wyndam, Sir William, statesman, born.
CHURCH.
1684 Apr. 19. Scot. The Synod of
Edinburgh changes the year of the
confirmation for children from eight to
16 years.
1685 Apr. 19. About 1,200 Catholics
and Quakers are released from prison
by order of the king.
* *The Christian Community is
founded.
Its members visit and preach the gos-
pel in workhouses, asylums, rooms, and
in the open air ; they also distribute
tracts. [1772. Reorganized by John
Wesley.]
* * London. A settlement of French
Protestants is made.
1686 * * King James favors the Catho-
lics. [Mar. 5. He forbids the bishops
preaching on controversial topics.]
* * The king is empowered to dispense
with the Test Act. He proceeds to at-
tempt to revive the Roman Catholic
religion.
* * Roman Catholic worship is allowed.
Protestants are forbidden by order of
the king to preach doctrinal sermons.
* * Seven commissioners are appointed
for the government of the church,
with Lord Jeffreys at the head.
July* London. Henry Compton,
Bishop of London, having refused to
remove the rector of St. Giles for
preaching doctrinal sermons, is tried
and suspended by the New Court of
Ecclesiastical Commission.
* * Monastic institutions are revived.
Jesuits' schools also are opened. Cath-
olic priests installed in their worship.
Dec. 29.- A Roman Catholic bishop is
consecrated, and John Massey (R. C.) in-
stalled as dean of Christ's Church.
1687 Jan. 1. The clergy are punished
for defying the laws of the church.
Rev. Samuel Johnson is publicly
whipped after standing three times in
the pillory for an alleged libelous pub-
lication.
Feb. * James II. issues a declaration of
liberty of conscience.
Apr. * The king favors Non-conformists.
He grants a declaration of indulgence,
suspending penal laws against them.
[Baxter, Hume, and Bunyan refuse to
receive it, it being illegal.]
July 3. The king receives the papal
nuncio with magnificent pomp ; 36
coaches, each with six horses, proceed
to the Castle of Windsor.
* * Many anti-Catholic charity schools
are established for the preservation of
the Protestant religion among the poor.
* * Cambridge University sides against
the king.
He recommends the bestowal of the
degree of M. A. upon Alban Francis, a
Benedictine monk, and it refuses ; he
commands that the presidency of Mag-
dalen College be given to Farmer, a Ro-
man Catholic, and it refuses to obey.
1688 Apr. * The king issues a second
declaration of liberty of conscience.
[May. 4. He commands it to be read
in all the churches of London on May
20. Few of the clergy obey, and the
people rush for the door when the read-
ing begins.]
May 18. A great meeting of prelates
and divines at Lambeth issues a tem-
perate protest against the illegal read-
ing of the declaration.
June 8. London. Seven bishops are
sent to the Tower.
William Sancroft, Archbishop of Can-
terbury, and Bishops Ken, Lake; Lloyd,
Turner, Trelawney, and White are
brought by summons before the king on
the charge of seditious libel, for refus-
ing to read the king's declaration for
liberty of conscience, by which the Ro-
man Catholics would acquire civil and
ecclesiastical rights. [June 29, 30. They
are tried and acquitted.]
LETTERS.
1682 * * Venice Preserved, by Thomas
Otway, appears.
1685 * * Ire. The Dublin News Letter is
issued.
1686 Jan. * -93 * * London. Bibliothe-
que Universelle et Historique, begun by
Jean Le Clerc, is issued.
1687 * * London. Charity schools are
first established.
* * The Hind and the Panther, by John
Dryden, appears.
AND, IRELAND. 1682, ** -1688, Nov. 28. 897
* * City Mouse and Country Mouse, by
Matthew Prior, appears.
1688 Nov. 12. Scot. The first auc-
tion sale of books in Scotland is con-
ducted by Andrew Anderson.
SOCIETY.
1683 May 8. The Duke of York is
awarded £100,000 damages in the
trial of ex-sheriff Pi lkington for saying
" he had tired the city, and he was now
come to cut our throats."
1684 * * Titus Oates is fined £100,000
for libel against the Duke of York.
[1685 May 7. Titus Oates is tried for
perjury. Later, he is sentenced to be
pilloried five times a year, and impris-
oned for life, after being whipped with
1700 lashes in two days. 1689. He is par-
doned, and gets a pension of £300.]
1685 * * Richard Baxter is charged
with sedition by Jeffreys, and is sen-
tenced to pay 500 marks, and kept in
prison 18 months for non-payment.
Autumn. A reign of terror prevails in
western England, caused by Jeffreys'
barbarous prosecutions and persecu-
tions of those who engaged in or favored
the rebellion of Monmouth.
Jeff reyshangs 350 rebels in the " Bloody
Circuit," passing through Dorset and
Somersetshire. He sells more than 800
into slavery beyond the sea ; more are
whipped and imprisoned ; men, women,
and children are beheaded ; pardons are
sold by the queen, maids of honor, and
even the judge himself. Sept. 2. Lady
Alice Lisle is beheaded for harboring a
rebel. Elizabeth Gaunt is burned at Ty-
burn for sheltering a rebel who after-
ward betrayed her.
* * The wages of agricultural laborers,
per week, in Warwickshire, are : 3 shil-
lings and 4 shillings ; Devonshire, 5 shil-
lings ; Suffolk, 5 shillings and 6 shillings ;
wool-weavers, about 3 shillings and 4
shillings.
1686 Mar. 10. James II. grants a
general pardon, excepting among
others the girls of Taunton who gave a
Bible and sword to Monmouth.
* * Sunderland, the prime adviser of the
king, receives a pension of £25,000
from the King of France to espouse
his interests and prevent the reassem-
bling of Parliament.
* * Scot. The title, Earl of Dunmore, is
created ; also Viscount of Strathallan.
[1690, Baron Polwarth.]
1687 * * The last of the Heralds' Visi-
tations takes place.
They were occasionally held in former
times, and the landed gentry were re-
quired to attend to prove their pedi-
grees, which were then entered in a
book.
STATE.
1683 * * A secret political confederacy
is formed by the Duke of Monmouth, the
Earl of Essex, Lord William Russell,
Lord Grey, Lord Howard, Algernon Sid-
ney, and John Hampden.
It proposes to incite simultaneous ris-
ings in several parts of England and
Scotland, aiming to compel the king to
assent to their demands for a change in
the policy and proceedings of Govern-
ment.
June 12. The Rye House Plot is dis-
closed by Josiah Keeling, one of the
conspirators.
It was devised by Col. Rumsey, Lieut.-
Col. Walcot, and others to assassinate
the king and his brother James at Rye
House farm on their return from the
Newmarket races.
The Court of King's Bench decides that
" the franchise and liberty of the city of
London should be taken and seized into
the king's hands." This is done at the
instigation of the court party, who de-
sire to have the sheriffs who select the
juries nominated by the crown instead
of chosen by the representatives of the
city. [Other city corporations are co-
erced into surrendering their charters.]
June 18. London is humbled.
The mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen
kneel before the king and beg clemency
for the city ; they are required to con-
sent to accept the king's nominations
for mayor and sheriffs in certain cases ;
their forfeited charter is ransomed.
July 21. Lord Russell is executed af-
ter conviction as a conspirator against
the king. [Dec. 7. Algernon Sidney
also.]
July 28. Anne, daughter of James,
Duke of York, is married to George,
Prince of Denmark.
* * Sir Edmund Saunders is appointed
chief justice. [Later, Sir George Jef-
freys.]
± * * London. The Court of King's Bench
adjudges the penny post to belong to
the Duke of York, as a branch of the
general post ; it is annexed to the rev-
enue of the crown.
1684 * * Ministers : Sidney, Lord Godol-
phin, the Earl of Rochester, the Earl of
Nottingham, the Earl of Sunderland,
Sir Thomas Chicheley, Lord Dartmouth,
the Earl of Clarendon, and the Earls of
Bath and Radnor.
Feb. 12. The Earl of Danby is lib-
erated after five years' imprisonment.
[The Earl of Powis and Lords Arundel
and Belasyse also are liberated.]
* * The name Trimmer is applied to
Charles Montagu, Earl of Halifax, and
others who hold opinions half-way be-
tween those of the Whigs and Tories.
* * King Charles is made first lord of the
admiralty. [1685. May 17. James 11.*]
1685 Feb. 6. Charles II. dies, after
having on his death-bed accepted the
Catholic faith.
1685-89 James H. reigns. He is a
brother of Charles II. [Apr. 23.
Crowned.]
Feb. * Ministers : The Earl of Roches-
ter, the Marquis of Halifax, Sir George
Jeffreys, rhe Earl of Clarendon, Sir John
Ernley, and Viscount Preston.
May 19. Parliament meets ; its mem-
bers are almost all subservient to the
wishes of the king. [1687. July 2. Dis-
solve*.]
June ll. The Duke of Monmouth,
natural son of Charles II., lands in Dor-
setshire with about 150 followers, to
claim the throne. [June 20. He pro-
claims himself king as James II. Cap-
tured. July 15. Beheaded on Tower
Hill.]
July± * Col. Kirke's soldiers are quar-
tered on the people in the western coun-
ties, and commit many outrages, includ-
ing murders. They are called ' ' Kirke's
lambs."
Sept. 28. Lord Jeffreys is appointed
lord high chancellor.
Oct. 16. Sir Edward Herbert is ap-
pointed chief justice.
Oct. 22. The revocation of the Edict of
Nantes [drives many French refugees
to England]. (P. 693.)
Nov. 9. Parliament meets ; it refuses
to grant supplies for the army while the
Test Act is ignored by the king. [Com-
mons, vote, 183-182.]
Nov. 20. Parliament is prorogued.
* * Sugar is first taxed.
* * Ire. Henry Hyde, Earl of Claren-
don, is appointed lord lieutenant. [1687.
Removed ; succeeded by Richard Talbot,
Earl of Tyrconnel.J
1686 Jan. * King James sends Lord
Castlemaine as royal ambassador to
Rome.
July * Father Petre, a Jesuit, and the
Catholic Lords Powis, Arundel, Belasyse,
and Dover are admitted to the Privy
Council in violation of the Test Act ;
even moderate Catholics are alarmed.
* * The power assumed by James of dis-
pensing with the Test Act is approved
by the Court of King's Bench.
1687 Jan. * Rochester is dismissed
from office for refusing to renounce the
Protestant faith.
Lord Belasyse, a Catholic, is appointed
lord treasurer ; the Earl of Sunderland
is made president of the council, and
Viscount Preston secretary of state.
Feb. 12. A declaration of indulgence
granting liberty of conscience to all
denominations in Scotland is made by
the king. [Apr.* Another forEngland.]
* * King James reestablishes the Court
of High Commission.
* * Sir Robert Wright is appointed chief
justice.
* * Many justices and lord lieutenants are
dismissed for refusing to control the
elections in favor of the king's course.
1688 June 30. An invitation is secretly
sent to William, Prince of Orange,
the son-in-law of James II., to intervene
with arms for the restoration of English
liberty and the protection of the Protes-
tant religion.
It is signed by the Earls of Devonshire,
Shrewsbury, and Danby, by Compton,
Bishop of London, Henry Sidney, Lord
Lumley, and Adm. Russell.
Sept. 30. Neth. William jpues a dec-
laration to the people of England ac-
cepting the invitation. [Oct. 19. He
embarks at Helvoetsluys for England.
His vessels are driven back by a storm.
Nov. 1. He again embarks. Nov. 5. He
lands at Torbay.]
Oct. * James relents, and restores to
London and other corporations their
charters.
Nov. 22. The Duke of Grafton and Lord
Churchill join William.
Nov. 26. London. The Princess Anne,
daughter of James, flees, and deserts
the cause of her father.
Nov. 28. James issues writs for a new
Parliament, and sends three commis-
sioners, Halifax, Nottingham, and Go-
dolphin, to treat with William.
* James appoints Roman Catholics to
office in disregard of the Test Act.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1684 * * The king prohibits the culti-
vation of tobacco.
* * Ire. Dublin Castle is burned.
1684-85 London. The city is partly
lit at night by Edward Heming's patent.
898 1688,ffov.*-1692,Jan.l6. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1688 Nov. * The treachery in the army
towards the king hecomes infectious.
[Nov. 25. The army retreats from near
Salisbury without a battle.]
1689 Mar. 12. Ire. James H. lands
a force from France at Kinsale.
Apr. 20-July 30. Ire. The army of
James, under Richard Hamilton and
others, besieges Londonderry, which
is persistently defended by the Rev.
George Walker. The city is relieved by
Gen. Kirke ; Gen. Rosen retires with
James's army after losing 9,000 men.
May 7-Sept. 20. War with France.
July 27. Scot. Revolting Highland-
ers under Viscount Dundee rout Wil-
liam's force under Gen. Mackay at Kil-
liecrankie, Perthshire ; Dundee falls,
and his force vanishes.
* * Ire. Enniskillen, Fermanagh, re-
sists the army of James II.
* * Scot. The Twenty-sixth Cameronian
Regiment is raised.
July 30. Ire. Battle of Newtown
Butler, Fermanagh.
Gen. M'Carthy, with 6,000 of King
James's troops (Irish Catholics), is de-
feated by 15,000 Enniskilleners (Irish
Protestants) under Gustavus Hamilton ;
3,000 are killed and the others captured,
with a loss of only 20 men to the victors.
1690 June 14. Ire. "William HI.
lands at Carrickfergus.
* * Ire. King Louis XTV. reinforces
James in Ireland (p. 694).
June 30. Naval battle off Beachy
Head, Sussex (p. 694).
July 1. Ire. Battle of the Boyne.
William III., with 36,000 men, defeats
James II. with 30,000. James's loss
15,000 killed ; William's loss, 500 killed.
[James retreats to Dublin, and sails for
France.]
July 23. The French devastate Teign-
mouth, Devonshire.
Aug. 9. Ire. The first siege of Limer-
ick by William commences. [Aug. 27, 28.
William assaults the city, but is re-
pulsed by Patrick Sarsfield, the leader
of the Catiljiics. Aug. 29. Siege raised.]
Sept. 18. The Duke of Marlborough
embarks for Ireland with an army of
English, Dutch, Danish, and French.
Sept. 24. Ire. Marlborough takes
Cork after a siege of two days ; the
Duke of Grafton, a son of Charles II.,
is killed. [Kinsale is taken.]
1691 July 12. Ire. Battle of Agh-
rim.
The English under Ginkell defeat the
Irish under St. Ruth and Patrick Sars-
field ; St. Ruth is killed.
July * Ire. Galway capitulates to the
English.
Aug. 15. Ire. The second siege of
Limerick by the English begins. [Oct.
3. Surrenders under treaty.]
Sept. 1. The Coronation, with 90 guns,
founders off the Ramhead ; the crew is
saved.
The Harwich, with 70 guns, is wrecked
on Mount Edgcumbe ; the crew-perishes.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1688 * * A catalogue of the stars is
made by John Flamsteed, astronomer
royal.
* * London. The weaving of silk is
much improved by French refugees at
Spitalfields.
* * The manufacture of cloth is greatly
improved by Flemish settlers.
1690 Oct. 17. Dublin. A severe earth-
quake occurs.
* * The French refugees teach the Eng-
lish improved methods in paper-mak-
ing. Only coarse white paper had pre-
viously been made in England.
1691 * * Halley's method of measuring
the sun's distance by the transit of
Venus appears.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1688 June lO. Stuart, James Francis
Edward, Chevalier de St. George, son of
James II., the " Old Pretender," born.
Astbnry, John, of Shelton, potter, born.
Buckingham, I)uke of, George VUliers, poli-
tician, Alii.
Bunyan, John, preacher, author, A59.
Cheselden, William, anatomist, born.
Cudworth, Ralph, religious writer, A71.
Pope, Alexander, poet, born.
1689 * * Behn, Aphra, novelist, dram., A47.
Cooper, Samuel, miniature painter, born.
Dundee, Viscount, John Graham of Claver-
house, soldier, A46.
Etherege, Sir George, dramatist, A53.
Jeffreys, George, jurist, statesman, A41.
Radcliffe, James, Earl of Derwentwater,
statesman, born.
Richardson, Samuel, printer, novelist, b.
Sydenham, Thomas, physician, A65.
1690* * Barclay, Robert, Quaker, author,
Scotland, A 42.
Carteret, John, Earl Granville, states., b.
Clinton, Charles, general, born.
Eliot, John, "Apostle of the Indians," A86.
Ged, William, inventor of stereotype, born.
Gwyn, Eleanor, mistress of Charles II.,
A40.
Hardwicke, Earl of, Philip York, jurist, b.
Hooke, Nathaniel, historian, born.
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, writer, born.
1691 * * Baxter, Richard, non-conformist,
clergyman, author, A76.
Cave, Edward, printer, founder of The
Gentleman's Magazine, born.
Challoner, Richard, bp. of London, au., b.
Dartmouth, George Legge, lord-adm., A43.
Dodington, George Bulb, Baron Melcombe,
statesman, born.
Faithorne, William, painter, engraver, A75.
Fox, George, founder (Friends), A66.
Leland, John, cl„ controversialist, born.
Lower, Richard, anatomist, A 60.
Mackenzie, Sir George, lawyer, statesman,
writer, Scotland, A45
Onslow, Arthur, statesman, born.
Pocock, Edward, scholar, historian, A87.
CHURCH.
1688 Dec. 11. London. Anti-Catholic
mobs burn Roman Catholic chapels, and
insult ambassadors from Roman Catholic
states.
* * The Convocation of Clergy " refuses
to be lowered to the grade of dissenting
bodies, and be numbered as one of sev-
eral holding the Protestant religion."
1689 Mar. 1. Oaths of allegiance and
supremacy are taken by the clergy.
Archbishop Sancroft and the five bish-
ops (Bath and Wells, Ely, Gloucester,
Norwich, and Peterborough; are sus-
pended for refusing to take the oaths to
the new sovereigns, William and Mary.
Mar. 14. Scot. A committee votes to
reestablish Presbyterianism.
* * The Toleration Act is passed.
The state formally renounces the claim
to impose religions conformity, and per-
mits non-Episcopal worship.
Apr. 11. Scot. Episcopacy is again
abolished, and bishops expelled on the
succession of William and Mary. [Sept.
19. Episcopacy is formally abolished.]
May 7-July 20. Dublin. James II. con-
venes the Irish Parliament, which at-
taints 3,000 Protestants.
July* Roman Catholics are excluded
from the throne.
* * London. Baptists put forth a Confes-
sion of Faith.
* * The Compensation BiU for Dissen-
ters is introduced.
1690* *Scot. "An Act of Settle-
ment" is passed.
It abolishes prelacy in Scotland, and
recognizes the Westminster Confession
as the creed of the church.
* * Ire. Regium Donum, or Royal Gift,
is revived. (See 1672.)
* * The bishops who refuse the oaths are
deprived of their bishoprics.
1691 Feb. 1. The non-juring bishops
and others are deprived of their benefices.
They proceed to form a separate com-
munion.
Apr. * John TiUotson is made arch-
bishop of Canterbury [1694, Thomas
Tenison], and John Sharp archbishop
of York.
July 18. Robert Boyle, the philoso-
pher, institutes by his will and a legacy
the Boyle Lectures in vindication of
Christianity. [The Christian Faith So-
ciety is formed.]
* * It. Innocent XII. is elected pope.
[1700, Clement XI.]
* * Roman Catholics are excluded from
Parliament.
* * Ire. William and Mary depose two
bishops for not taking oaths to their
sovereigns.
* * Many of the General Baptist churches
adopt Unitarian views.
LETTERS.
1688 * * John Dryden, poet laureate,
is deposed at the Revolution, and is
succeeded by Thomas ShadweU.
* * London. Universal Intelligence, The
English Courant, The London Courant,
The London Mercury, The Orange Ga-
zette, The London Intelligence, The Har-
lem Courant, and other papers, are
issued.
1689 * * Dublin. Trinity College is made
a barrack for soldiers.
* * Concerning Toleration, by John
Locke, appears. [1690, Essay Concern-
ing the Human Understanding and Two
Treatises on Government; 1693, Some
Thoughts Concerning Education.]
* * Table Talk, by John Selden, appears.
1689-95 London. The Athenian Ga-
zette or Caustical Mercury, resolving all
the most Wise and Curious Questions,
is issued.
1690 * * The Worcester Postman is is-
sued [now known as Barrow's Worces-
ter Journal].
* * Ire. The Dublin Intelligencer is is-
sued.
* * Journal, by George Fo», appears.
1691 * * History of Learning is issued.
Aug. * -93 Dec. * Works of the Learned
is issued.
1691-94 The Gentleman's Journal is
issued.
1691-1709 'Memoirs, by Sir William
Temple, appears. [1695, Introduction to
the History of England.]
AND IRELAND. 1688, Nov.*-1692, Jan. 16. 899
SOCIETY.
1688 Dec. 11. London. The royal
army being suddenly disbanded, re-
straints of discipline "are gone. Anti-
Catholic riots occur; chapels are
burned, and houses of ambassadors from
Roman Catholic countries are attacked
by mobs.
Dec. 12. London. The " Irish Night."
A false report that Faversham's Irish
troops are marching on the city causes
consternation ; the citizens arm, bells
are rung, and candles are set at all win-
dows.
1689 * * Samuel "Wesley marries Su-
sannah Annesley (parents of John Wes-
ley.)
1690 * * Titles created, Earl of Scarbor-
ough. [1694, Duke of Bedford, Duke
of Leeds, and Duke of Devonshire ;
1696, Duke of Albemarle ; 1697, Earl of
Jersey, and Earl of Coventry ; 1698,
Baron Barnard.]
1691 Aug. 19. Ire. The [famous] rob-
ber, MacCabe, is hanged at Naas.
* * Societies for the reformation of man-
ners, aiming at the suppression of vice,
are organized.
STATE.
1688 Dec. 11. London. King James
tears up the unissued writs for Parlia-
ment, and flees, throwing the great seal
into the Thames. [He escapes to France].
Dec. 12-89 Feb. 13. Interregnum.
England is without a government.
Dec. 12. H. L. The Peers establish
provisional government under the
presidency of Lord Halifax.
Dec. 13. Lord Chancellor Jeffreys is
taken in disguise, rescued from the mob,
and committed to the Tower [where he'
dies in a few months].
Dec. 14. James is arrested by fisher-
men, rudely taken ashore at Sheerness
from his vessel, and brought back to
London.
Dec. 19. London. "William enters and
holds court at St. James.
Dec. 22. James again escapes ; he sails
for France [and becomes a pensioner of
Louis XIV.].
1689 Jan. 22. London. The Conven-
tion Parliament, summoned by the ad-
vice of the Peers, meets. [1690. Feb. 6.
Dissolved.]
Jan. 28. The House of Commons de-
clares the throne vacant.
Jan. 30. H. L. A motion favoring a
regency is lost. Vote, 49-51. A motion
denying "divine right" is carried.
Vote, 53-46. A motion declaring the
throne vacant is lost. Vote, 41-55.
[The question becomes an issue be-
tween the two houses ; the decision of
William to decline a regency, and of
Mary to accept only a joint rule, brings
unity.]
Feb. 13. Both houses offer the crown
to William and Mary jointly, and ac-
company the offer with a declaration of
the rights of subjects.
The declaration condemns as illegal the
making or suspending laws, the levying of
money for the crown, or the maintaining of
a standing army, without the consent of Par-
liament, the erecting of a Court of Commis-
sion for ecclesiastical causes, or the granting
■of estates forfeited before the conviction of
the offender; it claims the right of petition-
ing the sovereign, of bearing arms, of free-
dom of election, and of freedom of debate in
Parliament; it demands that Parliament
shall be frequently held, that excessive bail
shall not be exacted, and that juries shall be
impanelled and returned in every trial; and
it prescribes a new oath of " allegiance and
supremacy," in which it is declared that " no
foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or po-
tentate, hath or ought to have, any jurisdic-
tion, power, superiority, preeminence, or
authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within
this realm."
The Revolution is completed.
William, Prince of Orange, and his
wife Mary, daughter of James II., ac-
cept the crown ; they are proclaimed
King and Queen of Great Britain, Ire-
land, and France.
1689-94 Mary reigns.
1689-1702 William III. reigns.
Feb. * Ministers :
Viscount Mordaunt ; Thomas Osborne, Earl
of Danby [created Marquis of Carmarthen,
afterwards Duke of Leeds] ; George, Marquis
of Halifax; Arthur Herbert [Lord Torring-
ton]; the Earls of Shrewsbury, Nottingham,
Sunderland, Dorset, and Middlesex; Wil-
liam, Earl [Duke] of Devonshire, Lord
Godolphin, Lord Montague, and Lord De la
Mere.
Feb. 18. The Convention Parliament
becomes a regular Parliament by the
passage of a Transforming Act.
Feb. * Members of Parliament take the
oaths of allegiance and supremacy.
The archbishop of Canterbury, seven
spiritual peers, several lay peers, and a
few members of the Commons absent
themselves.
Feb. * William proposes the abolition of
the hearth tax.
Mar. 8. Arthur Herbert is made first
lord of the admiralty. [1690, Jan. 20,
Thomas, Earl of Pembroke and Mont-
gomery; 1692, Mar. 10, Charles, Lord
Cornwallis ; 1693, Apr. 15, Anthony, Vis-
count Falkland ; 1694, May 2, Edward
Russell [Earl of Orford] ; 1699, June 2,
John, Earl of Bridgewater.]
Mar. 12. Ire. James H. lands with an
armed force. (See Army.)
[He is joined by Talbot, Earl of Tyr-
connel, his former deputy, and is wel-
comed by the Catholics. Mar. 24. He
enters Dublin.]
Mar. * Edinburgh. A Convention of the
Estates passes an act settling the crown
of Scotland on William and Mary.
Mar. * The Habeas Corpus Act is sus-
pended for the first time.
Mar. * Parliament: The attainder of
Lord Russell and Algernon Sidney is
reversed.
Mar. * Parliament : The first Mutiny
Act is passed.
It is occasioned by a mutiny among the
troops at Ipswich. [A mutiny act is
passed annually to make legal the exist-
ence of a standing army.]
Apr. 11. William and Mary are
crowned ; Compton, bishop of London,
officiates.
Apr. 17. Sir John Holt is appointed
chief justice.
May 7. Dublin. James II. opens the
Irish Parliament. [July 20. Closed.]
[It repeals the Act of Settlement, gives re-
ligious freedom, asserts Ireland's legislative
independence, and provides that the Catholic
clergy shall be entitled to all tithes paid by
Catholics.]
May 24. Parliament: The Toleration
Act is passed.
It exempts Protestant dissenters from
penalties for non-attendance at the
services of the Established Church.
May * Parliament orders the release from
prison of Titus Oates, and grants him
a pension of £300 a year.
July* Scot. Graham of Claverhouse
raises the standard of James II.
Oct. * Parliament : The Bill of Rights
is passed.
Its title is "An Act declaring the
Rights and Liberties of the Subject, and
settling the Succession of the Crown " in
a Protestant line.
* * The great seal is in commission.
* * The public debt is £664,263.
* * London. The charter is restored.
* * Ire. James orders the issue of a coin-
age of brass money.
* * Hearth, or chimney tax, and poll-tax
are abolished.
1690 Mar. 20. Parliament meets.
[1695. Oct. 11. Dissolved.]
The majority is Tory, and the ad-
ministration consists of Sidney, Lord
Godolphin ; Thomas, Earl of Danby ;
Richard Hampden ; Thomas, Earl of
Pembroke ; Henry, Viscount Sydney ;
Daniel, Earl of Nottingham.
May 20. Parliament: The Act of
Grace is passed.
It gives indemnity to all partizans of
James II., except persons guilty of
treasonable correspondence with him.
May 23. Parliament is prorogued.
July 4. London receives with great re-
joicing the news of William's victory at
the battle of the Boyne.
Dec. 29. Ire. Sir Charles Porter is
appointed lord chancellor.
* * Sir John Trevor, Sir William Rawlin-
son, and Sir George Hutchins are ap-
pointed keepers.
* * Ire. Henry Sidney, Lord Sidney, is
appointed lord lieutenant.
1691 Jan. 5. Parliament is prorogued.
Jan. 18. William goes to Holland, and
is present at the Congress of The Hague
for the promotion of thealliance against
France. [Apr. 13. He returns. May 1.
He again leaves for Holland.]
Aug. * Scot. The Government proclaims
indemnity to all rebellious Highland
chiefs who take the oath of allegiance
before the last day of the year.
Oct. 3. Ire. The Treaty of Limerick
is signed.
It is agreed that the Irish surrender ; that
all Irish officers and soldiers desiring it shall
be permitted to enter the service of France,
and shall have free transportation thereto ;
that all attainders shall be annulled, and ali
outlawries reversed; that Catholics shall have
the same freedom in the exercise of their
religion as they enjoyed in the reign of
Charles II. ; that only the oath of allegiance
shall be required ; and that there shall be a
general amnesty. [The treaty is violated by
the Irish Parliament, consisting wholly of
Protestants, which passes severe penal laws
against Catholics.]
Dec. 31. Lord Preston and two asso-
ciates are arrested while conveying trea-
sonable correspondence to James II.
[Lord Preston and Ashton are tried, and
the latter is executed.]
1692 Jan. 10. The Earl of Marlbor-
ough, having been detected in treason-
able correspondence with James II., is
dismissed from his military command.
[May 5. Arrested, charged with con-
spiracy to restore James. (Innocent.)
May 23. Dismissed from office as privy
councilor.]
Jan. 16. King William signs the order
for the extirpation of the Macdonalds
of Glencoe. (See Society.)
MISCELLANEOUS.
1691 * * Goldfish are brought to Eng-
land from China.
900 1692, Feb. 13-1700,** GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1692 May 19. Naval battle off La
Hogue (p. 694).
Aug. 3. Belg. William is defeated at
Steenkerke (p. 694).
* * The match-lock and wheel-lock are
superseded by the flint-lock.
1693 Apr. 17. Parliament orders that
officers, seamen, and marines shall re-
ceive, as rewards, one-eighth the pro-
ceeds of prizes.
June 29±. Port. The English de-
feated off Cape St. Vincent (p. 694).
July 29. Belg. William defeated at
Landen ; 20,000 allies are killed (p. 694).
Sept. 24. The ring bayonet is adopted.
1695 July 1. Belg. King "William
III., with an army of English, Dutch,
and Germans, lays siege to Namur.
[Aug. 26. Taken.]
Aug. 19. Belg. The French, with
80,000 men under the Duke of Villeroy
and Marshal Boufilers, attempt to re-
lieve Namur, but are defeated with
great loss.
1696 Jan. 29. The Royal Sovereign,
with 100 guns, is wrecked and burneain
the- Medway.
IC97 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace of
Ryswick ends the war with France.
1699 * * William III. sends 30 ships
under Sir George Rooke to aid Charles
XII. of Sweden against Denmark.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1694 * * Te Deum and Jubilate, written
for St. Cecilia's Day by Henry Purcell,
appears.
1695 Nov. 15. Ire. A shower of
greasy matter falls ; it becomes offen-
sively odorous when drying.
* * London. Lincoln's Inn Theater is
opened.
* * The spiral pendulum spring is in-
vented by Robert Hooke.
* * London. John Lofting, from Holland,
establishes the manufacture of thim-
bles at Islington.
* * The cylinder and escapement for
watches is invented by Thomas Tom-
pion.
1696 Apr. 2. Ire. Dew resembling
butter in its consistency and color is
formed in many places. [It falls fre-
quently in low places, and sometimes
remains a fortnight.]
* * A storm occurs on the east coast of
England ; 200 colliers and coasters are
lost, with most of their crews.
1697* * Scot. The problem of the caten-
ary, with the analysis, is solved by Dr.
David Gregory.
1698 * * Capt. Thomas Savery invents a
heat-engine. He also suggests the use
of steam as a motive power (?).
* * Ire. The manufacture of cloth is out-
rageously restrained by law.
1700 * * George Graham invents the dead-
beat and horizontal escapements for
watches.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1692 * * Anderson, Adam, econo., Scot., b.
Butler, Joseph, theologian, philosopher, h.
Henley, John, preacher, born.
1693 * * Blount, Charles, deistical wr., A39.
Bradley, James, astro., mathematician, b.
Carew, Bamfylde, Moore, " king of the beg-
gars," born.
Collinson, Peter, botanist, born.
Edwards, George, ornithologist, born.
Fawkes, Francis, poet, A61.
Harrison, John, mechanician, born.
Lilly, George, dramatist, born.
Ludlow, Edmund, judge, A73.
Newcastle, Duke of, Thomas Holies Pelham,
statesman, born.
Bancroft, William, archbishop of Canter-
bury, A77.
Sarsfleld, Patrick, patriot, gen., Ire., dies.
Somerville, William, poet, born.
1694 Sept. 22. Chesterfield, Earl of,
Philip D. Stanhope, statesman, author, b.
Dec. 27. Mary II., queen, A32.
Hutcheson, Francis, metaphys., Scot., b.
Tillotson, John, archb. of Canterbury, A64.
1695 * * Busby, Richard, master of Westmin-
ister school, A90.
Dalrymple, J ames, first Viscount Stair, jurist,
Scot., A76.
Erskine, John, jurist, Scotland, born.
Glas, John, cL, fdr. (Glassites), Scotland, b.
Purcell, Henry, musical composer, A37.
Wood, Anthony, antiquarian, A63.
1696 * * Greene, Maurice, composer, born.
Hervey, Lord John, statesman, b.
Home, Henry, Lord Karnes, jurist, phi-
losopher, Scotland, born.
Keith, James Francis Edward, marshal,
Jacobite general, Scotland, born.
Oglethorpe, James Edward, gen. fdr. Ga., b.
Pelham, Sir Henry, statesman, born.
1697 * * Anson, Lord George, circumnavi-
gator, vice-admiral, born.
Aubrey, John, topographer, antiquary, A71.
Gill, John, Baptist clergyman, Rabbinical
scholar, author, born.
Hogarth, William, paint., engr., humo., b.
Muggleton, Ludowick, fanatic, A88.
1698 * * Baker, Henry, naturalist, born.
Jortin, John, cl., preacher, author, born.
MacGeoghegan, James, abb6, scholar, histo-
rian, Ireland, born.
Maclaurin, Colin, math., phil., Scotland, b.
Savage, Richard, poet, born.
Warburton, William, bishop of Gloucester,
author, born.
Wharton, Duke of, Philip, orator, poet, b.
1699* * Bates, William, non-conformist
clergyman, A74.
Child, Sir Josiah, merchant, economist, A69.
Longman, Thomas, fdr. publishing house, b.
Temple, Sir "William, states., mis. wr., A71.
1700 * * Amory, Thomas, clergyman, au., b.
Arbuckle, James, poet, Scotland, born.
Dyer, John, poet, born.
Mallet, or Mallock, David, poet, Scot., born.
CHURCH.
1692 * * Dublin. The Quakers' first
meeting-house is opened in Eustace
Street.
1695* * The Congregational Fund
Board is established to assist poor min-
isters.
1696* * Edinburgh. Thomas A ikenhead
is executed for neresy : he is the last
heretic executed in Great Britain.
1697 Dec. 2. London. The choir of St.
Paul's Cathedral is reopened [after the
fire] on the General Thanksgiving Day
for Peace.
1698 * * Liverpool is made a separate
parish.
* * First Bible Society is formed.
It is called " The Society for the Pro-
motion of Christian Knowledge."
1699 * * Parliament passes an act to pre-
vent the growth of «« popery."
It provides a payment of £100 to pros-
ecutors of Catholics, and the forfeiture
of Catholic estates. Teachers and priests
are liable to imprisonment for life.
1700 * * The Unitarians of Central Eu-
rope come to England.
LETTERS.
1692 * * Nahum Tate is made poet
laureate.
1692-93 The Complete Library is issued.
1693 * * The censorship of the press is
established by a license.
* * Memoirs for the Ingenious is issued.
* * The Old Bachelor and The Double
Dealer, by William Congreve, appear.
[1695, Love for Love; 1697, The Mourning
Bride ; 1700, The Way of the World.]
1006 * * The censorship of the press hav-
ing been abolished, newspapers are be-
gun to be regularly issued.
* * The Mercury is issued at Stamford
[now known as The Lincoln, Rutland,
and Stamford Mercury.]
1696 * * London. Lloyd's News is issued
by Edward Lloyd.
1697 * * Dissertation on the Epistles of
Phalaris, by Richard Bentley, ap-
pears.
* * The Relapse, JEsop, and The Provoked
Wife, by Sir John Vanbrugh, appear.
[17&, The False Friend.]
* * Translation of Vergil's Works, and
Alexander's Feast, by John Dryden, ap-
pear. [1700, Fables.]
1698 * * London. [Queen] Anne founds
Grey-coat School, Westminster.
* * Short View of the Immorality and Pro-
faneness of the English Stage, by Jeremy
Collier, appears.
* * A metrical version of the Psalms is
prepared by Nahum Tate and Nicholas
Brady.
* * Love in a Bottle, by George Farquhar,
appears. [1699, A Constant Couple; 1701,
Sir Harry Wi/dair; 1702, The Inconstant,
or the Way to Win Him, and The Twin
Rivals: 1704, The Stage Coach; 1707, The
Beaux' Stratagem.]
1699 Mar. * Scot. The Edinburgh Ga-
zette is issued.
1699-1712 London. A History of the
Works of the Learned is issued.
1700 * * Dublin. Pue's Occurances is is-
sued.
* * Carmen Secular e, by Matthew Prior,
appears. [1709. Poems.]
SOCIETY.
1692 Feb. 13. Scot. Massacre of
Glencoe.
Maclan Macdonald and about 60 of his
clan, including women and children, are
murdered by royal troops under Capt.
Campbell (Glenlyon), at the instigation
of Sir John Dalrymple [Earl of Stair],
for not having taken the oath of alle-
fiance before Jan. 1 ; the troops had
een Macdonald's guests for 12 days.
* * London. Robert Young, a prisoner
in Newgate, forges the hands of the
Earls of Marlborough and Salisbury, and
other nobility, to a pretended associa-
tion for restoring King James ; the lords
are imprisoned, but the imposture being
detected, Young is fined £1,000, and put
in the pillory. [He is afterwards hanged
for coining.]
1693 * * Lotteries are established [and
for more than 130 years yield a large
annual revenue to the crown].
1694 * * Many persons are executed for
clipping the coins.
Mar. 12. Sir John Trevor, Speaker of
the House of Commons, is expelled from
the chair and the House for taking a
gratuity after the act for the benefit of
orphans had passed.
1695 Oct. 10. William III. is received
on his return from the continent with
iUuminations and public rejoicings.
* *A tax is laid on marriages; a duke
has to pay £50, a common person, two
shillings and sixpence.
* * Births of children are taxed ; a duke,
£30, a common person two shillings.
* * A statute declares that the slave-
trade " is highly beneficial and advan-
tageous to the kingdom and the colo-
AND IRELAND. 1692, Feb. 13-1700, * *. 901
* * Widowers are taxed ; a duke, £12 10s. ;
lower peers, smaller sums ; a common
person, one shilling.
* * Profane swearing is made punisha-
ble by a fine ; a laborer or servant for-
feiting one shilling, others two shillings,
for the first offense ; for the second
offense, four shillings ; for the third
offense, six shillings.
1696 Feb. * The Assassination Plot,
to kill William III., is discovered.
It was organized by Sir George Barclay
and other Jacobites, and was to have been
simultaneously executed with one for an in-
surrection to be aided by French invaders.
About 40 ruffians undertook to kill William,
near Turnham Green, Middlesex, on Feb. 14,
but their scheme was disclosed by Prender-
gast, a Roman Catholic.
Feb. * A national loyal association is
organized.
It is to protect the king from assassins ; and
the members of both houses of Parliament,
and the majority of the male population join
it immediately ; all persons holding office
under the Government are required to be
members.
Mar. * -Apr. * Robert Charnock, Edward
King, Thomas Keyes, Sir William Parkyns,
Sir John Friend, Ambrose Rookwood, Charles
Cranburne, and Edward Lowick are tried,
convicted, and executed for complicity in the
plot for the assassination of the king.
* * Plate, with the exception of spoons,
is prohibited in public houses.
* * Scot. The title, Earl of Orkney, is
created.
1697 Jan. 28. Sir John Fenwick is
executed after trial by bill of attainder
for complicity in the assassination plot.
[He is the last person executed in Eng-
land by act of attainder.]
Nov. 26. London. There is great pub-
lic rejoicing on William's entry into
the city, on the restoration of peace, and
the return of commercial prosperity.
Dec. 2. National thanksgiving is ob-
served for the restoration of peace.
* * Sunderland orders a correction of the
profaneness and immorality of the
drama.
1698 Jan. 11. Peter the Great, Czar
of Russia, arrives in England.
* * Hawkers and pedlers are first li-
censed.
* * London. Thomas Firmin advocates a
popular and benevolent scheme for set-
ting the poor at work.
* * Societies for "the reformation of
manners" abound.
They lay informations of swearers,
drunkards, and Sabbath-breakers before
magistrates, and apply the informer's
portion of the fines paid to charities.
* * Prevailing immorality and inde-
cency of the stage.
Charity is represented as the thin dis-
guise of scheming women, and adultery
a proper pursuit of refined gentlemen,
and virtuous people the butt of ridicule.
1699 Feb. 13. The Government no-
tifies the play-houses that they are to
enact nothing contrary to religion and
good manners.
* * John Archdale, a Quaker, is elected
to Parliament ; having refused to take
the oaths, his election is declared void.
* * A statute is passed making shoplift-
ing a felony without benefit of clergy.
* * The Charitable Society of Natives,
Winchester, is founded.
1700 * * Calico is prohibited to be
printed or worn.
* * The vending of spirits is first regu-
lated.
A justice's license is required before
anybody is entitled to sell : but distillers
are permitted to retail without license,
provided they do not tolerate tippling
in their houses.
STATE.
1692 * * The Administration is directed
by the " Junto" Whigs.
John Soiners, lord keeper, Edward
Russell, Shrewsbury, and Thomas Whar-
ton, secretaries of state, and Charles
Montagu, chancellor of the exchequer.
1693 Jan. 20. Parliament: The per-
manent national debt begins in an act
for raising money for carrying on a war
against France. [One million pounds are
borrowed on annuities at 10 per cent.]
Nov. * Government by party is intro-
duced.
The king selects his ministers from the
party having the majority in the House
of Commons.
* * Sir John Somers is appointed lord
keeper.
1694 Mar. 12±. H. C. Sir John
Trevor, Speaker, is expelled for receiv-
ing a bribe.
May * The Earl of Marlborough writes
a treasonable letter to James II.
July 23. London. The Sank of Eng-
land, projected by William Paterson,
a Scotch merchant, is established ; it is
granted certain privileges in return for
a loan of £1,200,000 to the Government.
Dec. 22. Parliament: The act provid-
ing for triennial Parliaments is signed
by the king.
Dec. 28. Queen Mary dies.
1695 June 7. Sir Richard Tyne is
appointed chief justice.
Nov. 22. The first triennial Parlia-
ment meets ; the Whigs are in a major-
ity. [1698. July 7. Dissolved.]
* * Ire. Lord Capel is appointed lord
lieutenant.
* * Parliament : The censorship of the
press in the form of license is abolished.
* * Parliament : A recoinage act is
It authorizes the withdrawal of coins
depreciated by clipping, and the issue of
new coins, the loss of the difference in
value to be borne by the public ex-
chequer. [It causes a commercial panic]
* * Edinburgh. The Sank of Scotland
is founded.
* * Dublin. The Protestant Parliament
makes severe laws against Catholics.
They make it a penal act for a Catholic
to bear arms, or to teach school, or to
have his children instructed in the Cath-
olic faith, or to own a horse worth more
than £5 ; and it is enacted that all popish
archbishops, bishops, and other clergy
shall quit the kingdom before May 1,
1698.
* * The window-tax is first enacted, to
defray the expense of and the deficiency
in the recoinage of silver.
1696 Feb. 24. The king informs Par-
liament of a Jacobite plot to assassinate
him and invade the kingdom in favor of
James II. (See Society.)
Feb. * The Habeas Corpus Act is tem-
porarily suspended.
* * Parliament : The Trial for Treason
Act is passed.
It provides that the accused shall be
permitted to have the aid of counsel,
and that evidence of two witnesses be
required to prove an overt act.
* * Ire. The free exportation of flax,
hemp, linen, yarn, and thread is enacted ;
but the exportation of English wool and
the importation of Irish wool into Eng-
land are prohibited.
* * Ire. An act is passed permitting
Quakers to affirm instead of taking
oaths in courts of law.
1697 Jan. 12. Ire. Sir John Jeffrey-
son, Thomas Coote, and Nehemiah Don-
ellan are appointed lord keepers. [Dec.
21, Edward, Earl oi'Meath ; Francis, Earl
of Longford and Murrough ; and Vis-
count Blessington.]
Mar 11. Ire. J. Metheun is appointed
lord chancellor.
* * Sir John Somers is appointed lord
high chancellor, and created a peer ;
Russell is created Earl of Orford.
Sept. 20. Neth. Peace of Ryswick (p.
695).
1698 May* Charles Montagu is ap-
pointed first commissioner of the treas-
ury. [1699, Ford, Earl of Tankerville.]
Aug. 24. Parliament meets. [1700.
Dec. 19. Dissolved.]
Sept. 5. A new East India Company
(the "English") is chartered, and the
old (the " London ") is suspended for
three years. [1702. Both are united.]
Oct. 11. Neth. First Partition Treaty.'
[1700. Mar. 13. The second.] (P. 695.)
* * Parliament. Laws are passed to dis-
courage the woolen, and encourage the
linen, manufacture of Ireland.
1699 Feb. * Parliament : An act is
passed reducing the army from 14,000
to 7,000 men, and dismissing the Dutch
troops.
1700 Apr. 11. Parliament: An act
is passed resuming for public uses the
Irish forfeited estates granted to King
William's Dutch favorites.
Apr. * Somers is dismissed from office.
July 30. The Duke of Gloucester, the
last of Anne's 17 children, dies.
* * Lord Chief Justice Sir George Treby
and Chief Baron Sir Edward Ward
are appointed lord keepers. [Later, Sir
Nathan W right.]
* * Ire. Lawrence Hyde, Earl of Roch-
ester, is appointed lord lieutenant.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1692+ * * London. Lloyd's, a coffee-
house near the Royal Exchange, kept
by Edward Lloyd, becomes a place of
meeting for merchants.
1694 * * Water- works are erected at
Exeter.
1695 * * Edinburgh. The African and
East India Company is incorporated.
1696 * * London. The Hand-in-Hand
is the first regular fire insurance office
set up in the city.
1696-99 The first Eddystone light-
house is erected.
1697 * * The displays of fireworks in
celebration of the Treaty of Ryswick
cost £10,000.
1698 Jan. 4. London. The palace of
Whitehall, except the banqueting house,
is burned.
1699 * * The old dock, Liverpool, is con-
structed. [1700. June 2. The Marlbor-
ough is the first ship to enter it.]
1700 * * The first auction sale in Eng-
land takes place.
902 1701, Feb. 6-1709, Aug. 14. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1701 Feb.+ * Neth. The French
seize the seven Dutch "barrier for-
tresses," including Luxemburg, Mons,
and Charleroi, thereby precipitating hos-
tilities with England (p. 695).
1701-13 War of the Spanish Succes-
sion (pp. 512, 694).
1702 May 4. War with France is
proclaimed.
Aug. 19+. Sp. A naval battle off
Cartagena (p. 694).
Aug. * Sp. Cadiz attacked (p. 696).
Sept. 19. Neth. Marlborough, com-
manding the allies, takes Venlo by
storm. [He besieges and takes Rure-
monde and Stevenswart.]
Oct. 12. Sp. French are defeated off
Vigo (p. 696).
Oct. 23. Belg. Liege taken (p. 696).
1703 Nov. 27. A great storm wrecks
the war-ships Stirling Castle, Mary,
Northumberland, Vanguard, Resolution,
Newcastle, and Reserve.
* * Marlborough invades the Spanish
Netherlands and takes Bonn, Huy, Lim-
burg, and Guelders.
1704 July 24. Sp. Gibraltar taken
(page 696). [Oct. 11. Besieged by the
French and Spanish. Nov. 11. The
• French retire, after losing several ships
and 10,000 men.]
Aug. 13. Ger. Battle of Blenheim
(p. 696).
Sp. In a naval battle off Malaga,
the English under Sir George Rooke de-
feat the French under Comte Toulouse.
1705 July 18. Belg. Battle of Tirle-
mont (p. 696).
Oct. 4. Sp. Barcelona surrenders (p.
696).
1706 Apr. 6. Sp. King Philip of Spain
lays siege to Barcelona.
[May 11. The English under Sir John
Leake compel him to raise it. The
English and Portuguese shortly after-
wards occupy Madrid, but evacuate it
the following August.]
May 23. Belg. Battle of Ramillies
(pp. 542, 696). [The surrender of Lou-
vain and Brussels follows.]
1707 Apr. 25. Sp. Battle of Almanza
(p. 696).
Oct. 22. It. Adm. Sir C. Shovel and his
ship Association are lost off the Scilly
Isles.
1708 May 22. Adm. Leake captures
60 French vessels laden with provisions
in the Mediterranean.
July 11. Belg. Battle of Oudenarde
(p. 696).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1702 * * London. The Haymarket
Theater is built.
1703 Nov. 27. The Great Storm
rages.
It causes immense loss of life and prop-
erty on the land and water. The loss in
London alone is estimated at £2,000,000 ;
8,000 lives are lost in the Severn and
Thames, and by wrecks on the coast of
Holland, and by ships which founder at
sea ; 17,000 trees are torn up by the roots
in Kent alone ; the Eddystone light-
house is destroyed. It is regarded as a
national calamity.
* * London. Sir Isaac Newton becomes
president of the Royal Society.
1704 * * A comet approaches the earth,
and is visible for several months, the
people being much frightened.
* * Newton publishes his Optics, first ex-
plaining the phenomena of the spectrum .
1705 * * Halley predicts the return of
the comet in 1758.
* * Thomas Newcomen sets up the first
steam-engine to do mining work.
* * London. Her Majesty's Theater
[Italian Opera House] is first opened.
1706 * * A life assurance company is
established by Bishop Allen.
* * The Eddystone lighthouse is re-
built.
1707 * * London. The Society of An-
tiquaries, for preserving the national
antiquities, is partially revived. [1717.
Reconstructed. 1750. Chartered.]
* * London. An extraordinary plague of
fleas occurs ; they cover the clothes of
the people.
* * Samuel Newton and others obtain
patents for obtaining starch from pota-
toes.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1701 * * Cruden, Alexander, author concord-
dance, Scotland, born.
Dryden, John, courtier, poet, critic, writer,
A69.
James TX, king, dies in France, A78.
Kiffin, William, (Particular Baptist), A85.
Sedley, Sir Charles, poet, dramatist, A62.
Thomson, James, poet, Scotland, born.
1702 * * Benbow, John, admiral, A52.
Doddridge, Philip, non-conformist clergy-
man, theologian, philosopher, born.
Lally, Count, Thomas Arthur, Baron of
Tollendal, French general in India, Ire., b.
Sunderland, Earl of, Robert Spencer, states-
man, A 60.
1703 June 17. Wesley, John, founder of
Methodism, b.
Dodsley, Robert, poet, dramatist, writer, b.
Hooke, Robert, math., inventor, A 68.
Law, Edmund, metaphysician, born.
Pepys, Samuel, secretary to admiralty,
author of famous Diary, A61.
Wallis, John, mathematician, A87.
Warren, Sir Peter, admiral, born.
1704 Oct. 28. Locke, John, statesman,
scientist, philosopher, A72.
Bathurst, Ralph, poet, philosopher, theolo-
gian, A84.
Buxton, Jedediah, arithmetician, born.
Byng, Honorable John, admiral, born.
Jenyns, Soanie, poet, writer, politician, b.
L'Estrange, Sir Roger, political writer, A88.
Pococke, Richard, bp. of Meath, traveler, b.
1705 * * Birch, Thomas, hist., biographer, b.
Browne, Isaac Hawkins, poet, born.
Hartley, David, founder of English Asso-
ciation of psychologists, born.
Loudoun, John C, fourtli Earl of, general, b.
Mansfield, Earl of, William Murray, jurist, b.
Oates, Titus, contriver of Popish plot, A86.
Ray, or Wray, John, naturalist, A77.
Tucker, Abraham, philosopher, born.
1706 * * Baskerville, John, printer and type-
founder, born.
Brooke, Henry, novelist, poet, Ireland, born.
Dorset, Earl of, Charles Sackville, poet, A69.
Evelyn, John, miscellaneous writer, A86.
1707 * * Farquhar, George, comic dramatist,
Ireland, A29.
Fielding, Henry, poet, dram., novelist, b.
Foulis, Robert, printer, publisher, Scot., b.
Pringle, Sir John, physician, Scotland, born.
Robins, Benjamin, mathematician, natural
philosopher, born.
Sherlock, William, clergyman, author, A66.
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, admiral, A57.
1708 Nov. 15. Pitt, ■William, Earl of
Chatham, statesman, orator, born.
Phillips, John, poet, A 32.
Tyson, Edward, physician, anatomist, A59.
Wesley, Charles, cl., hymn-writer, born.
CHURCH.
1701 June 16. The first charter is
granted to the Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, by
King William III. (See America.)
1702 Nov. 12. A national thanks-
giving is observed for Marlborough's
victories. [1704. Sept. 7. Again ob-
served.]
1703 Jan. 19. A general fast is ob-
served after the great storm.
June 17. John Wesley is born in the
Epworth parsonage.
Nov. * Queen Anne's Bounty is es-
tablished to increase the incomes of ths
poorer clergy.
* * Ire. Severe laws against Roman Cath-
olics are.promulgated.
1704 * * The sacramental test is imposed
by the Popery Act.
1707 * * Scot. The union of England
and Scotland is consummated. Presby-
terianism is recognized as the national
religion, and is fully guaranteed in it*
rights.
1708 * * Boman Catholics are forbid-
den to marry Protestants.
1709 Aug. 14-Nov. 5. London. Dr.
Henry Sacheverell, of St. Saviour's,
Southwark, preaches two sermons
against the Whig Ministry.
[They excite the people with appre-
hension for the safety of the church,
and fire their hostility against dissenters,
whose meeting-houses they assault. The
High Church and Low Church parties
are developed. 1710. Mar. 23. He is
suspended for three years. 1713. Apr.
13. Reinstated.]
LETTERS.
1701* * The Funeral, by Steele, appears.
[1703, The Lying Lover ; 1705, The Tendmr
Husband.]
1702 * * A chemistry professorship is
established at Cambridge.
* * A New Short Treatise of Algebra, to-
gether with a Specimen of the Nature and
Algorithm of Fluxions, by John Harris,
appears.
* * The Shortest Way with Dissenters, by
Daniel Defoe, appears.
1703 * * London. The Daily Courant is
issued.
Feb. * London. The Review, the first
critical periodical of the kind, is issued
by Daniel Defoe.
* *The complete works of Euclid in
Greek, edited by Dr. David Gregory, ap-
pear at Oxford.
1704 * * An astronomy professorship is
established at Cambridge.
* * Ire. An edition of the Bible, the first
printed in Ireland, appears.
* * The Tale of a Tub and The Battle of
the Books, by Jonathan Swift, appear.
[1707, Argument Against Abolishing
Christianity and B^aucis and Philemon.]
* * The Lexicon Technicum, by John Har-
ris, appears ; it is the first English en-
cyclopedia.
1705 * * Scot. The Edinburgh Courant is
issued.
* * Edward Harley, Earl of Oxford, be-
gins the collection of a library of manu-
scripts and rare books [the " Harleian
Library" of the British Museum.]
* * The Campaign, by Joseph Addison,
appears.
1706 * * London. The Country Gentle-
man's Courant is issued.
AND IRELAND. 1701, Feb. 6-1709, Aug. 14. 903
* * The Norwich Postman is issued.
1707 * * History of the Great Rebellion,
by Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon,
appears.
* * An anatomy professorship is estab-
lished at Cambridge.
1708 Oct. * Scot. The Edinburgh Fly.
ing Post is issued.
1709 Apr. 13-11 Jan. 13. The Tal-
ler is founded by Sir Richard Steele.
SOCIETY.
1701 * * Scot. The title, Earl of Sea-
field, is created ; also Duke of Argyll.
T1703, Duke of Athole, Earl of Rosebery,
Earl of Glasgow, Earl of Hopetoun, and
Earl of Stair ; 1707, Duke of Montrose,
and Duke of Roxburghe.]
1702 * * Titles created : Duke of Marl-
borough. [1703, Earl of Poulett ; 1711,
Earl of Dartmouth, Baron Boyle, Duke
of Ferrers, Baron Middleton, Baron
Brandon, and Baron Hay.]
1703 July* London. Daniel Defoe
is condemned to stand three times in
the pillory, and suffer imprisonment for
writing The Shortest Way With Dissent-
ers.
Dec. 23. Archduke Charles of Aus-
tria, Charles III. of Spain, visits Eng-
land.
* * May-poles are again set up.
* * London. The Kit-Cat Club is founded.
It consists of about 30 members, in-
cluding the Duke of Marlborough, Sir
Robert Walpole, Addison, Steele, and
Garth, and its object is to promote the
Protestant succession.
* * Dublin. The House of Commons ex-
pells Mr. Asgill from his seat because
he had written a book in which he as-
serted the possibility of translation to
the other world without death.
* * Queen Anne "touches" for the cure
of the king's evil.
1705 * * Two alleged witches are exe-
cuted at Northampton. [1712. Five more.]
1706 Dec. 21. Edinburgh. The sign-
ing of the Articles of Union causes a
tumult. [Also at Dumfries.]
1708 * * Edward Colston's hospital, a
free school, and other charities are
established at Bristol.
* * A committee of the Commons declares
the slave-trade " is important and ought
to be free."
STATE.
1701 Feb. 6. Parliament meets; the
Tories are in a majority ; Robert Har-
ley, Speaker. [Nov. 11. Dissolved.]
Apr. 4. The Earl of Pembroke is made
first lord of the Admiralty. [1702, May
20, George, Prince of Denmark (lord
high admiral) ; 1708, Nov. 29 ; Earl of
PembroKe ; 1709, Oct. 8, Earl of Orford ;
1710, Oct. 4, Sir John Leake ; 1712, Sept.
30, Earl of Stratford; 1714, Oct. 14,
Earl ef Oxford ; 1717, Mar. 19, Earl of
Berkeley.]
May 8. H. C. Kentish men petition
the Commons to support the king with
supplies to assist his allies. [May 13.
The petitioners are committed to prison
by the Commons for attempting " to sub-
vert established government."]
June 12. Parliament: The Act of
Settlement is passed.
It settles the crown on the Princess Sophia
of Hanover, granddaughter of James I., and
her issue; it enacts that the sovereigns of
Great Britain shall be Protestants; they
•hall not leave the kingdom without consent
of Parliament; ministers shall be responsible
for the acts of the sovereign, and judges
shall hold office tor life.
July 1. The king embarks for Holland.
[Nov. 4. Returns.]
Sept. 6. Fr. James H. dies.
Sept 7. William forms the Grand Alli-
ance (p. 695).
Sept. * Louis XIV. acknowledges James's
son, James Francis Edward Stuart [the
Old Pretender], as king of England,
Scotland, and Ireland.
Dec. 30. Parliament meets. [1702.
July 2. Dissolved.]
* * Parliament : A law is passed wholly
Frohibiting the exportation of cloth
rom Ireland except to certain ports in
England.
1702 Feb. 21. "William falls from
his horse and fractures his collar-bone.
[Mar. 8. He dies.]
1702-14 Anne reigns.
Anne is daughter of James II., and
wife of Prince George of Denmark.
Mar. * The Earl of Marlborough is sent
;is envoy extraordinary to the States
General.
May 8. The Godolphin Administration
is formed.
Ministers : Lord Godolphin, high treas-
urer; Sir Charles Hedges and the Earl of
Nottingham [1704, succeeded by Robert Har-
ley, Earl of Oxford], secretaries of state ;
Sir Nathan Wright, keeper; Marquis of Nor-
manby. privy seal; Henry Boyle, chancellor
of the exchequer; and Earl of Pembroke and
Montgomery, president.
* * Parliament: The crown's power of
granting pensions is checked by statute.
Aug. 20. Parliament meets ; Robert
Harley, Speaker. [1705. Apr. 5. Dis-
solved.]
Aug. 26. Ire. Lord Methuen is ap-
pointed lord high chancellor.
Deo. 10. Marlborough is created duke
for eminent services.
* * The National debt, £16,394,702.
1703 * * Ire. Further severe laws are
passed against Catholics.
May* Edinburgh. Parliament as-
sembles. It passes the Act of Settle-
ment.
Nov. * Parliament: Queen Anne's
Bounty is established.
It is a grant of the "first fruits" and
" tenths " accruing to the crown from spirit-
ual preferments, in trust, for increasing the
incomes from small benefices; the "first
fruits " being the whole profits for the first
year, and the " tenths " the tenth of the an-
nual profit.
Dec. 27. The Methuen Treaty is con-
cluded with Portugal by Paul Methuen.
Heavy Portugal wines are admitted at
one-third lower rate than light French
wines ; Portugal agrees to import her
woolens from England.
* * Ire. Jas. Butler, Duke of Ormonde,
is appointed lord lieutenant. [Aug. 6.
Sir Richard Cox becomes lord high
chancellor.]
1704 * * France formally assents to honor
the British flag by the flag-salute at sea.
1705 Oct. 25. Parliament meets ; the
Whigs are in a majority. John Smith,
Speaker. [1708. Apr. 11. Dissolved.]
* * Wilhelmina Carolina Dorothea, of
Brandenburg Anspach, marries Prince
George [George LI.].
Dec. 21. Ex-Queen Catherine, widow of
Charles II., dies.
* * "William Cowper [Lord Cowper] is
appointed lord keeper. [1707, lord
high chancellor.]
1706 Apr. 16. London. Thirty-one
commissioners from ftich of the two
kingdoms meet to negotiate terms of
legislative union between England and
Scotland. [July 22. They agree upon
Articles of Union.]
Dec. * Lord Sunderland is appointed
secretary of state.
1707 Jan. 16. Edinburgh. The Act
of the Scottish Estates (Parliament) for
the union of England and Scotland is
passed. Vote, 110-69.
Provisions: The Princess Sophia of Han-
over and her Protestant heirs shall succeed
to the crown of the United Kingdom ; there
shall be one Parliament, to whicn Scotland
shall send 16 elective peers and 45 members
of the Commons; no more peers shall be cre-
ated for Scotland ; Scotch law and legai ad-
ministration remain unchanged; the Episco-
pal Church in England and the Presbyterian
Church in Scotland remain unchanged; the
Union Jack shall be the national flag of Great
Britain.
Mar. 25. Edinburgh. The Scottish
Parliament meets for the last time.
The regalia of Scotland — crown, scep-
ter, and sword of state — are deposited
in an oaken chest in Edinburgh Castle.
May 1. The union of England and
Scotland as Great Britain goes into
effect.
Oct. 23. The first Parliament of
Great Britain meets, it being a second
Parliament of Anne revived by procla-
mation.
* * Harley and St. John are dismissed
from the Cabinet ; H. Boyle and Rob-
ert "Walpole take their places, the lat-
ter as secretary of war.
* * Mrs. Masham (Abigail Hill) is the
new favorite of the Queen.
* * H. C. It is enacted that members of
the House accepting any office of profit
under the crown thereby vacate their
seats.
* * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Pembroke, is
appointed lord lieutenant and Richard
Freeman lord chancellor.
* * The queen vetoes a militia bill for
Scotland. [It is the last exercise of the
royal veto power.]
1708 Mar. * Scot. James Francis Ed-
ward Stuart, Chevalier de St. George,
the Old Pretender, makes an unsuc-
cessful attempt to land with a French
force.
Nov. 18. Parliament meets ; the ma-
jority is Whig ; Sir Richard Onslow,
Speaker ; the "Whig leaders are Som-
ers, Halifax, Wharton, Oxford, and Sun
derland. [1710. Sept. 10. Dissolved.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1703 * * The registering of deeds and
conveyances disposing of real estate is
appointed to be effected in Yorkshire
and in Middlesex. [Because of the
greater security thus given, the value of
estates increases in those counties.]
1705 Jan. 13. A fireworks establish-
ment blows up, destroying 120 houses
and killing 120 persons.
1706 * * The Amicable is the first life
insurance office established in Eng-
land.
1708 Apr. 4. Ire. The Castle of Bel-
fast is burned.
* * London. The united British East In-
dia Company is incorporated.
904 1709, Sept. 11-1716, May 7. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1709 Sept. 11. Fr. Battle of Mal-
plaquet (p. 696).
Dec. 25. Mass. U. S. A. The Solebay,
with 32 guns, is lost near Boston Neck ;
her crew perishes.
1711 Sept. 13. Fr. Marlborough
takes Bouchain (p. 696).
Oct. 15. The Edgar, 70 guns, blows up
at Spithead, and all on hoard perish.
Oct. * Charles HI. leaves Spain. [Nov. *
Philip V. enters Madrid.]
* * Marlborough is dismissed in dis-
grace from his command of the army by
the Tories.
1712 July * A truce of four months is
made with France.
1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace (p. 697).
1714 * * The Duke of Marlborough is
appointed captain-general.
1715 Sept.* Scot. A Jacobite rising.
(See State).
Sept. 9. Edinburgh. An attempt to
seize the castle is defeated.
Nov.* Scot. The Jacobites under Fors-
ter invade England.
At Preston, Lancashire, they are
besieged by the English under Gens.
Carpenter and Wills, and compelled to
surrender.
Nov. 13. Scot. The indecisive battle
of Dumblane, or Sheriff-muir, Perth-
shire ; the Earl of Mar and the Earl of
Argyll are leaders.
Dec. 22. Scot. The " Old Pretend-
er" lands at Peterhead. [1716. Feb. 5.
He returns to France.]
1716 Feb. * Scot. The Jacobite re-
bellion is suppressed with great se-
verity.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1710 * * T. Gurney introduces his system
of stenography.
Dec. 8. Thomas Harriot observes solar
spots.
* * A society of eminent professors insti-
tutes the Ancient Academy of Music
to promote the study of vocal harmony.
1711 Feb. 24. London. Handel per-
forms his opera Rinaldo at the Hay-
market, successfully overcoming previ-
ous restrictions.
* * London. A private academy is started
for the study of art ; Sir Godfrey Knel-
ler, president.
* * Stereotyping is known.
1712* * London. A statue of Queen
Anne is erected in St. Paul's Church-
yard.
1713 * * Savery and Newcomen invent
an atmospheric engine.
1714 * * Newton explains the correct
theory of fluids and the oscillation
of waves.
* * A silk-throwing mill is erected at
Derby by Sir Thomas Lombe, modeled
from the original mill in Sardinia.
1715 * * Manufacturers of cloth are en-
couraged by legislation.
May 3. A total eclipse occurs ; the
darkness is so intense that the stars can
be seen, and the birds roost at noon.
Red flames, or protuberance, are ob-
served by Edmund Halley.
1716 Mar. 6. England is alarmed by a
brilliant array of the aurora borealis.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1709 Sept. 18. Johnson, Samuel, poet,
essayist, biographer, lexicographer, phil-
osopher, born.
Armstrong, John, phys., poet, Scotland, b.
Cowper, William, anatomist, A33.
Harris, James, of Salisbury, philologist, b.
Holt, Sir John, jurist, A67.
Lyttleton, Lord George, poet, born.
Rooke, Sir George, admiral, A59.
1710* * Aldrich, Henry, logician, theol.,A63.
Arne, Thomas Augustine, musician, comp., b.
Barrington, Lord Wm. Wildman, states., b.
Betterton, Thomas, actor, A75.
Butler, Alban, R. C. cl., hagiologist, born.
Cullen, William, phys., med. teacher, au., b.
Lowth, Robert, bishop of London, author, b.
Reid, Thomas, philosopher, Scotland, born.
Simpson, Thomas, mathematician, born.
1711 * * Boscawen, Edward, admiral, born.
Hume, David, historian, phil., Scot., born.
Ken, Thomas, bp. of B. and W., an., A64.
1712 * * Cockburn, Mrs. Alison, poet, writer,
Scotland, born.
Cromwell, Richard, states., protector, A 86.
Fothergill, John, physician, born.
Foulis, Andrew, printer, publisher, Scot., b.
Glover, Richard, poet, born.
Halyburton, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., A3R.
Steuart, Sir James D., jurist, political econo-
mist, Scotland, born.
1713* * Bute, Earl of, John Stuart, states-
man, born.
Capell, Edward, annotator of Shakespeare, b.
Cave, William, canon of Windsor, an., A76.
Newcomen, Thomas, an inventor of steam-
engines, dies.
Pitcairne, Archibald, physician, au., A61.
Ramsay, Allan, portrait painter, Scot., born.
Rymer, Thomas, antiquary, born.
Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Astley
Cooper, philosopher, A42.
Sprat, Thomas, bp. of Rochester, poet, A77.
Sterne, Lawrence, humorist, Ireland, born.
1714 Aug:. 1. Anne, queen, A50.
Camden, Earl, Charles Pratt, statesman, b.
Farmer, Hugh, clergyman, author, born.
Henry, Matthew, cl., au., commentator, A52.
Hervey, James, clergyman, author, born.
Monboddo, Lord, James Burnet, jurist, b.
Shenstone, William, poet, born.
Taylor, Sir Robert, sculptor, architect, born.
Whitefleld, George, orator, Evangelist,
founder Calvanistic Methodists, born.
Wilson, Richard, painter, born.
1715 * * Alcock, John, musical composer, b.
Braddock, Edward, general, born.
Brown, John, clergyman, author, b.
Bryant, Jacob, tlieol., philos. writer, born.
Burnet, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, histo-
rian, theological, writer, A72.
Burnet, Thomas, author, A80.
Carstares, William, chaplain to William III.,
Scotland, A66.
Ditton, Humphrey, mathematician, A40.
Dampier, William, navigator, A63.
Hawke, Edward, lord admiral, born.
Hickes, George, theologian, philologist, A73.
Johnson, Sir William, general,' born.
Nares, James, musician, composer, born.
Tate, Nahum, poet, A63.
Whitehead, William, poet, born.
Wycherley, William, poet, dramatist, A75.
CHURCH.
1709 * * Scot. The Scottish Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge is
formed and incorporated.
* * London. The "Sons of Clergy"
annual musical performance at St.
Paul's is begun.
1710 * * London. St. Paul's Cathedral
is completed by Sir Christopher Wren,
with the exception of decorations. [1723.
Decorations completed.]
* * Parliament : An act is passed for
building 50 new churches.
1712 * * Scot. Ecclesiastical patronage
is restored. Episcopacy is tolerated.
* * Scot. The Ilpiscopal bishops adopt
the English Book of Common Prayer.
1713 * * Parliament: Lord Bolingbroke
introduces the Schism Act; teachers
are to declare their conformity to the
established faith. [1719. Passed.]
1714 Nov. 27. The disturbers of Dis-
senters by insults and breaking win-
dows are tried at Bristol.
Dec. 11. The clergy are ordered not to
meddle with the affairs of state in their
sermons.
1715 * * "William Wake is chosen arch-
bishop of Canterbury. [1737. John
Potter.]
LETTERS.
1709* * The Worcester Postman is issued.
* * Essay toward a New Theory of Vis-
ion, by George Berkeley, appears.' [1710,
A Treatise concerning the Principles of
Human Knowledge; 1713, Three Dia-
logues between Hylas and Philonous.]
* * The Pastorals, by Alexander Pope,
appears. [1711, Essay on Criticism ; 1712,
Rape of the Lock; 1713, Windsor Forest.]
1710 Mar. 1-14 Dec. 20. London.
The Spectator is conducted by Addison
and Steele.
Nov. * Swift begins the Journal to Stella.
* * The Courant is issued at Nottingham
[now the Nottingham Journal],
* * Ire. The Dublin Gazette is issued.
* * London. The Examiner, or Remarks
upon Papers and Occurrences is issued.
1710-14 London. The Memoirs of Lit-
erature is issued.
1711 * * The Newcastle Courant is issued.
* * The Conduct of the Allies and Remarks
on the Barrier Treaty, by Swift, appear.
1712 May * The Liverpool Courant is
issued.
Aug. 12. The first stamp on newspapers
is used this day.
* * The Courant is issued at Norwich.
1713 Mar. * -Oct. 1. London. The
Guardian is founded by Steele.
* * The Hereford Journal is issued.
* * Cato, by Joseph Addison, appears.
* * The Public Spirit of the Whigs, by
Swift, appears. [1714, Free Thoughts
on the State of Public Affairs.}
1714 Jan.* Tlie Englishman is founded
by Sir Richard Steele. [1718, The Ple-
beian; 1719, The Theatre?]
* * "Worcester College, Oxford, is
founded by Sir Thomas Coke.
* * London. The Scriblerus Club, a
literary club, is founded by Dean Swift.
[Bolingbroke, Pope, Gay, and Arbuth-
not are members.]
* * The Shepherd's Week, by John Gay,
appears. [1727. Fables.]
1715* * London. Welsh charity
schools are established in Gray's Inn
Road.
* * George I. purchases Bishop Moore's
library of 30,000 volumes for 6,000
guineas, and presents it to Cambridge
University.
* * The Salisbury Postman is issued.
* * Scot. Glasgow Courant, the first news-
paper published in Glasgow, is issued.
* * Nicholas Rowe is appointed poet
laureate.
* * Felix Farley's Journal is issued. [Af-
terwards merged into^the Bristol Times,
and both conjoined with The Bristol
Mirror to form The Daily Times and
Mirror.]
SOCIETY.
1709 * * A blue-coat hospital is founded
at Liverpool.
1710 Feb. *-Mar. * London. TheSc-
cheverell riots. (See State.)
AND IRELAND. 1709, Sept. 11-1716, May 7. 905
Apr. 18. London. Four Indian chiefs
arrive from America, and are carried in
the royal coaches to their audience with
the queen.
* * The October Club is organized.
It consists of a party of country gen-
tlemen in the House of Commons, who
profess high church principles, and favor
Bolingbroke and the Jacobite cause.
1711 Mar. 8. A Frenchman, who as-
sumes the title of Marquis of Guiscard,
attempts to assassinate Chancellor
Harley.
* * The Hue and Cry, a gazette for ad-
vertising felons, is established ; it pub-
lishes descriptions of felons, thereby
greatly aiding in their capture.
Nov. * H. C. The Duke of Marlborough
is accused of peculation, condemned by
the Commons, and dismissed from all
his offices.
1712 Mar. 12. London. Queen Anne
officially announces in the London Ga-
zette her intention to " touch" publicly
for the cure of scrofula.
Nov. 15. London. A duel is fought be-
tween the Duke of Hamilton and Lord
Mohun at Hyde Park. Small swords
are used ; Lord Mohun is killed on the
spot, and the duke expires of his wounds
as he is being carried to his carriage.
* * Apothecaries are exempted from
serving on juries or other civil offices.
* * London. Arbuthnot's satire, John
Bull, appears. [The nickname of " John
Bull," applied to England, is alleged to
have been derived from this.]
* * London. Ruffians, called Mohocks,
go about the city at night, wounding and
disfiguring the men, and indecently ex-
posing the women. £100 is offered by
royal proclamation for apprehending
any one of them.
* * Titles created, Viscount Bolingbroke
and St. John (1716). [1714, Earls Ayles-
ford, and Tankerville ; 1716, Duke of
Portland ; 1718, Earl Cowper, Earl of
Stanhope, and Viscount of Cobham ;
1719, Duke of Manchester ; 1720, Viscount
of Falmouth ; 1721, Earl of Macclesfield,
and Viscount of Torrington ; 1722, Earl
of Graham; 1729, Earl of Waldegrave;
1730, Earl of Ashburnham.]
* * Ire. Titles created, Baron Conway.
[1715, Baron Carbery ; 1716, Earl of Fitz-
william, and Viscount of Molesworth ;
1717, Viscount of Middleton, Viscount of
Boyne, Viscount of Charlemont, and Vis-
count of Chetwynd ; 1718, Baron Aylmer ;
1719, Viscount of Grimston; 1720, Vis-
count of Gage, and Viscount of Barring-
ton ; 1722, Earl of Kerry and Shelburne
(1753).]
1713 July 13. The Treaty of Utrecht
obliges the Government to furnish an-
nually to Spanish America 4,800 ne-
groes for 30 years. [1748. Renewed.
1750. Abandoned.]
1715 May 29. Riots of the Whig and
Tory mobs, called Ormonde and New-
castle mobs, occur.
June * Jacobite riots occur.
Meeting-houses of Dissenters are de-
stroyed, prisons opened, and the health
of James is openly drunk at Manchester.
tjuly * Jacobites commit outrages on
Mssenters in the midland counties.]
Aug. 3. London. A cobbler of Highgate
is whipped from Holloway to London
for criticising the Government.
* * A tumult is raised at Manchester by
" Syddall, the barber." [He is afterwards
hanged.]
* * It is a capital crime to cut down a
cherry-tree.
STATE.
1709* * Parliament: The first copy-
right act is passed. It gives copyright
for 14 years, or for the life of the author.
* * Sir Thomas Parker is appointed
chief justice.
Dec. 24. Ire. Alan Brodrick is ap-
pointed chief justice. [The Earl of
"Wharton, lord lieutenant.]
1710 Feb.*-Mar.* Dr. Henry Sa-
cheverell is impeached for preaching
seditious sermons, favorable to Tory
principles.
He is suspended from preaching for
three years, and his sermons are burned
by the hangman.
* * Robert Harley becomes chancellor
of the exchequer, and St. John secretary
of state.
Aug. * The Whig ministers are dis-
missed.
Nov. 25. Parliament meets; the
Tories are in majority. [1713. Aug. 13.
Dissolved.]
* * The great seal is in commission ; Sir
Simon Harcourt, Lord Harcourt, is
keeper. [1713. Lord chancellor.]
* * A new charter is granted to Bristol.
* * Ire. The Duke of Ormonde is ap-
pointed lord lieutenant. Nov. 28. Robert,
Earl of Kildare, Archbishop Hoadley of
Dublin, and Thomas Keightley are com-
missioners of the seal.
1711 Jan. 22. Ire. Sir Constantine
Phipps is appointed lord high chancel-
lor. [July 5. Sir Richard Cox, chief
justice.]
* * Mrs. Masham succeeds the Duchess
of Marlborough as keeper of the privy
purse.
June 1. Robert Harley is created Earl
of Oxford, and appointed lord treas-
urer ; Sir Simon Harcourt is appointed
minister.
Nov. * Parliament : The Occasional
Conformity Bill is passed. [1718. Re-
pealed.]
Dec. 30. Parliament : The Qualifica-
tion Act is passed. It requires certain
declarations to qualify for public office.
* * Parliament: The stamp duty is
imposed.
1712 * * H. L. The Ministry creates 12
Tory peers to obtain a majority.
July* Henry St. John is created Vis-
count Bolingbroke.
1713 Apr. 11. Keth. The Peace of
Utrecht is signed by Ministers of Great
Britain, France, and Spain (p. 697).
Nov. 11. Parliament meets. [1715.
Jan. 15. Dissolved.]
* * Ire. The Duke of Shrewsbury is
appointed lord lieutenant.
1714 May 28. The Princess Sophia of
Hanover dies.
* * Parliament: The Schism Act is
passed. It prohibits dissenters from
keeping schools and acting as tutors.
* * Lord Bolingbroke intrigues in the
interest of the Old Pretender.
July 27. The Earl of Oxford (lord
treasurer) is dismissed [and Charles
Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, is ap-
pointed to succeed him].
Aug. 1. Queen Anne dies.
House of Hanover or Brunswick.
1714-27 George I. reigns.
He is a son of Princess Sophia of Han-
over, the granddaughter of James I.
[Aug. 10±. He is proclaimed king. Sept.
18. He lands at Greenwich. Oct. 31.
Crowned.]
Oct. * Ministers : The Earl of Halifax
(lord treasurer), Lord Townshend (secre-
tary of state), Sunderland (lord lieuten-
ant of Ireland), Lord Cowper (lord chan-
cellor), Earl of Nottingham (president
Council), and the Duke of Marlborough
(commander-in-chief).
Oct. 11. Ire. Alan Brodrick [Viscount
Middleton] is appointed lord chancellor.
[Oct. 14. W. Whitshed, chief justice.]
* * The national debt is £54,145,363.
1715 Mar. 17. Parliament meets.
[1722. Mar. 10. Dissolved.]
June 9. Lord Bolingbroke and the Earl
of Oxford are impeached of high
treason in complicity with Jacobite in-
trigues, Bolingbroke having joined the
Pretender in France. [June 21. The
Duke of Ormonde also, who flees to
France ; anti-Whig mob riots follow the
impeachments.]
Sept. 6. Scot. The Earl of Mar pro-
claims the "Old Pretender" as
James III. at Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
[the Jacobite rebellion follows. Dec.
25. The Pretender lands at Peter-
head, Aberdeenshire.]
Oct. * Robert Walpole is appointed
premier and chancellor of the ex-
chequer.
Nov. 16. Belg. The Barrier Treaty
is signed (p. 543).
1716 Jan. 19. H. L. Seven rebel
Jacobite lords, Derwentwater, Widd-
rington, Nithsdale, Winton, Carnwath,
Kenmure, and Nairn appear for trial on
impeachment. [Feb. 9. They are sen-
tenced to death. Feb. 24. Lords Der-
wentwater and Kenmure are executed
on Tower Hill ; later, Winton and Niths-
dale make their escape.]
Feb. * Scot. The Pretender and the
Earl of Mar abandon their followers and
sail for France.
May 7. Parliament: The Septennial
Act is passed. It makes the term of Par-
liaments seven instead of three years.
[1717. Feb. 20. The first one meets.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1710-20 The South Sea Bubble.
The Karl of Oxford proposed the funding
of a floating debt of £10,000,000, the pur-
chasers of which were to become stockholders
of a corporation known as the South Sea
Company, which was to have a monopoly of
the trade witli Spanish South America, and
a part of the capital stock of which was to
constitute the fund. The scheme collapsed
on the refusal of Spain to enter into a commer-
cial treaty with England, and thousands of
families were ruined, causing great distress
throughout the country.
* * London. The Sun Fire Office is es-
tablished.
1711 * * Ire. The Irish Linen Board is
established.
* * Races are begun at Epsom [and annu-
ally continued since 1730].
1715 * * Green tea is introduced.
* * London. 150 houses are burned in
Wapping ; 50 lives are lost.
906 1716, July *-1727,**. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY -NAVY.
1718 June 15. Sir George Byng sails
with a fleet against Spain. [Aug. 11. It.
He defeats a Spanish fleet in the Straits
of Faro, near Naples.]
Dec. 17-20* *War with Spain.
England is an ally of France.
1719 Apr. 16. Scot. The Earl Mari-
schal and a few others land Spanish
troops in aid of a Jacobite rebellion.
[They soon return to Spain.]
1720 * * A royal arsenal is established
at Woolwich, Kent.
1721 Apr. 11. Sp. Gibraltar is at-
tacked by 20,000 Spaniards, who retire
after losing 5,000 men.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1716 Nov. 24^17 Feb. 29. Severe
cold prevails. Oxen are roasted at a fair
held on the thick ice-covered Thames.
* * Bails for railroads are covered with
iron.
* * Edmund Halley suggests that the dis-
tance of the earth from the sun might
be estimated by observing the transit of
Venus, and devises a plan for doing so.
* * London. James Quin makes his first
appearance on the stage at Drury Lane.
1718 * * Rev. Stephen Hales makes ex-
periments on gases.
1719* * Edmund Halley becomes as-
tronomer royal.
1720* * Esther, Handel's first English
oratorio, is composed.
* * Caslon casts the first types in Eng-
land.
1720-36 Electrical phenomena are
discovered by Wheeler and Stephen
Gray.
They discover that the human body is
a conductor of electricity, and that elec-
tricity acts at a distance.
1721 * * Inoculation for the small-pox
is made known by Lady Mary "Wortley
Montagu.
* * The pendulum clock with compen-
sation pendulum is invented by George
Graham.
1723 Aug. 6. The cursus near Stone-
henge is discovered by Dr. Stukeley ;
the ancient Britons held annual meet-
ings here, made laws, and administered
justice.
1724 May 22. A total eclipse is ob-
served from near Salisbury.
* * John Hutchinson's work, Moses' Prin-
cipia, is published. He derives all things
from the air — fire, light, and spirit, types
of the Trinity.
* * Cathedral music is performed on a
grand scale for charitable purposes at
the festivals at Gloucester.
* * London. Sir James Thornhill opens
an Academy of Art in the Piazza, Co-
vent Garden.
1725 * * Marine watches are invented
by John Harrison.
* * London. Charles Macklin, an Irish
actor, appears at Lincoln's Inn Theater.
1726 * * London. A statue of George I.
is erected in Grosvenor Square.
1727 * * London. Sir Hans Sloane be-
comes president of the Boyal Society.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1716* * Abercromby, Patrick, political and
historical writer, Scotland, A60t.
Brindley, James, canal engineer, born.
Cotes, Roger, mathematician, astron., A34.
Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, political
writer, Scotland, A63.
Gray, Thomas, poet, born.
Parker, Sir Peter, admiral, born.
Sackville, Viscount George, general, states-
man, born.
Somers, Lord John, statesman, A64.
South, Robert, cl., wit, poet, author, A83.
1717 Feb. 19. Garrick, David, actor, b.
Amherst, Lord Jeffrey, statesman, general,
born.
Carter, Elizabeth, scholar, poet, translator, b.
Walpole, Horace, Earl of Orford, states-
man, historical writer, born.
1718 July 30. Penn, "William, Quaker,
religious writer, statesman, founder of
Pennsylvania, A74.
Blair, Hugh, el., rhetorician, Scotland, born.
Canton, John, natural philosopher, born.
Cumberland, Richard, moral phil., A86.
Hunter, William, physician, physiologist,
anatomist, Scotland, born.
Kennicott, Benjamin, cl., Biblical critic, b.
Parnell, Thomas, poet, Ireland, A39.
Rodney, Baron, George Brydges, admiral, b.
Rowe, Nicholas, dramatist, A 45.
Shrewsbury, Duke of, Charles Talbot, poet,
statesman, A58.
1719 June 19. Addison, Joseph, poet,
journalist, essayist, statesman, A47.
Boydell, John, engr., Id. mayorof London, b.
Campbell, George, theol., Bib. critic, Scot., b.
Flamsteed, John, first astronomer royal, A73.
Garth, Sir Samuel, physician, poet, A52.
Hawkins, Sir John, author, born.
Landen, John, mathematician, born.
1720 * * Conway, Henry S., field-marshal, b.
Foote, Samuel, humorist, actor, born.
Gage, Thomas, general in American Rev., b.
Gibbons, Grinling, sculptor, born.
Hurd, Richard, bp. of Worcester, an., born.
Montagu, Elizabeth, writer, born.
Stuart, Charles Edward, "Young Pretender,"
grandson of James II., born.
1721 * * Akenside, Mark, poet, born.
Collins, William, poet, born.
Cumberland, Duke of, William Augustus,
son of George II., general, statesman, b.
Granby, Marquis of, John Manners, gen., b.
Potter, Robert, cl., poet, translator, born.
Prior, Matthew, poet, A57.
Robertson, William, cl., historian, Scot., b.
Sheffield, John, Duke of Buckinghamshire,
poet, statesman, A76.
Smollett, Tobias George, poet, dramatist,
novelist, historian, Scot., born.
Strange, Sir Robert, engraver, Scotland, b.
Walmesley, Charles, monk, math., born.
1722 June 16. Marlborough, Duke of,
John Churchill, statesman, general, A72.
Brocklesby, Richard, physician, au., born.
Brown, John, clergyman, author, Scot., b.
Warton, Joseph, poet, critic, born.
Yorke, Charles, Lord Morden, statesman, b.
1723 * * Blackstone, Sir WUliam, jurist, b.
Byron, Honorable John, admiral, born.
Centlivre, Susannah, dramatist, Ire., A56.
Cowper, Earl, William, statesman, A59.
Cox, David, landscape painter, born.
D'Urfey, Thomas, dramatist, A95.
Ferguson, Adam, historian, moral philoso-
pher, Scotland, born.
Fleetwood, William, bp. of Ely, orator, A67.
Price, Richard, cl., philosopher, writer, b.
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, portrait painter, b.
Selkirk. Alexander, sailor, prototype of De-
foe's " Robinson Crusoe," Scotland, A49.
Smith, Adam, pol. economist, phil., Scot., b.
"Wren, Sir Christopher, architect, A91.
1724 * * Carleton, Sir Guy, gen., states., b.
Guy, Thomas, philanthropist, A81.
Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford, statesman,
A 63.
Home, John, poet, dram., hist., Scot., born.
Hood, Viscount Samuel, admiral, born.
Howe, George Augustus, gen. in America, b.
Manly, Mary de la Riviere, novelist, drama-
tist, political writer, A 52.
Prideaux, Humphrey, cl., historian, A76.
Sacheverell, Henry, clergyman, controver-
sialist, author, A52.
Smeaton, John, civil engineer, born.
Stubbs, George, painter, born.
1725 Sept. 29. Clive, Lord Robert, gen-
eral, statesman, born.
Howe, Earl Richard, adm. in Am. Rev., b.
Keppel, Viscount Augustus, admiral, born.
Kippis, Andrew, clergyman, author, born.
Lindley, Thomas, composer, born.
Mason, William, clergyman, poet, born.
Newton, John, clergyman, author, born.
Sandby, Paul, painter, born.
Townshend, Charles, statesman, born.
1726 * * Burney, Charles, doctor of music,
composer, author, born.
Chambers, Sir William, architect, born.
Coote. Sir Eyre, gen., statesman, Ire.,b.
Dalrymple, Sir David, Lord Hailes, jurist,
historian, Scotland, born.
Howard. John, philan., prison reformer, b.
Hutton, James, mineralogist, geol., Scot., b.
Jones, William, Hutchinsonian cl., au., d.
Pennant, Thomas, naturalist, antiquary, b.
Roy, William, geodesist, general, Scot., born.
Vanbrugh, Sir John, poet, dram., arch., A60.
Wotton, William, scholar, misc. writer, A56.
CHURCH.
1717 Mar. 31. The Bangorian con-
troversy begins.
The bishop of Bangor preaches a ser-
mon before the king on the text, " My
kingdom is not of this world," demon-
strating the spiritual nature of the king-
dom of Christ, and receiving great abuse
from nearly all the clergy.
1719 * * The two Houses of Convoca-
tion cease to meet after being denied
some of their privileges.
1720* * Scot. The see of Edinburgh is
again founded. [1721, The see of Aber-
deen and the Isles.]
* * Ire. Toleration is granted to the
Dissenters, who are chiefly Presbyte-
rians.
* * John "Wesley enters Christ's Church
College, Oxford, at the age of 16 years.
1721 * * It. Innocent XIII. become*
Pope. [1724, Benedict XIII. ; 1730, Cle-
ment XII. ; 1740, Benedict XV.]
1722 Aug. * Great ferment in the
church party is caused by the arrest of
Bishop Francis Atterbury. [1723. He
is banished as a Jacobite.]
1723 * * Jews acquire the right to pos-
sess land.
* * A union is proposed with the Greek
Church and the Church of England.
* * The bishops preach against masquer-
ades, and occasion their suppression.
1725 June 4. Edinburgh. A General
Assembly of the kirk meets.
1725-35 Ire. The proceeds of a coal
duty build the cathedral at Cork.
1727 May 19. The Bishop of London
declares that " Christianity and the em-
bracing of the Gospel does not make the
least alteration in civil property "
(slaves).
LETTERS.
1717* * Downing College, Cambridge,
is founded by Sir George Downing, by
will.
* * The Kentish Gazette is issued [now
The Kentish Post].
* * The Exeter Mercury, The Protestant
Mercury, and The Postmaster, or Loyal
Mercury are issued at Exeter.
1718 * * Rev. Laurence Eusden is ap-
pointed poet laureate.
* * The Leeds Mercury is issued.
* * Essay on Witchcraft, by Bishop Hutch-
inson, appears.
1719* * The Manchester Weekly Journal
is issued.
* * Robinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe, ap-
pears. [1722, Journal of the Plague.]
* * Busiris, by Edward Young, appears.
[1721, Revenge.]
1720 Apr. 28. Scot. The Edinburgh
Mercury is issued.
* * The Weekly Mercury, or Protestant
Packet is issued at Norwich.
AND IRELAND.
1716, July *-1727,
907
* *A translation of Homer's Iliad, by
Alexander Pope, appears. [1725, Ho-
mer's Odyssey.]
1722 * * A Naval College is founded at
Portsmouth.
1722-24 London. Jiibliotheca Literaria
is issued by Dr. Samuel Webb.
* * The Conscious Lovers, by Sir Richard
Steele, appears.
1724 * * The first professor of modern
history in English universities is estab-
lished by George I.
* * Dublin. The Drapers' Letters, by Jon-
athan Swift, appears.
1724-34 History of His Own Time, by
Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury,
appears.
1725 * * Historise Caelestis, by John Flam-
steed, appears.
* * Scot. The Gentle Shepherd, by Allan
Ramsay, appears.
1725-28 London. New Memoirs of
Literature is issued.
1726 * * London. John Henley, " Ora-
tor Henley," opens an "oratory" in
Newport Market, where he gives lec-
tures.
* * The London Daily Post and General
Advertiser is issued. [1738. Changed to
General Advertiser. 1752. Changed to
Public Advertiser.]
* * London. Lloyd's List is issued by Ed-
ward Lloyd.
1726-27 Dublin. Gulliver's Travels, by
Jonathan Swift, appears.
1726-30 Scot. The Seasons, by James
Thomson, appears.
1727 * * The first racing calendar is
published by John Cheney.
* * Sally in Our Ally, and other poems, by
Henry Carey, appear.
SOCIETY.
1716 July* London. The Mug-house
riot, in Salisbury Court, between the
Whigs and Tories, occurs. It is quelled
by the guards ; five rioters are hanged.
* * Mrs. Hicks and her daughter, aged
nine, are hanged at Huntingdon as
witches.
* * The daily wages of harvest men are
ninepence.
1717 * * The first grand lodge of Free-
masons in England is established.
1718* * Judges are authorized to sen-
tence offenders to transportation
" into any of his Majesty's dominions in
North America."
* * James Shepherd, an enthusiast, un-
successfully attempts to assassinate
George I.
1719* * London. "Westminster Hos-
pital is founded.
1720 Nov. * Parliament makes an in-
vestigation of the South Sea Bubble.
It expels Aislabie, Chancellor of the
Exchequer, and several members of Par-
liament, and seizes the estates of the
directors valued at £2,014,000.
1721 Apr. 28. The council orders the
suppression of the Hell Fire Clubs.
* * London. Guy's Hospital is founded
by Thomas Guy ; it costs £18,793, and he
endows it with £219,499.
1722 July 24. Edinburgh. The wear-
ing of broadswords is prohibited.
* * Scot. The last execution in Scotland
for witchcraft takes place at Dornoch.
* * Forging letters of attorney is made a
capital crime.
* * Sending letters, whether anony-
mously written, or with a fictitious
name, demanding money, or threaten-
ing to kill a person, or fire his house, is
made punishable as a felony without
benefit of clergy.
1723 May* Non-jurors are subjected
to double taxation, and obliged to
register their estates.
May* London. Christopher Layer, a bar-
rister, conspires with other persons to
seize George I., the Prince of Wales,
Lord Cadogan, and the principal otticers
of state, to seize the Tower, to plunder
the Bank, and to bring in the Pretender.
[May 17. Layer is hanged.]
1724 June 24. Scot. The tax on malt
causes a great tumult at Glasgow.
* * It is agreed to hold festivals at Here-
ford, Gloucester, and Worcester, in ro-
tation annually ; at first for two days,
later for three evenings.
1725 May 18. The Order of the Bath
is revived by George I.
* * Thomas Parker, Earl of Macclesfield
and lord chancellor, is impeached for
selling masterships in the Court of
Chancery, and other corrupt practises.
* * Ire. Titles created, Earl of Darn ley.
[1727, Viscount of Galway ; 1733, Earl of
Egmont.]
1726-29 Voltaire visits England.
1727 May 16. Mr. Ward, a wealthy
member of Parliament, is expelled by
the Commons for forgery [and con-
signed to the pillory].
STATE.
1716* * Parliament: The Sinking
Fund Act is passed to redeem the debt
to the Bank of England.
1717 Jan. 4. The Triple Alliance is
formed (p. 697).
Mar.* Parliament: The Act of Grace
is passed.
It releases Lords Carnwath, Widdring-
ton, Nairne, and others under death
sentence or in prison for participation
in the Jacobite rebellion.
Apr. * James, Earl Stanhope, becomes
prime minister ; James Craggs, secretary
of war ; and the Earl of Sunderland and
Joseph Addison become secretaries of
state.
Nov. * The king and his son, the Prince
of Wales, quarrel about sponsors at
the baptism of the prince's child; the
prince is put under arrest; he sup-
ports the opponents of his father's Cabi-
net.
* * Ire. The Duke of Bolton is appointed
lord lieutenant.
Dee. * H. L. A bill passed to limit the
creation of peers is rejected by the
Commons. Vote, 269-167.
* * Parliament : The non-resistance
oath, declaring that it is unlawful to
take up arms against the king for any
cause, is repealed.
1721 * * Robert Walpole is prime min-
ister and chancellor of the exchequer:
Lord Townshend is secretary of state.
* * Ire. Charles, Duke of Grafton, is ap-
pointed lord lieutenant.
1722 * * Christopher Layer, a barrister,
Francis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester,
and others engage in a movement in
favor of the Pretender. [Layer is con-
demned and executed. 1723. May 6. At-
terbury is put on trial for treasonable
conspiracy ; later, condemned, but per-
mitted to leave the country.]
Oct. 9. Parliament meets. [1627.
Aug. 7. Dissolved.]
* * The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended
for a year.
* * Parliament : An act is passed giving
a patent to William Wood for supplying
Ireland with a copper coinage of half-
pence.
[1724. Ire. Dean Swift, by his Dra-
pers' Letters, raises such a public clamor
against the scheme that it is withdrawn.]
1724 * * Ire. John, Lord Carteret, is ap-
pointed lord lieutenant.
* * New postal rates charge a penny for
every sheet.
1725 Mar. 2. Sir Robert Raymond is
appointed chief justice.
Sept. 3. The Treaty of Hanover, or al-
liance of Herrenhausen, is concluded.
It is formed by England, France, and
Prussia as a league of defense against
the designs of Germany and Spain, for-
mulated in the Treaty of Vienna.
* * The great seal is in commission. Later,
Sir Peter King, Lord King, is lord chan-
cellor.
* * Ire. Richard "West is appointed lord
chancellor. [1726, Thomas Wyndham,
Lord Windham of Finglas.]
1727 Apr. 3. Ire. John Rogerson U
appointed chief justice.
June 11. Ger. George I. dies at Osna-
burg, Hanover.
1727-60 George II. reigns.
He is son of George I.
1718 Aug. 2. London. The Quadru-
ple Alliance treaty is signed.
It is formed by Great Britain, France,
Germany, and Holland to guarantee the
succession of the reigning families in
France and England, and to settle the
partition of the Spanish monarchy. It
forbids the union of the French and
Spanish crowns. [1720. Jan. 26. Spain
joins.]
* * Charles, Earl of Sunderland, be-
comes lord treasurer, Earl Stanhope and
J. Craggs, secretaries of state ; and Mr.
Aislabie, chancellor of the exchequer.
* * Sir John Pratt is appointed chief
justice.
* * Sir R. Tracy and others are commis-
sioners of the great seal.
* * Baron Macclesfield is appointed
lord high chancellor.
* * Parliament: An act is passed forbid-
ding the export of wool. The Schism
Act is repealed.
1719 May* Scot. A Spanish expedi-
tion in favor of the Pretender fails.
Nov. 20. The Treaty of Stockholm is
concluded. Sweden cedes to England
the duchies of Bremen and Verden for
1,000,000 rix-dollars.
1727-42 Robert Walpole is prime
minister.
June * National debt, £52,092,238.
Aug. 2. Viscount Torrington is made
first lord of the admiralty. [1733, June
25, Sir Charles Wager ; 1742, Mar. 19, Earl
of Winchelsea ; 1744, Dec. 27, Duke of
Bedford ; 1748, Feb. 10, Earl of Sand-
wich.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1718 * * Scot. The first Glasgow vessel
sails to America for tobacco.
1720 * * Mahogany comes into general
use.
* * Cross posts in the penny post institu-
tion are established by Ralph Allen.
* * London. The Royal Exchange Insur-
ance and the London Insurance Com-
panies are the first marine insurance
companies.
1722 * * London. The Chelsea water-
works are formed.
1723 * * London. Smallpox appears ;
one case out of 14 is fatal.
1726 * * Cutlers' Hall, Sheffield, is built.
1727 * * Edinburgh. The Royal Bank
is founded.
908 1727,**-1738,May21. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1736 * * The rank of marshal is first
conferred upon John, Duke of Argyll,
and George, Earl of Orkney, by George
U.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1727 * * The aberration of the light of
stars is discovered aud explained by Dr.
James Bradley.
1728 * * John Gay's Beggar 's Opera is
produced at the Lincoln's Inn Theater.
* * Dublin. The Aungier Street Theater
[Victor] is erected.
1730 * * Edinburgh. Stereotyping is
practised by William Ged.
* * London. The Academy in St. Mar-
tin's Lane is opened.
* * The first cotton stockings are made.
1730-33 London. The Serpentine is
formed at Hyde Park.
1731 * * Dublin. Crow Street Music
Hall is erected.
* * Dublin. The Royal Dublin Society
is formed.
* * A reflecting sextant is made by John
Hadley.
* * London. The first Copley medal is
awarded to Stephen Gray by the Royal
Society.
1732 Dec. 7. London. Covent Gar-
den Theater is first opened.
± * * Edinburgh. The first threshing-
machine attempted in modern times is
invented by Michael Menzies.
* * London. Rise of the English opera ;
the first oratorio is performed in Lin-
coln's Inn Theater in Portugal Street.
1733 * * The Harlot '* Progress, by Wil-
liam Hogarth, appears. [Soon followed
by The Make 's Progress.]
1734 * * London. Viscount Harcourt,
Lord Halifax, the Duke of Dorset, and
others establish the Society of Dilet-
tanti for the encouragement of fine arts
in Great Britain.
1734-43 London. The Royal Academy
of Music is founded.
1735 * * London. John Harrison pro-
duces his first time-piece. [1739. His
second. 1749. His third.]
1736 Feb. 16. London. Unprece-
dented high tide occurs ; the council at
Westminster Hall are carried out in
boats to their coaches.
* * Jonathan Hull's patent first sets forth
the idea of steam navigation.
* * Edinburgh. Allan Ramsay's Thea-
ter is erected.
1737 * * Dr. James Bradley discovers the
variation of the earth's axis.
* * Edinburgh. The Medical Society is
instituted.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1727 Mar. 20. Newton. Sir Isaac,
mathematician, scientist, greatest of nat-
ural philosophers, A85.
Barrington, Daines, jurist, naturalist, anti-
quary, born.
Gainsborough, Thomas, painter, born.
Hoole, John, poet, dramatist, translator, b.
Liverpool, first Earl of, Charles Jenkinson,
statesman, born.
Murphy, Arthur, dram., writer, Ireland, b.
"Wilkes, John, statesman, born.
Wolfe, James, general, born.
1728 * * Adam, Robert, architect, Scot., b.
Black, Joseph, chemist, anatomist, Ire., b.
Boulton, Matthew, engineer, born.
Cook, James, explorer, naval captain, b.
Freind, John, physician, author, A53.
Goldsmith, Oliver, poet, novelist, drama-
tist, essayist, Ireland, born.
Hunter, John, anatomist, surgeon, Scot, b.
•Orme, Robert, historian, born.
Warton, Thomas, poet, critic, born.
1729 Jan. 12, Burke, Edmund, states-
man, orator, author, Ireland, born.
Clarke, Samuel, clergyman, philosopher, A54.
Collins, Anthony, theologian, freethinker,
philosopher, A53.
Congreve, William, dramatist, poet, A59.
Howe, Sir William, general, born.
Law, John, financier, Scotland, A58.
Lloyd, Henry, soldier, author, born.
Moore, John, physician, Scotland, born.
Percy, Thomas, bishop of Dromore, au., b.
Steele, Sir Richard, poet, essayist, journal-
ist, politician, A58.
1730 * * Bruce, James, traveler, Scot., b.
Burgoyne, John, general, Am. Rev., born.
Fenton, Elijah, poet, A47.
Hamilton, Sir William, antiquary, states-
man, Scotland, born.
Home, George, bp. of Norwich, author, b.
Jackson, William, musician, composer, born.
Rockingham, Marquis of, Charles W. Went-
worth, statesman, born.
Wedgrwood, Josiah, potter, born.
1731 * * Aiton, William, botanist, Scot., b.
Astell, Mary, religious writer, A63.
Boyle, Charles, Earl of Orrery, scholar,
major-general, statesman, Ireland, A75.
Cavendish, Henry, chemist, nat. phil., born.
Churchill, Charles, poet, born.
Cowper, William, poet, born.
Darwin, Erasmus, physiologist, poet, born.
Defoe, Daniel, printer, pamphleteer, jour-
nalist, novelist, A70.
Duncan, Viscount, Adam, admiral, Scot., b.
Dunning, John, Baron Ashburton, lawyer, b.
Grose, Francis, antiquary, author, born.
Wharton, Duke of, Philip, orator, poet, A33.
1732 Dec. 6. Hastings, Warren, states-
man, governor-general of India, born.
Arkwright, Sir Richard, inventor of spin-
ning-jenny, born.
Atterbury, Francis, bishop of Rochester,
statesman, controversialist, author, A70.
Collier, Arthur, cl., metaphysician, A52.
Colman, George, dramatist, born.
Cumberland, Richard, dramatist, born.
Falconer, William, poet, born.
Flood, Henry, statesman, orator, Ireland, b.
Gay, John, poet, A47.
Hauksbee, Francis, physicist, A82.
Horsley, John, antiquary, historian, A47.
Mar, Earl of, John Erskine, gen., Scot., A57.
Maskelyne, lievil, astronomer, born.
North, Lord Frederick, statesman, born.
Thurlow, Lord Edward, statesman, born.
Walker, John, lexicographer, born.
1733 * * Booth, Barton, actor, A52.
Denman, Thomas, physician, born.
Horsley, Samuel, bp. of Rochester, au., b.
Kenyon, Lord Lloyd, jurist, statesman, b.
Ogilvie, John, poet, Scotland, born.
Priestly, Joseph, philosopher, born.
Wedderburn, Alexander, Baron Lough-
borough, Earl of Kosslyn, jurist, states., b.
1734* * Abercromby, Sir Ralph, general,
Scotland, born.
Arbuckle, James, poet, Scotland, A34.
Barclay, John, clergyman, founder of Bar-
clayites, Scotland, born.
Creighton, Robert, cl., composer, A96.
Dennis, John, poet, critic, A 77.
King, Peter, jurist, statesman, A65.
Mlacgregor-Campbell, Rob Roy* free-
booter, A71.
Mickle, William Julius, poet, Scotland, b.
Romney, George, painter, horn.
Sharp, Granville, philanthropist, born.
St. Vincent, Earl of, John Jervis, admiral, b.
Thornhill, Sir James, painter, A58.
1735 * * Arbuthnot, John, phy., wit, wr., A68.
Astle, Thomas, antiquary, born.
Banks, Thomas, sculptor, born.
Beattie, James, poet, Scotland, born.
Bickerstaff, Isaac, dramatist, Ireland, born.
Brown, John, physician, founder of Bruno-
nian theory, Scotland, born.
Derham, William, cl., natural phil., A78.
Granville, George, Baron Landsdowne, poet,
dramatist, statesman, A68.
Langhorne, John, poet, translator, born.
Raikes, Robert, fdr. of Sunday-schools, b.
Ramsden, Jesse, optician, inventor, born.
Richmond, Duke of, Charles Lennox, gen., b.
Peterborough, Earl of, Charles Mordaunt,
general, admiral, statesman, A77.
Wodrow, Robert, ecclesiastical historian,
Scotland, A55.
1736* * Bridgewater, Earl of, Francis
Egerton, projector of canals, born.
Cogan, Thomas, physician, author, born.
Copley, John, painter, born.
Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, born.
Jebb, John, clergyman, physician, born.
Sale, George, historian, orientalist, A56.
Steevens, George, Shak. comment., au., b.
Tooke, John Home, politician, philologist, b.
Watt, James, inventor condensing steam-
engine, Scotland, born.
1737 Apr, 27. Gibbon, Edward, histo-
rian, born.
Eginton, Francis, painter on glass, born.
Geddes, Alexander, Roman Catholic theolo-
gian, Biblical critic, author, Scotland, b.
Hutchinson, John, philosopher, founder
Hutchinsonism, Scotland, A63.
Hutton, Charles, mathematician, born.
Macartney, Earl of, George, diplom., Ire., b.
Landsdowne, Marquis of, William Petty
Fitzmaurice, statesman, Ireland, born.
Uollekens, Joseph, sculptor, born.
Paine, Thomas, politician, author, born.
Strype, John, theologian, historian, A94.
Watson, Richard, bishop of Llandaff, au., b.
CHURCH.
1727 * * Scot. The see of Moray is again
erected. [1731, Brechin and also Glas-
gow.]
* * Scot. Rev. John Glas (or Glass) be-
comes the founder of the Glassites
[called Sandemanians in America].
He opposes the national church as in-
consistent with the gospel. [1728. He
is deposed by the General Assembly.]
1727-29 John Wesley is curate to his
father. [1738. Apr. 1. He resolves to
pray indifferently, with a form or with-
out one.]
1729 * * Rise of Methodism.
The Holy Club (Methodist) is formed
at Oxford University. Its members
unite to read the Holy Scriptures in the
original languages, and to aid each other
in mutual spiritual improvement. Ori-
ginal members : John Wesley of Lincoln
College, Charles Wesley, tutor, Mr. Mor-
gan of the Christ's Church College, and
Mr. Kirkham of Merton College. They
tire derisively called Methodists.]
1730 * * Many of the original English
Presbyterians become Unitarians.
1732 * * George Whitefield is admitted
a servitor at Oxford, where he becomes
a companion of the Wesleys, and aids
them in establishing Methodism. [1736.
June 20. Ordained.]
1733* * Scot. Ebenezer Erskine with
others secedes from the Scottish Church,
and forms the Associate Presbytery,
commonly called the Secession Church.
[1740. The eight seceders are deposed.]
* * Scot. The see of St. Andrews is again
erected.
1735 Oct. 14. The two "Wesleys sail
for Georgia in America.
John Wesley, having declined a quiet
rectory, sets out with his brother Charles
for Georgia, to become missionaries to
the Indians. Charles Wesley is also to
he secretary to the governor.
* * John Wesley observes the Moravians.
A terrible storm convinces Wesley
that the German Moravians on board the
vessel have a fellowship with God to
which he is a stranger.
* * George "Whitefield joins the Metho-
dist Holy Club. [1730. He is ordained
a deacon, and preaches his first sermon.]
1737 * * Many clergymen are apathetic
and indifferent for fear of being called
Methodists.
1738 Jan.* John "Wesley returns from
America.
He commences itinerant preaching, and
gathers many followers, chiefly among
the poor. Many churches are shut
against him, so he builds spacious meet-
ing-houses in London, Bristol, and other
places.
Jan. * "Whitefield first sails for America.
[He returns the same year, seeking aid for
his orphanage in Georgia. 1739. Sept. * He
sails again for America. 1741. His preach-
AND IRELAND.
1727, * *-1738, May 21. 909
ing produces great excitement In New Eng-
land. 1744. Aug. * Sails again. 1769. He
sails on his seventh and last voyage.]
* *'It. Freemasons are excommunicated
by the Pope.
May 2 1 . Charles "Wesley obtains "rest
to his soul."
LETTERS.
1727-28 * * Miscellanies, by Pope and
Swift, appears.
1728 Jan. * -36 Dec. * London. The
Present State of the Republick of Letters
is issued.
* * Ire. George Faulkner establishes
Faulkner1 s Journal.
* * Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia ap-
pears.
* * The Dunciad, by Alexander Pope, ap-
pears.
* * Love in Several Masques, by Henry
Fielding, appears. L1730, The Temple
Beau and Tom Thumb; 1732, The Mod-
ern Husband and The Mock Doctor;
1733, The Miser; 1734, The Intriguing
Chambermaid; 1743, The Wedding Day.]
1729* * London. A public library,
built by bequest of Dr. Daniel Williams,
is opened at 49 Redcross Street.
* * The Salisbury Journal is issued.
* * Ire. The Waterford Flying Post is is-
sued.
1730 * * London. Colley Cibber is ap-
pointed poet laureate.
* * The Manchester Gazette is issued.
* * The Literary Journal is issued.
1730-34 London. Historia Literaria is
issued.
1731 * * Disuse of Latin language is
authorized in the courts.
* * London. The Gentleman's Magazine
is issued by Edward Cave.
* * Treatise concerning Eternal and Im-
mutable Morality, by Kalph Cudworth,
appears.
1732 * * Ire. The Dublin College Li-
brary is erected.
* * Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher,
by George Berkeley, appears.
1732-34 Essay on Man, by Alexander
Pope, appears. [1732-35, Moral Essays.]
1732-38 History of the Puritans, by
Daniel Neal, appears.
1732-84 London. The London Maga-
zine, or Gentleman's Monthly Intelligen-
cer, is issued.
1733 * * Ire. Charter schools are es-
tablished.
1733-34 London. The Bee is issued by
Eustace Budgell.
1735 * * Translation of Lobo 's Voyage to
Abyssinia, Samuel Johnson's first
work, appears. [1738, London; 1744,
Life of Savage.]
1735-36 London. The Literary Maga-
zine is issued.
1736 May 13. The Ratcliffe Li-
brary, Oxford, is founded. [1749. Apr.
13. Opened.]
* * Analogy of Reliqion, by Joseph Butler
[Bishop of Bristol and of Durham], ap-
pears.
1737 * * Ire. The Belfast News-Letter is
issued.
* * The Schoolmistress, by William Shen-
stone, appears.
* * Concordance of the Holy Scripture, by
Alexander Crud'en, appears.
1737-43 History of the Works of the
Learned is issued.
SOCIETY.
1727 * * Races are begun at Ascot by the
Duke of Cumberland.
* * Sanctuaries for offenders are abol-
ished.
1728 * * A duel is fought between Cant.
Peppard and Mr. Hayes, the latter be-
ing killed.
* * Dublin. The Infirmary, Jervis
Street, is founded.
1729 * * The first gin-law is made, im-
posing a license of £20 on every seller
of gin, in order to restrain the traffic.
[1733. As it does not check gin-drinking,
it is repealed.]
* * Robert Raikes of Gloucester is called
to the bar of the Commons, and rebuked
for printing speeches delivered in
the House.
* * Ire. Linen scarfs are introduced at
funerals.
1730 * * A select committee of the Com-
mons reports on the horrible oppression
and cruelty practised in prisons.
* * Ire. The first grand lodge of Free-
masons in Ireland is established.
1731 Jan. 2. London. A prisoner at
Newgate is reprieved on condition that
he submit to an experiment on the
tympanum.
June 4. London. A person is sentenced
to be hanged for forgery. [It is sup-
posed to be the first case so punished.]
Sept. 27. London. A gang of 130 felons
are taken from Newgate for transpor-
tation to America.
1732 * * Customs frauds abound.
On tobacco alone one-third of the
duties are lost to the Government by
perjury, forgery, and collusion.-
1733 Apr. * There are many public
demonstrations against the Excise
Bill; the popular cry is "Liberty,
Property, and no Excise."
1734* * London. The Society of Dilet-
tanti is founded. [1735. Also the Beef-
steak Club.]
1735 * * London. A petition against the
excessive use of spirituous liquors is
presented to the House of Commons by
the justices of the peace for Middlesex.
1736 Feb. 28. The Commons consider
the harm done to the poor by distilled
spirits; it is stated some signs read,
" Drunk for a penny, dead drunk for two-
pence ; clean straw for nothing."
Apr. 15. Edinburgh. The Porteous
riots break out.
Capt. John Porteous fires on a mob, who
threaten to rescue a prisoner from execution.
[He is tried for murder, and sentenced to
death ; later he is reprieved. Sept. 7. He is
dragged out of prison by a mob, who hang
him to a lamp-post, and kill or wound 17 or
18 persons.]
* * Edinburgh. The Royal Infirmary is
incorporated.
* * A riot occurs among the Spitalfields
weavers because of the employing of
workmen from Ireland; it is quelled by
the military after many lives are lost.
* * Scot. The first grand lodge of Free-
masons in Scotland is established.
* * London. White's Club is estab-
lished.
* * A fine of £100 and imprisonment for
three months are made the penalties
for persuading artisans to leave the
country.
1737 Mar. 5. London. A riot occurs
at Drury Lane Theater because of the
attempt to exclude footmen from the
gallery.
* * Riotous nailers in Worcester march
to Birmingham, and make terms with
iron merchants there.
* * The clergy are given to fox-hunting,
the bottle, and frequently to gambling.
1738 Mar. 11. About 1,200 persons are
reported to have been convicted in a few
months for selling gin without a
license.
STATE.
1728 Jan. 23. Parliament meets;
Arthur Onslow, Speaker. [1734. Apr.
18. Dissolved.]
1729 Nov. 9. Sp. The Treaty of
Seville is concluded.
Spain restores its conquests, and con-
firms to England the control for supply
of slaves to Spanish America (p. 699).
1731 Mar. 16. The Treaty ofVienna
is concluded with Holland and the Ger-
man Empire (p. 515).
* * Ire. Lionel, Duke of Dorset, is ap-
pointed lord-lieutenant.
1733 Mar. 14. Parliament: Walpole
introduces a comprehensive Excise
Bill.
Apr. 11. London. Sheriffs and mer-
chants go to Parliament in 200 carriages,
bearing a monster petition against the
pending Excise Bill.
* * Charles Talbot, Lord Talbot, is ap-
pointed lord high chancellor.
* * Sir Philip Yorke is appointed chief
justice.
1735 Jan. 14. Parliament meets ;
Arthur Onslow is chosen Speaker.
[1741. Apr. 28. Dissolved.]
Feb. * H. C. William Pitt [Earl of
Chatham] enters as member for Old
Sarum.
1736 Apr. 27. The Prince of "Wales
marries the Princess of Saxe-Gotha.
June 24. The laws against witchcraft
are repealed.
* * Parliament : The Porteous riots in
Edinburgh, arising out of the execution
of the laws against smuggling, are de-
bated.
The lord provost of Edinburgh is dis-
qualified for office, and the city is fined
£2,000, for failing to protect Porteous
from lynching by the mob.
1737 June 8. Sir William Lee is ap-
pointed chief justice.
* * Parliament: An act licensing plays
is passed.
* * Philip Yorke, Lord Hardwicke, is
appointed lord high chancellor.
* * Ire. William, Duke of Devonshire, is
appointed lord-lieutenant.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1727* * Edinburgh. The board of trus-
tees of trade and manufactures is ap-
pointed.
1728 * * Dublin. The Linen Hall is
opeced.
1729* * Dublin. The Parliament House
is begun.
1730-40 London. The post is trans-
mitted only three times a week to Edin-
burgh ; on one occasion London sends a
single letter.
1731* *E. I. The Ostend East India
Company is dissolved; the emperor re-
moving this rival of the English com-
pany.
Aug. 2. London. The first stone is laid
of the Sank of England.
1733 Aug. 31. London. Fifty tons of
halfpence and farthings are sent from
the Tower to Ireland.
1736* * London. Fifty houses are
burned at Shadwell.
1737 * * London. Fleet ditch is covered,
and Fleet Market is opened.
910 1738, May 24-1746, Sept.*. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1739 Oct. 19-46 * * War against Spain
because of its interference with Great
Britain's American trade.
Oct. * Vice Adm. Vernon is sent to at-
tack Spanish possessions in America.
Nov. 22. Colombia. Porto Bello, in Da-
rien, is captured by Adm. Vernon.
1740 Sept. * A squadron of six vessels
sails under Com. Anson to attack Chile
and Peru. [It returns unsuccessful.]
1740-48 War of the Austrian Succes-
sion. England is an ally of Austria in
the Pragmatic army (p. 514).
1741 Mar.* -Apr.* Colombia. An
unsuccessful attack is made upon Car-
tagena by Adms. Vernon and Went-
worth ; 175 ships, 15,000 sailors, and
12,000 soldiers are in the expedition.
1743 June 27. Ger. George TJ. de-
feats the French at Dettingen. (See
France.)
1744 Mar. 15. France declares war
against Great Britain.
Sept. 21. The Colchester, 50 guns, is lost
on Kentish Knock ; 50 men perisb.
Oct. 5. The Victory, the finest man-of-
war in the English navy, is wrecked
near the Isle of Alderney; Adm. Sir
John Balchen and the entire crew are
lost.
* * The Duke of Cumberland is ap-
pointed captain-general. The Earl of
Stair commander-in-chief.
1745 May 11. Belg. Battle of Fon-
tenoy (p. 700).
June 17. N. 8. Louisburg, the chief
French stronghold in America, is taken
(p. 66).
July * Scot. The second Jacobite Re-
bellion.
Charles Edward, the « « Young Pre-
tender," grandson of James II., lands
on the western coast, and is joined by
a large number of Highlanders and
some of the nobility. [Aug. * He takes
Perth and Edinburgh. Sept. 21. He de-
feats the royal forces under Sir John
Cope at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh.
Nov. * He invades England.]
Nov. 10. Carlisle is invested by the
Jacobite army. [Nov. 17. Taken. Nov.
28. Charles Edward makes his quarters
at Manchester. Dec. 4. He enters
Derby with 400 cavalry and 2,000 in-
fantry.]
Dec. * The Royalist army under the
Duke of Cumberland and Gen. Wade
advances northward to suppress the
Jacobites. [Dec. 6. The Jacobites com-
mence their retreat. Dec. 18. They gain
an advantage over Cumberland at Clif-
ton, Cumberland.]
* *The Royal Military Academy at
Woolwich is efficiently organized.
* * Field-Marshal Wade is appointed
commander-in-chief.
1746 Jan. 17. Scot. The Royalists
under Gen. Hawley are defeated by
Charles Edward at Falkirk Moor, Stir-
lingshire.
Apr. 16. (o. s.) Scot. Battle of Cul-
loden, near Inverness.
The Jacobites (6,000±) are totally de-
feated by the Duke of Cumberland with
a force of 10,000± ; a great slaughter of
the vanquished follows. [Charles Ed-
ward, after wandering about for several
weeks, escapes to France. This is the
last serious effort of the Stuarts to re-
cover the throne.]
Sept. * E. I. The French attack Ma-
dras (p. 700).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1738 Sept. 13. London. The West-
minster bridge is begun.
* * Railroads for collieries, with rails
made of Iron, are laid at Whitehaven.
* * Lewis Paul secures a patent for a
spmning-machine. [Unsuccessful.]
* * Edinburgh. The Royal Society of
Edinburgh is founded.
1739 * * Dr. Clayton describes the theory
of gas-lights as the inflammable aeri-
form fluid, carburetted hydrogen.
* * Gas is first evolved from coal.
1740 * * Benjamin Martin makes great
improvements in the microscope; be
invents and sells pocket microscopes.
* * Benjamin Huntsman sets up a manu-
factory for cast steel at Handsworth,
near Sheffield.
1741 May* London. Rev. Stephen
Hales invents ventilators, and de-
scribes them to the Royal Society.
Oct. 19. David Garrick makes his
debut as Richard III. in the Theater of
Goodman's Field, Ipswich. [1742. May
1. At Drury Lane, London.]
* * Handel composes his sublime orato-
rio, The Messiah, in 23 days. [1742. Apr.
13. First performed in Dublin.]
* * London. Martin Folkes becomes presi-
dent of the Royal Society.
* * London. The Madrigal Society is
established.
* * Dublin. Fishamble Street Music
Hall is erected.
1742 * * Scot. Andrew Gordon uses a
glass cylinder instead of a globe in
electrical apparatus. [1770±. A plate is
substituted.]
* * James Bradley becomes astronomer
royal.
* * Scot. Calico-printing is begun at
Glasgow.
1743 * * Parliament offers £20,000 for the
discovery of the Northwest Passage.
* * The first cotton-miU is erected at
Birmingham ; it is unsuccessful.
* * Scot. The first Paisley handker-
chiefs are made.
1745 * * Baskewill, a printer at Birming-
ham, takes up the art of making papier-
mache-, and it soon spreads over the
entire district.
* * London. The surgeons and barbers
are made distinct corporations.
* * Dublin. The Chapel Street Theater
is erected.
* * London. The Society of Surgeons is
reorganized.
1745-56 Three million cattle die of
the plague in England and West Europe.
1746 Apr. 23. London. Johann Chris-
toph Gliick plays the harmonica, or
musical glasses. [He writes an Italian
opera.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1738 * * Almon, John, pub., pamphleteer, b.
Asgill, John, author, A88±.
Boucher, Jonathan, political wr., philol., b.
Chandler, Richard, archeologist, born.
Clinton, Sir Henry, general, born.
Cochran, William, artist, born.
Cornwaliis, Earl and Marquis of, Charles,
general, statesman, born.
Herschel. 8ir Frederick William, astron-
omer, author, born.
Macpherson, James, poet, Scotland, born.
Miller, Joseph, comedian, A54.
Portland, Earl of, William H. C. Bentinck,
statesman, born.
Woleott, John (Peter Pindar), painter, satir-
ist, born.
Vaughan, Sir John, general, born.
1739 * * Anderson, James, econ., Scot., b.
Beauclerk, Topham, wit, born.
Parker, Sir Hyde, admiral, born.
Saunderson, Nicholas, mathematician, A57.
Walter, John, founder of London Times, b.
1740* * Abernethy, John, Nonconformist
clergyman, author, Ireland, A60.
Arnold, Samuel, musical composer, born.
Bacon, John, statuary, born.
Baring, Sir Francis, financier, born.
Boswell, James, biographer of Dr. Johnson,
Scotland, born.
Cartwright, John, major, pol. reformer, b.
Chambers, Ephraim. cyclopedist, A60.
Cosway, Richard, painter, born.
Francis, Sir Philip, states., an., Ire., born.
Cagnier, Jean, Hebrew and Arabic professor
at Oxford, A 70.
Ker, John, bibliographer, born.
Latham, John, ornithologist, born.
Sharp, William, engraver, born.
Tickell, Thomas, poet, essayist, A54.
1741* * Adam, Alexander, grammarian,
geographer, antiquary, Scotland, born.
Barry, James, historical painter, Ireland, b.
Cooinbe, William, satirist, born.
Courtenay, John, states., pol. wr., Ire., b.
Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville,
statesman, born.
Malone, Edmond, Shakespearean commenta-
tor, Ireland, born.
Piozzi, Hester Lynch, author, born.
Young, Arthur, traveler, writer, horn.
1742 * * Amhurst, Nicholas, pol. wr., A45.
Bentley, Richard, classical scholar, A80.
Chalmers, George, historian, biographer, b.
Halley, Edmund, astronomer, math., A86.
Lukin, Lionel, inventor of lifeboat, born.
Oldmixon, John, historian, A 69.
Rennel, James, major, geog., traveler, b.
Reed, Isaac, critic, editor, born.
Strutt, Joseph, antiquarian, engraver, born.
1743* * Ainsworth, Robert, grammarian,
lexicographer, A83.
Argyll, second Duke of, states., Scot., A65.
Astbury, John, potter, A55.
Banks, Sir Joseph, naturalist, born.
Barbauld, Anna Letitia, poet, author, born.
Blizard, Sir William, anatomist, surgeon, b.
Cartwright, Edmund, poet, inventor of
power-loom, born.
Edwards, Bryan, historian, born.
Hervey, Lord John, statesman, A47.
Neal, Daniel, clergyman, author, A65.
Paley, William, cl., writer, philosopher, b.
Ramsay, Andrew Michael (Chevalier Ram-
say), miscellaneous writer, Scotland, A59.
Rees, Abraham, cyclopedist, born.
Savage, Richard, poet, A45.
Wyatt, James, architect, born.
1744 May 30. Pope, Alexander, poet,
A56.
Allan, David, painter, Scot., born.
Arnold, John, horologer, inventor, born.
Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, mis. wr., Ire., b.
Ferguson, Patrick, major, born.
Hadley, John, astronomer, A61.
Hill, Rowland, preacher, born.
Innes, Thomas, historian, Scotland, A82.
Lake, Viscount Gerard, general, born.
Milner, Joseph, cl., ecclesiastical hist., b.
Mitford, William, historian, politician, born.
Mulgrave, Lord, Constantine John Phipps,
Arctic navigator, born.
Theobald, Lewis, dramatist, litterateur, A56.
1745 Mar. 18. Walpole, Sir Robert, Earl
of Orford, statesman, A69.
Oct. 19. Swift, Jonathan, satirist, states-
man, Ireland, A78.
Alvanley, Lord, Richard P. Arden, jurist, b.
Asbury, Francis, Meth. bp. in U. S. A., b.
Calder, Sir Robert, admiral, born.
Cruikshank, William, anatomist, Scot., b.
Dibdin, Charles, song-writer, born.
Ellis, (ieorge, miscellaneous writer, born.
Hayley, William, poet, born.
Hearne, Samuel, traveler, born.
Holcroft, Thomas, dramatist, born.
Mackenzie, Henry, novelist, Scotland, born.
More, Hannah, religious wrtter, born.
Nichols, John, printer, pub., ed., antiq., b.
Pye, Henry James, poet, born.
Stowell, Baron, William Scott, jurist, born.
Woodfall, William (Junius's), publisher, b.
CHURCH.
1738 May 24. Conversion of John
"Wesley.
He finds his" heart strangely warmed "
under the instructions of the Moravians.
AND IRELAND. 1738, May 24-1746, Sept. *. 911
[Aug. 1. He visits the Moravians at
Herrnhut, Germany.]
1739 Jan. 5. The Methodists meet in
an informal conference at Islington ;
seven ministers are present.
Feb. 17. Whitefield leads the Method-
ist movement into field-preaching at
Kings wood. He is the most eloquent
preacher of his day. [May 2. John
Wesley also preaches for the first time
near Bristol.]
Nov.* London. The first Methodist
Society is organized at the Foundry by
John Wesley.
1740 Mar. * AmobatBengeworthtakes
John Wesley to the water and ducks
him, and then relent under his singing.
July 20. London. The Methodists
separate from the Moravians.
* * Scot. A Declaration and Testimony
are published by the Reformed Pres-
bytery.
1741 * * "Wesley traverses the kingdom,
preaching almost daily, and sometimes
four sermons on the Sabbath.
* * A chapel is erected for Whitefield in
Moorfields.
It being a temporary structure, it is
called the Tabernacle, the name after-
wards given to their chapels by the Cal-
vinistic Methodists. He separates from
the Wesleys, he holding the doctrine of
election, which they reject.
1743 Aug. 1. Scot. The Reformed
Presbyterians are first organized as a
presbytery at Braehead, Lanarkshire.
1744 June 25. London. The first
Methodist Conference is held at the
Foundry. Six regular clergymen and
several lay preachers are present.
* *Mobs frequently attack the Method-
ists, and Wesley is defamed by slan-
derers.
1745 Aug. 1. The second Methodist
Conference is held at Bristol ; ques-
tions of theology and economy are con-
sidered. [1746, May 12, the3d ; 1747, June
6, the 4th, at London ; 1748, June 2, the
5th, at London ; 1749, Nov. 16, the 6th,
also at London.]
LETTERS.
1739 * * Scot. The Scots Magazine is is-
sued.
* * Treatise on Human Nature, by David
Hume, appears. [1741—42, Essays, Moral
and Political ; 1748, Enquiry concerning
the Human Understand in;/ ; 1753, En-
quiry Concerning the Principle of Morals
and Political Discourses.]
1740 * * The first circulating library
for public use is established by Samuel
Fancourt, a Dissenting minister of Salis-
bury.
1740-41 Pamela, by Samuel Richard-
son, appears. [1751, Clarissa Harlowe:
1754, Sir Charles Grandison.]
1741 * * Aris's Gazette is issued at Bir-
mingham.
* * Life of Cicero, by Conyers Middleton,
appears.
* * The Divine Legation of Moses Demon-
strated, by William Warburton, Bishop
of Gloucester, appears.
1742 * * Joseph Andrews, by Henry Field-
ing, appears. [1743, Jonathan Wild the
Great; 1749, Tom Jones ; 1751, Amelia.]
* * Edmund Hoyle publishes his Short
Treatise on fVhist.
1742-46 Night Thoughts, by Edward
Young, appears.
1742-69 Poems, by Thomas Gray, ap-
pears.
1744 * * The Chronicle is issued at Cam-
bridge.
* * Scot. The Edinburgh Weekly Journal
is issued.
* * Dublin. E sdai I e's News-Letter ap-
pears. [1754, Changed to /Saunders's
News-Letter.]
* * Siris, a Chain of Philosophical Reflec-
tions and Inquiries concerning the Vir-
tues of Tar-water, etc., by George Berke-
ley, appears.
* * The Pleasures of the Imagination, by
Mark Akenside, appears.
1744-49 Dublin. A Literary Journal is
issued, the lirst review published in Ire-
land.
1745 * * London. The College of Sur-
geons [Royal College of Surgeons of
England] is chartered.
SOCIETY.
1738 * * The Royal Society of Mu-
sicians is established.
* * Hawkers of liquor, unable to pay
their tines, are publicly whipped.
1739 Oct, * London. Capt. Thomas Co-
ram obtains a charter for his foundling
hospital. [1756. June 2. Opened.]
* * The association for the relief of the
widows of naval men is founded.
* * Parliament : An act for the suppres-
sion of races by ponies and weak horses
is passed.
* * Ire. The title Earl of Bessborough
is created. [1743, Viscount of Powers-
court ; 1748, Earl of Carnck.]
* * Dublin. The Foundling Hospital is
incorporated.
1740 Nov. * London. London Hos-
pital, Whitechapel, for seamen, labor-
ers, and others, is instituted. [1745.
Middlesex Hospital.]
* * The daily wages of harvestmen is ten-
pence.
1741 * * The using of torture to compel
persons to plead when arraigned for
treason or felony is abolished.
1742 * * Marriages with lunatics are
made void.
* * Titles created, Earl of Harrington.
[1743, Earl of Portsmouth; 1746, Earl of
Buckinghamshire, and Earl of Fitzwilliam;
1747, Viscount of Lemster; 1749, Earl of For-
tescue, and Baron Ponsonby; 1752, Earl of
Guilford; 1754, Earl of Hardwicke; 1766,
Earl of Ilchtster, and Duke of Newcastle;
1759, Earl of Warwick and Brooke (1746).]
1743 * * John Wesley takes advanced
temperance ground, requiring his fol-
lowers to avoid " drunkenness, buying
or selling spirituous liquors, or drinking
them, except in cases of extreme neces-
sity."
1745 Mar. * Dublin. The first lying-
in hospital is established by Dr. Bar-
tholomew Mosse, a physician, amid
strong opposition.
* * Scot. Glasgow is plundered by the
Jacobites.
1746 Aug. 12. Scot. Parliament for-
bids the wearing of the Highland dress.
* * London. A smallpox hospital is es-
tablished ; Lock Hospital is also
founded. [1747. A Jews' Hospital. 1749.
The British Lying-in Hospital. 1750.
The City of London Lying-in Hospital.]
Aug. 18. Jjondon. Lord Kilmarnock
and Lord Balmerino are executed on
Tower Hill.
STATE.
1738 Sept. 7. Ire. Robert Jocelyn
[Lord Newport and Viscount Jocelyn]
is appointed lord chancellor.
* * Parliament : An act is passed to pre-
vent the running of wool from Ireland
to France. [1739. Duty is repealed.]
1741 Dec. 1. Parliament meets ; Ar-
thur Onslow, Speaker. [1747. June 18.
Dissolved.]
Dec. 29. Ire. Thomas Marlay is ap-
pointed chief justice.
1742 Feb. 1. Walpole resigns the pre-
miership, having a majority of but one
in the Commons. [He is created Earl of
Orford.]
Feb.* The Earl of Wilmington be-
comes first lord of the treasury. [De-
ceased. 1743. Aug. * Succeeded by
Henry Pelham. Lord Carteret, the
Earl of Harrington, and the Duke of
Newcastle are in the administration.]
1744 Mar. 15. France declares war
(pp. 514, 701).
Nov. * * Henry Pelham forms the coali-
tion, " Broad-bottom," administra-
tion, with Newcastle, Harrington, and
Bedford as colleagues.
1744-45 The Habeas Corpus Act is
suspended because of the Jacobite re-
bellion in Scotland.
1745 July 25. Scot. The Young Pre-
tender lands [and proclaims his father
king].
Dec. * A proclamation is made to magis-
trates requiring them to discover and
bring to justice all "Jesuits and po-
pish priests," and offering a reward of
£100 for the apprehension of such per-
sons.
* * Ire. Philip, Earl of Chesterfield, is
appointed lord-lieutenant.
1746 Feb. 5. Parliament: The win-
dow-tax is increased. [1851. Repealed.]
Feb. 10. The "Short-Lived" Ad-
ministration is formed.
It consists of William Pulteney, the
Earl of Bath, and Lords Carlisle, Win-
chelsea, and Granville. [Continues for
two days.]
Feb. 12. Henry Pelham forms an ad-
ministration with the Earl of Ches-
terfield and the Duke of Bedford as
colleagues.
Feb. * William Pitt is appointed treas-
urer for Ireland. [June * Appointed
paymaster of the forces.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1739 * * Ire. Famine causes great rav-
ages.
* * London. The new Mansion House is
begun. [1753. Completed.]
1740* * London. The "hard winter"
occurs.
The Thames is frozen hard for nine
weeks ; coaches ply upon the Thames,
and festivities and diversions of all
kinds are enjoyed upon the ice.
1741 * * The Duke of Devonshire's race-
horse, Flying Childers, dies, aged 26
years.
He was acknowledged by sportsmen to
have been the fleetest horse that ever
ran at Newmarket, or that was even seen
in the world ; he ran four miles in six
minutes and 48 seconds, or at the rate
of 354 miles an hour, carrying nine stone
two pounds.
* * The new Exchange at Bristol is
erected.
912 1746,* *-1756, May * GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1747 May 3. Sp. The French de-
feated off Cape Finisterre (p. 700).
June 16. Com. Fox takes 40 French
ships sailing from the West Indies.
July 2. Neth. Defeat at Raucoux and
Laffeldt by the French Marshal Saxe
(p. 700).
Oct. 14. Fr. Victory off Finisterre
(p. 700).
1748 Oct. 7. Prus. The Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle is signed.
1749 Apr. 13. E. I. The Narrmr, 74
guns, founders near Fort St. David;
only 26 of her crew are saved.
E.I. The Pembroke, 60 guns, is
wrecked near Porto Novo ; 330 of her
crew perish.
1751-54 E. I. War with the French
in India. Arcot defended (p. 700).
1754 * * Pa. The English establish forts
west of the Alleghanies in hostility to
France. The struggle for supremacy
in the New World begins.
1755-63 War with France.
The Seven Years' War of Europe, and
the French and Indian War in America.
It is caused by disputes respecting the
boundaries of territory in America.
Apr. * [U. S. A.] Three expeditions are
planned against the French (p. 68).
June 10. N. F. Adm. Boscawen takes
the Alcide and Lys, two men-of-war, from
the French in a naval battle off New-
-. foundland.
i)uly 0. Pa. Gen. Braddock is de-
feated ; Col. George Washington
saves a remnant of the army (p. 68).
Sept. 5. N. S. The exile of the Aca-
dians is announced (p. 68).
* * E.I. Col. Robert Clive conquers
Orissa, in Bengal.
1756 May 17. England declares war
against France. [June 9. France de-
clares war.]
May 20. Sp. The French besiege the
island of Minorca, in the Mediterra-
nean ; Adm. Byng is sent to relieve it ;
he fails to do so. [July * It surrenders.
1757. Mar. 14. Byng is shot at Ports-
mouth for this failure.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1746 * * Morris and Smith's Northeast
Passage expedition sails.
1747* * London. A chess club is
formed at Slaughter's Coffee-house, St.
Martin's Lane.
* * Creed projects a machine having an
object similar to that of the phono-
graph.
* * Watson shows the transmission of
electricity by an insulated wire.
* * Mathematical tripos are instituted
at Cambridge.
1748 July 14. London. An eclipse of
the sun is observed.
1749 * * Thomas Frye introduces painted
porcelain.
* * The fly shuttle is generally used.
* * An astronomy professorship is again
founded at Cambridge.
1750 Feb. 8. London. An earthquake
occurs. [Feb. 19. Another.]
* * Railroads, called tramways, in and
about Newcastle, are made of wood, and
are used for transporting coal a short
distance to vessels.
* * A system of shorthand, called Bra-
chygraphy, based on Mason's system, is
introduced.
* * London. Westminster Bridge is
opened.
1750-70 Scot. The common-sense sys-
tem of philosophy is originated by
Thomas Beid.
1751 Jan. 21. Handel's last oratorio,
Jephthah, is composed. [1752. Feb. 26.
Performed.]
* * Amalgam is introduced by John Can-
ton for the rubber in electrical experi-
ments.
1752 Sept. 3. (o. s.) The Gregorian
calendar is adopted.
The new style blots 11 days from the
calendar, this day being accounted the
14th of September.
* * London. George, Earl of Macclesfield,
becomes president of the Royal Society.
[1764, James, Earl of Morton.]
1753 Apr. 5. London. The British
Museum originates. (See Letters.)
* * The Queen's Theater, Manchester, is
opened. [1775. Rebuilt.]
* * London. The Society of Arts is es-
tablished.
1754 * * London. John Harrison is
voted £50 by the Society of Arts for a
" masterly improvement of the spinning-
wheel."
1755 July 14. A statue of Sir Isaac
Newton in marble, by Louis Francois
Roubillac, is erected at Trinity College,
Cambridge.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1746 * * Atwood, George, math., median., b.
Blair, Robert, poet, Scotland, A46.
Bruce, Michael, poet, Scotland, born.
Chubb, Thomas, deistical writer, A67.
Grattan, Henry, orator, statesman, Ire., b.
Jones, Sir William, orientalist, born.
Maclaurin, Colin, math., phil., Scot., A47.
Macneil, Hector, poet, Scotland, born.
Malmesbury, Earl of, James Harris, diplo.,b.
Mawe, John, mineralogist, horn.
Northcote, James, hist, portrait painter, b.
1747 * * Aikin, John, phy., biog., writer, b.
Bourne, Vincent, Latin poet, A50.
Coke, Thomas, first bishop of M. E. church,
U. S. A., born.
Coxe, William, archdeacon, traveler, hist., b.
Forbes, Duncan, statesman, Scotland, A62.
Hutcheson, Francis, metaphys., Scot., A53.
Jones, John Paul, naval advent., Scot,, b.
Lovat, Lord Simon Fraser, sold., Scot., A80.
O'Keefe, John, dramatist, Ireland, born.
Parr, Samuel, teacher, clergyman, author, b.
Potter, John, archbishop of Canterbury,
author, A63.
Scott, Thomas, cl., Bible commentator, b.
Seward, Anna, poet, born.
Tytler, Alex. Fraser, jurist, hist., Scot., b.
1748 * * Bentham, Jeremy, jurist, philoso-
pher, author, born.
Duckworth, Sir John T., admiral, born.
Kent, William, painter, architect, A65.
Playfair, John, math., physicist, Scot., born.
Thomson, James, poet, Scotland, A48.
Watts, Isaac, cl., sacred poet, au., A74.
1749 * * Bramah, Joseph, mechanician, b.
Catesby, Mark, naturalist, A69.
Daniel, Thomas, landscape painter, born.
Fearne, Charles, jurist, legal writer, born.
Fox, Charles James, orator, statesman, b.
Ged, William, inventor of stereotype, A59.
Jenner, Edward, physician, discoverer of
vaccination, born.
Philips, Ambrose, dramatist, A78.
Wilkins, Sir Charles, Sanscrit scholar, horn.
1750 * * Arrowsmith, Aaron, geographer, b.
Barnard, Lady Anne, poet, Scotland, born.
Belsham, Thomas, Unitarian cl., author, b.
Butler, Charles, historian, jurist, author, b.
Collingwood, Lord Cuthbert, admiral, b.
Curran, John Philpot, orator, statesman,
Ireland, born.
Ellenborough, Lord, Edward Law, chief
justice, born.
F.rskine, Lord Thomas, statesman, born.
Gordon, Lord George, fanatic, born.
Herschel, Caroline L. , astronomer, born.
Ireland, Samuel, author, born.
Kirwan, Richard, chemist, geologist, Ire., b.
Knight, Richard Payne, author, born.
Lee, Sophia, novelist, born.
Middleton, Conyers, clergyman, controver-
sialist, author, A67.
Peel, Sir Robert, cotton manufacturer, b.
Southcott, Joanna, fanatic, religious wr., b.
Tomline, George, bp. of Winchester, au., b.
Windham, William, orator, statesman, b.
Young, Matthew, physicist, born.
1 75 1 * * Adam, W illiam, lawyer, Scotland, b.
Bolingbroke, Viscount, Henry Saint John,
statesman, author, A 73.
Doddridge, Philip, Nonconformist clergy-
man, theologian, philosopher, A 49.
Eldon, Earl of, John Scott, statesman, born.
Frederick Louis, father of George III., A 44.
Milner, Isaac, mathematician, born.
Shaw, George, naturalist, born.
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, poet, drama-
tist, orator, statesman, Ireland, born.
Sherwin, John Keyse, engraver, born.
Teignmouth, Lord, John Shore, statesman, b.
1752 * * Butler. Joseph, theol., phil., A60.
Chatterton, Thomas, poet, born.
Cheselden, William, anatomist, A64.
D' Arblay. Madame, Frances Burney,
novelist, born.
Erskine, Ralph, cl., author, Scotland, A67.
Hansard, Luke, parliamentary printer, born.
R tson, Joseph, antiquary, born.
Warren, Sir Teter, admiral, A49.
Whiston, William, cl., math., trans., A85.
1753* * Beechey, Sir William, portrait-
painter, born.
Bell, A ndrew, cl., educationalist, Scot., born.
Berkeley, George, bishop of Cloyne, meta-
physician, Ireland, A68.
Bewick. Thomas, artist, wood-engraver, b.
Bligh, William, admiral, horn.
Gleig, George, clergyman, author, Scot., b.
Inch bald, Elizabeth, novelist, born.
Nicholson, William, natural phil., author, b.
Roscoe, William, author, born.
Stanhope, third Earl of, Charles, states-
man, scientist, born.
Stewart, Dugald, philosopher, Scotland, b.
Thompson, Sir Benjamin, Count Rnmford,
philanthropist, statesman, scientist, born.
1754* * Cave, Edward, printer, bookseller,
fdr. of The Gentleman 's Magazine, At>3.
Crabbe, George, clergyman, poet, born.
Erskine, Ebenezer, theologian, preacher,
chief fdr. of Secession Church, Scot., A74.
Fielding, Henry, poet, dramatist, novelist,
judge, A 47.
Fuller, Andrew, Baptist preacher, wr., b.
Hastings, Marquis of, Francis Raw don,
major-general, statesman, born.
Marsden, William, orientalist, born.
Pelham, Sir Henry, statesman, A58.
Sinclair, Sir John, agriculturist, statistician,
author, born.
Tarleton, l!annastre, general, born.
Warren, Sir John Borlase, admiral, born.
1755 * * Harrington, George, pickpocket, b.
Bone, Henry, enamel painter, born.
Braddock, Edward, general in America, A38.
Cathcart, first Earl of,Wm. Shaw,diploin.,b.
Dyer, George, scholar, antiquary, born.
Flaxman, John, sculptor, born.
Grant, Anne, novelist, essayist, Scotland., b.
Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, Can. ex., Scot.,b.
Siddons, Sarah, actor, born.
Sutton, Charles Manners, arohbp. of Cant., b.
Vancouver, George, navigator in Am., born.
CHURCH.
1746* *Ire. Royal assent refused to the
bill to naturalize the professors of the
Jewish religion.
1747 Aug. 9. Dublin. John Wesley
first visits Ireland. [Thomas Williams
forms the first Methodist Society in
Dublin. 1748. Mar. 8. Wesley makes a
second visit.]
* * James Wardley revives the society of
Friends (Quakers).
* * Scot. The followers of Ebenezer Ers-
kine are divided into Burghers and
Anti-Burghers, on the question of in-
terpreting the Burghers' oath.
* * Scot. The Secession and Belief
Presbyterian Churches unite.
* * Thomas Herring is chosen arch-
bishop of Canterbury.
1748 May * W. Lady Huntingdon
and other Methodists make an evangel-
izing tour through Wales.
AND IRELAND. 1746, ** -1756, May *. 913
* * Whitefield' s followers are called
" The Countess of Huntingdon's Con-
nexion," she being an effective supporter
of Methodists, and the founder of a
theological school at Trevecca.
1749 * * Dublin. The spire of St. Pat-
rick's Cathedral is erected.
* * The Clergy Orphan corporation is
organized as a benevolent institution.
1750 Mar. 8. London. The Method-
ist Conference opens.
[1753, at Leeds ; 1754, May 22, at Lon-
don ; 1755, May 6, at Leeds ; 1756, Aug.
26, at Bristol.]
* * London. The Society for promoting
Religious Knowledge among the Poor
is organized.
* * Scot. White field itinerates and
preaches here. [1757. He makes a sec-
ond visit.]
* * Joanna Southcott, a fanatic, is born.
She comes from Exeter to London,
where her followers increase to many
thousands, being chiefly the poor and
ignorant.
1751 * * Ire. George Whitefield, the
Methodist evangelist, visits Ireland.
* * Scot. John "Wesley makes his first
visit. [1753. Apr. * A second. 1757. A
third visit.]
1752 May 23. Scot. The Relief
Church of Scotland is initiated.
Thomas Gillespie is deposed from the
ministry for opposing the doctrine of
passive obedience to the law of the
Church of Scotland respecting the set-
tlement of ministers. (See 1757.)
* * The "Western Theological College
(Congregational) is founded at Plym-
outh.
1754 Mar. * "Whitefield again sails for
America.
May 22. London. The Methodist Con-
ference opens. [1755. May 6. At Leeds.
1756. Aug. 26. At Bristol.]
LETTERS.
1746 * * The Museum is issued.
* * Odes, by William Collins, appears.
1747 * * Scot. Parliament enacts the
union of the two colleges, St. Salvator
and St. Leonard, as the University of
St. Andrews.
* * London. The Universal Magazine is
issued.
1747-49 Hoioitt's Journal is issued.
1748 * * Thomas, Duke of Newcastle, is
elected chancellor of Cambridge.
* * Scot. The Aberdeen Journal is issued.
* * Scot. Castle of Indolence, by James
Thomson, appears.
* * Roderick Random, by Tobias George
Smollett, appears. [1751, Peregrine
Pickle; 1753, The Adventures of Ferdi-
nand, Count Fathom; 1755, Translation
of Don Quixote.']
* * Scot. Essay on Quantity, by Thomas
Reid, appears.
* * London. A circulating library is es-
tablished at Crane Court.
1749 * * Irene, by Johnson, appears.
1749-1845 London. The Monthly Re-
view is issued.
1750 Mar. 20-52 Mar. 14. The Ram-
bler is issued by Samuel Johnson.
* * Hermes, or a Philosophical Enquiry
Concerning Universal Grammar, by
James Harris, appears.
* * The Life and Adventures of Peter Wil-
kins, by Robert Pultock, appears.
1751 * * Eleqy Written in a Country
Churchyard, by Thomas Gray, appears.
*753 Jan. 4. First number of the
World is issued.
Apr. 5. Parliament enacts that £20,000
be raised by lottery to purchase the li-
brary of Sir Henry Sloan, deceased. [It
thus originates the British Museum.]
* * The Oxford Journal is issued.
1754-61 Scot. History of England, by
David Hume, appears. [1757, Natural
History of Religion and Four Disserta-
tions.^
1755 * * Yankee Doodle is written by Dr.
Richard Schuchburg, (?) a surgeon of the
British army, in contempt of the motley
assembly of militiamen assembled from
the colonies to aid against the French
in Canada.
* * Dictionary of the English Language,
by Samuel Johnson, appears. [1759.
Rasselas.]
1755-80 The London Review is issued.
1756 May * The Liverpool Advertiser
is issued.
SOCIETY.
1748 Jan. 16. London. Public excite-
ment is raised over a conjurer who an-
nounces that he will jump into a quart
bottle at the Haymarket Theater.
Apr. 27. London. The close of the war
is celebrated by a splendid display of
fireworks.
1749 Feb. 20. London. Usher Ga-
hagan, a gentleman and scholar, is exe-
cuted at Tyburn for clipping coin.
* * An infirmary is established at Liver-
pool.
* * It is made a punishable offense for
hatmakers, or workers in textile sub-
stances and leather, to combine for the
increase of wages.
1750 * * The Jockey Club is founded.
[It chiefly regulates races of the present
day, and the betting connected with
them.]
* * London. St. Luke's Hospital for lu-
natics is established. [Oct. 15. The
foundation of the [present] London
Hospital building is laid by Adm. Sir
Peter Warren. * * Queen Charlotte's
Lying-in Hospital is founded.]
1751 * * Ire. Titles created, Viscount of
Ashbrook.
[1756, Earl of Shannon, Earl of Lanes-
borough, and Baron Farnham; 1758, Baron
Lisle; 1759, Earl Fife; 1760, Earl of Morn-
ington; 1762, Baron Clive, and Earl Arran;
1763, Earl Milltown, and Viscount of Mont-
morres.]
1752 Apr. 7. London. To avoid the
effects of an earthquake shock predicted
by a madman for April 8, thousands of
persons, particularly those of rank and
fortune, pass the night in their car-
riages and in tents in Hyde Park.
* * The Seamen's Hospital, Liverpool,
is founded.
* * The Manchester infirmary is insti-
tuted.
* * Acts are passed licensing music and
dancing in public houses.
1753 * * London. The British Museum
is founded by the aid of a lottery.
* * Bread riots occur at Bristol.
* * The proposed English census is op-
posed as profane.
1755 Apr. 15. London. Buyers of lot-
tery tickets break down the counters of
the Bank of England in their eagerness
to buy tickets.
STATE.
1747 Nov. 10. Parliament meets;
Arthur Onslow, Speaker. [1754. Apr. 8.
Dissolved.]
* * Ire. William, Earl of Harrington, is
appointed lord-lieutenant.
1748 Oct. 7. Prus. The Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle is concluded (p. 515).
1751 June 22. Lord Anson is made
first lord of the admiralty. [1756, Nov.
19, Earl Temple ; 1757, Apr. 6, Earl of
Winchelsea ; July 2, Lord Anson ; 1762,
June 19, George M. Dunk, Earl of Hali-
fax ; 1763, Jan. 1, George Grenville ; Apr.
23, Earl of Sana wich ; Sept. 10, Earl of Eg-
mont ; 1766, Sept. 10, Sir Charles Saun-
ders ; Dec. 10, Sir Edward Hawke.]
Aug. 27. Ire. Sir George Caulfield is
appointed chief justice.
* * Parliament: A Regency Bill is
passed.
1752 Jan. 1. The New Style calen-
dar, according to the Gregorian reform
of 1582, is operative.
* * The journals of Parliament are or-
dered to be printed.
1753* * Parliament: The Irregular
Marriages Act is passed.
It prohibits the Fleet-prison marriage
system, — marriages without license or
certificate.
1754 Apr. * Thomas H. Pelham, Duke
of Newcastle, becomes first lord of the
treasury.
Nov. 14. Parliament meets ; Arthur
Onslow, Speaker. [1761. Mar. 21. Dis-
solved.]
* * Edinburgh. The magistrates are as-
signed gold chains.
* * Sir Dudley Ryder is appointed chief
justice.
1756 May 17. "War is declared
against France after fighting for two
years. [June 9. France declares war
against England.]
May* Parliament: The Plate Act is
passed. [1780. Repealed.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1746 * * The "Windsor marches are
drained, and the trees planted, for Wil-
liam, Duke of Cambridge.
1748 Mar. 25. London. A fire in
Shadwell destroys 200 houses.
* * London. A display of fireworks is
given in the Green Park in honor of the
peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.
* * A general famine occurs.
1749 * * The town hall, Liverpool, is
begun.
1750 May* London. During some '
trials in the Old Bailey court, the lord
mayor, one alderman, two judges, the
greater part of the jury, and numbers
of spectators, catch the jail distemper,
and die.
1753 * * The Salthouse dock, Liver-
pool, is opened.
1755 July 17. The ship Doddington
is lost ; 23 out of 273 persons are saved.
Dec. 4. The Eddystone lighthouse is
burned. [1758-60. It is rebuilt ; it is
the first true lighthouse erected in Eng-
land.]
914 1756, June 20-1762, July 9. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1756 June 20. The Earl of Loudoun
sails 'with an army for Halifax, N. S.
[He is reenforced later by additional
troops, making 11,000 men, and 16 men-
of-war.]
E. I. Slack Hole tragedy of Calcutta.
The Nabob of Bengal seizes Calcutta,
and imprisons 146 British in a room 18
feet square ; only 23 survive the night.
1757 Jan. 2. Ind. Col. Clive recap-
tures Calcutta. The conquest of In-
dia begins.
June 23. Ind. Col. Clive, with a force
of 3,000, vanquishes the Surajah Dowlah,
with 68,000 men, at Plassey.
Aug. 9. N. Y. Col. Monroe surrenders
to Gen. Montcalm (p. 70).
* *[U. S.A.] [Lord] Jeff rey Amherst
commands (p. 70).
Oct. 21. Three English ships defeat
seven French ships off Cape Francais.
* * Lord Ligonier is appointed comman-
der-in-chief.
1758 Jan.* [U.S.A.] Lord Loudoun
is retired, and Gen. Abercrombie suc-
ceeds him (p. 70).
Mar. 2. A battle is fought in the North
Sea' between two French and two Brit-
ish frigates ; one of the French vessels
escapes.
Apr. 13. The Prince George is burned
while on its way to Gibraltar ; about
400 men perish.
May 28- July 26. N. S. Louisburg is
captured (p. 70).
June * Fr. The British burn about 100
vessels in Concale Bay.
July 8. N. Y. Defeat at Ticonderoga
(p. 70).
July 26. N. S. England takes Nova
Scotia (p. 70).
Aug. 27. Can. Fort Frontenac
[Kinsgton] is taken (p. 70).
Oct. 4. E. I. The French take Arcot.
Nov. 29. The Lichfield is lost on tbe
coast of Barbary.
Dec. 12. E. I. The French assume tbe
offensive against the British besieged at
Madras.
* * Fr. The English destroy the fortifi-
cations of Cherbourg.
* * E. I. Lord Clive forces the Dutch to
capitulate at Chinsurah.
1759 Jan. * Amer. Gen. Amherst [Lord
Jeffrey] chief commander (p. 70).
Aug. 17, 18. Port. The French under
Adm. De la Clue are defeated in a naval
battle, in the Bay of Lagos, by Adm.
Boscawen.
Sept. 13. Can. First battle on the
Plains of Abraham (p. 72).
Sept. 18. Can. Quebec capitulates to
the English (p. 72).
Sept. 25. N. S. The Tilbury, with 60
guns, is lost off Louisburg.
* * E. Ind. Adm. Pocock defeats the
French fleet. The French lose nearly
all their military power in India.
* * The British Hussars are enrolled.
Nov. 20. Fr. Adm. Hawke defeats
the French fleet (p. 702).
1760 Feb.* Ire. French invasion
(p. 702).
Feb. 15. The Iiamillies, with 90 guns, is
lost on the Bolt-head ; 26 persons are
saved.
The Conqueror is lost on St. Nicholas
Island, Plymouth.
Apr. 22. Lord George Sackville is
tried by court-martial for disobedience,
found guilty, and dismissed.
July 2. E. I. French defeat at
Wandiwash.
All Canada is taken by the British.
Sept. 8. Can. Montreal, under Gen.
Vaudreuil, surrenders (p. 72).
1761 Jan. 1. "War with Spain.
E. I. The Due d'Aquitaine and the
Sunderland are lost off Pondicherry,
and all perish. [Jan. * Pondicherry
capitulates to the British.]
June 7. Fr. The British capture Belle
Isle.
* * Ire. The " Whiteboys" cause an
insurrection, and commit numerous
depredations ; they are suppressed by
military force.
1762 Jan. 2. England declares war
against Spain.
Feb. 3. The Raisonnable, with 64 guns, is
lost in an attack on Martinique.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1756* *The first cotton velvets and
quiltings in England are made.
* * Edinburgh. Joseph Black makes
known his discoveries on the nature of
lime and of fixed air (carbonic acid
gas).
1757 * * John Dolland constructs an
achromatic telescope without any
knowledge of Hall's invention. He also
makes an important discovery respect-
ing tbe aberration of light.
* * Edinburgh. Joseph Black establishes
his theory of latent heat. [1760. He
discovers latent heat in melting ice and
in steam. 1763. He evolves new theories
in heat.]
* * Scot. James "Watt is the maker of
mathematical instruments for the Uni-
versity of Glasgow. [1760. He invents
the shot-tower.]
1758 * * Dublin. Crow Street Theater
Royal is erected.
1759 Jan. 15. London. The British
Museum is first opened.
Oct. 1. The Eddystone lighthouse
is rebuilt the second time by John
Smeaton.
* * The Carron smelting-works are estab-
lished ; following Dr. John Roebuck's
invention, iron is made by the use of
mineral coal.
1760 Apr. 21. London. Theflrst pub-
lic exhibition is made of the works of
living artists, Reynolds, Wilson, Roubil-
lac, Wilton, Woolett, Strange, and
others.
* * Pressing-boards are invented.
* * Cotton-carding machines are im-
proved by James Hargreaves.
± * * The gradual revolution of the peace-
ful arts is accomplished.
* * Many of the bishops and clergy preach
against the practise of inoculation.
* * London. The theatrical fund of
Covent Garden is established.
± * * John Kay's plan of throwing the
shuttle is introduced, doubling the
product of looms.
1761 June 6. The transit of Venus
is observed by the astronomer royal,
Nevil Maskelyne, at St. Helena.
July 17. The Bridgewater canal, from
Worsley to Manchester, 18 miles long, is
opened ; it is the first great canal in
England.
* * The first patent for the spinning-
wheel is granted to Sir Richard Ark-
wright [which he further improves],
± * * James Brindley practises puddling
of clay in making the walls of canals
water-tight.
* * London. The Catch (musical) Club
is formed.
1762 Jan. 29. London. The Thames
is [alleged to be] frozen five feet thick.
Feb. 24. A great hurricane and snow-
storm occurs ; several whales are driven
ashore on the Essex and Kentish coast.
July 9. Ire. Honeydew falls near
Raithiermuc ; it is gathered with scoops.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1756 * * Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, general, b.
Burgess, Thomas, bishop of Salisbury, au.,b.
Currie, James, physician, scholar, author,
editor of Burns, Scotland, born.
Fitzherbert, Maria, wife of George IV., b.
Gambier, Lord, James, admiral, born.
Godwin. William, dramatist, novelist, his-
torian, political writer, born.
Henley, John, preacher, A 64.
Lee, Harriet, novelist, born.
Macadam, John Loudon, invent, of Macadam
roads, born.
Eaeburn, Sir Henry, portrait-painter, Scot-
land, born.
Bowlandson, Thomas, caricaturist, born.
Vertue, George, engraver, A72.
Wakefield, Gilbert, classical scholar, theolo-
gian, politician, born.
1757* * Addington, Henry, Viscount Sid-
mouth, statesman, borp.
Alison, Archibald, cl., au., Scot., b.
Baird, Sir David, general, born.
Blake, William, poet, painter, born.
Burney, Charles, class, schol., author, born.
Byng, Honorable John, admiral, A53.
Cibber, Colley, poet, dramatist, actor, A 86.
Colchester, Lord, Charles Abbott, states., b.
Exmouth, Viscount, Edward Pellew, adm., b.
Foley, Sir Thomas, admiral, born.
Giflord, William, poet, dramatist, journal-
ist, miscellaneous writer, born.
Hartley, David, founder of English Asso-
ciation school of psychologists, A52.
Kembie, John Philip, actor, born.
Romilly, Sir Samuel, jurist, statesman, born.
Sowerby, James, artist, naturalist, born.
Telford, Thomas, engineer, Scotland, born.
Vernon, Edward, admiral, A73.
1758* * Bridgewater. Earl of, Francis
Henry, cl., fdr. Bridgewater Treatises, b.
Dyer, John, poet, A 58.
Hamilton, Elizabeth, novelist, miscellaneous
writer, Ireland, bom.
Kasmyth, Alexander, portrait and landscape
painter, Scotland, born.
Nelson. Viscount Horatio, admiral, born.
Pinkerton, John, archeologist, numismatist,
historian, geographer, author, Scot., born.
Ramsay, Allan, poet, Scotland, A 72.
1759 Jan. 25. Burns, Bobert, poet, Scot-
land, born.
Carlyle, Joseph Dacre, orientalist, born.
Chalmers, Alexander, journalist, editor, bi-
ographer, Scotland, born.
Coffin, Sir Isaac, admiral, born.
Collins, William, poet, A38.
Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, novelist, b.
Kirby, William, entomologist, born.
Lauderdale, Earl of, James Maitland, states-
man, Scotland, born. •
Pitt, "William, orator, statesman, born.
Porson, Richard, Greek scholar, author, b.
Pughe, William Owen, philologist, antiquary,
Wales, born.
Smith, Sir James E., botanist, naturalist, b.
Wilberforce, William, philanth., states., b.
Wolfe, James, general in America, A33.
1760 Oct. 25. George II., king, A57.
Beckford, William, author, born.
Beddoes, Thomas, physician, author, horn.
Bewick, John, artist, wood-engraver, born.
Carew, Sir Benjamin Hallowell, admiral, b.
AND IRELAND. 1756, June 20-1762, July 9. 915
Clarke, Adam, Wesleyan clergyman, Bible
commentator, author, born.
Clarkson, Thomas, philanthropist, anti-
slavery advocate, author, born.
Lempriere, John, scholar, author, born.
MacGeoghegan, James, Abbe, scholar, histo-
rian, Ireland, A62.
Wellesley, Marquis of, Richard Cowley
Wesley, or Wellesley, statesman, born.
1761 * * Baillie, Matthew, physician, anato-
mist, Scotland, born.
I'oscawen, Edward, admiral, A50.
Carey, William, Bap. mis., orientalist, born.
Hales, Stephen, natural philosopher, A84.
Hoadley, William, bishop of Winchester,
author, A85.
Lambert, Aylmer B., botanist, born.
Landseer, John, engraver, born.
Law, William, mystic, clergyman, au., A75.
Moore. Sir John, general, Scotland, born.
Nash, Richard (Beau Nash), master of cere-
monies at Bath, A87.
Opie, John, painter, born.
Rennie, John, engineer, architect, Scot., b.
Richardson, Samuel, novelist, A72.
Simpson, Thomas, mathematician, A51.
CHURCH.
1756 * * London. Whitefi eld's Taber-
nacle in Tottenham-court Road is built.
[1760. Enlarged.]
1757 May 6. The 14th Methodist
Conference meets at Leeds. [After a
debate of three days declines to separate
from the Established Church.]
* * Ann Lee [Shaker] begins a series of
surpassing assumptions.
* * Matthew Hutton is chosen arch-
bishop of Canterbury. [1758, Thomas
Seeker ; 1768, Frederick Cornwallis.]
* * Wesley and Whitefield endeavor once
more to establish societies of young
men for the promotion of personal piety.
They are defeated by the indifference or
actual hostility of the authorities.
1758 * * Ire. John Wesley itinerates
and preaches on the western coast.
* * It. Clement XIII. becomes pope.
[1775. Pius VI.]
Aug. 10. The Methodist Conference
is held in Bristol. [1759. Aug. 8. In
London. 1760. Aug. 29. In London.
Great revivals are reported.]
1760 * * Sabbath instruction is given
to children by Rev. Joseph Alleinet and
by the Rev. David Blair at Brechin.
(Haydn.) [1763. By Rev. Theophilus
Lindsey, at Catterick, Yorkshire.
(Haydn.)]
1761 Oct. 22. Scot. A second seces-
sion from the Established Church of
Scotland of "The Relief" Church.
The first presbytery is formed. [1773.
Its first great synod is formed at Edin-
burgh.]
LETTERS.
1756 Dec. 14. Edinburgh. Douglas,
by John Home, is produced.
* * Jonas Hanway founds the Marine
Society for the maintenance and in-
struction of boys for the navy.
* * Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful,
by Edmund Burke, appears; also 'the
Vindication of Natural Society.
1756-58 London. The Literary Maga-
zine is issued.
1757* *The Liverpool Library is
founded.
* * William Whitehead is appointed
poet-laureate. [1785. Thomas Warton.]
1757-58 History of the Last Four Years
of Queen Anne, by' Swift, appears.
1757-65 A Complete History of England,
by Smollett, appears. [1760-61, T'he Ad-
ventures of Sir Lancelot Greaves: 1761,
translation of Gil Bias.]
1758 Apr. 5. London. The first issue
of Johnson's Idler appears.
* * History of Ireland, by Abbe James
MacGeohegan, appears.
1759 * * Dublin. The principal or west
front of Trinity College is erected.
* * London. The Public Ledger is issued.
* * Scot. Theory of Moral Sentiments, by
Adam Smith, appears.
* * Scot. History of Scotland during the
Reigns of Mary and James VI., by Wil-
liam Robertson, appears.
* * Discourses on Art, by Sir Joshua Rey-
nolds, appears.
* * Scot. The Braes of Yarrow, and other
poems, by William Hamilton appears.
1759-60 Tristram Shandy, by Laurence
Sterne, appears.
1759-71 The Royal Magazine is issued.
1760-65 Scot. Ossian, by James Mac-
pherson, appears.
1761 * * TheRosciad, by Charles Church-
ill, appears. [1761-64. Poems.]
1762 Apr. 20. Edinburgh. Dr. Hugh
Blair is appointed first professor of
rhetoric at the University.
Apr. 29. London. The North Briton,
edited by John Wilkes, is issued.
SOCIETY.
1756 * * Seamen are privileged from
arrest for debts under £20.
* * London. The foundling hospital has
received 14,934 infants in the last four
years, of which only 4,400 have lived to
be apprenticed.
1757 Mar. 7. Edinburgh. The Gen-
eral Assembly enacts that no comedies,
tragedies, or such plays shall be made
on Scripture history, nor acted on the
Sabbath.
1758 May 1. William Vaughan, alinen
draper of Stafford, the first forger on
the Bank of England, is executed.
* * An asylum for female orphans is in-
stituted at Lambeth. [Removed to Bed-
dington, near Croydon.]
1759 May 3. A young woman, on a
wager to ride 1,000 miles in 1,000
hours, completes her task in two-thirds
of the time, and is welcomed with flow-
ers and applause.
Aug. 6. Eugene Aram is executed at
York for the murder of Daniel Clark in
Knaresborough in 1745.
1760 June 16. In Leicestershire two
old women are thrown into the water to
determine by their sinking or swimming
whether or not they are witches.
* * A theatrical fund is established.
* * The daily wages of harvestmen is one
shilling.
* • Political corruption. (See State.)
1761 Feb. 11. London. A usurer is
fined £300 for having exacted six guineas
to discount £100 for six weeks.
* * Ire. Whiteboys, a body of ruffians,
so called because of their wearing linen
frocks over their coats, commit dread-
ful outrages. They resist the enclosure
of commons and the exaction of tithes.
[1762. Suppressed by military force;
ringleaders executed.]
* * Titles - created, Earl of Delawarr,
Barons Scarsdale, and Boston. [1762,
Baron Vernon ; 1765, Earl of Spencer,
Earl of Radnor, and Baron Digby ; 1766,
Duke of Northumberland ; 1772, Earl
of Bathurst, and Earl of Hillsborough.]
STATE.
1756 Nov. * Newcastle resigns.
Nov. * King's Ministers :
The Duke of Devonshire (commissioner
treasury, premier), William Pitt (secre-
tary state), Earl Temple (first lord admi-
ralty), and H. B. Legge (chancellor ex-
chequer). [1757. Apr. * Pitt, Temple,
and Legge are dismissed.]
* * William Murray f Earl of Mansfield]
is appointed chief justice.
* * The great seal is in commission.
1757 Feb. * H. C. An alliance sub-
sidy of £200,000 is voted to the King of
Prussia.
Mar. 22. Ire. John Bowes [Lord
Bowes of Clonlyon] is appointed lord
high chancellor.
June * The Duke of Newcastle becomes
first lord of the treasury, and William
Pitt secretary of state.
* * Ire. The Duke of Bedford is ap-
pointed lord-lieutenant.
* * Sir Robert Henley [Lord Henley]
becomes [lastj lord-keeper.
1759 Sept. * Canada becomes a British
colony by conquest.
* * E. 1. Surat is taken by the East
India Company.
1760 July 31. Ire. Warden Flood is
appointed chief justice.
Oct. 25. George II. dies.
1760-1820 George III. reigns.
He is grandson of George II.
The Duke of Newcastle is premier,
and William Pitt secretary of state.
* * Bribery in politics extensively pre-
vails.
The Ministry open an office at the
treasury for the purchase of votes in
Parliament, and the royal revenue is
partly used to buy seats and votes ; civil
and military promotion are reserved for
the king's friends.
1761 Sept. 8. George IH. marries
Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg-Stre-
litz. [Sept. 22. They are crowned.]
Oct. 5. WiHiam Pitt resigns office.
His colleagues refuse to adopt his
policy of war against Spain because of
her" Family Compact" with France ; [he
receives a pension of £3,000 a year, and
his wife gets a peerage under the title
Baroness Chatham].
Oct. * Lords Egremont and Bute are
secretaries of state.
Nov. 3. Parliament meets. [1768. Mar.
12. Dissolved.]
* * The commissions of judges are made
permanent, notwithstanding the demise
of the crown.
* * Ire. The Earl of Halifax is ap-
pointed lord-lieutenant.
1762 May* The Earl of Bute becomes
prime minister, and George Grenville
secretary of state. [1763. Apr. 8. They
resign.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1758 Apr. 11. London. The wooden
bridge over the Thames is burned.
* * Colored Cloth HaU, Leeds, is built.
1759 * * The inhabitants of Manchester
are discharged from their obligations to
grind their corn at Irk Mill.
1760 May * A bridge is built at Bris-
tol.
July 3. The dockyard at Portsmouth is
fired ; loss, £400,000.
Oct. 31. London. The Blackfriars'
Bridge over the Thames is begun.
* * Cotton goods are first exported.
* * Ire. Linen manufacture is encour-
aged.
1761* * Edinburgh. The Royal Ex-
change is completed.
* * Patrick Cotter, the Irish giant, is
born. [He attains the height of eight
feet seven inches.]
916 1762, * *-1769, Feb. 3. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1762 * * J?. B. The French gain [tem-
porary] possession of St. John.
Aug. 13. Cuba. Havana captured
(p. 631).
* * An English force takes possession of
the Philippine Islands.
1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris
(p. 72, 73).
Nov. 6. Ind. Patna taken from the
Nawab. (See India.)
1764 Oct. 23. Ind. Natives defeated
at Buxar. (See India.)
1766 * * The Marquis of Granby is ap-
pointed commander-in-chief.
1767 * * Ind. War occurs in Mysore
with Hyder Ali. (See India.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1762 * * The subterranean canals of
Worsley are completed. [The price of
coal is soon reduced one-half at Man-
chester.]
* * Thomas Augustina Arne's opera Ar-
taxerxes is composed.
* * Josiah "Wedgwood of Staffordshire
produces Wedgwood ware pottery,
stone china, and porcelain.
It' soon takes the place of the wooden
platter and the cottager's brown dish.
[1771. He founds the Etruria potteries.]
* * The cylinder carding-machine is in-
vented by Sir Robert Peel.
* * Nathaniel Bliss becomes astronomer
royal.
1763 London. Sadler's Wells Thea-
ter is opened.
1764 Apr. 1. London. An annular
eclipse of the sun is observed.
* * London. Mozart, only eight years of
age, visits England, and plays the most
difficult music at sight.
* *A single-acting steam-engine is
made by James Watt.
* * John Harrison's time-keeper is used.
1765 Dec. 25-66 Jan. 15. Scot. Ex-
traordinary cold weather prevails.
* * London. The first annual scientific
lecture before the Royal Society is de-
livered by Peter Woulfe (Bakerian Lec-
ture).
* * James Watt invents a method of con-
densation for steam-engines in a sepa-
rate cylinder.
1766 Jan. 18-22. Remarkably cold
weather prevails.
Apr. 21. A stui-spot, three times the
size of the earth, passes the sun's center.
July 26. Capt. Wallis sails on his voy-
age round the world.
± * * James Brindley builds the first tun-
nel in England, on the Duke of Bridge-
water's canal, near Manchester.
* * Henry Cavendish discovers that hy-
drogen gas is eight times lighter than
the atmosphere.
* * The glass electrical machine is in-
vented by Jesse Ramsden.
* * The first piano is made in England.
* * Oapt. Philip Carteret sails on a voy-
age of discovery in the South Sea.
1767* * London. The Haymarket
Theater is rebuilt.
* * The Agricultural Society is insti-
tuted at Manchester. »
* * Railroads are built by Wilkinson.
* * The spinning-jenny is invented by
James Hargreaves, an optician of Lan-
cashire ; it has eight spindles.
* * John Byron's system of stenography
is introduced. -
* * Cast-iron rails substitute wood on
railroads.
* * Lane's discharging electrometer is
completed.
1768 May* Scot. James Watt com-
pletes his model of the steam-engine.
June * James Bruce leaves for Abys-
sinia in an attempt to discover the source
of the Nile. [1770. Nov. 14. He sights
the source of the Blue Nile.]
July 30. Capt. James Cook sails on
his first voyage.
[He goes to the South Sea to observe
the transit of Venus (second measure-
ment), and makes other discoveries. He
is accompanied by Sir Joseph Banks and
other scientists.]
Dec. 10. London. The R o y a 1 Acad-
emy of Arts is instituted.
* * Hammond, a framework knitter of
Nottingham, adapts his stocking-frame
to the manufacture of lace.
* * London. Sir Joshua Reynolds be-
comes president of the Royal Academy.
[Later, James West ; and yet later,
James Burrow.]
* * Harvest Wagon is painted by Thomas
Gainsborough.
* * Dublin. The Queen's Bridge is re-
built.
1769 * * A brilliant comet appears. It
passes with great swiftness, and within
2,000,000 miles of the earth; its tail
forms an arch 36,000,000 miles long.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1763* * Anson, George, circumnavigator,
vice-admiral, A65.
Asgill, Sir Charles, general, born.
Baillie, Joanna, poet, dramatist, Scotland, b.
Bowles, William Lisle, poet, critic, born.
Bradley, James, astronomer, A69.
Brydges, Sir Samuel Egerton, mis. writer, b.
Coleman, George, the Younger, poet, drama-
tist, born.
Douce, Francis, antiquarian, born.
Kelly, Michael, composer, singer, Ireland, b.
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, author, A72.
Perceval, Spencer, statesman, born.
Tenterden, Lord, Charles Abbott, jurist,
statesman, born.
Winsor, Frederick, introducer of gaslight, b.
1763 * * Adair, Sir Robert, diplomatist, born.
Bell, John, surgeon, anatomist, Scotland, b.
Byrom, John, poet, author, A72.
Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, a leader of
United Irishmen, Ireland, born.
Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, son of
George III., born.
Maclure, William, geologist, Scotland, born.
MacNeven, William J., physician, teacher,
Ireland, born.
Morland, George, animal and subject painter,
born.
Radeliffe, Anne, novelist, born.
Rogers, Samuel, poet, born.
Shenstone, William, poet, A49.
Smith, Sir William Sidney, admiral, born.
Tone, Theobald Wolfe, a leader of United
Irishmen, Ireland, born.
1764 * * Abernethy, John, phy., au., Ire., b.
Barrow, Sir John, traveler, born.
Churchill, Charles, poet, A33.
Emmet, Thomas Addis, lawyer, pol., Ire., b.
Good, John Mason, author, born.
Grey, second Earl, Charles, statesman, born.
Haldane, Robert, cl., philanthropist, an., b.
Hall. Robert, cl., pulpit orator, author, b.
Hardwicke, Earl, Philip Yorke, jurist, A74.
Hogarth, William, painter, engraver, hu-
morist, A67.
Morton, Thomas, dramatist, born.
Pulteney, William, Earl of Bath, states-
man, A 82.
Roche, Marie Regina, novelist, born.
1765 Aug. 21. WiUiam IV.. king, born.
Birch, Thomas, historian, biographer, A61.
Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, orientalist, b.
Drew, Samuel, Methodist preacher, au., b.
Grahame, James, lawyer, clergyman, poet,
philanthropist, Scotland, born.
Howley, William, archbp. of Canterbury, b.
Mackintosh, Sir James, historian, states-
man, philosopher, Scotland, born.
Plunkett, William C, baron, lawyer, orator.
statesman, Ireland, born.
Pococke, Richard, bp. of Meath, trav., Afil.
Stuart. James Francis Edward, Chevalier
de St. George, son of James II. (Old Pre-
tender), A67.
Stukeley, William, antiquary, A78.
Ward, Robert Plumer, statesman, author, b.
Westall, Richard, historical painter, born.
Young, Edward, poet, A81.
1766 * * Bloomfield, Robert, poet, born.
Callcott, John Wall, musician, composer, b.
Cobbett, William, grammarian, historical,
political, and miscellaneous writer, born.
Dalton, John, physicist, mathematician, b.
D'Israeli. Isaac, historian, critic, miscel-
laneous writer, born.
Elgin, seventh Earl of, Thomas Bruce, diplo-
amtist, Scotland, born.
Halford, Sir Henry, physician, mis. writer, b.
Lally, Count, Thomas Arthur, Baron of
Tollendal, French gen. in India, Ire., A64.
Leslie, Sir John, geom., physicist, Scot., b.
MalthuSf Thomas Robert, pol. economist, b.
Nairne, Caroline Oliphant, poet, Scotland, b.
Wollaston, William Hyde, physicist, born.
Wilson, Alexander, naturalist, Scotland, b.
1767 Nov. 2. Kent. Duke of. Edward
Augustus, father of Queen Victoria, b.
Barrington, Sir Jonah, lawyer, hist., Ire., b.
Bruce, Michael, poet, Scotland, A21.
Dodwell, Edward, antiquary, born.
Edgeworth, Maria, novelist, born.
Lyle, Edward, philologist, antiquary, A63.
O'Connor, Arthur, a leader of United Irish-
men, Ireland, born.
Pond, John, astronomer, born.
Prevost, Sir George, general, born.
1768 * * Adolphus, John, lawyer, hist., b.
Anglesey, Marquis of, Henry William Paget,
general, born.
Beresford, Viscount, William Carr, gen., b.
Carlisle, Sir Anthony, surg., physiologist, b.
Cooper, Sir Astley Paxton, surgeon, born.
Lardner, Nathaniel, clergyman, au., A84.
Macaulay, Zachary, antislavery states., b.
Marshman, Joshua, Baptist mis., orient., b.
Onslow, Arthur, statesman, A77.
Sterne, Laurence, humorist, Ireland, A 55.
CHURCH.
1763 * * Thomas Maxfield leads a seces-
sion from the Wesleyan Methodists.
1764 * * A torrent of deistic literature
issues from the press.
1765 Aug. 20. The 22d Methodist
Conference is held in Manchester.
Tobacco and drams are not to be
touched by preachers on " any pre-
tense," and to be denounced among th«
people.
* * Edinburgh. A Baptist Church is or-
ganized. (?)
1768 Mar. 12. Six students of Ed-
mund Hall, Oxford, are expelled the
university as Methodists, for praying,
singing psalms, and expounding the
Scriptures.
* * It. Clement XIV. is pope.
LETTERS.
1762 * * Scot. The Shipwreck, by Wil-
liam Falconer, appears.
* * Scot. Elements of Criticism, by Henry
Home, Lord Kames, appears.
1763 * * Dublin. The Freeman's Jour-
nal is issued.
* * London. The St. James's Chronicle
is united with the Press.
1764 * * London. The Literary Club
is founded by Dr. Samuel Johnson and
Sir Joshua Reynolds. Sir John Haw-
kins, Topham Beauclerk, Goldsmith,
Burke, and Bennet likngton are among
the first members.
* * Scot. Enqxiiry into the Human Mind'
on the Principle of Common Sense, by
Thomas Reid, appears.
* * The Traveller, by Oliver Goldsmith,
appears. [1766, The Vicar of Wakefield;
1768, The Good-natured Man ; 1770, The
Deserted Village.)
1764-70 Poems, by Thomas Chatterton,
appears.
AND IRELAND. 1762,* *-1769, Feb. 3. 917
1765 * * Gore's General Advertiser is is-
sued at Liverpool.
* * Jieliques of Ancient English Poetry, by
Bishop Thomas Percy, appears.
1765-68 Love of Fame, the Universal
Passion, by Edward Young, appears.
1765-68 Commentaries on the Laws of
England, by Sir William Blackstone, ap-
pears.
* * Castle of Otranto, by Horace Walpole,
appears.
1766* * Ire. The Waterford Chronicle
is issued.
* * Ire. The Limerick Chronicle is issued.
* * Scot. Essay on the Nature and Immu-
tability of Truth, by James Beattie,
appears. [1771, The Minstrel.]
* * The Pool of Quality , by Henry Brooke,
appears.
1767 * * London. A Nautical Almanac
is first published.
1768* *Cheshunt College is opened
for Calvinistic Methodists at Trevecca
House, Talgarth, near Brecon, by the
Countess of Huntingdon and George
Whitefield. [1792. Kemoved to Ches-
hunt, Herts.]
* * Augustus Henry, Duke of Grafton,
is elected chancellor of Cambridge.
* * London. The Gospel Magazine is is-
sued.
SOCIETY.
1762 * * London. The Cock Lane ghost
imposture.
Much excitement is caused by the re-
ported appearance of a ghost in the
house of William Parsons in Cock Lane,
Smitufield. Mar. 6. It is discovered to
be an imposture. July 10. Parsons and
his wife are condemned to stand thrice
in the pillory for imposture and defa-
mation.
Dec. 25. London. A great riot occurs
at Drury Lane Theater, because half
admissions had been cut off.
* * London. Boodle's Club is estab-
lished.
1763 Apr. 3. Unknown persons cut
down all the gibbets on the Edgeware
road, near London, on which many
malefactors had V>een hung in chains.
Apr. 30. London. John "Wilkes and
others, for libeling the king, are ar-
rested, and committed to the Tower.
Wilkes's house is searched, and his
Eapers are seized. [May 6. Wilkes is
rought by a writ of habeas corpus be-
fore Chief Justice Pratt, and discharged,
his arrest being declared illegal. Dec.
6. General warrants are declared ille-
gal by Chief Justice Pratt ; £1,000 dam-
ages are awarded to Wilkes for the
seizure of his papers.]
July 6. London. For false imprison-
ment £300 damages are granted to a
printer.
* * London. Lambeth General Lying-in
Hospital is established.
1764 Apr. 1. A girl of 18 years is
burned for murdering her mistress.
± * * Protestants [Oakboys] in Ulster or-
ganize to resist landlord and other exac-
tions.
* * Scot. A theater is opened at Glas-
gow.
1765 Jan. 26. Lord Byron Tgreat-
uncle of the poet] kills Mr. Chaworth
in a duel. [Apr. 17. He is convicted
before the House of Lords of man-
slaughter, and being a peer he is not
burned in the hand, but pays a fine.]
Feb. 9. The peruke-makers petition
the king for redress because the people
wear their own hair.
May * A riot occurs among the Spital-
fleld weavers ; the Duke of Bedford nar-
rowly escapes death, and many lives are
lost.
* * Wesleyan preachers prohibit snuff
and other indulgences.
* * Dublin. The Hibernian Society is
organized.
* * A lunatic asylum is founded at Man-
chester.
1766 Apr. 11. London. More than 100
convicts leave Newgate for the Ameri-
can colonies, led by a band of music.
Aug. 11. Ann Sowerby is burned at
York for poisoning her husband.
* * Dublin. The Marine Society is or-
ganized.
* * Rousseau visits England as the guest
of David Hume.
* * Titles created, Duke of Leinster, Earl
of Winterton, and Earl Mexborough.
[1767, Baron Mulgrave ; 1768, Earl Kings-
ton ; 1771, Earl Koden, and Earl Sefton ;
1776, Baron Massy, Baron Kensington,
Baron Newborough, Baron Macdonald,
Baron Wescote, Earl Clanwilliam, Earl
Lisburne, Viscount de Vesci, and Vis-
count Southwell.]
* * Dr. Ash's Hospital, Birmingham, is
founded.
1767 * * James Hargreaves completes
his spinning- jenny ; and soon his neigh-
bors compel him to fly for his life.
1768 Apr. 15. A mob demolishes a
house opened for inoculation for small-
pox at Peterborough.
May 10. London. A mob turns out in
St. George's Fields to see John Wilkes
in the King's Bench prison ; the mili-
tary aid is indiscreetly called for by the
justices of the peace, and several inno-
cent persons are killed. [1769. Nov. 10.
John Wilkes obtains £4,000 in an
action against Lord Halifax.]
* * The first Birmingham musical fes-
tival is given for the benefit of Dr. Ash's
Hospital,
STATE.
1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris is
concluded by Great Britain, France, and
Spain (pp. 73, 703).
Apr. 23. No. 45 of the North Briton, is-
sued by John Wilkes, a Commoner,
appears, containing strongly offensive
remarks on the king. [Nov. 15. The
House of Commons resolves that the
paper is a libel, and orders that it be
burned by the common hangman. A
riot follows the execution of the order.
1764. Jan. 20. Wilkes is expelled.] (See
Society.)
Apr. * George Grenville becomes prime
minister and chancellor of theexchequer,
and Lords Egremont and Halifax are
appointed secretaries of state.
* * Ire. The Earl of Northumberland
appointed lord-lieutenant.
1764 Mar. 10. H. C. George Gren-
ville moves resolutions for imposing
stamp duties on the American col-
onies.
Aug. 24.' Ire. John Gore [Earl An-
naly] is appointed chief justice.
1765 Mar. 22. Parliament: The
Stamp Act, being passed, receives the
royal assent (p. 75).
Apr. * Parliament. The Mutiny Act
is extended to the English colonies.
July 10. The Marquis of Rocking-
ham becomes prime minister ; Gen.
Conway is secretary of state and leader
in the Commons.
* * The Isle of Man is partly sold to the
crown. [1821. Entirely given up.]
* * Ire. The Earl of Hertford is ap-
pointed lord-lieutenant.
* *E.Ind. Great Britain obtains the vir-
tual sovereignty of Bengal, Behar, and
Orissa.
1766 Jan. 14. H. C. : Pitt makes a
great speech against taxing the Amer-
ican colonies without their consent (p.
75).
Feb. 3. H. C. Benjamin Franklin is
examined respecting the Stamp Act.
Mar. 7. Parliament : The Declaratory
Act is passed (p. 75).
Mar. 18. Parliament: The Stamp Act
is repealed (p. 75).
Apr. 22. H. C. General warrants are
declared illegal.
July 29. William Pitt is created Earl
of Chatham.
Aug. * The Earl of Chatham becomes
prime minister, with the Duke of Graf-
ton and Charles Townshend as col-
leagues.
* * Lord Camden is appointed lord high
chancellor.
1767 June 20. Parliament: The act
is passed imposing duty on tea in
America.
Oct. 14. Ire. Viscount Townshend is
appointed lord-lieutenant.
Dec. * The Duke of Grafton becomes
prime minister.
Townshend (chancellor of the ex-
chequer), Gen. Conway and Lord Shel-
burne (secretaries of state), the Earl of
Chatham (privy seal), and Lord Hills-
borough (first colonial secretary).
* * H. C. For the first time since the
Revolution Ministers are left in a
minority on the land-tax bill.
* * A custom-house and Board of Com-
missioners are created for America.
1768 Jan. 9. Ire. James Hewitt
[Viscount Lifford] is appointed lord
high chancellor.
May 10. Parliament meets. [1774.
Sept. 30. Dissolved.]
Charles James Fox is a member, and
John Wilkes is amember for Middlesex.
1769 Jan. 21. London. The letters
of "Junius" begin in the Public Ad-
vertiser.
[They severely attack members of the
Government and other public men, es-
pecially the Duke of Grafton and Lord
Mansfield.]
Feb. 3. H. C. John Wilkes is ex-
pelled for an alleged libel on Lord
Weymouth.
[Middlesex three times elects him, and
he is three times expelled ; the last time
his opponent, Col. Luttrell, though in
the minority at the poll, is declared duly
elected.] (See Society.)
MISCELLANEOUS.
1762* * London. Shop signs are re-
moved.
1763 Oct. 21. Edinburgh. The North
Bridge is founded.
* * Dublin. The Queen's Bridge is de-
stroyed by a flood.
1764 * * The Soho works are established
by Matthew Boulton at Birmingham.
1766 July 14. The Grand Junction
Canal, connecting the Trent with the
Mersey, is commenced.
* * London. " Tattersall's " is estab-
lished by Richard Tattersall, near Hyde
Park Corner, for the sale of horses.
1768* *The tea-plant is brought to
England.
918 1769, Apr. 26-1776, June 10. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — WAVY.
1774 Apr. 3. Ind. The Rohilla War
begins.
1775-83 War with the 13 American
colonies, called the War of the Ameri-
can Revolution.
Apr. 19. Mass. Battle of Lexington,
near Boston (p. 80).
June 17. Mass. Battle of Bunker
Hill, Boston (p. 80).
Nov. 12. Can. Gen. Montgomery cap-
tures Montreal (p. 80).
* * The Repulse founders off Bermuda ;
the crew perish.
1776 Mar. 17. Mass. Boston is sur-
rendered to Washington (p. 82).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1769* * Dublin. The Royal Exchange
is begun. [1779. Opened.]
Apr. 26. London. The first exhibition
of the Royal Academy is held at Pall
Mall.
June 3. The transit of Venus over the
sun's disk is observed.
Nov. 6. An Arctic expedition sets out
under Samuel Hearne. It is the first to
enter the ocean north of the American
continent.
* * A mechanical automaton chess-player
is exhibited.
* * London. A grape-vine is planted in
the gardens of Hampton Court Palace.
[It is 72 feet by 20, with a stem 13 inches
in girth ; in one season it produced
2,272 bunches of grapes.] (Haydn.)
* * London. The Royal Exchange is re-
paired and beautified.
* * Scot. James Watt receives his first
patent for a steam-engine. [1775. Re-
newed.]
* * The motion of sun-spots is observed
by Dr. Wilson.
* * Sir William Chambers builds the ob-
servatory at Richmond.
* * Scot. Matthew Boulton and James
Watt enter into partnership.
* * Edinburgh. The Theater Royal is
erected.
* * Richard Arkwright extends James
Hargreaves's principles for spinning by
water-power, and applies a large and
small roller to expand the thread,
which he patents. [1771. He intro-
duces steam in the place of horse-
power in his cotton-mills at Cromford,
on the Derwent.]
1770 * * Cast steel is first made in Shef-
field.
* * London. A statue of the Duke of
Cumberland is erected in Cavendish
Square.
* * Ire. An old coal-mine is discovered
at Ballycastle, Antrim.
* * Sawmills are first erected near Lon-
don.
* * A statue of Mars is executed by John
Bacon.
1771 * * The Ripon flood, a devastat-
ing inundation, occurs in Yorkshire.
* * About 80 villages are destroyed by the
overflow of the Solway Moss in Cumber-
land.
* * Dr. Hornsby, Savilian professor of as-
tronomy, is instrumental in the found-
ing of the Radcliffe Observatory at
Oxford. [1794. Completed.]
* * Josiah Wedgwood founds his pot-
teries called Etruria.
1772 Jan. 27. London. The Pan-
theon, erected by James Wyatt, is
opened.
July 13. Capt. James Cook sails on his
second [and important] voyage of dis-
covery in the South Sea. [1775. July
30. Returns.]
* * James Burrow becomes president of
the Royal Society. [Later, Sir John
Pringle. 1778. Sir Joseph Banks.]
* * Henley's discharging electrometer is
invented.
* * Dr. Joseph Priestley discovers hydro-
chloric acid, the only compound of
hydrogen and chloride. He invents the
eudiometer to ascertain the purity of
atmospheric air, or the quantity of oxy-
gen gas in it.
* * Edinburgh. Daniel Rutherford de-
scribes nitrogen.
* * Parliament : A bill is passed prohib-
iting the export of machinery used in
cotton-factories.
* * The Liverpool Theater is opened.
1773 Aug. * Capt. Constantino John
Phipps sails in command of the Sea-
Horse and the Carcase in search of the
Northwest Passage. [Unsuccesful.]
* * The establishment of the British Plate
Glass Company in Lancashire greatly
improves the manufacture of plate
* * The Plate Assay Office is established
at Sheffield.
* * Miss Farren [Countess of Derby], an
actor, makes her first appearance in Liv-
erpool.
* * London. Astley's Amphitheater is
first opened.
* * London. The Medical Society is
formed.
* * Henry Cavendish and others investi-
gate electricity as developed in fishes.
1774 * * The Birmingham steam-engine
works are established.
* * Kevil Maskelyne measures the earth's
density by the Schiehallion experi-
ments.
* * A submarine boat is tried at Plym-
outh, previous attempts having been
made in the Thames early in the 17th
century.
1774-79 Samuel Crompton, an artisan,
invents the spinning-jenny or mule.
1775 May 8. The great canal tunnel
at Norwood Hill is opened ; it is If miles
long.
Oct. 29. Many vessels are lost in the
severe storms in the north.
* * London. An obelisk is erected in
Fleet Street at the head of Bridge
Street.
* * The Duchess of Devonshire is painted
by Thomas Gainsborough. [1779, Blue
Boy; 1784, Mrs. Siddons.]
1776 June 10. London. David Gar-
rick makes his last appearance on the
stage.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1769 Apr. 30. Wellington, Duke of,
Arthur Wellesley, commander-in-chief,
statesman, born.
Brunei, Sir Marc I., engineer, born.
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Marquis of
Londonderry, born.
Clarke, Edward Daniel, traveler, mineral-
ogist, author, writer, born.
Daniell, William, landscape painter, born.
Falconer, William, poet, Scotland, A37.
Frere, John Hookham, poet, diplomatist,
miscellaneous writer, born.
Hardy, Sir Thomas Masterman, naval cap-
tain, born.
Hoyle, Edmund, writer on games, A 97.
Huskisson, William, statesman, financier, b.
Jay, William, dissenting el., author, born.
Lawrence. Sir Thomas, painter, born.
Lowe, Sir Hudson, general, Ireland, born.
Malcolm, Sir John, major-general, diplo-
matist, administrator, historian, Scot., b.
Merrick, James, poet, A49.
Opie, Amelia, novelist, born.
Ouseley, Sir William, orientalist, born.
Kiall, Sir Phinehas, general, born.
Smith, ■William. " Father of English geo-
logy," born.
1770 Sept. 30. Whitefleld, George, ora-
tor, preacher, fdr. Calvinistic Meth., A56.
Akenside, Mark, poet, A49.
Allen, John, politician, metaphysician, au., b.
Allen, William, chemist, born.
Burdett, Sir Francis, statesman, born.
Canning, George, states., orator, poet, b.
Chatterton, Thomas, poet, A 18.
Codrington, Sir Edward, admiral, born.
Cruden, Alexander, author Biblical concord-
ance, Scotland, A69.
Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley, clergyman, arehe-
ologist, born.
Foster, John, clergyman, essayist, born.
Oranby, Marquis of, John Manners, gen., A49.
Hogg, James (Ettrick Shepherd), poet, Scot-
land, born.
Hope, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, born.
Ligonier, Earl, John, fleld-marshal, A92.
Liverpool, Earl of, Kobert Banks Jenkinson,
statesman, born.
Long, Roger, astronomer, A90.
Montagu, Basil, jurist, author, born.
Shee, Sir Martin Archer, portrait painter,
Ireland, born.
Wordsworth, 'William, poet, born.
Yorke, Charles, statesman, born.
1771 June 5. Ernest August, Duke of
Cumberland, King of Hanover, son of
George III., born.
Britton, John, topographical antiq., au., b.
Gill, John, Baptist clergyman, author, A74.
Gray, Thomas, poet, A55.
Lingard, John, K. C. cl., historian, born.
Owen, Robert, philanthropist, founder of
English socialism, Wales, born.
Parke, Mungo, African traveler, Scot., b.
Scott, Sir Walter, poet, novelist, Scot., b.
Smith, Sydney, clergyman, essayist, wit,
miscellaneous writer, b.
Smollett, Tobias George, poet, dramatist,
novelist, historian, A50.
1778 * * Ballantyne, James, printer, journal-
ist, Scotland, born.
Brindley, James, canal engineer, A56.
Canton, John, natural philosopher, A54.
Cary, Henry Francis, poet, trans, of Dante, b.
Cockburn, Sir George, admiral, born.
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, poet, philoso-
pher, miscellaneous writer, born.
Congreve, Sir William, military engineer,
inventor, born.
Hill, Viscount Rowland, general, born.
Lambert, Sir John, general, born.
Lyndhurst, Baron, John Singleton Copley,
jurist, statesman, born.
M'Crie, Thomas, cl., author, Scotland, born.
Ricardo, David, financier, political econo-
mist, born.
Richmond, Legh, clergyman, author, born.
Stevenson, Robert, civil engineer, light-
house designer, Scotland, born.
1773 Jan. 37. Sussex, Duke of, Augustus
Frederick, son of George III., born.
Amherst, Lord, William Pitt, diplomatist, b.
Brisbane, Sir Thomas M., general, astrono-
mer, Scotland, born.
Brown, Robert, botanist, Scotland, born.
Butler, Alban, R. C. cl., hageologist,au.,A63.
Chesterfield, Earl of, Philip I). Stanhope,
statesman, miscellaneous writer, A79.
Cotton, Stapleton, Viscount Combermere,
general, born.
Elmsley, Peter, classical scholar, critic,
author, writer, born.
Faber, George Stanley, clergyman, author, b.
Glass, John, cl., fdr. of Glassites, Scot., A78.
Holland, third Baron, Henry Richard Vas-
sall Fox, statesman, historian, born.
Jeffrey, Francis, jurist, critic, essayist, states-
man, Scotland, born. •
Lyttleton, Lord George, poet, states., A64.
MacCulloch, John, geologist, Scotland, born.
Mill, James, historian, economist, political,
mental philosopher, author, Scotland, b.
Young, Thomas, physicist, natural philoso-
pher, scientific writer, born.
1774 * * Ashburton, Lord, Alexander Baring,
statesman, born.
Baily, Francis, astronomer, born.
Baines, Edward, journalist, historian, born.
Braliam, John, English-Hebrew vocalist, b.
Buxton, Jedediah, arithmetician, A70.
AND IRELAND. 1769, Apr. 26-1776, June 10.
919
Cambridge, Duke of, Adolphus Frederick,
gon of George III., born.
Chenevix, Richard, miscellaneous writer, b.
Clive, Lord Robert, general, states., A49.
Constable, Archibald, publisher, Scot., born.
Goldsmith, Oliver, poet, novelist, drama-
tist, essayist, A46.
Gregory, Olinthus Gilbert, math., au., b.
Southey. Robert, poet, historian, biogra-
pher, miscellaneous writer, born.
Tannahill, Robert, poet, Scotland, born.
Tucker, Abraham, philosopher, A69.
Watt, Robert, bibliographer, Scotland, born.
1775 * * Austen, Jane, novelist, born.
Baskerville, John, type-founder, printer, A69.
Bathnrst, Earl, Allen, statesman, A91.
Dermodv, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born.
Dibdin, 'Thomas Frognall, dramatist, song-
writer, born.
Dick, Thomas, scientific author, born.
Dundonald, tenth Earl of, Thomas Cochrane,
admiral, born.
Foulis, Andrew, printer, publish., Scot., A63.
Kemble, Charles, actor, born.
Lamb. Charles, poet, dramatist, essayist,
miscellaneous writer, born.
Landor. Walter Savage, poet, mis. wr., b.
Lewis, Matthew Gregory, novelist, dram., b.
Leyden, John, poet, orientalist, Scot., born.
Murray, Alexander, linguist, Scot., born.
O'Connell. Daniel, lawyer, orator, states-
man, Ireland, born.
Phillips, William, mineralogist, geologist, b.
Porter, Sir Uobert Ker, painter, born.
Richardson, Charles, philologist, born.
Robinson, Henry Crabb, lawyer, miscella-
neous writer, born.
Rose, William Stuart, miscellaneous wr., b.
Smith, James, poet, wit, born.
Turner, Joseph Mallord William, painter, b.
Westinacott, Sir Richard, sculptor, born.
White, Joseph Blanco, theological writer, b.
CHURCH.
1769 Aug. 1. The 26th Methodist
Conference meets at Leeds. [Kichard
Boardman and Joseph Pilinoor volun-
teer to go to America as missionaries,
and they are appointed.]
Sept. * Whitefield sails on his seventh
and last voyage to America [where he
dies].
* * Hannah Ball, a Methodist young
woman, establishes a Sunday-school
at Wycombe, and teaches the Scriptures
to children.
1770 * * Orthodox Baptists form the
New Connection.
* * A Baptist theological seminary is
founded at Bristol.
1772 * * The Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel sends Rev. Mr. Andrews to
the Indians of New York.
1773 * * Mr. Rankin supersedes Francis
Asbury as John "Wesley's " general
assistant " in America. [Driven back
by war.]
LETTERS.
1769 * * The first Shakespeare jutalee
is celebrated at Stratford-on-Avon under
the auspices of David Garrick.
* * London. The Morning Chronicle is
issued.
* * History of the lieiqn of the Emperor
Charles V.', bv William Robertson, ap-
pears. [1777, History of America.]
1769-72 London. The Letters contrib-
uted to the Public Advertiser by Ju-
nius, an unknown author [but presu-
mably Sir Philip Francis], appear.
1770 * * Present State of the Nation, by
Edmund Burke, appears ; also Thoughts
on Present Discontents.
1771 * * The first edition of the Encyclo-
pedia Britannica, edited by William
Smellie, appears.
* * The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker,
by Smollett, appears.
1772 Nov. 2. London. The Morning
Post is issued.
* * London. The Lady's Magazine is is-
sued.
* * Scot. Institutes of Moral Philosophy ,
by Adam Ferguson, appears.
1773 * * She Stoops to Conquer, by Gold-
smith, appears. [1774, History of the
Earth and Animated Nature.]
* * Scot. Poems, by Robert Fergusson,
appears.
* * Poems, by Mrs. Anna Letitia Aikin,
appears.
1773-76 Scot. The Edinburgh Magazine
and Review is issued.
1774-81 History of English Poetry, by
Thomas Warton, appears.
1775 * * A Journey to the Western Isles of
Scotland, by Johnson, appears. [1779-
81, Lives of the English Poets.]
* * The Rivals, St. Patrick's Bay, and
The Duenna, by Richard Brinsley Butler
Sheridan, appear. [1777, The School Jor
Scandal and A Trip to Scarborough ; 1779,
The Critic]
SOCIETY.
1770 * * The exhibiting of the insane
at St. Mary at Bethlehem (Bedlam) asy-
lum as a show for money is stopped.
* * The House of Industry, Liverpool,
is founded.
1771 Nov. 1. John Eyre, a wealthy
man, is transported for stealing a few
quires of paper.
Nov. 22. London. Mr. Stephen is ex-
pelled from the Temple for writing a
book on the impolicy of imprisonment
for debt.
1772 June 22. London. The Court of
King's Bench decides that slavery can-
not exist in Great Britain.
A slave named Somerset, brought to
England, was, because of his ill state,
turned adrift by his master. When re-
stored to health, his master again claimed
him. A suit was brought, and ended in
favor of Somerset, the judges declaring
that slavery cannot exist in Great Brit-
ain.
* * Ire. In the south and west steel-
boys' societies resist the oppressions of
landlords and anti-Catholics.
* * Charles James Fox gambles for 72
hours, and loses £11,000.
* * A law is made awarding judgment
against mutes, as if they were convicted
or had confessed.
1773 Feb. 1. Lord Townsend wounds
Lord Bellamont in a duel
June 16. London. An act is passed for
the sale of buildings of the Adelphi by
lottery.
* * London. Cox's museum, containing
many rare specimens of art and articles
of vertu, is disposed of by lottery.
* * John Howard, the philanthropist, is
made sheriff of Bedford. [He begins his
investigation of prisons.]
* * Edinburgh. The first regular acad-
emy for the deaf and dumb in Great
Britain is opened.
1774 * * John Howard gives evidence to
Parliament of the bad state of English
prisons.
* * London. The Royal Humane So-
ciety, for the saving of drowning per-
sons, is founded.
1775 * * Transportation for crime ceases
[for several years].
* * A regatta takes place on the Thames ;
it Is introduced from Venice.
1776 Apr. 15-22. London. The Duch-
ess of Kingston is arraigned before the
House of Lords in Westminster Hall on
a charge of bigamy.
She is found guilty; but on pleading
the privilege of peerage, the punishment
of burning in the hand is remitted, and
she is discharged on paying the fees.
STATE.
1770 Jan. 28. The Duke of Grafton
resigns.
Jan. * Lord North is appointed prime
minister. [He directs the war with
America.]
* * H. C. The Commons relinquish the
privilege of freedom from arrest of
the servants of its members.
* * Charles Yorke, Lord Morden, is lord
high chancellor. [1771, Henry Bathurst,
Lord Apsley; the great seal in com-
mission.]
* * Edmund Burke becomes agent for
the colony of New York.
1771 Jan. 12. The Earl of Sandwich
is made first lord of the admiralty.
May 27. London. Lord Mayor Crosby
and Alderman Oliver are committed to
the Tower for remonstrating to the
king in the case of Wilkes.
* * Spain cedes the Falkland Islands to
Great Britain.
* * Reporting debates of Parliament,
hitherto forbidden as a breach of priv-
ilege, is permitted.
1772 Mar. * Parliament : The Royal
Marriage Act is passed.
It prohibits the marriage of any Brit-
ish prince or princess without the con-
sent of the sovereign.
Aug. 4. The Earl of Dartmouth is
appointed secretary for the colonies.
Nov. 30. Ire. The Earl of Harcourt
is appointed lord-lieutenant.
1773 * * Warren Hastings is appointed
governor-general of India; he decides
to pay no more tribute to Shah Alani,
the great mogul or emperor of Delhi.
* * Charles James Fox is appointed a
lord treasurer.
1774 Mar. 31. Parliament: The
Boston Port Bill is passed (p. 79).
Apr. 19. H. C. Edmund Burke makes
a great speech against American taxa-
tion.
Oct. 8. London. John "Wilkes is
elected lord mayor.
Oct. * John Wilkes is elected member
of Parliament for Middlesex for the
fifth time. [He is permitted to take his
seat.]
Nov. 29. Parliament meets. [1780.
Sept. 1. Dissolved.] Charles James
Fox is in opposition.
* * Ire. Stamp duties are announced.
1775-83 Thirteen British colonies in
America struggle for independence.
1775 Nov. 10. H. L. Richard Penn,
governor of Pennsylvania, U. S. A., is
examined respecting public opinion in
America.
Nov. * Parliament votes to increase the
army in America (p. 80).
Dec. 21. Parliament: An act is passed
for confiscating American vessels and
impressing their crews into the British
navy.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1769 Nov. 19. London. Blackfriars
Bridge is opened.
1773 * * The sessions house, Exeter, is
built.
* * Exporting machinery used in mak-
ing cotton fabrics is prohibited.
* * Du blin. A n act is passed for the gen-
eral paving of the city.
1774 Aug. 2. London. The mails are
conveyed by coaches ; the first mail
leaves London for Bristol.
* * Dublin. A penny post is first estab-
lished.
** Edinburgh. The register office,
Princess Street, is begun.
1775 * * "White Cloth Hall is built at
Leeds.
920 1776, July 4-1781,**. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1776 July 12. \_U. S.A.] The war is
transferred to New York (p. 84).
1777 June * N. Y. Burgoyne enters
the State from Canada with 10,000 men.
[Oct. 17. Surrenders his army at Sara-
toga.] (P. 86.)
* * Torpedo shells are invented hy
David Bushnell, an American. His at-
tempt to destroy H. M. S. Cerberus fails.
1778 Mar. * "War with France, caused
by a French alliance and treaty with the
Americans.
Apr. * Scot. Paul Jones, commanding
a privateer, cruises on the coast, accom-
panied by an American frigate.
Apr. * Paul Jones makes a descent on
Whitehaven with only two vessels.
May 8. U. S. A. Sir Henry Clinton
assumes command (p. 8S).
June 16. Two French frigates cap-
tured (p. 704).
July 10. France declares war against
England.
July 27. A French fleet is driven back
(p. 704). English loss, 400 killed and
wounded ; French loss, over 1,000 killed
andwounded.
Oct.* E. I. Pondieherry is captured
from the French by the British.
* * Lord Amherst, a general on the
staff, is appointed commander-in-chief.
* *[U. S. A.] Adm. Byron succeeds
Adm. Lord (Richard) Howe (p. 88).
* * Liverpool equips 120 privateers,
carrying 1,980 guns and 8,754 seamen, at
the opening of the war with France.
1779-82 Sp. Gibraltar is besieged (p.
704).
1779-83 Spain joins in the war against
Great Britain.
1779 Sept. 23. The American Com.
Paul Jones captures two ships (p. 90).
Sept. 30. The prisoners of war in Eng-
land number 12,000 — Spanish, French,
and American.
1779-82 E. I. The first Mahratta
War. (See India.)
1780 Jan. 2. The Dutch Adm. Count
Byland refuses to let the British Adm.
Fielding search his convoy.
An action ensues ; two Dutch ships,
two of the line, and two frigates sur-
render; Fielding detains seven of the
convoy, and permits the remaining ves-
sels to proceed ; Byland refuses to sail
without all his convoy [and returns to
Spithead].
Jan. 16. Adm. Rodney defeats a Span-
ish fleet under Adm. Don Langara in a
naval battle near St. Vincent.
Oct. * Several British war-ships are lost
in a storm in the West Indies.
Among them the Thunderer, Stirling
Castle, Defiance, Phoznix, La Blanche,
Laurel, Shark, Andromeda, Deal Castle,
Penelope, Scarborough, Barbadoes, Ca-
meleon, Endeavor, and Victor.
* *W.I. [Adm.] Horatio Nelson dis-
tinguishes himself in the West Indies.
1780-81 E.I. War with Mysore. (See
India.)
Dec. 30-83 * * "War with Holland for
naval supremacy.
1781 Feb. 3. W. I. Adm. Rodney
captures St. Eustacius [Leeward Island]
together with 250 trading-vessels, which
are confiscated with all other property.
Mar. 16. W. I. The French surrender
St. Bartholomew's Island.
Apr. 16. Com. Johnstone defeats
Mons. Suffrein in a naval battle at St.
Jago.
June * About 44,000 prisoners are ex-
changed by cartel with France since the
opening of the war.
July 1. E. I. Hyder All is defeated.
(See India.)
Aug. 5. Ger. A naval battle is fought
at Dogger-Bank (German Ocean) be-
tween Adm. Parker and the Dutch Adm.
Zoutman, both sides losing 400 men.
Oct. 19. Va. The British army under
Lord Cornwallis surrenders to Gen.
Washington at Yorktown.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1776 July 12. Capt. James Cook sails
on his third voyage of discovery, for Be-
ring Strait. [1778. Dec. * He discov-
ers Owhyhee, or Hawaii, an island in
the Pacific. 1779. Feb. 14. He is killed
on the return voyage at Hawaii.]
July 25. Edinburgh. The Calton Hill
observatory is fo'unded.
* * Dr. Joseph Priestley discovers nitrous
oxide gas [laughing gas].
* * Scot. Andrew Meikle invents a thrash-
ing-machine.
* * Artificial stone for statues is intro-
duced, having been manufactured by a
Neapolitan.
* * London. The Ancient Concerts, or
King's Concerts, begin.
* * An iron railway is built near Sheffield
by John Curr. [Destroyed by colliers.]
* * The science of political economy is
recognized.
It has for its object the improvement
of the condition of mankind and the pro-
motion of civilization, wealth, and hap-
piness ; dated from the publication of
the Wealth of Nations by Dr. Adam
Smith.
1777* *The first large iron bridge is
erected over the Severn, in Shropshire,
by Abraham Darby of Coalbrookdale.
Nov. 24. London. The Thames ebbs
and flows twice in three hours.
* * Subscription concerts are estab-
lished at Manchester.
1778 * * Umbrellas are introduced from
Spain.
* * James Watt invents the expansion
engine. [1780. Also a copying ma-
chine.]
* * A rotary motion is given by the steam-
engine.
1779 Apr. 19. Two sun-spots, whose
combined length extends 50,000 miles,
are measured by Herschel.
Dec. 24. Mrs. Mary Robinson makes her
last appearance as Perdita.
* * Dr. Falck proposes a double - acting
steam-engine on Newcomen's princi-
ple.
* * Mr. Tilloch invents an improved
method of stereotyping.
1779-80 John Singleton Copley paints
the Death of Chatham. [1783. Death of
Major Pier son.']
1780 Dec. 18. Edinburgh. The So-
ciety of Antiquaries is instituted.
* * Dr. Edward Jenner conceives the idea
of vaccination. [1798. Published.]
* * An attempt is made to manufacture
muslin at Manchester.
1780-83 Intemperance is painted by
Thomas Stolhard.
1781 Mar. 13. The planet Uranus is
discovered by William Herschel.
* * The Bramah safety lock is invented
by Joseph Bramah. [1784. Patented.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1776 * * Abercromby, James, Lord Dun-
fermline, lawyer, statesman, Scotland, b.
Barlow, Peter, mathematician, born.
Blackwood, William, founder of Black-
wood 's .Magazine, Scotland, born.
Chitty, Joseph, jurist, born.
Congleton, Lord, Henry Brook Parnell, states-
man, born.
Constable, John, landscape painter, born.
Copleston, Edward, bishop of Llandaff,
scholar, author, born.
Foulis, Robert, printer, publisher, Scot., A69.
Harrison, John, mechanician, A83.
Hume. David, historian, phil., Scot, A65.
Mathews, Charles, actor, humorist, born.
Porter, Jane, novelist, Scotland, born.
Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy, eccentric trav-
eler, horn.
1777 * * Campbell, Thomas, poet, born.
Children, John George, chemist, born.
Dodd, William, miscellaneous writer, A48.
Ellis, Sir Henry, antiquary, born.
Foote, Samuel, humorist, actor, A57.
Gell, Sir William, classical schol., antiq., b.
Haliam. Henry, historian, mis. wr., b.
Hamilton, William Richard, archeologist, b.
Hume, Joseph, statesman, reformer, born.
Ireland, Samuel W. H., author of Shake-
speare forgeries, born.
Kater, Henry, physicist, born.
Leake, William M., traveler, antiquarian,
topographer, born.
Morgan, Lady, Sydney Owenson, novelist,
miscellaneous writer, Ireland, born.
Ross, Sir John, arctic explorer, admiral, b.
1778 * * Acland, John Dyke, general, dies.
Arne, Thomas Augustine, musician, com-
poser, A68.
Brougham, Henry, first Lord Brougham
and Vaux, jur., ora., states., au., Scot., b.
Brown, Thomas, psychologist, Scotland, b.
Brummell, George Bryan (Beau Brnmmell),
wit, man of fashion, born.
Brunton, Mary Balfour, novelist, Scot., b.
Crabb, George, philologist, born.
Davy, Sir Humphry, chemist, natural
philosopher, horn.
Emmet, Robert, United Irishman, patriot,
Ireland, born.
Hargxeaves, James, inv. spinning- jenny, d.
Hazlitt, William, essayist, critic, miscella-
neous writer, born.
Horner, Francis, political economist, essay-
ist, statesman, born.
Lancaster, Joseph, educationist, horn.
Londonderry, Marquis of, Charles William
Stewart Vane, general, born.
Murray, John, publisher, born.
Pitt.WiUiam, Earl of Chatham, states., A70.
1779* * Bethan, Sir William, antiquary,
genealogist, born.
Bunting, Jabez, Wesleyan clergyman, b.
Callcott, Sir Augustus Wall, landscape p., b.
Campbell, Baron, John, jurist, statesman,
miscellaneous writer, Scotland, born.
Cockburn, Lord, Henry Thomas, jurist, Scot.,
born.
Cook, James, explorer, naval captain, A51.
Denman, first Baron, Thomas, chief jus., b.
Elphinstone. Mountstuart, states., hist., b.
Gaisford, Thomas, classical scholar, born.
Gait, John, miscellaneous writer, Scot., b.
Garrick, David, actor, dramatist, A63.
Goug-h, Viscount Hugh, general, Ire., b.
Langhorne, John, poet, translator, A44.
M'Culloch, John Ramsay, political econo-
mist, statistician, Scotland, born.
Melbourne, Viscount, William Lamb, states-
man, born.
Merivale,John Herman, poet, scholar, trans-
lator, born.
Smith, Horace, poet, novelist, born.
Warburton, William, bishop of Gloucester,
author, A81.
1780 * * Abercrombie, John, phys., Scot., b.
Blackstone, Sir William, jurist, A57.
Chalmers, Thomas, clergyman, au., Scot., b.
Croker, John "Wilson, states., wr., Ire., b.
AND IRELAND.
1776, July 4-1781,
921
Fothergill, John, physician, A68.
Fry. nee Gurney, Elizabeth, philanthropist,
prison reformer, horn.
Harris, James, of Salisbury, philologist, A71.
Home Thomas Hartwell, Bib. critic, hist.,b.
Hone, William, political satirist, misc. wr., b.
Laing, Samuel, traveler, author, Scotland, b.
Lansdowne, Marquis of, Henry Petty Fitz-
maurice, statesman, born.
Moore, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born.
Morier, James, traveler, misc. writer, born.
Porter, Anna Maria, novelist, horn.
Steuart, Sir James Denham, jurist, political
economist, Scotland, A58.
Smirke, Sir Robert, architect, horn.
Somerville, Mary, astronomer, author, born.
Sumner, John Bird, archbishop of Canter., b.
CHURCH.
1776 * * The congregations of the Free
and United Presbyterian churches unite,
and form the Presbyterian Church of
England.
1778 * * Indulgences are granted to the
Catholics by the Relief Bill.
* * Obsolete laws against Roman Cath-
olics are repealed.
1779 Feb. 2. Edinburgh. A great
commotion is made against the Roman
Catholics.
1780 May 10, June 2-9. London.
Gordon's "No Popery" riots disturb
the city. (See Society.)
* * The Naval and Military Bible Society
is organized.
* * The Roman Catholics have various
disabilities removed.
* * Ire. The Sacramental Test Act is
repealed.
* * London. The Bible Society is or-
ganized.
* * London. The Protestant Associa-
tion is formed.
* * * The Evangelical party of the Es-
tablished Church of England appears ;
Thomas Newton and William Romaine
are prominent leaders.
1781* *The Sunday Act of Bishop
Porteus is passed.
LETTERS.
1776 * * Fragment on Government, by
Jeremy Bentham, appears.
* * Scot. The Wealth of Nations, by
Adam Smith, appears.
* * Scot. Philosophy of Rhetoric, by
George Campbell, appears.
1776-88 Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire, by Edward Gibbon, appears.
* * Rock of Ages, by Augustus Montague
Toplady, appears.
1777 * * A Shorthand Dictionary ap-
pears.
* * Two Essays, by Hume, appears. [1779,
Dialogues concerning Natural Religion.]
* * Scot. Sermons, by Hugh Blair, ap-
pears. [1783, Lectures on Rhetoric]
1778 * * London. The Wesleyan Method-
ist Magazine is issued.
* * Evelina, by Frances Burney [Madame
d'Arblay], appears. [1782, Cecilia.']
1779 * * Olney Hymns, by William Cow-
per, appears. [1782, Moral Satires; 1785,
The Task and John Gilpin.]
1780 Mar. 26. London. The British
Gazette and Sunday Monitor is issued ;
it is the first Sunday newspaper.
* * London. The Morning Herald is is-
sued.
* * The first of the Bampton annual the-
ological lectures is given at Oxford by
Rev. Dr. Bandinel, John Bampton hav-
ing left an estate for the purpose.
1781 * * The Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society is founded.
SOCIETY.
1776 * * Punishment by labor in the
Hulks commences.
* * Titles created : Duke of Clarendon,
Earl of Mansfield, Barons Hawke and Fo-
ley. [1780, Barons Walsingham, South-
ampton, Dyne vor and Bagot; 1782, Baron
Grantley].
* * London. Masquerades are revived,
and carried to a shameful excess in vio-
lation of the laws ; and tickets of ad-
mission to a masquerade at Ranelagh on
some occasions are subscribed for at 25
guineas each.
1777 Feb. 24. London. "William
Dodd, a clergyman, is convicted of for-
gery, and sentenced to be hanged. [June
27. Executed.]
* * An Act is passed levying a duty on
male servants. 1781. Augmented.]
* * London. The Gaelic Society is
founded.
* * Bath and West of England Society
is founded.
1778 July 2. A fanatic calling herself
Queen Beck assaults George III.
Aug. * A law is made compelling lottery
office keepers to take out licenses, and
pay £50 for each. This reduces the
number from 400 to 51.
* * London. A man refusing to plead
is condemned and executed at the Old
Bailey on a charge of murder.
1779 Oct. 9. Riots against machinery
occur at Manchester.
Nov. 13. Mr. Donovan and Capt. Han-
son fight a duel, the latter being killed.
TNov. 30. Charles James Fox is wounded
in a duel by Mr. Adam. 1780. Mar. 22.
Col. Fullerton wounds Lord Shelburne
in a duel.]
1780 June 2-8. London. Gordon's
" No Popery " riots break out.
The petition of the Protestant Associ-
ation asking Parliament to repeal the
Acts granting indulgences to Roman
Catholics being rejected, Lord George
Gordon heads a mob of 40,000 persons,
marches to the Houses of Parliament,
and again presents the petition; it is
again rejected. The mob once raised
cannot be dispersed, but proceeds to the
most daring outrages, pillaging, burn-
ing, and pulling down the chapels and
private houses of the Roman Catholics
first, but afterwards of several other
persons, breaking open prisons, setting
the prisoners free, even attempting the
Bank of England ; it totally overpowers
the civil authority for six days.
[1781. Feb. 5. Lord George Gordon is
tried and acquitted on charges of high
treason. 1793. Nov. 1. He dies a pris-
oner for libel.]
* * Dublin. A state lottery is drawn.
* *The Lunar Society is organized at
Birmingham.
The members, Joseph Priestley, James
Watt, Erasmus Darwin, Dr. Withering,
and others, meet near the full of the
moon to discuss philosophy and politics.
1781 * * Sir Aston Lever establishes a
society of toxophilites, lovers of the
bow.
STATE.
1776 July 4. U. S. A. The Declara-
tion of Independence is issued by the
Continental Congress at Philadelphia,
Pa. (p. 85).
July* New York. Adm. Howe and
Lord Howe arrive as commissioners
to receive the submission of the colonists.
* *Lord George Sackville becomes
secretary of state.
1777-79 The Habeas Corpus Act is
suspended because of the American war.
1777 Jan. 25. Ire. The Earl of Buck-
inghamshire is appointed lord-lieuten-
ant.
Feb. 17. Parliament: Lord North in-
troduces conciliatory bills.
They renounce the claim of right to
tax the American colonies, and author-
ize the appointment of commissioners
to treat with the colonists.
1778 Mar. * France having made a
treaty of amity with America, the Brit-
ish Minister is withdrawn from Paris.
* * Ire. Indulgences are granted to the
Catholics by the Relief Bill.
* * Parliament : Penal laws against
Catholics in England are repealed.
* * Edward Thurlow [Lord Thurlow] is
appointed lord high chancellor.
* * Parliament: Gen. Burgoyne makes
his defense for his military reverses in
America.
1779 June 16. Spain declares war
against England.
Dec. 12. Parliament: Bills are passed
removing trade and commerce restric-
tions on Ireland.
* * Ire. The cultivation of tobacco is
allowed.
1780 Feb. 8. The Yorkshire petition
is presented to Parliament.
It prays for the reduction of national
expenditure and the redress of griev-
ances.
June 2. Lord George Gordon, at-
tended by a riotous mob, goes to the
House of Commons, and presents a peti-
tion for the repeal of the recent Act in
favor of Catholics. (See Society.)
Oct. 31. Parliament meets. [1784.
Mar. 25. Dissolved.]
Charles James Fox leads the opposi-
tion. Richard Brinsley Sheridan is
a member of the Commons.
Dec. 23. Ire. The Earl of Carlisle is
appointed lord-lieutenant.
* * Parliament: The Plate Act is re-
pealed.
* * The Armed Neutrality is formed.
It is agreed to by Denmark and Sweden
against England's claim to search vessels at
sea; it stipulates free passage of neutral
ships between the ports and along the coasts
of combatants, security in neutral ships of
enemy's goods except contraband of war,
exact definition of blockaded port, and the
ignoring of blockake not sufficiently en-
forced. [Prussia, Austria, Portugal, Spain,
and France subsequently recognize the prin-
ciple.]
1781-82 England loses her "West India
Islands possessions, and Minorca in the
Mediterranean.
1781 Nov. 25. London. News of Lord
Cornwallis's surrender to Washing-
ton arrives, and causes a sensation.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1778 * * A new bridge is built at Exeter.
1779 * * The Earl of Derby begins the
Oaks races.
1780 Jan. 15. Ire. "Woolen goods
are first exported.
June 7. London. King's Bench Prison,
Southwark, long used for the confine-
ment of debtors, is burned down by the
"No Popery" rioters. [1781. Rebuilt,
containing about 230 rooms.]
* * Windsor Forest is surveyed, and
found to contain 59,600 acres.
* * The first Derby is won by Diomed.
1781 * * Dublin. A custom-house is
begun. [1791. Opened.]
922 1781,* *-1786, Aug. 2. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1782 Feb. 4. Sp. Spaniards get Mi-
norca (p. 704).
Feb. * E. I. The French are defeated
(p. 704).
Apr. 12. W. I. Adm. Rodney defeats
Adm. de Grasse (p. 704).
Aug. 4. Ire. The sloop-of-war Swan is
wrecked off Waterford ; 130 men are
drowned.
Aug. 29. The Royal George sinks at
Spithead with 600 men on hoard.
Sept. 21. Sp. Naval victory off Gib-
raltar (p. 704).
The Centaur, with 74 guns, founders
in her passage from Jamaica ; Capt.
Inglefteld and some of his crew are
saved.
* * Gen. Seymour Conway is appointed
commander-in-chief.
1783 Jan. 20. Fr. Preliminaries of
peace end the war with France, Spain,
Holland, and the United States (p. 95).
Feb. 6. Sp. The siege of Gibraltar
ends by treaty, after being invested
three years, seven months, and 12 days.
Nov. 5. E. I. The Superb, 74 guns, is
wrecked in Tellicherry Roads.
Nov.' 25. 2V. Y. The British evacuate
New York City (p. 96).
* *The Cato, Adm. Sir Hyde Parker's
fleet, is wrecked on the Malabar coast.
1784* * E. I Peace is concluded with
Tippoo Saib.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1781 * * Henry Gort invents puddling,
and introduces great improvements in
the manufacture of iron.
* * Johann J. Becher, a chemist, proposes
to make tar from pit-coal.
* * Henry Cavendish explodes oxygen and
hydrogen, forming water.
1781-84 The composition of water is
demonstrated by Henry Cavendish and
James Watt.
* * Watt secures the patent for the first
double engine.
* * Hornblower invents a double cylinder
engine.
* * The Philosophical Society is estab-
lished at Manchester.
1782 * * London. Machines for ruling
account-hooks, papers, etc., are invented
by a Dutchman.
* * Alessandro Volta improves his inven-
tion of the electrophorus, an apparatus
for obtaining frictional electricity.
* * The first importation of raw cotton
is received from Brazil.
* * Dr. Thomas Percival is the first to
recommend cod-liver oil as a remedy
for chronic rheumatism.
1783 Mar. 29. Edinburgh. The Royal
Society of Edinburgh, formerly (1739)
the Philosophical Society, is chartered.
Nov. 4. London. The Surrey Theater
is opened.
* * A bounty on the exportation of certain
cotton goods is granted.
* * A theater is erected at Exeter.
* * Walker produces ice in summer by
means of chemical mixtures.
* * Gen Roy begins the trigonometrical
survey of the coast.
* * John Walter and H. Johnson secure a
patent on logographic printing in
which words cast in one piece are used.
* * Herschel proves the binding rotary
motion of the stars. [1786. He discovers
star clusters and nebulse, and the motion
of the solar system towards Hercules.
1787. Apr. 19. He observes three lunar
volcanoes. 1787. He discovers two of
the satellites of Uranus.]
* * London. Hunter's Museum is be-
gun in Leicester square.
* * Dublin. An observatory is erected
by Dr. Andrews.
1784 May 26. London. The first of
Handel's commemorations is held in
Westminster Abbey.
King George III. and Queen Charlotte
and 3,000 persons are present. The band
consists of 268 vocal and 245 instru-
mental performers.
Sept. 15. London. The first balloon as-
cension in England is made by Vincent
Lunardi at Moorfields.
Dec. 5. A terrific storm is very destruc-
tive to shipping.
* * A rope-making machine is patented
by Richard March.
* * Aime1 Argand, a Swiss, invents an im-
proved lamp.
* * Lee Priory, Kent, is erected by James
Wyatt.
* * The first musical festival is held at
Liverpool.
1785 Sept. 4. William W. Sadler is the
first Englishman to make an aerial voy-
age ; ascends in a balloon from Oxford.
* * Henry Cavendish demonstrates the
nature of nitric acid.
* * More cloth is manufactured in York-
shire than in all the rest of England.
* * Dr. Edmund Cartwright invents the
power-loom, throwing the shuttle with-
out hands ; it is opposed by the weavers.
* * Coachmakers are made subject to a
license.
* * Lionel Lukin is granted a patent for
a lifeboat.
* * London. The Csecilian Musical So-
ciety is founded for the performance of
sacred music.
* * Joseph Bramah secures the first patent
on a hydrostatic or hydraulic press.
* * London. The Royal Society of Mu-
sic is established by the nobility to pro-
mote the performance of Handel's
operas.
* * Cotton is imported from the United
States.
* * Sir James Hall experimentson melted
rocks.
* * Edinburgh. James Hutton experi-
ments on granite veins. [1788. His
theory of the earth is published.]
1785-92 Encaustic painting, enam-
eling by fire, is revived by Miss Green-
land.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1781 * * Abercrombie, James, general, A75.
Bagot, Sir Charles, diplomatist, born.
Brewster Sir David, natural philosopher,
Scotland, born.
Capell, Edward, Shakespearean critic, A68.
Challoner, Richard, bp. of London, an., A90.
Chantry, Sir Francis Legatt, sculptor, born.
Clinton, Henry Fynes, classical scholar,
Grecian and Roman chronologist, born.
Cottenham, Earl of, Charles Christopher
Pepys, lord chancellor, born.
Elliott, Ebenezer, poet, born.
Martyn, Henry, Indian missionary, oriental
scholar, born.
Novello, Vincent, musician, born.
Parker, Sir William, admiral, statesman, b.
Rattles, Sir Stamford, trav., states., hist., b.
Stephenson. George, perfecter of locomo-
tive, born.
1782 * * Allan, Sir William, painter, Scot., b.
Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, general, born.
Elmes, James, architect, civil engineer, writer
on art, born.
Field, John, composer, pianist, Ireland, b.
Head, Sir George, miscellaneous writer, b.
Home, Henry, Lord Karnes, rhetorician,
jurist, philosopher, Scotland, A86.
Maturin, Charles Robert, clergyman, drama-
tist, poet, novelist, Ireland, born.
Monckton, Robert, general, A56.
Morrison, Robert, Chinese schol., mis., b.
Napier, Sir Charles, major-general, states-
man, historian, Ireland, born.
Prtngle, Sir John, physician, Scot., A75.
Robinson, Frederick John, Earl of Ripon,
statesman, born.
Sale, Sir Kobert Henry, general, born.
Wilson, Richard, painter, A69-.
1783* * Brooke, Henry, novelist, poet, Ire-
land, A77.
Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, physiologist,
surgeon, born.
Coote. Sir Eyre, general, statesman, A57.
Fraser, James Baillie. diplomatist, traveler,
author, Scotland, born.
Heber, Reginald, bishop of Calcutta, poet,
author, born.
Hunter, William, physician, physiologist,
anatomist, Scotland, A65.
Kennicott. Benjamin, el., Bib. critic, A65.
Lawrence, William, surgeon, physician, anat-
omist, born.
Lee, Samuel, oriental scholar, born.
Lloyd, Henry, maj.-gen., wr. on tactics, A54.
Loudon, John C, horticulturist, botanist,
Scotland, born.
Prout, Samuel, water-color painter, born.
Sturgeon, William, electrician, inventor, b.
1784 Dec. 13. Johnson, Samuel, poet,
essayist, biog., lexicographer, philos., A75.
Aberdeen. Earl of, George Hamilton Gordon,
statesman, misc. writer, Scotland, born.
Barton, Bernard, Quaker poet, born.
Buckland, William, clergyman, geologist, b.
Christie, Samuel Hunter, physicist, born.
Colby, Thomas, eng. , ordnance surveyor, b.
Crosse, Andrew, electrician, born.
Cunningham, Allan, poet, ciL, au., Scot., b.
Gwilt, Joseph, architect, author, born.
Hunt. Leigh Henry James, poet, essayist, b.
Knowles, James Sheridan, dram., Ire.,b.
Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, A48.
Palmerston, Viscount, Henry J. Temple,
statesman, born.
Ramsay, Allan, portrait painter, Scot., A73.
Tennant, William, poet. Scotland, born.
Yarrell, William, naturalist, born.
1785 * * Croly, George, cl. mis. wr., Ire, b.
Cubitt, Sir William, civil engineer, born.
De Quincey, Thomas, essayist, critic, mis-
cellaneous writer, born.
Fleming, John, naturalist, Scotland, born.
Glover, Richard, poet, A73.
Hardinge, Viscount, Henry, general, gov-
ernor-general of India, born.
Hooker, Sir William Jackson, botanist, b.
James, John Angell. clergyman, author, born.
Metcalfe. Baron, Charles T., general, states-
man, born.
Napier, Sir 'William Francis Patrick,
lieutenant-general, historian, born.
Oglethorpe. James E., general, founder of
Georgia, A89.
Peacock, Thomas Love, novelist, poet, born.
Sedgwick, Adam, geologist, born.
White, Henry Kirke, poet, porn.
Whitehead, William, poet. A70.
Wilkie, Sir David, painter, Scotland, born.
Wilson, John (Christopher North), miscel-
laneous writer, Scotland, born.
CHURCH.
1781 * * Robert Raikes , publisher of
the Gloucester Journal, aided by [Mrs.
Samuel Bradburn],a Methodist woman,
establishes the first Sunday-school at
Gloucester. [1783. Nov. 3. Noticed in
the Gloucester Journal. 1784 He pub-
lishes his plan.]
* * Richard Hurd is consecrated bishop
of Worcester.
1783 * * John Moore is chosen arch-
bishop of Canterbury.
1784 Feb. 28. John Wesley signs
the deed of declaration, establishing the
Methodist Conference.
Sept. 2. Dr. Thomas Coke is ordained
" superintendent " (bishop) of Methodist
societies in America by Wesley and
others.
AND IRELAND. 1781,* *-1786, Aug. 2. 923
* * Scot. Mr. Burnett, gentleman, dies ;
he bequeaths moneys to be awarded as
prizes every 40 years for essays on the
existence of God.
LETTERS.
1781 * * London. The Morning Herald
is issued.
1782 * * Scot. The Glasgow Herald is
issued.
* * Sacred Dramas, by Hannah More,
appears.
1782-1826 The European Magazine is
issued.
1782-86 A New Review is issued.
1783 * * A natural and experimental
philosophy professorship is founded at
Cambridge.
* * Poetical Sketches, by William Blake,
appears. [1780, Songs of Innocence.']
* * The Village, by George Crabbe, ap-
pears.
1783-96 The English Revieio is issued.
1784-1810 History of Greece, by Wil-
liam Mitford, appears.
1785 Jan. 1. London. The Times is
first issued as the Daily Universal Regis-
ter, price twopence halfpenny. Types
containing syllables and words are used
instead of single letters.
* * Moral and Political Philosophy, by
William Paley, appears. [1790, Horse
Paulinse, or the Truth of the Scripture
History of St. Paul.]
* * Scot. Essays on the Intellectual Pow-
ers of Man, by Thomas Keid, appears.
[1788, Essay on the Active Powers of the
Human Mind.]
* * Chambers's Cyclopsedia, edited by
Abraham Rees, appears.
SOCIETY.
1781* * Titles created: Viscounts of Ban-
gor, of Lifford, of Clifden, Baron Mus-
kerry, and Earl Mountcashel. [1782,
Barons Hood ; 1783, Muncaster ; 1785,
Earls Mayo, Portarlington, Antrim,
Longford, and Viscount Doneraile ; 1789,
Earls Erne, Enniskillen,Annesley ,Crays-
fort, Marquises of Waterford, of Down-
shire, Barons Cloncurry, Auckland, and
Kilmaine.]
1782 June 18. Rev. Mr. Allen kills
Lloyd Dulany m a duel.
* *The Board of Trade and Planta-
tions is abolished.
1783 Feb. 5. The Knights of St. Pat-
rick are instituted by George III.
Sept. * Col. Thomas is killed in a duel
by Col. Gordon.
* * Ire. The Genevese are given an asy-
lum in the county of Waterford.
* * All licenses are consolidated on the
basis of ale-house licenses.
* * The births of children are again
taxed. (See 1695.)
* * The Society of Friends makes the first
united effort for the suppression of the
slave-trade.
* * The Eclectic Society is instituted for
the discussion of religous questions.
1784 May 21. London. Lord Mans-
field, Chief Justice, makes the [famous]
declaration, " that no fiction of law
shall ever so far prevail against the
real truth of the fact as to prevent the
execution of justice."
* * London. St. Patrick's Benevolent
Society is instituted.
* * Titles created : Barons Sherborne,
Somers, Lovaine (Earl Percy), Berwick,
Marquis of Lansdowne ; the Earl of Tal-
bot is added to that of Shrewsbury.
[1786, Marquis of Townshend, Earl of
Strange, Barons Carleton, Tyrone, Dor-
chester, and Suffield ; 1788, Barons Ken-
yon and Braybrooke ; 1789, Marquises of
Salisbury, of Bath, and Earl of Edg-
cumbe.]
1784-85 A lottery is set up for the bene-
fit of Leverian Museum.
1785 June * Thomas Clarkson, at a
spot in Wadesmill, Hertford, devotes his
life to the abolition of the slave-trade.
* * London. The Strangers' Friend So-
ciety is established ; also The High-
land Society.
* * About 500 power-looms are de-
stroyed by an incendiary.
* * London. Ninety-seven persons are
executed for shoplifting.
* * The shop-tax is enacted. [1789. It
causes such commotion that it is re-
pealed.]
* * A tax is imposed on female servants.
[1792. Repealed.]
1786 June 8. Lord Macartney is
wounded in a duel by Maj.-Gen. Stuart.
Aug. 2. Margaret Nicholson, a lunatic
calling herself Queen of England, unsuc-
cessfully attempts to assassinate
George m.
STATE.
1781 * * Can. "Vancouver's Island is
acquired by settlement.
1782 Feb. 20. Ire. Catholic Belief
Bills are introduced in the Irish Parlia-
ment [and passed].
They give Catholics freedom to exer-
cise their religion, the right to hold prop-
erty in land, and the right to educate
their children.
Apr. 1. Augustus Keppel is made first
lord of the admiralty. [July 18, Vis-
count Keppel ; 1783, Jan. 28, Viscount
Howe ; 1788, July 16, Earl of Chatham.]
May 27. Ire. "Poynings' Law" is
repealed by the Irish Parliament ; Irish
legislative independence is thereby
accomplished.
July 1. Rockingham dies.
July 13. Lord Shelburne is appointed
prime minister, with William Pitt, son
of the Earl of Chatham (chancellor
exchequer); Thomas Townshend [and
Lord Grantham secretaries of state].
Sept. 15. Ire. The Earl of Temple is
appointed lord-lieutenant.
Nov. 30. Paris. Preliminary treaty
with Americans (p. 95).
* * Parliament : Stamp duty is laid on
notes and bills of exchange.
* * Parliament : Duty is first laid on in-
surances.
* * Parliament : Contractors and reve-
nue-officers are declared ineligible for
Parliament.
1783 Apr. * William Henry Cavendish,
Duke of Portland, forms a coalition
Ministry of Whigs and Tories ; Portland
is chancellor of the exchequer: Lord
North and Charles James Fox are
secretaries of state, Edmund Burke
is paymaster of the forces.
May * H. C. "William Pitt's motion
for reform of the system of representa-
tion in Parliament is defeated by a ma-
jority of 144.
June 3. Ire. The Earl of Northington
is appointed lord-lieutenant.
Sept. 3. Fr. The Peace of Versailles
and Paris is signed between Great Brit-
ain and France and Spain.
It acknowledges the independence of the
13 American colonies, with the western terri-
tory to the Mississippi; it cedes the free nav-
igation of that river; Tobago and St. Lucia
in the West Indies are surrendered to France;
Grenada and St. Vincent are restored to Eng-
land, and Minorca and the Floridas ceded to
Spain.
Dec. 17. H. L. A bill for reform of the
government in India, presented by Fox,
is rejected.
Dec. 19. The coalition Ministry is dis-
missed.
Dec. 22. Earl Temple resigns as secre-
tary of state.
Dec. 23. William Pitt becomes premier.
His cabinet includes Earl Gower, the
Duke of Rutland, Grenville, Duke of
Portland, Lord Thurlow, Viscount Howe,
and the Duke of Richmond.
* * Dublin. The Bank of Ireland is in-
stituted.
* * Wagons, carts, and other vehicles are
taxed. [1784. Also horses.]
1784 Jan. 23. H. C. Pitt's East India
Bill is thrown out.
Feb. 24. Ire. The Duke of Rutland
is appointed lord-lieutenant.
* * Lord Loughborough and others are
commissioners of the great seal. Later,
Lord Thurlow, lord chancellor. [1792,
Great seal in commission ; 1793, Lord
Loughborough, lord chancellor.]
Apr. 29. Ire. John Scott [Earl of
Clonmel] is appointed chief justice.
May 18. Parliament meets. [1790. June
21. Dissolved.]
June * Parliament : the Commutation
Act is passed.
It reduces the duty on tea from 50 to
12J per cent, and taxes windows instead.
Aug. 13. Parliament : Pitt's India
Bill becomes law.
It associates commissioners with the
Company in the government of India.
[The united body is the Board of Control.]
* * The national debt, at conclusion of
American war, is £249,851,628.
1785 Apr. 18. H. C. Pitt's bill for dis-
franchisement of " rotten boroughs,"
and the extension of the county fran-
chise, is defeated by a majority of 74.
* * Parliament: Pitt's bill to remove ob-
stacles to free trade with Ireland is
passed by a considerable majority [but
being approved only by a small majority
in the Irish Parliament, it is withdrawn].
* * John Adams of Massachusetts is ap-
pointed first Minister from the United
States to Great Britain.
1786 Mar. 29. Parliament: Pitt's
Sinking-Fund Bill is passed.
Apr. 4. H. C. Edmund Burke moves
the impeachment of Warren Hastings.
* * [May 1. He defends himself at the
bar of the House. May 10. The articles
of impeachment are presented by Burke
at the bar of the House of Lords.] (See
Society, 1788, Feb. 13.)
MISCELLANEOUS.
1783 Mar. 13. Ire. The Indiaman
Count Bclgioso is wrecked off Dublin
Bay ; 147 lives are lost.
* * Scot. The Glasgow Chamber of
Commerce is formed.
1784 * * The first mail-coach leaves
London.
1785 Apr. 1. Edinburgh. The South
Bridge is commenced.
Dec. 5. The ferry-boat Menai is wrecked
in Menai Strait ; 60 drowned.
* *King's Dock, Liverpool, is con-
structed.
* * New Bailey Bridge, Manchester, is
completed.
1786 Jan. 6. The East Indiaman Hels-
well is wrecked; 386 lives are lost.
924 1786, Sept. 26-1791,** GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1787 * * Sir Arthur Wellesley [Duke
of Wellington] enters the army.
1789-90 E. I. Second Mysore "War.
(See India.)
Apr. 28. The crew of the war-ship
Bounty mutiny, and put their captain
and 19 men in an open boat with few
provisions.
* * Can. The Spaniards capture the set-
tlement on Vancouver's Island on the
Pacific coast.
1791 Jan. 29. E. I. Lord Corn-
wallis assumes command.
[Mar. 21. Bangalore taken. May 15.
Victory at Arikeza. Dec. 21. Severn-
droog taken. 1792. Feb. 6. Seringa-
patam stormed. Peace follows.]
Aug. 28. The frigate Pandora is
wrecked on a reef, and 100 men perish.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1786 * * Oxymuriatic is first used as a
blacking agency.
* * Dublin. The Dublin Surgeons' So-
ciety is founded.
* * The first iron railroad of importance
is laid at Colebrookdale.
* * Taylor's stenography is introduced.
* * Edinburgh. The first steamboat in
Great Britain is built.
* * Dublin. A charter is granted the
Royal Irish Academy.
1787 Apr. 20. John Braham, the
vocalist, makes his first appearance at
the Royalty.
Nov. 12. Dublin is flooded by the
Liffey.
* * Watt's rotary engine is first used in
the manufacture of textiles in Lanca-
shire.
* * London. Glee Musical Club is formed.
* * Quicksilver is frozen without the aid
of snow or ice.
* * Paddle-wheels are patented by Wm.
Patrick Miller.
* * Jesse Ramsden completes the great
theodolite. It is an instrument for
measuring horizontal angles.
1787-90 Henry Cavendish and Antoine
F. de Fourcroy decompose water by
electricity.
1788 May 14- July 21. London.
Italian opera is successfully revived.
* * Sir Joseph Banks forms the African
Association for the purpose of explor-
ing Central Africa.
Oct. 23. Edinburgh. A leathern can-
non is fired three times.
* * Coal and coke supplement wood char-
coal in the smelting of iron.
* * Edinburgh. A panorama giving a
bird's-eye view, painted on the wall of a
circular building, is exhibited ; it is the
first of the kind.
* * London. The Linnrean Society is
organized. [1802. Chartered.]
* * London. A statue of George III. is
erected at Somerset House.
* * Hercules Strangling the Serpent is
painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds.
* * Edinburgh. The Royal College of
Surgeons is incorporated.
1788-96 Stephen Storace's opera, the
Waterman, is produced.
1789 Aug. 28. Herschel completes his
great reflecting telescope at Slough,
near London. [He discovers two satel-
lites of Saturn; 1790, two others; 1794,
two more.]
* * Wood engraving is greatly improved
by Bewick, his brother, and pupils.
Nov. 24. London. Madame Anna Sto-
race makes her first appearance on the
stage.
* * Sir Alexander Mackenzie sets out to
explore the polar regions.
* * Mavor's stenography is introduced.
* * The Rev. A. Bennet invents the gold-
leaf electrometer.
1789-90 Copley paints the Siege of
Gibraltar.
1790 Feb. 10. Philidor, the chess-
player, wins two games while blind-
folded.
* * Scot. W. Symington makes a passage
in a steamboat on the Forth and Clyde
canal.
* * Nails are first made by machinery.
* * Thomas Saint patents a machine for
sewing boots and shoes.
* * Capt. Duncan starts on his polar voy-
age.
* * London. Charles Benjamin Incle-
don, a vocalist, makes his first appear-
ance on the stage.
* * The circular saw is introduced.
1791 * * Galvani's and Volta's scien-
tific researches are made public.
* * London. Cherubini's opera Lodoiska
is performed under the author's direc-
tion.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1786 * * Barnes, Thomas, editor of London
Times, born.
Bickersteth, Edward, theol. writer, born.
Bishop, Sir Henry K., musical composer, b.
Blomfleld, Charles James, bishop of Lon-
don, scholar, author, born.
Buckingham. James Silk, traveler, born.
Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, philan., born.
Byron, Honorable John, vice-adm., A63.
Callcott, Maria Graham, author, born.
Campbell, Alexander, fdr. of Campbellites, b.
EUiotson, John, physician, med. writer, b.
Franklin, Sir John, arctic explorer, born.
Haydon, Benjamin Robert, his. painter, b.
Hobhouse, John Cam, Lord Broughton, au-
thor, statesman, horn.
Keppel, Viscount, Augustus, admiral, A61.
Mitford, Mary Russell, poet, mis. writer, b.
Mulready, William, painter, born.
Napier, Sir Charles, admiral, born.
Pollock, Sir George, field-marshal, born.
Prout, William, chemist, author, born.
Raeburn, Henry, painter, born.
Southey, Mrs. Robert, poet, born.
Stratford de Kedcliffe, Viscount, Stratford
Canning, diplomatist, born.
Wilson, Horace Hayman, orientalist, his-
torian, born.
1787 * * Bickerstaff, Isaac, dram., Ire., A52+.
Brown, John, clergyman, author, Scot., A65.
Charles, Duke of Rutland, Ireland, dies.
Clarke, Charles C, Shakespearean critic, au-
thor, born.
Conybeare, William D., cl., geol., author, b.
Cunard, Sir Samuel, civil engineer, founder
of Cunard line, born.
Etty, William, painter, born.
Evans, Sir George De Lacy, general, born.
Farmer, Hugh, clergyman, author, A73.
Fielding, Copley Vandyke, water-color
painter, born±.
Forbes, Sir John, physician, au., Scot., born.
Gage, Thomas, general, A67.
Harlow, George Henry, painter, born.
Jenyns, Soame, poet, pol., mis. writer, A83.
Kean, Edmund, actor, born.
Lowth, Robert, bp. of London, author, A77.
Procter, Bryan W., poet, mis. writer, born.
Rich, Claudius James, orientalist, traveler, b.
Richardson, Sir John, naturalist, born.
Smart, Benj. Humphrey, lexicographer, b.
Taylor, Isaac, philosophical, theol. writer, b.
Whately, Richard, archbishop of Dublin,
theologian, logician, rhetorician, phil., b.
1788* * Applegath, Augustus, inventor of
vertical printing-press, born.
Arnott, Neil, physician, physicist, natural
philosopher, Scotland, born.
Baily, Edward Hodges, sculptor, born.
Barham. Richard Harris, humorist, au., b.
Brande, William Thomas, chemist, born.
Brown, John, physician, founder of Bru-
nonian theory of physic, Scotland, A53.
Byron, Lord, George Noel Gordon, poet,
born.
Clapperton, Hugh, African traveler, Scot., b.
Cockerell, Charles Robert, architect, born.
Collins, William, painter, born.
Combe, George, phrenologist, Scotland, born.
De Vere, Sir Aubrey, poet, author, Ire., b.
Gainsborough, Thomas, painter, A61.
Hall, Basil, traveler, author, Scotland, born.
Hamilton, Sir William, logician, philoso-
pher, metaphysician, Scotland, born.
Hooke, Theodore E., nov., dram., humorist, b.
Holland, Sir Henry, physician, born.
Mickle, William Julius, poet, Scot., A54.
Nugent, Lord, George G., states., au., Ire., b.
Falgrave, Sir Francis, antiquary, histo-
rian, born.
Feel, Sir Robert, statesman, born.
Raglan, Baron, Fitzroy Henry Somerset, gen-
eral, born.
Sabine, Edward, astronomer and physicist,
born.
Stuart, Charles Edward (Young Pre-
tender), A60.
Tredgold, Thomas, civil engineer, born.
Tryon, William, statesman, A63.
Wesley, Charles, Meth. cl., hymn-wr., A80.
1789 * * Bright, Richard, physician, born.
Bosworth, Joseph, lexicographer, born.
Collier, John Payne, Shakespearean critic,
commentator, born.
Dilke, Charles W., journalist, born.
Fairbairn, Sir William, mechanical, scientific
writer, born.
Hodgkinson, Eaton, mechanical engineer, b.
Keightley, Thomas, mis. writer, Ireland, b.
Martin, John, painter, born.
Petrie, George, archeologist, anttq., Ire., b.
Pringle, Thomas, poet, traveler, Scot., born.
Pottinger, Sir Henry, diplomatist, born.
Scoresby, William, arctic explorer, born.
Stephen. Sir James, statesman, hist., b.
Swainson, William, naturalist, born.
1790* * Alison, William Pulteney, physi-
cian, Scotland, born.
Arrowsmith, John, geographer, born.
Blessington, Countess of, Margaret Power,
novelist, Ireland, born.
Bowdich, Thomas Edward, Afr. traveler, b.
Cullen, William, physician, au., Scot., A80.
Daniell, John Frederick, chemist, phys., b.
Eliot, George Augustus, Baron Heathfield
of Gibralter, general, A72±.
Ellenborough, first Earl of, Edward Law,
statesman, born.
Everest, Sir George, surveyor, geographer, b.
Hall, Marshall, physician, born.
Howard, John, philan., prison refor., A63.
Hunt, William Henry, water-color p., born.
Leach, William Elford, naturalist, born.
Lyons, Lord, Edmund, admiral, born.
Mathew, Theobald, R. C. cl., " Apostle of
Temperance," Ireland, born.
Monteagle, Lord, Thomas Spring Rice, states-
man, born.
Parry, Sir William Edward, arctic exp., b.
Senior, Nassau W., political economist, b.
Smith, Adam, political economist, philoso-
pher, Scotland, A67.
Warton, Thomas, poet, critic, author, A62.
1791 * * Faraday, Michael, chemist, elec-
trician, philosopher, born.
Flood, Henry, statesman, orator, Ire., A59.
Gibson, John, sculptor, born.
Knight, Charles, editor, hist., mis. wr., b.
Milman, Henry Hart, dean of St. Paul's,
poet, dramatist, historian, born.
Napier, Robert, ship-builder, eng.. Scot., b.
Price, Richard, cl., philosopher, author, A68.
Tytler, Patrick Fraser, historian, Scotland, b.
Sheil, Richard Lalor, orator, states., Ire., b.
Wolfe, Charles, poet, Ireland, born.
CHURCH.
1787 * * The episcopal see of Nova
Scotia is erected. It is the first colonial
bishopric.
1788 June 13. Seven clergymen dis-
possess George Lakins of seven devils,
in the Temple Church, Bristol.
* * London. The disciples of Sweden-
borg first meet as an organized body.
1789 Apr. 23. London. The king goes
to St. Paul's, and returns thanksgiving
for the recovery of his health.
1790 * * A reaction against deism oc-
curs.
1791 * * Various disabilities are removed
from Roman Catholics.
AND IRELAND. 1786, Sept. 26-1791,* * 925
LETTERS.
1786 * * London. The Library of the
Royal College of Surgeons is founded.
* * Poems, by Samuel Rogers, appears.
* * London. Curtis's Botanical Magazine
is issued.
* * Scot. Robert Burns's first Poems
are published at Kilmarnock. [1787,
1793, more poems.]
* * Epea Pteroenta, or Diversions of Pur-
ley, by Home Tooke, appears.
1787 * * Dublin. The Royal College of
Surgeons is incorporated.
* * London. The County Chronicle is is-
sued.
1788 Jan. 1. London. The Daily Uni-
versal Register is changed to the Times.
* * La Gazette de Guernsey is issued.
* * London. The Analytical Review is is-
sued.
* * Classical Dictionary, by John Lem-
priere, appears.
1789 * * London. The Mail is issued.
Nov. 16. Edinburgh. First stone of the
[present] University is laid.
* * Natural History and Antiquities of
Selborne, by Gilbert White, appears.
* * Introduction to the Principles of Mor-
als and Legislation, by Jeremy Behtham,
appears.
* * Henry James Pye is appointed poet-
laureate.
* * General History of Quadrupeds, by
Thomas Bewick, appears. [1797-1804,
British Birds.]
* * The Nature and Principles of Taste,
by Archibald Alison, appears.
1791 * * Ire. The Dublin library is in-
stituted.
* * Scot. Walter Stirling's public li-
brary is founded by will at Glasgow.
* * London. The Observer is issued.
* * Life of Johnson, by James Boswell,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1786 * * London. The Marine Society
institutes the first training-ship on the
Thames.
* * One hundred and thirty-six ships carry
off 42 ,000 slaves.
* * The National Truss Society, to as-
sist indigent persons, is established.
1787 May * The first transportation of
felons to Botany Bay takes place.
[1788. Jan. 20. Gov. Phillip arrives with
800±.]
Dec. 1. A riot breaks out at Worcester
against the introduction of spinning-
machines.
Dec. * Fox is duped by the Prince of
Wales, and renounces his acquaintance
with him.
* * The Society for the Suppression of
the Slave-Trade is founded by Clark-
son, Wilberforce, and Dillwyn.
* * A royal proclamation is made against
vice.
* * Mr. M'Keon kills George N. Reynolds
in a duel. [1788. Feb. 16. He is exe-
cuted.]
1788 Feb. 13.-95 Apr. 23. "War-
ren Hastings, governor-general of In-
dia, is tried by the peers of Great Britain
for high crimes and misdemeanors.
Among other charges was his acceptance
of a present of £100,000 fiom the nabob
of Oude. The trial occupies 145 days, and
lasts seven years and three months, ter-
minating in his acquittal.
Dec. * Mr. Purefoy kills Col. Roper in a
duel.
* * The Philanthropic Society, for the
reformation of criminal boys, is estab-
lished. [1806. It is incorporated. It
supports a farm-school at Redhill, Rei-
gate, Surrey.]
* * The Royal Masonic Institution for
girls, at Battersea, is founded.
* *The association for the relief of
medical men is founded.
* * The daily wages of harvest men is one
shilling and fourpence per day.
1789 Apr. 23. A national thanksgiv-
ing is observed because of the recovery
of the king from lunacy.
May 26. The Duke of York and Col.
Lennox, Duke of Richmond, fight a duel
for an insignificant cause.
1790 Jan. 27. London. Wilberforce
secures the reference of the anti-slave-
trade subject to a select committee of
the House of Commons to take evidence.
Apr. 7. Mr. Curran and Maj. Hobart
fight a duel.
* * Titles created : Baron Fisherwick,
Baron Gage, and Marquis of Abercorn.
[1792, Baron Thurlow; 1793, Duke of Car-
narvon, Marquis of Hertford, and Baron
Auckland; 1796, Barons Gwdyr, Stewart,
Calthorpe, Broderick, Saltersford, Stuart,
Marquis of Bute, and Viscount Hood; 1797,
Viscount of Ferrard with Massereene, Bar-
ons Balton,' Kibblesdale, Lilf ord, Carrington ;
1799, of Cumberland.]
* * Ire. Titles created: Baron Clonbrock.
[1791, Viscounts of Haberton, of Ha war-
den, and Marquis of Donegal; 1792, Earl
Courtown, and Baron Waterpark ;1793, Earls
Wicklow, Desart, and Clonmell; 1794, Bar-
ons Bridport and Graves; 1795, Earls Leit-
rim and Lucan; 1796, Barons Rossmore,
Carrington, and Huntingfleld; 1797, Earl
Howth, Barons Hotham, Headley, Teign-
mouth, Crofton, and Earl Belmore.; 1798,
Baron Ffrench ; 1799, Earl of Armagh, and
Baron Henly.]
1791 Apr.* The House of Commons
votes against the abolition of the slave-
trade. Vote, 88-163.
July 14. Riots break out in Birmingham
against Dr. Priestley and other Dissen-
ters because of their sympathy with
the French Revolution, and commem-
orating the taking of the Bastile. [Prop-
erty to the value of £100,000 is destroyed.]
Sept. 22. George Barrington, an accom-
plished pickpocket, is transported.
* * The Royal Literary Fund, to relieve
literary men of all nations, is founded
by David Williams.
* * The buckle-makers petition against
the use of shoe-strings.
STATE.
1786 Sept. 26. A navigation and com-
mercial treaty is concluded with France.
It fixes a scale of duties, and estab-
lishes perfect freedom of intercourse,
without passports, between subjects and
inhabitants of both countries.
* * E.I. Prince of Wales Island (Pe-
nang) is ceded to the East India Com-
pany.
1787 Nov. 2. Ire. The Marquis of
Buckingham is appointed lord -lieu-
tenant.
Dec. 21. The Prince of Wales marries
Mrs. Fitzherbert, a Catholic.
He thereby violates the Royal Mar-
riage Act, and renders himself incapable
of succession to the crown according to
the provisions of the Act of Settlement.
* * Australia. Botany Bay is made a pe-
nal settlement.
* * W. Afr. Sierra Leone is acquired by
settlement.
* * Parliament : Tunnage and pound-
age are repealed, and a new system of
excise and custom is introduced.
* * The registering of shipping is intro-
duced.
1788 Feb. 25. Parliament: The De-
claratory Bill for India, relating to the
power to raise and pay troops, is intro-
duced [and passed].
June 9. Lord Kenyon is appointed
chief justice.
Oct. 12. King George becomes insane.
* * S. Pacific. Norfolk Island is an-
nexed by occupation.
1789 Feb. * H. C. The Regency Bill
is passed.
Fox advocates the right of the Prince
of Wales to be regent ; Pitt contends
that it belongs to the legislature to pro-
vide for the temporary exercise of the
royal authority. [Feb. 26. The bill is
dropped on the king's recovery.]
June 5. H. C. Henry Addington
[Viscount Sidmouth] is chosen Speaker.
June 20. Ire. John Fitzgibbon [Earl
of Clare] is appointed lord high chancel-
lor.
* * The Government demands reparation
for the forcible seizure by Spain of two
English ships and English trade settle-
ments at Nootka Sound, Vancouver's
Island. [War is averted by a convention
which insures free commerce to Eng-
land.]
* * H. C. A bill for the relief of Protes-
tant Dissenters from the impositions of
the Test Act is rejected by a small ma-
jority.
1790 Jan. 5. Ire. The Earl of West-
moreland is appointed lord-lieutenant.
Nov. 25. Parliament meets. [1796.
May 20. Dissolved.]
* * Parliament : A bill for the repeal of
the Corporation and Test Acts, in fa-
vor of Dissenters, is defeated by a large
majority : a popular clamor is raised for
the preservation of the Church of Eng-
land.
1791* * Parliament divides Canada
into Upper and Lower, and gives to each
a representative government.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1786 * * Jonas Hanway, the first person
to carry an umbrella in London, dies..
* * London. The registering of ship-
ping in the Thames is begun.
* * The first considerable iron railway is
built at Colebrookdale.
* * Dublin. Police are established by
statute.
1787 * * Ire. A bank Is built at Belfast.
1788 * * Merino sheep are imported
from Spain.
1789 June 17. London. Her Majes-
ty's Theater, Italian Opera House, is
burned. [1791. Sept. 22. Having been
rebuilt, it is reopened.]
June 19. The Queen's Theater, Man-
chester, is burned. [1790. Reerected.j
Nov. 19. The Thames and Severn are
joined by a canal.
* * The New Bailey Court, Manchester,
is built.
1790 Oct. * The Windsor Chapel is
repaired and opened.
Dec. 22. The Charlemont Packet, from
Holyhead to Dublin, is wrecked ; 104
lives are lost.
1791 * * London. A fire-watch is insti-
tuted. The building of Camden Town
is begun. Regent's Park, originally
part of the grounds belonging to a palace
of Queen Elizabeth, near to the north end
of Tottenham Courtyard, is demolished.
Horsemonger Lane jail is built.
926 1791,**-1796, Dec. 5. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1792 Aug. 24. The -warship Impitxieux
is burned at Portsmouth.
1792-97 War of the First Coalition
against France (p. 518).
1793 Apr. 17. It is ordered that prize
money arising from captures from the
enemy be divided into eight equal parts,
and distributed by order of ranks.
May 8. Fr. The English defeat the
French at St. Amand.
May 23-July 28. Fr. The English be-
siege and capture Valenciennes (p. 708).
Aug. 23. E. I. Pondicherry is again
taken from the British by the French.
Sept. 8. Fr. Defeat at Dunkirk (p.
710).
Nov. 15. Fr. Toulon is taken by the
English. [Dec. 19. Retaken.] (P. 710.)
* * Lord Amherst is again appointed
commander-in-chief.
* * Volunteers enlist to resist the threat-
ened French invasion.
1794 Mar. 16. W. I. Martinique is
taken.
Apr. * The Ardent, 64 guns, is burned
near Corsica.
June 1. A naval battle is fought in the
English Channel.
The British, with 25 ships, under Lord
Howe, defeat the French fleet of 26 ships,
under Vice-Adm. Villaret de Joyeuse.
* * The English armies are unsuccessful
in Holland, and the Duke of York is
recalled ; Holland is lost (p. 710).
1795 Feb. 11. The Duke of York is
appointed commander-in-chief.
Mar. 8. A French fleet defeated.
[Mar. 14. Another defeat. Apr. 5.
Peace.] (P. 710.)
June 19. The British Sceptre takes 11
Dutch East Indiamen.
June 23. Fr. Lord Bridport defeats
the French fleet off L'Orient.
1796 Jan. 27. The first great English
ship, Royal Sovereign, is burned by ac-
cident.
Aug. 9. [Adm.] Nelson captures the
isle of Elba in the Mediterranean.
Aug. 17. Adm. Lucas, commanding the
Dutch fleet, surrenders to Sir George
Keith Elphinstone, in Saldanha Bay, in
the South Atlantic, near Cape of Good
Hope.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1791 * * A veterinary college is estab-
lished at Camden Town.
* * Dublin. Henry Jackson constructs the
first steam-engine set up in Dublin.
1792 Apr. 18. Ire. A terrific storm
occurs at Waterford.
Oct. * Scot. Mineral tar is discovered.
* * A rope-making machine is patented
by Edmund Cart-wright, reducing the
labor nine-tenths.
* * Benjamin "West is president of the
Royal Academy.
* * William Murdoch experiments in Corn-
wall -with coal-gas as an illuminating
agency.
1793 * * Fowler makes electro-galvanic
experiments on animals.
1794 Oct. 6. Several hundred vessels
are wrecked in a storm which prevails
throughout England.
Dec. * -95 Feb. 14. A severely cold
winter prevails, with only one day's
thaw, on Jan. 23.
* * A patent for a propeller is taken out
by William Lyttelton. [Ineffective.
1799. Another to Edward Snorter ; val-
uable.]
1794-95 London. The Lyceum, Eng-
lish Opera House, is built.
1795 Jan. 31. London. Miss Mellon
makes her first appearance as Lydia
Languish.
May 22. Mungo Park starts on his
first voyage of exploration to Africa
[from which he never returns].
* * Capt. Vancouver returns in the Dis-
covery from a voyage of survey and
discovery of the northwest coast of
America.
* * Scot. Spinning machinery worked by
steam is introduced at Glasgow.
* * FonthiU Abbey, on Lansdowne Hill,
near Bath, is erected by James Wyatt.
1795-96 Thomas Talford's iron bridge
is erected over the Severn.
1796 May 14. Dr. Jenner makes the
first experiment in vaccination.
He transfers to a healthy child the pus
taken from the pustule of a milkmaid
who had contracted the cowpox. [1798.
Jan. 21. He announces in a memoir his
success in vaccination. After much
opposition the practise becomes gen-
eral.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1793 * * Adam, Robert, arch., Scotland, A64.
Adelaide, queen, wife of William IV., born.
Alison, Sir Archibald, historian, born.
Arkwright, Sir Richard, inventor of spin-
ning-jenny, A60.
Babbage, Charles, math., machinist, born.
Bell, Thomas, naturalist, born.
Bowring, James, statesman, political econo-
mist, author, born.
Burgoyne, John, general in America, A62.
Campbell. Sir Colin, Lord Clyde, general,
Scotland, born.
Cruikshank, George, pictorial satirist, b.
Dalrymple, Sir David, Lord Hailes, jurist,
historian, Scotland, A66.
Durham, Karl of, John George Lambton,
statesman, born.
Harris, Sir William Snow, electrician, born.
Haviland, John, architect, born.
Hearne, Samuel, traveler in Br. Amer., A47.
Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, astron-
omer, author, born.
Irving. Edward, cl., author, Scot., born.
Jones, John Paul, naval adventurer, Scot-
land, A45.
Keble, John, clergyman, poet, born.
Linnell, John, painter, born.
Marryai, Frederick, naval capt., novel., b.
Mulgrave, Lord, C. John Phipps, arctic navi-
gator, A48.
Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, geologist,
Scotland, born.
Northumberland, fourth Duke of, Algernon
Percy, vice-admiral, born.
Potter, Cipriani, composer, born.
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, painter, A 69.
Robinson, J. T. R., astronomer, inv., Ire., b.
Rodney, Baron, George Brydges, adm., A74.
Russell. Lord, John, statesman, born.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, poet, born.
Smeaton, John, civil engineer, A 68.
Strange, Sir Robert, engraver, Scot., A71.
1793 * * Aiton, William, botanist, Scot., A62.
Anster, John, poet, Ireland, born.
Austin, Sarah Taylor, author, born.
Browne, James, editor, historian, Scot., b.
Clare, John, poet, born.
Danby, Francis, painter, born.
Eastlake, Sir Charles Locke, painter, born.
Fonblanque, Albany William, journalist, b.
Gordon, Lord George, fanatic, A43.
Grant, Robert E., physiologist, zoologist,
Scotland, born.
Hampden, Renn Dickson, bishop of Here-
ford, moral philosopher, born.
Head, Sir Francis Bond, lieut., author, b.
Hunter, John, anatomist, surgeon, Scot., A65.
Laing, Alexander Gordon, Afr. trav., Scot., b.
Lardner, Dionysius, scientific writer, cyclo-
pedist, Ireland, born.
Macready. "William Charles, actor, born.
Maginn, 'William, journaliet, essayist, mis-
cellaneous writer, Ireland, born.
Mansfield, Earl of, 'William Murray, Ju-
rist, A 88.
Robertson, William, cl., hist., Scot., A72.
1794 * * Bruce, James, traveler, Scot., A64.
Cathcart, Sir George, general, born.
Chelmsford, Lord, Frederick Thesiger, jurist,
statesman, born.
Colman, (Jeorge, dramatist, A62.
Ellis, William, missionary, author, born.
Fearne, Charles, jurist, legal writer, A 45.
Hemans, Felicia D., poet, born.
Gibbon, Edward, author, historian, A 57.
Grote, George, historian, philosopher, b.
Jones, Sir William, orientalist, A48.
Leslie, Charles Robert, artist, born.
Lockhart, John Gibson, novelist, critic,
biographer, miscellaneous writer, Scot., b.
Marshman, John Clark, historian, born.
Whewell, William, phil., hist, of science, b.
Stanfield, Clarkson, marine painter, born.
1795 * * Arnold, Thomas, clergyman, clas-
sical scholar, historian, born.
Barry, Sir Charles, architect, born.
Blakey, Robert, metaphysician, horn.
Boswell, James, biographer of Dr. John-
son, Scotland, A55.
Carlyle, Thomas, essayist, historian, phi-
losopher, Scotland, born.
Clinton, Sir Henry, gen. at Bunker Hill, A57.
Collier, Sir George, admiral, A57.
Conolly, John, physician, horn.
Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle, chemist,
botanist, geologist, born.
Davis, Sir John Francis, statesman, born.
Geikie, Walter, subject painter, Scotland, b.
Hare, Julius Charles, theologian, scholar, b.
Havelock. Sir Henry, general, born.
Herring, John F., animal painter, born.
Hill, Sir Rowland.advo.of penny postage, b.
Howitt, William, poet, miscellaneous wr., b.
Inglis, Henry David, tourist, writer, Scot., b.
Keats, John, poet, born.
Kingsborough, Lord, states., author, Ire., b.
Kippis, Andrew, clergyman, author, A70.
Lindley, Thomas, composer, A70£.
Moffat, Robert, Afr. missionary, Scot., b.
Peabody, George, merchant, philan., born.
Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon, jurist, dram., b.
Veitch, William, Hellenist, Scotland, born.
Wakley, Thomas, physician, founder London
Lancet, born.
Wedgwood, Josiah, potter, A65.
Wright, Frances, social reformer, born.
CHURCH.
1792 Oct. 2. The Baptist Missionary
Association is founded, chiefly by the
zealous endeavors of William Carey.
* * Scot. Episcopalians are relieved from
the penal laws.
* * Johanna Southeott announces her-
self as the woman spoken of in Rev.,
chap. xii. ; a disease favors the delusion
that she would become the mother of the
promised Shiloh.
1793 Mar. * William Carey and John
Thomas sail for India as Baptist mis-
sionaries.
* * The see of Quebec is erected.
1794 Nov. 4. London. The London
Missionary Society is founded.
* * The nuns from Lady Percy's convent
at Brussels are received by Bishop Mil-
ner, and placed at Winchester.
1795* * Ire. Maynooth College is
founded by Parliament for the education
of students intended for the Roman
Catholic priesthood.
* * Ire. The Orangemen organize a so-
ciety for their defense.
They allege that the treachery shown
at the "Battle of the Diamond" con-
vinces them that unless banded together
the Protestants will become an easy prey
to the Catholics.
LETTERS.
1791 * * Vindication of the Rights of Wo-
man, by Mary Wollstonecraft, appears.
* * The Castaway, and Letters, and trans-
lations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey,
by William Cowper, appear.
*' * An Historical Disquisition concerning
the Knowledge which the Ancients had of
India, by William Robertson, appears.
AND IRELAND. 1791,* *-1796, Dec. '5. 927
* * Whist, a poem, appears.
* * Curiosities of Literature, by Isaac
D' Israeli, appears. [1793, 1817, revised
and added to ; 1796, Miscellanies.]
1791-92 The Rights of Man, by Thomas
Paine, appears. [1794-95, Age oflieason.]
1792 * * The Evangelical Magazine is
issued; also The Courier.
* * London. The Sun is issued ; also The
Observer.
* * Scot. Elements of the Philosophy of
the Human Mind, by Dugald Stewart,
appears.
1792-94 Travels in France, by Arthur
Young, appears.
1793 * * A Literary and Philosophical
Society is founded at Newcastle.
* * Essay on Meteorology, by John Dal-
ton, appears.
* * Evening Walk and Descriptive
Sketches,' by William Wordsworth, ap-
pear. [1798, Lyrical Ballads.]
* * Inquiry Respecting Political Justice,
by William Godwin,' appears. [1794, Ca-
leb Williams.]
1793-1843 The British Critic is issued.
1794 Feb. 8. London. Morning Ad-
vertiser appears.
Feb. * The legality of fair criticism is
establisl3d in the courts.
* * The Fall of Robespierre, by Coleridge
and Southey, appears.
* * View of the Evidences of Christianity,
by William Paley, appears. [1802, Nat-
ural Theology.]
* * The Baviad, by William Gifford, ap-
pears. [1795, The Mseviad.]
* * Songs of Experience, by William
Blake, appears.
1795 May 7. Scot. Anderson's uni-
versity is founded at Glasgow.
* * Dublin. Maynooth College is
founded by Parliament.
It is endowed by a yearly grant voted
for the education of students designed
for the Roman Catholic priesthood.
* * Lindley Murray's English Grammar
appears.
* * Poems, by Walter Savage Landor, ap-
pears. [1798, Gebir, and other poems.]
SOCIETY.
1791 * * London. The Corresponding
Society of London is formed. It aims
to spread liberal opinions, and check the
severity of the Government.
1792 June 9. The Earl of Lonsdale
and Capt. Cuthbert fight a duel.
June 14. London. A plot to blow up
the King's Bench prison is discov-1
ered.
* * Enlightened principles for the treating
of lunatics are introduced by William
Tuke, at the Society of Friends' " Re-
treat," at York.
* * The gradual abolition of the slave-
trade is provided for.
* * Duelling in the army is checked.
* * London. An asylum for deaf and
dumb children is opened through the
exertions of Mr. Townshend.
* *The Liverpool Lunatic Asylum is
founded.
1793 Sept. 30. A furious riot occurs
at Bristol, owing to the erection of a
new toll-gate on the bridge : several per-
sons are killed or wounded by the mili-
tary.
1794 Oct. 29-Dec. 5. London. Messrs.
Home Tooke, Hardy, Joyce, Thelwall,
and other members of the Correspond-
ing Society, are tried on charges of
high treason ; they are acquitted.
* * Scot. Thomas Muir is sentenced to 14
years' transportation and Thomas F.
Palmer to seven years, for agitating a
reform in the representation of the
people in Parliament.
* * London. Coldbath Fields prison
is built at the suggestion of Howard, the
prison reformer.
* * The daily wages of harvestmen are
one shilling and sixpence.
1795 Apr. 8. The Prince of Wales
marries the Princess Caroline of Bruns-
wick.
Apr. 13. The high price of food causes
riots.
May 5. The law imposing a tax of one
guinea on every person using hair-
powder becomes operative. [It yields
in England under £7,000 a year, and in
Scotland £250.]
Oct. 29. London. A mob obstructs the
king's way to Parliament, crying
"Bread, peace, no Pitt; "a bullet
pierces the glass of his coach.
Dec. 8. The gagging-bill, to protect the
king and government from the ha-
rangues of seditious meetings, is en-
acted.
* * A lunatic asylum is founded at Exeter.
* * Ire. The United Irishmen, a secret
political society, whose object is the es-
tablishing of an Irish republic, is very
active.
* * Ire. The first lodge of Orangemen
(Orange Society) is formed at Armagh.
1796 Jan. 28. London. The Prince
of Wales is attacked in his carriage by
a mob.
Feb. 1. London. A stone is thrown at
George III. when returning from Drury
Lane Theater ; it hits the queen's face.
Feb. * H. C. Wilberforce's slavery
abolition bill is defeated. Vote, 70-74.
May 27. William Pitt and George Tier-
ney fight a duel. [.June 28, Lord Va-
lentia is wounded in a duel by Mr.
Gawler.]
STATE.
1792 Mar. 19. Ind. A Treaty of
Peace is concluded with Tippoo Sahib ;
his two sons are held as hostages.
Apr. 2. H. C. William Wilberforce
moves for a committee of the whole
House to consider the African slave-
trade, with a view to its immediate
abolition ; a large majority resolves that
the trade be gradually abolished.
May 21. A royal proclamation is issued
"gainst the publication of seditious
writings; it is aimed at the agitation
for parliamentary reform.
June 11. H. C. Fox's Libel Bill is
It authorizes juries to give general
verdict of guilty or not guilty upon the
whole matter at issue.
June 26. The First Coalition is formed
against France. [It is organized and
directed by England.]
Aug. 1. London. The system of dis-
trict police magistrates, three presid-
ing in each of the seven divisions of the
city, is commenced.
Dec. 28. H. C. The " dagger scene "
occurs.
In the debate on the Alien Bill, Ed-
mund Burke casts a dagger on the
floor of the House, exclaiming, " This is
what you are to gain by an alliance with
France."
* * The Whig party is broken up on the
question of war with France.
* * A money-order office is set up ; it
is not generally used.
1793 Jan. 4. Parliament: The Alien
Act is passed.
It empowers the Government to ban-
ish aliens from the kingdom, and is de-
signed against French Revolutionists.
Feb. 1. The French Republic declares
war against Great Britain. [Feb. *
Great Britain declares war against
France. Feb. 11. It issues letters of
marque and reprisal against France.]
Mar. 23. Spain declares war against
England.
* * The Government issues £5,000,000 ex-
chequer bills because of the commercial
panic.
* * H. C. George Canning enters the
House as a Tory, representing Newport,
Isle of Wight.
Apr. 9. Ire. A Catholic Relief Act,
passed in the Irish Parliament, receives
the royal assent.
It enables Catholics to vote at parlia-
mentary and municipal elections, ad-
mits them to the bar and to commissions
in the army and navy, and gives them
the right of bearing arms and serving
on juries.
* * A tax is laid on funerals.
1794 May 23. The Habeas Corpus
Act is suspended because of the French
Revolution.
June 8. Corsica is annexed.
Nov. 19. A treaty of amity, commerce,
and navigation is concluded with the
United States (p. 105).
Dec. 10. Ire. The Earl of Fitzwilliam
is appointed lord-lieutenant. [1795. Mar.
11. The Earl of Camden.]
Dec. 20. Earl Spencer is made first
lord of the admiralty. [1801. Feb. 19.
Earl of St. Vincent.]
1795 Apr. 8. George, Prince of
Wales, marries Caroline Amelia Eliz-
abeth, daughter of the Duke of Bruns-
wick.
July * Holland joins the French against
England.
The British take from the Dutch the
Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, and
other possessions in the East.
Sept. 28. Great Britain, Russia, and
Austria form an alliance.
* * The coalition against France falls to
pieces.
* * A tax of one guinea is laid upon per-
sons using hair-powder.
1796 Sept. 27. Parliament meets.
[1802. J une 29. Dissolved.]
Oct. 11. Spain in alliance with France
declares war against England.
Dec. 5. London. A subscription loan
of £18,000,000 to carry on the war against
France is taken up in 15 hours and 20
minutes.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1791 * * Scot. The Trades' Hall, Glas-
gow, is built.
1792* * London. The Assembly
rooms, Mosley Street, are built.
1793 * * A commercial panic is caused
by the French war.
1794 Feb. 3. London. The royal visit
occasions an immense crowd and crush
at the Haymarket Theater ; 16 persons
are killed and others wounded.
Feb. 13. W. The canal in Merthyr-
Tydvil is opened.
July 21. An East India warehouse con-
taining 35,000 bags of saltpeter, and 630
other houses, at Wapping are burned ;
loss, £1,000,000.
1795 * * A famine occasions much suf-
fering.
928 1796, Dec. 18-1800, Feb. 17. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY— NAVY.
1796 Dec. 18. The Courageux, Capt.
Hallowell, is wrecked near Gibraltar.
1797 Feb.* W. French invaders
land in Pembrokeshire ; they soon sur-
render to the country people.
Feb. 14. Battle of St. Vincent (p. 712).
Feb. 20. Nelson is knighted, and made
rear-admiral.
Apr. 15. Mutiny breaks out in the fleet
at Spithead, off Portsmouth. [It is set-
tled by granting the advance of wages
demanded.]
May 22. A mutiny at the Nore, on the
Thames, blocks the trade of the river.
[It is quelled, and the ringleaders exe-
cuted.]
July 24. Canary Islands. In an unsuc-
cessful attack on Santa Cruz, Adm. Nel-
son loses his right arm.
Oct. 11. Nelh. Adm. Duncan defeats
the Dutch in a naval battle off Camper-
down.
Nov. 16. N. S. La Tribune is wrecked
off Halifax ; 300 men are lost.
1798 Feb. 1. The frigate Proserpine is
wrecked in the Elbe.
May 4. Ire. The insurrection of
" United irishmen" commences.
May 23. Ire. The British under Gen.
Dundas are defeated by the insurgents
at Kilcullen.
May 24. Ire. The royal troop9 rout the
insurgents at Carlow. [May 26. They
(400 strong) defeat 4,000 insurgents near
Tara, Meath.]
May 27. Ire. About 500 insurgents at-
tack and defeat the king's troops at
Ooulard Hill, Wexford.
June 5. Ire. United Irishmen are re-
pulsed at New Ross; the British put
to death 221 prisoners.
June 9. Jre. Battle at Arklow, "Wick-
low.
The British (16,000) defeat 20,000 United
Irishmen, led by Fathers John and
Michael Murphy; Michael Murphy is
killed, and the Irish retire after despe-
rate lighting.
June 12. Ire. United Irishmen are de-
feated, and many killed, at BaUina-
hinch, Down, by Gen. Nugent ; this
suppresses the rebellion in the north.
June 21. Ire. British troops defeat the
Irish insurgents under Father John
Murphy at Vinegar Hill, Wexford.
July 24. The Resistance is blown up in
the Strait of Banca.
Aug. 1. Egij. Battle of the Nile.
Nelson, with 14 ships carrying 1,012
guns and 8,068 men, defeats the French
fleet of 19 ships, 1,196 guns, and 11,230
men; I? Orient, with Brueys and 1,000
men on board, blows up; only 70 or 80
men escape. French loss, 9,000 men.
Aug. 27. Ire. French troops land at
Killala, Mayo (p. 712).
Sept. * England holds 27,000 French
prisoners, and France estimates the
number of her English prisoners at
6,000.
Oct. 12. Ire. Sir John Borlase Warren
captures five French ships.
These were sent to help the Irish in a
naval battle off the north coast of Ire-
land, near Derry. Theobald Wolfe Tone,
leader of the United Irishmen, is among
the prisoners taken. [Nov. 12. He com-
mits suicide in prison.]
Nov. 24. Napper Tandy, United Irish-
man, flees to Hamburg after his defeat
in Ireland [and is there delivered up to
the English].
1799 Feb. 9. The British ship Dedahis
captures the French frigate La Prudente
in 57 minutes; losses: French, 27 killed ;
British, two.
* * Ind. Third Mysore "War (p. 1046).
Aug. 30. Nelh. The Dutch fleet of 12
ships of the line and 13 Indiamen sur-
renders to Adm. Mitchell at the Texel
Island.
Sept. 19. Keth. Duke of York defeated
at Bergen (p. 712). [Oct. 2. He defeats
the French under Brune at Bergen.]
Oct. 6. The Duke of York surrenders (p.
712). [Afterwards his army is exchanged
for 6,000 French and Dutch prisoners in
England.]
Oct. 9, 10. Neth. H. M. S. Lutine is
wrecked off Vlieland, and all her crew
lost.
Oct. 13. Napoleon Bonaparte declares
war against Hamburg for the delivering
of Napper Tandy, a United Irishman, to
the English. [1802. Tandy is liberated
after Peace of Amiens.]
Oct. 19. The Impregnable is wrecked
off Langstone Inlet.
Oct. 25. Nelh. The Nassau is wrecked
on the Haak Bank ; 100 persons are
drowned.
Nov. 5. S. Afr. The Sceptre is wrecked
in Table Bay (Cape of Good Hope) ; 291
of the crew perish.
Dec. 24. Fr. The Ethalion is wrecked
on the Penmarks.
* * The Duke of York is appointed cap-
tain-general.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1796 Dec. 25. London. This day is
supposed to be the coldest ever known
in this city ; 16° below zero.
1796-98 Haydn's oratorio, Creation, is
composed.
* * London. A statue of John Howard
is erected in St. Paul's.
1797 * * Hydropathy is revived by Dr.
James Currie in Liverpool.
* * Electrolyzation is discovered by Sir
Humphry Davy.
* * Gas is used extensively for the first
time by Murdoch in Watt's engine fac-
tory.
* * London. Count Rumford boils water
by friction.
1799 Nov. 4. Ralph Gout secures a
patent on the pedometer, an instru-
ment for numbering the steps taken by
a walker.
* * A tabular view of British strata is
published in the Geological Map of Eng-
land and Wales by William Smith, the
father of British geology.
* * Scot. The stone bridge of Kelso is
commenced by John Rennie.
* * Sir Humphry Davy melts ice by fric-
tion.
* * A mowing-machine is invented by
Boyce.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1796 * * Allan, David, painter, Scot., A52.
Back, Sir <ieorge, arctic explorer, born.
Beechey, Frederick William, arctic explorer,
author, rear-admiral, naturalist, born.
Bohn, Henry George, publisher, born.
Booth. Junius Brutus, actor, born.
Burns, Robert, poet, Scotland, A 37.
Campbell, George, theologian, Biblical critic,
Scotland, A77.
Charlotte, princess, daughter of George IV.,
born.
Coleridge, Hartley, poet, mis. writer, born.
De la Beche, Sir Henry T., geologist, born.
Gleig, George Robert, cl., an., Scotland, b.
Grattan, Thomas Colley, novelist, Ireland, b.
Henslow, John Stevens, botanist, born.
Landseer, Thomas, engraver, born.
MacgUlivray, William, ornithologist, author,
Scotland, born.
Macpherson, James, poet, Scotland, A58.
Medhurst, Waltei Henry, Chinese miss., b.
Miller, William, engraver, Scotland, born.
O'Connor," Fergus, journalist, politician,
Chartist, Ireland, born.
Planche, James Robinson, dramatist, au., b.
Powell, Baden, clergyman, physicist, born.
Keid. Thomas, philosopher, Scotland, A86.
Roberts, David, landscape painter, Scot., b.
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, political econo-
mist, statesman, born.
Williams, John, missionary, born.
1797 * * Amherst, Lord, Jeffrey, statesman,
general, A 80.
Bayly, Thomas Haynes, song-writer, born.
Burke. Edmund, orator, states., au., A68.
Cardigan, Earl of, James Thomas Brudenell,
general, born.
Combe, Andrew, physiologist, Scotland, b.
Drummond, Thomas, captain, civil engineer,
Scotland, born.
Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, novelist,
A38.
Hutton, James, geologist, Scotland, A71.
Jameson, Anna, writer on art, Ireland, born.
Lyell. Sir Charles, geologist, Scot., born.
Lover, Samuel, novelist, artist, song-writer,
Ireland, born.
Motherwell, William, poet, antiquary, jour-
nalist, Scotland, born.
Normanby, Marquis of, C. H. Phipps, novel-
ist, statesman, born.
Reid, Sir William, engineer, meteorologist,
Scotland, born.
Shelley, Mrs. Mary, novelist, mis. wr., b.
Thirlwall, Connop, bishop of St. David'i,
historian, statesman, born.
Wilkes. John, statesman, A70.
"Wilkinson, Sir John Gardiner, Egyptol.,b.
Walmesley, Charles, Benedictine monk,
mathematician, A76.
1798 * * Banim, John, novelist, Ireland, b.
Barclay, John, clergyman, founder of Bere-
ans, Scotland, A64.
Carleton, William, novelist, Ireland, born.
Croker. Thomas Crofton. antiquary, hu-
morist, Ireland, born.
Donovan, Edward, naturalist, author, born.
Douglas, David, botanist, Scotland, born.
Dyce, Alexander, dramatist, editor, literary
historian, Scotland, born.
Fitzgerald, Lord, Edward, a leader of the
United Irishmen, Ireland, A 33.
Harding, James 1)., landscape painter, born.
Henderson, Thomas, astronomer, Scot., b.
Hood. Thomas, poet, humorist, born.
Howitt, Mary Botham, poet, author, horn.
Labouchere, Henry, Baron Taunton, states
man, born.
Moir, David Macbeth, poet, novelist, Scot.,b.
Neele, Henry, poet, author, born.
Pennant, Thomas, naturalist, antiquary, A72.
Pollok, Robert, poet, Scotland, born.
Tone, Theobald Wolfe, a leader of the United
Irishmen, Ireland, A 35.
Wrottesley, Baron, John, astronomer, born.
1799* * Atkinson, Thomas William, land-
scape painter, traveler, born.
Bacon, John, founder British school of sculp-
ture, A59.
Baines, Matthew Talbot, statesman, born.
Belcher, Sir Edward, adm., arctic navig., b.
Black, Joseph, chemist, anatomist, Ire., A71.
Craik, George Lillie, miscellaneous wr., b.
Derby. Earl of. Edward Geoffrey Smith
Stanley, statesman, author, born.
Fellows, Sir Charles, traveler, antiquary, b.
Finlay, George, historian, born.
Gore, Catherine Grace Frances Moody, nov-
elist, born.
Howe, Earl, Richard, admiral, A74.
Key, Thomas Hewitt, philologist, born.
Lindley, John, botanist, born.
Monboddo, Lord, James Burnet, jurist, A85.
Nicolas, Sir Nicolas Harris, antiquary, b.
Syme, James, surgeon, author, born.
Thorn, James, sculptor, Scotland, born.
AND IRELAND. 1796, Dec. 18-1800, Feb. 17. 929
CHURCH.
1797 * * The New Connection Metho-
dists are the first to separate from the
parental Wesleyan body.
* * John Fisher is consecrated bishop of
Salisbury.
1798 Jan. * Dublin. The Orangemen
publish a declaration of their principles
upholding the maintenance of the
church and state under the House of
Brunswick.
1799 Apr. 16. London. Sixteen clergy-
men meet at the Castle and Falcon, and
organize the Society for Missions to
Africa and the East.
May* London. The Religious Tract
Society is established.
LETTERS.
1796 * * Camilla, by Madame D'Arblay,
appears.
* * Poems, by Coleridge and Charles Lamb,
appears.
* * Letters on the Proposals for Peace with
the Regicide Directory of Prance, by Ed-
mund Burke, appear.
* * A Dictionary of Quotations, compiled
by Macdonnel, appears.
* * London. Bell 's Messenger is issued.
* * Scot. A translation of Burger's Le-
nore, by [Sir] Walter Scott, appears.
[1799, translation of Gotz von Berlich-
tngen ; 1802, Border Minstrelsy.}
* * Estimate of the Religion of the Fash-
ionable World, by Hannah More, ap-
pears. [1799, Strictures on female Edu-
cation.]
1796-1843 London. The Monthly Mag-
azine is issued.
* * Poems, by Coleridge, Lamb, and Chas.
Lloyd, appears.
1797 Oct. * Dublin. The Press, a rev-
olutionary journal, is issued. [1798 Mar.
6. It is suppressed by military force.]
Arthur O'Connor, Robert Emmett, and
other conspicuous men, contribute to it,
and inflame the public mind on the eve
of the rebellion.
* * Practical Christianity, by William
Wilberforce, appears.
* * London. The Methodist New Connec-
tion Magazine is issued.
1798* * London. The Philosophical
Magazine is issued.
* * The Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Tay-
lor Coleridge, appears. [1800, transla-
tion of Schiller's Wallenstein.]
* * Vernal Walk, by Ebenezer Elliott,
appears.
* * Essay on the Principles of Population,
by Thomas Robert Malthus, appears.
1798-1821 London. The Anti-Jacobin
Review and Magazine is issued.
1799 May 3. Benjamin Flower, print-
er, is fined £100, and sentenced to im-
prisonment for six months, by the
House of Lords, because of his freedom
with the speech of the bishop of Llan-
daff.
May 30. The editor, printer, and pub-
lisher of the London Courier are fined
and imprisoned for saying that the
Emperor of Russia is a tyrant among his
own subjects and ridiculous to the rest
of Europe.
July * The law requires licenses to be
taken for presses, and that the printer's
name be placed on both the first and last
pages of every book.
* * "William Smith, the father of Brit-
ish geology, after walking over a large
part of England, constructs his geologi-
cal map.
* * Pizarro, by Sheridan, appears.
* * Modern Infidelity, by Robert Hall, ap-
pears. [1802, Reflections on War.]
* * Scot. The Pleasures of Hope, by
Thomas Campbell, appears.
* * The Sandhurst Royal Military Col-
lege is founded at Wycombe. [1802, re-
moved to Great Mar low.]
SOCIETY.
1796 * * Dublin. The city armed asso-
ciation is formed.
* * Joseph Lancaster, a youthful Quaker,
begins to instruct the children of the
poor [and becomes very successful],
1797 Mar. 11. Ladies Buckingham,
Luttrel, and Stuart are fined for play-
ing faro, on the testimony of two dis-
charged servants.
May 30. London. Kosciusko arrives
in the city.
* * The window-tax is increased.
* * Scot. The enforcing of the Militia Act
causes riots in many parts, several peo-
ple being killed.
1798 Apr. 3. H. C. Wilberforce's an-
tislavery motion is rejected. Vote, 88-83.
Apr. 21. London. O'Connor, O'Coigley,
and other members of the Correspond-
ing Society, are tried for corresponding
with the French Directory. [June 7.
James O'Coigley is executed.]
May 22. A riot occurs at Maidstone on
the occasion of the trial of Arthur O'Con-
nor and others. [1799. Apr. 25. The
Earl of Thanet, Mr. Ferguson, and others
are tried and convicted for endeavoring
to rescue O'Connor.]
Nov.* Ire. Theobald "Wolfe Tone,
founder of the United Irishmen, com-
mits suicide in prison.
Dec. 17. London. The Smithfield Club,
to promote improvements in the breed
of cattle, is established.
* * A bank for the earnings of poor
children is established at Tottenham.
* * Ire. At a barn in Scullabogue, 184
men, women, and children, chiefly Pro-
testants, are burned, shot, or pierced
to death by pikes, by the insurgent
Irish.
* * For giving the toast, " The majesty
of the people," the names of Duke of
Norfolk and Charles James Fox are
struck off the list of privy councilors.
* * London. The Royal Masonic Insti-
tution for boys (Wood Green) is
founded.
1799 Mar.* Parliament rejects Wilber-
force's motion for immediate emanci-
pation of slaves. Vote, 54-84.
Nov. 30. Mr. Adams wounds Charles
James Fox in a duel.
* * Joseph Smith of Wendover begins a
Benevolent Association for the saving
of money.
1800 Jan. 10. London. The first
soup-house for the poor is opened at
Spitalfields.
Jan. 15. Henry Grattan wounds Isaac
Cory in a duel.
STATE.
1797 Feb. 27. The Bank of England
suspends cash payments.
Feb. * Trinidad is acquired by capitu-
lation. [1802. Confirmed.]
* * Parliament : Watches and clocks are
taxed. [1798. Repealed.]
1798* *The land-tax is fixed perma-
nently at four shillings in the pound.
Apr. 20. The Habeas Corpus Act is
suspended because of the prospect of
rebellion in Ireland.
May 19. Dublin. Lord Edward Fitz-
gerald, insurgent leader, is arrested.
[June 4. Dies in prison.]
June 13. Ire. Arthur "Wolfe [Lord
Kil warden] is appointed chief justice.
[June 20. The Marquis Cornwallis as
lord-lieutenant.]
* * Ire. A rebeUion breaks out.
* * London. The river police is estab-
lished.
* * London. The Bank of England
makes a voluntary contribution to the
Government of £200,000.
July * Ire. An Act is passed granting
conditional amnesty to rebels in Ire-
land, the leaders excepted.
1799 Jan. 22. Ire. Legislative union
with Great Britain is recommended in
the speech from the throne to the Irish
Parliament.
Jan. 24. Dublin. A proposal against le-
gislative union with Great Britain, of-
fered by George Ponsonby as an amend-
ment to the address in reply to the speech
from the throne, is defeated in the Irish
Commons. Vote, 105-106. A second de-
bate ends in the carrying of an amend-
ment against legislative union. Vote,
111-105.
Jan. 31. H. C. Pitt proposes eight res-
olutions forming the basis of legislative
union with Ireland. [Feb. 12. Carried.
Vote, 120-16. Later carried in the Lords.]
June 22. Second Coalition against
France (p. 713).
1800 Feb. 5. Dublin. Lord Castle-
reagh, on behalf of the Government,
proposes in the Irish House of Commons
the printing and circulation of articles
of legislative union with Great Brit-
ain, with a view to their future adop-
tion ; the motion is carried. Vote, 158-
115. Carried in the Irish House of Lords.
Vote, 75-26.
Feb. * Dublin. Lord Castlereagh and
Under-Secretary Cook employ bribery
on an extensive scale to secure votes
for the union ; votes are purchased by
money, and by the promise of titles of
nobility.
Feb. 17. Dublin. Lord Castlereagh pro-
poses in the Irish House of Commons
the adoption of the legislative union
articles one by one. Vote, 161-115. [Feb.
21. Vote, 152-108. Mar. 22. Agreed to
in the Irish Commons. Mar. 27. Agreed
to in the Irish Lords.]
The articles provide that on and after Jan.
1, 1801, the two countries shall be united
under the name United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, that they shall be rep-
resented in one legislature to be styled the
Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, that in the united par-
liament Ireland shall be represented by four
spiritiiral and 28 temporal peers, and 100
commoners, and that the churches of Eng-
land and Ireland shall be united as the es-
tablished Church of England and Ireland;
the articles also provide for the financial
and commercial relations to exist between
Great Britain and Ireland.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1797 Feb. 27. London. The Bank of
England suspends specie payments.
[It partly resumes 20 years later.]
* * Edinburgh. Bridewell, Calton Hill,
is erected."
1799 Jan. 1. The Athenaeum, Liver-
pool, is opened.
Jan. 20. The London docks are opened.
July 7. The Kennet and Avon canal is
opened.
1800 Jan. 14. The transport Queen is
wrecked on Tref usis Point ; 369 persons,
are drowned.
Jan. 17. The Church of St. Mary, Chelms-
ford, built in 1428, falls.
930 1800, Mar. 11-1803, * *. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1800 Mar. 17. The flagship Queen
Charlotte, 110 guns, takes fire in the
Mediterranean off Leghorn ; 700 out of
a crew of 850 perish.
July 29. The French brig Cerbere is cap-
tured in L'Orient.
* * * The sloop-of-war Brazen is wrecked
. off Newhaven ; only one man survives.
1801 Mar. 12. Adm. Hyde Parker
leaves for the Baltic with a fleet of 18
sail of the line. [Apr. 1. Swe. He and
Adm. Nelson, in defiance of strong for-
tresses, effect the passage of the sound
separating Zealand from Sweden.]
Mar. 16. The Invincible, Capt. Bennie,
is lost near Yarmouth ; only 126 men
are saved.
Mar. 21. Egy. Battle of Alexandria
(p. 714).
Apr. 2. Den. Adms. Nelson and Parker
bombard Copenhagen (p. 638).
July 6. The war-ship Hannibal is lost
in an engagement in Gibraltar Bay be-
tween the English and French fleets.
July 12. Sp. The British under Sir
James Saumarez defeat the French
and Spanish fleet off Cadiz; allies' loss,
3,000 men and three ships.
Dec. * Ire. Men of the naval squadron
under Adm. Mitchell, in Bantry Bay,
mutiny [17 of the mutineers are con-
demned and executed].
1802 Mar. 27. Fr. Peace of Amiens
(p. 715).
1803 May 18. War begins with Bona-
parte (p. 714).
May 20. Adm. Nelson is appointed to
the chief command in the Mediterra-
nean.
July 23. Ire. An insurrection breaks
out under Bobert Emmet ; Lord Justice
Kilwarden is killed.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1800 Mar. 11. London. The Royal
Institution for the promotion of the
fine arts holds its first meeting.
Nov. 8. A storm does much damage in
London and throughout all England.
* * A British Mineralogical Society is
established.
* * Herschel discovers dark heat-rays.
* * The Stanhope printing-press is in-
vented.
* * The manufacture of shear-steel be-
gins in Sheffield.
* * Humphry Davy produces electric
light with carbon points. He also dis-
courses on laughing-gas.
* * Water is decomposed into oxygen
and hydrogen gases by the voltaic bat-
tery by Henry Alleyne Nicholson and
Sir Anthony Carlisle.
* * The Bumford medal is awarded to
Count Eumf ord himself by the Boyal
Society.
* * London. The Royal Institut on
Laboratory, the first of importance in
London, is established. [Davy, Fara-
day, Tyndall, and Franklin make dis-
coveries here.]
1801 * * A first experimental steamboat
is tried on the Thames by Mr. Syming-
ton. [1802. Successfully repeated.]
July 24. An iron tramroad, to be
worked by horses, is completed from
Croydon to Wandsworth.
* * Thomas Young, by experiments, con-
firms the undulatory theory of light.
* * Hamlet with Yorick's Skull is painted
by Sir Thomas Lawrence.
* * Thomas Young discourses on the in-
terference of light.
* * Scot. The Glasgow Philosophical So-
ciety is founded.
1802 Jan. 19. London. The Royal
Jennerian Institution is founded for
vaccination.
June 2. Parliament grants Dr. Jenner
£10,000, as the introducer of vaccina-
tion. [1807. An additional £20,000.]
June 26. The London docks are com-
menced. [1805. Jan. 20. Opened.]
Aug. 27. London. The West India
docks are opened.
* * London. A telescope is made for the
observatory of Madrid ; cost, £11,000.
* * Dr. William Hyde Wollaston observes
dark lines (Fraunhofer's lines) in the
solar spectrum.
Dec. 2, 3. Dublin. The Liffey valley is
inundated, causing great damage.
* * Photographs are first produced in
England by Thomas Wedgwood and Mr.
Davy.
* * London. Westminster Hall is thor-
oughly repaired.
* * A patent is granted to Trevethick and
Vivian for a high-pressure locomotive
engine.
± * * A planing-machine for wood is
constructed by Bramah.
* * Thomas, Earl of Elgin, begins the col-
lection of the Elgin Marbles during his
mission to the Ottoman Porte.
1803 * * London. A copper-plate e n-
graving-machine is invented by Turrel.
* * Scot. Woodmason, Payne, and Brown
improve the rulmg-macnine.
Dec. 1. London. Master William Henry
West Betty, 12 years of age (Boscius In-
fant) appears at Covent Garden as
Selim in Barbarossa.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1800 Oct. 25. Macaulay, Lord Thomas
Babing-ton, essayist, historian, states., b.
Arnold, Thomas K., scholar, editor classical
text-books, born.
Baines, Edward, politician, born.
Barnes, William, cl., poet, philol., born.
Barrington, Daines, jurist, naturalist, anti-
quary, A73.
Bell, Robert, journalist, miscellaneous writer,
born in Ireland.
Bray, Mrs. (Anna Eliza Kenipe), novelist,
misc. writer, born.
Cattermole, George, painter, born.
Chambers, William, editor, miscellaneous
writer, Scot., born.
Clarendon, Earl of, George W. F. Villiers, b.
Codrington, Sir William John, general, b.
Cowper, William, poet, A69.
Cruikshank, William, anatomist, Scot., AS5.
Denison, John Evelyn, statesman," born.
Digby, Kenelm Henry, mis. writer, born.
Doo, George Thomas, historical engr., born.
Egerton, Francis Leveson Gower, Earl of
Ellesmere, statesman, born.
Gowan, O. B., editor, fdr. of Orange lodges,
Ireland, born.
Gray, John Edward, naturalist, born.
Hall, Samuel Carter, critic, author, Ire., b.
Jones, William, Hutchinsonian cl.,au., A74.
Long, George, classical schol., hist., author, b.
Marsh, Anne, novelist, born.±
Mechi, John Joseph, rural economist, born.
Montagu, Elizabeth, mis. writer, A80.
Phillips, John, geologist, born.
Pussy, Edward Bouverie, cl., author, b.
Ramsden, Jesse, optician, inventor, A6S.
Ross, Sir James Clark, adm., arc. navig., b.
Rosse, Earl of, William Parsons, astr., born.
Sinclair, Catherine, writer, Scotland, born.
Steevens, George, Shakspearean commenta-
tor, author, A64.
Talbot, Wm. Henry Fox, discoverer of pho-
tography, born.
Taylor, Sir Henry, poet, dramatist, born.
Webster, Thomas, painter, born.
Willis, Robert, physicist, mechanician, born.
Young, Matthew, clergyman, physicist, A50.
1801 Feb. 21. Newman, John Henry.
cardinal, theological writer, born.
Abercromby, Sir Ralph, gen., A67.
Airy, George Biddel, astronomer, born.
Blair, Hugh, cl., rhetorician, Scotland, A83.
Chadwlck, Edwin, social economist, born.
Choules, John Overton, cl., Baptist au., b.
Chapone, Hester, miscellaneous writer, A74.
Clive, Caroline, novelist, born.
Inman, Henry, portrait, landscape painter, b.
James, George Payne Rainsford, novelist, b.
Millar, John, jurist, Scotland, A 66.
Madden, Sir Frederick, antiquarian au., b.
Orme, Robert, historian, A73.
Saint John, James Augustus, born.
Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Ashley
Cooper, philanthropist, born.
Wakefield, Gilbert, schol., theolog., pol., A45.
1802 * * Arnold, Samuel, mus. comp., A62.
Bentinck,. Lord, William George Frederick
Cavendish, statesman, born.
Barre, Col. Isaac, officer, A76.
Buckstone, John 1$. actor, author, born.
Carlisle, Earl of, Geo. Wm., statesman, born.
Cautley, Sir Proby T., engineer, born.
Chambers, Robert, publisher, Scotland., b.
Chitty, Thomas, legal writer, born.
Cockburn, Sir Alexander J. E., jurist, b.
Dermody, Thomas, poet, Ireland, A27.
Garbett, James, theologian, born.
Geddes, Alexander, R. C. theologian, Biblical
critic, author, Scotland, A 65.
Graves, Lord, Thomas, admiral, A77.
Haghe, Louis, painter, lithographer, born.
Kenyon, Lord, Lloyd, jurist, statesman, A69.
Kiss, C, sculptor, born.
Lance, George, painter, born.
Landon, Letitia Elizabeth [Mrs. George Mac-
lean], poet, novelist, born.
Landseer, Sir Edwin, painter of animals, b.
Lane, Edward William, orientalist, born.
Lister, Thomas Henry, novelist, author, b.
Martineau, Harriet, author, born.
Miller, Hugh, geologist, Scotland, born.
Moore, John, physician, Scotland, A73.
Moseley, Henry, scientific writer, born.
Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, poet, born.
Roebuck, John Arthur, statesman, born.
Romney, George, painter, A68.
Strutt, Joseph, antiquary, engraver, A60.
Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen, car-
dinal, author, born.
CHURCH.
1800 * * It. Pius VII. is elected pope.
* * The Church of England is united
with that of Ireland by the Act of
Union.
1801* *The Clergy Incapacitation
Act is passed. Clergymen are prohib-
ited from becoming members of Parlia-
ment.
1802 f* * Bishops elected :
1802, George I. Huntingford for Glouces-
ter and Bristol. [1815. June* Trans-
lated to Hereford.] 1803, John Fisher for
Exeter. [1807. Translated to Salisbury.]
1807, George Pelham for Exeter. [1820.
Sept. * Translated to Lincoln.] 1808, Fol-
liott H. Cornwall for Worcester; 1813, John
Parsons for Peterborough.
* * The Sunday-school Union is formed.
* * London. A Bible Society for Wales
is formed.
LETTERS.
1800 * * Downing CoUege, Cambridge,
is chartered.
* * London. The Post-Office Directory first
appears.
* * Castle liackrent, by Maria Edgeworth,
appears. [1801, Belinda and Moral Tales;
1804, Popular Tales ; 1806, Leonora; 1809-
12, Tales of a Fashionable Life.]
* * London. The library of the East In-
dia Company is founded.
* * Scot. The Edinburgh Farmer's Maga-
zine is issued.
1801 London. The Weekly Dispatch is
issued.
* * Scot. The Dundee Advertiser is is-
sued.
AND IRELAND.
1800, Mar. 11-1803, * * 931
* * Thalaba, by Southey, appears. [1805,
Madoc ; 1810, Curse of Kehama and His-
tory of Brazil.']
1802 Oct. 10. Edinburgh. The Ed-
inburgh Review is first issued.
* * The Lyceum, Liverpool, is erected.
* * Porcupine 's Works, by William Cob-
be tt, appears.
* * John Boydell's edition of Shake-
speare's Works, with numerous plates,
is published in nine volumes folio.
* * Luke Howard's work on the Clouds
appears.
1802-19 Abraham Rees's Cyclopaedia ap-
pears.
1802-28 Essays, by Sydney Smith, ap-
pears. [1807, Peter Plymley's Letters.]
1802-57 London. The Christian Ob-
server is issued.
1803 * * Edinburgh. The Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons is incorporated.
* * London. The Globe is issued.
* * Poems, by Henry Kirke White, ap-
pears.
* * Thaddeus of Warsaw, by Jane Porter,
appears. [1810, The Scottish Chiefs.]
SOCIETY.
1800 May 15. London. An unsuccessful
attempt is made to assassinate George
III. during a review in Hyde Park ; a
spectator is wounded by the shot. Hat-
field, the lunatic, makes another attempt
with a pistol in Drury Lane Theater in
the evening.
* * Wm. Spence, a Yorkshire schoolmas-
ter, is prosecuted for advocating a
redivision of all the lands of the
country.
* * Daily wages of harvest men are two
shillings.
* * Titles created :
Earls Kinmare, Castle-Stuart, Bandoh, and
Donoughmore, Marquises of Sligo, Headfort,
and Ely, Viscounts of Monck and Avonmore,
Barons De Blaquire, Wallscourt, and Clan-
morris, Henniker, Gardner, Dufferin, Ven-
try, Radstock, Langford, Ashtown, Dunalley,
and Clarina. [1801, Earl of Caledon; 1803,
Earl of Limerick, and Earl Clancartliy ; 1806,
Earls Normanton, Gosford, Rosse, Viscount
of Lismore and of Templeton, and Baron
Rendleshem.]
* * Titles created :
Earl of Malmsbury, Duke of Cadogan.
[1801, Dukes of Chichester and Craven, Mar-
quis of Exeter, Earls of Onslow, Romney,
and Wilton, Viscount of St. Vincent, and
Barons Cragsford, Abercrombie, and Loftus;
1802, Viscount of Melville, and Baron Sandys ;
1804, Earl of Powis; 1805, Earl of Nelson, and
Viscount of Sidmonth; 1806, Barons Mont-
eagle, Granard, Erskine, and Gardner, and
Earls of Orford, Man vers, and Grey; 1807,
Earl of Lonsdale, and Barons Manners, Mor-
ris, and Hopetoun ; 1809, Earl of Harrowby.]
1801 Jan. 31. London. The sale of
fine wheaten bread is prohibited, and
brown bread substituted.
* * Scot. Robert Owen unsuccessfully at-
tempts to establish socialism.
* * The Society for the Suppression of
Vice is established.
* * The Bank of England loses by Aslett's
frauds £342,697.
1801-04 London. A charitable bank
for the savings of servants and laborers
is instituted at Tottenham by Miss Per-
cilla Wakefield.
STATE.
1800 Apr. 21. H. C. Pitt proposes
a measure providing for legislative
union with Ireland.
May 21. Dublin. The articles of
union in the form of a bill are proposed
in the Irish House of Commons by Lord
Castlereagh ; the bill is read a first
time. Vote, 160-100.
[May 25. Read a second time. June
7. A third time and passed. June 13.
The Union Bill is read a third time and
passed in the Irish House of Lords.]
June 24. H. C. The Irish legislative
Union Bill is passed . [June 30. Passed
in the House of Lords. July 2. Receives
the royal assent, and becomes the Act
of Union.]
July 12. Parliament: The brutalities
of Governor Aris in Coldbath Fields
prison are exposed.
July 28. Parliament: The Thellusson
Act is passed.
It prohibits bequeathing property for
purposes of accumulation for longer
than 21 years after death, any other
direction to be void.
Aug. 2. Dublin. The Irish Parlia-
ment meets for the last time.
Dec. 16. Russia, Denmark, and Sweden
conclude a treaty of armed neutrality
in respect to the war between England
and France.
Dec* Great Britain remonstrates
against the armed neutrality ; Russia
replies by laying an embargo on British
ships in Russian ports.
* * London. Sir William Staines is elected
lord mayor. [1801. Sir John Earner.]
* * Malta is acquired by conquest. [1814.
Annexed.]
1801 Jan. 1. The cross of St. Patrick
is amalgamated with the Union Jack,
forming the flag of the United Kingdom.
A new imperial standard with the
Irish harp is first displayed on the Tower
of London and on Bedford Tower, Dub-
lin Castle.
Jan. 14. The Government issues a proc-
lamation authorizing reprisals, and lay-
ing an embargo, on Russian, Swedish,
and Danish vessels.
Feb. 1. Pitt writes to the king urging
the expediency of repealing the laws
excluding Catholics from Parliament,
and Catholics and Dissenters from pub-
lic office. [Feb. 2. The king informs
Pitt of his refusal, believing that it would
be a breach of his coronation oath. Feb.
3. Pitt resigns.]
Feb. 2. The first Parliament of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland meets.
Feb. 15. H. C. Sir John Mitf ord
[Baron Redesdale] is elected Speaker.
Mar. 17. Henry Addington becomes
prime minister and chancellor of the
exchequer. [The new Ministry in-
cludes Lords Hawkesbury, Hobart, and
John Scott, Lord Eldon, the last being
lord high chancellor.]
Mar. 24. The armed neutrality against
England is dissolved by the death of
Paul I., Emperor of Russia.
Apr. 19. The Habeas Corpus Act is
again suspended.
May 25. Ire. The Earl of Hardwicke
is appointed lord-lieutenant.
June 17. Pus. A treaty is concluded
at St. Petersburg between England and
Russia ; it terminates the armed neu-
trality.
Oct. 1. London. Preliminary articles
of peace between Great Britain, France,
Spain, and Holland are signed.
1802 Feb. 10. H.C. Charles Abbot
[Lord Colchester] is chosen Speaker.
Feb. 15. Ire. Baron Redesdale is ap-
pointed lord chancellor.
Mar. 27. The Peace of Amiens (p. 715).
Apr. 12. Sir Edward Law [Lord Ellen-
borough] is appointed chief justice.
May * Napoleon makes insolent de-
mands.
He calls upon the British Government
to stop publications .offensive to him,
and to banish from England French emi-
grants in sympathy with the Royalist
cause in France.
Nov. * Parliament meets. [1806. Oct.
24. Dissolved.]
* * George III. discontinues to use the
title King of France.
* * Parliament : A General Militia Act
for Great Britain is passed.
* * London. Charles Price is elected lord
mayor. [1803. John Perring. 1804. Apr.
6. Peter Perchard. 1805. Sir James
Shaw.]
1803 Mar. 13. Napoleon insults
Lord Whitworth, the English ambas-
sador.
He tells him that he has an army of
40,000 with which he will attack England,
and that he will sacrifice army after
army till he succeeds.
May 18. War is declared against
France ; the refusal to surrender Malta
is the alleged cause of the war.
June * W. I. St. Lucia is acquired by
capitulation. [1814. Confirmed to Eng-
land.]
July 23. Ire. An insurrection breaks
out under Robert Emmet.
Aug. * Napoleon makes extensive prep-
arations for invading England; Eng-
land is panic-stricken; 379,943 volun-
teers are enrolled.
Sept. 12. Ire. William Downes [Lord
Dowries] is appointed chief justice.
Sept. * Br. Guiana. Berbice capitulates,
and becomes a British colony. Deme-
rara and Essequibo are acquired by
capitulation.
* * Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act is
suspended.
* * E. I. Much territory is surren-
dered to the English by treaty with the
Raja of Nagpur.
* * Tasmania is settled, and becomes a
British colony.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1800 * * The union news-room, Liver-
pool, is opened.
* * The first considerable railway is sanc-
tioned by Parliament — the Surrey iron
railway (by horses) from the Thames at
Wandsworth to Croydon. [1803. July
26. Opened.]
* * A famine occurs from poor harvests.
1802 Sept. 27. London. A fire in
Stone Street, Tottenham Court Road,
causes immense loss.
* * Races at Goodwood are begun by the
Duke of Richmond in his park.
1803 July 9. London. The great tower
over the choir of Westminster Abbey is
burned.
Sept. 1. London. Astley's Amphithea-
ter is burned.
932
1803,**-1807,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1803 * *E.I. The Mahratta war.
(See India.)
* * The First Middlesex Volunteers are
formed as the Duke of Cumberland's
sharpshooters.
1804 Mar. 28. The Irish militia of-
fers its service in England.
Oct. 2. Nearly one-half the adult pop-
ulation of England is formed into vol-
unteer corps to resist the expected
invasion of Napoleon.
Oct. 5. Four Spanish treasure-ships,
homeward bound from South America,
containing upwards of §4,000,000, are cap-
tured by a British squadron under Capt.
Moore.
1804-05 E. I. War against Holkar.'
(See India.)
1805 Mar.* -Aug. * A d m. Nelson
pursues the French and Spanish ileet.
July 22. Sp. Sir Robert Calder, with
15 sail, takes two out of 20 ships of the
French and Spanish fleets, off Ferrol.
Oct. 21. Sp. Battle of Trafalgar (p.
716). [Dec. 4. Nelson's ship, the Vic-
tory! arrives off Portsmouth with his
body.]
1806 June 27. S.Amer. A British fleet
and army under Sir Home Popham and
Gen. Beresford capture Buenos Ayres.
[Aug. 12. Retaken by the Spaniards.
Oct. 29. Again taken by the British.
1807. July 7. British evacuate.]
July 10. E. I. Mutiny of Sepoys.
(See India.)
1807* * W. I. The Dutch surrender
Curacoa to Sir Charles Brisbane. [1814.
Restored to the Dutch.]
Jan. 22. Sp. The Felix, 12 guns, is lost
near Santander ; 79 men perish.
Feb. 1. Ind. Ocean. The Blenheim, 74
guns, and the Java, 23 guns, are lost
near Rodriguez.
Feb. 14. The Ajax, 74 guns, is burned
off the island of Tenedos, JEgean Sea ;
250 men perish.
Feb. 19. Tur. Adm. Sir John Duck-
worth forces the passage of the Darda-
nelles on an expedition in aid of Russia
against Turkey and France.
Mar. 4. The frigate Blanche is wrecked
on the French coast ; 45 men perish.
Mar. * Tur. Adm. Duckworth fails in
his attempt upon Constantinople; he
repasses the Dardanelles after losing 300
men killed and wounded.
Apr. 4. A mutiny breaks out in the
British garrison at Malta.
The mutineers, chiefly Greeks and Cor-
sicans, blow themselves up by setting
fire to a magazine containing over 400
barrels of gunpowder.
July 7-9. Treaty of Tilsit (p. 717).
July 26. War with Denmark (p. 638).
Nov. 28. The man-of-war Boreas is
wrecked upon the Hannois rock in the
Channel'.
Dec. 29. The war-ship Anson, 44 guns,
is wrecked in Mount's Bay, Cornwall ;
60 lives are lost.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1803 * * Steel pens are invented by Mr.
Wise.
* * A mammoth's remains are found at
Harwich.
* * Devon and Exeter Institution for the
promotion of science is established at
Exeter.
* * Osmium is discovered by Tennant.
* * The Philological Society is instituted
at Manchester.
± * * London. A large planetarium is
constructed by the Rev. Wm. Pearson
for the Royal Institution.
* * Edinburgh. The College of Sur-
geons is founded.
* * Palladium is discovered in platinum
ore by Dr. William H. Wollaston.
* * Congreve military rockets are in-
vented by Sir William Congreve.
1804 Jan. 30. Mungo Park starts on
his second voyage to Africa.
Sept. 1. Juno is discovered by Harding.
* * London. The [Royal] Horticultural
Society is established. [1809. Chartered.]
* * Woolf's double cylinder expansion
engine is constructed.
* * London. The atomic theory is an-
nounced by Jobn Dalton in a lecture.
Each body is composed of atoms of defi-
nite size and weight. [1808. Publishes
his views in his New System of Chemical
Philosophy.}
* * The invention of a sewing-machine
is ascribed to John Duncan ; also an
embroidery machine.
* * London. Stereotyping is revived by
Wilson.
* * Rhodium is discovered in platinum
ore by Dr. Wollaston.
* * London. The Ophthalmic Hospital
Royal, at Finsbury, is established.
1804-09 The docks at Bristol are built.
1805 Dec. 26. The great aqueduct on
the Ellesmere Canal is opened ; length,
1,007 feet ; height, 126 feet.
* * Power-looms are successfully and
widely introduced.
* * London. The London Institution
for the diffusion of knowledge is founded
by Sir Francis Baring and others.
* * London. The British Institution is
founded for the encouragement of ar-
tists. [1806. June 18. Opened.]
* * The Royal Medical and Chirurgical
Society is formed. [1834. Chartered.]
* * James Wyatt becomes president of
the Royal Academy. [1806. Benjamin
West.]
1806 Aug. 4. London. The East In-
dia docks are opened.
Sept. 18. London. Olympic Theater is
opened.
Nov. 27. London. The Adelphi Theater,
formerly Sans Pareil, is opened.
* * London. The Goddess of Discord is
exhibited by Joseph M. Turner at the
British Institute. He paints Garden of
Hesperides.
* * Manufactories are warmed by steam.
* * Davy studies electrolysis ; discovers
sodium and potassium.
* * The Theater Royal, Manchester, is
built.
* * The Stanhope iron printing-press is
in general use.
1806-09 Afr. Henry Salt makes ex-
plorations in Africa.
1806-10 Scot. Bell Rock lighthouse
is erected for Frith of Tay ; height, 115
feet.
1807 Apr. * The Rev. Mr. Forsythe pat-
ents the percussion method of igniting
gunpowder in muskets.
Oct. 6. London. Sir Humphry Davy
separates potassium, sodium, etc., by
the galvanic current.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1803 * * Astle, Thomas, antiquary, A68.
Barry, Martin, physiologist, born.
Beattie, James, poet, Scotland, A68.
Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, poet, born.
Blanchard, Lainan, journalist, born.
Borrow, George, traveler, born.
Brooke, Sir James, Raja of Sarawak, born.
Bulwer Lytton. Kdward George Earle Lyt-
ton, poet, novelist, statesman, born.
Coleridge, Sarah, author, born.
Cooper, Thomas S., painter, horn.
Costello, Dudley, journalist, author, born.
Cullen, Paul, cardinal, archb. of Dublin, b.
Emmet, Robert, I'nited Irishman, A25.
Grant, Sir Francis, artist, Scotland, horn.
Griffin, Gerald, novelist, Ireland, born.
Guthrie. Thomas, cl., philan., Scotland, b.
Hamilton, Sir William., antiquary, states-
man, Scotland, A73.
Home, Richard Henglst, traveler, author, b.
.lames, Sir Henry, engineer, inventor of pho-
tozincography, born.
Jerrold, Douglas Wm., humorist, novelist,b.
Liversegge, Henry, painter, born.
Lubbock, Sir John William, math., au., b.
Miller, Wm. H., physicist, mineralogist, b.
Outram, sir James, general, born.
O'Brien, William Smith, patriot, Ireland, b.
Pax ton, Sir Joseph, arch., horticulturist, b.
Ritson, Joseph, antiquary, AM.
Rose, Hugh Henry, Lord Strathnairn, gen., b.
Salt, Sir Titus, manufacturer, born.
Stephenson, Robert, engineer, born.
Swain, Charles, poet, born.
Thorns, William John, antiquary, born.
Whitworth, Sir Joseph, mechanician, born.
Winterhalter, Franz Xavier, court painter, b.
1804 * * Allom, Thomas, painter, born.
Boydell, John, engr., lord mayor of L., A85.
Boucher, Jonathan, pol. writer, phil., A66.
Bryant, Joseph, author, A89.
Bulwer, Sir Henry Lytton Earle, statesman,
diplomat, born.
Carlyle, Joseph Dacre, orientalist, A45.
Cobden, Richard, statesman, bom.
Duncan, Viscount Adam, admiral, A73.
Gould, John, naturalist, born.
Hervey, Thomas Kibble, born.
Howitt, Mary Botham, mis. writer, born.
Johnston, Alex. Keith, geographer, Scot., b.
Ker, John, bibliographer, A 64.
Kitto, John, Biblical scholar, author, born.
Lander, Richard, African traveler, born.
Lough, John Graham, sculptor, born.
Michel, Sir John, general, horn.
Owen, Sir Richard, anatomist, zoologist, b.
Priestley, Joseph, philosopher, A71.
Salter, William, painter, born.
Schomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann, German-
English, traveler, born.
Tennant, Sir James Emerson, states., hist., b.
1805 Dec. 24. Beaconsfield, Earl of,
Benjamin Disraeli, statesman, born.
Ainsworth, William Harrison, novelist, born.
Banks, Thomas, sculptor, A70.
Burnes, Sir Alex., traveler, dipl., Scot., born.
Buchan, William, phys., author, Scot., A76.
Cornwallis, second Earl and first Mar-
quis of, Charles, general, statesman, A67.
Currie, James, phys., editor, au., Scot., A49.
Fitzroy, Robert, vice-adm., meteorologist, b.
Graham, Thomas, chemist, born.
Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, mathema-
tician, philosopher, Ireland, born.
Kean, Ellen Tree, actor, born.
Landsdowne, first Marquis of, William Petty
Fitzmaurice, statesman, Ireland, A68.
Lewis, John Frederick, painter, born.
Mahony, Francis (Father 1'rout), clergyman,
author, Ireland, horn.
Martineau, James, Unit, cl., author, born.
Merivale, Herman, author, born.
Murphy, Arthur, dramatist, an., Ire., A78.
Nelson, Viscount Horatio, admiral, A47.
Newman, Francis William, author, born.
Paley, William, clergyman, theological
writer, philosopher, A62.
Stanhope, Earl of, I'hilip Henry, Lord Mahon,
historian, statesman, born.
Wilberforce, Samuel, bishop of Oxford and
Winchester, philan., statesman, orator, b.
1806 May 20. Mill, John Stuart, politi-
cal economist, logician, philosopher, born.
Alcock, John, musical comp., A91.
Barry, James, painter, Ireland, A 65.
Brunei, Isambard K., engineer, born.
Buller, Charles, statesman, born.
Carter, Elizabeth, scholar, poet, Ire., A89.
De Morgan, Augustns, mathematician, born.
Duff, Alexander, missionary, Scot., born.
Dyce, William, historical painter, Scot., b.
Fox, Charles James, orator, states., A 57.
Gauntlett, Henry John, composer, born.
Grant, James, journalist, novelist, born.
Harvey, Sir George, painter, Scotland, born.
Lawrence, Henry Montgomery, general, b.
Lever, Charles James, novelist, Ireland, b.
Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, statesman, b.
Macartney, Earl of, (ieorge, dipl., Ire., A69.
Pardoe, Julia, novelist, born.
Parker. John Henry, archeologist, born.
Pitt, William, orator, statesman. A47.
AND IRELAND.
1803,**-1807,
933
Strickland, Agnes, historian, born.
Thurlow, Lord Edward, statesman, A74.
White, Henry Kirke, poet, A2I.
807 * * Ashpitel, Arthur, arch., archeol., b.
Doran, John, miscellaneous writer, born.
Gibson, Thomas Milner, statesman, born.
Herbert, Henry William, novelist, born.
Hilton, John, surgeon, author, born.
Hunt, Robert, physician, author, born.
Kemble, John M., scholar, historian, born.
Lucas, John, painter, born.
M'Clure, Sir Robert J. Le Mesurier, arctic
explorer, born.
Malmesbury, third Earl of, James Howard
Harris, statesman, born.
Manning, Henry Edward, cardinal, au., b.
Montgomery, Kobert, poet, Scotland, born.
Schmltz, Leonard, classical schol., philol., b.
Trench, Richard Chenevix, poet, philologist,
theologian, Ireland, born.
Trevelyan, Sir Charles Edward, states., b.
Walker, John, lexicographer, A75.
Warren, Samuel, legal writer, novelist, born.
York, Duke of, Henry Benedict Stuart,
grandson of James II., last of the Stuarts,
A82.
CHURCH.
1804 Mar. 7. London. A meeting of
300 persons of all denominations leads to
the organization of The British and
Foreign Bible Society.
1805* * Charles Manners Sutton is
elected archbishop of Canterbury.
1806 * * The Hibernian Bible Society
is formed.
LETTERS.
1803-08 The History of Cornwall, hy R.
Polwhele, appears.
1805 * * Hertford College, Oxford, is
dissolved.
* * Principles of Human Action, by Wil-
liam Hazlitt, appears.
* * Twist's Index to Shakespeare appears.
* * London Institution, for the advance-
ment of literature and the diffusion of
useful knowledge, in imitation of the
Royal Institution, is founded by Sir
Francis Baring and others.
* * Scot. The Lay of the Last Minstrel,
by Sir Walter Scott, appears. [1808,
Marmion; 1810, Lady of the Lake; 1811,
The Vision of Don Roderick; 1813, The
Bride of Triermain.]
1806* *Haileybury College, Herts,
for preparing students for service in
India, is founded by the East India
Company.
* * The Portico, Manchester, is erected.
* * Essays, by John Foster, appears.
1806-16 History of British India, hy
James Mill, appears.
1806-37 London. The Monthly Reposi-
tory is issued.
1807* * A subscription library is
founded at Exeter.
* * The North Wales Chronicle is issued.
* * The Parish Register, by George Crabbe,
appears. [1812," Tales in Verse.]
* * Tales from Shakespeare, by Charles
Lamb, appears. [1808, Specimens of Eng-
lish Dramatic Poets Contemporary with
Shakespeare.]
* * Scot. Poems, by Robert Tannahill,
appears.
* * Poems, by Wordsworth, appears.
* * Hours of Idleness, by Lord Byron, ap-
pears. [1809, English Bards arid Scotch
Reviewers.]
SOCIETY.
1805 Jan. 17. The Order of the Gar-
ter is reconstituted ; it is to consist of
the sovereign, the Prince of Wales, 25
knights companions, and lineal1 descen-
dants of George III. when elected.
* * A fever hospital is erected at Man-
chester.
* * London. A Refuge for the Destitute
(criminal young females) is instituted at
Dalston.
1807 May 5. Sir Francis Burdett and
Mr. Paull wound each other in a duel.
STATE.
1803-14 S. Amer. Guiana is obtained
by conquest and cession.
1804 Feb. 12-Apr. 23. The king's
mind is again affected.
May 10. Addington resigns.
May 15. Pitt again becomes premier,
but on the condition dictated by the
king that he must not support proposals
for Catholic emancipation, or repeal of
the Test Act. Lord Eldon and George
Canning are ministers.
Viscount MelviUe is made first lord
of the admiralty. [1805, May 2, Lord
Barham; 1806, Feb. 10, Charles Grey;
Oct. 23, Thomas Grenville ; 1807, Apr. 6,
Lord Mulgrave ; 1809, May 10, Charles
Yorke ; 1812, Mar. 25, Viscount Melville,]
Dec. 12. Spain as an ally of France de-
clares war against England.
1805 Apr. 11. A treaty with Russia
is signed, forming an alliance against
France.
July * E. I. Lord Cornwallis is gov-
ernor-general. [Oct. * Sir G. Barlow,
temporarily.]
Sept. 8. A third coalition is formed
against France by Great Britain, Russia,
Sweden, Austria, and Naples (p. 715).
Oct. 21. Nelson's naval victory at Traf-
algar destroys Napoleon's hopes of suc-
cessfully invading England.
1806 Jan. 9. S. Afr. The Cape of
Good Hope is taken from the Dutch
by Sir Home Popham.
Jan. 23. William Pitt dies.
Feb. 11. Lord Grenville is appointed
premier. [He forms a Ministry known
as " All the Talents ; " it includes Lord
Erskine as lord chancellor, Charles
James Fox as foreign secretary, and
Sir Charles Grey [Lord Howick and
Earl Grey] as first lord of the admiralty.]
Mar. 18. Ire. The Duke of Bedford
is appointed lord-lieutenant. [Mar. 26.
George Ponsonby, lord high chancel-
lor.]
Mar. 31. Parliament: The an ti sla-
very question is introduced with the
concurrence of Lord Grenville and Mr.
Fox.
May 29. A warrant is issued for the
"delicate investigation" by a com-
mittee of the Privy Council into the
conduct of Caroline, the Princess of
Wales [later queen of George IV. 1807
and 1813. Charges disproved].
June 26. Lord Melville is acquitted
after trial on impeachment.
July 2. S. Amer. Sir Home Popham,
without authority, takes Buenos Ayres
from the Spanish.
Oct. 6. Great Britain, Russia, Prussia,
and Saxony form the fourth coalition
against France.
Nov. 21. Napoleon issues the Berlin
decree (p. 717).
Dec. 15. Parliament meets. [1807.
Apr. 29. Dissolved.]
* * Sir Arthur Wellesley enters Parlia-
ment.
* * Thomas Erskine [Lord Erskine] is
appointed lord chancellor.
* * London. Sir William Leighton is
elected lord mayor. [1807, John Ainsley ;
1808, Sir Charles Fowler ; 1809, Thomas
Smith ; 1810, Joshua Jonathan Smith.]
1807 Jan. 7. Orders in Council are
made against the Berlin decree ; it de-
clares France and all countries under
her control to be in a state of blockade.
Mar. 8. Russia declares war against
Great Britain.
Mar. 25. A bill for the abolition of the
slave-trade receives the royal assent
after passing Parliament.
Mar. 31. The Ministry refusing to give
a pledge demanded by the king that they
will " never under any circumstances
propose any concession to the Catho-
lics," a new administration is formed.
The Duke of Portland (premier),
Spencer Perceval (Chanc. Excheq.), Lord
Eldon (L. Chanc), Lord Hawkesbury
(Home Sec), George Canning (Foreign
Sec), Lord Castlereagh (War and Col.
Sec), the Duke of Richmond (L. Lieut.
Ire.), and Sir Arthur Wellesley (Chief
Sec, Ire.).
Apr. 29. Parliament proscribes slavery
in the West Indies.
May * Ire. Thomas Manners Sutton
[Lord Manners] is appointed lord high
chancellor.
June 22. Parliament meets. [1812,
Sept. 24. Dissolved.]
July 2. U. S. A. The President orders
British ships to evacuate American
ports in consequence of the capture of
the Chesapeake by an English war-ship.
July 7-9. Prus. The Peace of Tilsit
(p. 717.)
July 31. E. I. Lord Minto is ap-
pointed governor-general.
Aug. * England demands from Denmark
the surrender of her fleet (p. 639).
Denmark refuses. [Sept. 8. It is sur-
rendered after the bombardment of
Copenhagen for four days.]
Sept. 5. Ger. Helgoland is taken from
Denmark.
Oct. * The ports of Portugal are closed
to English shipping under a menacing
demand by Napoleon.
Dec. 17. Napoleon issues the Milan
decree, declaring British dominions
blockaded in all parts of the world.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1805 Feb. 6. The East Indiaman
Abergavenny is wrecked on the Bill of
Portland ; 300 persons are drowned.
Aug. 12. London. The Surrey Theater
is burned.
Oct. 25. The transport JSnea* founders
off Newfoundland; 340 persons are
drowned.
Dec. 2. The transport Aurora is wrecked
on the Goodwin Sands ; 300 are drowned.
1806 Sept. 21. The packet King George,
from Parkgate to Dublin, is lost on the
Hoyle bank ; 125 persons are drowned.
1807 Oct. 15. A fire panic, caused
by a false alarm, occurs in Sadler's
Wells ; 18 persons are trampled to
death.
Nov. 16. Part of the Brighton cliff
falls.
Nov. 19. Ire. The Parkgate packet
Prince of Wales and the transport Roch-
dale are wrecked on Dunleary Point,
near Dublin ; 300 persons are drowned.
934 1807,**-1812, Apr. 6. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1808 Mar. 8. E. I. The defeated
French frigate Piedmontaise, 50 guns,
surrenders to the frigate St. Fiorenza
off Cape Comorin ; Capt. Hardinge, com-
mander of the British, is killed.
1808-14 Period of the Peninsula War.
Spain and Great Britain unite against
France ; it is caused by Napoleon's at-
tempt to place his brother Joseph upon
the Spanish throne.
Aug. 21. Port. Battle of Vimeiro (p.
716). The 16,000 British lose 800 killed
and wounded; 14,000 French lose 2,000
killed and -wounded, and 400 taken pris-
oners, including Brennier.
Sept. 3. Port. A Russian fleet of sev-
eral sail is captured in the Tagus by the
English.
1809 Jan. 2. The British under Lord
Cochrane capture two French ships-of-
war and 11 victuallers bound for Barce-
lona, Spain.
Jan. 16. Sp. Battle of Corunna (p.
718); 14,000 British lose 1,000 killed and
wounded ; French loss, 3,000 killed and
wounded.
Mar. 25. Sir David Dundas is appointed
commander-in-chief.
Apr. 2. Sir Arthur Wellesley [Duke of
Wellington] is ordered to Portugal.
Apr. 11-29. W.Fr. Lords Gambier
and Cochrane destroy 14 French
ships of the line while riding at anchor
in Basque Roads.
* * W. Afr. Senegal is taken by the
British.
July 27, 28. Sp. Battle of Talavera
(p. 718). The 45,000 French lose 8,700
killed and wounded ; British loss, 6,260
• killed and wounded. [Sept. 4. Wellesley
is thanked by Parliament, and created
a peer, with the titles Baron Douro of
Wellesley, and Viscount Wellington of
Talavera, and with a pension of £2,000.]
July 28-Dec. 25. The [unsuccessful]
Walcheren expedition.
An expedition is sent under the com-
mand of the Earl of Chatham and Sir
Richard Strachan to the Scheldt Neth-
erlands, to make a diversion in favor of
the allies, who are pressed in Austria by
Napoleon ; it consists of 35 ships of the
line and 200 smaller vessels, and 40,000
troops.
(Aug. 15.) Flushing, Isle of Walche-
ren, is bombarded and captured.
(Dec. 25.) The ravages of the marsh
fever force the British to evacuate Wal-
cheren in the face of the enemy, and re-
linquish a costly expedition.
Aug. 23. E. I. A mutiny at Seringa-
patam is quelled.
Oct. 25. Sp. Lord Collingwood attacks
a French fleet off the northeast coast
of Spain, and drives on shore two frig-
ates, which are burned by their crews.
Nov. 1. Sp. Lieut. Tailour with a Brit-
ish fleet takes or destroys 11 French
ships in the Bay of Rosas.
Dec. 18. W. I. Two French frigates
are taken and destroyed in Basse-Terre-
Roads by Sir A. Cochrane.
1810 July 17. Fr. The British ships
Armide and Cadmus take or destroy 17
vessels at the Isle of Rhe.
Aug. 23. The war-ships Sirius and Ma-
gicienne are wrecked while advancing
to attack the French, off the Isle of
France.
Sept. 27. Sp. Battle of Busaco (p. 718).
Oct. 9. Port. Wellington at Torres
Vedras, near Lisbon (p. 718).
Dec. 22. Neth. The war-vessel Mino-
taur is lost on the Haak Bank ; 60 per-
sons perish.
1811 Jan. 16. Capt. Barrett, with the
merchant ship Cumberland, defeats
four privateers, and takes 170 prison-
ers.
Feb. 13. The war-ship Pandora is
wrecked off Jutland ; 30 persons per-
ish.
Feb. 22. The ships Cerberus and Active
take 22 vessels from Otranto, Italy.
Mar. 5. Sp. Battle of Barrosa.
Gen. Graham [Lord Lynedoch] with
4,000 infantry and 200 cavalry defeats
9,000 French under Marshal Victor ;
French loss, 2,000 killed and wounded,
300 prisoners; British loss, 1,200 killed
and wounded.
Mar. 13. Capt. Wm. Hoste with four
British frigates defeats a French fleet
in the Adriatic Sea, off Lissa ; French
loss, two ships taken and one destroyed.
Mar. 25. Fr. The French frigate Ama-
zon is destroyed off Cape Barfleur.
May 1. Fr. Capt. Barrie burns two
French store-ships in Sagone Bay, Cor-
sica.
May 5. Sp. Wellington defeats the
French (p. 718) ; 1,500 are killed on both
sides. [May 10. He captures Almeida.]
May 16. Sp. Battle of Albuera (p.
718).
French loss, 8,000 killed and wounded ;
allies' loss, over 6,000 killed and wounded.
May 20. Three British frigates under
Capt. Schomberg engage three French
frigates, with troops on board, off Mada-
gascar, and capture two.
May 29. The Duke of York is again
appointed commander-in-chief.
Nov. 29. The French frigates Pauline
and Pomone are captured by the frig-
ates Alceste, Active, and Unite.
Dec. 4. The war-frigate Saldanha is
lost on the Irish coast ; 300 persons
perish.
Dec. 24. The war-ships St. George, De-
fence, and Hero are wrecked on the
coast of Jutland ; Adm. Reynolds and
nearly 2,000 persons perish.
1811-12 S. Afr. War with the Kafirs
(p. 597).
1812 Jan. 19. Sp. Wellington
storms and captures Ciudad Rodrigo.
Feb. 21. The French ship fiivoli, 84 guns,
is taken by the British ship Victorious,
74 guns.
Apr. 6. Sp. Wellington storms and
takes Badajoz ; British loss during the
20 days' siege, 72 officers and 963 men
killed, and 306 officers and 3,483 men
wounded.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1807 * * London. Gas is introduced in
Pall Mall.
* * London. The Geological Society is
organized. [1826. Chartered.]
* * Dr. Wollaston invents a camera lu-
cida.
* * Wm. Southwell patents his cabinet
pianos.
* * Sir George Cayley invents a hot-air
engine.
1808 Feb. * A life-saving apparatus,
invented by Capt. Manby, is brought
into use. Communication with the dis-
tressed vessel is effected by a rope
attached to a shot thrown from a mortar.
* * Magnesium is first obtained from
magnesia by Sir Humphry Davy.
1809 * * A zinc-mine is discovered at
Craven, Yorkshire.
Oct. 25. The statue of George m. is
commenced at Liverpool.
* * The statue of the Duke of Bedford, in
Russell Square, is erected.
* * London. The English Opera House is
opened as the Lyceum.
* * The composition pedal in the organ
is invented by Bishop.
1810 * * Apollo and Python is painted by
Turner.
* * Steel is cast.
* * Scot. Sir John Leslie freezes water
in an air-pump by placing a vessel of
sulphuric acid under it.
1810-57 The Liverpool and Birkenhead
docks are built. [1821. July 19. Princes*
dock, Liverpool, opened.]
1811 May 9. London. The first stone
of the Vauxhall Bridge is laid. [Cost
of the bridge, £150,000. 1816. June 4.
Opened.]
Oct. 11. London. The Waterloo
Bridge is commenced by John Rennie.
Oct. 15. A brilliant comet is especially
conspicuous. [It is visible all the
autumn.]
* * Hercules restoring Alcestis to Admetus
is executed by E. H. Baily.
* * Sir William Herschel publishes the
nebular hypothesis.
* * Scot. Leslie and Melloni study beat
rays.
* * Scot. Henry Bell has a steam pas-
sage-boat on the Clyde.
* * Steam-power is used to convey coals
on a railway.
* * J o h n Pond becomes astronomer
royal.
* * The steam printing-press is invented
by Friedrich Konig, a German.
* * John Burn patents a machine for
making bobbin lace.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1808 * * Anderson, James, econ., Scot., A69.
Balfe, Michael William, musician, composer,
Ireland, born.
Balfour, John H., botanist, physician, born.
Beddoes, Thomas, phys., chemist, au., A48.
Carleton, Sir Guy, maj.-gen. in Am., Ire., A84..
Falconer, Hugh, geologist, born.
Ferrier, James, metaphysician, Scot., born.
Francis, Sir Philip, states., au., Ire., A68.
Gray, George Robert, ornithologist, born.
Home, John, dram., hist., poet, Scot., A84.
Hurd, Richard, bp. of Worcester, au., A88.
Lake. Viscount Gerard, general, A64.
Merivale, Charles, historian, born.
Nasmyth, James, inventor, born.
Norton, Caroline Elizabeth, poet, novelist, b.
Porson, Richard, Greek scholar, au., A49.
Rothschild, Baron Lionel Nathan, banker, b.
Russell. John, engineer, Scotland, born.
Taylor, Meadows, novelist, born.
Thorpe, Benjamin, philosopher, author, b.
1809 Feb. 12. Darwin, Charles R., nat-
uralist, philanthropist, author, born.
Dec. 29. Gladstone, William Ewart,
statesman, author, orator, scholar, born.
Aug:. 6. Tennyson, Alfred, poet-laure-
ate, born.
Adam, Alexander, grammarian, geographer,
antiquary, Scotland, A68.
Bartlett, William H., artist, traveler, au., b.
Bennett, Sir James Risdon, physician, born.
Bentinck, William H. C, statesman, A69.
Blackie, John Stuart, author, Scotland, b-
Boulton, Matthew, engineer, A81.
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, poet, born.
Burton, John Hill, historian, Scotland, born.
Clarke, Mary Victoria Cowden, mis. wr., b.
Donovan, John, archeologist, Ireland, born.
Eden, Sir Fred. Morton, statistical wr., A 43.
Elphinston, James, poet, gram., Scot., A88.
Forbes, James David, physicist, Scot., born..
Holcroft, Thomas, dramatist, mis. writer, b..
AND IRELAND. 1807, ** -1812, Apr. 6. 935
Lambert, Daniel, giant (739 pounds), A40.
Lemon, Mark, journalist, humorist, born.
MacCullagh, James, philosopher, Ire., born.
Mackenzie, Robert Shelton, journalist, Ire., b.
Milnes, Richard Monckton, statesman, born.
Moore. Sir John, lieut.-general, .Scot., A48.
O'Shaughnessy, Sir William Brooke, electri-
cian, Ireland, born.
Sandby, Paul, painter, A 84.
Selwyn, George Augustus, bishop, author, b.
Seward, Anna, poet, A 62.
Todd, Robert B., physiologist, anatomist, b.
1810* * A'liecket, Gilbert Abbott, comic
writer, born.
Alford, Henry, clergyman, poet, born.
Amelia, princess, dau. of George III., A27.
Armstrong:, Sir William George, inv., b.
Baring:, Sir Francis, financier, A70.
Cavendish, Henry, chemist, nat. pliil., A79.
Chandler, Richard, archeologist, A72.
Collingrwood, Lord Cuthbert, adm., A60.
Dilke, Charles Wentworth, pol. econ., b.
Fox, Sir Charles, civil engineer, born.
Gaskel, Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson, nov-
elist, born.
Grosse, Philip Henry, naturalist, born.
Herbert, Lord Sidney, statesman, born.
Hinton, James Howard, Bapt. el., an., born.
Kane, Sir Robert, chemist, Ireland, born.
Lawrence, Lord, John L. M., gov.-gen., b.
Miller, William, poet, Scotland, born.
Molesworth, Sir William, statesman, born.
Napier, Baron, Robert Cornells, general, b.
Poole, Paul Falconer, painter, born.
Rawlinson, Sir Henry C, orientalist, dip-
lomatist, born.
Tannahill, Robert, poet, Scotland, A 36.
Trollope, Thomas Adolphus, author, born.
Twiss, Sir Travers, jurist, born.
Tupper, Martin Farquhar, writer, born.
Windham,William, orator, statesman, A60.
Warburton, Eliot B. G., author, Ireland, b.
Wright, Thomas, antiquarian writer, born.
1811 July 18. Thackeray, William
Makepeace, poet, novelist, born.
Abercorn, Duke of, James Hamilton, states-
man, born.
Bowyer, Sir George, jurist, born.
Bright, John, orator, statesman, born.
Budd, William, physician, born.
Cope, Charles West, painter, born.
Cooke, Edward William, historical p., born.
Cumberland, Richard, dramatist, A79.
Domett, Alfred, poet, born.
Donaldson, John N., classical scholar, born.
Draper, John W., chemist, born.
Dundas. Henry, Viscount Melville, states-
man, Scotland, A70.
Grahame, James, lawyer, poet, philanthro-
pist, Scotland, A 46.
Hallam, Arthur Henry, essayist, poet, born.
Kean, Charles John, actor, born.
Kemble, Frances Anne, actor, born.
Kinglake, Alexander William, historian, b.
Leyden, John, poet, orientalist, Scot., A36.
Liddell, Henry Geo., classical schol., hist., b.
Lowe, Robert, statesman, born.
Maskelyne, Nevil, astronomer, A79.
McCosh, James, metaphysician, Scot., b.
Maclise, Daniel, hist, painter, Ireland, b.
Newcastle, Duke of, Henry Pelham Clinton,
statesman, born.
Percy, Thomas, bishop of Dromore,au., A 82.
Raikes, Robert, fdr. Sunday-schools, A86.
Simpson, Sir James Young, phys., Scot., b.
Scott, Sir George Gilbert, architect, born.
Tait, Archibald Campbell, archbishop of
Canterbury, born.
CHURCH.
1808* *The London Society for Pro-
moting Christianity among the Jews
is formed.
1810 * * The Primitive Methodists are
organized.
* * The Swedenborg Society is founded.
LETTERS.
1807-34 Irish Melodies, by Thomas
Moore, appears. [1813, The Twopenny
Postbag.]
1808 * * A mineralogy professorship is
founded at Cambridge.
1808-81 London. The Examiner is is-
sued.
1809 Feb. * London.
Review is issued.
The Quarterly
* * Cmlebs in Search of a Wife, by Han-
nah More, appears. [1813, Christian
Morals.]
* * Scot. Gertrude of Wyoming , by
Thomas Campbell, appears.
1810 * * Scot. Philosophical Essays, by
Dugald Stewart, appears.
* * Scot. History of the Revolution of 1688
and Progress of Ethical Philosophy , by
Sir James Mackintosh, appear.
* * London. Baptist CoUege, Regent's
Park, is founded.
* * The Friend, by Coleridge, appears.
[1813, Remorse, a tragedy ; 1816, Christa-
bel and Kubla Khan; 1817, Biographia
Literaria.]
* * Scot. The Edinburgh Encyclopedia,
edited by Sir David Brewster, is begun.
* * Poems, by Allan Cunningham, appears.
1811 * * Training-schools are begun by
the National Society.
* * Sense and Sensibility, by Jane Austen,
appears. [1813, Pride and Prejudice;
1814, Mansfield Park; 1816, Emma; 1818,
Northanger Abbey and Persuasion.]
1811-25 London. The British Revieio is
issued.
SOCIETY.
1807 * * The Government reports that
since 1702 more than 3,500,000 Africans
have been torn from their country as
slaves, and had either perished on the
passage or been sold as slaves in the
West Indies.
* * London. The African Institution,
for the abolition of the slave-trade and
the civilization of Africa, is founded.
* * London. The Female Penitentiary,
Pentonville Road, is established.
1808 May 23. Riots occur among
weavers on account of low wages.
June 25. Major Campbell kills Capt.
Boyd in a duel. [Oct. 2. Executed.]
* * The death penalty for pickpockets
stealing to the value of five shillings is
abolished. [1809. Also for stealing
goods from bleaching-grounds.]
1809 Jan. * The Duke of York, com-
mander-in-chief, is charged with gross-
est indecency in connection with Mrs.
Mary Ann Clarke ; sales of commission
by her, the Duke's mistress, are alleged.
June 27. A quarrel between a party of
dragoons and a press-gang occasions a
riot in Liverpool.
Sept. 18-Dec. 16. London. The O. P.
(old prices) riots occur in the new Co-
vent Garden Theater ; they are caused by
the increased prices of admission, and
cease only when the old prices are re-
stored.
Sept. 21. Lord Castle reagh wounds
George Canning in a duel.
Oct. 25. The nation celebrates the 50th
year of the reign of George III. by a
jubilee.
* * A sheriffs' fund for assisting dis-
charged prisoners commenced.
1810 Sept. 6. Mr. Clarke kills George
Payne in a duel.
* * Edinburgh. An asylum for the deaf
and dumb is opened by T. Braidwood.
* * Henry Duncan establishes the Parish
Bank Friendly Society.
1811 Mar. 4. Ensign de Balton kills
Capt. Boardman in a duel.
Nov.* -12 Jan.* Machinery-frame
breaking riots occur at Nottingham.
Caused by popular opposition to the
introduction of labor-saving machinery ;
the rioters are called Luddites, from Ned
Lud, an idiot, who began the practice.
[The act is made a capital offense.]
1812 Mar. 16. London. William Cun-
dell, alias Connell, and John Smith,
British subjects, taken in the enemy's
service in the Isles of France and Bour-
bon, are beheaded at Horsemonger
Lane.
STATE.
1808 July* -Nov.* The Walcheren
expedition, sent to Antwerp to destroy
the locks and shipping, fails ; the fail-
ure causes a rupture between Lord Cas-
tlereagh and Canning, and both resign.
Aug. 30. Port. The Convention of
Cintra (p. 717).
Nov. 5. Ger. The Convention of Ber-
lin is entered.
Napoleon agrees to remit war-debt
money to Prussia in order to withdraw
troops from Prussian fortresses to reen-
force his army in Spain.
1809 Mar. 17. The Duke of York,
son of King George, commander-in-chief
of the army, is acquitted by the House
of Commons after trial by impeachment
on charges of maladministration of his
office.
Apr. 9. Great Britain and Austria form
the fifth coalition against France.
Apr. * A new Order in Council is issued
confining the blockade to France, Hol-
land, part of Germany, and the north of
Italy.
Dec. 2. A new administration is formed :
Spencer Perceval, premier; the Earl
of Liverpool, secretary of state ; and
Lord Palmerston, secretary of war.
* * A general militia act for Ireland is
1810 Apr. 9. Sir Francis Burdett,
member of the Commons, is committed
to the Tower for publishing a letter
denying the authority of the House to
imprison for the Gale-Jones case of
breach of privilege. [A three days' riot
follows.]
Oct. * The king becomes insane.
Dec* Ind. Ocean. Mauritius is ac-
quired.
1811 Feb. 5. Parliament : The Re-
gency Bill is passed, making the Prince
of Wales regent of the United ,King-
dom.
Feb. 6. The prince regent takes the
oaths before a privy council. [Perceval
continues premier.]
* * London. Sir Claudius S. Hunter is
elected lord mayor. [1812. George Scho-
ley; 1813, Sir William Domville; 1814,
Samuel Birch; 1815, 1816, Matthew
Wood; 1817, Christopher Smith.]
* * The Mint is finished.
1812 Feb. 19. Marquis Wellesley (for-
eign affairs) resigns because the Govern-
ment does not prosecute the war with
vigor. [Castlereagh succeeds him.]
Apr. 3. An Order in Council revokes
previous orders regarding America on
condition that British armed vessels are
not excluded from her ports while those
of France are admitted.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1808 Aug. 4. The Corn Exchange at
Liverpool is opened.
* * London. Covent Garden Theater
is burned. [1809. Sept. 18. Rebuilt and
reopened.]
1809 Feb. 11. London. Three West
India warehouses burned ; loss, £300,000.
* * Manchester and Salford water-works
are established at Manchester.
* *The Royal Exchange, Liverpool, is
completed.
1810 Feb. 11. St. Nicholas Tower,
Liverpool, falls, killing 28 persons.
Mar. 9. London. The city is rendered
impassable for several hours by a heavy
rain.
Dec. * A great commercial embarrass-
ment occurs.
936 1812, Apr. 14-1815, *
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1812 May 22. Capt. Hotham, with the
Northumberland, captures and destroys
two French frigates near L'Orient.
June 18-1815 Feb. 17. War with the
United States (pp. 118-123).
July 22. Sp. Battle of Salamanca.
Wellington, with 45,000 men, defeats
the French Marshal Marmont, with
ahout the same number; allies' loss,
5,200 killed and wounded ; French loss,
14,000±.
Aug. 12. Sp. Wellington enters Ma-
drid.
Sept. 19-Oct. 21. Sp. Wellington
unsuccessfully besieges the Castle of
Burgos, losing 2,000 men killed and
wounded.
* * Non-commissioned officers and pri-
vates of the lioyal Engineers get the
name of Sappers and Miners.
1813 Feb. 7. In an engagement with
a French frigate the British frigate
Amelia loses 46 men killed and 95
wounded.
June 21. Sp. Battle of Vittoria.
Wellington, with an army of 80,000, de-
feats 70,000 French under Joseph Bona-
parte and Jourdan ; the loss of the
French is enormous ; besides 6,000 killed
and wounded, they lose their military
chest" containing £1,100,000, also 151 brass
guns, and a vast quantity of ammuni-
tion ; British loss, 5,180 killed and
wounded.
July 25-Aug. 2. Sp. Battles of the
Pyrenees between the British under
Wellington and the French under Soult ;
the British are generally successful ; the
French retreat to France.
Aug. 31. Sp. The British take Saint
Sebastian (p. 720).
Oct. 23. The French frigate La Trave,
44 guns, is captured by the Andromache,
38 guns.
Oct. 31. Sp. The Spaniards capture
Pamplona and its garrison of 4,000 men.
Nov. 18. Fr. Wellington crosses the
river Nivelle, driving the French be-
fore him, and takes up his position at
St. Jean de Luz. [Dec. 10, 11, 12. He
resists the attacks of Marshal Soult.]
1814 Jan. 6. The British ship Tagus
captures the French frigate Ceres.
Jan. 16. The British ship Venerable
captures the French frigates Alcmene
and Iphigenia.
Feb. 3. The Majestic captures the
French frigate Terpsichore.
Feb. 25. The Dryad and Achates cap-
ture the French ship Clorinde after an
action with the Eurotas.
Feb. 27. Fr. Battle of Orthez.
Wellington with 37,000 men defeats
35,000 French under Marshal Soult;
French loss, 3,900 killed, wounded, ana
prisoners ; British loss, 2,300.
Mar. 20. Fr. Wellington defeats
Soult at Tarbes.
Mar. 27. The Hebrus captures the
French frigate L'Etoile.
Apr. 10. Fr. Battle of Toulouse; 51,-
000 allies defeat 138,000 French (p. 720).
* * The British navy numbers 901 ships,
177 of the line.
1814-15 E. I. The Goorkha war. (See
India.)
1815 Mar. 13 June 22. The Hun-
dred Days* War (p. 722).
' It is caused by the escape of Napoleon
from Elba, March 13, and his resump-
tion of the government of France. Eng-
land and her allies renew hostilities
against him.
June 16. Belg. Battle of Quatre-Bras
(p. 722).
June 18. Belg. Battle of Waterloo
(p. 722).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1812 * * London. Hannibal Crossing the
Alps is exhibited by Joseph M. W.
Turner, at the Royal Academy.
Aug. 12. The Plymouth breakwater
is begun ; length, 5,280 feet ; base, 360
feet across.
* * Scot. Steam-vessels begin to ply on
the Clyde. [1815. First steam-vessel on
the Thames.]
± * * J. W. Ritter constructs his " sec-
ondary pile."
1813 * * London. The Philharmonic
Society is established. [Mar. 8. First
concert.]
* * Davy exhibits the voltaic arc.
* * The Antiquarian Society is estab-
lished at Newcastle.
* * The first locomotive or traveling en-
gine is made by William Hedley of
Wylam Colliery, as a substitute for
animal power in a colliery.
* * London. Marylebone Church is
commenced by Hardwick.
1814 Feb. 4. London. Ice forms on
the Thames above the bridges [and a
fair is held thereon for eight days].
June 1. London. Mrs. Dorothy Bland
Jordan makes her last appearance as
Lady Teazle.
Nov. 29. London. The Times, the first
newspaper printed by steam-power, is-
sues 1,200 copies per hour.
Dec. 16-17. A terrific storm sweeps
over Great Britain and Ireland ; im-
mense damage is done, and many ships
wrecked.
Dec. 20. Wm. Charles Macready, the
tragedian, makes his first appearance at
Bath as Borneo.
* * John Martin's painting, Joshua, is
completed. [1818, Fall of Babylon; 1821,
Belshazzar's Feast; 1826, The Deluge;
1828, Fall of Nineveh.]
* * Scot. The kaleidoscope is suggested
by David Brewster. [1817. Perfected.]
1814-20 London. Gas-light is gener-
ally introduced.
* * The Columbian printing-press of
Clymer is produced.
* * George Stephenson constructs his
first locomotive; it travels six miles
an hour.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1812 Feb. 7 Dickens, Charles, nov., b.
Allman, Geo. James, zoologist, b.
Ballantine, William, lawyer, born.
Browning, Robert, poet, born.
Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd, hist., born.
Canning, Earl, Charles John, states., b.
Dalhousie, first Marquis of, James A. 15. R.,
statesman, born.
Donaldson, John William, philologist, born.
Ellis, Sarah Stickney, author, born.
Fullerton, Lady Georgiana, novelist, born.
Hullah, John, musical composer, Scot., born.
Kirwan. Richard, chemist, geol., Ire., A62.
Latham, Robert Gordon, philologist, born.
Linton, William James, engraver, born.
Lindsay, Lord, Alexander W. Crawford,
traveler, born.
Mackay, Charles, poet, Scotland, born.
Malone, Edmund, Shakespearean commenta-
tor, author, Ireland, A71.
Martyn, Henry, Indian miss., orient., A31.
Perceval, Spencer, statesman, A50.
Prestwlch, Joseph, geologist, born.
Pugin, August in Welby Northmore, arch., b.
Selborne, Lord, Sir Roundell Palmer, states-
man, born.
Tooke, John Home, politician, philol., A76.
Walter, John, founder London Times, A73.
Wornum, Ralph Nicholson, art-critic, born.
Yonge, Charles Duke, philologist, born.
1813 * * Aytoun, William E., poet, Scot., b.
Bessemer, Henry, engineer, inventor of
Bessemer-steel process, born.
Birch, Samuel, Egyptologist, born.
Carpenter, William Benjamin, physiol.,b.
Fortune, Robert, botanist, born.
Gascoigne, Caroline Leigh, novelist, born.
Levizac, Sir John, math., natural phil., b.
Livingstone, David, African explorer,
missionary, Scotland, born.
Macfarren, George Alexander, composer, b.
MacCheyne, Robert Murray, cl., Scot., born.
Pitman, Isaac, author stenography, born.
Marshall, William Calder, sculptor, Scot., b.
Murray, Alexander, linguist, Scot., A38.
Robertson, James C, cl., historian, born.
Scrivener, Frederick Henry, Bib. critic, b.
Sharp, Granville, philanthropist, A79.
Thomas, John, sculptor, born.
Torrens, William T. M., author, Ireland, b.
Tytler, Alex. Fraser, jurist, hist., Scot., A66.
Wyatt, James, architect, A70.
1814 * * Astley, Philip, equestrian, A72.
Auckland, Lord, William, statesman, born.
Bramah, Joseph, mechanician, A65.
Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, Angela Geor-
gina, philanthropist, born.
Burney, Charles, composer, author, A88.
Coke, Thomas, first bishop of M. E. Church,
U. S. A., A67.
De Vere, Aubrey Thomas, poet, Ireland, b.
Dibdin, Charles, song-writer, A69
Eadie, John, Pres. clergyman, author, born.
Elmes, Harvey Lonsdale, architect, born.
Faber, Frederick W., R. C. cl., poet, au.,b.
Gilbert, Josiah, painter, author, born.
Howe, Sir William, general, A85.
Inglis, Sir John Eardley Wilmot, maj.-gen.,b.
Kerr, Robert, mis. writer, Scotland, born.
Lankester, Edwin, phys., botanist, author, b.
Lawes, Sir John Bennett, rural economist, b.
Maskell, William, areheologist, born.
Ogilvie, John, poet, Scot., A81.
Paget, Sir James, physician, born.
Ramsay, Andrew Crombie, geologist, born.
Reade, Charles, novelist, born.
Smith, Sir William, classical scholar, jour-
nalist, author, born.
Southcott, Joanna, fanatic, A64.
1815 * * Absolon, John, painter, born.
Barker, Thomas Jones, painter, born.
Bird, Golding. physician, physicist, born.
Buchanan, Claudius, clergyman, writer, d.
Burke, Sir John Bernard, genealogist, born.
Clarke, Henry, philologist, engineer, born.
Corbould, Edward Henry, water-color p., b.
Darling, Grace, of Fame Island, heroine, b.
Ellis, George, author, A70.
Eyre, Edward John, explorer, diplomatist, b.
Forbes, Edward, naturalist, born.
Frere, Sir Henry Bartle Edward, states., b.
Fuller, Andrew, Baptist preacher, au., A 61.
Granville, Earl, George Leveson-Gower,
statesman, bom.
Holl, Francis, engraver, born.
Jenner, Sir William, physician, author, b.
Legge, James, sinologist, Chinese scholar,
Scotland, born.
Maguire, John Francis, author, Ireland, b.
May, Thomas Erskine, historian, born.
Mitchel, John, patriot, historian, journal-
ist, Ireland, born.
Quekett, John Thomas, microscopist, nat., b.
Rawlinson, George, hist., orient., theol., b.
Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, dean of West-
minster, litterateur, bom.
Trollope, Anthony, novelist, born.
Wallace, William Vincent, composer, Ire.,b.
CHURCH.-
1812 * * Scot. The Congregational
Union is organized.
* * The City of London Auxiliary Bible
Society is formed.
* * The name of the Society for Africa
and the East is changed to the " Church
Missionary Society." A year elapses
before the society receives a " verbal,
indirect non-disapproval on the part of
AND IRELAND.
1812, Apr. 14-1815, * * 937
a bishop, and many years before any
clergyman of the Church of England
offers his services to the Society.
1813-28. Parliament: Bills in favor of
the Roman Catholics are frequently
brought in without effect.
1813 * * An Act is passed to exempt Uni-
tarians from penalties.
1814 Jan. 13. National thanksgiv-
ing is ordered for the defeat of Bona-
parte.
June 22. London. Prayer -meetings
for seamen on the Thames are estab-
lished, the first on the brig Friendship.
July 7. The three estates of the realm
unite to offer public thanksgiving at
St. Paul's for the peace of Europe.
* * Bishoprics established. Calcutta.
[1824, Jamaica and Barbados.]
1815 * * The Bible Christian Society
(Methodist) is founded by William
O'Bryan.
LETTERS.
1812 * * The Royal Military College is
removed from Great Marlow to Sand-
hurst.
* * The Roxburghe Club, in memory of
John, Duke of Roxburghe, is instituted
by Earl Spencer for the republication of
rare books or unpublished MSS.
* * The Liverpool Literary and Philo-
sophical Society is established.
* * Count Julian, by Landor, appears.
* * Scot. Isle of Palms, by John Wilson,
appears. [1816, City of the Plague.]
* * Calamities of Authors, by Isaac D'ls-
raeli, appears. [1814, Quarrels of Au-
thors.]
* * Rejected Addresses, by James and Hor-
ace Smith, appears.
* * Domestic Affections, by Mrs. Felicia
Dorothea Browne Hemans. appears.
1812-18 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, by
Byron, appears.
[1813, The Giaour and The Bride of
Abydos : 1814, The Corsair and Lara;
1815, Siege of Corinth and Parisina;
1816, Prisoner of Chillon and other
poems ; 1816, Manfred ; 1819, Mazeppa,
and the beginning of Don Juan; 1821,
Cain and other dramas.]
1813 * * Robert Sputhey is appointed
poet-laureate.
* * The Eclectic Review is issued.
* * Life of Nelson, by Southey, appears.
[1814, Roderick, the Last of the Goths.]
* * Researches into the Physical History of
Man, by James Qowles Prichard, ap-
pears.
* * Scot. The Queen's Wake, by James
Hogg, appears.
* * Queen Mab, by Shelley, appears.
1814 * * The Royal Institution, Liver-
pool, is founded.
* * Le Chronique de Jersey is issued.
* * London. The New Monthly Magazine
is issued.
* * Ire. Patronage, by Maria Edgeworth,
appears. [1817, Ormond.]
* * Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon
Bonaparte, by Richard Whately , appears.
* * The Excursion, by Wordsworth, ap-
pears.
[1815, The White Doe of Rylstone, and
other poems ; 1816, Thanksgiving Ode ;
1819, Peter Bell and The Waggoner.]
* * Scot. Evidences of Christianity, by
Thomas Chalmers, appears. [1817, As-
tronomical Discoveries ; 1820, Commer-
cial Discoveries.]
* * Scot. Waverley and The Lord of the
Isles, by Scott, appear.
;1815, Guy Mannering and The Field.
Waterloo; 1816, The Antiquary, Old
Mortality, and The Black Dwarf; 1817.
Harold the Dauntless ; 1818, The Heart of
Mid-Lothian; 1819, The Bride of Lammer-
mocr and the Legend of Montrose; 1820,
Ivanhoe, The Monastery, and the Abbot ;
1821, Kenilworth; 1822, The Pirate and
Fortunes of Nigel ; 1823, Peveril of the
Peak and Quentin Durward ; 1824, Red-
gauntlet ana St. Ronan's Well.]
SOCIETY.
1812 Apr. 14. Rioters at Sheffield de-
stroy 800 muskets belonging to the local
militia.
May 11. Spencer Perceval, the prime
minister, is assassinated at the House
of Commons.
Oct. 7. Lieut. Stewart kills Lieut. Bag-
nal in a duel.
* * The Dublin Institution is founded.
* * Titles created :
Marquises of Northampton and Camden,
Earl of Harewood. [1813, Earl of Minto;
1814, Duke of Cathcart, Viscount of Gordon,
and Baron of Wellington; 1815, Earls of Ver-
ulam, St. Germains, and Morley, Marquises
of Anglesey and Cholmondeley, Dukes of
Beauchamp, Brownlow, and Bradford, and
Barons Foxford, Grimstead, Meldrum,
Churchill, and Harris; 1816, Viscount of
Exmouth; 1817, Baron Colchester; 1821, Earls
of Horve and Stradbroke, Marquis of Ails-
bury, Duke of Eldon, Viscount of Hutchin-
son and Barons Clanbrassil, Forester, Dela-
mere, Rayleigh, Wernyss, Minster, Silchester,
Oriel, Ormonde, and Ker.]
* * Ire. Titles created, Barons Castle-
raaine and Decies. [1816, Earl Sheffield,
Marquises of Londonderry and Conyn-
ham, and Viscounts Gort and Frankfort ;
1818, Baron Garvagh.]
* *The National Benevolent Institu-
tion, for granting pensions to decayed
gentry, and to professional people,
teachers, and others in reduced circum-
stances, is established. [1859. Incorpo-
rated.]
1813 July 9. Edward Maguire kills
Lieut. Blumdell in a duel. [1814 Apr.*
Lieut. Cecil kills Capt. Stackpole.]
* * London. The London Orphan Asy-
lum is founded. [1823. Removed to
Clapton.]
* * The waltz is introduced from Ger-
many by Baron Neumann and others.
1813-15 London. Whitecross Street
prison for debtors is erected.
1814 Aug. 1. A jubilee celebrates
the general peace and the centenary of
the accession of the Brunswick family.
Dec. 16+ . Dublin. A riot occurs at the
Theater Royal on account of the cele-
brated Dog of Montargis on several
nights.
* * Luddite riots occur at Nottingham.
[1816. More riots.]
1815 Jan. 31. Daniel O'Connell kills
Mr. D'Esterre in a duel.
Feb. 7. Col. Quentin and Col. Palmer
fight a duel.
Mar. 6. London. A riot occurs around
the Parliament House on account of the
corn-bill ; many lives are lost.
Apr. 6. A riot occurs at the depot at
Dartmoor ; seven American prisoners-of-
war are killed and 35 wounded.
STATE.
1812 June 9. The Earl of Liverpool
is appointed premier. [Lords Eldon,
Palmerston, and Castlereagh, and N.
Vansittart are ministers.]
June 18. The United States declares
war against Great Britain (p. 119).
June 23. The Orders in Council relat-
ing to blockade are unconditionally sus-
pended in regard to America.
July 6. A treaty of peace is concluded
with Sweden.
Nov. 24. Parliament meets. [1818.
June 10. Dissolved.]
* *The "fertile belt" in Hudson Bay
territory is settled by Lord Selkirk.
* * An Act is passed that bankrupt
members of the House of Commons
not paying their debts shall vacate
their seats.
1813 Mar. 3. Swe. The Treaty of
Stockholm is concluded with Sweden.
July 8. Hung. The Convention of
Peterwardein is entered by England
and Russia against France.
July* Parliament: An Act is passed
opening trade with India.
Aug. 26. Ire. Earl Whitworth is ap-
pointed lord-lieutenant.
Oct. 3. Bohemia. The Treaty of Tep-
litz, forming an alliance between Great
Britain and Austria, is signed (p. 521).
Oct. 4.-23 Jan. 13. Ind. LordMoira,
Marquis Hastings, is governor-general.
1814 Jan. 14. Prus. The Treaty of
Kiel is entered by Great Britain, Swe-
den, and Denmark (p. 639).
Mar. 9. Fr. The Treaty of Chaumont
is concluded between Great Britain,
Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
Apr. 11. Fr. Napoleon abdicates.
May 3. Wellington is created a duke,
and is accorded a grant of £13,000 and
an additional grant of £400,000.
May 30. Fr. The Treaty of Paris is
concluded between Great Britain and
her allies, and Napoleon (p. 721).
June 28. H. L. The Duke of Welling-
ton first appears in the House.
Aug. 13. S. Afr. Cape Colony, is
finally ceded to England.
Sept. 30. Aust. The Congress of Vi-
enna holds its first meeting.
It assembles for the general settlement
of the affairs of Europe, and is attended
by representatives from most of the Eu-
ropean nations (p. 721).
Dec. 24. Belg. The Peace of Ghent
is concluded with the United States
(p. 123).
1815 Mar. 23. The Treaty of Vienna
is signed by Great Britain, Austria, Rus-
sia, and Prussia (p. 521).
Sept. 26. Paris. The Convention of
the Holy Alliance is concluded (p. 521).
Nov. 9. Aust. A formal treaty is con-
cluded and signed at the Congress of
Vienna.
Nov. 20. Fr. The Second Peace of
Paris is concluded between France and
Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and
Prussia (p. 723).
MISCELLANEOUS.
1814 * * London. Great improvements
commenced under the direction of Mr.
Nash in Regent's Park. The Park
consists of about 450 acres ; within it
are the gardens of the Zoological Society
and the Royal Botanical Society.
* * Scot. There are five steam-vessels
in operation.
* * Wellington-rooms at Liverpool are
erected.
* * Edinburgh. A savings institution
is opened.
1815 Oct 25. Ire. The interior of the
cathedral of Waterford is'destroyed by
fire.
938 1815,**-1819,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1816 Jan. 31. Ire. The Lord Melville
and the Boadicea, transports, are lost
near Kinsale ; but few men escape.
July 28. A fleet under Lord Exmouth
is sent to the Mediterranean to chastise
the pirates of the Barbary States.
Aug. 27. Afr. Battle of Algiers <p. 8).
Sept. * Several regiments of light dra-
goons are armed with lances, and get the
name Lancers.
Nov. 10. The LTarpooner transport is
wrecked near Newfoundland ; 200 per-
sons are lost.
1817 * * E. I. "War with the Pinda-
rees. (See India.)
1818 Jan. * Ind. Peace prevails.
1819 * * S. Afr. "War with the Kafirs
(p. 597).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1815 * * London. The prince regent pur-
chases the Phigalian Marbles for the
British Museum. Portions of the frieze
of the temple of Apollo Epicurus at Phi-
galia in Arcadia comprise the collec-
tion.
* * Distraining for Rent is a painting by
Wilkie.
* * Building of Carthage is painted by
Turner. [1817. Decline of Carthage.]
* * Wollaston improves the voltaic bat-
tery.
* * Davy's safety-lamp appears; the
flame is enclosed with wire meshes.
* * Edinburgh. Nelson's monument is
completed!
* * The first steamer is built in England.
* * The first steam -vessel on the Thames
is brought by Mr. Dodd from Glasgow.
* *The "Geordy" safety-lamp is in-
vented by George Stephenson, engineer.
1816 * * The electric telegraph, with
index and clock-work, is invented by
SiT Francis Ronalds.
* * Iron ships are constructed.
* * London. The Government purchases
the Elgin Marbles for £35,000, and
places them in the Museum. (See 1802.)
* * Stereo plates are employed in book-
printing by James Watt.
* * London. The statue of Charles James
Fox is erected in Bloomsbury Square.
* *The Albion printing-press is intro-
duced.
1817 Feb. 12. Junius Brutus Booth
makes his first appearance.
June 18. London. The Waterloo
Bridge, completed by John Rennie, is
opened. Length, 1,242 feet ; width, 42
feet ; and the span of each of the nine
arches, 120 feet ; cost, £475,000.
* * The Nelson pillar, a fluted column
140 feet in height, is erected at Yar-
mouth.
* * Lithography is introduced. (Par-
tially known since 1801.)
* *The hydraulic press is invented by
Joseph Bramah (or 1796).
* * Sir William Cubitt of Ipswich invents
the treadmill for prisoners. The first
is erected at Brixton jail.
1818 May 3. Capt. Sir John Boss
and Lieut. Win. Edward Parry sail from
Shetland in the Isabella and Alexander
in search of a Northwest Passage.
Nov. 2. The Royal Institution is
opened at Liverpool. [1822. Incorpo-
rated.]
* * Capt. David Buchan's and Lieut. Sir
John Franklin's polar expedition in
the Dorothea and Trent sails. [It fails.]
* * London. The Institution of Civil
Engineers is organized. [1828. Char-
tered.]
* * Edinburgh. Victoria (Coburg) Theater
is opened.
± * * Loudon Macadam's improved roads
are introduced.
* * Steam is first used for warming houses.
1819 Feb. * London. The Hunterian
Society (surgical) is organized.
Mar. 24. London. Southwark Bridge is
opened.
May 4. Lieuts. Parry and Liddon sail in
the Hecla and Griper on a polar ex-
pedition. [1820. Nov. 3. Return.]
June 20. The Savannah, the first trans-
atlantic steamer, arrives at Liverpool
(p. 126).
June* About 5,000 acres are deluged in
the Fen countries.
* * Subcarbonate of soda is employed in
photography as a fixing medium by
Sir John Herschel.
* * The Cambridge Philosophical Society
is established. [1832. Chartered.]
* * Engraving on soft steel, which is
afterwards to be hardened, is introduced
by Perkins and Heath of Philadelphia,
tf. S. A.
* * London. St. Pancras Church is com-
menced by William Inwood. [1822. Com-
pleted.]
* * Babylon, a painting by Martin, is com-
pleted.
1819-22 Franklin's second expedition
visits the Arctic Sea.
* * The publication of the maps made by
the trigonometrical surveyors of Eng-
land is commenced. [1862. Completed.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1816 July 7. Sheridan, Richard Brlns-
ley, poet, dramatist, orator, statesman,
Ireland, A65.
Aguilar, Grace, novelist, born.
Bailey, Philip James, poet, born.
Bennett, Sir William, pianist, composer, b.
Bronte, Charlotte, novelist, born.
Caird, James, agriculturist, born.
Courtenay, John, statesman, au., Ire., A75.
Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan, patriot, statesman,
journalist, author, Ireland, born.
Ferguson, Adam, historian, moral philoso-
pher, Scotland, A92.
Gilbert, Joseph Henry, chemist, born.
Gull, Sir William, physician, born.
Hamilton, Elizabeth, author, Ireland, A58.
Hargraves, Edmund Hammond, traveler, dis-
cover gold-fields, born.
Hood, Viscount Samuel, admiral, A96.
Hooker, Joseph D., physician, botanist., b.
MacCabe, Edward, cardinal, Ireland, born.
Molesworth, William Nassau, cl., hist., b.
Prevost, Sir George, general, A49.
Quain, Richard, physician, born.
Robertson, Frederick, W., lecturer, born.
Ryle, John Charles, bishop, author, born.
Smiles, Samuel, journalist, au., Scot., b.
Smith, Albert, novelist, humorist, born.
Stanhope, Earl of, Charles, statesman, in-
ventor, author, A63.
Thomson, James, civil engineer, born.
Ward, Edward Matthew, painter, born.
1817 * * Armitage, Edward, painter, born.
Austen, Jane, novelist, A42.
Brown, Samuel, poet, chemist, Scot., born.
Charlotte Augusta, Princess, daughter of
George IV., A21.
Cook, Eliza, poet, born.
Curran, John Philpot, ora., states., Ire., A67.
Duckworth, Sir John T., admiral, A69.
Edgeworth, Richard L., author, Ire., A73.
Gilbert, Sir John, painter, born.
Helps, Sir Arthur, essayist, dramatist, born.
Holycake, (Jeorge Jacob, agitator, born.
Horner, Francis, political economist, states-
man, A 39.
Layard, Sir Austen Henry, trav., dip., born.
Leech, John, artist, caricaturist, born.
Lewes, George Henry, author, born.
Miller, William Allen, chemist, born.
Taylor, Tom. dramatist, born.
1818 Aug. 22. Hastings, Warren,
statesman, A85.
Bain, Alexander, logician, philosopher,
author, Scotland, born.
Brunton, May Balfour, novelist, A40.
Denman, Thomas 'physician, A85.
Drew, Mrs. John.,'Louisa Jane), actor, b.
Ellenborough, Lord. Edward Law, chief jus-
tice, A68.
Forster, William Edward, statesman, born.
Foley, John Henry, sculptor, born.
Froude, James Anthony, historian, born.
Joule, James P., physicist, born.
Lewis, Matthew Gregory, nov., dram., A43.
Macneil, Hector, poet, Scotland, A72.
Mason, George Hemming, painter, born.
Northcote, Sir Stafford Henry, Earl of
Iddesleigh, statesman, born.
Palmer, John, projector mail-coaches, A76.
Reid, Capt. Mayne, novelist, Ireland, born.
Romilly, Sir Samuel, jurist, statesman, Abl.
Smith, Robert Payne, orientalist, born.
Stirling-Maxwell, Win., hist., pol., Scot., b.
Vaux, William Sandys Wright, orientalist, b.
Wilson, George, chemist, physician, Scot., b.
Wolcott, John, "Peter Pindar," painter,
satirist, A81.
1819 * * Adams, John Couch, astronomer, b.
Albert, Prince, of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,
husband of Victoria, born.
Brydone, Patrick, traveler, Scot, born.
Cairns, Lord, Hugh McCalmont, lawyer,
' orator, statesman, Ireland, born.
Clough, Arthur Hugh, poet, born.
Edwards, Sir Herbert Benjamin, general, b.
Eraser, Alexander Campbell, metaphysician,
Scotland, born.
George William Frederick Charles, Duke
of Cambridge, son of George III., com-
mander-in-chief, born.
Henfrey, Arthur, botanist, born.
Hook, James Clark, painter, born.
Kingsley, Charles, cl., novelist, author, b.
Lejaune, Henry, painter, born.
Lewes, Mary Ann Evans, George Eliot,
novelist, born.
McClintock, Sir Francis Leopold, arctic ex-
plorer, born.
Playfair, John, physicist, mathematician,
Scotland, A71.
Ruskin, John, art critic, poet, author, b.
Salmon, George, mathematician, Ireland, b.
Shairp, John Campbell, scholar, religious
writer, Scotland, born.
Stokes, George Gabriel, mathematician, b.
Watt, James, engineer, inventor (steam-
engine), A83.
CHURCH.
1815+ * * Bishops elected :
1815. Henry Ryder for Gloucester and
Bristol. [1824. Translated to Lichfield.]
1819, Herbert Marsh for Peterborough; 1820,
William Carey for Exeter. [1840. Mar. *
Translated to St. Asaph] and George Prety-
man Tomline for Winchester; 1824, Chris-
topher Bethell for Gloucester and Bristol.
[1830. Translated to Exeter.]
* * The General Baptist Missionary So-
ciety is formed.
1817 * * The London Association in aid
of Moravian Missions is formed.
1818 Feb. 6. The Church Building
Society is established.
Mar. 18. The Port of London Society,
for preaching the gospel to seamen on a
floating ship, is organized.
* * Parliament votes £1,000,000 for church
erections.
1819 Nov. 12. London. The Bethel
Union Society is organized.
* *The Home Missionary Society is
organized.
* * London. The Poultry Chapel is
erected on the site of the Poultry Comp-
ter.
LETTERS.
1815 * * Scot. Infant schools are first
opened at New Lanark.
* * Caius Gracchus, by James Sheridan
Knowles, appears. [1820, Virginius.]
1816* * London. The Asiatic Journal
is issued.
* * Alastor, by Shelley, appears.
[1817, Revolt of Islam ; 1819, Prometheus
Unbound and 'The dnci; 1821, Adonais
and Epipsychidion.]
* * A Story of Rimini, by Leigh Hunt, ap-
pears.
* * Dictionary of English SynonymeSf by
George Crabbe", appears.
1817 * * Edinburgh. The Scotsman is is-
sued ; also Blackivood 's Magazine.
* * Principles of Political Economy and
Taxation, by David Ricardo, appears.
AND IRELAND.
1815,**-1819,
93&
* * Modern Greece, by Mrs. Heinans, ap-
pears. [1823, The Voice of Spring, Ves-
pers of Palermo, and other lyrics ; 1826,
The Forest Sanctuary and other poems ;
1828, The Records of Women.]
* * Lalla Itookh, by Moore, appears. [1825,
Life of Sheridan; 1827, The Epicurean.]
* * Ire. Burial of Sir John Moore, by
Rev. Charles Wolfe, appears.
* * Paris in 1815, by George Croly, ap-
pears. [1822, Catiline.]
* * Poems, by John Keats, appears. [1818,
Endymion; 1820, Hyperion and other
poems.]
* * Characters of Shakespeare's Plays, by
"William Hazli'tt, appears. [1818, A View
of the English Stage and English Poets;
1819, English Comic Writers; 1821, Dra-
matic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth
and Table Talk; i825, Spirit of the Age;
1826, Plain Speaker; 1828-30, Life of Na-
poleon.]
1817-26 Edinburgh. The Scot's Maga-
zine is changed to the Edinburgh Maga-
zine.
1817-45 The Encyclopedia Metropoli-
tana appears.
1817-62 The Literary Gazette is issued.
1818* * London. Infant schools are
first opened.
* * View of the State of Europe During
the Middle Ages, by Henry Hallam, ap-
pears. [1827, Constitutional History of
England.]
* * Frankenstein, by Mrs. Shelley (Mary
Wollstonecraft Godwin), appears. [1823,
Valperga ; 1826, The Last Man.]
* * A Grammar of the English Language,
by William Cobbett, appears.
1819 * * London. The Egyptian So-
ciety, the Cambridge Philosophical
Society, and the Hunterian Society
are founded. [1832. The last is char-
tered.]
1819-68 The Christian Remembrancer is
issued.
* * Tales of the Hall, by George Crabbe,
appears.
1819-30 History of England, by John
Lingard, appears.
SOCIETY.
1815 * * Horrible cruelties in the Beth-
lehem lunatic hospital are exposed.
* * An asylum opened for deaf and dumb
children is founded at Birmingham by
T. Braidwood.
* * The Prison Discipline Society is es-
tablished for the improvement of jails,
the classification and employment of the
prisoners, and the prevention of crime.
* * Loose trousers begin to be worn in
place of "breeches."
1816 Mar. 10. The Blanket meeting
at Manchester is suppressed by the mil-
itary.
Mar. 15. A child ten years of age is un-
der sentence of death for shop-lifting.
May 2. The Princess Charlotte mar-
ries Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg.
May 22. A riot of fen men occurs at
Littleport, Ely, and elsewhere.
June 27. London. Milbank prison re-
ceives convicts as a penitentiary.
Dec. 2. The Watch and "Ward Act is
enforced because of riotous weavers at
Nottingham.
London. Popular meetings take place
at Spa-fields ; the shops of the gunsmiths
are attacked for arms.
* * London. The Westminister Royal
Ophthalmic Hospital is established.
* * Savings-banks are brought under
parliamentary control.
1817 Jan. 28. A riot occurs in St.
James's Park on the prince regent go-
ing to the House of Lords ; it is alleged
that an air-gun was fired at him.
Mar. 10. The Blanketers rise, and
march towards London.
A host of operatives meet in St. Peter s
Field, Manchester, with the alleged pur-
pose of starting an insurrection ; many
of them carry blankets rolled up and
tied on their backs ; they are dispersed
by the military, and some are arrested.
Apr. 11. A man sells his wife in the
market-place at Dartmoor, having a rope
round her neck as in olden time; her
first lover buys her for two guineas.
Apr. 17. Seven Luddites (breakers of
labor-saving machinery) are hanged at
Leicester.
* * London. The Peace Society, for the
promotion of universal peace, is estab-
lished.
* * Dublin. An asylum for the deaf and
dumb is opened at Claremont.
* * The Bank of England has 17,885 forged
notes presented ; 104 persons convicted,
18 executed.
* *The Society of Spencerian Philan-
thropists is established; it advocates
the redivision of all the lands.
1818 Jan. 12. Mr. O'Callaghan kills
Lieut. Bayley in a duel.
Feb. 10. London. An unsuccessful at-
tempt is made by Cantillon to assassi-
nate the Duke of Wellington.
Apr. 27. St. Michael and St. George
order of knighthood is founded for the
Ionian Isles and Malta. [1869. It is re-
organized to admit servants of the crown
connected with the colonies.]
July 11. "William IV. marries Ade-
laide Amelia Louise Theresa Caroline,
sister of the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
Sept. 8. Dr. Halloran, tutor to the Earl
of Chesterfield, is transported for for-
ging a frank for tenpence postage.
* * London. The Mendicity Society is
established for the suppression of public
begging and other impositions.
1819 Aug. 16. A reform meeting i3
held in St. Peter's Field, Manchester
(Peterboro), attended by 60,000 to 100,000
people.
The meeting is suddenly assailed by a
charge of cavalry, assisted by a Cheshire
regiment of yeomanry, the outlets being
occupied by other military detachments.
The unarmed multitude are driven upon
each other ; many are ridden over by the
horses, or cut down by their riders.
Eleven men, women, and children are
killed, and 600 injured.
Sept. 16. Scot. Riots occur at Paisley
and Glasgow.
Oct. * Mr. Swan, M. P. for Penryn, and
Sir Manasseh Lopez, are fined and im-
prisoned for bribery.
* * Lock Hospital is established at Man-
chester.
* * Dublin. Several nights' rioting takes
place at the Theater Royal
* * Lord Braybrooke's experiment in Es-
sex, of allotting small portions of land
to poor f amilies to assist them and re-
lieve the parish poor-rates, is reported
successful.
STATE.
1815 * * Parliament: A law is passed to
close the ports against wheat till it
rises to 80 shillings a quarter, in order
to relieve the agricultural distress.
* * Atlantic Ocean. Ascension Island
is occupied by colonists.
* * E. Ind. Ceylon becomes a British
possession.
* * The national debt is £861,039,049.
1816 Nov. * The Twopenny Register, a
weekly political paper, issued by "Wil-
liam Cobbett, advocates parliamentary
reform, including universal suffrage, and
becomes a power among the common
people.
Dec. 9. London. The Bank of England
commences to pay specie on certain one
or two pound notes.
* * Radicals agitate for government and
parliamentary reform ; they establish
Hampden clubs, of which Sir Francis
Burdett, Lord Cochrane, Maj. Cart-
wright, and "William Cobbett are
prominent members.
1817 Jan. 5. The English and Irish
Exchequers are consolidated.
Feb. 1. The national debt is £840,850,591.
Feb. 3. The «« Green Bag Inquiry."
Lord Sidmouth (?) lays before Parlia-
ment a green bag full of documents re-
specting alleged seditions. [Feb. 19.
Secret committees present their report.
Feb. 21 . Bills are introduced to suspend
the Habeas Corpus Act, and prohibit
seditious meetings. Mar. 3. Passed.
Mar. 29. Operative.]
Mar. 27. Lord Sidmouth addresses a
circular letter to lord -lieutenants of
counties, urging the suppression of se-
ditious publications.
June 2. H. C. Charles Manners Sut-
ton [Viscount Canterbury] is chosen
Speaker.
June 10. An insurrection in Derby-
shire, led by Jeremiah Brandreth, is sup-
pressed.
July 5. The gold sovereign is first put
in circulation.
Oct. 9. Ire. Earl Talbot is appointed
lord-lieutenant.
1818 May * A treaty is concluded with
the Netherlands for th« suppression of
the slave-trade.
Nov. 4. Sir Charles Abbott [Lord
Tenterden] is appointed chief justice.
* *E.lnd. The dominions of the Peshwa
are annexed.
The Raja of Nagpur and the states ot
Rajputana are placed under British pro-
tection.
* * London. John Atkins is elected lord
mayor. [1819, George Brydges ; 1820,
John T. Thorpe ; 1821, Christopher Mag-
nay.]
1819 Jan. 14. Parliament meets.
[1820. Feb. 29. Dissolved.]
May 3. H. C. Henrv Grattan moves
for a Committee of the Whole House to
consider the laws excluding Catholics
from public offices ; the motion is de-
feated. Vote, 241-243.
May 24. Alexandria Victoria [Queen
Victoria] is born at Kensington Palace.
She is the daughter of Edward, Duke
of Kent, son of George III., and Maria
Louisa Victoria of Saxe-Coburg, a sis-
ter of Leopold I. of Belgium.
July* Agitation for parliamentary re-
form is revived.
* * Parliament: The Six Acts are
passed to facilitate the prevention of
seditious meetings and the punishment
of seditious libels.
* * E. Ind. Singapore becomes a British
settlement.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1815 * * One-horse hackney-carriages
[afterwards cabriolets] licensed.
1816 Jan. * The first London savings-
bank is established.
1817 Sept. 22. Specie payments are
resumed.
Oct. 23. The packet William and Mary
is wrecked on the Willeys Rocks, near
the Holmes lighthouse, Bristol Channel ;
60 persons are drowned.
1818* * Edinburgh. A gas-company is
incorporated.
* *The last one of the ancient gates at
Exeter is removed.
1819 * * Edinburgh. A water-compaivy
is incorporated.
940 1820, Jan. 7-1824, * * GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1822 June 20. The Drake, 10 guns, is
wrecked near Halifax ; many are lost.
* * A military academy is founded at
Sandhurst.
1824-26 E. I.
(See India.)
"War with Burma.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1820 Feb.* The Fairlop Oak, having
a trunk 48 feet in circumference, the
growth of five centuries, in Hainault
forest, Essex, is blown down.
July 18. The first chain bridge in Eng-
land is thrown over the Tweed ; it is 437
feet long.
Sept. 7. A great solar eclipse is ob-
served.
* * Ire. The first steamer in Ireland is
built.
± * * Combustible gas is made from coal.
* * Sir Humphry Davy becomes presi-
dent of the Royal Society ; later, Sir
Thomas Lawrence and Dr. Win. H. Wol-
laston.
* * The process of decarbonizing in steel
engraving is invented by Charles Heath.
* * London. The Royal Astronomical
Society is founded.
* * Ramage's reflecting telescope is
erected at Greenwich.
* * Friction matches are invented by
Walker of Stockton-on-Tees.
* * Steel pens, made long before, begin
to come into general use.
* * Barlow's theory of the deviation of
the compass is published.
* * Sir Charles Wheatstone conveys the
sounds of a musical box from a cellar to
upper rooms by means of a deal rod ; he
calls it the enchanted lyre.
* * Faraday experiments in electro-mag-
netism.
* * New Brunswick Bridge, Manchester,
is built.
1820-30 Percussion-caps come into
use.
1820-38 Sir J. Herschel studies the
stars of the southern hemisphere, — Ma-
gellanic clouds.
1821 May 8. Capts. Parry and Lyon
sail in the Fury and Hecla on a polar
expedition. [1823. Return.]
July 4. London. The Haymarket
Theater is rebuilt by Nash.
Nov. * A destructive storm visits the
coast from Durham to Cornwall; many
vessels are lost.
* * Dublin. The Theater Royal is opened.
* * The Yorkshire Philosophical Soci-
ety is organized.
* * The Sheffield Literary and Philo-
sophical Society is organized.
* * Edinburgh. The Caledonian Theater
is erected.
* * Edinburgh. The Society of Arts is
founded. [1842. Incorporated.]
* * John Frederick Daniel constructs a
pyrometer. [1830. Awarded the Rum-
ford medal.]
* * Cleopatra's Arrival in Oilicia is
painted by Wm. Etty.
* * Eve is executed by E. H. Baily.
* * London. The Bank of England is
completed ; designs by Sir John Soane.
* * The Natural History Society is pro-
jected at Manchester.
* * Dublin. Hawkins Street Theater is
erected.
* * London. The Medico-Botanical So-
ciety is organized.
± * * The pantagraph is improved by
Prof. Wallace, and called the " Eido-
graph."
1822 Jan. * Faraday describes his dis-
covery of electro-magnetic rotation.
Feb. 16. The Wellington shield, com-
memorating his victories, and costing
£11,000, is presented to the duke.
Mar. 6. London. The river Thames is
very low because of a southwest wind ;
persons ford it near London Bridge.
June 18 1. London. A colossal statue
of Achilles, cast from captured cannon,
is erected in Hyde Park.
* * The wind regulator in the organ is
invented by Bishop.
* * The first elements of spectrum anal-
ysis are worked out by Sir David Brews-
ter.
* * Dixon Denham, an Englishman, with
Clapperton and Dr. Oadney, cross the
Sahara Desert to Lake Tchad.
* * The Royal Academy of Music is
established.
* *The horticultural garden at Chis-
wick is commenced.
* * London. Ball and cross are restored
to St. Paul's Cathedral by Mr. Cockerell.
1823 May 1. The entire skeleton of a
mammoth is found at Ilford in Essex.
May 2 1 . The Society of British Artists
is founded. [1824. First exhibition.]
Oct. 15. London. The Meteorological
Society first meets.
* * Floral and Horticultural Society, Man-
chester, is established.
* * London. The Royal Society of Lit-
erature is organized. [1826. Chartered.]
* * London. The Royal Asiatic Society
is organized. [1824. Chartered.]
* * The Royal Academy of Music is es-
tablished. [1828. Dec. 8. First con-
cert. 1830. June 23. Chartered.]
* * The chain pier of Brighton, 1,134 feet
long, 13 wide, is completed.
* * Color-printing with metal plates in
bookbinding is employed by Congreve.
* * London. The Mechanics' Institu-
tion is founded.
* * The liquefaction of gases is discovered
by Faraday.
* * Sir Francis Ronalds describes his elec-
tric telegraph.
* * The Royal Institution and the Me-
chanics' Institution are organized at
Manchester.
1824 May 8. Capt. Sir William Ed-
ward Parry's third polar expedition,
with the Hecla, sails to discover a
Northwest Passage.
May* London. Joseph Shepherd
Munden, comedian, makes his last ap-
pearance.
* * London. The National Gallery
makes its first purchase ; the British
Government buys the Angerstein collec-
tion of 38 pictures for £57,000.
* * Portland cement is first mentioned.
* * A steam-gun is invented by Perkins.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1820 * * Baikie, William B., explorer, born.
Banks, Sir Joseph, naturalist, A77.
Brown, Thomas, metaphysician, A42.
Colquhoun, Patrick, stat. wr., Scot., A75.
Dasent, Sir George Webbe, novelist, born.
Faed, John, painter, Scotland, born.
Gilbert, Mrs. George H., actor, born.
Glaisher, James, meteorologist, born.
Orattan, Henry, orator, states., Ire., A74.
Halliwell, James Orchard, antiq., phil., b.
Kent, Duke of, Edward Augustus, father of
Queen Victoria, A53.
Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, Canadian ex-
plorer, Scotland, A65.
Mansel, Henry Longueville, metaphysician,
theologian, born.
Milner, Isaac, mathematician, A69.
Nightingale, Florence, philanthropist, b.
Oliphant, Maragaret Wilson, novelist, born.
Pickersgill, Frederick Richard, painter, b.
Sant, James, painter, born.
Spencer, Herbert, philosopher, author, b.
Tyndall, John, physicist, phil., an., born.
Watts, George Frederick, painter, born.
Vizetelly, Henry R., author, publisher, born.
Wyatt, Matthew Digby, architect, born.
Young, Arthur, traveler, writer on agricul-
ture and social economy, A79.
Yule, Henry, geographer, born.
1821 * * Baker, Sir Sam. White, explo., b.
Bonnycastle, John, mathematician, d.
Brown, Ford Madox, painter, born.
Buckle, Henry Thomas, historian, sociolo-
gist, born.
Burke, Robert O'Hara, explorer, Ireland, b.
Burton, Sir Richard Francis, traveler,
orientalist, author, born.
Callcott, John Wall, musical composer. A55.
Caroline Amelia Elizabeth, queen, wife of
George IV., A53.
Keats, John, poet, A26.
Levi, Leone, writer on commercial law, b.
Muspratt, James Sheridan, chemist, Ire., b.
Paton, Sir Joseph Noel, painter, born.
Patterson, Robert Hogarth, publicist, Scot., b.
Plumptre_, Edward Hayes, theol., Scot., b.
Reach, Angus B., journalist, au., Scot., b.
Rennie, John, architect, Scotland, A60.
Rich, Claudius James, traveler, orient., A34.
Russell. William Howard, journalist, b.
Scott, Thomas, clergyman, Bible commenta-
tor, Scot., A74.
Tuchbald, Elizabeth, novelist, A68.
Vince, Samuel, mathematician, astr., born.
1822 * * Abdy, John Thomas, lawyer, born.
Aikin, John, physician, author. A75.
Arnold, Matthew, poet, essayist, au., born.
Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, general, A66.
Boucicault, Dion, dramatist, actor, Ire., b.
Castlereaeh, Viscount, Robert Stewart,
Marquis of Londonderry, states., Ire., A55.
Clarke, Edward Daniel, traveler, mineralo-
gist, author, A53.
Cobbe Frances Power, author, Ireland, born.
Galton, Francis, scientist, born.
Grant, James, novelist, Scotland, born.
Goodall, Frederick, painter, born.
Herschel, Sir William Francis, astrono-
mer, A84.
Maine, Sir Henry S., jurist, antiq., au., b.
Morley, Henry, author, born.
Osborn, Sherard, arctic explorer, admiral,
author, born.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, poet, A30.
Sowerby, James, naturalist, A 65.
Wallace, Alfred Russell, naturalist, born.
Warren, Sir John Borlase. admiral, A68.
1823* * Argyll, Duke of, George Douglas
Campbell, states., au., Scot., born.
Arrowsmith, Aaron, geographer, A73.
Asgill, Sir Charles, general, A61.
Baillie, Matthew, phy., anatomist, Scot.. A62.
Baynes, Thomas Spencer, logician, journal-
ist, author, born.
Cairnes, John Elliott, pol. economist, born.
Cartwright, Edmund, poet, inventor
(power loom), A 80.
Coombe, William, satirist, A82.
Erskine, Lord, Thomas, statesman, A73.
Freeman, Edward Augustus, hist., born.
Hind, John Russell, astronomer, born.
Hughes, Thomas, author, born.
Hutton, Charles, mathematician, A86.
Jenner, Edward, physician, discoverer of
vaccination, A74.
Jervis, John, Earl St. Vincent, adm. A 88.
Keith, George Keith Elphinstone, adm., A77.
Kemble, John Philip, actor, A 66.
Meagher, Thomas Francis, patriot, orator,
journalist, Ireland, born.
Muller. Friedrich Maximilian, Sanskrit
scholar, philologist, born.
Nollekins, Joseph, sculptor, A86.
Patmore, Coventry K. I)., poet, born.
Radcliffe, Anne, novelist, A59.
Raeburn, Sir Henry, portrait p., Scot., A57.
Ricardo, David, financier, pol. econ., A51.
Siemens, Sir Charles William, inventor, phy-
sicist, born.
Smith, Goldwin, statesman, author, born.
Tulloch, John, theologian, Scotland, born.
Vaughan, Alfred, poet, critic, born.
Warren, Charles, engraver, born.
Wolfe, Charles, clergyman, poet, Ire., A32.
Yonge, Charlotte Mary, novelist, born.
CHURCH.
1820 * * Scot. The Burgers and Anti-
burgers in the Scotch Church reunited.
* * The Protestant Reformation So-
ciety is organized ; it employs mission-
aries and readers.
1821 * * The Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
first becomes a distinct missionary
agency.
AND IRELAND.
1820, Jan. 7-1824,
941
* * The Missionary and Tract Society of
the New Church is organized.
* * The Bible Christian Foreign Mission-
ary Society is organized.
1823 * * It. Leo XII. is pope. [1829.
Pius VIII.]
* * Ijondon. The Newfoundland
School Society is organized for carry-
ing the gospel to parents and children.
1824* * Ire. The New Connection
Methodists take their first steps in
mission-work.
LETTERS.
1820* *A law library i3 founded at
Manchester.
* * The Literary and Philosophical So-
ciety of Leeds is established.
* * London. John Bull is issued.
* * The Retrospective Review is issued.
* * Popular Ignorance, by Foster, appears.
* * Life of John Wesley, by Southey, ap-
pears. [1881, A Vision of Judgment.']
1820-21 The Ayrshire Legatees, by John
Gait, appears. [1321, Annals of the Par-
ish; 1822, Sir Andrew Wylie, and The
Provost ; 1823, The Entail ; 1830, Lawrie
Todd.]
1821 * * London. Bell's Life, a sporting
paper, is issued.
* * Confessions of an English Opium-
Eater, by Thomas De Quincey, appears.
[1827, Murder Considered as one of the
Fine Arts.].
1821-23 Essays of Elia, by Charles
Lamb, appears.
1822 * * Wales. St. David's College,
Lampeter, is founded.
* * The Hull Literary and Philosophi-
cal Society is founded.
* * London. The Sunday Times is issued.
* * The Liberal is issued by Byron, Shel-
ley, and Leigh Hunt ; only four num-
bers are published.
* * Bride 's Tragedy, by T. L. Beddoes,
appears.
1822-35 Edinburgh. Nodes Ambro-
sianse (in Blackwood's Magazine), by
Christopher North (John Wilson), ap-
pears.
1823 Aug. 16. Dublin. The Hiber-
nian Academy is founded.
* * London. The Royal Society of Lit-
erature is founded. [1826. Sept. 13.
Chartered.] Also the Mechanics' In-
stitution.
* * A deaf and dumb school is instituted
at Manchester.
* * London. The Lancet is issued.
* * The Mechanics' Magazine is issued.
1823-49 The Mirror is issued.
* * The valuable library of George HI.
is presented to the nation. [1829. De-
posited in the British Museum.]
* * Milton, by Thomas Babington Ma-
caulay, appears.
1824* * London. The Athenaeum Club
is founded.
* * London. The Westminster Review is
issued.
SOCIETY.
1820 June 7. Henry Grattan and the
Earl of Clare engage in a duel.
Nov. 19. Edinburgh. The acquittal of
Queen Caroline causes rioting.
* * Scot. The United Secession working
men's insurance is established.
* * The American seamen's hospital is
established at Liverpool.
* * Ire. The Ribbon Society is orga-
nized to retaliate on landlords any inju-
ries done to their tenants.
1821 Aug. 12. Dublin. George IV.
pays a visit to Ireland.
Aug. 14. A riot occurs on the occasion
of the removing of Queen Caroline's
remains to Brunswick ; two persons
killed.
* * The public baths at Exeter are
erected.
** London. The Dreadnought (sea-
men's) Hospital is established.
1822 Apr. 19. A riot occurs in the
Westminster colliery.
Aug. 22-27. Edinburgh. George IV.
makes a visit.
Dec. 14. Dublin. A riot occurs at the
theater ; it is called the " bottle con-
spiracy " against the Marquis Wellesley,
lord-lieutenant.
* * Ire. Titles created :
Earls Listowel, Dunraven, Mont-Earl, and
Kilinorey are created. [1825, Marquises of
Clanricarde and Ormonde; 1827, Earl Nor-
lmry; 1831, Viscount of Guillamore, Earl
Kan'furly, and Baron Talbot de Malahide.J
* * Titles created :
Earl of Temple of Stowe. [1823, Earl of
Vane and Viscount of Clancarty ; 1824,
Baron Gifford; 1826, Earls of Amherst and
Cawdor, Marquis of Bristol, Viscount of
Combermere, and Barons De Tabley, Wig-
an, Somerhill, and Ranfurly; 1827, Barons
Plunket and Tenterden; 1828, Barons Rose-
bery, Clan William, and Heytesbury; 1829,
Baron Wynford.J
1823 * * Edinburgh. The Bannatyne
Club is founded.
* * Liverpool Marine Humane Society is
formed.
* * Oxford Union Society is established
as a debating-club.
1824 * * London. The Royal Society for
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
is instituted.
* * London. Queen Adelaide's lying-in
hospital is founded.
STATE.
1820 Jan. 29. King George III. dies
at Windsor Castle.
1820-30 George IV. reigns.
He is the eldest son of George III.
The Earl of Liverpool continues as
premier.
Feb. 14. The Cabinet refuses to favor a
bill for the divorce of Queen Caroline.
Apr. 23. Parliament meets. [1826.
June 26. Dissolved.]
June 6. London. Queen Caroline ar-
rives from the Continent, and is received
with great popular demonstrations of
welcome. [Aug. 3. She establishes her-
self at Brandenburg House.]
The king sends a " green bag" to each
House of Parliament, containing papers
respecting the conduct of the queen
while abroad.
June 8. H. L. A secret committee is
appointed to examine charges of in-
continence against Queen Caroline.
July 5. H. L. Lord Liverpool intro-
duces a bill of «• Pains and Penalties "
to dissolve the marriage of Queen Caro-
line. [Aug. 17. Her trial begins in the
House of Lords ; she is defended by Lord
Brougham. Nov. 10. The bill is read a
third time. Vote, 108-99. The majority
being so small. Lord Liverpool moves the
abandonment of the bill, which is agreed
to, and the trial ends.
1821 Jan. * Aust. The Laibach Con-
gress meets (p. 521).
May * The Bank of England resumes
specie payments.
July 10. The Privy Council decides
against the claim of Queen Caroline
to be crowned with the king.
July 19. London. George IV. is
crowned at Westminster Abbey.
Queen Caroline goes in state, and pre-
sents herself for admission to the cere-
mony, but her demand is refused. [Aug.
7. She dies. Aug. 14. Tumult at her
funeral.]
Aug. 1. George IV. sails for Dublin.
[Aug. 18. He arrives at Leith, Scotland.]
Sept. * The Duke of York is appointed
lord justice to rule while the king is
absent in Hanover.
Dec. 29. Ire. Marquis Wellesley is
appointed lord-lieutenant.
1822 Feb. 14. Charles Kendal Bushe
is appointed chief justice.
Sept. * George Canning is appointed
foreign secretary.
* * Robert Peel is appointed home sec-
retary.
* * London. William Heygate is elected
lord mayor.
1823 Feb. 15. William Huskisson is
appointed president of the Board of
Trade.
Mar. * Lord Amherst embarks for In-
dia as governor-general.
* * S. Afr. Immigrants settle in Natal.
* * The Earl of Chichester is appointed
postmaster-general.
* * Parliament : The window-tax is re-
duced.
* * London. Robert Waithman is elected
lord mayor. [1825, William Venable ;
1826, Anthony Bowne ; 1827, Matthias
Prime Lucas ; 1828, William Thompson.]
1824 Feb. 4. H. C. It is announced
that, at a convention, England agrees to
accept £2,500,000 as a compensation for
claims on Austria, amounting to £30,-
000,000 sterling.
* * Ire. ■ The Roman Catholic Associa-
tion is organized to agitate the removal
of the religious and civil disabilities of
Roman Catholics.
* * The law forbidding the exportation of
wool is repealed.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1820 Jan. 7. The Birmingham The-
ater is burned.
Aug. 1. The Regent's Canal is finished.
It is nine miles long, beginning at Pad-
dington and flowing into the Thames at
Limehouse.
* * The Chamber of Commerce, Manches-
ter, is established.
1821 Jan. 22. London. A great fire
occurs at Mile End ; loss, £200,000.
* * Steamboats are established between
Dover and Calais, and London and Leith.
1822 Feb.* St. John's Market, Liver
pool, is opened.
Nov. 1. Scot. The Caledonian Canal,
from the North Sea to the Atlantic
Ocean, is opened.
* * The poor endure great suffering
through scarcity of food; £356,000 is
granted for their relief.
1823 Mar. 26. The packet Alert is
wrecked ; 70 persons are drowned.
May 16. The Robert, from Dublin to
Liverpool, is wrecked ; 60 persons are
drowned.
* * London. Cabs are introduced.
* * Raw cotton is first imported from
Egypt.
942 1824,**-1828,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1825 Feb. *-Dec. * Ind. Sir Archi-
bald Campbell invades Burma, gains
many victories, captures several towns,
and compels the Burmese king to sue
for peace. (See India.)
1827 Jan. 22. The Duke of Wel-
lington is appointed commander-in-
chief. [Apr. 30. He resigns. Aug. 27.
Reappointed.]
Oct. 20. Gr. Battle of Navarino.
The Turkish and Egyptian fleets under
Ibrahim Pasha are nearly destroyed by
the combined fleets of Great Britain,
France, and Russia. [1828. Oct. * The
Turks evacuate Greece. 1829. Sept. 19.
Acknowledge its independence.]
1828 Feb. 25. Lord Hill is appointed
commander-in-chief.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1824 * * Pins are first manufactured by
machinery under an American patent.
* * The Observatory is erected at Cam-
bridge.
1824-80 Windsor Castle is repaired
and enlarged.
1825 Feb. 16. Capts. Sir John Frank-
lin and George Francis Lyon again sail
from Liverpool on a polar expedition.
Sept. 27. The Stockton and Darlington
railway, Edward Pease and George
Stephenson, builders, is* opened.
* * John Crowther's hydraulic crane is
patented.
* * The Mechanics' Institution is opened
at Exeter.
* * Highlander's Home is painted by Sir
David Wilkie.
* * Faraday discovers benzin in oils.
* * Ire. The Mechanics' Institute is es-
tablished at Belfast.
* * London. The Melodists' Club is estab-
lished.
* * W. A chain suspension bridge is
erected at Menai Strait by Thomas Tel-
ford.
±* * London. Isambard Kingdom Brunei
begins the first shaft of the Thames
tunnel.
± * * The concertina is invented by [Sir]
Charles Wheatstone.
± * * A planing-machine for iron is
constructed by Joseph Clement.
± * * Gideon Algernon Mantell discovers
the remains of huge extinct animals at
Weald of Kent, Sussex.
± * * The steam-jet is applied by Timo-
thy llackworth.
± * * Gothic architecture is revived.
* * The actinometer is invented by Sir
John Herschel ; it measures the heating
power of the solar rays.
* * Liverpool Theater is opened.
* * McEnery discovers flint tools and
bones of extinct animals in Kent's cave.
1826 * * Scot. The Scotch Academy
of Arts is organized.
* * London. The Zoological Society is
founded. [1827. Apr. * Opened. 1829.
Mar. 28. Chartered.]
* * Fox Talbot observes the orange line
of strontium in the spectrum.
* * Lieut. Thomas Drummond produces
lime-light by the combustion of oxygen
and hydrogen on the surface of lime
(Drummond light).
1827 Apr. * The Gloucester and Berke-
ley canal is completed.
May 27. A patent is given Palliser for
chilled metal shot cast in cold iron
molds.
June 22. Capt. Sir William Edward
Parry again sails from Deptford in the
Hecla [and reaches a point 435 miles
from the North Pole. Oct. 6. He re-
turns].
* * The spectrum analysis is worked out
by Herschel.
* * William Snow Harris invents the
thermoelectrometer.
* * The first atmospheric engine is in-
vented by John Ericsson.
* * Davies Gilbert becomes president of
the Royal Society.
* * Printing for the blind (by raised
characters) is commenced.
1827-31 London. The new London
Bridge is built ; cost, £1,458,000.
1828 Jan. 12, 13. A storm sweeps
the coast ; many vessels are lost, and 13
driven ashore in Plymouth alone.
* * Scot. James B. Neilson, of Glasgow,
patents his hot-air blast.
* * A musical festival is first held at Man-
chester.
* * London. Queen's Theater, Totten-
ham-court Road, is opened.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1824 * * Bowdich, Thomas Edward, African
traveler, A 34.
Byron, Lord, George Noel Gordon, poet,
A 36.
Cartwright, John, major, pol. reformer, A84.
Collins, William Wilkie, novelist, born.
Dobell, Sydney, poet, born.
Fayrer, Sir Joseph, physician, born.
Huggins, William, astronomer, born.
Jessel, Sir George, jurist, born.
Kavanagh, Julia, novelist, Ireland, born.
Knight, Richard Payne, author, A74.
Lempriere, John, scholar, author, A64.
MacDonald, George, novelist, Scot., born.
Turner, Francis Palgrave, art critic, born.
Thomson, Sir William, physicist, math., b.
1835 * * Bates, Henry, Walter, naturalist, b.
Barnard, Lady Anne, poet, Scotland, A75.
Bell, John, surgeon, anatomist, physiologist,
Scotland, A 62.
Bogue, David, clergyman, founder of Lon-
don Missionary Society, A75.
Boyd, Andrew K. H., essayist, Scotland, b.
Chalmers, George, hist., biog., Scot., A83.
Davidson. George, astronomer, born.
Elmsley, Peter, classical scholar, critic, A52.
Frankland, Edward, chemist, born.
Huxley, Thomas Henry, nat., phil., au.,b.
Keary, Annie, novelist, born.
McGee, Thos. D'Arcy, journalist, Ire., born.
Ouseley, Sir Frederick, cl., musician, born.
Parr, Samuel, clergyman, writer, A78.
Procter, Adelaide Anne, poet, born.
Rees, Abraham, cyclopedist, A82.
Tait, Peter Guthrie, mathematician, born.
Woolner, Thomas, sculptor, poet, born.
1826 * * Adams, Andrew Leith, naturalist, b.
Bagehot, Walter, journalist, author, born.
Buckland, Frank Trevelyan, naturalist, b.
Clark, Sir Andrew, physician, born.
Craik, Mrs., Dinah Maria Mulock, nov., b.
Derby, Earl of, Edward Henry Stanley,
statesman, born.
Doyle, Richard, caricaturist, born.
Dufferin, Earl of, Frederick T. Black-
wood, statesman, born.
Field, Thomas, painter, born.
Flaxman, John, sculptor, A71.
Gifford, William, poet, dramatist, editor,
author, A66.
Grant, Sir Alexander, scholar, educator,
Scotland, born.
Hastings, Marquis of, Francis Rawdon, gen-
eral, governor-general, A72.
Heber, Reginald, bishop of Calcutta, poet,
author, A43.
Kelly, Michael, composer, singer, Ire., A64.
Kimberley, Earl of, John Wode house,
statesman, born.
Laing, Alex. Gordon, Afr. trav., Scot., A33.
Nichols, John, printer, pub., ed., antiq., AS1.
Palgrave, William Gifford, author, trav., b.
Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, traveler,
statesman, historian, A45.
1827 * * Blake, William, poet, painter, A70.
Bradley, Edward, novelist, born.
Canning, George, states., orator, poet, A57.
Clapperton, Hugh, Afr. traveler, Scot., A39.
Constable, Archibald, publisher, Scot., A53.
Cox, George W., clergyman, author, born.
Emmett, Thomas Addis, politician, Ire., A63.
Fane, Julian C. H., poet, born.
Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, son
of George III., A64.
Good, John Mason, physician, Hebraist,
litterateur, A63.
Grant, James Augustus, traveler, Scot., b.
Harcourt, Sir William George Granville
Vernon, statesman, born.
Hunt, William Holman, painter, born.
Lawrence, George Alfred, novelist, born.
Lister, Sir Joseph, physician, born.
Mitford, William, historian, phiologist, A83.
Mivart, Saint George, nat., phil., au., b.
Pinkerton, John, archeologist, numismatist,
historian, geographer, Scotland, A69.
Pollok, Robert, poet, Scotland, A29.
Richmond, Legh. clergyman, author, AS5.
Robinson, George Frederick Samuel, Marquis
of Ripon, statesman, born.
Rowlandson, Thomas, caricaturist, A71.
Sala, Geo. Aug., journalist, novelist, au., b.
Salt, Henry, antiquary, A 42.
Speke, Capt. John H., Afr. traveler, born.
Wood, John George, naturalist, born.
1828 * * Allingham, William, poet, Ire., b.
Bewick, Thomas, artist, wood-engraver, A75.
Congreve, Sir William, military engineer,
inventor, A56.
Cosway, Richard, painter, A88.
Coxe, William, archdeacon, historian, A81.
Hansard, Luke, parliamentary printer, A76.
Liverpool, Earl of, Robert Banks Jenkinson,
statesman, A58.
Massey, (ierald, poet, born.
Meredith, George, novelist, born.
-Richardson, Benj. W., physiologist, born.
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, poet, painter, b.
Sanderson, J. S. Burdon, physiologist, born.
Sawyer, William Kingston, poet, author, b.
Smith, Sir James Edward, botanist, natural-
ist, A69.
Stewart, Balfour, physicist, born.
Wollaston, William Hyde, physicist, A62.
CHURCH.
1825 * * Bishops elected :
Thomas Burgess for Salisbury. [1827,
Charles Richard Sumner for Winchester ;
1830, Christopher Bethell for Exeter ; later,
translated to Bangor, and is succeeded by
Henry Phillpotts ; James Henry Monk for
Gloucester and Bristol; 1831. Robert James
Carr for Worcester; 1837, Edmund Denison
for Salisbury ; 1839, George Davys for Peter-
borough; 1841, Henry Pepys for Worcester;
1845, John Medley for Fredericton, N. B.]
* * Scot. The Presbyterian Church of
Scotland appoints its first foreign Mis-
sionary Committee.
* * Scot. A society of young men is or-
ganized in Glasgow [Young Men's
Christian Association].
1827 * * London. The Protestant So-
ciety is established.
1828 May 9. Corporation and Test
Acts repealed. (See State.)
LETTERS.
1824 * * A translation of Goethe's Wil-
helm Meister, by Thomas Carlyle, ap-
pears.
1824-28 History of the Commonwealth,
by William Godwin, appears.
1824-29 Imaginary Conversations, by
Landor, appears.
1824-32 Our Village, by Mary Russell
Mitford, appears. [1828. Men'zi.]
1825 * * A professorship of political
economy is established at Oxford by
Henry Drummond.
* * The Western Literary Institution
and the Eastern Literary Institution
are founded.
* * Scot. Principles of Political Econ-
omy, by John Ramsay M'Culloch, ap-
pears.
* * Scot. The Betrothed and The Talis-
man, by Scott, appear. [1826. Woodstock:
1827, The Two Drovers, The Highland
Widow, The Sun/eon's Daughter, and
Life of Napoleon. 1827-30, Tales of a
Grandfather: 1828, The Fair Maid of
Perth'; 1829, Anne of Geierstein; 1829-30,
History of Scotland; 1830, Letters on
Demonology , 1831, Count Robert of
Paris and Castle Dangerous.]
AND IRELAND.
1824,**-1828,*
943
* * William Tell, by James Sheridan
Knowles, appears.
* * Aids to Reflection, by Coleridge, ap-
pears.
1825-44 Essays, by Macaulay, appear.
1826 Feb. 11. London. The London
University is chartered. [1828.
Opened.]
** London. Highbury College is
founded.
* * Edinburgh. The North British Ad-
vertiser is issued.
* * London. The Atlas is issued.
* * Poems by Two Brothers, by Charles
and Alfred Tennyson, appears.
* * Elements of Lome, by Whately, ap-
pears. [1828. Elements of Rhetoric]
* * Whims and Oddities, by Thomas Hood,
appears.
* * Poems, by Elizabeth Barrett [Brown-
ing], appears.
1827 Feb. 23. Edinburgh. Sir Wal-
ter Scott acknowledges the authorship
of the Waverley novels.
* * London. The Society for the Pro-
motion and Diffusion of Knowledge
is founded.
* * The Incorporated Law Society is
founded.
* * London. The Standard is issued; also
the Medical Gazette.
1827-46 London. The Foreign Quar-
terly Review is issued.
* * Vivian Grey, by Benjamin Disraeli
[Earl of Beaconsfield] , appears.
* * The Christian Year, by Keble, ap-
pears.
* * Scot. Minstrelsy, Ancient and Mod-
ern, by William Motherwell, appears.
[1832. Poems Narrative and Lyrical.]
* * Salathiel, by George Croly, appears.
* * Chemical Manipulation, by Michael
Faraday, appears.
* * Scot. Course of Time, by Robert Pol-
lok, appears.
1828 * * A political economy professor-
ship is established at Cambridge.
* * London. The Court Journal is issued ;
also the Athenseum, the Spectator, the
Record, the Medical Times, and the Po-
lice Gazette.
* * The Ashmolean Society, Oxford, is
founded.
1828-46 London. The Foreign Quar-
terly Review is issued.
* * Ire. The Collegians, by Gerald Griffin,
appears.
* * Pelham., by Sir Edward George Earle
Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, appears. [1829,
The Disowned and Devereux ; 1830, Paul
Clifford: 1832, Eugene Aram; 1833, Go-
dolphin; 1834, Last Days of Pompeii.
1837, Ernest Maltravers and Alice, or
the Mysteries ; 1838, The Lady of Lyons,
Richelieu, and Leila.]
SOCIETY.
1824-29 The death penalty is abol-
ished in a great number of cases.
* * Weekly wages of laborer, seven shil-
lings and sevenpence.
* * The British Code of Duel is pub-
lished. It is approved by the Duke of
Wellington and others.
* * A Steam-engine Maker's (trades
union) Society is established.
* * A new House of Industry is erected at
Liverpool.
1825 Jan. 20. The British and Foreign
Temperance Society is formed.
* * The combination laws against trades
unions are repealed.
* * Norfolk Island in the Pacific Ocean is
reoccupied as a penal settlement.
1826 Apr. 23-30. In Lancashire 1,000
power-looms are destroyed by dis-
tressed operatives.
Aug. 4. London. The last stocks for
criminals are removed from St. Clement
Danes Strand.
Oct. * Lotteries are abolished. [Oct. 18.
The last one is drawn.]
* * Ire. A total abstinence society is
organized in Skibbereen, County Cork,
by Jeffery Sedwards, a nailer.
1827 June * Benefit of clergy is to-
tally abolished.
* * An Act is passed directing the court to
enter a plea of " not guilty" when the
prisoner will not plead.
* * London. The British Orphan Asy-
lum, Clapham-rise, is established. Also
one at Wanstead.
* * London. A society for artists' wid-
ows is formed.
1828 Oct. 9. Ire. A riot occurs at
Ballybay.
Dec. 27. Rowland Stephenson, M.P., ab-
sconds, defaulting £200,000.
** London. The Free Royal Hospital,
Gray's Inn Lane, is founded.
STATE.
1824* * E. I. The Straits Settlements,
including Malacca, Penang (Prince of
Wales Island), and Singapore, are ac-
quired.
1825 Apr. * H. C. A bill to repeal the
disabilities of Catholics, to enact a
state provision for the Roman Catholic
Church, and to raise the qualification of
the Irish franchise from 40 shillings to
£10 is passed. [It is rejected by the
Lords.]
* * E. I. Assam is acquired.
* * London. The Bank of England sud-
denly diminishes its circulation to the
extent of £3,500,000. [Dec. * The exer-
tions of the bank and mint save the
credit of the country.]
1826 Jan. 1. The currency of Eng-
land and Ireland is made uniform.
Feb. 24. E. I. A treaty of peace is
concluded with the Burmese ; they cede
an immense territory, and agree to pay
£1,000,000 towards the expenses of the
war.
Nov. 13. Convention with the United
States for indemnities (p. 135).
Nov. 14. Parliament meets. [1830.
July 24. Dissolved.]
* * Joint-stock banks are legalized ; this
breaks the monopoly of the Bank of
England.
* * Lord Frederick Montague is ap-
pointed postmaster.
1827 Jan. 5. Frederick, Duke of York,
son of George III., dies.
Apr. 24-30. The Canning Adminis-
tration is formed.
George Canning (lord treasurer and chan-
cellor exchequer), Earl of Harrowby (presi-
dent council), Duke of Portland (privy seal),
Viscount Dudley, Viscount Goderich, and
Sturges Bourne (foreign, colonial, and home
secretaries), C. W. W. Wynn (president India
board), William Huskisson (board of trade),
Lord Palmerston (secretary of war), Lord
liexley (chancellor of the Duchy of Lancas-
ter), Duke of Clarence (lord high admiral),
Lord Lyndhurst (lord chancellor), Marquis
of Landsdowne, without office [afterwards
home secretary], Karl of Carlisle (woods and
forests).
July 6. Great Britain, France, and Rus-
sia enter an alliance against Turkey
because of its treatment of Greece (p.
726).
Aug. 8. George Canning dies.
Sept. 8. The Goderich Administration
is formed.
Viscount Goderich, Earl of Kipon (lord
treasurer), the Duke of Portland (president
council), Lord Lyndhurst (lord chancellor),
the Earl of Carlisle (privy seal), Viscount
Dudley, Mr. Huskisson, and the Marquis of
Lansdowne (foreign, colonial, and home sec-
retaries), Lord Palmerston (secretary of
war), C. W. W. Wynn (president of the India
board), Charles Grant [Lord Glenelg] (board
of trade), J. C. Hemes (chancellor excheq-
uer), Mr. Tierney (master of the mint), and
John Singleton Copley, Lord Lyndhurst,
(lord chancellor).
Nov. 5. Ire. Sir Anthony Hart is ap-
pointed lord chancellor.
1828 Jan. 8. Lord Goderich resigns
his office. *
Jan. 25. The Wellington Administra-
tion is formed.
The Dnke of Wellington (lord treasurer),
Lord Lyndhurst (lord chancellor) Henry
Gouldburn (chancellor exchequer), Earl
Bathurst (president of council), Lord El-
lenborough (privy seal), Sir Robert Peel,
Earl Dudley, and William Huskisson (home,
foreign, and colonial secretaries), Viscount
Melville (board of control), Charles Grant
(board of trade), Lord Palmerston (secretary
of war), J. C. Herries (master of the mint),
Earl of Aberdeen (Duchy of Lancaster).
Feb. 26. H. C. The Corporation and
Test Acts are repealed on the motion of
Lord John Russell. Vote, 237-193.
Mar. 1. Ire. Henry, Marquis of An-
glesey, is appointed lord-lieutenant.
May 9. Parliament repeals the Corpo-
ration and Test Acts, and substitutes
for the Sacramental Test these words
in the declaration " on the true faith of
a Christian." Dissenters become eli-
gible for office.
May * -June * The Ministry is recon-
structed on the retirement of the Earl
of Dudley, Lord Palmerston, Mr. Grant,
Mr. Huskisson.
July 5. Ire. Daniel O'Connell is
elected to Parliament from Clare ; he is
the first Roman Catholic Commoner
elected since the Revolution. [1829.
July 30. Reelected.]
July 15. Parliament: The Act called
the "sliding scale" is adopted; it
modifies the restrictions on the importa-
tion of breadstuff's.
July * The sinking-fund is limited to
one-fourth of the actual surplus of reve-
nue.
July * E. I. Lord William Bentinck
is governor-general.
Sept. 19. Viscount Melville is made
first lord of the admiralty.
* *The more advanced Whigs and Re-
formers are called Liberals.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1825 Aug. 16. Capt. Johnson sails in
the Enterprise from Falmouth on the
first steam voyage to India. [Re-
warded with £10,000.]
* * Dublin is lighted with gas.
1825-26 Through bubble companies,
770 banks suspend.
1826 * * Joint-stock banks are estab-
lished.
1827 May 3. London. St. Kathe-
rine's docks are begun.
1828 Feb. 29. At a launch of a ves-
sel at Manchester which keeled and up-
set, 200 persons are precipitated into the
river ; 51 are drowned.
* * London. The wall of Brunswick
Theater falls during a rehearsal ; 12
persons are killed.
944 1828,**-1832, May 7. GREAT BRITAIN
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1828-45 Ire. Lord Rosse erects a great
telescope at Parsonstown ; cost, £20,000.
1829 Oct. 5. London. Fanny Kent-
ble makes her tlrst appearance.
* * The locomotive Rocket travels 25 to
35 miles per hour.
* * London. Trafalgar Square is begun.
* * London. The new post-office is com-
pleted.
* * A new concert-room is established at
Manchester.
1830 June 1. Capt. Sir John Ross dis-
covers Boothia Felix.
Sept. 15. The Liverpool and Man-
chester Railroad is opened, [it marks
the real beginning of the modern era of
railways.]
Sept. * The Clarence Dock, Liverpool,
is completed.
* * Wardian cases are devised, by N. B.
Ward, for growing small plants.
* * Pattinson's process for obtaining sil-
ver from lead ore is introduced.
* * John Braithwaite constructs a steam
fire-engine.
* * Sir Martin A. Shee becomes president
of the iioyal Academy ; later, the Duke
of Sussex.
* * London. The Royal Geographical
Society is organized. [The African As-
sociation unites with it.]
* * London. The Garrick Theater is
opened.
1831 Feb. 15. Wm. Payne's pocket
pedometer is patented.
June 1. The magnetic north pole is
discovered by Commander James Clark
Ross. He locates it in 70° 5' 17" north
latitude, and 96° 46' 45" west longitude.
June 3. The Norwich canal and harbor
are opened.
July 31. London. London Bridge is
completed after eight years of labor.
[Aug. * It is opened by the king.]
July * Scot. The Edinburgh and Dal-
keith railway is opened.
Aug. 4. Ire. A waterspout near Kil-
larney destroys property and 17 lives.
Sept. 27. The British Association for
the Advancement of Science holds
its first meeting and organizes at York.
[1832, 2d at Oxford ; 1833, 3d at Cam-
bridge. ]
* * Faraday discovers that an electro-
magnetic rotative force is developed
in a magnet by voltaic electricity. He
discovers the induction of electric cur-
rents.
* * John Constable paints Yarmouth Pier.
* * London. A statue of "William Pitt
is erected in Hanover Square.
* * The Surrey Zoological Gardens are
established by Mr. Edward Cross.
* * London. The violinist Paganini ap-
pears.
* * Sir William Snow Harris invents vari-
ous forms of the compass.
* * London. The statue of Maj. John
Cartwright is erected at Burton Cres-
cent. Also one of George Canning in
New Palace Yard, Westminster.
* * London. The Strand Theater is first
opened.
* * London. The Harveian Society is or-
ganized.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1829 * * Ampthill, Lord, Odo Russell, dipl., b.
Belsham, Thomas, Unitarian cl., au., A79.
Callanan, James Joseph, poet, A34.
Davy, 8ir Humphry, chemist, natural phi-
losopher, A51.
Duff, M ountstuart Elphinstone Grant, states'-
man, born.
Forbes, Charles S., commander, author, b.
Gardiner, Samuel Rawson, historian, born.
Long, Edwin, painter, born.
Mawe, John, mineralogist, A 83.
Millais, John Everett, painter, born.
Nares, Robert, critic, theologian, A 76.
Oliphant, Lawrence, traveler, author, born.
Phillips, Watts, dramatist, born.
Robertson, Thomas William, dramatist, b
RoBsetti, William Michael, poet, writer, b.
Sclater, Philip L., ornithologist, born.
Scoresby, William, arctic explorer, A69.
Young, Thomas, physicist, author, A 56.
1880 * * Barry, Edward M., architect, born.
Burke, Thomas N., R. C. clergyman, orator,
Ireland, born.
Calderwood, Henry, philosopher, Scot., b.
Chenevix, Richard, writer, Ireland, A56.
Hazlitt, William, essayist, critic, au., A52.
Hoey, Frances Sarah C'ashel, novelist, Ire., b.
Ingelow, Jean, poet, born.
Johnson, Sir John, general, A88.
Lawrence, Sir Thomas, painter, A61.
Leighton, Sir Frederick, painter, born.
McCarthy, Justin, journalist, novelist, his-
torian, statesman, Ireland, born.
Palliser, Sir William, soldier, inventor, born.
Peel, Sir Robert, cotton manuf., pol., A80.
Rennell, James, major, geog., traveler, A88.
Rossetti, Christina Georgina, poet, born.
Salisbury, Marquis, Robert Arthur Talbot
Gascoigne Cecil, statesman, born.
Smith, Alexander, poet, Scotland, born.
Veiteh, John, philosopher, Scotland, born.
Wright, William, orientalist, born.
1881 * * Abernethy, John, physician, author,
Ireland, A 67.
Barr, Matthias, poet. Scotland, born.
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert Lytton, Earl
Lytton, poet, novelist, diplomatist, born.
Edwards, Amelia Blandford, novelist, born.
Farrar, Frederick William, archdeacon of
Westminster, author, born.
Goschen, George Joachim, statesman, b.
Hall, Robert, clergyman, orator, au., A67.
Hope, Thomas, author, A61.
Jeaftreson, John Cordy, novelist, born.
Mackenzie, Henry, novelist, Scotland, A86.
Magee, William, archbishop of Dublin, A66.
Maxwell, James Clerk, physicist, born.
Nortbcote, James, hist, portrait painter, A85.
Oliphant, Thomas L. W., hist., essayist, b.
Pond, John, astronomer, A64.
Siddons, Sarah, actor, A76.
Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel W., trav., hist.,A80.
Yates, Edmund Hodgson, novelist, born.
CHURCH.
1828 * * William Howley is chosen arch-
bishop of Canterbury.
1829 Apr. 13. Roman Catholic Relief
Bill passed. (See State.)
Oct. * Scot. Dr. Alexander Duff, the
first missionary of the Church of Scot-
land, sails for India, and is wrecked
twice on the voyage.
* * Ire. The Congregational Union is
organized.
* * The Jesuits are expeUed from Eng-
land by the Roman Catholic Act. The
establishing of convents and other reli-
gious communities is forbidden. [Law
not enforced.]
1830 * * Scot. Thomas Guthrie is or-
dained pastor at Arbirlot.
* * The Brethren first appear at Plym-
outh ; they object to the latitudinarian-
ism of the Established Church and the
sectarianism of Dissenters.
1831 Nov. 30. Ire. The French frigate
Hebe lands at Cork 64 English and Irish
Trappist monks who were expelled
from France.
Dec. 9. The Protestant Conservative
Society is established.
* * The Congregational Union of Eng-
land and Wales is organized,
* * The Trinitarian Bible Society is or-
ganized.
* * Ire. Dr. Richard Whately becomes
archbishop of Dublin.
1832 Feb. 6. London. A general fast
is observed because of the cholera.
1828-43 Scot. History of Scotland, by
Patrick Fraser Tytler, appears.
1829 Apr. * liridgewater Treatises.
By the will of Rev. Francis, Earl of
Bridgewater, £8,000 is appropriated to
pay eight persons, to be appointed by the
president of the Royal Society, who shall
each write an essay on the power, wis-
dom, and goodness of God as seen in the
creation. [1833-35. Published.]
Aug. 14. London. King's College is
incorporated. [1831. Oct. 8. Opened]
1829-51 London. The Westminster Re-
view is united with the London Review.
* * The United Service Journal is issued.
* * Analysis of the Human Mind, by James
Mill, appears.
* * Frank Mildmay, or Adventures of a
Naval Officer, by Capt. Frederick Mar-
ryat, appears. [1830. The King's Own.}
* * Richelieu, by George Payne Rainsford
James, appears. [1831. Philip Augus-
tus.]
* * Timbuctoo,X>y [Lord] Alfred Tennyson,
appears. [1830, Poems; 1832, The Lotus
Eaters, and other poems.]
1830* * Ragged schools, free schools
for outcast destitute ragged children,
are set up in several of the large towns.
The instruction is based upon the Scrip-
tures, and most of the teachers are un-
paid.
* * London. Eraser's Magazine is issued.
* * Life of Byron, by Moore, appears.
* * Songs of the Affections, by Mrs. He-
mans, appears. [1834. National Lyrics.]
* * History of the Jews, by Henry Hart
Milman, appears.
* * Tom Cringle's Log, by Michael Scott,
appears. [1834. The Cruise of the Midge.]
1830-31 Diary of a Physician, by Saml.
Warren, appears. [1839-40. Ten Thou-
sand a Year.]
1831* * Dublin. The Irish National
School system is arranged by Arch-
bishops Whately and Murray to accom-
modate both Protestants and Catholics.
* * The Metropolitan Magazine is issued.
* * Alfred the Great, by James Sheridan
Knowles, appears. [1832, The Hunch-
back ; 1833, The Wife : 1834. The Beggar
of Bethnal Green; 1837, Love's C'Aase;
1839, Love ; 1840, John of Procida.]
* * Illustrations of Political Economy, by
Harriet Martineau, appears.
* * Corn-Law Rhymes, by Ebenezer Elli-
ott, appears.
1832 Apr. 1. London. The Penny Mag-
azine is first issued. [1845. Ceases.]
LETTERS.
1828-40 History of the War in the Pe-
ninsula, by Sir William Francis Patrick
Napier, appears.
SOCIETY.
1828 * * A law is passed permitting pub-
lic houses to be opened on Sundays
from 10 o'clock till 3, and from 5 till
11 P.M.
1829 Jan. 28. Edinburgh. Burke the
murderer is executed for suffocating
many persons, and selling their bodies
for dissection.
Sept. 29. London. The old watch is
discontinued, and a new police is ap-
pointed for duty night and day.
* * The British Penitent Female Refuge
at Cambridge Heath, Hackney, is estab-
lished.
* * Burglary is made»a capital offense.
Dec. * Dublin. A society for planting
communities of the poorer Protestants
on tracts of land, particularly in the
northern counties of Ireland, is estab-
lished.
* * The King's Bounty, an annual grant
of £1,000 for the Maundy royals alms
distributed by the lord high almoner, is
discontinued.
AND IRELAND.
1828, * *-1832, May 7. 945
1830 June 3. W. Rioting occurs
among the iron-workers at Merthyr
Tydvil ; several, fired upon by the mili-
tary, killed and wounded.
June 15. Ire. Rioters at Limerick
plunder the provision houses, and do
other mischief.
Sept. 21. Scot. The Dunfermline As-
sociation for the promotion of temper-
ance by the relinquishment of all intox-
icating liquors is organized.
* * London. The Bank of England loses
£360,000± by Fauntleroy's forgeries.
* * Riotous demonstrations against la-
bor-saving machinery occur in the south-
ern agricultural counties.
* * London betting-houses are sup-
pressed.
1830-56 Ire. Father Mathew admin-
isters the total abstinence pledge to
over 2,000,000 people.
1831 May 23. Ire. Thirteen persons
are killed and many wounded in a riot-
ous conflict between the police and
peasantry at a fair on Castle-pollard.
June 18. Ire. A conflict occurs be-
tween the yeomanry and the people at a
seizure of stock for tithes at Newtown-
Barry ; 35 persons are killed.
June 29. London. The London Tem-
perance Society holds its first meeting
in Exeter Hall.
Oct. 10. Nottingham Castle is burned
by rioters during the reform excite-
ment.
Oct. 29-31. A riot breaks out in Bris-
tol on the entrance of the recorder, Sir
Charles Wetherell. Prisoners are libe-
rated, and the mansion house, the bish-
op's palace, several merchants' stores,
some of the prisons, nearly 100 houses
burned, and above 500 persons are killed
by the military, or perish.
Dec. 14. Ire. The people resist the po-
lice in Castleshock, County Kilkenny,
killing several of them.
* * The " truck " system of paying work-
men's wages in goods sold in tommy
shops, instead of money, is prohibited.
* *The Jews' Orphan Asylum, New
Charing Cross Hospital, and the Royal
United Service Institution are estab-
lished ; a Central Board of Health is
formed.
* * Titles created :
Earls of Lichfield, Munster, and Camper-
down, Marquis of Ailsa, and the Barons
Templemore, Chaworth, King&ll, Cloncurry,
Dunmore, Sefton, Kenlis, Poltunore, Mostyn,
Clements, Kilmarnock, and l)e Saumarez.
[1833, Earl of Granville, Earl of Durham,
Viscount of Canterbury; 1834, Baron Den-
man; 1835, Barons Worlingham, Hatherton,
Abinger, and Ashburton; 1837, Barons Lovat
and Bateman, Earls of Leicester, Innes,
Yarborough, Effingham, and Ducie; 1838, the
Earl of Lovelace, Marquis of Normanby,
and Barons Carew, Wrottesley, Methuen, De
Mauley, Sudeley, Kintore, Rossmore, and
Lismore; 1839, Barons Keane, Wenlock,
Seaton, Lurgan, Stanley, of Alderley and
Leigh.]
1832 Mar. 24. An Act is passed direct-
ing that tobacco grown in Ireland be
purchased in order that it may be de-
stroyed.
STATE.
1828 * * Parliament : A general licens-
ing Act is passed. Also an Act for build-
ing and enlarging churches.
1829 Mar. 5. H. C. Sir Robert Peel
introduces the •' Catholic Emancipa-
tion Bill."
It proposes to admit Catholics to Par-
liament and all offices of state except
those of regent, lord chancellor of
England, and lord chancellor and vice-
roy of Ireland. [Mar. 29. Passed. Apr.
10, Passed by Lords. Apr. 13. Receives
royal assent.]
Mar. 6. Ire. Henry, Duke of North-
umberland, is appointed lord-lieuten-
ant.
Apr. 28. H. L. The Duke of Norfolk
and Lords Dormer and Clifford are the
first Roman Catholic peers to take their
seats.
May 4. H. C. The first English Roman
Catholic member returned since the Ref-
ormation takes his seat. [Aug. * Dan-
iel O'Connell, an Irish Roman Catholic
member, takes his seat.]
June 18-Sept. 29. London. The new
metropolitan police force is organized.
Dec. 7. E. I. Suttee, or the burning
of widows, is abolished.
* * W. Australia. A settlement is made
at Swan River by colonists.
1830 Jan. 6. Ire. The customs are
consolidated.
Apr. 5. Parliament: A bill to remove
the civil disabilities of the Jews is in-
troduced. (?) [May 16. Disapproved.
Vote, 188-165.] (?)
[Lord] Thomas Bahington Macaulay
enters Parliament.
June 26. George IV. dies.
1830-37 William IV. reigns.
He is a brother of George IV., and son
of George III. [1831. Sept. 8. Crowned.]
An administration is formed with the
Duke of Wellington as premier.
Oct. 18. Ire. The lord-lieutenant issues
a proclamation prohibiting meetings of
the Anti-Union Society.
Oct. 26. Parliament meets. [1831. Apr.
22. Dissolved.]
Nov. 2. The Duke of Wellington de-
clares himself opposed to reform in Par-
liament. [Nov. 16. He resigns.]
Nov. 22. A new administration is
formed.
Earl Grey as premier, Marquis of Lans-
downe (president council), Lord Brougham
(lord chancellor), Viscount Althorp (chan-
cellor exchequer), Earl of Durham (privy
seal), Viscounts Melbourne, Palmerston, and
Goderich (secretaries home department, for-
eign affairs, and colonies), Lord John Rus-
sell (paymaster-general), and Sir James R.
G. Graham (lord of the admiralty).
Dec. 23. Ire. William, Baron Plun-
kett, is appointed lord high chancellor.
Henry, Marquis of Anglesey, is ap-
pointed lord-lieutenant.
Parliament: Regency Bill is
It provides for the administration of
the Government, should the Crown de-
scend to the princess Victoria while un-
der 18 years of age.
* * Charles, Duke of Richmond, is ap-
pointed postmaster.
* * A poll-tax is first levied.
* * The mails are first conveyed by rail-
way.
1831 Feb. * The Political Union is
formed at Birmingham by T. Attwood.
Mar. 1. H. C. Lord John Russell in-
troduces a bill for parliamentary re-
form. [Apr. 18. It is defeated. Vote,
291-299.]
June 14. Parliament meets. [1832.
Dec. 3. Dissolved.]
June 24. H. C. Lord John Russell
again introduces his Reform Bill.
[Sept. 22. Passed. Dec. 8. H. L. Re-
jected. Dec. 12. H. C. Reintroduced.
1832. Mar. 19. Passed. June 4. Passes
Lords. Vote, 106-22. June 7. Royal
assent.]
It disfranchises 56 boroughs having
less than 2,000 population, and deprives
30 others of one member each. Of the
143 seats gained, 65 were given to the
counties ; 22 of the large towns receive
two members each, and 21 others one
each. A uniform £10 household fran-
chise is established.
Manchester is made a parliamentary
borough with two members by the Re-
form Act. Birmingham, Sheffield, and
Leeds also are made boroughs.
* * Parliament: The offices of post-
master-general of England and Ireland
are united in one person.
* * Parliament : Wine duties of 2 shil-
lings 9 pence per gallon on Cape wine
and 5 shillings 6 pence on all other wines
are levied.
* * Parliament: All restrictions upon
the number of hackney-coaches are
removed.
* * London. Sir John Key is elected lord
mayor. [1832, Sir Peter Laure ; 1833,
Charles Parebother ; 1834, Henry Win-
chester ; 1835, Wm. Taylor Copeland ;
1836, Thomas Kelley.]
1832 May 7. H. L. A motion to post-
pone the first two clauses of the Reform
Bill is carried ; the resignation of Earl
Grey follows. [May 17. The king hav-
ing consented to create peers in order
to secure a majority for the Reform
Bill, Earl Grey resumes office.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1828* * London. England's first great
exhibition, called the National Repos-
itory, opens under royal patronage, near
Charing Cross. [Unsuccessful.]
1829 Jan.* Scot. The Glasgow Theater
is burned.
June 10. The first boat-race between
the Universities of Oxford and Cam-
bridge takes place near Oxford. [1856.
These contests become annual.]
July 4. London. Omnibuses are intro-
duced. The first one starts from Pad-
dington for the Bank of England.
Sept. 3. Edinburgh. The Royal Ex-
change is opened.
Oct. * Locomotive steam-carriages are
used on railroads at Liverpool.
* * London. The New Bridewell prison
is erected as a substitute for the City
Bridewell, Blackfriars.
* * London. Farringdon market is
opened.
1830 Feb. 16. London. The Lyceum
is burned.
Mar. 1. The first light of the Blackrock
lighthouse, Liverpool, appears.
* * London. Covent Garden market is
built.
1831 Aug. 19. The Lady Skerbrooke,
from Londonderry to Quebec, is lost
near Cape Ray ; 273 persons drowned.
Oct. 26. The Asiatic cholera makes its
first appearance in England.
Dec. 23. Scot. The cholera first ap-
pears at Haddington.
1831-32 Deaths from cholera reported
in England, 52,547.
1832 Feb. 6. Edinburgh. Cholera
appears.
Mar. 14. Ire. Cholera first appears at
Belfast.
946 1832, May 23-1835,**. GREAT BRITAIN
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1832 * * London. The Medical Asso-
ciation is organized for the promotion
of medical science.
* * Edinburgh. A statue of George IV.
is erected.
* * Dublin. The Zoological Gardens
are opened.
* * Steel pens come into general use.
1833 Mar. 25. London. Edmund
Kean makes his last appearance as
Othello.
June 25. London. A granite obelisk
is uncovered to the memory of Kobert
Waithman, Lord Mayor of London in
1824.
Sept. 2. A Statistical Society is formed
at Manchester ; it is the first in Eng-
land.
Oct. 18. Capt. John Ross returns from
his arctic expedition after an absence
of four years.
* * Edinburgh. The Association of Fine
Arts is formed.
* * London. The Entomological So-
ciety is organized.
* * Jack in Office is exhibited at the Royal
Academy by Sir Edwin Landseer.
* * The Choral Society is established at
Manchester.
* * London. Joseph Saxton, an Ameri-
can, makes the first magneto-electric
machine in England.
* * The safety cab is invented by Joseph
A. Hansom, an English architect [han-
som].
* * London. The seraphine, a reed mu-
sical instrument, is introduced by John
Green.
* * The town hall, Birmingham, is built.
1834 June 24±. The second great Han-
del commemmorationinthepresenceof
King William IV. and Queen Adelaide ;
644 performers engage in it.
July 14. London. The Lyceum, is re-
opened.
Sept. 8. The British Association holds
its 4th meeting at Edinburgh. [1835,
Aug. 6. 5th at Dublin ; 1836, Aug. * 6th
at Bristol ; 1837, 7th at Liverpool.]
± * * The systems of ventilators by Dr.
Reid and others are introduced with
much controversy.
± * * Lucifer matches come into use.
* * London. The Statistical Society is
organized.
* * London. The Royal Institute of
British Architects is organized. [1837.
Chartered.]
* * The Mountain Sylph, an opera by John
Barnett, is produced.
* * Dublin. A railway to Kingston is
opened.
* * The locomotive Firefly develops a
speed of 20 miles an hour.
1835 Sept. 8. After two years' absence,
Capt. Sir George Back and his compan-
ions return from their arctic land ex-
pedition, having visited the Great Fish
River, Canada, and traced its course to
the Polar Seas.
Dec. 14. London. St. James (Prince's)
Theater is opened.
* * The Kew Gardens are founded.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1832 * * Bell, Andrew, clergyman, educator,
Scotland, A79.
Bentham, Jeremy, jurist, phil., au., A84.
Crabbe, George, poet, A78.
Colchester, Lord Charles A., statesman, A70.
Dicey, Edward, author, born.
Fergusson, Sir James, statesman, Scot., b.
Leslie, Sir John, mathematician, physicist,
Scotland, A 66.
Porter, Anna Maria, novelist, A52.
Scott, Sir Walter, poet, novelist, Scot., A61.
Taylor, Edward Burnett, anthropologist, b.
1833 * * Allan, Thomas, mineralogist, A56.
Ballantyne, James, printer, journalist, Scot-
land, A61.
Bradlaugh, Charles, orator, politician, secu-
larist, born.
Brooke, Stopford, clergyman, author, born.
Drew, Samuel, Methodist preacher, au., A68.
Exmouth, Viscount, Edward Pellew, ad-
miral, A76.
Farjeon, Benjamin Leopold, novelist, born.
Fawcett, Henry, economist, born.
Foley, Sir Thomas, admiral, A76.
Gordon, Charles George (Chinese Gordon),
general, born.
Hill, Rowland, preacher, A 89.
Kean, Edmund, actor, A46.
Malcolm, Sir John, general, diplomatist, ad-
ministrator, historian, A64.
More, Hannah, religious writer, A88.
O'Keefe, John, dramatist, Ireland, A86.
Tarleton, Bannastre, general, A79.
Perry, Stephen Joseph, physicist, born.
Roscoe, Sir Henry Enfield, chemist, born.
Wilberforce, WUliam, philanthropist,
statesman, A74.
Wolseley, Lord, Garnet Joseph, gen., b.
1834 * * Baker, John Gilbert, botanist, born.
Baring-Gould, Sabine, author, born.
Barrington, Sir Jonah, lawyer, historian,
Ireland, A67.
Blackwood, William, publisher, Scot., A58.
Carey, William, Baptist miss., orient., A73.
Chalmers, Alexander, journalist, editor, bi-
ographer, Scotland, A75.
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, poet, philoso-
pher, author, A62.
Crew, Sir Benjamin, admiral, A74.
Douce, Francis, antiquary, A72.
Du Maurier, George Louis P. B., artist, novel-
ist, born.
Hare, Augustus Julius Charles, author, b.
Lamb, Charles, poet, dramatist, essayist,
A69.
Lubbock, Sir John, nat., entomologist, born.
Lukin, Lionel, inventor life-boat, A82.
Malthus, Thomas Kobert, clergyman, politi-
cal economist, A68.
Morris, William, poet, born.
Morrison, Robert, Chinese schol., miss., A52.
Seeley, John R., theological writer, born.
Spurgeon, Charles H., Baptist preacher,
author, born.
Taylor, Isaac, philologist, author, born.
Telford, Thomas, engineer, Scotland, A77.
1835 * * Byron, Henry J., dramatist, born.
Cobbett, William, grammarian, historian,
writer, A69.
Godwln,William, dram., novelist, hist., A79.
Hogg, James, poet, Scotland, A63.
Inglis, Henry D, tourist, writer, Scot., A40.
Jevons, William S., economist, author, born.
Kater, Henry, physicist, A58.
M'Crie, Thomas, theol., hist, wr., Scot., A63.
Mathews, Charles, actor, humorist, A59.
McCulloch, John, geologist, A62.
Motherwell, William, poet, journalist, Scot-
land, A36.
Pughe, William O., philologist, Wales, A76.
Sinclair, Sir John, agriculturalist, au., A81.
Whistler, James Abbott McNeill, painter, b.
CHURCH.
1832 June 23. The Church Diquiry
Commission is appointed.
1833 Aug. 14. Parliament passes an Act
reducing the number of bishops for Ireland.
[The see of Dumnore is united with that of
Down and Connor, and Waterford and Lis-
more with Cashal and Ernly. 1834, Cloyne
with Clare and Koss; 1835, Cork with Cloyne
and Leighlin, and Ferns with Ossory; 1839,
Achonry and Kildare with Tuam; 1841, El-
phin and Ardagh with Kelmore.]
1833-41 Tracts for the Times are pub-
lished by Pusey, Newman, Keble, and
others of Oxford University, and create
great discussion.
They propose to restore the practise
of the Church of England to what they
believe to be required by the language
of her liturgy and rubrics, but which
are considered by their opponents to be
of a Roman Catholic tendency. [1841,
Mar. 15. The tracts are condemned by
the University authorities.]
* * The Congregational Dissenters publish
a declaration of faith.
1834 Mar. 5. The Scripture Knowl-
edge Destitution, Bristol, is founded
by George MUller, a Prussian.
Aug. 1. Lords reject by ten majority
the bill passed by the Commons admit-
ting Dissenters to university honors.
Sept. 3. The church rate is refused at
Manchester.
* * The Wesleyan Methodist Associa-
tion is established.
* * Scot. The Anti-patronage party se-
cure a majority in the General Assembly,
and pass the V eto Act, aiming to pre-
vent the ordination of any as ministers
of parishes who are unacceptable to a
majority of the parishoners.
* *The Ecclesiastical Commission is
established. [1836. Aug. 13. Commis-
sioners are incorporated.]
* * The Society for promoting Female
Education in the East is organized by
women.
1835 * * London. The Protestant As-
sociation is organized.
LETTERS.
1832 July 4. A bill for the founding of
the Durham University receives the
royal assent.
* * London. The Marylebone Literary
Institution is founded.
* * Edinburgh. Chambers's Edinburgh
Journal is issued.
* * The Hereford Times is issued.
1832-44 The Saturday Magazine is is-
sued.
* * London. The Mark Lane Express is
issued ; also the Naval and Military
Gazette.
* * The Nautical Magazine is issued.
1832-49 The British Magazine is is-
sued.
* * Characteristics of Shakespeare' s
Women, by Hazlitt, appears.
1832-61 Edinburgh. Tait's Edinburgh
Magazine is issued.
* * Scot. A Commercial Dictionary, by
John Ramsay M'Culloch, appears.
* * The Playground of Europe, by Leslie
Stephen, appears.
1832-33 Lead, Kindly Light, and other
poems, by John Henry Newman, appear.
[1833. Arians of the Fourth Century.]
1833 * * The first statistical society in
England is formed at Manchester.
* * London. The United Service Gazette
is issued.
* * Dublin. The Dublin University Mag-
azine is issued.
* * Pauline, by Robert Browning, appears.
[1835. Paracelsus.]
1833-42 History of Europe, by Sir Arch-
ibald Alison, appears.
1834 * * London. The "Westminster
Literary Institution is founded.
* * London. The City of London School
is founded.
* * The Surtees Society, or Roxburghe
Club, for publishing MSS. relating to
the northern counties, is established.
* * Scot. Sartor Resartus, by Thomas
Carlyle, appears. <1837, The French
Revolution ; 1840, Heroes and Hero Wor-
ship; 1845, Cromivell's Letters and
Speeches.]
* * Ire. Helen, by Maria Edgeworth, ap-
pears.
1835 Aug. 29. The Mining Journal is
issued.
* * The Leicester Literary and Philo-
sophical Society is founded.
* * The Watchman is issued.
AND IRELAND. 1832, May 23-1835,
947
1835-44 The Christian Teacher is issued.
* * Lodore, by Mrs. Shelley, appears.
[1837. Falkner.]
SOCIETY.
1832 June 18. London. The Duke of
Wellington is attacked by a mob on the
anniversary of the battle of Waterloo.
June 19. A discharged pensioner at As-
cot assaults William IV.
* * It is illegal to employ minors in cot-
ton-mills, or to work them more than ten
hours daily or more than nine hours on
a Saturday.
* * London. The Carlton (Conservative)
Club is organized.
* * The death penalty for forgery is abol-
ished, except forgery of wills or stocks.
1833 Feb. 15. Joseph Pease, the first
Quaker member, is admitted to Par-
liament on his affirmation.
Sept * Richard Turner, an artisan of
Preston, in a temperance address says
that " nothing but a te-te-total will do."
The term teetotaleris immediately
adopted.
* * Sir Francis H. Goldsmid is called to
the bar, the first Hebrew so honored.
* * London. St. George's Chess Club is
founded.
* * London. University College Hospital
is established.
1834 Apr. * London. The tailors un-
successfully strike for an increase of
wages.
Aug. 1. The slaves in the colonies are
emancipated, and a temporary appren-
ticeship is commenced.
Aug. 2-4. London. The third and last
Glasgow lottery is drawn at Coopers'
Hall.
Nov.* -35 Mar. * The Staffordshire pot-
ters successfully strike for an advance
of wages. [* * Scot. The calico printers
of Glasgow strike.]
* * The Surtees Society, Durham, is
founded.
* * The poor-laws are amended.
Guardians of the poor are obliged, un-
der the penalty of indictment, to afford
sufficient relief to all persons unable to
maintain themselves.
* * London. The Sisters of Charity be-
gin work.
* * Hanging in chains is abolished.
* * Ire. Titles created, Baron C a r e w.
[1836, Baron Oranmore and Browne.]
* * Parliament : Provision is made for pen-
sioning public servants and persons made
eminent " by their useful discoveries in sci-
ence and attainments in literature and the
arts, who have merited the gracious consider-
ation of their sovereign and the gratitude of
their country."
1835 Aug. * The Salford Unity, Sal-
ford, Lancashire, the first secret tem-
perance society, is organized.
* * The death penalty for sacrilege is
changed to transportation for life. [1861.
Breaking into a place of worship and
stealing therefrom is made punishable
with penal servitude for life.]
* * London. St. Mark's Hospital is
founded.
* * London. Wells Street Sailors' Home
is opened.
* * The Cruelty to Animals Act is fur-
ther extended.
* * The ancient and popular sport of
bear-baiting is prohibited.
STATE.
1823 May 23. Parliament : Uni-
formity of Process Act is passed,
making many law changes.
July 13. Parliament: The Reform
Act for Scotland is passed.
July 18. Parliament: The Reform
Act for Ireland is passed.
Nov. 9. Sir Thomas Denman [Lord
Denman] is made chief justice.
* *The system of "Trial at Bar," or
trial by the whole court or a plurality of
judges, is adopted.
* * An association of large bodies of the
lower classes, called "Chartists," is
organized.
Its objects are to secure universal suf-
frage, vote by ballot, annual Parlia-
ments, abolition of property qualifica-
tion, and equal electoral districts.
* * Parliament: The duty on cotton
goods imported from the United States
is reduced.
* * The office of commissioners is abol-
ished, and the victualing - office is
made one of five departments under the
lords of the admiralty.
* * William Ewart Gladstone is elected
to Parliament for Newark by the Con-
servatives.
1833 Jan. 29. Parliament meets.
[1834. Dec. 30. Dissolved.]
Apr. 2. Parliament: The Coercion
Act, for the repression of crime in Ire-
land, is passed.
July 30. Parliament: A bill for the
Reform of the Irish Church is passed.
Aug. 28. Parliament: A bill to abol-
ish slavery in the colonies is passed ; it
grants £30,000,000 to compensate the
slave-owners.
Aug. 29. London. The Bank of Eng-
land receives a new charter.
Sept. 26. Ire. Marquis Wellesley is
appointed lord-lieutenant.
* * The Falkland Islands, in the South
Pacific, are occupied.
* * The East India Company's charter
is renewed for 20 years ; their monopoly
of the Indian trade is abolished.
1834 Apr. 17. Parliament: A bill to
amend the poor-laws is introduced.
[Julyl. H. C. Passes. July21. H. L.
Passes.]
Apr. 22. H. C. Daniel O'Connell makes
a motion for the repeal of the Union
with Ireland. [Apr. 27. Rejected.
Vote, 38-623.]
July 1. Parliament: Another Coer-
cion Act for Ireland is introduced.
[July 26. Modified and passed by Com-
mons.]
July 9. Earl Grey resigns.
July 18. Viscount Melbourne becomes
premier. Ministers : Lords Althorp,
John Russell, Brougham, and Palmer-
ston, E. G. Stanley, and Charles Grant ;
Lord Auckland is 'first lord of the admi-
ralty.
Aug. 1. The Act for the abolition of
slavery in the colonies goes into effect ;
770,280 slaves become free.
Aug. 14. Royal assent is given to the
Poor-Law Amendment Act.
A central board of commissioners dis-
place the local boards, outdoor relief is
reformed, and workhouses are set aside
for poor-law unions.
Sept. 28. London. Alexander Ra-
phael is made sheriff; he is the first
Roman Catholic to hold that office since
the Revolution.
Nov. 14. The Melbourne Ministry is
dissolved.
Dec. 26. Sir Robert Peel is made pre-
mier. The Cabinet includes Lord Lynd-
hurst as lord high chancellor, the Duke
of Wellington and the Earl of Aber-
deen ; Earl De Grey is first lord of the
admiralty.
Dec. 29. Ire. Thomas, Earl of Had-
dington, is appointed lord-lieutenant.
* * Scot. The General Assembly Veto
Act is passed.
* * H. C. A bill permitting prisoners
to have counsel passes. [H. L. Re-
jected. 1835. May * H. L. Passed.]
* * Parliament: The stamp on alma-
nacs is abolished.
* * Francis, Marquis of Conyngham,
is appointed postmaster.
* * Parliament: The law making re-
turning from transportation punish-
able with death is repealed, and an Act
is passed making the offense punishable
by transportation for life.
1835 Jan. 13. Ire. Sir Edward Bur-
tenshaw Sugden is appointed lord high
chancellor.
Feb. 19. Parliament meets; James
Abercromby, Speaker. [1837. July 17.
Dissolved.]
Apr. 8. The Ministry resign, having
been defeated on the Irish Church ques-
tion.
Apr. 18. Lord Melbourne again be-
comes prime minister.
Cabinet: Lord Palmerston (foreign secre-
tary), Lord John Russell (home secretary),
Viscount Howick (secretary of war), and
Lord Auckland (first lord of the admiralty).
Apr. 23. Ire. Henry, Marquis of Nor-
manby, is appointed lord-lieutenant.
[Apr. 30. William, Baron Plunkett,
lord chancellor.]
May 20. London. The Reform Associa-
tion is organized to protect electors.
[1836. Succeeded by the Reform Club.]
June 5. H. C. Lord John Russell in-
troduces a bill for the regulation of
municipal corporations. [Sept. 7.
Passed.]
June 24. Parliament: An Act is passed
enabling David Salomons, a Jew, to act
as sheriff of London.
Sept. 19. Earl of Minto is made first lord
of the admiralty.
* * Sir Charles Christopher Pepys, master
of the rolls, Vice-chancellor Shadwell,
and Justice Bosanquet are commission-
ers of the great seal.
* * Francis, Marquis of Conyngham,
is postmaster ; later, the Earl of Lich-
field, and William, Lord Mary-
borough.
* * Ind. Sir Charles T. Metcalf is made
governor-general.
* * Manchester is incorporated by the
Municipal Reform Act.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1833 Feb. 15. The Hibernia is
wrecked; 150 persons are drowned.
July 3. London. Hungerford market
is opened.
Aug. 30. The Amphitrite, a ship with
female convicts to New South Wales, is
lost on Boulogne Sands ; out of 131 per-
sons three only are saved.
1834 Jan. 9. The Lady Munro, from
Calcutta, is wrecked on its way to Syd-
ney ; 70 are drowned.
Oct. 16. London. A great fire occurs.
The Houses of Parliament are burned,
also St. Stephen's Chapel.
1835 * * Mails are first sent on the over-
land route to India.
948
1835,**- 1839,*
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1835 * * S. Afr. War with Kafirs (p. 598).
1839-42 War with Afghanistan to
restore Shuja Shah to the throne of
which he is deprived by Dost Mohammed
Khan (p. 4).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1835-44 Scot. The Granton Pier and
breakwater on the Forth, three miles
from Edinburgh, are erected by the gift
of Walter Stevenson, Duke of Buccleuch.
Cost £500,000.
* * A magnificent market is erected at
Newcastle by Richard Grainger.
1836 June * Prof. Charles Wheatstone
constructs an electromagnetic appa-
ratus; it carries 30 signals through
nearly four miles of wire.
June 21. Capt. Back sails with the Ter-
ror on an exploring adventure to
Wager River.
Nov. 7. Prus. The great Nassau bal-
loon descends at Weilburg, having con-
veyed three persons from London in 18
hours.
* * London. The Numismatic Society
is founded by Dr. John Lee.
* * London. The statue of George III. is
erected in Cockspur Street.
* * A naval steam-ram is invented by
James Nasmyth.
* * Happy as a King is painted by William
Collins.
* * Francis Pettet Smith and Capt. John
Ericsson obtain patents for screw pro-
pellers.
* * Scot. The Edinburgh and Granton
railway is begun.
* * Scot. Anastatic printing is invented
by Cocks of Falmouth.
1837 Feb. 14. London. The Art
Union of London is founded.
June 12. The magnetic needle tele-
graph is patented by William Fothergill
Cooke and Charles Wheatstone. [1867.
June 12. Gold medal awarded.]
July 4. The Birmingham and Liverpool
railway is opened as the Grand Junc-
tion.
* * Scot. An Art Union is formed.
* * Photographs on paper are first made
by William Henry Fox Talbot.
* * London. The Ornithological Society
is formed ; also the Electrical So-
ciety.
* * Wheatstone and Cooke claim to dis-
cover the electric telegraph.
* * Capt. John Ericsson's screw propeller
Francis liogden develops a speed of 10
miles an hour.
* * London. City Theater, Norton-Fol-
gate, is opened.
* * John Upton patents a steam-plow.
* * London. The principle of working
clocks by electricity is advanced by
Alex. Bain.
1838 May 31. London. John Lis-
ton, comedian, makes his last appear-
ance.
Sept. 16. London. The railway to
Birmingham is opened. [Dec. 28. Also
the one to Greenwich.]
Oct. 28. A hurricane sweeps London
and vicinity, doing great damage.
Nov. 2. Joseph Henry announces the
discovery of secondary currents in
electricity.
* * London. The Royal Agricultural
Society is formed. [1840. Chartered.
Also the Etching Club.]
* * Herschel's Outline of Astronomy is
published.
* * The Geological Society is instituted at
Manchester.
* * The 8th meeting of the British Asso-
ciation is held at Newcastle. [1839.
Aug. 29, 9th at Birmingham ; 1840, Sept.
24, 10th at Glasgow ; 1841, 11th at Plym-
outh ; 1842, June 23, 12th at Manchester.
* * The Marquis of Northampton becomes
president of the Royal Society.
* * The first screw propeller, the Archi-
medes, is built on the Thames by H.
VVimshurst.
* * Prof. Charles Wheatstone makes op-
tical discoveries. He invents the re-
flecting stereoscope.
* * The ammonia process of making soda
is invented by Dyer and Hemming.
* * The magnificent water-lily, called Vic-
toria Regia, is introduced from Guiana
by Sir Robert Schomburgk.
* * Dr. Neil Arnott's work on ventilators
is published.
* * The steamship Great Western steams
from Bristol to New York in 15 days.
1839 Jan. 6, 7. Ire. Terrible tempest
prevails ; Limerick and Dublin suffer
much damage ; 200 houses are blown
down, killing 20 persons; 100 persons
are drowned ; and the coasts of Ireland
and Western England are lined with
wrecks. Fire consumes 200 houses.
Aug. 6. London, The Royal Polytech-
nic Institution, Regent Street, is opened.
Dec. 24-27. A long chalk cliff at Lyme
Regis, Dorset, between 100 to 150 feet
high, being undermined by rain, slides
forward on the beach, carrying fields,
houses, and trees.
* * The locomotive North Star runs 37
miles an hour.
* * London. The Microscopical So-
ciety is formed ; also the Ecclesiologi-
cal Society, and the Royal Botanical
Society.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1836 * * Colman, George, poet, dram., A74.
Gell, Sir William, classical scholar, anti-
quary, A59.
Gilbert, William 8., dramatist, librettist, b.
Lockyer, Joseph N., astronomer, born.
Leach, William E., naturalist, A46.
Macadam, John L., inventor Macadam roads,
Scotland, A80.
Marsden, William, orientalist, A82.
Mill, James, hist., economist, phil., A63.
Poynter, Edward John, historical painter, b.
Stowell, Baron, William S., jurist, A91.
Westall, Richard, historical painter, A71.
Wilkins, Sir Charles, Sanskrit scholar, A87.
1837 * * Braddon, Mary E., novelist, born.
Brydges, Sir Samuel Egerton, writer, A75.
Burges8,Thomas, bp. of Salisbury, au., A81.
Burnand, Francis C, dramatist, born.
Constable, John, landscape painter, A61.
Daniel, William, landscape painter, A68.
Donovan, Edward, naturalist, author, A39.
Field, John, composer, pianist, Ire., A55.
Gordon-Cuinming, Constance F., traveler,
writer, Scotland, born.
Green, John Richard, historian, born.
Hicks-Beach, Sir Michael Edward, states., b.
Latham, John, ornithologist, A97.
Marshman, Joshua, Baptist missionary,
oriental scholar, A70.
Proctor, Richard A., astronomer, au., b.
Soane, Sir John, architect, A84.
Swinburne, Algernon C, poet, born.
Turner, Edward, chemist, A40.
William IV., king, A72.
1838 * * Abbott, Edwin A., theologian, philol-
ogist, born.
Douglas, Robert K., orientalist, born.
Eldon, Earl of, John S., statesman, A87.
Grant, Mrs. Anne McVicar, novelist, Scot-
land, A83.
Irving, Henry (J. H. Broadribb), actor, b.
Lancaster, Joseph, educator, A60.
Liecky, William E. H., historian, born.
Morley, John, statesman, author, born.
Morton, Thomas, dramatist, A74.
Trevelyan, Sir George O., statesman, biog-
rapher, author, born.
1839 * * Adam, William, lawyer, Scot., A88.
Alison, Archibald, cl., au., Scotland, A82.
Beechy, Sir William, portrait painter, A86.
Bentinck, Lord, William C, governor-general
of Bengal, A65.
Coffin, Sir Isaac, admiral, A80.
D'Arblay, Madam, Frances Burney, novelist,
A 88.
Gait, John, miscellaneous wr., Scot., A60.
Hardy, Sir Thomas M., commander, A70.
Lauderdale, Earl of, James >!., statesman,
Scotland, A80.
Pettie, John, painter, born.
Praed, Winthrop M., poet, A37.
Smith, William, geologist, A70.
Stanhope, Lady Hester L., traveler, A63.
Williams, John, missionary, A43.
CHURCH.
1835 * * Bishoprics are established :
Madras. [1836, Ripon, Montreal, and Aus-
tralia; 1837, Bombay; 1838, Nelson, New
Zealand; 1839, Newfoundland and Toronto;
1841, Jerusalem, Gibraltar, and New Zealand ;
1842, Tasmania, Antigua, British Guiana, and
Huron; 1845, Colombo, Ceylon, and Frederic-
ton, New Brunswick.]
1836 * * The Broad Church School in
the Church of England becomes promi-
nent. Traditional beliefs are rejected,
and "negative theology" substituted.
* * The Church of England Pastoral Aid
Society is organized.
* * The Colonial Missionary Society in
connection with the Congregational
Union of England and Wales is organ-
ized.
1837 ** Scot. The "Woman's Societies
of the Free Church of Scotland, the
Woman's Missionary Societies of Scot-
land (Established Church), and the
Woman's mission-work for women in
the Established Church are organized.
1837-82 London. Mormons report six
meeting-houses ; estimated 85,000 Eng-
lish converts.
1837 * * The Additional Curates' Society
is founded.
1838 * * The Coral Missionary Magazine
and Fund are founded.
* * The Peculiar People sect is founded.
1839 * * Scot. Dr. Duff publishes Mis-
sions the Chief End of the Christian
Church.
* * The centenary of Methodism is cele-
brated; £216,000 is collected, to be-
expended on educational, church, and
benevolent objects.
LETTERS.
1835-47 History of Greece, by Connop
Thirlwall, appears.
1836 Jan. 4. The Shipping and Mer~
cantile Gazette is issued.
Apr. 23. Shakespeare's jubilee is cel-
ebrated at Stratford-on-Avon.
* * London. The Musical World is is-
sued.
* * Dublin. The Dublin Review is issued.
* * The Midland Counties Herald is is-
sued.
* * Reliques of Father Prout, by Rev.
Francis Mah'ony, appears.
* * Mr. Midshipman Easy and Japhet in
Search of a Father, by Capt. Frederick
Marryat, appear. [1837, Peter Simple
and Snarleyyow; 1838, Jacob Faithful;
1839, The Phantom Ship.]
* * Ire. Rory O'More, by Samuel Lover,
appears. [1839, Songs and Ballads;
1842, Handy Andy.]
* * Worthies of Yorkshire and Lancaster,
by Hartley Coleridge, appears.
* * Pericles and Aspasia, by Landor, ap-
pears.
* * Sketches by Boz, by Charles Dickens,
appears. [1837, Pickwick Papers; 1838,
Oliver Twist; 1838-39, Nicholas Nickleby ;
1840-41, Master Humphrey's Clock, Old
Curiosity Shop, and Barnaby Rudge; 1842,
American Notes; 1843-44, Martin Chuz-
zlewit; 1847-48, Dombey and Son.]
AND IRELAND.
1835,**-1839,
949
* * English Dictionary, by Charles Rich-
ardson, appears.
1836-38 Memoirs of the Life of Sir Wal-
ter Scott, by John Gibson Lockhart, ap-
pears.
1837 * * University College, Durham
University, is founded.
* * London. The Publishers' Circular is
issued ; also the Magnet, the Era, and
the Railway Times.
* * History of the Inductive Sciences, by
"William "Whewell, appears. [1840, Phi-
losophy of the Inductive Sciences; 1845,
Elements of Morality.]
* * The Yellowpl ush Papers, by "William
Makepeace Thackeray, appears.
* * Harry Lorrequer, by Charles James
Lever, appears. [1840, Charles O'Mal-
ley ; 1843, Tom Burke of Ours and Arthur
O'Leary.]
1838* * Wesley College, Sheffield, is
opened.
* *The Camden Historical Society is
founded.
* * London. The Ecclesiastical Gazette
Is issued ; also the Medical Press.
* * The Seraphim, and other poems, by
Elizabeth Barrett [Browning], appears.
[1844, Drama of Exile.]
* * On the Law of Storms, by Sir W. Reed,
appears.
* * Rationale of Religious Inquiry, by
James Martiiieau, appears. [1843, En-
deavors after a Christian Life.]
1838-43 History of Pome, by Thomas
Arnold, appears.
1838-50 The English Historical So-
ciety is established.
SOCIETY.
1835-37 Edinburgh. The Abbotsford
Club is founded.
1836 Apr. 11. Orphan houses at Ash-
ley-down, Bristol, are founded by George
Miiller, a Prussian ; they are supported
entirely by voluntary contributions and
without solicitation.
* * Ire. Tithe disorders prevail.
* * London. The Orthopaedic Hospital,
for the cure of club-foot and spinal cur-
vatures, is founded.
* * The Numismatical Society is founded
by Dr. John Lee. It publishes the Nu-
mismatic Chronicle.
* * A penalty of £50 is enacted for adver-
tising any lotteries in the newspapers.
* * Weekly wages of laborers, eight shil-
lings.
* * The legal rights, position, and employ-
ment of women are greatly improved.
1838 * * John Thorn announces himself
the Messiah at Brighton, and proposes
the reformation of society. [May 28-31.
In a riot Thorn is killed.]
Aug. * Parliament : A statute is passed
abolishing arrest for debt on mesne
process except in cases wherein there
is ground to show that the defendant
designs to leave the country. [1846.
Imprisonment for debts under £20 is
abolished.]
* * London. The Arundel Yacht Club is
founded. [1849. Changed to Royal Lon-
don Yacht Club]
* * The poor-laws are extended to Ireland.
* * Acts are passed to discourage duelling.
* * Scot. The Maitland Club, Glasgow, is
founded.
* * The temperance societies called the
Rechabites are formed.
1839 Scot. The Spalding Club, Aber-
deen, is founded.
* * London. A ragged school is set up
by Andrew Walker in " Devil's Acre,"
Westminister.
STATE.
1835 * * Capt. Alexander Burnes is
6ent to Dost Mohammed at Kabul as
ambassador to offset the intrigues of
Russia.
1836 Jan. 16. Sir Charles Christopher
Pepys, Lord Cottenham, is made lord
high chancellor.
Feb. 12. H. C. Lord John Russell in-
troduces a bill for the general regulation
of Births, Deaths, and Marriages.
[Passed.]
Feb. * Parliament : The Tithe Commu-
tation Act, substituting money for pay-
ment in kind, is introduced [and passed].
May 17. H. C. The Jewish Emanci-
pation Bill is defeated on second read-
ing. Vote, 1G5-228.
June 20. H. C. A bill is introduced to
'reduce the stamp on each newspaper
from fourpence to one penny [Passed.]
* * South Australia is colonized.
* * Parliament: A bill allowing counsel
to persons tried for felony is passed.
* * E.I. Lord Auckland is appointed
governor-general .
Oct. 30. Ire. Sir Michael Loghlen is
appointed master of the rqlls ; he is the
first Roman Catholic judge since the
Revolution.
1837 June 20. William IV. dies.
1837+^ Victoria reigns
Alexandrina Victoria, daughter of Ed-
ward, Duke of Kent, and granddaughter
of George III , becomes queen.
June 20. Hanover is separated from
Great Britain. The Duke of Cumber-
land becomes king of Hanover. [June
24. He leaves London.]
June * The administration of Viscount
Melbourne is continued. [F. T. Bar-
ing, Earl of Clarendon, T. B. Macaulay,
and others are added.]
July 1 2. Parliament : Post-office Acts
are consolidated.
Nov. 9. London. Moses Montefi ore is
elected sheriff, and is knighted by the
queen ; he is the first Jew so honored.
Nov. 15. Parliament meets. [1841.
June 23. Dissolved.]
Dec. 22. Parliament : The Government
announces that Lower Canada is in
rebellion (p. 578).
* * London. Sir John Cowan is elected
lord mayor. [1838, Samuel Wilson ; 1839,
Sir Chapman Marshall ; 1840, Thomas
Johnson; 1841, John Pirie; 1842, J.
Humphrey ; 1843, S. "W Magnay ; 1844,
Michael Gibbs; 1845, John Johnson;
1846, Sir George Carroll ; 1847, John Kin-
nersley Hooper; 1848, Sir James Duke;
1849, Thos. Farncombe ; 1850, Sir John
Musgrove.]
* * The queen is empowered to grant an-
nually new pensions to the amount of
£1,200.
* * The national debt is £761,422,570.
1838 Apr.* Lord Durham is appointed
a special commissioner to Canada to
redress grievances and maintain the law.
June 28. London Queen Victoria is
crowned at Westminster
Aug. 1. E. I. Slavery is abolished.
Aug. 10. The Ministry disallow the or-
dinance of Lord Durham (Jan. 28) expa-
triating rebel leaders in Canada. [He
resigns his office.]
Aug. * A meeting of working-people
called Chartists takes place near Bir-
mingham.
They draw up a national petition, or
fieople's charter, demanding annual par-
iaments, universal suffrage for man-
hood, voting by ballot, abolition of
property qualification of members of
parliament, and payments for their ser-
vices. TLater, they add a demand for
equal electoral districts.]
Sept. 18. The Anti-corn-law League
is formed at Manchester. Charles Vil-
liers, Richard Cobden, and John
Bright are its leaders.
Oct. 23. Manchester receives a charter
of incorporation.
* * Parliament: The transmission of
mails by railways is enacted.
* * Parliament : A poor-law for Ireland
is passed. [1839. Amended]
* * Ire Bent is substituted for land-
owners' tithes.
* * The imperial state crown of England is
made.
It contains one large ruby, one large
sapphire, 16 sapphires, 11 emeralds, 4 ru-
bies, 1,363 brilliants, 1,273 rose diamonds,
147 table diamonds, 4 drop-shaped pearls,
and 273 pearls.
1839 Apr. 3. Ire. Hugh, Earl For-
tescue, is appointed lord-lieutenant.
May 2. H. C. Charles Shaw Lefevre,
Viscount Eversley, is chosen Speaker.
June 14. Parliament: The petition of
the Chartists is presented and rejected.
[Riots follow.]
July * H. C. A bill for the adoption of
Rowland Hill's plan of a penny postage
is introduced [and passed].
Aug. 26. Parliament : The Manchester
Police Act is passed.
Nov. 16. A commercial treaty is con-
cluded with Turkey.
Dec. 5. The new postage-law, with the
uniform letter-rate of fourpence, goes
into operation as an experiment.
* * Afghanistan. Sir William MacNaugh-
ten' becomes the real governor under
Shah (p. 5).
* * Arabia. Aden captured (Jan. 29) and
annexed.
* * Parliament : Birmingham town is
incorporated, and a police Act for it
passed.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1836 Aug. 30. London. Flenning's
wharf, London Bridge, and other
structures are burned ; loss, £250,000.
Sept. 19. Dublin. Mount Jerome
Cemetery is consecrated.
* * Raw cotton sells from 18 to 20 cents
a pound.
* * London. Tothill Fields Bridewell
prison is rebuilt.
1837 * * The Peninsular Company is
formed. [It becomes the Peninsular and
Oriental Steam Navigation Company.]
1838 Jan. 10. London. The Royal
Exchange is burned the second time.
Apr. 8-23. The Great Western sails
from Bristol to New York.
Sept. 6. The steamer Forfarshire, from
Hull to Dundee, is lost; 38 persons
drowned. Grace Darling and her
father save 15 persons.
Nov. 21. E. I. The East Indiamen Pro-
tector is wrecked in the Bay of Bengal ;
170 drowned.
1838-39 A telegraph-line is set up on
the Great Western Railway from Pad-
dington to West Drayton.
1839 Jan. 7. The naval cutter Dili-
gence is wrecked ; 56 persons drowned.
950 1839,** -1842,
* *
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY— NAVY.
1839^42 War with China over dis-
putes regarding the opium-trade (p. 616).
1840 Sept.* - Nov. * "War against Me-
hemetAli, Pasha of Egypt. (See Egypt.)
Sept. 16. Syria. Beyrout is bombarded
and captured by the British under Col.
Napier.
Nov. 3. Syria. A British' squadron un-
der Adm. Stopford bombards and takes
St. Jean d'Acre; Egyptian loss, 2,000
killed and wounded, and 3,000 prisoners.
[Peace follows.]
* * The screw propeller is introduced
in the royal navy.
1842 Aug. 15. The Duke of Wel-
lington is again appointed commander-
in-chief.
* * The artillery carbine is introduced.
* * The percussion-musket is intro-
duced.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1839 * * The Royal Society of Female
Musicians is established.
* * The process of obtaining illuminating
gas from water is patented by Cruik-
shank.
* * Wm. Robert Grove constructs the
nitric acid battery.
* * London. Wood-paving is unsuccess-
ful.
* * Henry Fox Talbot first publishes his
method of multiplying impressions by
producing a negative photograph,
from which any number of positive cop-
ies may be printed.
1840 May 11. The railway to South-
ampton is opened.
June 30. London. The railway to Bris-
tol is opened. [Aug. 2. To Blackwall.
Sept. 21. To Brighton.]
June.* London. An experiment is made
with atmospheric pressure on railway
across Wormwood Scrubs.
Aug. 14±. The steam-packet Britannia
crosses from Halifax to Liverpool in 10
days, breaking all previous records.
* * The hydro-electric machine is in-
vented by Armstrong.
* * Edinburgh. The Sir Walter Scott
monument is begun. [1845. Finished.]
* * John Babcock of Brighton begins to
procure new lymph for vaccination by
inoculating cows with smallpox.
* * Prof. Wheatstone invents an electro-
magnetic telegraph clock.
* * Dublin. The Irish Archa30logical So-
ciety is formed.
* * Inoculation is prohibited by law.
* * Alfred Smee's electric battery is first
constructed.
* * Robert Sterling Newall of Gateshead
patents wire rope for submarine tele-
graph cables.
1841 Jan. 16. Brentford is inundated
and much damage is done ; several lives
are lost.
June 11. London. The Chemical So-
ciety is formed ; also the Pharmaceu-
tical Society [1843, chartered], and the
Hydropathic Society.
Sept. * London. The Princess's Theater
is opened for concerts. [Dec. 26. For
plays.]
Nov. 2. London. Adelaide Kemble
makes her first appearance.
* * The Queen's Bridge is built on the
site of the long bridge at Belfast.
* * Wheatstone's alphabetical printing
telegraph is patented.
1842 Dec. 17. James Young sets up
the Family Herald with a type-compos-
ing machine.
Dec. 26. London. The Marylebone
Theater is opened.
* * Play Scene in Hamlet is painted by
Daniel Maclise, London.
* * Magneto-electricity is applied to
electroplating by Woolwich.
* * Red flames are observed during an
eclipse of the sun, by Francis Baily.
* * The Kew Observatory is presented
to the British Association.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1840* * Barrington, George, pickpocket,
writer, A75.
Broughton, Rhoda, novelist, born.
Brummell, George B. (Beau Brummell),
fop, A 62.
Carlisle, Sir Anthony, surgeon, physiol., A72.
Cary, Henry F., poet, translator of " Dante,"
A68.
I)e la Ram6, Louise (Ouida), novelist, born.
Drummond, C'apt. Thomas, civil engineer,
Scotland, A 43.
Griffin, Gerald, novelist, poet, Ireland, A37.
Linton, James D., painter, born.
Maclure, William, geologist, Scot., A77.
Nasmyth, Alexander, painter, Scot., A82.
Riviere, Briton, painter, born.
Smith, Sir William S., admiral, A76.
Stanley, Henry Morton, explor., Wales, b.
Stone, Marcus, painter, born.
Symonds, John A., author, born.
Walker, Frederick, painter, born.
Victoria, Empress Frederick of Germany,
princess royal, dau. of Queen Victoria, b.
1841 * * Black, William, novelist, Scot., b.
Burnes, Sir Alex., traveler, diplomatist, Scot-
land, A36.
Buchanan, Robert W., poet, Scotland, born.
Chitty, Joseph, jurist, A65.
Dyer, George, scholar, antiquary, A86.
Elgin, Earl of, Thomas Bruce, diplomatist,
Scotland, A75.
Gregory, Gilbert Ashburton, math., wr., A67.
Hook, Theodore Edward, novelist, drama-
tist, humorist, A58.
Mac-Auley, Catherine E., philanthropist,
founder Sisters of Mercy, Ireland, A54.
MacNeven, William J., physician, teacher,
Ireland, A78.
White, Joseph B., clergyman, author, A66.
Wilkie, Sir David, painter, Scotland, A56.
1842 * * Arnold, Thomas, clergyman, classi-
cal scholar, historian, A47.
Banim, John, novelist, Ireland, A44.
Chantry, Sir Francis Legatt, sculptor, A61.
Congleton, Lord, Henry Brooke Parnell,
statesman, A 66.
Cunningham, Allan, poet, critic, Scot., A58.
Darling, Grace, heroine, A27.
Fosbroke, Thomas D., archeologlst, A72.
Foster, John, cl., moralist, author, A72.
Haldane, Robert, cl., philan., au., Scot., A78.
Hill, Viscount, Rowland, general, A70.
Maginn, William, journalist, author, Ireland,
A49.
Mudie, Robert, naturalist, Scotland, A65.
Ousely, Sir William, orientalist, A73.
Payne, John, poet, born.
Wellesley, Marquis of, Richard Cowley, or
Wesley, statesman, A82.
CHURCH.
1839 * * The Ecclesiological Society is
organized.
1840 * * Ire. The " Synod of Ulster "
and the " Secession Synod " unite to
form the *i General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church of Ireland."
* *The Welsh Presbyterian Foreign
Missionary Society is established at
Liverpool.
* * A Jewish mission to the East is or-
ganized by Moses Montefiore.
* * Parliament : A new Church Disci-
pline Act is passed.
1840-41 The Congregation of Brit-
ish Jews is formed.
1841 May 28. Scot. Seven minis-
ters belonging to the Presbytery of
Strathbogie are deposed by the General
Assembly of the Church of Scotland for
obeying the civil in preference to the
ecclesiastical law.
July 10. Ire. The Presbyterian Church
founds a Jewish mission.
Nov. 30. Edinburgh. The Medical
Missionary Society is organized.
* * Scot. The Morisonians, followers of
the Rev. James Morison of Kilmarnock,
are suspended for heterodoxy.
* * Sir F. H. Goldsmid founds the Jewish
Infant School.
1842 May 23. Scot. The General As-
sembly of the Church of Scotland con-
demns patronage as detrimental to true
religion, and deserving to be abolished.
Nov. 7. London. The British Society for
the Propagation of the Gospel among the
Jews is founded.
LETTERS.
1839-69 The first real practical techni-
cal school in England is formed in the
Chester Diocesan Training College, by
Rev. Arthur Rigg, principal.
1839 * * Festus, by Philip James Bailey,
appears.
* * Introduction to the Literature of Eu-
rope, by Henry Hallam, appears.
1839-43 Sketches of Statesmen of the
Time of George ill., by Lord Henry
Brougham, appears. [1845-46, Lives of
the Men of Letters and Science who
Flourished in the Time of George 111.]
1839-44 Proverbial Philosophy, by Mar-
tin Farquhar Tupper, appears. [1844,
Crock of Gold.]
1839-45 Journal of Researches, by
Charles Darwin, appears.
1840 * * A training-school is founded
at Battersea by Sir J. Shuttleworth and
E. C. Tufnell.
* * The Shakespeare Society is founded.
* * London. The London Circulating
Library is founded.
* * London. The Tablet, Roman Catholic
weekly, is issued.
* * Scot. The Witness is issued.
* * Scot. The Old Red Sandstone, by Hugh
Miller, appears. [1850, Footprints of the
Creator.]
* * Ingoldsby Legends, by Richard Harris
Barham, appears.
1840-48 Lives of the Queens of Eng-
land, by Agnes Strickland, appears.
1841 Apr. 14. London. The Noncon-
formist is issued.
July 17. London. Punch, or the Lon-
don Charivari, is issued by Henry May-
hew, Mark Lemon, Douglas Jerrold, Gil-
bert a Becket, and others.
* * London. The Pharmaceutical Jour-
nal is issued ; also the Gardener's
Chronicle and Jewish Chronicle.
* * Amenities of Literature, by Isaac D'ls-
raeli, appears.
* * Masterman Ready, by Capt. Marryat,
appears. [1846, Children of the New For-
est ; 1848, The Little Savage.]
1842 May 18. London. The Philo-
logical Society is established.
May * London. The Illustrated London
News is issued.
* * Edinburgh. New College is founded.
* * London. Lloyd V Weekly Newspaper
is issued ; also the Builder and the In-
quirer.
* * Lays of Ancient Rome, by Macaulay,
appears.
* * Locksley Hall, and other poems, by
Tennyson, appears. [1847, The Princess :
1850, In Memoriam.]
* * Ire. The Waldenses, by Aubrey
Thomas De Vere, appears. [1843, Poems.]
AND IRELAND.
1839,**-1842,
951
* * Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiq-
uities, by Sir William Smith, appears.
* * Zanoni, by Bulwer-Lytton, appears.
[1813, Last of the Barons; 1848, Harold;
1849, The Caxtons ; 1853, My Novel.]
* * Scot. Love and Immortal it y, by
Charles Mackay, appears. [1845, Le-
gends of the Isles.]
* * Correlation of the Physical Forces, by
Sir W. K. Grove, appears.
It enunciates the theory of the corre-
lation or mutual dependence and con-
vertibility into each other of all the
forces of nature, viz., heat, light, elec-
tricity, magnetism, chemical affinity, and
motion.
1842-53 The Shakespeare Society is-
sues 20 volumes.
SOCIETY.
1839 * * London. King's College Hos-
pital is founded.
* * London. The Theatrical Fund is es-
tablished. [1853. Incorporated.]
* * The British and Foreign Antislavery
Society is established.
1840 Jan. 1. John Frost, Zephaniah
Williams, and William Jones, three
Chartists, are tried for high treason.
[Condemned and transported.]
July 10. .Attempted assassination.
Edward Oxford, an ex-servant in a public
house, discharges two pistols at Queen Vic-
toria and Prince Albert when ascending
Constitution Hill in an open phaeton from
Buckingham Palace. Neither her majesty
nor the prince is injured. [July 10. Oxford
adjudged to be insane.]
1840-52 London. The Percy Society
is formed. [1840-55. Also the Parker
Society.]
1841 Sept. 15. Metropolitan Associa-
tion for Improving the Dwellings of the
Industrial Classes is founded. [1845.
Oct. 16. Incorporated.]
* * A Consumption Hospital is founded
at Brompton.
* * London. The London Philanthropic
Society is founded to supply bread and
coal to the poor.
* * Titles created. Barons Oxenfoord, Con-
gleton, and Vivian; also Earl of Gainsbor-
ough. [1842, Viscount Hill; 1846, Earl of
Ellesmere and Viscount Hardinge; J 847, Earl
of Strafford; 1849, Viscount Gongh and Baron
Elgin; 1850, Earl of Cottenham and Baron
Truro; 1851, Baron De Ereyne.]
1841-47 Edinburgh. "Wodrow Soci-
ety is founded.
1842 May 30. John Francis fires at
the queen. [July 3. John William
Bean presents a pistol at the queen, but
•is seized by a bystander before firing it. J
Aug. * Scot. Father Mathew visits
Glasgow; 40,000 take the pledge.
Aug. * Great disorders occur among
the artisans in the midland counties.
* * A Parliamentary commission reports
that children six years of age are em-
ployed in mines to drag cars of coal
through low tunnels by getting down
on hands and feet. Orphan boys are
reduced to slavery in the mines by a sys-
tem of apprenticeship.
* * London. A women's hospital is
founded in Soho.
* * Women are prohibited from working
in the collieries.
* * The Royal Masonic Institution for
tbe aged and widows is founded.
STATE.
1839* * London. The employment of dogs
in drawing carts, etc., is abolished. [1854.
Abolished throughout the country.]
1840 Jan. 10. Parliament: Members
relinquish the privilege of franking let-
ters. The penny postage act becomes
operative.
Feb. 10. Queen Victoria marries her
cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-
Gotha.
Apr. 14. Parliament: An act for the
settlement of the privilege of Parlia-
ment question is passed.
July 15. A treaty of alliance is con-
cluded with Kussia, Austria, and Prussia
for the maintenance of the Ottoman
empire and the settlement of the affairs
of Egypt.
July 23. Parliament: The Vaccina-
tion Act is passed. [1853. Compulsory
Act passed.]
Aug. 4. Parliament: A regency bill
appointing Prince Albert regent in the
event of the demise of the queen, should
her next lineal successor be under age,
is passed.
* * The new Houses of Parliament are
commenced. [1852. Finished.]
* * New Zealand is settled.
* * The money-order office, set up in 1792,
is begun to be generally used.
* * Parliament: The Municipal Cor-
poration Act for Ireland is passed.
* * Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, a Jew, is made
a baronet,' the first Jew so honored.
1841 Jan.* China. Hong Kong is
acquired (p. 617).
May 27. H. C. A vote of confidence
in the Ministry is refused. Vote, 312-
311.
June * Ire. John Campbell is made
lord chancellor. [Oct. * Sir Edward
Sugden.]
Aug. 19. Parliament meets. [1347.
July 23. Dissolved.
Aug. 30. The Melbourne Ministry re-
sign, having been defeated in Parliament
on an amendment to the speech from
the throne.
Sept. 6. A Ministry is formed with Sir
Robert Peel as Premier.
Members* the Duke of Wellington;
Lord Lyndhurst as lord high chancellor;
Sir James Graham, the Earl of Aberdeen,
and Lord Stanley. [Later, Sidney Her-
bert, W.E. Gladstone. Earl of Hadding-
ton is made first lord of the admiralty. ]
Sept. 15. Ire. Thomas Philip, Earl de
Grey, is appointed lord-lieutenant.
Nov. 10. Edward Pennefather is
made chief justice.
Dec. 20. The quintuple treaty for the
suppression of the slave-trade is signed.
It allows mutual right of search by the
great powers ; Great Britain, France,
Austria, Kussia, and Prussia sign it.
* * Dublin. Daniel O'Connell is elected
mayor ; he is the first Roman Catholic
to hold that office.
* * Viscount Lowther is appointed post-
master.
* * Population of England, 8,196,597.
* * Postage-stamps come into use, super-
seding adhesive envelopes.
1842 Mar. 3. Parliament: The Copy-
right Law is amended by extending the
term of 28 years to 42 years.
Apr. 7. H. C. Sir Robert Peel's " slid-
ing-scale" bill, "regulating the duty
on wheat and other articles of corn," is
passed.
May 2. Parliament: A petition for the
adoption of the "People's Charter,"
having 3,000,000 signatures, is intro-
duced. [Rejected. Vote, 287-49.]
June 22. H. C. Sir Robert Peel's bill
for the imposition of a tax of sevenpence
in the pound on incomes over £150 is
Aug. 9. The Ashburton Treaty is
signed (p. 155).
* * London. The old Marshalsea prison,
Southwark, built in the 13th century, is
taken down.
* * Parliament: A bill prohibiting the
employment of women and children
in mines is passed.
* * E.I. Earl of Ellenborough is ap-
pointed governor-general.
* * London. Pentonville Model prison
is completed.
* * Scot. The queen first visits Scotland.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1840 Jan. 11. The steamer William
Huskisson is wrecked between Dublin
and Liverpool ; 93 passengors saved by
Capt. Clegg of the Huddersfield.
June 17. E. I. The Lord William Ben-
tinck is wrecked off Bombay ; 58 re-
cruits, 20 officers, and seven passengers
perish; the Lord Castlereagh also
wrecked, most of her crew and passen-
gers being lost.
July 18. U. S. A. The first transat-
lantic steamer of the Cunard line, the
Britannia, arrives at Boston, Mass., after
a passage of 14 days and eight hours.
Nov. 18. The steam packet City of Bris-
tol is wrecked ; 35 persons drowned.
* * A telegraph-line erected on the
Blackwell railroad.
1841 Jan. 4. The steamer Thames,
from Dublin to Liverpool, is wrecked
off St. Ives ; the captain and 55 persons
drowned.
Feb. 10. The Governor Fenner, from
Liverpool to America, is run down off
Holyhead by the Nottingham steamer
out of Dublin ; 122 persons drowned.
Apr. 19. The William Browne is
wrecked by striking on the ice ; 16 pas-
sengers who had been received into the
long-boat are thrown overboard by the
crew to lighten her.
June 8. London. Astley's Amphi-
theater is burned the third time.
Sept. 26. The Amanda is wrecked off
Metis : 29 passengers and 12 of the crew
drowned.
Oct. 30. London. A fire occurs at the
Tower ; the armory and 280,000 stand of
arms are destroyed.
Nov. 21. Ire. The James Cooke of Lim-
erick is wrecked in coming from Sligo
to Glasgow.
* * The telegraph is extended to Glas-
gow.
1842 Aug. 28. Afr. The transports
Abercrombie, Robinson, and Waterloo
are lost in Table Bay, Cape of Good
Hope ; of 330 persons on board the lat-
ter vessel 189, principally convicts, are
drowned.
Nov. 13. The East Indiaman Reliance,
from China to London, is wrecked off
Merlmont, near Boulogne ; of 116 per-
sons on board, seven only are saved.
* * Commercial distress prevails. Many
persons are unemployed, and disorders
in manufacturing districts are repressed
by military force.
952 1843, Jan. 13-1846,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1843 July 13. The Albert troop-ship
from Halifax is wrecked with the 64th
Kegiment on board, which barely es-
capes.
* * E.I. "War with the Sindis. (See
India.)
1844 * * The naval list is first officially
completed.
1845 Dec. * E. I. The first Sikh war
begins.
1846 * * S. Afr. War with Kafirs.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1843 Mar. 1. The Phonetic Society
is formed ; Isaac Pitman, secretary.
Mar. 25. London. The Thames tunnel
is opened for foot passengers ; length,
1,300 feet ; width, 35 feet ; heighth, 20
feet ; thickness of earth between the
crown of the arch and the bed of the
river, about 15 feet.
Apr. 17. London. Astley's Amphithe-
ater is reopened.
June 28. London. The Southeastern
railway is opened to Folkestone. [1844.
Feb. 7. To Dover.]
Nov. 4. London. The Nelson Column,
Trafalgar Square, is completed. [18G7.
Jan. 31. The lions at the base, designed
by Sir Edwin Landseer, are uncovered.]
* * Gutta-percha is made known in Eng-
land by Drs. De Almeida and Montgom-
ery at the Society of Arts.
* * London. The Ethnological Society
is formed; also the British Archaeo-
logical Association, and the Boyal
Archaeological Institute.
* * Scot. James Nasmyth invents the
striking steam-hammer.
* * The 13th meeting of the British Asso-
ciation is held at Cork ; [1844, 14th at
York; 1845, 15th at Cambridge; 1846,
16th at Southampton; 1847, 17th at Ox-
ford.]
* * The first experiments in atmospheric
railways in England are made at Worm-
wood.
* * Sir Wm. Rowan Hamilton invents the
mathematical method called quater-
nions.
* * Ire. The first atmospheric railway
in Ireland is built.
1844 Aug. 24. Edinlmrgh. A monu-
ment to the political martyrs of 1793-94
is begun.
Oct. 8. Scot. A statue of the Duke of
Wellington is unveiled at Glasgow.
[Later, also one at the Royal Exchange,
London.]
* * The doctrine of the origin of species
by evolution appears in the Vestiges of
the Natural History of Creation.
* * The North British railway is begun.
[1846. June 18. Opened.]
± * * Rev. John Curwen improves the
tonic sol-fa system, in which the let-
ters d, r, m, f , s, 1, t (for do, re, mi, fa, so,
la, ti, or si), are used instead of notes.
* * Dublin. Queen's Theater in Bruns-
wick Street is erected.
* * The Handel Society is formed ; also
the Syro- Egyptian Society, the Bay
Society, and the Caxton Society.
1845 Feb. 27. The Portland Vase is
smashed with a stone by William Lloyd.
[It has been skilfully repaired.]
May 1. London. The Hungerford (or
Charing Cross) suspension bridge is
opened.
May 24. Sir John Franklin and Capts.
Crozier and Fitzjames sail in the ships
Erebus and Terror for the arctic regions.
June * The railway from Cambridge to
London is opened.
June* J. Watkins Brett and Jacob Brett
file plans for a transatlantic telegraph
cable.
* * The Sheffield and Manchester railway
is opened.
* * London. A statue of Queen Victoria
is erected at the Royal Exchange.
* * London. Victoria Park and Trafalgar
Square are completed.
1846 Aug.* The Queen's Park, Peel
Park, and Philip's Park, Manchester,
are opened.
Oct. 10. Lassell discovers a satellite of
Neptune.
* * London. The grand "Wellington
Arch is erected at Hyde Park corner ;
height of equestrian statue, 27 feet ;
weight, 40 tons ; chiefly made from cap-
tured cannon.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1843 * * Abbott, Evelyn, classical scholar,
historian, born.
Allen, William, chemist, A73.
Alice Maud Mary, daughter of Victoria, b.
Cooper, William R., archeologist, born.
Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, statesman,
journalist, born.
Powden, Edward, scholar, Ireland, born.
Loudon, John C, horticulturist, Scot., A 60.
Southey, Robert, poet, historian, biog., A69.
1844 * * Abercrombie, John, phys., Scot., A64.
Addington, Henry, Viscount Sidmouth, A87.
Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh,
son of Victoria, born.
Baily, Francis, astronomer, A70.
Beckford, William, author, A84.
Burdett, Sir Francis, statesman, A74.
Callcott, Sir Aug. W., landscape paint., A65.
Campbeil, Thomas, poet, Scotland, A67.
Dalton, John, physicist, mathematician, A78.
Halford, Sir Henry, physician, author, A 78.
Hall, Basil, traveler, author, Scotland, A56.
Lang, Andrew, poet, essayist, born.
Scott, Thomas H. S., author, born.
Sterling, John, critic, essayist, A38.
Sullivan, Arthur, musical composer, born.
1845 * * Adolphus, John, lawyer, hist., A78.
Blanchard, Laman, journalist, A 42.
Buxton, Sir Thomas F., philanthropist, A59.
Cooper, Thomas S., painter, A42.
Daniell, John F., chemist, physicist, A55.
Ernest Augustus Albert, Duke of Cumber-
land, born.
Fry (or Gurney), Elizabeth, philanthropist,
prison reformer, A 65.
Hood, Thomas, humorist, poet, A 47.
Lansdowne, Marquis of, Henry F., states., b.
Nairne, Baroness, Carolina 0., poet, Scot-
land, A79.
Roche, Marie Regina, novelist, A81.
Saintsbury, George W., scholar, author, b.
Sale, Sir Robert H., general, A63.
Smith, Sydney, cl., essayist, wit, wr., A74.
1846 * * Clarkson, Thomas, philanthropist,
antislavery advocate, A86.
Davitt, Michael, journalist, states., Ire., b.
De Vere, Sir Aubrey, poet, Ireland, A39.
Frere, John H., poet, diplomatist, wr. A77.
Haydon, Benjamin R., hist, painter, A 60.
Helena Augusta Victoria, Princess Helena,
daughter of Victoria, born.
Holl, Frank, painter, born.
Parnell, Charles Stewart, statesman, Ire., b.
Sayce, Archibald H., philologist, born.
CHURCH.
1843 May 18. Edinburgh. Differences
on the question of the right of patrons
to nominate to livings causes the se-
cession from the national church of Dr.
Thomas Chalmers and 400 other minis-
ters [who form the "Free Church of
Scotland"].
* * Parliament provides for the formation
of new district churches or parishes ;
£600,000 appropriated.
* * The Voluntary School Society and
Congregational Board of Education are
formed.
* * The Primitive Methodists organize a
Foreign Missionary Society.
* * The Church of England Sunday-school
Institution is formed.
* *The Congregational Board of Edu-
cation is organized at Homerton.
1844 May * The society for the liber-
ation of religion from state patronage
and control is established by eminent
political Dissenters.
June 6. London. The Parent Society
of the Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion is organized.
* * The Patagonian Missionary Society
is organized by Mr. Williams.
* *The Free Church of England is
formed as an Episcopal church.
1845 Nov.* Ire. The Protestants form
an alliance at Armagh.
* * The Evangelical Alliance is founded
by Sir Culling Bradley Smith and others,
at Liverpool, with the view of promoting
unity among all denominations of Prot-
estant Christians against Roman Cathol-
icism and infidelity.
* * London. The Evangelical Conti-
nental Society is organized.
1846 Aug. 19-Sept. 2. London. A
meeting for the organization of the
Christian Alliance is held in Freema-
son's Hall ; 800 delegates representing
50 denominations are present; object,
the preservation of Christian liberty and
the promotion of Christian unity.
LETTERS.
1843* * Queen's CoUege, Birming-
ham, is incorporated.
* * Wordsworth is appointed poet lau-
reate.
* * Chetham Society, Manchester, is
founded.
1843-56 MU ric Society is founded.
1843-47 Foreignand Colonial Quarterly
lieview is issued.
* * London. Allen's Indian Mail is is-
sued ; also the Neics of the World, Eng-
lish Churchman, Farmer, Economist, and
Law Times.
* * System of Logic, by John Stuart Mill,
appears. [1848, Principles of Political
Economy.']
* * Song of the Shirt, by Thomas Hood,
appears. [1847, Poems of Wit and Hu-
mor.]
1844 * * London. The British Quarterly
lieview is issued. Also the Musical
Times and the Agricultural Gazette.
* * Vestiges of the Natural History of Cre-
ation appears.
It affirms the progressive development
as a hypothetic history of organic crea-
tion ; the authorship is ascribed to Rob-
ert Chambers and others, and occasions
much controversy.
* * Hitopadesa, edited and translated by
Max Muller (Friedrich Maximilian
Miiller), appears.
* * Agincourt, by G. P. R. James, appears.
[1853, Agnes Sorel.]
* * Village Sermons, by Charles Kingslev,
appears. [1850, Alton Oocke; 1853, Hy-
patia; 1855, Westward Ho!]
1844-47 The North British Review is
issued.
1844-55 Experimental Researches in
Electricity, by Michael Faraday, ap-
pears.
1845 June * Dublin. Maynooth Col-
lege receives a permanent endowment
from Parliament, consisting of £50,000
AND IRELAND.
1843, Jan. 13-1846,*
953
for the enlargement of tbe buildings and
£26,000 annually. [This occasions much
controversy in England, a motion being
made for its abolition at almost every ses-
sion of Parliament.]
July 31. Parliament passes an Act es-
tablishing queen's colleges (unsecta-
rian) in Ireland.
[1849. Oct. 30. One is opened at Gal-
way. Oct. * One at Belfast. Nov. 7.
One at Cork. They are termed " God-
less colleges," and are much opposed by
the clergy. (See 1850, Aug. 15.)]
Sept. 23. Ire. The Irish National
Education Board is incorporated.
* * The British Quarterly Review is is-
sued.
* * London. Knight's Penny Magazine is
issued.
* * Sybil, by Benjamin Disraeli, appears.
* * A Concordance to Shakespeare, by
Mary Cowden Clarke, appears.
1845-55 The Prospective Review is is-
sued.
1845-67 History of Philosophy, by
George Henry Lewes, appears.
1846 Jan. 21. London. The Daily
News is issued ; also the Guardian.
± * * Owens College, Manchester, is
founded by means of a bequest of £100-
000 by John Owens. [1851. Mar. 10. It
is opened.]
* * Bishop Hatfield's Hall, Durham
University, is founded.
SOCIETY.
1843 Nov. 14. Great free-trade meet-
ings are held at Manchester.
* * Rebecca or "Becca" riots against
turnpikes occur in South Wales.
* * London. The Sydenham Society and
Law Amendment Society are founded.
* * The National Temperance Society
is formed.
* * London. The Round, Catch, and
Cannon Club is founded.
* * Tendon. St. Mary's Hospital, Pad-
dington, is founded.
±* * Ire. The "Molly Maguires," a
secret society, flourishes.
* * Edinburgh. The Spottiswood Soci-
ety is founded.
1844 Nov. 5. Scot. The Scottish
Temperance League is formed.
* * A Bagged School Union is organ-
ized.
* * Sailors' Home, Liverpool, is founded.
* * The Asylum for Fatherless Children
at Reedham, Surrey, is established.
1845 May 20. Lieut. Hawkes kills
Lieut. Seton in a duel.
Aug. * The queen visits Germany.
Dec. 23. A great anti-corn-law meet-
ing is held at Manchester ; £64,984 sub-
scribed.
* * A society for the discouragement of
dancing is formed.
* * London. Model lodging-houses are
built.
* * A German hospital is founded at
Dalston.
* * The polka is introduced [and becomes
a popular dance].
* * Scot. A poor-law system is estab-
lished.
* * Ire. Titles created, Baron Dun-
sandle and ClanConal. [1848, Baron Bel-
lew.]
STATE.
1843 Mar. 16. Ire. Daniel O'Con-
nell addresses 30,000 people at Trim on
the repeal of the Act of united legisla-
tion between Ireland and Great Britain.
Aug. 3. S. Afr. Natal is annexed.
Aug. 15. Ire. O'Connell addresses
half a million people on the hill of Tara
in favor of the repeal of the legislative
union.
Oct. 14. Ire. O'Connell and many of
his associates are arrested on charges
of conspiracy, sedition, and unlawful
assembling. [1844. Jan. 15-Feb. 12.
O'Connell and eight others are found
guilty by a Protestant jury.]
1844 May 6. H. C. A bill for the re-
newal of the Bank of England is intro-
duced and passed.
It provides for the continuation of the
bank's privilege, for its division into two
departments, for the publishing of its
weekly returns, and the limiting of its
circulation to £14,000,000. [Passed.]
May 13. Parliament: Sir James Gra-
ham's bill for the regulation of hours
of labor in factories is passed.
May 30. Ire. Daniel O'Connell is sen-
tenced to imprisonment for one year,
and to pay a fine of £2,000; his associ-
ates are sentenced to nine months' im-
prisonment, and to pay a fine of £50
each.
July 12. Ire. William, Lord Heytes-
bury, is appointed lord-lieutenant.
Aug. 3. Parliament: The Art Union
Indemnity Act is passed.
Sept. 4. H. C. The decision of the Irish
Court of the Queen's Bench in the case
of O'Connell and his associates is re-
vised. They are liberated.
Dec. 18. Ire. New commissioners of
charitable bequests are appointed, and
the rank of Boman Catholic bishops
is recognized.
* * Parliament orders the examination
of railway schemes before their intro-
duction by the Board of Trade.
* * Parliament requires railway compa-
nies to run cheap trains every day, and
permits the erection of electric tele-
graphs, and authorizes the Government
to buy existing railways with the per-
mission of Parliament after Jan. 1, 1866.
* * E. I. Sir Henry Hardinge is ap-
pointed governor-general.
1845 Feb. 15. H. C. Sir Robert Peel
introduces a bill for the abolition of
import duties on over 430 articles.
Dec. 5. Sir Bobert Peel resigns. [Dec*
Lord John Russell attempts to form a
Ministry, but fails, and Peel resumes
office.]
* * H. C. A bill is passed for the improve-
ment of Maynooth College, Dublin,
and granting to it annually £30,000.
1845-53 Ire. The Celtic Society, Dub-
lin, flourishes.
1846 Jan. 13. The Earl of Ellenbor-
ough is made first lord of the admiralty.
Jan. 23. Ire. Francis Blackburn is
made chief justice.
Apr. 30. H. C. "William Smith
O'Brien is committed to the custody of
the sergeant-at-arms, for contempt, in
not obeying an order of the House to
attend a committee.
June 15. Can. The Oregon boundary
treaty (p. 161).
June 26. Parliament: The corn-laws
are totally repealed.
Wheat at or about 53 shillings per
quarter to be four shillings a quarter
until Feb. 1, 1849 ; thereafter all kinds of
grain uniformly to be one shilling per
quarter.
June 29. Sir Robert Peel resigns,
his bill for the protection of life in Ire-
land being rejected by the Commons.
July * Richard Cobden receives a testi-
monial of £80,000 for his eminent ser-
vices in promoting the abolition of the
corn-laws.
July 6. Lord Cottenham is appointed
lord high chancellor.
Lord John Russell becomes premier.
Cabinet includes Marquis of Lansdowne,
Viscount Talinerston, foreign secretary,
Earl Grey, William E. Gladstone, secretary
of state for the colonial department, Lord
Auckland, first lord of the admiralty, Earl
Granville, Fox Jlaule, Earl of Carlisle, Sir
Thomas Wilde, and Lord Truro.
July 9. Ire. John William, Earl of
Besborough, is appointed lord -lieu-
tenant. [July 16. Maziere Brady,
lord chancellor.]
July 29. Ire. William Smith O'Brien
and the " Young Ireland," or physical
force, party secede from the Repeal
Association, and form the Irish Confed-
eration party.
Aug. * Parliament : Three famine-relief
Acts for Ireland are passed.
Aug. 28. Parliament: Commissioners
of railways are constituted.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1843 Jan. 13. The East Indiaman Con-
queror, homeward bound, is wrecked
near Boulogne ; crew and passengers are
lost.
Jan. 16. The East Indiaman Jessie Lo-
gan is wrecked on the Cornish coast ;
many drowned.
Apr. 7. Sp. The royal mail-steamer
Solway \s wrecked near Corunna ; 28
lives and the mail are lost.
Apr. 12. The trader Catherine is blown
up off the Isle of Pines. Most of the
crew are massacred by the natives or
afterwards drowned.
May 23. Ind. The Amelia Thompson is
wrecked near Madras ; part of the crew
saved.
July 19. The steam-packet Pegasus from
Leith is wrecked off the Fern Islands ;
of 59 persons (including Elton the actor)
seven only are saved.
1844 June 16. The steamer Manches-
ter from Hull to Hamburg is wrecked
off the Vogel Sands, near Cuxhaven ; 30
lives are lost.
Oct. 28. London. The Royal Ex-
change is opened by the queen.
* * London. Fleet prison is taken down.
* * The use of sealing-wax is superseded
by the introduction of adhesive envel-
opes.
* * The Admiralty pier at Dover is com-
menced.
1845 Jan. 1. London. The new build-
ing Act becomes operative.
May 2. A suspension chain-bridge,
built over the Bure at Yarmouth, at an
expense of £4,000, owing to the weight
of a vast number of persons who assem-
bled on it to witness an exhibition on the
water, suddenly gives way, and 79 lives
(mostly children) are lost.
** London. Penny-f ares on steamboats
are begun.
* * A great famine is caused by the fail-
ure of the potato crop.
1846 Mar. * A commercial panic oc-
curs.
Aug. 24. A collision occurs on the Pe-
vensey (Brighton and Hastings) Rail-
way ; 40 are injured.
954 1846, ** -1850, July 3. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1847 Dec. 20. The war ship Avenger,
with officers and crew, is lost off the
north coast of Africa.
* * A general war-medal is struck for
the war of 1793-1814.
1848-49 E.I. Second Sikh war. (See
India.)
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1846 * * London. The Pathological Soci-
ety is formed ; also the Sussex Arch-
feological Society at Lewes, and the
Cambrian Archaeological Association.
* * The high level bridge is erected by
Robert Stephenson at Newcastle, and
the Grand Central Station is also built.
* * Sir William Armstrong's hydraulic
crane is patented.
1846-48 IT. The Conway Tubular
Bridge is erected.
1846-50 W. The Britannia Tubular
Suspension Bridge is erected by Rob-
ert Stephenson across Menai Strait :
length of central span, 460 feet ; total
length, 1,840 feet; height of central
tower, 230 feet.
* * Water is decomposed into oxygen and
hydrogen gases by the heat of oxy-hy-
drogen flame by ffm, Robert Grove.
1847 May 4. London. Jenny land,
" the Swedish Nightingale," makes her
first appearance.
Aug. 13. The planet Iris is discovered
by John Russell Hind. [Oct. 18, Flora ;
1850, Sept. 13, Victoria; 1851, May 19,
Irene; 1852, June 24, Melpomene; Aug.
22, Fortuna; Nov. 16, Calliope; Dec. 15,
Thalia; 1853, Nov. 8, Euterpe.]
* * Lassell discovers a satellite of Uranus.
* * The Gardens of Botany at Kew are
greatly improved, and magnificent con-
servatories are erected.
* * The royal kitchen and forcing gardens
are incorporated with the botanical gar-
dens at Kew.
* * The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
(endowed 1816, founded 1837), is com-
pleted.
* * London. The Palseontographical So-
ciety is formed.
* * The Institute of Mechanical Engineers
is formed at Birmingham.
* * Gutta-percha is suggested as an in-
sulator for electrical use by Faraday.
1847-48 Sir John Franklin discovers
the Northwest Passage in sailing down
the [Franklin Straits], but loses his life
in the effort.
1848 Apr. 25. The planet Metis is dis-
covered by A. Graham.
May 11. Sir James Ross's expedition
sails in search of Sir John Franklin.
[1849. Nov. 3. Returns unsuccessful.]
* * Eighteenth meeting of the British
Association is held at Swansea. [1849,
Sept. 12, 19th at Birmingham ; 1850, July
31, 20th at Edinburgh ; 1851, 21st at Ips-
wich ; 1852, 22d at Belfast ; 1853, 23d at
Hull ; 1854, 24th at Liverpool.]
± * * London. The statue of Lord George
Bentinck is erected in Cavendish Square.
* * London. The Institute of Actuaries
is formed ; also the Arundel Society,
for the promotion of art by publishing
facsimiles, photographs, etc.
* * One of the satellites of Saturn is dis-
covered by George Phillips Bond and
William Lassell.
* * Artificial stone is invented by Fred.
Ranscome.
* * William Lassell discovers the eight
satellites of Saturn.
* * Paraffin is procured from mineral
oil by James Young at Alfreton in Der-
byshire.
* * The caloric engine is invented by
John Ericsson.
1849 Apr. 18. The first stone of the
freat Grimsby docks is laid by the
'riuce of Wales.
* * Scot. Sir Walter Scott and His
Friends is painted by Faed.
* * The Athenaeum and Mechanics' In-
stitution at Sheffield is opened.
* * The fire-annihilator is invented by
T. Phillips. When in operation, steam
and carbonic acid are formed, which ex-
tinguish flame.
* *A steam-plow is patented by G.
Callaway and R. A. Purkes.
1850 Jan. 20. The Enterprise and In-
vestigator sail in search of Sir John
Franklin, under Commanders Collin-
son and M'Clure. [Oct. 26. M'Clure
discovers the Northwest Passage.]
Mar. 20. London. A marble arch
from Buckingham Palace is uncovered
at Cumberland Gate, Hyde Park.
Mar.* The first locomotive passes
through the Britannia Tubular Suspen-
sion Bridge.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1847 * * Barrymore, Maurice, actor, born.
Chalmers, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., A67.
Collins, William K. A., painter, A 60.
Dibdin, Thomas F., dram., song-writer, A71.
Elmes, Harvey L., architect, A33.
Fargus, Frederick J., novelist, born.
Fawcett, Millicent, economist, born.
Franklin, Sir John, arctic explorer, A61+.
Lambert, Sir John, general, A75.
Lankester, Edwin R., zoologist, born.
MacCullagh, James, mathemat., Ire., A37.
O'ConneU, Daniel, lawyer, orator, states-
man, Ireland, A72.
Rosebery, Earl of, Archibald Philip Prim-
rose, statesman, born.
Turner, Sharon, historian, A79.
1848* * Ashburton, Lord, Alexander B.,
statesman, A74.
Barrow, Sir John, traveler, A84.
Bentinck, Lord, William George Frederick
Cavendish, statesman, A46.
D'Israeli, Isaac, historian, critic, au., A82.
Herschel, Caroline T.., astronomer, A98.
Louise Caroline Alberta, dau. of Victoria, b.
Marryat, Frederick, naval captain, novelist,
A56.
Melbourne, Viscount de, William Lamb,
statesman, A69.
Nicolas, Sir Nicholas H., antiquary, A49.
Siddons, Mary F. Scott, actor, born.
Stephenson, George (inventor locomo-
tives), A 67.
Tennant, William, poet (Scotland), A63.
Terry, Ellen, actor, born.
1849 * * Adelaide, queen, consort of William
IV., A57.
Barham, Richard H., humorist, au., A61.
Barton, Bernard, Quaker poet, A65.
Blessington, Countess of, Margaret Power,
novelist, Ire., A60.
Brunei, Sir Marc I., engineer (Thames
tunnel), A80.
Coleridge, Hartley, poet, author, A 52.
Copleston, Edward, bp. of Llandaff, au., A73.
Edgeworth, Maria, novelist, Ireland, A82.
Elliott, Ebenezer, poet, A68.
Gosse, Edmund W., poet, born.
Heath, Charles, engraver, born.
Herkomer, Hubert, painter, born.
Kendal, Mrs. (Margaret Brunton Robert-
son), actor, born.
Langbridge, Frederick, poet, born.
Morier, James, traveler, author, A69.
O'Neil, James, actor, born.
Smith, Horace, poet, novelist, A70.
Terris, William, actor, born.
Tytler, Patrick Fraser, hist., Scot., A58.
CHURCH.
1846 * * Daniel Murphy is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Australasia.
[1847. Alexis Canog for Trichonopoly,
India.]
* * Scot. Dr. Duff declines the office of
principal and professor of theology in
the Free Church College, begging his
friends to allow him to retain, in the view
of all men, the clearly marked and dis-
tinguishing character of a missionary
to the heathen.
* * Sisterhoods in the Church of England
are begun by Lydia Priscilla Sellon in
Devonshire.
1847 May 13. Scot. The Relief and
Secession churches are united as the
United Presbyterian Church.
* * The Catholic Poor School Commission
is established.
+* * Bishoprics are established :
1847, Manchester, Eng., Melbourne,
Vic, Sydney, N. S. W., Newcastle, W. A.,
Capetown, Adelaide, S. A., and Argyll
and the Isles; 1849, Victoria, Hong-
Kong, and Rupert Land ; 1852, Sierra
Leone ; 1853, Natal and Grahamstown.
1848 * * The Young Men's Missionary
Association of the Baptist Church is
organized.
* * John" Bird Sumner is chosen arch-
bishop of Canterbury.
* * London. Rev. Frederick Faber and
others, as •* Fathers of the Oratory,"
establish themselves in King William
Street, Strand. [Afterwards m Bromp-
ton.]
1849 * * The Protestant Alliance is
formed.
* * Ire. Francis Kelly is consecrated
(R. C.) bishop of Derry.
* *Wesleyan Methodist Reformers
organize.
LETTERS.
1846* * London. The Cavendish So-
ciety is founded. Also the Hakluyt
Society.
* * Edinburgh. The Edinburgh Philo-
sophical Association is reorganized as
the Edinburgh Philosophical So-
ciety.
* * Stories from the Italian Poets, by Leigh
Hunt, appears. [1847, Men, Women, and
Books; 1850, Autobiography ; 1853, Re-
ligion of the Heart.]
1846-56 History of Greece, by George
Grote, appears.
1847 Apr. * Scot. The North British
Daily Mail is issued at Glasgow.
July 19. Robert Hibbert establishes a
trust fund " for the promotion of com-
prehensive learning and thorough re-
search in relation to religion apart
from any sect or system."
Oct. * London. The Education Times is
issued. Also the Weekly Times.
* * Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte^ ap-
pears. [1854, Villette.)
* * The Macdermotts of Ballycloran, by
Anthony Trollope, appears. [1855, The
Warden ; 1857, Barchester Towers.]
* * Friends in Council, by Arthur Hugh
Helps, appears. [1851, Companions of
My Solitude.]
* * Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte^
appears.
* * Vanity Fair, by Thackeray, appears.
[1850, Pendennis ; 1852, Henry Esmond;
1853-55, The Newcomes; 1857-59, The
Virginians.]
1847-49 Scot. Institutes of Theology,
by Thomas Chalmers, appears.
1848 July 29. Dublin. The Nation
and the Irish Felon are suppressed.
* * London. The Psychological Journal
is issued by Dr. Forbes Winslow.
* * Scot. The whole Bible is printed at
Glasgow in raised characters for the
use of the blind.
* * Loss and Gain, by John Henry New-
man, appears. [1852, Scope and Nature
of University Education ; 1856, Callista.]
* * The Bothie of Tober-Na-VuoUch, by
Arthur Hugh dough, appears. [1850,
Dipsychus.]
* * Mary Barton, by Elizabeth Gaskell,
appears.
AND IRELAND. 1846, ** -1850, July 3. 955
* * Poetry of Sacred and Legendary Art,
by Mrs. Anna Jameson, appears.
* • History of England, vols. i. and ii.,
by Macaulay, appears. [1855, vols. iii.
and iv. ; 1861, vol. v.]
* * Ba.rometrographia, by Luke Howard,
appears.
* * The Strayed Reveller, and otber
poems, by Matthew Arnold, appears.
[1853, Empedocles on Etna; 1855, Poems.]
* * Nineveh and its Remains, by Sir Aus-
ten Henry Layard, appears. [1845-53,
The Monuments of Nineveh; 1851, In-
scriptions in the Cuneiform Character
from Assyrian Monuments; 1853, Fresh
Discoveries at Nineveh, and Researches
at Babylon.]
* * Life and Adventures of Oliver Gold-
smith, by Jobn Forster, appears. [1859,
Historical and Biographical Essays.]
* * Tenant of Wildfeld Hall, by Annie
Bronte^ appears.
1849 * * London. The Phonetic News is
issued. Also Notes and Queries and
The Art Journal.
* * Ire. German Anthology and Poets
and Poetry of Munster, by James Clar-
ence Mangan, appear. [1850, Romances
and Ballads of Ireland.]
* * Vision of Sudden Death, by De Quin-
cey, appears.
* * The Seven Lamps of Architecture, by
Jobn Kuskin, appears. [1850, Poems;
1851-53, Stones of Venice and Pre-Raph-
aelitism; 1857, Elements of Drawing.]
* * Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biog-
raphy and Mythology, edited by [Sir]
William Smith, appears.
1849-74 The Rig- Veda, edited by Max
Miiller, appears.
SOCIETY.
1847 * * The Vegetarian Society, -whose
members restrict themselves to a vege-
table diet, is formed.
* * The Idiot Asylum at Earlswood is
commenced. [1869. Enlarged.]
* * The first society called a Band of
Hope is formed.
1848 July 12. Ire. Orangemen and
Catholics meet in conflict at Dolly's
Brae ; several lives are lost.
1849 Aug. 1. The queen embarks for
Ireland.
* * London. The general Board of
Health, appointed by the Act for the
protection and promotion of the public
health passed in 1848, is founded.
* * The Friend of the Clergy corpora-
tion is organized.
1850 June 27. Pate assaults the
queen.
STATE.
1846 * * Edward, Earl of St. Germans,
is appointed postmaster ; later, Ulick,
Marquis of Clanricarde.
* * The railway mania and panic year ;
272 railway Acts are passed by Parlia-
ment.
* * Parliament : An Act is passed for
compensating families of persons killed
by railways.
* * Ire. Kildare is united with Dublin.
* * E. I. Archipelago. Labuan, near
Borneo, is acquired by treaty.
1847 Feb. 8. H. C. Daniel O'Con-
nell makes his last speech in the House.
Apr. 15. The Lords take possession of
their new house.
May 26. Ire. George William Freder-
ick, Earl of Clarendon, is appointed
lord-lieutenant.
Nov. 18. Parliament meets. [1852.
July 1. Dissolved.]
* * Parliament : The baths and wash-
houses nuisance Act is passed.
* * Parliament grants £10,000,000 to re-
lieve the Irish sufferers from famine
and disease.
1848 Jan. 12. E. I. The Earl of Dal-
housie is appointed governor-general.
Apr. 10. London. A great Chartist
demonstration takes place on Kenning-
ton Common.
A petition, bearing over 5,000,000 sig-
natures, is prepared for presentation to
Parliament ; it demands the adoption of
the " People's Charter."
Apr. * Parliament : An Act is passed for
Ireland, making the uttering of sedi-
tious speeches a felony.
May* Ire. John Mitchel, William Smith
O'Brien, Thomas F. Meagher, and other
members of the Irish Confederation,
are arrested on charge of sedition. [May
26. John Mitchel is found guilty, and
sentenced to transportation for 14 years.]
July 26. The Habeas Corpus Act is
suspended in Ireland because of an in-
surrection which breaks out in Tippe-
rary.
July 29. Ire. A number of Irish insur-
rectionists under William Smith
O'Brien are defeated and dispersed by
Sub-Inspector Trant and about 60 Police
constables on Boulagh Common, Bal-
lingary, Tipperary. [Aug. 5. O'Brien is
arrested at Thurles, and conveyed to
Dublin. Oct. 9. O'Brien, Meagher, and
others are sentenced to death. 1849.
July 9. O'Brien and Meagher are trans-
ported.]
Aug. 5. Dublin. The queen visits Ire-
land, and holds her court at Dublin
Castle.
* * Parliament passes a bill establishing
a general Board of Health.
1849 Jan. 16. Ire. The Irish Court
of the Queen's Bench gives judgment on
writs of error in all high treason cases,
and confirms the j udgment of the lower
court.
Jan. 18. Sir Francis Thornhill Baring
is made first lord of the admiralty.
Feb. 27. Royal assent is given to the
suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act
in Ireland for six months. [Mar. 1. It
is restored.]
Mar. 6. H. L. The Lords vote £50,000
for the relief of Ireland.
Mar. 12. Parliament: A bill for the
repeal of the navigation laws is
passed. [June 26. Receives royal as-
sent.]
Mar. 29. E. I. The Punjab is an-
nexed.
May 1. London. Protectionists meet,
and form an association to oppose the
progress of free trade and the repeal of
the navigation laws, and to urge the re-
establishment of protection.
May 7. H. C. The Parliamentary Oaths
Bill, for the benefit of Jews and other
Dissenters, is passed, but rejected by the
Lords.
July 3. London. Baron Lionel de
Rothschild is returned to Parliament
for the city by a majority of 6,619 votes.
July* Parliament: The Erlcumbered
Estates Act for Ireland is passed. [Oct.
24. The first court under the Act is held
at Dublin.]
Aug. 5. Dublin. The queen arrives on
a visit.
1850 Jan. 3. A royal commission for
the Great Exhibition is appointed.
Jan. 31. Parliament is opened by com-
mission.
June 17. H. L. A resolution is passed
condemning the foreign policy of the
Ministry respecting Greece. [June 28.
The House of Commons approves it.
Vote, 310-264.]
June 19. Lord Langdale is appointed
master of the rolls, Sir Launcelot
Shad well, vice-chancellor of England,
and Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe, com-
missioner of the great seal. [July 15.
Sir Thomas Wild, Lord Truro, lord
chancellor.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1846 * * Ire. The great famine occurs.
It is caused by repeated failures of the
potato crop, and is succeeded by pesti-
lential diseases of which multitudes die,
among them many priests and physi-
cians. Parliament votes £10,000,000, and
several countries of Europe and the
United States forward provisions and
other succor.
* * London. Twopenny omnibuses are
begun.
1847 Feb. 19. The West India mail-
packet Tweed is wrecked; 72 persons
drowned.
Apr. 28. The emigrant ship Exmouth,
from Londonderry to Quebec, is
wrecked ; of 240 persons on board, nearly
all are drowned.
Sept. 16. London. Shakespeare's
house is sold at the Auction Mart, and
knocked down to the United Committee
of London and Stratford for £3,000.
* * A commercial panic occurs through
railway mania. Bank discount is eight
per cent. The failures amount to
£20,000,000.
Oct. 27. The Corn Exchange at Bir-
mingham is opened.
1848 Aug. 24. The Ocean Monarch,
an American emigrant ship, leaves Liv-
erpool bound for Boston, having nearly
400 persons on board. [She takes fire,
and 178 persons perish.]
Dec. 16. London. The Park Theater
burns after midnight.
* * Cholera visits England. [1849. Sept.*
Reappears.]
1849 Feb. 17. Scot. A false alarm
of fire at a Glasgow theater causes the
crushing to death of 70 persons.
Mar. 29. London. The Olympic Thea-
ter is burned.
Aug. 3. Ire. The Cove of Cork is named
Queenstown by the queen.
Oct. 30. London. The Coal Exchange
is opened.
* * The Pavilion, Brighton, greatly en-
larged, and made to resemble the Krem-
lin at Moscow, is sold to the town for
£53,000.
* * London. The scourge of cholera con-
tinues ; 1,008 deaths per week. In Eng-
land and Wales 53,295 persons die.
1850 Mar. 30. The steamer Royal Ad-
elaide is wrecked on the Tongue Sands
off Margate ; 400 persons are drowned.
June 18. The steamship Orion is
wrecked off Port Patrick on a sunken
rock within a stone's throw of land ; 50
out of 200 persons drowned.
July 3. The East India diamond, the
Koh-i-noor, is presented to the queen.
Its weight is nearly 800 carats [but re-
duced by the nnskiifulness of the artist
to 270 carats].
•956 1850, July 4-1852, Dec. 20. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1850 * * The navy numbers 339 Hailing
and 161 steam vessels. Cost for the
year, £6,942,397.
1850-53 S. Afr. Kafir war (p. 598).
(Oct.*) The Kafirs rise. (Dec. 24.)
They defeat a British force under Col.
Mackinnon. (Dec. 29.) Another defeat ;
the British retreat to their defenses.
1851 Jan. S.Afr. The Kafirs are re-
pulsed at Fort "White and Cape of
Good Hope. Also near Fort Hare.
Feb. 13. S. Afr. Col. Somerset cap-
tures and burns Fort Armstrong, and
captures many Kafirs.
May 31. S. Afr. The Hottentots in
Lower Albany join the Kafir insurrec-
tion.
June 3-5. S. Afr. The British force
defeats the Hottentots and Kafirs.
Dec. 26-37. Afr. A British squadron
captures Lagos, in the Bight of Benin,
Gulf of Guinea.
* * The regulation rifle musket is intro-
duced into the army.
1851-53 E. I. Second war with the
Burmese.
1852 Feb. 26. S. Afr. The war-ship
Birkenhead goes down off Simon's Bay ;
454 men perish.
Sept. 28. Viscount Hardinge is made
general commanding-in-chief.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1850 Aug. 28. A submarine telegraph
cable, 27 miles long, covered with gutta
percha, is laid from Dover to Cape Gris-
Nez, France. [Messages are sent and re-
ceived, but the cable soon parts and
fails.]
Aug. 30. Edinburgh. Prince Albert
lays the foundation of the National
Gallery. [1859. Mar. 21. Opened.]
Sept. 28. The North Star returns to
Spithead after an unsuccessful search
for Sir John Franklin.
Oct. 1. The Prince Albert finds traces
of Sir John Franklin's expedition at
the entrance to Wellington Channel on
Cape Reilly and Beechy Island.
Nov. 29. Saturn's inner ring is discov-
ered by William R. Dawes in England
[and by Bond in America].
Dec. 26. London. The Lyceum is re-
opened.
* * R&pe patents his process for puddled
steel.
* * Scot. Lamont discovers the perio-
dicity of magnetic disturbance.
* * Ire. The railway from Cork to Dub-
lin is finished.
* * The Royal British Meteorological
Society is formed. [1866. Chartered.]
Also The Epidemiological Society.
* * London. A statue of Prince Albert
is erected in the Royal Exchange.
* * Sir Charles Eastlake becomes presi-
dent of the Royal Academy.
* * The durability of stereotypes is greatly
increased by electrotyping them with
copper ; the process is opposed by the
journeymen printers.
* *A preraffaelite school of painters
appears. They pursue real art by repre-
senting nature as they see it, instead of
following the antique.
1851 Aug. 27. The cable between Eng-
land and France is begun. [Oct. 17.
Completed. Nov. 13. In operation.]
* * North of England Institute of Min-
ing Engineers is founded at Newcastle.
* * London. A magnet weighing 100
pounds, and able to sustain 430 pounds,
made by Logeman of Haarlem, is exhib-
ited at the Royal Institution.
* * The collodion process in photography
is discovered by Archer.
* * London. The first Crystal Palace is
built by Sir Joseph Paxton.
1852 Jan. * The tubular life-boat,
the Challenger, is patented.
July * London. An electric clock hav-
ing four illuminated dials is set up in
the Strand.
Nov. 9. A slight earthquake shock is
felt at Liverpool.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1850* * Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, son
of George III., A76.
Allan, Sir William, painter, Scotland, A68.
Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of
Connaught, son of Victoria, born.
Bickersteth, Edward, theological writer, A64.
Bowles, William L., critic, A88.
Jeifrey, Lord Francis, jurist, critic, essayist,
statesman, Scotland, A77.
Langtry, Mrs. (Lily le Breton), actor, b.
Marzials, Theophile, song-writer, born.
Nugent, Lord, George G., statesman, writer,
Ireland, A62.
Peel, Sir Robert, statesman, A 62.
Porter, Jane, novelist, Scotland, A74.
Prout, William, chemist, author, A64.
Shee, Sir Martin A., portrait painter, Ireland,
A 80.
Stevenson, Robert, civil engineer, lighthouse
designer, Scotland, A78.
Thorn, James, sculptor, Scotland, A51.
Wordsworth, William, poet, A80.
1851* * Baillie, Joanna, poet, dramatist,
Scotland, A88.
Crabb, Ueorge, author, philologist, A73.
Codrington, Sir Edward, admiral, A81.
Cottenliam, Earl of, Charles Christopher
Pepys, lord chancellor, ABO.
Dillon, John, statesman, Ireland, born.
Lee, Harriet, novelist, A95. *
Lingard, John, clergyman, historian, A80.
Luttrell, Henry, poet, Ireland, born.
Moir, David M., poet, novelist, Scot., A53.
Montagu, Basil, jurist, author, A81.
Sheil, Kichard L., orator, states., Ire., A60.
Shelley, Mary W., poet, novelist, A54.
Turner, Joseph Mallord W., painter, A76.
CHURCH.
1850 Aug. 22. Ire. A Roman Catho-
lic synod is held at Thurles under the
direction of the primate, Archbishop
Cullen.
Sept. 30. A papal bull establishes a
Roman Catholic hierarchy ; Cardinal
Nicholas Wiseman is appointed arch-
bishop of Westminster. [Dec. 6. En-
throned. This occasions great excite-
ment and indignation among the Prot-
estants.]
Dec. 10. Addresses are presented to the
queen in opposition to the alleged
Roman Catholic aggression.
* * Ire. Paul Cullen is consecrated (Roman
Catholic) archbishop of Armagh. [1852.
Translated to Dublin.]
* * General agitation and much excite-
ment prevail respecting a doctrinal dis-
pute between the bishop of Exeter and
Dr. Gorham, one of his clergv. The de-
cision of the Privy Council favors Gor-
ham, and the courts ratify the decision.
* * A society to " further the promulga-
tion of the gospel in China by means of
native evangelists " is organized.
1851 Mar. 10. London. Roman Cath-
olies meet to petition Parliament against
the Ecclesiastical Tithes Bill.
Aug. 19. Dublin. The ** Great Aggre-
gate meeting."
Roman Catholics from all parts of the
United Kingdom inaugurate the Catho-
lic Defense Association. [Oct. 17. First
meeting is held.]
* * Charles H. Spurgeon becomes pas-
tor of a Baptist church at Winterbeach.
[1853. He preaches at New Park Street
Chapel in London as a supply.]
1852 Jan. 15. The queen issues a
proclamation against " Roman Catholic
ecclesiastics wearing the habit of their
order, or exercising the rites and ceremo-
nies of the Roman Catholic religion, in
highways and places of public resort."
Sept. 10. A " Religious Equality As-
sociation " is formed by the Irish Mem-
bers of Parliament.
LETTERS.
1850 Aug. 15. Ire. The "Queen's
University in Ireland," comprehend-
ing the three queen's colleges, is founded
by patent ; the Earl of Clarendon, lord-
lieutenant, is the first chancellor. [Sept.
3. Chartered.]
[It is condemned by the Propaganda
and the Pope, and by a small majority
of the Irish bishops in a synod held at
Thurles.]
Aug. 31. A commission is appointed to
inquire into the state, studies, discipline,
and revenue of Oxford.
* * [Lord] Alfred Tennyson is made
poet laureate.
* * London. New College, formed by
the union of Homerton, Highbury, and
Coward colleges, is erected by the In-
dependent Dissenters for the education
of their ministers.
* * London, Reynolds's Newspaper is is-
sued ; also Household Words.
* * Scot. Latter-day Pamphlets, by
Thomas Carlyle, appears. [1851, Life of
John Sterling ; 1858-65, History of Fred-
erick the Great.]
* * Scot. Method of the Divine Govern-
ment, by James McCosh, appears.
* * Social Statics, by Herbert Spencer,
appears. [1854, Over-Legislation; 1855,
Princi])les of Psychology ; 1857-74, Es-
says.]
* * Hunter's Life in South Africa, by Ro-
naleyn George Gordon Cumming, ap-
pears.
* * Heath's Jest-Book, by T. Lovell Bed-
does, appears.
* * David Copperfteld , by Dickens, ap-
pears. [1852-53, Bleak House ; 1854, Hard
Times; 1855-57, Little Dorrit ; 1859, Tale
of Two Cities; 1860-61, Great Expecta-
tions and the Uncommercial Traveller.]
* * The Roman, by Sidney Dohell, appears.
[1856, England m Time of War.}
* * The Prelude, by Wordsworth, appears.
1850-62 History of the Romans Under
the Empire, by Charles Merivale, ap-
pears.
* * An edition of Wyclif's Bi ble is printed
at Oxford.
1851 May 5. Dublin. The Roman
Catholic University is originated.
Nov.* London. The Government
School of Mines, etc., Jermyn Street,
St. James's, is opened.
* * Bishop Cosin's Hall, Durham Uni-
versity, is founded.
* * Study of Words, by Richard Chenevix
Trench [Archbishop of Dublin], appears.
[1855. English, Past and Present.]
* * Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World,
by Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy, ap-
pears.
* * The Creed of Christendom, by William
Rathbone Greg, appears.
* * Poems, by Hartley Coleridge, appears.
1851-59 * * Dublin. The Irish Quar-
terly Review is issued.
* * London Labor and London Poor, by
Henry Mayhew, appears. *
185 1-64 History of Normandy and Eng-
land, by Sir Francis Palgrave, appears.
1852 Sept. 2. A free library is opened
at Manchester.
SOCIETY.
1850 * * Scot. Dr. Guthrie advocates the
entire prohibition of the liquor traffic.
AND IRELAND. 1850, July 4-1852, Dec. 20.
961
* * Daily wages of harvest men, three
shillings.
* * London. The Koyal Hospital lor
Incurables is founded by Dr. Andrew
Reed at Oarshalton in Surrey. [Re-
moved to Putney.]
* * London. The Hahnemann (homeo-
pathic) Hospital is founded.
1851 Feb. 23. Serious riots occur at
Yarmouth through a dispute between
the ship-owners and the seamen.
Julv 14. Riots are occasioned by a pro-
cession of Orangemen in Liverpool, and
several lives are lost.
Oct. 7. The queen visits Manchester.
* * The Cancer Hospital, Brompton, is
founded.
1851 Feb. 25. H.L. , The Prohibited
Affinity Marriage Bill is defeated.
Julv 14. Ire. The Irish Tenant League
holds a great meeting on the site of the
famous Battle of the Boyne.
Nov * Louis Kossutb, the Hungarian
patriot, arrives and receives immense
ovations, and departs for America.
* * The Church Penitentiary Association
is founded.
* * London. A hospital for sick children
is established in Great Ormond Street.
* * Parliament: The Laboring-classes
Lodging-houses Act is passed.
* * London. St. Luke's Hospital for lu-
natics is founded.
* * Spiritualism chiefly attracts atten-
tion by rappings, table-turnings, etc.
* * London. The London Temperance
League is formed.
* * London. The Royal Orthopaedic City
Hospital is founded.
* *The Shoeblack Society Brigades,
Blue, Red, and Yellow, are established
by the Ragged School Union.
* * The number of persons convicted of
crime in England and Wales, 21,5*9.
[18M, 21?304; 1853, 20,756; 1854, 23,047;
1855, 19,971; 1856, 14,734; 1857, 15,30* ;
1858, 13,246 ; 1859, 12,470.]
1852 Jan. 3-Apr. 26. An engineers'
strike occurs at Manchester.
Feb. 6. London. City Prison Hollo-
way is opened.
May 24. U. S. A. Thomas F. Mea-
gher arrives in New York having es-
caped from Tasmania, whither he had
been transported.
June 29. A riot occurs at Stockport ;
two Roman Catholic chapels are de-
stroyed and the houses of many Catho-
lics are burned.
July 3. Ire. The magistrates disperse a
«« Tenant -Bight demonstration" at
Warrenstown.
July 14. Ire. Religious riots occur at
Belfast between Orangemen and Catho-
lics.
Julv 22. Ire. An election riot occurs
at Six-mile Bridge, County Clare; five
persons are shot dead by the military.
Aug. 30. John Camden Neild, an ec-
centric miser, dies ; he had bequeathed
about £250,000 to the queen.
STATE.
1850 July 4. London. A protocol is
signed guaranteeing the integrity of
Denmark (p. 641).
July 22. H. C. The Jews' Oath of Ab-
juration Bill is withdrawn by Lord
John Russell. [1851. July 3. Passed.]
Julv 26 H. C. Baron de Rothschild,
member from London, asks to be sworn
in on the Old Testament ; •££**•«»•
lows. [July 29. He is permitted to take
his seat.]
Aug. 18. Parliament is prorogued.
* * Australia. Victoria becomes a prov-
ince.
* *John, Lord Campbell March, is
made chief justice.
1851 Feb. 4. Parliament is opened by
the queen in person.
Feb. 13. H. C. Benjamin Disraeli's
protectionist motion is defeated. Vote,
281-267.
Feb. 20. H. C. Locke King introduces
a bill to extend the £10 franchise to
counties. [Feb. 21. Passed. Feb. 22.
The Ministry resigns.]
Mar. 3. Lord John Russell resumes
office after Lord Stanley and the Earl of
Aberdeen have failed in an attempt to
form a Ministry.
Mar. 30. Population of United King-
dom, 27,637,761.
June 30. H. C. A bill for the adoption
of the secret-ballot system is rejected.
Vote, 189-257.
July 24. Parliament: The window-
tax is repealed.
Aug.* Parliament: The Ecclesiasti-
cal Titles Act, prohibiting the estab-
lishing of a Roman Catholic hierarchy
under penalty of a fine of £100, is passed.
[1871. Jan. 24. Being unexecuted, it is
repealed.]
Aug.* London. An Act is passed provid-
ing for a new market, slaughtering-
places, etc., and to close the market at
Smithfield.
Aug. 7. Parliament: An Act for the
improvement of the administration of
criminal justice is passed.
Oct 1. Two lords justices of the Court
of* Appeal in Chancery are appointed
[Oct 8. Sir James L. Knight-Bruce
is appointed.]
Dec. 22. Viscount Palmerston, Secre-
tary of Foreign Affairs, resigns office
after sending a despatch of importance
in which his colleagues had npt con-
curred.
* * Parliament : An Act for the well-
ordering of common lodging-houses is
(Chan. Exclieq.), Spencer H. Walpole (Home
Sec), Earl of Malmesbury (I-oreign Sec.),
Sir John l'ackington (Colonial Sec), Duke
of Northumberland (L. A dm.).
Feb. 28. Ire. Archibald ■William
TEarl of Eglinton] is appointed lord-
lieutenant. [1853. Jan.* Edward Gran-
ville, Earl of St. Germans.]
Mar. 2. The Anti-Corn League is re-
organized to oppose the Protectionist
Ministry.
Mar. * Ire. Thomas Lefroy is made
chief justice. [Francis Blackburne,
lord chancellor. 1853. Jan. * Maziere
Brady.]
July * -Aug. * The Government disputes
the claims of the United States to the
coast fisheries of Newfoundland.
Great Britain insists upon the conven-
tion of 1818, and sends armed vessels to
the coast of British North America. The
United States sends a war-steamer to the
disputed fishing-ground; niany vessels
are boarded for information. [1854. Ihe
dispute is settled.]
Nov 4. Parliament meets. It is fa-
vorable to free trade. The Commons
assemble in the new house at West-
minster. [1857. Mar. 21. Dissolved.]
Dec 6. Parliament : The Government
announces its recognition of the rees-
tablished empire in France, and Louis
Napoleon as emperor.
Dec 16 H. C. The Government is de-
feated on the question of the budget.
Vote, 286-305. [Dec. 17. The Ministry
resigns.]
Dec. 20. E. I. Pegu is annexed as a
province of the empire.
* * A third vice-chancellor is appointed.
* * London. William Hunter is elected
lord mayor. [1852. Thomas Chalhs.
1853. Thomas Sydney. 1854. Sir Fran-
cis G. Moon.]
* * Ire. Population, 6,574,278.
1852 Jan. 10. Lord Granville dis-
avows to the American Minister the act
of firing into the American steamer
Prometheus by the British man-of-war
Express, and offers an apology.
Feb. 9. H. C. Lord John Russell in-
troduces anew Reform Bill, proposing
the franchise to be £5 rated yearly value
in boroughs, and £20 occupation, or £10
copyhold, rated yearly value in counties.
Feb. 20. H. C. The Ministry is de-
feated on the Local Militia Bill, Lord
Palmereton's amendment making the
force general instead of local being car-
ried. Vote, 136-125. [Feb. 23. It resigns.]
Feb. 27. The first administration of the
Earl of Derby. A Protectionist Min-
istry is formed.
Members: Sir Edward Sugden, Lord S t.
Leonards (L. Chan.), Benjamin Disraeli
MISCELLANEOUS.
1850 Nov. 12. Ire. The emigrant ship
Edmund, with nearly 200 passengers,,
from Limerick to New York, is wrecked
off the western coast ; 100 drowned.
1851 May 1-Oct. 15. London. The
Great Exhibition is held in the Crystal
The building is 1,851 feet long, 408 feet
wide, 19 acres in area, and cost about
£180 000 Number of visitors, 6,170,000.
(Oct 7 ) There were 93,000 visitors
present at one time, the largest num-
ber ever assembled within a windowed,
floored, and roofed building. Number
of exhibitors, 17,000. Receipts, £505,107 ..
expenditures, about £355,000.
Aue 22. The American yacht America
wins " the cup of all nations," in the
regatta at Cowes.
Dec. 6. Parliament votes £80 000 for the
funeral expenses of the Duke of Wel-
lington.
Dec. * Australian gold arrives.
1852 Jan. 4. The West Indian mail-
steamer Amazon is burned in the Medi-
terranean ; 102 persons drowned.
Feb. 5. The Holmfrith flood.
The Bilberry reservoir above Holm-
frith? near Huddersfleld Yorkshire
bursts its banks, and levels four miles
and many ranges of buildings, killing
more than 90 persons ; loss, £500,000.
Time 1 A through line of electric tele-
graph is opened From London to Dublin
June 10-Sept. 11. Ire. A National
Exhibition is held at Cork.
Sept. 30. Dublin. The Royal Ex-
change is opened as a city hall.
Nov 8, 9. The steam-packet Victoria
is wrecked near Wing's beacon off Go-
teburg.
Nov. 18. London. Funeral of the Duke
of Wellington; he is buried in West-
minster.
958 1852, Dec. 24-1855, Feb. 19. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1853 Oct. 22. English and French
fleets enter the Bosporus to aid Tur-
key at war with Russia. [Dec. 3. They
enter the Black Sea.]
1854-56 The Crimean War, by Eng-
land, France, and Turkey, against Rus-
sia.
Mar. 11. The queen reviews the Baltic
fleet under Sir Charles Napier, before
it sails against Russia.
Apr. 21. Rus. Odessa is bombarded
by over 500 French and English ships.
May 10. Rus. The British war-ship
Tiger runs ashore near Odessa in a
dense fog ; the Russians capture the
crew.
May 22. Rus. The British fleet under
Adm. Napier bombards Gustafsvaern
on the Baltic.
May 29. Turk. The allied armies of
England and France disembark at
Varna.
May * The British war-ship Lady Nugent
with 400 men on board la lost in the In-
dian Ocean.
June 29. Rus. Russian batteries at
the Sulina mouth of the Danube are
destroyed by two Dutch steamers.
July * Rus. The British are reenforced
by 10,000 French troops.
Aug. 15. Rus. The British under Adm.
Napier and the French under Gen. Ba-
raguay d'Hilliers capture the fort of
Bomarsund in the Baltic; also 2,000
prisoners.
Sept. 4. Turk. The allied British and
French army under Lord Raglan and
Marshal St. Arnaud leaves Varna after
suffering much from disease and insuffi-
cient accommodation.
Sept. 14. Rus. The allied army, com-
posed of 25,000 British, 23,000 French,
and 8,000 Turkish troops, lands in the
Crimea, and encamps 30 miles from
Sebastopol.
Sept. 15. The Russians evacuate Mol-
davia, after which the (neutral) Austri-
ans garrison the Danubian provinces.
Sept. 20. Rus. Battle of Alma.
The British, French, and Turks, with
an army of 57,000, under Lord Raglan
and Marshal St. Arnaud, defeat the Rus-
sians with 50,000 men under Prince Men-
schikov ; loss of the allies, 3,400 killed
and wounded ; Russian loss, 5,000 killed
and wounded.
Sept. 26. Rus. The allies occupy Ba-
laklava, Crimea.
Oct. 17. Rus. First bombardment of
Sebastopol by the allies.
Oct. 25. Rus. Battle of Balaklava.
The British under Lord Raglan defeat
12,000 Russians under Gen. Liprandi ;
Lord Cardigan's cavalry make the [fa-
mous] " Charge of the Light Bri-
gade," losing 409 men out of 607.
Oct. 29. Rus. Marshal St. Arnaud
dies of cholera. [Gen. Canrobert be-
comes commander of the French forces.]
Nov. 5. Rus. Battle of Inkerman.
The British and French with 14,000
men defeat 40,000 Russians under Gen.
Menschikov ; Russian loss, 10,000 killed
and wounded ; British and French loss,
2,500 killed, wounded, and missing.
Turk. Miss Florence Nightingale
arrives from England at Scutari, opposite
Constantinople, with a corps of nurses.
[They do valuable service in ministering
to the sick and wounded during the war.]
Nov. 14. Rus. A great storm breaks
out in the Black Sea, destroying many
British store-ships, and causing much
suffering to the armies on shore.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1852 * * The phenomenon of florescence
is discovered by Prof. George Gabriel
Stokes.
* * Huguenot is exhibited by Sir John
Everett Millais at the Royal Academy.
* * Sir William Thompson discovers the
dissipation of energy.
* * London. The New Philharmonic
Society is established ; also the Photo-
graphic Society.
1852-54 The Harmonic Union, for
rendering ancient and modern music, is
formed.
1852 Feb. * Dr. John Rae returns from
an unsuccessful search for Sir John
Franklin, down the Mackenzie River.
Aug. 5. London. Work is commenced
on the Crystal Palace.
1852-53 London. A Panopticon of Sci-
ence and Art is erected in I^eicester
Square, for a chartered company for
lectures, musical performances, etc.
[1854. Opened; unsuccessful.]
1853 Jan. 13. Part of Dover Cliff
falls.
Oct. 3. A bronze statue of Sir Robert
Peel is erected in front of the Royal In-
firmary of Manchester.
* * The Tonic Sol-fa Association is
founded. [1862. The college is estab-
lished.]
* * "Wearing apparel is first cut out by
machinery in England.
1854 Mar. 1. The planet Amphitrite
is first discovered by Mr. Marth.
Aug. 10. Parliament enacts the estab-
lishment of a National Gallery at Dub-
lin.
* * Siemens's armature is produced.
* * London. The Standard Theater is
opened.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1852 * * Booth, Junius Brutus, actor, A56.
Children, John G., chemist, A75.
Clinton, Henry F., classical scholar, A71.
Colby, Thomas, engr., ordnance surv., A68.
Dollond, Geo., math, instrument maker, A78.
Haviland, John, architect, A60.
Landseer, John, engraver, A91.
Lee, Samuel, oriental scholar, A69.
Macgillivray, William, ornithologist, author,
Scotland, A56.
Moore, Thomas, poet, biog., hist., A73.
Peacock, Thomas L., poet, novelist, A67.
Trout, Samuel, water-color painter, A69.
Sturgeon, William, electrician, inventor, A69.
Warburton, Eliot B. G., author, Ire., A42.
■Wellington, Duke of, Arthur Wellesley,
general, statesman, A83.
Wright, Frances, social reformer, A57.
1853 * * Arnold, Thomas K., author school
classics, A53.
Bentham, Sir Wm., antiq., genealogist, A74.
Cockburn, Sir George, admiral, A81.
Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of
Albany, son of Victoria, born.
Napier, Sir Charles J., gen., states., hist., A71.
Robertson, Frederick W., cl., author, A37.
1854* * Anglesey, Marquis of, Henry W.
Paget, general, A86.
Bartlett, William H., artist, trav., au., A45.
Beresford, Viscount, William C, gen., A86.
Bird, Golding, physician, physicist, A39.
Cathcart, Sir George, general, governor of
Cape Colony, prominent in Crimean War.
author, ABO.
Cockburn, Lord, Henry T., jurist, Scot., A75.
Denman, Thomas, baron, chief justice, A75.
Faber, George S., clergyman, author, A 81.
Kemble, Charles, actor, A79.
Kitto, John, Biblical writer, A50.
Lockhart, John Gibson, biographer, writer,
Scotland, A60.
Londonderry, Marquis of, Charles W. S. V.,
general, A76.
Martin, John, painter, A65.
Plunkett, Baron, William C, lawyer, orator,
statesman, Ireland, A90.
Wilson, John (Christopher North), essayist,
poet, novelist, Scotland, A69.
CHURCH.
1853 * * Anglo- Continental Society is
formed, to diffuse the principles of the
Church of England abroad.
* * Bishops elected :
C. Wordsworth for St. Andrews. [1854,
Walter Kerr Hamilton for Salisbury ; 1856,
Charles Baring for Gloucester and Bristol;
1857, J. T. Pelham for Norwich; 1859, James
C. Campbell for Bangor; 1860, Henry Phil-
pott for Worcester and George Moberly
for Salisbury; 1861, William Thomson for
Gloucester and Bristol; 1862, translated to
York ; 1861, Frederick Gell for Madras, E. I. ;
1862, John T. Lewis for Ontario, Can., and
Thomas Earle Welby for St. Helena, S. Afr. ;
1863, Charles John Ellicott for Gloucester
and Bristol, Thomas Mesac for Goulburn,
N. S. W., anil James William Williams for
Quebec, Can.]
1854 July 3. London. The Turkish
Mission Aid Society is organized.
* *The Ladies' Association for the
Christian Education of Jewish Females
is organized.
* * Ire. (Roman Catholic) Bishops con-
secrated, John Leahy for Dromore.
[1856, Lawrence Gillooly; 1857, John
Macevilly, Archbishop of Tuam ; 1858,
Michael Flannary for Killaloe.]
* * Sees established, See of Mauritius.
[1855, Labuan ; 1856, Christchurch.N. Z.,
and Perth, W. A.; 1858, Wellington,
N. Z. ; 1859, Brisbane, Goulburn, N. S. W. ,
Waiapu, N. Z., St. Helena, and British
Columbia; 1861, Nassau, Bahamas, and
Ontario, Can. ; 1863, Gratton, Australia ;
1866, Dunedin, N. Z.]
LETTERS.
1852 * * The Indian Female and Normal
Instruction Society is organized by
women.
* * St. John's foundation school for sons
of poor clergy is established.
* * London. The Journal of Menial Sci-
ence is issued by Dr. J. C. Bucknill ;
also Journal of Society of Art and Lei-
sure Hour.
* * Peg Woffington, by Charles Reade, ap-
pears. [1856. It is Never Too Late to
Mend ; 1860, The Cloister and the Hearth.]
* * Thesaurus of English Words and
Phrases, by Dr. P. M. Roget, appears.
1852-61 The New Quarterly Review is
issued.
1853 Jan. * Queen's College, Bir-
mingham, is organized.
* * London. The Philobiblon Society
is instituted by R. Monckton Milnes
[Lord Houghton], Sylvain Van de Weyer,
and others.
* * London. The Press [united with St.
James Chronicle] is issued ; also the
Field, the Wesleyan London Quarterly
Review, the Commercial Gazette, and the
Civil Service Gazette.
* * Scot. The Aberdeen Free Press is
issued.
* * Theological Essays, by John Freder-
ick Den'ison Maurice, appears. [1861]
Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy.
1853-55 Scot. Discussions in Philoso-
phy, Literature, and Education, by Sir
William Hamilton, appears.
1853-62 Edinburgh. The Scottish Re- i
view is issued.
1853-57 Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Geography, edited by [Sir] William
Smith, appears.
1853-70 English Cyclopaedia, by Charles
Knight, appears.
AND IRELAND. 1852, Dec. 24-1855, Feb. 19. 959
1854 * * London. Building News is is-
sued.
* * The Birmingham and Midland In-
stitute is incorporated.
* * Idylls and Songs, by Thomas Turner
Palgrave, appears.
* * Ire. Jail Journal, by John Mitchel,
appears.
SOCIETY.
1852 * * The borough of St. Albans is
disfranchised for bribery in the elec-
tions.
* * London. The Northwest Preventive
and Reformatory Institution in the New-
Road is established ; all kinds of trades
are taught.
* * London. Refuges for destitute boys
and girls are established in Great Queen
Street.
* * A strike of the amalgamated engi-
neers takes place.
* * Titles created, Barons Raglan, Bat-
tersea, and St. Leonards. [1856, Barons
Talbot de Malahide, Kenmare, and Bel-
per ; 1857, Earl Cowley and Baron Ebury ;
1858, Barons Ohesham, Churston, and
Chelmsord; 1859, Earl of Winton, and
Barons Tredegar, Lyveden, Leconfleld,
St. John of Bletsoe, and Egerton of
Tatton.]
* * Ire. Titles created, Baron Cler-
mont. [1856, Baron Fermoy.]
1853 May 7. London. Harriet Beecher
Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin,
is received at Stafford House by many
of the nobility and statesmen of Eng-
land.
June 9. John Mitchel escapes from
Hobart Town, Tasmania. (See p. 173.)
July 27-29. London. The cabmen
strike.
Aug. 8. The strike at Stockport ceases,
and 20,000 resume labor, receiving their
demand of 10 per cent advance in wages.
Aug. 29. The queen visits Ireland.
Oct. 15. In Preston 20.000 workmen
strike for 10 per cent increase in wages.
[1853. May 1. The strikers, lacking
funds, are compelled to yield.]
Nov. 2. Edinburgh. A meeting to vin-
dicate Scottish rights is held. [Asso-
ciation formed.]
* * The British Anti-Tobacco Crusade
is founded by Thomas Reynolds.
* * Bribery vitiates the elections at
Derby.
* * Betting-houses are suppressed by Act
of Parliament.
* * Scot. Sunday closing of liquor-
shops is enforced.
* * Vaccination is made compulsory.
* * John B. Gough, the temperance
orator, returns to England on a visit,
[lie lectures during two years. 1857. A
second visit.]
* * The United Kingdom Alliance, for
the total suppression of liquor-traffic, is
founded.
* * London. Christ's Hospital, the
Bluecoat school, is instituted.
* * London. St. Thomas's Hospital is
founded. [1871. June 21. Opened.]
1854 Sept. 2. People's Provident As-
surance Society is established.
Oct. * London. A Working-men's Col-
lege is established by Frederick I).
Maurice. [1855. Another at Cambridge.]
1855 Feb. 19. Bread-riots in Liver-
pool.
STATE.
1852 Dec. 28. The administration of
the Earl of Aberdeen, first lord of the
treasury, is formed.
Members: William K. Gladstone (Chan.
Excheq. ) , Viscount. Palmerston ( Home Sec. ) ,
Lord .John Russell (Foreign Sec), Duke of
Newcastle (Colonial Sec.),' Kobert Monsey
Kolfe, Lord Cranworth (L. Chan.), Charles
Philip, Earl of Hardwicke [1853, Charles
John, Earl Canning] (postmaster). [Jan.
5. Sir James Kobert George Graham is made
lord of admiralty.)
1853 Apr. 1. Parliament: Man-
chester is constituted a city by royal
charter. [Apr. 16. Gazetted.]
Apr. 8. H. C. The chancellor of the
exchequer proposes a modification of the
form of the national debt by the issue
of permanent irredeemable 2\ per cent
stock ; the House adopts the plan.
Apr. 14. Warlike stores supposed to be
for Kossuth are seized.
Apr. 18. H. C. The chancellor of the
exchequer introduces his budget.
It proposes to repeal the duties levi-
able on soap and 104 other articles, and
make reductions on 126 articles. Also
to extend the income tax to Ireland, ap-
plicable to incomes between £100 and
£150, and to collect legacy duties on real
property.
May * Parliament : The income tax is
extended to Ireland.
June 4. English and French govern-
ments order their fleets to the Dar-
danelles.
Aug. * H. C. The chairman of commit-
tees of the whole house is appointed to
act as a deputy speaker.
Aug. * Parliament : The Naval Coast
Volunteers Act is passed.
Oct. 1. Turkey appeals to France and
England for aid against Russia.
Dec. 5. Aust. A protocol is signed at
Vienna.
France, England, Austria, and Prussia
unite for the reestablishment of peace
between Russia and Turkey and the
maintenance of the integrity of the Ot-
toman Empire as an essential condition
of the balance of European power. [1854.
Feb. 8. Baron Brundow, the Russian
ambassador, leaves England.]
* * Parliament: An Act is passed for the
abatement of the smoke nuisance
above London Bridge.
* * Sir George James Turner is ap-
pointed lord justice.
quire into the condition of the army in
the Crimea, and into the conduct of
the commissariat and medical depart-
ment of the army, is carried. Vote, 305-
148.
Feb. 10. The administration of Vis-
count Palmerston is formed.
Members: Palmerston (L. Treas.), Lord
Cranworth (L. Chanc), Duke of Argyll (P.
Seal), W. E. Gladstone (Chanc. Exch.), Sir
George Grey (Home Sec), Earl of Clarendon
(Foreign Sec), Sidney Herbert (Colonial
Sec), Lord Panmure (War Sec), etc.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1852 Dec. 24. The steamship St. George
is wrecked ; 51 lives are lost.
The Lily is stranded and blown up
by gunpowder on the Calf of Man ; 30
persons drowned.
1853 Jan. * London. An exhibition of
poultry held.
Feb. 13. Ire. The steamship Queen
Victoria, bound from Liverpool, is
■wrecked off the Bailey lighthouse, near
Dublin ; 67 persons are drowned.
Feb. 28. St. George's church at Don-
caster, built in 1070, is burned.
May 12. Dublin. The Dublin Indus-
trial Exhibition, originated in a gift
of £80,000 by Mr. Dargan, is opened by
the Earl of St. Germans, the lord-lieu-
tenant. [Aug. 30. Visited by the queen
and Prince Albert. Nov. 1. Closed.
Dec. 15. The exhibition building is for-
mally opened as a winter garden by
the lord lieutenant and the Countess St.
Germans.]
* * London. A Trades' Museum is es-
tablished.
1854 Jan. 20. The emigrant ship Tay-
leur is driven on the rocks off Lambay
Island, north of Howth ; 380 persons
drowned.
Mar. 1. The steamer City of Glasgow
leaves Liverpool for Philadelphia with
480 persons on board [and is lost].
Apr. 17. The emigrant ship Winchester,
from Liverpool to Boston, is wrecked,
and many passengers lost.
* *The duty on advertisements is abol- May * Telegraph communications are
3 completed between Dover and Ostend,
ished. an(j between Port Patrick and Dona-
1854 Mar. 12. Turk. A treaty of al- ghadee.
liance is made with France and Turkey June * Cable communication is made
at Constantinople. between Holyhead and Howth.
Mar. 25. Bus. England and France Aug.* -Oct.* London, Cholera prevails
n wast, nf tliA r»iT.v. [Sept.
ths,
having sent an ultimatum, the czar re-
plies that he has no answer to give.
[Mar. 28. War is declared against
Russia.] (P. 733.)
June 5. A reciprocity and fisheries
treaty is concluded with the United
States.
June 9. The Duke of Newcastle, pre-
viously colonial secretary, is appointed
a secretary for war affairs and a Cabinet
Minister.
in the south and west of the city. t.
9. 2,050 deaths occur ; total deatl
10,500.]
Sept. 29. Scot. The emigrant vessel
Annie Jane of Liverpool is driven
ashore on the Barra Island on the
west coast ; 348 drowned.
Oct. 5, 6. An explosion causes a great
fire at Gateshead on the Tyne, 50 killed ;
loss, £1,000,000.
Oct. 19. The Dalhousie founders off
Beachy Head ; 60 persons and cargo
worth £100,000 are lost.
Dec. 22. Parliament : A law is passed Nov. 13-16. The steamship Prince, car-
ter the enlistment of foreigners in
the British service.
* * Parliament : An act for the better
regulation of railways is passed.
1855 Jan. 23. Lord John Russell,
anticipating censure of the Govern-
ment's conduct of the war with Russia,
resigns. [He is succeeded by the Earl
of Aberdeen. Jan. 31. He resigns.]
Jan. 29. H. C. A motion for the ap-
pointment of a select committee to in-
rying supplies to the army in the Crimea,
is wrecked in the Black Sea during the
great storm ; loss, 144 lives, and cargo
worth £500,000.
Nov. 30. The iron screw steamer Nile
strikes on the Godevry Kock, St. Ives
Bay, all on board perishing.
1855 Jan. 1. The Hamburg and New
York packet George Canning is wrecked
near the mouth of the Elbe'; 96 drowned.
Feb. 9. The screw steamer Will o' the
Wisp is wrecked on the Burn Rock off
Lambay ; 18 drowned.
960 1855, Feb. 23-1857, Dec. 12. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1855 Mar. 22. Bus. Second battle of
Balaklava.
The Russians are defeated by the al-
lies, losing 2,000 men k illed and wounded ;
loss of the allies, 600 men killed and
wounded.
Apr. 9-28. litis. Second unsuccessful
bombardment of Sebastopol by the
allies.
June 7. Bus. The French troops cap-
ture the Mamelon fortification, Sebas-
topol, two redoubts, and 62 guns, and
take 130 officers and 400 men prisoners.
June 18. Bus. The French attack the
Malakhoff Tower, Sebastopol, and
the British the Redan; both are re-
pulsed with considerable loss.
July 11. Bus. The fortifications of
Sweaborg in the Baltic are bombarded
by the allied fleets.
Aug. 16. lias. The Russians are de-
feated by the French and Sardinians at
Tchernaya, near Sebastopol.
Sept. 5. Bus. The third bombardment
of Sebastopol is commenced.
Sept. 8. Bus. The French capture the
Malakhoff; the English attack the
Redan, but are repulsed.
Sept; 9. Bus. The Russians evacuate
Sebastopol after losing 17,000 men
killed and wounded iu the bombard-
ments.
Oct. 17. Bus. The allies capture Kin-
burn, at the mouth of the Dnieper.
Nov. 28. Asiatic Turk. Kars, defended
by Gen. Williams with 15,000 British
troops, surrenders after a siege of five
months, to the Russians, who number
about 40,000.
1856 Feb. 1. Bus. The allies complete
the destruction of Sebastopol.
Feb. 29. Bus. Hostilities are suspended
in the Crimea.
Apr.* The Peace of Paris ends the
war with Russia ; cost to England over
£41,000,000 (p. 733).
Apr. 25. At Portsmouth the queen re-
views the British fleet of 300 men-of-
war, carrying 3,800 guns, and manned by
40,000 seamen.
July 12. Bus. The Crimea is evacu-
ated by the allies.
July 15. The Duke of Cambridge is
appointed general commanding-in-chief.
July * The navy consists of 271 sailing-
vessels with 9,594 guns, and 258 steam-
vessels, with 6,582 guns ; 155 gunboats
and 111 vessels are in harbor service.
Oct. 25. Afghanistan. Herat is taken
by the Persians in violation of treaty
with Great Britain. [War follows.]
Dec. 9, 10. Persia. Bushire is attacked
and captured by a fleet and army under
Sir H. Lecke and Gen. Stalker. [1857.
Mar. 26. Sir James Outram attacks and
captures Mohammerah, near the Eu-
phrates. Apr. 4. Peace follows.]
1857-58 Ind. Mutiny of the Sepoys.
(See India.)
1857 Apr. 14. China. The war-ship
Baleir/h is wrecked off the southeast
coast of Macao.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1855 Sept. 12±. Scot. The British
Association holds its 25th meeting in
Glasgow.
[185G, 26th in Cheltenham ; 1857, Aug.
26, 27th at Dublin ; 1858, 28th in Leeds ;
1859, 29th in Aberdeen ; 1860, 30th in Ox-
ford ; 1861, Sept. 4,31st in Manchester;
1862, 32d in Cambridge.]
Oct. 17. Capt. Henry Bessemer patents
his process of manufacturing steel,
and cold air is forced through liquid
iron. [1855, Dec. 5 ; also, 1856, Feb. 12.]
* * Capt. Robert Le Mesurier M'Clure
of the Investigator receives the £5,000
prize for the discovery of the Northwest
Passage, and is knighted.
Nov. * The Royal Victoria docks in
Plaistow marshes are opened.
* * The prismatic stereoscope is in-
vented by Brewster.
±* * The laryngoscope, a mirror for ex-
amining the throat, is invented by Man-
uel Garcia.
* * London. A statue of Sir Robert Peel
is erected at Cheapside.
* * Scot. The Meteorological Society
for Scotland is founded.
* * Scot. Mitherless Bairn is painted by
John Faed.
* * Drummond's light is invented by
Capt. Thomas Drummond.
* * A diamond called the " Star of the
South," weighing 254J carats, is brought
from Brazil.
1856 May 23. The planet Jsis discov-
ered by Norman Payson. [1857, Apr.
15, Adriatic; Aug. 16, Hestia.]
Aug. 3. The public park, Birmingham,
the gift of Mr. Adderley, is opened.
Sept. 3. The new Music Hall is opened
in Birmingham.
* * London. A statue of Gen. Sir Charles
J. Napier is erected in Trafalgar Square.
* * London. The Odontological Society
is formed.
* * Prof. John Tyndall proves the exist-
ence of diamagnetic polarity.
* * The Venus Victrix is executed by John
Gibson.
* * An electric time-ball is set up by Mr.
French in Cornhill.
1857 Feb. 2. London. John Sheep-
shanks, by a deed of gift, presents to
the nation his collection of paintings
and drawings ; estimated value, £60,000.
[The pictures are exhibited in the South
Kensington Museum.]
Feb. * Parliament provides for a Na-
tional Portrait Gallery, and appropriates
£2,000.
May 5. Prince Albert opens the Fine
Arts Exhibition at Manchester. [June
29, 30. The queen is present. Oct. 17.
Closed. Visitors, 1,335,915; expenses,
£99,500 ; receipts, £98,500.]
June 1. A park is opened in Birming-
ham by the Duke of Cambridge.
June 22. London. The South Ken-
sington Museum is opened.
Aug. * The Atlantic Cable is laid (pp.
183-185).
Oct. 12. The National Social Science
Association is formed at Birmingham.
Oct. 25, 26. A terrible storm prevails ;
the Boyal Charter and many other ves-
sels are lost.
Nov. * -58 Jan. 31. The steamship
Great Eastern, designed by I. K. Bru-
nei, is launched at Millwall.
Length, 692 feet, breadth, 83 feet;
horse-power, in paddles, 1,000, screw,
1,600; weight of ship, 12,000 tons; light
draft, 12,000 tons ; cost, £732,000+ ; capa-
city, 5,000 passengers.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1855 * * Adair, Sir Kobert, diplomatist, A92.
Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley, musical composer.
A69. v *
Bronte, Charlotte, novelist, A39.
Buckingham, James S., traveler, A69.
Crosse, Andrew, electrician, A71.
De la Beche, Sir Henry T., geologist, A59.
Fielding Copley V., water-color painter, A68.
Hare, Julius C, archdeacon, tlieol. wr., A60.
Hume, Joseph, statesman, reformer, A78.
M itford, Mary Hussell, poet, writer, A69.
O'Connor, Feargus E., journalist, politician,
Chartist leader, A59.
Parry, Capt. Edward, arctic navigator, A 65.
Raglan, Lord, Fitzroy, James Henry Somer-
set, field -marshal, A 67.
Rogers, Samuel, poet, A92.
Swainson, William, naturalist, A66.
1856 * * Beechey, Frederick W., arctic ex-
plorer, rear-admiral, A60.
Brown, Samuel, chemist, poet, Scot., A39.
Fraser, James B., diplomatist, traveler,
author, Scotland, A73.
Hamilton, Sir William, logician, philoso-
pher, metaphysician, Scotland, A68.
Hardinge, Viscount, Henry, gov.-gen., A71.
Mathew, Theobald, clergyman (apostle of
temperance), Ireland, A66.
Miller, Hugh, geologist, Scot., A54.
Ross, Sir John, arctic explorer, admiral, A79.
Westmacott, Sir Richard, sculptor, A78.
Yarrell, William, naturalist, A72.
CHURCH.
1855 * * Scot. The Spanish Evangeliza-
tion Society is organized to extend Prot-
estantism in Spain.
* *The Society of the Holy Cross is
formed by clergymen " for deepening
spiritual life in their brethren."
* * (Roman Catholic) Bishops conse-
crated. William Vaughan for Plym-
outh. [1856, Paul A. Brigandet for
Burmah Sound, and Patrick Moran for
Dunedin, N. Z. ; 1857, William Clifford
for Clifton; 1861, Robert Cornthwaite
for Leeds ; 1863, Joachim H. Gonin for
Port of Spain, W. I.]
1855-60 Charles Kings ley, Thomas
Hughes, and others endeavor to set up
Christian Socialism.
1856 * * London. General English Con-
gregational Synod is held at the Savoy
Palace.
1857 July * -Sept. * Ire. Hugh Han-
na's open-air preaching causes rioting
at Belfast.
Sept. 8. The Christian Unity Associa-
tion is formed on the basis of the three
creeds by 30 members of the Greek, Ro-
man, and English churches.
LETTERS.
1855 June 9. London. The Illustrated
Times is issued. [June 29. The Daily
Telegraph.]
* * London. The Saturday Beview is is-
sued ; also the Daily Chronicle and
Clerkenwell News and Overland Mail.
* * The Mystic, by Philip James Bailey,
appears. [1858. The Age.]
* * History of Latin Christianity, by
Henry Hart Milman, appears.
* * Fabiola, by Cardinal Wiseman, ap-
pears.
* * Westicard, Ho ! by Charles Kingsley,
appears. [1866. Hereward.]
* * Life of Goethe, by George Henry Lewes,
appears.
* * Men and Women, byRobert Browning,
appears.
* * Charge of the Light Brigade, Maud,
and other poems, bv Tennyson, appear.
[1859, Idylls of the king ; 1864, Enoch Ar-
den and other poems.]
* * Clytemnestra, by Owen Meredith (E.
R. L. B. Lytton), appears. [1859. The
Wanderer.]
1855-64 The National Beview is issued.
AND IRELAND. 1855, Feb. 23-1857, Dec. 12. 961
1855-81 The Diplomatic Review is is-
sued.
1856 June 2. The foundation of "Wel-
lington College, Sandhurst, is laid for
the support and education of orphan
sons of commissioned officers. [1859.
Jan. 29. Opened.]
* * Commissioners are appointed for the
government and extension of Cam-
bridge University and Eton College.
* * London. The Engineer is issued ;
also the Morning Star and the Court
Circular.
* * London. The Postal Guide first ap-
pears.
* * Scot. Testimony of the Rocks, hy Hugh
Miller, appears.
* * Aurora Leigh, by E. B. Browning, ap-
pears.
* * John Halifax, Gentleman, hy Dinah
Maria Muloch, appears. [I860. Life
for Life.]
* * London. Riley's Dictionary of Latin
Quotations, with a Selection of Greet;, is
published by Henry George Bolm.
1856-62 Popular History of England, by
Charles Knight, appears.
1856-69 History of England, by James
Anthony Froude, appears.
SOCIETY.
1855 June 1. Disturbances occur at
Hyde Park because of a pending Sun-
day Bill. [June 8, July 1. Renewed.]
July * There is much agitation and riot-
ing over the Sunday-trading bill until
the bill is withdrawn.
Oct. 14. London. Riotous meetings
are held at Hyde Park on account of the
high price of bread. [Oct. 21, 28. Re-
newed.]
Nov. 7. The minders and piecers at
Manchester strike.
* * The Royal Medical Benevolent Col-
lege, Epsom, is opened.
* * The United Kingdom Band of Hope
Temperance Union is formed. [1888. It
reports 11,400 societies, with 1,414,900
members.]
* * London. The Juridical Society is
founded.
1856 Feb. 5. The Victoria Cross is
instituted to reward the gallantry of
persons of all ranks in the army and
navy. [1857. Crosses are bestowed on
62 people.]
liar. 30. Privateering is abolished by
the great sovereigns of Europe by treaty.
The United States Government refuses
to agree unless the right of blockade is
also surrendered.
May 9. The foundation-stone of Netley
Hospital, for invalid soldiers, near
Southampton, is laid by the queen.
May 29. London. A grand celebration
of peace occurs, with general illumina-
tion.
* * The National Temperance League
is organized by consolidating the Na-
tional Temperance Society and the Lon-
don Temperance League.
* * Tickets of leave are granted to 2,666
prisoners.
1857 Aug. 25-Nov. 15. The sum of
£260,000 is raised for the relief of suf-
ferers by the Indian mutiny.
STATE.
1855 Feb. 23. H. C. The House hav-
ing insisted on the appointment of the
select committee of inquiry, Sir J. R. G.
Graham ,W. E. Gladstone, and S. Herbert
resign their offices, and are succeeded
bySirG. C. Lewis, Sir Charles Wood,
and Lord John Russell.
Mar. * /re. George, Earl of Carlisle, is
appointed lord-lieutenant.
Apr. * H. L. Lord Robert Grosvenor
[Lord Ebury] introduces a bill to sup-
press Sunday trading. [July * With-
drawn.]
Apr. 20. Parliament : A deficiency
of about £23,000,000 being caused by the
Russian war, it is proposed to raise
£16,000,000 by loan and the remainder
by an increase in taxation.
Apr. 30. A treaty of friendship and
commerce is concluded with Siam.
May 25. The civil administration of the
army and ordnance is vested in the min-
ister of war ; the office of master-gen-
eral of the ordnance is abolished.
June. * Stamp duties on newspapers
are abolished, and postage dues substi-
tuted. A treasury warrant is issued
providing for conveyance by post of
books, pamphlets, etc., at the rate of
four ounces for one penny. (June 5).
July 13. Lord John Russell, colonial
secretary, resigns because of criticisms
in the House of Commons of his action
in the Vienna conference. [Succeeded
by William Molesworth.]
Aug. 14. Parliament : An Act for the
better local management of the me-
tropolis is passed.
Nov. 9. London. David Salomons is
elected lord mayor. He is the first He-
brew to hold this office. [1856. Thomas
Quested Finnis; 1857, Sir Robert W.
Carden; 1858, David W. Wire; 1859,
James Carter.]
* * Parliament : An Act for the better
prevention of disease is passed.
* * Parliament : The two Houses begin
to communicate by letter.
* * London. The Metropolitan Board of
"Works is established. [Dec. 22. First
meeting.]
* * George, Duke of Argyll, is appointed
postmaster-general.
* * The doubled income tax produces
£13,718,185.
1856 Feb. 1. Aust. The preliminaries
of peace are signed at Vienna.
Feb. 6. H. L. The Lords successfully
oppose the creation of life peerages.
Mar. 30. Paris. Peace conference
(p. 733).
Apr. 16. Paris. Important treaty of
Paris (p. 733).
Apr. 29. London. Peace with Russia
is officially proclaimed.
May 3. Amnesty is granted to political
exiles ; Frost, Williams, Jones, Smith
O'Brien, and many others are permitted
to return.
Sept. 4. London. The Royal British
Bank suspends payments. [Evidence of
fraud being given, several of the direc-
tors are arrested, convicted, but after-
wards released.]
* * The doubled income tax produces £15,-
717,155.
1857 Feb. 3. Parliament is opened
by commission.
Mar. 3. H. C. Richard Cobden's mo-
tion censuring the Government for the
war with China is carried after four
nights spent in debate. Vote, 263-247.
Mar. 13. H. C. The remission of tax-
ation to the extent of £11,000,000 is pro-
posed.
E. I. Keeling Islands are acquired
by occupation.
Mar. 14. A treaty is signed at Copen-
hagen for the abolition of sound dues
(p. 641).
Apr. 14. Peace is concluded with Per-
sia.
Apr. 21. The Earl of Elgin departs as
special embassy to China.
Apr. 30. Parliament meets; John
Evelyn Denison, Speaker. [1859. Apr.
23. Dissolved.]
May 10. E. I. The Sepoy mutiny
breaks out.
May 21. H. C. The Commons grants
an annuity of £8,000 and a dower of
£40,000 to the princess royal on her mar-
riage with Prince Frederick William of
Prussia.
June 25. An Order in Council confers
the title of Prince Consort on Prince
Albert.
June 30. H. C. The House rejects the
ballot. Vote, 189-257.
Aug. 10. John Bright (M. P.) is elected
for Birmingham.
Oct. * Ire. The lord chancellor orders
that justices of the peace shall not be-
long to Orange clubs.
Nov. 16. Two ambassadors from Siam
are received by the queen at Windsor.
Dec. 3. Parliament is opened by the
queen in person.
Dec. 12. Royal assent is given to the
Bill of Indemnity exonerating the
Government in permitting the Bank of
England to extend its issues for the re-
lief of the panic.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1855 Feb. 25. The steamer Morna is
wrecked on rocks near the Isle of Man ;
21 drowned.
May 1. The emigrant vessel John is
wrecked on the Muncles Rocks off Fal-
mouth ; 200 drowned.
June 11. Smithfield is used as a cattle
market for the last time. [June 13. The
Metropolitan Cattle Market in Copen-
hagen Fields is opened.]
1856 Feb. 3. The packet-ship Josep h ine
Willis collides with the screw steamer
Mangerton, in the channel ; 70 drowned.
Feb. 23. London. The Pavilion Theater
is burned.
Mar. 5. London. Covent Garden Theater
is burned the second time.
May 30. The ship Pallas, from Cork to
Quebec, is wrecked ; 72 drowned.
Oct. 19. London. A false alarm of fire
causes the death of seven and the serious
injury of 30 persons in the Zoological
Gardens Hall, where 9,000 persons gath-
ered to hear Rev. C. H. Spurgeon.
1857 Jan. 5. The royal mail-steamer
Violet is wrecked on the Goodwin
Sands, many drowned.
Feb. 19. An explosion in the mines at
Lund Hill, near Barnsley, in South
York, causes 189 deaths.
June 28. A collision occurs at Lewisham
on the North Kent Railway ; 11 killed.
July 10. The Atlantic telegraph fleet
first sails from Plymouth (p. 183).
Aug. 20. The clipper Dunbar is wrecked
on the rocks near Sydney ; 121 persons,
and cargo valued at £22,000, lost.
Nov. * The commercial panic through
American failures is relieved by suspen-
sion of Bank Charter of 1844 and the
Bank of England extending its issues.
[Aggregate liabilities of fallen houses
about £45,000,000.]
962 1857,**-1859,**.
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1859 Nov. 9. Orders are issued for the
restriction of flogging in the army.
[Dec. * The flogging of first-class sea-
men except after trial is prohibited.]
Nov. 16. The National Volunteer
Association is organized to promote
rifle-shooting. [1860, July 2-7. The first
meeting is held at Wimbledon ; Capt.
Edward Rose obtains queen's prize of
£250, and gold medal and badge of the
association. 1861, July 4-10. Joppling
S. Middlesex wins prize. 1862, July 1-14,
Mr. Pixlev, S. Victoria. 1863, July 7-14.
Sergt. Roberts, 12th Shropshire.]
* * Acts are passed for the establishment
of a military reserve, not to exceed
20,000 men, and a volunteer reserve
of seamen, not to exceed 30,000.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1857 * * Mr. Harrison patents an appara-
tus for manufacturing ice for commer-
cial purposes, by the use of ether and salt
water.
* * The Government pays for the publica-
tion of Peter Andreas Hansen's table
of the moon.
* *± A photoheliograph is erected at
Kew Observatory. It registers the posi-
tion and appearance of the sun's spots
by means of a clockwork mechanism.
* * London. The Genealogical Society
is formed ; also the National Associa-
tion for Social Science. [1858. Oct. 11.
The latter meets at Liverpool ; 1859, Oct.
10, at Bradford ; 1860, Sept. 24, at Glas-
gow.]
* * The magnificent docks at Liverpool
and Birkenhead are completed.
1858 Apr. 30. London. A statue is
erected in Trafalgar Square to honor the
memory of Dr. Edward Jenner.
May 15. London. Covent Garden is re-
opened.
Aug. 5. The Atlantic cable is success-
fully laid (p. 185).
Sept. 7-10. Musical festivals are held
at Leeds.
Sept. 21. A statue of Sir Isaac Newton
in bronze, by William Theed, is set up
at Grantham.
Oct. * Donati's brilliant comet is long
visible ; its tail is said to be 40,000,000
miles long.
* * The theory of natural selection is
advanced by Charles Robert Darwin and
Alfred Russell Wallace.
* * London. The Horological Society,
[Dec. *] the Society for the encourage-
ment of the Fine Arts, and the Musical
Society of London are established.
* * London. John S. Rarey, an American,
gives sensational exhibitions of skill in
taming vicious and wild horses, also
a zebra from the Zoological Gardens.
± * * Sir Joseph Whitworth makes a ma-
chine to measure one millionth part of
an inch.
* * Ozonometers are introduced.
* * Fox Talbot patents a photoglyphic
engraving process, by which pictures
are etched on a plate by the action of
light, and from which prints are made.
* * Sir Benjamin C. Brodie becomes presi-
dent of the Royal Society.
* * Engraved copper-plate is electro-
faced with iron and nickel.
1859 Feb. 14. London. Popular Mon-
day concerts commence at St. James
Hall ; they are founded by S. A. Chap-
pel.
Feb. * Ire. The National Gallery is
founded.
May 2. The prince consort opens the
Albert Viaduct over the River Tamar
at Plymouth.
June 8. Telegrams to India are acceler-
ated seven days by the Red Sea cable.
June 20-24. London. A great Handel
festival is held on the centenary of his
death, at the Crystal Palace. Voices,
2,765 ; instruments, 393 ; attendance,
June 24, 26,827 ; receipts, £33,000.
Sept. 21. Capt. Sir Francis Leopold M'-
Clintock returns, bringing relics of Sir
John Franklin's expedition.
Oct. 21. A slight earthquake shock dis-
turbs Cornwall. [1860. Jan. 13. Another
shock.]
1859 ±* * Giffard's steam-injector
is invented.
* * Prof. Owen's system of arranging
mammalia according to the nature of
their brains is introduced.
* * Heated controversies relative to Dar-
win's Origin of Species occur.
* * The Royal Society's Scientific Fund
is founded.
± * * London. The overhouse electric
telegraphs are generally introduced.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1857 * * Amherst, Lord, William Pitt, diplo-
matist, A84.
Britton, John, writer, A86.
Conybeare, William D., cl., geologist, A70.
Croker, John Wilson, states., au., Ire., A77.
Egerton, Francis L. Gower, Earl of Elles-
mere, statesman, A57.
Fleming, John, naturalist, Scotland, A72.
Havelock, Sir Henry, general, A62.
Jerrold, Douglas William, humorist, novelist,
A54.
Kemble, John M., Anglo-Saxon scholar,
historian. A 50.
Mary, Duchess of Gloucester, daughter of
George III., A81.
Medhurst, Walter H., Chinese miss., A61.
Robinson, Agnes Mary F., novelist, born.
Scoresby, William, arctic explorer, A59.
Turner, Charles, engraver, A83.
1858 * * Brown, John, el., au., Scot., A74.
Bunting, Jabez, Wesleyan clergyman, A79.
Combe, George, phrenologist, Scotland, A70.
Ford, Richard, author handbook, A62.
Lyons, Lord, Edmund, admiral, A68.
Owen, Robert, philan., fdr. Socialism, A87.
Reid, Sir William, engineer, meteorologist,
Scotland, A61.
1859 * * Brunei, Isambard Kingdom, naval
engineer, A53.
De Quincey, Thomas, essayist, critic,
author, A74.
Elphinstone, Mountstuart, states., hist., A80.
Hallam, Henry, historian, author, A82.
Hunt, James Henry Leigh, poet, essayist, A75.
James, John A., cl., preacher, author, A74.
Lardner, Dionysius, cyclopedist, Ire., A76.
Leslie, C. R., painter, A65.
Macaulay, Lord, Thomas Babington, es-
sayist, historian, statesman, A59.
Morgan, Lady Sydney, novelist, Ire., A82.
Robinson, Frederick John, Earl of Ripon,
statesman, A76.
Stephenson, Robert, engineer, A56.
Wilson, George, chemist, phys., Scot., A41.
CHURCH.
1857 * * The Free Church Society, or
National Association for Freedom of
Public Worship, is established. It aims
to abolish the pew-rent system, and re-
vive the weekly offertory to defray the
expenses of public worship.
1858 May* The Christian Vernacular
Education Society, aiming at the
Christian education of India, is organ-
ized.
June * Rev. A. Poole is suspended for
practising auricular confession, which
had been introduced by the Puseyites,
Tractarians, or Ritualists. [July 12-
Sept. 18. Excitement about the confes-
sional. Rev. T. West tries to introduce
it. Public meetings are held against it.]
* * The Ladies' Auxiliary of the Wes-
leyan Methodist Missionary Society is
organized.
* * Scot. A league is formed to introduce
a reformation in the Book of Common
Prayer.
1859 May* Thanksgiving is observed
for the suppression of the Indian m utiny .
Sept. * -Nov. * London. Religious riots
break out at St. George's-in-the-East.
Sept. * The Minsters' Annuity Tax
causes much agitation. [I860. Nov. *
It is abolished and other unsatisfactory
arrangements are made ; riots ensue.]
Oct. * Ire. Religious revivals prevail,
especially at Belfast.
* * London. The Board of Guardians for
the relief of the Jewish poor is founded.
LETTERS.
1857 * * The Savage Club is formed by
various literary men, facetiously term-
ing themselves "savages" on account
of their freedom from conventionalism.
* * An Act establishing a reformatory
school is passed.
* * London. The City Press is issued ;
also the Solicitors' Journal.
* * The Birmingham Post is issued.
* * A critical edition of Shakespeare's
Works, edited by Alexander Dyce, ap-
pears.
* * Tom Brozvn's School Days, by Thomas
Hughes, appears. [1861, Tom Brown at
Oxford.]
* * The Dead Secret, by Wilkie Collins,
appears. [1859, The Woman in White;
1864, No Name.]
* * The Professor, by Charlotte Bronte,
appears.
* * History of Pottery and Porcelain, Med-
ieval and Modern, by Marryat, appears.
* * Bohn's General Collection of Proverbs
appears.
1857-61 History of Civilization, by
Henry Thomes Buckle, appears.
1858* * Scot. Aberdeen University
amalgamates King's and Marischal
Colleges.
* * London. Haileybury, or East India
College, is founded.
* * London. The Photographic News is
issued ; also the Bookseller.
* * Essay on Comparative Mythology , by
Max Miiller, appears. [1859, A History
of the Ancient Sanskrit Language ; 1861-
64, Lectures on the Science of Language.]
* * Scenes of Clerical Life, by George Eliot,
appears. [1859, Adam Bede ; 1860, The
Mill on the Floss; 1861, Silas Marner ;
1862, Romola.]
* * Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,
by William Ewart Gladstone, appears.
* * The Defense of Guinevere, and other
poems, by William Morris, appears.
* * On Liberty, by John Stuart Mill, ap-
pears. [1861, Utilitarianism.]
* * Studies of Christianity, by James
Martineau, appears.
* * Lord Montague's Page, by G. P. R.
James, appears.
* * Scot. Discourse on Beauty, by John
Stuart Blackie, appears.
1858-60 A translation of Herodotus, by
George and Sir Henry Creswick Rawlin-
son and Sir J. G. Wilkinson, appears.
1859 Mar. 16. Lbndon. Sporting Life
is issued.
Sept. * Ire. Agitation prevails against
the National School system.
Dec. 14. The Duke of Cambridge lays
the foundation-stone of the S*"ff Col-
lege, Sandhurst, for providing a military
education respecting the duties of the
staff.
AND IRELAND.
1857,**-1859,** 963
* * The schoolship Cornwall is estab-
lished off Purfleet. [1878. It accom-
modates about 300 vagrants.]
* * London. The Chemical Neivs is issued ;
also the Christian World and Once a
Week.
* * London. All the Year Round is issued
by Charles Dickens.
* * London. Macmillan's Magazine is is-
sued ; also Cornhill Magazine.
* * London. The Philological Society is-
sues "proposals for a New English
Dictionary," on the historical method.
[1879. The work is begun by James
Augustus Henry Murray.]
* * On the Origin of Species, by Charles
Darwin, appears.
* * Self-Help, with Illustrations of Char-
acter and Conduct, by Samuel Smiles,
appears.
* * Oceanic Hydrozoa, by Thomas Henry
Huxley, appears. [1863, Evidence as to
Man's Place in Nature ; 1864, Lectures
on the Elements of Comparative Anat-
omy ; 1866, Lessons' in Elementary Physi-
ology ; 1868, Faraday as a Discoverer.]
1859-80 Scot. Life of Milton, by David
Masson, appears.
SOCIETY.
1857 * * Daily wages of harvest-men are
live shillings.
* * Parliament : The Divorce and Ma-
trimonial Causes Act is passed.
Married women, when ill-used, may
obtain a divorce or a judicial separation ;
when separated, any property they may
acquire is secured to them personally as
if married.
1858 Jan. 25. The princess royal is
married to Prince Frederick William of
Prussia.
Mar. 12. Dublin. A disgraceful fight
between the Trinity College students
and the police occurs on the arrival of
the lord-lieutenant, Lord Eglinton.
Oct. 1. Scot. The Scottish Permissive
Bill and Temperance Association is
formed.
* * Ire. A proclamation is made against
secret societies.
* * The Earl of Shaftesbury and others
establish a society to provide play-
grounds for the recreation of adults
and the children of the humble classes.
[Unsuccessful.]
* * The Royal Discharged Prisoners'
Aid Society is established.
* * London. A dental hospital is founded.
* * Ire. Phoenix clubs are formed to
annoy the Government. [1859. Mar. *
Several members are arrested, but ac-
quitted. Apr. Daniel Sullivan, a mem-
ber, Is sentenced to 10 years' penal
servitude.]
1859 Feb. 18. "William G. Arm-
strong is knighted for improvements
in the construction of cannon.
Aug. 8. London. A strike occurs in
the building-trades, and a lockout fol-
lows. [The men gradually return to
work.]
STATE.
1857 * * Robert, Lord Cranworth, is
appointed lord justice.
* * Parliament : An Act is passed to
abate the smoke nuisance from pot-
teries and glass-houses.
* * Parliament : The conservation of the
Thames is given to the corporation of
London ; three of the 12 conservators
are to be appointed by the Government.
* * An agitation spreads for the equali-
zation of poor-rates throughout the
kingdom.
1858 Jan. 1. London. Ten postal dis-
tricts are formed.
Jan. 25. London. Princess Victoria
is married to Prince Frederick William
of Prussia in St. James's Chapel.
Feb. 9. H. C. Lord Palmerston intro-
duces the Conspiracy to Murder Bill,
proposing to amend the law of conspir-
acy. [Feb. 19. On the second reading
the Government is defeated by a vote of
censure on the motion of Milner Gibson.
Vote, 234-215. Feb. 22. The Ministry
resigns.]
Feb. 25. The second Derby Ministry
is formed.
Members : Earl of Derby (First L. Trea.),
Marq. of Salisbury (Pres. Council), Lord
Chelmsford (L. Chanc), Earl of Hardwicke
(P. Seal), Benjamin Disraeli (Chanc. Exch.),
Spencer Walpole (Home Sec), Earl of
Malmesbury (Foreign Sec), Sir E. B. Lyt-
ton (Colonial Sec), Maj.-Gen. Peel (Sec.
War), Sir J. S. Packington (L. Admiralty).
Feb. * Ire. Joseph Napier is made
lord chancellor. [1859. June * Mazi-
ere Brady.]
Archibald, Earl of Eglinton, is lord-
lieutenant. [1859. June * The Earl of
Carlisle.]
June 29. China. A treaty of peace is
concluded at Tien-Tsin (p. 619).
June * Parliament : An Act to abolish
property qualification of members is
passed.
July* Parliament: An Act is passed
enabling Hebrews to sit as members.
[July 26. Baron Lionel de Rothschild
takes his seat as a member for London.]
Aug. 2. Parliament: An Act for the
better government of India by transfer
to the crown is passed.
Aug. 26. A treaty with Japan is con-
cluded by Lord Elgin.
Sept. 1. Ind. The East India Com-
pany's government is transferred to
the crown ; the company ceases to exist.
Nov. 1. Ind. The queen is proclaimed
throughout India.
" Victoria, by the grace of God of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and I reland and of
the colonies and dependencies thereof in
Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Aus-
tralia, Queen, defender of the faith."
Nov. * Ire. The Government issues a
proclamation prohibiting secret soci-
eties.
Dec. 22. The French Government hav-
ing in vain urged Edgar Mortara's
restoration to his Hebrew parents by
the Archbishop of Bologna, Sir Moses
Monteflore proceeds to Rome [but ob-
tains no redress].
* * Parliament : The Landed Estates
Court is established to facilitate the
sale and transfer of land in Ireland.
* * Charles, Lord Colchester, is ap-
pointed postmaster-general.
* * N. Amer. British Columbia is made
a colony.
* * New statutes for Cambridge are
confirmed by the queen.
* * The doubled income tax produces
£11,396,435.
* * Parliament enacts that drafts on bank-
ers shall be stamped.
1859 Jan. 25. E. I. The entire pa-
cification of Oudh is reported.
Feb. 3. Parliament is opened by the
queen in person.
Feb. 28. H. C. Benjamin Disraeli in-
troduces a new Ref orm Bill.
Mar. 1. H. C. Spencer Walpole and
Mr. Henley disagree respecting the
Reform Bill, and withdraw from the
Cabinet.
Mar. 31. H. C. A debate of several
days on the Reform Bill closes with a
defeat for the Ministers. Vote, 330-291.
Apr. * John Bright, M. P., is elected for
Birmingham.
May 31. Parliament meets; J. E.Den-
nison, Speaker. [1865. July 6. Dis-
solved.]
June 11. The Ministry, being de-
feated on an address in answer to the
queen's speech, resign. Vote, 323-310.
June 18. Second Administration of
Palmerston.
Members : Viscount Palmerston ( L.
Treas.), Lord Campbell (L. Chanc), Earl
Granville (Pres. Council), Duke of Argyll
(P. Seal), W. E. Gladstone (Chanc Exch.),
Sir George Grey (Home Sec), Earl Russell
(Foreign Sec), Duke of Newcastle (Colo-
nial Sec), Viscount Camborne (Sec. for
India), Sir John Pakington (L. Admiralty),
Thomas Milner Gibson ( Pres. of the Board
of Trade), Earl of Devon (Chanc. of the
Duchy of Lancaster), Edward Cardwell
(Sec. for Ire.), Earl of Elgin (Postmaster-
General).
July 18. The income tax is increased
to provide for the defenses of the coun-
try.
Aug. 11. Parliament is prorogued by
proclamation.
* * Australia. Queensland a province
(p. 497).
* * Parliament: The licensing system
applied to India as a kind of income tax
is passed.
* * Parliament : An Act to enable rail-
way companies to arbitrate differ-
ences with other companies is passed.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1858 May* Telegraphic communi-
cation is effected between Constantino-
ple and London.
June 29. London. A fire caused by an
explosion does £150,000 damage to the
London docks.
Aug. 23. Fourteen excursionists are
killed on a collision near Round Oak
Station, Oxford, and Wolverhampton
Railway.
Sept. 13. The steam emigrant ship Aus-
tria is burned in the middle of the At-
lantic ; of 538 persons, only 67 are saved.
* * Ire. Atlantic mail steam-packets
commence to sail from Galway.
1859 Jan. 23. The steamer Czar is
wrecked off the Lizard; 14 drowned.
Apr. * London. A Stock Exchange panic
is caused by the reported alliance of
France and Russia against Austria ; 45+
failures occur.
Oct. 14. The queen opens the new Glas-
gow water- works at Loch Katrine.
Nov. 21. The mail-steamer Indian is
wrecked off Newfoundland ; 27 lives
lost.
Dec. * The Blervie Castle is lost in the
Channel with all on board, 57 persons.
964 I860, Jan. 1-1862, Feb. 10. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1860 Mar. * New Zealand. An insur-
rection of the Maoris breaks out ; it is
caused by differences regarding the sale
of lands.
Nov. 6. New Zealand. The British un-
der Gen. Pratt defeat the Maoris at
Mahoetahi, and destroy their fortified
places.
Dee. 29. The steam-frigate Warrior is
launched ; length 380 feet, breadth 58
feet, 6,170 tons burden, costs £400,000.
1861 Mar. 19. New Zealand. The
Maoris, weakened by many defeats, sub-
mit to the British, and the war ends.
Dec. 29. The war-ship Conqueror is lost
near the Bahama Islands.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1860 Jan. 1. A great storm prevails
in the Channel ; much property and
many lives are lost. [Mar. 28. Another
gale. June 2. Another gale.]
June 17. The Great Eastern sails for
New York. [Aug. 26. Keturns.]
July * The Oxford University Museum is
opened.
Aug. 28. James Nasmyth observes the
lenticular-shaped objects on the sun
called "willow-leaves," or " riee-
grains."
Aug. 30. George Francis Train of New
York opens street railways in Birken-
head, Cheshire. [1861, Mar. 29, at Bays-
water, London.]
Aug. * * Lord Northwick's pictures
are sold in 18 days for £95,725.
Sept. 1. Daily meteorological reports
are sent to the Continent.
Dec. 25. Excessive cold prevails. The
mercury falls in some places to 18 de-
grees below zero ; at Torquay, Devon,
20 degrees.
* * A steam road-carriage is invented
by the Earl of Caithness ; speed, eight
miles an hour ; cost, less than one penny
per mile.
* *A magnificent equatorial telescope
is set up at the National Observatory
at Greenwich.
* * The Institution of Naval Architects
is founded; also the Academy of
Music.
* * Wheatstone's automatic printing-tel-
egraph is patented.
* * Andrews and Tait demonstrate that
ozone is a condensed form of oxygen.
* * A statue of Richard, Coeur de Lion, is
erected near Westminster Abbey.
1861 Feb. 6. Storm-signals are first
sent to the coast by the Board of Trade.
[July 31. First published.]
Feb. 20, 21. A great storm prevails.
A part of the Crystal Palace, London, is
blown down ; also the Chichester Cathe-
dral steeple.
Apr. 17. The planet Asia is discovered
by N. Pogson.
May 14. London. Adelina Patti, the
prima donna, makes her first appearance
at Covent Garden.
May 24. Dublin. A Fine Arts Exhi-
bition is opened. [Aug. 22. The queen
visits it.]
May 28. A great storm prevails on the
coasts, causing 143 wrecks. [Nov. 13, 14.
Another causes 50 wrecks on the north-
east coast.]
June 29. The great comet is first visi-
ble.
June * Capt. Parker Snow sails in the
schooner Intrepid in search of Sir John
Franklin's companions.
Aug. 14-22. Dublin. The National
Social Science Association meets.
[1862, June 6, London ; 1863, Oct. 7, Ed-
inburgh ; 1864, Sept. 22, York ; 1865, Oct.
4, Sheffield ; 1866, Oct. 2, Manchester ;
1867, Sept. 18, Belfast.]
* * Mai .-Gen. Sir Edward Sabine becomes
president of the Royal Society.
* * Wire bridges are invented by Rich-
ard Lee.
* * London. A statue of Sir Henry Have-
lock is erected in Trafalgar Square.
± * * The tannin process in photography
is introduced by Maj. Russell.
* * Velocipedes again come into use.
* * An Institute of Sculptors is estab-
lished.
* * The spectrum analysis is applied to
astronomy.
* * London. The Clinical Society is
founded.
* * Sir Charles William Siemens invents
furnaces for glass-works, in which gases
are used as fuel.
* * Edward Fremy succeeds in making
steel by bringing red-hot iron in contact
with the carbonate of ammonia.
* * Mr. Thompson of Weymouth photo-
graphs the bottom of the sea.
* * London. Paul du Chaillu exhibits
skins and skulls of gorillas at the Royal
Institution.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
I860* * Aberdeen, Earl of, George H. Gor-
don, premier, author, Scotland, A76.
Harry, Sir Charles, architect, A6fl.
Brisbane, Sir Thomas JM., astronomer, Scot-
land, A87.
Dalhousie, Marquis of, James Andrew liam-
say, statesman, A48.
Dundonald, Earl of, Thomas Cochrane,
admiral, A 85.
Fellows, Sir Charles, traveler, antiq., A61.
.lames, George Payn Rainsford, novel., A59.
Jameson, Anna, essayist, writer. Ire., A63.
Leake, William M., traveler, antiq., A83.
Napier, Sir Charles, admiral, A74.
Powell, Baden, clergyman, physicist, A64.
Rehan, Ada, actress, Ire., born.
Wilson, Horace Hayman, orientalist, histo-
rian, A74.
1861* * Albert, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-
Gotha, husband of Victoria, A42.
Atkinson, Thomas W., landscape painter,
traveler, A62.
Browning, Elizabeth B., poet, A52.
Campbell, John, jurist, statesman, an., A82.
CTough, Arthur H., poet, A42.
Cubitt, Sir William, civil engineer, A76.
Danby, Francis, landscape painter, A68.
Douglas, Sir Howard, general, A85.
Forbes, Sir John, physician, medical wr., A74.
Gore, Catherine Grace, novelist, A62.
Herbert, Lord, Sidney, statesman, A51.
Victoria, Duchess of Kent, mother of Vic-
toria, A75.
Novello, Vincent, musician, A80.
O'Donovan, John, archeologist, Ire., A52.
Palgrave, Sir Francis, antiquary, hist., A73.
Smith, Thomas Southwood, physician, A73.
CHURCH.
1860 Mar. 31. London. Rev. C. H.
Spurgeon's great Tabernacle is opened
for worship.
May * Scot. A National Bible Society
for Scotland is organized.
* * The English Church Union is estab-
lished.
* * London. The Society of the Blessed
Sacrament (English Churchmen) is
founded.
1861 May 1. The Colonial and Conti-
nental Church Society is formed.
* * The Church of England is now said
to be divided into High, Moderate, Low
(or Evangelical), and Broad Church.
* * The Strict Baptist Mission is organ-
ized.
* * The Metropolitan Chapel Building
fund is established by the Wesleyans.
* * London. The Diocesan Deaconess
Institution is established.
* * A Church Congress is begun at Cam-
bridge. [1862, July* Again meets; 1863,
Oct. 13-15, at Manchester ; 1864, Oct. *
at Bristol ; 1865, Oct. 3-7 ; at Norwich ;
1866, Oct. 6, at York ; 1867, Oct. 1, at Wol-
verhampton ; 1868, Sept. 29, at Dublin ;
1809, Oct. 5. at Liverpool.]
LETTERS.
1860 Jan. * The Spiritual Magazine is
issued.
* * London. The Army and Navy Gazette
is issued : also the National Reformer,
the Catholic Times, the Universe,' Temple
Bar, and Good Words.
* * The Lebanon Schools Society is es-
tablished.
* * Dublin. Maynooth College is en-
larged.
* * Luci'le, by Owen Meredith (E. R. L. B.
Lytton), appears. [1861, Serbski Pesme:
National Songs of Servia ; 1863, The
King of Amasis ; 1867, Chronicles and
Characters and Poems ; 1869, Orval.]
1860-63 Dictionary of the Bible, edited
by Sir William Smith, appears.
1861 Apr. 4. The Birmingham Free
Library is opened.
Oct. 12. London. The Illustrated Times:
is incorporated with the Penny Illus-
trated Paper.
Oct. 31. London. The Middle Temple
new library is opened by the Prince of
Wales.
Oct. * The Shakespeare Fund is estab-
lished to purchase Shakespeare's garden,
birthplace estate, and to erect and en-
dow a public library and museum at
Stratford-upon-Avon.
* * London. The Queen is issued. Also
the Church Review, Fun, and St. James's
Magazine.
* * Ancient Law, by Sir Henry James
Sumner Maine, appears.
* * On Translating Homer, by Matthew
Arnold, appears." [1865, Essays in Crit-
icism ; 1868, A Study of ( 'eltic Literature.]
* * The Early Italian Poets, by Dante
Gabriel Rossetti, appears. [1873. Re-
published as Dante and his Circle.]
* * Rosamund, by Algernon Charles Swin-
burne, appears. [1865, Atlanta in Caly-
don and Chastelard ; 1866-89, Poems and
Ballads.]
* * A Strange Story, by Bulwer-Lytton,
appears. [1863, Caxtoniana.]
* * Adventures of Philip, by Thackeray,
appears.
* * Education: Intellectual, Moral, and
Physical, by Herbert Spencer, appears.
[1864, Classification of the Sciences and
Illustration's of Universal Progress.]
SOCIETY.
1860 Apr. 17. A desperate and inde-
cisive prize-fight takes place between
Thomas Sayers and John Heenan.
July 9. The Prince of Wales embarks
on a visit to Canada and the United
States (p. 581).
Aug. 30. A strike 'among the silk-
workers at Coventry comes to an end.
Sept. 21. Self-supporting cooking es-
tablishments for working-classes are
begun by Thomas Corbett.
Sept. * Manchester 'Reciprocity Asso-
ciation is founded.
Oct. 23. Ire. Agrarian outrages pre-
vail ; Alderman Sheehey is murdered.
Nov. * Ire. An ovation is given to re-
turned Irish soldiers who were taken
prisoners by the Sardinians while in the
service of the Pope.
Dec* London. The Westminster "Work-
ing Men's Club in Duck Lane is opened.
AND IRELAND. 1860, Jan. 1-1862, Feb. 10. 965
Dec. * London. Great distress prevails
among the poor.
* * Licenses to sell wine are granted to
refreshment houses.
* * Titles created, Earl of Dudley, also
Baron Kinnaird. [1861, Earl Russell ami
Baron Westbury ; 1863, Barons Annaly
and Houghton ; 1865, Baron Romilly ;
1866, Earl of Dartrey, Earl of Kimber-
ley, Viscount of Halifax, and Barons
Hylton, Penrhyn, Meredyth, Brance-
peth, Hartismere, Kenry, and Monck ;
1868, Viscount Bridport, Earl of Fever-
sham, and Barons Ormathwaite, Gor-
manston, Napier of Magdala, Kesteven,
and O'Neill ; 1869, Barons Acton, Pen-
zance, Balinhard, Lawrence, Hare, How-
ard of Glossop, Robartes, Dunning,
Wolvertown, Castleton, and Greville.]
* * Number of persons convicted of crime
in England and Wales, 12,068. [1861,
13,879; 1862, 15,312; 1863, 15,799; 1864,
14,726; 1865, 14,740; 1866, 14,254; 1867,
14,207 ; 1868, 15,033 ; 1869, 14,340.]
* * The "Working Men's Mutual Im-
provement and Recreation Society is es-
tablished in Lancaster.
* * London. St. James's Society for the
relief of distress is established.
* * London. The Society for the preven-
tion of Cruelty to Animals condemns
vivisection.
* * Weekly wages of laborer, nine shil-
lings, sixpence.
1860-61 Parliament : The Grocers' and
Shopkeepers' Licensing Act is passed ;
it authorizes the sale by them of wine,
spirits, and beer in bottles.
1860-69 Erdington Orphanage and Alms-
houses near Birmingham are erected
with £250,000 contributed by Josiah
Mason, a manufacturer of Birmingham.
1861 Jan. * Over £100,000 are raised for
the sufferers from famine in India.
Feb. 23. The Order of the Star of
India is instituted.
Aug. 24-31. Ire. The queen and the
prince consort visit Ireland.
* * London. The British Home for In-
curables, Clapham Rise, is established.
* * The death penalty is abolished for
all crimes except treason and wilful
murder.
1862 Feb. 10. Royal Order of Victo-
ria and Albert is established.
STATE.
1860 Jan. 23. A commercial treaty
is made with France.
Feb. 10. H. C. The budget is brought
forward.
It includes an extension of the license
system to refreshment houses for the
sale of wines; the abolition of paper
duties; an income tax of sevenpence in
the pound on incomes between £100 and
£150, and tenpence for those above £150,
a year.
Mar. 1. H. C. Lord John Russell intro-
duces a Reform Bill to amend the rep-
resentation from England and Wales.
[Like bills are introduced for Scotland
and Ireland. May 3. Read a second
time after being debated four nights.
June 11. Lord Russell withdraws it,
owing to many amendments and the
lateness of the season.]
May 1. New Zealand. War breaks
out with the Maoris, caused by dis-
puted land-sales. [1861. Mar. 19. The
Maoris submit.]
May 21. H. L. The Paper Duties
Repeal Bill is thrown out, defeating
the Ministry. Vote, 193-104.
May * Parliament : Quaker marriages
when only one of the persons is a Quaker
are legalized.
July 5. H. C. Three resolutions are
passed vindicating the privileges of the
House against the recent aggression of
the Lords in throwing out the Paper
Duties Repeal Bill (a money bill).
July 21. England, France, and other
European powers unite in sending an
expedition to Syria for the protection
of the life and property of Europeans
in the conflicts between the Druses and
Maronites.
Aug. 6. Parliament : An Act is passed
permitting Hebrew members to omit
from the oath the words "on the faith
of a Christian."
Oct. 24. Peace is concluded with China
(p. 621).
Dec. * Ire. A revival of the repeal
agitation is attempted [but fails],
* * Parliament : Additional stamp du-
ties are imposed on leases, bills of ex-
change, dock warrants, extracts from
registers of births, and licenses to house-
agents.
* * Parliament : The duty on earthen-
ware and linen is withdrawn.
* * Parliament : Jewish disabilities are
entirely removed.
* + Parliament : An Act for the regula-
tion of mines is passed.
* * Parliament : An Act is passed levying
duties on wine licenses and refresh-
ment houses, and for regulating the
traffic.
* * Edward, Lord Stanley of Alderney,
is appointed postmaster.
* * London. William Cubitt, M. P., is
elected lord mayor. [1861. Again. 1862,
W. A. Rose ; 1863, William Lawrence ;
1864, Warren S. Hale.]
1861 Feb. 26. China. James Bruce
[Earl Elgin], British plenipotentiary,
takes up his residence at. Peking.
Mar. * A royal commission recommends
the abolition of the board of admi-
ralty, and the appointment of a minister
of the navy department.
Apr. 8. Seventh decennial census
taken ; population of Great Britain and
Ireland, 29,234,788 (Ireland, 5,764,543).
Apr. 15. H. C. The budget is brought
forward.
It proposes to reduce the rate of in-
come tax from tenpence to ninepence in
the pound, to abolish the paper duties,
and to reenact the existing duties on
tea and sugar for one year.
Apr. 29. H. L. Lord Wodehouse states
that the Government has decided not to
intrude advice or counsel on the Gov-
ernment of the United States respecting
the Civil War.
May 3. Parliament : Messages from the
queen are sent to both Houses sanction-
ing the marriage between the Princess
Alice and Prince Louis of Hesse. [May
6. Parliament votes a dower of £30,000
and an annuity of £6,000. 1862. July 1.
Married.]
June 7. Brazil. The British ship Prince
of Wales, wrecked on the coast, is plun-
dered by the natives, and some of its crew
killed. [The Government refuses repa-
ration.]
June 26. Richard Bethell, Lord West-
bury, is made lord high chancellor.
Aug. 6. Parliament : The Naval Disci-
pline Act is passed.
Nov. 8. James M. Mason and John
Slidell, Confederate ambassadors, are
taken from the British mail-steamer
Trent by Capt. Wilkes.
Dec. 13. The L-ish Law Court Com-
mission is appointed.
The Government sends off the first
draft of troops for Canada.
* * W.Afr. Lagos, in the Bight of Benin,
is acquired.
* * Parliament : A solemn declaration ,
to be substituted for an oath by persons
conscientiously objecting to be sworn in
criminal prosecutions, is legalized.
* * Parliament : Post-office Savings-
banks are established.
* * Parliament: An Act is passed impos-
ing stamp duties on leases.
* * Parliament: The laws regarding the
removal of the poor are amended.
* * The income tax produces £10,923,186.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1860 Apr. * The Metropolitan under-
grouna railway is begun.
May * J. S. Rarey, the American horse-
tamer, receives a present of 20 guineas
from the Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals.
June 5. Prince Albert opens the new
Horticultural Gardens.
Aug. 17. London. West Kent wharf
and New Hibernia wharf are destroyed
by fire; loss, £200,000.
Sept. 4. A collision occurs at Helm-
shore on the Lancashire and Yorkshire
Railway ; 11 persons killed.
Nov. 16. Trains collide at Atherstone
on North Western Railway ; 11 killed.
* * The cotton supply from North Amer-
ica nearly ceases, in consequence of the
secession of the Southern States from
the Union and the war that followed.
1861 Mar. 29. London. A street-rail-
way is opened near Bayswater. [1862.
Several street-railways are abandoned.]
May 23. The steamship service be-
tween Gal way and North America is
suspended. [1863. Aug. * Renewed.]
June 4. The steamer Canadian is
wrecked on the ice In the Straits of
Belle Isle ; 35 lives lost.
June 22. London. A fire on the wharves
near Tooley Street burns for a month.
Several persons are killed, among them
James Braidwood, superintendent of
fire-brigade. Total loss, £2,000,000.
Aug. 25. Trains collide in Clayton Tun-
nel, Brighton Railway; 23 persons are
killed and many injured.
Sept. 2. A railway accident occurs at
Kentish Town, Hampstead Junction ;
16 persons killed, and 320 injured.
Sept. 12. London. The Pneumatic
Despatch Company lays tubes in
Threadneedle Street.
Sept. 27. The iron bridge over the Ouse
at York falls, killing five people.
Oot. 23. Edinburgh. The foundation of
the new Post-office and Industrial Mu-
seum is laid by the prince consort.
Oct. 29. The Elcho shield is placed In
Guildhall.
Nov. 24. A house in High Street, Edin-
burgh, falls, killing 35 persons.
Dec. 23. Prince Albert is buried.
* * London. A dogs' temporary home
is opened in Hollingsworth Street ; about
2,200 animals are sheltered in a year.
[1882. Adapted for cats.]
966 1862, Mar. 12-1864,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1862 July* The Eleho Challenge
Shield is won by England.
[This shield is competed for annually
by shooting teams representing volun-
teers in England, Scotland, and Ireland,
and is held by the winning country.
1863. It is won again by England. 1864,
by Scotland ; 1865, by England ; 1866, by
Scotland ; 1867, 1868, by England ; 1869, by
Scotland ; 1870, 1871, 1872, by England.]
Sept. 10. The Royal Oak iron-clad
steamer is launched at Chatham. [1865,
Oct. 14. The war-ship Valiant. Dec. 12.
The Minotaur.]
Nov. 9. The Duke of Cambridge is
made field-marshal.
* * Naval expenses, £12,598,042.
1863 Jan. * The British navy consists
of 1,014 vessels, 85 line-of-battle ships,
69 frigates, and 30 screw-corvettes.
Feb. 7. The British war-ship Orpheus
and 100 men are lost off the west coast
of New Zealand.
Aug. 15. Japan. Adm. Kuper bom-
bards Kagoshima in retaliation for the
murder by the Japanese on Sept. 14, 1862,
of the British minister, Mr. Richardson.
* * -64 Aug. 6. New Zealand. An-
other war with the Maoris ; it ends in
their submission.
1863^64 W. Afr. "War with the
Ashantees.
1864 July 11-23. The National Asso-
ciation for rifle-shooting meets at Wim-
bledon ; private John Wyatt, London
Rifle Brigade, wins the queen's prize.
[1865, July 11-22, Private Sharman, 4th
West York ; 1866, July 9-17, Angus Cam-
eron, 6th Inverness ; 1867, July 8-20, Ser-
geant Lane of Bristol ; 1868, July 25,
Lieut. Carslake ; 1869, July 3-13, Angus
Cameron, 6th Inverness ; 1870, July 11-19,
Corporal Humphries, 6th Surrey.]
Nov. 4. China. The war-ship Racehorse
is lost off Chefoo Cape.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1862 Mar. 15. The queen founds a
mausoleum for the royal family at
Frogmore.
May 1. London. The second great In-
ternational Exhibition chartered.
[1862. May. 1. Opened by the Duke of
Cambridge.]
June 6. London. The National Social
Science Association meets. [1863. Oct.
7. At Edinburgh.]
Aug. 31. London. The new Royalty
Theater, Soho, is opened.
Oct. 19, 20. A storm on British coasts
causes many wrecks.
Nov. 10. The Lambeth and Westmin-
ster Suspension Bridge is opened.
* * The British Association meets at
Cambridge. [1863. At Newcastle.]
* * A statue of Sir Hugh Myddleton is
erected on Islington Green.
* * The statue of Jenner is removed to
Kensington.
1862-63 William Huggins analyzes the
light of the fixed stars and of the nebu-
lae by use of the spectrum.
Summer. At the South Kensington Mu-
seum a special exhibition of works of
art, of immense value, lent for the occa-
sion, is opened. [Nov. * Closed.]
1863 June 10. A memorial statue of
Prince Albert, by Joseph Durham, set
up in the gardens of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, is uncovered.
Oct. 1. Kate Josephine Bateman ap-
pears as Leah.
Oct. 6. An earthquake occurs in cen-
tral, west, and northwest England.
Oct. 31. The Far East, a propeller with
two screws, is launched at Millwall.
* * London. The Anthropological So-
ciety is organized.
* * A statue of Sir James Macgregor is
set up at Chelsea Hospital.
1864 Jan. 5. Dublin. The statue of
Oliver Goldsmith is inaugurated by the
lord-lieutenant.
Jan. 30. The National Gallery of Ire-
land is opened.
Jan. * The lithoscope, an instrument
for distinguishing precious stones, in-
vented by Sir David Brewster, is de-
scribed by him.
Mar. 14. Samuel Baker discovers a lake,
supposed to be another source of the
Nile, which he names Lake Albert
Nyanza.
Apr. 25. The electrophone, invented
by Dr. Strethill Wright, for producing
sound by electric currents of high ten-
sion, is exhibited before the Royal Scot-
tish Society of Arts.
May 2. The minor planet, Sappho, is
discovered by N. Pogson. [1868. Nov.
17. Camilla.]
Aug. 8,. Dublin. A statue of Daniel
O'Connell is inaugurated.
Sept. 9. Scot. Baxter Park, Dundee,
the gift of Sir David Baxter, is opened
by Earl Russell.
Sept. 22. The Social Science Associa-
tion meets at York. [1865, Oct. 4, at
Sheffield ; 1866, Oct. 2, at Manchester ;
1867, Sept. 18, at Belfast ; 1868, Sept.
30, at Birmingham ; 1869, Sept. 19, at
Bristol.]
Aug. 27. London. A pneumatic rail-
way is opened at the Crystal Palace.
Aug. 30. Scot. A statue of Prince Al-
bert is inaugurated at Perth, in the
presence of the queen.
Oct. 17. The North London Industrial
Exhibition is opened at Islington by
Earl Russell.
Dec. 8. The Hungerford Suspension
Bridge, removed to Clifton, is opened
to the public.
* *The British Association meets at
Bath. [1865, At Birmingham ; 1866, at
Nottingham ; 1867, Sept. 4, at Dundee ;
1868, Aug. 20, at Norwich ; 1869, at Ex-
eter.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1862 * * Barlow, Peter, mathematician, A86.
Bridie, Sir Benjamin C, surg., physiol., A79.
Buckle, Henry Thomas, historian, sociolo-
gist, A40.
Home, Thomas H., Biblical critic, hist., A82.
Inglis, Sir John Eardley W., general, A48.
Knowles, James S., dramatist, Ireland, A78.
Wakley, Thomas, physician, founder Lan-
cet, A67.
1863 * * Campbell, Sir Colin, Lord Clyde,
general, Scotland, A71.
Cockerell, Charles R., architect, A75.
Egg, Augustus L., historical painter, A47.
Guilt, Joseph, writer, architect, A79.
Harding, James D., landscape painter, A 65.
Lansdowne, Marquis of, Henry F. Petty,
statesman, A83.
Lewis, Sir George C, statesman, writer, A57.
Lyndhurst, Baron, John S. Copley, jurist,
statesman, A91.
Mulready, William, painter, A77.
Trollope, Francis, novelist, A85.
Thackeray, William Makepeace, poet,
novelist, A 52.
Whately, Richard, archbishop of Dublin,
logician, rhetorician, philosopher, A76.
CHURCH.
1862 * * The Nonconformist Bicentenary
fund is begun.
* * C. T. Longley is chosen archbishop of
Canterbury.
1863 May 20. A convocation of Eng-
lish bishops condemns as dangerous
Bishop Colenso's work on The Penta-
teuch.
July * The Prison Ministers Act per-
mits Roman Catholic chaplains for jails.
Nov. * Ire. Richard Chenevix Trench is
made archbishop of Dublin. [William
Thompson of York.]
* * London. The bishop of London's fund
for relief of spiritual destitution is es-
tablished.
1864 May 12. London. About 3,000
clergymen's signatures to the •• Oxford
Declaration" respecting future pun-
ishment is presented to the archbishop
of Canterbury.
Dec. 8. It. Pope Pius IX. issues a Syl-
labus of Errors.
* * Bishops elected :
Francis Jeune for Peterborough. [1865,
K. Machray for Rupertsland; 1866, Lord Al-
wyne Comptonfor Ely, and Andrew B. Suter
for Nelson, N. Z. ; 1867, James B. Kelly for
Moray, William Alexander for Derry, and
C. B. Bernard for Tuam; 1868, William C.
Magee for Peterborough, W. R. Macrorie for
Maritzburg, South Africa, James Atlay for
Hereford, and J. Fraser Turner for Grafton
and Armidale, Australia; 1869, William G.
Cowie for Auckland, N. Z., Harvey Goodwin
for Carlisle, Lord A. C. Hervey for Bath and
Wells, W.H. Sterling for Falkland Islands,
Frederick Temple for Exeter (1885, trans-
lated to London), Samuel Wilberforce for
Winchester, and James P'raser for Manches-
ter.]
LETTERS.
1862 June 4. The Workingmen's
Club and Institute Union is estab-
lished by Lord Brougham and others.
July 20. Ire. A building for the Ro-
man Catholic University is founded.
* * London. The Sporting Gazette is is-
sued ; also the London Society Maga-
zine.
* * The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua
Critically Examined, by John William
Colenso, bishop of Natal, appears.
* * Unto This Last, by John Ruskin, ap-
pears. [1864, Sesame and Lilies ; 1865,
The Ethics of the Dust ; 1866, The Crown
of Wild Olive; 1869, The Queen of the
Air; 1870, Lectures on Art.]
* * Scot. David Elginbrod, by George
Macdonald, appears. [1864, The Portent. ;
1866, Annals of a Quiet Neighborhood ;
1868, Robert Falconer.]
1862-64 The Home and Foreign Review
is issued.
1862-67 Five Great Monarchies of the
Ancient Eastern World, by George Raw-
linson, appears.
1862-75 Birds of Great Britain, by John
Gould, appears.
1862-93 Herbert Spencer publishes
his System of Synthetic Philosophy.
1862, First Principles: 1863-67, The
Principles of Biology ; 1870-72, The Prin-
ciples of Psychology ; 1877, The Princi-
ples of Sociology ; 1879-93, Principles of
Morality or Ethics.
1863 * * A political economy professor-
ship is established at Cambridge, and
Henry Fawcett (blind) is made the first
professor.
* * London. The Orchestra is issued. Also
the International (in French), the Victo-
ria Magazine, and the Reader.
* * Heat as a Mode of9Motion, by John
Tyndall, appears.
* * Antiquity of Man, by Sir Charles Lyell,
appears.
1863-74 The Catholic Union Review is
issued.
1863-65 The Fine Arts Quarterly Re-
view is issued.
1863-87 The Invasion of the Crimea, by
Alexander William Kinglake, appears.
AND IRELAND. 1862, Mar. 12-1864,* *. 967
1862* * The Shakespeare L i b r a r y ,
Birmingham, is founded.
* * London. The Royal School of Naval
Architecture, South Kensington, is
established.
SOCIETY.
1862 Mar. 12. George Peabody, a
generous American, gives £150,000 to re-
lieve the London poor.
Apr. 7. A treaty with the United States
for the abolition of the slave-trade is
signed.
Apr. 18. Ire. Agrarian outrages oc-
cur. Gustave Thiebault is murdered.
[May 16. Also Francis Fitzgerald and
others. July 30. John Braddell is shot
by Michael Hayes. Dec. * Many more
murders and outrages are committed.]
Apr. * Great distress begins in the cot-
ton-manufacturing districts owing to the
war in the United States. [1863. Oct. *
Much relieved.]
May 6. The queen dedicates Epping
Forest to the use of the people for all
time.
July 1. The Princess Alice is married
to Louis [Grand Duke of Hesse-Darm-
stadt].
Sept. 17. Ire. An Orange demonstra-
tion causes destructive riots at Belfast.
Sept. 18. At this date, 24 Poor-Law
Unions in the cotton districts report
140,165 persons receiving out-door relief
at a cost of £7,922 per week. The pau-
perism amounts to 7.3 per cent of the
entire population. [Dec. 2. At a great
county meeting at Manchester, £130,000
are subscribed for relief ; other contri-
butions, Central Relief Fund, £407,830,
and Mansion House Fund, £236,926. Par-
liament passes a relief Act.]
Sept. 28. London. Rioting occurs in
Hyde Park between the Irish and Ital-
ians because of the conflict between the
Pope and Garibaldi. [Oct. 5. More
rioting. Oct. 8-15. Rioting in Birken-
head, Cheshire.]
Oct. 9. London. Public meetings in
Hyde Park are prohibited.
Oct. 20. Catherine "Wilson, a noted
poisoner, is executed.
1863 Mar. 10. Princess Alexandra
of Denmark marries the Prince of
Wales.
Mar. 21. Rioting occurs at Staleybridge
because of the mode of relief to the un-
employed cotton-workers ; it is put down
by the military.
* * London. An establishment is opened
to receive young children of working
mothers.
* * The United Kingdom Beneficent As-
sociation is founded ; it grants annui-
ties to poor persons of a better class.
* * London. St. John's Hospital, Leices-
ter Square, is founded.
* * Ire. Titles created, Baron Athlum-
ney. [1868. Duke of Abercorn and Baron
Rathdonnell.]
* * Ire. Great numbers of able-bodied
men emigrate to America during the
year, owing to the agricultural distress.
1864 Apr. 3. Garibaldi is received
at Southampton with great enthusiasm.
[Apr. 11. He enters London, and is wel-
comed by an immense crowd ; he takes
up his abode with the Duke of Suther-
land at Stafford House. Apr. 21. He
receives the freedom of the city.]
July 9. The murder of Mr. Briggs in
a first-class carriage on the North Lon-
don railway causes great excitement.
July 29. Parliament: The Metropoli-
tan Houseless Poor Act, authorizing
guardians to receive destitute persons
into workhouses, and the metropolitan
board to reimburse them, is passed.
Aug. 8-19. Ire. The burning of an
effigy of Daniel O'Connell by Orange-
men causes rioting in Belfast ; 3,000
soldiers and 1,000 policemen are required
to subdue it ; nine persons are killed
and 176 wounded.
Aug. 10-27. Dublin. The inaugurating
of the O'Connell monument precipitates
fierce conflicts between Roman Catho-
lics and Protestants ; nine killed and 150
wounded.
Sept. 28. The International "Working
Men's Association is organized;
George Odger, president.
* * The Royal Albert Orphan Asylum at
Bagshot is founded.
STATE.
1862 Apr. 7. A treaty for the suppres-
sion of the slave-trade is concluded
with the United States. [May 20. Rati-
fied.]
July 29. Parliament : An Act for the
safe-keeping of petroleum is passed.
Aug. * Parliament : The Thames Em-
bankment Bill is passed.
Dec. 2. Parliament is prorogued.
Dec. 31. Mo de Janeiro. The Govern-
ment having refused to apologize for the
arrest of British naval officers charged
with rioting, the British legation causes
five Brazilian merchant-ships to be
seized. [They are given up on the pay-
ment of an indemnity, and the dispute of
June 7, 1861, is referred to the arbitra-
tion of the King of the Belgians, who
decides in favor of the Brazilians.]
* * E.I. The province of British Burma
is formed (p. 1049.)
* * Parliament: The Merchandise
Marks Act, punishing forgeries of
trade-marks, is passed.
* * Parliament: The Queen's Bench
prison is abolished.
1863 July 21. Parliament: The Pub-
lic "Works Act, providing work for the
unemployed in the manufacturing dis-
tricts at the time of the cotton famine,
and enabling corporate bodies to raise
loans, is passed ; also an Act to amend
and consolidate the acts relating to the
volunteer force of Great Britain.
Aug. 25. Parliament is prorogued.
Dec. 15. Sergt. "William Shee is ap-
pointed justice of the Queen's Bench ;
he is the first Roman Catholic judge to
be appointed since the Reformation.
* * U. S. A. A convention of Fenians is
held. The society has for its objects the
liberation of Ireland and the establish-
ment of a republic. (See Fenians in In-
dex.)
* * New Zealand. "War breaks out with
the Maoris.
* * Parliament : The Railway Clauses
Consolidation Act is passed.
* * Parliament : The Prison Ministers
Act is passed.
* * Parliament: The Security from
Violence Act, appointing whipping as
part of the punishment for attempts at
garroting, is passed.
1864 Jan. 8. Albert Victor, son of
the Prince of Wales, is born.
Jan. * Ire. The Fenians make their
first appearance in the country.
Apr. 25. London. A Schleswig-Holstein
Conference meets.
Great Britain, France, Prussia, Aus-
tria, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, and the
German Confederation are represented.
It fails to settle the disputes between
Austria, Prussia, and Denmark regard-
ing the possession of Schleswig-Holstein.
[June 25. It adjourns.]
June 1. The Ionian Isles are ceded.
June 8. H. C. The Permissive Pro-
hibitory Bill is introduced at the in-
stance of the United Kingdom Alliance
party. It proposes to give power to two-
thirds of the rate-payers of a parish to
refuse licenses for the sale of intoxicat-
ing liquors. [It is rejected.]
Nov. 1. Ire. John, Lord "Wodehouse,
is appointed lord-lieutenant.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1862 Apr. * The steamer Mars is
wrecked near Milford Haven ; 50 lives
lost.
May 24. The new "Westminster Bridge
is fully opened.
Oct. 13. A railway collision occurs near
Winchburgh ; 15 killed, 100 wounded.
Oct. 19. The East Indiaman Bencoolen
is wrecked near Bude Haven, Corn-
wall ; 26 lives lost.
Dec. 20. The steamer Lifeguard leaves
Newcastle ; fate unknown, supposed to
have been wrecked off Flamborough
Head.
1863 Jan. 10. The Metropolitan
Railway is opened.
Feb. 21. London. Post-office bags are
conveyed by the Pneumatic Despatch
Company.
* * Vaccination is made compulsory in
Ireland and Scotland.
Apr. 27. The mail-steamer Anglo-Saxon
is wrecked off Cape Race, Newfound-
land ; 237 lives lost.
Aug. 3. A railway accident near Lynn
is caused by a bullock on the track ; five
persons killed.
Aug. 31. Heme's ancient oak, Wind-
sor Park, is destroyed by the wind.
* * London. Many companies based on
the Credit Mobilier principles are estab-
lished.
1864 Jan. 11. London. Charing
Cross Railway is opened.
Feb. 29. Peabody dwellings, Spital-
fields, are opened for the working classes.
[Others are opened later.]
Mar 11. Bradfield water reservoir em-
bankment breaks, and Sheffield and
surrounding country are flooded ; 250
lives are lost, and much property is
damaged.
May 25. Dublin. The Industrial Ex-
hibition is opened by the lord chan-
cellor.
July * The great annual horse-shows
at Islington are begun.
July 20. London. The first stone of the
Thames Embankment is laid near
Whitehall Stairs.
Oct. 6. London. The first railway
train enters the city near Blackfriars
Bridge.
Nov. 24. A fierce gale causes the wreck
of the Stanley and the Friendship off
Tynemouth, and the Dalhousie off Tay ;
34 lives lost.
Dec. 8. The Clifton Suspension
Bridge at Bristol is opened.
Dec. 14. The steamer Bombay is
burned off Flores Island ; 91 lives lost.
Dec. 16. A railway collision in Black-
heath Tunnel causes six deaths.
968 1864,** -1866, Dec. 28. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1864 * * James Laird of Birkenhead
builds steam-rams for the Confederates
in America ; construction is stopped, and
they are bought by the British Govern-
ment.
1865 May * The war-ships Bellerophon
and Lord Warden are launched. [1866.
Apr. 17. The Northumberland.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1864 * * The light of ignited magne-
sium is employed for photographs at
Manchester.
1865 * * Joan of Arc is exhibited by
Sir John Everett Millais at the Royal
Academy.
1866 Feb. 1. Sir Francis Grant is
made president of the Royal Society.
May 19. Edinburgh. The National
Museum of Science and Art is opened
by Prince Alfred.
Oct. 18. Scot. The statue of Prince
Albert is inaugurated at Glasgow by the
Duke of Edinburgh.
Oct. 19. London. The Holborn Theater
(Mirror) is opened.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1864 * * Baikie, William B., explorer, Scot-
land, A 39.
Ballantyne, James It., orientalist, A51.
Behmes, William, sculptor, A63.
Carlisle, Earl of, George W. F., states., A62.
Dilke, Charles W., journalist, A85.
Ferrier, James F., metaphysician, A56.
Hunt, William, painter, A74.
Lance, George, painter, A62.
Landor, Walter Savage, poet, writer, A89.
Leech, John, artist, caricaturist, A 47.
M'Culloch, John R., political economist,
Scotland, A85.
O'Brien, William Smith, patriot, Ire., A61.
Procter, Adelaide A., poet, A38.
Roberts, David, landscape painter, Scot., A68.
Senior, Nassau W,, political economist, A74.
Sinclair, Catherine, author, Scotland, A 64.
1865 * * Aytoun, William E., poet, Scot., A52.
Brown, Sir George, general, A75.
Christie, Samuel Hunter, physicist, A81.
Cobden, Richard, statesman, A61.
Costello, Dudley, journalist, author, A62.
Cotton, Stapleton, Viscount Cotnbermere,
general, A 92.
Cunard, Sir Samuel, fdr. Cunard Line, A78.
Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock, painter, A72.
Fitzroy, Robert, meteorologist, vice-admiral,
A60.
Gaskell, Elizabeth C, novelist, A55.
Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, mathemati-
cian, philosopher, Ireland, A60.
Herring, John F., animal painter, A70.
Hooker, Sir William Jackson, botanist, A 80.
Lindley, John, botanist, A66.
Lubbock, Sir John W., astronomer, A62.
Palmerston, Viscount, Henry J. Temple,
statesman, A81.
Paxton, Sir Joseph, arch., horticulturist, A62.
Quain, Jones, astronomer born in Ireland, d.
Richardson, Sir John, naturalist, Scot., A68.
Wallace, Wm. V., musical comp., Ire., A50.
Wiseman, Nicholas Patrice Stephen,
cardinal, author, A63.
CHURCH.
1864 * * London. Samuel Crowther, a
native African, is consecrated as first
bishop of the Niger, in Canterbury Ca-
thedral.
* * The Church of England Fducational
Socfety is founded.
* * Ire. Bishops consecrated :
Thomas Nulty (Roman Catholic) bishop of
Meath. [1865, James Donnelly for Clogher;
1866, James Lynch for Kildare and Leighlin;
1870, Thomas W. Croke, archbishop of Cashel
and Emly.]
* * (Roman Catholic) Bishops conse-
crated.
John M. Tissot for Vizagapatam. T1865,
James Murray for Maitland; 1868, Christo-
pher Bonjean (archbishop) for Colombo,
Ceylon, Michael Angelo Jacopi (archbishop)
for Agra, Asia, Gabriel Leo Meurin for Port
Louis, Africa, and Leonard Mellano for Ve-
rapoli, Asia ; 1869, John Macdonald for
Aberdeen, and Charles Eyre for Glasgow.]
1865 Feb. 24. Dublin. St. Patrick's
Cathedral, restored by Benjamin L.
Guinness, is reopened.
June 5. London. Henry Edward
Manning is consecrated (Roman Cath-
olic) archbishop of Westminster.
July 5. London. The Salvation Army
is founded by holding the first " Chris-
tian Mission " in the open air at Mile
End, by William Booth, until recently
a Methodist. [1878. The Mission be-
comes the Army.]
Oct. 3. The Evangelical Alliance
meets at Hull. [1866, Oct. 16, at Bath ;
1867, Aug. * at Amsterdam ; 1866, Nov.
23-28, at Derby ]
Nov. 15. London. Three English bish-
ops, Dr. Pusey, and nearly 80 of the
clergy and laity meet with Counts Orlpff
and Tolstoi, and the Russian chaplain,
to consider the question of uniting the
English and Russian Churches.
* * The Ladies' Association for the Pro-
motion of Female Education among the
heathen is organized.
* * Church (of England) Association
against "popery" is founded.
* * London. The Free and Open Church
Association is founded.
* * The Association of Lay Helpers is
organized.
1866 July * Headers, a new order of
unordained assistants (Church of Eng-
land), receive the assent of archbishops
and bishops.
LETTERS.
1864 * * London. A "Working Women's
College is begun at Queen's Square,
Bloomsbury.
* * Dublin. Queen's University re-
ceives a supplementary charter.
* * London. The Owl is issued.
* * Apologia pro vita sua, by John Henry
Newman, appears.
* * Scot. Sketches from Nature, by Chas.
Mackay, appears. [1872, Under the Blue
Sky.]
* * A translation of Homer 's Iliad, by E.
G. S. Stanley, Earl of Derby, appears.
* * A Death in the Desert, Rabbi Ben Ezra,
and Prospice, by Robert Browning, ap-
pear. [1868, The Ring and the Book.]
1864-65 . Our Mutual Friend, by Dickens,
appears.
1864-67 English Writers before Chaucer,
by Henry Morley, appears.
1865 Feb. 7. London. The Pall Mall
Gazette is issued.
July 29. The Guild of Literature and
Art is inaugurated. It provides retreats
for artists, scholars, and men of letters.
Aug.* London. The Sportsman is issued.
Sept. 15. Dublin. The Irish People is
seized.
* * London. Albert Veterinary Col-
lege is opened.
* * London. The Sporting Times is is-
sued ; also the English Mechanic, the
Fortnightly Review', and the Glowworm.
* * Examination of Sir William Hamil-
ton's Philosophy, by John Stuart Mill,
appears. [1869, On the Subjection of
Women, 1870, The Irish Land Question'.]
* * Prehistoric Times, by Sir John Lub-
bock, appears.
* * Plato and other Companions of Socra-
tes, by George Grote, appears.
* * Home Thoughts and Home Scenes, by
Jean Ingelow, appears. [1867, A Story
of Doom, 1868, A Sister's Bye-Hours.]
* * Running the Gauntlet, by Edmund H.
Yates, appears. [1866, Kissinq the Rod ;
1867, Black Sheep.]
* * Strathmore, by Ouida (Louise de La
Ramee), appears. [1866, Chandos; 1867,
Idalia; 1868, Tricotrin.)
* * Ire. Lays of the Western Gael, by
Sir Samuel Ferguson, appears. [1872,
Congal, an Epic Poem in Five Books.]
* * History of Rationalism in Europe, by
William Edward Hartpole Lecky, ap-
pears. [1869, History of European Mor-
als.}
1865-70 Handbooks for the' Study of
Sanskrit, by Max Miiller, appears. [1868-
75, Chips from a German Workshop; 1870,
Lectures on the Science of Religion.]
1866 Dec. 18. London. A training-
ship is established for homeless boys.
SOCIETY.
1864-65 London. Forty refuges for
houseless poor are established.
1865 Jan.* London. " Casual wards "
in workhouses receive 1,000 patients per
night.
Feb. 4,5. London. Many burglaries oc-
cur ; a great robbery occurs at Walker's,
the Cornhill jewelers.
Mar. 11. Union workers strike in North
Staffordshire ; caused by reduction of
wages ; a general lockout by iron-mas-
ters throughout the kingdom follows
until workmen accept their terms ; much
distress follows.
Mar. * -May * A strike occurs among
the Staffordshire puddlers.
Apr. 30. Ire. Election riots occur at
Belfast. [July* Again.]
July * Election riots disturb Notting-
ham.
Aug. * London. An investigation is made
into the state of the workhouse in-
firmaries, several paupers having died
through neglect.
* * Rise of the Fenians. They are a secret
organization, and aim at the establish-
ment of an Irish republic.
Sept. 15. Dublin. Fenian disturb-
ances.
The Irish People newspaper is seized, and 25
persons are arrested on charges of Fenianism.
[Sept. 15-17. About 30 Fenians are captured.
Oct. 2. Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa and live
others are committed for high treason. Nov.
11. James Stephens, the head center, and
other Fenians are arrested. Nov. 24. Ste-
phens escapes. Nov. 27. The Fenian trials
begin. Dec. 1. Thomas Clark Luby is sen-
tenced to 20 years' penal servitude. Dec. 13.
O'Donovan Rossa is sentenced to imprison-
ment for life. O'Leary and others are con-
victed and sentenced. 1866. Feb.* The trials
are concluded; 36 are convicted or plead
guilty, three are acquitted, and one is dis-
charged under disagreement of the jury. J
Dec. * Ire. The Fenians have fierce
disputes among themselves. The " sen-
ate" charges the "head center," O'Ma-
hony, with corruption and deposes him,
appointing Roberts as his successor
1866 Jan. 29. London- George Pea-
body, the American philanthropist,
adds £100,000 to his gift of 1863, for the
relief of the poor.
Feb. 17. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act
is suspended ; 250 suspected persons are
immediately arrested.
Apr. 20. London. The Working Men's
Club and Lodging-house, Old Pye Street,
Westminster, is opened.
AND IRELAND. 1864,* * -1866, Dec. 28.
969
June 6. The Field Lane Refuge for
the poor is opeiied by the Karl of Shaftes-
bury.
Sept. 1. Ire. About 320 persons remain
in prison as suspected Fenians.
Sept. 24. A reform meeting is held at
Manchester. [Oct. 8. Also at Leeds.
Dec. 2. At London and Birmingham.]
Oct. * Messrs. Samuel Canning, Daniel
Gooch, and Captain Anderson are
knighted.
Dec. 15. Ire. A large quantity of fire-
arms is seized.
Dec. 28. Election riots occur at Dun-
gar ven.
STATE.
1865 Mar. 24. Dr. David Livingstone
is appointed British consul for inner
Africa.
.Apr. * Parliament : Postage charges
are reduced from twopence to one pen-
ny for every ounce above the first.
May 1. Parliament: The two Houses
vote addresses of condolence for, and of
horror at, the assassination of Presi-
dent Lincoln. [Similar addresses are
voted in public meetings held in every
important town in the kingdom.]
June 3. George, second son of the
Prince of Wales, is born.
June * H. C. The Union Chargeabil-
ity Act, providing for the better distri-
bution of the charge for relieving the
poor in unions, is passed.
June 26. H. C. A bill modifying the
oath taken by Roman Catholics is
passed. [Rejected by the Lords.]
July 4. Lord Westbury resigns the
great seal.
July 6. Robert Monsey Rolfe [Lord
Cranworth] is appointed lord high chan-
cellor.
July * The general election is favor-
able to the Palmerston administration.
July* London. Baron Rothschild,
M. P., is elected for the fourth time.
July * Henry Fawcett, M. P. (blind), is
elected.
July * The British and French Govern-
ments rescind their recognition of
"The Southern Confederacy."
Aug. 2. The Privy Council issues regu-
lations for guarding against the cattle-
plague.
Aug. 14. W. I. An insurrection of
negroes breaks out in Jamaica. [Soon
suppressed.]
Aug. 16. Navigation treaty is con-
cluded with Prussia.
Oct. 18. Viscount Palmerston, first
lord of the treasury, dies.
Nov. 6. Earl Russell forms a Ministry.
It includes Lord Cranworth, Lord Stan-
ley, the Duke of Argyll, W. E. Glad-
stone, Earl Granville, and Sir George
Grey.
Nov. 9. London. Alderman Benj. Sam-
uel Phillips, a Hebrew, is elected lord
mayor. [1866, Thomas Gabriel ; 1867,
William Femeley Allen ; 1868, James
Lawrence; 1868, Robert Besley.]
Nov. * Ire. James Stephens, the head
center of the Fenians, is arrested. [Nov.
24. He escapes from jail.]
Nov. 27. Dublin. Many Fenians are
brought to trial.
Dec. 16. Commercial treaty is con-
cluded with Austria.
Dec. * A commission on capital punish-
ment, appointed in 1864, recommends
penal servitude as a substitute for the
death-penalty in unpremeditated mur-
der cases, and that executions be private.
* * Parliament : A court of referees to
examine private bills is established.
* *Lord Cranworth resigns the lord
chancellorship.
* * Parliament: The Colonial Naval
Act, authorizing marine defense by
colonies, is passed.
1866 Jan. 11. Dublin. The city and
county are proclaimed as under the
provisions of the Peace Preservation
Act, in consequence of the discovery of
an arms manufactory
Jan. 16. Ire. Carrying of arms is for-
bidden, and houses are ordered to be
searched for concealed arms.
Jan. * -Feb. * Ire. Many Fenians are
arrested and convicted at Cork and
Dublin.
Feb. 1. Parliament meets. [1868. Nov.
11. Dissolved.]
Feb. 17. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act
is suspended.
About 250 suspected persons are ar-
rested immediately ; many Fenians flee
from the country.
Mar. 12. H. C. W. E. Gladstone intro-
duces a new Reform Bill.
Mar. * Parliament : Savings-banks In-
vestment Acts are passed.
Mar. * Parliament : Laboring Classes
Dwelling-house Act is passed.
Apr. 30. Parliament: The parliamen-
tary oaths are modified, and made uni-
form.
May * Parliament : The Qualification
for Office Abolition Act, rendering it
unnecessary to make and subscribe cer-
tain declarations, is passed.
June 18. H. C. An amendment to Mr.
Gladstone's new Reform Bill is carried
in opposition to the Government.
June 26. Earl Russell resigns.
July 5. Princess Helena is married to
Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.
July 6. The third administration of
the Earl of Derby is formed.
Members: Earl of Derby (L. Treas.),Lord
Chelmsford (L. Clianc), Duke of Bucking-
ham (Pres. Council), Earl of Jlalmesbury
(P. Seal), Benjamin Disraeli (Chanc. Exch.),
Spencer H. Walpole (Home Sec), Lord
Stanley (Foreign Sec), Earl of Carnarvon
(Colonial Sec), Jonathan Peel (Sec War),
Sir Charles Wood (Sec. for India), Duke of
Somerset (L. Admiralty), Milner Gibson
(Pres. of the Board of Trade), Edward Card-
well (Chanc of the Duchy of Lancaster), Pel-
ham Villiers (Pres. of the Poor Law Board)
July* James, Duke of Montrose, is
appointed postmaster-general.
July* Parliament: An Act is passed
permitting a postmaster to sit in the
House of Commons.
July* Ire. Francis Blackburne is
made lord chancellor ; Lord Abercorn
is appointed lord-lieutenant; James
Whiteside is made chief justice.
Aug. * Parliament : The Railway Com-
panies' Securities Act is passed.
Aug. * Parliament : A new Sanitary
Act is passed.
Aug. * Parliament : An act for promot-
ing the cultivation of oysters in tho
United Kingdom is passed.
Oct. 29. Sir Hugh M. Cairns is made
lord justice.
Nov. 17. Scot. A great public demon-
stration in favor of parliamentary re-
form is held at Edinburgh.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1865 Jan. 2. The new Exchange at
Birmingham is opened.
Jan. 31. London. Surrey Theater is
burned a second time.
Mar. 1. The telegraph-line between
England and Bombay is opened.
Mar. 26. The Great Eastern sails for
New York, prepared for 2,000 passengers.
[Returns with 191. July 15. It sails for
Valentia, Ire., with 2300 miles of subma-
rine cable.]
May 9. Dublin. The International
Exhibition is opened by the Prince
of Wales. [Nov. 9. Closed.]
June 7. Insecure rails cause a train
wreck near Rednal ; 13 killed, 40 in-
jured.
June 9. Railway accident near Staple-
hurst causes 10 deaths and injures about
50.
June 27. London. Cattle plague
breaks out near Barnsbury.
Aug. 24. The emigrant vessel Eagle
Speed is wrecked near Calcutta ; 265
coolies are drowned.
Dec. 12. Scot. The Industrial Exhi-
bition is opened at Glasgow.
Dec. 18. Damaged machinery causes the
wreck of the Ibis off Ballycroneen Bay ;
15 lives lost.
* * Australian meat is introduced by
John McCall.
1865-66 A new pier is erected at
Brighton.
1866 Jan. 11. Steamer London
founders in Bay of Biscay ; 220 lives
lost.
Mar. * The "Black Death" appears;
many persons die.
Apr. 24. Cholera appears at Bristol.
Apr. 28. A railway bridge at Sutton
falls, killing six men.
Apr. 30. A railway accident occurs
near Caterhain Junction ; three persons
killed, and 12 injured.
May 7. Edinburgh. A new post-office
is opened.
May 10. London. Black Friday; a
commercial panic is precipitated by the
failure of Overend, Gurney, and Co.,
bankers.
May 13. Cholera appears in Liverpool.
May * Steamer General Grant is wrecked
off Auckland Isles ; about 85 perish.
June 6. London. Agra and Master-
man's Bank suspends; great excite-
mentensue8. [July 13. Also the banking
Company of Birmingham.]
July 21. London. Cholera is raging ;
346 deaths in one week.
July 27. The Atlantic Cable is com-
pletely laid, and communication fully
established (p. 253).
July * -Sept. * London. Cholera rages.
Aug 19. The steamer Bruiser collides
with the Haswell off Aldborough ; 15
lives lost.
Sept. 6. A railway train is derailed at
Brynkir Station ; six persons killed.
Oct. 21. London. The Standard Thea-
ter is burned. [1868. Rebuilt.]
Nov. 10. Ire. Ceres is wrecked near
Carnscoe ; 36 lives lost.
970 1866, Dec.* -1868, Apr. 15. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY— NAVY.
1866 * * The Snider breech-loader is
adopted by the Government ; the in-
ventor receives £1,000.
1867 Sept. * -68 * * War with Abys-
sinia (p. 2).
1868 Feb. 10. The war-ship Hercules
is launched at Chatham. [May 25, The
Monarch, the first turret-ship ; 1870,
Sept. 27, The war-ship Triumph at Jar-
row ; 1871, The war-ship Gallatin.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1867 Jan. * Dublin. The Irish Col-
lege of Science is established.
May 20. London. The queen lavs the
foundation of the Albert Hall of Arts
at South Kensington.
June 3. London. A statue of Lord
Herbert is unveiled in Pall Mall.
June 8. London. Mile. Nilsson makes
her first appearance at Her Majesty's
Theater as violetta.
July * Win. Robinson announces a method
of making wrought iron from cast iron
by the use of magnetism.
Aug. 31. London. Kate Terry makes
her last appearance as Juliet at the
New Adelphi.
Oct. 12. London. The new East Lon-
don Theater is opened. [Oct. 24. The
new Queen's Theater. Dec. 18. St.
George's Opera House.]
Nov. 2. London. Mile. Kellogg makes
her d6but at Drury Lane.
Nov.± John Heaton's process for mak-
ing steel is announced.
1868 Jan. 15. Rev. Patrick Bell re-
ceives a testimonial and £1,000 for the
invention of a reaping-machine in 1826.
Jan. 22-31. Severe gales destroy many
vessels and lives. [Feb. 1. More disas-
trous gales.]
Mar. 31+. London. Nitrous oxid gas
(laughing-gas) is introduced.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1866 * * Brande, William T., chemist, A80.
Campbell, Alexander, fdr. Campbellites, A80.
Connolly, John, physician, A71.
Craik, George L., miscellaneous writer, A67.
Gibson, John, sculptor, A75.
Keble, John, poet, divine, A74.
Mahony, Francis (Father Prout), clergyman,
author, Ireland, A61.
Monteagle, Lord, Thomas Spring Rice, A76.
Petrie, George, archeologist, antiquary, A77.
Whewell William, philosopher, historian
1867 * * Alison, Sir Archibald, hist., A75.
Austin, Sarah T., translator, writer, A74.
Baily, Edward H., sculptor, A 79.
Bell, Robert, journalist, author, A67.
Blomfleld, Charles J., bishop of London,
scholar, author, A71.
Daubeny, Charles G. B., chemist, naturalist,
A72.
Faraday, Michael, chemist, electrician,
philosopher, Ireland, A76.
Forbes, James 1)., physicist, Scotland, A59.
Louise, daughter of Prince of Wales, born.
Robinson, Henry C, lawyer, author, A92.
Rosse, Earl of, "William Parsons, astrono-
mer, A 67.
Smirke, Sir Robert, architect, A87.
Stanfleld, Clarkson, marine painter, A69.
CHURCH.
1866 * * London. The Humanitarians
are founded by Kaspary, a German Jew.
1867 Feb. 13. The bishops in convoca-
tion unqualifiedly condemn ritualism.
[Feb. 15. The Lower House concurs.]
May 16. Bishop Hamilton of Salisbury
asserts the doctrine of the supernatural
gifts of priests, the Divine presence in
the sacrament ; many persons protest
against it.
May 21. Rev. A. H. Mackonochie is
tried before the Court of Arches for ex-
treme ritualistic practises at St. Al-
bans, Holborn.
[Dec. 4-18. Trial continued. 1868. Jan.
16-18. Renewed. Mar. 28. Case decided
against plaintiff, and the use of incense, mix-
ing water with wine, and elevation of the
elements in the sacrament, are forbidden.
Dec. 4. Defendent is censured for evading
sentence. 1870. Nov. 24. The Privy Council
suspends the defendant for three months for
evading sentence.]
July 25. Parliament: The declaration
against transubstantiation, invocation
of the saints, and the sacrifice of the
mass, on taking any civil office, is abol-
ished.
Aug. 19. Ritualists are censured in the
report of the ritualistic commission.
Sept. 24-27. The Pan- Anglican Con-
ference of 75 bishops, English, Colonial,
and American, is in session at Lambeth ;
an address and resolutions are issued.
Oct. 17. Dublin. Mixed education and
secret societies are condemned and state
help is. declined by the (Roman Catholic)
conference of bishops.
Oct. 30. The Irish Church Commis-
sion is appointed, with the Earl of Stan-
hope as chairman.
Dec. 12±. Ire. A protest is signed
against the disestablishment of the
Irish Church by many influential Irish-
men.
* * The Children's Special Service Mis-
sion, to lead children and young people
into the Christian life, is organized.
* * London. The Spanish and Portuguese
Church Aid Society is organized.
* * The (Baptist) Ladies' Association,
for support of Zenana work and Bible-
women in India, is organized.
* * The (Church of England) "Society of
the Blessed Sacrament " and the " Con-
fraternity of the Blessed Sacrament "
unite to form one society.
1868 Mar. 29. London. A Jewish
synagogue at Barnsbury, founded by
Baron F. Rothschild, is consecrated.
Apr. 5. London. A Mormon synod is
held in Store Street ; the London con-
ference is said to include 1,172 members.
LETTERS.
1866 * * London. The Law Journal is
issued ; also the Bullionist, Engineer,
Land and Water, the Belgravia Maga-
zine, and the Contemporary Review.
* * Scot. The Reign of Law, by the Duke
of Argyll, appears.
* * Ecce Homo, by John Robert Seeley,
appears.
* * Wives and Daughters, by Elizabeth
Gaskell, appears.
* * Scot. London Poems, by Robert Wil-
liam Buchanan, appears.
1867 Jan.* Dublin. The Irish Col-
lege of Science is established.
July 10. Ijondon. The foundation of
the College of the International Edu-
cation Society is laid by the Prince of
Wales.
July 11. London. The Guards' Insti-
tute, Francis Street, is inaugurated.
July * The Early Years of the Prince
Consort, by Queen Victoria, appears.
* * The Broadway Magazine and Tinsley's
Magazine are issued:
1867-68 The Chronicle is issued.
1867-74 St. Paul's Magazine is issued.
1867-76 History of the Norman Con-
quest, by Edward Augustus Freeman,
appears. [1869, Old English History ;
1872, Growth of the English Constitu-
tion.']
1868 Jan. 4. London. The "Working
Men's CoUege, South London, is
opened with a lecture by Prof. Huxley.
Jan. * Leaves from our Journal in Scot-
land, by Queen Victoria, appears.
SOCIETY.
1866 Dec. * Ire. Clare and other coun-
ties are proclaimed.
* * Parliament : A Board of Arbitration
for amicable settlement of questions be-
tween working men and employers is
formed. [Temporarily useful.]
* * London. The Royal Canoe Club is
founded.
* * The Harvard Association, for the
improvement of prison discipline and
prevention of crime, is instituted.
* * London. The Women and Children
Hospital is founded in Crawford Street ;
it is to be superintended by women.
1867 Jan. * London. The Street Re-
form Association is organized.
Feb. 11,12. A body of Fenians threat-
ens an attack upon Chester Castle ; they
are forced to retire by 500 constables.
Feb. 12. Dublin. Sixty-seven Fenians
from Liverpool are arrested.
Ire. A Fenian outbreak occurs at
Kerry ; Killarney is threatened, Capt.
Moriarty and others are captured. [Feb.
16. A movement to attack Cahirciveen
collapses.]
Feb. 26. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act
is suspended.
Mar. 4. The Fenian General Massey
is captured.
Mar. 5. The Kilmallock police barrack
is attacked by 200 Fenians; they are
driven off by 14 constables.
Mar. 6. Ire. Fenians rise in Cork;
their leader, Daly, is killed. [Mar. 7.
Another rising near Dublin; the tele-
graph is destroyed ; an attack on the
police station at Tallaght is repelled ;
several are shot ; 208 prisoners are taken.
1,000 Fenians hold the market-place at
Drogheda until driven away by a body of
police.]
Mar. 25-27. A strike of 350 men on the
London and Brighton Railway occurs.
Mar. 29. Parliament: The Metropoli-
tan Poor Act is passed.
Mar. 31. Ire. The Fenian Capt. Ma-
clure is captured.
Apr. 9. Ire. A special commission under
Chief Justice Whiteside begins the trial
of 230 Fenians. [May 1. Burke and
Doran are sentenced to death. May 26.
Reprieved. Many more are convicted
and many discharged.]
Apr. 11. About 500 employees of the
North Eastern Railway strike. [Apr.
25. The strikers submit.]
Apr. 22-Oct. * London. The West End
tailors strike ; 2,000 go out.
Apr. * Colliers near St. Helens strike.
June 11. Ire. Fenian trials begin at
Limerick.
July 6. London. The foundation of the
Alexandra Orphanage for Infants.
Holloway, is laid.
July 17, 18. Anti-popery riots are
provoked at Birmingham by a lecturer.
Aug. 20. Parliament: An Act to estab-
lish councils of conciliation to adjust
differences between masters and work-
men is passed. [Aug. 21. A workshop
Regulation Act supplementary to Fac-
tory Act is passed.]
Aug. * Yarmouth is disfranchised for
bribery and political corruption by the
Reform Act.
Aug. * -Sept. * Many imprisoned Fe-
nians are released, and sent to America.
AND IRELAND. 1866, Dec* -1868, Apr. 15. 971
Sept. 19. Fenians attack a police van
in Manchester, killing a policeman,
Sergt. Brett ; they rescue two of their
comrades, Kelly and Deasy, who had
been arrested, and escape. [Oct. 29-
Nov. 12. Twenty-three Fenians are tried
for the murder. Five are sentenced to
death and others to imprisonment.
Nov. 27. Allen Larkin and O'Brien are
executed.]
Oct. 31. Dublin. Two policemen are
shot by Fenians.
Oct. * -Nov. * Dublin. Halpin and other
Fenians are tried.
Nov. 4, 5. Bread and meat riots at
Exeter are suppressed.
Nov. 26. Jacob Bright is elected a
member of Parliament ; Lily Maxwell,
a widow, votes for him.
Dec. 1, 8. Funeral demonstrations in
honor of the Fenians, Allen Larkin
and O'Brien, take place in Dublin and
Limerick.
Dec. 13. London. Fenians partially
blow up, with a cask of gunpowder,
Clerkenwell House of Detention, where
several of their comrades had been im-
prisoned ; seven persons are killed and
50 wounded. [1868. Apr. 20-27. Several
persons are tried for causing the explo-
sion ; Michael Barrett is convicted. May
26. Executed.]
Dec. 27. Capt. Mackay and other Feni-
ans rifle a inartello tower. [Feb. 7. Ar-
rested. Mar. 20. Sentenced to 12 years'
imprisonment.]
Dec. 30. Ire. Fenians seize arms and
ammunition in a gunsmith's shop in
Cork.
Dec. 31. Twelve Fenians are captured
at Merthyr Tydvil.
* * London. An Orphans' Home is
founded at West Square, Southwark.
* * London. The Stockwell Orphanage,
Clapham Road, is founded by Rev. C. H.
Spurgeon, aided by legacy of Miss Hill-
yard.
* * The Destitute Children's Dinner
Society is established to give weekly
meat dinners.
1868 Jan. 10. Dublin. The Irishman
is prosecuted for sedition.
Jan. 25. London. Want of employment
causes great distress in East London.
Jan. 28. Fenians attack a martello
tower near Waterford.
Feb. 12. Patrick Lennon, a Fenian
leader, is convicted.
Feb. 18, 19. Dublin. Sullivan and
Pigott are convicted for publishing se-
ditious libels in the Weekly News and
Irishman ; they are sentenced to impris-
onment and fined.
Feb. 28. Ire. The Habeas Corpus
Act is suspended till Mar. 25, 1869.
Apr. 15. Ire. J. P. Featherstonehaugh,
a deputy lieutenant, having recently
raised the rent of his tenants, is shot
dead when returning from Dublin.
Dublin. The Prince and Princess of
Wales pay a visit and are welcomed with
great enthusiasm. [Apr. 18. The prince
is made a Knight of St. Patrick.]
STATE.
1866 Dec. * Ire. Clare and other coun-
ties are proclaimed under the Peace
Preservation Act.
* * Parliament : The Contagious Dis-
ease Act, providing for periodical medi-
cal examinations of women's persons at
military and naval stations, is passed.
* * Parliament : The Colonial Branch
Army Act is passed.
1867 Feb. 11. A contemplated attack
on Chester Castle by Fenians to obtain
arms is frustrated.
Feb. 13. Ire. Fenians to the number
of 800 assemble at Cahirciveen, County
Kerry, sack a coast-guard station at
Kells, and commit many outrages. [Feb.
15. Suppressed by the military.]
Feb. 26. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act
is suspended.
Mar. 5. Ire. Fenian risings occur in
many parts of the country. [Suppressed
after much bloodshed.]
Mar. 8. Henry Lowry Corry is made
first lord of the admiralty.
Mar. 24. Ire. Abraham Brewster is
made lord high chancellor.
Mar. 29. Parliament : A Metropolitan
Poor Act, providing for the establish-
ment of asylums for thesick, insane, etc.,
is passed.
Parliament: An act is passed for
uniting Canada, Nova Scotia, and New
Brunswick into one Dominion of Can-
ada. [Later all British America except
Newfoundland joins the Dominion.]
May 3. Parliament: An act providing
for the preservation of oyster fisheries
is passed.
May 7-11. London. Luxemburg Con-
ference held.
Representatives of Great Britain, Rus-
sia, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Bel-
gium, France, and Prussia hold a confer-
ence (p. 737).
May 20. H. C. John Stuart Mill's
bill to permit women to vote for mem-
bers of Parliament is rejected. Vote,
73-196.
Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act is
suspended.
May * Commissioners report against the
purchase of railways by the govern-
ment.
July * H. C. Mr. Gladstone introduces
a bill for amending the laws relating to
par ham entary representation . [July
4. Robert Lowe proposes a cumulative
voting amendment so as to provide for
minority representation. July 5. It is
rejected. Vote, 173-314. July 15. The
Reform Bill is passed.]
July * Sir John Bolt is made lord jus-
tice.
Aug. 12. Parliament: An Act is passed
authorizing the queen to proclaim pro-
rogation of Parliament during recess.
Aug. 15. The new Reform Bill receives
the royal assent.
It grants an additional member of Par-
liament to Manchester, Leeds, and Bir-
mingham ; allows cumulative voting mi-
nority representation in London, Glas-
gow, Manchester, Liverpool, and Leeds,
and in such counties as return three
members each ; and makes many other
changes in the laws relating to repre-
sentation.
Aug. 20. Parliament: Chancery and
Common-Law-Offices Act passed.
A Poor-Law Amendment Act making
Poor-Law Boards permanent is passed.
The Policies of Assurance Act, ena-
bling assignees of assurances to sue in
their own names for policy moneys, is
passed.
The " Guarantee by Companies Act,"
relating to the security by means of sure-
ties required by persons employed in the
public service, is passed.
An Act is passed providing for a county
court for London.
Oct. 30. Parliament : A commission is
appointed, with the Earl of Stanhope,
chairman, to inquire into the state of
the Irish Church.
Nov. 26, 27. Parliament appropriates
£2,000,000 for the prosecution of war in
Abyssinia.
Dec. 12. Ire. A proclamation is issued
prohibiting Fenian funeral processions.
1868 Jan.* Ire. A Fenian distur-
bance causes 113,674 special constables
to be sworn into office.
Feb. 8. Sir Charles Jasper Selwyn is
made lord justice. [Mar. * Sir William
Page Wood.]
Feb. 17. Parliament: A parliamentary
reform bill for Scotland is introduced.
[July 13. It is passed.]
Feb. 25. The Earl of Derby resigns
because of ill-health.
Feb. 27. Benjamin Disraeli forms a
ministry. It includes Lord Cairns as
lord high chancellor, Lord Stanley, Sir
Stafford Henry Northcote, Duke of
Buckingham, and Lord John Manners.
Feb. 28-69 Mar. 25. Ire. The Ha-
beas Corpus Act is suspended.
Mar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone introduces
resolutions for the disestablishment of
the Church of Ireland.
Mar. 19. Parliament: A parliamentary
reform bill for Ireland is introduced.
[July 13. Passed.]
Mar. 31. H. C. Voting by proxy is
abolished by standing orders.
Apr. 4. H. C. A debate for four days
closes on Mr. Gladstone's proposal for a
committee on his resolutions for the dis-
establishment of the Irish Church.
Resolutions approved. Vote, 328-272.
[May 1. First resolution passed. Vote,
330-205. May 7. Second and third re-
solutions passed.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1866 Dec. 30. London. The north
wing of the Crystal Palace is burned.
* * The first annual horse-show is held
at Birmingham.
1867 Jan. 5, 6. Many wrecks occur
in the Channel.
Jan. 15. London. A severe frost occurs ;
the ice in Regent's Park breaks, and 40
lives are lost.
Feb. 17. Egypt. The first ship, the
Primo, passes through the Suez Canal.
June 3. London. The first stone of Hol-
born Viaduct is laid. [June 5. Also.
of the new meat-market.]
June 29. A railway accident occurs at
Walton Junction, Warrington; eight
lives lost.
Oct. 21. Royal Bank of Liverpool sus-
pends.
* * Velocipedes become common.
1868 Mar. 14. The Millwall docks,
near London, are formally opened.
972 1868, Apr. 21-1870, Apr. 16. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1869 Mar. * The British Government
adopts the Martini-Henry rifle.
Apr. * The navy consists of 47 armored
vessels with 598 guns, 66 unarmored
vessels, and a large number of vessels of
the old pattern.
Oct. 1. The royal dockyard at Wool-
wich is closed after use for more than
350 years.
Nov. 12. The Volunteer Army Ser-
vice corps is established by royal war-
rant.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1868 May 17-Oct. 31. An exhibi-
tion of art treasures is opened at Leeds
by the Prince of Wales.
June 8. A statue of Richard Cobden is
unveiled at Camden Town.
Summer. Excessive heat prevails ; at
Nottingham, in sun, 122.4 degrees ; in
shade, 92.2 degrees.
Sept. 3. A great floating iron dry dock,
which costs £250,000, is launched at
North Woolwich, and towed from the
Medway to the Bermudas in 36 days.
Oct. 1. London. Midland Railway
Station, St. Pancras, having the largest
known roof in the world, is opened.
Dimensions of roof, 245 feet, 6 inches, by
698 feet.
-Nov. 28. London. The Globe Thea-
ter, Strand, is opened. [Dec. 31. The
Gaiety Theater, Strand.]
* * London. The Burlington Fine Arts
Club is founded.
* * Isabella and the Pot of Basil is exhib-
ited by Holman Hunt.
* * London. The Holbein Society is
formed, for the obtaining of photo-litho-
graphs representing ancient wood-en-
§ raving. Also the Royal Historical
ociety and the Colonial Institute.
* * London. A statue of Lord Clyde is
set up at Waterloo Place.
* * A statue of Sir Robert Peel, set up
near Westminster Abbey, is unveiled.
1869 Jan. * London. A lower pitch is
adopted in concert singing.
Mar. 1. London. The South London In-
dustrial Exhibition is opened.
May 3. London. The Royal Academy
holds its first exhibition in the new
building.
June 19. London. Charing Cross
Theater is opened.
June 22. London. The Iron and Steel
Institute holds its first meeting.
July 23. London. A statue of Peabody,
the American philanthropist, is inaugu-
rated at the Royal Exchange by the
Prince of Wales.
Aug. 27. Scot. The Wallace monument
at Abbey Craig, near Stirling, is inaugu-
rated. Entire cost, £13,000.
* * The Harleian Society is formed, for
the publication of heraldic visitations,
etc.
* * The Amateur Mechanical Society is
formed.
1870 Jan. 21. London. Prof. Tyndall
demonstrates the presence of organic
matters in the dust of the atmosphere.
[A controversy respecting dust and dis-
ease follows.]
Apr. 16. London. The Vaudeville
Theater is opened.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1868 * * Brougham, Henry, Lord Brough-
am and Vaux, orator, statesman, scientist,
author, Scotland, A90.
Cardigan, Earl of, James T. B., gen., A71.
Cattermole, George, painter, A68.
Cockerell, Charles It., architect, A80.
Edwards, Sir Herbert B., general, A49.
EUiotson, John, physician, author, A82.
Hampden, Kenn Dickson, bishop of Here-
ford, moral philosopher, A 75.
Kean, Charles J., actor, A57.
Laing, Samnel, traveler, author, Scot., A88.
Lover, Samuel, novelist, artist, Ireland, A71.
McGee, Thomas D'Arcy, journalist, Ire., A43.
Milman, Henry H., poet, dramatist, hist., A77.
1869 * * Ashpitel, Arthur, architect, archeolo-
gist, A62.
Carleton, William, novelist, Ire., A71.
Derby, Earl of, Edward Geoffrey Smith
Stanley, statesman, A70.
Dilke, Charles W., political economist, A59.
Dunglison, Kobley, physician, author, A71.
Ellis, Sir Henry, antiquary, A92.
Go ugh, Viscount, Hugh, general, Ire., A90.
Graham, Thomas, chemist, A64.
Harris, Sir William S., electrician, A77.
Hobhouse, John Cam, Lord Broughton,
statesman, author, A 83.
Sturt, Sir Charles, Australian explorer, A73.
Tennant, Sir James E., statesman, hist., A66.
CHURCH.
1868 May 13. The Church Reform
Society (Liturgical Revision Society)
holds its first meeting.
Dec. 23. Ritualists are censured by the
judicial committee of the Privy Council
on appeal.
* * Parliament : The District Churches
Act, constituting vicarages, is passed.
t * * The Catholic Truth Society is es-
tablished by Bishop Vaughan.
* * London. The Missionary Leaves As-
sociation, for furnishing information at
home, and conveying their aid to recipi-
ents abroad, is organized.
* * Archibald Campbell Tait is chosen
archbishop of Canterbury.
1869 May 24. A church conference
is held at Sheffield.
July 26. The Church of Ireland is
disestablished. (See State.)
Aug. 11. Parliament : The Bishop's
Resignation (for infirmity) Act, provid-
ing for the appointment of bishop coad-
jutors, is passed.
Nov. 25. London. The Sunday Lecture
^society is founded.
* * Sunday-school buildings are exempted
frou* rates.
* * Sees are established :
Auckland, ST. Z, ; Maritzburg, South Af-
rica ; and I'athurst, Australia. [1871, Huron;
1872, Ballarat,rrrinidad, Moosonee, and North
China; 1886, St. Vlbans.]
1870 Jan. 16. A Greek church is
consecrated at LiVb*pool by a Greek
archbishop.
Feb. 21+ . Ire. An Irish CLurch conven-
tion is held.
Mar. 11. London. The Martyrs' Me-
morial, Smithfield, erected by the Prot-
estant Alliance, is inaugurated.
LETTERS.
1868 Apr. 25. Thefoundationof Keble
College, Oxford, is laid by the arch-
bishop of Canterbury. [1870, June 23.
Consecrated.]
Oct. 8. Scot. The foundation of the
new university buildings of Glasgow
is laid by the Prince of Wales. [1870.
Nov. 7. Opened.]
* * London. The Royal Historical So-
ciety is founded. Also the Colonial
Institute.
* * London. The Bazaar is issued. Also
the Echo and the Rock.
* * Scot. Studies on Poetry and Philoso-
phy, by John Campbell Shairp, appears.
[1870, Culture and Religion; 1877, Poetic
Interpretation of Nature.]
* * The Moonstone, by Wilkie Collins, ap-
pears. [1873, The Mew Magdalen.]
* * John Ploughman's Talk, by Charles
Haddon Spurgeon, appears. [1870-85,
The Treasury of David.]
* * Etchings and Etchers, by Philip G.
Hamerton, appears. [1873, Intellectual
Life.]
* * Life of Las Casas, by Arthur Helps,
appears. [1869, Life of Columbus and
Life of Pizarro; 1871, Life of Cortez.]
1868-70 The Earthly Paradise, by Wil-
liam Morris, appears.
1869 July 31. The Public Schools
Act is passed. It modifies the govern-
ment of Eton, Winchester, Westmins-
ter, Charterhouse, Harrow, Rugby, and
Shrewsbury schools.
Oct. 12, 13. The National Education
League meets at Birmingham.
Oct. * London. The Morning Star sus-
pends.
Oct. * The Hans Busk Life-ship Insti-
tute is founded.
Nov. 4. The National Education Union
for supplementing the present denomi-
national system meets at Manchester.
London. Nature is issued.
Nov. 9. The Spiritualist is issued.
Dec. 31. London. The Morning Herald
suspends.
Dec. * The Holy Grail, by Tennyson, ap-
pears.
* * London. The University of London
and the University College give their
adhesion to the movement for the
higher education of women.
* * London. The Architect is issued ; also
the Graphic and the Freemason.
* * Ire. Irish Odes, by Aubrey Thomas
De Vere, appears. [1874, Alexander the
Great ; 1879, Legends of the Saxon
Saints.]
* * Data of Psychology , by Herbert Spen-
cer, appears.
* * Latin Proverbs, by Alfred Henderson,
appears.
* * He Knew he was Right and I'hineas
Finn, by Trollope, appear. [1877, The
American Senator.]
* * Juventus Mundi, by Wm. E. Glad-
stone appears.
* * An Introduction to the Classification
of Animals, by Huxley, appears. [1870,
Lay Sermons; 1871, A Manual of the
Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals; 1873,
Critiques and Addresses ; 1877, Physiog-
raphy and A Manual of the Anatomy of
Invertebrated Animals'.]
* * My Enemy's Daughter, bv Justin Mc-
Carthy, appears. [1873, A Fair Saxon;
1875, Dear Lady Disdain.]
* * A Manual of Ancient History, by
George Rawlinson, appears.
* * In Silk Attire, by William Black, ap-
pears. [1871, A Daughter of Heth ; 1873,
Strange Adventures of a Phaeton and
A Princess of Thule.]
* * Lorna Doone, by Richard Blackmore,
appears.
1870 Jan. *-Apr.* London. The Pall
Mall Gazette is issued as a morning
paper.
liar. * London. The Financier is issued.
SOCIETY. .
1868 Apr. 30. Richard Burke, a Fe-
nian leader, is convicted of treason-
felony.
Apr. * Eng. Colliers at Wigan strike.
Oct. 30. The Manchester national so-
ciety for woman suffrage holds its first
meeting.
Dec. 5. London. George Peabody
gives another £100,000 to the poor.
AND IRELAND. 1868, Apr. 21-1870, Apr. 16. 973
Dec. 17. London. The Association for
the prevention of poverty and crime
is founded.
* * A national trades societies congress
meets at Manchester.
* * The transportation of convicts is
abolished.
1869 Jan. * London. The "Women's
Club and Institute, Newman Street, is
opened.
Mar. * Ire. O' Donovan Rossa and
other Fenians are released.
Apr. 17. Eng. The foundation of the
Asylum for Imbeciles, Caterham, is
laid.
May 3. First club-house at Birming-
ham is opened.
May * A strike occurs in Preston.
June 2. Riots against a colliery man-
ager at Mold, Flintshire, are suppressed
by the military ; four persons are killed.
July * The Erdington orphan houses at
Birmingham, endowed by Josiah Mason,
are finished.
* * Weekly -wages of laborers are 11 shil-
lings.
* * The Charitable Relief Society is or-
ganized.
* * Arrest for debt is practically abol-
ished, with certain exceptions.
1870 Jan. 21. A colliery strike occurs
at Thorncliffe, near Sheffield ; dreadful
riots and devastation ensue.
Jan. * Sir Samuel Baker heads an ex-
pedition to put down slave-trading on
the Nile.
Jan. * -Feb. * Ire. Many agrarian out-
rages occur. [Nov. * More.]
STATE.
1868 Apr. 21. H. C. A proposal of
Mr. Gilpin for abolition of the death
penalty is rejected. Vote, 127-23. [1869.
July 19. Again rejected. Vote, 118-58.]
May * Parliament : The Capital Pun-
ishment within Prisons Bill is passed.
June 26. The Colonial Society, estab-
lished to promote the welfare of the
colonies, holds its first meeting.
July 6. Victoria, fourth child, daughter
of the Prince of Wales, is born.
July 13. Parliament: The Sea Fish-
eries Act is passed.
July 31. Parliament: The postmaster
is empowered to purchase the electric
telegraph.
Parliament: An Act amending the
Poor Law is passed.
Nov. 7-9. The Court of Common Pleas
decides that female suffrage is illegal.
Dec. 2. The elections being favorable to
the Liberals, the Disraeli Ministry re-
signs.
Dec. 9. The first administration of
W. E. Gladstone is formed.
Members: William Ewart Gladstone (I,.
Treas.), SirW.P. Wood [Lord Hatherly] (L.
Chanc), Earl de Grey and Klpon (Pres. of
Council), Earl of Klmberley (P. Seal), Rob-
ert Lowe (Chanc. Exch.), Henry Austin Bruce
(Home Sec), the Earl of Clarendon (Foreign
Sec), Earl Granville (Colonial Sec), Duke
of Argyll (Sec. for India), Edward Cardwell
(Sec. War), Hugh Culling Eardley Childers
(L. Admiralty), John Bright (Pres. Board of
Trade), Marquis of Hartington (Postmaster-
general), George Joachim Goschen (Pres. of
the Poor- Law Board), Chichester Samuel
Fortescue (Sec for Ireland).
Dec. 10. Parliament meets. [1874.
Jan. 26. Dissolved.]
Dec. * Ire. Earl Spencer is appointed
lord-lieutenant ; and Thomas O'Hagan
lord high chancellor, the first Roman
Catholic to hold that office since the
Revolution.
* * Parliament : The laws relating to
railways are amended. The carrying of
persons to a prize-fight is prohibited.
* * Parliament : The Pharmacy Act,
requiring all sellers of poisons to be
registered after Dec. 31, 1868, is passed.
* * Parliament : A new oath of alle-
giance for members of Parliament is
provided.
The oath is: "I will be faithful and
bear true allegiance to Her Majesty
Queen Victoria, her heirs and successors,
according to law, so help me God."
1869 Jan. 14. A convention is signed
with the United States respecting the
Alabama claims. [Apr. 13. Rejected
by the U. S. Senate.]
Feb. * London. Col. Henderson is ap-
pointed police commissioner in place of
Sir R. Mayne.
Mar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro-
duces a bill for the disestablishment of
the Church of Ireland. [May 31.
Passed. June 1. H. L. Introduced ;
July 12. Passed. 1869. Feb. * Receives
royal assent.]
Mar. 9. The Hudson Bay Company's
charter having expired, the chief part
of the company's territories are trans-
ferred to the Dominion of Canada for
£300,000 and certain rights and privi-
leges (p. 583).
May 11. Ire. The mayor of Cork, for a
speech on Apr. 27, eulogizing Fenians,
is compelled to resign.
May 12. H. C. The Permissive Pro-
hibitory Bill, permitting two-thirds of
the rate-payers of a parish to refuse
licences to sell intoxicating liquors, is
rejected. Vote, 193-87. [1871. May 17.
Rejected again. Vote, 206-124. 1872.
May 8. Again. Vote, 369-15. 1873. May
7. Again. Vote, 321-81. 1874. June 17.
Again. Vote, 301-75. 1875. June 16.
Again. Vote, 371-86.]
June 24. Parliament: Fire insur-
ance duties are totally repealed ; also
the tax of one guinea laid on persons
using hair-powder.
July 18. H. L. A bill for abolishing
religious university tests is rejected.
[1870. July 14. Again rejected. 1871.
.June 16. Passed, and receives royal as-
sent.]
Aug. 9. Parliament: The "Volun-
teers Act of 1863 is amended. The
Bankruptcy Act and the Act for abol-
ishing imprisonment for debt, and the
political offices Pension Act are passed.
Aug. 11. Parliament: The Habitual
Criminals Act, giving powers for the
apprehension of habitual criminals on
suspicion, is passed.
Aug.* Parliament: The Savings
Banks Investment Act is passed.
Sept. 10. Ire. The tenant-right agita-
tion is begun at a conference of tenants
at Cork. [Oct. 18. Another meeting at
Kilkenny.]
Nov. 25. Ire. Jeremiah O'Donovan
Rossa (Fenian), M. P., is elected for
Tipperary. [1870. Feb. 10. Election
annulled.]
Nov. 26. Maud (5th child), daughter of
the Prince of Wales, is born.
Dec. * Sir George M. Giffard is made
lord justice.
1869-70 Parliament : Acts are passed
abolishing licenses for the sale of tea,
coffee, chocolate, and pepper, and modi-
fying other licences.
* * Parliament: An annual license
duty of 10 shillings and sixpence on
horses and mules each, and fixing the
horse-dealers' license at £12 10s., is im-
posed.
* * Indian Ocean. The Nicobar Isles are
acquired.
1870 Jan. 5. The National and Co-
lonial League is established.
Feb. 8. Parliament opens.
Feb. 15. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro-
duces a Land Bill, to amend the Law of
Landlord and Tenant in Ireland. [Mar.
22. Passes its second reading. Vote,
442-tl.]
Feb. 17. H. C. W.E.Forster introduces
an Elementary Education Bill. [Aug.
9. Passed by Parliament. It receives
royal assent.]
Mar. 7. The Colonial Society becomes
the Royal Colonial Institute.
Mar. * The Land Registry Office is re-
ported by a commission to be a failure.
Apr. 4. Parliament : Another Peace
Preservation Act for Ireland is passed.
[Apr. 29. Eight counties are pro-
claimed under it.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1868 Apr. 28. Columbia Market,
Bethnal Green, erected by Miss Burdett
Coutts, is opened by her.
July 30. London. Part of the Albert
Thames Embankment is opened.
July 31. A false alarm of fire is given
at Lang's Music Hall, Manchester ; 23
persons are killed.
Aug. 7. London. King's Cross Market
is opened.
Aug. 20. W. Railway trains collide at
Abergele ; fire ensues, and 33 persons are
burned to death.
Aug. 25. American vessel Sappho and
four English cutters contest off Isle of
Wight ; Oimara wins the race.
Oct. 16. Egy. The Suez Canal is
opened.
Oct. 26. The new Town Hall is founded
at Manchester.
Oct. * The shaft of propeller on steamer
Hibernia breaks, causing the loss of
many lives.
1869 Mar. 21. The steamer Italian is
wrecked near Finisterre ; about 26 lives
lost.
June 23. A railway collision at New-
cross causes great damage, and kills two
persons.
Oct. 9. A railway collision occurs at
Long Eaton ,1 unction ; seven persons
killed.
Oct. 15. The new Town Hall at Chester
is opened by the Prince of Wales.
Oct. 24. A railway collision occurs near
Welwyn ; three persons killed.
1870 Mar. 17. The steamer Normandi)
collides with steamer Mary off the Isle
of Wight, and sinks ; 34 lives lost.
974 1870, Apr. 21 -1871, Oct. 15. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1870 Sept. 7. The turret-ship Captain
is lost off the west coast of Spain ; 472
men perish.
Nov. * Breech-loaders are first distrib-
uted to the army.
1871 June * It is reported that deaths
in the army are reduced from 17 per 1,000
to nine by improved sanitary appoint-
ments.
July 8-18. The National Association for
rifle-shooting meets at Wimbledon ;
the queen's prize is won by A. T. Hum-
phry, a Cambridge undergraduate.
[1872, July 8-16, Sergt. Michie of the
London Scottish ; 1873, July 7-15, Sergt.
Robert Menzies, 1st Edinburgh ; 1874,
July 6-14, Private Atkinson 1st Durham ;
1875, July 12-20, Capt. George Pierce,
15th Devon ; 1876, July 10-22, Sergt. Pull-
man ; 1877, July 9-21 ; George Jamieson,
15th Lancashire corps, Liverpool.]
July 12. The war-ship Devastation is
launched. [July 18, The Cyclops; Mar.
25, the Thunderer at Pembroke; 1875,
Apr. 7, the Alexandria at Chatham ;
1876, Apr. 27, the Inflexible at Ports-
mouth ; May 9, the Temeraire at Chat-
ham.]
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1870 Apr. 21. Albert Memorial
Museum is given up to the town council
of Exeter.
May 7. Stanley Park, Liverpool, is
opened.
June 3. Scot. The foundation of Albert
Bridge at Glasgow is laid.
July 16. London. The International
Workmen's Exhibition at Islington is
opened by the Prince of Wales.
Aug. 6. Alexandra Park, Manchester,
is opened.
Sept. 14. The British Association
meets at Liverpool. [1871, at Edin-
burgh ; 1872, at Brighton ; 1873, at Brad-
ford ; 1874, Aug. 19, at Belfast ; 1875, at
Bristol ; 1876, at Glasgow : 1877, at Plym-
outh ; 1878, at Dublin ; 1879, at Sheffield.]
Sept. 21. The Social Science Associa-
tion meets at Newcastle-on-Tyne. [1871,
Oct. 4, at Leeds; 1872, Sept. 11, Plym-
outh ; 1873, Oct. 1, Norwich; 1874, Sept.
30, Glasgow ; 1875, Oct. 6, Brighton ; 1876,
Oct. 11, Liverpool; 1877, Sept. 19, Aber-
deen ; 1878, Oct. 23, Cheltenham ; 1879,
Oct. 1, Manchester.]
Oct. 29. London. Opera Comique is
opened.
Nov. 3. An equestrienne statue of the
queen is unveiled at Liverpool.
Dec. 26. Dublin. The Smith O'Brien
statue is unveiled.
* * Cromwell Varley produces a musical
telephone.
+* * Antiseptic surgery is introduced
by Sir Joseph Lister to exclude germs of
disease from wounds.
* *R. S. Newall's telescope, having an
object-glass 25 inches in diameter, and
a tube nearly 30 feet long, is set up at
Gateshead.
1871 Jan. 1. The Anthropological and
Ethnological Societies are amalgamated,
forming the Anthropological Insti-
tute.
Mar. 17. An earthquake is felt in
northwest England.
May 1. London. The first annual In-
ternational Exhibition of Arts, Indus-
try, and Education is opened at South
Kensington.
June* Scot. The Tay Bridge is begun.
[1878. May 31. Opened. Length, 10,610
feet ; consists of 85 spans, some 90 feet
above water level ; cost £350,000 ; about
20 lives lost during its construction.]
June* Improved sanitary methods
have reduced the annual deaths in the
army from 17 per 1,000 to 9£.
July 18. London. Marchesse di Candia
Mario's farewell is given in La Favo-
rita at Italian Opera.
Aug. 17. London. A statue of Sir
James Outram is unveiled on the Thames
embankment.
Oct. 14. Encke's comet becomes visible.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1870* * Bailey, Samuel, metaphysician, po-
litical philosopher, writer, A79.
Balfe, Michael W., musician, composer, Ire-
land, A 62.
Clarendon, Earl of, G. W. F. Villers, states-
man, A70.
Dickens, Charles, novelist, A58.
Evans, Sir George I)e Lacy, general, A83.
Lemon, Mark, humorist, journalist, A61.
Miller, William Allen, chemist, A53.
Onslow, Earl of, Arthur George, statesman,
(father House of Lords), A93.
Simpson, Sir James Y., physician, Scot., A59.
Syme, James, surgeon, author, A71.
Thorpe, Benjamin, philologist, A62.
CHURCH.
1870 Apr. 24. London. Keshub Chun-
der Sen is received at a public meeting as
a reformer.
June 22. The convocation for revising
the Holy Bible holds its first meeting
in Westminster.
Oct. 11. A church congress is held at
Southampton.
[1871, Oct. 10, at Nottingham; 1872, Oct.
8-11, at Leeds; 1873, Oct. 9, at Bath; 1874,
Oct. 6, at Brighton ; 1875, Oct. 5-9, at Stoke-
upon-Kent; 1876, Oct. 3-9, at Plymouth; 1877,
Oct. 9-12, at Croyden; 1878. Oct. 1-4, at Shef-
field; 1879, Oct. 7, at Swansea.]
Nov. 30. Ire. The new Protestant
cathedral at Cork is consecrated.
* * Jews are permitted to work on Sun-
days by a Workshop Act.
1870-73 Much agitation prevails against
the general use of the Athanasian
Creed (Church of England) among botli
clergy and laity.
± * * The League of St. Sebastian is insti-
tuted to promote the restoration of his
temporal dominions to the Pope.
* * London. The Christian Evidence
Society is organized to counteract un-
belief among the educated classes.
* * Bishops elected :
Joshua Hughes for St. Asaph, Richard
Dumford for Chichester, and Octavius Hat-
field for Wellington, N. Z. [1871, Samuel T.
Nevill for Dunedin, N. Z.; 1872, John Hor-
den for Moosonee, Rupertsland, Peter S.
Royaton for Mauritius, and Maurice Fitz-
gerald Bay for Cashel ; 1873, Edward Harold
Browne for Winchester, C. W. Sandford for
Gibraltar, and J. Shaw Burdon for Victoria;
1874, William Basil Jones for St. Davids, W.
C. Bompas for Mackenzie River, Ruperts-
land, Alfred Willis for Honolulu, R. Kestell-
Cornish for Madagascar, and W. W. Jones,
metropolitan, for South Africa.]
* * (Roman Catholic) bishops conse-
crated :
J. D. Ricards, vicar apostolic of East Cape
Colony. [1872, Herbert Vaughan, bishop for
Salford, and J. Leonard, vicar apostolic for
West Cape Colony; 1873, Bernard Reilly
for Liverpool, and John C. Hedley, arch-
bishop for Newport and Menevia; 1874, Ed-
ward G. Bagshawe for Nottingham, J. T.
Raimond, vicar apostolic for Hong Kong,
Charles Joltvet, vicar apostolic for Natal,
South Africa, and Joseph L. Bardou for Co-
imbatore. ]
1870-71 The Foreign Evangelization
Society is organized to work chiefly in
France.
1871 Feb. 3. The Privy Council gives
judgment against Mr. Purchas, a ritu-
alist charged with heresy.
He is found guilty of violating ecclesiasti-
cal law, " by wearing the chasuble, alb, and
tunicle during the communion service; by
using wine mixed with water and wafer-bread
in the administration of the communion; and
by standing with his back to the people, be-
tween the communion table and the congre-
gation, during the consecration prayer."
May 9. H. C. Mr. Miall's resolution
for disestablishing the Church of Eng-
land is defeated. (Vote, 89-374.)
May 28. The Jews are released from
the compulsory observance of Sunday.
June 22. A Boman Catholic is made
master of arts by the University of Ox-
ford, the first so honored since the abo-
lition of the Test Acts.
June* Ire. The Begium Donum (Royal
Gift), for the maintenance of the Pres-
byterian ministers in Ireland, is com-
muted by the Irish Presbyterian Church.
July 13. Parliament: The Incum-
bents' Resignation Act is passed.
July 24. The Ecclesiastical Titles Act
(against papal ascension), is repealed.
Aug. 17. The Sunday Act of 1676 is
amended.
LETTERS.
1870 June 29. London. The Hebrew
Literature Society is established.
Sept. 23. The new buildings of Owens
College, Manchester, are founded.
[1873. Oct. 8. Opened.]
Oct. 7. The postage on books is re-
duced to one halfpenny for two ounces
or less.
Oct. 8. London. The ratepayers' school
board association is established.
Nov. 29. London. The first election
of Metropolitan School Board takes
place.
* * Scot. A technical coUege is estab-
lished at the University of Glasgow.
* * London. The Portfolio is issued ; also
the Journal of Education and the Um-
pire.
* * The public school system is extended.
* * Put Yourself in His Place, by Charles
Reade, appears. [1877, The Woman
Hater.]
* * Puck, bv Ouida, appears. [1873, Pas-
carel ; 1874, Two Little Wooden Shoes.]
* * Researches on Diamagnetism and
Magne-Crystallic Action, Notes on a
Course of Nine Lectures on Light deliv-
ered at the Royal Institution, Notes of a
Course of Seven Lectures on Electrical
Phenomena delivered at the Royal Insti-
tution, and Essays on the Imagination
in Science, by John Tyndall, appear.
[1871, Hours of Exercise in the Alps and
Fragments of Science for Unscientific
People; 1872, Contributions to Molecular
Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat.]
* * Contributions to the Theory of Natural
Selection, by Alfred Russell' Wallace,
appears.
* * Grammar of Assent, by John Henry
Newman, appears. [1872, Essays, Criti-
cal and Historical.]
1870-82 Poems, by Dante Gabriel Ros-
setti, appears.
1871 June 16. University tests are
abolished by Parliament.
Oct. 4. Dover CoUege is inaugurated
by Earl Granville.
Oct. 15. London. The Boman Catho-
lic University CoUege, Kensington, is
opened.
SOCIETY.
1870 June 6. The foundation of the
Stanley Hospital, Liverpool, is laid by
the Earl of Derby.
AND IRELAND. 1870, Apr. 21 -1871, Oct. 15. 975
July 2. The Anglo-Jewish Associa-
tion is constituted for the advancement
of Jews.
July 8. Ire. A modified form of the
Ulster tenant rights in the Irish Laud
Act is preserved.
July 18. Ire. Michael Davitt and
John Wilson are convicted of treason-
felony for endeavoring to transmit arms
secretly to Ireland.
July 21. The Railway Association,
comprising directors and shareholders,
is established to watch legislation.
Aug. 4. Ire. The National Society for
aiding the sick and wounded in London,
under the rules of the German conven-
tion, is organized.
Aug. 9. Parliament : The law relating
to the property of married women is
amended. The separate earnings of a
wife are secured to her own use ; per-
sonal and freehold property bequeathed
to her are secured to herself.
Sept. 23. Margaret Waters is con-
victed of the murder of an illegitimate
infant by intentional neglect. She had
adopted about 40 children, receiving a
few pounds as a premium; many had
died.
Oct. 12. Scot. The Prince of Wales is
installed as patron of the Freemasons.
Oct. 15, 16. Rioting occurs at Anna-
thwaite, near Carlisle, between English
and Irish navvies.
Oct. 17. London. A riotous assem-
blage of the unemployed in Trafalgar
Square is dispersed. [Oct. 18. A meet-
ing at Hyde Park is dispersed by the
police. Oct. 19. Again dispersed. Oct.
23. A meeting in Trafalgar Square ;
about 2,000 go to Westminster Abbey.]
Oct. 21. London. The Refugees' Be-
nevolent Fund is instituted in conse-
quence of the war, at a great meeting
held in the Mansion House.
Nov. 18. London. Meetings in Traf-
algar Square are prohibited.
Nov. 25. A general order for boarding
out pauper children is issued.
* * About £89,000,000 is spent in intoxi-
cating liquors, £58,000,000 by the work-
ing classes.
* * Number of persons convicted of crime
in England and Wales, 12,953. [1871,
11,946; 1872, 10,862; 1873, 11,089; 1874,
11,509; 1875, 10,954; 1876, 12,195; 1877,
11,942 ; 1878, 12,473 ; 1879, 12,525.]
* * Titles created :
Baron O'Hagan. [1871, Barons Burdette-
Coutts, and Sandhurst, and Marquis of Ri-
pon ; 1872, Baron Ettrick; 1873, Barons Somer-
ton, Aberdare, and Viscount of Portman;
1874, Earl of Ravensworth, Duke of West-
minster, Barons Moncreiff, Carlingford, Cole-
ridge, Emly, and Hampton ; 1875, Barons
Douglas and Ramsay ; 1876, Marquis of Aber-
gavenny, Earls of Northbrook and Wharn-
cliffe, Barons Arlington, Sackville, Harlech,
Gerard, Tollemache, Fermanagh, and Black-
burn; 1878, Earl of Cairns and Baron Nor-
ton; 1880, Earl of Lathom.]
1870-71 Vaccination is greatly op-
posed ; an anti-vaccination society is
formed.
1871 Jan. 18. A French relief fund
for the sufferers by the siege of Paris is
established at a meeting held at the
Mansion House. [£126,609 raised.]
Feb. 3. A committee starts with 68 tons
of provisions for the relief of the suf-
ferers by the siege of Paris.
Mar. 21. The Princess Louise is mar-
ried to the Marquis of Lome.
Mar. * Wm. Dudley bequeaths £100,000
for charitable purposes in Birmingham.
May 11. The Tichborne trial begins.
[Arthur Orton, a butcher, alleges him-
self to be Sir Roger Tichborne, and claims
the Tichborne estates; after a trial of 103
days he is nonsuited, tried for perjury and
forgery, and sentenced to 14 years' hard labor.
The longest trial known in England.]
May 15. The Land Tenure Reform
League holds its first meeting; John
Stuart Mill chairman.
May 16. About 9,000 engineers strike
at Newcastle for a day's work of nine
hours. [Oct. 9. It is successful.]
June * The National Trade Society is
formed in the interests of traders, and
to promote 'amendments in the law
affecting commercial interests.
July 13. London. The freedom of the
city is presented to Prince Arthur.
Sept. 11. The Seamen's Orphan In-
stitution is founded at Liverpool.
Sept. 20. London. The Workmen's
Peace Association holds its first annual
meeting.
STATE.
1870 July 15, 16. H. C. The session
continues for 15 1-2 hours.
July 19. The Government proclaims
neutrality in the Franco-Prussian war.
July * Sir George Mellish is made lord
justice.
Aug. 5. A convention is signed -with
France, by which the post-office money-
order is applied to that country.
Aug. 9. Parliament: The Post-office
Act is passed.
It abolishes the newspaper stamp for
posting, reduces the postage on regis-
tered newspapers and pamphlets or pat-
terns under 2 ounces to half a penny, and
provides for the issuing of stamped
cards.
The absconding Debtors' Act is
passed ; also the Annuity Tax Aboli-
tion Act, an act to grant a duty of ex-
cess on licences to use guns, and the
Foreign Enlistment Act, relating to
illegal enlisting, shipbuilding, and ex-
peditions.
An Act is passed legalizing the meet-
ing of Parliament in six days after
proclamation.
Aug. 9-11. A treaty guarantees the
neutrality of Belgium (p. 739).
Aug. 10. Parliament : The Truck Act
is passed.
It provides for the appointment of a
commission to inquire into the alleged
prevalence of the " Truck System" — of
paying workmen's wages in goods instead
of money.
Parliament is prorogued.
Aug. 31. The civil service examina-
tion system is introduced by an Order
in Council.
It requires all appointments in the
civil service, except the foreign office
and such posts as require professional
knowledge, to be filled by open applica-
tion and examination. It includes treas-
ury, home, foreign, colonial, post, rev-
enue, offices.
Sept. 1. Dublin. The "Home Gov-
ernment Association," to include all
parties, meets.
Sept. * Earl Granville repels the charge
of violating neutralities made by the
Prussian Government.
Dec. * John Bright resigns from the
Cabinet.
* * Loudon. Thomas Dakin is elected
lord mayor. [1871, Sills John Gibbons;
1872, Sir Sidney Hedley Waterloo ; 1873,
Andrew Lusk ; 1874, David Henry Stone.]
* * Parliament : An Act is passed amend-
ing the law respecting life insurance
companies. [The law is further amended
in 1871 and 1872.]
1871 Jan. 5. Ire. John Martin, a
Nationalist, is elected a member of Par-
liament for Meath.
Jan. * William Monsell is appointed
postmaster-general.
Feb. 9. Parliament meets.
Feb. 16. H. C. £30,000 is granted to
the Princess Louise on her marriage.
Mr. Fawcett alone votes against it.
Vote, 350-1.
Mar. 9. George Joachim Goschen is
made first lord of the admiralty.
Apr. 3. The eighth census is taken ;
population, 31,817,108.
May 8. Washington, U.S.A. The
Treaty of Washington is signed for
the settlement of the Alabama claims
(p. 275).
June 16. Parliament : An Act is passed
for the suppression of "Ribbonism"
in Ireland.
June 29. The Trades-Union Act is
passed.
July 13. H. L. Bankrupt peers are
prohibited from sitting and voting in
the House of Lords.
July 18. The first annual trial of the
pyx, appointed by the Coinage Act of
1870, takes place.
Aug. 1. H. L. The Lords censure the
Ministry for advising the royal warrant
abolishing purchase in the army.
Vote, 162-82.
Sept. 20. Ire. Isaac Butt, leader of
Home Rule movement, is elected M. P.
for Limerick.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1870 June 21. A railway collision oc-
curs near Newark ; 19 persons killed.
July 10. A commercial panic occurs,
caused by the Franco-Prussian war.
A railway accident occurs near Car-
lisle ; five persons killed.
July 13. London. The Victoria Thames
Embankment is inaugurated by the
Prince of Wales.
Aug. * -Nov. * The foot and mouth
disease prevails among cattle.
Oct. 19. Ire. The screw steamer Cam-
bria founders off Inishtrahul Island;
about 170 lives lost.
Dec. 9. An explosion at Ludlow's car-
tridge factory, Witton, Birmingham,
kills 17 persons and injures 63.
Dec. 12. A collision on the Manches-
ter, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway
occurs near Barnsley ; 14 killed, many
injured.
Dec. 26. A railway accident near Hat-
field is caused by the breaking of a tire
on a wheel ; eight persons killed.
* * Millbank is made a military prison.
1871 Mar. 29. London. The Royal
Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences, Ken-
sington, is opened by the queen.
Aug. 11. An explosion of the patent
safety guncotton factory at Stowmarket
destroys much property ; 24 persons
killed and 60 wounded.
Oct. 2. Scot. A late express train causes
collision at Kirtlebridge, Dumfries; 12
lives lost.
976 1871, Oct 27 -1873, Sept. 24. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY - NAVY.
1871 Nov. 1. The system of purchasing
commissions in the army is abolished
by royal warrant.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1871 Dec. 31. London. The Zoologi-
cal Society has 2,072 animals in the
gardens.
Dec. * The trigonometrical survey of
Palestine is begun.
* * Hercules Wrestling with Death is
painted by Sir Frederick Leighton.
* * Benjamin Leigh Smith sails to latitude
81° 24', and discovers land northeast of
Spitzbergen.
* * Sir George Biddell Airy becomes
President of the Eoyal Society. [1873.
Dr. (Sir) Joseph Dalton Hooker ; 1878,
William Spottiswoode.]
* * London. A statue of Robert Stephen-
son is set up in Euston Road.
* * Meteorological Observatory at Kew
is presented to the Royal Society by the
purchaser, J. P. Gassiot.
* * William Crookes investigates the phe-
nomena of spiritualism, and ascribes
them to " psychic force."
* * The graphoscope, for magnifying and
giving tine effects to engravings and
photographs, is exhibited.
* * The Institution of Electrical Engi-
neers is formed.
1872 Jan. 26. London. A statue of
John Stuart Mill is unveiled on the
Thames embankment.
Feb. 28. The Society of Telegraph En-
gineers holds its first general meeting.
Mar. 30. The great aquarium is inaug-
urated at Brighton. [Aug. 10. Opened.]
May 1-Oct. 19. London. The second
annual International Exhibition is
held.
May 20. Sefton Park, Liverpool, is
opened by Prince Arthur.
June 25. Prince Arthur opens the Royal
Horticultural Exhibition at Birming-
ham.
June 26. London. The East London
Museum at Bethnal Green is opened.
* * London. The Marine Engineers' In-
stitution is formed. Also the British
Orchestral Society.
* * Hearts are Trumps is exhibited at the
Royal Academy by John Everett Mil-
lais.
* * This year is the wettest of 140 years,
being 58 per cent of moisture above the
average.
1873 May 31. London. The Royal
Alexandra Theater is opened.
June 3. The statue of the Earl of Derby
is inaugurated at Preston.
Sept. 22. The Brazilian telegraph cable
is completely laid.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1871 * * Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, eng., A89.
Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas, engineer, paleon-
tologist, A69.
Chambers, Robert, publisher, Scot., A69.
De Morgan, Augustus, math., A65.
Ellenborough, first Earl of, Edward Law,
statesman, A81.
Grote, George, historian, philosopher, A77.
Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, astron-
omer, physicist, A78.
Johnston, Alexander K., geographer, Scot-
land, A67.
Mansel, Henry L., metaphysician, theol., A51.
Murchison, Sir Roderick I., geologist, A78.
Muspratt, James S., chemist, Ireland, A50.
Robertson, Thomas W. , dramatic writer, A42.
1873* * Bulwer, Sir Henry Lytton Earle,
statesman, diplomatist, A68.
Ellis, William, missionary, author, A78.
Fonblanque, Albany W., journalist, A79.
Keightley, Thomas, misc. writer, Ire., A82.
Lever, Charles J., novelist, Ireland, A66.
Moseley, Henry, scientific writer, A70.
Maguire, John F., author, Ireland, A57.
Smart, Benjamin H., lexicographer, wr., A85.
Somerville, Mary, astronomer, Scot., A92.
CHURCH.
1871 Nov. 27. London. A new Cath-
olic club is opened by the Duke of Nor-
folk, Lords Denbigh and Petre, and
others.
Nov. * Mr. Gladstone's pamphlet, The
Vatican Decrees, occasions declarations
respecting papal infallibility from
Archbishop Manning and others.
* * London. The Biblical Archaeology
Society is established.
* * The Women's Committee on Christian
work in France is formed.
* * The religious tests for admission to
office are abolished.
* * The Catholic Union of Great Britain
is organized.
* * The " Catholic Education Crisis
Fund" is established.
1872 Jan. 25. After extensive repairs,
the Chester Cathedral is reopened.
Feb. * The Convocation is authorized to
consider alterations in the Prayer-
Book.
May * Modifications of the Athanasian
Creed, approved by several bishops, are
defeated by the Lower House in convo-
cation ; the vote is rejected by the
bishops. [The agitation continues.]
July 18. Parliament : A new Uniform-
ist Act is passed. It authorizes shor-
tened services and other changes in the
Book of Common Prayer.
July * Sir Henry Thompson originates
the " Prayer Gauge Debate" by pro-
posing that prayers be offered for
patients in some certain hospital ward
or wards, and the result be compared
with other wards, to show whether prayer
is efficacious to healing the sick.
July 17. Edinburgh. The restoration
of St. Giles's Cathedral is begun.
Sept. 23-28. The Evangelical Alliance
meets at Geneva. [1873, Apr. 22-24, at
Brighton ; 1874, Aug. 29, at Oxford ; 1875,
Mar. * at Constantinople ; 1876, Oct. 3,
at Southport ; 1877, Oct. 25, at Oxford ;
1878, Sept. 2, at Basel ; 1879, Oct. 28, at
Edinburgh.]
Dec. 5. London. The LTnion Chapel at
Islington is opened.
* * Ire. (Roman Catholic) bishops con-
secrated :
Hugh Conway of Killala, also Francis
MacCormack of Galway and Kilmac-
duagh, Patrick Duggan of Clonfert,
James Ryan of Killaloe.
* * London. The East London Institute
for Home and Foreign Missions is
founded by H. Grattan Guinness.
* * Jewish Mission of the Presbyterian
Church of England is founded.
1873 Feb. 18. The Church of Eng-
land Temperance Society is inaugu-
rated by the archbishop of Canterbury
and others at Lambeth.
May 5. Memorial against Romanist
teaching, etc., in the Church, signed by
over 60,000 persons, is presented at Lam-
beth to the archbishop by the Church
Association.
May 16. Parliament: Mr. Miall's mo-
tion for disestablishing the Church is
defeated. Vote, 61-356. [July 18. The
Non-conformists present to Mr. Miall
10,000 guineas for his exertions on behalf
of religious equality.]
May 25. Mormon conferences are
held at the Holborn Amphitheater.
Sept. 1-6. Fr. A pilgrimage from Eng-
land, specially blessed by the Pope, goes
to the shrine of Marguerite at Paray-le-
Monial, and returns.
LETTERS.
1871 Oct. * A college of physical sci-
ence isestablished at Ne wcastle-on-Tyne
by the Durham University Corporation.
* * London. The Association for the Oral
Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb is
opened.
* * London. A women's education
union, to promote the better education
of women, is founded by the Society of
Arts.
* * The total income of Oxford Uni-
versity's 21 colleges and live halls for
the year is £483,842 16s. 6rf. That of
Cambridge is £340,562 8s. 7£d.
* * The Garden is issued.
* * The Theory of Political Economy, bv
William Stanley Jevons, appears. [1880,
Studies in Deductive Logic]
* * Character, by Samuel Smiles, appears.
* * The Coming 'Race, by Bulwer-Lytton,
appears. [1873, The Parisians and Ken-
elm Chillingly.]
* * Village Communities, by Sir H. J. S.
Maine, appears. [1872, Early History of
Institutions.]
* * Critical Miscellanies and Voltaire, by
John Morley, appear. [1873, Rousseau.]
* * Ready Money Mortiboy, by Walter
Besant and James Rice, appears.
* * Julian Fane, by Owen Meredith, ap-
pears. [1874, Fables in Song; 1877,
Poems.]
* * Lothair, by Benjamin Disraeli, Earl
of Beaconsfleld, appears.
* * Lyrical Dreams, by Francis Turner
Palgrave, appears. [1874, The Golden
Treasure.]
* * Descent of Man, by Charles Darwin,
appears.
1871-72 Middlemarch, by George Eliot,
appears. [1876, Daniel Deronda.]
1871-74 Life of Charles Dickens, by
John Forster, appears.
1871-81 The Speaker' s Commentary,
edited by F. C. Cook, appears.
1871-84 Fors Clavigera, by Ruskin, ap-
pears. [1872, Munera Pulveris, The
Eagle's Nest, and Ariadne Florentina ;
1873, Love's Meinie and Val d Arno ;
1875-77, Mornings in Florence; 1875-78,
Deucalion ; 1875-79, Proserpina ; 1877-79,
St. Mark's Rest and The Laws of Fi.sole.\
1872 July * The Ancient Stone Imple-
ments, Weapons, and Ornaments of
Great Britain, by John Evans, appears.
Aug. 10. An Education Act for Scot-
land is passed.
Oct. 9. W. Aberystwith College is
founded.
Nov. 5. London. The new City Library
and Museum at Guildhall is opened by
the lord chancellor.
Nov. 20. London. The school board
decides to open separate schools for
dirty, unruly children.
* * London. The Provident Knowl-
edge Society is established. It aims
to promote thrift among the lower
classes.
* * London. The Society for Organiza-
tion of Academical Study is founded.
* * London. The British Mail is issued ;
also the Metropolitan and Money.
* * Beginnings of Life, by Henry Charl-
ton Bastiaii, appears.
* * Enigmas of Life, by William Rath-
bone Greg, appears.
* * The MaidofSker, by Richard I). Black-
more, appears. [1876, Alice Lorraine.]
* * Under the Greenwood Tree, by Thomas
Hardy, appears. [1873, A Pair of Blue
Eyes; 1874, Far from the Madding
Crowd ; 1876, The Return of the Native.]
1872-75 London. The Quarterly Jour-
nal of Naval Science is issued.
AND IRELAND. 1871, Oct. 27-1873, Sept. 24. 977
1873 Mar. 24. London. The Hour is
issued.
May * An Act abolishing religious testa
for Trinity College, Dublin, is passed.
July 12. London. The first London
board-school is opened at White-
chapel.
Sept. 13. Free library, museum, and
picture gallery are opened at Brighton.
Sept. 24. The foundation is laid of a
college for northern counties at
Knutsford.
SOCIETY.
1871 Oct. * Miners hold a conference
at Merthyr Tydvil for the amelioration
of their condition.
Nov. 2. Criminals are ordered to be
photographed.
Dec. 2. Dublin. The Brown Institute
is endowed by a bequest as a hospital
for the study "and treatment of the dis-
eases of useful quadrupeds and birds.
* * The National Union is formed for
the suppression of intemperance by
means of fewer houses, shorter hours,
and better provisions.
* * London. A women's hospital with
female practitioners is begun in Mary-
lebone.
1872 Feb. 8. Andaman Islands. Rich-
ard Southwell Bourke, Earl of Mayo, is
assassinated by Shere Ali, a convict,
when on a visit of inspection.
Feb. 28. The Society of Telegraph
Engineers is established.
Feb. 29. Arthur O'Connor, a youth of
18, having a paper to be signed, threat-
ens the queen with an unloaded pistol
when she is entering Buckingham Pal-
ace.
Mar. 8. Great Britain declines to join a
combined international movement
againt the International "Workmen's
Association.
Mar. 29. Strikes occur among agricul-
tural laborers in Warwickshire and
other counties ; a union is formed.
May 27. Captain Nolan, M.P. for Gal-
way, is unseated for political intimida-
tion by his agents.
June 1. London. A strike of building
trades begins. [Juiie 9. The lockout by
the masters begins. July 9. The lock-
out of the masons ceases. Aug. 27. Ar-
rangements are made and strike ceases.]
July 3. London. International Congress
for the prevention and repression of
crime meets in the Middle Temple.
July 26, 27. The London and North-
western Company porters' strike ends.
Aug. 6. Parliament: The Arbitration
Act for Masters and Workmen is passed.
Aug. 10. A new licensing Act, regu-
lating hours of opening and closing, is
passed ; it begins to operate. [It causes
much irritation, and is alleged to have
conduced to the fall of the Gladstone
ministry, 1874.]
Aug. 15-21. Ire. Extensive rioting
occurs between the Roman Catholics
and Protestants of Belfast ; much prop-
erty is destroyed and many persons in-
jured.
Sept. 23-Oct. 9. London. Journeymen
bakers strike.
Nov. 3. London. Fenian sympathi-
zers meet in Hyde Park contrary to the
regulations. [Nov. * Several are prose-
cuted and fined.]
Dec. 2. London. Gas-stokers strike.
* * Weekly wages of the laborer, 11 shil-
lint«> ninepence.
* * A coffee-saloon is opened by a com-
pany in Liverpool near the docks, having
every attraction of the liquor-saloon
except the bar, with reading-room at-
tached; refreshments are served at the
cheapest rates.
1873 Jan. 11-Mar. 25. W. About
00,000 colliers strike against a 10 per cent
reduction in wages.
Jan. 15. Edinburgh. Lady Burdett-
Coutts is made a burgess.
June 2. London. A demonstration of
working men takes place in Hyde Park
against the Criminal Law Amendment
Act.
STATE.
1871 Oct. 27. S. Afr. Griqualand is
constituted a colony.
Nov. * Sir Charles Dilke, M. P., at pub-
lic meetings declares himself a republi-
can ; at some places his appearance leads
to riotous proceedings.
Nov. * Sir George Jessel is appointed
solicitor-general.
Dec. * The State police, of all ranks,
number 9,655.
* * S. Afr. Basutoland is colonized, and
annexed to Cape Colony.
* * Parliament: The statutes excluding
lawyers from Parliament are repealed.
* * Sir Robert Phillimore is appointed
j udge-advocate-general.
1872 Feb. 6. Parliament meets.
[Feb. 9. H. C. Sir Henry William Bou-
verie Brand [Viscount Hampden] is
elected Speaker.]
Feb.* W. Afr. Elmina and Dutch
Guinea are acquired by cession.
Mar. 5. H. C. The Non-conformists'
resolutions censuring the Elementary
Education Act are rejected. Vote, 355-
94.
Mar. 19. H. C. Sir Charles Dilke's mo-
tion for returns respecting the expen-
diture of the civil list by the queen is
rejected. Vote, 2-276.
May 30. H. C. A bill to amend the law
relating to procedure at elections, in-
cluding the ballot, is passed. Vote,
271-216. [June 25. H.L. Passed. July
18. Receives royal assent.]
May 31. H. C. Joseph G. Biggar and
others cause reporters and " strangers "
to be excluded ; much discussion en-
sues.
June 24. Parliament votes £473,200 for
the volunteer force.
July 24. H. C. Mr. Gilpin's bill for
the abolition of the death penalty is
rejected. Vote, 54-167.
July 31. H. C. The Commons sit con-
tinually about 26 hours because of ob-
struction on the part of the Irish mem-
bers.
Aug. 10. Parliament: The Public
Health Act is passed. A wild birds'
protection Act is passed.
Aug. * Parliament : A new licensing
Act, regulating the sale of intoxicating
liquors, is passed.
Aug. * Parliament : The Metalliferous
Mines Begulation Act is passed.
Sept. 14. Stoitz. The Arbitration Tri-
bunal at Geneva makes its decision in
the Alabama case (p. 279).
Oct. 15. Roundell Palmer, Lord Sel-
borne, is appointed lord high chancellor.
Nov. 5. A commercial treaty is con-
cluded with France.
Nov. 15. The Court of Common Pleas
decides that peers cannot vote for mem-
bers of Parliament.
**W.Afr. The Gold Coast is acquired
by cession from the Dutch.
1873 Mar. 13. H. C. The Dublin
University Bill is rejected. Vote, 284-
287. Gladstone resigns. [Mar. 17. He
resumes office.]
Apr. 29. Parliament: A bill to facili-
tate the sale and transfer of land by
means of registration is introduced
by Lord Chancellor Selborne. [1874.
Mar. 26. Introduced by Lord Chancellor
Cairns.]
July 29. H. C. The post-office author-
ities are censured for expending un-
authorized money on the telegraph
service.
July 30. New standing orders are issued
protecting the dwellings of working
men.
Aug. 5. Parliament passes an Act for
the more effectual suppression of the
slave-trade.
H. C. An Annuity Bill for the Duke
of Edinburgh is passed.
Parliament: The Boyal Naval Ar-
tillery Volunteeers are established by
enactment.
Aug. 21. Acton S. Ayrton is appointed
j udge-advocate-general.
Aug. 29. Sir George Jessel, a Jew, is
appointed master of the rolls.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1871 Dec. 20. The steamer Delaware
is wrecked off Scilly Rocks ; 45 persons
perish.
* * Railway accidents for the year, 171.
1872 June 5. Dublin. The Fine Arts
and Industrial Exhibition is opened by
the Duke of Edinburgh. [Nov. 30.
Closed.]
July * Railway trains collide at Rose
Hill Junction; four persons killed.
Aug. 3. A railway collision at Clifton
Junction causes four deaths.
Aug. * Steam- whistles and steam-trum-
pets on factories are prohibited.
Oct. 18. Railway trains collide near
Woodhouse Junction; two persons are
killed.
Dec. 21. The mail-packet Germania is
wrecked off La Rochelle ; about 24
lives lost.
* * London. Her Majesty's Theater is
rebuilt.
* * Railway accidents for the year, 246 ;
541 employees killed, and 499 injured.
1873 Jan. 22. The Northfleet is run
into by a foreign vessel off Dungeness ;
300 lives lost.
Apr. 15. Dublin. The Spencer Dock
is inaugurated by the lord-lieutenant.
May 8. A broken axle causes a railway
accident near Shrewsbury ; four per-
sons killed.
May 13. Ire. A new graving-dock at
Limerick is opened by Earl Spencer.
July 9. The new bridge at Leeds is
opened.
Aug. 23. Derailed cars on the London
and North Western Railway cause the
loss of 13 lives.
978 1873, Oct. 6-1875, May 21. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1873 * * The Elcho Challenge Shield
is won by Ireland. [1874, by Scotland ;
1875, by Ireland ; 1876, by England ; 1877,
1878, by Ireland; 1879, by Scotland;
1880, July 22, by Ireland ; 1881, July 22,
and 1882, July 20, by England ; 1883, July
19, by Ireland.]
ART— SCIENCE - NATURE.
1873 Nov. 1. Scot. The Albert In-
stitution is opened by the Earl of Dal-
housie at Dundee.
Dec. 18. London. The foundation of the
National Training School for Music
is laid by the Duke of Edinburgh, at
South Kensington.
* * The society for promoting Scientific
Industry is established at Manchester.
* *The National Health Society is
founded for the collection and diffusion
of sanitary knowledge.
* * Londoii. A statue of Albert, prince
consort, is set up at Holborn Circus.
* * London. The Palseographical So-
ciety is organized.
1874 Apr. 6. London. The Fourth
International Exhibition is opened.
Apr. 16. Founding of the Musical As-
sociation, for the investigation and dis-
cussion of subjects connected with the
art and science of music.
June 10. London. A statue of John
Bunyan is unveiled at Bedford.
Aug. 1. A statue of Joseph Priestley,
discoverer of oxygen, is unveiled by
Thomas Henry Huxley at Birmingham.
Sept. 29. The Duke of Edinburgh lays
the foundation of the Liverpool Art
Gallery.
Oct. 14-17. A Musical Festival is held
at Leeds.
Oct. 31. London. Henry Irving first
appears as Hamlet.
* * London. A statue of Edward, Earl
of Derby, is set up in Parliament Square ;
also one of Shakespeare in Leicester
Square.
* * Sir Arthur Sullivan composes Pirates
of Penzance.
* * Hop Gardens of England is painted by
Cecil Lawson.
* * London. The Physical Society is or-
ganized. Also the Musical Association,
the Public Analysts, and the Shake-
speare Memorial Association.
1875 Jan. 12. The aerophone is suc-
cessfully tried at Chatham by M. Denay-
rouze, the inventor.
May 8. London. Wagner's Lohengrin is
performed at Covent Garden. [June 13.
At Drury Lane.]
May 13. The Yorkshire exhibition of
arts and manufactures is opened by the
Duke of Edinburgh at Leeds.
May 21. The vocalion, a new musical
instrument in which tones are produced
from strings made to vibrate by currents
of air, is described.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1873 * * Arrowsmith, John, geographer, A83.
Bulwer-Lytton, Lord, Edward George
Earle Lytton, poet, novelist, states., A70.
Guthrie, Thomas, philanthropist, Scot., A70.
Holland, Sir Henry, physician, A85.
Knight, Charles, publisher, editor, historian,
writer, A82.
Landseer, Sir Edwin, painter of animals,
A70.
Livingstone, David, African missionary
explorer, from Scotland, A60.
M'Clure, Sir Robert J., arctic navigator, A66.
Macready, William C, actor, A80.
Madden, Sir Frederick, antiquary, A72.
Mill, John Stuart, political economist,
logician, philosopher, A67.
1874* * Arnott, Neil, physician, physicist,
Scotland, A86.
Foley, John H., sculptor, Ireland, A56.
Lucas, John, painter, A67.
Procter, Bryan W.. poet, 84.
Kennie, Sir John, civil engineer, A78.
Strickland, Agnes, historian, A68.
CHURCH.
1873 Nov. 12. Nineteen Mormon
missionaries for Britain arrive at Liver-
pool.
Dec. 4. Dublin. The Catholic Union
is reorganized for the ecclesiastical con-
trol of education.
* * Scot. Dr. Alexander Duff Is again
elected moderator of the Free Church.
* * The Female Association of the
Presbyterian Church of Ireland is or-
ganized for promoting Christianity
among the women of the East.
1874 Feb. 15-19. Ire. Bishop Dug-
gan of Clonfert is tried and acquitted.
Apr. 8. The renovated cathedral of
Worcester is opened.
Apr. 15. David Livingstone's remains,
accompanied by faithful Susi and
Chuma, arrive in England to be depos-
ited in Westminster Abbey. [Apr. 18.
Interred.]
Apr. 21. H. L. The Public Worship
Regulation Act for the suppression of
ritualism (Church of England) is intro-
duced. [Aug. 7. Receives the royal
assent.]
May 19. London. City Temple, Hol-
born Viaduct, a Dissenter chapel, is
opened.
Parliament: The Sunday opening
of museums and galleries is refused.
Vote, 68-271.
Scot. The first Episcopal Congress
is held.
Sept.* Fr. A (Roman Catholic) pilgrim-
age is made to the shrine of St. Edmund,
archbishop of Canterbury, at Pontigny.
Oct. * A society is formed by the bishops
of Manchester, Carlisle, Edinburgh, and
others, favorable to union with ortho-
dox Dissenters.
Nov. 26. Rev. A. H. Mackonochie is
tried before the Court of Arches for
ritualistic practises. (See 1867, May
21.) [Dec. 7. Sentenced to suspension
for six weeks and to pay costs.]
* * The see of Saskatchewan is founded.
* * Ire. John McCarthy is consecrated
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Cologne.
* * The Friends' Syrian Mission is organ-
ized.
* * The prefix of Reverend on a family
tombstone is refused to Mr. Keet, a
Wesleyan preacher, by the bishop of
Lincoln, but given by the archbishop of
Canterbury.
[1875. June 3. The case is tried in court;
the chancellor of Lincoln decides against
Mr. Keet, who gives notice of appeal. July
31. The Court of Arches decides against him.
1876. Jan. 21. On appeal to the Privy Coun-
cil these decisions are reversed. It is decided
that there is no law or usage restricting the
epithet to ministers of the Church of Eng-
land; it is merely laudatory.]
* * Scot. Patronage is abolished in the
Established Church.
* * Edinburgh. St. Mary's Episcopal Ca-
thedral is founded by the Duke of Buc-
cleuch.
1874-75 D. L. Moody and I. D. San-
key, American evangelists, visit many
towns in the United Kingdom.
1875 Jan. 19. London. The Congre-
gationalist Memorial Hall, Farringdon
Street, erected in memory of the min-
isters ejected in 1662, is opened for the
use of religious societies.
Mar. 9. London. Moody and Sankey
hold their first revival meeting in Agri-
cultural Hall ; 15,000 people present.
Apr. 21. Parliament: A Burials Bill
to permit the ministers of dissenters to
officiate at funerals in churchyards is
rejected. Vote, 248-234.
LETTERS.
1873 Oct.* A college for the higher ed-
ucation of women is opened at Girton.
Dec. 18. London. The National Train-
ing-School for Music is founded by
the Duke of Edinburgh. [1876. May 17.
Opened.]
* * London. The Dialectic Society and
the (New) Shakespeare Society are
founded.
* * London. Iron is issued.
* * Vignettes in Rhyme, by Alfred Austin,
appears.
* * Our Seamen: An Appeal, by S. Plim-
soll, appears.
* * Autobiography, by John Stuart Mill,
appears. [1874, Nature, the Utility of
Religion, and Theism.']
* * Studies in the Renaissance, by Walter
Pater, appears.
1873-74 The English in Ireland in the
Eighteenth Century, by James Anthony
Froude, appears.
1873-80 The New Quarterly Magazine
is issued.
* * Introduction to the Study of Dante,
by John Addington Symonds, appears.
[1874, Sketches in Italy and Greece;
1875, Renaissance in Italy.]
* * Literature and Dogma, by Matthew
Arnold, appears. [1874, God and the
Bible; 1879, Mixed Essays; 1882, Irish
Essays.]
* * Assyrian Discoveries, by George Smith,
appears.
1873-79 The Globe Encyclopmdia ap-
pears.
* * The Forms of Water in Clouds and
Rivers, Ice and Glaciers, and Six Lectures
on Light, delivered in America, 1872-73,
by John Tyndall, appear. [1874, On the
Transmission of Sound by the Atmos-
phere ; 1876, Lessons in Electricity at the
Royal Institution, 1875-76; 1877, Fer-
mentation.]
* * First Sketch of English Literature, by
Henry Morley, appears.
* * My Little Girl, by Walter Besant, ap-
pears. [1876, The Golden Butterfly.]
* * The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,
by George Rawlinson, appears. [1876,
Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy ; 1881,
A History of Egypt.]
* * The Study of Sociology, by Herbert
Spencer, appears. [1874-82, Descriptive
Sociology.]
1874 Apr. * The National Union of
Elementary Teachers holds its fourth
annual conference.
May 18. Dublin. The Senate of the
University rejects a proposal to estab-
lish a Roman Catholic college within
the University. Vote, 74-7.
Aug. 18. Five board-schools are opened
at Sheffield by the archbishop of York,
Messrs. Roebuck, Forster, and others,
Sept. * The result of the first university
examination of 221 schools is published.
Winchester, 34 certificates ; Manchester,
27 ; Marlborough, 15 ; Eton, 13 ; Sher-
borne, 11 ; Wellington College, 10 ; Rugby,
6 ; Christ's Hospital and others, 1.
Oct. 12. "Working Men and Working
"Women's Colleges are amalgamated
as the "New College for Men and
Women."
Oct. 26. The Yorkshire College of Sci-
ence at Leeds is opened.
* * London. A medical school for
women is opened.
* * Hertford College, Oxford, is revived,
and Magdalen Hall is incorporated with
it.
AND IRELAND. 1873, Oct. 6-1875, May 21. 979
* * The study of food and clothing is
introduced into the Government educa-
tional department.
* * Scot. Stephen M i t c h el 1 bequeaths
£70,000 to found a free library at Glas-
gow. [1877. Opened.]
* * E. R. Langworthy bequeaths £10,000
to develop the chair of experimental
physics in Owens College, Manchester.
* * London. The Illustrated Sporting
and Dramatic News is issued ; also the
British Architect, Pictorial World, Eng-
lishman, Sanitary Record, World, and
the Accountant.
* * Last Journal of David Livingstone
appears.
* * The City of Dreadful Night, by James
Thomson, appears. [1881, vane's Story.]
* * Scot. Essays, Biographical and Criti-
cal, also The Three Devils, by David
Masson, appear.
* * Social Life in Greece, by John P. Ma-
haffey, appears. [1880, A History of
Greek Classical Literature.]
* * Scot. Self-Qulture, by John Stuart
Blackie, appears. [1877, Natural History
of Atheism and Four Phases of Morals;
1879, Songs of Religion and Life; 1883,
The Wisdom of Goethe.]
* * Short History of the English People,
by John Richard Green, appears. [1882,
The Making of England.]
* * Both/well, by Swinburne, appears.
[1875, Essays and Studies.]
* * Life of Christ, by Frederic William
Farrar, appears. [1877, In the Days of
Thy Youth.]
1874-78 Problems of Life and Mind, by
George Henry Lewes, appears.
1874-78 Constitutional History of Eng-
land, by Wm. Stubbs, bishop of Oxford,
appears.
1874-79 Hours ira a Library, by Leslie
Stephen, appears.
1875 Feb. 23. The foundation of Sir
Josiah Mason's College is laid by him-
self and John Bright at Birmingham.
Feb. * Vaticanism, by W. E. Gladstone,
appears.
Mar. 3. The House of Commons rejects
a bill to enable Scotch universities to
grant degrees to women.
SOCIETY.
1873 Oct. 6. A temperance hospital
is opened ; no alcoholic drinks are to be
given to patients.
Nov. 19. Ten railway employees are
convicted of robbing luggage and se-
verely sentenced.
Dec. * A National Federation of Em-
ployees is formed to counteract trades-
unions.
* * London. Orphans' Homes are es-
tablished at Maida Hill.
* * London. The National Health So-
ciety is founded.
± * * London. Hospital Sunday is es-
tablished.
1874 Jan. 23. Alfred Ernest Albert,
Duke of Edinburgh, is married to the
Grand Duchess Marie of Russia.
Jan. 24. The Bengal Relief Fund is
begun. [Mar. 19. £125,000 is subscribed.]
Mar. * A hospital for the treatment of
throat and ear diseases is opened near
Gray '8 Inn Road.
June 30 ±. About 100 agricultural la-
borers, who had been dismissed for
being trade-unionists, traverse England
as pilgrims : they receive hospitality
and money from the people.
June * London. A new Liberal club for
the West End is founded.
July 9. London. The found at ion of
Lincoln Tower, Westminster Bridge,
is laid by Gen. Schenck, U. S. Minister.
It is erected by the united subscrip-
tions of the Britons and Americans, as
a memorial of the abolition of slavery
and of Abraham Lincoln. [1875, Sept.
28. The head-stone is placed by the Rev.
Newman Hall ; the tower is 220 feet
high ; entire cost, about £7,000.]
July 23. The Railway Travelers' Pro-
tection Society is organized ; Duke of
Manchester, president.
Aug. 1. The annual whitebait dinner,
stopped by the Gladstone Ministry, is
revived by the Disraeli Ministry.
Aug. 26. Ire. The strike of the linen-
manufacturers ends.
Ire. A great Home Rule demon-
stration takes place at Drogheda.
Sept. 30. The Duke of Edinburgh opens
the Seamen's Orphanage at Liverpool.
Oct. 6. A riot occurs at Northampton
because Charles Bradlaugh is not elected
to Parliament ; suppressed by the mil-
itary.
Oct. 17. London. Hospital Saturdays
for workmen are begun.
* * London. Cremation societies are
founded.
* * London. The Women's Protective and
Provident League is founded for work-
ing women.
1875 Jan. 2-May* W. A strike of
about 50,000 miners occurs.
Jan. * A gentleman gives £10,000 to edu-
cate the working classes of Notting-
ham.
Jan. * About £325,000 is bequeathed to
charities by R. L. Jones, a timber-mer-
chant of Liverpool.
STATE.
1873 Oct. 25. Ire. The programme of
the Home Rule party, requiring an
Irish parliament of queen, lords, and
commons is published.
Nov. 18. Dr. Lyon Playfair is ap-
pointed postmaster-general.
Dublin. A conference on Home
Rule is held in the Rotundo.
1874 Feb. 13. W. Afr. The Ashan-
tees sign a treaty of peace.
H. C. Mr. Gladstone introduces an
Irish University Bill. [Rejected and
withdrawn.]
Feb. 17. The Conservatives having
obtained a majority of about 50 in the
general election, Mr. Gladstone re-
signs.
Feb. 18. Ire. John Mitchel (United
Irishman) is elected member of Parlia-
ment for Tipperary. [Mar. * The Com-
mons resolve that he is ineligible, hav-
ing been convicted of treasoiwfelony.]
Feb. 21. The second administration
under Benjamin Disraeli, Premier, is
formed.
Members : the Earl of Derby, the Marquis
of Salisbury, the Duke of Richmond, the
Earl of Malinesbury, the Earl of Carnarvon,
and Sir Stafford Northcote- Lord John Man-
ners, postmaster-general, Lord Cairns,
lord chancellor, George Ward Hunt, first,
lord of the admiralty, and the Duke of
Abereorn, lord-lieutenant of Ireland.
Feb. * Stephen Cave is appointed judge-
advocate-general .
Mar. 5. Parliament opens. [1880. Mar.
23. Dissolved.]
Mar. 20. H. C. A motion in favor of
Home Rule for Ireland is rejected.
Vote, 52-314.
May 19. Parliament: A motion pro-
posing the opening of public museums
and galleries on Sunday is rejected.
May 23. Prince Arthur is created Duke
of Connaught, Earl of Sussex and
Strathearn.
June 24. H. C. The Merchant Ship-
ping Survey Bill is rejected. Vote,
170-173.
July 1. H. C. A compulsory atten-
dance bill is rejected. Vote, 156-320.
July 30. Parliament: A new licens-
ing Act is passed. Also The Board of
Trade Railway Arbitration Act is
passed.
Aug. 7. Parliament: The Colonial
Clergy Act is passed. Also a Public
Health Act for Ireland ; the Sanitary
Laws Amendment Act, and a bill for
abolishing patronage in Scotland, in-
troduced by the Duke of Richmond, and
the Conveyancing Act, facilitating the
transfer of land in Scotland.
Oct. 15. Alfred, first child of Prince
Alfred Ernest, is born.
Nov.* Rome. The English unofficial sec-
retary of legation at the papal court is
•withdrawn. [Nov. 11. He leaves.]
Dec. 16. Ire. John T. Ball is appointed
lord high chancellor.
* * Fiji is obtained by cession from the
natives.
1875 Jan. 13. Mr. Gladstone resigns
the leadership of the Liberal party. [He
is succeeded by the Marquis of Har-
tington.]
Feb. 5. Parliament meets.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1873 Nov. 7. London. A panic on the
Stock Exchange raises the bank-rate to
nine per cent.
* * Railway reports show 773 employees
killed during the year.
1874 Jan. 27. Railway trains collide
near Manuel and Boness Junction ; 16
lives lost.
Mar. 21. The Criterion, Regent's Cir-
cus, Piccadilly, is first opened.
Mar. * The steamer Queen Elizabeth
founders near Tarifa ; 20 lives lost.
Apr. 1. The Atlantic, for Halifax, falls
short of coals, and founders on Meagher
Rock, near Sambro ; 560 lives lost. [Apr.
25. Investigation ; captain suspended
for two years.]
May 23. The emigrant ship British Ad-
miral is wrecked on King Island, Bass
Strait ; 80 lives lost.
June 1. The American Pullman palace
saloon cars on the Midland Railroad
are opened to the public.
Nov. 17-18. The emigrant vessel Cos-
patrick takes fire ; about 470 lives lost.
TDec. 6. A few survivors arrive at St.
Helena.]
Nov. 29. The steamer La Plata foun-
ders in the Bay of Biscay ; 17 out of 85
are saved.
Dec. 24. A railway train goes over an
embankment at Shipton, killing 34 per-
sons, and injuring 70.
1875 Jan. 1. The Midland Railway
Company change first-class rate of fare
to 1| pence a mile, and abolish second-
class rate. [Other companies soon fol-
low.]
Number of railway employees : Eng-
land, 228,958 ; Scotland, 31,023 ; Ireland,
14,554 ; total, 274,535.
May 8. The steamer Cadiz is wrecked
on Wizard Rock, Brest ; about 62 lives
lost.
980 1875, May 28-1876,**. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1875 Sept. 1. Ire. The war-ship Van-
guard is sunk off the coast of Wicklow,
by collision with the war-ship Iron Duke.
Capt. Dawkins of the Iron Duke is tried
by court-martial and dismissed ; Lieut.
Evans is removed from his command.
Nov. 28. The Iron Duke is nearly lost;
cause, the leaving open of a valve.
1876 July 14. The boiler of the war-
ship Thunderer bursts while the vessel
is on a trial trip in Stoke's Bay, Ports-
mouth ; 45 are killed and 50 injured.
Oct. 19. The war-ship Bacchante is
launched. [Nov. 4, the Nelson at Glas-
gow; Nov. 18, also the Northampton;
1877, Jan. 31, the Euryalus at Chatham.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1875 May 29. Capt. (Sir) George Strong
Nares's expedition for arctic discovery
departs in the vessels Alert and Discov-
ery. [Sept. 1. He reaches 82° 24', and
winters in 82° 27', the farthest point north
reached by any ship ; he reports no open
sea, but instead a sea of ancient ice ;
sledge-parties approach within 400 miles
of the Pole. 1876. Oct. 27. The Alert
arrives at Valentia. Oct. 29. The Dis-
covery arrives at Queenstown.]
June 25. The Polar expedition of
Capt. Allen Young sails in the Pandora
(aided by Lady Franklin). [Oct. 19. Re-
turns.]
Aug. 16. Firth Park, Sheffield, is
opened ; it is the gift of Mark Firth.
Sept. 6. The public museum and hall
are opened at Sheffield.
Sept. 7. London. The National Opera
House is founded. [Dec. 16. First stone
laid.]
Oct. 6. The Yorkshire College for Sci-
ence is formally opened by the Duke of
Devonshire at Leeds.
Dec. 1. A statue of Cromwell by
Matthew Noble, gift of Mrs. Abel Hey-
wood, is uncovered at Manchester.
* * London. The Psychological Society
and the Royal Aquarium Society are or-
ganized ; the Church Choral Society is
incorporated as Trinity College.
* * The Kyrle Society is formed. [1877.
Founded by Prince Leopold, Princes9
Louise, the Duke of Westminster, and
others, for " bringing beauty home to
the people " by means of decorative art,
gardening, music, etc.]
1876 Jan. 6. Dublin. A statue of
Henry Grattan is unveiled.
Feb. 3. London. The Mineralogical
Society of Great Britain meets for the
first time.
Feb. 28. The Birmingham Philosophi-
cal Society is founded.
May 13-Dec. 30. The International
Loan Exhibition of Scientific Appa-
ratus is held at South Kensington.
May 17. Edinburgh. The National
Training School of Music is opened.
June 2. The Polar expedition of Capt.
Allen Young again sails. [Oct. 31. Re-
turns.]
June * The swing bridge over the Tyne
at Newcastle is completed.
July 17-24. The Royal Agricultural
Society meets at Birmingham.
Aug. 14. Hot summer ; the thermom-
eter reaches 95°.7 in the shade at Not-
tingham.
Aug. 15. Edinburgh. A statue of David
Livingstone is unveiled. [Aug. 17. The
Albert Memorial is inaugurated by the
queen.]
Sept. 5. The Aquarium and "Winter
Garden at Yarmouth are opened.
Oct. 11. The Social Science Associa-
tion meets at Liverpool. [1877, Sept. 19,
at Aberdeen ; 1878, Oct. 23, at Chelten-
ham ; 1879, Oct. 1, at Manchester.
Oct. *+ The Atlas Iron "Works, Sheffield,
roll armor-plate 24 inches thick.
Nov. 27. The Gallery of Sculptures,
bequeathed by John Gibson, is exhibited
free by the Royal Academy.
* * A statue of Michael Faraday is un-
veiled at the Royal Institution.
+ * * Ernst Werner and Sir Charles Sie-
mens, by means of regenerative gas fur-
naces, produce excellent steel cheaply
in large masses.
* * Scot. The British Association meets
in Glasgow. [1877, at Plymouth; 1878,
at Dublin ; 1879, at Sheffield ; 1880, at
Swansea.]
* * London. The Sanitary Institute of
Great Britain is founded.
* * London. The Physiological Society
is founded by John Scott Burdon-San-
derson and others.
* * Manganese bronze, a new metal, is
produced by P. M. Parsons, inventor of
white brass.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1875 * * Bennett, William S., pianist, com-
poser, A59.
Cairnes, John E., political economist, A51.
Finlay, George, author, Scotland, A75.
Grant, Sir James H., general, A67.
Helps, Sir Arthur, essayist, dramatist, A58.
Key, Thomas H., philologist, A76.
Kingsley, Charles, cl., novelist, au., A56.
Mitchel, John, patriot, historian, journalist,
Ireland, A60.
Osborn, Sherard, explorer, admiral, A53.
Stanhope, Earl of, Philip H., Lord Mahon,
historian, A70.
Wilkinson, Sir John Q., Egyptologist, A78.
Willis, Robert, physicist, mechanician, A75.
1876 * * Bosworth, Joseph, lexicographer,
A88.
Eadie, John, Pres. clergyman, author, A62.
Lane, Edward William, orientalist, A75.
Lewis, John P., painter, A71.
Lough, John G., sculptor, A72.
Martineau, Harriet, author, A74.
Napier, Robert, eng., shipbuilder, Scot., A85.
Walker, Frederick, painter, A36.
CHURCH.
1875 June 14. Parliament: The Bish-
ops' Resignation Act is passed.
June 29. The bishopric of St. Albans
is created, and dioceses of London, Win-
chester, and Rochester are re-arranged
by Act of Parliament.
July 1. The Public Worship Regu-
lation Act, for suppressing ritualism in
the Church of England, goes into opera-
tion. The case of Rev. C. J. Ridsdale is
the first tried ; the judgment of the ec-
clesiastical court is given against him,
because of ritualistic proceedings. [1876.
Jan. 6. A new court at Lambeth Palace
under Lord Penzance decides in his
favor.]
July 19-22. London. A Pan-Presby-
terian Congress is held; 50 bodies,
British and foreign, agree to form an
" Alliance of Presbyterian Churches."
Sept. * Dublin. A synod is held at May-
nooth College, condemning mixed edu-
cation.
July 28. A statue of Richard Baxter
the Non-conformist, is unveiled at Kid-
derminster (Worcester), by Mrs. Phil-
pott, wife of the bishop of Worcester.
Sept. 7. The Marquis of Ripon becomes
a Roman Catholic.
Oct. 3. A large convent at Bourne-
mouth, in connection with Church of
England, is opened.
Nov. 30. The Albert Memorial
Chapel, on the site of Wolsey Chapel,
at Windsor, is opened.
* * * The Parochial Missions to the Jews
Fund is founded.
±* * Sees established :
Niagara. [1877, Truro, Transvaal, Lahore,
and Rangoon; 1878, North Queensland; 1879,
New Caledonia, British Columbia, New
Westminster, and Tranvancore and Cochin.]
* * Henry Edward Manning, arch-
bishop of Westminster, is consecrated a
cardinal priest.
* * The Ladies' Committee of the Lon-
don Missionary Society is organized.
* * Ire. The Protestant Dissenting min-
isters give up their allowance from the
Government in response to the senti-
ment of the people.
* * Scot. The Central Committee and
Church Women's Association for For-
eign Missions of the Scottish Episcopal
Church is formed.
* * Bishops elected :
R. S. Copleston for Colombo, Ceylon, and
Samuel Thornton, for Ballarat, Australia.
[1876, H. Hutton Parry for Perth, Australia,
E. R. Johnson for Calcutta, and Louis G.
Mylne for Bombay; 1878, M. Berardi for Ve-
rapoli, Asia, Edmund Craig Stuart for Wai-
apu, N. Z., Thomas Legh Claughton for St.
Albans, Anthony Wilson Thorold for Roches-
ter, and John R. Selwyn for Melanesi, N. Z. ;
1878, Henry B. Bousfleld for Pretoria, South
Africa, Llewellyn Jones for Newfoundland,
William Parkenham Walsh for Ossory, Wil-
liam D. Maclagan for Lichfield, Robert Sam-
uel Greg for Cork, and G. H. Stanton for
North Queensland; 1879, Joseph Barber Light-
foot for Durham, William Ridley for New
Caledonia, A. W. Sillitoe for New West-
minster, Arthur Sweaton for Toronto, Wil-
liam B. ISond for Montreal, and Elzear Tor-
regiani for Armidale, Australia.]
1876 Mar. 3. H. C. A Burials Bill,
to permit the ministers of Dissenters to
officiate at funerals in churchyards, is
rejected. Vote, 248-279.
June 13. The Presbyterian Church
of England is reconstituted at Liverpool
in union with the United Presbyterian
(Church of Scotland).
July 4. London. Christ Church, re-
placing Surrey Chapel, and the school
adjoining, costing £60,000, are dedicated.
July 16. London. The Passionists
Monastery, Highgate, is solemnly
blessed by Cardinal Manning andopened.
July 24. A meeting of bishops and Dis-
senting ministers is held at Lambeth
Palace to consider the progress of irre-
ligious thought.
July 27. A league in aid of Christians
in Turkey is formed.
Aug. 5. The Church of England Work-
ing Men's Society is established at St.
Alban's, Holborn.
Aug. 20. John Sugden is consecrated
bishop of the Free Church of England
in Christ's Church, Lambeth.
Aug. * The Chester Cathedral is re-
opened -after restoration.
Dec. 17. Rev. A. H. Tooth, vicar of St.
James at Hatcham, a ritualist, is inhibited
from officiating in the parish. Disobeying
the inhibition, he is imprisoned.
* * The Young Men's Foreign Missionary
Society is organized by members of the
Young Men's Christian Association.
Also in London the Association for the
Free Distribution of the Scriptures is
organized.
LETTERS.
1875 July* London. The Education
Society is formed.
Oct. 18. Newnham College, Cam-
bridge, for women, is opened.
* * The Anglican Church Quarterly He-
view is issued.
* * Durability in Art, by William Noy
Wilkins, appears.
AND IRELAND. 1875, May 28-1876, * * 981
* * A Course of Practical Instruction in
Elementary Biology, by Huxley and H.
N. Martin, appears.
* * Fated to be Free, by Jean Ingelow,
appears.
* * Trumpet Calls to Christian Energy, by
Charles Haddon Spurgeon, appears.
[1882, Farm Sermons.]
* * Thrift, by Samuel Smiles, appears.
1876 Jan, 14. The first annual con-
ference of teachers is held.
Feb. 21. The Purcell Society is
founded.
Aug. 11. London. The Hour suspends.
Sept. 6. Horrors in Bulgaria, by "Wil-
liam Bwart Gladstone, appears.
Sept. 10. The University College at
Bristol is opened.
Oct. 26. Cavendish College, Cambridge,
established to give cheap university
education to young persons in short
time, is opened.
Nov. 14. London. The first "Working
Lads' Institute is opened at White-
chapel.
* * London. The Whitehall Revieic is is-
sued ; also the Daily Recorder of Com-
merce and the Mind.
* * Weather Charts and Storm Warnings,
by R. H. Scott, appears.
* * Scot. Shadow of the Sword, by Robert
William Buchanan, appears. [1881, God
and the Man ; 1882, Ballads of Life, Love,
and Humour; 1885, Alone in London.]
* * Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,
by Sir George Otto Trevelyan, appears.
SOCIETY.
1875 May *-Aug. * Warwickshire
miners strike.
July * -Aug. * Strikes occur at Oldham.
Aug. 3. Parliament : The Employers
and Workmen Act is passed.
* * The Sunday Society is established to
promote the movement for opening mu-
seums and art galleries on Sunday.
* * London. Bicycle clubs are formed.
* * A Home for Incurable Children is
established at Maida Vale.
* * The Society for the abolition of vivi-
section is established.
1876 Mar. 30. Ire. Agrarian outrages
continue. [July 25. Mr. Bridges and
party are fired on in daylight, the coach-
man'killed ; several wounded at Mitchels-
town,Cork. Crowe convictedof murder.]
Apr. 12. About 20,000 miners in York-
shire strike.
Apr. 21. British Women's Temperance
Association is founded by a conference
of ladies at Newcastle-on-Tyne. It aims
to effect a federation of all women's
temperance organizations based on total
abstinence.
Apr. 17. Fenian prisoners escape from
West Australia in the American ship
Catalpa. [Aug. 19. Arrive in New
York.]
June 30. The House of Lords appoints
a commission to inquire into the preva-
lence of drunkenness. [Report re-
specting alcohol neutral.]
Aug. 11. Parliament: A Medical Act
is passed permitting the registration of
medical women.
Aug. 24. Sixteen hundred Bolton mi-
ners strike against 15 per cent reduction
in wages.
Sept. 18. London. A public meeting is
held at Mansion House respecting atro-
cities in Bulgaria.
Sept. 22. A society to promote legisla-
tion for the control and cure of habitual
drunkards is formed.
Oct. 2, 10, 20. London. Dr. Henry
Slade, a Spiritualist medium, and Geof-
frey Simmons, his assistant, are tried on
charges preferred by Prof. E. Ray Lan-
kester and others, with unlawfully using
certain subtle and crafty means and de-
vices to deceive. [Oct. 31. Simmons is
discharged, but Slade is sentenced to
three months' imprisonment with hard
labor. On appeal the sentence is quashed
on a technicality.]
* * An international association for the
total suppression of vivisection formed.
STATE.
1875 May 28. Ire. The Peace Pres-
ervation Act is ordered to be enforced.
June 1. H. L. It is decided that rail-
way companies are responsible for neg-
ligence in conveying persons and goods,
although they disclaim it on tickets.
June 24. The Government appoints a
commission, of which Viscount Cardwell
and Prof. T. H. Huxley are members, to
inquire into the practise of vivisection.
Aug. 2. Parliament : A new sinking-
fund is established.
Aug. 11. Parliament: The Sale of
Food and Drugs Act, repealing all adul-
teration Acts, is passed.
Aug. 13. Parliament: An Act is passed
giving further powers to the Board of
Trade to stop unseaworthy ships. Also
the Agricultural Holding Act and Land
Transfer Act for England are passed.
Parliament is prorogued.
Oct. 29. Mary, second child of Prince
Alfred Ernest, is born.
Nov. 1. The Supreme Court of Judi-
cature becomes operative.
Nov. 25. George A. F. Cavendish
Bentinck is made judge-advocate-gen-
eral.
Nov. * Sir Richard Baggallay is made
lord justice.
* * London. William James Richmond
Cotton is elected lord mayor.
1876 Feb. 8. Parliament is opened.
Apr. 27. Parliament: The Royal
Titles Bill is passed. It adds to the
titles of the queen that of " Empress
of India."
Apr. * H. C. Mr. Dixon's bill for uni-
versal school boards and compulsory
education is rejected. Vote, 281-260.
May 1. London. The queen is pro-
claimed " Empress of India."
June 14. H. C. The Permissive Pro-
hibitory Bill is introduced for the
eighth time [and rejected. Vote, 299-81].
June 24. Parliament : A Wild Birds'
Protection Act is passed.
June 30. Parliament: The Trades'
Union Act is amended.
Aug. * Parliament: The Elementary
Education Act is passed.
Aug. 11. Parliament: The Act giving
power to unite counties for the purpose
of winter assizes for more speedy trials
of prisoners is passed.
Aug. 15. Parliament: The Merchants'
Shipping Act is passed.
Parliament: The Divided Parishes
and Poor Law Amendment Act is
passed.
Parliament is prorogued.
Aug. 19. E. I. The royal title, " Em-
press of India," is announced by the
viceroy.
Sept. 13. China. A convention is
signed with China at Chefu.
Oct. 5. Lords Blackburn and Gordon are
created peers for life.
Nov. 25. Victoria, third child of Prince
Alfred Ernest, is born.
Nov. 28. Ire. John, Duke of Marl-
borough, is appointed lord-lieutenant.
Dec. 8. London. A national confer-
ence against war to defend Turkey
is held in St. James's Hall.
* * London. Sir Thomas White is elected
lord mayor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1875 July 10. The Metropolitan Rail-
way is extended to the Great Eastern.
Aug. 16. Scot. The new Victoria wet
dock, Dundee, is opened by Lord Strath-
more.
Aug. 24, 25. Capt. Matt.Webb swims
from Dover to Calais in 23j hours.
Aug. 28. Railway collision at Kild-
wick, Yorkshire ; seven persons killed.
Aug. 31. A new exchange at Leeds is
opened.
Aug. * London. The drainage-works
are completed. Total cost, £4,500,000.
Nov. 15. Thames overflows, causing
great damage and distress ; the Wool-
wich arsenal is flooded. Total rise, 29
feet.
Nov. 25. The khedive's shares in the
Suez Canal are bought by the British
Government.
Nov. 30. The new poultry-market,
Smithfield, is inaugurated by Lord
Mayor Cotton.
* * London. Spelling-bees are intro-
duced (from IT. S. A.).
* * Oysters become scarce ; dredging and
deep-sea fishing are restricted.
1876 Jan. 21. Two collisions occur
on the Great Northern Railway, near
Huntingdon; 14 persons are killed.
Feb. 17. The Glasgow steamer Strath-
clyde collides with the Franconia in
Dover Bay ; 17 persons perish.
Feb. 23. London. Direct cable line to
New Zealand is completed.
Feb. 26. The first steam ferry-boat on
the Thames, Jessie May, is launched.
1876 Mar. 2. The great amphithea-
ter at Leeds is burned ; loss, about
£30,000.
Mar. 29. London. The Royal Albert
Hall, Kensington, is opened by the
queen.
Mar. 6. London. Edward P. Weston
begins his walk of 500 miles in Agricul-
tural Hall.
[Mar. 11. Has walked 450 miles. Apr. 22.
He walks 111 miles in 24 hours in Manches-
ter. Dec. 18-23. He walks 460 miles in six
days in Agricultural Hall. 1879. June 16.
He walks 550 miles, and wins the Sir John
Astley belt. 1883, Nov. 21-1884, Mar. 15.
Walks 5,000 miles in 100 days on teetotal
principles. J
May 24, 25. A great fire occurs at Bris-
tol ; loss, £80,000.
May * About 500 animals from India
are presented to the Zoological Society
by the Prince of Wales.
June 27. The Canadian national game
lacrosse is played before the queen at
Windsor by 13 Iroquois and 14 Cana-
dians.
Aug. 7. A collision occurs on the Som-
erset and Dorset Railway, near Bath ;
14 persons are killed.
Aug. 12±. The Great Queensland sails
for Melbourne loaded with patent and
other gunpowder, with 569 persons
aboard. [She is supposed to have ex-
ploded ; wreckage found.]
* * The Pneumatic Despatch Company
suspends through insufficient support.
* * A. Baltazzi's Kisber wins the Derby
race.
982 1877, Jan. 1-1878,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1878 Mar. 24. The war-ship Eurydice
is lost near the Isle of Wight ; 300 men
perish.
July 8-20. The National Association
for rifle-shooting meets at Wimbledon ;
Private Ray, 11th Stirling, wins the
queen's prize.
[1879, July 14-26, Corporal Taylor, 47th
Lancashire; 1880, July 12-24, Alexander Fer-
guson, 1st Argyll; 1881, July 11-23, Thomas
Beck, 3d Devon ; 1882, July 10-22, SergI,
Lawrence, 1st Dumbarton; 1883, July 9-21,
Sergt. Mackay, 1st Sutherland ; 1884, J uly 14-
26, Private Gallant, 8th Middlesex.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1877 Jan. 1. A statue of William
Rathbone, merchant, is unveiled at Liv-
erpool.
Jan. 25. Scot. A statue of Robert
Burnsis unveiled in St. George's Square.
Glasgow. [Apr. 3. New Stock Exchange
opened.]
Feb. 17. London. The 400th anniver-
sary of the discovery of printing is
celebrated.
Mar. 15. Egy. One of the obelisks
erected by Thothmes III. is offered to
the British Government by the khedive.
May 1. London. Grosvenor Gallery,
for the exhibition of modern pictures, is
opened in Bond Street.
May 7. London. The "Wagner Festi-
val is held at Royal Albert Hall ; Wag-
ner is present.
May * London. The African Explora-
tion Fund is founded by the Royal Geo-
graphical Society.
Aug. 23. Bell's telephone is exhibited
before the British Association, Plym-
outh.
Sept. 6. The WaUrer Art Gallery, Liv-
erpool, the gift of Andrew Walker, cost-
ing above £30,000, is opened by the Earl
of Derby.
Sept. 19-22. A musical festival is held
at Leeds.
Oct. 14, 15. A violent gale does great
damage to property on land, and destroys
shipping, with loss of life.
Dec. 28. Scot. A statue of Thomas
Campbell is unveiled in St. George's
Square, Glasgow.
* * London. A statue of Sir Robert Peel
at Parliament Square is unveiled.
* * London. The Institute of Chemistry
is founded. Also the Library Associa-
tion and the Index Society.
1878 Jan. 1. Ire. A grand iron bridge
is opened over the Foyle at Londonderry.
Jan. 14, 15. Bell's telephone is ex-
hibited.
Feb. 14. The statue of Sir John Cordy
Burrows at Brighton is unveiled.
Mar. 28. London. Electric light is
tried at Westminster Palace.
June 26. Greatest heat at Notting-
ham ; 95° in the shade.
July 3. The Midland Counties Art Mu-
seum, Nottingham, is opened by the
Prince of Wales.
July 4. A Polar expedition in the Vega
under Prof. Adolf Eric Nordenskjbld
starts, seeking a northeast passage.
July 27. Edinburgh. A statue of Dr.
Chalmers, by Steell, is unveiled.
* * Boxer's life-saving, rope-carrying
rocket, for communicating with
stranded vessels, is described.
Sept. 13. London. The Egyptian ob-
elisk is finally placed on the Thames
embankment.
Nov. 11. Edison's loud-speaking tele-
phone conveys conversation between
London and Norwich, by 115 miles of
Nov. 13. Sir Frederick Leighton is Nov. 28. Dublin. Edward McCabe
elected president of the Royal Academy. is consecrated (Roman Catholic) arch-
Dec. 13. London. The Jablochkoff syg- ^i8noP of -Dul?lin- J* * Ire- Michael
tem of electric light is set up for trial
on the Thames embankment, north side.
Logue, archbishop of Armagh, and Bar-
tholomew Woodlock, bishop of Ardagh.]
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1877* * Bagehot, Walter, essayist, journal-
ist, author, A51.
Bain, Alexander, logician, philosopher,
author, Scotland, A59.
Belcher, Sir Edward, naval officer, arctic
navigator, A 78.
James, Sir Henry, engineer, inventor, A74.
Kavanagh, Julia, Irish novelist, A53.
Marshman, John Clark, historian, A83.
Norton, Caroline E., poet, novelist, A69.
Talbot, William H. F., discoverer of photog-
raphy, A77.
Warren, Samuel, jurist, novelist, A70.
Wright, Thomas, antiquarian writer, A67.
Wyatt, Sir Matthew D., architect, A57.
1878* * Back, Sir George, arctic navigator,
A82.
Chelmsford, Lord, F. T., jurist, states., A84.
Creasy, Sir Edward S., historian, A66.
Cullen, Paul, cardinal, archbishop of Dub-
lin, A75.
Doran, John, editor, author, A71.
Duff, Alexander, Scotch missionary, cl., A72.
Gill, William, clergyman, missionary, A65.
Grant, Sir Francis, artist, Scotland, A75.
Lewes, George H., phil. and mis. writer, A61.
Russell, Lord, John, statesman, A86.
Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William, so. au., A60.
CHURCH.
1877 June 8. Parliament : The Sun-
day opening of museums and art gal-
leries is again refused. Vote, 87-229.
July 2-9. Edinburgh. A Pan-Presby-
terian conference is held.
Aug. 9. The Duke of Westminster and
95 other peers address the archbishop of
Canterbury against auricular confes-
sion.
Sept. 30. London. The Mormon Con-
ference is opened.
* * A reformed Episcopal secession from
the Free Church of England takes place.
* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho-
lic):
William Fitzgerald for Ross, Ireland, Peter
Pace for Gozo. [1878, Paul Goethals, arch-
bishop of Calcutta; 1879, Edward Isley for
Birmingham, Edmund Knight for Shrews-
bury, Richard Lacy for Middlesborough, and
Clement Pagnani for Kandy, Ceylon-3
1878 Mar. 4. Scot. The Roman Cath-
olic Hierarchy is restored by Pope Leo
XIII. [Apr. 13. Protestants protest
against it.]
May 1. Dublin. Christ Church Cathe-
dral, after being restored at the cost of
£250,000, is reopened.
June 13. London. The British and For-
eign Unitarian Association is founded
to promote Unitarianism.
July 2-27. The Pan- Anglican Con-
gress meets at Lambeth.
Aug. 16. Parliament: The Bishoprics
Act is passed.
It authorizes the endowment of four
new bishoprics, Liverpool, Newcastle,
Wakefield (York), and Southwell (Can-
terbury), without increasing the number
of bishops in Parliament. [1878. Wake-
field is established. 1882. Newcastle.]
Sept. 29. London. A Carmelite con-
vent is opened at St. Charles Square,
Notting Hill.
Sept. * Free libraries are opened on
Sundays at Manchester and other
places. [Also the Grosvenor Gallery
and other collections in London.]
LETTERS.
1877 Feb. 28. London. The Senate
of the University of London votes to
grant degrees to women. [May 8.
The Convocation votes against it.]
Mar. 28. The National Education
League is dissolved.
Mar. * London. The Nineteenth Century
is issued.
Aug. 10. The Universities Act is
Sept. 3. Scot. The weaving-school,
Glasgow, is opened.
Sept. 27. The University college build-
ings, Nottingham, are founded.
Oct. 2. London. Library Association
of the United Kingdom is founded at a
conference of librarians at the London
Institute. [1878. Oct. 1-3. First meet-
ing held.]
* * London. The Index Society is
founded.
* * Observatory, a monthly review of as-
tronomy, is issued.
* * The Referee, a sporting paper, is is-
sued: also Truth.
* * A copy of the Chinese Cyclopaedia of
6,019 volumes is bought for the British
Museum.
* * Literary and Social Judgments, by
William Rathbone Greg, appears.
* * Proverbs in Porcelain, by Henry Aus-
tin Dobson, appears. [1885, At the Sign
of the Lyre.]
1878 Jan. 15. London. The Univer-
sity of London Convocation votes for
a supplemental charter granting de-
grees to women. [Mar. 28. Charter
granted.]
Feb. 11. Weekly Weather Report is is-
sued.
Aug. 16. The Education Act for Scot-
land is amended, and the Intermediate
Education Act for Ireland is passed.
Oct. 27. London. The new city library
and museum are founded near Guildhalls
Nov. 11. London. The City and Guilds
of London Institute for the advancement
of Technical Education is constituted.
SOCIETY.
1877 Jan. 16. Wm. Lawrence is sen-
tenced to three months' imprisonment
for receiving money as a spiritual me-
dium.
Mar. 2. London. The Rev. Josiah
Henson (colored), the original " Uncle
Tom" of Mrs. Stowe's novel, is received
by the queen at Buckingham Palace.
May 29-June 12. About 12,000 North-
umberland miners strike. [Dec. 15-
1878, Feb. * About 8,000 miners are locked
out.]
May * -June * The Birmingham Liberal
Federation is formed.
May * -Oct. * Scot. A great strike and
lockout of about 10,000 shipwrights and
others occur on the Clyde. The case is
submitted to arbitration ; the arbitrator, ^
Lord Moncreiff, decides against the
men.
July 31. London. The masons strike
for increased wages and shorter hours .
[Sept. 20±. Some firms yield. 1878. Mar.
14. Ended.]
Sept. 1±. The Bolton cotton-workers
strike. [Strike ended by agreement.]
Sept. 14-22. Ire. A strike occurs on
the Great Southern and Western Rail-
way.
AND IRELAND.
1877, Jan. 1-1878,*
983
1878 Jan. 1. The Imperial Order of
the Crown of India is instituted.
Jan. 15. The Indian Famine Relief
Fund amounts to £503,000.
Jan. * -Sept. * Ire. Davitt and other
Fenian prisoners are released.
Feb. 10. London. The Blue Ribbon
movement begins with a conference of
temperance workers.
Apr. 2. The Earl of Leitrim, his clerk,
and driver are snot dead near his lodge,
Manor Vaughan, Donegal.
Apr. 18-June 17. About 120,000 spin-
ners in Lancashire strike against a 10
per cent reduction of wages. [Unsuc-
cessful.]
May 14, 15. A cotton strike and lock-
out causes riots at Blackburn, Burnley,
Accrington, Preston, and other placesl
May 27. Parliament: The Matrimo-
nial Causes Act is passed. A magis-
trate may grant judicial separation with
maintenance to a wife suffering from a
husband's violent usage.
July 3. Parliament : The Habitual
Drunkard's Act is passed.
Aug. 16. Parliament : An Act is passed
closing public houses in Ireland on
Sunday.
Sept. * London. John B. Gough lec-
tures. [1879. Oct. * Lectures again.]
Oct. 11. Ire. RiotsbreakoutatCallan;
a chapel and house are attacked ; 28 men
are arrested.
A false alarm of fire causes a panic
at the Colosseum Theater, Liverpool ;
37 persons are killed.
Oct. * -Dec. * A partial strike and lock-
out of laborers takes place in Kent and
Sussex.
Nov. 25-Dec. 28. Cotton-workers at
Oldham strike unsuccessfully against a
5 per cent reduction in wages.
Dec. 12. Edward Byrne Madderne, a
lunatic, is arrested for threats to attack
the queen in letters to the Home Office.
[1879. Jan. 13. Pronounced insane.]
* * The Zetetical Society is established ;
also the Folk-Lore Society.
* * The Girls' Friendly Society, to pro-
vide homes and assistance for working
girls, is founded.
STATE.
1877 Feb. 8. Parliament is opened
by the queen.
Feb. 9. Ire. George Augustus Chiches-
ter May is made chief justice.
Apr. 30. The Government proclaims its
neutrality in the Russo-Turkish war.
May 31. The National Liberal Fed-
eration is formed at Birmingham.
June 12. H. C. Mr. Gilpin's proposal
for the abolition of the death penalty
is rejected. Vote, 155-50. [1878. Mar.
13. Again rejected. Vote, 293-64.]
July 2, 3. H. C. The Commons are in
Ression over 15 hours ; cause, obstruc-
tion by Irish members.
July 27. H. C. A temporary resolu-
tion to check obstructiveness by abuse
of the power of moving the adjourn-
ment of the house is passed. Vote, 282-32.
Aug. 7. "William Henry Smith is
made first lord of the admiralty.
Aug. 10. Parliament: The Fisheries
Act is passed.
It forbids the sale of deep-sea oysters
between June ir> and Aug. 4, and the
sale of others between May 14 and Aug. 4.
Parliament : The Universities Act,
uniting Trinity College and the Catholic
College of Dublin, is passed.
Aug. 14. Parliament : The County Of-
ficers and Courts Act for Ireland is
passed. Also the Supreme Court of
Judicature Act for Ireland is passed.
Oct. 16. London. Sir John Bennett,
thrice elected alderman, is rejected by
the court of aldermen ; third time. Ed-
gar Breflitt is elected by the court of
aldermen.
* * British North Borneo is ceded to the
British North Borneo Company.
* * S. Afr. The Transvaal is annexed.
* * Sir Henry Cotton is elected lord
justice.
* * London. Thomas Scambler Owden is
elected lord mayor.
1878 Jan. 1. The fee for registered
letters is reduced from 4rf. to 2d.
Jan. 17. Parliament meets. [Aug. 16.
Prorogued. Dec. 17. Adjourns.]
Jan. 24. Lord Carnarvon resigns on
account of the policy of the ministry.
Mar. 28. The Earl of Derby resigns
office.
Apr. 2. Parliament: A message is is-
sued by the queen respecting calling out
the reserves. [It is adopted.]
May 15. H. C. A bill for reducing the
Irish borough suffrage to one pound
rating is rejected. Vote, 232-26.
June 4. A secret convention is formed
with Turkey.
England agrees to aid Turkey in de-
fending her dominions against Russia,
the sultan promising reform in his Gov-
ernment.
June 13. Ger. The Berlin Congress
meets. [July 13. The Berlin Treaty is
signed.] (P. 831.)
Aug. 3. H. C. After a debate on the
Berlin Treaty, in which Mr. Gladstone
delivers a great speech, the motion
against the Government is defeated.
Vote, 338-195.
Aug. 16. Parliament: The Irish Sun-
day closing liquor-saloon bill is passed.
Also the Irish Intermediate Educa-
tion Act, and the Territorial Waters
Jurisdiction Act.
Parliament: The Bishoprics Act, al-
lowing the erection of sees at Liverpool
and Newcastle, is passed.
Sept. 1. Alexandrina, fourth child of
Prince Alfred Ernest, is born.
Dec. 5. Parliament meets on account
of the Afghan war. (See Afghanistan.)
Dec. 10. H. L. A motion of censure
on the Government is defeated. Vote,
201-65.
Dec. 14. H. C. The motion of censure
is defeated. Vote, 328-227.
* * The term Walking-Sticks is applied
to candidates for Parliament nominated
by political associations, and subject to
them in their votes.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1877 Jan. 15±. The ship Cairo from
Australia, carrying gunpowder, disap-
pears.
Jan. 18. The Southeastern and Lon-
don, Chatham and Dover Companies
are amalgamated by a- vote of the
former.
Feb. 4. The Tay Bridge is much injured
by a gale.
Feb 8-10. Leon, a Mexican, rides 505
miles in 49 hours, 51J minutes. [July
15. Rides 100 miles in four hours, 57
minutes, using six mustang horses.]
Feb. 24. The Avonmouth Dock at
Bristol is opened.
Mar. 18-23. London. O'Leary wins the
first prize of the 17 pedestrians at Agri-
cultural Hall ; distance traversed, 520
miles.
Mar. 25. The Scotch express jumps
the track near Morpeth ; five lives lost.
July 9. The Rotunda Theater at Liv-
erpool is burned.
Aug. 14. The fear of the Colorado
beetle invading Britain leads to an
order for its destruction ; few speci-
mens arrive.
Aug. 20, 21. Mr. Cavill swims from
Dover to Calais in 12 hours.
Aug. 26±. London. Wm. Gale walks
1,500 miles in 1,000 consecutive hours
at Lillie Bridge.
Sept. 11. The emigrant vessel Avalanche
collides with the Forest off Portland ;
all lives lost but 12.
Sept. 13. Scot. Freedom of the city of
Glasgow is presented to Gen. U. S.
Grant, ex-president United States.
Sept. 18. Scot. The new Queen's
Dock at Glasgow is opened.
Sept. 26. London. A live whale from
Labrador, measuring nine feet, six
inches, is placed in the Westminster
aquarium. [It dies soon after.]
Oct. 15. The steamer Knapton Hall is
sunk by a collision with the Lockfyne ;
nine lives are lost.
Dec. 6. The steamer Mizpah is sunk by
collision with unknown vessel ; six lives
lost.
Oct. 22. Scot. An explosion in a col-
liery near Glasgow causes 232 deaths.
* * Lord Falmouth's Silvio wins the
Derby race.
1878 Jan. 2-14. Temple Bar is re-
moved.
Jan. 20. London. The Egyptian obe-
lisk, presented by the khedive to Eng-
land, arrives.
Feb. 17. The steamer ('. M. Palmer col-
lides in the fog with the Ludworth near
Harwich ; 14 lives lost.
June 7. Eng. A colliery explosion
near Wigan kills 200 miners.
July 23-Aug. 10. John Rankin walks
from Kilmarnock to London and back
with stoppages.
Aug.* London. The Great Eastern
Street is opened.
Sept. 3. The Princess Alice is sunk by a
collision with the By well Castle, near
Woolwich, on the Thames ; about 900
lives lost.
Sept. 11. W. A colliery explosion in
Ebbw Vale kills 286 persons.
Sept. 26. Ire. An engine is derailed at
Cunagheen, near Cork ; three persons
are killed ; many injured.
Oct. 18, 19. A railway coUision near
Pontypridd Junction causes 13 deaths,
and injures 40 persons.
Oct. 28-Nov. 2. London. W. Corkey
wins championship and £500 in walk-
ing-match in Agricultural Hall.
Oct. 31. The cruiser Fanny collides
with the Helvetia off Tuskar, Irish Chan-
nel ; 17 lives lost.
Dec. 2. Engines are derailed near Taly-
bont ; four lives lost.
Dec. 18. The steamer Mesopotamia is
wrecked at Peniche, Portugal coast ;
eight lives lost.
984 1878, ** -1880, Aug. 11. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY— NAVY.
1878 * * The powerful iron-clad Dread-
nought is built. The Government buys
four new iron-clads.
1879 Jan. 2. A 38-ton gun explodes
on the Thunderer in the Sea of Mar-
mora; 10 men killed.
Jan. 11-Sept. 1. S. Afr. War with the
Zulus (p. 600).
Sept. 17. The war-ship Agamemnon is
launched at Chatham.
Dec. * Orders are issued for the making
of breech-loading cannon.
1880 Feb. 12-16. The training-ship
Atalania, with 280 persons, is lost on a
voyage from Bermuda.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1878 * * William Schwenck Gilbert and
Arthur Sullivan's operetta H. M. S.
Pinafore appears.
* * London. The Imperial Theater at
the Westminster Aquarium is opened.
* * Gods and Their Makers is exhibited
by Edwin Long.
* * William Spottiswoode is elected
president of the Royal Society.
1879 Mar. 10. Scot. A statue of
Livingstone in St. George's Square is
unveiled.
Apr. 23. London. Shakespeare's Me-
morial Theater is opened.
May- 7. A permanent Fine Arts Exhi-
bition is opened by the archbishop at
York.
Sept. * A. Ainslie Common's powerful
reflecting telescope, speculum 37£
inches in diameter, length 20 feet, is
completed at Ealing, Middlesex.
Oct. 9. An obelisk is inaugurated at
Wadesmill, as a memorial of Thomas
Clark.
* * London. The Astrological Society
is founded.
* * The Willughby Society, devoted to
the study of birds, is founded.
* * W. Grove's electro-induction balance
is invented.
1880 Jan. 10. London. The Albert
Institute, Windsor, is inaugurated by
the Prince of Wales.
Feb. 20. Scot. Diamonds are made
by J. Hannay at Glasgow.
Mar. 2. Sir William Siemens reports to
the Royal Society that electric light
acts like solar light on vegetation.
May 24. London. A statue of Lord
Byron is unveiled in Hyde Park.
June 22-Oct. 12. B. Leigh Smith leads
a successful expedition to the polar
regions in his yacht Eira.
July 2. London. Queen Victoria re-
ceives the Order of the "White Ele-
phant from the Siamese Minister at
Windsor.
July 3. London. A statue of Robert
Raikes, founder of the Sunday-school,
is unveiled on the Thames embankment.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1879 * * Buckstone, John B., actor, dramatic
writer, A77.
Hill, Sir Rowland (penny-postage system),
A84.
Howitt, William, poet, author, A84.
Roebuck, John A., statesman, A77.
CHURCH.
1878* * Scot. John Mac Lachlan is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Galloway,
and Angus Macdonald of Argyll and Isles. '
* * The Woman's Missionary Associ-
ation of the Presbyterian Church is
founded.
1879 May 12. John Henry Newman
is created a cardinal priest.
Oct. 16. London. The opening of Guild-
hall Library on Sundays is negatived
by the Common Council.
Nov. 25. Dublin. Archbishop McCabe
issues a pastoral against the Land
League. [1880. Oct. 10. Ire. It is read
in all the churches.]
1880 Mar. 24. The bishopric of Liv-
erpool is established; John Charles
Ryle, bishop.
May 20. The foundation of the new
Cathedral of St. Mary, at Truro, is
laid by the Prince of Wales.
May 27. Professor W. Robertson Smith is gen-
erally censured for writing an article on the
Bible, etc., for the Encyclopxdia Britannica
in 1875; after long consideration by the As-
sembly of the Free Church of Scotland, he is
admonished only. [1881. May 26. Expelled
from his professorship, but allowed to retain
his salary. Vote, 394-231.]
June 26. London. A monument in mem-
ory of twelve originators of Sunday-
schools is inaugurated by Henry Rich-
ard, the Italian ambassador, in Essex
Street, Strand.
June 27-July 3. The centenary of the
establishment of Sunday-schools is
celebrated.
July * London. Exeter Hall, Strand,
is bought for the Young Men's Christian
Association. [1881. Mar. 29. Opened.]
LETTERS.
1878 * * The Indian Institute, Oxford,
is founded.
* * London. The Statist is issued ; also
the Electrician, the Citizen, and The
Magazine of Art.
* * The Primrose Path, by Margaret
Oliphant, appears. [1882, The Literary
History of England and In Trust ; 1885,
Two Stories of the Seen and the Unseen.']
* * Mediaeval Church History, by Richard
Chenevix Trench, appears.
* * An Inland Voyage and Edinburgh:
Picturesque Notes, by Robert Louis Bal-
four Stevenson, appear. [1879, Travels
with a Donkey in the Cevennes; 1881, Vir-
ginibus Puensque and other Papers.]
* * On the Origin and the Growth of Re-
ligion as illustrated by the Religions of
India, by Max Mliller, appears.
1878-89 Dictionary of Mtisic and Musi-
cians, edited by Sir George Grove, ap-
pears.
1878-90 History of England in the 18th
Century, by Lecky, appears.
1879 Apr. 11. London. The Metro-
politan Free Library Association is
formed.
June 9-14. London. The Interna-
tional Literary Association meets.
June 30. A bill is introduced in Parlia-
ment to abolish the Queen's Univer-
sity, Ireland, and to establish a new
(R. C.) University. [Aug. 15. Passes.]
Sept. 12. The foundation is laid of
Holloway College for the Higher
Education of Women, near Virginia
Water.
Sept. * The executors of E. C. Harris, a
solicitor of Preston, award £70,000 for
a free library, museum, etc.
Oct. 14. The 500th anniversary of
New College, Oxford, is celebrated.
Oct. 17. The foundation of Ridley
Hall, Cambridge (theological), is laid.
Oct. 20. Firth College, Sheffield, built
by Mark Firth, for £20,000, and endowed
by the town, is inaugurated by Prince
Leopold.
* * The Light of Asia, by Sir Edwin Ar-
nold, appears.'
Dec. * The Rabelais Club, to promote
the study of Rabelais and the illustra-
tion of his works, first meets.
* * Somerville Hall, Oxford, is founded.
* * Burke, by John Morley, appears. [1881,
Cobden.]
* * Life and 7'imes of Stein, by John Rob-
ert Seeley, appears. [1882, Natural Re-
ligion.]
* * Gleanings of Past years, by W. E.
Gladstone, appears.
* * A Spelling Reform Association is
formed ; Bishop Temple of Exeter, Rob-
ert Lowe, E. B. Tylor, and Max MUUer
are among its members.
* * Modern Thought is issued.
* * A Key to Shakespeare appears.
* * London. The Carlyle Society is
founded.
1879-80 Dramatic Idyls, by Robert
Browning, appears.
* * Analytical Concordance to the Bible,
by Robert Young, appears.
1880 Feb. * Steel : its History, Manu-
facture, Properties, and Uses, by J. S.
Jeans, appears.
Mar. 5. The History of Musical Pitch,
by A. J. Ellis, appears.
Apr. 5. London. The Aristotelian So-
ciety is founded.
Apr. 20. Owens College, Manchester,
becomes the Victoria University by
change of title.
May 1. London. The Pall Mall Gazette
is issued as a liberal paper by John
Morley.
May 31. London. St. James's Gazette
is issued.
SOCIETY.
1878 * * The Bicycle Union [the Na-
tional Cyclists' Union] and the Cyclists'
Touring Club are founded.
* *The National Thrift Society is
formed at Oxford.
* * William Birk Rhodes, the Hounslow
miser, bequeaths £30,000 to the Royal
Free Hospital.
* * London. Northwest London Hos-
pital, Kentish Town Road, is founded.
1879 Jan. 3. The goods-guards on the
Midland Railway strike because of alter-
ation of time of payment. [Unsuccess-
ful.]
Feb. 7. London. The engineers of 18
firms strike against a reduction of
wages. [Oct. 4. Ended.]
Feb. 7-25. Riots at Liverpool, caused
by the strike of sailors and dock la-
borers, are suppressed.
Feb. * London. The City Church and
Churchyard Protection Society is
formed.
Mar. 2±. Mrs. Julia Martha Thomas is
murdered at Richmond by Katherine
Webster, a woman of thirty. [Apr. 17.
John Church, a publican, is' arrested on
suspicion, but discharged. May 16. Kath-
erine Webster is committed for trial.
July 8. Convicted. July 29. Executed
at Wandsworth.]
Mar. 13. Prince Arthur marries Prin-
cess Louise Margaret of Prussia.
Apr. 15. The coal-miners at Durham
strike against a reduction of wages ;
Cleveland and other iron-works close;
70,000 men are idle. [May 16±. Strike
is settled by arbitration.]
May 15. Cotton-workers at Blackburn
• strike.
May 28. Dublin. The' centenary of the
birth of Thomas Moore is celebrated.
June 4. The first investiture of the Or-
der of St. Katherine, instituted by the
queen, takes place.
June * The Workmen's Social Education
League is formed.
June 25. Prince Leopold is installed
as master of the Freemasons' Lodge of
Antiquity.
AND IRELAND. 1878,* *-1880, Aug. 11. 985
Sept. 24. The Institution for the
Blind at Sheffield, endowed by Daniel
Holy, is opened.
Nov. 21. Ire. Great orderly Home-
Rule meetings are held at Dublin,
Balla, and other places.
Dec. 5. London. Thomas Brennan is
arrested for seditious speech at Balla,
Nov. 22.
Dec. 18. The Duchess of Marlborough
appeals for relief of distress in Ire-
land. [1880. Sept. 19. £135,243 collected.]
1880 Jan. 2±. Ire. Riots occur in Car-
raroe, Connemara, and other parts of
Galway, caused by notices of eviction.
Jan. * -Feb. * Ire. Contributions for the
Famine Fund are received from the
United States, Canada, Australia, India,
etc. [Mar. 25. Relief funds amount to
£129,000; Apr. 17, £141,562; July 23,
£177,401.]
Apr. 20. Ire. The Constellation, from
the United States, arrives at Cork with
a cargo of provisions given for relief.
May 6. London. A great meeting, fa-
voring woman suffrage, is held at St.
James's Hall.
June 3. London. A woman's body,
stabbed in the breast, and covered with
chloride of lime, is found in the house
occupied by Mr. Henriques, in Harley
Street.
June 16. London. The King of Greece
is given the freedom of tbe city.
June 18, 19. Sir Wilfrid Lawson's res-
olution on local option is adopted by
the Commons. Vote, 229-203.
June 21+. London. Tournaments are
held at the Agricultural Hall for the
benefit of soldiers' widows and orphans.
June 28. London. The first home hos-
pital is opened in Fitzroy Square.
Aug. 8. Ire. Thomas Boyd, crown so-
licitor, and his two sons are attacked
at Shanlough, near New Ross, and
Charles Boyd is killed.
STATE.
1878 * * Cyprus is ceded by convention
with Turkey.
* * London. Sir Charles Whetham is
elected lord mayor.
1879 Jan. 22. The annual meeting of
the National Liberal Federation is
held at Leeds.
Feb. 27. H. O. An appropriation of
£1,500,000 is voted for the Zulu war.
Mar. 11. H. C. The Permissive (liq-
uor sale) Bill resolution is rejected.
Vote, 252-164.
May 5. H. L. The Lords reject a mo-
tion in favor of opening museums and
galleries on Sunday. Vote, 67-59. [1880.
Feb. 22. Again. Vote, 110-160.]
May 12. The first great-grandchild of
Queen Victoria, Feodore, daughter of
Charlotte, daughter of Princess Royal
Victoria, and Prince Bernard of Saxe-
Meiningen, is born.
May 26. Afghan. A treaty of peace
with Afghanistan is signed at Ganda-
mak.
June 30. Parliament: A bill to abol-
ish the Queen's University, Ireland, and
to establish a new university for Cath-
olics, is introduced by Lord Chancellor
Cairns.
June * -July * H. C. There is much
obstruction caused by the Home Rule
Party ; Mr. Parnell's motion against the
Speaker is lost. Vote, 29-421.
July 16. H. C. C. E. Grissell and John
S. Ward are convicted of breach of
privilege by statements as to influen-
cing. [They are imprisoned. July 30.
John S. Ward is released. Aug. 15. C.
£. Grissell is released.]
Aug. 7. H. C. A bill allowing the en-
rolling of volunteers in Ireland is de-
feated.
Aug. 15. Parliament: The Preven-
tion of Crimes Act (Coercion Bill) for
Ireland is passed.
Dec. 16. London. The foundation-stone
of the new post-office is laid.
* * The Irish National Land League is
formed by Michael Davitt, Charles S.
Parnell, and others ; it aims to protect
tenants against the injustice of land-
lords.
* * Parliament : William Shaw succeeds
Isaac Butt as Home-Rule leader.
* * London. Sir Francis Wyatt Truscott
is elected lord mayor.
1880 Feb. 5. Parliament is opened
by the queen. [Mar. 23. Closes.]
Feb. 22. H. L. A motion for opening
museumson Sundays is rejected. Vote,
3441.
Feb. 26. H. C. Sir Stafford Northcote's
resolutions against obstruction are car-
ried. Vote, 160-20. [They are adopted
in the standing orders.]
Mar. 1. Parliament: The Seed Sup-
ply Act passes.
Mar. 3. Parliament: Mr. Grissell is
arrested, and committed to prison.
[Mar. 34. Released.]
Mar. 15. Parliament: The Relief of
Distress Act for Ireland passes.
Apr. * A general election : the Libe-
rals gain a majority.
Apr. 19. The charter for the new Irish
University is signed by the queen.
Apr. 22. The Tory minority resigns.
Apr. 28. W. E. Gladstone becomes
premier.
Members of the Administration: W. E.
Gladstone (L. Treas. Chanc. Excheq.),Roun-
dell Palmer, Baron Selborne (L. Chanc).
John Poyntz, Earl Spencer (L. Pres. of
Council), The Duke of Argyll (L. P. Seal),
Sir William V. Harcourt (Home Sec), Earl
Granville (Foreign Sec), The Earl of Kim-
berley(Sec. Colonies), Marquis of Hartington
(Sec. for India), Thomas George Baring,
Earl of Northbrook (L. Adm.), John Bright
(Chanc. of Duchy of Lancaster) , J ohn George
Dodson (Pres. of Local Government Board),
Joseph Chamberlain (Pres. of Board of
Trade), and Hugh C. E. Childers (Sec. of
War).
Apr. 29. The new Parliament meets.
About 65 members are home- rulers.
[1885. Nov. 18. Dissolved.]
Apr. * Liverpool is named a city.
Apr. * Ire. Lord O'Hagan is made lord
chancellor.
May 3. H. C. Charles Bradlaugh,
M.P. for Northampton, objecting to
take the oath in the Commons because
of his disbelief in God, is refused per-
mission to affirm. [May 22. His offer
to take oath is rejected. June 22. His
offer to affirm is refused. Vote, 275-
230.]
Henry Fawcett becomes postmaster-
general.
May 5. Ire. Earl Cowper is made lord-
lieutenant.
May 17. Charles Stewart Parnell is
chosen leader of the Irish party, 45 of
the members voting for him.
May 22. The National Reform Union
meets at Manchester ; it claims to have
411 affiliated societies.
May * George Osborne Morgan is made
j udge-ad vocate-general .
June 18. H. C. A majority of 26 passes
a resolution favoring a law conferring
on electors the right to decide for or
against the liquor-license system.
June 23. H. C. Charles Bradlaugh
claims his right to take oath in tbe
Commons, and refuses to withdraw; he
is imprisoned by order of the House.
Vote, 326-38. [June 24. He is released.]
June 25. H. C. The London Munici-
pality Bill is introduced by Mr. Frith.
June * Parliament : The fee for liquor
licenses is raised.
July 2. H. C. Mr. Gladstone's resolu-
tion to permit members of the Com-
mons to affirm instead of taking oath is
carried. Vote, 303-249.
H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh affirms, and is
admitted to his seat.
July 6. H. C. The Compensation for
Disturbance Bill checking evictions in
Ireland is read a second time. Vote,
295-217. [July 27. It passes. Vote, 303-
237. Aug. 3. Lords reject it.]
Aug. 9. An Irish Home-Rule Conven-
tion meets at Newcastle-on-Tyne.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1878 * * Mr. Crawford's Sefton wins the
Derby race. [1879. Mr. Acton's Sir
Bevys.]
1879 Feb. 2. Scot. The Theater
Royal, Glasgow, is burned.
Sept. 17, 18. London. An interna-
tional potato exhibition is held at the
Crystal Palace.
Dec. 18. The Holborn Town Hall is
opened by the lord mayor.
Dec. 28. Scot. The Tay Bridge is
partly destroyed by a gale at 7.15 p. M.,
while a mail-train is passing over it,
which disappears in the water ; a gap of
about 3,000 feet is made, and 80+ lives
are lost. [1880. Apr. 27. About 46
bodies are recovered.]
1880 Jan. 15. An error of the signal-
man causes a railway collision at Burs-
cough Junction ; eight lives lost.
Jan. 21. A colliery explosion occurs
at Newcastle ; 70 persons are killed.
Feb. 8. The Valentine founders near
Falmouth ; 16 lives lost.
Feb. 9. Dublin. The Royal Theater is
burned ; six lives lost.
Feb. 13. The Straithnaim collides
with the Edith Hough off Ushant ; all
perish.
Feb. 16-21. Blower Brown walks 553
miles in six days, and wins the long
distance championship of England.
Mar. 1. The Vingorla sinks off Bombay ;
66 lives lost.
Mar. 20. A train is derailed at Loft-
house, near Wakefield ; two deaths re-
sult.
June 24. London. The Victoria Docks,
enlarged and completed, are named the
Royal Albert Docks by the Duke and
Duchess of Connaught.
July 4. The Holborn Theater (Mirror)
is burned.
July 15. W. A colliery explosion oc-
curs at Riska ; 119 killed.
Aug. 11. A train is derailed near Wen-
nington Junction ; eight persons killed.
08G 1880, Aug. 11-1881, Aug. 11. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1880 * * S. Afr. War with the Basutos
(p. 602).
* * S. Afr. The Boers of the Transvaal,
recently declared a British colony, de-
mand independence, and proclaim the
country a republic ; war with England
follows.
1881 Feb. 8. S. Afr. The Boers defeat
Gen. Sir George P. Colley, in an attack
on Laing's Neck.
Feb. 27. S. Afr. The Boers defeat the
British under Gen. Colley at Majuba
Hill.
Gen. Colley and over 80 of his men are
killed, and many wounded ; loss of the
Boers, about 150. [Aug. 8. Peace is
concluded, the British ceding to the
Boers the Transvaal territory, which
becomes the South African Republic]
Apr. 26. The war-ship Doterel is de-
stroyed by an explosion in the Strait
of Magellan : 150 perish.
Apr. * Flogging in the army is abol-
ished.
June 15. The war-ship Polyphemus is
launched at Chatham. [Aug. 26, and
the Canada at Portsmouth ; Sept. 8,
the Conqueror at Chatham ; 1882, Mar.
18, the Edinburgh at Pembroke ; Mar.
21, the Colossus at Portsmouth.]
July 9. Queen Victoria reviews 52 ,000
volunteers at Windsor. [Aug. 25. She
reviews 40,000 volunteers at Edinburgh.]
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1880 Oct. 16. Scot. A statue of Rob-
ert Burns is unveiled at Dundee.
Oct. 28. London. The Topographical
Society is founded.
Nov. 6. London. The Princess Thea-
ter (rebuilt) is opened.
Nov. 8. London. The Temple Bar
Memorial is uncovered.
Nov. 28. Slight earthquake shocks oc-
cur at Inverary and other places.
* * London. A statue of the Prince of
Wales is unveiled on the Temple Bar
site ; also a statue of Queen Victoria.
* * London. The Balloon Society is
founded.
1881 Apr. 18-20. A National Fisher-
ies Exhibition is held at Norwich.
Apr. 27. A new school of art is opened
by the Earl of Derby at Manchester.
May * A statue of Prince Louis Napo-
leon Is placed in St. George's Chapel,
Windsor, the proposed placing it in
Westminster Abbey having been much
opposed.
June 14. Scot. B. L. Smith's Polar
expedition sails in the Eira.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1880 * * Barry, Edward M., architect, A50.
Cockburn, Sir Alexander J. E., jurist, A78.
Fortune, Robert, Scottish botanist, A67.
Kean, Ellen Tree, actor, A75.
Lewes, Mary A. E. (George Eliot), novel-
ist, A61.
Mackenzie, Robert Shelton, Irish journalist,
A71.
Miller, William H., phys., mineralogist, A79.
l'lanche, James R., dramatist, writer, A84.
Stanley, Arthur P., dean of Westminister,
author, A66.
Taylor, Tom, dramatist, A63.
•CHURCH.
1880 Sept. 7. Parliament : The Bur-
ial Act is passed. It permits any Chris-
tian service in a parish churchyard.
Sept. 28-Oct. 1. A Church Congress
is held at Leicester.
[1881, Oct. 4-10, at Newcastle-on-Tyne ;
1882, Oct. 3-6, at Derby ; 1883, Oct. 2, at
Reading; 1884, Sept. 30, at Carlisle;
1885, Oct. 6, at Portsmouth.]
Oct. 30. Edinburgh. St. Mary's Epis-
copal Cathedral is consecrated.
* * The Oxford Mission to Calcutta is
organized. Also the English Zenana
Missionary Society, and the Church of
England Book Society for the circula-
tion of sound Christian literature at
home and abroad.
* * Scot. The Soul-winning and Prayer
Union is formed. Also the Zenana Mis-
sion of the United Presbyterian Church
of Scotland.
* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng-
land) :
Douglas Mackenzie for Zululand, George
Evans Moule for Mid-China, C. Perry Scott
for North China, Enos Nuttall for Jamaica,
W. I., J. B. Pearson for Newcastle, Austra-
lia. [1881, G. F. Hose for Singapore, China;
1882, G. W. Kennion for Adelaide, Australia,
.1. M. Strachan for Rangoon, Ind., Ernest
Wilherforce for Newcastle, and Edward Sul-
livan for Algoma, Can.; 1883, Alfred Barry
for New South Wales, Sidney Linten for
Riverina, Australia, Randall T. Davidson
for Windsor, James R. A. Chinnery-Haldane
for Argyll, Richard Lewis for Llandaff, A. G.
Douglas for Aberdeen, C. A. Smythies for
Central Africa, Ernest G. Ingham for Sierra
Leone, Allan B. Webb for Grahamstown,
South Africa, Herbert Bree for Barbados,
and William J. Jackson for Antigua.]
* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho-
lic):
John Coadon for Mysore, Ind., Theophllus
Melizan for Jaffna, Ceylon, Michael Naugh-
ten for Roseau, and Arthur G. Riddell for
Northampton. [1881, Francis Pesci for Alla-
habad; 1882, Peter Caprotti for Hyderabad,
Ind., John Colgan, archbishop of Madras,
Ind., Robert Dunne, archbishop of Brisbane,
Australia, John E. Luck for Auckland, N. S.
W., John Virtue for Portsmouth, and Thomas
Carr, archbishop of Melbourne ; 1884, James
Moore for Ballarat, Australia.]
1881 Jan. 8. The Court of Arches
finally decides against Rev. John Baghot
de la Bere, who was deposed for dis-
obedience respecting ritualism.
Jan. 10. Memorials in favor of tolera-
tion of divergence in ritualistic prac-
tises are presented to the archbishop of
Canterbury from Dr. Church and other
clergymen. [Jan. 31. Counter memori-
als, opposing toleration of unscriptural
practises, are presented to the arch-
bishop of Canterbury, by bishops Parry,
Ryan, and others.]
Apr. 7. The House of Lords dismisses
Rev. A. H. Mackonochie's appeal; it
affirms the sentence of three years' sus-
pension for ritualistic practises. [Dec. 1.
He resigns the living of St. Albans, Hol-
born.]
LETTERS.
1880 Sept. 4. The Technical College,
Newcastle, is inaugurated.
Sept. 30. The Wordsworth Society
is formed at Grasmere, Westmoreland.
Oct. 28. London. The Topographical
Society is inaugurated.
Oct. * The university college at Liver-
pool is founded.
* * London. The Ascham Society is
formed.
* * Women are first admitted to de-
grees in the University of London and
the University College.
* * Dublin. The Queen's University is
dissolved into the Royal University of
Ireland.
* * The Modern Review is issued ; also The
Lady's Pictorial and Antiquary Maga-
zine.
* * History of Our Own Times, by Justin
McCarthy, appears. [1882, Epoch of He-
form ; 1884, History of the Four Georges.]
* * Japan, by Sir Edward J. Reed, appears.
* * Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, by Isabella
Bird, appears.
* * The Crayfish, by Huxley, appears.
[1881, Science and Culture.}
* * The Prince's Quest, by William Wat-
son, appears.
* * Ire. Poems, by Sir Samuel Ferguson,
appears.
* * Ballads in Blue China, by Andrew
Lang, appears. [1885, Rhymes A la Mode.]
* * Moths and Ariadne, by Ouida, appear.
[1883, Wanda; 1884, Princess Napraxine.}
* * Endymion, by Benjamin Disraeli, Earl
of Beaconsfield, appears.
* * Ire. Young Ireland : a Fragment of
Irish History, 1840-50, by Sir Charles
Gavan Duffy, appears. [1883, Four Years
of Irish History, 1845-49.]
* * Primer of French Literature, by E. B.
Saintsbury, appears. [1882, A Short His-
tory of French Literature; 1887, History
of Elizabethan Literature.]
* * Elements of English Prosody, Notes on
Samuel Prout and William Hunt, and
Arrows of the Chace, by Ruskin, appear.
[1881, The Lord's Prayer and the Church,
and Our Fathers Have Told Vs.]
1881 June 1. Selwyn College, Cam-
bridge, is founded. [1882 Oct. 10.
Opened.]
June 30. The University free public li-
brary and free natural history museum,
Nottingham, are opened by Prince
Leopold, Duke of Albany.
July* London. The Evening News is
issued.
July* Dublin. The United Ireland is
issued.
SOCIETY.
1880 Aug. 11. Ire. About 40 cases of
arms are stolen from the Norwegian
vessel Juno, at Cork. [Some of the se-
creted arms are recovered.]
Aug. 15-18. Ire. Rioting occurs at
Dungannon and Belfast.
Sept. 12, 13. A packet of dynamite is
placed on the rails of the L. and N. W.
Railway, between Bushey and Watford.
Sept.* London. The Temperance Hos-
pital, Hampstead Road, is founded.
Sept. 25. Ire. Lord Mountmorres is
shot at Ruthven, Gal way.
Sept. * -Oct. * Ire. Boycotting is ad-
vocated by Parnell and others.
Oct. 7. Dublin. The lord-lieutenant re-
ceives 105 landowners and agents who
plead for protection from terrorists in
the south and west of Ireland.
Oct. 16. Ire. Agrarian outrages:
John Downing, a driver, is killed near
Drimoleague, Cork, by a shot intended
for his employer, Samuel Hutchings.
Oct. 26, 27. Ire. Timothy L. Healy,
Mr. Parnell's secretary, and Mr. Walsh
are arrested for intimidating Mr. Man-
ning.
Nov. 3±. Mr. Parnell and others are ar-
rested for intimidation to prevent the
payment of rents.
Nov. 11, 12. Ire. Capt. Boycott of
Lough Mask farm, near Ballinrobe,
Mayo, a rackrenting landlord, is be-
sieged by his tenants ; his laborers are
intimidated, and his» tradesmen refuse
him supplies. [His crops are gathered
by immigrants under the protection of
the military.]
Nov. 12. Henry Wheeler, a land agent,
is murdered.
Nov. 27. H. L. It is decided that the
husband is not responsible for his wife's
debts if he allow sufficient for dress and
necessary expenses.
AND IRELAND. 1880, Aug. 11-1881, Aug. 11. 987
Nov. * The Irish Property Defense
Association is formed by landlords.
Dec. 14. The Sanitary Assurance As-
sociation is formed.
Dee. * Ire. W. Bence Jones of Ballinas-
corthy is boycotted.
Dec. * Dublin. Judges Fitzgerald, Barry,
and Dowze deliver alarming charges
on the state of the country.
* * Ire. An Irish state Lottery is drawn.
* * Estimated cost of intoxicating liq-
uors per capita, $17.58.
* * Liberal collections are made for suf-
ferers by the loss of relatives in the Tay
Bridge disaster.
* * Number of persons convicted of crime
in England and Wales, 11,214. [1881,
11,353; 1882, 11,699; 1883, 11,347; 1884,
11,134 : 1885, 10,500.]
±* * Titles created :
Earls of Sondes, Lovelace, and Lytton,
and Barons Trevor, Donington, Lamington,
Shute, Haldon, Watson, Ardilaun, and Bra-
bourne. [1881. Barons Tweedmouth, Hotb-
fleld, Derwent, Tweeddale, Howth, Reay,
and Ampthill; 1882. Earl Selbourne and
Baron Alcester; 1884, Viscount of Hampden,
and Barons Monk Bretton, Northburne, De
Vesci, Tennyson, Sudley, Herries, and
Strathspey; 1885, Marquis of Breadalbane,
Earl of Iddesleigh, Viscounts of Oxenburg
and Wolseley, and Barons Hobhouse, Monks-
well, Lingen, Northington, Elphinstone,
Montagu of Bealieu, Povverscourt, Revel-
stoke, Rothschild, Colville of Oulross, Dera-
more, fisher, Wantage, Halsbury, Ashbourne,
and St. Oswald.]
1881 Jan. 12-Feb. 21. About 40,000
miners strike.
Jan. * There are 439 agrarian outrages
reported. [Feb.* 170 more ; Mar.* 146 ;
Apr.* 293.]
Feb. 3, 4. Ire. Michael Davitt is ar-
rested, and committed to prison.
Mar. 10. Dublin. Many agitators are
arrested, and 23 lodged in the Kilmain-
ham jail.
London. The Municipal Reform
League is founded.
Mar. 16. London. An unsuccessful at-
tempt is made to blow up part of Man-
sion House ; a box containing 40 pounds
of gunpowder is found in a window.
[1882. May 12. Another attempt is
made.]
Mar. * Ire. The Clan-Na-Gael Secret
Society is formed to replace that of
the Fenians.
May 1. Ire. Outrages and cruelties are
perpetrated ; Dublin city is proclaimed.
May 2. John Dillon, M. P., a Land
Leaguer, is arrested.
May 24. Prince Leopold George is
created Baron Arklow, Earl of Clarence,
and Duke of Albany.
June 2. Ire. Eviction riots occur at
Scariff , County Clare ; some persons are
killed and many injured.
June 5, 6, 7. Ire. Much rioting occurs
in the County of Cork.
June 9. The centenary of George Ste-
phenson's birth is celebrated in many
places.
June 10. Two Fenians are convicted
of plotting to blow up the town hall,
Liverpool. [Aug. 2. James McGrath is
sentenced to penal servitude for life and
James McKnivett to 15 years' imprison-
ment.]
July * Infernal machines are discov-
ered in steamers Malta and Bavaria at
Liverpool.
July * The South African Association
is established.
Aug. 1 . London. An International
Pharmaceutical Congress, with an
exhibition, is opened.
STATE.
1880 Aug. 26-27. H. C. Irish af-
fairs are discussed continuously for 21
hours.
Sept. 7. Parliament : The Employers'
Liability Act and the Wild Birds'
Protection Act are passed.
Nov. 26. Lord Coleridge is made lord
chief justice.
* *Census taken ; population of the
United Kingdom, 34,468,000.
* * The receiving of postage stamps in
savings-banks in lieu of small sums is
generally adopted.
* * The Patriotic Association is formed :
it aims to aid in upholding the honor and
interest of the British Empire.
1881 Jan. 6. Parliament meets.
Jan. 14. H. C. Mr. Parnell's Irish
Amendment to the address is defeated
after a debate of eight days. Vote, 57-
435.
Jan. 20. H. C. Mr. Dawson's and Mr.
O'Kelly's Irish Amendments are re-
jected. Vote, 36-274 and 34-178.
Jan. 24. H. C. Mr. Forster introduces
his bill for the Protection of Life and
Property (Coercion Bill) in Ireland.
Jan. 26. H. C. Mr. Gladstone's motion
for urgency for the Irish Coercion Bill
is carried after an all-night sitting.
Vote, 251-33.
Feb. 2. H. C. Debate on the first read-
ing of Mr. Forster's Irish Coercion Bill
is summarily closed by the Speaker, in vi-
olation of the rules, after the House has
been sitting continuously since Jan. 31.
Feb. 3. H. C. On the motion of Mr.
Gladstone, 36 Irish members (Mr. Par-
nell and his followers) are suspended
for the sitting for disregarding the au-
thority of the chair.
Feb. 9. H. C. New ruleB of debate
authorizing closure bv the chair are laid
on the table by the Speaker. [Feb. 21.
New closure rules are modified and
adopted.]
Feb. 25. H. C. The Irish Coercion
Bill is read a third time, and passed.
Vote, 281-36. [Mar. 2. Passes the Lords.
Mar. 3. Receives royal assent.]
Feb. * A manifesto is issued by Mr. Par-
nell, and a counter one by Mr. Shaw.
Mar. 1. H. C. The Irish Peace Preser-
vation Bill (Arms Bill) is introduced.
[Mar. 11. Passed. Mar. 18. Passes Lords.
Mar. 21. Receives royal assent.]
Mar. 14. H. C. A motion by Mr. Glad-
stone for urgency with the supplies is
lost. Vote, 212-296.
Mar. 26. The Irish National Land
League of Great Britain is formed, with
Justin McCarthy as president.
Mar. 29. H. C. Ashton W. Dilke's mo-
tion for the adoption of the decimal
system is defeated. Vote, 108-28.
Apr. 7. H. C. The Irish Land Bill is
introduced in the Commons by Mr.
Gladstone.
Apr. 9. Mr. Bradlaugh is reelected
M. P. for Northampton.
Apr. 26. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh's offer
to take oath is refused, and he is forcibly
expelled. [May 10. He is again forcibly
ejected.]
Apr. * The Duke of Argyll resigns as
lord privy seal, and is succeeded by Lord
Carlingford.
May 1. Dublin. The city is proclaimed
under the Coercion Act.
May 5. Parliament: The Irish party is
divided on the Land Bill ; Mr. Parnell
opposes it.
May 20. H. C. The Irish Land Bill
is read a second time. Vote, 352-176.
June 1. Penny postage stamps begin
to be used for receipt stamps.
June 22. H. C. A motion by Mr. Pease
to abolish punishment by death is de-
feated. Vote, 175-79.
June 27. Five judges decide that parents
must pay school fees in advance or ask
pecuniary aid, and that non-payment
must be taken as non-attendance.
July 5. Parliament: The New Parlia-
mentary Oath's Bill is discharged.
July 29. H. C. The Irish Land Bill is
read the third time. Vote, 220-14. [Aug.
3. The second time in the Lords. Aug.
8. The third time in the Lords with
amendments.]
Aug. 3. A treaty is signed with the
Transvaal, recognizing the indepen-
dence of that country, subject to suze-
rainty of the queen.
H. C. Police prevent Mr. Brad-
laugh from entering. The House rejects
a motion to rescind the resolution of
May 10. Vote, 191-7.
Aug. 11. H. C. Some of the Lords'
amendments to the Irish Land Bill are
rejected. [Aug. 12-15. The differences
between Lords and Commons are ad-
justed by compromise. Aug. 23. The
bill becomes law.]
It establishes a court of commission to
fix fair rents in Ireland on application
of tenants, rents fixed to hold for 15
years.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1880 Sept. 8. A colliery explosion
near Durham causes 164 deaths.
Dec. 10. W. An explosion occurs at
Pen-y-grage colliery ; 100 persons killed.
* * Dublin. The Hawkins Street Theater
is burned.
* * The Duke of Westminster's Bend Or
wins the Derby. [1881, Mr. Lorillard's
Iroquois wins ; 1882, Duke of Westmin-
ster's Shotover; 1883, SirF. Johnstone's
■St. Blaise ; 1884, J. Hammond's St. Ga-
tien; and Sir J. Willoughby's Har-
vester.]
1881 June 2. London. An Interna-
tional Woolen Exhibition is held at the
Crystal Palace, Sydenham ; opened by
the Duke of Connaught.
June * The Dover and Deal Railway is
opened.
June * Ire. The census report shows
a decrease of one-ninth in the popula-
tion in 10 years.
July 16+ . London. An International
Sanitary Exhibition is held at Royal
Albert Hall.
July 20. A storm sinks 10 fishing-boats
off the Shetland Isles ; 48 lives lost.
July 26. Scot. The new dock at Leith
is opened by the Duke of Edinburgh.
$88 1881, Aug. 22-1882, July 15. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1882 June * -Sept. 14. Egypt. War
with Arabi Pasha.
Arabi Pasha heads a revolt against
foreign interference in Egyptian affairs,
England and other European powers
having taken control in the regulation
of the Egyptian public debt ; riots break
out in Alexandria, and Europeans are
massacred in the streets (p. 658).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1881 Aug. 24. London. An Interna-
tional Horticultural Exhibition is
opened.
Aug. 26-85 Jan.* Schseberle's
comet is visible to the naked eye.
Aug. 31. The British Association sits
at York. [1882, Aug. 23, at Southampton ;
1883, Sept. 19, at Southport ; 1884, at
Montreal ; 1885, Sept. 9, at Aberdeen.]
Oct. 3. The Social Science Association
meets at Dublin. [1882, Sept. 20, at Not-
tigham ; 1883, Oct. 3, at Huddersfleld ;
1884, Sept. 17, at Birmingham.]
■Oct. 4. Denning's comet appears.
Oct. 10. London. The Savoy Theater
is opened.
Oct. 10-19. A violent hurricane causes
great destruction of life and property ;
houses are demolished, and trees torn up
by the roots ; 130 wrecks. [Nov. 26, 27.
Gales cause great destruction of life and
property. Dec. 17-21. More gales.]
* * The Otto bicycle is first patented.
* *A statue of Thomas Clarkson, the
antislavery advocate, is unveiled at
Wisbech, Cambridge.
* * Telephotography is invented by
Shelford Bidwell ; images of objects are
reproduced at a distance by means of
electricity and selenium.
* * E. J. Muybridge takes instantaneous
photographs of animals in rapid mo-
tion.
* * Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta, Pa-
tience, appears.
* * The Ruskin Museum of Art, Shef-
field, is founded by John Buskin. [1882,
Feb. * The Buskin Society is formed.]
* * London. The Chemical Industry
Society is founded.
1882 Jan. 6. A destructive gale visits
England and Scotland. [Jan. 26-28, and
Apr. 20. More gales.J
Feb. 20. London. The Society for
Psychical Research is formed.
Feb. 25-June 3. London. An Inter-
national Electrical Exhibition is held
at the Crystal Palace.
Mar. 4. The first electric tramway
cars are run at Leytonstone, Essex.
Mar. 17. Capt. Abney photographs a
disk in rapid motion by the electric
spark.
Apr. 12. London. The new Abbey
Gardens at Westminster are opened.
May 5. London. A series of perform-
ances of Wagner's Ring des Nibelungen,
in four parts (Bheingold, Walkiire, Sieg-
fried, and Gotterdammerung), are given.
May 11. The British circumpolar ex-
pedition departs.
May 29. The Abbey Park, Leicester,
is opened by the Prince of Wales.
June 10. Mr. Simmons ascends in a
balloon, and goes from Maldon, Essex
County, to Arras, France, 140 miles, in
one hour and 20 minutes.
June 17. London. A statue of Bow-
land Hill at the Boyal Exchange is un-
veiled by the Prince of Wales.
June 22. The Hope sails in search of
the Eira in polar regions.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1881 * * Borrow, George, wr., traveler, A78.
Beaconsfleld, Earl of, Benjamin Disraeli,
statesman, author, A76.
Burton, John B., historian, Scotland, A72.
Carlyle, Thomas, hist., uhil., au., Scot., A86.
Gould, John, naturalist, A77.
McBale, John, archbishop of Tuain, scholar,
author, Ireland, A 90.
Starley, James, inventor of bicycles, dies.
Street, George E., architect, A57.
CHURCH.
1881 Sept. 6±. London. An Ecumen-
ical Methodist Conference is held at
City Boad Chapel ; 400 delegates, minis-
ters and laymen from all parts of the
world, represent nearly 4,000,000 others.
Oct. 6. London. The American Evan-
gelists, Moody and Sankey, arrive.
Oct. 19. Ire. Archbishop Croke censures
the Land League for ordering the non-
payment of rent. [Oct. 30. Archbishop
M'Cabe's pastoral against the Land
League manifesto is read in the churches
of Dublin.]
Oct. 25. The Evangelical Alliance
meets at Liverpool.
[1883, Oct. 16, at Norwich ; 1884, Aug.
30, at Copenhagen ; Oct. 28, at Brighton ;
1885, Oct. 7, at Glasgow; 1886, Sept. 21,
at Byde ; 1888, Sept. 25, at Plymouth.]
Nov. * The principal entrance to West-
minster Abbey, after designs by Gil-
bert Scott, is repaired at a cost of
£20,000.
1882 Mar. 27. Dublin. Archbishop
McCabe is created a cardinal priest.
June 3. London. St. Paul's principal
bell, the Great Bell, is dedicated.
June * The Catholic League is formed
(Church of England).
LETTERS.
1881 Oct. 28. London. The Browning
Society is founded.
Nov. * Scot. A mining library and
£1,000 are bequeathed to the University
of Glasgow by Mr. Macdonald, M.P.
* * London. Knowledge is issued ; also
the People, and the Hellenic Society Jour-
nal.
* * London. The Examiner suspends.
* * Legible Shorthand, by Pocknell, ap-
pears.
* * Reminiscences of Carlyle, by Froude,
appears. [1882, Life of Thomas Carlyle.]
* * Progress : its Law and Course, by Her-
bert Spencer, appears. [1882, The Phi-
losophy of Style; 1884, The Man versus
the State, and The Coming Slavery ;
1887, The Factors of Organic' Evolution.]
* * Aspects of Poetry, by John Campbell
Shairp, appears.
* * Movement in Plants, by Darwin, ap-
pears.
* * Essays on the Floating Matter of the
Air in Relation to Putrefaction and In-
fection, by John Tyndall, appears.
[1882, Free Molecules and Radiant Heat.]
* * Savonarola, by Alfred Austin, ap-
pears.
* * Poems, by Oscar Wilde, appears. [1882
Vera; 1888, The Happy Prince, and
other Tales.]
* * That Reautiful Wretch, by William
Black, appears.
1882 Jan. 14. The University Col-
lege, Liverpool, is inaugurated by the
Earl of Derby.
Mar. 31. London. The foundation is
laid of the City of London College
near Moorgate Street.
SOCIETY.
1881 Sept. * About 2,000 French and
Belgian singers and musicians meet
at Brighton.
Sept. 8. London. The National League
for the unification and consolidation of
the empire meets at Westminster.
Sept. 17-19. Delegates from the Land
League meet, and declare for the aboli-
tion of landlordism; the Land Act is
denounced ; Mr. Parnell attends.
Sept. 21-27. The court and the whole
country are in mourning for the mur-
dered President Garfield, U. S. A.
Sept. * Ire. Boycotting increases ; shop-
keepers suffer.
Sept. * Bad weather prevails ; poor har-
vest and much depression follow.
Oct._ 13. Dublin. Mr. Parnell is im-
prisoned in Kilmainham jail for incit-
ing to intimidation and non-payment of
rent.
Oct. 14-16. Ire. Sexton, O'Kelley, J.
P. Quinn, Dillon, O'Brien, and other
agitators are arrested.
Oct. 15-18. Ire. Riots in Dublin and
Limerick are suppressed ; more arrests
are made.
Oct. 18. Ire. The Land League issues
a manifesto denouncing the Government,
and ordering a strike against the pay-
ment of rents. [Oct. 20±. Dublin and
Limerick are quiet.]
Oct. 23. London. About 40,000 persons
meet in Hyde Park to protest against
the arrest of Mr. Parnell and others ;
Mr. O'Donnell is chief speaker.
Oct. 30. Ire. The Land League hav-
ing been proclaimed by the Government,
the leaders declare for passive resist-
ance.
Nov. * Important decisions in favor of
tenants are made by sub-commissioners
at Belfast.
Nov. 8. Dublin. A Home-Rule meet-
ing is held.
Nov. 12. Ire. Above 40,000 applications
to the land courts are entered.
Nov. 25 ±. A strike occurs in the pot-
teries ; 70 firms and 30,000 men are con-
cerned.
Nov. 30. Ire. A strike against the pay-
ment of rent in Limerick, and evictions,
is ordered.
Nov. * Ire. Murders and outrages con-
tinue.
Nov. * Dublin. A secret society, called
the Irish Invincibles, is established.
Dec. 20±. Ire. An association to sup-
port the Land Law is organized.
Dec. * Ire. Great increase of crime in
Munster is reported.
* * An association for the encouragement
of woolen manufactures is founded
by the Countess of Bective and others.
* * Ire. Number of agrarian outrages
reported, 4,439.
1882 Jan. 2. Ire. Several lady Land
Leaguers are arrested.
Jan. 16. London. The Land National-
ization Society is formed at Westmin-
ster.
Jan. 28. Ire. About forty suspects are
arrested. [Apr. 1. Increased to 511.]
Feb. 1. London. A great meeting at tho
Mansion House denounces the cruelty
to Jews in Bussia as an offense to civi-
lization. [May 19. For their benefit
£72,000 is raised.]
Feb. 2-June 9. Iron-workers strike at
Hopton and Darlington.
AND IRELAND. 1881, Aug. 22-1882, July 15. 98£
Feb. 25. Dublin. Bailey, an informer
against the Land League, is murdered.
[Feb.*-Mar.* Ire. Many murders are
committed.]
Mar. 2. London. Robert McLean, aged
27, shoots at the queen in the Great
Western Railway Station.
Apr. 10. Dublin. Mr. Parnell is re-
leased on parole for 10 days. [May 5.
Also Michael Davitt.]
Apr. 19. A riot occurs»among miners at
Wrexham.
Apr. 19-Sept. * Scot. No-rent riots
occur in Skye.
Apr. 21. The income granted to Prince
Leopold George is increased £10,000.
Apr. 27. Prince Leopold George
marries Princess Helene, fourth daugh-
ter of the Prince of Waldeck-Pyrmont.
Apr. * Committees are formed at Berlin
and Dublin to receive money to help the
emigration of persecuted Jews from
Russia.
May 6. Dublin. Phcenix Park mur-
ders : Lord Frederick Cavendish, new
chief secretary, and T. H. Burke, under-
secretary, are stabbed by four men.
[W. E. Forster, secretary for Ireland,
was the intended victim. May 12. Many
persons arrested.] (See State.)
June 8. Ire. Walter Bourke and Cor-
poral Wallace, his escort, are shot dead
by five men near Gort, Galway.
June 17. London. Arms and ammu-
nition are seized in St. John Street
Road, Clerkenwell ; Thomas Walsh is
arrested. [July 17. Committed for trial.
Aug. 9. Sentenced to seven years penal
servitude.]
June 29. Ire. John Henry Blake, agent
to the Marquis of Clanricarde, and his
steward, Mr. Kane, are shot near
Loughrea.
July 4. Ire. Twenty-two persons are
arrested at Loughrea.
STATE.
1881 Aug. 27. Parliament: The Ve-
terinary Surgeon's Act and the News-
paper Libel Act are passed.
Parliament is prorogued.
Oct. 20. Ire. The Irish National Land
League is suppressed by proclamation
of the lord-lieutenant.
The Irish Land Commission Court
meets for the first time.
Dec. * Mr. Shaw, being opposed to the
Parnellites, secedes from the party.
Dec. 13. A defense of Property in Ire-
land Fund is established to uphold the
rights of property against organized
combination, to defend and to sustain
freedom of contract and liberty of ac-
tion.
Dec. 27. A proclamation is issued
against the possession of arms in Dublin.
Dec. 30. Ire. Five special magistrates
are appointed with extra powers in dis-
turbed districts.
Dec. * John R. Davison is appointed
judge-advocate-general.
* * H. C. The Commons by 42 majority
approves of local option in granting
liquor-licenses.
* * Parliament: The Welsh Sunday
Liquor Closing Act is passed.
* * Sir Nathaniel Lindley is made lord
justice.
* * Ire. Hugh Law is made lord chan-
cellor.
* * Lcndon. John Whittaker Ellis is
elected lord mayor.
1882 Jan. 15. A daughter is born to
Prince Arthur ; she is named Margaret.
Feb. 7. Parliament meets ; Mr. Brad-
laugh is again denied his seat in the
Commons. Vote, 286-228.
Feb. 13. H. C. Mr. Gladstone proposes
new rules of procedure, including clo-
ture and delegation of business.
Feb. 21. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh re-
Eeats the words of the oath, and takes
is seat in the Commons, but withdraws
when ordered. [Feb. 28. He is ex-
pelled. Vote, 297-80.]
Feb. 22. Ire. Michael Davitt is
elected M. P. for the County of Meath.
[Feb. 28. H. C. His election is an-
nulled on the ground of his being a
convict.]
Feb. 27. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro-
duces a resolution censuring the
Lords' appointment of a committee to
inquire into the working of the Irish
Land Act. [Mar. 10. Carried. Vote,
303-225.]
Mar. 2. Mr. Bradlaugh is reelected
for Northampton. [Mar. 6. The Com-
mons reaffirms the resolution of Feb.
7 against him. Vote, 286-228.]
Mar. * H. L. The committee sit on the
Irish Land Act.
Mar. 27. H. C. Mr. Forster admits that
the Government policy in Ireland has
failed ; he blames the influence of se-
cret societies.
Mar. 31. H. C. Mr. Marriott's amend-
ment to Mr. Gladstone's New Rule is
rejected. Vote, 318-279.
Apr. 4. Scot. A Home-Pule move-
ment is started for Scotland.
The Scotch burgh convention at Edin-
burgh proposes a representative body to
legislate for Scotland, subject to the ap-
proval of Parliament.
May 2. H. L. It is announced that
Lord Cowper has resigned the lord-
lieutenantcy of Ireland, and that Earl
Spencer is his successor ; the resigna-
tion of Mr. Forster as chief secretary
for Ireland is announced in the Com-
mons.
Ire. Mr. Parnell and other Irish
Home Rule M.P.'s are released from
Kilmainham jail, where they have been
imprisoned as suspects under the Coer-
cion Law.
Their release is said to be the result
of an understanding with the Govern-
ment that Mr. Parnell will use his influ-
ence to aid in the " restoration of law
and order " in Ireland ; this alleged
agreement is popularly termed the
Treaty of Kilmainham.
May 5. Michael Davitt is released
from prison.
May 6. Dublin. Lord Frederick
Cavendish arrives as new chief secre-
tary for Ireland. [May 6. Assassi-
nated.] See Society.
May 9. George O. Trevelyan is ap-
pointed chief secretary for Ireland.
Dublin. A reward of £10,000 is
offered for the discovery of the mur-
derers of Lord Cavendish and Mr. Burke.
May 11. H. C. Sir W. V. Harcourt in-
troduces a bill for the prevention of
crime' in Ireland (Coercion Bill).
It proposes a new tribunal of three
judges without jury; it increases the
powers of police, and revises the Alien
Act. [May 20. Read the second time.
Vote, 383-45.]
May 24. H. C. The Arrears of Bent
Bill for Ireland is read a second time.
Vote, 269-157.
July 1. H. C. After an all-night sit-
ting on the Prevention of Crimes Bill , 25
Irish members are suspended — first
16 and subsequently nine. Vote, 126-27
and 128-7.
July 3. H. C. Frank H. O'Donnell,
Irish member, is suspended for 14 days.
Vote, 181-33; the Irish Home-Bule
members withdraw from the House,
declining to take further part in the
Prevention of Crimes Bill debate.
July 5. Newcastle receives a city
charter.
July 7. H. C. The Government is de-
feated on an amendment to the Pre-
vention of Crimes Bill, which restricts
police searches of houses at night.
Vote, 207-194. [July 8. The bill passes.
July 11. Passes the Lords. July 12.
Receives royal assent.]
July 13. Ire. Seventeen counties are
proclaimed.
July 15.+ John Bright resigns as
chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
[July 25. Succeeded by the Earl of
Kimberley. Dec. 28. By John George
Dodson, Lord Monk Bretton.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1881 Aug. 22±. The new Atlantic
Cable is laid by the Faraday.
Aug. 30. The mail-steamer Teuton
founders near Cape of Good Hope ;
about two hundred lives lost.
Sept. 10. London. The Royal Alex-
ander Theater, Park Street, is burned.
Oct. 8. The new Langton dock at
Liverpool, named Alexandra, is opened
by the Prince and Princess of Wales.
Oct. 19. The Great Eastern is offered
for sale for £30,000; not sold.
Oct. 21. The steamer Clan Macduff
founders off the Irish coast; 32 lives
lost.
Nov. 6. A railway collision at Desford,
near Leicester, causes loss of five lives.
[Nov. 25. Another at Tayport, Fife ;
four lives lost.]
Nov. 27. The lighthouse, Calf Rock, in
Bantry Bay, is destroyed.
Dec. 10. Three trains collide in High-
bury Tunnel, near Canonbury ; five per-
sons are killed.
Dec. 13. The new Corn Exchange,
built by the Duke of Norfolk at Shef-
field, is opened ; cost, £55,000.
Dec. 24. An express-train runs into a
freight-train at Slough ; 12 persons
killed.
1882 Jan. 26. The Servia sails from
America to Liverpool (longest route) in
seven days, eight hours, and 15 minutes.
Jan. 28. Trains collide near Old Ford
station ; six persons killed.
Feb. 4. The steamer Bahama founders
between Porto Rico and New York ; 20
lives lost.
Feb. 16. A colliery explosion occurs
at Triondon Grange, Durham ; 60 or 70
lives lost.
Feb. 18. London. Jumbo, the large
African elephant, six tons weight, is
bought by P. T. Barnum, from the Zoo-
logical Society, Regent's Park.
Feb. 28. The steamer Livadia is sunk
off Yarmouth ; 23 lives lost.
Feb. * The steamer Kosmos sinks off
Kilia ; 21 of the crew perish.
May 18. The new Eddystone light-
house is opened.
May 31- June 6. The mail-steamer
Alaska crosses the Atlantic in six days-
and 22 hours.
990 1882, July 21-1883, Oct.* GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1883 Jan. 1. Lord Napier of Magdala
is made field-marshal.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1882 July* Henry Leslie's musical
choir is reorganized.
Aug. 15. Dublin. A statue of Daniel
O'Connell is unveiled.
Aug. 22-24. Violent gales do much
damage.
Sept. 17. A new comet is observed at
Ealing.
Sept. 26. The Sanitary Institute of
Great Britain Congress meets at New-
castle.
Sept. * Edinburgh. The Academy of
Music for Scotland is founded.
Oct. 20. The Fine Art and Industrial
Exhibition is opened at Manchester.
Oct. 25. J. E. H. Gordon's great dy-
namo machine is exhibited at Wool-
wich.
Oct. * A statue of Thomas Carlyle on
the Thames embankment, Chelsea, is
unveiled.
Dec. 13. London. An International
Electrical and Gaslight Exhibition,
at the Crystal Palace, is opened.
* * John Jones bequeaths an art collec-
tion to the South Kensington Museum ;
estimated value, £500,000.
* * Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta, lolan-
thex appears.
1883 Jan. 10. Violent gales do much
damage. [Mar. 6. More gales : also
Sept. 26 and Dec. 12.]
Jan. 18. London. The Prince's The-
ater, Coventry Street, is opened.
Mar. 10. Electric tram-cars are first
run from Kew to Hammersmith.
Mar. 14. London. An Electrical Ex-
hibition is opened at Westminster
Aquarium.
Apr. 19. London. A statue of Beacons-
field is unveiled in Parliament Square.
May 7. London. The Royal College
of Music, Kensington, is opened by the
Prince of Wales.
July 5. Thomas Henry Huxley is
made president of the Royal Society.
July 16. The Royal Agricultural So-
ciety meets at York.
Aug. 13. A new Fine Art Gallery is
opened at Manchester.
Oct. 10. A monument surmounted by
a statue of Shakespeare, including stat-
ues of Shakespearean characters, exe-
cuted by Lord Ronald Gower, is set up
at Stratford-upon-Avon, and unveiled by
Lady Hodgson (the mayoress).
Oct. 17. Scot. The observatory erected
on Ben Nevis is opened.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1882 * * Darwin, Charles R., naturalist,
A73.
Miller, William, engraver, Scotland, A86.
Pusey, Edward Bouverie, clergyman, writer
(Puseyism), A82.
Robertson, James C, cl., eccl. historian, A69.
Rossetti, Dante G., painter, poet, A54.
Tait, Archibald Campbell, archbishop of
Canterbury, author, A71.
Thomson, James, poet, A48.
Trollope, Anthony, novelist, A67.
CHURCH.
1882 Nov. 5. London. An encyclical
letter of the Pope against heresy, so-
cialism, etc., is read in all the Roman
Catholic churches.
* * Ire. Andrew Higgins is consecrated
Roman Catholic bishop of Perry.
* * London. The Church Army is con-
stituted in imitation of the Salvation
Army.
1883 Jan. * The Prayer-Book Revis-
ion Society petition the archbishop of
Canterbury for changes.
Jan. * The Central Agency for Foreign
Missions, under the patronage of the
bishops (Church of England), is estab-
lished.
May 11. Ire. The Pope issues a circu-
lar forbidding the bishops to encourage
disaffection against the British Govern-
ment.
May 24. Edinburgh. St. Giles Church
is reopened.
July 4. London. The delegates to the
Pan-Presbyterian Council assemble
at Exeter Hall.
July * London. The East End Juvenile
Mission is established to reclaim desti-
tute children.
Aug. 13. London. The centenary of the
establishment of the New Jerusalem
(Swedenborg) Church is celebrated.
LETTERS.
1882 Sept. 5. The foundation is laid
by the Earl of Lathom of the Preston
Free Library.
Oct. 4. London. School of Dramatic
Art, Argyle Street, is opened.
Nov. * London. Longman's Magazine is
issued.
Dec. 5. Boys' Public Day School Com-
pany is formed.
Dec. 12. London. The new City of
London Schools, Victoria embank-
ment, are opened by the Prince of
Wales.
* * Scot. A new university is founded
at Dundee by Sir D. Baxter.
* * Dictionary of Political Quotations, by
Henry George Bonn, appears.
* * A New Arabian Nights and Familiar
Studies of Men and Books, by R. L. B.
Stevenson, appear. [1883, Treasure
Island and The Silverado Squatters;
1885, Prince Otto, The Dynamiter, More
New Arabian Nights, and A Child's Gar-
den of Verse.]
* * Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I., by
Samuel Rawson Gardiner, appears.
[1886, History of the Great Civil War.]
* * Shorthand, by J. M. Sloan, appears.
* * All Sorts and Conditions of Men, by
Walter Besant, appears. [1884, Dorothy
Foster: 1887, The World Went Very
Well Then.]
1883 Feb. 19. The Technical Col-
lege, Finsbury, is opened.
Mar. * London. The National Revieio is
issued.
Oct.* London. English Illustrated
Magazine is issued*.
SOCIETY.
1882 Aug. 2. Suspects in custody
number 170. [Aug. 18+. Fifty are re-
leased.]
Aug. 17, 18. Ire. John Joyce and his
wife, son, and daughter are shot by a
band of men near Maamtrasma, Galway,
for informing the police. [Nov. 15, 17, 18.
Patrick Joyce, Patrick Casey, and Myles
Joyce are convicted. (Dec. 15. All exe-
cuted.) Nov. 21. Michael Casey, Thomas
Joyce, John Casey, and Martin Joyce,
having confessed, their sentences are
commuted.]
Aug. 18. Parliament: The Married
"Women's Property Act is passed. It
makes their powers almost equal to
those of single women, and increases
their responsibilities in regard to debt,
etc.
Aug. 20. Ire. John Leahy, an aged
farmer of Scarteen, Killarney, is mur-
dered.
Aug. * Ire. Discontent and insubordi-
nation of the constabulary at Dublin,
Cork, and Limerick, are settled by firm-
ness and judicial concessions.
Sept. 1. Dublin. Several policemen are
dismissed for holding a public meeting ;
all the police in the city resign ; this
causes a riot which the military sup-
press. [Sept. 2. Special constables are
sworn in. Sept. 3. The police withdraw
their resignation. Sept. 6, 7. Two hun-
dred and eight are reinstated.]
Sept. 5. London. A National Tem-
perance Jubilee is held at the Crystal
Palace ; 50,000 people present.
Sept. 11. Ire. Francis Hynes is exe-
cuted at Limerick for murdering John
Doloughty. [Sept. 22. Also Patrick
Walsh at Galway for the murder of
Martin Lyden.]
Sept. 29. Ire. MichaeL-Walsh is con-
victed of the murder *i!f*Kavanagh, a
policeman.
Sept. * The Preston Guild Merchants'
Festival is celebrated at Preston.
Oct. 28. London. The sum of £108,759
is received to assist persecuted Jews
to emigrate from Russia.
Oct. * The National Smoke Abatement
Institution is founded.
Nov. 11. Dublin. Amurderousassault
is made on Justice Lawson by a returned
convict, Patrick Delaney.
Nov. * Ire. The Land Corporation is
dissolved.
Nov. 25. I)ublin. Amurderousassault
is made on detectives ; Cox is killed, and
his murderer, Dowling, severely
wounded.
Nov. 27. Dublin. Mr. Field, a juryman,
is stabbed. [Nov. 28. A reward of
£5,000 is offered for the apprehension of
the assassin ; the city is proclaimed un-
der martial law.]
Dec. 13, 16. Ire. Patrick and Thomas
Higgins are convicted of the murder of
Haddys at Lough Mask. [1883. Jan.
15, 17. Executed.]
Dec. 16. The Home for Ancient Mar-
iners is opened at Liverpool by the Duke
of Edinburgh.
Dec. 22. Ire. Michael Flynn is con-
victed of murder.
Sylvester Poff and James Barrett are
convicted of murder at Cork. [1883.
Jan. 23. Executed.]
* * Ire. Great distress prevails in Don-
egal in the northwest ; 3,433 agrarian
ontrages are reported in the year.
* * London. The Metropolitan Public
Garden, Boulevard, and Playground
Association is formed.
* * The Green and Blue Ribbon Armies
of temperance workers are prominent.
* * The nationalization of the land is
advocated by the Trade Union Congress.
* * The National Society of Professional
Musicians is founded.
* * London. An Intertiational Tem-
perance Conference is held.
1883 Jan. 15-21. Scot. A strike oc-
curs on the Caledonia Railway ; ended
by compromise.
Jan. 19-Feb. 17. Dublin. A plot to
assassinate the members of the Govern-
ment is discovered ; it is alleged that
the Irish Invincibles would carry it out.
AND IRELAND. 1882, July 21-1883, Oct.
991
Jan. 24. Ire. Michael Davitt, Thomas
Healy, and P. Quinn are bound over for
seditious speeches. [Feb. 6. They
elect to be imprisoned. Feb. 8. Impris-
oned. June 4. Released.]
Feb. 3. Ire. Eight men are charged
with complicity in the murder of Sir
Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke.
Feb. 7. Dublin. The Irish National
League meets.
Feb. 17. Dublin. James Carey, a sus-
pect of the Phoenix Park assassins,
confesses ; he accuses several persons,
and implicates the Land League, espe-
cially Thomas Brennan and P. J. Sher-
idan. A number are held for trial.
[Patrick Egan, treasurer of the Land
League, flees to Paris ; Frank Byrne
[and other prominent Land Leaguers
leave the city.]
Mar. 15. London. An attempt is made
to destroy the local Government office
by dynamite.
Mar. 22. A Royal Commission is ap-
pointed to inquire into the condition of
the crofters and cotters of Scotland.
Mar. 28. Twelve members of the Patri-
otic Brotherhood (established 1881) are
sentenced to penal servitude for con-
spiracy to murder landlords.
Apr. 3. London. Whitechapel mur-
ders : A woman named Smith is mur-
dered and mutilated. [Aug. 7. A woman
named Tabran is the victim. Aug. 31,
a woman named Nichols ; Sept. 7, a
woman named Chapman ; Sept. 30, two
women killed near Commercial Road
and Aldgate ; Nov. 9, one in Spitalfield.]
Apr. 10. London. The Egyptian Ref-
ugee Fund amounts to £21,000.
Apr. 11. Dublin. The Phoenix Park
murderers are tried. [Apr. 11-23. Jos-
seph Brady is convicted ; Apr. 16-18,
Patrick Delaney and Daniel Curley ;
Apr. 25-27, Michael Fagan ; May 2,
Thomas Caffrey ; May 7-9, Timothy
Kelly. May 14, Joseph Brady is exe-
cuted ; May 18, Daniel Curley ; May 28,
Michael Fagan ; June 2, Thomas Caffrey ;
June 9, Timothy Kelley.]
Apr. 17-18. An anti-Irish riot occurs
at Camborne, Cornwall ; a Roman Cath-
olic church is destroyed.
Apr. 23. The Order of the Royal Red
Cross for ladies who have served as war
nurses is instituted by the queen.
May 12. About 8,000 Staffordshire col-
liers strike. [Sept. 3. Ended.]
May * Dublin. A conspiracy of the
Vigilance murder organization is dis-
covered.
May * James FitzHarris, convicted of
conspiracy to murder, is sentenced to
penal servitude for life.
July 5-24. South Staffordshire iron-
workers unsuccessfully strike against
a reduction of wages.
July 29. S. Afr. James Carey, the
informer, is 'shot dead by Patrick
O'Donnell on board the Melrose Castle,
near Port Elizabeth. [O'Donnell is ar-
rested, taken to England, and tried.
Dec. 1. Convicted. Dec. 17. Executed.]
Sept. 14. The Trade Union Congress
disapproves of the nationalization of
land ; vote, 90-34.
Sept. * Ire. The National League in-
vades Ulster ; resisted by the Orange-
men, especially at Auchnacloy and Dun-
gannon.
Oct. * Fr. The center of Fenian organ-
ization is discovered at Paris ; Frederick
Allen is apprehended.
STATE.
1882 July 21. H. C. The Arrears of
Rent Bill passed. Vote, 285-177. [Aug.
10. It passes the Lords.]
It aims to relieve tenants who have
fallen greatly behind in rent because of
bad crops.
Aug. 18. Parliament: The Electric
Lighting Act is passed. Also, the Prison
Charities Act.
Sept. 2. The Irish Coercion Act ex-
pires, and all suspects are released.
Oct. 17. The Irish National League
is formed.
Oct. 24. Parliament meets.
Nov. 1-2. H. C. Mr. Gibbon's amend-
ment to carry cloture by two-thirds in-
stead of a bare majority is rejected.
Vote, 322-238.
Nov. 10-11. H. C. The cloture rule
is adopted. Vote, 304-260.
Nov. * The Irish Land Commission re-
port is issued. (See Feb. 27.)
Dec. 16. New ministers appointed : Ed-
ward, Earl of Derby (Colonies), the
Earl of Kimberley (India), the Mar-
quis of Hartington (War), Hugh C. E.
Childers (Chancellor).
Dec. * The Naval Intelligence Commit-
tee is formed.
* * London. Henry Edmond Knight is
elected lord mayor.
* * Sir Charles S. C. Bowen is made a
lord justice.
* * Parliament : The Settled Land Act
is passed, by which tenants for life ac-
quire power to sell or lease and use the
proceeds.
* * Parliament : An Act suppressing the
barbarous customs toward the bodies
of suicides is passed.
1883 Jan. 13. Arthur Frederick,
son of Prince Arthur, is bom.
Feb. 19-20. Parliament approves the
introduction of an affirmation bill.
Vote, 184-53. [May 3, 4. Bill rejected.
Vote, 292-289.]
Feb. 25. Alice Mary (first child) is born
to Prince Leopold.
Mar. * Scot. The Highland Land Law
Reform Association begyis to work.
Mar. 9. Earl Spencer resigns as lord
president of the Council, and is suc-
ceeded by Chichester S. Fortescue, Lord
Carlingford.
Apr. 4. H. C. R. T. Reid's bill to pro-
hibit vivisection is talked out.
Apr. 9. Parliament: The Grand
Committee hold their first meeting ;
Mr. Goschen is chairman.
Sir Edward Fry is made a lord
justice.
May 4. H. C. The Commons refuses to
permit Mr. Bradlaugh to take oath.
[July 9. It again excludes him. Vote,
232-65.]
July 31. H. C. Sir Stafford North-
cote's resolution against De Lesseps'
monopoly (Suez Canal) is negatived.
Vote, 284-185.
Aug. 3. Parliament : Loans amounting
to £4,600,000 for public works are au-
thorized.
H. C. The sergeant-at-arms arrests
Mr. Bradlaugh for attempting to enter
the House. [Dec. 7. He brings action
against sergeant-at-arms for arresting
him. 1884. Feb. 9. Verdict in favor of
the defendant.]
Aug. 20. Parliament: The City of Lon-
don Parochial Charities Act is passed.
Oct. 5. Ire. A meeting of the National
League at Funis is prohibited.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1882 Aug. 15. Dublin. The Exhibi-
tion of Irish Arts and Manufactures is
opened by Lord Mayor Dawson. [1883.
Jan. 6. Closes.]
Sept. 9. The iron ship Panoma foun-
ders off Yarmouth ; 20 perish.
Sept. 18. The steamer Arizona, for New
York, makes the passage in seven days,
eight hours, and 12 minutes. Return
passage in seven days, seven hours, and
48 minutes.
Sept. * The telegraph to Panama is com-
pleted.
Nov. 16. The Winton is wrecked off
Ushant ; 24 lives lost.
Nov. 18. London. The Strand Theater
(rebuilt) is opened.
Nov. 29. The St. George is lost off Port-
reath, Cornish coast ; 11 lives lost.
Dec. 7. London. The Alhambra, Leices-
ter Square, is burned.
Dec. 8-10. London. Fire consumes a
large block of buildings on Wood Street ;
loss, nearly £2,000,000; one life lost.
Dec. 13. The new Town Hall at Hove,
Brighton, is opened.
Dec. 15. The barque Lanqrigg Hall is
wrecked off Wexford ; 24 lives lost.
1883 Feb. 1. The steamer Kemmtrc
Castle is wrecked in Bay of Biscay ; 30
lives lost.
Mar. 6. Gales cause many wrecks in
the North Sea ; 382 lives lost.
Mar. 7. Nor. The Scotch steamer Na-
varre is sunk near Christiansand ; about
745 lives lost.
Mar. 17. The Dunstaffnage is wrecked
off Aberdeen ; 23 lives lost.
Mar. * The steamer Wykeham of Whitby
f ounders near Lisbon ; 22 persons are
drowned.
Apr. 24. The British Commerce is sunk
by collision with the County of Aberdeen,
off Selsea Bill ; 25 persons perish.
May 3. The Grappler burns near Bute
Inlet (Vancouver Island) ; about 70 lives
are lost.
May 29. Paris. The Suez Canal agree-
ment (approved by the British Govern-
ment Feb. 25) is ratified after a protest
by shareholders.
June 3. London. The National Health
Society opens an exhibition.
June 30. Edinburgh. The Theater Royal
is again burned.
July 3. Scot. The Daphne heels over
when launched ; 124 persons drowned.
Ire. An Industrial Exhibition
opens at Cork.
July 7. London. An Irish lace exhi-
bition opens at the Mansion House.
July 14. The new municipal buildings
and park at Dover are opened.
Sept. 1, 2. A gale causes 79 wrecks on
the coasts.
Ire. The police become disloyal.
992 1883, Nov. 3 -1885, June 24. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1883-84 The Sudanese War (p. 658).
An insurrection in the Sudan, begun
in 1881 under the leadership of Moham-
med Ahmed of Dongola (the Mahdi), de-
velops into a war against the Egyptian
Government with the object of expelling
foreigners, the Mahdi having proclaimed
himself a prophet with a mission to de-
liver Islam from external enemies.
June 24. Sir Patrick Grant is made
field-marshal.
Oct. * The Royal Military Tourna-
ment is organized, with the object of
developing in the army skill in the use
of arms.
1884 July 24. The Elcho Challenge
Shield is won by Ireland. [1885, July
23, by England ; 1886, July 22, by Ire-
land ; 1887, by England ; 1888, July 19,
by Ireland.]
Sept. 22. The gunboat Wasp is lost in
the China Sea ; 52 men perish.
Oct. 8. The iron-clad Rodney is
launched at Chatham. [1885. Mar. 31,
the corvette Mersey at Chatham ; June
15, the iron-clad Benbow at Blackwall ;
July 27, the Icarus at Davenport ; Sept.
29, the corvette Severn at Chatham, and
the gun-vessel Swallow at Sheerness ;
Nov. 24, The war-ship Camperdown at
Portsmouth.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1883 Nov. * -Dec. * Intensely red sun-
sets and afterglow, and very red sunrises,
are seen in England and other parts of
Great Britain. They are attributed to
the volcanic dust projected by the erup-
tions of Krakatua, E. I.
Dec. 3. London. The Alhambra (re-
built), Leicester Square, is reopened.
Dec. 17. The first exhibition of the
Institute of Painters in Oil Colors is
opened.
Dec. * Richard Newsham bequeaths his
art collection, worth £70,000, to Pres-
ton.
* * London. The Seal Society is founded.
1884 Jan. 23-27. Violent gales cause
destruction of life and property.
Apr. 14. London. The Empire The-
ater, formerly the Pandora, is opened.
Apr. 22. Earthquake shocks create
some damage in the eastern counties.
May 6. A new Museum of Classical
Art and Archeology is opened at Cam-
bridge.
May 9. A statue of the queen, by
Thomas Woolner, is uncovered at Bir-
mingham.
May 29. London. A cable tramway is
opened on Highgate Hill, the first in
Europe.
July 26. A statue of Burns is unveiled
on the Thames embankment.
Nov. 8. The Preston Park, Brighton,
is opened.
* * London. The Marine Biological Asso-
ciation is founded.
* * Sir Arthur Sullivan composes Princess
Ida. [1885, The Mikado.]
1885 Apr. 10. Dublin. The founda-
tion of the Museum of Science and
Art is laid.
June 9. London. A statue of Charles
Darwin, by J. E. Boehm, paid for by
universal subscription, is placed in the
British Museum ; uncovered by Prof.
Huxley.
June 18. An earthquake is felt in
Yorkshire.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1883 * * Bray, Anne E., novelist, A83.
Chambers, William, editor, wr., Scot., A83.
Collier, John P., Shakespearean critic, com-
mentator, A94.
Farr, William, statistician, A76.
Inman, George, yacht builder, dies.
Moffat, Robert, Scotch-Afr. missionary, A88.
Sabine, Edward, astronomer, A95.
1884 * * Bonn, Henry George, publisher, A89.
Buceleuch, Duke of, Walter F. M. D. Scott,
Scotch statesman, A78.
Cowley, Earl, Henry Richard Charles
Wellesley, diplomatist, A80.
Hayward, Abraham, author, A82.
Home, Richard H., author, A81.
Hiilla.li, John P., musical composer, A71.
Leopold Charles E., second Duke of Albany,
born.
Leopold George Duncan Albert, duke of Al-
bany, son of Victoria, A 31.
Reade. Charles, novelist, A70.
Sullivan, Alexander M., Irish journalist, ora-
tor, statesman, historian, A54.
Smith, Robert Angus, chemist, A67.
Wellington, Duke of, Arthur Richard,
scholar, A 77.
CHURCH.
1883 Nov. 3-84 June 3. London.
Moody and Sankey hold revival meet-
ings.
* * The Church of England School Com-
pany is founded. [1884. Feb. 21. First
annual meeting.]
1884 Apr. 25. London. The Church
of the Oratory is opened at South Ken-
sington.
May * A new organ is set up at West-
minster.
June 14. London. The "West End Cen-
ter Salvation Army Building is
founded.
* * The Trinitarian Bible Society is or-
ganized.
* *The Hermetic Society, a mystical
spiritual philanthropic association,
based upon Christianity, is founded by
Dr. Anna Kingsford.
* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng-
land) :
Samuel Shone for Kilmore, William Ben-
nett Chester for Killaloe, and Lord Plunket,
archbishop of Dublin; A. I. R. Anson for
Qu'Appelle, Rupertsland, M. S. Baldwin for
Huron, Can., William Boyd Carpenter for
Ripon, George Ridding for Southwell, and
Richard Young for Athabasca, Can. [1885,
Edward H. Bickersteth for Exeter, Charles
Parsons Reichel for Meath, Ire., Charles
Hamilton for Niagara, Can., Edward King
for Lincoln, Frederick Temple for London,
John Wordsworth for Salisbury, W. T. T.
Webber for Brisbane, Australia, and Lord
A. Compton for Ely.]
* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Cath-
olic) :
John Heal y coadjutor of Clonfert; Abra-
ham Browning, bishop of Ossory, also James
Browne of Ferns, Thomas O'Callaghan of
Cork. [1885, Apr. 25, WHHam J. Walsh,
archbishop of Dublin; also John Butt for
South wark, William Smith, archbishop of
St. Andrews and Edinburgh, and Nicolas
Pagani, bishop of Mangalore.]
* * The See of Southwell is founded.
* * A penny Testament is published by
the British and Foreign Bible Society.
* * The Church of England Purity Soci-
ety, or White Cross Army, is formed.
1885 May 19. The revised version of
the Old Testament is published.
LETTERS.
1883 Nov. 29. London. The Society
of Positivists meets in Newton Hall in
Fleur-de-Lys Court, near Gough Square.
Discourses on philosophy, morality,
science, politics, etc., are delivered, their
object being to promote the perfection
of man by means of education in its
widest sense, aiming at the attaining of
universal brotherhood independently of
all professed religious sects.
Nov. * Scot. The John Elder professor-
ship of naval architecture at the Dun-
dee University is endowed by Mrs. Elder
to the amount of £12,500.
* * The University College of South Wales
and Monmouthshire, at Cardiff, is
founded.
* * Merry England Magazine is issued.
* * The Parthenon, by James Fergusson,
appears.
* * The Life, Letters, and Literary lie-
mains of Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton,
by Owen Meredith, appears. [1885, Glen-
averil, or the Metamorphoses; 1887, After
Paradise.]
* * The Art of England, by Ruskin, ap-
pears. [1884, Cceti Enarrant, The Pleas-
ures of England and The Storm-Cloud
of the Nineteenth Century ; 1885, On the
Old Road; Hortus Inclusus; 1887, Dilec-
ta, and Prseterita.]
* * Dissertations on Early Law and Cus-
toms, by Sir H. J. S. Maine, appears.
1884 Jan. 23. The Teachers' Guild
holds its first public meeting.
Feb. 11. Leaves from My Journey in the
Highlands, by Queen Victoria, appears.
Apr. 3. New Educational Codes come
into force.
Apr. 17. New municipal offices and pub-
lic free library are opened at Leeds.
Apr. 23. London. The new building for
St. Paul's School is opened by Lord
Selborne.
Apr. 29. A statute is passed admitting
women to examination at Oxford.
May* London. The Society of Au-
thors is founded.
July 15. London. The British Com-
mercial Geographical Society is
founded at the Mansion House.
Aug. 4. London. An educational con-
ference is opened at South Kensington.
Oct. 5. Winchester College is opened
by the Earl of Dalhousie.
Dec. 3. Edinburgh. The Scottish Geo-
graphical Society is inaugurated.
* * The Pipe-RoU Society, for printing
all extant public records prior to the
year a.d. 1200, is founded.
* * Middlesex County Record Society is
founded.
* * London. New English Dictionary, Part
I., edited by James Augustus Henry
Murray, and published by the London
Philological Society, appears.
* * Shakespeare's Predecessors in the Eng-
lish Drama, by Symonds, appears.
* * Dawn and The Witch's Bead, by Henry
Rider Haggard, appear. [1885, King
Solomon's Mines; 1887, She; 1888, Mai-
tva's Revenge.]
1885 Jan.* The Manchester Geo-
graphical Society is established.
June 4. W. The University College
of North Wales, at Bangor, is founded.
June 10. Yorkshire Institute is opened
by the Marquis of Lome.
SOCIETY.
1883 Dec* 1884 Feb. 8. About 18,000
cotton-weavers in the northwestern dis-
stricts strike against a reduction of
wages ; they yield under certain condi-
tions.
Dec. 8. London. The Prince of Wales
is made grand master, past and pres-
ent, of the Mark Masons.
Dec. 17. Edinburgh. Terence M'Der-
mott and nine others are tried at Edin-
burgh for conspiracy to blow up build-
ings in Glasgow ; M'Dermott and four
AND IRELAND. 1883, Nov. 3-1885, June 24. 993
of the conspirators are sentenced to
penal servitude for life, five others to
seven years.
Dec. 18. Dublin. James Poole is exe-
cuted for the murder of John Kenny,
the informer.
* * Scot. Through the Improvement Act,
great numbers of rookeries are re-
moved from Glasgow, and houses replace
them.
1884 Feb. 2. London. Portmanteaus
containing dynamite and clockwork
of American make, which had failed,
are found at Charing Cross and Padding-
ton stations. [Mar. 1. A similar satchel
is found at Ludgate Hill station.]
Mar. * Justice Stephens decides that
cremation is legal.
Apr. 4-8. A riot occurs at Kiddermin-
ster.
Apr. * Treasonable plans for the estab-
lishment of an Irish Republic are dis-
covered in James F. Egan's garden at
Birmingham.
Apr. * London. The shoemakers strike.
July 8. London. The Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Children is
founded.
July 21. London. About 40,000 persons
meet in Hyde Park to protest against
the peers' rejection of the Franchise
Bill, and to support the Gladstone Min-
istry.
July 22. A great Conservative demon-
stration is made at Sheffield.
July 26. Three great meetings are
held in Manchester to support the Gov-
ernment and the Franchise Bill. [Aug.
9. Demonstration by Conservatives.]
July * A strike in the cotton-trade oc-
curs.
Aug. 1. London. A jubilee meeting
at Guildhall celebrates the abolition of
slavery in the British colonies.
Aug. 4. A great reform demonstration
is made at Birmingham.
Oct. 13. A Conservative demonstration
at Aston, in Birmingham, is prevented
by rioters ; many are wounded and
much damage done.
Oct. * Great distress is felt at Newcastle
through want of employment.
Nov. 28. Ire. An attempt is made to
destroy by dynamite Edinburgh
House, near Tralee, Kerry ; no deaths.
Dec. 23. The B a r n s 1 e y coal-miners'
long strike ends.
* * The Church of England Purity So-
ciety (White Cross Army) is established
by Miss Ellice Hopkins.
1885 Jan. 7. The slave-trade is pro-
hibited at a West African conference.
Jan. 15. London. Mr. Bishop, the mind-
reader, is sentenced to pay £10,000 dam-
ages to Mr. Maskelyne for libel in Truth
of July, 1883.
Feb. 16. London. The unemployed so-
cial democratic federation hold a great
meeting on the Thames embankment.
Feb. * The Ladies' National Aid Soci-
ety, for the relief of the sick and
wounded in the Soudan and Egypt, is
formed.
Mar. 16. Two thousand miners in West
Cumberland strike. [Apr.* -May*
About half the colliers in Yorkshire
strike.]
Apr. 8. Dublin. The Prince of Wales
arrives on a visit.
May 1. Ire. The Irish Loyal and Pa-
triotic Union is established.
June 16. London. The Holloway Asy-
lum at Egham, for the insane, is
opened by the Prince of Wales.
STATE.
1883 Nov. 13. Ire. The meetings of
the Orangemen and National Leaguers at
Garrison, Fermanagh, are prohibited.
Dec. 5. Ire. Sir E. Sullivan becomes
lord chancellor.
* * Parliament : The Enclosure, Copy-
hold, and Tithes commissions are united
in one body.
* * Parliament : The Agricultural Hold-
ings Act is passed.
* * H. L. A bill for prohibiting shooting
pigeons rising from a trap, attended
with cruelties, is rejected. Vote, 30-17.
* * London. R. N. Fowler, M.P., is elected
lord mayor.
1884 Feb. 11. H.C. Mr. Bradlaugh
enters, and administers the oath to him-
self ; he takes his seat, and the Commons
votes to exclude him. Vote, 228-120.
[Feb. 19. Bradlaugh is again reelected
for Northampton. Feb. 21. The Com-
mons again votes to exclude him. Vote,
226-173.]
Feb. 26. H. C. Arthur Wellesley
Peel is elected Speaker.
Feb. 28. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro-
duces the New Reform Bill.
Feb. * The name Fifth Party is applied
to the advocates of temperance in the
House of Commons.
Feb. * A society to introduce propor-
tional representation is formed.
Mar. 5. H. C. A Parnellite land-law
amendment bill is rejected. Vote, 235-
72.
Apr. 11. James Francis Egan and Pat-
rick Hogan are arrested at Birming-
ham : treasonable papers about an Irish
republic are discovered in Egan's gar-
den.
Apr. 20. Beatrice (fifth child) is born to
Prince Alfred-Ernest.
June 15. The trial of Bradlaugh for
voting without taking the oath begins
in the Queen's Bench. [June 30. Ver-
dict is rendered for the Crown. 1885.
Jan. 28. The Lords' justices disallow
his appeal.]
June 28. London. A Conference
meets to discuss Egyptian affairs.
Members : Earl Granville, foreign
secretary ; Hugh C. E. Childers, chan-
cellor of" the exchequer ; and the follow-
ing ambassadors : Count Karolyi (Aust.),
M. Waddington (Fr.), Count Munster
(Ger.), Count Nigra (It.), Count De Staal
(Rus.), and Musurus Pasha (Turk.).
July 10. H. L. The Women's Suf-
frage Bill is rejected.
July 19. Leopold Charles (second
child) born to Prince Leopold.
Aug. 14. Parliament: The Post-Oftice
Protection Act is passed.
Oct. 20. George Otto Trevelyan be-
comes chancellor of the Duchy of Lan-
caster.
Oct. 24. Ire. H. Campbell-Banner-
man is sworn in as chief secretary.
Oct. 28. The Maamtrasma trial; the
verdict is supported by the Commons.
Nov. * E. I. The Marquis of Ripon,
governor-general, dies, and is succeeded
by the Earl of Dufferin.
Nov. 3. H. L. Lord Petre, a Roman
Catholic priest, takes his seat.
Nov. 6. W. Afr. A British protectorate
is proclaimed in New Guinea.
Nov. 18. George Shaw-Lef evre is ap-
pointed postmaster-general.
1885 Jan. 24. H.C. A dynamite
explosion takes place in the House,
resulting in much damage ; three assist-
ants are hurt ; greater damage is pre-
vented by the courage of two policemen
in removing blazing destructives.
Feb. 11. The Earl of Rosebery is made
lord privy seal.
Feb. 24. H. C. It first applies new
Rules and Cloture ; it expels Mr.
O'Brien.
Feb. 27, 28. H. L. A motion of cen-
sure on the Government respecting
Egypt is passed. Vote, 189-58. H. C. It
is rejected. Vote, 302-288.
Mar. 3. H. C. The proposal of the So-
ciety for Proportional Representa-
tion is rejected. Vote, 134-31.
Apr. 14. London. Sir R. N. Fowler is
reelected lord mayor.
Apr. 25. Ire. John Naish is made lord
chancellor.
June 9. The Gladstone Ministry re-
signs on account of minority in the
Commons on the Budget Bill. Vote,
264-252.
June 24. Robert Arthur Talbot Gas-
coyne-Cecil, Marquis of Salisbury,
forms a Ministry.
Members : Marquis of Salisbury (For.
Sec), Sir Stafford Northcote [Earl of Iddes-
leigh], (L. Treas.), Sir Hardinge Giffard, Lord
Halsbury (L. Chanc), Gathorne Gathorne-
Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook (Pres. Council),
Dudley Francis Stuart Ryder, Earl of Har-
rowby, Sir Kichard Assheton Cross (Home
Sec), Col. Frederick Artliur Stanley (Colo-
nial Sec), Lord Randolph Henry Spencer-
Churchill (Sec. for India), William Henry
Smith (Sec. for War), [1886, Jan. 23, suc-
ceeded by Viscount Cranbrook] , Lord George
Francis Hamilton (First L. of Adm.), Sir
Michael Edward Hicks-Beach (Chanc. Ex-
cheq.),theEarlof Carnarvon (L.Lieut. Ire.),
Edward Gibson [Lord Ashbourne], the Duke
of Richmond (Pres. Board of Trade), Lord
John Manners (P. M. Gen.), Edward Stan-
hope (Vice Pres. Council), Henry Chaplin
(Chanc Duchy of Lancaster), Arthur J. Bal-
four (Pres. Local Gov. Board), Sir William
Hart-Dyke (Sec. Ire.), David Robert Plunket
(Com. of Works), Sir Richard E. Webster
(Atty.-Gen.), and John E. Gorst (Solicitor-
Gen.).
MISCELLANEOUS.
1883 Nov. 8. The Iris is sunk off Cape
Villano ; 35 lives lost.
Dec. 11. The steamer Auk is wrecked
at South Hendon ; 22 lives lost.
* * London. The Metropolitan Railway
reports 36,753,321 passengers carried in
six months without accident.
1884 June 3. A railway train goes
over an embankment between Brea-
more and Downton ; five persons are
killed and 41 injured. [July 16. Another
at Bullhouse Bridge, near Peniston ; 24
lives are lost.]
June 4. London. Fire destroys the East
End aquarium, menagerie, and wax-
works at Bishopsgate.
Aug. 2,3. The steamer Dione collides
with Camden and sinks near Gravesend ;
about 17 are drowned.
Nov. 1. Scot. A false alarm of fire at
the Star Theater, Glasgow, causes 15
deaths.
1885 Feb. 13. The Mersey Tunnel,
Liverpool, is opened.
June 18. A mine explosion at Clifton
Hall, near Pendlebury, Lancashire,
causes 177 deaths.
994 1885, June 25-1886, *
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY— NAVY.
1885 July 13-25. The National Asso-
ciation for rifle-sliooting meets at "Wim-
bledon ; Sergt. Buliner, 2d Lincoln,
wins the queen' prize.
[1886, July 12-24, Private Jackson, 1st V.
B. Lincoln; 1887, July 11-23, Lieut. Warren,
1st Middlesex rifles; 1888, July 9-21, Private
Pulton, 13th Middlesex.]
1886 Feb. 22. The Duke of Edin-
burgh assumes command of the fleet
in the Mediterranean.
July 10. Lord William Paulet is
made field-marshal.
Aug. 16. Sham naval battles take
place at Milford Haven.
Aug. 23. The cruiser Orlando ia
launched at Jarrow-on-Tyne. [Nov.
25, the cruiser Undaunted at Jarrow-on-
Tyne; Dec. 15, the cruiser Narcissus
at Hull ; 1887, Sept. 20, the turret-ram
Trafalgar at Portsmouth.
Nov. 9. The Distinguished Service
Order is instituted for military and
naval officers.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1885 Oct. 1. A statue of the Earl of
Shaftesbury, Westminster Abbey, is un-
covered.
Nov. 30. London. George Gabriel
Stokes is made president of the Royal
Society.
* * London. The Home Arts Associa-
tion is established.
1886 Jan. * Three comets are visible,
Brook's, Fabry's, and Barnard's.
May 4. London. A Colonial and Indian
Exhibition is opened at South Kensing-
ton.
July 15. London. The Thompson
smoke-consuming furnace is success-
fully tried on the Thames.
Aug. 29. W. I. A solar eclipse is well
observed and photographed at Grenada
by a Government expedition.
Sept. 4. A waterspout does much dam-
age at Swansea.
Dec. 8, 9. The south and west of Eng-
land are visited by a destructive gale
and storm. [Dec. 26, 27. A snowstorm
does great damage in the west.]
Dec. 15. London. A statue of Queen
Anne, at the west front of St. Paul's
Cathedral, is uncovered by the lord
mayor.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1885 * * Abercorn, Duke of, James Hamilton,
statesman, Ireland, A74.
Cairns, Lord, Hugh McCalmont, statesman,
Ireland, A66.
Fraser, James, bishop of Manchester, philan-
thropist, A67.
Gordon, Charles George (Chinese Gordon),
major-general, traveler, A54.
Halifax, Viscount, Sir Charles Wood, states-
man, A85.
Houghton, Lord, Richard Monckton
Milnes, statesman, author, A76.
MacCabe, Edward, cardinal, archbishop
of Dublin, A69.
Muirhead, John, engineer, inventor, A78.
O'Hagan, Baron, judge, Ireland, A73.
I'arkes, Sir Harry Smith, diplomatist, A57.
Sartorius, Sir George Rose, admiral, A95.
Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony A. Cooper,
philanthropist, A84.
Shairp, John C, scholar, author, Scot., A66.
Strathnairn, Lord, Hugh Henry Rose, field-
marshal, A82.
Veitch, John, author, Scotland, A90.
1886 * * Anderson, Sir John, gun inventor,
A72.
Archer, Frederick James, jockey, A30.
Caldecott, Randolph, artist, A40.
Cardwell, Viscount, Edward, states., A73.
Churchill, Henry Adrian, diplomatist, dies.
Collins, Frances, novelist, dies.
Goddard, Bouverie, painter, A54.
Hobart-Hampden, Augustus Charles (Ho-
baft Pasha), admiral, AS4.
Maas, Joseph, singer, A39.
Macpherson, Sir Herbert Taylor, gen., A59.
May, Sir Thomas Erskine, Jurist, hist., A71.
Oliphant, Mrs. Laurence, Octavie L'Es-
trange, author, A45+.
Taylor, Sir Henry, poet, A86.
Trench, Richard C, archbishop of Dublin,
author, A79.
Trevelyan, Sir Charles, publicist, A79.
Tulloch, John, theologian, author, Scot., A63.
Webster, Thomas, artist, A86.
CHURCH.
1885 July 21. A Wesleyan Metho-
dist Conference at Newcastle-on-Tyne
opens.
Oct. * Edinburgh. The Scottish Home
Mission to Jews is founded.
* * Scot. The Jewish Mission of the
United Presbyterian Church is founded.
1886 Feb. 16. The House of Laymen
first meets, a consultative body having
102 members, to assist the convocation of
(Church of England) clergy.
May 13. H. L. The archbishop of
Canterbury introduces the Church Pat-
ronage Bill to check sales, give rights
to petitioners, etc. [1887, Apr. 1. Passes
the Lords.]
May 28-June 4. London. The Inter-
national Salvation Army Congress
meets.
June 29. Ire. The Unionist Roman
Catholics present a Jubilee address to
the queen.
July * Ire. Monsignor Persico repre-
sents the Pope in a visit to Ireland.
Oct. 5. The Church Congress is held
at Wakefield. [1887, Oct. 3+ . At Wolver-
hampton ; 1888, Oct. 1±, at Manchester.]
Oct. 25. London. Rev. H. R. Haweis
of St. James, Marylebone, is prohibited
by his bishop from preaching in the City
Temple.
* * London. Churches of the city ; Church
of England, 920 ; Dissenters, about 700.
LETTERS.
1885 Nov. * London. The Selborne
Society is' founded. [Dec, Bacon So-
ciety ; later, Shelley Society.]
* * Law Quarterly Review is issued.
* * Six Centuries of Work and Wages, by
James Edwin Thorold Rogers, appears.
[1887, A History of Agriculture and
Prices in England.]
1886 Nov.* Gr. The British School
of Archeology is opened at Athens.
Dec. 15. The new buildings of Sion's
CoUege and Hospital are opened by
the Prince of Wales.
* * Mansfield CoUege, Oxford, for Non-
conformists, is founded.
* * The International Copyright Act is
passed.
* * London. The English Historical Re-
view is issued.
* * Locksley Hall, Sixty Years After, by
Tennyson, appears. [1889. Demeterand
Other Poems.]
SOCIETY.
1885 July 16. About 3,000 cotton-
weavers of Lancashire strike. [Sept.
2-17. 4,700 men at Elswick Iron Works,
Newcastle, strike.]
July 23. Princess Beatrice marries
Prince Henry of Battenberg.
Sept.* Ind. Female suffrage is
granted in the Madras presidency.
Sept. * Ire. The Crimes Act expires ;
boycotting and other outrages are re-
newed.
Oct. * Ire. The Cork Defence Union
is formed by the landlords to oppose the
Irish National League. [The Irish De-
fence Union is formed to support the
local Defence Unions.]
Oct. * About 25,000 cotton-weavers at Old-
ham strike against 10 per cent reduc-
tion in wages ; the workmen compromise
on a 5 per cent reduction.
Nov. 13. Ire. Moonlighters unsuccess-
fully attack Castle Farm, Molahiffe, to
obtain arms.
Nov. * The engineers at Sunderland re-
turn to 'work after having been on
strike for two and a half years.
Nov. * The Selborne Society, for the
preservation of birds, plants, and pleas-
ant places, is established.
* * Ire. Agrarian offenses reported are
944.
1886 Jan. 6-Feb. 24. Shipwrights on
the Tyne and Wear strike.-
Jan. 30. Northumberland miners strike.
[May 23-28. Work resumed.]
Feb. 9, 10. London. Riotous meet-
ings are held in Trafalgar Square.
[Mar. * Rioters are sentenced to various
terms of imprisonment.]
Feb. 11-16. A strike occasions rioting
at Leicester ; quelled by police.
May 14-Oct. 27. Engineers at Bolton
strike ; the trouble is settled by concili-
ation.
May* Ire. Intimidation is practised
by the House League upon owners of
houses in Kerry and elsewhere, to secure
a reduction of rent.
June 2. The annual congress of cyclists
meets at Colchester.
June 3, 13, 21. Ire. Biots occur in
Belfast between Catholic and Protestant
workmen ; many lives are lost. [Aug.
9, 14. Rioting continues : 11 killed. Aug.
15. Suppressed.] .
June * -July * Shropshire iron-workers
successfully strike.
July 14-16. London. The British and
Colonial Congress meets, bishop of
London, president.
July * The "Woman's Suffrage Society
holds its annual meeting.
July * Scot. Riotous resistance is made
to ejectments at Greenhill Farm, Isle
of Tiree, Hebrides. 300 men repulse 50
police ; marines restore order. [Dec. 14.
Six crofters are sentenced to three
months' imprisonment.]
Aug. 19-22. About 1,000 delegates at-
tend a convention of the Irish Na-
tional League at Chicago, U. S. A. ;
John Fitzgerald, president.
Sept 1±. Ire. Occasional rioting occurs
at West Belfast between Protestants
and Catholics.
Sept. 12. About 15,000 operatives in the
wrought-nail trade of South Stafford-
shire strike.
Sept. 19. Kiots occur at Liverpool.
Sept. 26. Ire. Armed moonlighters
are captured at Castle Island, in Kerry.
Fatal riots occur at West Belfast ; two
persons killed.
Sept. 30. A riot occurs among coal-
miners at Plas-Power colliery near
Wrexham.
Oct. 4. Ire. Two women who refuse to
give up arms are shot by moonlighters
near Williamstown, in Cork.
Nov. 9. The Distinguished Service
Order is instituted.
AND IRELAND. 1885, June 25-1886,* * 995
Dec. 8. Ire. The Fenian Brotherhood
expels O'Donovan Rossa.
Dec. 23. Dublin. John Dillon and five
other Irish members of Parliament, and
William O'Brien, editor of United Ire-
land, are tried for illegal rent collect-
ing. [1887. Jan. 11. They are commit-
ted and bailed. Feb. 14. Trial resumed.
Feb. 24. Jury disagree. Apr. 1. Pro-
ceedings withdrawn.]
* * London. The Socialist League is
formed by William Morris, John Burns,
H. M. Hyndman, and H. H. Champion.
* * London. The National Conservative
Club is organized.
STATE.
1885 June 25. Parliament: The Re-
distribution of Seats Act is passed.
July 1. Parliament: Special postal
trains are established.
July 6. H. C. It refuses to permit Mr.
Bradlaugh to take the oath. Vote, 263-
219.
Aug. 14. Charles Henry, Duke of Rich-
mond, is appointed secretary for Scot-
land.
Parliament: Lord Ashbourne's
Act, granting £5,000,000 for the pur-
chase of laud in Ireland by tenants, to
be paid by instalments, is passed.
Parliament is prorogued. [Nov. 18.
Dissolved.]
Oct. 5. Ire. The first county conven-
tion is held at Wicklow under Mr.
Parnell.
Oct. 7. The Royal Commission for in-
quiry into causes of depression of
trade holds its first meeting. Earls Id-
desleigh and Dunraven, Mr. G. Sclater
Booth, Prof. Bonamy Price, and 20 others
present. [1887. Feb. * It reports the
probable causes, — overproduction, the
rise in the price of gold, and the fall in
prices.]
Nov. 23. -Dec. 18. General election:
333 Liberals, 251 Conservatives, 86 Par-
nellites, are elected,
Dec. * Sir Henry Lopes is made a lord
justice.
* * London. John Staples is elected lord
mayor.
* *E.I. The British settle in Upper
Burmah.
* * W. Afr. Niger districts are occupied
by settlers.
* * S. Afr. Colonists settle in Bechu-
analand.
* * Ire. Population, 4,962,000.
1886 Jan. 12. Parliament meets.
[June 26. Dissolved.]
Jan. 13. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh takes
the oath in the Commons.
Jan. * Ire. William H. Smith is chief
secretary for a few days.
Jan. 27. The Salisbury Ministry re-
signs, being defeated in the Commons
on an amendment to the address.
Feb. 2. Ire. John Naish is made lord
chancellor.
Feb. 5. Ire. The Earl of Aberdeen is
appointed lord-lieutenant.
Feb. 6. Sir Charles Russell becomes
attorney-general, and Sir Horace Davey
solicitor-general.
Lord Wolverton, George Grenfell
Glyn, is appointed postmaster-general.
Sir Farrer Herschel, Lord Herschel,
is made lord high chancellor.
The third administration of William
Ewart Gladstone is formed.
W. E. Gladstone (L. Treas.), Sir Farrer
Herschel (L. Chanc), Earl Spencer (L. Pres.
Council), Sir William V. Harcourt (Chanc.
Excheq.), Hugh Culling E. Childers (Home
Sec), Archibald P. Primrose, Earl of Rose-
bery (For. Sec), George Leveson-Gower,
Earl Granville (Colonial Sec), John Wode-
House, Earl of Kimberley (Sec. for India),
Henry Campbell-Bannerman (Sec. for War),
Earl de Gray and Ripon (L. of Adm.), An-
thony James Mundella (Pres. Board of
Trade), Joseph Chamberlain (Pres. of Local
Gov. Board) [Mar. 27, succeeded by James
Stansfeld], John Morley (Sec for Ire.) [Mar.
24, succeeded by John William Ramsay, Earl
of Dalhousie], George Otto Trevelyan (Sec
for Scot.), Edward Heneage (Chanc Duchy
of Lancaster) [Apr., succeeded by Sir U. Kay-
Shuttleworth], Albert Edmund Parker, Earl
of Morley (Com. of Works) [Apr. 13, suc-
ceeded by Victor Alexander Bruce, Earl of
Elgin].
Feb. 10. London. A British Home
Rule (for Ireland) Association is formed.
Feb. 15. John W. M ell or is made
judge-advocate-general.
Mar. 5. H. C. The proposed abolition
of the hereditary principle is negatived.
Apr. 8. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro-
duces his Home-Rule Bill, " to make
better provision for the government of
Ireland."
It proposes to establish a legislative body
in Dublin, to consist of two orders: (1) 28 rep-
resentative peers and 75 members elected for
10 years ; (2) the present 103 Irish members,
and 101 additional ; the lord-lieutenant with
a privy council to be independent of Great
Britain ; the new body empowered to enact
laws, and to impose and collect taxes, except
the customs, but not to interfere with the
army and navy, or foreign and colonial af-
fairs, and not to enact any religious endow-
ment; present legal and police arrangements
to remain temporarily subject to the crown ;
no Irish members to sit at Westminster.
[Apr. 13, 14. The bill is read a first time in
the Commons. June 7, 8. Its second reading
is rejected in the Commons. Vote, 343-313,
the majority including 250 Tories and 93 Lib-
erals. ]
Apr. 16. H. C. The sale and purchase
of the Land Bill (Ireland) is introduced
by Mr. Gladstone ; the issue of 50,000,000
3 per cent stock from 1887-90 is proposed.
Apr. * London. Private posting-boxes
are sanctioned.
May 10. Lord Redesdale, chairman of
committees since 1851, dies, and is suc-
ceeded by the Duke of Buckingham.
May 11. H. C. Proposed abolition of
the punishment of death is defeated.
Vote, 117-62.
May 14, 15. Meetings of Conservatives
and Liberals declare against Glad-
stone's Irish policy ; over 70 Liberal
M. P.'s desert their party; they and
their followers become known as Lib-
eral Unionists, or dissenting Liberals.
June 18. Ire. Armagh and Tyrone are
proclaimed under the Peace Preserva-
tion Act.
June 25. Parliament : An Act is passed
giving the Scotch crofters fixity of ten-
ure, enlargement of holdings, and state
aid to fisheries. [1888. Amended.]
June 26. Parliament is dissolved.
July * General election takes place on
the issue of Gladstone's Irish Home
Rule policy. [316 Tories, 191 Liberals,
78 Liberal Unionists, and 85 Parnellites
(Irish Home Rulers) are elected.]
July 20. The Gladstone administra-
tion resigns.
July 21. . Ire. Belfast is proclaimed
because of rioting between Catholics
and Protestants.
July 23. The United Kingdom Home
Rule (for Ireland) League is formed.
July 26. The second Salisbury admin-
istration is formed.
Members: Marquis of Salisbury (Premier
and Treas.), Lord Halsbury (L. Chanc),
Vise Cranbrook (L.Pres. Council), Lord Ran-
dolph Henry Spencer-Churchill (Chanc. Ex-
cheq.), Henry Matthews (Home Sec), Staf-
ford Henry Northcote, Earl of Iddesleigh
(For. Sec), Edward Stanhope (Sec. Colo-
nies) [later, Sir Henry Thurstan Holland],
Sir Richard Cross [Viscount Cross] (Sec. for
India), William Henry Smith (Sec. War).,
Lord George Francis Hamilton (L. Admir.)',
Edward Gibson, Lord Ashbourne (L. Chanc.
of Ire.), Sir Michael Edward Hicks-Beach
(Sec. for Ire.), Lord John Manners, Duke
of Rutland (Chanc. Duchy of Lancaster),
and Sir Frederick Stanley, Lord Stanley
of Preston (Pres. Board of Trade).
George Henry Cadogan [Earl Cadogan]
(L. Privy Seal), Charles Stewart Vane
Tempest Stewart, Marquis of Londonderry
(L. Lieut. Ire.), Arthur J. Balfour (Sec. for
Scot.), C. T. Ritchie (Pres. of Local Gov.
Board), Henry Cecil Raikes (P.M.-Gen.),
David Robert Plunket (Com. of Works), Sir
Richard Everard Webster (Atty.-Gen.), Sir
Edward Clarke (Solicitor Gen.).
July * William T. Marriott is made judge-
advocate-geueral.
Aug. 5. Parliament meets. [1892.
June 28. Dissolved.]
Aug. 27, 28. H.C. Mr.Parnell's
amendment to the address is nega-
tived. Vote, 304-181.
Aug. * Ire. Gen. R. Buller is appointed
to command in Kerry, Clare, and Cork,
with civil plenary powers.
Sept. 11. H. C. Mr. Parnell introduces
his Tenants' Relief Bill ; it is rejected.
Vote, 297-202.
Sept. 25. Parliament is prorogued.
Nov. 30. Ire. Sir Robert Hamilton,
under secretary, resigns. [Gen. Buller
succeeds him.]
Nov. * Ind. Ocean. Socotra is acquired.
Dec. 1. The British Home Rule
Union is formed.
Dec. 18. Ire. A proclamation is issued
against the " Plan of Campaign."
* * London. Reginald Hawson is elected
lord mayor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1885 July * -Aug. * Ire. Fraud is dis-
covered in the Munster Bank, and pay-
ment is stopped.
Sept. 16. The Puritan defeats the Ge-
nesta in a yacht-race (p. 321).
Sept. 18. The steamer Dolphin collides
with the Brenda; eight lives lost.
Sept. * The Merchantman is wrecked on
Sands Head ; about 70 perish.
Oct.* The Manchester Ship Canal
Company is formed : proposed capital,
£8,000,000.
Nov. * Edinburqh. The ancient cross
is restored by W. E. Gladstone.
* * Lord Hastings's Melton wins the Der-
by race. [1886, Duke of Westminster's
Ormonde wins ; 1887, Mr. Abbington's
Merry Hampton ; 1888, Duke of Port-
land's Ayrshire, and 1889, his Don-
ovan.]
Dec. 23. W. A mine explosion occurs
at Mardy colliery, Pontypridd ; 200 per-
sons are entombed, and 81 killed.
1886 Apr. * The permission to grow
tobacco is granted with conditions by
the Board of Trade.
Aug. 26. The steamer Ferntower foun-
ders near Saigon ; about 50 lives are lost.
Sept. 11. The American yacht May-
Jtower outsails the Galatea (p. 325).
996 1886,** -1888, Jan. 30. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1887 Jan. 1. New army discipline reg-
ulations are made, giving increased
power to officers.
Feb. 1. The Naval Intelligence De-
partment is formed.
Mar. 10. The torpedo-cruiser Serpent is
launched at Devonport. [Apr. 9, the
war-ship Victoria at Newcastle ; May 9,
the war-ship Sans Pareil at Blackwall.j
July 23. A naval review is held at
Spithead in honor of Queen Victoria's
jubilee ; 135 ships and over 20,000 men
take part in the display.
* *The Duke of Cambridge is made
commander-in-chief by patent.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1886 * * The British Association meets
at Birmingham. [1887, at Manchester ;
1888, Sept. 5, at Bath ; 1889, at Newcas-
tle.]
1887 Feb. * A museum for Gen. Pitt-
Rivers' collection of ancient weapons is
presented to the Oxford University.
Apr. 4. London. Anglo-Jewish an-
tiquities are exhibited at the Royal
Albert Hall.
Apr. 20. About £10,000 of the Jubilee
Fund ia set apart for a colossal statue
of Prince Albert.
May 3. The Royal Jubilee Exhibition
of manufactures, science, and art, at
Manchester, is opened by the Prince and
Princess of Wales. [Nov. 10. Closed.]
May 11. The Royal Mining, Engineering,
and Industrial Exhibition at Newcastle,
is opened by the Duke of Cambridge.
[July 11. The Royal Agricultural Soci-
ety's Exhibition is opened.]
May 16. The Royal Jubilee Exhibi-
tion at Liverpool is opened by the
Princess Louise.
Aug. 17. Ire. A fishing-school is es-
tablished at Baltimore.
London. A terrific Btorm destroys
life and property.
Sept. 26. London. An International
Shorthand Congress is held at the
Geological Museum ; 482 systems are
noticed.
Sept. * A new Art Union is established
by the Royal Institute of Painters in
Water Colors.
Oct. 22. A statue of Samuel Morley,
M.P., is unveiled at Bristol.
Oct. 31-Nov. 1. Gales occur on the
south and west coasts. [Nov. 3. An-
other gale on the southeast coast.]
Dec. 16. A statue of Gen. Earle, in
front of St. George's Hall, Liverpool, is
unveiled by Lord Wolseley. A statue
of the queen at the Royal Holloway Col-
lege is unveiled by the Princess Chris-
tian.
Dec. * W. Gold is discovered in large
quantities in Pritchar Morgan's mines,
Gwynfynydd, Mawddach "Valley, Merio-
nethshire.
* * Sir Arthur Sullivan composes Ruddy-
. gore.
* * Arrangements are made for transmit-
ting telegraphic messages from rail-
way trains in motion without contact
with the ordinary wires.
* * London. Josef Hof man, ten years of
age, plays long classical pieces from
memory at St. James's Hall.
* * London. The Anatomical Society is
founded.
* * The symphonion, an improved mu-
sical box, is invented.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1887 Jan. 12. Iddesleigh, Earl of, Sir Staf-
ford Henry Northcote, states., author, A69.
Jan. 19. Ballantine, William, lawyer, A75.
Jan. 22. Whitworth, Sir Joseph, mechani-
cal engineer, A84.
Feb. 5. Macgregor, Sir Charles Metcalfe,
general, A47.
Feb. 8. Wood, Mrs. Henry, author, A67.
Mar. 24. Strangford, Viscountess, Emily
Anne, philanthropist, A53.
Apr. lO. JJewdegate, Charles, politician,
A71.
May 5. Grant, James, Scot, novelist, A6S.
July 25. Mayhew, Henry, author, A75.
Aug. 10. Lawson, James Anthony, jurist,
Ireland, A70.
Oct. 17. Hunt, Robert, scientist, A80.
Oct. 20. Beresford-Hope, Alexander
James, scholar, statesman, A67.
Nov. 2. Uind, Jenny (Mrs. Otto Gold-
schmidt), vocalist, A66.
Nov. 6. Wolverton, Baron, George Gren-
fell Glyn, statesman, A63.
Nov .17. Baker, Valentine (Baker Pasha ) ,
colonel, A 62.
Dec. 17. Farre, Arthur, surgeon, A76.
Dec. 19. Stewart, Balfour, naturalist,
A58.
1888 Jan. 8. Price, Bonamy, economist,
A80.
Jan. 19. Carden, Robert Walter, politi-
cian, philanthropist, A87.
Jan. 23. Inchbold, John W., landscape
painter, A50.
Jan. 27. Godwin, George, architect, A73.
Jan. 29. Lear, Edward, author, dies.
Jan. 30. Caird, James Ten nan t, ship-
builder, Scotland, A71.
Howitt, Mary, poet, A89.
CHURCH.
1886 * * Bishops consecrated (Church
of England) :
John Dowden for Edinburgh, Charles
Graves for Limerick, Charles Maurice Stack
for Clogher, William Reeves for Down,
Robert B. Knox, archbishop of Armagh, E.
Bickersteth for Japan, G. W. H. K. Bruce
for Bloemfontein, South Africa, Bramsby L.
Key for St. Johns, South Africa, Edward T.
Churton for Nassau, W. I.; and James
Moorhouse for Manchester. [1887. W. C.
Pinkham for Saskatchewan and Calgary, Ru-
pertsland, J. Wareing Bardsley for Sodor
and Man, G. F. P. Blyth for Jerusalem, T.
E. Wilkinson for Central Europe, Charles
E. Camidge for Bathurst, Australia, Field
Flowers Goe for Melbourne, Australia, and
Henry J. Matthew for Lahore, Ind.]
* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho-
lic) :
Edward T. O'Dwyer for Limerick, Patrick
McAHster for Donn and Connor, and Pierce
Power for Waterf ord and Lismore ; also Mat-
thew Gibney for Perth Australia.
1887 Aug. 9. The archbishop of Can-
terbury receives an address from 96
peers, directed against auricular con-
fession, priests in absolution, etc.
Dec. 26. The British Special Mission
presents the queen's Jubilee gift to the
Pope.
Dec. * The Duke of Norfolk is appointed
envoy extraordinary from Victoria to
the Vatican. [Dec. 17. He is received
by the Pope.]
* * Scot. The Mission to the Chinese
Blind is formed by the zeal of William
Murray.
* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho-
lic):
George Porter for Bombay, E. I.; Francis
Pozzifor Krislinagar, E. I. ; Alex. Riccaz for
Nagpur, E. I.; Bernard Beiderlinden for
Poona, E. L; Ferdinand Ossi for Quilon, E.
I.; Jeremiah Doyle for Grafton, Australia;
and Vincent Flood, bishop auxiliary for Port
of Spain ; John J. Grimes for Christchureh,
Australia.
1888 Jan. 25. London. Thenewrere-
dos at St. Paul's Cathedral is unveiled.
Jan. 30. London. A solemn office, in
memory of the Young Pretender, is
celebrated at All Saints, Anglican
Church, Lambeth.
LETTERS.
1886 * * The Mayor of Casterbridge, by
Thomas Hardy, appears. [1891. Tess of
the D' Ubervilles.]
* * Miscellanies, by Swinburne, appears.
* * The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and
Mr. Hyde and Kidnapped, by R. L. B.
Stevenson, appear. [1887, Underwoods,
The Merry Men, ana Other Tales, and
Memoirs and Portraits ; 1889, The Master
of Ballantrae.]
1887 Jan. 29. The Selden Society,
for the study of English legal history,
and publication of ancient MSS. and
books, is founded.
Mar. 26. The 500th anniversary of tho
laying of the first stone of New College,
Winchester, is celebrated.
June- 15. The foundation of Newcastle
and Durham College of Physical Sci-
ence is laid by Sir [Lord] William Arm-
strong. [1888. Nov. 5. Opened.]
* * London. The Philological Society
advocates the use of Volapiik in diplo-
macy and science.
* * Books and pamphlets published dur-
ing the year, 4,410. [1888, 4,960; 1889,
4,694; 1890,4,414.]
* * Practical Dictionary of Mechanics, by
Edward H. Knight, appears.
* * The Wolfe Expedition in Asia Minor,
by J. R. Stillington Sterrett, appears.
* * Paleolithic Man in N. W. Middlesex,
by John Allen Brown, appears.
* * The Revolutionary Movement of 1848-
49 in Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Ger-
many, by G. Edmund Maurice, appears.
* * Christianity, Islam, and the Negro
Race, by Edmund W. Blyden, appears.
* * Lectures on the Origin and Orowth of
Religion, by A. H. Sayce, appears.
* * The Mammoth and the Flood, by Henry
H. Howorth, appears.
* * Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana,
and Babylon, by Sir Henry Layard,
appears.
1887-89 Essays, by Aubrey Thomas De
Vere, appears.
1887-94 English Writers, by Henry
Morley, appears.
* * Springhaven, by Richard D. Black-
more, appears.
SOCIETY.
1886 * * A Thimble League is patron-
ized by the queen ; the object being to
provide employment for distressed
needle-women.
* * Parliament : The Shop Hours Reg-
ulation Act for the protection of young
persons is passed.
* *The Recreative Evening Schools
Association for boys who have left
school is founded under royal patron-
age.
* * Titles created :
Earl De Montalt, Viscount Cross, and
Barons Hillingdon, Tliring, Kensington,
Hindlip, Stalbridge, Grinthorpe, Herschell,
Hamilton, Brassey, and Burton. [ 1887, Earl
of Londesborough, and Barons Addington,
Basing, Macnaghten, Cheylesmore, Conne-
mara, Monckton, Armstrong, Bowes, St.
Levan, De Ramsey, and Magheramorne ; 1888,
Marquis of Duffern and Ava, and Barons
Knutsfordand Savile; 1889, Duke of Fife.]
1887 Jan. 29, 30. Ire. Rioting oc-
curs in West Belfast.
Feb. 8-10. Scot. Violent riots by Lan-
arkshire miners occur at Hamilton, Air-
drie, and elsewhere ; 74 men are arrested.
Feb. 14, 15. Ire. Evictions are re-
sisted with arms; an "emergency"
man dies of his wounds at Ballycar.
Feb. * London. The London Postmen's
Rest, Dover, is established by Lord
Wolverton, late postmaster.
AND IRELAND. 1886,* * -1888, Jan. 30. 997
Mar. 8. Ire. Bloody riots occur at
Yonghai.
Mar. 18. Father Keller is arrested for
contempt of court in refusing to give
evidence as a confessor in a bankruptcy
case; his course is approved by Arch-
bishop Walsh. [Mar. 19. Imprisoned.
Mar. 29. Father Ryan Is imprisoned for
a like offense. May 21-24. Both are re-
leased.]
Apr.* The National Prohibition
Party appears.
May 9. London. The queen receives
the lord mayor and others with their
jubilee address. [May 14. She goes to
Mile End to open the People's Palace.]
June 1. The Order of the Indian Em-
pire is enlarged.
June 20+. London. Queen Victoria's
Jubilee is celebrated.
A grand procession is witnessed by many
thousands; a solemn thanksgiving service
is given in Westminster Abbey, in the pres-
ence of the queen, the royal family, the Kings
of Denmark, Belgium, Greece, and Saxony;
the Crown Princes of Germany, Austria, Por-
tugal, and Sweden; the Grand Duke Sergius
of Russia, Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, Prince
Ludwig of Bavaria, the Maharajah Holkar,
and many Indian princes, the Queen of
Hawaii, also the dignitaries of the empire,
and many persons eminent in science, art,
and literature. (June 22.) The women of
Great Britain and Ireland make a jubilee
offering to the queen of £75,000. About 26,000
elementary school children are entertained
in Hyde Park, at the instance of Mr. Lawson
of the Daily Telegraph. (June 23. ) A citi-
zens' thanksgiving service is held at St.
Paul's, after a formal procession from Guild-
hall. (June 24.) The queen issues a letter
to the nation, expressing her profound grati-
tude for the very kind reception of the vast
multitude during her progress to and return
from Westminster Abbey. (June 27.) A
great number of addresses from municipal
corporations, scientific societies, and other
bodiesare received by the queen. (June 30. )
liast India chiefs are received and decorated
at Windsor. (July 2.) The queen reviews
2^,000 volunteers at Buckingham Palace.
(July 4.) She lays the foundation stone of
the Imperial Institute. (July 9.) She re-
views about 60,000 men at Aldershot. (July
23.) The grand naval review by the queen
takes place.
June* Ire. Evictions at Bodyke in
Clare, on property of Col. O'Callaghan,
are resisted.
July 19. Ire.. A great meeting is held
at Cork to resist the Crimes Act.
Aug-. * -Sept. * An unsuccessful strike
occurs on the Midland Railway ; about
2,713 drivers, firemen, and others go out.
Sept. 4. Ire. Nationalists attempt to
hold a meeting at Ballycoree after it
has been proclaimed, and are dispersed
by the Government.
Sept. 9. Ire. Nationalists, led by La-
bouchere and Dillon, hold a meeting at
Mitchellstown in disregard of the Gov-
ernment's proclamation ; two men are
killed in a conflict with the police.
Sept. 11. [re. Constable Whelehan is
killed and three others are wounded in
defending T. Sexton's house near Lis-
doonvarna, against moonlighters.
[Dec. 10. Leary and four others are sen-
tenced to penal servitude for life.]
Sept. 20. Ire. The National League
in Clare and several baronies, including
200 branches, is suppressed by procla-
mation.
Sept. 24. Ire. Nationalists O'Brien
and Mandeville are sentenced to three
months' imprisonment.
Oct. 4-7. The Amalgamated Society
of Railway Servants hold a Congress at
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Oct. 9. Ire. Many suppressed branches
of the National League hold meetings.
Oct. 18, 19. The unemployed meet in
Hyde Park, but are dispersed by the
police after a fight.
Oct. 29. Ire. The annual convention of
the Irish National League of Great
Britain meets at Cardiff.
Nov. 23. Scotland. Park and Aline
deer forests in the Island of Lewis are
raided by 2,000 cotters.
Dec. 2. Dublin. The Lord Mayor is
sentenced to imprisonment for two
months for publishing reports of sup-
£ressed meetings of the National (Irish)
eague.
Dec. 3. Shoemakers at Northampton
strike. [Dec. 24. Closed by arbitra-
tion.]
Dec. 19. Fr. Jem Smith and Jake Kil-
rain engage in a prize-fight on an island
between Paris and Rouen.
The Beaconsfield Club at Salisbury
is opened by the Marquis of Salisbury.
Dec. 30. The women of England send a
memorial to the Queen with over 1,130,-
000 names, praying for sympathy with
the proposal to close public-houses on
Sunday.
* * The per capita consumption of dis-
tilled spirits and wine in the United
Kingdom is 0.93 and 0.38 gallons ; beer,
32.88 gallons per capita.
* * The British Nurses' Association is
founded.
* * London. The National Union is or-
ganized.
* * London. The Poor Children's Aid
Society is established.
1888 Jan. 9. The remains of Napo-
leon HI. are removed from Chiselhurst
to Farnborough.
STATE.
1887 Jan. 3. Ministerial appoint-
ments: George J. Goschen (Chanc.
Excheq.), William H. Smith (L. Treas.).
[Jan. 6. Edward Stanhope (Sec. War).
Jan. * Marq. of Salisbury (For. Sec).
Jan. 28. Parliament assembles.
Feb. 1. The Naval Intelligence De-
partment is formed.
Feb. 11, 12. H.C. Mr. Parnell's
amendment to the address is nega-
tived. Vote, 352-246.
Mar. 5. Ire. Sir Michael Hicks-Beach
resigns the chief secretaryship. [Arthur
J. Balfour succeeds him.]
Mar. 7, 10, 14 f. London. The Times
publishes articles entitled Parnellism
and Crime, charging Mr. Parnell and
other Irish members with having parti-
cipated in or approved of crimes com-
mitted against the Government in Ire-
land and elsewhere. [Apr. 18. The Times
publishes the facsimile of a letter alleged
to be signed by Parnell (dated 1882, May
15), in which he is made to say, " Though
I regret the accident of Lord Caven-
dish's death, I cannot refuse to admit
that Burke got no more than his deserts."
Apr. 19. In the Commons, Parnell terms
the letter an anonymous fabrication.]
(See 1888, Oct. 22.)
Mar. 16. H. C. The first and chief
closure rule is adopted. Vote, 220-120.
Mar. 28. H. C. A new criminal law
procedure (Coercion) Bill is introduced
by Mr. Balfour.
Apr. 11. London. A great demonstra-
tion takes place at Hyde Park against
the Irish Coercion Bill.
May 4, 5. H. C. The Commons decides
that an article in the Times of May 2,
attacking John Dillon, M.P., is not a
breach of privilege. Mr. Gladstone's
motion for a committee is rejected.
Vote, 317-233.
May 21. London. A Parliamentary
committee to inquire into charges of
spending corporation funds to oppose
municipal reform bill report the charge
to be partially sustained.
June * H. C. There is much opposition
to Mr. Balfour's Coercion Bill; the
Irish members retire from the House.
[July 9. It passes. July 18. It passes
the Lords.]
July 23. Ire. Eighteen counties are
proclaimed under the Coercion Act ; to-
gether with Dublin and nine other cities.
July 29. H. C. T. M. Healy is sus-
pended for 14 days.
Aug. 10. Ire. The National League
is proclaimed.
Aug. 23. Parliament: The new Irish
Land Bill is passed.
Aug. 31. Ire. A Nationalist meeting
at Ballycoree, Clare, is proclaimed.
Sept. 13. H.C. C.Graham and E.Har-
rington are suspended for speaking dis-
respectfully of the House of Lords.
Sept. 16. Parliament is prorogued.
Oct. 15. Ire. Col. Sir Joseph West
Kidgeway succeeds Sir Redvers Buller
as under secretary.
Oct. 24. Paris. Conventions are
signed relating to the Suez Canal and
the New Hebrides.
Dec. 8. London. A great Liberal-Union-
ist Conference is held at Westminster
Iron Hall.
* * London . Polydore de Keyser is elected
lord mayor.
1888 Jan. 2. Dublin. Thomas Sex-
ton becomes lord mayor.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1887 Jan. 20. The Kapunda collides
with the Ada Gilmore and founders off
Brazil ; 298 lives lost.
Feb. 18. W. A mine explosion occurs
at Ynyshie colliery, Rhondda Valley ; 39
lives lost.
May 6. Edinburgh. An International
Industrial Exhibition is opened by
Prince Albert Victor. [Oct. 31. Closes
after the admission of 2,740,000 visitors.]
May 28. Scot. A mine explosion at
Udston colliery, near Glasgow, causes 73
deaths.
Aug. 26. The pleasure yacht Monarch
founders near Ilf racombe ; 11 lives lost.
Sept. 2. The steamer Falls of Bruar
sinks off Yarmouth ; 24 persons perish.
Sept. 16. Trains collide at Hexthorpe,
near Doncaster ; 25 lives lost.
Sept. 27. The American yacht Volun-
teer outsails the Scotch Thistle in race
for America cup (p. 327).
Nov. 11. The first sod is cut for the
Manchester Ship Canal at Tatton.
Dec. 6. Fire does much damage in South
Bermondsey.
Dec. 29. London. The Grand Theater,
Islington, is totally destroyed by fire.
1888 Jan. 4. The Royal Theater at
Bolton is burned.
098 1888, Jan.* -1888,
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1888 Mar. * Asia. A British force
captures the fort of Lingtu in Tibet.
[Mar. 20. The natives hastily retire.]
Mar. 27. The iron-clad Nile is launched
at Pembroke. [May 12, Scot., the cruiser
Magicienne at Govan ; June 9, the
cruiser Medea at Chatham.]
May 23. Asia. The Tibetans attack
Gnatong, and are defeated by Col.
Graham; they lose 200 men.
July 3. Orders for forming 95,000 vol-
unteers into 19 brigades for home de-
fense mobilization are issued.
Aug. 23. Scot. The cruiser Marathon
is launched on the Clyde.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1888 Mar. * London. Otto Hegner,
11 years of age, musical prodigy appears.
Apr. 11. A statue of John Bright is
unveiled at Birmingham.
May 9. London. The new gallery for
exhibiting modern pictures, Regent
Square, is opened by seceders from
Grosvenor Gallery.
May 12. London. The Italian Exhibi-
tion at West Kensington is opened by
the lord mayor.
May 14. London. The Anglo-Danish
Exhibition at South Kensington is
opened by the Princess of Wales.
June 4. London. Lord mayors of Lon-
don and Dublin open the Irish Exhibi-
tion at Kensington.
June 5. A monument to Sir Bartle
Frere on the Thames embankment is
unveiled by the Prince of Wales.
June 16. A tablet in memory of war
correspondents who died in the Soudan
is unveiled in St. Paul's Cathedral.
Scot. A statue of Gen. Gordon is un-
veiled at Aberdeen.
July 19. Scot. A slight earthquake
occurs at Armandale.
July 27. London. A bronze tablet to
Maj.-Gen. Sir Herbert Stewart is un-
veiled in St. Paul's Cathedral ; also a
medallion portrait to William E. Fors-
ter in Westminster Abbey.
Aug. 22. Scot. The queen opens the
new Municipal Building at Glasgow.
Sept. 12. Edinburgh. A memorial arch-
way to Sir G. Harrison is accepted by
the town council.
Sept. 17-22. London. An International
Congress of Geologists meets at Bur-
lington House.
Sept. 25. London. A statue of Gen.
Gordon is unveiled in Trafalgar Square.
Oct. 1. A statue of Lord Shaftesbury is
unveiled in Westminster Abbey.
Nov. 5. The Durham College of Sci-
ence at Newcastle is opened by the
Princess Louise.
Nov. 6. Loiidon. A statue of the Earl
of Iddesleigh is unveiled in the Central
Hall of the House of Parliament.
Nov. 13. London. An equestrian statue
of the Duke of Wellington, with the
figures of four Waterloo soldiers at the
base, executed by Sir J. E. Boehm, is
unveiled near Hyde Park Corner.
* * Sir Arthur Sullivan composes Yeomen
of the Guard.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1888 Feb. 3. Maine, Sir Henry James
Sumner, jurist, author, A66.
Feb. 7. Johnston, Sir Win., publisher, A85.
Feb. 12. Walsh, John Henry, editor, au-
thor, A78.
Feb. 18. Peyton, Sir Thomas, major-gen-
eral, A70.
Feb. 21. Badger, George Percy, oriental-
ist, A75.
Feb. 22. Kingsford, Anna, theosophist,
A41.
Feb. 26. Morison, James A. C, au., A57.
Mar. 4. Rutland, Duke of, Charles C. J.
Manners, statesman, A72.
Mar. 15. Van Cortland, Henry C, general,
A74.
Mar. 26. Chalmers, Robert, publisher,
Scotland, A56.
Mar. 27. Grey, Edmond Dwyer, journal-
ist, Ireland, A 42.
Apr. 15. Arnold, Matthew, poet, essay-
ist, A65.
Apr. 19. Crampton, Thomas Russell, en-
gineer, A72.
Apr. 30. Ryder, Sir Alfred P., adm., A68.
May 3. Bright, Sir Charles T., electrician,
A55.
May 7. Levi, Leone, pol. economist, A67.
May 13. Hewett, Sir William N. Wrighta,
vice-admiral, A54.
June 8. Doyle, Sir Francis Hastings,
scholar, author, A77.
June 10. Harman, Edward R. King, col.,
statesman, A50.
June 17. Creswiek, William, art or, A75.
June 18. Trevor, George, canon of York,
preacher, author, A79.
July 9. Gleig, George R., clergyman,
writer, Scotland, A92.
Aug. 21. Richard, Henry, politician, A76.
Aug. 23. Gosse, Philip H., naturalist, A78.
Aug. 25. Rose, Sir John, diplomatist, A68.
Sept. 12. Proctor, Richard A., astrono-
mer, A54.
Sept. 28. Parry, Thomas Gambier, artist,
A72.
Sept. 30. Palgrave, William Gifford, trav-
eler, diplomatist, A 62.
Oct. 1. Keating, Sir Henry S., jurist, A84.
Oct. 6. Venables, (ieorge S., jurist, A78.
Oct. 9. Musgrave, Sir Anthony, pol., A60.
Oct. 16. Mount- Temple, Baron, William
Francis Cowper-Temple, statesman, A76.
Nov. lO. Lucan, Earl of, George C. Bing-
ham, field-marshal, A38.
Nov. 13. Baggallay, Richard, lawyer, A72.
Nov. >16. Duncan, Francis, col., pol., A52.
Nov. 18. Devon, Earl of, William R.
Courtenay, A81.
Nov. 24. 0'Gorman, Purcell, major, poli-
tician, Ireland, A69.
Dec. 14. Redgrave, Richard, artist, A84.
Dec. 23. Oliphant, Lawrence, traveler,
author, A59.
Dec. 24. Pollock, Sir William Frederick,
author, A73.
Dec. 28. Shaw-Defevre, Charles Viscount
Eversley, statesman, A95.
Cameron, Sir Duncan A., general, A80.
Key, Sir Astley Cooper, admiral, AK6.
Lalliany, Robert G., phys., ethnologist, A76.
CHURCH.
1888 Feb. 2. Southwell CoUegiate
Church is opened as the cathedral of
the new diocese.
Apr. 20. Ire. The Pope condemns on
moral grounds the plan of campaign and
boycotting, and issues a rescript.
May 20. Dublin. The Catholic mem-
bers of Parliament meet, and resent the
Pope's interference in political af-
fairs.
May* Ire. The papal rescript is ac-
cepted by the (Roman Catholic) bishops.
June 9-19. London. A congress of
Protestant missions is held, Earl of
Aberdeen, president.
July 7-28. London. The third confer-
ence of 145 bishops is held at Lambeth.
July 21. London. The Church House
Corporation holds its first annual meet-
ing.
July 24. The Wesleyan Methodist
Conference is held at Cainborn. [1889.
July 23. At London.]
Nov. 10. The English (Roman Catholic)
bishops protest, in an address to the
Pope, against Italian repressive legisla-
tion respecting his temporal power.
* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho-
lic):
Henry O'Callaghan for Hexham, T. W. Wil-
kinson (Aux.) for Newcastle. Ireland: Ed-
ward Magannis for Kilmore, M. Comarford
for Kildare, Patrick O'Donnell for Raphoe,
John Lyster for Achonry.
* * The Colonial Missionary Society is
formed by the Congregational Church of
England.
* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng-
land) :
Jan. 6. London. Archdeacon Matthew,
bishop of Lahore; Feb. 24, Archdeacon Earle
and Sir L. T. Stamer, bishops of Marlbor-
ough and Shrewsbury ; Nov. 30, Archdeacon
Sumner, bishop of Guildford; William T.
Harrison for Glasgow. F. Courtney for Nova
Scotia, Thomas Hayes for Trinidad, W. I.,
Francis John Jayne for Chester, William
Stubbs for Oxford, William Walsham
Wakefield.
LETTERS.
1888 Jan. * Handbook of Volapiik, by
C. E. Sprague, appears.
May 2. London. Mr. Gladstone opens
the Gladstone Library at the National
Liberal Club.
May 15. London. The Universal lie-
view is issued.
June 23. London. A School of Handi-
craft is opened by Sir W. Hart-Dyke at
Toynbee Hall, Whitechapel.
* * A revised edition of Chambers's Ency-
clopedia, appears.
* * Plain Tales from the Hills, by Rudyard
Kipling, appears. [1889, Soldiers Three,
Story of the Gadsbys, The Phantom Rick-
shaw, and Other Eerie Tales; 1891, The
Light that Failed, The Courtship of
Dinah Shadd, Without Benefit of Clergy,
and Greenhow Hill.]
* * Fifty Years Ago and For Faith and
Freedom, by Waiter Besant, appear.
* * The Strange Adventures of a House
Boat and In' Far Lochaber, by William
Black, appear. [1890. The New Prince
Fortunatus ; 1891 , Donald Boss of
Heimra.]
* * Essays in Criticism, by Matthew Ar-
nold, appears.
* * Robert Elsmere, by Mrs. Humphry
Ward, appears. [1892, David. Grieve ;
1894, Marcella.]
* * The Holy Land and the Bible, by Cun-
ningham Geikie, appears.
* * Building of the British Isles, by A. J.
Jukes-Browne, appears.
* * Greek Life and Thought, by John P.
Mahaffy, appears.
* * A Study of Religion, by James Marti-
neau, appears.
* * The Truth about Russia, by William
T. Stead, appears.
* * The English in the West Indies, by
Froude, appears. [1889, The Two Chiefs
of Dunboy ; 1890, The Earl of Beacons-
field; 1891, Divorce of Catherine of Ara-
gon; 1892, The Spanish Story of the
Armada and other Essays ; 1894,' Life
and Letters of Erasmus.]
* * Scot. Lay Sermons, by John Stuart
Blackie, appears. [1892, Love's Victory,
Lyrical Poems.]
SOCIETY.
1888 Jan. * About £20,000 towards the
foundation of the National Pension
Fund is presented by Gibbs, Hambro,
J. S. Morgan, and Rothschild.
Feb. 10. The Nationalists Pyne and
Gilhooly, members of Parliament, are
arrested at the House of Commons.
Mar. 12. A 21 weeks' strike of engi-
neers at Blackburn is closed by com-
promise.
Apr. 12. London. A woman is mur-
dered and badly mutilated in the east
end, the first of a series. [Aug. 8, sec-
ond ; Aug. 31, third ; Sept. 8, fourth.]
Apr. 28. Ire. Daniel Hayes and Daniel
Morlarty are executed for the murder
AND IRELAND. 1888, Jan. * -188d,* *. 999
of James Fltzmaurice, a farmer, on
Jan. 21.
May 7. Ire. James Kirby is executed
at Tralee jail for the murder of Patrick
Quirke, at Liscahane, Kerry, on Nov. 8,
1887.
May* A Laborers' League is estab-
lished to assist the laborers in the exer-
cise of the rights given them by the
Local Government Act.
June 2. London. A great demonstra-
tion is made in Hyde Park against com-
pensating liquor-sellers whose licenses
are unrenewed.
July 5. London. Match-girls at Bry-
ant and May's factory strike.
Oct. 3. The mutilated remains of a
woman are discovered in a vault near
the embankment at Whitehall. [Nov.
9, another.]
Oct. 20. The Birchfield recreation
grounds and lads' club at Manchester
are opened by Prince Albert Victor.
Oct. 22. About 30,000 coal-miners strike
in southwest Yorkshire. [Oct. 27-31. The
colliers' demands of 10 per cent increase
are generally acceded to by the owners.]
Nov. 6. London. An International
Trades Union Congress is held; 79
English and 44 foreign delegates are
present.
Nov. * Ire. Edward Harrigan is fined
£500 for contempt of court in an
editorial in the Kerry Sentinel.
* * Ire. A total of 87,582 cases of drunk-
enness are disposed of by the police
during the year ; one to every 54 of the
population.
* * London. The new Central Hospital
at Holloway is founded.
* *The Band of Hope Union of the
United Kingdom, for temperance, is
formed.
STATE.
1888 Feb. 9. Parliament is opened.
Feb. 10. E. I. Lord Duf ferin resigns
the vice-royalty.
Feb. 15. Washington, U.S.A. The Fish-
eries Commission signs a treaty and
adjourns.
Feb. 23. H. C. Mr. Parnell's mo-
tion denouncing the administration of
the Crimes Act is rejected. Vote, 317-
229.
Feb. 24-28. H. C. New Rules of Pro-
cedure, changing the hours of session,
are adopted. Limits, 3 p.m. to 1 a.m.
They give the power of closure to a
majority in the House of 100, and pro-
vide for repressing disorder and waste
of time.
Mar. 2. H. L. The Lunacy Acts
Amendment Bill is passed.
Mar. 21. H. C. Mr. Parnell's Arrears
Bill, amending the Irish Land Law, is
rejected. Vote, 243-328.
Mar. 23. H. C. The National Debt
Conversion Bill is passed.
[Mar. 12. First reading. Mar. 16. Sec-
ond reading. Mar. 22. Third reading.]
Apr. 13. H. L. Lord Denman's "Wo-
men's Suffrage Bill is rejected.
Apr. 18. The Deceased Wife's Sister
Bill is passed. Vote, 239-182. [1889.
May 9. H. L. Rejected.]
Apr. 20. H. C. Mr. Ritchie's Local
Government Bill is passed. [Mar. 19.
Introduced. Aug. 13. Receives royal
assent.]
It establishes County Councils, to con-
sist of councilors and aldermen elected
for three years by Parliamentary voters,
and male and female tax-payers.
Apr. 25. H. C. The Nationalists' Irish
Government Bill is rejected by a ma-
jority of 87.
Apr. 26. H. L. Lord Dunraven's bill
to reform the House of Lords is de-
bated ; the Government having an-
nounced its intention to introduce a
bill creating life peers, the bill is with-
drawn.
Apr. * Parliament : The Ministry intro-
duces a Local Government Bill, which
recognizes a vested interest in exist-
ing licenses by granting compensation to
liquor-sellers whose licenses are refused
by local authorities.
May 2. H. C. The Early- Closing Bill
is defeated. Vote, 95-278.
May 4. H. C. The Customs and In-
land Revenue Bill is passed.
H. C. The State purchase of the
railways is negatived without a division.
May 16. H. C. A Local Government
(Electors) Bill is passed.
May 28. The Birmingham Liberal
Unionist Association is formed ; Jo-
seph Chamberlain elected president.
June 8. H. C. It is announced that
the Government proposes to allow bor-
oughs with a population of 50,000 to be
treated as counties.
June 12. H C. Mr. Ritchie announces
that the Government has decided not to
proceed with the Licensing Clauses of
the Local Government Bill. A motion
for the reorganizing of public offices is
adopted. Vote, 113-208.
June 18. H. L. Marquis of Salisbury's
bill for the creation of life peers, and
the exclusion of those whom he termed
black sheep, is introduced. [Dropped
soon after.]
June 22. H. C. Dr. Cameron's motion
for the disestablishment and disendow-
ment of the Church of Scotland is de-
feated. Vote, 260-208. [1890. May 2.
Again defeated. Vote, 256-218. 1892.
Again. Vote, 265-247.]
June 26. H. C. John Morley's reso-
lution censuring the Government ad-
ministration of Ireland is lost. Vote,
273-366.
July 5. The Musical Compositions
Copyright Act, restricting unauthor-
ized performances, is passed.
July 6. H. C. Mr. Parnell asserts
that the letters attributed to him in
Parnellism and Crime are forgeries, and
the charges against him false.
[July 9. The Government refuses Mr. Par-
nell's request for a select committee to in-
vestigate the charges. July 12. A Royal
Commission of judges to examine the charges
against Mr. Parnell is proposed by W. H.
Smith. July 16-17. A hill for establishing
a royal commission is introduced. Aug. 13.
Passed. Members of Commission : Sir James
Hannen, president, Justice Pay and Justice
A. L. Smith.]
Aug. 13. Parliament adjourns. [Nov. 6.
Reassembles.]
Aug. 30. A treaty for the abolition of
sugar bounties is signed.
Oct. 28-89 Nov. 22. London. The
Special Commission meets to investi-
gate the Times charges against Mr. Par-
nell and other Irish members of Parlia-
ment. Sir Charles Russell and Herbert
H. Asquith are Parnell's chief counsel ;
Sir Richard Webster, attorney-general,
and W. Graham are chief counsel for
the Times.
(Oct. 22-89, Feb. *) Examination of wit-
nesses. (1889, Feb. 14-22.) Messrs. Soames,
solicitor, Macdonald, manager of the Times,
and Houston, to whom Richard Pigott had
sold the letters alleged to have been written
by Parnell, are examined. Pigott, cross-ex-
amined by Sir Charles Russell, makes con-
flicting statements, tending strongly to crim-
inate himself. He quits the country. Feb.
27. His confession that he forged some of
the alleged letters and had given false evi-
dence is read in court. Sir Richard Webster,
for the Times, apologizes for the publication
of the letters. (Ant. 12.) Sir Charles Rus-
sell concludes a long speech in defense of
Parnell. (Apk. 15.) Patrick A! alloy is sen-
tenced to six months' imprisonment with
hard labor for perjury before the Commis-
sion. (Apr. 30-May 8.) Parnell gives evi-
dence; he denies the charges against him.
(AIay 8-31.) Archbishop Walsh, William
O'Brien, and T. D. Sullivan testify. (Juke
18-Ji'LY 5.) Thomas Sexton is examined.
(July 12.) Secretary Houston, of the Loyal
Patriotic Union, gives evidence. (July 15. )
Parnell and his friends, with their counsel,
withdraw from the proceedings. (Oct. 24-
31.) Alichael Davitt defends the Land League.
(Oct. 31-Nov. 22.) Sir Henry James makes
an address in defense of the Times. (1890,
Feb. 13.) The Commission makes its report
to Parliament.
Nov. 29. H. C. A bill for the continu-
ance of Lord Ashbourne's Irish Land
Purchase Act of 1885 is passed.
Dec. 6. London. The new city of London
Court is opened by the lord mayor.
Dec. 24. Parliament : A new Libel Law
is passed.
Mr. Bradlaugh's Oaths Bill receives
the royal assent. It substitutes an
affirmation for an oath.
* * Borneo. Sarawak is annexed ; a set-
tlement is made at Brunei.
* * London. James Whitehead is elected
lord mayor. [1889. Sir Henry Aaron
Isaacs.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1888 Feb. 27. Ire. A railway built
on the single-rail system is opened be-
tween Listowel and Ballybunion.
May 19. Scot. The International Ex-
hibition at Glasgow is opened by the
Prince and Princess of Wales. [Nov. 11.
Closes with reported number of visitors,
5,748,379.]
July 14. The Etruria reaches Queens-
town from New York in six days, four
hours, and 50 minutes.
Aug. 6. Four persons are killed and 25
injured in a railway accident at Hamp-
ton Wick.
London. The L. and N. W. trains
run to Edinburgh and Glasgow in eight
hours.
Aug. * A train on the London and North
West Railroad runs 400 miles in seven
hours and 52 minutes ; speed, 50.9 miles
per hour, or 65.4 miles exclusive of stops.
Aug. * London. The Great Northern and
Northeastern Railway runs a train to
Edinburgh, 392.5 miles, in 7.27 hours ;
speed, 52.7 ; exclusive of stops, 57.8.
Sept. 7. A charter is granted to the
Imperial British East African Com-
pany.
* * Estimated annual consumption of
tobacco is 138 pounds per capita. (Beau-
lieu.)
1000 18 89, Jan. 1 - Nov. 1.
GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Apr. 6. Sir A. Hoskins is ap-
pointed commander of the fleet in the
Mediterranean to succeed the Duke of
Edinburgh.
June 13. The cruiser Vulcan is
launched at Portsmouth.
July 8-20. The National Association
for rifle-shooting meets at Wimble-
don ; Private Reid, 1st Lanarkshire,
wins the queen's prize.
Aug. 6. The Black Prince and Invinci-
ble collide off Spithead ; both are much
injured.
Oct. 7. The gunboat Enterprise is
wrecked off Anglesea.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 Feb. 10. A slight earthquake
occurs in Lancashire.
Feb. * London. An electric omnibus,
invented by Radcliffe Ward, is first used.
Mar. 8, 9. Destructive floods occur in
middle and southwest England.
Apr. * A column-printing telegraph,
in which messages are produced resem-
bling type-writing, is announced.
May 8. A statue of the queen, by Sir J.
E. Boehm, is unveiled by the Prince of
Wales at the University of London, Bur-
lington Gardens.
May 22. London. Samson Fox donates
£45,000 to the Royal College of Music.
May 24. A statue of the queen, by L.
J. Williamson, is unveiled at the College
of Physicians, Thames embankment.
May 30. An earthquake shock is felt
in the Channel Islands.
June 1. London. The Spanish Ex-
hibition of Arts and Industries is in-
formally opened with a fine display of
pictures.
June 7. A waterspout on Batcombe
Hills, Dorsetshire, greatly damages the
villages of Chatnole, Cerne, and Mintern.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1880 Jan. 3. Halliwell-Phillipps, James
O., Shakespearian scholar, A69.
Jan. 19. Hueffer, Francis, musical critic,
writer, A44.
Feb. 24. Eastwick, William Joseph, capt.,
diplomatist, A80.
Mar. 3. Wood, John Ceo., naturalist, A62.
Mar. 16. Gladstone, Sir Thomas, politi-
cian, A85.
Mar. 18. Hall, Samuel Carter, author, A88.
Mar. 26. Buckingham, Duke of, R. P. C.
T. N. B. C. Grenville, statesman, A66.
Mar. 27. Bright, John, orator, statesman,
A79.
Apr. 6. Cambridge, Duchess of, Princess
Augusta Wilhelmina Louisa, A92.
Ouseley, Sir Frederick Gore, clergyman,
musician, A64.
Apr. 19. De la Hue, Warren, astronomer,
physicist, A74.
Apr. 29. Crossley, John T., educator, A89.
May 9. Osborne, Lord, Sidney Godolphin,
author, A81.
May 17. Malmesbury, Earl of, James
Howard Harris, statesman, A82.
May 19. Glyn, Miss (Mrs. Isabella Dal-
las), actor, A66.
May 25. Sharp, Martin, journalist, A70.
Aug. 16. Albery, James, dramatist, A57.
Aug:. 88. Addington, Lord, John Gelli-
brand Hubbard, financier, A84.
Sept. 6. Blanchard, Edward Laman, lit-
terateur, A69.
Sept. 16. Mackarness, John Fielder, bp.
of Oxford, dies.
Sept. 23. Collins, Wilkie, novelist, A65.
Sept. 84. Cook, Eliza, poet, A71.
Oct. 11. Joule, .1 ami's Prescott, natural
philosopher, A61.
Oct. 15. Gooch, Sir Daniel, engineer, A73.
Oct. 16. Fitzgerald, Baron, John David,
jurist, Ireland, A73.
Oct. 21. Ball, John, explorer, Ire., A71.
Oct. 23. Orkney, Earl of, George William
Hamilton, Scotland, A62.
CHURCH.
1889 Jan. 10. The jubilee of Cardinal
Manning is celebrated ; the Pope sends a
gold medal.
Jan. 16. The Baptist Conference at
Leeds agrees upon a union with the Par-
ticular Baptists.
Feb. 26. Scot. The Earl of Hopetoun
is appointed lord high commissioner of
the General Assembly of the Church
of Scotland.
May 20. Dublin. A meeting is held at
Phoenix Park to protest against inter-
ference of the Pope in political affairs
of Ireland.
June 3. Ire. The General Assembly
of the Presbyterian Church meets in
Belfast.
June 10. London. The Conference of
the New Connection Methodists
meets.
June ± * A guild of the King's Daugh-
ters is formed.
July 2. London. The "World's Sun-
day-school Convention opens.
July 31. The first Sunday newspaper
train is run in England to distribute
the London edition of the New York
Herald which contains reports of the
royal wedding.
Aug. 16. Ire. The shrine at Knock is
visited by 40,000 persons.
Sept. 28. The Congregational ministers
in England form a league, — National
Pastors' Koinonia.
LETTERS.
1889 Jan. 10. Edinburgh. TheHeri-
ot-Watt CoUege is inaugurated.
Mar. 20. London. The New Party is
issued. Its object is the formation of a
new party devoted to the cause of social
reform.
May 1. The queen lays the foundation-
stone of a new building at Elton Col-
lege.
Sept. 28. The Conservatives offer to
give an annual grant for higher educa-
tion of Roman Catholics in existing
colleges in Ireland without establishing
any new institutions. [The offer is re-
jected.]
Nov. 1. London. The Saturday Review
is bought by Frank Harris, late editor
of the Fortnightly Review.
SOCIETY.
1889 Jan. 1. Ire. John Finucane, an
Irish M.P., is sentenced to four months'
imprisonment, and J. D. Sheehan, M.P.,
of East Kerry, is found guilty of con-
spiracy.
Jan. 10. Ire. Irish members of Parlia-
ment ignore summons to appear in
court, and warrants are issued for their
arrest. [Jan. 24. Warrants are issued
J. L. Carew, M. P. for North Kildare,
and Dennis Kilbride, M.P. for South
Kerry.]
Father McCarthy is arraigned for in-
citing a boycott at Clonakilty.
Jan. 24 • . Ire. Two serious riots occur
at the trials of William O'Brien and
Father McCarthy ; many persons are in-
jured. [Jan. 25. O'Brien is sentenced
to four months' imprisonment under the
Crimes Act. Jan. 27. He eludes cap-
ture, and addresses a tenants' mass-
meeting near Castlerea. Jan. 29. He is
again arrested at a meeting at Man-
chester. Jan. 30. Sent to Clonmel
prison. Jan. 31. Refuses to wear prison
garb, and is roughly treated by the
warder. Feb. 11. The escort taking
William O'Brien from Clonmel to Ty-
rone jail is stoned by a mob. Feb. 19.
He is again sentenced to six months' im-
prisonment for violating the Crimes
Act.]
Feb. 1. Scot. At Glasgow 3,000 seamen
and firemen strike.
Feb. 2. Ire. Father Marrman is sen-
tenced to imprisonment for offenses
against the Crimes Act, at Castle Con-
nell.
Feb. 3. Ire. Police Inspector Martin
is killed at Gweedore, County of Done-
gal, while trying to arrest Father Mc-
Fadden.
Feb. 4. Ire. Many indignation meet-
ings are held to protest against the
Government's ill-treatment of O'Brien.
Feb. 7. Ire. Thomas Condon, M. P. for
East Tipperary, is sentenced to two
months' imprisonment for inciting boy-
cotting.
Feb. 21. Ire. James Lawrence Carew
is sentenced to four months' imprison-
ment for violating the Crimes Act.
Feb. 24. Ire. Father Stephens of Fal-
canagh is arrested for advising tenants
not to pay their rents. [Mar. 4. Sen-
tenced to six months' imprisonment.]
Feb. 28. Ire. Father Clarke is arrested
in Avoca, County Wicklow, for making
speeches tending to incite the people to
commit unlawful acts.
Mar. 1. Richard Pigott, the forger of
the so-called Parnell letter, commits
suicide at a hotel in Madrid.
Mar. 7. Ire. Dr. Tanner, M. P. for
Cork, is sentenced to prison for three
months for violating the Crimes Act.
Mar. 20. W. Tithe collectors are at-
tacked by mobs.
Mar. 29. Ire. Thirteen tenants are
evicted on an Irish estate, and 12 of
their houses burned. [Many evictions.]
May 7. London. The Road "Woman's
Hospital is founded by the Princess of
Wales.
May 29. A banquet to Sir Richard
Webster is given by 400 solicitors, who
present him with a complimentary ad-
dress signed by 3,800 members of the
bar.
June 6±. Scot. Dock laborers in Glas-
fow and Greenock, also in Belfast and
Londonderry, Ireland, join the strike.
The stevedores in Glasgow also strike.
June 8. Ire. The seamen and firemen's
strike paralyzes the shipping business
at Belfast.
June 29. Ire. Wm. O'Brien and
others are arrested at Cork for speaking
at a prohibited meeting ; a riot ensues
in which the police fire.
June 30. Ire. A mob stones the police
at a Nationalist meeting in Cork ; Wm.
O'Brien is arrested, and Patrick O'Brien,
M. P., seriously injured. [July 28. Wm.
O'Brien is taken to jail to serve out his
sentence.]
July 10. Scot. The Clyde shipbuilders
give notice of a lockout.
July 11. Ire. Matthew Harris gets
£1,000 libel against the Irish Times at
Limerick.
AND IRELAND.
1889, Jan. 1-Nov. 1. 1001
July 12. The seamen's strike at Liver-
pool ends by the men accepting the
terms of the employers.
July 17. London. Alice McKenzie is
found in Castle Alley, Whitechapel,
■with her throat cut. [Sept. 10. Another
victim is found.]
July 18. London. Gen. Boulanger is
visited by a body of 500 French sympa-
thizers.
July 21- Aug. 7. Mrs. Florence Eliz-
abeth Maybrick is tried before Justice
Stephen at Liverpool, charged with
poisoning her husband, James May-
brick, at Aigburth, on June 6; she is
convicted. [Aug. 22. Death sentence
is commuted to penal servitude for life.]
July 22. Ire. The Tenants' Defense
League is declared to be formed to
legally counteract landlord combina-
tions for extorting unjust rent and ar-
rears, and destroying the security of
tenants in their holdings.
July 25. The golden wedding of Mr.
and Mrs. Gladstone is celebrated, and a
reception given by the National Liberal
Club.
July 27. London. Princess Louise of
Wales is married to the Duke of Fife
at Buckingham Palace by the archbishop
of Canterbury. The wedding presents
are valued at £150,000.
July 29. Dr. Tanner, M. P., is sen-
tenced to one month's imprisonment
for assaulting Police Inspector Steven
in May last, and to three months' im-
prisonment for contempt of court.
Aug. 1. The Emperor William of Ger-
many visits England.
Aug. 26. Ire. Nationalists O'Brien
and Gilhooley are sentenced respec-
tively to two months' and six weeks'
imprisonment.
Aug.* London. The dock laborers
strike for sixpence an hour and for a
work-day of 12 hours. [Other trades
join in the strike in sympathy. Soon
150,000 men are idle. Sept. 14. Cardinal
Manning and the lord mayor, Sir John
Lubbock, assist in bringing the strike to
an end ; the employers submit to the de-
mands of the workmen. Cost of strike,
£2,000,000.]
Sept. 6. The shipwrights in Cumberland
strike for an advance of four shillings
weekly.
Sept. 8±. Four tenants are boycotted
for paying rent ; and although at a pub-
lic meeting they express contrition, the
meeting refuses to remove the boycott.
Sept. 21. Ire. William H. R. Redmond,
M. P. for North Fermanagh, is sen-
tenced to three months' imprisonment
for offenses under the Crimes Act.
Oct. 24. Ire. Irish Nationalists meet
and organize the Tenants' Defense
League.
STATE.
1889 Jan. 14. Birmingham is created
a city.
Feb. 3. Sir Julian Pauncefote is ap-
pointed minister to the United States in
place of Sackville-West.
Feb. 21. Parliament reassembles.
Feb. * ± Christmas Island, the highest
coral island known, is annexed.
Mar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone makes
a great speech in advocacy of home rule
for Ireland.
Mar. 7. Lord George Hamilton asks for
£21 ,000,000 to be spent on new warships.
[Apr. 2-4. Money is voted.]
Mar. 8. H. C. The proposal to expunge
from the records the particulars of Mr.
Sradlaugh's expulsion in 1880 is re-
jected. Vote, 112-79.
Mar. 21. H. C. The postmaster an-
nounces that the Government will lay a
submarine cable between Bermuda and
Halifax.
Mar. 22. An indemnity is demanded by
the Government for massacre and pil-
lage at Fort MacKenzie factory, Cape
Juby. [Mar. 25. The Sultan of Morocco
gives satisfactory assurances to all de-
mands of the Government.]
Mar. 27. H. C. A Sunday- Closing Bill
is read a second time. [Dropped.]
Apr. 9. H. C. A bill to amend the
Fisheries Act is passed.
Apr. 13. London. The Court of Queen's
Bench decides that women are ineli-
gible to membership in the London
County Council. The case of Lady Sand-
hurst is to be appealed, as her election
is declared void.
May 7. London. The National Liberal
Club becomes practically a Gladstonian
body ; Mr. Parnell is elected a life-
member.
May 14. H. C. Mr. Dillwyn's motion
for the disestablishment of the church
in Wales is defeated. Vote, 284-231.
May 17, 18. H.C. A proposal to abol-
ish the Hereditary Principle is re-
jected. Vote, 201-160.
May 20. H. C. The bill providing for
additional naval expenses is passed.
[May 31. Receives royal assent.]
H. L. A bill legalizing the election
of two ladies for the London County
Council is rejected.
May 21. Parliament : The Government
is authorized to purchase the sub-
marine electric telegraph with
France.
May 29. Ire. Lawrence Dundas, Earl
of Zetland, is appointed lord-lieutenant.
[Dec. 14. He enters Dublin in state.]
May* Sir Nathaniel de Rothschild is
made lord-lieutenant of Buckingham-
shire.
June 19. H. C. A bill is passed pun-
ishing parents who send children out to
beg.
June 25. H. L. The Land Transfer
Bill passes by a majority of nine.
June 26. H. C. The Employment of
Children's Bill is passed.
June 26+. England having declined to
guarantee the evacuation of Egypt at
the behest of France, the Egyptian
Conversion scheme is dead. France
demands the annulment of the Anglo-
Turkish Convention of 1887.
June 28. H. L. Lord Salisbury repu-
diates all responsibility for the Turk-
ish atrocities in Armenia.
July 13. As the Haytian ports blockade
is ineffective, the Government notifies
Hayti not to molest British vessels
visiting insurgent ports.
July 22. Ire. The Tenants' Defense
League is declared to be formed to le-
gally counteract landlord combinations
for exhorting unjust rent and arrears,
and destroying the security of tenants in
their holdings.
H. C. The Commission on Royal
Grants recommends that £9,000 "be
added to the quarterly grant to the
Prince of Wales. Mr. Labouchere
moves a rejection of the report. [July
26. Motion rejected. Vote, 898-116. A
bill allowing the grant is passed.]
The first lord of the admiralty an-
nounces that the construction of 52 war-
ships has been begun during the year — 20
in the Government dockyards and 32 in
private yards.
Aug. 22. H. C. The Irish law charges
are adopted after a protracted ParnelTite
attack upon the coercion law. Vote,
103-61.
Aug. 26. H. C. J. P. B. Robertson's
Scotch Local Government Bill is
passed. [Apr. 8. Introduced.]
Aug. 29. The proposition of the Govern-
ment to establish and endow a new Ro-
man Catholic University in Ireland
causes a split between the Parnellites,
who favor it, and the Radicals opposing.
Aug. 30. Parliament is prorogued un-
til Nov. 16.
Sept. 5. Henry Chaplin is appointed
secretary of agriculture with a seat in
the Cabinet.
Sept. 6. Humphreys and Rierson,
two islands in the Pacific, are annexed.
Oct. 25. Fr. The agitators Dillon and
O'Brien sail from Havre for New York.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Jan. 11. The Umbria makes the
passage between Sandy Hook and Brow
Head in six days, two hours, and 45
minutes.
Feb. 3. The steamer Nereid collides
with the Scotch ship Killochan off Dun-
geness ; 23 lives lost.
Feb. 6. The British bark Largo Bay is
towed into Spithead in a sinking condi-
tion, from colliding with an unknown
steamer off Beachy Head ; all on board
the latter sink.
Feb. 9t. The Grimsby fishing-fleet is
wrecked ; 73 lives lost.
Mar. 13. An explosion occurs at Bryn-
ally colliery, Wrexham ; 20 persons
killed.
Mar. 22. The losses resulting from the
collapse of the copper ring are esti-
mated at $30,000,000.
Mar. 23. London. The great free steam
ferry between North and South Wool-
wich is opened by Lord Rosebery.
Apr. 14. Dublin. A distillery syndi-
cate, with a capital of £1,000,000, is or-
ganized.
Apr. 24. The steamer City of Paris
reaches Queenstown from New York in
six days, five hours, and 55 minutes.
May 6. London. The great soap-works
in Milton Street, and other buildings, are
burned; loss, £250,000.
May 21. Ire. The new dock at Belfast
is opened by Prince Albert Victor of
Wales.
May 22. Ire. The foundation-stone of
the Albert Bridge at Belfast is laid by
Prince Albert Victor.
June 1. The Berry Hill coal-mine at
Hanley caves in ; 100 men are entombed.
June 12. Ire. Excursion-trains collide
near Armagh ; 72 persons are killed and
over 100 injured. [June 21. The rail-
road employees are convicted of man-
slaughter in accident.]
June 24-29. The Royal Agricultural
Society holds its jubilee show in Wind-
sor Park.
June 26. London. Police disperse a
Salvation Army procession.
July 8. The Valkyrie wins in the Royal
Clyde Yachting regatta.
July 23. The German Southwest Af-
rica Company negotiates for the sale
of all its African possessions to an Eng-
lish syndicate.
Oct. 28. The British ship Bolan, to
Liverpool, founders; 33 lives lost.
Nov. 1. Scot. A gable wall falls in
Glasgow, killing 50 girls and women in
Templeton's carpet factory. [Nov. 3.
Twenty-nine bodies are recovered.]
1002 1889, Nov. 6-1890, July 14. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1889 Nov. 6. Ire. Gen. Sir Frederick
Roberts takes command of the forces.
Nov. 23. London. The cruiser Blake is
launched.
1890 Jan. 9. Afr. A large fleet is as-
sembled at Zanzibar.
July 12-16. The National Association
for rifle-shooting meets at Bisley Com-
mon, Surrey. Sergt. Bates, 1st War-
wick, wins the queen's prize. [1891,
July 13-24, Private Dear, Edinburgh,
wins; 1892, July 11-23, Maj. Pollock, 3d
Benfrew ; 1893, July * Serg. Davies ;
1894, July * Peter Bene, 3d Lanark.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1889 Nov. 16. A statue of William of
Orange is unveiled at Belfast.
* * The Royal Agricultural Society
meets at Windsor ; the queen acts as
president.
1890 Mar. 4. Edinburgh. The great
cantilever bridge across the Forth
Biver is opened.
Mar. * A memorial of Sir Erskine May
is unveiled iu the House of Commons.
May 7. Ire. Gold is discovered in the
western part of County Cork.
May 12. The equestrian statue of
Prince Albert at Windsor, jubilee offer-
ing of the women of England, is un-
veiled by the queen.
May 17. A memorial to William E.
Forster is unveiled at Bradford.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1889 Nov. 11. Hatch, Edwin, Bib. schol.,
A55.
Nov. 20. Allingliam, William, poet, A61.
Nov. 21. Blaehford, Lord, Henry Kogers,
statesman, A78. v
Nov. 29. Tupper, Martin F., poet, A79.
Dec. 6. Plunkett, Thomas Oliver W., capt.,
magistrate, Ireland, A54.
Dec. 10. Macdonald, John C, journalist,
A67.
Dec. 12. Browning, Robert, poet, A79.
Dec. 16. Pleydelle-Bouverie, Edward,
politician, A71.
Dec. 19. Dunbar, Sir William, states., A76.
Dec. 21. Lightfoot, Joseph B., bishop of
Durham, author, A61.
Dec. 24. Mackay, Charles, Scotch poet,
A75.
1890 Jan. 1. Sullivan, Sir Bartholomew J.,
admiral, A79.
Jan. 4. Sladen, Sir Edward Rose, col., A59.
Templetown, Viscount, George F. Up-
ton, general, A87.
Jan. 5. Marston, Westland, dramatist, A70.
Jan. 11. Littledale, Richard Frederick,
clergyman, A60.
Jan. 16. Napier of Magdala, Lord,
Robert Cornelis, fleld-marshal, A79.
Jan. 21. Adler, Nathan Marcus, chief
rabbi, A86.
Jan. 31. Manisty, Sir Henry, jurist, A82.
Feb. 7. Baring, Charles, lieut.-gen., A61.
Feb. 12. Frome, Edward Charles, general,
governor of Guernsey, A87.
Feb. 16. Mallet, Sir Louis, politician,
author, A66.
Feb. 19. Biggar, Joseph G., Irish politi-
cian, A72 ±.
Feb. 25. Liptroth, John, general, A77.
Feb. 26. Dacre, Baron, Thomas Crosbie,
W. B. Trevor, A81.
Feb. 27. Auckland, Lord, William G. Eden,
diplomatist, Aiil.
Mar. 2. Baines, Sir Edward (Leeds Mer-
cury), A89.
Mar. 5. Ingham, Sir James T., jurist, A85.
Mackenzie, Alexander, maj.-gen., A70.
Mar. 8. Elphinstone, Sir Howard Craw-
ford, maj.-gen., ABO.
Mar. 9. Coats, Sir Peter, thread manufac-
turer, A81.
Mar. 14. Meehan, Charles P., clergyman,
poet, A77.
Dowse, Richard, statesman, A65.
Mar. 17. Herbert, John R., painter, A80.
Mar. 19. Swetenham, Edmund, pol., A67.
Mar. 21. Manchester, Duke of, William
D. Montagu, politician, A66.
Mar. 24. Cowan, Sir Edward P., pol., A48.
Apr. 3. Normanby, Marquis of, George A.
Constantine, statesman, A70.
Apr. 7. Boyle, Mary Louisa, novelist, A 80.
Apr. 8. Lloyd, Edward, publisher, A75.
Apr. 13. Evans, Charles R. Ogden, general,
A66.
Apr. 23. Glasgow, Earl of, George Fred-
erick Boyle, statesman, A 64.
Cossham, Handel, politician, A66.
Apr. 29. Hammond, Lord, Edmund, states-
man, A88.
Parish, Henry Woodbine, maj.-gen., A69.
May 2. Macaulay, Colman P. L., pol., A41.
May 7. Nasmyth, James, engineer, A82.
May 19. Gordon, Sir Alexander H., gen-
eral, A72.
May 24. O'Donovan, Henry W. (the
O 'Donovan), A 78.
May 27. Filmore, Lewis, journalist, A74.
May 28. Schmitz, Leonhard, educator,
author, A 83.
June 2. Burns, Sir George, shipowner, A95.
June 16. Baber, Edward C, dip., A 46.
June 20. Brackenbury, Charles Booth,
maj.-gen., A59.
June 27. Magheramorne, Lord, J. M. Hogg,
politician, A 67.
June 28. Carnarvon, Earl of, Henry H. M.
Herbert, statesman, A59.
July 1. Cole, Henry A., col., pol., A81.
Crawford, William, politician, A57.
July 3. Parker, William Kitchen, natural-
ist, A67.
July 5. Chadwlck, Sir Edwin, sanitary re-
former, A 90.
July 10. Seymour, Sir Francis, gen., A77.
CHURCH.
1889 Nov. 22. Ire. Pope Leo orders
the Roman Catholic clergy of New Boss,
Wexford, to be instructed to prohibit
their people from attending a meeting
held for the purpose of expressing con-
fidence in Mr. Parnell.
Dec. 7. Ire. A letter from the arch-
bishops and bishops, denouncing Par-
nell, is read in all the (Roman Catholic)
churches.
* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng-
land) :
R. J. Crosthwaite, suffragan of Beverly;
Charles John Corfe of Corea, Alfred George
Edwards of St. Asaph, J. T. Hayes of Trini-
dad, H. H. Montgomery of Tasmania, James
Leslie Randall, suffragan of Reading, Henry
Ware, suffragan of Barrow-in-Furness, Ed-
ward Ash Were, suffragan of Derby.
1890 Feb. 4. The trial of bishop of Lincoln
for alleged violation of the ritual begins.
[ Feb. 25. Concluded and judgment deferred.
Nov. 21. Judgment: a part of the ritualistic
services condemned as illegal. 1891. June
10. Appealed to the Privy Council. 1892.
Apr. 2. Decision upheld.]
May 2. Mr. Gladstone votes for dises-
tablishment. The Commons defeat a
motion to disestablish the Scotch
Church. Vote, 256-218.
LETTERS.
1889 * * London. The New Review is is-
sued.
* * The Encyclopaedic Dictionary is com-
pleted.
* * Appreciations, by Walter Pater, ap-
pears. |1893. Plato and Platoism.]
* * Asolando, by Bobert Browning, ap-
pears.
* * Wordsworth's Grave, by William Wat-
son, appears. [1892. Poems and Lach-
rymse Musarum.]
* * David Livingstone, by Thomas Hughes,
appears.
* * Natural Inheritance, by Francis Gal-
ton, appears.
* * Phoenicia, by George Bawlinson, ap-
pears.
* * The American Commonwealth, by
James Bryce, appears.
* * Literary Remains, by Percy Fitzgerald,
appears.
* * Study of Ben Jonson, by Swinburne,
appears. [1894. Astrophel and Studies
in Prose and Poetry.]
* * Darwinism, by Wallace, appears.
1890 Jan. 4. London. The Daily
Graphic (illustrated) is issued ; also The
Speaker.
Jan. 6. London. The Review of Reviews,
edited by William T. Stead, is issued.
Apr. 25. London. Subjects of the Day,
a quarterly magazine, is issued.
May 5. London. Henry M. Stanley
receives the Boyal Geographical So-
ciety's medal at Albert Hall.
June 9. Edinburgh. The library pre-
sented by Andrew Carnegie (U. S. A.)
is opened.
July 14. Scot. Andrew Carnegie gives
£10,000 for a library at Ayr.
SOCIETY.
1889 Nov. 7. Ire. A Tenants' De-
fense Convention meets in Drogheda,
with 300 delegates present, including a
large number of Roman Catholic priests.
Nov. 12. Scot. Clyde Biver steam-craft
hands strike.
Nov. * London. A banquet is given to
P. T. Barnum, the veteran American
showman. Lord Kilmorey presides, and
Lord Randolph Churchill, Lord Charles
Beresford, Lord Bosebery, the Both-
schilds, Sir John Fowler, and the secre-
taries of the United States Legation are
present.
Dec. 4. Ire. The publisher of the Mun-
ster is sentenced to two months' impris-
onment for reporting a meeting where
boycotting was advocated.
Dec. 15+. In Durham 2,000 colliers
strike because of a dispute about wages.
Dec. 23. Belg. Jem Smith and Slavin
have 14 rounds in a prize-fight near
Bruges ; Smith is defeated.
Dec. 29. Wm. Gladstone receives 200
telegrams and 500 letters congratulating
him upon his 80th birthday.
Dec. 30. W. Ten thousand miners re-
sume 'work, the masters conceding an
advance of 10 per cent in wages.
Dec. * Several thousand gas-men and
coal-porters in London and Manchester
strike.
Dec. * A National Liberal meeting at
Manchester declares in favor of a direct
popular veto of the liquor-traffic.
* * London. Henry Quinn bequeaths
£50,000 to charities.
** London. The patriotic volunteer
fund is instituted by Lord Mayor
Whitehead.
* * Ire. Total number of liquor-licenses
of all kinds, 24,574, being one to every
194 inhabitants of all ages and both
sexes.
1890 Jan. 1. London. RobertBrown-
ing, the poet, is buried in Westminster
Abbey.
An anonymous donor gives £100,000 to
found a Convalescent Home in con-
nection with London hospitals.
Jan. 7. London. More than 200 men em-
ployed in the East India Dock tea ware-
houses strike.
Jan. 10. The jubilee of penny postage
is celebrated.
Jan. 16. The New "Victoria Hospital
at Bournemouth is openefl by the Prince
of Wales.
Jan. 17. Hammond, the fugitive land-
lord connected witli the West End scan-
dal, is reported to be the head of a
blackmailing organization to induce
men into his house, accomplices after-
wards acting as witnesses against them.
Jan. 29. Liverpool dock laborers' strike
is spreading.
AND IRELAND. 1889, Nov. 6-1890, July 14. 1003
Feb. 3. London. The Times compro- STATE.
raises ParneU's libel suit by paying
him £5,000. The paper will also pay Mr. 1889 Nov. 23. Ire. The Government
Campbell, his private secretary, £200.
Both suits are withdrawn.
Feb. 5. Cashier Heilton, of the Oldham
Branch of the Union Bank of Manches-
ter, has absconded; £10,000 are gone.
The dock laborers at Newport strike,
and paralyze commerce.
Feb. 11. H. C. Lord Randolph Church-
ill introduces a bill to regulate the
liquor-traffic.
Feb. 28. At Liverpool 2,000 dock labor-
ers strike for higher wages. [Mar. 5.
Their demands are granted, and the
strike ends.]
Mar 3. London. Ship-carpenters strike
for an advance of sixpence a day.
Mar. 9. London. Working men make a
great demonstration in Hyde Park to
denounce the cruel treatment of Sibe-
rian exiles.
Mar. 19. At the Armstrong Gun Works
at Elswick, 8,000 employees strike for
an eight-hour working-day.
Mar. 25. Scot. The Glasgow dockmen's
strike collapses.
Mar. 31. London. Ten thousand shoe-
makers strike to destroy "sweating,"
by compelling masters to have work
done in factories.
Apr. 7. The annual congress of the La-
bor Electoral Association is opened
at Henley.
Apr. 12. About 5,000 Nottingham mi-
ners strike for an advance in wages.
Apr. 14. About 2,000 grain-porters strike
in Liverpool for higher wages. Also
5,000 at Birkenhead to reduce the labor-
day to eight hours.
Apr. 15. In Northeastern England, 20,-
000 engineers demand shorter hours.
Apr. 17. A great parade of 30,000 dock
laborers, out on a strike, takes place in
Liverpool.
Apr. 17±. The Miners' Federation has
inaugurated a general strike through-
out Great Britain, owing to the masters'
refusal to reply to the demands for an
advance in wages. Over 100,000 men are
out. [Apr. 19±. Settled ; the mine-
owners agree to raise wages 10 per cent.]
Apr. 18. London. The bootmakers'
strike is amicably settled.
Apr. 20. London workmen resolve to
take May 1 as their holiday.
Apr. 22. Prince George of Wales is
invested with the Order of the Black
Eagle.
Apr. 25. Ire. A great strike of railway
men begins. [May 3. Ends.]
Apr. 26. London. Henry M. Stanley
arrives from Africa. [May 2. A recep-
tion is given him, in St. James's Hall, by
the Emin Pasha Relief Committee. May
6. The Queen receives him at Windsor
Castle. May 13. The freedom of Lon-
don is conferred on him.]
May 4. London. An assembly of 170,000
working men gather in Hyde Park, in
favor of an eight-hour labor law. No
disturbance occurs.
May 7. London. About 6,000 tailors
strike.
May 23 ±. London. A title is conferred
on Prince Albert Victor ; viz., Duke
of Clarence and Avondale and Earl of
Athlone.
proclaims meetings in Kilkenny and
Waterford in honor of the Manchester
martyrs. [Other meetings proclaimed.]
* * Parliament : The Navy Discipline
Act is amended.
1890 Jan. *± England has a dispute
with Portugal regarding African terri-
tory. [Jan. 6. Lord Salisbury sends to
Portugal a note threatening rupture of
diplomatic relations. Jan. 9. Portugal
sends a conciliatory note. England re-
fuses to submit the question to arbitra-
tion. Jan. 20. The Powers having re-
fused to mediate, Portugal yields her
claims under protest.]
Jan. 30. The Government has assented
to the separate right of Canada to
legislate on questions involving the
royal prerogative.
Feb. 11. Parliament opens by Royal
Commission.
H. L. The address from the throne
is moved by Lord de Ramsey, and
seconded by Lord Stradbroke. [Feb. 12.
Agreed to. H. C. Mr. Gladstone moves
a reply to the Address. Feb. 17. A Home
Rule for Scotland Amendment is re-
jected. Vote, 307-240. Feb. 24. Ad-
dress agreed to.]
H. C
forged letters is raised, and a resolu-
tion declaring the publication of fhem
in the Times to be a breach of privilege
is rejected. Vote, 2G0-212.
Feb. 12. H. C. Mr. Parnell is reelected
chairman of the Irish Parliamentary
Party.
Feb. 13. Parliament: The Times-Far-
nell Special Commission issues its re-
port.
It concludes — That the respondent mem-
bers of Parliament are not guilty of conspir-
ing for the independence of Ireland as a sep-
arate nation, hut that some of them (Messrs.
M. Harris, Dillon, W. O'Brien, W. Redmond,
O'Connor, J. Condon, and J. J. O'Kelly), to-
gether with Michael Uavitt, established the
Land League mainly for that purpose. That
the respondents [44] did conspire to promote
agrarian agitation in Ireland, the non-pay-
ment of rents, and the expulsion of the land-
lords. That the facsimile Parnell letter
printed in the Times is a forgery. That the
charges of incitement to crime, except by in-
timidation, and of payments for that purpose,
are not proved. That the respondents made
payments to compensate persons injured in
the commission of crime. That the respond-
ents did invite and obtain the cooperation of
the physical force party in America, includ-
ing the CTan-na-Gael, and did not repudiate
the action of that party.
[Mar. 3. H. C. W. H. Smith moves the
adoption of the report ; Mr. Gladstone moves
a condemnatory amendment. Mar. 10.
Gladstone's amendment is rejected. Vote,
339-268. The report is adopted. Mar. 21.
H. L. Report adopted without a division.]
Feb. 21. H. L. A bill is introduced to
amend the constitution of the Councils
of India.
Feb. 27. England and Italy agree to
a treaty providing for concerted action
on the west coast of the Red Sea.
Feb. 28. H. C. Henry Labouchere ac-
cuses the Government of shielding the
accused in the Cleveland-Street scandal,
West End ; during the discussion he
calls Lord Salisbury a liar ; he is sus-
pended for a week.
Mar. 12. H. C. The Irish Tenure of
Land Bill is rejected. Vote, 231-179.
Mar. 21. H. C. . Henry Labouchere
moves the abolition of hereditary repre-
sentatives in Parliament. Motion de-
feated. Vote, 201-139.
Mar. 24. H. C. Mr. Balfour introduces
a bill to provide for the purchase of
land in Ireland for the improvement
of the poorer districts and for the estab-
lishment of an Irish Land Department.
[May 1. Second reading. Vote, 348-226.
Nov. 29. Reintroduced. Dec. 3. Sec-
ond reading. Vote, 268-130. 1891. June
15. Read a third time and passed. July
14. H. L. Passed. Aug. 5. Receives
royal assent.]
Mar. 28. The Delagoa Railway claims
between Portugal on the one hand and
England and America on the other are
settled.
Apr. 14. Parliament reassembles.
Apr. 18. H. C. Samuel Smith's motion
to convene an international conference
on the bimetallic question is rejected.
Vote, 183-87.
Apr. 30. Afr. Treaties are made with
King Mwanga.
May 9. Portugal agrees to submit the
Delagoa Bay Railway question to arbi-
tration.
May 14. H. C. The Agricultural La-
borers (Ireland) Bill is carried without
a division.
The question of the (Parnell) May22. H. C. The Customs and In-
land Revenue Bill is passed.
± . The conversion of the Egyptian
debt is completed.
May 25. Delegates present a protest from
the Newfoundland Government against
French encroachments.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1889 Dec. 19. The Paper Trust, with
a capital of £1,500,000, is organized.
Dec. 31. London. The influenza num-
bers Lord Salisbury and many diplo-
mats among its victims.
1890 Jan. 1. The Forest Gate Indus-
trial School is burned; 26 little boys
are suffocated.
Jan. 15. iondon. The Loan Exhibi-
tion of Paintings is opened by the Prin-
cess Louise.
Jan. 18. A new public park at Poole
is opened by the Prince of Wales.
Feb. 6. W. An explosion occurs in the
Llanerch colliery, near Newport ; more
than 170 deaths follow.
Feb. * London. The closing performance
of Barnum's circus is largely attended ;
it has been visited by 1,500,000 people in
this visit.
Mar. 4. Scot. The Forth Bridge is
opened by the Prince of Wales ; the
Duke of Edinburgh and Prince George
of Wales are present.
Mar. 10. W. An explosion in the
Morfa coal-mine at Tarbac, Glamorgan-
shire, causes 88 deaths. [Mar. 11. Four
of the entombed miners escape. Mar.
12. An unlocked lamp is said to have
caused the explosion.]
May 1. Edinburgh. The Electric Ex-
hibition opens.
Industrial Exhibition is opened by
the Duke of Edinburgh. [Nov.l. Closes.]
May 28. London. The Royal Agricul-
tural Society's show in the Temple Gar-
dens is opened by the Prince of Wales.
July 4. The Duke of Devonshire makes
a reduction of 15 per cent in the rentals
on his Irish estates.
1004 1890, July 20- 1891, Apr. 6. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1890 Sept. 16. Ire. Lord Wolseley
becomes commander of the forces . [Oct.
1. He goes to Dublin to assume com-
mand of the troops.]
Oct. 13. The East Surrey Regiment
mutinies against going to India, but
finally embarks from Guernsey.
Nov. 10. The torpedo cruiser Serpent is
lost on the northwest coast of Spain ;
three men only out of 276 are saved.
1891 Feb. 26. Two war-ships, Royal
Sovereign and the Royal Arthur, are
launched at Portsmouth.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1890 Aug. 29. Dublin. The new Sci-
ence and Art Museum is opened by
the lord-lieutenant.
Sept. 3. The British Association meets
at Leeds.
Oct. 21. A memorial of the defeat of
the Spanish Armada is unveiled at Plym-
outh by the Duke of Edinburgh.
Nov. 24. Heavy gales along the South
coast do much wreckage. [Dec. * An-
other gale.]
Dec. 18. A statue to the late Emperor
Frederick of Germany is unveiled by
the queen at Windsor.
Dec. * The bones of a hippopotamus are
found embedded in clay.
1891 Jan. 21. A landslide at Folkes-
tone kills three persons.
Mar. 10±. The heaviest snowstorm of
the century occurs ; 70 lives are lost in
the blizzard.
Mar. 17. The first conversation by tele-
phone between London and Paris takes
place.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1890 July SO. Wallace, Sir Richard, art
collector, A72.
Davies, David, philanthropist, A72.
Aug. 12. Newman, John Henry, cardi-
nal, author, A89.
Aug. 17. Nalsh, Lord, John, Irish jurist,
A49.
Sept. 1 . Ward, John, diplomatist, A85.
Sept. 3. North, Marianne, artist, botanist,
A60.
Sept. 6. Rosslyn, Earl of, Robert Francis
St. Clair Erskine, A57.
Sept. 9. Liddon, Henry P., Canon of St.
Paul's, author, A61.
Sept. 12. Hardman, Sir Wm.,~urlst, A62.
Sept. 18. Bouclcault, Dion, actor, dra-
matist, Ireland, A68.
Sept. 21. Marum, Edward P. Mulhallen,
Irish politician, A63.
8ept. 24. Selons, Henrv C, artist, A87.
Sept. 25. Egerton, Alfred J. F., pol., A36.
Sept. 29. Barnard, George, landscape
painter, A83.
Oct. 4. Booth, Catherine ( Salvation Army ) ,
A61.
Oct. 7. White, Henry, chaplain, A 56.
Oct. 9. Ellenborough, Lord, Charles Ed-
ward, general, A69.
- — Duffleld, Alexander J., chemist, au., AG8.
Oct. 12. Sellar, William Young, classical
scholar, author, A 65.
Oct. 13. Rogers, James E. Thorold, politi-
cal economist, A67.
Oct. 20. Burton, Sir Richard Francis,
orientalist, A 69.
Oct. 24. Scott, Wm. Bell, poet, painter, A79.
Oct. 25. Graham, Sir Lumley, col., A62.
Oct. 27. Cox, John E., cl., writer, A78.
Oct. 29. Barton, Joseph L. B., maj.-gen.,
A78.
Nov. 12. O'Hagan, John, Irish jurist, A68.
Nov. 13. Davis, Sir John F., Chinese
scholar, diplomatist, A95.
Nov. 15. Harris, George, jurist, au., A81.
Nov. 27. Bell, George, publisher, A76.
Litton, Edward Falconer, Irish justice,
A63.
Dec. 3. Cottesloe, Thomas Francis Fre-
mantle, statesman, A92.
Peacock, Sir Barnes, jurist, A86.
Dec. 5. Huddleston, Baron, John Walker,
jurist, A73.
D«c. 9. Church, Richard William, dean of
St. Paul, author, A75.
Dec. 12. Boehm, Sir Jos. E., sculptor, A56.
Dec. 25. Thomson, William, archbishop of
York, A71.
Gull, Sir William Withey, physician, A73.
Lamington, Lord, Alexander D. B. Coch-
rane, statesman, author, A73.
Lucas, Margaret, first president of World's
Woman's Christian Temperance Union,
A 72.
Thompson, Sir Augustus Rivers, administra-
tor, A61.
1891 Jan. 2. Kinglake, Alexander W.,
historian, A80.
Jan. 4. Keene, Cliarles S., comic artist, A68.
Jan. 20. Sinclair, James Augustus, Earl
of Caithness, A 64.
Jan. 22. Waring, Edward John, medical
author, A72.
Jan. 27. Bradlaugh, Charles, states., A58.
Feb. 1. Plumptre, Edward Hayes, clergy-
man, author, A70.
Feb. 19. Beauchamp, Earl of, Frederic
Lygon, politician, A61.
Feb. 22. Albemarle, Earl of, George
Thomas, general, A92.
Feb. 25. Green, Sir Wm. Kirby, dip., A55.
Mar. 15. Bazalgette, Sir Joseph, civil en-
gineer, A72.
Mar. 20. Quick, Robert Herbert, educator,
A60.
Mar. 29. Lefroy, Edward Cracroft, clergy-
man, author, A36.
Mar. 31. Granville, Earl, George Leve-
son-Gower, statesman, A76.
Apr. 2. Baring, Thomas Charles, finan-
cier, politician, philanthropist, A60.
CHURCH.
1890 Sept. 30-Oct. 3. The Church
Congress is held in Hull, Bishop of
Durham presiding.
Oct. 13. London. An unusual service
of reconciliation is held in St. Paul's
Cathedral after its defilement by sui-
cide.
Oct. 14. Peterborough Cathedral is
reopened after repairs.
Oct. 17. Archdeacon Farrar accepts
the chaplaincy of the House of Com-
mons.
Nov. 12. Gen. Booth asks for £100,000
to begin his scheme for relieving the
poor.
Nov. 13. The Duke of Fife sends Gen.
Booth £100 towards his poor fund of the
Salvation Army. [Nov. 24. The Earl of
Derby donates £1,000.]
* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng-
land) :
Apr. 25, Edward Noel Hodges for Tra-
vancore and Cochin, and Alfred Robert
Tucker for Eastern Equatorial Africa; May
15, Brooke Foss Westcott for Durham;
Oct. 9, J. W. Festing for St. Albans; also
George Rodney Eden for Dover, Daniel
Lewis Lloyd for Bangor, John James S.
Perowne for Worcester, James O'Sullivan
for Tuam, C. Julius for Christchurch, N. Z.,
Jabez C. Whitley for Chutia Nagpur, W.
Saumarez Smith for Sydney, Australia, and
G. H. Stanton for Newcastle, Australia.
* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho-
lic) :
J. Keys O'Doherty for Derry, T. T. McRed-
mond, coadjutor for Killala, and John Egan
for Waterford and Lismore; also Oct. 20,
Denis O'Connor for London, and William
Gordon for Leeds. James A. Smith for Dun-
keld.
1891 Jan. 2. The bishop of London
sanctions the establishment of the
Brotherhood of St. Paul for his dio-
cese ; it is a society of Protestant
monks, who will enter all kinds of pa-
rochial and mission work.
Feb. 8. Ire. The Catholic primate's
letter, condemning Mr. Parnell's
conduct, is read in all the (Roman Cath-
olic) churches.
LETTERS.
1890 Sept. 25. London. The Pater-
noster Review is issued.
Oct. 24. London. Darkest England and
the Way Out is published by General
Booth of the Salvation Army ; the first
edition is sold in three hours.
* * The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar
Wilde, appears. [1891, The Duchess of
Padua; 1892, Lady Windermere's Fan;
1893, A Woman of No Importance and
Salome.]
* * Light of the World, by Sir Edwin Ar-
nold, appears. [1892. Potiphar's Wife
and Other Poems.]
* * Life, Letters, and Friendships of Rich-
ard, ' Monckton Alilnes, First Lord Hough-
ton, appears.
* * Wlien We Were Boys, by William
O'Brien, -appears.
* * The Bondsman, by Hall Caine, ap-
pears. [1891, The Scapegoat; 1894, The
Manxman.]
* * The Firm of Girdlestone, by Conan
Doyle, appears. [1892, Adventures of
Sherlock Holmes.]
* * Beatrice, by Rider Haggard, appears.
[1891, Eric]
* * A Waif of the Plains, by Bret Harte,
appears.
* * Kit and Kitty, by Blackmore, appears.
* * An Ocean Tragedy and My Shipmate
Louise, by Clark Russell, appear. [1892,
A Strange Elopement.]
* * Kersteen, by Mrs. Oliphant, appears.
* * Pen Drawing and Pen Draughtsmen,
by Joseph Pen'nell, appears.
* * Problems of Greater Britain, by Sir
Charles Dilke, appears.
* * Essays, Speculative and Assertive, by
Symonds, appears. [1893, In a Key of
Blue.]
* * Principles of Economics, by Marshall,
appears.
* * The Journey of Sir Walter Scott from
the Original Manuscript at Abbot'sford
appears.
* * In Darkest Africa, by Henry M. Stan-
ley, appears.
1891 Feb. 19±. London. One of Aris-
totle's manuscript treatises on the
Constitution of Athens is found in a
collection of Egyptian papyrus now in
the British Museum.
Mar. 7. Dublin. The National Press is
issued.
SOCIETY.
1890 Aug. 24. Ire. A demonstration
in Limerick by 30,000 persons protests
against Bishop O'Dwyer's attack upon
John Dillon. [Aug. 25. The bishop
withdraws his claim of dishonesty.]
Sept. 1. The Trade Unions Congress
meets in Liverpool ; 500 delegates are
present ; the announcement is made
that £1,000 have been raised for the
Australian strikers, and subscriptions
are coming. [Sept. 4. A resolution is
passed favoring an eight-hour working-
day. Sept. 6. Closes.]
Sept. 2. London. A shipping union is
formed to resist the working men.
Sept. 6. The1 Prince of Wales forbids
the sale of alcoholic liquors on the
Sandringham estate.
Sept. 8. Dock laborers, porters, sailors,
and firemen strike. No trains pass into
the docks except those carrying the
mails.
Sept. 13. The Southampton strike is
ended ; the firemen and seamen are con-
ceded an advance in wages.
Sept. 15. The lockout at Southampton
begins ; work on the dock is entirely
suspended.
AND IRELAND. 1890, July 20-1891, Apr. 6. 1005
Sept. 18. Ire. John Dillon and William
O'Brien are arrested for making
speeches at Limerick and Tipperary,
advising tenants not to pay rent. [Sept.
19. They are released on bail. Sept.
23. Patrick O'Brien, M.P., is also ar-
rested.]
Sept. 24. Edinburgh. The Scottish
Home Rule Association holds a confer-
ence.
Sept. 26. Ire. The trial of the Na-
tionalists, Dillon and O'Brien, begins
at Tipperary. [Oct. 9. They forfeit their
bail, and sail tor Cherbourg, France, to
escape appearance at Tipperary on the
10th inst. Nov. 19. They are convicted
of conspiracy, and sentenced to two
terms of six months' imprisonment.]
Sept. 27. Edinburgh. The Annual Con-
vention of the Irish National League
of Great Britain opens.
Sept. 28. Dock laborers, coal-porters,
sailors, and firemen strike in Southamp-
ton against the employment of non-union
men. [Sept. 29. The strikers cause a
riot, and in several encounters with the
troops, many persons are injured.]
Oct. 3. London. At Armstrong ship-
yard 1,000 men strike.
Oct. 4. The wool-shearers' strike is de-
clared off.
Oct. 8. Corn-porters strike. [Oct. 10.
They resume work.]
Oct. 10. Bradford weavers secure
their demands and resume work.
Oct. 13. London. The funeral of Mrs.
William Booth of the Salvation Army
takes place ; 36,000 people attend.
Oct. 22. London. The dock companies
give notice that they will employ only
free men, and ignore union leaders.
Oct. 24. The laborers in the Royal Al-
bert Docks strike.
Oct. 27. Ire. Moonlighters murder a
girl and her mother in County Clare.
Oct. 28. London. The dock companies
are notified that a strike will follow un-
less non-union men are discharged.
rOct. 30. The dockmen order a strike.
Nov. 3. London dockmen for the Allan
Company return to their work.]
Oct. 31. Ire. Michael Davitt's Demo-
cratic Labor Federation is spreading
throughout the southern counties.
Nov. 7. At Wellingborough, 3,000 shoe-
makers are locked out.
Nov. 14. At Liverpool, 500 members of
the Dockers' Union refuse to unload
the White Star Steamer Germanic from
New York.
Dock laborers in Liverpool strike for
more pay.
Nov. 15-17. Capt. O'Shea brings an
action for divorce against his wife,
naming C. S. Parnell as corespondent ;
the divorce is granted, and Mr. Parnell is
ordered to pay $3,500 costs.
Nov. 18. Dublin. The National League
meets, and those present decide to stand
by Parnell as leader of the Nationalists.
Nov. 19. London. Mayhew, a solicitor,
absconds, leaving $650,000 liabilities
and $900 assets.
Princess Victoria, second daughter
of the Emperor and Empress Frederick,
is married to Prince Adolphus of
Schaumberg-Lippe.
Nov. 21. In Durham, 25,000 colliers
strike for higher wages.
Nov. 24. A judgment for £160 is given
against Miss Cobden for acting as a mem-
ber of the London County Council, for
which, being a woman, she was dis-
qualified.
Nov. 26. Ire. Mayor Walsh of Wex-
ford is sentenced to three months' im-
prisonment under the Crimes Act for
publishing certain articles in The New
Ross Standard.
Dec. 6. Ire. Justin M'Carthy and 44
other members withdraw from meetings
of the Irish Nationalists, and organize a
separate body, with Mr. M'Carthy as
chairman.
Dec. 15. Dublin. The suppressed
United Ireland, A paper published by
the anti-Parnellites, reappears.
Dec. 21. Scot. The railway servants
at Glasgow decide to strike. [Dec. 22.
About 4,500 strike. Dec. 23. The strike
extends.]
* * The title Baron Field is created. [1891,
Barons Hambleden, Iveagh, MacDonald,
Ma8ham, and Mount Stephen.]
1891 Jan. 8. Ire. The Balfour Irish
Relief Fund reaches $10,000, besides
contributions of clothing.
Jan. 14. Edinburgh. A mass-meeting
of railroad strikers is held. [Jan. 15.
The strikers try to wreck a train near
Greenock, and they are riotous at Perth.
Jan. 29. Strike is ended.]
Jan. 30. Gen. Booth of the Salvation
Army begins to carry out his plan of
social regeneration.
Feb. 13. London. Another White-
chapel outcast is murdered.
Mar. 10. Dublin. The National Fed-
eration Convention opens. Justin M'-
Carthy presides ; letters approving the
course of the M'Carthyites are received
from Archbishop Coke and from most of
the bishops of Ireland.
Mar. 17. London. A blue book is is-
sued: it discloses the fact that 152 peers
of the realm are owners of places in
which intoxicants are sold ; the number
of drink-shops owned by them is 1,539.
Mar. 22±. Ire. The priests still de-
nounce Mr. Parnell from their pulpits.
Parnell addresses a public meeting at
Drogheda.
Apr. 6. London. A sensation is caused
by the rumor that Parnell has been
privately married since the divorce
proceedings, but not to Mrs. O'Shea.
[May 26+ . The divorce is made abso-
lute.]
STATE.
1890 Aug. 9. The formal transfer of
Helgoland to Germany is made.
Aug. 18. Parliament is prorogued.
Aug. 22. The convention respecting
East Africa, by England and Portugal,
is published.
It restrains the latter power from
transferring African territory without
the former's consent.
Sept. 27. England offers to buy the
fisheries rights of France in New-
foundland at a price to be fixed by a
board of arbitration.
King George, of the Tonga Islands,
is notified that his country is under
British protection.
Sept. 29. London. Joseph Savory is
elected lord mayor.
Nov. 4. An ^agreement with the Sultan
of Zanzibar, placing his dominions un-
der the Protectorate of England, is
gazetted.
Nov. 8. Lord Salisbury accepts Portu-
gal's proposal for a modus vivendi in
regard to Africa. [Dec. 9. The modus
vivendi is concluded.]
Nov. 25. Parliament reopens ; the
queen's speech is read in both Houses.
At a meeting of the Irish Home Rule
members of Parliament, Mr. Parnell is
unanimously reelected chairman of the
Irish Parliamentary Party.
A letter from Mr. Gladstone is pub-
lished, saying that he cannot cooperate
with Parnell.
Nov. 27. Mr. Parnell issues his mani-
festo to the Irish people, giving his rea-
sons why he should continue in the lead-
ership of the Irish Party.
Dec. 2. The Irish members of Parlia-
ment hold a session to consider the re-
moval of Parnell; a motion to post-
pone the question is rejected. Vote,
44-29.
Dec. 9. The Municipal Council of the
Irish National League formally calls
upon Mr. Parnell to resign.
Dec. 20. The charter of the South
African Company is gazetted.
It embraces the vast tract of Central Africa
nortli of the Zambesi Kiver and west of the
coast-line in Mozambique, to which it is now
the policy of England to limit the Portu-
guese. The company is bound by the condi-
tions of the charter to oppose and discourage
the slave-trade and the trade in ardent spirits.
1891 Jan. 9. An Anglo-Austrian
convention is signed, allowing Austria
to occupy the seaport of Salonica on
condition that she will support the Brit-
ish policy in regard to Turkey, Armenia,
and Egypt.
Jan. 22. Parliament reassembles ; Mr.
Parnell assumes the Irish leadership.
Jan. 27. H. C. The resolution of
1880, forbidding Bradlaugh to take
the oath or to afhrm, is expunged from
the House records.
Feb. 3. H. C. An Act for the recovery
of tithe-rent charge in England and
Wales is passed. [Feb. 19. Passed.
Mar. 26. Receives royal assent.]
Feb. 20. H. C. The resolution favor-
ing the disestablishment of the Church
in Wales is rejected. Vote, 235-203.
Mar. 13±. The proposed arbitration
agreed on by England and France con-
cerning Newfoundland is limited to
the lobster fisheries and canning fac-
tories.
Mar. 18. H. C. The Welsh Local
Option Bill is passed.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1890 July 28. Scot. A railway acci-
dent occurs at Milngavie Junction, near
Glasgow ; about 30 persons are injured.
Sept. * Ire. The potato crop is a failure
in many places.
Sept. 16. The new bridge over the
Taff at Cardiff is opened by the Duke o*
Clarence and Avondale.
Nov. 4. The electric underground
railway from London to Stock well is
inaugurated by the Prince of Wales.
Nov. 11. A collision occurs on the
Great Western Railway at Taunton ; 10
persons killed and many injured.
Dec. 20. London. A fire in Queen Vic-
toria and Thames Streets near Bluck-
friars Bridge causes a loss of £400,000.
* * Sir J. Miller's Sainfoil wins the
Derby race. [1891, Sir F. Johnstone's
Common; 1892, Lord Bradford's Sir
Hugo ; 1893, H. McCalmont's Isinglass;
1894, Lord Rosebery's Ladas.]
1,891 Jan. 11. A collision in the Frith
of Forth results in 13 persons drowned.
Jan. 24. The first train crosses the
Forth Bridge with directors on board.
Feb. 22+. The great struggle between
capital and labor still continues.
Apr. 5. A big colliery trust is created
in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire,
and Staffordshire.
1006 1891, Apr. 10-1892, Jan. 21. GREAT BRITAIN
■'
ARMY — NAVY.
1891 Apr. 15. E. I. A British force
is advancing upon the Manipuris, who
are preparing to resist.
Apr. 21. London. Part of Third Bat-
talion Grenadier Guards refuse to
turn out for parade. [Apr. 24. Four
are sentenced to imprisonment for two
years.]
May 23. S. E. Afr. Portuguese troops
and the British South African Com-
pany's expedition engage in a serious
conflict on the Pungwe River.
May 28. S. E. Afr. British troops de-
feat a Portuguese force on the banks
of the Bemba River. [May 30. An at-
tack by the Portuguese on the British
camp is repulsed after a fight of two
hours.]
May * Three war-vessels and an armed
force are sent to prevent the forming of
the " Republic of the North " as contem-
plated by the Boers.
Aug. 18-21. The French fleet visits
English waters, and is received with
great ovations. [Aug. 21. The French
and British fleets are reviewed by the
queen off Spithead.]
Oct. 28. Another mutinous demon-
stration is made by the Third Battalion
Grenadier Guards at "Windsor.
Dec. 11. Tibet. Hunza Niger tribes-
men are repulsed by native troops
under British officers near Gilghit, with
heavy losses on both sides ; the tribes-
men capture Fort Chalt ; it is recaptured
by British troops. [The British advance
on Hunza.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1891 July 8. Scot. A statue of Rob-
ert Burns is unveiled, with Masonic hon-
ors, at Ayr.
July 10. London. The convention of
the Theosophic Society opens, Mr.
Olcott presiding.
Aug. 10. London. The International
Congress of Hygiene and Demography
is opened by the Prince of Wales. [Aug.
17. Closes.]
1892 Jan. 3. W. Gold is discovered
in Barmouth, Merionethshire.
Jan. 5. London. Henry VIII. is pro-
duced at the Lyceum Theater by Henry
Irving.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1891 May 3. Sullivan, Barry, Irish trage-
dian, A66.
May 5. Magee, William Connor, archbishop
of York, A70.
May 6. Hare, Thomas, political wr., A85.
May 8. Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna,
leader of Theosophists, A60.
May 15. Long, Edwin, artist, A52.
May 18. Cavendish, Lord Edward, politi-
cian, A53.
Colquhoun, Sir Patrick, pol., au., A76.
May 22. Fowler, Sir Hubert Nicholas, poli-
tician, A63.
May 26. Wyllie, Sir William, colonel, A89.
June 2. Hawkshaw, Sir John, eng., A80.
June 1 1 . Bodichon, Barbara Leigh Smith,
philanthropist, A 64.
June 18. O'Gorman Mahon, James Pat-
rick, colonel, politician, A91.
June 20. Hewett, Sir Prescott G., surgeon,
A78.
July 4. Gladstone, Wm. Henry, pol., A50.
July 28. Fothergill, Jessie, novelist, A40.
Aug. 21. Inglis, Lord, John, justice, A81.
Cleveland, Duke of, Harry G. Powlett,
A88.
Aug. 24. Raikes, Henry C, postmaster-
genera., politician, A53.
Aug. 26. Whichcote, George, gen., A97.
Sept. 9. Theed, William, sculptor, A87.
Oct. 6. Parnell, Charles Stewart, Irish
leader, statesman, A45.
Oct. 7. Hennessey, Sir John Pope, states-
man, author, A57.
Oct. 15. A'Becket, Arthur William, drama-
tist, A54.
Oct. 26. Hewett, William, lieut.-col., A96.
Nov. 12. Wingfleld, Lewis, author, A 49.
Nov. 13. Suffleld, K. Rodolph, Unitarian
clergyman, A70.
Nov. 24. Bulwer-Lytton. Edward Robert
(Owen Meredith), Earl of Lytton, states-
man, poet, author, A60.
Nov. 25. Goodwin, Harvey, bishop of Car-1
lisle, author, A73.
Nov. 29. Power, Richard, pol., Ire., A40.
Dec. 1. Thompson, Sir Matthew W., poli-
tician, A72.
Dec. 6. Flannigan, Stephen W., jurist, Ire-
land, A74.
Dec. 13. Wells, William Gorman, drama-
tist, A 67.
Dec. 16. Bennett, Sir James Risdon, phy-
sician, A82.
Dec, 17. Browne, Edward H., bishop of
Winchester, author, A80.
Dec. 19. Harcourt, Edward W., pol., A66.
Taylor, Peter Alfred, merchant, politi-
cian, A72.
Dec. 21. Cavendish, William, Duke of
Devonshire, statesman, A 83.
Dec. 24. Chambers, Sir Thomas, jurist, A78.
Dec. 28. Cellier, Alfred, composer, A47.
White, Sir William, dip., A67.
Dec. 30. Adams, W. H. Davenport, jour-
nalist, author, A 63.
Dec. * Grantham, Richard B., eng., A86.
Dec. * Smith, William, architect, A 74.
Smith, William Henry, statesman, A66.
1892 Jan. 1. Redhouse, Sir James, orien-
talist, A81.
Jan. 2. Airy, Sir George B., astron., A90.
Jan. 6. Clifford, Sir Robert C. Spencer,
colonel, A76.
Jan. 10. Villiers, George, general, A44.
Philpott, Henry, bp. of Worcester, A 85.
Jan. 14. Manning, Henry Edward,
cardinal, archbp. of Westminster, au., A83.
Albert Victor Christian Edward, Duke of
Clarence and Avondale, son of Prince of
Wales, A28.
Jan. 15. Kelly, Edward, rear-adm., AS5.
CHURCH.
1891 Apr. 21. A Glasgow woman be-
queaths £70,000 to Gen. Booth of the Sal-
vation Army. [May 8. Mr. Bell of
Glasgow, £60,000 for same purpose.]
May 13. Ire. A priest refuses to ad-
minister the sacrament to Parnellites
at Bunmore.
June 5. W. The South "Wales Metho-
dist Conference meets at Cardiff.
June 14. London. Dr. Joseph Parker
delivers a sermon at the City Temple
in which he denounces the Prince of
Wales (baccarat scandal).
June 23. London. The Rev. Herman
Adler is installed chief rabbi of the
British Empire in Bayswater Synagogue.
July 2. Ire. The Irish bishops reaffirm
their declaration against Mr. Parnell
as unfit to be a leader of the Irish
people, and unworthy the confidence of
Roman Catholics.
July 10. London. The Theosophic So-
ciety meets ; 246 branches represented.
July 13-21. London. The Interna-
tional Congregational Council holds
its meeting.
Aug. 15. Services in memory of James
HusseU Lowell are held in Westmin-
ster Abbey, led by Canon Farrar.
Oct. 6. The archbishop of Canterbury
opens the Church Congress at Rhyl.
* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng-
land):
William C. Magee for York, later William
D. Maclagan, R. F. L. Blunt, suffragan for
Hull, Anthony W. Thorold for Winchester,
Henry B. Bowlby, suffragan for Coventry,
Randall Thomas Davidson for Rochester,
W. M. Carter for Zululand, South Africa,
Mandell Creighton for Peterborough, John
Gott for Truro, Christopher George Barlow
for North Queensland, William Day Reeve
for Mackenzie River, Can., William Walsh
for Mauritius, W. H. Yeatnian, suffragan for
Southwark, Augustus Legge for Lichfield.
LETTERS.
1891 July 10. Dublin. Ttie Nation
suspends.
Aug. 8. Scot. Andrew Carnegie lays
the corner-stone of a public library at
Peterhead, to which he had given £1,000.
Sept.* Dublin. The Freeman's Journal
and National Press are united.
Dec. 18. Dublin. The Daily Irish In-
dependent (Parnellite) is issued.
1891-92 * * The Wrecker and Ballads,
by R. L. B. Stevenson, appear. [1893,
David Balfour, Island Nights' Enter-
tainments, Catriona and A Foot-note to
History ;■ Eight Years of Trouble in Sa-
moa; 1894, Ebb-Tide.]
* * Essays on English Literature and Es-
says on French Novelists, by George E.
B. Saintsbury, appear.
* * Peter Ibbetson, by George du Maurier,
appears.
* * History of Sicily, by Freeman, ap-
pears.
* * Memoir of Horace Walpole, by Austin
Dobson, appears.
* * Poems by the Way, by William Morris,
appears.
* * Daphne and Other Poems, by Frederick
Tennyson, appears.
* * One of Our Conquerors, by George
Meredith, appears. [1894, Lord Ormont
and his Aminta.]
* * The Wages of Sin, by Lucas Malet, ap-
pears.
* * The Life and Letters of Bobert Brmcn-
ing, edited by Mrs. Sutherland Orr, ap-
pears.
* * Memoir of the Life of Laurence Oli-
phant and of Alice Oliphant appears.
* * Letters of Charles Dickens to Willie
Collins, by Laurence Hutton, appears.
* * The Little Minister, by J. M. Barrie,
appears. [1893, Two of Them, An Auld
Licht Manse, and A Tillyloss Scandal.]
1892 Jan. 18. The London edition of
the New York Herald is discontinued.
SOCIETY.
1891 Apr. 12. Ire. The Plan of Cam-
paign collapses on the Tower Hill es-
tates in Limerick and Glensharold, thus
ending a seven years' struggle.
May 3. London. An immense labor
meeting is held in Hyde Park.
May 21. Queen Victoria lays the corner-
stone of an infirmary at Derby.
June 1-9. London. The Baccarat
Scandal :
Sir William Gordon-Cumming sues Mr.
and Mrs. Lycett Green and others for
slander in charging him with having
cheated at a game of baccarat in the
house of Arthur Wilson, Tranby Croft,
near Doncaster, in September 1890. [June
4. Case is tried before Lord Coleridge of
the Queen's Bench division ; Sir Edward
Clarke is counsel for plaintiff ; June 9.
He severely criticizes the Prince of
Wales. Sir Charles Russell is counsel
for defendants. The defendants are
acquitted.]
June 8. Scot. At Clydebank, 7,000 ship-
workers strike against a 5 per cent re-
duction in wages.
June 10. Sir Wm. Gordon-Cum-
ming, the plaintiff in the baccarat trial,
is married to Miss Florence Garner of
New York.
AND IRELAND. 1891, Apr. 10-1892, Jan. 21. 1007
June 12. London. The omnibus strike
is ended ; the employers' offer of a 12
hours' work-day and a slight increase in
wages is accepted.
June 14. London. The laundresses,
supported by numerous trade societies,
in all about 80,000 persons, hold a meet-
ing in Hyde Park, to secure the benefits
of the Factory Act.
June 22. London. Another murder of
a foreign woman occurs.
June 25. The marriage of Mr. Parnell
and Mrs. O'Shea at Steyning is an-
nounced.
June 29. The great-granddaughter of
the queen, infant daughter of Duke
and Duchess of Fife, is christened in
the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace;
archbishop of Canterbury officiates.
July 4-14. Emperor "William of Ger-
many visits England.
July 11. The United Kingdom brewers
and license victualers form a strong
combine to uphold their interests.
July 17. London. A meeting of Chris-
tian ministers is held in the City Tem-
ple, in support of the formation of a
federation of English-speaking people
for international arbitration and uni-
versal peace.
July 20. London. The famous St. Paul's
Cathedral reredos case, in litigation
since 1888, is dismissed in the Court of
Appeals, with costs against the appel-
lants.
July 30. Ire. Nationalists Dillon and
O'Brien are released from their 6ix
months' imprisonment.
July 31. Ire. The Freeman's Journal
repudiates the leadership of Mr. Par-
nell, and Mr. Parnell's suggestion to
Dillon and O'Brien for a reunion of
their forces is rejected.
Aug. 7. London. An aged woman is
fatally stabbed in Whiteehapel.
Aug. 10. London. An International
Congress of Hygiene and Demog-
raphy is opened by the Prince of Wales
in St. James Hall.
Aug. 15. W. About 1,000 miners strike.
Aug. 19. The French fleet arrives off
Cowes, and is received with honors.
[Aug. 20. The queen entertains Adm.
Gervais and bis officers at the Osborne
House. Aug. 26. The fleet leaves Ports-
mouth.]
Sept. 1. London. The Oriental Con-
gress is opened. [Sept. 8. It favors an
international eight-hour law.]
Sept. 7. The Trade-Union Congress
opens at Newcastle.
Sept. 10. London. The Jewish Colo-
nization Association is registered un-
der the Companies' Act with a capital
of £2,000,000 in £100 shares; Baron
Hirsch holds 19,900 shares.
Sept. 21. London. The London and
Westminster Bank is robbed of bills
valued at more than $750,000.
Oct. 1. The Liberal Federation Con-
gress opens in Newcastle ; 3,000 dele-
gates present.
Oct. 11. Dublin. The funeral of Par-
nell takes place, 40,000 persons having
viewed the body.
Oct. 21. An attempt is made to wreck
an express-train on the Great Western
Railway.
Nov. 4. Ire. The Irish National Fed-
eration is in session at Waterford ;
mobs throng the streets, and 150 persons
are injured.
Dec. 9. London. Women's Labor
Home is opened by the Duchess of Al-
bany in Marylebone Road.
Dec. 15. Ire. Flection riots at Water-
ford occur between Parnellites and
anti-Parnellites.
1892 Jan. 20. The funeral of the Duke
of Clarence and Avondale takes place
in St. George's Chapel,Windsor.
Jan. 21. The funeral of Cardinal
Manning takes place at Kensal Green
Cemetery.
STATE.
1891 Apr. 10. Queen Victoria appoints
a Royal Labor Commission, with the
Marquis of Hartington at its head, to
inquire into the relations existing be-
tween capital and labor, the cause of
strikes, and the best means of prevent-
ing them.
Apr. 13. H. C. The Intoxicating
Liquors ( Ireland ) Bill, providing for
entire Sunday closing over the whole of
Ireland, and for earlier closing on Satur-
day, is read a second time. [Withdrawn
because of want of time to discuss it.]
Apr. 22. H. C. A motion for the sec-
ond reading of the bill to enable Dis-
senters to acquire freehold rights to
places of religious worship on payment
therefor, thus placing them on equal
footing with the Church of England, is
passed. Vote, 218-110. [Dropped.]
Apr. 23. H. C. Mr. Goschen proposes
an annual grant of £2,000,000 for free or
assisted education.
Apr. 28. H. C. A motion to reduce
the number of taverns, and to give
local authorities larger control of li-
censes, provided that publicans be com-
pensated, is passed. Vote, 182-111.
Apr. 30. H. C. Announcement is made
that in future no treaty of commerce
precluding the preferential arrange-
ments between England and the Colo-
nies regarding their respective products
would be renewed.
May 8. England has annexed a strip of
territory on the western frontier of
Bechuanaland, in order to prevent the
threatened " trek " of Boers and Dama-
ras. (Announced.)
May 30. The Governor of the Bank
of England is appointed a member of
the privy council.
June 5. H. C. A bill (introduced May
29), prohibiting British subjects from
catching seals in Bering Sea for a cer-
tain period, is passed. [June 8. H. L.
Passed. June 9. An amendment pro-
hibiting British ships from sealing in
that sea for a limited period is adopted
by both Houses. June 11. Receives
royal assent.]
June 11. Port. The Anglo-Portu-
guese Convention, relating to the Eng-
lish and Portuguese possessions in South
Africa, is signed at Lisbon.
June 18. H. C. The Factory and
Workshop Act, to improve the condi-
tions under which operatives work in
the textile industries, is introduced. [An
amendment prohibiting children under
1 1 years of age from working is adopted.
Vote, 202-186 ; this is a Government de-
feat. July 19. A motion, that after
1892, July 1, children under 14 years of
age shall not be employed except on
half time, is defeated. Vote, 164-189;
bill passed. July 13. II. L. Passed.
Aug. 5. Receives royal assent.]
June 22. Sir George Smyth Baden-Pow-
ell, M.P., and Dr. Dawson, of the Cana-
dian Survey Department, are appointed
British arbiters in the Bering Sea dis-
pute ; Ashley Froude is appointed sec-
retary of the British Bering Sea Com-
mission.
June 24. British subjects are forbidden
by Order in Council to catch seals in
Bering Sea until May 1, 1892.
June 25. England annexes the island of
Sabutan, which is claimed by Spain.
July 22. H. C. Sixty thousand pounds
is voted for the relief of Ireland's suf-
fering poor.
Aug. 5. Parliament: A new Element-
ary Education Act, reducing or abol-
ishing school fees, introduced June 8, is
passed. [Sept. 1. In operation.]
The Public Health ( London ) Act,
amending previous statutes, is passed.
Sept. 21. Sir James Ferguson has been
appointed postmaster-general to succeed
Mr. Raikes, deceased.
Sept. 22. The Government officially rec-
ognizes the Provisional Government of
Chile.
Sept. 29. London. David Evans is
elected lord mayor.
Oct. 18. Arthur J. Balfour is ap-
pointed first lord of the treasury. [Oct.
25. William L. Jackson is appointed
chief secretary for Ireland.]
Nov. 17. London. Lord Salisbury noti-
fies the Turkish ambassador that Eng-
land is ready to reopen negotiations for
a convention to regulate affairs in
Egypt.
Nov. 26. The Newfoundland Bait
Act is pronounced unconstitutional.
Dec. 11. The Marquis of Dufferin is
appointed British ambassador at Paris.
* * Census returns give population of
England and Wales, 29,001,018 ; Ireland,
4,704,750 ; and Scotland, 4,033,103.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1891 May 11. A tank explodes at
Newport, killing eight men and injur-
ing 25.
June 24. The Irish Campaign Fund's
account is reported as follows : Col-
lected: $634,385 ; expended: legal ex-
penses, $36,100; to tenants, $382,090;
housing, $68,405 ; building, etc. at New
Tipperary, $147,760 — total, $632,385.
July 7. The Manchester Ship Canal
is opened.
July 12. A dam in the Mersey, 250 feet
wide, collapses at the mouth of the
Union Canal.
Aug. 24. Iron-works in the Cumberland
district shut down ; 6,000 men are idle.
Sept. 4. The steamer Fursl Bismarck, for
Hamburg from New York, breaks the
record ; time of passage, six days, 12
hours, and 58 minutes.
Sept. 7. The steel-works at Belckow,
Yorkshire, shut down; several thou-
sand men are idle.
Nov. 5. The chemical manufactures
register under the name of the United
Alkali Company; capital, £6,000,000.
Nov. 14, 15. Commercial panic ; the
Bank of England averts the suspension
of the house of Baring Brothers.
Nov. 29. The Cotton Employers' Asso-
ciation of Oldham decides to raise
wages 10 per cent.
Dec. 26. A terrible panic takes place
in the theater at Gateshead ; 10 persons
are crushed to death.
1008 1892, Jan. 22 -1893, Feb. 9. GREAT BRITAIN
ARMY — NAVY.
1892 Jan. 30. The cruiser Grafton is
launched at the Thames Iron works.
[Feb. 27. The Repulse at Pembroke
dockyard. Mar. 1. Scot. The war-ship
Itamillies on the Clyde.]
Apr. 2. E. I. The revolt of the Chins
in Upper Burmah is announced. [The
government troops defeat and inflict
heavy tines upon the revolting chiefs.]
May * E. I. Government troops capture
Toniataba after a brave defense by the
natives.
Sept. 26. Life-guardsmen at Windsor
cut their saddles as a protest against
excessive drill ; several are arrested.
[A court-martial sentences one offender
to imprisonment for 18 months, and dis-
missal from the regiment.]
Dec. 2. Ind. The cruiser Rapid shells
seven villages in Solomon Islands.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1892 Feb. 12. The Naval Exhibition
in the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, is
opened by Lord George Hamilton.
May 18. An earthquake shock is felt
at Cornwall.
Aug. 18. Two earthquake shocks occur
in Wales.
Sept. 10. London. The new Trafalgar
Square Theater is opened.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1893 Jan. 22. Ramsay, J. D., commander,
A86.
Jan. 23. Benson, Henry Roxby, gen., A73.
Jan. 25. Lawrence, Sir Arthur Johnstone,
general, A82.
Jan. 27. Lambert, Sir John, states., A76.
Jan. 29. Paget, Sir George, physicist, A72.
Jan. 31. Spurg-eon, Charles Haddon,
clergyman, author, A58.
Feb. 3. Mackenzie, Sir Morell, physician,
surgeon, A65.
Feb. 10. Caird, Sir James, agriculturist,
Scotland, A76.
Feb. 11. Grant, James A., explorer, A 64.
Feb. 13. Wallis, Sir Provo Wni. Parry,
admiral, A100.
Feb. 15. Stuart, Charles, general, A82.
Feb. 18. Campbell, Sir Geo., pol., au., A67.
Mar. 6. Gregory, Sir Wm. Henry, pol., A75.
Mar. 10. Denbigh, Earl of, Rudolph W. B.
Fielding, A 68.
Mar. 16. Freeman, Edward Augustus,
historian, A69.
Mar. 19. Russell, Sir William, lieut.-gen.,
politician, A69.
Apr. 2. Murray, John, publisher, A83.
Apr. 5. Leitrim, fourth Earl of, A45.
Apr. 15. Edwards, Amelia B., noveliBt, A61.
Apr. 22. Pelly, Sir Lewis, gen., dip., A67.
May 9. Bramwell, Baron George W. W.,
jurist, A84.
May 24. Butt, Sir Charles P., jurist, A61.
May 26. Mayne, Richard Charles, rear-
admiral, A57.
June 18. Fytche, Albert, C. S. I., general,
diplomatist, A71.
June 20. Drogheda, Marquis of, Sir Henry
F. Seymour Moore, A67.
July 15. Cooper, Thomas, political agita-
tor, poet, author, A87.
Hardinge, Sir Arthnr E., general, A64.
July 1 6. Macgregor, J ohn ( Rob Roy ), trav-
eler, author, A67.
July 19. Cook, Thomas, excursionist, A84.
July 25. Claughton, Thomas Leigh, bishop
of Rochester, A84.
July 27. Sherbrooke, Viscount, Robert
Lowe, statesman, A81.
Aug. 2. Van Straubenzee, Sir Charles T.,
general, A79.
Sept. 16. Howard, Edward, cardinal, lin-
guist, A63.
Sept. 22. Sutherland, Duke of, George
Granville Leveson-Gower, A63.
Sept. 27. Evans, Sir Thomas W., pol., A71.
Oct. 6. Marriott, Hayes, lieut.-gen., A79.
Oct. 6. Tennyson, Lord Alfred, poet, A83.
Elliot, Richard C, surgeon-gen., A75.
Oct. 7. Pears, Sir Thomas Townsend, inaj.-
gen., A82.
Oct. 20. Nelson, Thomas, publisher, phi-
lanthropist, A70.
Nov. 9. Marlborough, Duke of, George
Charles Spencer-Churchill, A48.
Nov. 11. Trollope, Thomas A., novelist,
historian, A82.
Nov. 16. Sankey, William, general, A71.
Dec. 16. Briggs, Willoughby L.,maj.-gen.,
A65.
Dec. 17. Portarlington, Earl of, Lionel S.
W. Dawson Darner, Crimean vet., ABO.
Smith, William S., admiral, A93.
Dec. 18. Owen, Sir Richard, naturalist,
anatomist, A88.
Dec. 24. Howell, Richard A., vice-adin.,
A76.
Dec. 29. Black, Francis, Scot. pub., A61.
1893 Jan. 15. Kemble, Fanny (Frances
Anne) actor, A83.
Jan. 83. Brooks, Phillips, churchman,
orator, A58.
Feb. 6. Brabourne, Lord Edward H.
Knatchbull-Hngessen, statesman, author
of books for children, A 63.
CHURCH.
1892 June 2. Peterborough Cathe-
dral is reopened by the archbishop of
Canterbury.
Aug. 16. London. The pallium is con-
ferred, for the first time since 155G, on
Archbishop Vaughan (Roman Catholic)
of Westminster.
Oct. 4. The Church Congress meets
at Folkestone, archbishop of Canter-
bury presiding.
* * London. Herbert Vaughan is conse-
crated (Roman Catholic) archbishop of
Westminster.
* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng.) :
Norman D. J. Straton for Sodor and Man,
John W. Bardsley (tr.) Carlisle, Wm. Edm.
Smyth for Lebombo, South Africa, Andrew
H. Dunn for Quebec, H. Tully Kingdon for
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Alfred Clifford
for Lucknow, Charles Oliver Mules for Nel-
son, N. Z., William Chambers for Goulburn,
Australia, and Nathaniel Dawes for Rock-
hampton, Australia; also John Bilsborrow
for Salford, Theodore Dalhoff for Bombay,
and N. Seluan for Cyprus.
* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho-
lic):
Ire. John Conmy for Killala, and R. A.
Sheehan for Waterford and Lismore.
LETTERS.
1892 Mar. 17. Scot. The University of
St. Andrews opens the departments of
theology, arts, and sciences to women.
Oct. 1. London. The Pall Mall Gazette
changes hands ; it will be no longer Rad-
ical, but favor the Liberal-Unionists.
Oct. 24. Mr. Gladstone delivers the first
Romanese lecture at Oxford University
on " Medieval Universities."
Nov. 15. W. The new library at the
University College of Wales, Aberyst-
with is formally opened, the gift of
American Welshmen.
Dec. 13. Victoria Buildings, Univer-
sity College, Liverpool, are opened.
* * Notes of an Englishman in Paris ap-
pears.
* * The Duchess of Powysland, by Grant
Allen, appears.
* * Man and Beast in India, by Kipling,
appears.
* * Elements of Politics, by Henry Sedg-
wick, appears.
* * Marah, by Owen Meredith, appears.
[1893, King Poppy.]
* * Fortunatus, the Pessimist, by Alfred
Austin, appears.
* * Life of William Cowper, by T. Wright,
appears.
* * Conversations with Carlyle, by Sir
Charles Gavan Duffy, appears.
1893 Jan. 11. London. The Westmin-
ster Gazette is issued.
SOCIETY.
1892 Feb. 9. London. The body of
Kev. Charles H. Spurgeon is lying in
state in his Tabernacle ; about 7,000 peo-
ple pass the casket hourly.
Feb. 10. London. About 8,000 coal-
porters strike. [Feb. 12. Ends.]
Feb. 12. The miners in Durham strike.
[June 1. Ends by an agreement to 10
per cent reduction in wages.]
Feb. 16. Ire. Moonlighters make
raids in County Cork.
Mar. 12. The great coal-miners' strike
throughout England begins. [Mar. 14.
About 850,000 miners are out, and 200,000
workmen of other trades are affected.]
Mar. 18. The miners' conference de-
cides that hereafter men should work
but five days in the week.
Apr. 30. The Salvation Army is
mobbed at Eastbourne.
May 6. The editor of the Commonweal,
an Anarchist paper, is convicted of in-
citing to murder in his paper.
May 9. A riot occurs at Castleden Col-
liery, near Hartlepool.
May 14. Ire. Riots occur at Cork be-
tween Parnellites and anti-Parnellites ;
40 persons are injured.
May 22.± The Khedive of Egypt is
made a Knight of the Order of the Bath
by Queen Victoria.
May 24. The queen confers the titles
Duke of York, Earl of Inverness, and
Baron Killarney on Prince George of
Wales.
June 2. Ire. Michael Davitt is severely
wounded in a faction fight at Navan,
County Meath.
June 17. Ire. The Ulster Conven-
tion, in opposition to Home Rule, meets*
at Belfast ; 10,000 delegates attend.
June 26. Ire. Faction fights occur in
in Cork. [June 30. Dr. Tanner is
wounded in an election riot.]
July 4. Ire. An attempt is made to
wreck a train carrying 300 Parnellites
to a political meeting at Lisdeen, County
Clare.
July 8. Dublin. Rioting continues; the
windows of John Dillon's house are
smashed, and much stone-throwing
takes place. [July 10. Election riots
occur in many towns. Aug. 3. A fac-
tion fight occurs at Limerick.]
Aug. 16. The sum of £20,700 is collected,
and a greater part is sent to sufferers
by fire at St. John's, Newfoundland.
Aug. 22. A dispute about piece-work
causes a lockout of 55,000 tailors.
Sept. 14. Ire. The Irish Privy Council
revokes all proclamations made under
the Coercion Act.
Sept. 20. Ire. Eviction of tenants is
resumed by many landlords.
Oct. 18. Lord Rosebery is made a
Knight of the Garter.
Oct. 20. London. The unemployed
hold a great meeting at Tower Hill.
[Nov. 8. After a meeting they attack
the office of the St. James's Gazette.]
Nov. 3. Lancashire cotton-workers
strike against a reduction of 5 per cent
in their wages ; 45,000 are out of work.
Dec. 13. The British Union of Con-
servative Associations holds its an-
nual meeting in Sheffield.
Dec. 23. Labor riots break out at Bris-
tol.
Dec. 24. Dublin. A dynamite explo-
sion occurs in the detective office ; De-
tective Synnot is killed.
AND IRELAND. 1892, Jan. 22-1893, Feb. 9. 1009
* * Titles created :
Barons Kelvin, Cromer, Newton, Ash-
combe, Playfair, Roberts, Blythswood,Craw-
shaw, Llangattock, Sham I, Rook wood,
Knightley, Hood, Dunleath, and Amherst or
Hackney, Duke of Cranbrook, Earl of An-
caster, and the Marquis of Zetland.
1893 Jan. 1. London. A procession of
the unemployed goes to St. Paul's to
hear the sermon by Canon Scott Holland.
Jan. 2. Ire. Several houses in Kilrush
are wrecked by Parnellites.
Jan. 29. Dublin. A great demonstra-
tion is made in approval of the release
of the Irish dynamiters from prison.
Feb. 9. Irish pilgrims start for Rome
to attend the Pope's jubilee celebra-
tion.
STATE.
1892 Feb. 1. E. Afr. Zanzibar is de-
clared a free port by the British agent.
Feb. 8. H. C. Joseph Chamberlain
succeeds Lord Hartington as leader of
the Liberal-Unionists.
Feb. 9. Parliament reassembles.
•Feb. 12. H. C. An amendment to the
address in favor of releasing treason-
felony prisoners is rejected. Vote, 168-
97.
Feb. 17. H. C. A bill to assimilate the
municipal franchise in Ireland to that
in England is discussed, and read a sec-
ond time. [Dropped.]
Feb. 18. H. C. Arthur J. Balfour in-
troduces an Irish Local Government
Sill, which passes to its first reading.
He asserts it would set up baronial and
county councils elected for three years. So
that minorities might be protected, cumula-
tive voting would be adopted, and the right
of traverse would be preserved. As a safe-
guard against financial corruption or oppres-
sion, any 20 cess-payers should have power
to apply to a judge of assize for the removal
of a baronial or county council on the ground
of disobedience to the law, or of corruption
or of malversation. If the council should be
found guilty, it could be removed, and the
lord-lieutenant would All its place. In addi-
tion to that, joint committees composed of
seven nominees of the council, and seven
nominees of the grand jury, with the sheriff,
would be appointed, and their consent would
be necessary for expenditure on works, etc.
[May 24. Second reading. June 9. With-
drawn.]
Feb. 23. H. L. A resolution for dises-
tablishment of the Welsh Church is
rejected. Vote, 267-220. The Eight-
Hour Bill is rejected by majority of 112.
Mar. 1. H. C. The Evicted Tenants
(Ireland) Bill is rejected ; majority, 55.
Mar. 3. Lord Salisbury refuses to renew
the modus vivendi of last year, pending
the Bering-Sea Dispute.
Mar. 4. H. C. £20,000 is voted for the
Mombassa Railway.
Mar. 15. H. C. A bill to remove the
disabilities imposed on Roman Cath-
olics by the Relief Act of 1829 is brought
up by Patrick O'Brien. [Dropped.]
Mar. 16. H. C. The Tenure of Land
(Wales) Bill is rejected. Vote, 234-113.
Mar. 19. H. C. A bill to give a second
legislation to Scotland is introduced.
[Dropped.]
Mar. 23. H. C. The Miner's Eight-
Hour Bill is rejected. Vote, 272-160.
Mar. 25. H. C. The resolution in favor
of the payment of members of £365 a
year, offered by Mr. Fenwick, is rejected.
Vote, 227-162.
Mar. 29. H. C. A resolution favoring
government working of telephone
lines is rejected. Vote, 205-147. The
bill to give Irish tenants more power to
compel their landlords to sell their hold-
ings to them under the Land Purchase
Act is defeated. Vote, 177-86.
Apr. 27. H. C. Sir A. Rollit's Wo-
men's Suffrage Bill is rejected. Vote,
175-152.
May 7. The agreement in relation to the
Bering-Sea question is ratified by both
Lord Salisbury and United States Min-
ister Lincoln.
May 10. London. An order prohibiting
Bering-Sea fishing until May, 1893, is
gazetted.
May 12. The Government declines to
give its assent to the convention between
the United States and Newfound-
land.
The Bering-Sea patrol is ordered to
seize all vessels found sealing.
June 16. Mr. Balfour confirms the state-
ment that the British East Africa Com-
pany had instructed their officers to
abandon Uganda before the end of the
year.
June 27. H. C. The Small Agricultural
Holdings Bill, the chief aim of which is
to create anew the class formerly de-
scribed as yeomen, introduced Feb. 22,
is passed.
The Education and Local Taxation
Account (Scotland) Act and the Irish
Education Act equalizing educational
grants are passed.
Parliament is dissolved.
June 29. Final returns from the elec-
tions give Mr. Gladstone a majority of
40.
July 28. Parliament : The Shop-Hours
Bill, to make permanent the Shop-Hours
Regulation Act of 1886, is passed.
Aug. 4. The new Parliament opens.
A. W. Peel, Speaker.
Aug. 8. H. L. The queen's speech is
read.
Aug. 11. H. C. The House votes no
confidence in the Ministry. Vote, 350-
310.
Aug. 15. The Ministry resigns.
Aug. 16. Fourth Administration of
Mr. Gladstone.
Cabinet: W. E. Gladstone (Premier and
L. Treas.), Lord Herschel (L. Chanc), Earl
of Kimberley (Pres. of Coun. and Sec. for
Ind.), Sir William Vernon Harcourt (Chanc.
Excheq.), Herbert Henry Asquith (Home
Sec), Earl of Rosebery (Foreign Sec), Mar-
quis of Kipon (Colonial Sec), Henry Cainp-
bell-Bannerman (Sec. War), Sir George
Otto Trevelyan (Sec. for Scot, and keeper of
the Great Seal), Earl Spencer (L. Admir.),
John Morley (Chief Sec. for Ireland;, Arnold
Morley (Postmaster-General), Anthony John
Mundella (Pres. Board of Trade), Henry
Hartley Fowler (Pres. Local Gov. Board),
James B. Bryce (Chanc. Duchy of Lancas-
ter), George John Shaw-Lefevre (First Com-
missioner of Works), Arthur Herbert Dyke
A eland (Vice- Pres. Coun.).
Ire. Lord Houghton is appointed
lord-lieutenant and Samuel Walker lord
chancellor.
Sept. 3. The Government places the Gil-
bert Islands, in the South Sea, under a
protectorate to protect British citizens.
Oct. 2. The Government agrees to the
evacuation of Uganda by the British
East Africa Company in three months,
after which a British commission will
take charge of affairs there.
Oct. 29. London. The Government de-
cides to allow public meetings at Trafal-
gar Square during times of political and
social crises.
Dec. 2. London. The English plan is
rejected by the International Mone-
tary Conference Committee. Vote, 7-6.
1893 Jan. 18. The Khedive of Egypt
yields to the demand of Great Britain
for the dismissal of the newly appointed
Ministry, and promises to appoint Riaz
Pasha, who is known to be friendly to
British interests, as president.
Jan. 31. Parliament is opened by royal
commission.
Feb. 3. H. L. The queen's address is
agreed to. [Feb. 14. By H. C]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1892 Feb. 4. London. The foot and
mouth disease breaks out among im-
ported cattle.
Feb. 16. Ire. Relief works are made
at an expense of $802,850, of which sum
$228,235 is expended for wages.
Apr. 30. Fire destroys the lace-mills at
Nottinghamshire ; loss £100,000, and 1,500
hands idle.
May 28. German emperor's Meteor
wins the yacht-race from Southampton
to Harwich.
June 8. London. The New Oriental
Bank fails for over $36,000,000.
Aug. 5. The emperor's yacht Meteor is
beaten in the closing race at Cowes.
Aug. 6. London. California fruit ar-
rives in good condition, hut brings low
prices.
Aug. 24. London. Rigorous precautions
against cholera are taken. [Aug. 26.
Two cases of cholera are found on a
Hamburg steamer at Gravesend. Aug.
27. Scot. Two cases appear at Glas-
gow. Aug. 30. It appears in London
and Liverpool. Sept. 2. The cholera
panic subsides.]
Aug. 26. W. An explosion and fire
in a coal-pit cause the death of about
150 miners. [Aug. 27. Forty-seven mi-
ners rescued.]
A disastrous explosion occurs at
Yondu colliery, near Brecon ; 112 per-
sons killed.
Oct. 6. London. Three cases of chol-
era, one fatal, are reported ; one death
in Cork.
Dec. 14. A colliery explosion in
Wigan causes great loss of life.
* * The Derby is won by Sir Hugo ; time,
2.44 ; La Fleche is the second.
1893 Jan. 10. Water rushes into a
mine at St. Just, Cornwall, drowning 27
men.
1010 1893, Feb. 13-1894, Mar. 12. GREAT BRITAIN
9
ARMY — NAVY.
1893 Mar. 4. It is announced that the
Duke of Edinburgh has been made
admiral of the fleet. [Aug. 24. Resigns.]
Mar. 22. In the maneuvering of the
Mediterranean fleet off Tripoli, the bat-
tle-ship Victoria is sunk in a collision
with the battle-ship Camperdown; 338
officers and men are drowned, including
Tice-Adm. Sir George Tryon. [The find-
ings of a court-martial blame Adm.
Tryon.]
Mar. 29. Vice- Adm. Sir Michael
Culme Seymour is appointed successor
to Vice-Adm. Tryon as commander-in-
chief of the Mediterranean Station.
July 29. " The Volunteers' Officers'
Decoration," for officers serving 20
years, is instituted by Queen Victoria.
Nov. 25. The gunboat Dryad is
launched at Chatham.
1894 Jan. 13. W. Afr. The British
troops in Sierra Leone defeat a force of
4,000 Sofas, killing 250. [Jan. 19. It
surprises and defeats the Sofas, who
have destroyed several native towns and
slaughtered* the inhabitants.]
Feb. 23. W. Afr. An expedition of
marines and bluejackets, operating
against Fodi Silah, a native chief, near
Bathurst, fall into an ambush on their
return to the boats ,• 13 are killed and 52
wounded. [May 7. They have another
engagement with slave-trading forces
under Chief Fodi Silah ; they seize and
burn Bamjur, in Gambia, and capture
Brikama, with much loss to the natives.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1893 May 2. W. An earthquake oc-
curs.
June 14. A monument to Shelley, at
University College, Oxford, is inaug-
urated.
Aug. 21. Edinburgh. A statue of Abra-
ham Lincoln, a memorial to the Scottish-
American soldiers of the War of the
Rebellion (U. S. A.), is unveiled.
Oct. 9. The South London Art Gal-
leries at Camberwell, the gift of Pass-
more Edwards, are opened by the Prince
of Wales and the Duke and Duchess of
York.
Nov. 18. Disastrous floods occur ; 144
wrecks reported, and much loss of life.
Oct. 30. The Burke memorial at Bristol
is unveiled.
1894 Mar. 6. A memorial to Phillips
Brooks is placed in the wall along the
south aisle of St. Margaret's Church,
Westminster.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1893 Mar. 19. Errington, Sir John S.,
diplomatist, A81.
Mar. 22. Tryon, Sir Geo., vice-adm., A61.
Mar. 24. Robinson, Sir Henry, states., A70.
Apr. 19. Symonds, John Adding-ton,
critic, historian, A53.
Apr. 21. Derby, Earl of, Edward Henry
Smith-Stanley, statesman, A66.
Apr. * Crawley, Richard, poet, A50.
May 9. Paulet, Lord Wm., field-mar., A88.
May 28. Pritchard, Charles, astron., A84.
May * Cowper, Edward Alfred, inv., A74.
May * Romaine, W. G., administrator, A 68.
June 3. Potter,G., trade-union leader, A61.
June 23. Lockyer, Arthur, editor of the
Graphic, A64.
June 24. Shepstone, Sir Theophilus, politi-
cian, A76.
June * Pearson, Emma Maria, philanthro-
pist, author, dies.
July 10. Nettleship, Henry, classical
scholar, author, A54.
• July 13. Lushington, Edmund L., Greek
professor, A 82.
July 20. Chalmers, Charles D., mal.-gen.,
A56.
July 21. Rae, John, arctic explorer, A79.
Aug. 12. Hamley, Sir Edward B.,gen., A67.
Horniman, John, Quaker philanthropist,
A89.
Sept. 9. Parke, Thomas Heazle, African
explorer, Ireland, A36.
Sept. 13. Daubeny, James, general, A66.
Sept. * Moore, Albert, painter, A42.
Oct. 7. Smith, Sir William, classical
scholar, author, writer, A80.
Oct. 9. Guion, W. H. (steamship line), d.
Oct. 16. Birch, Charles B. A. R. A., sculp-
tor, A61.
Nov. 30. Clark, Sir Andrew, phys., A67.
Dec. 1. Leinster, Duke of, Gerald F., A42.
Dec. 21. Chambers, Walter, bishop, A69.
Tucker, Miss (A. L. 0. E.), author, A72.
Dec. 31. Vizetelly, Henry Richard, author,
publisher, A74.
1894 Jan. 12. Parkyns, Mansfield, ex-
plorer, A71.
Jan. 17. Walker, Sir Charles P. Beau-
champ, general, A76.
Mar. 2. McMurdo, Sir William Scott, gen-
eral, A75.
Mar. 5. Layard, Sir Austen Henry, archeol-
ogist, A77.
Mar. 12. Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames,
jurist, author, A65.
Balfour, Sir George, gen., states., A84.
CHURCH.
1893 Mar. 29. London. Rev. Thomas
Spurgeon is selected to succeed his
father as pastor of the Tabernacle.
Apr. 8. The 800th anniversary of the
consecration of Winchester Cathedral is
celebrated.
Apr. 16. Ire. Methodist ministers sign
an appeal to the Methodist ministers in
England to oppose Home Rule on both
religious and commercial grounds.
May 18. Scot. The jubilee of the Free
Church is celebrated.
June 22. London. A mass-meeting is
held to consider means of helping Ar-
menian Christians.
Sept. 20. Jews, numbering 5,000, meet
in the Assembly Hall, Mile End Road,
and indulge in fasting and wailing for 12
hours.
Oct. 3. The Church Congress at Bir-
mingham is opened by the bishop of
Worcester. [Oct. 9. The Congress
meets at Exeter, bishop of Exeter pre-
siding.]
Oct. 10. The Congregational Union
meets at the City Temple, Albert
Spicer presiding.
* * London. Herbert Vaughan (Roman
Catholic), archbishop of Westminster, is
consecrated a cardinal priest.
* * Ire. Michael Logue, archbishop of
Armagh, is consecrated a cardinal priest.
* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng-
land) :
John Sheepshanks for Norwich, W. W.
Perrine for British Columbia, A. H. Baynes
for Natal, William Procter Swaby for Gui-
ana, George A. Ormsby for Honduras, and
C. Phillips and I. Oluwole, assistant bishops
for Western Equatorial Africa.
* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho-
lic):
Frederick Richards Wynne for Killaloe,
Ire., William Turner for Galloway, Scot.,
and John Carroll for Shrewsbury.
1894 Jan. 17. The English bishops
issue an address against "Welsh dises-
tablishment.
LETTERS.
1893 Mar. 4. Central Free Library
for Lambeth, at Brixton, erected by
Henry Tate of Streatham, is opened.
May 8. Mr. Gladstone offers to niak.->
John Ruskin poet laureate.
May 10. London. The Imperial Insti-
tute, South Kensington, is opened by
the queen.
1893 Oct. 25. Dublin. The junior fel-
lowship of Dublin University is opened
to female as well as to male students.
* * Essays upon some Controverted Ques-
tions, and Evolution and Ethics, by
Huxley, appear.
* * The Foresters, Robin Hood and Maid
Marian, The Death of (Enone, Akbar's
Dream, and. Other Poems, by Tennyson,
appear.
* * The Heavenly Twins, by " Sarah
Grand," appears.
* * Fleet Street Eclogues, and A Random
Itinerary, by John Davidson, appear.
[1894, Ballads and Songs.]
* * The Life and Work of John Ruskin, by
W. G. Collingwood, appears.
* * The History of Early English Litera-
ture, by Stopford A. Brooke, appears.
* * The Victorian Age of English Litera-
ture, by Mrs. M. O. W. Oliphant and F.
R. Oliphant, appears.
* * The Rebel Queen, by Walter Besant,
appears.
* * The Handsome Humes and Wolfen-
berg, by William Black, appear.
* * The Stickit Minister, and Some Com-
mon Men, by S. R. Crockett, appears.
* * Many Inventions, by Kipling, appears.
[1894, The Jungle Boole]
* * Unseen Foundations, by the Duke of
Argyll, appears.
SOCIETY.
1893 Feb. 18. The striking cotton-
spinners in Lancashire agree to a 2J per
cent reduction in wages. [Feb. 24. Also
at Oldham.]
Apr. 5. Riots occur at Hull : 250 free-
labor men are assailed by strikers in the
docks. [Apr. 7. Police disperse rioters
at docks.]
Apr. 8. London. Total abstainers,
with the adversaries of the Local Veto
Bill, make disturbances in Trafalgar
Square.
Apr. 15. A general strike of dock la-
borers at Hull is ordered.
Apr. 25. Ire. Rioting occurs in Dublin
and Belfast. [Apr. 27. Riots at Belfast
subdued by military.]
Apr. 30. London. About 500 porters
and stevedores at Victoria Docks
strike because one firm employs Fede-
ration laborers.
May 1. Scot. In Dundee 10,000 mill-
hands strike. [May 2. They are joined
by 19,000 striking jute-workers.]
May 5. The Miners' Federation and the
Seamen's and Firemen's Union of Great
Britain combine.
May 7. London. Great demonstrations
are held in Hyde Park in favor of the
eight- hour movement; also in many
other cities.
May 10. Strikers at Hull attack free
laborers ; suppressed by police.
May 20. A heavy missile is thrown at
Mr. Gladstone while in the compart-
ment of a railway train ; it barely misses
the Dean of Chester in the next compart-
ment. #
May 21. London. About 250,000 people
attend a demonstration of the Irish
National League in Hyde Park.
June 19. At Barnsley 40,000 miners pass
resolutions in favor of Eight-Hour Bill.
July 4. London. Princess Christian
opens the Central Block of North Lon-
don Hospital for consumptives.
AND IRELAND. 1893, Feb. 13-1894, Mar. 12. 1011
July 6. London. The Duke of York
and Princess May of Teck are mar-
ried in the Chapel Royal, St. James's
Palace. Enthusiastic crowds greet the
wedding procession in the streets, and
three persons are killed, with over 1,500
street accidents, fainting-fits, etc.
Aug. 31. W. Over 60,000 miners in
Monmouthshire and South Wales return
to work ; this ends the big strike. [Sept.
2. About 10,000 more return to work.]
Sept. 7. Riots among coal-miners in
Yorkshire, near Barnsley, are quelled
by troops. [Sept. 22. Strikers are riot-
ous at Hednesford, Staffordshire. Oct.
12. About 60,000 miners resume work at
the old wages.]
Oct. 1. The police stop an outdoor An-
archist meeting at Manchester.
Oct. 5. A dispute with joiners about
overtime causes a lockout at the Clyde
Shipbuilders' Association, which affects
7,000 men.
Oct. 10. The Federation of Coal-Mine
Owners meets in Derby, and offers to re-
sume work at 15 per cent reduction in
wages. [Nov. 11. They propose to end
the wage dispute by giving seven shil-
lings for stallmen and six shillings for
leaders, thus abolishing the contract
system. Nov. 17. The miners' coal-
strike is settled. Nov. 30. The Fife
mine-owners agree to concede 6J per
cent advance in wages. Dec. 6. The
loss from the recent coal-strike amounts
to £33,000,000, and more than 3,500,000
persons are destitute therefrom.]
Oct. 17. Colliery riot occurs at St.
Helens. [Oct. 18. One at Wigan.]
Dec. 3. London. The police prevent
Anarchists from holding a meeting in
Trafalgar Square.
Dec. 9. The Scotch miners' strike ends.
1894 Feb. 13. The National Liberal
Federation closes its conference at
Portsmouth.
Feb. 15. Martial Bourdin, a foreign
Anarchist, blows himself up in attempt-
ing to wreck the Observatory at Green-
wich.
STATE.
1893 Feb. 13. H. C. Mr. Gladstone
introduces his second Home-Rule Bill.
It gives Ireland a legislative council
and a legislative assembly, with repre-
sentation in the Imperial Parliament.
[Feb. 17. Passes first reading. Apr. 21.
Passes second reading. Vote, 347-304.
Sept. 1. Passes third reading. Vote-
301-267. H.L. Introduced. Sept. 8. Re-
jected. Vote, 419-41.]
Feb. 27. H. C. Sir William Vernon
Harcourt introduces the Liquor-Traffic
(Local Control) Bill, to establish local
control over the liquor-traffic. Read
once and withdrawn.
Mar. 1. H. C. The National Educa-
tion (Ireland) Bill is rejected. Vote,
247-166.
Mar. 7. H. L. A bill relating to the
distribution of real property in cases of
intestacy, instead of allowing it to go
to the eldest son as at present, is re-
jected. Vote, 61-56.
Mar. 10. Dublin. A Parnellite Con-
vention is opened.
Mar. 15. H. C. The Liquor-Traffic Lo-
cal Veto (Wales) is rejected. [Intro-
duced Feb. 27.] Vote, 281-246.
Mar. 16. The Ulster Defense League
is formed, " not merely to continue the
struggle for the Union, but to prepare
to meet any emergency."
Mar. 21. H. C. The Local Govern-
ment (England and Wales) Bill, to
establish parish council, is introduced.
[Nov. 7. Read a second time.] (See
1894, Jan. 12.)
Mar. 24. H. C. A resolution to pay
members for their services is passed.
Vote, 276-229.
Apr. 12. Paris. The Bering-Sea court
of arbitration decides not to admit the
British supplementary report as evi-
dence at present.
Apr. 25. H. C. The Employers' Lia-
bility Bill, including all workmen ex-
cept soldiers and sailors, is read .a second
time. [Nov. 23. Read a third time.
Nov. 30. U. L. Read a second, time.
1894. Feb. 13. Bill returned to Com-
mons with amendments. Feb. 20. The
order for the consideration of the amend-
ments is discharged. \ote, 225-6.]
May 5. H. C. It is voted to transfer
the power of appointing Irish magis-
trates from the lords to the lord-lieu-
tenants of Ireland.
May 11. The Earl of Aberdeen is ap-
pointed governor-general of Canada.
May 14. H. C. An Anglo-Russian
sealing agreement is promulgated
which prohibits sealing within 10 miles
of the Russian coast, and within 30
miles of Robbin Islands. •
June 16. H. C. A resolution is passed
favoring the settlement of international
disputes by arbitration.
June 30. H. C. Mr. Gladstone's reso-
lution that the Home-Rule Bill should
be reported by July 31, and should be
closured in four sections, is adopted
by a majority of 32.
July 8. Parliament: Bimetallists pro-
test against the closing of the Indian
mints to the free coinage of silver.
Aug. 15. Bering-Sea Arbitration:
award in favor of England on the chief
points (p. 436).
Sept. 1. Private cards bearing an ad-
hesive halfpenny stamp are henceforth
permitted to be sent through the post.
Sept. 6. H. C. It is voted to reduce
the salaries of officers in the House of
Lords. Vote, 103-95.
Sept. 22. Parliament adjourns. [Nov.
2. Reassembles.]
Sept. 29. London. George Robert Tyler
is elected lord mayor.
Nov. 16. H. C. The Ministry is de-
feated on an amendment to the Parish
Councils Bill, the amendment being
carried. Vote, 147-126.
Dec. 1. Dublin. V. B. Dillon is elected
lord mayor.
1894 Jan. 12. H. C. The Parish Coun-
cils Bill is passed. (Introduced 1893, Mar.
21). [Jan. 15. H. L. Passes first read-
ing. Jan. 25. Second reading. Feb. 13.
Third reading. Mar. 1. H. L. Passed.
Mar. 5. Royal assent given.]
Feb. 20. H. C. Mr. Gladstone's mo-
tion to discharge the order of the
day — the consideration of the amend-
ments of the House of Lords to the Em-
ployers' Liability Bill — passes. Vote,
225-6. The Conservatives take no part
in the division.
Mar. 2. Mr. Gladstone informs the
queen of his intention to resign the
premiership. [Mar. 3. The queen ac-
cepts his resignation, and offers the
premiership to Lord Rosebery, who ac-
cepts. Mar. 4. Sirx William Vernon
Harcourt consents to serve under Lord
Rosebery, and will be the Government
leader in the House of Commons. Mar.
5. Lord Rosebery has an audience with
the queen, and several changes are made
in the Cabinet. Lord Rosebery formally
takes his office as premier.]
Mar. 5. Parliament is prorogued.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1893 Mar. 22. The Oxford crew wins the
boat-race from Putney to Mortlake ;
time, 18 minutes, 47 seconds.
Apr. 11. W. Fire in the Great West-
ern Colliery, Rhondda Valley, causes 53
deaths.
Apr. 17. W. An explosion in a col-
liery at Pontypridd ; 50 lives are lost.
May 1. Second-class carriages are
withdrawn from the London and North-
western, the Caledonian, the Great
Northern, and the Cambrian Railways.
May 12. The Campania reaches Queens-
town from New York in five days, 17
hours, and 27 minutes.
May 14. The Countess Evelyn is sunk
through colliding with City of Hamburg
off the Cornish coast ; 25 lives lost.
June 1. London. The vestibule train
is introduced for service to Penzance.
The Britannia, owned by the Prince
of Wales, wins the Thames Yacht Club
Race.
July 1. London. The National "Work-
men's Exhibition at Agricultural Hall
is opened by the Prince and Princess of
Wales.
July 4. An explosion occurs at Coombs
colliery, near Dewsbury ; 130 lives lost.
July 12. The Britannia beats the Vigi-
lant on the Clyde.
July 16. The Britannia outsails the
Vigilant in the Royal Ulster yacht race
regatta.
July 20. The foundation-stone of the
new harbor at Dover is laid by the
queen.
July 21. The Vigilant outsails the Bri-
tannia in the 50-inile race off Kingston.
[Aug. 10. The Britannia wins the Meteor
challenge shield.]
July 22. Vestibule dining-cars are in-
troduced on the Great Northern Railway
to Scotland.
Oct. 4. A public park at Stockton is
opened by the Duke and Duchess of
York.
Oct. 5. Five deaths at Bradford are said
to have been due to cholera.
1894 Jan. 1. The Great Eastern and
Tilbury, and Southend Railways abolish
second-class carriages in provinces.
Mar. 17. Oxford wins the Univer-
sity boat-race by three and one-half
lengths ; time, 21 minutes, 39 seconds.
1012 1894, Mar. 12 -Dec. 17.
GREAT BRITAIN.
ARMY— NAVY.
1894 May 25. S. Cent. Afr. A British
force completely defeats the slave-trad-
ing chief Makanjira on Lake Nyassa.
Aug. * S. Pacific. The British ship Cura-
co and the German ship Bustard bom-
bard the rebel stronghold in Samoa.
Sept. 12. S. Pacific. The Samoan chiefs
yield to the British demand, acknowl-
edge submission to King Malietoa, and
give up 100 guns.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1894 June 30. London. The new
Tower Bridge, across the Thames,
costing £1,000,000, is opened by the
Prince and Princess of Wales.
July 11. London. The Jackson-Harms-
worth Polar expedition sails on the
steamer Windward for Franz-Josef
Land.
Aug. 8. The British Association meets
at Oxford ; Lord Salisbury presides.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1894 Mar. 19. Meade, Sir Richard, gen-
eral, A73.
Mar. 26. Cameron, Verney Lovett, capt.,
African explorer, A 49.
Mar. 3 1 . Smith, William Robertson, clergy-
man, orientalist, author, A48.
May 20. Yates, Edmund II., journalist,
author, A63.
May 26. Noel, Roden Berkeley Wriothes-
• ley, poet, A60.
May 29. Pearson, Charles Henry,hist., A64.
June 16. Marshall, William ('aider, sculp-
tor, A81.
Aug:. 22. Jenkins, Robert, admiral, A68.
Aug:. 30. Campbell, Charles W., maj.-gen.,
;\ r>H.
Sept. \ Veitch, John, philos., critic, A65.
Sept. 5. Inglefleld, Sir Edward A., admiral,
Inventor, author, A74.
Oct. 10. Astley, Sir John, politician, sports-
man, A 65.
Nov. 3. Walter, John (London Times), A76.
Nov. 29. Swansea, Lord, Henry H. Vivian,
politician, A73.
Dec. 3. Coleridg-e, Baron, John Duke,
chief justice, A74.
CHURCH.
1894 June 1. London. The 13th Inter-
national Young Men's Christian Associ-
ation Conference opens in Westminster
Abbey.
* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng-
land) :
George Wyndham Kennion for Bath and
Wells, Arthur T. Lloyd, suffragan for Thet-
ford, W. W. Elwes for Tinnevelli, Ind., Ven.
W. L. Williams for Waiapu, N. Z., Cecil
Wilson for Melanesia, N. Z., Arthur Vincent
(ireen for Craftbn and Annidale, Australia,
A. G. S. Gibson for Cape Town, South Africa,
H. Evington for Kiushiu, South Japan, and
Herbert Tugwell for Western Equatorial
Africa.
* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho-
lic):
Thomas Whiteside, bishop for Liverpool,
William R. Brownlow for Clifton, Theoph.
Mayer, bishop auxiliary for Madras, Godfrey
Pelckmans for Lahore, P. J. Hurth for
Dacca, and Anthony Usse, vicar apostolic for
North Burma.
* * Bishops consecrated :
Ire. Joseph Ferguson Peacocke, bishop
for Meath, and William Edward Meade for
Cork.
* * Ire. Robert Samuel Gregg is conse-
crated archbishop of Armagh.
LETTERS.
1894 * * Under the Red Robe, by Stanley
J. Weyman, appears.
* * Life's Little Ironies, by Thomas Hardy,
appears.
* * Odes and Other Poems, by William
Watson, appears.
* * Eighteenth Century Vignettes, second
series, by Alfred Austin, appears.
* * Ships that Pass in the Night, by Bea-
trice Harraden, appears.
* * The Prisoner of Zenda, by Anthony
Hope (Hawkins), appears.
* * The Industrial and Commercial His-
tory of England, by J. E. T. Rogers, ap-
pears.
* * The Ascent of Man, by Henry Drum-
mond, appears.
* * The Claims of Christianity, by William
S. Lilly, appears.
* * If Christ Came to Chicago, by William
T. Stead, appears.
SOCIETY.
1894 Mar. 18. London. A demon-
stration is made in Hyde Park against
the House of Lords.
Apr. 16. London. Some 3,000 cab-drivers
strike against the owners' terms of hire.
May 15. London. Cabmen strike.
[June 6. Settled by the intervention of
the Home Secretary.]
May 24. London. Rear-Admiral Erben,
Capt. Mahan (U. S. N.), and the Chicago's
officers are entertained at a dinner.
[June 18. The University of Cambridge
confers the degree of LL.D. on Capt.
Mahan. June 20. The Oxford Univer-
sity confers on him the degree of D.C.L.]
June 5. London. The National Re-
form Union meets.
July 3. London. The Salvation Army
Jubilee gathers at the Crystal Palace ;
8Q.000 attend.
July 28. A general strike of miners
occurs in the Midlands, Lancashire, and
North Wales. [Aug. 7. Miners' riots
are suppressed.]
July 29. Emperor William arrives at
Dover on the imperial yacht Hohenzol-
lern, and is heartily welcomed. [Aug. 6.
Arrives at Cowes.]
Aug. 26. London. The National League
for the Abolition of the House of Lords
makes a demonstration in Hyde Park.
Dec. 17. London. A mass-meeting de-
nounces the Armenian massacres by
the Turks.
STATE.
1894 Mar. 12. Parliament opens.
H. L. The address in reply to the
queen's speech is moved by Lord
Swansea. //. C. Moved by Mr. Warner.
[Mar. 13. H. C. Henry Labouchere's
amendment, recommending the aboli-
tion of the House of Lords, is carried.
Vote, 147-145. Mar. 14. The Govern-
ment withdraws the address as amended
on Mr. Labouchere's motion, and the
Commons adopt a new address without
division.]
Mar. 20. S. Afr. Pondoland is an-
nexed.
Mar. 29. H. C. The bill to provide for
the carrying out of the BeringrSea de-
cision is introduced. [Apr. 5. Read a
second time. Apr. 9. Third reading.
Apr. 12. H. L. Second reading. Apr.
16. Passed. Apr. 23. Receives royal
assent.]
Apr. 3. H. C. A motion is approved to
establish a legislature in Scotland for
Scottish affairs. Vote, 180-170.
Apr. 6. H. C. The Government is de-
feated on a private bill. Vote, 228-227.
Apr. 13. H. C. The Registration Bill,
enlarging the rights of British voters, is
introduced. [Aug. 7. Passed. H. L.
Defeated. Vote, 249-30.]
Apr. 19. H. C. The Evicted Tenants'
(Ireland) Arbitration Bill is read for
the first time. [July 19. Second read-,
ing. Vote, 259-222. Aug. 7. Passed.
Vote, 198-167. Aug. 13. H. L. Second
reading. Aug. 14. Bill thrown out.
Vote, 249-30.]
Apr. 26. H. C. Mr. Asquith introduces
a bill for the disestablishment of the
Church in Wales. [July 18. With-
drawn.]
June 15. H. L. The Deceased Wife's
Sister Bill is defeated. Vote, 129-120.
June 19. W. Afr. A British Protecto-
rate of Uganda is announced. [Nov.
24. Proclaimed at Mengo.]
June 20. The Anti-Lords conference
is opened in Leeds, and resolutions are
adopted demanding the abolition of the
veto powers of the Lords.
England's claim to the disputed
Strip in the African Congo State is re-
nounced, which settles a difficulty be-
tween England and Germany.
July 2. Lord (Sir Charles) Russell of
Killowen is appointed lord chief jus-
tice.
July 17. H. L. Lord Salisbury's Alien
Immigrant Bill passes second reading.
July 20. Parliament : The Preven-
tion of Cruelty to Children Act,
amending previous statutes, is passed.
Aug. 10. H. C. The Scotch Local Gov-
ernment Bill is passed.
Aug. 25. Parliament is prorogued.
Oct. 3. London. Sir Joseph Renals is
elected lord mayor.
Oct. 17. The Government sanctions the
coinage of a British doUar in Bombay
for circulation in the Orient.
Nov. 10. The Cabinet decides to give the
anti-lords resolution the first phvce
on the legislative program.
Dec. 1. The Government warns Turkey
against violating the Berlin treaty by
permitting the slaughter of Arme-
nians.
Dec. 9. The British and other embassies
in Constantinople negotiate with the
Porte to institute an independent in-
quiry into the Armenian atrocities.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1894 Mar. 17. Oxford wins the annual
boat-race with Cambridge by three and
one-half lengths.
Apr. 12. London. The Faraday sails
with a new cable to be laid from Water-
ville, Ire., to Nova Scotia; length of
cable, 2,000 miles. [July 8. The steamer
Britannia arrives at Heart's Content,
Newfoundland, with 190 miles of cable
on board — the shore end of the new
Anglo-American cable.]
Apr. 20. London. The Australian Joint-
Stock Bank fails f>or £13,000,000 liabili-
ties.
May. 21. The Manchester Ship Canal
is formally opened by the queen.
June 24. W. A mine explosion
causes 250 lives to be lost.
July 12. The Britannia outsails the
Vigilant for the sixth time.
Sept. 14. Baring Brothers' liabilities
are reduced to £4,223,001.
I
GREECE.
***b.c.-1231**b.c. 1013
Modern Greece is a kingdom in southeastern Europe ; the government is an hereditary monarchy, with the executive
power vested in a king and seven ministers, and the legislative power in a Chamber of Deputies called the Boule, whose members
are elected for four years by manhood suffrage. The common language is modern Greek, and the prevailing religion is that of
the Greek church, which is the church of the state, yet all religions are tolerated. Area, 25,041 square miles ; population,
2,187,208.
Historians are not agreed concerning the date of the arrival of the members of the Aryan family who first came from their
Persian highlands to western Europe and poured into northern Greece.
Note. — The period in which Greece formed a part of the Eastern Empire is treated in these pages as forming a part of the history of
Greece, thus making the record continuous from the beginning. The history of Macedonia is here included with Greece, although it formed
no part of ancient Hellas.
ARMY — NAVY.
Mythical Period.
* * * b. c. Revolt of the Titans ; war of
the giants.
1383 * * b.c. Amphion and Zethoa be-
siege Thebes, and dethrone Laius.
1263 * * b. c. The Argonautic expedi-
tion sails to Colchis to take the Golden
Fleece. (1225. Erastosthenes.)
It consists of one ship called the Argo,
of 50 oars, manned by as many heroes,
who are led by Jason ; it is the first naval
expedition on record.
1231 * * b. c. The Amazons of Cau-
casia are conquered by Theseus.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1764 * * b. c. The deluge of Ogyges
lays the country waste for nearly 200
years.
1503 * * b. c. The deluge of Deucalion.
1400+ * * b. c. The arch appears.
* * * B. c. Cleanthes of Corinth invents
painting. (?)
1383±**B. c. Athens. King Erech-
theus teaches husbandry.
* * b. c. Ceres arrives, and teaches the
people the art of making bread.
* * * b. c. The Doric order of architec-
ture is invented by the Dorians.
1350± * * b. c. The Ionic order of ar-
chitecture is invented.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
16th Century, b. c. Cecrops, first King of
Athens, born.
1388 * * Helen, daughter of Jupiter and
Leda, born.
1347 * * Erechtheus, the Athenian, killed in
battle with the Elusians.
1263± Hercules is born at Thebes.
1243 * * Museeus, Athenian poet, dies.
1835 * * ^Egeus, King of Athens, father of
Theseus, dies.
CHURCH.
1773 * * b. c. Sacrifices to the gods
are introduced by Phoroneus, King of
Argos.
1556* * b. c. Athens. An altar is
erected to Jupiter by Cecrops.
1521 * * b. c. Felasgus, King of the Ar-
cadians, teaches his people to feed on
acorns, as more nutritious than herbs,
for which they honor him as a god.
1497 * * B. c. King Amphictyon is the
first [who is known] to have drawn prog-
nostications from omens.
1495* * *b. c. The worship of Mi-
nerva (Pallas-Athene) is introduced
into Attica by Erechtheus, and its chief
city named in her honor.
1493* *b. c. Cadmus, a Phenician,
introduces the worship of Egyptian
Phenician deities among the Greeks.
1453 * * b. c. The Olympic games are
instituted in honor of Jupiter by the
Idtei Dactyli [or by Pelops in 1308].
1406 ± * * b. c. The Isthmian games,
in honor of Melicertes, a sea-god, are in-
stituted by Sisyphus.
1356± * * b. c. The Eleusinian Mys-
teries — annual secret religious cere-
monies in honor of Demeter (Ceres) — are
instituted by Eumolpus [or Cadmus,
1550, or Erechtheus, 1399] ; any one who
reveals forfeits his life. [They are the
most celebrated of all religious cere-
monies in Greece.]
LETTERS.
1499 * * b. c. Cadmus, the founder of
Cadmeia, brings the Phenician letters
into Greece.
1383 * * b. c. Olen, the most ancient
composer of hymns, flourishes.
SOCIETY.
1554 * * b. c. Matrimonial ceremonies
are ascribed to Cecrops.
1530 * * b. c. The Lycsean games are
instituted in honor of Pan at Arcadia.
1495 * * b. c. Athens. The Panathe-
naean games are instituted.
* * *b. c. Myths of the period, Europa,
Minos, Daedalus.
1485 * * b. c. Danaus, the founder of
Argos, arrives on the first ship ever seen
in Greece.
1453 * * b. c. Olympic games. (See
Church.)
* * b. c. The game of quoits is first
played at the Olympic games.
1425 * * b. c. The Feast of the Flam-
beaux is instituted at Argos.
It is in honor of Hypermnestra, who
saved Lynceus.her husband, on his nup-
tial night, while her 49 sisters, at the
command of their father Danaus, sacri-
ficed theirs.
* * * b. c. The Nemean games, cele-
brated in Achaia, are instituted in honor
of Archemorus.
1406± * * b. c. The Isthmian games.
(See Church.) [1234*. Keinstituted in
honor of Neptune by Theseus. 60. Re-
vised. 362 A. d. Revived.]
1276+ * * b. c. The myth of CTJdipus ;
he kills his father Laius in an affray,
confirming the oracle foretelling his
death at the hands of his son.
1266 * * b. c. OSdipus, the outcast son
of Laius, King of Thebes, answers the
Sphinx's riddle.
1263 * * b. c. The Pythian games are
instituted by Adrastus. (?)
1235 * * b. c. JEgeus, grieved at the
supposed loss of his son Theseus, throws
himself into the sea and is drowned ;
hence the name -Egean Sea.
STATE.
* * * Period of Fables and Heroes.
2080 + * * b. c. The kingdom of Sicyon
is founded. [1856 (1711?) Argos.]
2042 * * b. c. Uranus arrives in Greece.
1910 * * b. c. Inachus is King of the
Argives.
1796 * * b. c. Ogyges reigns in Boeotia.
1710 * * b. c. S. It. The colonizing of
CEnotria [Italy] begins under (Enotrus
[Magna Grsecia]. (See 1240.)
1556+ * *b. c. Cecrops arrives in Attica,
and founds Athens with a colony from
Africa. The land devastated by a deluge,
is repeopled by them. Cecrops becomes
the founder of Athenian civilization.
(Hales, 1558 ; Clinton, 1433.)
1552 * * b. c. Triopas reigns in Argos ;
Polycaon seizes a part of the kingdom,
and names it after his wife, Messenia.
[1506. Crotopas reigns.]
1520+ * *r. c. Ephyre [Corinth] is
founded by Sisyphus.
1521 * * b. c. Felasgus reigns in Arca-
dia.
1507* * b. c. Athens. The Areopagus
is instituted as a tribunal of justice.
1497* * b. c. Athens. Amphictyon
reigns (Hales, 1499). [1487, Erichthonios ;
1398, Erechtheus ; 1347, Erechtheus is
killed in battle ; 1308, Pandion.]
1493 * * b. c. (1366 ?). Cadmus, a Phe-
nician, settles in Boeotia, and builds
Thebes.
1490 * * b. c. (1509 ?) Sparta is founded
by Lacedaemon.
1475+ * * B. c. (1489 ?) Danaus, with his
fifty daughters, arrives from Egypt ; he
becomes king of Argos. [1425. He is
dethroned by Lynceus.]
1459 * * b. c. Hellen is King of Phthia
[in Thessaly],
1431 * * b. c. (1313 or 1282 ?) Perseus,
King of Macedon, removes from Argos,
and founds Mycenae.
1406 * * b. 0. Minos is King of Crete.
1350± * *b. c. Corinth is founded.
[1259. Endemus reigns.]
1348 * * b. o. Cecrops becomes King of
Attica. (See 1556.) [1283, iEgeus ; 1235,
Theseus ; 1205, Menestheus.]
1344 * * b. c. The kingdom of Argos is
divided by the brothers Acrisius and
Prcetus.
1289 * * b. c. (1274 ? 1258 ?) Eurysteus
reigns in Mycenae.
1283 * * b. c. Pelops of Lydia, in Asia
Minor, settles in Southern Greece (Pel-
oponnesus).
1240 * * b. c. S. It. Magna Greecia is
colonized by Arcadians under Evander.
(See 1710.)
1234+ * * b. c. Theseus collects his sub-
jects into one city and names it Athens.
[1182, Demophoon reigns ; 1149, Oxyares ;
1143, Sylvius ; 1137, Aphidias ; 1136, Thy-
mactes : 1128, Melanthus.]
1233 * * b. c. CEdipus becomes King of
Thebes. [1198, Thessander.]
1014 1228 b. c-625, b.c.
GREECE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1225 * * b. c. First Theban "War. "War
of the Seven Captains against Thebes.
[1216. The Second Theban War begins.
[War of the Epigoni.] 1212. Thebes is
besieged and taken.]
1224 * * b. c. Heracles captures and
destroys Troy.
1193-84 b. c. AsiaM. The Trojan
War.
[1316-07. The date given by W. E. Glad-
stone; 1335, Duris; 1260, Herodotus; 1209,
Parian Marble; 1183, Erastothenes; 1171, So-
sibius; 1169, Ephorus; 1149, Clemens.]
According to Homer, the confederate
Greeks, consisting of 100,000 men and 1,200
ships, are led by their king, Agamemnon,
King of Mycenae; brave Achilles, wise Odys-
seus, Nestor, and Ajax are conspicuous.
Troy is taken and destroyed by the Greeks.
[1178. After a war of ten years and a disas-
trous voyage of nearly eight, Menelaus re-
turns to Sparta with his wife Helen, whose
abduction had caused the Trojan War.]
1124 * * b. c. Ulyrians from the north-
west invade Greece. [1104. The Hera-
clidse invade Greece and seize Sparta.]
1102 * * b. c. The Lacedaemonians in-
vade Arcadia, but are driven back by the
women in the absence of their husbands.
1056+ * * b. c. Athens is unsuccess-
fully besieged by the Dorians.
*848 * * b. c. Charilaus, the Spartan,
begins hostilities against Polymnestor,
King of Arcadia.
800 * * b. c. Nicander, son of Chari-
laus, is at war with the Argives.
* 776 * * b. c. History begins to be au-
thentic.
743-724 b. c. The First Messenian
War is bloody and wasteful.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1200* *-1000 b. c. The walls of
Tiryns and Mycenae, Gate of the
Lions, and " The Treasury," or tomb
of Atreus, are erected.
784± * * b. c. (or 700). The Corinthians
invent ships called triremes, having
three banks of oars.
776 July 1. b.c. Chorcebus, the
wrestler, wins the prize in the [first
recorded] Olympic games [observed every
fourth year].
The Epoch of the Olympiads is estab-
lished, from which time is reckoned and
dates are fixed by the Greeks and various
other nations. This marks the begin-
ning of authentic chronology.
700+ * * b. c. The temple of Juno at
Samos is erected.
692 * * b. c. Glaucus is said to have dis-
covered the art of welding iron.
662+ * * b. c. Terpander of Lesbos adds
three strings to the lyre, giving it the
compass of the octave.
650 * * B. C. Potters flourish in Corinth.
640+ * * b. c. Olympus, the Phrygian,
flourishes ; the greatest of his many
inventions is that of the third system of
music, the enharmonic.
* * b. c. Phoecus of Samos invents the art
of casting statues in iron and bronze.
640+-546+. b.c. Thales of Miletus
makes the primary substance to be
water; teaches the spherical form of
the earth.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1183 * * Priam, King of Troy, dies.
* * Achilles (Trojan war), dies.
1068 + Codrus, last King of Athens, dies.
w 1044+ Codrus Medon, first archon, dies.
>r^07+ Homer, father of poetry, born.
!>th Century. Lycurgus, Spartan legislator, b.
The Spartans, under their kings, Alcaine? — 800 * * Hesiod, poet, born
nes and Theosinia, move against Androdes
and Antiochus, kings of Messenia, in south-
west Greece, because of violence done to
some Spartan women while paying their de-
votions in a temple common to both nations,
and the killing of the King of Sparta while
defending them. [After two indecisive bat-
tles, the Messenians are driven to the fortress
Ithome. 733. Ithome is taken in the third
great battle, and razed. The Messenians who
do not emigrate become vassals to Sparta. ]
703 * * b. c. Corinth constructs her
first war-ships.
685-668 b.c. Second Messenian War.
The Messenians revolt, and league with
Elis, Argos, and Arcadia against Sparta,
but without success (648-631?).
685 * * b. c. Messenians under Aris-
tomenes defeat the Spartans on the
Plain of Stenyclerus [and Messenia is
for a time free. 670. The Spartans sur-
prise and capture Eira. 669. The Mes-
senians defeat the Lacedaemonians in
several battles. 668. The war ends in
the Messenians submitting to the Spar-
tans].
683 * * b. c. The Messenians are de-
feated through the treachery of an ally.
664** b.c. The Corcyraeans (Island of
Corfu) revolt; they have a naval battle
with the Corinthians — the first sea-
753 * * Alcaemon, archon of Athens, dies.
8th Century. Archius, poet, born.
Arion, poet, musician, born.
714 * * Archilochus, lyric poet of Paros, born.
[676. Dies.]
680+ Terpander, poet, mus., born at Lesbos.
670 + Alcman, lyric poet of Sparta, born.
668+ Tyrtaeus, poet, musician, dies.
662+ Aristomenes, Messenian warrior, pa-
triot, dies.
660+ Simonides of Amorgos, iambic poet, d.
650+ Pittacus of Mitylene (Seven Sages),
born. [570. Dies.]
7th Century. Callinus of Ephesus, elegiac
poet, born.
Draco, Athenian legislator, born.
639 * * Thales (Seven Sages) , founder Ionian
school of phil., born at Miletus. [543. D.]
638+ Solon, Athenian legislator (Seven
Sages), born in Salamis. [559. Dies.]
CHURCH.
940-850 b.c. "The gods of Homer
are human beings with greatly magni-
fied powers."
" Their prime blessing is exemption
from mortality." " Sacrifice and sup-
plication are the chief forms of devo-
tion." " The dead live as flitting shad-
ows in Hades."
734+ * * b. c. Amphictyonic societies
exist for common worship by offering
of sacrifices ; the most common is the
Delphic for the worship of Apollo.
>£(
LETTERS.
fight on record.
659 * * b. c. Phigalia in Arcadia is cap- iJ044+ * * b. c. The Iliad and the Odys-
tured by the Spartans. ^ of Homer appear. (?)
«it * * ^ „ a ■ i>r ttt t.^ 886+ * * b. c. Homer's poems are in-
637 * * B. c. Asm M. War between troduced into Greece. (?)
Lydia and Miletus; Gyges, and aftej>-850± * * B. c. Hesiod writes Work and
ward Sadyattes, lead the Lydians. Days and the Theogony.
765 * * b. c. Cinsethon, one of the Cy-
clic poets, flourishes.
753+ * * b. c. Alcman, the greatest lyric
poet of Sparta, composes six books con-
taining all kinds of melos, hymns, paeans,
prosodia, parthenia, and erotic songs.
741+ * *b. c. Eumelus of Corinth writes
a poem on bees, also other poems.
685 + b. o. Archilocus, lyric poet of
Paros, introduces iambic verse.
* * b. c. Tyrtaeus, an elegiac poet and
musician, flourishes.
676+ * * b. c. Terpander, " father of
Greek music," flourishes.
670-440 b. c. Period of lyric poetry.
660+ * * b. c. Zaleucus, tbe lawgiver of
the Epizephyrian Locrians, compiles
his code of laws. It is the first collec-
tion of written laws.
* * b. c. Simonides of Amorgos, an iam-
bic poet, flourishes.
659± * * b. c. Epimenides, a Cretan
poet and prophet, flourishes.
656± * *b. c. Lesches, one of the Cyclic
poets, writes the Little Iliad.
625+ * * b. c. Beautiful Sappho, " the
tenth Muse," invents Sapphic verse.
SOCIETY.
1228 * * b. c. Beautiful Helen is stolen
by Theseus, King of Athens, but recov-
ered by her brothers, Castor and Pollux.
[1226. The princes of Greece demand
her in marriage ; she chooses Menelaus
of Mycenae.]
1225* * b. c. AsiaM. Hercules arrives
in Phrygia, and delivers Hesione from
the sea-monster.
1204* * b. c. Paris, son of King Priam,
carries off Helen, a not unwilling pris-
oner, to Troy. [It causes the Trojan
War.]
1201 * * b. c. jEgisthus of Mycense as-
sassinates Atreus.
1183* * b. c. In tbe absence of King
Agamemnon, iEgisthus lives in adultery
with the Queen Clytemnestra at My-
cenae ; on the return of the king, they
assassinate him, and iEgisthus mounts
the throne. [1176. Orestes of Mycenae
kills his mother and her paramour.]
884^50 B. c. Lycurgus establishes so-
cial unions or compulsory clubs, whose
members eat together.
* * * b. c. Spartan children are
brought up in common; young Spar-
tan warrior nobles dwell together.
* * * b. c. The Crypteia, an organized
guard over the Helots, is formed of
young Spartans. [The hunting of Helots
as an exercise is a myth.]
* * * b. c. Lycurgus enacts sumptuary
laws restraining excess in dress, eating,
furniture, etc.
* * * B. c. By the laws of Lycurgus, the
citizens exist for the state, instead of
the state existing for the people.
Each new-born Infant is examined by a
council of old men, who determine whether
it shall be brought up or cast out to die;
boys at seven are taken from home and sub-
jected to physical and mental training, wear-
ing the same garments in slimmer and winter,
and subsisting on a spare diet, which can be
enlarged by hunting or stealing, but if caught
in the act of stealing, they are punished for
awkwardness causing detection.
820 * * b. c. The Olympic games are
raised to greater importance by the par-
ticipation of the Spartans. (?)
776* * b. c. The first Olympiad is cele-^
brated at Elis. [Elean Chorcebus is
GREECE.
1228b.c.-625**b.c. 1015
the first recorded victor in the Olympic
games. The official catalogues hence-
forth records names of victors.]
733 * * b. c. The progeny of the Par-
theniae of Sparta are sons of virgins.
720 * * b. c. The Olympic games are
visited by hosts of people ; some come
from Asia Minor to participate in the
contests.
715 * * b. c. Aristocrates I., King of
Arcadia, is put to death for offering
violence to the priestess of Diana.
688 * * b. c. Boxing is added to the
Olympic games. [680. Four-horse char-
iot races are added. They become
more brilliant and attractive. A victory
is the highest honor known in Greece.]
675 * * b. c. The Carnian festival is
instituted in Sparta.
668 * * b. c. The Spartans greatly in-
crease the number of their Helots by the
conquest of Messenia ; [Helots comprise
about four-fifths of the inhabitants].
660 * * b. c. Egyptians educate their
children in the language and manners
of Greece.
680± * * b. c. The code of Zaleucus,
the lawgiver of the Epizephyrian Locri-
ans, ordains that no sober women shall
go attended in the street by more than
one maid, or wear either gold or em-
broidered apparel.
STATE.
1201 * * b. c. Agamemnon reigns in
Mycenae. [He becomes King of Sicyon,
Corinth, and perhaps of Argos.]
1200± * * b. c. The Heraclidae, the
mythical descendants of Hercules, are
driven out of the Peloponnesus.
1179** B.C. Athens. A court of Ephe-
tae is established by Demophoon for the
trial of murder. [1178. The Prianepsae
is instituted.]
1170 * * b. c. The first Pyrrhus (Neop-
tolemus) settles in Epirus.
1124 * * b. c. Bcsotia is founded by
iEolian fugitives from Thessaly.
1123 ** b. c. AsiaM. ^Eolian colonists
build Smyrna and other cities.
1120* *b. c. The The bans abolish
royalty, and establish a republic. [Ages
of obscurity follow.]
1109-1103 b. o. Return of the Hera-
clidae, or the Dorian Migration.
The Heraclidie, aided by the Dorians,
1050-752 b. c. Athens is governed by a
succession of archons without the name
or dignity of king.
1040± * * b. c. Asia M. The Iones, a
Pelasgic race, come from Greece, and
settle in lone and the adjoining islands,
and found Ephesus and 12 other cities.
1033 * * b. c. Ixion reigns in Corinth.
[996, Agilus; 959, Prummis; 925, Bacchus.]
1032 * * b. c. Kings of Sparta.
Agis I. (Agidas) and Sous (Proclidae) reign
at Sparta. [1028, Echestratus (Agidae)
and Euripon (Proclidae); 993, Lebotas
(Agidae) ; 975, Prytanis (Proclidae) ; 956,
Dorysus ; 927, Agesilaus (Agidae) ; 926,
Polydectest (Proclidae)].
1024* * b. c. Athens. Acastus becomes
archon. [966, Thersippus ; 928, Phorbus ;
898, Megactes ; 868, Diognatus ; 840, Phe-
recles ; 823, Ariphron ; 820, Thespicus ;
795, Agamestor ; 777, iEschylus.]
1000 h * * b. c. S. It. The Grecians es-
tablish their first colony at Cumae on
the west coast.
1000 * * B. c. S. It. A Greek colony is
established at Parthenope [Naples] .
1000-900+ b.c. AsiaM. Greek colonies
are planted along the coast and on the
Asiatic islands, chiefly by iEolian, Io-
nian, and Dorian people.
998 * * b. c. The Amphictyonic Coun-
cil, established at Thermopylae by King
Amphictyon about 500 years before, now
becomes a federative tribunal for set-
tling Grecian interstate difficulties. It
is comprised of deputies who sit twice a
year, in spring and harvest ; its decis-
ions are final and sacred.
974-443 b. c. S. It. Greek colonies are
established.
916 * * b. c. The Rhodians originate
the first laws of navigation.
889 * * b. c. Agelas reigns in Corinth.
[859, Endemis ; 834, Aristodemus ; 799,
Agemon ; 783, Alexander : 753, Telestes.]
884 * * b. c. Lycurgus rules in Sparta,
and establishes the senate.
He returns from several years of foreign
travel, and enacts his singular code of laws
and regulations by which he molds the pe-
culiar character of the Spartans. He pro-
vides for two kings as presiding officers, the
Council of the Elders is elected for life; it is
to discuss everything before it is given to the
assembly of the people, and to have jurisdic-
tion over capital crimes. [Various dates are
assigned to the reign of the semi-mythical
kings.]
and led by Temenus Cresphontes, and 883 * *B c Archaelaus is King of Sparta
Aristodemus invade the Peloponnesus (Agidae). [881, Charelaus (Proclida;) ;
to recover the territory belonging to &£> Te'leclu8 Agidse) ; 821 Nicander
Hercules, of which he had been deprived ^Pr'odidae); 783, Alcamenes (Agidae); 742,
by Eurystheus ; they overthrow the p0iydorus (Agidae) ; 770, Theopompus
(Proclidae).
869 * * b. c. Phidon, tyrant of Argos,
coins both gold and silver money.
814 * * b. c. (796 ? 748 ?) Caranus, the
founder of the first kingdom of Mace-
donia, reigns.
Achaian dynasties, expel or conquer the
people, drive the lonians into Attica,
and divide the land among themselves
and their allies.
1104 * * b. c. Sparta is seized by the
Heraclidae. [1100. The first hierarchy
is established ; Eurysthenes and Procles
are enthroned as joint kings by their
father, Aristodemus ; 32 kings of Agidft! 757 * * B. c. The Ephori is established
dynasty reign ; 28 kings of Proclidae
dynasty reign.]
llOOt * * b. c. Athens. The mythical
period gradually closes, and authentic
history begins with the Dorian migra-
tion.
1092 * * b. c. Athens. Codrus becomes
king. [1069±. He voluntarily surrenders
himself as a sacrifice for his country's
deliverance from the Dorians.]
at Sparta by Theopompus ; it consists
of five magistrates appointed to check
the royal power.
753 * * B. c. Athens. Alcmseon is ar-
chon ; the last elected for life.
753-683 b.c. Athens. The archons are
elected for ten years only ; the first
four are from the family of Codrus.
752 * * b. c Athens. Cherops, the first
decennial archon, rules.
1070 * * b. c. Athens. Government by 750-550 b. c. Period of colonization,
nobles instead of by kings begins. The The Greeks migrate in swarms to the
Athenians choose perpetual archons coasts of Sicily and Southern Italy. [710.
as their chief officers ; Medon is the first. Croton is founded. 708. Tarentum.]
747-657 b. c. The oligarchy of Bac-
chiadae governs at Corinth.
746 * * b. c. Aristodemenes, the last
king of Corinth, reigns for only one
year. [For 90 following years, Corinth
is governed by annually elected magis-
trates, who are called prytanes. Auton-
omes is the first.]
742 * * b. c. Athens. iEsimedes is ar-
chon. [732, Clidicus ; 722, Hippomenes ;
712, Leocrates ; 702, Apsandrus.]
735 * * b. c. Sicily. The Chalcidians
colonize Naxos. [690 (713? 680?). Gela
is colonized by Rhodians and Cretans.
The first Grecian settlement is
founded. [599, Camarina ; 582, Agrigen-
tum.]
734 * * b. c. Sicily — Corfu. The Corin-
thian colonies of Syracuse and Corcyra
are founded.
729 * * b. c. Turk. Pericles reigns in
Macedonia. [684. Argeans.J
723 * * b. c. The Messenians become
vassals of Sparta. (See Army.)
721 * * b. c. 5. It. Sybaris is founded
by an Achaean colony. [683. Locrians
found Locria Epizephyrii.]
720 * * b. c. Cyprus. The Greeks dom-
inate the island.
718 * * b. c. Zeuzidamus becomes King
(Proclidae) of Sparta. [709, Eurycrates
(Agidas) ; 686, Anaxidanuis (Proclidre) ;
670, Anaxander (Agidae) ; 648, Archida-
mus (Proclidae) ; 637. Eurycrates II.
(Agidae).
714 ± * * b. c. Athens. Hippomenes
the archon is deposed for his cruelty.
All the nobility become eligible to the
office. [692. Eryxias is the last decen-
nial archon. 684. He dies.]
707 * * b. c. The Partheniae conspire
with the Helots to take Sparta
685 * * b. c. The Messenians revolt ;
Elis, Argos, and Arcadia join them
against the Lacedaemonians.
684 * * b. c. Asia M. Chalcedon is
founded by the Megarians.
683* * b. c. Athens. The first reliable
date of Grecian history.
Nine archons are annually elected
from this time on ; they are chosen from
the Eupatridae. Creon is the first.
681* * b. c. Athens. Tlesias is archon.
[671, Leostratus ; 669, Pisistratns ; 668,
Autosthenes ; 664, Miltiades ; 659, Milti-
ades II. ; 644, Dropelus ; 639, Damasius ;
635, Epenetus.]
* * b. c. Aristocrates H., King of Or-
chomenus, is stoned, and an Arcadian
republic is founded.
669 * * B. c. Sicily. The subjugated
Messenians immigrate hither, and give
their own name to the town [Messina].
667 * * B. c. Constantinople. Byzan-
tium is colonized by Megarians under
Byzas.
660** b.c S. It. Zaleucusgiveslaws
to the Locri.
655* * b. c. The Bacchiadae oligarchy is
overthrown at Corinth by Cypselus,
who acquires despotic power. [627. ■
Periander rules.]
654 * * b. c. Stagira (Abdera) and Acan-
thus (Lampsacus) are founded.
640 * * b. c. (609?) Turk. Philip I.
reigns in Macedonia.
631* * b. c. Afr. Battns of Thera
founds Cyrene.
1016 625**B.c.-491**B.c.
GREECE.
ARMY — NAVY.
606 * * b. c. Athens is at war with
Mitylene over the possession of Sigeum.
* ■ is. c. The Athenians under Phyrnon
defeat the Mityleneans under Pitta-
cus; but Pittacus kills Phyrnon in sin-
gle combat. [The war ends by the ceding
of the disputed territory to Athens.]
602 * * b. c. Montenegro. JSropus con-
quers the Illyrians.
600-590 * * b. c. First Sacred War
against Crissa and Cirrha, to punish the
robbery of the templeof ApolloatDelphi.
The Amphictyones destroy both cities ;
the inhabitants are enslaved and their
lands consecrated to the Pythian Apollo.
660 * * b. c. Asia M. Croesus, King of
Lydia, conquers in succession all the
Grecian cities on the Asiatic coast.
547 * * b. c. The Spartans are at war
with the Argives, who seek to recover
territory; a battle between 300 cham-
pions of each nation takes place.
537 * * b. c. Pi sistratua defeats his
Athenian enemies.
513 * * b. c. Turk. Macedonia is con-
quered by the Persians.
510 * * b. c. S. It. Kroton destroys
Sybaris.
506 * * b. c. Sparta at war with Athens.
An expedition under Cleomenes and
Demaratus, with Peloponnesian allies,
is broken up by the withdrawal of the
Corinthians and the disagreement of the
two kings.
* * b. c. The allies of the Spartans, the
Boeotians and the Chalcidians from Eu-
bcea, are defeated by the Athenians,
who hold part of Euboea, and divide 4,000
peasant holdings among Attic farmers.
604 * * b. c. Aegean Sea. Lemnos is
taken by Miltia'des.
600-449 b. c. The Persian Wars.
600-494 b. c. Aegean Sea. The Ionian
Greeks unsuccessfully revolt against
the tyranny of the Persians.
The Persians defeat the Ionian armies
and also their fleet at Lade, opposite
Miletus. The assistance rendered the
Ionians by Athens and Eretria, is the im-
mediate cause of the Persian attempt
to subjugate European Greece.
496 * * b. c. Turk. Macedoniaand
Thrace are conquered by the Persians.
495 * * b. c. Persians under Artapher-
nes besiege Miletus. [494. Taken, its
men slain, and women and children sold.]
493-479 b. c. First Persian invasion.
493 * * b. c. Turk. The Persian army
subdues the coast of Thrace, and the
navy conquers the Island of Thasos.
492**b.c. Turk. The Persians
under Mardonius are surprised, and suf-
fer great loss by the Thracians.
* * b. c. The fleet of Darius is mostly
destroyed by a hurricane, and the Per-
sian expedition returns.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
620 * * b. c. Legends are traced upon
vases in Corinth.
601 May 28. b. c. (?) Thales* predic-
tion of a solar eclipse is fulfilled ; it
separates the Medes and Persians in
battle [or 603 or 585. He teaches the
true cause of lunar eclipses].
600+ * *b. c. Thales marks out solstices
and equinoxes.
600-200 b. o. The temple of Jupiter
at Corinth is erected.
576± * * B. C. Dipoenus and Scyllis
sculpture figures of the gods.
570-547 b. c. Anaximander invents the
sun-dial, and discovers the phases of
the moon; he makes a map of the
known world.
564+ * * B. c. Susarion and Dolon invent
theatrical exhibitions; they perform
the first comedy at Athens on a wagon
or movable stage having four wheels.
560+ * * b. c. The Zodiac is observed
by Anaximander, who discovers its ol>-
liquity, names its twelve signs, and as-
signs their situations.
555-+. * * b. c. Pythagoras maintains that
the motions of the spheres must pro-
duce delightful music, inaudible to
mortal ears, which he calls " the music
of the spheres."
He notes changes of land and sea.earth-
quakes,volcanoes,and petrifying springs;
he discovers that the earth moves, and
that the morning and evening stars are
the same ; he invents the monochord ;
he discourses on sound-waves.
550* *b. c. The Boric temple of
Athene at ^Egina is erected.
544± * * b. c. Asia M. The temple of
Diana at Ephesus is begun by Ctesiphon.
540 * * B. c. Calliinachus invents the
Corinthian order of architecture.
536± * * b. c. Thespis of Icaria, the in-
ventor of tragedy, performs Alcestis
at Athens, and is rewarded with a goat.
He first intersperses hymns with the
recitation.
500 * * B. c. Hecatseus writes on geog-
raphy.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
625 ± Sappho, poet, born.
619* *-SIsop, fabulist, born. [564. Dies.]
618 * * Pisistratus, Athenian tyrant, born.
[527. Dies.]
610± Anaximander of Miletus, philosopher,
born. [546. Dies.]
585 * * Periander, King of Corinth (Seven
Sages), dies.
688* * Pythagoras, philos., b. [500. D.]
663± Anacreon, lyric poet, b. [478+. Dies.]
556* * Simonides, lyric poet, born. [467. D.]
6th Century. Alcaeus, of Lesbos, poet, born.
Bias (Seven Sages), born.
Calliinachus, sculptor, architect, born.
Chilon of Sparta (Seven Sages), born.
Cleobolus, King of Lindus (Seven Sages), b.
Epimenides, poet, prophet, born.
Glaueus, artist, inventor, born.
Ibycus, lyric poet, born.
Thespis. poet, drain., inventor of tragedy, b.
525 * * ^Eschylus. tragic poet, b. [456. I).]
582 * * Pindar, greatest of lyric poets, born.
[443. Dies.]
619+ Cratinus, comic poet, born. [442. D.]
514+ Hipparchus, Athenian tyrant, assassi-
nated.
Themistocles, general, statesman, orator,
born. [460 or 447. Dies.]
512+ Bacchylides, lyric poet, bom.
510± Cimon, Athenian gen., b. [449±. D.]
504+ Critias, statuary, dies.
500* * Anaxagoras, philos., born. [428. D.]
498 * * Phidias, greatest sculptor statuary,
born. [431. Dies.]
495+ Sophocles, a tragic poet, b. [405. D. ]
Pericles, Athenian orator, statesman, born.
[429. Dies.]
Zeno of Elea, philosopher, born.
528+ * * B. c. Pythagoras teaches th#
doctrine of metempsychosis, which as-
serts the transmigration of the soul from
one body to another.
± * * B. c. The school of Athens is closed,
and the extinction of the Platonic
theology follows.
500+ * * B. c. Heraclitus teaches that
the world was created from fire, which
is a god omnipotent.
4th Century. B.C. Plato defines «* vir-
tue in man to be resemblance to God ac-
cording to the measure of our ability."
(Fisher.)
Aristotle " in religion was a t heist ;
but he is less spiritual in his vein or
thought and more reserved in his utter-
ance on this theme than Plato." (Fisher.)
CHURCH.
613 * * b. c. The Feast of Nephalia is
instituted.
In it are offered sacrifices of sobriety
— using mead instead of wine ; offerings
are made to the sun and moon, the
nymphs, to Aurora, and to Venus. They
burned any wood but that of the vine,
the fig-tree, and the mulberry-tree, the
esteemed symbols of drunkenness.
530 * * b. c. Anaximander of Miletus
declares air to be a self-existing deity,
and the first cause of created things.
LETTERS.
610 * * b. c. Anaximander, a. disciple
of Thales, a Milesian philosopher, is
born.
Metaphysician, mathematician, as-
tronomer, and writer, he is the first to
write on geography and to prepare a
chart of the countries he knew.
600+ * * b. o. Thales of Miletus founds
the Ionic sect of philosophers.
It delights in abstruse speculations ;
among its pupils are Anaximander, An-
aximenes, and Anaxagoras, and Arche-
laus, the master of Socrates.
600-564 b. c. The Fables of Msop ap-
pear. (?)
600+ * * B. c. Poems, arranged in nine
books, by Sappho, appear. (?)
* * b. c. Alcssus, a poet of Mitylene, in
Lesbos, flourishes.
* * b. c. Chilo, the Spartan philosopher,
flourishes.
590+ * *B.c. Thales of Miletus, Solon of
Athens, Bias of Prienne, Chilo of Lace-
dsemon, Pittacus of Mitylene, Cleobulus
of Lindus, and Periander of Corinth,
known as the Seven Wise Men of
Greece, flourish.
580-500 b.c. Pythagoras teaches that
the inner substance of all things is num-
ber, and that discipline of character is a
prime object ; he is sparing in diet, pro-
motes an earnest culture in which music
is prominent, and gives rise to a school
in which moral reform and religious
feeling are connected with an ascetic
method of living.
* * *b. c. Pherecydes of Syros, teacher
of Pythagoras, teaches the doctrine of
the transmigration of souls, and main-
tains that there are three principles, —
sether, chaos, and time, — and four ele-
ments,— fire, earth, air, and water, —
from which are formed everything that
exists.
580+ * * b. c. Solon is the first in Greece
to pronounce a funeral oration.
570-478 b. c. Xenophanes, founder
of the Eleatic school of philosophy,
flourishes.
He conceives the world as one sub-
stance, and that the exhibitions of natu-
ral phenomena, in all their variety and
change, are unreal.
570-520 b.c. Anaximander main-
tains that things spring out of a primi-
tive stuff, without definite qualities and
without bounds ; he makes astronomical
calculations.
546+ * * b. c. Hipponax, iambic poet,
flourishes.
544+** B.C. Athens. The first public
library is founded by Pisistratus.
540+ * * B. c. Theognis, elegiac poet,
flourishes.
530+ * * B. c. Anacreon, a lyric poet,
sings chiefly the praises of love and wine.
GREECE.
625
491
B.C.
1017
520-123 n. c. Cratinus, an Athenian
comic poet, writes 21 plays, and is victor
nine times.
510+ * * b. c. Telesilla of Argos, a lyric
poet and heroine, flourishes.
504-460 b. c. Parmenides, an Eleatic,
teaches that succession, change, the man-
ifold form of things, is only relative to
ourselves, being only our way of regard-
ing the one universal essence.
503 k* * b. c. Heraclitus of Ephesus, a
philosopher, flourishes.
* * b. c. Lasus, a lyric poet, flourishes.
500+ * * b. c. Pindar composes Epini-
cia, and many other lyrics.
* * B. c. Simonides writes lyric poetry
unrivalled for its tenderness and grace.
[477. He gains his 56th prize at Athens.]
* * B. c. Hecatseus of Miletus, a geogra-
pher and historian, writes Periegesis.
500-456 b. o. .ffiscbylus, the father
of Greek tragedy, produces 72 plays.
[Those extant are Eumeiudes, Prome-
theus Vinctus, Agamemnon, Choephori,
Seven against Thebes, Persse, and the
Supplices. 499. He makes his first at-
tempt as a tragic poet. 484. He gains
his first tragic victory.]
SOCIETY.
594± * * B. c. The code of Solon pun-
ishes an archon with a heavy fine for
intoxication on the first offense, and in
case of relapse, by death.
590 * * b. c. The Pythian games in
honor of Apollo are greatly enlarged
[from this time].
549+ * * B. c. Sicily. Phalaris, tyrant
of Agrigentum, is roasted in a brazen
bull which he made for other victims.
540-420 B.C. Period of the most dis-
tinguished victors in the Olympic
games.
509 * * b. c. Athens. Social reforms
are effected under Cleisthenes, reducing
the influence of the aristocracy.
STATE.
•621** B.C. Athcys. The Athenians de-
mand written laws instead of the arbi-
trary will of their rulers.
The nobles accede, but revenge their
injured dignity by appointing Draco to
prepare the code. These drastic laws
are " written in blood ; " every offense is
punished with death ; idleness is dealt
with as severely as murder ; he held that
the smallest transgression deserved
death, and a severer punishment could
notbedevised for more atrocious crimes.
•615 * * b. c. Athens. Henochides is ar-
chon. [605, Aristocles ; 604, Critias ; 599,
Megacles.]
612+**b. c. Athens. Cylon, assisted
by his father-in-law, Theagenes, tyrant
of Megara, struggles for supreme power.
He seizes the Acropolis, but is besieged
by Megacles, captured, and executed.
612 * * B. c. Pittacus [one of the Seven
Sages], leader of the aristocratic party,
overthrows the tyrant Melanchus at
Mitylene in Lesbos. [He is succeeded
by Myrsilus, Megalagyrus. the Clean-
actids, Alcseus, and Antimenidas.]
600 * * B. c. Fr. A Greek colony is
planted at Massalia [Marseilles].
597+* * b. c. Solon recovers Salamis,
which had revolted to Megara.
.597 * * b. c. The Alcmeeonidse are
found guilty of sacrilege by a tribunal
of 300 judges, and sentenced to banish-
ment from Attica.
595 * * b. c. The Amphictyonic Council
decides to punish Cirrhafor the robbery
of the temple of Apollo in Delphi.
* * *b.c. Athens. Dissatisfaction with
the government of the archons in-
creases.
The citizens form three parties, — the
great land-owners of the plain, the
peasants dwelling in the mountains, and
the prosperous middle class dwelling by
the seacoast.
594 * * b. c Athens. Solon becomes
archon for life ; he makes a code of laws.
He, being appointed to negotiate be-
tween the aristocracy and the people,
devises the Seisachtheia (removal of
burdens), whereby (mortgaged) debts are
reduced about 27 per cent by the intro-
duction of a new standard of coinage,
personal security for debts is abolished,
and unpaid fines are remitted. The code
of Draco is repealed.
* * * b. c Athens. Solon levies taxes.
First-class citizens pay an Attic talent
of silver [$275].
589-579 b. c Pittacus is tyrant at
Mitylene in Lesbos; this just and able
ruler prepares the way for republican
government.
582* * b. c. Psammetichus is de-
throned ; Corinth forms a republic.
570* * b. c Athens. Solon secures the
oath of the people to maintain the con-
stitution for 10 years, and departs for
Egypt and Asia Minor.
570-554 b. c. Sicily. Phalaris, noto-
rious for his cruelty, reigns at Agri-
gentum.
560 * * b. c The supremacy of Sparta
is acknowledged by the Arcadians. [550.
It is the most powerful of the states of
Greece.]
560-527 B.C. Athens. Pisistratus, the
tyrant, a nobleman, usurps the govern-
ment, and rules with splendid success.
He so manages that the people always
choose archons who suit him. [559. He is
expelled by a coalition of nobles and mode-
rates. 553. He returns to Athens. 552. Again
exiled. 543 + . He returns with a powerful
army, lands at Marathon. The Athenians
send an army against him; he defeats it, and
once more becomes ruler.]
560 * * b. c. Solon returns.
560+ * * b. c. N. Afr. The colony of
Barca is founded.
546 * * b. c. Asia M. The Hellenic
colonies are conquered by Croesus, King
of Lydia. [549. He is dethroned by
Cyrus, who soon subjects the Greek
cities of Asia to Persian rule.]
544 * * b. c. Asia M. The contest be-
gins between the Greeks and Persians
for possession of Asia Minor.
543-527 b. c. Athens. Third tyranny
of Pisistratus.
540 * * b. c. Turk. Amyntas I. be-
comes King of Macedonia. [510. The
Macedonians deliver earth and water on
the demand of the Persians.]
527-510 b. c. Athens. Hippias suc-
ceeds Pisistratus, his father. [517+.
Hippias sends Miltiades to take posses-
sion of the Thracian Chersonesus ; he
succeeds, and rules as tyrant.]
520 * * b. c. Cleomenes (Agidse) and
Demaratus (Proclidae) are kings of
Sparta.
519 * * b. c. The Platseans secede from
the Boeotian union and place themselves
under the protection of Athens.
514* * B. c. Athens. Hipparchus, one
of the sonsof Pisistratus, is assassinated
by Harmodius and Aristogiton.
510 * * b. c. Athens. Hippias is driven
out by the exiled nobles, aided by a Spar-
tan army under Cleomenes. The Pisis-
tratidae are all expelled. Hippias takes
refuge with Darius in Persia.
* * * B. c. Athens. The place of holding
the popular assembly is changed from
the market-place to the rocky hill of
the Pyx, and the president is chosen
daily by lot from among the prytany.
* * * b. c. Athens. The council is in-
creased from 400 to 500 members. The
four old Athenian tribes are substituted
by ten new tribes, not having connected
territory ; the influence of the aristoc-
racy is reduced.
* * * b. c. Athens. Celisthenes estab-
lishes ostracism, by which the people
may decree, by a secret ballot, the ban-
ishment of any citizen deemed danger-
ous to the public liberty.
508 * * b. c. Turk. Teres, King of the
Edrysae in Thrace, retains his indepen-
dence of the Persians.
507 * * b. c. The nobles of Athens,
led by Isagoras, revolt against Cleis-
thenes ; they are aided by Spartans un-
der Cleomenes ; Cleisthenes is driven
out, and the city revolutionized.
* * b. c. A counter-revolt of the popu-
lace arises against Cleomenes, who
makes a disgraceful capitulation, sur-
rendering the Spartan arms, and leaders
of the aristocracy, who are put to death.
506 * * b. c. Cleomenes, enraged by
adversity, returns to Sparta, raises a
large army, and advances against the
Athenians. [The Corinthians and other
allies refusing to assist in the restora-
tion of tyranny in Athens, the army
disbands.]
502 * * b. c. Aegean Sea. The Island of
Naxos revolts; war between Greece
and Asia follows.
500 * * b. c. Asia M. A democratic gov-
ernment being established in Miletus,
other Greek cities in Asia openly revolt
against Persia.
* * b. c. Turk. Alexander I. reigns in
Macedonia.
499-494 b. c. The Ionians, led by
Histiseus of Miletus and Aristagoras, un-
successfully revolt against Persians.
495-490 B.C. Sparta becomes superior
to Argos.
494 * * b. c The Ionians are subdued,
and the Milesians forced by Darius to
settle about the mouth of the Tigris.
492 * * b. c. Mardonius, the Persian
general, invades Europe, and conquers
Macedonia.
491 * * b. c. The Great Persian "War.
Cause: Sardis in Lydia is burned by
the Ionians in retaliating the favor
shown by Darius to Hippias, the ex-
pelled Athenian tyrant, the Athenians
being their ally.
* * b. c. Heralds arrive from Darius to
demand earth and water. [They are
murdered by Athens and Sparta.]
* * b. c. Leonidas (Agidse) and Leoty-
chides (Proclidae) are kings at Sparta.
1018 490 ** b.c. -450** b.c.
GREECE.
ARMY — NAVY.
490 * * b. c. The second expedition
of the Persians.
Artaphernes, nephew of Darius, and
I hit is the Mede, a more experienced gen-
eral, with 100,000 infantry and 10,000 cav-
alry in 600 transports, crosses the iEgean
Sea ; 600 triremes reenforce the army.
* * b. c. The Persians land in Euboea,
after destroying the city of Naxos. Ere-
tria falls into their hands by treachery.
* * b. c. The Persians, advised by Hip-
pias, the Athenian exile, land in the
vicinity of Marathon.
* * b. c. The entire military power of
Athens, comprising 10,000 men besides
1,000 Plataeans, crosses the Brilessus, and
advances to meet the Persians.
* * b. c. The Athenians wait in in-
trenched camp face to face with the
Persians for nine days, and cover the
road to Athens.
Sept. 12 b.c. Battle of Marathon;
one of the decisive battles of the world.
Athenians under Miltiades and Aris-
tides defeat 100,000 Persians under Datis
and Artaphernes ; Greek loss, 192 ; Per-
sian loss, 6,400. Persians retreat to Asia.
489 * * b. c. Miltiades makes an ill-
considered attack upon Paros ; he is
condemned to pay the costs of the expe-
dition, amounting to 50 talents.
485 * * b. c. The Athenians conduct
an unsuccessful war with JEginu, a
rival city ; they hire ships of Corinth.
483+ * * b. c. Themistocles persuades
the Athenians to construct the harbor
of the Piraeus.
* * * b. c. A radical reform of the
naval department is made.
481-480 b.c. Third Persian invasion.
It is under Xerxes, son of Darius ; he
is accompanied by Pisistratus, son of
Hippias, late of Athens, and by Dema-
ratus, the deposed King of Sparta.
481 * * b. c. Turk. The Persians, aided
by the Thracians, open a canal at
Acanthus to protect their fleet in time
of storm. They bridge the Hellespont
between Sestos and Abydos by the labor
of Phenicians and Egyptians.
* * * b. c. Asia M. Persian troops
concentrate at Critalla in Cappadocia.
480 Spring b. c. Asia M. Xerxes de-
parts from Sardis, about 900,000 strong,
and marches through Mysia.
Turk. The Persians cross the
Hellespont during seven days.
They traverse Macedonia, and send a
fleet of more than 1 ,300 triremes, includ-
ing 400 Grecian ships, from Asia Minor,
through the canal at Acanthus. They
receive symbols of submission from
Thessalian and Boeotian cities,— only
Plataea and Thespiae refusing.
* * b. c. Xerxes enters Greece with the
greatest army ever placed in the field.
It comprises 1,700,000 foot and 80,000
horse soldiers ; servants, eunuchs, and
women, amounting to 5,283,220 people. (?)
July * b. c. Battle of Thermopylae.
The pass is defended against an im-
mense number of Persians by the Spar-
tan king, Leonidas, with about 6,000
hoplites, among whom are 300 Spartans
and 1,000 Lacedaemonians; 1,000 Pho-
cians guard the footpath over (Eta. The
Persians are guided by the traitor Kpln-
altes ; Leonidas sends away most of his
force, and perishes with 300 Spartans and Sept. 22 (?) b. c. Asia M. Battle of
700 Thespians, who refuse to leave him. Mycale.
The Greeks under Leotychides the
Spartan, and Xanthippus the Athenian,
defeat the Persians under Mardontes,
and burn his fleet. Two Persian armies
are destroyed on the same day.
*b. c. The Greek 8 appear before
Thebes; the leaders of the Persian
party are given up and executed.
The Corinthians engage in 479-449 b.c The Grecians conduct an
Aug.* b.c. Naval battle at Artemisium.
First day : About 280 Grecian ships under
Kurybiades, a Spartan, indecisively engage
the Persians under Achamienes, whose fleet
is much weakened by storms and also by an
expedition of 200 ships.
Second day: The Persians attack with their
entire fleet, but gain no decisive results. The
Grecian fleet sails away for Salamis on re-
ceiving news from Thermopylae
the Persian war.
The Peloponnesian army begins the
construction of a wall across the isth-
mus, instead of coming to the aid of the
Athenians.
* * b. c. Xerxes meets with no resistance
in central Greece ; the Locrians and Do-
rians submit to the Persians.
* * b. c. The Persians ravage the land
of the Phocians ; a thunder-storm aids
in turning back a force sent to Delphi.
* * b. c. Thespiae and Plataea alone are
destroyed by the Persians, in Bceotia.
* * b. c. Athens. The Athenians aban-
don their city, and send the noncombat-
ants, together with their personal effects,
to Salamis, ^Egina, and Argolis ; only a
garrison remains in the Acropolis.
* *b. c. Athens. Xerxes takes the Acrop-
olis by storm ; the temples and the city
are burned ; he enters, after having lost
200,000 of his troops.
Sept. 20 b. c. The Grecians defeat the
Persians in the Straits of Salamis.
The Grecian fleet under Eurybiades, a
Spartan, numbers 378 triremes and seven
fifty-oared vessels ; the Persian fleet
comprises 750 (?) vessels ; the Greeks
lose 40 and the Persians 200 ships.
Sicily. Gelon defeats the Cartha-
ginians under Hamilcar at Himera.
* * b. c. Xerxes retreats, leaving Mar-
donius in Thessaly with 260,000 men.
Nov.* b.c Xerxes retreating, ar-
rives at the Hellespont.
He suffers great losses through hunger
and drought ; the bridge having been
destroyed by a storm, his army em-
barks in the fleet.
* * b. c. The Grecian fleet neglects to
pursue the Persians, as Themistocles ad-
vises ; it unsuccessfuly besieges An-
dros.
479 * * b. c. The fourth Persian ex-
pedition led by Mardonius.
The Persians enter Attica, and are re-
enforced by troops under Artabazus,
and by allies from northern Greece.
* * b. c. Athens. The Athenians are
again faithlessly abandoned by the 460-455 b.c. The Athenians assist the
offensive war against the Persians in
aid of the Ionians.
* * b. c Cimon, son of Miltiades, the
Athenian general, overruns all Thrace.
478 * * b. c. The fortifications of the
Piraeus are completed.
477 * * B. c. The supremacy of the al-
lied Hellenic fleet passes from Sparta
to Athens. Aristides takes command.
476 * * b. c. Aristides succeeds in his
first exploit, the capture of Eion on the
Strymon from the Persians, and the re-
duction of the pirates of Scyros.
472± * * b. c. The hegemony, or chief
conduct of the war, is transferred from
Sparta to Athens, owing to the offensive
manners of Pausanias and the winning
manners of Aristides and Cimon.
469 * * b. c. Cimon, the leader of the
Hellenic league, drives the Persians
from towns yet held by them on the
Thracian coast. He chastises the pi-
rates of Scyros.
467* *b. c. Cimon with the confederate
fleet captures Naxos, which had re-
volted from the League of Delos, and is
punished by the loss of its independence.
466 * * b. c. Asia M. Battle of Eurym-
edon in Pamphylia.
Two battles are fought in one day.
The Greeks under Cimon with 300 gal-
leys defeat the Persian fleet, and then
attack and rout the land force.
* * b. c. Turk. The war ends.
Cimon punishes Thasos for seceding
from the confederacy. [463. Subdued.]
464-456 b.c. Third Messenian War.
The Spartans seek to subdue the La-
conians, Messenians, and Helots.
461 * * b. c. After imploring the help of
Athens, the suspicious Spartans send
back their unwelcome ally. The Athe-
nians take offense, and form an alli-
i>nce with the Argives.
460 * * b. c. Corinth decides to engage
in war with Athens, having the Epi-
daurians and ^Eginetans for allies.
Spartans, who again retire.
* b. c. The Persians retire before the
whole Peloponnesian army, consisting of
30,000 hoplites and 60,000 light armed
troops, it having crossed the isthmus,
and taken a strong position in Bceotia.
* b. c. The Greeks are reenforced by
10,000 Athenians, Platasans, and Thespi-
Egyptian rebels, Inarus and Amyrtasus.
458* *b. c. The Athenians are defeated
at Argolis.
* * b. c. The Athenians defeat the allied
Corinthians, Epidaurians, and -Egine-
tans in the Saronic Gulf ; they block-
ade iEgina and defend Megara ; its occu-
pation had offended the Corinthians.
ans ; Pausanias, the leader of the Spar- 457 * * b. c. Athens. Pericles begins
tans, has a great army, but no cavalry.
* * b. c. The united fleets of the Pe-
loponnesians, Athenians, and Ionic
Greeks, conquer Byzantium, and
acquire rich booty.
Sept. 22 b.c. The Persians are
routed at the battle of Plataea; the
Greeks capture the Persian camp, and
kill Mardonius and a great host.
the third wall connecting the Pira;us
and Phalerum with Athens, thus enclos-
ing the city and the ports with continu-
ous fortifications. [456. Completed.]
457-451 b. c. The Spartans and Boeo-
tians prosecute a war of jealousy
against Athens.
The Spartans as allies of the Thebans
defeat the Athenians at Tanagra, in
r
GREECE.
490** b.c. -450** b.c. 1019
Boeotia ; they then conclude an armis-
tice, and return to Sparta.
456* * B. C. The Athenians under
Myronides invade Boeotia, and defeat
the Thebans at (Euophyta.
* * B. c. iEgina surrenders to the Athe-
nians after a long siege ; it gives up its
ships-of-war and consents to pay tribute.
455** b.c. Egy. The Athenian fleet
sent to aid the rebels in Egypt is de-
stroyed by the Persians.
* * B. C. The Spartans subdue the Helots
in Ithome, and drive the Messenians out
of Greece.
* * b. c. The .ZEtolians join the Spar-
tans against Athens.
* * Pericles overruns the Peloponnesus.
451 * * b. c. An expedition of 200 ships
under Cimon is sent against the Persians.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
490+ * * b. c. iEschylus writes the mu-
sic to his own tragedies.
485-486 b. c. Euripides paints pic-
tures which are preserved in Megara.
484 * * b. c. The temple on the river
at Ilissus is erected. [481. OneatAgri-
gentum is begun.]
480 * * b. c. Xerxes carries from Athens
to Susa the bronze group by Antenor,
representing the Tyrannicides, Harmo-
dius, and Aristpgiton.
480-330 b .c. Athens. Architecture
and other arts flourish.
473± * * b. c. Athens. The temple of
Victory is built. [469 fc, TheTheseum,
the most perfect ancient edifice in the
world.]
468 * * b. c. Sophocles gains the prize
over iEschylus in tragedy.
466 * * b. c. An earthquake at Sparta
destroys 30,000 lives.
464+ * * b. c. Athens. Pericles and
Cimon adorn the city. Cimon first in-
dicates form under drapery.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
491 * * Cleomenes I., King of Sparta, dies.
Mlltiades, Athenian general, dies.
485* * Gorgias, orator, sophist, b. [380 + . I).]
484 * * Achaeus, dramatist, born.
Herodotus, father of history, b. [424. 1).]
481* * Protagoras, philosopher, b. [411. D.]
480+ Agatharchus, inventor of perspective
scenery, born. [420 +. Dies.]
Euripides, tragic poet, born. [406. Dies.]
Leonidas I., King of Sparta, dies.
500+ Myron, sculptor, born.
479+ Antiphon, Athenian orator, b. [411. D.l
471 * * Thucydides, historian, b. [401. D.]
470+ Choerilus of Samos, poet, b. [399. D.]
Socrates, Athenian phil.,b. [399. Dies.]
468 * * Arlstldes the Just, Athenian states-
man, general, dies.
468 + Pausanius, Spartan general, dies.
460 * * Democritus, phil., born. [357. Dies.]
Hippocrates, physician, father of medi-
cine, born. [377. Dies.]
458 * * Lysias, Athenian orator, b. [380. D.]
439 * * Andocides, Athenian orator, born.
[391. Dies.]
LETTERS.
468-406 b.c. Sophocles produces
more than 100 tragedies. [Among those
extant are Antigone, Electra, Maidens of
Trachis, (Edipus Tyrannus, Ajax, Phil,
octetes, and (Edipus at Colonus.]
468 * * b. o. Sophocles defeats ^Eschy-
lus for the tragic prize. [441. He is de-
feated by Euripides.]
496 * * n. c. Systematic rhetoric is in-
ventc 1 by GOrax of Syracuse.
460±* *b.c. Melanippides.alyricpoet,
flourishes.
458-380 b. c. Lysias writes 425 ora-
tions.
455-425 b. c. Xenophon writes The
Anabasis, The Cyropmdia, The Hellen-
ica, The Memorabilia, The (Economics,
The Hipparchicus, The Agesilaus, The
Hiero, The Symposium.
455 * * b. c. The Peliades, by Euripi-
des, appears. [438, Alcestis; 431, Medea,
Philocteles, Dictys, and Messores; 425,
Hecuba ; 421, Supplices, Heracleidse; 420-
417, Andromache ; 417, lphigenia among
the Tauri; 415, Troades, Alexander, Pa-
lamedes, and Sissyphus ; 414, Electra;
412, Helena ; 418, Orestes ; 406, Bacchse and
lphigenia at Aulis; 392, Ecclesiazusse.]
5th Century b. c. Hellanicus writes a
History of Argos, a History of Attica,
and History of Persia.
SOCIETY.
472 * * b. c. The Olympic games are
extended to four days.
STATE.
489* *b. c. Athens. Aris tides and
Themistocles are leading statesmen ;
Themistocles " is the founder of the
historic greatness of Athens." (Fisher.)
[481. He urges the building of a fleet of
200 ships to resist the Persians.]
485 * * b. c. Sicily. Gel on usurps
power in Syracuse. [He develops com-
merce on a grand scale.]
483* * b. c. Athens. Aristides, the
successful general, surnamed " The
Just," is banished by ostracism through
the influence of Themistocles, because
of his influence over the people. [48fr.
He is recalled.]
481 * * b. c. The heralds of Xerxes de-
mand earth and water of all Grecian
cities except Sparta and Athens.
480-477 b.c A union of theHeUenic
cities is founded.
480 * * b. c. Athens is burned. (See
Army).
Sept. 22 b. c. The invasion of the
Persians is arrested.
Oct. * b. c. Athens. The Athenians
return to their burned city.
* * b. c. Several of the island cities,
including Samos, Lesbos, and Chios, join
the Hellenic league against the Per-
sians. [Later the coast towns of Asia
Minor join it.]
* * * b. c. Athens is rebuilt and en-
larged ; it is surrounded, with strong
walls, notwithstanding the objections
of Peloponnesians.
479 * * b. c. The Athenians refuse a
separate peace with the offer of inde-
pendence.
477-407 b. o. Period of Athenian as-
cendency in Greece.
477 * * b. c. Athens. The reforms of
Aristides are made, and the real suprem-
acy of the democracy begins ; state
offices are open to all four classes alike.
* * b. c. The chief conduct of the war
is transferred from Sparta to Athens.
A Hellenic confederacy is formed with
Athens for its head ; the smaller states
furnish money only ; the larger ones
furnish ships
471 * * b. c. Themistocles is banished
for ten years by a vote of ostracism by
the Cimon party ; he retires to Argos.
* * b. c. Pausanias is convicted of trea-
son, and put to death at Sparta.
* *b. c. Themistocles is driven from Ar-
gos on suspicion of treasonable intrigues,
and goes to Asia ; he is welcomed to a
place in the Persian army, and receives
a princely domain.
469* *b. c. Athens. Pericles first takes
part in public affairs.
468 * * b. c. The Argives destroy the
Grecian city of Mycenae, and regain their
superiority.
467 * * b. c. Athens. Cimon becomes | O
the leader of the Athenian state; he be-/ ' ,
gins the two long walls, one to Piraeus I
and the other to Phalerum.
* * b. c. Sicily. Thrasybulus succeeds
Heiro at Syracuse, and is a rapacious,
tyrannical, and cruel ruler. [466. The
people revolt, and drive him out, and
form a democratic government.]
465-429 b. c. Athens. Age of Per-
icles, the most brilliant epoch in Athe-
nian history.
465 * * b. c. Thasos secedes. [463. Is
subdued and made tributary.]
464 * * b. c. Revolt of the Helots.
* * * b. c. Athens. Cimon, the leader
of the Aristocratic Party, and Pericles,
son of Xanthippus, the leader of the
democracy, are rivals.
* * * b. o. The democratic party se-
cure payment for citizens serving in the
army or as judges, and the bestowal of
alms upon the poor at festivals out of
the public treasury.
461 * * b. c. Athens. Pericles secures '
thebanishmentby ostracism of Cimon,
his hereditary enemy, for ten years.
460 * * b. c. Athens. The law of ephi-
altes, in the interest of democracy, takes
from the court of the Areopagus the
censorship over the state, and restricts
it to judicial functions.
459** b.c. Athens begins to tyrannize
over Greece ; it assumes to be the
capital of the Grecian states, embracing
a great coast and many islands.
± * * b.c. The treasury of the confed-
eracy is removed from Delos to the
Acropolis of Athens ; the contributions
of the Hellenic League become tribute
to the Athenians.
* * b. c. Megara, being threatened by
Corinth, ^Egina, and Epidanrus, finds a
protector in the Athenians, who con-
nect it with their port Nisaea by walls.
457 * * b. c. The defeated Athenians
recall Cimon from exile.
456 * * b. c. The Athenians replace the
aristocratic governments in most cities
of Boeotia with democratic rule.
454 * * b. c. Pericles and Cimon be-
come reconciled.
452* *b. c. S. It. Thurii, orThurium,
is founded as a Greek city.
450-400 b. c. Turk. Greek colonies
are established in Thrace.
1020 450* * b. c. -410** b.c.
GREECE.
ARMY — NAVY.
449 * * b. c. Double battle of Salamis,
off Cyprus.
The Athenians are victorious over the
Phenician and Cilician fleets (Persian) ;
also defeat the land force of the enemy.
449-448 b. c. The second Sacred 'War
in Greece.
The Phocians and Delphians struggle
for possession of the temple of Delphi.
The war emanates from an Amphictyonic
decree, and is carried on by troops of
different states.
447 * * b. c. The presumptuous Athe-
nians are disastrously defeated by the
Thebeans at Coronea.
446 * * B. c. The Spartans aid the Eu-
bceans in a revolt against Athens. Peri-
cles secures their return by bribery, and
then quickly subdues the rebels.
440 * * b. o. A revolt in Samoa is sub-
dued by Pericles ; he razes their fortifi-
cations, takes their fleet and hostages.
437 * * b. c. Athens. The fortifica-
tions are completed by a third wall, par-
allel with the first leading to the Piraeus.
435 * * b. c. War arises between Cor-
inth and its colony, Corcyra. [433. It
unites in an alliance against Corinth.]
432 * * b. c. The Corcyrseans, aided by
Athenians, defeat the Corinthians at the
battle of Sybota, off the Epirus coast.
* * b. c. The Athenians under Callias
defeat the Potidseans and their Pelopon-
nesian allies near Potidsea, and begin
the siege of the town.
431 * * B. c. Thebans make a treacher-
ous but unsuccessful attack on Platsca.
431 * * -404 May 4 b. c. The first
Peloponnesian War.
Athens and her allies, against Sparta and
her allies; it is the most famous of all the
wars between the Grecian states. Remote
cause: the envy of the Dorian Confederacy
at the power of Athens, and distrust of its
great ambition, together with the discontent
of her allies, who had been reduced to subjects.
Its immediate cause is the interference of
Athens with the quarrel between Corcyra
and Corinth in relation to Epidamnus. " The
most cruel and bloody war that ever stained
the earth." (Timayenis.)
431-425 b. c. Five invasions of Atti-
ca by the Peloponnesians are led by the
Spartan King Archidamus.
431 * * b. c. The Helots are rewarded
with liberty because of their bravery.
430 Apr. * b. c. Peloponnesians, under
Archidamus, devastate Attica.
Sept. * b. c. Pericles, in revenge for
the invasion of Attica, enters Megaris
with 10,000 men, and wastes the country.
429 * * B. c. Archidamus conducts the
[famous] siege of Platsea, having a gar-
rison of 400 citizens and 80 Athenians
with 110 women. [427. Taken ; its 225
survivors are executed.]
* * b. c. Two invasions of Attica.
* *b. c. Turk. Sitalces, KingoftheOdry-
838 in Thrace, furnishes Amyntas an army
of 150,000 men against Perdiccas II. of
Macedonia.
428 * * b. c. Asia M. The Athenians
blockade Mitylene on the Island of
Lesbos by land and by sea because of a
revolt. [427. Surrenders.]
* * b. c. Attica is again invaded and
laid waste.
426 * * b. c. The Athenians and Acar-
manians under Demosthenes severely
defeat the Ambracians and Spartans
at (Epae and Idomene.
* * b. c. The Spartans under Agis enter
Attica, and lay waste the country.
425 * * b. c. Demosthenes lands in
Messenia, fortifies Pylus, and greatly
annoys the Lacedaemonians.
* * b. c. The Athenians besiege the Spar-
tans on the little island of Sphacteria
opposite Pylus, and compel them to sue
for peace ; severe terms are rejected.
* * b. c. The Athenians attack, defeat,
and slaughter the Spartan faction in
Corcyra.
* * b. c. Cleon takes Sphacteria by storm,
and takes 120 Spartans among the 292
captives.
The Athenians threaten to put the
prisoners to death whenever Attica is
again invaded by the Peloponnesians.
424 * * b. c. The Athenians are utterly
defeated at Deliuum by the Boeotians.
* * b. c. Turk. A Spartan land expedi-
tion under Brasidas invades Thrace and
Macedonia to overthrow Athenian rule ;
he persuades several towns to revolt
against Athens. [Later he captures Am-
phipolis. The Athenian Thucydides,
who lay with a squadron at Thasos,
is banished for neither preventing its
capture nor attempting to retake it.]
423 Jan. * b. c. Athenians and Spar-
tans agree to an armistice for one year.
422 Aug. * B. c. Turk. The Athenians
attempt the recovery of their dependen-
cies, and send an army under Cleon, who
is disgracefully defeated by the allies
under Brasidas at Amphipolis. Cleon
and Brasidas are killed.
421 Spring, b. c. The war ends in
the peace of Nicias. (See State.)
418 * * b. c. The Spartans under Agis
invade Arcadia, and utterly defeat a
large body of Athenians, Mantineans,
and Argives, near Man tinea.
416 * * b. c. The Athenians send an ex-
pedition against the Island of Melos,
an ally of Sparta, and capture it ; its
citizens are put to death, and its women
and children sold into slavery.
415-413 b.c. An expedition is con-
ducted against Syracuse.
Egesta solicits help of the Athenians
against Selinus and Syracuse; Alcibiades
favors the petition, and 134 triremes,
with 36,000 men, including 5,100 hoplites,
sail for Sicily, under Alcibiades, Nicias,
and Lamachus ; Alcibiades is recalled.
414 * * b. c. Sicily. Nicias besieges
Syracuse, having already gained some
success. Lamachus dies.
* * b. c. Sicily The Spartans as allies
of Syracuse send a small fleet under
Gylippus.
413 * * b. c. Sicily. The Athenians
storm Syracuse, but are repulsed ; sick-
ness and want cause them great distress.
* * b. c. Sicily. The Athenians are reen-
forced by Demosthenes with 73 tri-
remes and 5,000 hoplites.
* * b. c. Sicily. The Athenians are de-
feated in two naval battles near Syra-
cuse, and their fleet surrounded.
413-404 b. c. The Decelean war be-
tween Athens and Sparta — a part of the
Peloponnesian war.
Mar. * b. c. Alcibiades having gone
over to the Spartans in resentment of
personal injuries, invades Attica, and
fortifies the village of Decelea.
Spring, b. e. The Spartans ravage
all parts of Attica by forays under King
Agis ; distress prevails in Athens.
Sept.* B.C. Sicily. The remnant of the
Athenian army attempts a retreat by
land, but it is captured. [Nicias and
Demosthenes are executed, and 7,000
prisoners are enslaved in the quarries.]
412 * * B. c. Asia M. A new Athenian
fleet defeats the Peloponnesian fleet
near Miletus; a squadron from Syra-
cuse prevents the capture of Miletus.
* * b. c. Asia M. The Athenian fleet
is increased to 104 ships, which are off
Samos ; Athenians send 128 additional
triremes at intervals to Asia Minor.
* * B. c. Asia. Alcibiades, suspected of
treachery, and maligned by the Spar-
tans, leaves them and goes over to Tis-
saphernes, the Persian satrap, whose
counselor he becomes, and whom he
advises to assist the Athenian fleet.
411 July* b.c. AsiaM. The Athe-
nian fleet under Thrasybulus and
Thrasyllus defeats the Peloponnesians
and Persians under Mindarus and Phar-
nabazus, at Cynossema, rlear Abydos.
Sept.* b.c. Alcibiades defeats the
Peloponnesians in a second naval battle
near Abydos.
410 * * b. c Alcibiades utterly defeats
the Spartans at Cyzicus ; he captures
their fleet, and kills Mindarus.
Spring, b. c. Asia M. Alcibiades is
taken prisoner by Tissaphernes, but es-
capes, and rejoins the Athenian fleet.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
450+ * * B. c. Anaxagoras notes the na-
ture of the sun and moon eclipses and
the movements of the planets.
+ * * b. c. Athens. The Odeum The-
ater is founded by Pericles. The Tem-
ple of Neptune at Paestum is erected,
and the Temple of Apollo Epicurus at
Phigalia in Arcadia.
450±-438 b.c. Athens. The Parthe-
non on the Acropolis is completed by
Ictinus and Callicrates under Phidias.
444+ * * b. c Empedocles first estab-
lishes the number of four elements.
444-440 B. c. The temple of Jupiter
at Olympieum is erected by Libon of
Elis. [508^09. At JEgina.]
442 * * b. c. Athens. The burning lens
is used.
441± * * b. c. The battering-ram, in-
vented by Artemon (?), a Lacedaemonian,
is employed by Pericles.
438 * * b. c. Athens. Phidias places his
statue of Minerva in the Parthenon.
437 * * B. c. Athens. "She magnificent
Propylsea is begun on the Acropolis.
437-433 b.c Phidiasmakes a colossal
statue of Jupiter, in gold and ivorv
(one of the Seven Wonders of the world)
for the temple of Jupiter at Olympieum.
436+ * * b. c. Polygnotus and Panse-
nus, eminent painters, flourish.
* * * b. c. The great temple of Demeter
at Eleusis, that of Athene at Sunium,
and of Nemesis at Bhamiins, are be<run.
GREECE.
450b.c.-410**b.c. 10:>1
433± b. c. * * The temple of Apollo
Epicurus, near Phigalia in Arcadia, is
erected by Ictinus. The Phigalian
Marbles are cut for it.
These bas-reliefs represent the con-
flicts of the Greeks and Amazons, the
Centaurs and Lapithae [and are reputed
to be works of the earlier school of Phid-
ias]. [1815. A. r>. Purchased for the
British Museum.]
* * b. c. Athens. The golden number is
discovered by Meton.
429-348 b. c. Plato teaches that ideas
are " spiritual realities, intermediate be-
tween God and the world, of which all
visible things are the manifestation."
(Fisher.)
428 i * * b. c. Democritus teaches that
the Milky "Way consists of a profusion
of stars.
425 b. c. * * An earthquake separates
the peninsula of Euboea from the main-
land, thus forming an island.
424 * * b. c. Athens. An eclipse is ob-
served.
422t * * b. c. Hippocrates, the father
of medicine, flourishes.
420 * * b. c. The vise, trolley, and
other implements are invented by Archy-
tas of Tarentum. [The invention is also
claimed for Archimedes, 287-212.]
* * Athens. The first Athenian theater,
that of Bacchus, is built (or 340).
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
450 * * Alclbiades, statesman, orator, gen-
eral, born. [404. Dies.]
5th Century. Ageladas, sculptor, born.
Agesander, sculptor, born.
Anaximenes of Miletus, philosopher, born.
Antisthenes, philosopher, fdr. Cynics, born.
Aristippus of Cyrene, philosopher, born.
Archelaus of Miletus, philosopher, born.
Aspaslaof Miletus, mistress of Pericles, b.
Chcerilua, Athenian tragic poet, born.
Gylippus, Spartan general, born.
Empedocles, philosopher, born.
Epicharnus, poet, born.
Heraclitus, naturalist, born.
Ictinus, architect, born.
Ocellus, Lucanus, philosopher, born.
Parmenides, philosopher, born.
Polycletus, sculptor, born.
Xaiitippe, wife of Socrates, born.
Zeuxis, painter, born.
444 * * Agesilaus II. , King of Sparta, general,
born. [361. Dies.]
Aristophanes, comic poet, dramatist, born.
[380. Dies.]
420± Apollodorus, Athenian painter, born.
436 »* Hocrates, orator, born. [338. Dies.]
430 * * Diony8ius the Elder, tyrant of Syra-
cuse, born. [367. Dies.]
Plato, philosopher, born. [347. Dies.]
Xenophon, philosopher, historian, poet,
general, born. [357. Dies.]
425± Polygnotns, painter, A85±.
428 * * Brasidas, Spartan general, dies.
Cleon, Athenian orator, politician, dies.
420± Scopas, sculptor, architect, born.
418* * Epaminondas, Theban statesman,
born. [362. Dies.]
418± learns, orator, born. [348±. Dies.]
413 * * Nicias, Athenian statesman, gen'., d.
412 * * Diogenes, cynic phil., b. [323. D.]
CHURCH.
438±**b.c. Athens. The Parthenon
is dedicated as a temple and to Minerva.
LETTERS.
449-410 b. c. Eupolis produces 17
dramas.
446* * b. c. Athens. Herodotus re-
cites portions of his historical work at
the festival of the Panathenaea, and is
rewarded with ten talents ($68,000).
440 * * b. r. Athena. Satirical come-
dies are prohibited.
429a: * * b. c. The present text of the
I Had is written. (?)
428-389 b. c. Plato, the Athenian comic
poet, flourishes.
427 * * b. c. The Banqueters, by Aris-
tophanes, appears. [426, The Babyloni-
ans ; 425, Achamians ; 424, The Knights ;
423, The Clouds ; 422, The Wasps ; 414,
The Birds; 411, The Thesmophoriazusse
and the Lysistrata ; 408, First Plutus ;
405, The Frogs.]
423 * * B. c. The Flagon, by Cratinus,
gains the first prize, triumphing over
the Clouds, by Aristophanes.
421-401 b. c. History of the Peloponne-
sian War, by Thucydides, appears.
417 * * b. c. Agathon gains the first,
prize in tragedy.
SOCIETY.
Comedy is prohib-
440 * * b. c. Athens.
ited as libelous.
415 May * b. o. Athens awakes, and
finds all the statues of Hermes muti-
lated by conspirators during the night.
413 Aug. 27. b. c. Sicily. The eclipse
of the sun terrifies the Athenians and
causes their defeat at Syracuse.
STATE.
450 * * b. c. Sparta enters a five years'
truce with Athens.
* * * b. c. Athens is at the height of
its power and prosperity ; its decline
commences.
447 * * b. c. A revolt against democ-
racy breaks out in Bceotia ; the Athe-
nians send an army that aids in suppress-
ing the aristocratic party. [But it is
defeated, and a general uprising of the
enemies of Athens follows.]
446 * * b. c. Pericles subdues a revolt
in Euboea, and then makes a second as-
signment of lands to the Athenians.
Also another revolt in Megara.
445 * * b. c. A 30 years' truce between
Athens and Sparta is agreed to. The
Peloponnesian and Athenian leagues
acknowledge each other as independent
confederacies.
* * *b. c. The Athenians give up Cyprus
to Persia.
444* * b. c. Athens. Thucydides is
the leader of the aristocratic party.
It attempts to secure the banishment
of Pericles by ostracism, out when the
votes are counted it is discovered that
Thucydides is banished instead.
444-429 b. c. Pericles, soldier, orator,
and statesman, becomes the ruler of the
Athenian commonwealth.
Though never an archon, he directs the
administration of the government by
his influence in the Assembly ; in his
office as strategus and as superintendent
of the finances, buildings and public,
works are erected.
443 * * b. c. S. It. Pericles sends out
a colony to ref ound Thurii.
437* * b. c. Turk. Amphipolis is
founded by the Athenians under Agnon.
432 * * b. c. The inhabitants of PotidaeaV*
428 * * b. c. Asia M. All Lesbos, includ-
ing Mitylene, revolts against Athena.
427 * * b. c. Athens. Cleon becomes
the leader of the democratic party, and
Nicias of the aristocratic.
* * B. c. It. The Athenians begin to
mingle in Sicilian affairs in response
to the entreaty of the people of Leontini,.
who are pressed by the Syracusans.
* * b. o. Asia M. Mitylene having sur-
rendered to the Athenians, the Assembly
decrees that all citizens shall be put to
death ; the next day it decrees death to
the aristocracy only, and 1,000 are killed,
and the city razed. All Lesbos submits.
425 * * B. c. Athens. Spartan envoys
make proposals of peace, which are re-
jected at the instigation of Cleon.
424 * * b. c. Turk. By the capture of
Acanthus and Amphipolis by Blasidas,
the Athenian empire in Thrace is over-
thrown.
* * Turk. Seuthes becomes King of the
Odrysae in Thrace, and prospers.
421 b.c. Spring. The peace of
Nicias is concluded between Athens and
Sparta for 50 years, with a mutual resti-
tution of persons and places captured,
and an alliance offensive and defensive
is formed. [War renewed in three years.]
420* * b. c. A treaty of alliance,
which is to continue 100 years, is made
between Argos, Elis, and Mantinae.
417 * * b. c. The aristocratic party in
Argos makes peace with Sparta, and
overthrows the democracy.
415-413 b. c. The disastrous Syracusan
expedition. (See Army.)
413** b.c. Turk. Archelaus, the
natural son of Perdiccas II., murders
the heirs, and seizes the throne of Ma-
cedonia. [He improves the country.]
* * B. c. Spartans distress Athens.
Great difficulty arises in the finances
of the government ; the slaves become
fugitives, and the influence of the aristo-
cratic party revives. A new board often
councilors is appointed, and prepara-
tions are made for renewing the war.
* * B. c. Chios, Erythrae, Clazomenas, and
Miletus revolt against the Athenians
through the influence of Alcibiades.
412 * * b. c. The Spartans propose to
abandon all the Grecian cities of Asia
Minor to the Persians, and accept a
subsidy.
411 Mar. * b. c. Athens. The aristo-
cratic party suddenly overthrows the
democratic constitution, and establishes
an oligarchy. They establish the gov-
ernment of the council of " four hun-
dred" for four months, and negotiate
with the Spartans for peace. The army
refuses recognition of the revolution in
Athens, and elects new leaders,
b. c. The army recalls Alcibiades
revolt against the Athenian league, and % to lead it, but he refuses to retire from
are supported by Corinth. [429, submit.] the contest with the Peloponnesians to
* b. c. A general meeting of the Pelo-)^ coerce the oligarchs of Athens,
ponnesian confederacy is held at June 30± b.c Athens. TheCouncilof
Sparta, and the several states are ap- " Four Hundred " goes to pieces after
peased. War against Athens is deter- four months, and the old Council of
mined. " Five Hundred " is reestablished.
1022 410 **b. c.-356**b.c.
GREECE.
ARMY — NAVY.
409 * * b. c. Asia M. Alcibiades sub-
dues the coasts of the Hellespont and
Propontis, and captures Byzantium.
408 * * b. c. Asia M. The Athenians
take Chalcedon and Selymbria.
407* * b. c. Asia M. Naval battle
near Notium, in the Gulf of Ephesus.
During the absence of Alcibiades, the
Athenian fleet is defeated by Lysander
the Spartan ; because of this misfortune
Alcibiades is deposed.
* * b. c. Asia M. The Spartans under
Callicratidas surround the Athenian
fleet under Conon, at Mitylene. [The
Athenians soon fit out a new fleet, and
send it to the assistance of Conon.]
406 July* b.c. Battle of Arginusae,
near Lesbos.
The united Athenian fleet under
Conon completely defeats the Pelopon-
nesians under Callicratidas, in a terri-
ble fight near the islands of Arginusa;.
405 * * b. c. Lysander the Spartan
again commands the Peloponnesian fleet,
though nominally under Aracus.
Aug.± * b. c. The Athenian fleet under
Conon is defeated by Lysander at
.aBgospotamos ; only eight ships out of
180 escape ; 3,000 prisoners are slaugh-
tered, and Athens is ruined ; the Pelo-
ponnesian war virtually ends.
Nov. * b. c. Lysander's whole army in-
vades Attica and encamps near Athens.
404 Apr. * b. c. Athens. Lysander
besieges the city by land and sea ;
being nearly destroyed, and starvation
imminent, it capitulates, and the Pelo-
ponnesian war is ended.
The walls of Piraeus and the long walls
are destroyed ; the ships-of-war, with the
exception of 12, are surrendered.
403 * * b. c. Thrasybulus, the Athe-
nian admiral, unites the democratic
fugitives in the Phyle, and defeats the
troops of the 30 tyrants in the battle of
Munychia, kills Critias, seizes Piraeus.
401-400 b.c. Asia M. Retreat of the
Ten Thousand Greeks.
Cyrus the younger revolts against his
brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon, and marches
against him with 100,000 Asiatics and 12,000
Greeks. Artaxerxes meets him at Cunaxa
in Mesopotamia (401 Sept. *) with nearly
1,000,000 men. The Asiatics, under Cyrus,
are defeated; but the Greeks are victorious,
and Cyrus is killed. Artaxerxes entices the
Greek generals into his power and kills them.
The Greeks, under Xenophon, a volunteer
soldier, retreat; they arrive in Greece after
215 days, having marched 3,465 miles.
401-400 b. c. Spartans invade and de-
vastate Elis. [399. Elis submits.]
399-394 b. c. Asia M. "War between
Sparta and Persia.
The Spartans come to the relief of the
Greek cities of Asia Minor which the Persian
satrap Tissaphernes attempts to punish for
aiding the expedition of the younger Cyrus.
The Spartans are led successively by Thi-
bron, Dercyllidas, and Agesilaus. [399.
Spring. The remainder of the Ten Thousand
Greeks is incorporated in the army of Thi-
bron, at Pergainos.]
396 * * b. c. Asia M. Agesilaus, King
of Sparta, invades Asia with 10,000 men.
[395. He defeats the Persians under
Tissaphernes near Sardis.]
395 * * B. c. The Athenians and their
allies defeat the Spartans under Ly-
sander at Haliartus : Lysander is killed.
394 * * B. C. Spartans under Aristode-
mus defeat the allies near Corinth.
Aug. * b. c. Asia M. Battle of Cnidus
in Caria.
Athenians under Conon and Persians
under Pharnabazus defeat the Spartan
fleet under Pisander, who is killed.
* * b. c. Battle of Coronea, in Boeotia ;
the Spartans under Agesilaus severely
defeat the allies.
* * b. c. Conon and Pharnabazus plun-
der the coasts of Laconia.
* * *.b. c. Asia M. The Spartan har-
mosts in the Grecian cities are expelled.
393 * * B. C. Athens. Conon begins to
restore the long walls, also the fortifi-
cations of the Piraeus.
* * b. c. The Spartans defeat the allies
at Lechseum.
392 * * b. c. The Spartans under Agesi-
laus ravage Corinthian territory.
* * b. c. A Spartan mora is cut to
pieces by the Athenians under Iphic-
rates ; the Lacedaemonians lose 250 men.
[The military reputation of Sparta suf-
fers much by this defeat.]
* * b. c. Asia M. The Athenians un-
der Thrasybulus are defeated by the
Spartans under Telurias at Aspendos ;
Thrasybulus is killed.
390-387 b. c. A desultory war is car-
ried on between Athens and Sparta.
390* *b. c. Asia M. Thibron the
Spartan is defeated and slain by the
Persian satrap Struthas ; the entire
Spartan army of 8,000 men is lost.
* * b. c. S. It. Invading Lucanians
severely defeat the Thurians.
387 * * b. c. A peace ends the Pelo-
ponnesian and Persian wars.
383 * * B. c. Spartans seize the Cadmea,
or Acropolis, in a time of peace, and
make Thebes their subservient ally.
382-379 b. c. The Olynthiac War.
379-372 b. c. War between Thebes
and Sparta.
Cause : the occupation of the Cadmea
in Thebes by Phcebidas, a Spartan, in re-
sponse to the desires of the aristocratic
party in Thebes. [Dec. * The Theban
refugee democrats from Athens, under
Pelopidas, liberate Thebes.]
* * b. c. Spartans under Cleombrotus and
Agesilaus invade Bceotia, but are un-
successful in taking Thebes.
* * b. c. Spartans unsuccessfully attempt
to surprise Piraeus. [War with Athens
follows.]
376* *B. c. The Thebans enroll 300 men
under Epaminondas and Pelopidas as
a Sacred Band, and join Athens against
Sparta. [375. Under Pelopidas it de-
feats the Spartans at Tegyra.]
* * b. c. Battle of Naxos : The Spartans
lose their maritime supremacy, their
fleet being totally destroyed by Timo-
theus.
371 * * B. c. Peace between Sparta and
Athens. (See State.)
* * B. c. The Thebans under Epami-
nondas completely defeat the Spartans
at Leuctra. Cleombrotus is slain.
This battle is Sparta's greatest disas-
ter. [Epaminondas is the greatest
general Greece ever produced, and he
obtains " the most decisive victory in
Grecian history."] (Thirlwall.)
370 * * B. c. The first invasion of the
Peloponnesus by Thebans.
Epaminondas and Pelopidas go to pro-
tect the Arcadians in their revolt from
Sparta. [Epaminondas , with 50,000 The-
bans, unsuccessfully attacks Sparta.]
369 * * B. c. The Thebans ravage La-
conia, and proclaim the independence
of the Messenians. The Athenians as-
sist the Spartans ; the Thebans retire.
* * b. c. The Thebans invade the Pelo-
ponnesus a second time. They are de-
feated in an attack upon Corinth. [267.
A third invasion.]
368 * * b. c. The Arcadians under Ly-
comedes overthrow Spartan power in
part of Messenia.
* * B. c. Spartans under Archidamus win
a " tearless victory " over the Arca-
dians.
* * B. c. The Thebans send several ex-
peditions against the tyrant Alexander
of Pheraa for the release of Thessalians.
* * B. c. Sicily. Civil war follows the
death of Dionysius.
364 * * b. c. Pelopidas enters Thessaly
against Alexander, and is slain at Cynos-
cephalae, though his army is victorious.
362 * * B. c. The Thebans invade Pel-
oponnesus for the fourth time to sup-
port the Theban party in Arcadia.
June 17. b. c. Battle of Mantinea;
The Thebans under Epaminondas defeat
the Spartans and Mantineans under
Agesilaus ; but Epaminondas is slain.
* * k. c. General peace. (See State.)
359 ± * * b. c. Turk. The Macedonian
phalanx is instituted during the reign
of Philip II. as a standing army.
* * b. c. Turk. Philip defeats the Pae-
onians and Illyrians, and reduces
them to subjection. [358. He takes
Amphipolis ; war with Athens follows.]
358 * * B. o. Tur. Athens conquers the
Thracian Chersonese.
357-355 b. c. The Social 'War.
The Athenian league is arrayed against
Athens. Iphicrates and Timotheus com-
mand the Athenians, who are forced to
acknowledge the independence of their
former allies, and are much exhausted
by the struggle.
356 * * b. c. Philip of Macedon seizes
Pydna and Potidaea.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
410 * * b. c. Athens. The Erechtheum
is rebuilt ; it is an Ionic temple of the
Acropolis in honor of Erechtheus.
400+ * * b. c. Eupompus paints a win-
ner in the Olympian games.
± * * b. c. The structure of the human
body is first studied and becomes a
branch of medical education under Hip-
pocrates [" The Father of Medicine."
390. He separates medicine from the
priesthood.]
± * * b. c. 5. It. The seven Eugubine
tablets of brass are written with inscrip-
tions relating to sacrifices. [1440. A. D.
Found at Gubbio.]
399 * * b. c. Catapultae, military ma-
chines for throwing arrows, javelins and
stones, are invented by Dionysius.
373 * * b. c. An earthquake swallows
up HeliceandBura in the Peloponnesus.
370-336 b. c. Euphranor flourishes.
He executes many statues in bronze
and marble, and paints on the walls of
the porch in the Ceramicus at Athens
pictures of the Twelve Gods, Theseus,
With Democracy and Demos, and an En-
gagement at the Battle of Mantinea; also
several pictures at Ephesus.
GREECE.
410**b.c.-356**b. c. 1023
368 * * b. c. A celestial globe is intro-
duced from Egypt.
367 * * b. c. Athens. Aristotle becomes
a pupil of Plato.
366 1 * * b. c. Athens. Antisthenes
the philosopher flourishes.
He founds the school of the Cynics,
who " looked with disdain, not only on
luxuries, but on the ordinary comforts
of life, and inured themselves to do with-
out them. Their manners were often as
savage as their mode of living." (Fisher.)
360-330 b. c. Aristides of Thebes, a
painter, flourishes.
357 ± * * b. c. Aristotle discourses on
the occultation of Mars, and asserts
that the earth is round.
356 * * b. c. Asia M. The temple of
Diana at Ephesus is burned. [It is re-
built by Dinocrates and Scopas.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
406 * * Aristocrate8, general, dies.
404 * * Critias, Athenian politician, tyrant, d.
Theramenes, Athenian politician, dies.
402 * * Phocion, Athenian general, states-
man, born. [317. Dies.]
401 * * Clearehus, Spartan general, dies.
■5th or 4th Century. Timanthes of Cythnos,
painter, born.
396 * * Dionysius the Younger, tyrant of
Syracuse, born.
Lysander, Spartan general, statesman, dies.
Xenocrates, philosopher, born. [314. Dies.]
392+ Conon, Athenian general, dies.
390 * * Thrasybulus, Athenian gen., states., d.
389* * jEscliines, Athenian ora.,b. [314. D.]
384 * * Aristotle, philosopher, founder of
Peripatetic school, born. [322. Dies.]
38.2* * Philip II.. of Macedon,b. [336. D.]
Antigonus, general, born. [301. Dies.]
381*: Demosthenes, Athenian orator, b.
[322. Dies.]
330* * Pyrrho, philosopher, b. [270. Dies.]
374 fc Theophrastus, phil., b. [287. Dies.]
364 * * Pelopldas, Theban general, dies.
360 * * Kumenes, general under Alexander,
born. [316. Dies.]
Lvsimachus, general under Alexander, born.
[281. Dies.]
357 * * Chabrias, Athenian, general, dies.
356* * Alexander the Great, King of Mace-
don, born. [323. Dies.]
LETTERS.
410-** B.C. Antiphon, the great
Athenian orator and politician, dies.
[He is regarded as the inventor of pub-
lic oratory ; 15 of his orations are extant.]
408± * * b. c. The History by Herodotus
appears.
403-392 b. o. Socrates composes 60 ora-
tions [of which 21 are extant].
He is the father of ancient moral phi-
losophy, and the greatest heathen moral-
ist that ever lived.
390-353 b. c. Isaeus writes judicial ora-
tions for others. [Eleven are extant.]
387 * * b. c. The JEolposicon and Coca-
lus, by Araros, son of Aristophanes.
388 * * b. c. Athens. Plato founds the
Academy.
388-347 b. c. Plato composes the dia-
logues, Protagoras, Phsedrus, Symposium,
Gorgias, Thesetetus, Republic, Timseus,
Philebus, Sophist, Politicus, Parmenides,
Cratylus, Laics, Critias, Meno, Euthy-
demus, Apology, Crito, Lysis, Charmides,
Laches, Lesser Hippias, Euthyphro,
Menexenus, (?) and Ion. (?)
380 * * b. c. The Panegyricus, by Isoc-
rates, appears. [365, The Evagoras;
364, The Archidamus, On the Peace, and
the Aeropagiticus : 353, The Anticlosis;
346, The Philippus.]
366 ± * * b. c. The Cynic school of phi-
losophy is founded by Antisthenes.
360 * * b. c. Eludoxus discourses on the
movements of the planets.
SOCIETY.
406 * * b. c. Athens. Six of the victo-
rious Athenian generals from the great
battle of Arginusae are sentenced to
death, and executed for having aban-
doned shipwrecked troops in astorm, and
not burying the bodies.
401+ * * b. c. Asia M. A fermented
beverage from barley [like beer] is
made by the Armenians.
399* b.c. Athens. Socrates is accused
of impiety and of corrupting the Athe-
nian youths, and is condemned to death.
He drinks a cup of hemlock, and dies in
the midst of his disciples.
* * b. c. Turk. Archelaus, the usurper
in Macedonia, is murdered by a favorite.
370 * * b. c. Jason, the tyrant of Pherse
and Tagus, Thessaly, is assassinated.
359+ * * b. c. Alexander, tyrant of Phe-
rse, is murdered.
STATE. "
408 * * b. c. Pausanias comes to the
throne of Sparta.
407 June * b. c. Athens. Alcibiades
returns from exile after his brilliant
victories. The Athenians repeal his
sentence of banishment, and give him
supreme command by land and sea.
405 Sept. * b. c Lysander the Spar-
tan receives the submission of the
Athenian cities, and establishes oligar-
chical governments everywhere.
* * B. c. By the naval disaster at Mgos-
potami, the great military power of
Athens is completely destroyed.
* * b. c. Sicily. Dionysius usurps the
government.
404-371 Second period of supreme
command by Sparta.
404* *b. c. Lycophron of Pherse makes
himself master of Thessaly.
Apr. * -403 Apr. * b. c. Athens. The
Thirty Tyrants rule.
Lysander places the government in
the hands of 30 odious and cruel men :
all but 3,000 of the citizens are disarmed
and disfranchised ; 1 ,500 are put to death
without trial.
403 Apr. * -Sept. * b. c. Athens. Dem-
ocratic government is restored.
Patriots under Thrasybulus, with the
assistance of Thebes, Megara, and other
cities, overthrow the Thirty Tyrants.
* * B. c Athens. The government is re-
arranged by the revision of the laws of
Euclides.
398 * * b. c. Agesilaus II. succeeds Agis
as King of Sparta.
395 * * B. c. The Athenians, Thebans,
Argives, and Corinthians, influenced by
Persian gold, enter into a league
against Sparta. [War follows.]
394 * * b. c. Turk. Pausanias reigns
in Macedonia. [Amyntas reigns after
killing Pausanias.]
392 * * b. c. Turk. The Dlyrians enter
Macedonia, and expel Amyntas, and re-
store the throne to Argaeus, the brothers
of Pausanias. [390. Amyntas recovers it.]
387* *b.c. The Peace of Antalcides ;
the Peloponnesian and Persian wars.
The weak condition of the Greeks com-
pels them to abandon all the Greek cities
in Asia, together with the islands of
Clazomenae and Cyprus, to Persia ; the
other Grecian cities and states to remain
independent except Lemnos.Imbros, and
Scyros, which go to Athens.
386* *b.c. Plataea is rebuilt, and many
of its former citizens brought back by
Sparta, aiming to annoy Thebes.
382-379 b. c. At the request of the
Macedonian king, Sparta sends an army
which destroys the Olynthiac Confed-
eracy— a league of independent Mace-
donian and Grecian cities.
382 * * B. c. Turk. The King of the
Odrysae in Thrace disputes with the
Athenians respecting the possession of
the Thracian Chersonesus.
379* *b. c. Thebes is freed from
Spartan rule by Pelo'pidas.
* * b. c. The Athenians enter an open
alliance with Thebes against Sparta.
* * B. c. Asia M. All the Greek cities
are oppressed by Persia.
378 * * b. c. Athens heads a confede-
racy [of 70 cities] against Sparta.
376 * * b. c. The Boeotian cities submit
to Thebes, which becomes the head of
the new Boeotian League.
374 * * b. c. Jason, the tyrant of Phe-
rae, rules in Thessaly.
371 Spring, b. c. A congress in Sparta
forms the treaty of Callias, making
peace among all the states of Greece
except Thebes and Sparta.
371-362 b. c Period of Theban lead-
ership in Greece under Epaminondas.
370 * * b. c Megalopolis in Arcadia is
founded.
369** b.c. Turk. Alexander II.
reigns in Macedonia. [367. He is assassi-
nated. 364. Perdiccas reigns. 359. He
is killed in battle.]
* * b. c The Messenians are restored to
independence by Epaminondas ; Mes-
sene is founded.
367* *b. c. Sicily. Dionysius the
younger succeeds his father in Syracuse.
361 * * b. c. General peace prevails
between Grecian states, with the excep-
tion of Sparta, it being unwilling to
acknowledge the independence of Mes-
senia ; all parties are in the same posi-
tion as before the war.
* * b. c. Agesilaus the Spartan goes
to Egypt to assist the rebels under
Tachos, whose fleet is commanded by
Chabrias, an Athenian.
360 * * b. c. The Grecian republics be-
gin to decay.
359-336 b. c. Turk. Macedon rises
to power.
359 * * b. c. Turk. Philip II. becomes
King of Macedon. [357. Founds Philippi.]
358* * B. C. Athens. The second period
of Athenian greatness reaches its
height.
357± * * b. c Chios, Cos, Rhodes, and
Byzantium successfully revolt against
Athens.
356 * * b. c. Sicily. Dion is welcomed
to Syracuse, and Dionysius is expelled.
[346. Restored. 343. Exiled.]
* * b. c. Turk. Alexander [the Great]
is born in Macedon.
1024 356** b. c.-311**b.c.
GREECE.
ARMY —NAVY.
356-352 b. c. Philip of Macedon con-
quers Thrace, Illyria, and Thessaly.
355-346 b.c. The third Sacred
War ; Phocians and Delphians contend
for possession of the temple at Delphi.
The Amphictyonic Council laid a
heavy fine on the Phocians because
they cultivated land consecrated to the
Delphian god, and thereby devoted to
lie waste forever ; the Phocians resist
payment. They plunder the temple, and
with its gold hire mercenary troops ;
their leaders are Philomelus, Onomar-
chus, Phayllus, and Phalsecus.
352 * * b. c. The Phocians are de-
feated by Philip II. near the Gulf of
Passse, and Onomarchus is slain.
348 * * b. c. Turk. Philip II. captures
Olynthus by treachery before the arrival
of the Athenian allies, and sells the in-
habitants. Nearly all the towns of the
Olynthiac confederacy are subdued.
346** b.c. The Sacred Wars are
ended by Philip, who takes all the cities
of the Phocians, and razes their walls.
344 * * b. c. Hung. Philip of Macedon
conducts a successful expedition into
Illyria ; he subdues Thessaly.
* * b. c. Philip offers to protect the
Messenians, Megalopolitans, and Ar-
gives against the Spartans.
344-342 b. c. Turk. Philip invades
Thrace, and captures Cersobleptes.
341 * * b. c. War breaks out between
Philip and Athens.
340 * * b. c. Turk. Philip lays Biege
to Perinthus and Byzantium, to close the
Black Sea*against the grain supply of the
Athenians. The fear of starvation forces
the Athenians to declare war, and send a
fleet to relieve three cities. [339. Pho-
cion forces Philip to raise the siege.]
339-338 b.c. The fourth Holy War.
The Amphictyonic Council decrees the
punishment of the Locrians of Amphissa
for desecrating ground consecrated to
Apollo ; the infliction is entrusted to
Philip, who isappointed general-in-chief .
* * b. c. Athens. The Athenians, urged
by Demosthenes, prepare a fleet and
army to resist Philip ; they secure The-
ban allies.
338 Aug. 3 b. c. Battle of Chser-
onea.
The Athenians and Thebans are de-
feated by Philip, whose son Alexander
decides the battle by annihilating the
Theban Sacred Band. [This places the
whole of Greece at the feet of Philip.]
* * b. c. Philip places a garrison in the
Cadmea at Thebes.
335 * * b. c. Alexander, son of Philip,
subdues the revolting Thracians ; also
the GetsB and Illyrians.
The Thebans revolt on receiving a
false report of the death of Alexander.
He levels Thebes to the ground, sparing
only the house of Pindar, and sells the
inhabitants as slaves. Athens is ter-
rified, and submits to Alexander.
* * b, c. The Greeks appoint Alexander
general of their armies.
334-331 b.c. Alexander leads the
Greeks and Macedonians to the con-
quest of Persia, having 30,000 infantry
and 5,000 cavalry.
334 May 22 b. c. Asia M. Battle
of the Granicus; a rivulet in Troas.
Alexander, with the loss of but 90 men,
almost annihilates a Persian army of
600,000 foot and 20,000 horse.
k * b. c. Asia M. Sardis surrenders to
Alexander; he also takes Halicarnas-
s us and other cities.
k*B. c. Asia. Alexander subdues
Asia.
He enters Babylon. [330. 8pring. He
begins the pursuit of Darius into Media.
Darius is dethroned and murdered by his
satrap, Bessus. The Greek mercenaries
leave the Persians and join Alexander. 329.
Bessus is taken and executed. Partliia,
Media, and other countries are overrun by
the armies of Alexander. Thalestri's, queen
of the Amazons, visits him. He crosses
the river Jaxartes into Russia, and defeats
the Scythians. He again crosses the Oxus
into Turkestan, and takes the fortress, Sog- 317* * B. c. Turk. Olympias mother
dian Kock. He returns to Bactria, Afghan-
istan, and prepares for the invasion of India.
He crosses the Indus, into India, by a bridge
of boats. Battle of Hydaspes;, Alexander
defeats and captures the India prince, I'orus,
who loses 12,000 killed and 9,000 prisoners.
Nov. * Alexander begins the descent of the
Hydaspes River to its mouth.]
320-317 b. c. Asia. Antigonus, the
ally of Cassander, defeats Eumene.s,
the ally of Polysperchon, in several en-
gagements, and kills him. (316).
318 * * b. c. Polysperchon invades
Greece, and unsuccessfully attempts to
capture Athens and Megalopolis.
* * b. c. Athens surrenders to Cassan-
der.
* * B. c. Cassander's fleet, under Nica-
nor, totally defeats a fleetof Polysper-
chon under Clitus, in the Hellespont.
of Alexander, and Polysperchon un-
successfully invade Macedon. [Olym-
pias is captured and killed by Cassander ;
Polysperchon retires to ^Etolia.]
* b. c. Turk. Lysimachus makes
himself master of the lieutenancy of
* * B. c. The Spartans unsuccessfully
revolt against Alexander.
* * b. c. Battle of Megalopolis ; Antip-
ater, the vice-regent of Alexander, to-
tally defeats the 5,000 Spartans under
their king, Agis II., who is killed.
333 * * b. c. Memnon, a Greek in the
service of the Persians, with a fleet of
300 ships, ravages the Cyclades Islands.
Nov.* b.c. Asid M. Darius is de-
feated at Issus in Cilicia.
Darius has 400,000 foot and 100,000
horse ; 6,000 infantry and 10,000 horse-
men are slain, and 40,000 made prisoners.
332 July * b. c. Asia M. Alexander
on his way to Egypt lays siege to Tyre. 340± * * b
[After seven months it is destroyed and botany.
8,000 people massacred ; Damascus is 33e * * B- c- -Athens. Callippus the as-
taken ; Gaza surrenders after a siege of tronomer flrst calculates eclipses,
two months, and 30,000 people are sold. ] 335±t*d*hB'r " .Encau8tic painting is in-
Thrace,
315-301 b. c. War of Alexander's
generals against Antigonus.
Antigonus attempts to bring all Asia.
Greece, and Egypt under his rule ; Ptol-
emy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, Cassander,
and the other generals oppose him.
311 * * b. c. A* general peace follows
several years indecisive fighting between
the various contestants.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
345 * * b. c. An earthquake buries Du-
ras with all its inhabitants ; 12 cities in
Campania, Italy, are also buried.
Theophrastus studies
* * b. c. Palestine. Alexander marches
on Jerusalem, and prostrates himself
before the high priest, who meets him
wearing the sacred breastplate.
331 Oct. 1 B. c. Assyria. Alexander
totally defeats the Persians at Arbela.
Their army of more than 1,000,000 men
and 40,000 cavalry is routed by Alexan-
der with 40,000 foot and 7,000 horse. [The
capture of Susa, Persepolis, Babylon , and
other important cities follows.]
* * b. c. Egypt welcomes Alexander
as the enemy of Persia.
327 f- b.c. Ne arch us, Alexander's
admiral, sails from the Indus to the
Euphrates; he explores the Indian
Ocean and the Persian Gulf.
326 Autumn b. c. Persia. Alexan-
der marches across the desert toward 350 * * Euphranor, Corinthian sculptor, d.
Persepolis; many soldiers perish dur- 4th Century. Agasias of Ephesns, sculptor, b.
vented by Gasias.
* * Athens, Aristotle returns from Mace-
donia. [334? He founds the Peripatetic
school of philosophy.]
332± * * b. c. Apelles of Colophon,
Ionia [the most celebrated of Grecian
painters], paints portraits of Philip V. of
Macedon and 'Alexander the Great, and
the picture Venus Anadyomene.
330 * * b. c. Aristoxenus discovers the
difference between major and minor
tones.
328± * * b. c. Praxiteles makes silver
mirrors.
325+ * * b. c. Aristotle first mentions
the use of diving-bells. [320± He
writes the flrst treatise on mechanics.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
ing 60 days of sultry marching. [325.
Spring. Alexander again arrives at
Susa. 324. July* He quells a mutiny
among the Macedonians.]
323-222 b. c. The Lamian War.
The Greek cities, under the leadership
of Athens, unsuccessfully attempt to
throw off the Macedonian yoke (322,
Aug. 7). Antipater, the regent, reen-
forced byCraterus, co-ruler, defeats the
revolters near Crannon in Thessaly.
323-276 b. c. Wars of the succes-
sors of Alexander.
321 * * b. c. Egy. Perdiccas, one of
Alexander's generals, invades Egypt
with the object of dethroning Ptolemy.
He is defeated in several battles, and
murdered by his discontented soldiers.
Anaxarclius, philosopher, born.
Apelles, painter, born.
Archytas of Tarentum, math., gen., states., b.
Aristobulus, historian, born.
Callippus of Cyzicus, astronomer, born.
Callistratus, A thenian orator, born.
Chares, Athenian general, born.
Euclid of Alexandria, geometer, born.
Lysippus, sculptor of 1,500 statues, born.
Nearchus, admiral, voyager, born.
Parrha8ius of Ephesus, painter, born.
Praxiteles, sculptor, born.
Theodorus of Cyrene, philosopher, born.
Zoilus, critic, grammarian, born.
345 * * Demetrius Phalertus, Athenian ora-
tor, statesman, born. [284. Dies.]
344+ Herophilus, physician, born.
342 * * Epicurus, philosopher, founder Epi-
curean school, born. [270. Dies. ]
Zeno, philos., f dr. Stoic school, b. [270. D.J
341* * Menander, poet, dram., b. J2r0. D.]
337* * Timoleon, general, statesman, libera-
tor of Syracuse, dies.
336 * * Antiphilus, painter, horn.
Crates, of Thebes, Cynic philosopher, horn.
GREECE.
356** b.c. -311b. c. 1025
336+ Demetrius Poliorcetes, King of Mace-
don, bom. [283. Dies.]
388 * * Clitns, Macedonian general, dies.
323 * * Leosthenes, Athenian general, killed.
321 * * Craterus, Macedonian general, dies.
Perdlccas, Macedonian general, dies.
319* * Antipater, general, regent of Mace-
donia, dies.
318 * * Demades, Athenian orator, states., d.
318+ Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, b. [272. D.]
316* * Arcesilaus. phil., born. [241. Dies.]
LETTERS.
355* * b. c. Demosthenes delivers ora-
tions against Leptines and Androtion.
[354. He speaks against the projected ex-
pedition to Euboea; he also dissuades the
Athenians from making war on the Persians.
353. He writes his oration against Meidias,
and Pro Megalopolitionis, favoring the de-
fense of Megalopolis against the Spartans;
also his speech against Aristocrates and
Timocrates. 352, His First Philippic, at
Athens, against the encroachments of Mace-
don; 351, For the Rhodians against Midias ;
349, The First and Second Olynthiac ; 348,
The Third Olynthiac { 346, Sept., On the
Peace ; 344, The Second Philippic ; 343, On
Halonesus (oration of Hegesippus '!) ; also
On the Embassy ; 341, The Third Philippic,
On the Chersonese; 330, On the Crown.]
345 * * b. c. iEschines delivers a Speech
against Timarchux. [343, On the Em-
bassy ; 330, Against Ctesiphon.]
343 * * b. c. Aristotle is made tutor of
Alexander the Great, son of Philip of
Macedon. ,
[334-322, He maintains a school at Athens.
His collection of books is the first private
library. He writes Topics, Analytics {Prior
and Posterior), Sophistical Refutations,
Rhetoric, Metaphysics, Politics, Poetics, On
Animals, On Parts of Animals, On Genera-
tion of Animals, On the Soul, On Locomo-
tion of Animals, Meteorologies, Nicomachean
Ethics.']
335**.b.c. Alexander destroys
Thebes, but spares the house of Pin-
dar the poet.
SOCIETY.
336 * * b. c. Turk. Philip II., of Mace-
don, is assassinated by Pausanias at
-Egse, during the celebration of thegames
in honor of his daughter's nuptials.
330 * * b. c. Alexander tortures and
kills Philotas, son of Parmenion. [In a
drunken revel he kills with his own
hand his friend Clitus. 328. He marries
Roxana, a Bactrian of surpassing beauty.
Calisthenes, the historian, is put to
torture for refusing to pay divine hom-
age to Alexander. (?)]
329 * * b. o. Alexander executes his
friend Parmenion on a false (?) charge
of treason.
* * b. c. Thalestris, Queen of the Ama-
zons, visits Alexander.
328 * * B. c. Hermolaus, Calisthenes, a
pupil of Aristotle, and others, conspire
to murder Alexander. [Their plot is
discovered, and they are put to death.]
325± * * b. c. Persia. Alexander re-
quires his subjects to worship him as a
divinity, he being the successor of Dari us ,
the great king.
* * B. c. Alexander marries Barsine,
daughter of Darius, the late Persian
king.
Eight Macedonian officers marry Per-
sian ladies of good families, and, stimu-
lated by rewards offered by Alexander,
10,000 Macedonians take Persian wives.
324-311 b.c. Turk. Horrors abound ;
every member of the royal family of
Alexander perishes, mostly hy murder.
STATE.
354-330 b.c. Speeches of Demos-
thenes. (See Letters.)
354** b.c. Athens. DemostheneB, 27
years of age, becomes the political coun-
selor of the people.
353 * * b. c. The ambitious designs of
Philip II., King of Macedon, excite the
attention of Greece.
* * b. c. Sicily. Dion is assassinated,
and succeeded by Callippus.
352 * * b. c. Turk. Philip II. becomes
master of Thessaly hy the defeat of
Phocians.
* * b. c. Demosthenes becomes the
leader of a national opposition to the
ambition of Philip II.
347* * B. c. Philip II. makes the whole
Chalcidic peninsula a province of Mace-
donia.
346 * * b. c. Athens. A Macedonian
party is formed, with iEschines as leader
and the chief opponent of Demosthenes.
± * * b. c. Philip II. is elected to the
Amphictyonic Council in place of the
Phocians.
* * b. c. The Athenians make a shame-
ful peace with Philip II., which is ne-
gotiated by Philocrates, and leaves all
conquests in the hands of the king.
* * b. c. All the cities of Phocis except
Abae are destroyed by Philip II.
* * b. c. Athens. Demosthenes lodges
a complaint against iEschines, who is de-
clared not guilty.
* * b. c. Turk. Thrace is made tributary
to Macedon ; Philippopolis is founded.
340 * * b. c. "War is declared against
Philip II. because of his aggressions on
the Bosporus.
* * b. c. Turk. Alexander, 16 years of
age, is regent while Philip II. is in the
Byzantium campaign.
339+ * * b. c. Demosthenes goes to
Thebes to form an alliance against
Philip II.
338* *b. c. Philip II. takes from
Sparta a large part of its territory, and
distributes it among the Messenians,
Argives, and Arcadians.
* * b. c. Peace of Demades ; Philip II.
grants favorable terms to Athens;
Greece is practically a province of
Macedonia.
337 * * b. c. Macedonian leadership.
The National Assembly is gathered at
Corinth, with Spartans alone absent ;
Philip causes himself to be chosen leader
with unlimited power to conduct the
Grecian forces against the Persians.
336 * * b. c. Philip II. is assassinated
at ^Egae by Pausanias.
336-323 b. c. Turk. Alexander m.,
the Great, succeeds his father as king
of Macedon and ruler of Grecian states.
He forces the Greeks to transfer to him
the leadership of the states, and to give
him command against the Persians.
334+ * * b. c. Alexander proclaims the
freedom of Grecian cities in Asia Minor
from Persian rule.
332* *b. c. Egypt. A Macedonian dy-
nasty rules. Alexandria is founded as
the commercial exchange of the eastern
and western worlds (p. 651).
330* *b. c. The Spartans revolt
against Alexander, and are put down hy
Antipater, his vice-gerent.
328 * * b. c. Alexander adopts Orien-
tal clothing and customs.
325 * * b. c. Demosthenes is exiled.
324 Jan. * b. c. Asia. Alexander re-
turns from India to Babylon.
He discloses his great plan of uniting
the victors and vanquished intoaworld-
wide Macedonian-Persian empire,
with Babylon for its capital, and intro-
ducing Hellenic customs into the East.
323 June 28 b. c. Asia. Alexander
dies at Babylon after a debaflch.
* * b. c. The anti-Macedonian party
carries all before it, seeking to restore
the liberties of Greece.
* * b. c. Alexander's dominions are di-
vided among his generals.
Perdiccas receives the regency of Asia for
Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus,
and his posthumous son by Roxana; Antip-
ater and Craterus together receive the re-
gency of the west. Ptolemy receives the
lieutenancy of Egypt; Antigonus that of
Pamphylia, Phrygia, and Lycia; Eume-
nsBs, Alexander's secretary, that of Faph-
lygonia and Cappadocia— to be subdued;
Cassander that of Caria In Asia Minor ;
and Leonnatus, part of Syria.
* * B. c. The Athenians and their allies
rise against Macedonia. Demos-
thenes is recalled from banishment.
322+ * * b. c. Perdiccas, who had mar-
ried Alexander's sister, having planned
to make himself king, the other generals
form a league against him.
322 * * b. c. Alexander's remains are
transported to Alexandria, and buried by
Ptolemy Soter [King of Egypt].
* * B. c. Greece once more receives a dis-
astrous blow in the battle of Crannon ;
Antipater compels each state to sue
for peace separately.
Oct.* b. c. Athens. Demosthenes
flees to Calauria. [Oct. 7. Disdaining to
give up to the tyrant, he poisons himself.]
321 * * b. c. Antipater is declared re-
gent after the death of Perdiccas.
He retains Macedonia and Greece, and
makes a new partition of the provinces,
giving Babylon to Seleucus.
319 * * b. 0. Polysperchon, favored by
Antipater, ascends the vacant throne,
and proclaims liberty to the Grecian
cities. [War follows with Cassander,
the son of Antipater, over the regency.]
318* * b. c. Athens. Cassander rules
as chiliarch ; noble Phocion is executed
by a mob on a false charge of treason.
317-307 b.c Athens. Demetrius
Phalereus is governor for Cassander.
316 * * b. c. Eumenes is put to death
by Antigonus. (See Army.)
315* *b.c. Cassander rebuilds Thebes.
312 Oct. 1 b. c Asia. Seleucus re-
covers dominion over Babylon.
311 * * B. c. Cassander marries Thessa-
lonica, a half-sister of Alexander, and
founds the city of Thessalonica.
* * B. c. A hollow peace is concluded.
The Greek cities are to be indepen-
dent ; but each general is allowed to keep
what he has gained, and Cassander is to
be regent of Macedonia till Alexander
IV. shall be of age.
1026 311b.c.-179**b.c.
GREECE.
ARMY — NAVY.
310-308 B.C. Ptolemy breaks the peace,
and unsuccessfully invades Greece.
307 * * b. c. Antigonus sends a suc-
cessful expedition, under his son Deme-
trius Poliorcetes, to drive Cassander and
Ptolemy out of Greeoe. [306. He sends
Demetrius to seize Cyprus, who with a
large fleet and army defeats Ptolemy's
brother, whom he shuts up in Salamis.]
306 * * b. c. Cyprus. Great naval bat-
tle of Salamis.
Ptolemy and his allies, with 140 vessels
and 10,000 troops, are completely de-
feated by Demetrius, losing 120 of their
ships and 17,000 prisoners.
305-304 b. c. Asia M. Demetrius un-
successfully besieges Rhodes. [303.
He drives Cassander out of Greece.
He is appointed general of the states
of Greece.]
301 Aug. * b.c. Asia M. Battle of
Ipsus in Phrygia.
Antigonus and Demetrius, with 70,000
foot, 10,000 horse, and 75 elephants, are
completely defeated by Seleucus and
Lysimachus, with 64,000 foot, 10,500 horse,
400 elephants, 120 armed chariots ; An-
tigonus is killed.
291 * * b. c. Turk. "War between Pyr-
rhus, King of Epirus, and Demetrius.
287** b.c Egy. Ptolemy sends a pow-
erful fleet against Greece, while Pyr-
rhus and Lysimachus invade Macedon.
281 * * b. c. "War occurs between Ly-
simachus and Seleucus.
* * b. c. Asia M. Battle of Corupe-
dion in Phrygia ; Lysimachus is defeated
and killed ; all his Asiatic dominions are
seized by Seleucus.
280* * It. Pyrrhus invades Italy with
an army of 26,000 men and 20 elephants
to assist the Tarentines against the Bo-
rn ans. He defeats the Romans under
Laevinus at Heraclea. [279. Again at
Asculum.]
* * b. c. Turk. The Gauls under Bel-
fius invade Macedonia, defeat and kill
'tolemy Ceraunus, nearly annihilating
his army. [279. Sosthenes drives them
out.]
279 Spring, b.c. The Gauls, led
by Brennus, invade Greece with an
army of 150,000 foot and 61,000 horse.
He dislodges 20,000 Greeks from the
Thermopylae Pass by following the secret
pass over the mountain, used by the Per-
sians 200 years before.
278* * b. c. Sicily. Pyrrhus assists
the Syracusans against the Carthagin-
ians.
* * b. c. The Gauls, 40,000 strong, under
Brennus, are defeated near Delphi by
4,000 Delphians, and compelled to leave
Greece.
275 * * b. c. It. Pyrrhus is completely
defeated by the Romans at Beneven-
tum [and compelled to return to Greece].
273 * * b. c. Turk. Pyrrhus invades
Macedonia, and defeats Antigonus Go-
natas. [272. He invades and ravages the
Peloponnesus. He is killed at Argos.]
* * b. c. Turk. The Gauls invade Mace-
donia the second time.
* * B. c. Athens. Antigonus, King of
Macedonia, takes Athens after a long
siege.
263* * b. c. Athens. Claucon and
Chremonides lead the last attempt to
throw off the Macedonian rule. [It fails.
After a war of three years, Athens re-
mains tributary to Macedonia.]
255 * * B. c. Afr. Xanthippus the Spar-
tan, commanding a Carthaginian army,
defeats Begulus. (See Italy.)
243 * * b. c. Corinth is captured by the
Achaean league under Aratus.
229** b.c. Corfu. The Romans
capture Apollonia and Epidamnus.
228+ * * b. c. Athens. The fortress of
the Athenaeum is built.
241-225 * * b. c. Cleomenes HE. is at
war with the Achaean League. (226.) He
defeats it at Mt. Lycaeum and Leuctra.
[222. He takes Megalopolis.]
221 * * b. c. The Spartans under Cleo-
menes are totally defeated by the Achas-
ans and Macedonians under Antigonus
Doson at SeUasia in Laconia ; Sparta is
captured and Spartan power is at an end.
219-217 b.c. The Social War. The
Achaeans contend with the ^tolians ;
the Peloponnesus is horribly ravaged.
219 * * b. c. The Achaeans under Aratus
are defeated by iEtolians at Caphyse.
* * * B. c. The camp of Philip "V. of
Macedonia is surprised by Valerius ;
and Philip is forced to burn his ships,
and retreat in haste.
215-205 b. c. First war with Rome.
(215.) Philip prepares a large fleet, with
which he watches the Romans. (214.) It
unsuccessfully besieges the Roman
town of Apollonia in Illyria.
212 * * b. c. Sicily. Syracuse is cap-
tured by the Romans. (See Italy.)
* * b. c. The Athenians become the al-
lies of the -iEtolians against Macedon,
and send to Rome for assistance. [211.
Athens. A Roman fleet arrives.]
210 * * b. c. The Romans capture Za-
cynthus, Nesos, and Cenidae, Anticyra
in Locris, and the Island of iEgina, and
present all to the iEtolians.
209 * * b. c. Philopcemen, the general
of the Achaean League, invades Elis in
concert with Philip, to keep out the Ro-
mans, but he is defeated by Sulpicius.
208 * * b. c. The iEtolians are defeated
by Philip at Zania in Elis.
207 * * b. c. Philopcemen defeats the
Spartans under their tyrant Machani-
das, at Mantinea, leaving 4,000 dead with
their leader.
202 * * b. c. Philip wars successfully
against the Rhodians. [201 His fleet is
signally defeated off Chios.]
200-197 b.c. Second war with Rome.
The Romans declare war against Philip
because of his aggressions upon their
allies in Greece.
197 * * b. c. Philip is defeated by the
Romans under Flamininus, at Cynos-
cephalae, in Thessaly. [Peace between
Philip and Rome follows.] (See Italy.)
192 * * B. c. The ^tolians stir up an-
other war with Rome, having a new
ally in Antiochus the Great, of Syria.
191 * * b. c. Antiochus invades Greece,
but is completely defeated at Ther-
mopylae by the Romans under the consul
Glabrio, and forced to return to Asia.
190 * * B. c. Asia M. A great battle at
Magnesia in Lydia proves the power of
Rome over the ^Etolian league ; Anti-
ochus is defeated by Scipio Asiaticus.
188 * * b. c. Sparta is captured by Phil-
opcemen to suppress insubordination to
the League.
183 * * b. c. Philopcemen, "the last of
the Greeks," is defeated by Dinocrates,
King of Messenia, and executed.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
310 Aug. 15. b. c. The eclipse of
Agathocles is observed.
308± * * b. c. Athens. Zeno founds the
school of the Stoics.
Zeno teaches that man's supreme hap-
piness consists in living in harmony with
nature and agreeable to the teachings of
reason, that the feelings should be sub-
jugated, and that God is the soul of the
world.
300+ * * b. c. Dissection, previously
confined to animals, is first applied to
men by Herophilus and Erasistratus.
* * b. c. Cleon paints his picture of
Cadmus.
283* * b. c. Turk. A great earth-
quake nenrly destroys Lysimachia.
280 * * b. c. Euclid discourses on light
traveling in straight lines.
255+ * * b. c. Eratosthenes of Cyrene
invents the armillary sphere, and at-
tempts to determine the length of a
degree.
236+ * * b. c. The screw-cylinder for
raising water is invented by Archimedes.
[212+ . He demonstrates the properties
of the lever.]
230+ * * b. c. Eratosthenes lays down
the first parallel of latitude ; he also
attempts to measure the magnitude of
the earth.
224 * * b. c. The Colossus of Rhodes
is thrown down by an earthquake.
200+ * * b. c. Ultramarine is known.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
300+ Cleanthes, Stoic, an., b. [220. Dies.]
3d or 4th Century. Bion, mathematician, b.
297 * * Cassander, Macedonian prince, dies.
887+ * * Archimedes, mathematician, born.
[212. Dies.]
281+ Ptolemy Ceraunus, King of Macedon,
dies.
280* * Chrysippus, Stoic phil.,b. [207. D.]
276* * Eratosthenes, geometer, b. [196. D.]
271 * * Aratus of Sicyon, statesman, general,
born. [213. Dies.]
252* * Philopoemen, general, statesman,
born. [182. Dies.]
3d Century. Aratus of Soli, poet, born.
Aristarchus, astronomer, mathematician,
philosopher, born.
Aristides of Thebes, painter, born.
Callimachus, poet of Alexandria, born.
Chares, statuary in bronze, born.
Cineas, Thessalian orator, negotiator, born.
Heron, or Hero, mathematician, writer, born.
Theocritus, pastoral poet, born.
Timanthes, painter, born.
Zenodotus, grammarian, born.
235 * * Philip V., of Macedon, b. [179. D.]
225 * * Aristophanes of Alexandria, gramma-
rian, critic, born.
220 * * Cleomenes III., King of Sparta, dies.
213* * Carneades, philosopher, orator, fdr.
New Academy, born. [129. Dies.]
204 ** Polybius. hist., born. [123. Dies.]
200 * * (or 300), Cleomenes, Athenian sculp-
tor, born.
LETTERS.
306 * * b. c. Athens. Epicurus opens
a school. [306-270. He writes about 3C0
volumes, only fragments are extant.]
300-250 b. c. Egy. The Septuagint ver-
sion of the Scriptures is written at
Alexandria.
GREECE.
311b.c.-179**b.
1027
300-288 B. C. History of Plants, Ethical
Characters, and other works, by Theo-
phrastus, appear.
270± * * b. c. Theocritus writes 30
poems called Idyls.
233 * * b. c. The Athenians lend to
Ptolemy the original manuscript of
.flSschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, on
a pledge of 15 talents.
222-205 b. c. Apollonius Pergaeus
writes on Conic Sections in eight books,
and other geometrical works.
198+** b.c. AsiaM. Books with
leaves of vellum are introduced.
194 * * B. c. Apollonius of Rhodes writes
Argonautica and other poems.
2d Century b. c. The Battle of Frogs and
Mice appears.
SOCIETY.
294 * * b. c. Turk. Demetrius Polior-
cetes, son of Antigonus, murders Alex-
ander, son of Cassander, and seizes the
crown of Macedonia.
* * * b. c. An agrarian agitation arises
at Sparta ; the movement is put down.
220 * * b. c. Egy. Cleomenes, King of
Sparta, kills himself in Egypt.
213* *b. c. Aratus, the statesman, a
former friend of Philip, is slowly pois-
oned by order of the king at iEgium.
STATE.
311* * b. c. Cassander kills Roxana and
her son, the last of Alexander's family,
and becomes master of Greece.
308* *b. c. Turk. Cleopatra, the last
survivor of the royal house of Macedon,
is assassinated by order of Cassander.
307* *b. c. Athens. Demetrius I.,
Pohorcetes, son of Antigonus, expels
Demetrius Phalerius, and restores to
power the democracy.
306 * * B. c. Antigonus and his son De-
metrius assume the title of king.
[Their example is followed by Seleucus,
Lysimachus, and Cassander.]
301 * * b. c. Asia M. After the battle
of Ipsus, a third and final division of
the empire of Alexander is made.
Seleucus and Lysimachus share be-
tween them the possession of Antigo-
nus, who was killed at Ipsus. Demetrius
becomes a fugitive.
296 * * b. c. Turk. Cassander dies,
and is succeeded on the throne of Mace-
donia by his eldest son, Philip TV.
295 * * b. c. Epirus is ruled by Pyr-
rhus, the greatest soldier of his day.
* * b. c. Turk. Philip IV. dies, and his
brothers, Antipater and Alexander
V., dispute for the throne.
294 * * b. c. Turk. Demetrius I., Po-
liorcetes, murders Alexander V., and
seizes the crown of Macedon. He also
reigns over the greater part of Greece.
[287. Forced to abandon Macedonia.]
* * b. c. Antipater II. is put to death by
Lysimachus.
993 * * b. c. Asia. Seleucus divides
Lis empire, and gives his son Antiochus
all lying east of the Euphrates.
287 * * b. c. Turk. Pyrrhus becomes
King of Macedon. [281. Ptolemy Ce-
raunus.
286**b.c. Turk. Lysimachus is
king of Thrace ; he drives Pyrrhus out
of Macedonia.
281 * * B. c. The empire of Alexander
for a few weeks seems about to unite
again under Seleucus after the battle of
Corpudion.
280 * * B. c. Turk. Seleucus is assas-
sinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, who
thereby gains Thrace and Macedonia.
Ptolemy is killed by the Gauls.
± * * b. c. The Achaean League is es-
tablished, or revived.
Four cities — Dyme, Patrae, Tritsea,
and Pherse — unite in a confederation
against Macedonian domination. [In a
short time they are joined by most of
the principal cities of Greece.]
The JEtolian League is founded.
^Etolians and other tribes of northern
Greece confederate ; and although their
object is national unity, the League often
takes sides with Macedonia or Rome,
against the Achaean League.
279+**b. c. Turk. Sosthenes, ruler of
Macedonia, dies, and anarchy follows.
278-246 b. c. Turk. Antigonus Gon-
atas, son of Demetrius, gains permanent
possession of Macedonia.
* * * B. c. The vast empire of Alexander
is under three governments ; Egypt is
ruled by the descendants of Ptolemy
Soter, Asia by the Seleucidae, and Mace-
donia by the Antigonidae.
277 * * b. c. A triangular league is
formed between Athens, Sparta, and
Egypt.
273 * * b. c. Pyrrhus, King of Epirus,
having defeated Antigonus the second
time, is proclaimed king.
272 * * b. c. Turk. Antigonus is re-
stored to the throne of Macedonia.
* * * b. c. Athens ceases to have any
political influence in Greece ; it contin-
ues the seat of learning and culture.
255 * * b. c. Athens. Antigonus libe-
rates the Athenians.
251 * * b. c. Aratus liberates Sicyon.
250* * b. c. Asia. Arsaces revolts
against Antiochus II. , King of Syria, and
founds the Parthian monarchy.
245 * * b. c. Aratus of Sicyon is first
elected general of the Achaean League.
[It very soon rises to national impor-
tance. 243. He captures Corinth, and
it immediately joins the League.]
244 * * b. c. Agis rv. attempts to re-
vive the laws of Lycurgus, and the
ancient virtue in Sparta. [241. He fails,
and is killed.]
243 * * b. c. Leonidas II. vacates the
throne of Sparta, and becomes a fugitive.
[241. Recalled ; becomes sole sovereign.]
241 * * b. c. Sicily. All the Grecian
colonies pass under Roman rule ex-
cept Syracuse.
239 * * b. c. Turk. Antigonus Gona-
tas, King of Macedon, dies. Demetrius
II. is king. [229. Philip V. , eight years
of age, succeeds his father. Antigonus
Doson, his uncle, is regent.]
236 * * b. c. Cleomenes m. becomes
King of Sparta. [225. He carries out
the reformation attempted by Agis. 219.
Agesipolis and Lycurgus reign.]
* * b. o. The Athenians join the Achae-
an League.
228 * * b. c. Sparta and the iEtolian
League join forces against the Achaean
League.
* * b. c. Roman ambassadors are first
received at Athens and Corinth. [225+.
A second embassy is received.]
225± * * b. c. Antigonus Doson of
Macedonia is elected general of the
Achaean League. [221. He enters Sparta,
and restores the oligarchy, and forces
an alliance with the Achaean League.]
220+ * * b. c. Turk. Macedonians at-
tain supremacy in the Achaean League.
* * B. c. Antigonus dies, and his nephew,
Philip V., succeeds him.
215 * * b. c. Turk. Philip V. of Mace-
don concludes a treaty with Hannibal
against Rome.
211 * * b. c. The ^Etolian League forms
an alliance with the Romans against
Philip V. [198. Against the Achaeans.]
209 * * B. c. The Achaeans, being hard
pressed by the ^Etolians, call in the aid
of Philip V.
208 * * b. c. Philopcemen, " the last of
the Greeks," is elected general of the
Achaean League.
205 * * b. c. The Romans make peace
with Philip V.
204 * * b. c. Philip V. makes a treaty
with Antiochus the Great for the parti-
tion of the Egyptian dependencies, by
which he receives Thrace and western
Asia Minor. [This leads to war with
Attalus of Pergamus and Rhodes.]
198 * * b. c. The Achaean League enters
an alliance with the Romans, and de-
serts Philip V.
197 * * b. c. Philip V., being defeated at
Cynoscephalae, is compelled to abandon
all the Greek cities which he held,
either in Europe or Asia, and pay a large
war indemnity.
196 * * b. c. Athens. The Romans sol-
emnly proclaim liberty.
192 * * b. c. Sparta joins the Achaean
League.
190 * * B. c. The entire Peloponnesus is
under one government — the Achaean
League. [183±. Its power declines.]
189 * * B. c. The JEtolians are defeated
by the Romans, and obtain peace on
humiliating terms ; their League is prac-
tically crushed.
* * b. c. The Romans declare the free-
dom of Epirus.
188 * * b. c. The laws of Lycurgus in
Sparta are abrogated by Philopcemen.
183* * b. o. The Messenians withdraw
from the League, and war follows.
179 * * b. c. Turk. Philip V. dies, and
is succeeded by his son, Perseus [tho
last king of Macedonia].
1028 171 * * B.C.-A. d. 394, Sept. 6. GREECE.
ARMY — NAVY.
171-168 b. c. Turk. Third war with
Rome.
Cause : Perseus, son of Philip V., seeks
revenge, and desires to regain the former
boundaries of Macedonia. The war ends
in the destruction of the monarchy, and
i n the annexation of Macedoni a as a pro v-
ince of Koine. (168 Autumn.) Perseus
defeats the Romans in Thessaly.
168 June 22. b. c. Turk. Battle of
Pydna.
The Romans under L. TEmilius Pau-
lus utterly defeat Perseus, killing 20,000
and capturing 11,000 Macedonians. [Im-
mense spoils are taken to Rome. Paulus
receives a splendid triumph.]
148-146 Fourth war with Rome. (See
Italy.)
146 * * b. c. The Achaean War.
It is incited by the anti-Roman party ;
the Achaean League attacks Sparta, and
Romans come to its aid.
* * b. c. Turk. The Achseans under Crito-
laus are defeated by Quintus Caecilius
Metellus, the Roman general at Scar-
phea, in Locris.
* * b. c. Battle of Leucopetra.
Diseus summons all on the isthmus who
can bear arms, and enlists 12,000 slaves,
but he is defeated by Romans under J..
Mummuis.
* * b. c. Corinth falls without a blow ;
its art treasures are sent to Rome, and
its people made slaves.
88 * * b. c. The Athenians obtain assis-
tance against the Romans from Mithri-
dates, King of Pontus ; Archelaus, his
general, makes himself master of Athens.
86 Mar. 1. b. c. Athens, long be-
sieged, is forced to surrender to Sulla.
* * B. c. The Roman general Sulla, with
30,000 to 40,000, defeats Archelaus with
110,000± at Chseronea and Orchomenos.
[Peace follows between Rome and Mith-
ridates.]
78-67 b. c. Rome is at war with the
pirates, who sail 1,000 ships. Crete is
seized as their ally.
72 * * B. c. S. It. Thurii, a Greek city,
is captured by Spartacus and compelled
to make heavy contributions.
42 * * b. c. Turk. The battle of Phil-
ippi in Macedonia.
The republicans under Brutus and Cas-
sius are defeated by Ootavius and Mark
Antony ; the fate of the republic is here
decided.
31 Sept. * b. c. Battle of Actium.
The combined fleets of Antony and
Cleopatra are defeated byOctavian, who
thereby secures supreme rule over the
Roman realm.
211-217 a. d. The Germanic troops
invade Greece. [244-249. Devastating
hordes of Germans appear. 249-251 .
Turk. Goths and Germans ravage
Thrace and Mcesia.]
249 * * Turk. A great battle is fought
near Philippi ; the city is taken, and the
Romans defeated by barbarians ; 100,000
inhabitants are put to death.
251* * Bulgaria. (?) The Romans are de-
feated in a battle with the Goths, near
Abricium on the Danube ; the Emperor
Decius and his son are killed.
256 * * The Goths make piratical expe-
ditions into Greece. [267. They ravage
southern Greece without hindrance, and
pillage Corinth, Sparta, Argos, Tegea,
and Athens.]
267 * * Two Roman armies destroy or
expel the Goths.
269 * * Turk. A great host ol 320,000
Goths invade Greece, but are defeated
by Claudius II. ; they settle in Thrace,
or are drafted into the Roman legions.
314 * * Indecisive hostilities occur be-
tween Constantine and Licinius, his col-
league. Peace follows.
323 July 3. Turk. Constantine com-
pletely defeats Licinius near Adriano-
ple.
367 * * Many Goths perish in a naval
engagement with the Romans near the
Hellespont.
378 Aug. 9. Turk. The emperor Va-
lens is defeated at Adrianople by the
Goths ; he and most of his generals are
killed.
382 * * Turk. Theodosius enrols the
Goths in the Empire.
388 June * Aust.-Hung. Theodosius
the Great defeats and kills Maximus
Magnus, at Aquileia ; but nearly anni-
hilates his own army in the struggle.
394 Sept. 6. Aust. Eugenius, the
usurping emperor of the West, is de-
feated and killed by Theodosius at Fri-
gidus, near Aquileia.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
160-125 b.c. Hipparchusof Nicaea, in
Bithynia [first and greatest of Grecian
astronomers], flourishes.
He founds scientific astronomy, cata-
logues the stars, invents the planisphere,
calculates eclipses, and discovers the
eccentricity of the solar orbit, some of
the inequalities of the moon's motions,
and the procession of the equinoxes.
105* *B. c. (106?) Four cities in Asia,
two in Greece, and two in Galatia are
overturned by earthquakes.
22 * * b. c. Rome. Pantomime plays
are introduced on the Roman stage by
Pylades and Bathyllus.
17 * * A. D. Asia M. Ephesus is nearly
destroyed by an earthquake.
67 * * The Emperor Nero despoils Cor-
inth of its treasures in art ; he projects
a canal across the isthmus.
170* * Galen, an eminent surgeon,
flourishes.
262 * * Asia M. The hordes of Goths
destroy the famous temple of Diana
in Ephesus, having 120 pillars and con-
taining masterpieces of art, the chief
of which are the works of Praxiteles.
340 * * Many Grecian cities are destroyed
by earthquakes.
346-379 Athens. Hilarius, a painter,
arrives from Bithynia.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
160* * Aristarchns of Samothrace, gram-
marian, critic, born. [88. Dies.]
2d Century. Apollodorus, Athenian gram-
marian, born.
Hipparchus of Nicasa, founder of science of
astronomy, born.
135 * * Posidonius, Stoic phil.,b. [51. Dies.]
2d or 1st Century. Dioacorides, phy., wr., b.
74 * * Damascenus, Kicolaus, historian, phi-
losopher, born.
70 * * Dionysius of Halicarnassus, hist., b.
1st Century. Andronicus of Rhodes, Peripa-
tetic philosopher, born.
Asclepiades Bithynus, physician, born.
Diodorus Siculus, historian, born.
Menippus, poet, Cynic philosopher, born.
63 * * Strabo, geographer, b. [24 a. d. 1). j
4 * * Apollonins Tyanaeus, Pythagorean phi-
losopher, born. [97 a. d. Dies.]
46 a. d. * * Plutarch, biographer, philoso-
pher, born. [120. Dies.]
SO* * Archelaus, sculptor, born. [117. Dies.]
1st Century. Apion, grammarian, hist., born.
60± Epictetus, Stoic philosopher, born.
95 * * Dionysius the Areopagite, Christian
bishop, dies.
lOO * * Arrian, historian, born. [170. Dies.]
103 * * Justin the Martyr. Christian Father,
born. [165. Dies.]
104 * * Herodes, Tiberius Claudius Atticus.
Athenian orator, statesman, b. [180. D.j
120* * Lucian, mis. wr., b. [210. Dies.]
129* * Aristides, ora., sophist, b. [185. D.]
130 * * Irenaaus, Saint, bishop of Lyons, born.
[202. Dies.]
131 * * Galen, Claudius, phys., au., phll., b.
2d Century. jElian, Claudius, rhetorician, b.
Alcephron,epistolary author, born.
Athenaeus, grammarian, born.
Athenagoras, philosopher, born.
Aquila Ponticus, translator, born.
Cleomedes, astronomer, born.
Dionysius of Byzantium, poet, born.
Hermogenes, rhetorician, born.
Marcion, Greek heresiarch, born.
Moschus, poet, born.
Oppian, poet, born.
Pausanias, traveler, writer, born.
155 * * Dion Cassius, historian, born.
175 + Philostratus, biog., b. [245±. Dies.]
2d or 3d Century. Alexander of Aphrodisias,
philosopher, born.
233 * * Porphyry, Neoplatonic philosopher,
anti-Christian writer, born. [304. Dies.]
3d Century. DiogeneB Laertius, hist., phil., b.
Herodian, historian, born.
250 * * Alexander, first bp. of Cappadocia, <1.
256+ Arius, fdr. Arianism, b. [336. D.]
265 * * Dionysius of Alexandria, Saint, bp.,d.
266 * * Eusebius, bishop of Ca;saria, histo-
rian, born. [349. Dies.]
272 * * Constantine the Great, emperor,
born. [337. Dies.]
273 * * Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, phil., d.
280 * * Dexippus, Publius H., hist., gen., d.
318* * Epiphanius, bp.,au., b. [403. Dies.]
326 * * Basil, Saint, a Father of the Greek
Church, born. [379. Dies.]
332 * * Gregory, Saint, bishop of Myssa,
Greek Father, born. [390+. Dies.]
347 * * Eunapius, physician, sophist, born.
Chrysostom, John, archbishop of Constanti-
nople, writer, born. [407. Dies.]
4th Century. Arnobius, rhet., apologist, b.
Heliodorus, bp. of Emessa, romance wr., b.
370 * * Hypatia, phil., math., b. [415. D.]
375* * Eutyches, heresiarch of Eastern
Church, born. [454. Dies.]
390* * Marcianus, emperor, born. [457. D.J
Theodoret, bp. of Cyprus, hist., b. [457. D.}
CHURCH.
Note. — For the list of popes see Italy.
52 * * A. D. St. Paul visits Philippi, Thes-
salonica,Berea, also Athens and Corinth.
[57. He returns to Corinth. 58. He
visits Philippi. 63. He visits Macedo-
nia. 67. He visits Nicopolis.] (See It.)
150+ * * The Christian apologists flourish.
312 * * Turk. Constantine the Great
professes the Christian religion.
Oct. 29. Turk. Constantine, by edict,
restores the civil and religious rights.
319+ * * Immersion is practised among
the Eastern Christians, while sprinkling
is practised in the Western churches.
+ * * Egy. Alexander, bishop of Alexan-
dria, investigates the Arian heresy.
[321. Arius is excommunicated. 336.
Recalled from exile.]
* * * Athanasius defends the doctrine of
the Trinity.
324+ * * Asia M. Constantine restores
religious liberty to the Christians.
325 June 19-Aug. 25. Asia M. The
second general Council, of 318 bish-
ops, is held at Nice, the Emperor Con-
stantine presiding. The Arians are con-
demned.
328 * * Egy. Athanasius is made pa-
triarch df Alexandria (p. 654).
GREECE. 171** b.c.-a.d. 394, Sept. 6. 1021'
330** * Constantinople. Constantino
and his court favor the condemned doc-
trine of Arius. He orders the heathen
temples to be destroyed.
341+ * * Constantinople.. Macedonius,
a semi-Arian, is made bishop of Con-
stantinople : his followers are called
117 * * The Onomasticon, a collection of 42 * * b. C. Turk. Sadales, King of the
vocabularies in Greek, by Julius Pollux, Odrysas, bequeaths his territory to the
appears.
140± * * A History of Home, in 24 booKS, 31-14 fiB._c
by Appian, appears.
169 * * Diogenes Laertius writes a his-
tory of philosophy in 10 books.
Macedonians; much bloodshed follows F,avius Arrianus write8
his appointment. [300. He is expelled.] Lecturesyof Epictetus, and publishes an
Romans.
Rome. Augustus reigns.
[21. He visits and favors Greece.]
27 * * b. c. Achaia and Macedonia be-
come senatorial provinces of Home
under the name Achaia.
361 Nov. 3. Julian the apostate be-
comes emperor. [He opposes Chris-
tianity, and attempts the restoration of
heathen worship.]
* * * Asia M. Basil the Great and
Gregory the Theologian, two of the
Fathers, nourish in Cappadocia.
370 * * Constantinople. Archbishop
Eusebius (organizer of the Arians) dies,
and Basil succeeds him in the Metro-
politan See; he strongly supports the
orthodox doctrine against Arianism.
379 Jan. 1. Constantinople. Bishop
Basil dies, and is mourned by all, —
pagans, Jews, and Christians.
380 * * Constantinople. Theodosius, by
edict, proclaims the Athanasian doc-
trine of the Trinity as orthodox,
brands as heretics its opposers, and
turns over the churches of Constantino-
ple to the exclusive use of the Trinita-
rian minority.
381 July 9. Constantinople. The
third General Council is convoked by
Theodosius to determine the catholic
■doctrine regarding the Holy Ghost.
It is attended by 150 orthodox bishops
and 36 semi-Arians (Macedonians). The
Macedonians, Arians, Eunomians, Eu-
doxians, and others are condemned, and
the resolutions of the Council of Nice
are confirmed. The bishop of Constan-
tinople is assigned the second rank, next
to the bishop of Rome.
-* * Nectarius is elected bishop of Con-
stantinople.
LETTERS.
145-122 b. c. A History of Rome in 40
books is written by Polybius.
90+* * b. c. Athens. Apellicon, a
Peripatetic philosopher, makes a great
collection of books.
84 * * b. c. Athens. The libraries are
removed to Rome by Sylla the Dictator.
79 * * b. c. Athens, Cicero is a student
here. [42. Horace also.]
58 * * b. C. Andronicus, the Peripatetic
philosopher of Rhodes, flourishes.
10 * * b. c. Historical Library, in 40
books, is written by Diodorus Siculus.
7 + * * b. c. Dionysius of Halicarnas-
sus writes a history of Rome and other
historical, rhetorical, and critical works.
10 * * A. d. Strabo composes a geograph-
ical work in 17 books. ■
46 * * Plutarch, the biographer, philoso-
pher, moralist, is born in Boeotia.
He writes Parallel Lives of 60 eminent
Greeks and Romans [46 of which are ex-
tant]. Several other biographies, also
various philosophical, ethical, and other
works.
52 * * St. Paul writes the First Epistle
to the Thessalonians from Corinth.
T53, The Second Epistle to the Thessaloni-
ans from Corinth; 57, First Epiltle to the
Corinthians from Epliesus and the Secontl
from Macedonia, and Epistle to the dotations
from Corinth ; 58, Epistle to the /tomans from
Corinth; 62, Epistle to Philemon, Epistle to
the Colossians, Epistle to the Philippians,
from Rome ; 67, First Epistle to Timothy from
Macedonia, and Epistle to Titus from Ephe-
sus; 68, Second Epistle to Timothy from
Rome.]
81 * * Dio Chrysostomus, rhetorician
and philosopher, writes orations. [Eighty
of them are extant.]
- of
abstract of Epictetus's philosophy,
book on Alexander's Asiatic expedition.
Athenaeus writes Banquet of the
Learned and other works.
* * * Lucian writes Dialogues of the Gods,
Dialogues of the Dead, Auction of Philos-
ophers, Timon, and Veracious History.
230+ * * Dion Cassius writes a Histoi-y
of Rome in 80 books.
249+ * * Herodian writes a History of
Rome (180-238).
3d Century. Pausanias writes Periegesis
of Greece.
276 * * Porphyry writes a treatise
against the Christians, a Life of Plo-
tinus, A Life of Pythagoras.
3d Century. Dionysius Cassius Longi-
nus writes many critical philosophical
works [now lost].
SOCIETY.
167* * b. c. Rome. Perseus and his sons
walk in chains before the chariot of
iEmilius in his triumph.
390* * a. d. Massacre at Thessalo-
nica ; 7,000 persons are invited into the
circus and put to the sword, because of
sedition, by order of Theodosius.
STATE.
168 * * B. c. Turk. The Macedonian
empire ends in the defeat of Perseus.
167 * * B. c. One thousand of the princi-
pal Greek citizens are carried to Rome.
155 * * b. c. Diogenes, Carneades, and
Critolaus are sent on an embassy to
Rome.
148 * * b. c. Turk. The insurrection
of Andriscus, calling himself Philip,
son of Perseus, is quelled.
147 * * b. c. Two Roman commis-
sioners are sent to Greece to settle the
disputes between the states.
146 * * b. c. The Achaean League be-
comes extinct after the surrender of
Corinth. Macedonia becomes a Roman
province.
145-1453. Greece is subject to Kome.
(See Italy.)
140 * * b. c. A Roman proconsul ar-
rives.
120 + * * b. c. Rus. Kherson, the Do-
rian colony, comes under the sway of
Mithridates, King of Pontus.
84 * * b. c. Asia M. Mithridates makes
peace with the Romans.
He surrenders Bithynia and Cappa-
docia to their former rulers, Paphla-
gonia and Asia Minor to the Romans,
and is secured in the possession of the
rest of his dominions.
67 * * b. c. Crete becomes a Roman
province.
46 * * b. c. Corinth is rebuilt by Julius
Caesar.
* * * b. c. Greece is the center of con-
tention in the great civic wars of the
Romans.
67 * * a. d. Nero visits Greece, and
takes part in the Olympic games.
117-138 Rome. Hadrian reigns.
He becomes popular at Athens because
of his restoration of temples, patronage
of art, and the granting of Roman citi-
zenship to Athenians. [138-161. An-
toninus Pius reigns. 161-180. Marcus
Aurelius ; he is deeply interested in
Grecian art and literature.]
193-211 Rome. Septimius Severus
secures the throne in a struggle among
five claimants ; the cities of Greece suf-
fer in the contention, which shakes the
foundations of the empire.
211-217 Rome. Caracalla reigns ; he
is cruel and relentless. An invasion of
the Germanic tribes takes place.
[217-218. Macrinus. 218-222, Elagabalus;
222-235, Alexander Serverus; 235-237, Maxi-
mums; 237, Gordianus I., Gordianus II.;
238, Pupienus Maximus, lialbinus; 238-244,
Gordianus III.]
244-249 Rome. Philip the Arabian
reigns ; Germans invade northern
Greece.
249-251
251-253
reigns
Rome. Decius reigns.
Rome. Trebonianus Gallus
he purchases peace with the
barbarians by the payment of tribute,
and permitting them to carry away
booty and captives.
253 * * Rome. ^Imilianus reigns ; ir-
ruption of Scythians.
253-260 Valerian reigns.
The irruption of Scythians continues :
they destroy temples and edifices, and
murder and plunder without restraint.
260-268 Rome. Gallienus reigns ; the
Goths from the Black Sea come in ships
to invade the empire.
270-275 Rome. Aurelian reigns ; in-
vasion of Goths ; Dacia is sacrificed in a
treaty of peace.
276-282 Home. Probus reigns.
He cedes to the Goths vast territories
in Thrace after defeating them in bat-
tle ; he also admits them to the rights
and privileges of Roman citizens.
305 * * Galerius, one of the four Caesars,
rules in Illyricum, including Macedonia
and Greece.
323 * * Pome. Constantine is the sole
emperor.
330 May 11. Turk. Constantine dedi-
cates Constantinople as the new cap-
ital of the Roman Empire, styling it
Second or New Rome. [337. May 21.
He dies, and is succeeded in a divided
empire by his three sous ; widespread
anarchy follows.]
364 * * The Roman Empire is divided
into the Eastern or Grecian, and the
Western Empires.
June * Rome. The Emperor Valentinian
bestows on his brother Valens the title
of Augustus, with the government of
the East.
378 Aug. 9. Valens is killed in bat-
tle by the Goths [who overrun Thrace,
Macedonia, and Thessaly].
379 Jan. * -395 ** Constantinople.
Theodosius the Great reigns in the
East ; he supports Christianity.
388 June * It. Theodosius I. makes
Valentinian sole emperor of the W***«
1030 395,**-711,
GREECE.
ARMY — NAVY.
395± * * Alaric, King of the West Goths,
lays waste Macedonia, Illyria, Pelopon-
nesus, and other parts of Greece.
396 * * Athens is taken by Alaric, but
spared from slaughter.
398* * Asia M. The Huns lay waste
many provinces. [405. The Huns under
Uldin unsuccessfully invade Thrace.]
419 * * The great walls of Constantino-
ple are built as a protection against the
barbarians by Athemius, the general of
Theodosius II.
424* * Turk. Attila, the Scourge of God,
leads the ravaging Huns to the suburbs
of Constantinople. [441. He besieges
the city. 445. He ravages the empire.]
474 * * Turk. Theodoric the Great,
chief of the East Goths, invades the
Eastern Empire, and ravages Thrace.
[476. Zeno makes him his general.]
489 Aug. 28. Theodoric defeats
Odoacernear Aquileia. [Sept. 27. Again
near Verona, Italy. 490. Aug. * He de-
cisively defeats him on the banks of the
Adda, in Italy. 490-493. He besieges and
captures Ravenna, and subdues all Italy.
493. Mar. 5. He puts Odoacer to death.]
493 * * Sicily. Goths invade Sicily.
497 * * The Saracens invade the empire.
499-678 The Bulgarians, a Slavonic
tribe, harass the empire.
511 * * Constantinople. An insurrec-
tion resulting from the"Nika" squab-
bles occurs, 10,000 people are killed. [It
is suppressed by bribing the leaders.]
517 * * Turk. Illyria, Macedonia, and
other provinces are ravaged by the
Getse [from Bulgaria].
529 * * War with the Persians; Beli-
sarius defeats Chosroes.
532 * * ( 'onstantinople. Belisarius res-
cues Justinian from the insurrection of
the Green circus faction ; 30,000 Greeks
are slain, and the city burned.
532-539 Belisarius [the greatest gen-
eral of the Eastern Empire] commands
the armies.
533-534 Afr. Belisarius destroys the
"Vandal power in Africa. [534. With
16,000 mercenaries he defeats Gelimer,
and takes Carthage. The first triumph
witnessed in Constantinople occurs on
his return.]
535 * * Sicily is subjugated by Belisa-
rius. [536. He takes Naples. 536-537. He
conquers Southern Italy. 536. He cap-
tures Rome and defeats the East Goths.]
537-538 Mar. * It. Belisarius suc-
cessfully defends Rome against Vitiges,
King of the Goths. [539. He captures
Ravenna. 540. He takes Vitiges to
Constantinople.]
541-543 Belisarius defends the eastern
frontier against the Persian king,
Chosroes. [He is recalled through Jus-
tinian's jealousy of his fame.]
545 * * Belisarius is sent against the
Goths in Italy. [546. He quells a re-
volt. 548. He is again recalled, and su-
perseded by Narses.]
551 * * Aust. The Slavonians ravage
Illyria.
552 * * It. Narses defeats and kills To-
tilas, King of the Goths, near Rome. [553.
Mar. * Narses utterly defeats and kills
Teias, the last king of the West Goths,
on the Sarnus River, in Italy.
559 * * Constantinople. Belisarius is
called from his retirement to repel the
Bulgarian invaders. [569. He is dis-
graced and imprisoned by Justinian.]
563** Narses becomes disaffected
towards the empire.
572 * * "War with Persia. [573. Asia M.
Daras, the bulwark of the empire, is
taken and Syria ravaged by Chosroes.]
574-576 Justin II. obtains several
splendid victories over the Persians ;
he also suffers some defeats. [577+ .
Maurice conducts successful campaigns
against the Persians.]
590 * * The Avars invade the empire,
and spread over much of Central Europe.
[594-620. The Greeks have severe con-
tests with them.]
603-628 Chosroes H. wages a success-
ful war against the Eastern Empire,
which is brought to the brink of ruin.
610 * * Constantinople. Heraclius and
Crispus, son-in-law of Phocas, raise an
insurrection. Heraclius takes the
capital, kills Phocas, and makes him-
self emperor.
614 June * Asia. The Persians cap-
ture Jerusalem.
619 * * The provinces between the Bos-
porus and the Danube are devastated
by the Bulgarians, Avars, and Slavoni-
ans ; 250,000 prisoners are carried off.
622-628 Heraclius vanquishes the
Persians in five campaigns.
632 * * The Saracens invade the empire.
[634. They defeat Heraclius at Azna-
din. 636. Again at Yermuk.]
641-668 The Eastern Empire suffers
great losses from the attacks of Arabs
and Lombards. [638. Syria is con-
quered by Arabs. 640. Also Alexandria
in Egypt. 648. The Greek provinces in
Africa. 658. Constans purchases peace.]
669 * * Sicily. Constantine IV. quells a
rebellion.
672 * * Constantinople is besieged by
the Saracens for five months. [They re-
turn for seven years in succession.]
677 * * Constantinople is again besieged.
Callinicus destroys their fleet with
Greek fire ; the caliph is forced to pledge
the yearly payment for 30 years of 3.000
pounds of gold as tribute to secure peace.
697 * * Asia M. The Saracen caliph,
Abdalmalek, subdues the provinces
between the Black and Caspian Seas.
698 * * Tunis. The Saracens raze Car-
thage, and subjugate the northern coast.
711 * * Turk. The Bulgarians ravage
the country up to Constantinople.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
460 * * Constantinople. An earthquake
of 40 days' duration destroys the greater
part of the city. [557. Another destroys
many buildings and lives.]
500* * JStius, an eminent surgeon,
flourishes.
648 • * * Cotton paper is introduced.
672* *AsiaM. The Colossus of Rhodes
is broken up by the Saracens. They sell
the metal, 720,900 pounds of brass, to a
Jew, who conveys it on 900 camels to
Alexandria.
* * * Greek fire, a combustible compo-
sition to be thrown from engines, is in-
vented (?) by Callinicus, an engineer of
Heliopolis, in Syria.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
410 * * Proclus, Neoplatonic philosopher,
born. [487. Dies.]
430 * * Anastasius I., emperor, b. [518. D.]
439 * * Nestorius, patriarch of Const., founder
of Nestorians, dies.
450* * Justin or Ju8tinusl.,emp.,b. [527. D.]
5th Century. Diophantus of Alexandria, al-
gebraist, born.
Sozomen, ecclesiastical historian, born.
Zosimus, historian, born.
474 * * Leo II., the Younger, emperor, dies.
480 * * Damascius, Athenian philosopher, b.
483 * * Justinian I., emperor, b. [565. D.]
49 1 * * Zeno, emperor, dies.
495 * * I'rocopius, historian, b. [565. Dies.]
505 * * Belisarius, general, b. [565. D.]
539 * * Mauricius, Flavius Tib., emperor, b.
[602. Dies.}
548 * * Theodora, empress, I., dies.
6th Century. Agathias, historian, born.
Alexander Trallianus, medical writer, born.
573 * * Narses, general, dies.
575 * * Heraclius I., emperor, b. [641. D.]
610* * Phocas, emperor, dies.
711 * * Justinian II., emperor, dies.
CHURCH.
397 Sept. 27. Turk. Nectarius dies,
and is succeeded (398. Feb. 26) by John
Chrysostom, the " Golden-mouthed."
[403. He exasperates the triflers and
the aspiring clergy, and is sent into exile
after an ex parte trial. An exasperated
mob kills his enemies, recalls him : he
is restored to the patriarchate. 404.
June 10. He, having again angered the
Empress Eudoxia, is exiled to Armenia.]
428 Apr. 10. Turk. Nestorius is
made patriarch of Constantinople.
431 June *AsiaM. The Fourth Gen-
eral Council is convoked at Ephesus by
the Emperors Theodosius and Valentin-
ian III., to condemn the Nestorian her-
esy. [Nestorius is deposed and banished.]
435 * * The Nestorian heresy prevails
in the East.
445 * * Turk. Flavian is patriarch of
Constantinople.
461 * * The Monophysite controversy
prevails, respecting the human and
divine natures of Christ.
The churches of Egypt, Syria, and
Armenia separate from the church of
Constantinople.
484 * *A schism separates the Greek
and Roman Churches.
Pope Felix II. (?) excommunicates the
Greek patriarch Acacius of Constanti-
nople, the patriarch of Alexandria, arid
the emperor, because of their support of
the Henoticon decree of unison. [Com-
munion is interrupted until 519.]
492+ * * Anastasius I. persecutes Cath-
olics, and protects the Monophysites.
* * Turk. The emperor Leo attempts to
procure the assassination of the Pope,
who is protected by the Romans.
514* *Vitalianus, a *Gothic prince in
the service of the emperor, with a pow-
erful army, besieges Constantinople, and
forces Anastasius to withdraw his sup-
port from the Monophysites.
518 * * Justin I. restores the orthodox
bishops to their sees. [525. The Arian
bishops are deposed.]
519 * * The reconciliation of the Greek
and Roman Churches is effected.
GREECE.
395,**-711,
1031
532 * * Constantinople. The erection of
St. Sophia is begun. [560. Dedicated.]
540± * * The Monothelites arise ; they
teach that Jesus Christ had but one will.
553 * * Constantinople. The Sixth Gen-
eral Council meets.
It condemns the three chapters written by
Theodore of Mopsuestio, and others; also
the doctrines of Origen, Arius, the Macedo-
nians, and others; Vigilius, bishop of Rome,
and others protest [afterwards they assent].
606 * * Phocas is induced by Pope Boni-
face III. to confine the title " Universal
Bishop " to the bishops of Rome.
622 July 16. Arabia. The flight
(Hegira) of Mohammed occurs ; he es-
tablishes himself as a prophet of God.
626 * * The Mohammedans have cut off
from the Christian world the churches
of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch.
634 * * The Greek Church begins the
struggle with the Mohammedans.
638* * Constantinople. Heracleus issues
the " Ekthesis or Exposition," by
which he forbids further controversy
respectingoneor two wills in JesusChrist.
676 * * It. The popes become inde-
pendent of the week emperor.
± * * Syria. The Maronite sect begins
to prevail. [Maronites are readmitted
into the communion of the Roman
Church in the twelfth century.]
681 * * Constantinople. The Seventh
General Council is called by the em-
peror to condemn the Monothelites.
The emperor presides over its delibera-
tions ; Pope Honorius and several bish-
ops are anathematized.
690 * * Armenia. The Paulician sect is
severely persecuted.
They abhor the worship of images,
believe in the two original principles of
good and evil, reject external forms in
religion, and hold to the universal use
of the Scriptures.
LETTERS.
425 * * The Emperor Theodosius attempts
the revival of learning by the establish-
ment of public schools.
5th Century. Damastes of Sigeum writes
several works on the' history of Greece.
430 * * Zosimus writes a history of the
Roman Empire in six books.
* * Olimpiodorus writes a history of the
Western Empire (407-425).
6th Century. Alexander Tralli anus
writes medical works.
529 * * The schools of Athens are sup-
pressed because they teach anti-Chris-
tian doctrines in Platonic theology.
* * Constantinople. The Justinian Code
is compiled and published by command
of the Emperor Justinian.
SOCIETY.
450+ * * Eudocia, wife of Theodosius
II., is disgraced and exiled. [She goes
to the Holy Land, where she spends the
rest of her life in works of charity and
piety. [460±. She dies in Jerusalem.]
491+ * * Anastasius I. suppresses the
cruel and degrading spectacles where
men fought with wild beasts. He abol-
ishes the sale of offices.
498-520 Constantinople. Bloody con-
flicts frequently occur between the
Slues and Greens — the circus fac-
tions.
565 Mar. 13. Belisarius, the great
general, dies in prison. (?)
641 * * The Emperor Constantino III.,
Heraclius, is poisoned by his step-
mother, Martina.
668 * * Constans II. is assassinated in a
bath.
695+ * * Justinian II., given to exac-
tions, cruelty, and debauchery, is
mutilated by Leontius, his successor.
698 * * Leontius is himself dethroned and
mutilated by Tiberius Absimarus.
704± * * The usurpers, Leontius and Ti-
berius, are degraded in the Hippodrome
and executed.
711 Dec* The Emperor Justinian II.
is murdered.
STATE.
395-408 Constantinople. Arcadius
reigns.
* * * Greece is absorbed in the East-
ern or Greek Empire.
408-450 Constantinople. Arcadius dies,
and is succeeded by his son Theodosius
II., but seven years of age. Anthemiusis
his minister. [Buys peace of the Huns.]
414-453 Constantinople. Pulcheria,
the emperor's sister, is regent. [454. Dies.]
433 * * a. d. Constantinople. Fire de-
stroys a great part of the capital of the
Greek Empire. [532. Jan.* Nearly de-
stroyed by fire.]
438 * * Constantinople. The Theodo-
sian code of laws is promulgated.
450-457 Constantinople. Marcianus
reigns; he is a Thracian of obscure
family ; refuses to pay tribute to Attila.
453 * * The empire is relieved by the
death of Attila.
457-474 Constantinople. Leo I., a
Thracian, reigns ; he is chosen by the
soldiers, and crowned by the Patriarch
Anatotius — the first so crowned.
461 * * Constantinople. Theodoric [the
Great] son of Theodemir, King of the
East Goths, eight years of age, is received
as a hostage for peace.
468 * * The principle of justice is estab-
lished ; every accused person is to be
tried by his peers.
474 * * Constantinople. Leo I. dies [and
is succeeded by his daughter's son, Leo
U., who lives but a short time].
^74-491 Constantinople. Zeno, the
Isaurian, usurps the crown. Great dis-
asters are caused by intestine commo-
tion and foreign wars.
483 * * Constantinople. Zeno makes
Theodoric the Ostrogoth [the Great]
his general, and appoints him consul.
491-518 Constantinople. Anastasiusl.,
a native of Epirus, reigns, he having
married the widow of Zeno.
* * Constantinople. The Green and Blue
factions stir up intense strife, which
agitates the state.
* * The emperor's persecutors incite the
Catholics to rebellion.
518-527 Constantinople. Justin I. reigns.
He rises from the ranks as a private
soldier, and is illiterate and ignorant.
5 18-565 Brilliant period of the empire.
527-565 Constantinople. Justinian I.
reigns. Remarkable victories are won
by his generals Belisarius and Narses.
528* * Constantinople. Justinian's
code of laws is begun by compilers.
540 * * The Greek Empire is enlarged
by annexing the conquests of Belisarius
in North Africa, Corsica, and Sardinia.
545 * * The Turks are first mentioned ;
they dwell in Central Asia.
553 * * Borne is recovered by Narses,
and annexed to the Eastern Empire [and
the Senate abolished].
554-568 Italy is governed by Greek
exarchs, with the capital at Ravenna.
561 * * Peace is made between the Greek
Empire and Chosroes, King of Persia.
565 * * Constantinople. Justin II., a
weak prince, reigns. [Tiberius associated
with Justin. 575. The Thirty Dukes
rule. 578-582. Tiberius II. reigns.]
569 * * The Turks form an alliance
with Justin.
582-602 Constantinople. Maurice, the
Cappadocian, reigns. [Under his vigor-
ous reign the empire is extended to
the Aras and almost to the Caspian Sea.]
600 * * Avars invade the empire ; also
spread over Hungary, Poland, Prussia.
602-610 Constantinople. Phocas, the
usurper, reigns ; he is a centurion, noto-
rious for his crimes and cruelties. [610-
641. Heraclius I. reigns.]
612 * * Syria is ravaged by the Arabs.
622-628 Heraclius II. reigns ; he anni-
hilates the power of the Persians in a
series of brilliant campaigns ; he recov-
ers his lost territories.
638 * * Asia M. Antioch is taken by
the Arabs.
641 * * Constantinople. Herocleonas
(Constantine III.) reigns for a few
months. 641-668. Constans II. reigns.
He loses Syria and Rhodes, which are
taken by the Arabs ; and Northern Italy
is given up to the Lombards.]
646 * * Cyprus is taken by the Arabs.
[648. Recovered.]
660 * * Constans purchases peace with
the Arabs.
668 * * Sicily. Constans is murdered by
rebellious subjects in Syracuse, who
elevate Mizizus to the throne.
668-685 Constantinople. Constantine
(IV.), Pogonatus, reigns. He is the son
of Constans II. [669. He suppresses the
rebellion, killing Mizizus.]
670-676 Constantinople is besieged.
670-695 Constantinople. Justinian II.,
Rhinotmetus, succeeds his father.
678* * Bulgaria. The Bulgarians set up
a kingdom in Mcesia.
695 * * Constantinople. Justinian II. is
dethroned, and his nose cut off, by
Leontius his general, who banishes him.
[695-698. Leontius reigns. 697. Deposed
by his general, Absimarus Tiberius. 698-
704. Absimarus Tiberius H. reigns.]
704-711 Constantinople. Justinian II.
is restored, having escaped from exile.
711 * * Bulgarians invade the empire.
MISCELLANEOUS.
542 * * Constantinople Is plague-smit-
ten; 5,000 to 10,000 people die daily for
three months. [746-749. Greece is vis-
ited by the plague.]
1032 711,**-1202,
GREECE.
ARMY — NAVY.
718 Aug. 15-720 Aug. 15. Constan-
tinople is besieged by tbe Saracens.
Their army of 120,000 men is aided by
1,800 ships ; the city is delivered by the
use of Greek fire, which nearly destroys
the fleet ; 28,000 Arabs are killed.
739 * * Acronius defeats 90,000 Avar in-
vaders of the Eastern Empire.
746 * * Constantino V. defeats the Sar-
acens, and takes Rhodes, Cyprus, and
Antioch. [774. The Bulgarians.]
793 * * Turk. Thrace is ravaged by
Saracens.
811 July 28. Bulg. A Greek army is
annihilated, and the Emperor Nicepho-
rus killed, by Bulgarians under Crum.
821-823 Constantinople. Thomas, the
general of the murdered Leo, attempts
to take the city and dethrone Michael.
844 1 * * Frequent wars occur between
the Greeks and Saracens.
864 * * Constantinople is unsuccess-
fully besieged by 22 Russian ships
[which are destroyed by a storm].
897-911 The empire is at war with the
Bulgarians, Lombards, and Saracens.
904 * * Turk. The Saracens take Thes-
salonica with great bloodshed. [911.
Capture a Greek fleet off Samos.]
941 * * The Russians, under Ingor, with
10,000 vessels, enter the Black Sea, and
are defeated by Romanus.
961 * * Saracens are expelled from Crete.
963 * * Asia M. Nicephorus invades
Asia with 80,000 men, defeats the Sara-
cens in several battles, and captures
Aleppo, Antioch, and other Syrian cities.
964-969 The Greeks gain victories
over the Saracens, and bring the Mo-
hammedan empire near the brink of ruin.
970 * * Syria is conquered by the Fati-
mite caliphs. [1001. Driven out.]
987-1018 Turk. Basil II. subdues the
Bulgarians, and annexes their kingdom.
1042* * Asia M. The Seljuk Turks
first invade the empire.
1043 * * Turk. Thrace is invaded by
100,000 Turks, who are repeatedly de-
feated by the Greeks.
1064 + * * Asia M. Alp Arslan, the
sultan, subdues Armenia.
1067 * * Syria. The emirs of Damas-
cus revolt. [1071. Emirs of Aleppo.]
1068-71 Asia M. The Turks invade
the country.
1071 Aug. 26. AsiaM. Romanus IV.
attacks Alp Arslan at Malazkurd near
the Araxes, but is defeated andcaptured.
1074 * * Asia. Melek Shah subdues
Syria and Palestine.
1080 It. The Normans conquer South
Italy.
1081-84 Turk. Alexius Comnenus
struggles with the Normans under
Robert Guiscard, who invade the empire.
(1081.) Guiscard defeats Alexius at l)u-
razzo. (1082.) Guiscard takes Durazzo.
1097 * * The first Crusaders invade the
empire. [1104. They take the city of
Acre in Syria. 1109, Tripolis ; 1111, Ber-
ytus ; 1124, July 7, Tyre.]
1141 * * Asia M. Edessa is retaken by
the Turks ; this gives rise to the Second
Crusade.
1148 * * Constantinople. Normans, led
by Roger of Sicily, are successfully re-
pulsed.
1152* *The Greeks repel the invading
Hungarians.
1152-55 It. Manuel unsuccessfully at-
tempts to conquer Italy, and master the
Western Empire. [1155. Apulia and
Calabria are reduced. Peace is made
with the Normans in Sicily.]
1172* * The Eastern Empire wages war
with the Turks and the Venetians.
1176 * * Asia M. The Turks under Az-
ed-Deen defeat Manuel I. at Myroceph-
alus. [1177. Manuel defeats the Turks
in Lydia.]
1185 Aug. 15. Turk. Thessalonica
is taken by the Normans from Sicily.
1187 ** Syria. Saladin captures Tyre.
* * Isaac II. refuses a passage through
the empire to the armies of the Third
Crusade.
1190 May 18. Asia M. Iconium is
taken by Frederick I. [Restored.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
816 * * Earthquakes and famine dis-
tress the empire. [1038. Again.]
936 * * Constantinople is overturned and
all Greece shaken by an earthquake.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
720 * * Anastasius II., emperor, dies.
741 * * Leo III., the Isaurian, emperor, dies.
752* * Irene, empress, born. [803. Dies.]
815 * * Thotius, patriarch of Constantinople,
critic, author, born. [891. Dies.]
820 ** Basil I., emperor, born. [886. Dies.]
Leo V., the Armenian, emperor, dies.
865 * * Leo VI., the Philosopher, emperor,
born. [911. Dies.]
870* * Alexander, emperor, born. [912. D.]
905* * Constantine VII., Porphyrogenitus,
emperor, author, born. [959. Dies.]
931 * * Christopher, emperor, dies.
950 * * Leo Diaconus, historian, born.
958 * * Pasil II., emperor, born.
10th Century. Suidas, lexicographer, gram., b.
1034 * * Romanus III., emperor, dies.
1048* * Alexius Comnenus. emperor,
born. [1118. Dies.]
1050 * * Zoe, empress, dies.
1070* * Theophylact, archbishop of Achris,
writer, born. [1115. Dies.]
1083* * AnnaComnena, daughter of Alexis
L, historian, born. [1148. Dies.]
1088* * Calo-Joannes, emp., b. [1143. D.]
1120* * Manuel I., Comnenus, emperor,
born. [1180. Dies.]
12th Century. Cinnamus, Joannes, hist., b.
1200 * * Eustathius, archbishop of Thessa-
lonica, commentator, dies.
CHURCH.
726* * Constantinople. Leo III. forbids
the worship of images. [The Icono-
clast controversy follows, and hastens
the separation of the Eastern and West-
ern Churches.]
728 * * Constantinople. Leo III. orders
that the Pope be arrested.
729 * * It. Pope Gregory II. excom-
municates Leo III. ; this leads to the
separation of the Greek and Roman
Churches.
734 * * Image worship is condemned by
the Greek Church. [736. Images are
destroyed throughout the empire by
order of Leo III. Also in 754.]
736 * * The monks are persecuted.
787 * * Asia M. A General Council is
held at Nice (p. 664). [794. Charlemagne
calls a counter synod at Frankfort.]
830± * * Imageworshipersare again per-
secuted. [832. Painters and statuaries
are banished from the empire by Theoph-
ilus. 842. Image worship is restored.]
844 * * Constantinople. Ignatius is pa-
triarch of Constantinople.
He excommunicates Pope Stephen.
858. Ignatius is deposed ; succeeded by
Photius. 867. Photius is deposed and Ig-
natius restored. 877. Photius restored.]
858 * * A quarrel between Pope Nicholas
and the patriarch Photius causes a tem-
porary separation of the Greek and
Roman Churches.
869* * Constantinople . The Ninth Gen-
eral Council ; it establishes the reunion
of the Greek and Roman Churches.
879 * * Constantinople. A Council held
by Photius repeals the decisions of the
General Council of 869. [It is held to be
ecumenical by the Greeks.]
886 * * Constantinople. Photius the pa-
triarch is exiled by the emperor ;
Stephen is his successor ; he accepts
the demands of the Pope. [1043. Michael
Cerularius. 1054. Excommunicated.]
1054 July * The Greek Church sep-
arates from Rome after two centuries
of contentions, and becomes indepen-
' dent.
1058 * * Constantinople. The Emperor
Isaac exiles Cerularius, vainly seeking
thereby to reunite the two churches.
1097* * AsiaM. The first Crusaders
arrive.
* * Pope Urban holds a Council at Bari
in Apulia to restore the union of the
two churches.
1123* * Home. Church Council (p.
669).
1179 Mar. 5-19. Home. Church
Council (p. 670).
1201 * * Pope Innocent III. has a fruit-
less correspondence with John Loma-
terus, patriarch of Constantinople, re-
specting a union with Rome.
1202 * * The Fourth Crusade begins.
LETTERS.
9th Century. George Syncellus writes A
Select Chroniclefrom Adam to Diocletian.
870 * * Photius, patriarch of Constanti-
nople, writes Myriobiblion, extracts from
classical authors, and Amphilochia.
10th Century. Exploits of Basilios EHaenis
Acritas appears [the earliest specimen
of modern Greek].
1055+ * * Michael Constantius Psel-
lus, the philosopher, composes a great
many works in both prose and poetry.
1090± * * Learning somewhat revives.
1099+ * * Anna Comnena, the daugh-
ter of the Emperor Alexis, writes Alexis.
SOCIETY.
713 * * The Emperor Philippicus Barda-
nes is assassinated.
800+ * * Constantinople. The Empress
Irene proposes marriage to Charle-
magne. (?)
802 * * Constantinople. [Saint] Irene is
deposed and exiled because of her cru-
elties and murders while on the
throne with her young son, whom she
made sightless.
820 Dec. 25. Constantinople. Leo V.
is killed in the temple by conspirators
favoring his successor.*
842 * * Emperor Michael is called the
Drunkard. [867. Sept. 24. He is as-
sassinated.]
959* * Romanus III. banishes his
mother and his five sisters.
963 * * Theophania, the widow of Roma-
nus, becomes the wife of Nicephorus II.
[969. She secures his assassination by
John Zimiscesin.]
GREECE.
711,**-1202,
1033
1034* * Romanus III. is poisoned by
Zoe, his profligate wife.
1050 * * Zoe, the wife of four empe-
rors, and the murderess of two, finally
dies.
STATE.
711-713 Constantinople. Philippicus
Bardanes reigns. He is the son of Ni-
cephorus Patrieius, deposed. [712-716.
Anastasius H. reigns. [His fleet, sent
against the Arabs, returns in mutiny,
and enthrones Theodosius.]
716-717 Constantinople. Theodosius
III. reigns ; he retires to a monastery.
717-741 Constantinople. Leo HI. reigns.
The Isuaric race of emperors begins.
Leo exhibits great abilities ; the empire
is convulsed for many years by religious
controversies.
718* * The edict against images occa-
sions the loss of the Greek possessions
in Italy.
721 * * Anastasius is charged with con-
spiracy, and put to death by Leo III.
741-775 Constantinople. Constantine
V., Copronymus, reigns.
741 * * Artavasdes, son-in-law of Con-
stantine, rebels ; he defeats and deposes
Constantine, and is declared emperor.
743 * * Constantine is restored, Arta-
vasdes having been put to death.
751 * * It. The Greek exarchate ends.
775-780 Constantinople. LeoIV.,Cha-
zarus, the Iconoclast or Image-breaker,
reigns. He is the son of Constantine V.,
and his wife is the ambitious Irene.
780-797 Constantinople. Constantine
VI. reigns.
He being only nine years of age, Irene,
his mother, becomes regent ; she restores
the worship of images. When Constan-
tine attains his majority, she attempts
to exclude him, and is imprisoned.
782* * Asia. The [caliph of Bagdad],
Harun-al-Raschid, invades the em-
pire. [He advances as far as the Bos-
porus ; and the emperor is terrified into
making peace with him, stipulating an
annual tribute of 60,000 pieces of gold.]
787 * * Constantinople. Constantine im-
prisons Irene, his mother, for her
cruelty while regent.
790 * * Constantinople. Constantine
VI. takes authority alone, in conse-
quence of the unpopularity of his mother.
792* * Constantinople. Irene again rules
with her son.
797 * * Constantine is murdered by as-
sassins hired by his mother.
797-802 Irene reigns.
802-811 Nicephorus, the great treas-
urer, reigns.
He leads a conspiracy, dethrones and
banishes Irene, and assumes the govern-
ment ; killed in war with the Bulgarians.
803-806 War breaks ont with the Sara-
cens. Asia Minor is ravaged by Harun-
al-Kaschid.
807 * * Nicephorus makes a disgraceful
peace with Harun-al-Raschid, agreeing
to an annual tribute of 30,000 pieces of
gold.
811 ** Constantinople . Stauracius
reigns. [811-813. Michael I., Rhangabe,
reigns. He succeeds his brother-in-law,
but is soon deposed by Leo V., and retires
to a monastery.]
813-820 Constantinople. Leo V., the
Armenian, reigns. Supported by the
army he has corrupted, he rebels, and
usurps the throne ; he is Anally assas-
sinated by Michael the Stammerer.
820* * Constantinople. Michael II., the
Stammerer, reigns. He had aided Leo
in deposing Michael I., and then deposes
Leo for his own election.
823 * * The Saracens occupy Crete [and
found the city of Candia].
825 * * Asia M. The empire loses Dal-
matia. [827. Sicily and Crete are lost.]
829-842 Constantinople. Theophilus
reigns. He is the son of Michael II., and
a zealous iconoclast.
842-867 Michael III.,Porphyrogenitus,
" the Drunkard," succeeds his father at
the age of three years.
842-1056 The Macedonian Dynasty.
866* * Constantinople. Michael III.
makes Basil the Macedonian, a person
of humble origin, his colleague. [807.
Basil assassinates Michael.]
867-886 Constantinople Basil I. reigns.
He restores somewhat of the departed
glory of the empire.
886-911 Constantinople. Leo VI., the
Philosopher, reigns. He exiles the pa-
triarch Photius, and establishes a better
reputation as author than as ruler.
890 * * South Italy is annexed.
897 * * Asia M. The Saracens take pos-
session of the island of Samos.
911-959 Constantinople. Constantine
VII. reigns. He is esteemed for his hu-
manity and justness, and divides the
government with his four sons, making
five emperors.
911* * Alexander is the colleague of
Constantine VII., who is only six years
of age ; Zoe, his mother, is regent. [911.
Alexander dies.]
919-944 Constantinople. Romanus I.,
Lecapenus, commanding the fleet, usurps
the government, and divides the author-
ity with his three sons ; he rules a few
months. [920-928. Christopher, Stephen,
and Constantine VIII., sons of Romanus,
reign.]
928 * * Naples is acquired.
931 * * Constantinople. Romanus is ex-
iled by his sons Constantineand Stephen .
[932. The two sons are themselves Dan -
ished.]
944* * Constantinople. Constantine
VIII. reigns alone.
959-963 Constantinople. Romanus II.
reigns after poisoning his father. He is
himself poisoned by his wife, Theophaus.
960 * * Crete is recovered from the Sara-
cens by Nicephorus Phocus. [960. An-
tioch also.]
963-969 Constantinople. Nicephorus
II., Phocas, reigns. He is a successful
general ; is assassinated by John Zimi-
ces, the agent employed by the empire.
969-976 Constantinople. JohnL.Zim-
ices reigns. He is a successful general.
He divides authority with Basil II. and
Constantine IX., sons of Romanus II.
John is poisoned. (?)
969-1026 Constantinople. Basil II.
reigns — seven years as colleague with
John.
976-1028 Constantine IX. reigns —
46 years a colleague of Basil II.
9704 * * The empire again sinks into
insignificance.
980 * * It. Apulia and Calabria are re-
stored to the empire.
1025-28 Constantinople. Constantine
IX. reigns as sole emperor. He dis-
graces his reign by cruelty and vice.
1028-34 Romanus HI. reigns. He is
poisoned by his profligate wife, Zoe.
1034-41 Constantinople. Michael IV.,
the Paphlagonian, reigns. Having mar-
ried Zoe, the widow of Romanus, he
gains the throne.
1041-42 Constantinople. Michael V.,
Calaphates, reigns. Zoe dethrones him,
and has his eyesight destroyed ; he re-
tires to a monastery.
1042-54 Constantinople. Constantine
X., Monomachus, reigns. [1050. Zoe
dies.]
1054-56 Constantinople. Theodora
reigns. She is the widow of Constantine
X. ; the Macedonian dynasty terminates.
1056-57 Constantinople. Michael VI.,
Stratiotieus, reigns. He is an able gen-
eral ; deposed by Isaac Comnenus, and
retires to a monastery.
1057-59 Constantinople. Isaac I., Com-
nenus, reigns.
He is enthroned by the army ; he re-
tires to a monastery in poor health.
1059-67 Constantinople. Constantine
XI., Ducas, reigns. .
1067-71 Constantinople. Romanus
IV., Diogenes, reigns.
He marries Eudocia, the widow of Con-
stantine, and gains the throne by ex-
cluding Michael, Constantine's son.
1071-78 Constantinople. MichaelVII.,
Ducas, reigns.
1078-81 Constantinople. Nicephorus
III., Botoniates, reigns.
He gains the throne by leading a re-
volt, and becomes an ally of Solyman
the Turk. He is overthrown by a revolt,
and deposed by his general, Alexius.
1081-1118 Constantinople. Alexius
I., or Alexius Comnenus, reigns.
He is proclaimed emperor by the sol-
diers, and defends the empire against
the Turks and the Normans.
1097* *The First Crusade occurs;
Alexius I. recovers Asia.
1099-1268 Syria. Antioch is a Chris-
tian principality.
1118-43 Constantinople. John II.,
Comnenus, reigns.
By the abilities and bravery of the
Comneni, the empire becomes a power
among the states of Europe and Asia.
1143-81 Constantinople. Manuel I.,
Comnenus, reigns. He permits the Cru-
saders to pass through his dominions.
1181-83 Constantinople. Alexius II.,
Comnenus, reigns. The Empress Maria,
his mother, is regent ; he is deposed ami
strangled by Anaronicus.
1183-85 Constantinople. Andronicus
I., Comnenus, reigns.
He obtains the appointment as regent
for the young emperor, puts to death
the prince and his mother the Empress
Maria, then ascends the throne, and
rules with great cruelty until the people
rise, torture, and kill him.
1185* *The House of Angeli is
founded.
1185-95 Constantinople. Isaac II.,
Angelus Comnenus, reigns. Dethroned
and blinded by his brother Alexius.
1190 * * Cyprus is lost to the empire,
being taken by King Richard of England.
1195-1203 Constantinople. Alexius
III., the tyrant, reigns. He is deposed
and blinded by the Crusaders, who re-
store Isaac II." to the throne.
1034 1203, May 9-1828, Feb. 2. GREECE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1203 May 9. Constantinople is
taken by the Crusaders, ostensibly to
restore Isaac II. to his throne. [1204.
It is plundered.] (See State.)
1205 * * Baldwin I. is defeated by the
Bulgarians, and taken prisoner.
1235 * * Constantinople. Baldwin II.,
King of Jerusalem, unsuccessfully be-
sieges the city.
1261 July 25. Constantinople is
captured by the revolting Greeks, and
the Latin empire ends.
1291 * * Syria. Acre is taken by the
Saracens. [1294. Asia M. The Moguls
end the Seljuk sultanate of Iconium.]
1321-28 Civil War.
Andronicus II. and his grandson An-
dronicus III. struggle for the possession
of the throne ; the latter is successful.
1340 * * Asia M. Turks ravage Mysia
and other parts of Asia. [1345. Again.]
1347 * * Constantinople is captured by
John Cantacuzenus.
1352 * * The Greeks and Venetians are
defeated in a war with the Genoese.
1357 * * Turk. Turks take Gallipoli.
1362* *The Sultan Amurath takes
Adrianople. [He organizes the Jani-
zaries, and is everywhere successful.]
1390 * * Civil war, confusion, and dis-
tress prevail among the Greeks. All
their Asiatic possessions are lost.
1395 Sept. 28. Turk. Bajazet I., Sul-
tan of the Turks, defeats Sigismund of
Hungary at Nicopolis, in Epirus.
1422 * * Constantinople is unsuccess-
fully besieged by 200,000 Turks under
Amurath II.
1430 * * Turk. Thessalonica is taken
by Amurath. [1446. Corinth also.]
1453 Apr. 6. Constantinople. Mo-
hammed II. begins the siege of the
city with a fleet of 300 ships and an army
of 300,000 men. [May 29. The city is
taken ; the Greek empire falls.]
1456 * * The Turks under Mohammed
II. enter Greece, and capture Athens.
[1460. They capture nearly all of Greece.
1461. Trebizond in Asia Minor. 1470. Euboea
(Negropont) on the JEgean Sea, is captured
from the Venetians. 1478. They complete
the subjugation of Albania. 1840. Take
Otran to, Italy. 1516. Syria and Palestine.]
1521 Aug. Servia. The Turks under
Solyman take Belgrade and annex it.
[1522* * They take Rhodes. The Knights
of St. John lose 100,000 men In its defense.
1540 ±. They take Acliaia. 1574. Cyprus. 1669.
They besiege and capture Candia ; 200,000
people perish during the blockade.]
1685 * * Francesco Morosini leads the
Venetians and the German mercenaries
under Konigsmark to the conquest of
Morea ; this marks the beginning of
the rescue of Greece from the Turks.
1686 * * Argos, the most ancient city, is
taken by the Venetians. [1C87. Corinth
is taken ; Athens is devastated. 1689.
Morea is also taken from the Turks.]
1715 * * The Venetians are driven out
of Morea by the Turks ; Corinth falls.
1716 * * The Turks are defeated by the
Venetians under Count J. M. Schlen-
burg, who holds Corfu.
1769 * * The Russians send an expedi-
tion under Orloff to the Peloponnesus
in aid of the Greeks.
1799 Mar. 3. Corfu captured from the
French by a Russian and Turkish fleet.
1803 * * Suliots unsuccessfully rebel.
1821 * * "War for independence.
Mar. *-June * Itoumania. Prince Alex-
ander Ypsilanti leads a Grecian revolt
in Moldavia and Wallachia ; he is de-
feated, and flees to Austria, and is de-
tained for six years. Apr.* An uprising
in Morea occurs. June * Successful.
* * Distressing reports of Turkish cru-
elty to Christians in Constantinople,
Adrianople, and other cities are circu-
lated ; 20,000 Greeks are murdered.
Oct. 5. Tripolitza is stormed tfy the
Greeks ; they commit dreadful cruelties.
[Nov. 21. Missolonghi is taken.]
1822 Jan. * Turks besiege Corinth.
Apr. 11. The Turks bombard and cap-
ture Scio ; about 40,000 peaceful inhabi-
tants are massacred, and others sold into
slavery. [Civilized Europe is thrilled
with horror.]
July 13. The Greeks defeat the Turks
at Thermopylae.
* * Cyprus. The Turks commit a ter-
rible massacre in suppressing an insur-
rection.
Sept. 16. Corinth is taken by the
Turks. [1823. Retaken by the Greeks.]
* * Constantine Canaris, a Greek ad-
miral, burns a part of the Turkish fleet,
and puts 3,000 Turks to death.
1823 Apr. 20. Marco Bozzaris is
killed at Carpenisi.
* * Civil war prevails among the Greek
partisans [for two years].
* * Athens. The Greeks unsuccessfully
besiege the Turks in the fortress.
1824 Jan.* Lord Byron joins the
Greeks at Cephalonia. [Apr. 19. He
dies at Missolonghi.]
Aug. 16. The Capitan Pasha is de-
feated at Samos.
* * The Turks commit terrible atroci-
ties in the islands of Kasos and Ipsara.
* * Jean Gabriel of Geneva devotes him-
self to the cause of Greek independence.
* * Civil war again breaks out. [Brief.]
1825 * * Mehemet Ali of Egypt, and
his stepson Ibrahim, invade Greece.
[Apr. 27. Ibrahim begins the siege of
Missolonghi. May 18. He takes Nava-
rino. June 30. He takes Tripolitza.]
June * The Greek fleet defeats the Cap-
itan Pasha.
1826 Apr. 26. Ibrahim Pasha as-
saults and captures Missolonghi.
* * Volunteers come from Europe and
America in aid of the Greeks.
* * Argos devastated by the Turks. [June
2. Rescind Pasha takes its citadel]
1827 Oct. 20. The Egypto-Turkish
fleet is annihilated at Navarino by the
united British, French, and Russian
fleets, under Vice-Adm. Codrington.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1687 * * Athens. A Venetian bomb de-
stroys the roof and most of the walls of
the Parthenon.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1304 * * Alexius IV., emperor, dies.
1230* * A cropolita, states., hist., b. [1282. 1).]
1224* * Michael VIII., Palseologus, em-
peror, born. [1282. Dies.]
1330 * * Chumnus, Nicephorus, author, d.
1348* * Manuel II., PaUeologus, emperor,,
born. [425. Died.]
14th Century. Nicephorus Gregoras, hist., b.
1390 * * Bessarion, John, cardinal, patriarch
of Constantinople, born. [1472. Dies.]
1400 * * Gaza, Theodore, scholar, b. [1478. P.]
1403 * * Constantine XIII., I'ala-ologus, em-
peror, born. [1453. Dies.]
15th Century. Ducas, Michael, historian, b.
1518* * Barbarossa, or Horuc, Greek- A 1-
gerine pirate, dies.
1635 * * Larcaris, Andreas Joannes, schol.,d.
1602 * * Fuca, Juan de, navigator, dies.
1636* * Mavrocordatos, Alexander, physi-
cian, statesman, scholar, b. [1709. Dies.]
1748 * * Coray, Adamantios, poet, patriot,
born. [1833. Dies.]
1768 * * Miaulis, Andreas Vokos, patriot, ad-
miral, born. [1835. Dies.]
1770* * Chri8topulus, Athanasios, poet,
born. [1847. Dies.]
1776 * * Capod'Istria, Count John, president
of Greece, born. [1831. Dies.]
^790 * * Bozzaris, Marco, patriot, born.
Canaris, or Kanaris, Constantine, admiral,
statesman, born. [1877. Dies.]
1791 * * Mavrocordatos, Alexander, states-
man, born. [1865. Dies.]
1792* * Ypsilanti, Alexander, patriot, born.
[1827. Dies.]
1793 * * Ypsilanti, Demetrius, patriot, born.
[1832. Dies.]
1801 * * Bulgaria, Dimitri, statesman, born.
[1878 Jan. 10. Dies.]
1810* * Kizo-Khangab6, Alexander, poet,
orator, staesman, b. [1892. Jan. 10. D.]
1815 * * Ottho 1., Otto Friedrich Ludwig,
king, born. [1867. July 26. Dies.]
1823 Apr. 20. Bozzaris, Marco, patriot, A 33.
CHURCH.
1205 * * Roman Catholic missions in
Greece are opened.
1215* * Rome. Church Council (p.
670).
1245 June 28. Church Council (p.
672).
1274 May 7-June 17. Fr. The 15th
Church Council (p. 672). A temporary
union of the churches is effected.
1277+ * * The Greek Christians are per-
secuted by the Roman Catholic party.
1285+ * * The Greek and Roman
Churches again divide.
1307+ * * Constantinople. The Emperor
Andronicus opposes union with the
Roman Church, and imprisons the pa-
triarch for advocating it. [Andronicus
is excommunicated by the Pope.]
1311 Oct. 16+. Fr. The 16th Church
Council (p. 672).
1363-76 The Emperor John VI., Palie-
ologus, and three patriarchs reenter
communion with Rome.
1414* * Baden. The 17th Church
Council (p. 676).
1431 July 23. Switz. The 18th
Church Council (p. 676).
1438 * * John VIII., distressed by the
Turks, solicits help from "Western Eu-
rope, and submits to the Pope.
1439 July 5. //. The Council of
Florence having agreed to the union
of the Greek and Roman Churches, the
Pope signs the decree. [Entirely repu-
diated by the Greeks.]
1453 * * With the fall of Constantinople
every trace of union with the Western
Church disappears. #
1456+ * * Mohammed grants to the Chris-
tians personal security, and the free ex-
ercise of their religion.
1460 * * The patriarchs of Jerusalem,
Antioch, and Alexandria declare in fa-
vor of union with the Roman Church.
[Fruitless.]
1628 * * Christianity is reestablished
in Greece. [1643. The Greek orthodox
confession of faith appears.]
GREECE.
1203, May 9-1828, Feb. 2. 1035
1760± * *Syria. The Albanians change
their religion, and profess Mohamme-
danism.
1774 July 21. Peace of Kutchuki Kai-
nardji, between Russia and Turkey : the
Greek Church is to be protected.
1819 * * The Ionian Bible Society is or-
ganized at Corfu.
LETTERS.
1450-1500 On the Deeds of the Great
Commander of the Romans, by Georgias
Limenitis, appears.
16th Century. The Erotocritos, by Vin-
cenzo Conaro, a Cretan, appears.
1726 * * The printing-press is intro-
duced into Turkey from Paris.
18th Century. Great revival of educa-
tion; schools established in every city.
1811-21* * 'O Aoyio? 'Ep/nTJs is issued at
Vienna by Anthiinos Gagi.
1822 * * A university is established at
Corfu for the Ionian islands.
SOCIETY.
1204 Jan. 28. Alexius IV. is murdered
by Alexius Ducas, the usurper.
1822 Apr. 11. The Turks massacre
40,000 people in the Greek insurrec-
tion on Isle of Chios [Scio].
STATE.
1203-04 Constantinople. Alexius IV.
reigns for six months. He is put to
death by Alexius Ducas.
1204* * Constantinople. Alexius IV.
being unable to fulfil a compact made
with the Crusaders, — to secure the union
of the Greek and Roman churches, be-
sides raising a large sum of money for
their deliverers from the Turks, — the
Crusaders, urged by the Pope, attack
and capture Constantinople.
* * Crete is ceded to the Venetians.
1204-61 Constantinople. The French
or Latin emperors reign.
May 9. Baldwin I., Count of Flanders,
is elected emperor by the Latins. [* *
He confers the kingdom of Salonika on
Boniface, Marquis of Montferat.]
1204-61 AsiaM. Greek emperors reign
at Nicea.
[1204-22. Theodore Lascaris I. reigns.
1222-55, John Vatatzes (son-in-law) ;
1255-59, Theodore Lascaris; 1259-60, John
Lascaris ; 12G0, Michael Palaeologus be-
comes joint emperor.]
1205 * * Athens is acquired by Otho de
la Roche, who makes it a dukedom.
William of Champlitte organizes
Achaia (Greece) into a principality.
1206-16 Constantinople. Henry I. of
Hainault reigns.
1208 * * Theodorus Angelus, Comne-
nus, seizes Epirus and iEtolia, and erects
them into a kingdom. [1222-30. Em-
peror.]
1210 * * Geoffrey Villehardouin be-
comes ruler of Achaia. [1218, Geoffrey
II. ; 1246, William, his brother.]
1221-28 Constantinople. Robert de
Courtenay, brother-in-law of Henry I.,
reigns.
1228-61 Constantinople. Baldwin II.,
brother of Robert, a ini nor, reigns. John
de Brienne, of Jerusalem, becomes re-
gent and associate emperor.
1230 * * Theodorus is defeated, cap-
tured, and deprived of his eyes by the
Bulgarians. His brother, Manuel, claims
the succession ; but Theodorus regains
his liberty, and succeeds in deposing the
usurper. John, his son, succeeds.
1246-1430 Achaia is a fief of Naples.
1261 July 25. After 57 years, the
Greeks under Michael Palaeologus re-
cover Constantinople, and put an end
to the Latin empire in the East.
1261-82 Constantinople. Michael,
having deposed John Lascarius, reigns
alone.
1268 * * Syria. Antioch is captured by
the Sultan of Egypt.
1277* * Isabella succeeds William,
Prince of Achaia. [1311. Maud, her
daughter, becomes princess.]
1282-1328 Constantinople. Androni-
cus II., Palaeologus, the Elder, reigns.
He is deposed by Andronicus his grand-
son.
1299 Asia M. Othman, the Turk, in-
vades Xicomedia, and founds the Otto-
man Empire.
1324 * * Maud, Princess of Achaia, after
being thrice married, is forcibly mar-
ried to John de Gravina, and dies in
prison.
1328-41 Constantinople. Andronicus
IH., the Younger, reigns.
1330 * * Asia M. The Turks conquer
Nicea. [1346. Also the Morea.]
1341 * * Constantinople. John VI., Pa-
laeologus, aged nine, succeeds his father,
with John Cantacuzenus as guardian.
1342 * * The councilors and guardian of
the young emperor quarrel, and Canta-
cuzenus escapes death on a charge of
high treason by declaring himself em-
peror, and, with the assistance of the
Turks, maintains his claim. [Greece is
desolated by civil war for five years.]
1347-55 Constantinople. John V.,
Cantacuzenus, reigns as sole emperor.
[Weary of the disorder of the empire,
abdicates, and retires to a monastery.]
1353* * Turk. The Turks settle on
the coast of Thrace.
1367 * * The Greeks are compelled to
pay a heavy tribute to the Turks.
1371* *The Sultan Amurath, by
treaty, takes a large part of the Greek
emperor's territory.
1390* * Greeks surrender Asia Minor
to the Turks.
1391-1425 Constantinople. Manuel
II., Palaeologus, reigns. He succeeds
his father, having been associate ruler
since 1372.
1400 * * The emperor visits the courts
of England and France, and solicits aid
against the Turks.
Dissension and civil war distress the
Greeks.
1401 * * Athens. A Turkish pasha is
established.
1402* *The empire is saved from the
Turks by the timely invasion of Ti-
mur, who defeats the Sultan Bajazet at
Angora, takes him prisoner, and dis-
members his empire. [The Greeks be-
come his allies, and pay him tribute.]
1403-12* *Dissension among the
Turks prevents the fall of Constanti-
nople.
1413 * * Manuel II. aids Mohammed I.
[the Great] to become Sultan.
1425 * * Constantinople. Peace is made
between the Greeks and Turks.
1425-48 Constantinople. John VII.,
Palaeologus, reigns.
The throne is claimed by his three brothers ;
he appeals to the Latins for aid against the
Turks, and makes a reconciliation with the
Roman Church to secure it.
1448-53 Constantinople. Constantino
XIII., Palaeologus, the last emperor,
reigns. The empire has been reduced
to a small state.
1453 Constantinople. The Greek-
Empire falls. (See Army.)
* * All the Latin principalities in Greece
are swept away by the conquest of the
Turks.
1663 * * The Turks hold all Greece, ex-
cept the Ionian Islands, which are held
by the Venetians.
1685 * * The Venetians begin to invade
Greece, and overthrow the power of the
Turks. [1689. They take Morea. Ex-
pelled by the Turks.]
1699 Jan. 26. Aust. Morea is ceded
to Venetians (p. 513).
1718 July 21. Servia. Peace of Pas-
sarowitz ; Morea ceded to Turks (p. 513).
1770+ * * Greece struggles for indepen-
dence, receiving aid from Russia.
1774 * * Peace is made between Russia
and Turkey.
1797 Oct. 17. It. The Ionian Isl-
ands are ceded to France (p. 519). [1799.
Capitulate to the Russo-Turkish fleet.]
1800 Mar. 21. The Ionian Islands
are formed into the republic of the
Seven United Islands, under Russia and
Turkey.
[1807. July 7. Thev are restored to France
(p. 717). 1809. Oct. 3-12. Taken by the Eng-
lish. 1815. Nov. 5. Kornied into an inde-
pendent state under a British protectorate,.
Sir Thomas Jlaitland lord high commissioner.
1817. July 11. A constitution is ratified. ]
1803 * * Turk. The Suliotes unsuccess-
fully rebel against the Turks.
1815 * * The Hetseria Philike is estab-
lished at Odessa, as a secret political
society for the liberation of Greece.
[1820. Choses Prince Alexander Ypsi-
lanti leader.]
1821 Mar. * Independence is de-
clared ; Greece revolts against Turkey-
Alexander proclaims a general uprising
against the Turks. Gemarios, arch-
bishop of Patras, and Theodorus Koloko-
tronis are leaders of the patriots.
1822 Jan. 27. Independence is pro-
claimed.
1823 Apr. 10. A National Congress
meets at Argos.
* * Kolokotronis is made commander in
the Peloponnesus ; civil war prevails
[for two years].
1824 Oct. 12. A provisional govern-
ment is set up. [1825. July * It invites
the protection of England.]
1826 * * Sympathy for the Greeks is
widespread in Europe.
1827 July 6. The powers agree in re-
quiring Turkey and Greece to accept
their mediation that peace may be re-
stored in the East (p. 943).
1828 Jan. 18. Count Capo d'Istria
is elected president for seven years,
through the influence of the Russian
party ; Greece is nominally a republic.
Feb. 2. The Grand Council of State
is established. [Feb. 14. Athens. The
National Bank is founded.]
1036 1828, June 9-1894, Dec. 15. GREECE.
ARMY — NAVY.
1828 Oct. 6. Patra, Kavarino, and
Modon surrender to a French force.
Oct. 28. The Turks evacuate the Mo-
rea. [Tripolitza is given up to the
Greeks. 1829. May 16. Also Missolonghi.]
1850 Jan. 18. The harhor of Pirseus
is blockaded hy a British fleet under
Adm. Parker to force the Greek Gov-
ernment to pay moneys due to British
subjects, and to surrender the islands of
Sapienza and Caprera. [Mar. 1. France
interposes her good offices, and the
blockade is discontinued.]
1853 Nov. 30. The Turkish fleet of
11 vessels near Sinope is attacked by a
Russian fleet of 11 vessels under Adm.
Nachimoff, and destroyed.
1877 * * The " Sacred Band," origi-
nally formed by Epaminondas in 377
b. c, is revived.
1878 Jan. 28. An insurrection
breaks out in Thessaly against the
Turks. [Mar. 28, 29. Engagements oc-
cur at Macrinitza.]
Feb. * Turk. Thessaly is occupied by
10,000 Greeks who have captured the
frontier. [They retire at the armistice.]
Apr. * The insurgents are driven out
at Macrinitza by the Turks. [May 6.
Suppressed by British intervention.]
1882 Aug. 27, 28. Greek troops en-
ter the ceded territory, and have two
battles with the Turkish garrison re-
maining there. [The powers procure
an armistice ; the Turks finally retire.]
1886 Jan. 23±. Increased warlike
demonstrations are made, but interven-
tion is supported by the great powers.
May 7, 8. The Greek troops are or-
dered to the front.
May 8. The blockade of Greek ports
is enforced by the powers. [June 7.
ltaised.]
May 20, 21. Fighting occurs at the
outposts near Nezeres ; 200 are killed and
wounded. [May 24. An armistice.]
1889 Aug. 6. A Cretan insurrection
is spreading.
Greece asks the powers to assist in re-
storing order on the island.
Aug. 7. The Greek fleet is assembling
in the harbor of Salamis.
ART— SCIENCE — NATURE.
1840 Oct. 30. Ionian Isles. Great
earthquakes occur at Zante, where
many persons perish. [1853. Aug. 18.
Thebes is nearly destroyed by an earth-
quake. 1858. Feb. 21. Corinth is de-
stroyed. 1861. Dec. 26. The Pelopon-
nesus is shaken. 1867. Feb. 4. One in
Argostoli and Cephalonia destroys 50
lives. 1870. The Grecian Archipelago
is shaken ; Santorin is nearly destroyed.]
1874 Mar.* Dr. Schliemann, by exca-
vating, discovers the supposed site of
Mycenae. [Reported.]
1875 Oct. 4. The Germans begin ex-
cavations at Olympia. [Important
discoveries are made.]
1878 Nov. 28. Dr. Schliemann an-
nounces the discovery of the tomb of
Agamemnon and others, besides many
treasures, at Mycena?.
1883 * * The foundations of the Temple
of Jupiter at Dodona, Epirus [with
other relics], are discovered.
1886 * * Athens. A great discovery of
statuary is made near the Acropolis.
1888 Sept. * Dr. Schliemann makes
discoveries in excavations at Mycenre.
1889 Jan. 3. Athens. The American
School of Archeology resumes its
sessions.
Jan. 22. Earthquake shocks are felt
at Athens, Megara, and elsewhere.
[Apr. 11. In Epirus. Au„'. 26. Again.]
1893 Jan. 19. A hurricane causes
much damage.
Jan. 30. An earthquake occurs on the
island of Zante : villages are destroyed,
many persons killed, and 100 injured ;
10,000 persons are homeless. [About 300
shocks occur within five months.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1845 Dec. 24. George I., son of Christian
IX. of Denmark, King of the Hellenes, b.
1889 Feb. 11. Prokopios, Monsignor» pa-
triarch, dies.
CHURCH.
1828 June 9. The sultan appoints a
patriarch whom the Greeks reject.
* * Athens. The Protestant Episcopal
Church of U. S. A. opens a mission;
also the American Board (Cong.).
1831 * * The American Board (IT. S. A.)
opens a mission at Tenos. [1S34. An-
other at Argos. 1837. Abandoned be-
cause of interference by the Govern-
ment. One opened at Areopolis.]
1836 Dec. * The Baptists (U. S. A.) open
a mission. [Abandoned by the Ameri-
cans after 19 years of moderate success.]
1864 Nov. 16. Athens. The National
Assembly repeals the article of the con-
stitution requiring Roman Catholic
priests to be Hellenic subjects.
1867* * Athens. A Danish mission is
opened. [1868. Abandoned.]
1868* * It. The Pope invites the Greeks
to attend the approaching General
Council. [Declined.]
1871 * * The Baptists (TJ. S. A.) resume
mission-work after suspension for 15
years. [After struggling for 16 years
against the restrictions of the Govern-
ment, it is suspended.]
1873* *The Southern Presbyterian
Church (South, U. S. A.) assumes the
care of the Greek Evangelical Church.
[1874. It opens a mission in Salonica.
1885. The native church withdraws.]
1874 * * Prokopios, the archbishop of
Messenia, is elected metropolitan of
Attica, and president of the Holy Synod.
1876 * * The synod of the church im-
poses an interdiction for three years
on the archbishops found guilty of
simony. (See State.)
LETTERS.
1831 * * Kiyi.va.la. is issued at iEgina.
1833 * * 'Ipt? is issued.
1834 * * "AefloAoYia is issued at Corfu.
* * The journal, Savior is issued.
1837 * * The University of Athens is
founded.
1842-55 Hellenic Antiquities, by Alex-
ander Rizo-Rhangab^, appear*. [1867,
Literary History of Modern Greece.]
1850-72 llavSupa. is issued.
SOCIETY.
1831 Oct. 9. Count Capo d'Istria,
is assassinated by the brother and son
of a Mainote chief whom he had impris-
oned. [1831. Oct. 39. The assassins are
immured within brick walls closely
built around them as high as their chins';
here they are fed till they die.]
1857 Oct. 27. The king marries the
Grand Duchess Olga of Russia.
1868 Aug. 2. Constantine, Duke of
Sparta, heir to the crown, is born. [1869,
June 25, George, Prince of Greece;
1870, Aug. 30, Alexandra ; 1872, Feb. 9,
Nicholas ; 1876 Mar. 3, Maria.]
1870 Apr. 11. Near Nigrattion a band
of 20 brigands capture Lord and Lady
Mucaster, Count de Boyl, and five other
persons, and hold them for a ransom —
£25,000 ; the ladies are released.
Apr. 21. The brigands, being closely
pressed by Greek troops, murder all
four of their prisoners. [Seven of the
brigands are soon captured and decapi-
tated. Later, five more.]
Mayf * Influential citizens are charged
with connivance at brigandage.
1889 Oct. 27. Athens. The crown
prince of Greece and Princess Sophie of
Prussia are united in marriage.
1891 Apr.* -May* Anti- Jewish riots
break out in the Ionian Islands.
May 1. A riotous and fatal encounter
occurs between Greek Christians and
Hebrews at Zante ; the Christians are
the aggressors.
May 12. In Corfu the Christians at-
tack the Jews ; two are killed. [A
state of siege is declared at Corfu. The
Jews are confined within their houses
at Corfu for weeks, and suffer for food.]
May 16. Ionian Isles. The anti-Sem-
itic riots break out in Corfu.
1894 Aug. 8. A bomb explosion in
Corfu City kills seven persons in the
Hebrew quarter.
Sept. 2. A newspaper is wrecked by
soldiers for unfavorable comment on
army.
Dec. 15. Armenian refugees make
their way to Athens.
STATE.
1829 July 23. The National Assem-
bly commences its session at Argos.
Sept. 14. Turkey acknowledges the in-
dependence of Greece.
1830 May 21. Prince Leopold de-
clines the crown.
1831 Oct. 9. President Capo d'Istria
rules with severity, and is assassinated ;
anarchy follows.
* * A Senatorial Commission conducts
the government.
1832 May 7. Otto of Bavaria, son of
Lewis, is made king of Greece. A con-
vention is signed by which definite
limits are assigned the new kingdom
by the powers.
1834 * * Athens becomes the capital.
1835 Jan. 1.-62 Oct. 20. Otto I.
reigns. A regency of three Bavarians is
selected by his father.
1843 Sept. 14. Athens. The constitu-
tion being ignored, a new constitution is
established by a bloodless revolution ;
it provides for a responsible and repre-
sentative government.
1844 Mar. 16. King Otto dismisses
his Bavarian Ministers, and accepts
the new constitution.
1854 * 'Greece sides with Russia
against Turkey in the, Crimean War.
Jan. * The Ministry favors the insur-
rection in Thessaly and Epirus against
Turkey. [Mar. 28. Rupture of diplo-
matic relations with Turkey.]
May * The English and French troops
which arrive at the PlrSBOl force the
observance of neutrality, and a change
of policy respecting additional terri-
tory ; a change of Ministry ensues.
GREECE. 1828, June 9-1894, Dec. 15. 1037
1856 * * The three protecting powers
appoint a commission to investigate
Grecian finances. [1860. Report ; their
management is condemned.]
1860 Sept. 15. An assassin, Aristides
Dosias, fails in an attempt to assassi-
nate the queen as a patriotic duty.
Oct. 18. Great Britain, France, and
Russia remonstrate with the Greek Gov-
ernment respecting its debts.
1861 Mar. * The Ionian Islands agitate
for annexation to Greece ; the Parlia-
ment declares in favor of it.
1862 Feb. 12. A military revolt oc-
curs against the usurpation of the king.
The insurgents demand reforms and a
new succession. [Apr. 20. Subdued.]
Sept. 23. Athens. The king prorogues
the Chamber he cannot silence, and con-
tinues an oppressive administration.
Oct. 17. An insurrection arises at Pe-
trae and Missolonghhi.
Oct. 20. Athens. King Otto abdi-
cates, having lost power and influence.
Oct. 23. A provisional government is
formed ; Demetri Bulgaris, president.
[It is generally accepted.]
* *A general election is held, and
Prince Alfred of England is chosen
king by 230,010 out of 241,202 votes.
But the agreement entered by the
three powers forbids the elevation of
a prince of either power to the throne.
Dec. 4. Athens. The Provisional Gov-
ernment decrees a modification Of the
Constitution of 1843; universal suf-
frage is introduced, and the executive
department of government reorganized.
1863 Feb. 21. A military revolt oc-
curs against Bulgaris, president of the
council, and Rufos, minister of finance.
[They resign.]
Mar. 30. The National Assembly pro-
claims George I. the king of Greece.
(Son of Christian IX. of Denmark.)
May 27. London. Great Britain, France,
and Russia sign a protocol declaring the
throne of Greece vacant. [June 5.
They sign a treaty relative to the acces-
cession of Prince William.]
July 3. The Powers, by an identical
note, inform the Assembly that they will
quit Greece if order is not restored.
July 9. Athens. A military revolt is
suppressed.
Oct. 18. The Ionian Parliament votes
that the protectorate of England shall
cease immediately, and the islands be
forthwith annexed to Greece. [1864.
June 2. The protectorate ends.]
Oct. 31. Athens. The king takes the
oath of fidelity to the Constitution.
Nov. 14. The protecting powers and
Austria sign a treaty relative to the
Ionian Islands.
1864 July 30. Athens. Ionian repre-
sentatives to the Assembly first arrive.
Oct. 21. Athens. The Constitutional
Convention provides for a Council of
State.
The legislative authority is vested in a
single chamber called the Boule, hav-
ing 207 delegates elected for four years
by universal suffrage.
Nov. 1. Athens. The Convention, in
spite of the opposition of the king, adopts
a new Constitution. [Nov. 28. The
king takes the constitutional oath,
and the convention is dissolved ; Count
Sponneck, a Dane, is his chief adviser.]
1865 Sept. 25. Athens. The king sur-
renders one-third of his civil list to re-
lieve the strain on the treasury.
Dec. 1. Count Sponneck, the Danish
adviser, yields to the popular opposition,
and retires from Greece.
1866 Aug±. A popular agitation favors
the Cretan insurrectionists who desire
annexation with Greece. [1867. Apr. *
Greeks aid the revolting Cretans.]
1868 Dec. * Turkey and Greece come
to an open rupture, caused by Grecian
intervention in Crete.
1869 Jan. 9 -Feb. 18. Paris. The
European Conference proposes an
amicable adjustment of Cretan difficul-
ties acceptable to Greece and Turkey.
1875 * * The king gives great offense by
his unconstitutional methods; they
force a change in the ministry.
1876 * * Greece assumes neutrality in the
Servian war.
Sept. * Great Britain unites with Turkey
in remonstrating with Greece for arm-
ing against Turkey.
1878 Jan. 22. Athens. The popular
demand for war with Turkey causes
the Ministry to resign. [President Com-
oundouros forms a new one.]
Jan. 31. Athens. The Chamber empow-
ers the Government to take military
measures against Turkey. Vote, 121-6.
[The minority proposes the armed occu-
pation of Thessaly, Epirus, and a part of
Macedonia, to protect Greek citizens.]
July 24+ . The Sultan proposes the rec-
tification of the frontiers. [Aug. 8. The
claims of Greece are rejected.]
Aug. * Athens. The Greek Government
requests the powers to bring about a
settlement of the Eastern Question.
1879 Jan.* The Turco-Grecian Com-
mission, appointed under the Berlin
Treaty to rectify the frontier boundaries
between Greece and Turkey, meets.
1880 June 15+. Berlin. A confer-
ence of plenipotentiaries of the powers
unanimously agree upon a new line
of demarcation between Greece and
Turkey.
Greece receives 8,500 square miles,
and 535,000 population. Greece rejoices.
Turkey resists. [Unexecuted.]
July * Greece prepares for war in exe-
cution of the Berlin Conference.
1881 Feb. 7. Athens. The Government
calls out the National Guard, also the
Reserve, — 80,000 men.
Feb. * Constantinople. A new line of
demarcation is agreed to by the pow-
ers ; Turkey accepts, Greece opposes it,
amid intensest excitement. It cedes to
Greece 265 square miles.
Apr. 7. Athens. The Ministry accepts
the new line of demarcation.
May 24. Constantinople. The Porte and
the powers sign a convention respect-
ing ceded territory ; Thessaly is ceded
to Greece : territory, 5,142 square miles.
[July 2. Signed. July 6. Effectuated.]
* * The burdensome revenue tax of one-
tenth in kind of all agricultural prod-
ucts is abolished.
1885 Oct. 11. Athens. A decree is
issued calling out the reserves ; 30,000
men are enrolled within five days.
1886 Jan. 11. The six great powers by
an identical note call on Greece, Bul-
garia, and Servia to disarm.
[Jan. 26. A collective note declares
that in absence of cause, no naval attack
on Turkey will be permitted. Jan. 31.
Another declares that the powers will
take action against either state that
breaks the peace.]
Mar. 15+. Athens. The Government
calls out two more classes of reserves
for the army, raising its nominal
strength to 100,000 men.
Apr. 26. A collective note conveys to
Greece the ultimatum of the powers ;
it demands demobilization within one
week. [Apr. 29. The French Minister
makes a special intervention. Greece
proposes a gradual disbanding.]
May 6. The powers demand of Greece
a specific statement of the time required.
The representatives of the powers
leave Athens, and a pacific blockade of
the coasts of Greece is declared.
May 24. Athens. The king signs a de-
cree for a speedy disarmament.
June 24. Athens. The Chamber passes
the Electoral Reform Bill ; it reduces
the number of deputies from 246 to 150
by enlarging the constituencies.
1889 Aug. 6. The Ministry sends a
circular letter to the powers, demand-
ing that they take action for the resto-
ration of order in Crete.
Oct. 27. Prince Konstantinos, Duke
of Sparta, heir apparent, is married to
Princess Sophia of Prussia, the sister of
the German emperor.
1890 Apr. 3. Athens. A charter is
granted for the completion of the canal
across the Isthmus of Corinth, its French
promoters having abandoned it ; $4,000,-
000 are voted for its completion.
Oct. * The Young Greek Party tri-
umphs in the election.
1893 Jan. 1. The national debt is
569,220,353 drachmai payable in gold,
161,758,822 payable in paper, and 11,000,-
000 issued as treasury warrants.
Nov. 26. Greece announces that she is
temporarily unable to keep her finan-
cial engagements with foreign powers.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1869 * * The first railroad is opened be-
tween Piraeus and Phalerum, distance
less than one mile. [1872. The rail-
road between Piraeus and Lamia is
begun.]
1882 May 5. The cutting of a canal
across the Isthmus of Corinth is begun.
[1893. Aug. 6. Opened.]
1884 May 4. A fourth railway, from
Volo to Larissa, is opened by the king.
[1885. Apr. 15. A railway is opened
between Athens and Corinth.]
1038 876, **-1774,**
GREENLAND.
Greenland is a continental island, lying in the North Polar Sea, entirely unconnected with any portion of Europe or
America. It belongs, for the most part, to Denmark, and is ruled by a governor appointed by the crown. Estimated area,
512,000 square miles ; population in 1890, 10,500+, chiefly Eskimos, and including about 300 Europeans.
CHURCH.
1121** Eric Gnupsson appointed
bishop (p. 11). [1124 * * Bishop Arnold.
1540. The last bishop dies.]
1686 Jan. 31. Norway. Hans Egede,
the " Apostle of Greenland," is born.
[1721. Arrives in Greenland. 1723.
Founds Good Hope Mission. 1723-36.
Converts Eskimos. 1740. Becomes super-
intendent of missions. 1758. Nov. 5. D.]
1708 * * Norway. Paul Egede, author,
is born. [1734-40. Paul Egede, mission-
ary superintendent. 1789. Dies.]
1725 Jan. 1. Frederick Christian,
the first convert of the Danish mission-
aries, is baptized [becomes a teacher].
1728 * * Godthaab becomes a Danish
mission-station.
1733 May 20. Moravian mission-
aries from Herrnhut, Saxony, first ar-
rive at Godthaab. [1738. Kajarauk is
their first Eskimo convert. 1774. Lich-
teuan becomes a mission-station.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
876* * Greenland is discovered by
Gunnbjorn. [985±. Eric Rande] (p. 11).
1135 Apr. * Greenland is visited by
Scandinavians.
1235 * * Colonists penetrate as far as
73° north latitude.
1261 * * Republican government is abol-
ished, and Greenland is incorporated
with Norway.
1342 * * The Eskimos appear. [1350.
They distress the settlers.]
1393(1394?) July* Greenland is visited
by Nicolo Zeno, a Venetian.
14th-15th Centuries. Black death, foreign
enemies, and the attacks of the Eskimos,
decimate the settlements. [1490+ .
Colonization appears to have ceased.]
* * * Greenland is neglected— almost
forgotten— for 200 years.
1396± * * Antonio Zeno, a brother of
Nicolo, explores the coast.
1418 * * Settlements of Norsemen are
destroyed by natives, and the foreigners
reduced to slavery.
1578 * * Sir Martin Frobisher, while
seeking a Northwest Passage, takes pos-
session of the west coast for Queen Eliz-
abeth, and calls it West England.
1733-34 Smallpox destroys many
thousands of people, nearly depopulat-
ing some of the villages.
1750 * * A Greenland Danish-Latin Dic-
tionary, by Paul Egede, appears. 1756,
A Greenland Catechism; 1760, A Green-
land Grammar ; 1766, New Testament in
the Greenland tongue ; 1877, a transla-
tion of Thomas a Kempis.]
1774 * * The Danish crown makes trade
with Greenland a strict monopoly.
GUATEMALA.
Guatemala is a republic of Central America, having its executive power vested in a president, and its legislative power in a
National Assembly, representing 22 political departments. The chief religion is Roman Catholic, but other faiths are tolerated.
Area, 46,800 square miles ; population in 1890, 1,460,017.
ARMY.
1827 * * Guatemala. The Salvadorians
attack the city after the assassination
of Vice-President Flores, and are re-
pulsed. [1829. Apr. * They attack and
capture it. 1840. Mar. 18. Carrera, the
revolutionist, defeats them.]
185 1 * * Carrera defeats the Hondurians
and San Salvadorians at La Arada, near
Chiquimula, and expels them.
1854-55 Filibusters. (See State.)
1863 June 16. The Salvadorians
severely defeat the Guatemalans at
Coatepeque. [A truce follows. Guate-
mala secures Nicaragua and Costa Rica
as allies, and San Salvador is captured.
Peace follows.]
1871 May* Miguel Garcia Granados
invades Guatemala from Chiapas, and
defeats and deposes President Cerna.
1876 * * War with Honduras and San
Salvador follows Barrios's attempt to
form a confederation of the Central
American republics.
1885 Apr. 2. Barrios invades Salva-
dor, is defeated ; killed at Chalchuapa.
1890 July 17. A Guatemalan army
invades San Salvador, but is defeated
with heavy loss.
July 25+. Salvadorian invaders un-
der Gen. Ezeta are routed in two battles.
July 27+. Both Guatemala and San Sal-
vador mass their troops; the former
has 40,000 and the latter 10,000 under
arms. [Aug. 6. The revolutionists de-
feated. Aug. 15. Hostilities resumed.]
1892 Feb. 23. Gen. Enriquez and
several companions are killed by a
Guatemalan force near Jacapa.
STATE.
1820 * * Guatemala begins to shake off
the Spanish yoke.
1821 * * Independence is declared.
1822-23 The people support the Mexi-
can patriot Iturbide. [1823. Guate-
mala withdraws from the Mexican Con-
federation.]
1824 * * A confederation of Central
American states is formed, and a demo-
cratic convention established. The
United States of Central America
consists of Guatemala, San Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
1826 Sept. 6. President Barrundia
having been imprisoned, Cerilo Flores
becomes acting president. [Oct. 13.
Flores is assassinated.]
1829 * * The Salvadorians establish Gen.
Morazan as President. (See Army.)
1847 Mar. 21. A new declaration
of independence is made ; allegiance
to Spain is altogether withdrawn.
1848 * * Rafael Carrera is elected pres-
ident. [Reelected for life.]
* * A new Constitution is promulgated.
1854-55 American filibusters under
Kenny and William Walker make an
unsuccessful invasion.
1863 * * Rivalry between Carrera and
Barrios, the president of San Salvador,
leads to open war.
1865 May 3. Gen. Vicente Cerna is
made president for four years. [1871.
June 29. Deposed by Granados.]
1870+ * * The Liberal party begins to
rise in influence.
1871 * * The archbishop of Guatemala
and the Jesuits are exiled as political
intriguers favoring the clerical party.
May * -73 June 4. Granados rules as
provisional president.
1872 Mar. * An alliance is entered
with Honduras against San Salvador.
[1873. With San Salvador.]
* * The Jesuit order is proclaimed ex-
tinct and its property confiscated.
1873 June 4. Justo Rufino Barrios
is elected president. [Successively re-
elected till his death in 1885.]
1876 * * President Barrios invites other
republics to a Confederation Confer-
ence. [The Conference is broken up
by quarrels, and war follows in which
Guatemala is victorious.]
1881 * * The United States of America
is requested to settle the disputed
boundaries with Mexico. [Mexico de-
clines the mediation. 1884. Definitely
traced.]
1885 Feb. 28. President Barrios is-
sues a proclamation for the union of the
five Central American republics.
Nicaragua and Costa Rica refuse, and
declare war against Guatemala. [Hon-
duras alone favors the union.]
Apr. 16. Gen. Barillas succeeds Bar-
rios as president. [Peace follows.]
1886 May 25. A law is passed pro-
hibiting torture as punishment.
1889 Oct. 30. Another revolution
breaks out. [Nov. * Insurrectionists
attack the Mataes-ciuntla barracks, and
seize the arms. Nov. 3. Order prevails.]
1890 Mar. 27. Guatemala enters the
union of the Central American States.
Aug. 20±. Salvador and Guatemala ac-
cept the mediation of the United States.
[Aug. 21. Peace is concluded. Aug.
27. Signed. Nov. 16. The final treaty
of peace signed. 1891. July 25. Ratified.]
Aug. 28. Gen. Martin Barrundia, the
revolutionist, is shot down on board an
American steamer.
1891 July 12. Disorder prevails.
Sept. * Another revolt breaks out ; Gen.
Barillas declares himself dictator ; hun-
dreds are killed in a fight between sol-
diers and insurgents in the streets.
1892 Jan. 16. Dr. Lainfiesa is elected
president. [Over 60 persons are killed
and 100 wounded in election riots.]
Feb. * A revolt headed by Gen. Enri-
quez is suppressed.
1894 Oct. * The president declares him-
self dictator.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1730 * * Guatemala. The cathedral is
erected.
1773 June 7. An earthquake de-
stroys Santiago and all its inhabitants.
1774* * Old Guatemala is destroyed by
the Volcan de Agua.
1779 * * Cerilo Flores, acting president,
born. [1826. Oct. 13. Dies.]
GUATEMALA. 1730, * *-1893, Jan. 23. 10^J
* * Jos6 Frauciseo Barruiidia, president,
born. [1854. Aug. 4. Dies.]
1814 * * Rafael Carrera, revolutionist,
president, born. [1865. Apr. 14. Dies.]
1824 * * Slavery is abolished.
1834± * * Justo Kufino Barrios, presi-
dent, born. [1886. Apr. 2. Dies.]
1862 Dec. 19. Guatemala. An earth-
quake destroys 150 buildings and 14
churches. [1874. Sept. * Old Guatemala
is much damaged.]
1868 * * A telegraph line is con./ ieted
from the capital to Amatillan.
1875 * * A railroad from San Jos<§ to Es-
cuintha begun. [1880. June 18. Opened.]
1882 * * Guatemala. The Presbyterian
Church, U. S. A., establishes a mission.
1884 * * Work is commenced on the In-
teroceanic Railroad. [1885. Dec. 27.
Also on one to connect La Antigua with
the Central Railroad of Guatemala.]
1886 Jan. 6. A telegraph line is laid
between Jocotun, Guatemala, and Santa
Rosa, Honduras.
1889 Dec.* Guatemala. Cholera
causes 1,200 deaths.
1891 Oct. 10. Two letters written by
Columbus are found in an old convent.
Sept. 23. The Government closes the
ports as a quarantine against cholera.
1893 Jan. 23. The British Legation is
attacked by rioters.
GUIANA.
Guiana is a country lying on the north coast of South America, and divided into three colonies. British Guiana, in the
west, consists of the three united British colonies of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo ; capital, Georgetown ; area (claimed),
109,000 square miles; population in 1891, 288,324. The people are chiefly negroes, mulattoes, East Indians, and Chinese. The
religions are numerically represented in the following order : Hindus, Moravians, Reformed and Lutherans, Roman Catholics,
Mohammedans, Jews, and Buddhists. Dutch Guiana, in the center, is a colony of the Netherlands, with Paramaribo for its
capital ; area, 46,060 square miles ; population in 1890, 56,873. French Guiana, in the east, is a colony of France, having Cay-
enne for its capital. The boundary on the east is in dispute with Brazil. Area (claimed), 46,858 square miles ; population, 25,796.
ARMY— STATE.
1580 * * Dutch settlers appear on the
Pomeroon.
1613+ * * B.G. A colony of Zealanders
flourishes on the banks of the Essequibo.
1614* * Xeth. Holland grants four
years' monopoly to any Dutch citizen
discovering any harbor or place of com-
merce in this region. [1627-67. D. G.
Dutch colonists arrive.]
1626-43 D. G. French colonists settle
on the Sinnamary and on the Surinam.
1630* *D.G. English colonists settle
in Surinam. [1652. Return toParamaribo.]
1634* * F. G. French traders settle in
' Cayenne. [1664. Taken by the French.]
1662* * Eng. Charles II. grants the
whole colony to Lord Willoughby.
1664* * B.G. Many Jews remove from
Cayenne to the Surinam district. '
1666* * D. G. Zealanders take the
English settlement by storm, and 100,000
pounds of sugar are exacted as a ransom.
1667 * * By the Peace of Breda, the
Dutch are formally recognized as the
masters of Guiana. [1674. Confirmed
to them by the Treaty of Westminster.]
1674 Dec. 21. F.G. The French at-
tack Cayenne. [1677. Capture it.]
* * F. G. The colony passes under the
direct control of the crown.
1682* *Neth. The Dutch West India
Company receives Guiana by charter
from the States-General. [1683. It cedes
one-third of their territory to the city of
Amsterdam, another third to Cornelius
Van Aerssens, Lord of Soinmelsdijk.]
* * * Neth. The new company incorpo-
rate themselves as the Chartered So-
ciety of Surinam ; Sommelsdijk is the
governor. [1688. He is massacred in a
mutiny. His claim is purchased after
a time by Amsterdam.]
1712 * * D. G. The French under Cas-
sard attack the Dutch, and exact a con-
tribution of Paramaribo.
1732 * * B. G. Berbice receives a con-
stitution from Holland.
1760 * * D. G. Peace is made with the
Aukan negroes. [1762. With Sara-
maceans.]
1763 * * D. G. An insurrection of ne-
gro slaves breaks out. [Suppressed.]
1764 * * F. G. Many French colonists
arrive.
1772 * * D. G. The Maroons, bush ne-
groes, revolt. [1776. Suppressed.]
1776 * * D. G. The Bonni tribe of In-
dians attack the colonists.
1781* * D. G. Adm. Eodney takes
possession for Great Britain. [1783. Re-
stored to Holland. 1796. Regained by
England. 1820. Restored to the Dutch.]
1786 * * D.G. Indians become pacified.
1795 * * D.G. The Chartered Society
is dissolved, and Surinam is committed
to a committee of 21 members.
* * D.G. The College of Electors com-
missions some of its members to act with
the court in financial matters.
1799 * * D. G. The English assume a
protectorate over the colony. [1815.
The Dutch authority restored.]
1800* * F. G. Victor Hugo is appointed
governor, and the colony prospers.
1803 * * British Guiana is finally ac-
quired, and its separate history be-
gins; Sir Charles Green, governor.
[1814. Formally ceded by the Dutch. It
consists of the three colonies, Demerara,
Essequibo, and Berbice. 1831. July *
Three colonies consolidated.]
1809 * * F.G. The Portuguese and Brit-
ish invade the territory.
1814 * * F. G. Authority is nominally
restored to the French.
1817 * * F. G. The Portuguese finally
restore the country to the French.
1828* *D. G. Surinam and the West
Indies are placed under a common gov-
ernment. [1845. Separated.]
1848 * * F. G. France sends many po-
litical prisoners to Cayenne.
1868 * * B. G. John Scott becomes gov-
ernor. [1874, James Robert Longden';
1876, G. C. H. Cortright ; 1882, Sir Henry
T. Irving ; 1887, Dec. * Viscount Gor-
manstown.]
1870+ * * B. G. The organized impor-
tation of Chinese is prohibited.
1891 May 13. D. G. A serious revolt
breaks out.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1498 * * The coast is discovered by Co-
lumbus. [1504. Vasco Nunez lands.
1531. Diego de Ordas makes discoveries.]
1596 * * Sir Walter Raleigh makes ex-
plorations. [1607, 1617. Explorations.]
1643 * * F. G. The Compagnie du Cap
Nord is formed in Rouen.
1645 * * F. G. The Compagnie de la
France Equinoxiale is established. [1652.
The second compagnie is established.]
1664 * * F.G. The Compagnie des Indes
Occidentales is chartered.
1683+ * * D.G. The canal of Sommels-
dijk is constructed.
1735+ * * D. G. The Moravians estab-
lish mission-stations at Paramaribo,
Clevia, and other places on the Surinam.
1807* *D.G. Slave-trade is abolished.
1819 * * Gold is first discovered.
1842* * B. G. Slavery is abolished;
but by way of compensation to owners,
the negroes are to be worked as appren-
tices without pay until 1863. [1863. Ac-
tually abolished.]
1852 * * F.G. More than 8,000 convicts
are sent out by France as a penal colony.
1870 Apr. 24. B. G. The waterfall
Kaieteur (822 feet) is discovered.
1877 Dec. 31. B. G. The estates em-
ploy 22,500 East Indian emigrants
working under a five years' indenture.
1878 * *B.G. The Church of Eng-
land claims 90,000 members.
* * B. G. The Moravians establish
missions at Graham's Hall and Beter-
verwagtung in Demerara.
* * Roman Catholics report several
churches and mission-stations.
HAITI.
Haiti is, next to Cuba, the largest of the West India group. It is politically divided into the Republic of Haiti in the west,
and the Republic of Dominica in the east. Area of the Republic of Haiti, 10,204 square miles ; population, 572,000, only one-
tenth are whites. The government is republican in form ; the executive branch is vested in a president elected for a term of
seven years ; the legislative branch is vested in an Assembly comprising a Senate and Chamber of Representatives. Its capital
is Port-Au-Prince. The popular language is debased French, and the nominal religion is Roman Catholic.
1040 1492, Dec. 6-1894, Mar.
HAITI.
STATE — SETTLEMENT.
1492 Dec. 6. Columbus discovers the
island (of Haiti), which he names His-
paniola, and lands at St. Nicolas Mole.
1496 * * Santo Domingo is settled.
1505 * * Negro slaves are introduced.
1517 * * Sp. The importation of 4,000
African negroes yearly is authorized.
1632 * * French buccaneers arrive.
1674 * * Bertrand Denis d'Ogeron de la
Bouere, an adventurer, plants a colony.
1696 Sept. 30. The western part of the
island is ceded to France by the Treaty
of Ryswick. [1705. July 22. By the Treaty
of Basel, called Saint Dominique.]
1722 * * The restrictions on trade being
removed, the languishing French colony
becomes prosperous.
1790 * * "Vincent Oge, a mulatto, edu-
cated in France, having 300 followers,
leads a revolt. [Quickly suppressed.]
1791 May 15. Fr. The National Con-
vention gives to free-born mulattoes
citizens' rights. [Sept. 24. Repealed.]
Aug. 25. The plantation slaves rise
against the oppressive whites. [Tous-
saint L'Ouverture rights the Spanish
Dominicans. Sept. 11. The whites
yield, and grant civil rights.]
1793 Aug. * The abolition of slavery
is proclaimed to conciliate the uncon-
querable mulattoes.
Sept. * A British force invades Haiti.
1794 Feb. * Fr. The National Con-
vention guarantees universal freedom
to all in the French colony.
* * Toussaint deserts the Spanish and
joins the French, whereby the latter
gain ascendency.
1798* * Toussaint, the leader of the
blacks, aiding the French, drives the
British from the island, after they had
conquered the whole western coast.
1799 * * Gen. Rigaud, a mulatto, fa-
voring the British, is defeated by Tous-
saint, who thereby acquires control of
the western part of the island.
1801 July * Toussaint, the real ruler
of the entire country, adopts a constitu-
tional form of government, and pro-
claims the independence of Haiti.
* * Toussaint occupies the eastern part
of the island ; the French claim it.
1802 Feb. * A French army under
Gen. Leclerc, 30,000 strong, lands to re-
store slavery.
May * A truce is agreed to. Toussaint
capitulates, and is pardoned. [Yellow
fever makes French army powerless.]
July * Toussaint is arrested, charged
with conspiracy. [Sent to France.]
1803 Nov. 30. The French army,
8,000 strong, capitulates to a British
squadron under Gen. Dessalines.
1804 Jan. 1. The Haitians formally
declare their political independence ;
the aboriginal name of Haiti is revived.
* * Gen. Jean Jacques Dessalines, the
successor of Toussaint, is declared gov-
ernor for life. [1805. June 16. He pro-
claims himself emperor, and is crowned
with great pomp, Jacques I. 1806. Oct.
17. He is assassinated by military con-
spirators. Several chieftains then di-
vide authority, and the east part of the
island is repossessed by Spain.]
1807 * * Christophe, the leader of the
blacks in the north, is appointed gover-
nor for life. [1811. He changes his title
from emperor to that of King Henry 1.]
Mar. 10. Alexander Sabes P6tion be-
comes governor in the southern part.
[1818. May * He dies. Jean Pierre
Boyer succeeds him.]
1820 Oct. * Christophe commits sui-
cide. [Boyer becomes practical dictator
of the whole island.]
1821 Nov. 30. The Haitians in the
west throw off the Spanish yoke, and
proclaim an independent republic.
1822 * * Boyer invades the disturbed dis-
trict, annexes it, and calls the new gov-
ernment the Republic of Haiti.
1825 * * France agrees to recognize the
independence of Haiti on the paj ment
of an indemnity of 90,000 francs.
1842 * * A revolution breaks out.
1843 * * President Boyer is an exile.
1844 Feb. 27. The Dominican Re-
public is formed in the east (p. 643).
Apr. 9. President Herrard Riviere fails
to subdue the revolting Dominicans.
* * Gen. Guerrier becomes president.
[Pierrot and Gen. Riche follow. 1847.
Faustin Soulouque. He attempts to
subdue the Dominicans in the east.]
1849 Apr. 21. The Dominicans un-
der Gen. Santana defeat the Haitians
at Las Carreras.
Aug. 26. Soulouque assumes the title
of Faustian 1., emperor, and appoints a
court and a nobility. [1859. He flees
before an uprising of the people.]
1859 * * The Republic of Haiti is again
proclaimed ; Fabre Geffrard, president.
[1867 He flees before an insurrection,
and Sylvestre Salnave succeeds him.]
1868 May 10. An insurrection
breaks out against President Salnave.
[June 3. He defeats the insurgents.
Aug. * Proclaims himself emperor. Dec.
18. He is finally defeated, and flees. 1870.
Jan. 15. Captured, tried, and shot.]
1870 Jan. * It is proposed to sell Sa-
mana Bay to the United States. [Pro-
ject dropped.]
May 15. Gen. Nissage Saget is inaugu-
rated president.
1873 Oct. * Gen. Ganier d'Aton is
elected president. [1874. June 14. Mi-
chael Dominique.]
1876 Mar. 7±. Louis Tanis heads an
insurrection. [Apr. * Dominique is
defeated, and flees. July 19. Boisrond
Canal is elected president. 1879. July
17±. Deposed, by revolutionists. Oct.
22. Succeeded by Gen. Salomon. 1886.
July 14. Salomon is reelected.]
1883 Mar. 25. A revolution breaks
out. [Mar. 31. Government troops are de-
feated. May * Rebels blow up a bridge,
killing 2,000 persons. June * Insurrec-
tion is quelled ; amnesty proclaimed.]
1888 Aug. * Gen. Salomon is deposed
by a revolution. [Sept. 19. Gen. Tele-
maque and 300 others are killed in an
attack on the Palais Nationale at Port-
au-Prince. Oct. * Civil war prevails
between north and south Haiti.]
Oct. 22. Gen. Legitime is elected
president.
Dec. 7. Cape Haytien is bombarded.
[Dec. 21. Gens. Hyppolite and Legitime
engage in an indecisive battle.]
1889 Jan. 1. President Louis Mondes-
lin Florvil Hyppolite is installed at
Haitian.
Jan. 29. Legitime is defeated by Hyp-
polite. [Feb. 20. Gen. Hyppolite is de-
feated. Apr.* Dessalines is captured.
June 1. Gen. Legitime is defeated,
and Gen. Hyppolite becomes provis-
ional president. Oct. 14. Elected pres-
dent. Oct. 15. Inaugurated. 1890. May
15. Again elected for seven years.]
Oct. * The Constitution is revised, and
modeled after that of the United States.
1894 Mar. * An insurrection breaks
out. [Oct. 1. Suppressed.]
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
This group of islands lies in the North Pacific Ocean, and was formerly called the Sandwich Islands ; its government is
republican in form, and Honolulu is its capital ; the inhabitants are chiefly Hawaiian natives, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese,
Americans, British, and Germans.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1789 * * The earliest recorded volcanic
eruption of Kilauea occurs. [1832.
Mauna Loa is active ; lava flows on
several sides. Kilauea is also in a state
of eruption. 1843. Mauna Loa dis-
charges three great streams of lava from
Ave to six miles wide, and moving from
20 to 30 miles long. 1851, 1852, 1855.
Again active. 1859. Streams of lava
flow to the sea. 1868. More discharges,
with attending earthquakes. 1877. Feb.*
A stream of lava flows for six hours.]
1894 Dec. 3. Hawaii is severely shaken
by an earthquake.
CHURCH.
1819-20 By a spontaneous movement
the idols and temples are destroyed
by natives.
1819 * * The first missionaries reach
Honolulu ; the people, having already
cast away their idols, are ready to re-
ceive Christian teaching.
1821* *Kamehameha II. abolishes
idolatry.
1820 Mar. 31. The first missionaries
of the American Board arrive.
1824 * * The principal chiefs agree to
recognize the Sabbath, and adopt the
Ten Commandments as the basis of
government.
1827 * * A prefecture-apostolic (Roman
Catholic) is established. [1841. A vica-
riate-apostolic is created.]
1831 * * The fourth company of Ameri-
can missionaries arrives.
1847 Oct. 31. Louis D. Maigret is conse-
crated vicar-apostolic for the Islands.
1850 * * The Hawaiian Missionary So-
ciety, composed of native Christians, is
formed for extending the gospel. [1851.
It opens a mission in Micronesia.]
1852 * * The natives, with the aid of
the American Board, take the gospel
3,000 miles to the Caroline, Marshall,
and Gilbert Islands.
1853 * * Two native missionaries and
their wives are sent to the Marquesas
by the society at Hawaii.
1861 * * An English bishopric is erected.
1862 Aug. 18. Dr. Thomas Staley is
consecrated (English) bishop for the
Islands. [1870. Aug. * Resigns.]
1863 * * The mission-work of the Amer-
ican Board is transferred to the Ha-
waiian Evangelical Association.
* * The Hawaiian churches report 20.000
communicants and the islands Chris-
tianized.
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 1542,* *-1894, Aug. 8. 1041
1872 Feb. 2. Eng. Alfred Willis is
consecrated bishop for the Islands.
1881 Aug. 21. Hermann Koeckmann
is consecrated (R. C.) vicar-apostolic.
SOCIETY.
1779 Feb. 14. Capt. Cook is mur-
dered by the natives.
1824 * * The king and queen visit Eng-
land, where both die of the measles.
1856 * * Kamehameha IV. is married
to Miss Emma Rooker.
1866 * * Population, 62,000. Honolulu
about doubles its population during the
whaling-season by the influx of transient
seamen, who bring many evils with them.
1890 * * The natives are steadily de-
creasing in numbers, owing to the vices
introduced by foreigners. It is found
necessary to resume mission-work to cor-
rect these evils.
STATE.
1542 * * Gaetano, a Spaniard, discovers
these islands. [1756. Lord Byron, Eng-
lish navigator. 1778. By Capt. Cook.]
1784-1819 Kamehameha I. reigns.
[1819-24. Kamehameha II.]
1792 * * Vancouver visits the islands.
1812+ * * Kamehameha I. consolidates
the government of the largest islands by
subduing his rivals.
1822 * * The Hawaiian language is re-
duced to writing.
1824-54 Kamehameha IH. reigns.
1834 Feb. 9. Kamehameha IV. (Alex-
ander Liholiho), king, born.
1836 Nov. 16. KalalauaI.,king,born.
1840 * * The islands are declared an in-
dependent kingdom. A written con-
stitution recognizes Christianity as the
foundation of the government.
1844 * * The independence of the isl-
ands is guaranteed by the United States
of America, Great Britain, and France.
1852* *The Constitution is revised
by the king and slightly liberalized.
1854 Dec. 15. Kamehameha TV.
succeeds his father. [Dies Nov., 1863.]
1864 Aug. 20-72 * * Kamehameha
V. reigns. [1872. Dec. 11. Dies.]
1873 Jan. 8. Prince William C.Luna-
liloisking. [1874. Feb. 3. Dies.]
1874 Feb. 12. David Kalakaua is
elected king by ballot, there being no
heirs. Queen Emma is his rival.
1875 * * A reciprocity treaty is made
with the United States.
1876 Dec* The king visits the United
States. [1881. July * He visits Eng-
land. 1884. Feb. * He is crowned.]
1882 * * Junell Maigret (V. A.) dies.
* * Titus Coan, missionary, dies, A82.
" He had received into the church 11,900
persons."
1887 June 25. The people rise against
a corrupt ministry.
July 7. The king grants a more liberal
Constitution.
1889 Apr. 10. Father Damien, "leper
priest of Molakai," dies at Kalawa.
1891 Jan. 30. Kalakaua, king, dies at
San Francisco.
* * Liliuokalani becomes queen.
Feb. 4. A plot to capture the Govern-
ment is discovered.
Feb. 28. A new cabinet is selected.
Sept. 2. The new queen daily grows
more unpopular with the natives, and
republicanism is spreading.
1892 July 28. The cabinet resigns.
[Nov. 16. A new cabinet is formed.]
A bill to establish a lottery in Hono-
•lulufor 25 years, at $500,000 a year, is in-
troduced in the legislature ; the lottery
to be exempt from taxes and license
fees, and to have free use of the mails.
1893 Jan. 15. Queen Liliuokalani at-
tempts to force the cabinet to ap-
prove a new Constitution, extending her
power, and limiting that of foreigners.
Jan. 17. A Committee of Public
Safety deposes the queen, and forms a
provisional government, with Sanford
B. Dole as president.
Jan. 18. The Provisional Government
has a strong force of men under arms,
and the palace is strongly fortified.
Jan. 28. Revolution ; the queen is de-
throned, and the new Government seeks
annexation to the United States.
Feb. 9. The American Minister estab-
lishes a protectorate by proclamation.
July 4. The Hawaiian Republic is
proclaimed, with Sanford B. Dole as
first president.
July 21 + . The new Republic is gener-
ally recognized by the various consuls.
July 24+. The ex-queen sends a protest
to Washington against recognition.
Aug. 31+. In Honolulu a royalist dy-
namite plot is frustrated by Adm. Sker-
rett cooperating with the Provisional
Government.
Nov. 7. Minister Willis (IT. S. A.) pre-
sents his credentials to President Dole.
Nov. 20+ . Wash. President Cleve-
land (U. S. A.) takes steps for reinstat-
ing the Queen, and condemns Minister
Stevens, who encouraged the revolution.
Dec. 14. The Provisional Govern-
ment has given notice to Minister Wil-
lis that any attempt to restore the queen
will be resisted by force.
1894 Aug. 8. U. S. A. President
Cleveland recognizes the Republic.
HONDURAS.
Honduras is a republic of Central America; capital, Tegucigalpa. The executive is a president ; the legislative authority
is vested in a Congress composed of a single house ; the religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 46,400 square miles ; population, 380,000+ .
ARMY — NAVY.
1523 * * Conquered by the Spaniards.
1871 May* "War with San Salvador.
[1872. May* Renewed.]
1873 Aug. 19. The British ship Niobe
bombards Omoa to redress injuries.
1890 Nov. 17. The insurgent Sanchez
is shot.
1892 June 1. The rebel troops occupy
Puerto Cortes. [Sept. 5. The capture
of Gen. Miller ends the rebellion.]
1894 Feb. 19+. The Honduras troops
are defeated in a fight with Nicaragua
concerning the boundary line.
STATE.
1502* * Columbus views the high
mountains of Honduras. [Aug. 14. Lands
at Cabo de Honduras, and takes posses-
sion for Spain.]
1540 * * Large cities flourish.
* * Alfonso de Caceres, one of the lieu-
tenants of Alvarado, founds the [capital]
city of Comayagua.
1824 * * Honduras throws off the Span-
ish yoke, and joins the union of the Cen-
tral American States. [1839. Dissolved.]
1825* *The Wesleyan Methodists
open a mission.
1832 * * The publication of papal bulls
is prohibited throughout Central Amer-
ica, and religious freedom proclaimed.
1854 * * Congress proclaims religious
freedom.
1855 * * President Cabanos is exiled.
[1856, Feb. 1, Gen. Guardiola is presi-
dent; 1864, Gen. J. M. Medina; 1869,
reelected.]
1856 * * Peace with Guatemala.
* * By the terms of a convention, England
abandons her claim to a portion of the
Mosquito Coast.
1859' Nov. 28. Great Britain cedes the
Bay Islands to Honduras.
1862 * * An insurrection arises.
1865 * * A new Constitution is adopted.
[1870. The Constitution limits the suf-
frage to those who can read or write.]
1872 Dec. * C. Arias is provisional
president. [1875, P. Leiva is president ;
1877, May 29, M. A. Soto ; 1883, Nov. 27,
Gen. Lewis Bogran ; 1887, reelected ;
1891, Oct. 10, Ponciano Leiba. 1894,
Feb. * Polycarpo Bonilla.]
1891 May 7. An insurrection arises.
[May 10. Quelled. 1892, Aug. 1 ; 1893,
June 6. Others end.]
Sept. 18. The assassination of ex-Presi-
dent Bogran is reported.
1892 July 22. The Government closes
its coast to foreign commerce.
ICELAND.
This island of the North Atlantic Ocean lies 160 miles east of Greenland, and belongs to Denmark. The language is Ice-
landic, and the religion Lutheran. The executive is a governor-general appointed by the king of Denmark ; an Assembly legis-
lating for local interests has two chambers. Capital, Reikiavik. Area, 39,756 square miles ; population in 1890, 70,927.
860 * * Iceland is discovered (p. 11).
870-890 Ingolf, son of Oran, Ketil
Hwng, Skalla-Grim, and Thorolf, Nor-
wegian noblemen, settle in the souili-
west with a colony.
1042 875, * *-1882,
ICELAND.
875± * * The commonwealth founded
(P. 11).
890-900 Queen Aud, widow of Olaf , the
king of Dublin, and many others arrive
from Ireland.
900-930 Another large colony arrives
from Norway.
930 * * The Althing begins (p. 11).
964* *The reforms of Thord Gellir
settle a fixed number of local moots and
chieftaincies, dividing the island into
quarters.
1056 * * Christianity introduced (p. 11).
11th Century. Iceland nourishes learn-
ing (p. 13).
1096 * * Tithes are established.
1100 * * The population is 50,000.
1133-1296 Benedictines establish sev-
eral religious houses.
1168-1300 The Augustinians establish
several religious houses.
1208-22, 1226-58 Civil wars devas-
tate the land.
They are caused by disputes about the
jurisdiction of the clergy, and questions
of patronage and rights over glebe and
mortmainland.
1215± * * TheHeitnskringla written (p. 13).
1241 Sept. 22. Snorro Sturleson is
murdered (p. 13).
* * * The people are remarkable for their
moral qualities.
1262-64 Iceland is conquered for the
King of Norway by Gigur.
1264 * * Iceland has well-developed lit-
erature (p. 13).
1264 * * The republican independence is
lost, and Iceland becomes subject to
Hakon, king of Norway. (1280 ?)
1271 * * The old common law is re-
placed by the new Norse code.
1362 * * Iceland suffers from volcanic
eruptions. [1389, 1783, 1875, Mar. 29,
Again.]
1477 Feb. * Yisited by Columbus (p. 12).
15th Century. The period of decadence
begins. Art, science, letters, and in-
dustry are neglected ; all remembrance
of the commonwealth utterly perishes.
1550 * * Bishop Jon Aaronson is exe-
cuted.
1579-1627 English, Gascon, and Alger-
ine pirates cause widespread panic and
devastation.
1707 * * Smallpox destroys one-third
of the population.
1721 * * Eggert Olafsen, the naturalist,
is born. He writes An Historical Ac-
count of the Nature and Consolidation of
Iceland, and poems in Latin and Danish.
[1770±,Dies. A49+.]
1753-54 The failure of crops causes
famine ; thousands perish. [1759. AnT
other occurs, causing 10,000 deaths.]
1872 * * Icelanders emigrate to "West
Canada.
1874 Jan. 5. The king signs a new
Constitution. [Aug. 1. Effective ; it
gives home rule.]
Aug. 1. The 1000th anniversary of
the colonization of Iceland is celebrated
at Reikiavik.
1882 * * Iceland suffers from a terrible
famine. [Relief is sent by England.]
INDIA.
The empire of British India includes Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Sind, Aden, Assam, Berar, Ajmere, Central Provinces, Coorg,
Northwest Provinces, Oudh, Punjab, Lower Burma, Upper Burma, Andamans, Quetta, and Bolan. The capital is Calcutta ;
the administration of government is vested in a secretary of state for India with a council of 10+ , all resident in England; also
a governor-general appointed by the crown, resident in India ; for administrative purposes India is divided into presidencies and
provinces under the governor-general, governors, lieutenant-governors, and chief commissioners.
Three-fourths of the people are Hindus in religion, and over 50,000,000 are Mohammedans. Area, 964,992 square miles ; popu-
lation in 1891, 221,172,952. Besides the states above mentioned, there are many feudatory states, having an area of 595,167 square
miles, and a population in 1891 of 66,050,479.
Authentic history begins about the middle of the 14th century.
The history of the crown colony of Ceylon is here combined with that of India. It has an area of 25,364 square miles, and a
population in 1891 of 3,008,466.
ARMY — NAVY.
625+ * * b. c. A Scythian horde over-
runs India.
327 * * b. c. [The Punjab] is traversed
by Alexander the Great. [326. He de-
feats Porus on the banks of the ( Jhelum)
Hydaspes. He traverses Sind.]
256-150 B.C. The Greco-Bactrian kings
from the northwest send invading
hosts into the Punjab.
57+ * * b. c. Vikramaditya drives the
Scythians beyond the Indus.
78+* * A. t>. King Salivahana rises
against the Scythians. [Indian dynas-
ties continue the struggle for 300 years.]
664 * * The first Mohammedan inva-
sion.
* * History becomes credible.
1001 * * Mahmud, Sultan of Ghazni,
on the first of 17 invasions, defeats the
rajah of Punjab. [1010. He subdues
Ghur. 1024. On his 16th invasion he
conquers Gujarat.]
1030 * * The Hindus reconquer all
India except Lahore.
1151 * * The Ghuro capture Ghazni.
1176 * * Mahmud of Ghur takes Mul-
tan and Uchch.
[1186, Ghaznivides ; 1186, Lahore. 1191.
He is routed at Thaneswar in the Pun-
jab while advancing on Delhi. 1193. He
renews the advance. 1199. Conquers Bi-
har. 1203. Also lower Bengal.]
1219 * * Genghis Khan, the Mongol con-
queror of Persia, invades India.
1284 * * Burma. Invading Chinese
destroy the city and dynasty at Pagan.
1294 * * Ala-ud-din, makes extensive
conquests in Southern India.
[1297. He defeats Mogul invaders at
Delhi. 1297. Reconquers Gujarat. 1300.
Captures Rintunbur from the Jaipur
Rajputs. 1303. Takes the fort of Chittur.
Begins the conquest of Southern India.
1304-05. Defeats four Mogul invasions.]
1398-99 Tamerlane invades India.
He takes Delhi, and massacres the
people for five days ; desolate cities.
1519-26 Baber the Mogul conquers
India.
[1526. Apr. 21. He defeats the (Afghan)
sultan of Delhi at Panipat. 1527. Mar.
1. An army of the Rajputs of Chitor at
Kanweh.
1539* * Shere Shah Soor conquers
Delhi. [1556. Akbar dethrones him at
Panipat ; soon subdues most of India.]
1564 * * The Moguls take Agra. [1565.
They sack Bijanagar.]
1565 * * Battle of Tilikot. The Hindu
power in South India is broken.
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS.
3101 * * b. c. (or 3348). The Hindu Era
begins.
2000-1500 B. c. The Big-Veda, a col-
lection of hymns, appears.
1400+ * * b. c. The Sama-Veda, Yajur-
Veda Athar-Veda, collections of sacred
literature, appear.
244 * * b. c. The Tripitaka is prepared
by the council of Patna. These sacred
writings of the Southern Buddhists con-
sist of Aphorisms, IHscmirses for the
Laity, Discipline for the Order, and Met-
aphysics.
430+ * * a. D. Buddhaghosa's Parables,
a commentary on the Dhammapada, or
Buddha's Paths of Virtue, appears.
700+ * * Parsee priests from Persia in-
troduce the Zend-Avesta [of which three
out of 21 are extant].
800+ * * The caves of the Ellora rook-
cut temples are made.
1206+ * * The Kutab minar, a lofty
column, is erected at Delhi by the Mus-
sulmans in memory of their decisive
victory over the Rajputs in 1193.
1439 * * The Jaya Sthamba, a tower of
victory, is erected by Khumbo Rana to
commemorate the defeat of Mohammed
of Malwa. (?)
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
624+ * * b. c. Gotama Buddha, founder
of Buddhism, born. [543+ . Dies.]
250+ * * Kalidasa, Hindu poet, dramatist, b.
967 * * Mahmud, Sulten of Ghazni, Moham-
med conqueror, born. [1030. 1).]
1150+ * * Mahmud II., conqueror, b. [1206.
Dies.]
1162 * * Genghis Khan, Mongol conqueror,
born. [1227. Dies.]
12th Century. Chund, or Chand, Hindu poet,
born.
Javadeva, Hindu poet, born.
1246 * * Mahmud II., Sultan of Delhi, born.
[1266. Dies.]
1316* * Alah-ud-din, conqueror, dies.
INDIA.
310 1 b. c. * * -a. d. 1565, * *. 1043
1333* * Tamerlane (Timour), Tartar con-
queror, born. [1405. Dies.]
1360* * Malnnud IV., emperor, b. [1394. D.]
1408* * Mahmud V., emperor, b. [1443. D.]
ir>th Century. Kabir, Hindu author, born.
1483 * * Baber, Zaheir Adin, Mohammed,
conqueror, born. [1530. Dies.]
1508* * Humayun (Houmayoun), emperor,
born. [1556. Dies.]
1542* * Akbar, Mogul emperor, born.
[1605. Dies, A63.]
CHURCH.
1400+ * * b. c. Brahmanism is intro-
duced.
800+ * * b. c. Hinduism is established.
500+ * * b. c. The Buddhist creed,
based on the Brahman religion, appears.
543+ * * b. c. Gotama Buddha dies,
aged 81.
[Bv the chronology of the Tibetans he
lived 2214 to 2134; the Japanese place
his birth at 1027 ; European scholars,
624+ to 543.]
244 * * b. c. Asoka, King of Madodha or
Bihar, becomes a convert to Buddhism.
He convenes the third Buddhist Coun-
cil at Patna. It adopts the Pali text
of the Little Vehicle, constituting the
Buddhist scriptures.
307 * * b. c. Ceylon becomes the seat
of Buddhism, where it is established by
Mahindo as the national faith.
40 * * a. d. Kanishka, the Scythian,
becomes the royal founder of Northern
Buddhism. He convenes the fourth
and last great Buddhist Council of
Elders.
410* * Burma. Buddhist missionaries
arrive.
410-430. The holy books of Buddhism
are rendered into Pali.
430 * * Ceylon. The Dhammapada, or
" Path of Holiness," is written by
Buddhaghosa.
634* * Siladitya convenes a general
council for the extension of Buddhism.
640 * * The Brahmans regain power.
8th Century. Kumarila, the Brahman
apostle of Berar, begins to preach.
8th or 9th Century. Sankara Acharya
founds the philosophical Sivaite sect,
and popularizes the Vedanta philosophy
into a national religion.
700-800 Various great reformers of
the Brahman faith arise.
711* * The Mohammedans, led by
Casin, appear in the Indus Valley.
800+ * * Brahmanism gradually be-
comes the ruling religion.
997 + "Mahmud introduces Moham-
medanism. [1194. Dominant.]
1045 + * * The Vishnu Purana, contain-
ing the Vishnuite doctrines and tradi-
tions, is written.
1050+ Kamanuja, a Brahman (S. Ind.),
appears as a Vishnuite reformer; he
teaches the unity of God under the title
of Vishnu, the Cause and Creator of all
things.
1300-1400 Kamanand, a Vishnuite,
teaches the masses (N. Ind.). [1380-
1420. Kabir, his disciple, spreads the
reformed doctrine in Bengal.]
1487-1525 Chaitanya is the incarna-
tion of Vishnu ; he works signs and
wonders in Bengal and Orissa.
1498 * * Roman Catholic missionaries
land at Calicut.
1520 * * VaHabha-Swami, preaching a,
religion of pleasure (N. Ind.), teaches
that the liberation of the soul does not
depend on the mortification of the body,
that God is to be sought amid the enjoy-
ments of life.
1542 May 6. The Jesuit, Francis
Xavier, " the Apostle of India," lands
in Goa. [1606. A Jesuit mission is be-
gun in Madura.]
STATE.
1500±**b.c. The Hindus, having en-
tered India from the northwest, settle
in the Valley of the Ganges.
543* *b. c. Ceylon. Vijaya, an Indian
prince, lands, and becomes sole ruler.
315 b. c-450 a. d. The Gupta dy-
nasty reigns in the Valley of the Ganges.
[315-291. Sandrocottus is the first. 263-
226. Asoka, his grandson.]
126+ * * b. c. The Su tribe of Scythians
drives out the Greek dynasty from
Bactria (Afghanistan.)
226 * * a. d. The Indo-Scythic empire
is founded. [375. It is divided into Yeta
(Northern) and Indo-Scythic kingdom
proper (Southern.)]
319-470 The Gupta kings reign in Mag-
adha, and introduce an era. [465-470.
Overthrown by White Huns (Tartars)
from the northwest.]
480-772 The Valabhis dynasty reigns
in northwestern Bombay, Cutch, and
Maliva ; overthrown by Arab invaders.
524-544 The Scythians and Huns de-
part.
828 * * The Hindus regain power in
Sind.
838 * * Ceylon. The Tamils establish a
kingdom at Taff ra.
1001-1186 House of Ghazni; Turki.
[1001-24. Mahmud reigns. 1001. Annexes
part of Hindustan. 1024. Enthrones
Vallabha of Gujarat. 10.30, Bhoja, raja ;
1048, Mahichandra Ran tore.]
1118-1565 Bijanagar is a Hindu king-
dom (S. Ind.).
1176-1 206 Mahmud of Ghur rules the
frontier. [1186. Occupies Lahore.]
1205 * * The Pathan (Afghan) kingdom
is founded. [1206. Falls.]
1206-90 The slave kings, chiefly Turki ,
reign.
1206 * * Kutab-ud-din, slave of Mah-
mud of Ghur, becomes sultan of Delhi.
[1211. Altmush reigns ; 1236, Empress
Razya; 1245,Nassr-e«Udin ; 1260, Balban;
1287, Kaikobad; 1290, Tallah-ud-din, a
ruler of Khilji.]
1290-1320 The House of Khilji reigns ;
capital, Delhi.
1295 * * Alla-ud-din, viceroy of Oudh,
obtains the throne of Delhi. [1299-1300.
He reigns ; subdues rebellious relatives.]
1316-20 Khusru Khan, a low-caste
renegade Hindu, Is sultan.
1320-25 Ghiyas - ud - din - Tughlak
leads a revolt, and overthrows Moham-
medan rule. [1325-51. Mahmud Tughlak.]
1320-1414 The House of Tughlak
reigns, Turki ; capital, Delhi.
1338-51 The provinces revolt, and
throw off the Delhi yoke.
1340 * * Lower Bengal becomes inde-
pendent of Delhi. [1336-1573. Ruled by
Afghan kings.]
* * Authentic history begins.
1347-57 The Alla-ud-din dynasty,
Bahmani, reigns in the Deccan (S. Ind.).
[1351. Firuz Shah Tughlak reigns ;
1388, Geias-ud-din ; 1389, Abubekr ; 1390,
Nassr-ad-din.]
1371 * * Gujarat ("W. Ind.) becomes an
independent Mohammedan kingdom.
[1391-1575. A Mohammedan dynasty
reigns at Ahmadabad.]
1398* * Tamerlane overthrows Tugh-
lak dynasty [but leaves no permanent
results. Anarchy prevails for 15 years].
1405* * Mahmud Tughlak regains
Delhi.
1414-50 House of the Sayids reigns ;
they hold Delhi and a little more.
(1414), Sayid Khiz Khan reigns in the
name of Tamerlane. (1421), Mubaric ;
(1435), Mahmud ; (1446), Aladdin.
1450-1526 House of Lodi reigns, Af-
ghans. Its power is feeble and the inde-
pendent states multiply.
1450* *Beloli reigns at Delhi; he
founds Lodi, and enlarges the realm.
[1488. Sekander Lodi.]
1480 * * The Bahmani Empire in the
Deccan falls.*
[Five independent kingdoms divide it
between them. 1484. ThelmadShahi
dynasty of Berar. 1489-1686. The Adil
Shahi dynasty ; capital, Bijapur. 1490-
1636. The Nizam Shahi dynasty ; cap-
tal, Ahmadnagar. 1492+ . The Barid
Shahi dynasty; capital, Bidar.]
1498 * * Vasco da Gama discovers a pas-
sage to India. [1524. Returns to India.]
1500 * * The Portuguese send Pedro
Alvarez Cabral. [1503. Alfonso d' Albu-
querque sails. 1505. Dom Francisco de
Almeida sails with 22 vessels and 1,500
men. He lands at Colombo, Ceylon.
1505-09. Is Viceroy. 1509-15. Albu-
querque is viceroy at Goa, conquers
Goa, Malabar, Ceylon, the Sunda Isl-
ands, and Malacca. 1517. Portuguese
settle in Ceylon. 1520. They discover
Pegu, Burma.]
1512-1687 The Kutab Shaih dynasty,
founded in the Deccan by a Turkoman
adventurer, reigns ; capital, Golgconda.
1517 * * Ibrahim Lodi reigns at Delhi.
1526-1857 House of Tamerlane ; In-
dia is a Mogul empire.
1526-30 Baber, the grandson of Tam-
erlane, founds the Empire; capital,
Delhi ; Kabul and Kandahar annexed.
[1530-56. Humayun, son of Baber.]
1542 * * Shere Shah, the Afghan gov-
ernor of Bengal, revolts, and Humayun
flees to Persia. [1556. Humayun restored.]
1556-1605 Akbar I., the great Mogul
emperor, reigns.
He rules a larger portion of India than
any one before him ; his reign is a series
of military conquests, and the divided
country becomes united.
1560 * * Akbar rejects the regency and
assumes authority. [1561-68. He sub-
dues the Hindu Rajputs.]
1565 * * The five kingdoms of the Dec-
can combine, and crush the Hindu
kingdom of Bijanagar (S. Ind.).
1044 1566, * *-1793, Nov. 10.
INDIA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1566 * * Akbar defeats Hakim, his
rival brother from Kabul.
[1568. He conquers Ajmir. 1570. He
possesses Oudh and Gwalior. 1572. Ex-
pels Afghans from Bengal. 1572-73.
Conquers the Mohammedan dynasty of
Gujarat. 1578. He obtains Orissa. 1581.
Kabul. 1586. Subdues the Valley of
Kashmir. 1592. Conquers Sind and re-
volting Kashmirs. 1593. Also revolt in
Gujarat. 1594. Subdues Kandahar. 1595.
Sends an expedition against Ahmadna-
gar. 1599. Captures the town, but fails
to subdue the people.]
1592 * * The Portuguese repulse Mizam
Shah in Choul. [1615. They defeat the
English off the Bombay coast.]
1602 * * Ceylon . The Dutch land on
the east coast. [1638-39. They raze the
Portuguese torts. 1644. They capture
Negombo. 1656. Also Colombo. 1658.
Expel the Portuguese.]
1617 * * Shah Jehan revolts.
1637 * * The Mahrattas at Ahmadnagar
revolt against Mogul rule. [It Anally
breaks down the Mogul empire.]
1658-83 Aurungzebe's generals wage
war against the Hindus.
1662 * * Mir Jumla invades Assam.
1662-65 Sivaji rebels. ri663. Pillages
Surat. 1664. Defeated at Surat by Sir
George Oxenford. 1670. Ravages Khan-
desh and the Deccan. 1672. Defeats the
emperor's troops.]
1677-81 Aurungzebe unsuccessfully
attempts to subdue the revolting Raj-
put states. [1681-1707. Mahratta war.]
1680-89 "War arises between the
Hindus and the Portuguese settlers.
1686-88 The Mogul army conquers Bi-
japur and Golconda.
[1686-90. Also the Deccan. 1672-1700.
The Carnatic. 1699. It defeats the
Mahrattas, and captures Ginji. 1702.
Also the forts of Satara and Mahratta.
1702-05. The Mahrattas recover their
forts. 1706. The emperor retreats. 1707.
He dies.]
1710 * * Bahadur Shah crushes the re-
volting Sikhs — an oppressed sect of
Hindus. 1716. The Sikhs are extermi-
nated.]
1718* * Balaji enters Delhi with an
army to support the two Say ids, Husain
AH and Adullah, the " king-makers."
1739-61 Persian and Afghan hosts in-
vade the empire.
1739 * * Nadir Shah plunders Delhi of
£32,000,000 sterling, and massacres a
multitude of people. He conquers Sind.
1740-49 War between the English
and French. [1746. Sept. 14. Madras
surrenders to a French squadron under
Adm. Bernard Francis Mahe de La
Bourdonnais. 1749. Restored. 1751-54.
Another war. 1754. Peace.]
1746-48 British war in the Carnatic.
1747 June 16. French fleet taken
(p. 700).
* * Shah Durani, the Afghan, invades
the empire. [1751-52. Second invasion ;
conquers the Punjab. 1756. Third inva-
sion ; he sacks Delhi.]
1748 * * The French at Pondicherry re-
pulse Adm. Boscawen and a land force
under Maj. Stringer Lawrence.
1751 * * English capture Arcot (p. 700).
1752 * * Afghans conquer Kashmir.
1755 * * Clive conquers Orissa, Bengal.
1756 June 22. Calcutta is captured
by Surajah Dowlah.
It is taken by an army of 70,000 and
400 elephants. Of the British prisoners,
146 are crowded into the "Black Hole
prison," a room about 18 feet square
, with two small windows. Only 23 are
alive the next day.
1757 June 23. [Lord] Clive -with 3,200
British defeats 50,000 natives of Ben-
gal at Flassey, 85 miles from Calcutta.
1758 Dec. 12. The French under Gen.
Thomas Arthur de Lally besiege Madras.
[1759. The French lose nearly all their
power in India (p. 702). 1768. July 2.
Col. [Sir Eyre] Coote decisively defeats
the French under Gen. Lally at Wan-
dewash, and invests Pondicherry. (1761.
Jan. * It capitulates. 1763. It is re-
stored. Later, the French surrender the
hill fortress of Ginji to Col. Coote. Brit-
ish ascendency is confirmed.]
1764 Oct. 23. Maj. Hector Munro with
7,000 British totally defeats 40,000 na-
tives under Shah Alam at Baxar, and
becomes master of Oudh. [He blows 24
mutineers from the cannon's mouth.]
1776 * * Nepaul is conquered by the
Goorkhas.
1778 Oct. * The British take Pondi-
cherry from the French. [1783. Re-
stored. 1793. Aug. 23. Taken by the
British. Later, restored. 1803. Again.
1816. Restored to the French.]
1779-81 First Mahratta war. (Inde-
cisive.)
Caused by the English, who attempt to
enthrone Raghuba as peshwa at Poona.
[1779. Mar* Gen. Arthur Wei lesley
marches for Poona.]
1780-81 "War with Mysore; Hyder-
Ali resents the conduct of Madras.
1780 Sept. 10. Hyder-Ali overruns
the Carnatic. [Oct. 31. He takes Arcot.]
1781 July 1. At Porto Novo, Sir
Eyre Coote with 9,500± men defeats
Hyder-Ali with 80,000. British loss,
587 ; Hindoo loss, 10,000±.
1782 Feb. 18. Ceylon. The British
fleet defeats the French off Trinco-
malee (p. 704). [Apr. 12, July 6. French
defeated.]
1789-90 Tippoo Sahib attacks the raja
of Travancore, an ally of the British,
causing the second Mysore war.
1790-92 Second Mysore war.
1791 Jan. 29. Lord Cornwallis assumes
command. [Mar. 21. Captures Ban-
galore from Tippoo. May 15. Defeats
him at Arikera, Seringapatam. Dec. 21.
Take Severndroogis. 1792. Feb. 6. Corn-
wallis storms Seringapatam, Tippoo is
conquered.]
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS.
1600 * * The Portuguese introduce the
tobacco plant.
1628-58 Taj Mahal is erected at Agra
by Shah Jehan, in honor of his wife.
1737 Oct. 11. Hundreds of vessels are
wrecked by a storm and 30,000 people
perish. [1782. Apr. 22. A storm de-
stroys 7,000 lives in Surat.]
1781 * * Calcutta. The Calcutta Ma-
drasa, or Mohammedan college, is
founded. [1801. Calcutta College. [1820.
Bishop's College. 1824. Calcutta Col-
lege of Sanskrit. 1835. Calcutta College
of Medicine.]
1784 * * Calcutta. The Asiatic Society
is founded.
1790 * * The Calcutta Monthly Register is
issued. [1830. Calcutta Literary Gazette.
1844. Calcutta Literary Jlevieto.]
1791 * * TheSanskrit College, Benares,
is founded. [1827. The Agra College.]
* * * The literature of Buddhism chiefly
comprises the teachings of Gotama, con-
sisting of brief aphorisms.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1618* * Aurungzebe, Mogul emperor,
born. [1707. Dies.]
1627* * Sivaji. Mahratta, chief, born. [1680.
Dies.]
1661 * * Govinda Singh, chief of Sikhs, born.
[1708. Dies.]
1666 * * Shah-Jehan, Mogul emperor, dies.
1685* * Mahmud XIII., emperor, born.
[1718. Dies.]
1688 * * Nadir Shah, conq., b. [1747. D.]
1700* * Mahmud XIV., Mogul emperor,
born. [1748. Dies.]
1711* * Alompra, King of Burma, born.
[1760. Dies.]
1712 * * Bahadur Shah, Mogul emperor, d.
1713 * * Jehander Shah, Mogul emperor, d.
1718 * * Hyder-Ali. Sultan of Mysore, born.
[1782. Dies.]
1749* * Tippoo Sahib, Sultan of Mysore,
born. [1799. Dies.]
1757 * * Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal,
dies.
1773 * * Ahmed Shah el Abdali,conq., A50 4-.
1 774 * * Rammohun Roy, theistical reformer,
born. [1833. Dies.]
1780 * * Runjeet Singh, Sikh conqueror,
born. [1839. Dies.]
1783* * Jeejeebhoy, Sir Jamsetjee, Parsee
merchant, born. [1869. Dies.]
CHURCH.
1617 * * Ceylon. The Portuguese intro-
duce Christianity.
1706* *The Danes open a Protestant
mission in Tranquebar, the Bay of Ben-
gal, the first field for mission-work in
India. [1758. In Calcutta.]
1728 * * Gudalur, Madras, becomes a
Halle mission.
1793 Nov. 10. Calcutta. The Eng-
lish Baptist missionaries, William
Carey and John Thomas, arrive. [1800.
Carey baptizes his first Hindu convert.]
STATE.
1573 * * Akbar annexes Gujarat (W. I.).
[1576. Also Lower Bengal. 1581. Gu-
jarat revolts. 1592. He annexes Sind.
1593. Gujarat is subdued. 1595. He con-
solidates the Mogul empire in all of
Northlndia. 1601. Annexes Khandesh,
removes capital from Delhi to Agra.]
1579 * * Thomas Stephens is the first
Englishman to appear in India.
1596 * * The Dutch send out an expedi-
tion under Cornelius Houtman.
1600 Dec. 31. Eng. [The East India
Company] chartered (p. 877).
[1611. It establishes an agency at Ma-
sulipatam. 1612-15. Also a factory at
Ahmadnagar, Bombay, and agencies
at Gogra, Ahmadabad, and Cambay.
1612. It trades at Calcutta and Cranga-
nore, Madras. 1620+ . Trades as far east
as Patna, Bengal. 1626. Opens a factory
at Armagaon, Coromandel Coast.]
1602 Mar. 20. The Dutch East Indirt
Company is founded by amalgamatim,'
several private companies. [1619. Founds
Batavia as a seat of government.]
1604* *The first French East India
Company is founded. [1611, the second :
1615, the third ; 1642, the fourth bv
Richelieu ; 1644, the fifth by Colbert ;
1754, Suspended. 1790. Abolished.]
1605-27 Akbar's son, Jahangir, is Mo-
gul emperor.
1612* *The first Danish East India
Company is formed.
[1616. Danes settle at Tranquebar and
Serampur, Bengal. 1845. Company ac-
quired by the English. 1870. The second
Danish Company formed.]
1621 * * The Persians wrest Kandahar.
[1653. Finally lost to the empire.]
1647 * * The Dutch begin trade at Sadras
(S. E. Ind.). [1652. Open their first fac-
tory in India, at Palakolla, Madras.]
INDIA.
1566, * *-1793, Nov. 10. 1045
1627-80 The powerful kingdom of the
Mahratti is formed by the union of the
Hindu tribes in the Deccan under Sivaji.
1628-58 Shah Jehan is Mogul em-
peror ; Agra, the capital. [1657. Au-
rungzebe, his son, rebels.]
* * * The Golden Age of the Moguls.
1634 * * The English trade in Bengal,
where they gain the seaboard. [1640.
Open a factory at Hugh. 1642. Another
at Balasor.]
1635-50 Eng. Courten's Associa-
tion (Assada Merchants) is established.
[1650. Combined with the London Com-
pany.]
1639* *The English, led by Francis
Day, buy a site at Madaraspatam, Ma-
dras. [1640. Build Port St. George,
found Madras. 1563. A presidency.]
1645 * * The English obtain exclusive
trade privileges.
1650 * * The great Hindu revival com-
mences [and develops the Mahratta
Confederacy ; it finally overthrows the
Mogul power].
1657 * * Bareli is founded by the Hindu
raja.
1658* *Bengal is placed under the
government of Madras. [1C81. Sepa-
rated.]
* *Aurungzebe deposes his father.
[1658-1707. He reigns. Obtains all India.]
1660 * * London. The East India
Company is incorporated (p. 891).
1661 * * Bombay is ceded to England
(p. 891). [1665. Transferred. 1668. Ceded
to the East India Company for £10 paid
annually.]
1664 * * Sivaji, the Mahratta raja, de-
clares his independence of the Moguls.
[1665. Makes submission ; he escapes,.]
* * The Dutch take the Portuguese set-
tlements on the coast of Malabar.
1666* * Sivaji revolts against the Moguls.
[1667. He makes peace, and obtains
more territory in Southern India.]
1672* *The French settle in Pondi-
cherry.
1674 * * Raja Sivaji crowns himself an
independent sovereign at Raigarh.
1677 * * The Rajput states combine (N.
W. Ind.) against the Mogul emperor.
[1679. Aurungzebe's son, Akbur, rebels,
and joins the rebellious Mahrattas.]
1680 * * Sivaji dies ; his son Sambhaji
reigns. [1689. Executed by Aurungzebe.]
* * Calcutta is founded by the English.
1687 * * The seat of the English govern-
ment is removed from Surat to Bom-
bay. [1708. Bombay is a presidency.
1753. It is subordinate to Calcutta.]
1680 * * Eng. The East India Company
resolve "to make us a nation in In-
dia ; " Sir John Child is appointed gov-
ernor-general and admiral of India.
1692 * * The Mogul power is at its
height; revenue, £32,000,000.
1695 * * Scot. The Scotch start an un-
successful East India Company.
1698* * Eng. The New East India
Company is chartered (p. 901).
1700 * * Calcutta is purchased by the
English. [1707. Made a presidency.]
1707 Feb. 22. Aurungzebe dies ; the
Mogul power rapidly declines.
1707-12 Muazzim, son of Aurungzebe,
a puppet, reigns as Bahadur Shah.
1709 * * The Sikhs in Lahore, Punjab,
organize as a politico-religious commu-
nity against the oppression of the Moguls.
1712-13 Jehandar Shah is Mogul em-
peror ; capital, Delhi. He is dethroned.
1713-19 Farokhsir revolts against hia
uncle, and gains the throne, lie is mur-
dered by the two Sayids. [1719. The
Sayids nominate two boy emperors,
who soon die. 1720. Sayids overthrown.]
1719-48 Mahmud Shah, a boy, is Mo-
gul emperor ; capital, Delhi.
1719 * * Fr. The Company of the
Indies is formed by the union of four
companies.
1721-40 Baji Kao is sovereign in the
Deccan.
1723 * * Aust. The Ostend Company
is formed. [1727. Charter suspended.
1784. Bankrupt.]
1730 * * The Mahratta families, Holkar
and Sindian, become important.
1731 June 13. Swe. The Swedish
Company is chartered. [Unsuccessful.]
1732-42 Oudh becomes practically in-
dependent of Delhi.
1735-51 The Mogul empire declines
under the- invasions from without and
the revolts within. [1736-48. The Dec-
can is independent. 1738. Kabul. 1743.
Malwa ceded. 1751. Also Orissa.]
1740-61 Balaji Baji, peshwa of the
Mahrattas, terrifies the Mogul empire.
1747 * * Sind is transferred to the em-
pire of Delhi.
1748-54 Ahmed Shah is Mogul em-
peror. The emperors are only puppets.
* * The rivalry of the French and Eng-
lish in India is at its height.
1750 * * Prus. An East India Company
is formed. [Short-lived. 1753. Another.]
1750+ * * The Mahratta power in cen-
tral and western India is at its height.
[1751-1853. The Bhonslas dynasty reigns
at Nagpur (C. Ind.).]
1753 * * Burma. Rangun is founded
by King Alompra.
1754-59 Alamgir II. is Mogul emperor
at Delhi.
1756-65 The British acquire Lower
Bengal.
1757 June 23. The British Empire
in India begins with the victory of [Lord]
Clive at Plassey. (See Army.)
* * The British exact compensation of
the nawab of Bengal for losses, demand-
ing £2,697,750 ; only one-half the demand
can be satisfied. He grants the East
India Company landholders' rights
over 882 square miles around Calcutta.
[1759. He grants the land-tax to Lord
Clive.]
1758-1858 British governors rule in
India under the East India Company.
1758-60 Col. [Lord] Clive is governor.
[1760. J. Z. Holwell officiates. 1765-67.
Clive again.]
1759-1806 Shah Alam II., a British
pensioner, titular emperor ; capital, Al-
lahabad. [1771. Goes over to the Mah-
rattas.]
1760-64 H. Vansittart is British gov-
ernor. [1764. John Spencer officiating.]
1761-65 Fall of the Mogul Empire ;
Europeans become supreme.
1761 * * The British dethrone Mir Ja-
far, their nawab of Murshidabad, and
enthrone Mir Kasim ; they receive
thereby a grant of three districts, Burd-
wan, Midnanur, and Chiltagong. [Mir
Kasim revolts. 1764. They dethrone
Kasim, restore Jafar ; secure donations.]
* * Hyder-Ali dethrones the maharaja of
Mysore. [1763-64. Hyder usurps author-
ity. 1765. Subject to the British. 1766.
British-Mahratta league against him.
1799. The British sue for peace.]
1763 * * Ceylon. Intercourse with the
British begins.
1765-67 [Lord] Clive is again British
governor.
1765 * * The treaty of Allahabad is
signed. Lower Bengal, Bihar, and the
greater part of Orissa pass to the British.
* *A system of dual government is
adopted.
The English receive the revenues of
Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, and under-
take to maintain the army while the
nawab holds the criminal jurisdiction.
1766 Nov. 12. The British make a
treaty with Nizam Ali, the usurper of
Mysore, and obtain the Northern Circars
(Districts). [Feudatory to the British.]
1767-69 Harry Verelst is British gov-
ernor. [1769-72. John Cartier.]
1771 Sept. * Sir R. Hartland is gov-
ernor of Madras. [1776, Lord Pigot ;
1781, Lord Macartney ; 1792, Sir C. Oak-
ley; 1880, Oct. 11, W. P. Adam; 1881,
June* M. E. Grant Duff; 1886, Robert
Bourke [Lord Connemara.]
1772-74 Warren Hastings is British
governor of Bengal. (Apr. 13.) Assumes
office. [1774-85. Governor-general.]
1773 * * Hastings sells AHahabad and
Korea to the Emperor Shah Alam. He
refuses £300,000 tribute to Delhi.
* * Eng. The Regulation Act is passed ;
the governor of Bengal is raised to the
rank of governor-general, and with a
council of four members controls the
governments of Madras and Bombay.
1779 * * Conflicting French and English
alliances, with different claimants for
the office of peshwa, bring on the first
Mahratta war with the British.
1782 Dec* Tippoo Sahib succeeds his
father, Hyder-Ali, a Hindu rebel, as sul-
tan of Mysore. [1784. Mar. 11. He forces
the British to sign an ignoble peace.]
1784* * Eng. India Bill passes (p. 923).
1785 Feb. 1-86 Sept.* Sir John
Macpherson is British governor-gen-
eral. [1786-93. Earl Cornwallis.]
1786 July * Straits Settlements. Capt.
F. Light receives Penang as the mar-
riage portion of his bride, the daughter
of the raja of Kedah ; he makes the
first British settlement. [1798. Sir
George Leith purchases [Pro vi nee
Wellesley] opposite Penang for £400.
1806] Penang is a British province.
1788* * Eng. Trial of Hastings (p. 925).
1791* * British-Ghourkhas treaty is
signed at Nepaul. [1801. Another. 1779.
Dec. 31. Treaty with Mahrattas for a pro-
tectorate. 1815. Dec. 2. WithNepaulese.]
1792 Mar. 19. The English make a
definitive treaty with Tippoo Sahib.
He loses half of his dominions, and pays
£3,000,000 indemnity ; his two sons are
hostages. [1794. Mar. 29. Restored.]
1793 Oct. 28-98 * * Sir John Shore
(Lord Teignmouth) is governor-general.
[1798, Sir Alfred Clarke, officiating.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1770-71 A famine in the Bengal presi-
dency ; one-third of the people perish.
1775 May 30. Accusations are made
against "Warren Hastings for receiving
a bribe from a concubine of Mir Jaf-
fler. [1776. Mar. 11. Nuncomar, a Brah-
man, accuses him of accepting bribes.
1781. Sept. 19. He makes a treaty with
the nawab of Oudh, and is accused of
receiving a bribe of £100,000.]
1046 1796,* *-1855, July *
INDIA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1799 * * Third Mysore war. Caused
by Tippoo's intrigues with the French,
and his refusal to adhere to a new sub-
sidiary system.
Apr. 5. Gen. Harris arrives before Se-
ringapatam. [May 4. Maj.-Gen. Baird
storms the palace, and Tippoo Sahib is
killed ; the city is taken, and the sultan's
dominions are divided among Nizam, the
Mahrattas, and the English.]
1802-04 The second Mahratta war.
Sir Arthur "Wellesley commands in the
Deccan, and Gen. Lake in Hindustan.
1802 * * Jeswunt Rao, son of Tukaji
Holkar, Prince of Indore, defeats the
united forces of Sindhia and the Mah-
ratta peshwa at the battle of Poona.
1803 Feb. 20. Ceylon. The British
take Kandy. [June 23. Disease com-
pels the British to capitulate.]
Apr. 19. Gen. Wellesley captures
Poona. [Sept. 8, Gen. Lake defeats
the Mahrattas near Delhi. Sept. 23. At
Assaye 9,500 British under Wellesley de-
feat 50,000 Mahrattas, losing 1,800 men.
Nov. 1. Gen. Lake with 4,000 troops
defeats 9,000 Mahrattas at Laswari ;
later, he captures Delhi. The war ends.]
1805 * * Gen. Lake is repulsed at the
siege of Bhartpur. [1827. Taken.]
1807 Nov. 21. Cumoona surrenders
to the British.
1808 July 10. Madras sepoys mu-
tiny at Vellore. [Suppressed after 800
sepoys are killed and 200 wounded.
1814 Nov. 1-15 Apr. 27. War with
Ghurkhas of Nepaul, caused by the na-
tives terrorizing British subjects.
1817 * * "War with the Pindaree.
The Pindaree send out plundering
bands from Malwa ; Lord Hastings col-
lects an army 120,000 strong, and speedily
suppresses them.
1817-18 Third Mahratta war.
Nov. * * The Mahrattas at Poona, Nag-
pur, and Indore separately rise against
the British. Nov. 26. The raja of Nag-
pur is defeated, and Nagpur is taken by
the British. Dec. 21. The Mahrattas
under Holkar are completely defeated
at Mehadpur ; the Mahratta power is for-
ever broken. [1818. Jan. * Peace is con-
cluded.]
* * Ceylon. The natives unsuccessfully
revolt. [1843, 1848. They revolt.]
1819 * * The Sikhs conquer Kashmir.
1824-26 First Burmese War.
Caused by encroachments upon British
districts in Bengal.
(1824 May 5.) Rangun is taken by Sir
Archibald Campbell. (Aug. 30.) A Bur-
mese attack on Rangun is repulsed with
great slaughter. (Later.) The fort and
pagoda of Svriam are taken by the Brit-
ish. (1825. Dec. 25.) Gen. Campbell de-
cisively defeats the Burmese near Prome.
1827 Jan. 18. Lord Comber mere
storms Bhartpur citadel.
1839-42 War with the Afghans to
advance British interests (p. 4).
1845 +■ * * The first Sikh war.
(Dec. 14.) The Sikhs, 60,000 strong, cross
the Sutlej River, and attack the British at
Ferozepur. (Dec. 18.) Sir H. Hardinge
reaches Mudkee ; the Sikhs (20,000) make
an attack and are defeated, losing their guns.
(Dec 21.) Sir Hugh Gough defeats them
at Ferozeshah, in the Punjab; British loss,
2,415 killed. (1846. Jan. 28.) Gen. Sir
Harry Smith defeats them at Aliwal. (Feb.
10. > At Sobraon, Gens. Smith and Gough
totally defeat them ; British loss, 2,000 killed ;
Sikh loss, 13,000 killed. (Feb. 20.) Gen.
Gough occupies the citadel of Lahore.
1848-49 Second Sikh war.
The Sikhs assassinate two British
officers at Multan ; a general rising in
the Punjab follows.
(June 18.) Lieut. Edwardes joins Gen.
Courtland, and defeats the Sikhs under
Mookaj. Gen. Whish besieges Multan Ken-
nyree. (Sept. 2.) Compelled to raise the
siege. (Dec. 3.) Gen. Thackwell attacks
Shere Shing at Sadoolapore. (Dec.*) Mul-
tan is again besieged by Gen Whish. (1849.
Jan. 4.) Surrenders. (Jan. 13.) Gen. Gough,
with 22,000 troops, loses 2,400 in an indecisive
battle at Chillianwalla. (Feb. 22.) The cita-
del of Multan surrenders. Gen. Gough, 25,000
strong, defeats 60,000 Sikhs at Gujarat. (Mar.
14.) Shere Shing surrenders unconditionally.
1852-53 Second Burmese war.
It is caused by the ill-treatment of
British merchants at Rangun, and in-
sults offered a British captain.
(Apr. 5.) Martaban is taken by the British.
(Apr. 14.) Gen. Godwin captures Rangun.
(Mat 19.) Bassein is stormed. (June 4.) Also
Pegu. (July 9.) Capt. Tarleton captures
Prome. (Nov. 21.) Pegu again captured.
(Dec. 21.) Annexed to the empire.
1855 July * The Sonthals of Bengal
revolt ; [1856. May * Suppressed.]
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS.
1819 June 16. Earthquakes cause
Cutch to sink, burying 2,000 persons.
* * The Journal of Literature and Science
and the Oriental Magazine and Indian
Hurku are issued at Madras.
1833 * * The Religious and Theological
Magazine is issued at Colombo.
1836 * * Hoogly Madrasa is founded.
1847-55 Straits Settlements. The Jour-
nal of the Indian Archipelago is issued.
1854 * * A system of education is de-
veloped ; universities are established at
Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras ; all
other schools (private, government, and
church) are to be affiliated with these
universities and lead up to them.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1815* * Jung- Bahadur, Nepaulese soldier,
born. [1871. Dies.]
1884+ * * Nana-Sahib, inciter of sepoy
mutiny, born. [1860+. Dies.]
1844 * * Scott-Siddons, Mrs., actor, born.
CHURCH.
1798 * * Calcutta. The London Mis-
sionary Society sends a missionary to
Calcutta. [He enters the interior.]
* * The Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel opens a mission in Nazareth,
Madras. [1820. In Calcutta. 1829. In
Tinnevelli, Madras.]
1799* *The English Baptists send
four missionaries to Serampur, India, —
Ward, Grant, Brunsdon, and Marshman.
[Enter 14 miles above Calcutta. 1812.
Open a mission in Ceylon.]
1804 * * The London Society opens a
mission in Vizagapatam, Madras.
[1805, In Madras; 1809, Nagarkoil; 1810,
Beliary, Madras; 1815, Surat, Bombay ; 1816,
Calcutta; 1820, Bangalore, Mysore; and Be-
nares; 1821,Quilon in Travancore ; 1824, Ber-
hampur and Salem, Madras; 1828, Neyoor in
Travancore; 1830, Coimbatur, Madras.]
1807 * * Burma . English Baptists
make the first attempt to plant a Prot-
estant mission. [1808. The London So-
ciety sends out two missionaries.]
1812 * * The Church Missionary Soci-
ety (Eng.) opens a mission in Agra.
[1814, In Madras; 1815, Calcutta; 1817, By
Daniel Corrie in Benares; Cochim, S. Ind. ;
Cottayam, Madras, also in Ceylon; 1818,
Kandy, Ceylon; 1820, Bombay; Tinnevelli,
Madras; 1*27, Dohnavur.]
Feb. 12. U. S. A. Adoniram Judson
and others sail for India as missionaries
of the American Board. [1813. June
17. Arrive in Calcutta.]
1813 * * The first Christian mission is
opened in Bombay by Gordon Hall and
Samuel Nott.
July* The bishopric of Calcutta is
erected. [1837, Of Bombay; 1845, Of
Colombo, Ceylon ; 1877, Of Rangun,
Burma.]
July 13. Burma. Adoniram Judson
and wife, being the second time expelled
from India by the Company, arrive at
Rangun, where they establish a mission.
1814* * Ceylon. Five Wesleyan
Methodist missionaries settle at Jaffna
and Batticaloa for the Tamil work, and
at Matura and Galle for the Cingalese
work. [1815. The American Board
sends four missionaries to the island.]
1816 * * The English Baptists open a
mission in Dacca, Bengal.
[1829. They found Serampur College.
1846. A college in Cuttack. 1857. Open a
mission in Poona, Bombay. 1868. In Natale,
Ceylon, and in MacMillanpatna, Orissa.]
1817 * * The English Wesleyans open
a mission at Madras.
1819 June * Burma. Dr. Judson bap-
tizes his first Burmese convert.
After three years of preparatory work,
Dr. Judson preaches his first sermon in
Burmese. [1823. He is forced to remove
to Ava, and suspend work at Rangun.
1824. Opens at Ava, but soon suspended
by war. 1826. At Amherst. 1828. Mis-
sion opened at Tavoy by George Dana
Boardman and wife ; Dr. Judson has his
first Karen convert, Kothah-byu, who
becomes the " Karen apostle."]
1823 * * The Scottish Missionary So-
ciety opens a mission in Bombay. [1835.
Transferred to the Free Church/j
1829 Dec. 4. The burning of widows
is prohibited by law.
* * Scot. Alexander Duff departs as a
missionary to India for the Established
Church of Scotland.
[1830. July 12. Dr. Duff opens his first
school in Calcutta under a banian-tree
with five young men. 1834. Returns to
Scotland. 1839. Returns to India.]
* *A high-caste Brahman, Rammohun
Boy, founds a reformed Brahman mono-
theistic church (Br ah mo Somaj).
[1842. Revived by Debendra Nath
Tango re.]
* * Burma. The Bible is translated.
* * The Free Church of Scotland opens
a mission in Poona. [1845. In Nagpur.]
1831* * Burma. American Baptists
open missions in Mergui and Maulmain.
[1832. A Karen station in Maulmain.
1833. Ava reopens Rangun and Maubee.
1835. Mission opened in Arakan.]
* *The American Board, U.S.A., opens
a mission in Ahmadnagar.
[1834, in Madura; in Singapore, Straits Set-
tlements; (1844, removed) ; 1836, in Madras,
chiefly as a publishing establishment; 1853,
in Arcot; 1851, in Mandapasalia, Madura;
1864, in Manamadura, Madras; 187H, in Mo-
lung, Assam; 1878, in Kohima, Assam; 1887,
in Myngyan and in Thayetmayo, Burma.]
* * The Church Society (Eng.) opens a
mission in Krishnagar, Bengal.
[1832, in Benares; 1839, in Krishnagar, 900
converts are baptized in one service; 1841, in
Telugu; 1847, in Kotgur; 1849, in Padre-Polli;
1850, in Karachi, W.I nd. ; 1854, in Haidarabad,
Sindh; 1854, in Jabalpur, Cent. Prov. ; also
Kangra in the Punjab, and Kunnankulam,
Madras; 1856, in Multan; 1859, in Allahabad,
N. W. Prov.; 1860, For Kols, on the Upper
Godavari; 1863, in Faizabad, Oudh.j
INDIA.
1796,* *-1855, July
1047
1834 * * The Evangelical Missionary
Society of Basle begins mission-work
on the west coast.
[1836, Opens a mission in Combaconum,
Madras; 1872, in Karakal, Madras.]
1835 Feb. 14. Eng. Rev. Dr. Corrie
is appointed first bishop of Madras.
* * The Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel opens a mission in Nega-
patam, Madras.
[1838, In Ceylon; 1840, Sikandarabad ; 1841,
in Cawnpur; 1842, in Ahmadabad, Bombay;
1852, in Delhi; 1353, in Tungu, Burma;
1855, in Karnul, Madras; 1858, in Pudukat-
tai, Madras; 1859, in Burma and in Bom-
bay; 1868, in Upper Burma; 1869, receives
the Chutia Nagpur mission with 17,000 Kol
converts from Pastor Gossner; 1870, in
Ahmadnagar; 1871, in Rurki, Punjab; 1878,
in Nangur, Madras, 1887, in Tolligunge,
Bengal.]
* * Burma. American Baptists organ-
ize a native missionary society in Tavoi.
[1836, open a mission in Assam ; in Bassein,
Burma, among the Telugus; 1837, in Bas-
sein Sgau, committed Karen converts in a
few days. Its 2,000 converts suffer terrible
persecutions without a single apostasy; 1840,
they open missions — English, Tamil, and
Telugu stations in Burma, also in Sibsagor;
1841, in Nowgong, Assam; 1843, in Gauhati,
Assam; 1844, in Salongs, Burma; 1847, great
ingathering of converts in Assam. ]
1836* *The Presbyterian Church
(North), U. S. A., opens a mission in Sa-
bathu in the Punjab.
[1838, in Futtehgurh; 1843, in Mynpuri;
1844, in Furrukhabad; 1846, in Jalandhar;
1848, in Umballa; 1849, in Lahore; 1853, in
Kothapur; 1863, in Etavvah, N. W. Prov.;
1867, in Hoshiarpur, Cent. Prov.; 1884, in
Sangli, Bombay.]
* * The Reformed Presbyterian Syn-
od, U. S. A., opens a mission in Laha-
ranpur.
1837 * * A bishopric is erected at Bom-
bay.
* * The London Society opens a mission
in Mirzapur.
[1845, Parey-chaley; 1850, in Almora; 1852,
in Colombo, Ceylon; 1855, in Gooty, Madras;
1869, in Kanikhet, N. W. Prov.]
* * The Free Will Baptists, U. S. A.,
open a mission in Sumbalpur, Orissa.
[1840, in Jellasore, Bengal; 1844, in Midna-
pur; 1865, in Santipnr, Bengal; 1873, in
Bhimpore, Bengal ; 1877, in Dantoo, Bengal ;
1886, in Vlnuconda.]
1838* * Straits Settlements. St. An-
drew's (Cathedral), Singapore, is con-
secrated. [1861, present building erected;
1870, made the cathedral.]
1840 ** Calcutta. The cathedral is
founded.
* * The Welsh Calvinistic Methodists
open a mission in the Khasi Hills.
[1841, in Assam ; 1870, in Jiwai.]
1841 * * The Irish Presbyterians open
a mission in Rajkot.
[1844, at Gogo; 1846, receive Surat from
the London Society; 1860, in Borsad, Bom-
bay; 1861, in Ahmadabad, Bombay; 1877, in
Anand, Bombay; 1887, in Broach, Bombay.]
* * The "Welsh Presbyterians open a
mission in Cherrapooujee. [1846, at
Jiwai ; 1787, in Sylhet.]
* *The Evangelical Lutherans,
U.S. A., open a mission in Guntur, also
Palnadu, Madras. [1849, in Palnadu ;
1861, in Samulcotta, Madras.]
1845 * * Ceylon. The bishopric of Co-
lombo is erected.
1846* * Burma. Roman Catholics open
a mission in Rangun. [1853, in Tungu.]
1847 * * The Leipsic Evangelical Lu-
therans receive the Tranquebar mission.
[1855, open one in Cuddalore, Madras ;
1859, in Manikraramain, Madras ; 1864,
in Kegapatam, Madras.]
1849 * * The American Baptists open
a Karen mission in Pwo.
[1852, Reopen one in Rangun, Burma; 1853,
In Tungu, Burma; 1854, in Prome, Burma;
1855, in Thongze, Burma; 1861, Ava, Burma,
is abandoned; 1866, for the Slums, Burma;
1870, in Ongole 915 converts are baptized in
one year; mission opened in Ramapatam,
Bengal; 1876, in Pwo Karen, Burma; 1877,
in Rahmo, also in Tura, Assam; 1879, in
Maubin, Burma; 1880, in Maubin and Tha-
tone, Burma; 1885, in Udayagiri, Madras;
1886, in Man i la lay, Burma.]
1851 June * The State allowance to the
temple of Juggernaut is withdrawn.
* * TheEvangelical Lutherans, U.S.A.,
receive the North German mission in
Rajamahendri, Madras. [1886, open a
mission in Kotapad, Cent. Ind. ; 1887, in
Jeypur.]
1853* *The Reformed Church,
U. S. A., opens a mission in Arcot, Ma-
dras.
[1854, in Chittra, Madras; 1858, it receives
the Arcot Mission from the American Board;
1863, opens in Madanapalli, Madras.]
1854 * * The Associate Church, U.S.A.,
opens a mission in Sialkot, Punjab.
STATE.
1796 * * Ceylon. The British seize the
Dutch settlements. [1802. The whole
seaboard becomes a British possession.]
1798 May 17-1805 * * The Earl of
Mornington [Marquis Wellesley] is gov-
ernor-general.
1799 June 22. Mysore is divided.
(See Army.)
1801 * * Treaty of Lucknow ; the Mogul
emperor cedes more of the territories
of Oudh to the British.
± * * The British annex the Carnatic
(S. E. Ind.) by conquest.
1802 * * The Mahratta Holkar refuses
to receive a British force according to
the treaty, and the second war follows.
[1805. Dec. 24. Peace is signed.]
1803 * * The Mahratta power is over-
thrown. [1809. Holkar signs a treaty.]
* * Gwalior (Cont. Ind.) is placed under
British protection.
1805 July 30. Eng. Marquis Corn-
wallis again becomes governor-general.
[Oct. 5. He dies. Oct. 10-1807. Sir
George Barlow is acting governor.
1807, July, 3-1813, Lord (Earl of) Minto.]
1806-37 Akbar II. is Mogul emperor
under British protection.
1813 July* Eng. The East India Com-
pany's charter is renewed for 20 years,
but its monopoly of trade is abolished.
[1814. Apr. 10. Operative. 1833. Re-
newed for 30 years.]
Oct. 4-23 Earl of Moira [Marquis of
Hastings] is governor-general. [1823,
John Adam, officiating governor.]
1815 Mar. 2. Ceylon. By treaty with
the chiefs the sovereignty of the island
passes to the British.
1819 * * Ghazee-ud-deen becomes the
king of Oudh.
* * Straits Settlements. Sir Stamford
Raffles founds a British factory in Singa-
pore. [1824. The island is purchased
from the Sultan of Johore for £13,500
and a life annuity of £5,400 ; Malacca is
ceded to the British by the Dutch, and
with Singapore is incorporated with
Penang. 1832. Singapore the capital.]
1820* * Eng. George IV. becomes
king.
1823 Aug. 1-28* *Lord [Earl] Am-
herst is governor-general. [1828, Mar.
18, Wm. Butterworth, officiating.]
1826 Feb. * A treaty of peace is made
with Burma.
1826-52 LowerBurmaannexed(p.943).
1828 July 4-35 Lord "William Cav-
endish Bentinck is governor-general.
He abolishes suttee (widow-burning),
and exterminates the roving gangs of
thugs. [1835-36. Sir Charles Metcalf
(Lord Metcalf) is temporary governor.]
1829 Feb. 24. Peace is made with
Burma ; it agrees to pay an indemnity
of £1,000,000, and cedes a great extent of
territory.
1830-37 Eng. "William IV. king.
* * Mysore is taken under British ad-
ministration. [1734. Apr. 10. Coorg,
.Madras, is annexed.]
1834 May 1. Natives are admitted to
the magistracy.
1836 Mar. 4-42 * * Lord [Earl] Auck-
land is governor-general.
Dec. * Aden. A wrecked British ship is
plundered at Aden by Arabs. [The
sultan agrees to cede Aden to Great
Britain as compensation. His son hav-
ing repudiated this agreement, Great
Britain sends an expedition. 1839. Ta-
ken by Capt H. Smith. Annexed.]
1837 * * Eng. Victoria becomes queen.
1837-42 Mahmud Ali, nawab of Oudh.
1837-57 Mahmud Bahadur Shah is
titular Mogul emperor.
1839* * China. Hongkong taken.
[1842. Aug. 29. Ceded (Pp. 616, 617).]
1842 Feb. 28. Lord [Earl of] Ellen-
borough is governor-general. [1844. July
23-1848, Sir Henry Hardinge.]
1843 Mar. * Sind is conquered and an-
nexed. Area, 54,123 square miles ; popu-
lation [recent], 2,542,976; Sir Charles
Napier, governor.
1845 * * The English purchase the Da-
nish possessions.
* * A part of Lahore is annexed by con-
quest from the Sikhs.
1847-56 Waud Ah Shah rules in Oudh.
[1856. Feb. 7. Deposed by British, and
territory annexed.]
1848-56 Earl -[Marquis] of Dalhousie
is governor-general.
1849 Mar. 29. The Punjab is an-
nexed by proclamation. [Satara lapses
to the British, it having no direct heir.
1853. Dec. 11. Nagpur lapses.]
1852 Dec. 20. Burma. Pegu and Ran-
gun are annexed by proclamation.
1853 Jan. * Burma. The king of Ava
is deposed by his younger brother. [June
20. Peace with Great Britain.]
* * Lord Elphinstone is governor of Bom-
bay. [1860, Sir R. G. Clerk ; 1862, Sir
Henry Bartle Frere ; 1866, W. R. Sey-
mour Fitzgerald ; 1872, Sir Philip Wode-
house ; 1880, Sir James Fergusson ; 1884,
Lord Reay.]
* * Straits Settlements is made a sepa-
rate dependency under the governor-
general of India. [1866. Aug. 10. Sep-
arated ; made a crown colony. 1867.
Apr. * Effective. Sir Harry St. George
Ord, governor ; 1873, Sir Andrew Clarke.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1837-38 A terrible famine in north-
west India destroys 800,000 lives.
1851 * * Chohan chiefs agree to resolu-
tions against the killing of female
infants.
1853 Apr. 16. The first railway is
opened, from Bombay to Tannah ; dis-
tance about 25 miles.
1854 * * The Ganges canal is opened.
1048 1855> * *-1894, Jan. 8.
INDIA.
ARMY — NAVY.
1857-58 The sepoy rebellion.
Alleged cause : requiring men to use
cartridges greased with lard and cow's
tallow, the cow being a sacred animal
and the hog abhorred. The native ar-
mies of Madras and Bombay remain loyal
to the British.
(Mar. * ) The troops at Barrackpur mu-
tiny. (Mat 10.) At Meerut, near Delhi.
(Mat 11.) The helpless Europeans at Delhi
blow up the magazine. Gen. Anson, com-
mander-in-chief, marches on Delhi. (Mat
27.) He is killed. (Mat 30.) The sepoys
at Lucknow join the mutiny. Sir Henry
Lawrence fortifies and provisions the resi-
dency. (June 3.) The mutiny is suppressed
at Benares. (June 6.) At Allahabad the
native soldiers rise and massacre 17 officers
and all the women and children they can find.
Nana Sahib of Cawnpur mutinies, and Is pro-
claimed peshwa of the Mahrattas. (J c K e 8.)
The siege of Delhi begins; 30,000 men besiege
8,000 at the maximum. (June 27.) About
450 Europeans are treacherously massacred
by Nana Sahib, chiefly women and children ;
only four men and 125 women escape death.
(Junk * ) Sir Henry Barnard succeeds Gen.
Anson (deceased). (July 2.) Sir Henry
Lawrence, with a weak regiment, and the
Europeans of Lucknow are besieged in the
residency; he is wounded. (Jily 4.) He
dies. (July 5.) Maj. -Gen. Reid succeeds
Sir Henry Barnard, deceased. (July" 12.)
Gen. Nicholson defeats rebels at Sealcote.
(Jily 15.) Gen. Havelock defeats Nana
Sahib and recaptures Cawnpur. (July 18.)
The mutiny is suppressed at Haidarabad.
(July 19.) Also at Bithoor. (July 20.) At
Lahore. (July 22.) Sir Archdale "Wil-
son assumes command at Delhi. (July 27.)
The mutiny breaks out at Dinapur; British
repulsed at Anak. (July 29-Ai g. 15.) Gen.
Havelock, by prodigious effort, wins many
victories over the rebels, although a sufferer
from disease. (Aug. 15.) Rebels defeated
at Pandoo Muddee. Gen. Nicholson defeats
them at Nuguffgur. (Sept. 14.) The Brit-
ish assault Delhi. (Sept. 20.) The entire
city taken. (Sept. 21.) The Mogul emperor
Bahadur Shah is captured at Delhi. (Sept.
23.) Col. Hodson kills with his own hand
the son and grandson of Bahadur. Gen.
Nicholson dies. (Sept. 25.) Gen. Havelock
relieves the besieged residency at Lucknow.
(Sept. 26.) Rebels defeated at Boland-
shhar. (Sept. 29.) AtMolaghur. (Oct. 5.)
At Aligarh. (Oct. 10.) At Agra. (Nov.
3.) Sir Colin Campbell [Lord Clyde], com-
mander-in-chief, arrives at Cawnpur. (Nov.
13.) Cawnpur is taken. (Nov. 16.) Camp-
bell takes Sikandarabad. (Nov. 18-25.)
He and Gen. Havelock rescue the besieged
residency at Lucknow by hard fighting.
(Nov. 27.) The rebels at Cawnpur repulse
Gen. Windham. (Nov. 28.) Campbell re-
captures Cawnpur. (Dec. 6.) He defeats
the Gwalior contingent. (Dec. 14, 17, 27.)
The rebels are defeated at Seaton. (Dec.
27.) At Gorakhpur. (1858. Jan. 2.) At
Futtigarh. (Jan. * ) The rebels still hold
and fortify Lucknow. (Jan. 29.) Sir Hugh
Rose relieves Sagar. (Feb. 31.) He enters.
(Mar. 8.) Sir Colin Campbell besieges Luck-
now. (Mar. 19.) Lucknow surrenders; 50,-
000 rebels hastily retire. (Mar. 30.) Gen.
Roberts takes Kotah. (Apr. 4.) Sir Hugh
Rose takes J hansi. (Apr. 13.) Azimgarhis
relieved by Sir E. Lugard. (Apr. 19.) Gen.
Whitelock takes Budaun. (Mat 7.) The
British recapture Bareli. (Mat 11.) Sir
Hugh Rose defeats the rebels at Kooneh.
(May 23.) Also near Kalpi. (Mat 13.) Sir
Hope Grant defeats them at Newabzung-e.
(May 29.) Sir E. Lugard defeats them at
Jugdespore. (June 13.) The rebels seize
Gwalior. (June 17.) Rose again defeats
them; the Rani princess Jhansi is killed
while leading her troops. [Rose captures
Gwalior.] (Jult *) Several rajas sur-
render. (Aug. 14.) Gen. Roberts destroys
the remnant of the Gwalior rebels. (Aug.
*) Chiefs la Oudh surrender. (Aug. 31.)
A rising of dismissed soldiers at Multan is
suppressed ; 300 are killed. [ Later 800 more
killed or captured.] (Sept. 15.) Gen. Mit-
chell defeats Tantia Topi near Rajghur.
(Nov. 24.) Lord Clyde defeats Beni Mahdo
at Dhooden Khera. ( N o v. 25. ) A gain de-
feated at Gujarat by Maj. Sutherland.
1859 Feb. 10. Gen. Horsford de-
feats the begum of Oudh and Nana Sa-
hib, the rebel peshwa.
Apr. 2. Maun Singh surrenders to the
British. [Apr. 7- Tantia Topi is cap-
tured. Apr. 18. Hanged.]
May 23. Sir Hope Grant defeats Nana
Sahib in the Jorway Pass.
1860 July * Sir Hugh Hose assumes
command.
Nov. * The natives repulse the British at
Sikkim.
1863 Oct. *-Dec. * "War with the hill
tribes on the northwestern frontier.
1864 * * The British are at war with
the Bhutanese.
Dec. 12. The Bhutanese defeated. [1865.
Jan. 29. Repulsed at Dewangiri. Feb. *
The British evacuate. Apr. 2. Retake
it.]
1865 Apr. 23. Sir William Mans-
field assumes command.
1868 Oct. 4. War arises with the
Bazotee sect on the northwest frontier.
1872 Jan. 15-17. An outbreak of
the Kookas near Ludhiana is severely
suppressed.
1873 Nov+. * Straits Settlements. The
Malays revolt, besiege the residency.
(Nov. 6.) Capt. Inness relieves the resi-
dent. (Dec 7.) Troops from Calcutta and
Hong-kong under Gen. Sir Francis Colborne
defeat the Malays. (Dec 22.) They de-
feat them again. (Dec 17.) The British
take Kinti. the capital of l'erak, and force
ex-Sultan Ismail to retreat. (Dec. 27.)
The Malays are subdued at l'erak. (Mar.
21.) Ismail surrenders to the British.
1878-81 Second Afghan war (p. 4) .
1881 Jan. * Sir Donald Stewart is
appointed commander-in-chief.
1885 July 30+ . Sir Frederick Rob-
erts is appointed commander-in-chief.
1885-86 War with Burma.
(Nov. 17.) The British capture the Bur-
mese forts, Minhla and Gurgyong. (Nov.
20.) Also Magwe. (Nov. 27.) They occupy
the Ava forts. (Nov. 28.) Also Pagan and
Myingyan and Mandalay. (Dec 2.) Also
Nadan. (Dec 29.) Maj. Williamson de-
feats the Burmese at Moutshobo. (1886.
Jan. 16.) They are defeated at Kadol.
(Jan. 19.) Again at Kunnah. (Jan. 27.)
At Mas. (Mar. 18.) At Yindaawango.
(Mar. 26.) Near Zemethen. (Apr. 5.) Again
defeated. (June 6, 7.) Defeated at Ngape.
(June 19.) They repulse the British near
Tummoo. (Oct. 21.) Gen. Sir Frederick
Roberts succeeds to the chief command.
(Nov. 18.) He arrives at Mandalay.
1887 Feb. * Burma. Gen. Roberts re-
tires ; Gen. Arbuthnot assumes com-
mand.
1888 Mar. 20. A British force defeats
the Tibetans at Lingtum.
Tibetans have erected a fort contrary
to the terms of their treaty. [May 23.
Defeated. Sept. 25. Again at Jelapla
Pass.]
1889 Jan. * Afghanistan. The British
complete the fortress at Quetta, mak-
ing it the bulwark of India.
1891 Mar. 30. Hostile Muneepuris,
after two days' fighting, massacre 400
Goorkhas in the British service. [Apr.
16±. The Muneepuris are defeated, los-
ing50killed. Apr. 18±, Apr.21±. Again
defeated. Apr. 27. Imphal is captured.]
ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS.
1855 * * The Bombay Quarterly is is-
sued.
1864 Oct. 5. Calcutta. A cyclone,
followed by a storm-wave over the
delta of the Ganges, destroys 45,000 lives,
and 100 ships.
1367 Nov. 1. Calcutta. A cyclcne
unroofs 30,000 small houses ; 90,000 peo-
ple are drowned by it in Lower Bengal.
1871 Aug. 5. Eng. The Royal Indian
Engineering College, Cooper's Hill, is
opened.
1872 Dec. 14, 15. An earthquake
destroys Lehree ; 500 people perish.
1874 Oct. * A cyclone destroys Med-
napur ; 2,000 people perish.
1875 July * A Mohammedan college
is established for Northwest Provinces.
1876 Oct. 31. A cyclone sweeps
southeast Bengal ; 215,000 people perish.
1883 * * The Christian College Magazine
is issued.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1857 * *.Gholab Singh, maharaja, dies.
1881 Mar. * Gholam Hussein Khan, friend
of the British, dies.
1890 Oct. 12. Jeejeebhoy Byramjee, of
Bombay, A 66.
CHURCH.
1856* *The Methodist Episcopal
Church, U. S. A., sends Dr. William
Butler to open mission-work in Bareli.
[1858, he plants his first mission at Luck-
now; 1859, in Budaun and Moradabad; 1861,
in Haidarabad, Sind; 1864, in Garliwal; 1871,
in Bombay; 1881, in Chandausi, N. W. Prov.]
1857 * * The Wesleyan Methodists
(Eng.) open a mission in Ceylon among
the Veddahs ; in Tumkur, Madras.
[1863, In Karur, Madras, and Shimoga,
Mysore; 1876, in Faizabad, Oudh.]
1858 * * Baboo Keshub Chunder Sen
joins the society of the Brahma Somaj.
[Being much opposed he forms the new
Brahma Somaj of India.]
1860 * * The United Presbyterians
(Scot.) open a mission in Rajputana.
[1861, in Musseerabad and Narsinhpur,
Madras; 1862, in Ajmere, Bengal; 1863, in
Todgarth; 1866, in Jaipur; 1871, in Deoli, N.
W. Prov.; 1877, in Udaipur, also in Alwar;
1885, in Jodhpur.]
1861 * * The Danish Missionary So-
ciety opens the New Tamil Mission.
[1881, one for the Malays in the Sjervarog
Mountains; 1886, in Assampur; 1887, in Ar-
cot, Ranipet, and Sallasapet; 1888, in Ma-
dras.]
* * The Finland Missionary Society
opens a mission in Suomi.
* * The Geneva Baptists open a mission
in Russelkonda, Madras.
* * The Strict Baptists (Eng.) open a
mission in Talleygaum.
1863 Dec. * The Government with-
draws its support of the Hindu religion.
* * The Established Church of Scot-
land opens a mission in Wazirabad in
the Punjab. [1865, in Chuma ; 1869, Dar-
jiling, Bengal ; 1886, in Bhutan.]
1864* * Calcutta. The Cathedral Mis-
sion College is opened.
1866 Apr. * The question respecting
marriage of Hindu converts is settled.
* * The English Friends Society sends
its first missionary. [1869, opens a mis-
sion in Benares, soon changed to Jubal-
pur ; 1874, in Hoshangaifcad, Cent. Prov.]
* * The United Presbyterians, U. S. A.,
open a mission at Zafarwal, Punjab.
* * The Church Society opens a mission
in Lahore.
[1878, in Mandla, Cent. Prov.; 1879, one
for the Gondwana, in N. Ind. ; 18?n. another
for the Bhils, N. Ind. ; 1882, in Gorakhpur,
N. W. Prov.; 1887, in Sukkur, Sind; 1888,
Kummamett, S. Ind.; 1889, in Ceylon.]
INDIA.
1855, * * - 1894, Jan. 8. 1049
1870 * * A widespread revival occurs
in Methodist missions and great cities,
under the labors of the American evan-
gelist, [Bishop] "William Taylor.
1872 July* Eng. The Christian mar-
riage bill is passed.
1875 * * Canadian Presbyterians open
a mission in Madras. [1877. In Judore.]
1877 Jan. * The South Indian Confer-
ence (Meth. Epis.) is organized. [1886,
The Bengal Conference.]
* * Burma. The bishopric of Rangun
is erected.
1877-78 During the famine about 60,-
000 persons in Southern India cast
away their idols, and seek Christian in-
struction.
1878 June 15. In 16 days the American
Baptist Telugu missionaries baptize
8,691 converts, and 2,222 of them in one
day.
* * The Swedish Society opens a mission
in Narsinhpur, Madras.
* * The English Presbyterians open a
mission in Rampur-Beauleah, Bengal.
* * The census reports nearly 70 ,000 Ro-
man Catholics in Madura.
* * The Old Testament is printed in Pwo
Karen for the Burmese.
1882 * * The Christian Society (IT. S. A .)
opens missions in Bilaspur, Mungeli, and
Chapa, Cent. Prov.
1883 * * The Western Foreign Mis-
sionary Society (U. S. A.) opens a mis-
sion in Lodiana, in the Punjab.
1884 * * The Breklum Society (Ger.)
opens a mission in Coropat, Madras.
1886 * * Ceylon. The Salvation Army
arrives, and adopts the native food and
dress of the Hindu mendicants.
1889 * * The Protestant Missionary So-
cieties report 4,223 stations and out-
stations. Foreign mission-workers, 816,
ordained missionaries, 69 laymen, 460
missionaries' wives, and 243 other women.
Native workers : 912 ordained, 6,692
teachers, 8,569 other helpers. Also 2,533
preaching places, 1,855 churches, 222,283
communicants, 83 schools for higher edu-
cation, with 8,051 pupils, 6,574 common
schools, with 273,585 pupils; native con-
tributions for all purposes, $477,283.
STATE.
1855-60 Ceylon. Sir H. "Ward is gover-
nor. [1865, Mar. 7, Sir Hercules G.
Robinson ; 1872, Jan. 9, Wm. H. Gregory ;
1876, Nov. * Sir J. R. Longden ; 1883,
Feb. * Sir Arthur Gordon.]
1856-58 Viscount [Earl] Canning is
viceroy. [1858-62, Earl Canning.]
1857 May 11. At Meerut the sepoys
proclaim the king of Delhi emperor.
1857-58 The nizam of Haidarabad
supports the British during the mutiny.
1858 Jan. 27-Mar. 9. The king of
Delhi is tried for complicity in the mu-
tiny, and sentenced to transportation.
Aug. 2. London. The East India Com-
pany's administration is transferred
to the crown. A secretary of state is
provided for its management. [Sept. 1.
Transferred.]
Nov. 1. The queen is proclaimed sover-
eign over India.
1858-62 The Earl of Canning is
viceroy.
1859 Jan. 1. The Punjab becomes a
presidency.
Jan. * Sir CharlesTrevelyan is
appointed governor of Madras. [1860,
S. Ward; Sir Wm. Denison ; 1866, Jan.
31, Lord Napier.]
1861 Aug. * A new Indian council
and new high court of judicature are
established.
1862 Jan. 18. Calcutta. The first
meeting of the new legislative council.
Mar. 1. Calcutta. Lord Elgin, the gov-
ernor-general, arrives. [Mar. 12. In-
stalled. 1863, Nov. 20. Dies. 1863, Sir
Robert Napier, officiating governor ;
1863-64, Sir William Denison.]
1864 * * The Dwars is annexed.
1864-69 Sir John Lawrence [Lord
Lawrence] is viceroy.
1866 Sept.i * Burma. A rebellion
against the native king breaks out.
1869-72 Earl of Mayo is viceroy. [1872,
Feb. 23, Lord Napier, acting governor.]
1872-76 Lord [Earl of] Northbrook is
viceroy. [1872, Sir John Strachey, of-
ficiating viceroy ; later, Lord Napier.]
1874 Jan. 20. Straits Settlements.
Governor Clarke signs a treaty at Pan-
kor in the Dindings.
It establishes Abdullah as sultan, and
provides for a British resident with
plenary power at Perak. The British
Government begins to exercise super-
vision over the native courts through a
staff of European officials. [1875. Oct.*
Sir William F. D. Jervois becomes gov-
ernor. Nov. 1. J. W. Birch, the British
resident, issues a proclamation at Perak.
Nov. 2. He is assassinated. 1877. Sir
W. C. F. Robinson is governor 1880,
Sir Frederick A. Weld ; 1887, Aug. * Sir
C. G. Smith.]
1875 Apr. 23. The Maharatta Gack-
war of Baroda is dethroned for mis-
government. [May 22. His eldest son
is appointed his successor.]
June 18±i Burma. The submission of
the king to the British is announced.
1876-80 Lord [Earl of] Lytton is vice-
roy.
1877 Jan. 1. The viceroy proclaims
Queen Victoria Empress of India, with
magnificent ceremonies, at Delhi.
1879 Feb.* Burma. Thebaw, the new
king, kills many members of the royal
family and their friends.
1880-84 Marquis of Ripon is viceroy.
1884 Dec. 13. Calcutta. The Earl of
Dufferin assumes office as viceroy.
* * Mir Mahbub Ali is installed nizam
of Haidarabad.
1885 June 7. Straits Settlements. Let-
ters patent define the Straits Settle-
ments.
Oct. 18±. Burma. The British envoy
and his proposals are rejected. The
Frenchenter negotiations with the king.
Nov. 22. A revolution occurs at Ne-
paul ; the prime minister and son are
murdered.
Nov. * Burma. The British force the
king to sign an agreement to settle
disputes, and receive a British resident.
Dec. * Burma. King Thebaw and his
court are sent to Madras. [Dec. 18+.
His brother issues a proclamation
against British rule; Mr. Bernard es-
tablishes a provisional government.]
1886 Jan. 1. Upper Burma is an-
nexed by proclamation.
May 15. London. All Burma is in-
cluded in British India by a royal decree.
* * The Keeling Islands are detached
from Ceylon and administratively placed
under Straits Settlements. [1889. Jan.
8. Christmas Islands so placed.]
1887 Feb. 15, 16. Burma. The
Queen's Jubilee is celebrated.
1888 * * The Marquis of Lansdowne is
viceroy.
1889 Aug. 27. A native council is
established at Kashmir.
1890 Aug. 21. A revolution occurs
In Manipur ; the maharajah seeks refuge
in the British residency. [Sept. 25. •
Suppressed.]
1891 Feb. 23. A meeting of 4,000
Hindus, held in Bombay, resolves that a
law is necessary for the protection of
child-wives. [Feb. 25. Calcutta. About
50,000 Bengalese protest against the bill
for the protection of child-wives.]
May 25. The maharajah of Muneepur
abdicates in favor of his brother.
Dec. 29. The Indian National Con-
gress opens at Nagpur. [1893. Dec. 30.
It meets at Allahabad.]
1892 Apr. 1. Burma. The Chins
revolt against British rule.
Dec. 21. Nizam-ul-Mulk, son and heir
of the late Mehtar of Chitral, places
himself and the state at the disposal of
the Indian Government.
1893 June 26. The Government issues
an order suspending the free coinage
of silver.
Oct. 11. London. The Earl of Elgin is
appointed viceroy.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1855 * * Calcutta. The Calcutta rail-
way is opened.
1856 Nov. 7. The first marriage of a
Hindu widow is celebrated at Calcutta.
* * * Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, a Parsee
of Bombay, erects several hospitals.
1860-61 A famine affects northwest-
ern India, and thousands perish.
1865 Mar. 1. Eng. The Indo-Euro-
pean telegraph line is opened, and a
despatch from Karachi received.
1866 Aug. * -Nov. * A terrible famine
afflicts Orissa, Bengal, and 1,500,000 peo-
ple perish.
1867* * Calcutta. Cholera destroys
75,000 lives.
1868-69 A severe famine afflicts Raj-
putaiia ; 1,500,000 people die.
1870 Mar. * The railway between Cal-
cutta and Bombay is completed.
1872 * * The telegraph line connecting
Bombay and Suez is completed.
1875 Feb. 24. Lieut. Holcombe and a
surveying party of 70 persons are mas-
sacred by natives in Assam.
Nov. 8. -76 Mar. 13. The Prince of
Wales visits India.
1877 Jan. 1. The Order of the Em-
pire of India is announced.
Mar. 1. In Nepaul several widows of
Sir Junn Bahadoor burn themselves
as suttees on his funeral pyre.
Dec. 31. The Imperial Order of the
Crown of India is instituted for ladies.
1877-78 A widespread famine has
6,000,000 victims. (Governmentesti-
mates of deaths, 1,350,000.)
1879 Mar. 31. Railways opened to
date, 8,545 miles ; cost, £120,000,000.
1882 Nov. 24. The Sirhind irrigating
canal, 502 miles long, is opened in the
Punjab.
1883 Mar. 29. Calcutta. The Euro-
pean and Anglo-Indian Defense Asso-
ciation is formed.
Dec. 4. -84 Mar. 10. Calcutta. An
International Exhibition is held.
1889 Feb. 27. The railway between
Rangun and Mandalay, Burma, is
opened.
May± * Famine and cholera prevail in
Ganjam, Madras ; deaths, 1,400 weekly.
1892 May 30. Cholera prevails in
Kashmir; 1,600 deaths in one week.
1894 Jan. 8. Religious riots occur
between Mohammedans and Hindus at
Yeola, 96 miles from Bombay.
1050 1240* * b.c. -362* * b.c.
ITALY:
Italy is a kingdom of Southern Europe ; capital, Rome. It comprises, besides the peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, and some
smaller islands ; its governmental divisions comprise 69 provinces. Its government is vested in a hereditary constitutional
monarch, with a Parliament of two houses, having 390 members in the Senate and 508 deputies in the Chamber. The prevailing
religion is Roman Catholic, and the language chiefly used is Italian. Its foreign possessions are Massowah and Assab on the
Red Sea coast, and the neighboring Dhalak Islands ; these possessions are officially known as Eritrea ; they have a population
estimated at 450,000. Area, 110,623 quare miles ; population in 1892, 30,535,848:
Note. — The period of the early kings is highly traditional and largely mythical ; neither the dates, names, nor deeds recorded
are reliable as facts. Historical records are of an uncertain value until 265 b.c. The list of popes follows that of the Roman
almanac, Gerarchia Cattolica. Roman Catholic writers disagree respecting the order, accession, and periods of the early popes.
ARMY — NAVY.
748 * * b. c. Borne taken by Sabines.
747 * * b. c. The Cseninians are de-
feated, and the first triumphal proces-
sion is witnessed at Rome.
671 * * b. c. Zancl£ (Mesaina) is seized
by the Messenese.
669+ * * b. c. The rival Romans and
Albans settle the contest for supremacy
'* * b. c. Rome. The Gauls sack the
city, and make an unsuccessful attempt
to surprise the Capitol ; the geese of
Juno alarm the guards. After a seven
months' siege, the withdrawal of the
Gauls is purchased with gold.
"•389 * * b. c. Rome. Camillus expels the
Gauls (Volscii). [379. They defeat the
Romans. 350-345. Another war.]
by combat. Three Horatii, Roman_367 * * b. c. Dionysius the Elder cap-
knights, as champions, overcome the tures Rhegium.
three Curiatii, Alba's champions. —367.349 * * B. c. Wars with the in_
665 * * b. c. War with the Fidenates ; vading Gauls in Central Italy.
Alba Longa is destroyed. —362-358 b. c. War with the Hernici
616 * * b. c. Successful wars are waged and the revolted Latin cities,
with the Sabines, Latins, and Etruscans.
* * * b. c. Wars with the Veii, near
Rome.
* * * b. c. Rome. The wall is built.
590 * * b. c. Sicily. Carthaginians in-
vade the island. [480. Again.]
509 * * b. c. A long war follows the
overthrow of the monarchy.
508 * * b. c. Unsuccessful war occurs
with Porsena.
-501 * * b. c. The Latins and the Tar-
quins attack the republic. [498. The
Tarquins are finally defeated at Lake a Rortii
Regillus by Aulus Postumius.] ig established.
497 * * b. c. The Tusculans are totally 600-500 b. c. The temple of Minerva
at Syracuse is erected. Also the tem-
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
753* * b. c. The Roman calendar
dates from the founding of Rome. [713.
Numa Pompilius corrects the calendar
by adding two months, making 12.]
616 * * B. c. Rome. Tarquinius Priscus
lays the foundation of the Capitol ; it
covers eight acres. [507. Dedicated.]
616-578 b. c. Rome. Tarquinius builds
and the heads of families the domestic,
worship.
The chief gods of the Romans are Jupiter,
the god of the sky; Juno, his wife, who pre-
sides over maternity; Minerva, the goddess
of the intellect, who presides over the arts;
Mars the god, and Bellona the goddess, of
war; Vesta, goddess of Roman hearths;
Saturnus the god, and Ceres the goddess,
presiding over agriculture ; Ops, the goddess
of harvest and riches; Hercules, the god of
gain, presiding over contracts; Mercurius, the
god of traffic, and Neptune, the god of the
sea. There are also a great multitude of
lesser gods.
710 * * b. C. Numa Pompilius regulates
religious ceremonies by the advice of
the Camoenu8 (prophetess). Egira, his
consort, institutes the priesthood, the
augurs, and vestals.
* * * b. c. Rome. The temple of
Janus is erected.
* * * b. c. Rome. The five pontiflces
are appointed, Pontifex Maximus being
the first ; also the flamines, fetiales, the
four augurs, and the four vestal vir-
gins. [Later, six.]
507+ * * b. o. Rome. The king is high
priest, and head of the state religion.
the city walls, and begins the temple 431 * * b. c. Rome. A temple is dedi
of Jupiter.
The first circus
cated to Apollo in a time of pestilence.
399 * * b. c. The Lectisternian festi-
val is instituted.
defeated at Tusculum
■ 492 * * b. c. Coriolanus defeats the
Volsci.
488 * * B. c. Rome. The banished Co-
riolanus, with the Volsci, besieges Rome,
but withdraws when entreated by his
wife and his mother.
487 * * b. c. Hernici, invaders from
the South, are defeated by Spurius Cas-
sius.
477 * * b. c. All the grown-up Fabii
(306) are slain from ambush by Veientes,
at the brook Cremera.
460 * * b. c. Rome. Herdonius and his
political refugees surprise the Capitol.
458 * * b. c. Cincinnatus defeats the
JEqui tribe, dwelling east of Rome.
[446. They reappear before Rome for
the last time.]
449* *b. c. Rome. The people revolt;
plebeian soldiers occupy the Aventine
and the Sacred Mount.
"442± * * b. c. Romans conquer Ardea.
- 437 * * b. c. The Romans totally defeat
the Veientes.
-434 * * b. c. War with the Tuscans.
- 431 * * b. c. The JEqui and Volscii are
defeated by Tubertus, the dictator.
- 423 * * B. c. Samnites capture Capua.
415-413 b. c. Sicily. Athenian inva-
sion (p. 1020).
- 406 * * b. c. The Roman troops first
receive regular pay.
- 396 * * B. c. Marcus Furius Camillus
takes Veii after a siege lasting 10 years.
—390 * * b. c. Gauls besiege Clusium.
July 16. b. c. Defeat at Allia (p. 662).
pie at Paestum, the temple of Con-
cord, and of Juno at Agrigentum.
594 * * B. c. Rome. The temple of
Ceres Liber and Libera are decorated
by Gorgasus and Damophilus.
534-510 b. C. Rome. Tarquinius Su-
perbus completes the temple of Jupiter
Capitolinus.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
SOCIETY.
750± * * b. c. The Romans seize the
Sabine women in attendance at a pub-
lic spectacle, and detain them for wives.
* * * Romulus divides the people into
Patricians and Plebeians. [732. He
establishes the Circensian games. 716.
He is murdered by senators.]
616-578 b. C. Rome. Tarquin estab-
lishes annual games in the Circus Max-
imus.
Note. — The letters b. c. are mostly omitterr— 578 * * B. C. Servius Tullius, successor
in Births and Deaths to save space; the pe- of Tarquinius, is the son of a slave-
riod, however, is marked in the first item. woman, Ocrisia, and a god, and is ad-
* * * b. c. Romulus, legendary founder of vanced because of the utterance of an
Rome, born. [716. Dies.] oracle.
* * * Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome,
born. [672. Dies.]—- — 510 * * B. c. The overthrow of the Tar-
672 * * Tullus Hostilius, legendary hero, b. quins and the establishment of the re-
[640. Dies.] public follow the rape of Lucretia,
678 * * Tarquinius Priscus, legendary k., d. wjfe of Tarquinius Collatinius, by Sex-
5 1 6± ** Cincinnatus, Luc. Q., legendary tus Tarquinius ; Lucretia kills herself .
hero, born.
507 * * Brutus, Lucius Junius, fdr. of repub-
lic, dies.
489 * * Coriolanus, Cnaius Marci us, legendary
hero, dies.
430 * * Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syra-
cuse, born. [365. Dies.]
408 * * Dion, Syracusan statesman, born.
[354. Dies.]
395 * * Dionysius the Younger, tyrant of
Syracuse, born. [343. Dies.]
CHURCH.
491 * * B. C. Some Plebeians, called cli-
ents, are directly dependent on the
great Patrician families, called patrons ;
they receive support and render service,
yet without actual slavery.
* * * b. c. The mass of Plebeians are
freemen, without political rights or bur-
densome taxes, but possessed of commer-
cial rights. A great socaal gulf lies be-
tween the Plebeians and the Patricians.
Slaves from all countries are numerous ;
owners hold the power of life or death.
b. c. The religion of the Romans— 473 * * b. c. The male property-hold-
is a system of polytheism in which na-
ture is deified. Worship consists chiefly
in prayers, sacrifices, and games, with
the observance of strict ceremonials.
The head of the state conducts public,
ers between the ages of 17 and 60 are
divided into five classes by Servius Tul-
lius.
* * b. c. Incessant wars prevail ; the
condition of the poor people grows worse
and worse.
ROMAN EMPIRE. 1240**b.c.-362**b.c. 1051
456±**b. c. Rome. The Seoul a*— 610* * b. c. Royalty is abolished, and
games are first celebrated. the consulship instituted.
— 445 * * B. c. The Canuleian law is — The overthrow of the monarchy ; L.
Junius Brutus leads the insurrection .
passed, permitting marriages between theTarquinsare expelled. (See Society.
Patricians and Plebeians. _ , _ 00/1 „. , . . .,
.—© 10-264 b. c. Struggles between the
- — 444** B.C. Plebeians become eligible Patricians and the Plebeians arise. Cen-
to the office of military tribunes.
— 397 * * B. C. Sicily. All the Carthagin'
ians are massacred by the Romans.
390-376 b. c. The equalization of
tral and Lower Italy are subjugated.
-509-265 b. c. Rome is a republic es-
tablished by the Patricians ; it is aristo-
cratic in its spirit.
the old orders and the new nobility 19^509+ * * B. c. Junius Brutus and Lu-
onginated in both the Patrician and Pie- "w- "• v- " «*""» » »*•*•■ ■ « ■"-■"
beian families of office-holders. cms Tarqumius Collatinus are the
367* *b. c. Rome. One of the three first consuls,
great colleges of priests, having charge>^508 * * B. C. Alliance with Carthage,
of the Sibylline books, is opened to the «. ,. ^ - -_ .
Plebeians. * * B. C. Porsena of Clusium attempts
..•o to reinstate the Tarquins in Etruria.
STATE.
489 * * B. C. Titus Lartius becomes the
first dictator ; he is appointed in a crisis
for the expulsion of Tarquinius and his
allies from the Latin towns.
494 * * b. c. Rome. The oppressed Ple-
beians secede. Plebeian tribunes are
elected, and they return.
1240-510 Mythical Period.
1240 * * B. c. Latinus, King of Janicu;
lum, rules over Latium.
1183 * * b. c. Antenor founds Padua.
[1050±. Cumse is founded. 1154. Naples.]
1182 * * b. c. .aSneas and the Trojans 493+ * * b. c. Rome. The alliance with
settle in Latium [Cent. It.]. the Latin League is renewed by Spurius
_-„ _,_ .... ... . . , ... Cassius Viscellinus. [486. He proposes
-—753-510 b.c. Mythical period of the the first agrarian law. Patricians and
kings. Plebeians quarrel respecting it.]
— 753-716 b. c. Romulus reigns. —-492 * * b. c. Rome. The ediles (magis-
747 * *b.c. The Sabines are incorpo- trate8> aie flrst elected.
rated with the Komans as one double
state under Romulus and Tatius.
742 * * b. C. Rome. Romulus is sole
king ; he institutes a senate of 100 mem-
bers, and divides the people into tribes
491 * * B. C. Rome. Cnaeus Marcius Co-
riolanus, the consul, is banished for
attempting to bribe the Plebeians to give
up their political rights for grants of
corn, and for contempt of court.
and curiae. — 486 * * b. c The Hernici join the Latin
735 * * b. c Sicily. Naxos is founded. and Roman League.
[734. Also Syracuse by Corinthian .__ „ _ „. ., m. ,. ,
Greeks under Archias.l —485 * * b. c Sicily. The oligarchy
are expelled, and Gamori Gelon, ruler of
730+ * * b. c Leontini and Catana are Qela, becomes tyrant of Syracuse. [467.
founded. [721, Saberis ; 710, Crotona ; Thrasybulus. 466. Expelled (p. 1019).]
690, Gela.] ._. „ . _ , ^ .
„ ' —484 * * b. c Questors are appointed.
716 * * B. C. Interregnum.
—484 * * B. c
480 * * B. c. The Fabia gens secede
from Rome for political reasons.
471 * * b. c. Rome. The law of Volero
""Publilius, giving greater authority to
the Plebeians, is carried by the tribune
of the people.
462* * B. c. Rome. C.Terentilius Arsa,
the tribune, is opposed by the Patricians.
He proposes the appointment of ten
men to reduce the laws to a written
code. [450. The difficulty is settled by
compromise ; three ambassadors are sent
to Greece to study its laws, and codify
Roman laws.
716-673 B. c. Rome. Numa Pompil-
ius, a Sabine, is king. [673-640, Tullus
— —Hostilius, a Latin.]
705 * * B. C. Tarentum, in Southern Italy,
is colonized by Spartans. [It becomes
the leading city of Magna Grsecia.j
683 * * B. C. Locri Epizephyrii [S. It.]
is founded by Locrians of Greece. [648.
Himera, Sicily.]
665 * * b. c Alba is conquered, and
annexed to Rome.
664 * * b. C. Sicily. Syracuse sends
out a colony, and founds Acne. [644,
Casmae ; 599, Camarina.] —458 * * b. c Lucius Quinctius Cincin-
—640-616 B.C. Rome. Ancus Martius, natus becomes dictator. [439. Again.]
a Sabine, reigns. [616-578. Tarquinius 457 * * b. c. Rome. The tribunes of
Priscus, an Etruscan.] the people are increased from five to ten.
640 * * b. c. Ostia, the port of Rome, is— *51 * * b. c. Rome. The decemvirs,
built. a commission of 10 men, chosen from the
600± * * B. c. Pisa is founded. Also Patricians, are in power.
Milan. (Traditional.) [579. Agrigen-
tum, Sicily.]
""=■"578-534 b. c. Rome. Servius Tullius
reigns. He organizes the Comitia Cen-
turiata.]
——578* * B. c. Rome joins the Latin
League. [566. First Roman census.]
* * B. c. Lands are allotted to the Ple-
beians.
634-510 B.C. Rome. Tarquinius Su-
perbus reigns. He disregards the laws
and the Senate, subjugates the Latifl~" 449 * *b.o. Rome. A revolt of the
League, and conquers Suessa Pometia. moderate aristocracy, under Valerii and
— 520± * * b. C. The Latins become allies Horatii, against the oppression of the
of Home. decemvirs fails.
They formulate the code of laws defin-
ing the rights of Plebeians. By their
action the Patrician administration be-
comes subject to the control of public
judgment.
450 * * b. c. Rome. The decemvirs
are appointed again.
Three of their number being Plebeians,
they add two more tables, thus forming
the laws of the 12 tables. [449. They
refuse to relinquish power, and rule as
tyrants during another year.]
A later revolt against the tyranny of
the decemvirs is hastened by the stab-
bing of Virginia in the Forum by "Vir-
ginius her father, to keep her from the
power of Appius Claudius, a decemvir.
The decemvirs enter a compromise by
which they abdicate ; two commit sui-
cide in prison, the others are banished.
447 * * B. c. Rome. Two additional-
questors are appointed by the Plebeian
comitia tributa ; they have special charge
of the military treasury.
444 * * b. c. Rome. Six military tri- •
bunes, with consular power, open alike
to Patricians and Plebeians, are created
as successors of the decemvirs.
443 * * b. c. The office of censor is in-
stituted and two Plebeians are appointed.
They supervise state revenues and ex-
penditures, and guard the public morals.
421 * * b. c. Rome. The first Plebeian
questor is elected. [409. Three chosen.
410** b.c Sicily. The Carthagin- •
ians commence their aggressions on
Syracuse.
408 * * b. C. Milan is built by the Gauls.
405-367 b. c. Sicily. Dionysius the
Elder rules in Syracuse as despot.
396 * * b. c. The Etruscan power be-
gins to decline.
393** b.c The League of the Achaean
cities is reconstructed.
391 * * b. C. The Gauls demand the sur-
render of the three ambassadors (the
three Fabii) who took part in the war
of the Etruscans of Clusium against the
Gauls ; the Senate consents, but the
citizens refuse.
390+ * * b. c. Rome. Marcus Purius
Camillus, the dictator, is condemned
for speculation, and exiled to Ardea.
* * b. c. Invasion of the Gauls ; Rome -
is sacked and burned by Brennus.
388 * * B. C. The Latins desert the Ro-
mans.
386 * * b. c M. Manlius Capitolinus, •
charged with aiming at royal power, is
thrown from the Tarpeian rock ; he had
paid the debts of bankrupt Plebeians.
385 * * b. c. A Latin colony is estab-
lished at Satricum. [379, At Setia ; 384+,
Antium and Tarracina.]
377 * * B. C. Rome. C. Licinius Calvus .
Stolo and Lucius Sextus, tribunes of the
people, make proposals for the union
of all sections of the plebs.
1. Consuls to be elected in place of consular
tribunes. 2. One to be a Plebeian. 3. One-
lialf of the 10 members of the priestly college
having charge of the Sibylline books to be
Plebeians. 4. The possession of public lands
to be limited to 500 acres for a single citizen.
5. Land-owners to employ free as well as
slave labor. 6. Debtors to be relieved by the
deduction of interest paid from the principal,
and the remainder to be paid in instalments
within three years. [ 367. They become laws. ]
374 * * B. c. The other Latins harass
the Tusculans because of their friend-
ship for Rome, and take their city.
369 * * b. c. Rome. Military tribunes -
are abolished.
367* * b. c. Rome. The curule magis-
trates are first appointed. [366. Lucius
Sextus Laternaus is the first Plebeian
consul, and the colleague of Licinius.]
1052 362 ** b.c.- 218 ** b.c.
ITALY
ARMY — NAVY.
-368-351 b.c. Ware with the Etruscan
cities Tarquinii, Caere, and Falerii ; Ro-
inaus subdue all Southern Etruria.
— -298-290
546* * B. c. The consul Valerius Cor
vus defeats the Volscii at Sutriuni.
» •664-2
— 343-266 b. c. War with both the Ital-
ian and Greek cities of Italy.
-<343-341 b. c. The first Samnite war
in Central Italy.
Caused by the demand of the Capuans
for assistance against the Samnites.
__^340-338 b. c. The Great Latin War.
The Latin league demands equality""""^
with the Romans ; its cities finally sur--^93
render to the Romans at discretion.
_^~ 338 * * b. c. Titus Manlius Imperiosus
Torquatus decisively defeats the united
Latins and Campanians nearTritenum ;
Campania submits to Rome.
335 * * b. c. The Tiburtines are de;
feated, and all Latium soon after, for
which M. Furius Camilius the younger
obtains a triumph and statue.
^-^331 * * b. c. Alexander, King of Epi-
rus, invades South Italy. [326. He is
defeated and killed at Pandosia by the
Bruttians.]
301 * * b. c. The Marai finally yield to
the Romans. [300±. Ferusia reduced.]
300* * b. c. The Greek colony of Cumse
[Naples] is allied with Rome.
b. c. Third Samnite war.
It is caused by the Samnites conclud-
ing a league witu the Lucanians, looking
toward the independence of Italy. Other
Italians are involved. «^»*"264
64-241
297 * * b. c. Eabius Rullianus defeats
the Samnites at Tifernum (N. It.).
296 * * b. c. The Samnites place three
armies in the field. Rullianus and Pub-
lius Decius Mus command 60,000 Romans.
First Punic War.
It is a contest with the Punic people
(Carthaginians) over Sicily, caused by
the rivalry between the first sea-power
and the first land-power of the West;
its nominal cause is the interference of
the Romans in aid of the Mamertines
besieged in Sicily by Hiero II. in 282±.
* B. c. Sicily. Roman invaders
are besieged at Messana [Messina] by a
Carthaginian fleet.
Consul Appius Claudius Caudex crosses
the strait, and drives the Carthaginian
garrison from Messana, but fails in an
attempt to take Syracuse.
b.c. Battle of Sentinum (p. 662)^63* »BC 5ic% Two Roman ^
b. c. Lucius Papirus Cursor and mies arrive.
Spurius Carvilius defeat a strong army Consul Valerius Maximus [Messalla]
of Samnites at Aquilonia. [292. The defeats the combined Carthaginians and
Samnites under Gaius Pontius defeat Syracusans. Hiero H. deserts the Car-
.. „-, m. thaginians and goes over to the Romans,
the Romans. 290. The Samnites are _„„
snhrhiMl hv M rnriiw npntatiw 1 •262**b.c. Sicily. The Romans defeat
subdued by M. ourius Ltentatus.j Hanno, who was sent to relieve Agri-
i— ■ 285-282 b. c. Rome is at war with a gentum, and then take the city.
new coalition of Italian states. * * b. c. The Romans build their first
284 * * b. c. The Celtic Senones besiege five-deck naval vessel.
Arretium [ Arezzo] (N. It.), because it re^- 260 * * B. c. The Carthaginians capture
the first naval expedition of the Ro-
mans, consisting of 17 ships under Con-
sul Cneius Cornelius Scipio, who is taken
prisoner.
* b. c. Sicily. The Romans under
Caius Duilius with 120 ships win their
first naval battle near Mylae. [257.
Alliance of the Romans with the Apu- * B> °' ^ Boii' a CeltlC ^alpine peo- Another indecisive action occurs off the
Hans and Lucanians, and later with the Ple> are defeated at the Vadimoman pi.omontory of Tyndaris.]
Sabellian cities south of the Volturnus ; Lake. [282. At Populonia]. (P. 662.) __„ ,. ,. _ „
the Romans are successful in the earlv~Q, „„„ „ „ XKTar. -f, m--Mm*M«-XBOi \l£' &, rbe E°mans fit out a fleet
part of the war. ^^ 281-272 b. c. War with Tarentum. of 360 ships against Carthage under
o-i * * ™l a r. Cause : the aggressions of the Romans the consuls Marcus Atilius Regulus and
21** B.C. The Samnites, under Ga- insending war-ships beyond the promon- L. Manlius Vulso. [256. It utterly de-
vius Pontius, decisively defeat the Ro- tory of Lacinium contrary to treaty stip- feats 350 Carthaginian ships near Ecno-
mans, under the consuls Sp. Postumius ulations, also by the demagogues, who HUis, Sicily. It then lays waste the
._ ' • . . *. „ ■,■ -d , urged their capture. The Tarentines se- Carthaginian coasts.]
and T. Vetunus, in the Caudme Forks, cu*e pyrrilus, King of Epirus, as an ally.
fuses to take part against the Romans.'
L. Csecilius Metellus with a relieving
force is defeated ; he is slain with seven
military tribunes and 1,300 men ; the
survivors are made prisoners.
326-304 b.c. Second war with the
Samnites and other Italians, caused by^*283 * * B. c. Consul Lucius Cornelius
an encroachment of the Romans, and Jg'gfJJ r0Ut8 the Senones' aud erases
their capture of Palaeopolis. ,. ,. " _ .. _. ,.,«,. , .
1 The Bon, a Celtic Cisalpine peo-
and force them to pass under the yoke._281275 fi ft Wap wf& Fyrrhm
320* *B. c. The Romans defeat the Mn0 iands in South Italy (p. 1026).
Samnites at Luceria and Fregellse, One Roman army is sent to Etruria, but
and compel them to pass under the yoke. tue main army t0 Lower Italy.
313** b.c. Nola, Campania, is taken 282 * * B. c. Sicily. The mercenary
by the Romans. soldiers of Campania, called Mamer-
311* *b. c. The Etruscan cities (Tus^»-*tines, seize Messana. [The Romans and
cany) take part in the war against Rome. the Carthaginians are invited by differ-
They besiege the border fortress, Su- ent parties to come to their aid. 279.
trium. The mutineers capture Rhegium. 270.
c- ■, ™ n__«. • • Retaken (p. 1026).]
* *b. c. Sicily. The Carthaginians ____ __, .,
defeat Agathocles, the tyrant of Syra'!,-279 * * B. C. Pyrrhus with 70,000 men
— - cuse, at Ecnomus. routs an equal force of Romans at As-
311± * *b. c
••256 * * b. c. Afr. Consul Regulus re-
' moi'no with W iM\i\ -n\c-r\ -ii-Viilo ^ivMnl
mains with 15,000 men, while Consul
Manlius returns with half the army.
* b. c. Afr. The defeated Carthagin-
ians sue for peace.
But they resent Regulus's humiliating
demands for the cession of Sicily and
Sardinia, the surrender of all war-ves-
sels except one, and the acknowledg-
ment of the supremacy of Rome.
: * b. c. Afr. The Carthaginians pre-
pare for a great struggle; they gain
many mercenaries in Greece, including
the Spartan general Xanthippus.
A fleet is begun. culum; Roman loss, 6,000; allies, 3,500.^855 * * b. c. Afr. Xanthippus rout
310* * b. c. The consul FabiusMaximus""278 * * B. c. Pyrrhus, wearied with the
Rullianus decisively defeats the Etrus- 8*ruggle. ^JR8 a tru.c.e F "> the Romans,
and enters Sicily to aid the Greeks against
cans at the Vadimoman Lake, near the Carthaginians. [276. He takes Pa-
the Tiber. —normus [Palermo]. 275. He is defeated
Because of this defeat, the cities of ^at Beneventum (p. 1026).]
Perusia, Cortona, and Arretium con-^-B77 * * B. c. Fabricius Luscinus defeats
elude a truce with Rome. the Samnites, the Brutians, and other
309 * * B. c. The Romans under Lucius allies of Pyrrhus.
Papirius Cursor defeat the Samnites^g72 * * B. 0. Tarentum is surrendered
in a great battle. to Rome with 30,000 prisoners. Milo,
308* *b.c. The Umbrians are defeated i8 given a free departure to Epirus.
by Consul Rullianus. ^2 * B. C. The Lucanians, Samnites, and
Brutians are subdued ; all cede terri-
tory to the Romans
Servia. Claudius II. de-
* b. c. A provisional truce is declared
throughout Etruria.
The Roman navy first appears" ? J ' * tP
in the capture of the town of Nuceria.
* * b. c. The consul L. Postumius in-
- vades Samnium from the Adriatic Sea.
* * b. c. Military roads are built in
North Italy.
305 * * b. c. The Romans gain a decisive
victory at Bovianum ; the Samnites sue
for peace.
feats the Goths and Scythians near
Naissus [Nish] ; 320,000 Goths are slain.
268 * * B. c. The Romans reduce Pice-
num (Cent. It.), and transfer many of
the Picentini to Campania. They aid
the Mamertines (p. 1026).
266 * * b. c. The Sallentini in Calabria
are defeated ; Italy is now subdued
from the Rubicon to the Marca.
the Romans under Regulus at Tunis,
and the consul is captured ; part of the
army escapes to Culpea. [Out of 364
vessels, 284 are lost in a storm at sea.]
* * B. C. Sicily. The Carthaginians un-
>«*der Hasdrubal land at Lilybaeum, and
renew the war. The Romans proceed
to build another fleet. [254. They de-
feat Hasdrubal and capture Panormus.
250-241. They take Lilybaeum.]
253** b.c. Afr. The Roman fleet dev-
astates the coast ; later it is nearly de-
stroyed by a storm. The Senate declines
to continue the naval warfare.
_^249 * * B. C. Sicily. The Carthaginian
navy under Adherbal defeats Publius
Claudius near Drepanum, and capturej
the greater part of their ships.
* * b. c Sicily. The Romans lose two
or more fleets by storms on the south
coast, and again abandon naval war.
248-242 B.C. Sicily. Many indecisive
battles with the Carthaginians under
^Hamilcar occur on the south coast.
ROMAN EMPIRE. 362* * b.c-218* * b. c. 1053
— 241 * * b. c. Sicily. A fourth Roman SOCIETY.
fleet, built by private and patriotic con- jBO__ „. «, „.. ,, . . .
. .. '. J _ j j . V. i^,- -"300 * * b. c. The Patricians cease to
tributions, commanded by Consul Cams
Lutatius Catulus, destroys the Cartha-
ginian fleet under Hanno at the iEga-
tian Islands. The first Punic war ends.
^-"236 * * b. c. Sp. Hamilcar begins the
conquest of Spain. [228-221. Succeeded
by Hasdrubal.]
exist as a legally privileged caste, and
continue only as a social order or rank.
± * * b. c. The new nobility regard
every citizen who obtains office without
belonging to their set as an upstart.
263 * * b. c. Gladiators exhibit at fu-
neral ceremonies.
- — 229-228 B.C. Turk. The Romans con^g35 * * B. c. Home. Universal peace
prevails, and the temple of Janus ia
closed.
STATE.
356 * * B. c. Sicily. Dionysius is ex-
pelled by Dion for his debaucheries and
tyranny. [346. Regains power. 343-
337. Expelled ; Timoleon reigps.]
*-*B. c. The Latin League is renewed.
quer the piratical Illyrians of Scodra
225 * * B. c. Gauls are defeated at Tel-
amon. [222. At Clastidum.j (P. 662.)
225-222 b. c. The Romans conquer
Cisalpine Gaul.
222 * * B. c. Consuls Cneius Scipio and
M. Claudius Marcellus capture Medio-
lanum [Milan], the capital of the Insu-
bres, and afterward take Comum.
* * * B. c. The Romans erect frontier
fortresses at Placentia, Cremona, ancU-856± * * b. c. Venice is conquered an'd
Mutina [Modena]. made a kingdom by the Gauls.
^ 2 M.tnIi?,;.C,.«7«,w? &i coj!<lue.red1 >y **b.c. Some. C. Marcius Rutilius,the
Marcellus, and the Gothic king is slain. -,,,,.,.
.-220** B.C. TheFlaminianWay,ex--"firstflebeiandactatori8elected- ex-
tending from Rome to Ariminum, is /The first censor. 338. Legalized.]
built by the censor Caius Flaminius. -354 * * B. c. The Samnites enter an alli-
— 219 * * b. c. Sp. Hannibal ignores the ance with the Romans.
treaty with Rome, besieges, conquers, j>ki » * ml n .„.
and destroys Saguntum. V351 * * b c The Romans and Etruscans
««« ~~, „ . ^ . enter a truce for 40 years. Southern
—218-201 b. c. Second Punic war.
Caused by the envy of the Carthagin-
ians at Roman prosperity and the ex-
tension of the power in Spain, and also
by the spirit of revenge.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
^312-308 b. c. The Appian Way is built
from Rome to Capua. The Appian Aque-
duct is commenced.
300+ * * B. C. Caius Pictor Fabius deco-
rates the temple of Salus.
265 * * b. c. The solar year is found to
comprise 365 days, five hours, 48 minutes,
51 seconds, and six decimals.
264 * * b. c. Rome. The first gladiato- -j
rial show is exhibited. r^
240 * * B. c. Livius Andronicus pro-
duces on a Roman stage a drama with a
definite plot.
220 * * B. C. Rome. Caius Flaminius
adds a second annual festival, called the
Plebeian Games, and a second circus.
He builds the Flaminian Way.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
363 * * Curtius, Marcus, legendary hero, b.
3d Century. Livius, Andronicus, actor, dra-
matic poet, born .
"856 * * Regulus, Marcus Atilius, gen., dies.
-250 * * Plautus, Marcus Accius, dramatist, b.__^337
Etruria [Tuscany] is annexed to Rome.
348 * * B. c. The first treaty with Car-
,» thage is entered to repress Greek piracy.
* * b. c. A new nobility is gradually
formed in political life from those Pa-
trician and Plebeian families that have
retained public offices for a long time.
* * b. c. Rome. The tribunes of the
people obtain seats in the Senate, also
the right to convene it.
* * b c. Rome. The Senate grows in
importance ; it becomes the chief execu-
tive body in the government ; senators
are selected by vote.
B. c. A treaty ends the first
Samuite war ; Rome receives Capua ; the
Samnites, Teanum ; and the Volscians,
the upper Liris.
JJ38 * * (339 ?) b. c. Rome. The laws
of Publilius Philo, the first consul and
dictator, are proposed.
Laws passed by the comitia centuriata are
to apply to all citizens. Laws presented to
the centuries are to be approved beforehand
by the curiae. One censor is to be a Plebeian.
i* b. c. The Latins are subjugated,
and incorporated with Rome. Also
Sardinia and (338+) the Volscians.
* b. c. Rome. Publius Paulus
[184. Dies.]' " becomes a censor.
— 237* * Scipio. Africanus, the Elder, general, » ,„ „ m ,. - . _„ .
born. [183. Dies.] ** B.C. The pretorshipa are first filled
-—234 * * Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Elder, pa- — ^»Y Plebeians.
— oozS!0!* £.onV- [1i9' ,Die?-] • , 326* *B-C- Neopolis [Naples] is con-
— 230 ** ^milius, Paulus Lucius, consul, gen- nnereri bv the Romans
eral,born. [160. Dies.] querea Dy the Komans.
_^324 * * b. c. An embassy is sent to
Alexander the Great.
CHURCH.
300 * * b. c. Rome. The colleges
the pontifices and augurs are first
opened to Plebeians as priests.
291* * b. C. Rome. The worship of
^Esculapius as the god of medicine is
introduced.
—381 * * B. c. Rome. The Senate refuses
of to approve the treaty made with the
Samnites ; it delivers the consuls who
signed it to the Samnites, who refuse to
receive them.
LETTERS.
320+ * * b. c. The conquered Latin
towns are settled by Roman colonists.
317-289 b.c. Sicily. Agathocles,
the tyrant, rules in Syracuse.
235+.-205+ b.c. Thepoemon the Firsw-312 * * b. c. Rome. Universal suf-
Punic War, a plav, Clastidium, the first «„„„„ s„ • t ■ a !■<>«, -r • ... ^ ->
''fabulzprntext*/' AUmoniumRomuliet frage » introduced. [304. Limited.]
Remi, and a number of tragedies adapted--®! 2-308 B. c. Rome. Appius Clau-
from the Greek, by Nsevius, appear. dius is censor. [306 and 296. Consul.]
300 * * B. c. Rome. The Ogulnian law
is passed. It opens the pontificate and
the augurite to the Plebeians. ["'Con-
sidered the establishment of the Roman
Constitution."]
295-146 b. c. Home extends author-
ity over the countries bordering the
Mediterranean.
290 * * b. c. The conquered Samnites
secure peace without the cession of ter-
ritory or loss of independence. The Sa-
bine country is annexed.
286* * b. c. Rome. The Hortensian
Law is passed, because of a secession of
the Plebeians.
It is enacted that all decrees of the
comitia tributa shall be binding upon all
citizens, not excepting the Plebeians.
This ends the long struggle between the
orders.
285-283 b. c. Rome controls Central
Italy from sea to sea.
280 * * b. c. Rome. The Senate rejects
the offer of peace made by Pyrrhus
through Cineas. Fabricius Luscinus,
the incorruptible consul, is sent on an
embassy to Pyrrhus.
279 * * b. c. Rome and Carthage en- -
ter an offensive and defensive alliance.
273 * * b. c. A new colony is founded
at Psestum. [268, At Beneventum and
Ariminum [Rimini] ; 265, At iEsernia ;
264, At Firmum, Castrum, and Nuvum.]
270* *B. c. Sicily. Hiero II. is recog--
nized as King of Syracuse. [264. He
becomes an ally of Carthage.]
266 * * b. c. Rome is supreme in It- -
aly. The Etruscans totally lose their
independence.
264 * * B. c. Afr. The Carthaginians ■
declare war against the Romans.
263 * * B. c. Catana submits to the Ro-
mans [and becomes a leading town].
* * B. C. Sicily. Syracuse becomes trib-
utary to Rome by conquest. Hiero II.
signs a treaty [and keeps it].
254 * * b. c. Sicily. Panormus [Paler-
mo] is taken from the Carthaginians.
250** b.c. Afr. Regulus is sent from -
Carthage to Rome by bis captors to sue
for peace and an exchange of prisoners.
[Unsuccessful, and put to death.]
241 * * b. C. Peace between Rome and
Carthage.
Carthaginians give up Sicily, and pay a
war indemnity of 3,200 talents ($4,000,000) in
10 years. Western Sicily becomes the nrst
Woman province; the smaller eastern part
continues under Syracuse, an ally of Home.
241+ * * b. c. Rome. A democratic
reform is made of the constitution of
the centuries.
240 * * b. c. Spoletium, Umbria, is col-
onized by Romans.
238 * * b. c. Afr. An insurrection of ■
the mercenaries and Libyan subjects
against Carthage is utilized by the Ro-
mans to extort the cession of Sardinia
by the Carthaginians. [231. It becomes
the second Roman province. Corsica is
added.]
234+ * * b. c. Ravenna, founded by -
Greek colonists, is annexed by Rome.
228 * * b. c. The first Roman embassy -
is sent to Greece. C. Flaminius proposes
an Agrarian law. (232?)
220+ * * B. C. Romans found Placentia.
[219. Cremona, Lombardy, and Emilia.]
1054 218**b.c.-147**b.c.
ITALY :
ARMY - NAVY.
'218 * * b. c. Hannibal conducts a re-
markable expedition from Africa to
Italy through Spain.
* B. c. The legion sent to Cisalpine
Gaul is almost entirely destroyed.
* b. c. The Romans levy a new army
from the young and old of all classes and
including slaves. Marcus Claudius
He crosses the Pyrenees with M,^ -T-Marcellus comman(i8. The dictator
M. Junius is given a second army.
* b. c. The Romans successfully de-
fend Naples, Cumoe, and Nola.
* b. c. Hannibal enters winter quarters
, at Capua, Campania.
215 * * B. C. Three Roman armies are
led by the two consuls, Maximus and Ti-
berius Gracchus, and the proconsul, M.
Claudius Marcellus.
foot, 9,000 horse, and 37 elephants ; he
advances through Gaul toward Italy.
He captures Taurasia [Turin].
-* * b. c. The consul Publius Cornelius
Scipio fails to intercept Hannibal so
as to prevent his crossing the Rhone.
.* * b. c. Aust. Hannibal advances up
the Rhone to Vienna, thence eastward
to the Alps, forcing his way by hard
lighting.
— Hannibal crosses the pass of Little St. JL* b. c . Turk. Philip V. of Macedonia
Bernard, and Anally enters the valley of enters an alliance with Hannibal. [214.
the Dora Baltea, Piedmont, with about The King of Syracuse becomes his ally.]
26,000 soldiers and a few elephants. 215-206 b. c. The Romans engage in
Rome can muster 700,000 men. . — the flrgt Macedonian war (p. 1026).
Sept.* B.C. Hannibal defeats Publius — They prevent Philip V., an ally of Han-
Scipio on the Ticinus, near Pavia (?). nibal, sending reenforcements into Italy.
* * Lombardy. Hannibal is reenforced by _*_* B_ C- Marcellus defeats Hannibal at
60,000± revolting Gauls. Nola ; but he retires to Apulia.
Dec. * b. c. Consuls Scipio and Tiberius 214-212 b. c. Sicily. The Romans
Sempronius Longus are defeated by carry the war into Sicily, and besiege
- Hannibal at Trebia. Syracuse. [212. Marcellus captures and
217-211 Sp. Scipio enters with the plunders the city after a vigorous de-
main army to expel the Carthaginians tense by Archimedes.]
remaining there. The Romans defeat
Hasdrubal on the Iberus [Ebro].
' 217 * * b. c. The Romans send two new
armies against Hannibal ; one under
Cneius Servilius advances by the Via -212 * * B. c. Hannibal gains Tarentum
Flaminius, and the other under Caius through treachery, and besieges the cit-
Flaminius by the Via Cassia. adel.
**b. c. Hannibal having released all -*-* "• F- Hannibal defeats two Roman
prisoners from the Roman allies without armies in Lucania and Apulia, and re-
ransom, all Italy is incited to desert tires to Tarentum.
Rome. * * a. c. -Sp. The Carthaginians and
* * b. C. Hannibal flanks the Romans by their ally, Masinissa of Numidia, defeat
crossing the Apennines and entering the an(i kill both of the Scipios; the Ro-
region of the Anio [in Tuscany] with mans retreat across the Ebro.
severe fighting ; he himself loses an eye. 211* * b. c. The Romans repulse Han-
Apr. * b. c. Hannibal annihilates an — nibal at Capua, Campania. Hannibal
army of 30,000 men at the Trasimene marches upon Rome, and encamps within
214 * * b. c. Aust. Philip V. fails at
— Apollonia (p. 1026). [211. He is diverted
by Grecian complications.]
Lake ; Flaminius is killed by Dusarius,
the Gaulic leader, in single combat.
* * b. c. Rome. Terror prevails be-
cause of the near approach of Hannibal
and the loss of an army. Preparations
are made for the defense of the city ;
the bridges over the Tiber are destroyed.
•* * Hannibal fails in an attempt to sur-
prise Spoletium, and passes on to Pi-
cenum on the Adriatic, where he opens
communication with Carthage.
b. c. Hannibal passes through Sam-
a mile of the city ; Rome is prepared to
resist, and he returns.
* * b. c. Capua surrenders to the Ro-
mans, and is terribly punished.
Fifty-three citizens are beheaded,
many are sold into slavery, and all de-
nied the right of self-government ; au-
thority is reestablished in many cities. -
210* *B. c. Publius Cornelius Scipio, 24
years of age, is sent into Spain with pro-
consular powers. He captures New
— -Carthage.
* * B. c. Cneius Fulvius is defeated by
The Romans take Agri-
nium, thence to Arpi in Apulia, followed I
at a discreet distance by the Roman Hannibal at Herdonia.
army under Fabius Maximus, who „. _..
avoids a pitched battle, but provokes B< c- f>lcuV-
many skirmishes. — gentum, kill the Carthaginian garrison,
* B. c. M. Minucius has a fortunate sell the populace as slaves, and subju-
skirmish with the enemy, and is given gate the whole island.
command of half the army as a second ___ .. , „ „ , >.*._*_««• u
dictator, by the populace of Rome. He -J09 * * b. c. Hannibal defeats M. Mar-
attacks Hannibal, and is saved from an- cellus ; the next day Marcellus defeats
nihilation by the first dictator.
• 216 * * b. C. L. iEmilius Paulus and
Caius Terentius Varro are elected con-
suls to crush Hannibal with a force of '
86,000 Romans and allies.
Aug. 2. b. c. Varro's army is annihi-
Hannibal. Marcellus is killed in a
cavalry skirmish at Venusia [Potenza].
208 * * b. c. Sp. Scipio fights an inde-
cisiv'e battle at Bsecula with Hasdru-
bal, who escapes across the Pyrenees to
join his brother Hannibal in Italy.
lated by Hannibal at Cannae, with 50,000 207 * * B. C. N. It. Hasdrubal arrives,
men. and incites the Gauls to arms.
Great endeavors are made by the
Romans to prevent his union with Han-
nibal, who advances toward him from
South Italy. The consuls, M. Livius
Salinator and C. Claudius Nero, are sent
against Hannibal with a great army.
Eighty men of senatorial rank fall, also
the Consul Paulus. Incompetent Varro,
with only a small force, escapes. Three
bushels of rings are taken from the hands
of Roman knights and sent to Carthage.
Hannibal's loss is 4,500 men.
■t. *-B. c. Q. Fabius Maximus captures
Tarentum, and sells 30,000 people as
slaves. Hannibal retires to Metapontum.
* * B. c. Indecisive battle of Grumentum ;
Hannibal escapes from Nero toward
Apulia, and encamps at Canusium.
* * B. c. The two consuls decisively de-
— -feat Hasdrubal, near the River Me-
taurus, south of Rimini, and nearly
annihilate his army ; Hasdrubal is killed,
and his head thrown into Hannibal's
camp ; Hannibal retires to Bruttium.
Jl-*-b. c. Sp. Scipio defeats the Car-
thaginians at Baecula. He conquers
Gades [Cadiz], and expels the Cartha-
ginians from Spain.
205* * b. c. Mago, the youngest brother
of Hannibal, lands at Genoa.
He brings from Spain the remnant of
the Carthaginian army, and incit'es the
Ligurians to rise against the Romans.
The Romans levy three armies to defeat
this cowardly commander.
204 * * b. c. Afr. Scipio crosses over
from Sicily into Africa.
He has only small volunteer force, but
he is joined by Masinissa, King of Nu-
midia, who had been driven from his
throne by the Carthaginians.
203 * * b. c. Afr. Scipio makes a suc-
cessful attack and threatens Carthage.
-*-* b. o. Scipio and Hannibal make fruit-
less negotiations for peace.
i-* B. c. Calabria. The Carthaginians
recall Hannibal and his brother Mago
from Italy to protect Carthage.
Hannibal massacres the Italian sol-
diers who refuse to go with him to Africa,
and embarks at Croton for Leptio.
202 * * B. c. Afr. Scipio [Africanus] an-
.nihilates Hannibal's army at Zama,
85 miles from Carthage.
200-191 B. c. The Cisalpine Gauls and
Ligurians are suppressed, and Upper
Italy is again subjugated after a ter-
rible struggle.
200-197 b. c. Second Macedonian
war.
Caused by King Philip's interference
by furnishing mercenaries to fight
against the Romans at Zama ; Rome is
also entreated to become the ally of
the King of Pergamus and the citizens
of Rhodes and Athens against oppres-
sions of Philip.
200 * * b. c. Aust. P. Sulpicius Galba
lands at Apollonia in Illyria. His fleet
guards Pirasus and threatens Euboea.
f * B. c. Via JEmilia is constructed as
a military road from Ariminum [Rimini]
to Placeutia (N. It.).
* B. c. Placentia is nearly destroyed
by the Gauls.
* b. c. Gr. Philip V. is repulsed by
the Romans before Athens, and driven
out of Central Greece.
199 * * b. c. Gr. The ^tolians and the
Achseans join the Romans against the
Macedonians.
198 * * B. c. Gr. Flaminius takes com-
mand of the army and subdues Epirus.
197 * * b. c. Philip V. routed (p. 1026).
Philip gives up all possessions beyond
Macedonia, and agrees to pay 1,000 tal-
ents ($1,250,000) in ten years, and to limit
his army to 5,000 soldiers, and to retain
only five ships of war. Thereby Macedo-
nia is degraded to a second-rate power.
196 * * B. c. The Insubres, north of the
Po, are subdued.
ROMAN EMPIRE. 218 * * b. c-147 * * b.c. 1055
192-180 b.c
IH. of Syria.
War with Antiochus
ART — SCIENCE - NATURE.
~S16 * * b. c. A water-organ is invented
He refuses to restore the Egyptian Dy Archimedes
provinces to Rome. The Achsean League „,„» »_ _ ™ T„.. » «m ;
supports the Romans, who also find 212 **»•/• The Ludi Apollinares are
allies in the Macedonians, Eumenes II., instituted as a fourth festival.
204 * * b. c. Home. A fifth festival, in
honor of the " Great Mother," is insti-
tuted.
173* * B. C. Rome. The games in honor
of Flora are instituted. (238?)
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
' King of Pergamus, and in Rhodes.
191* * B. c. Antiochus defeated (p. 1026).
* B. c. Consul Manias Acilius Gla-
brio lands in Epirus, and marches into
Thessaly.
¥ * B. c. The Romans conquer the Boii,
of Cisalpine Gaul ; 32,000 are killed.
f *%2'm Gr- The^toliansaresurprised^og* * Fabius, Maximus, Cunctator, consul,
and defeated by Marcus Procius Cato in dictator general, dies.
\a mountain pass. Later besieged in.^86 * * Gracchus, 'Tiberius Sempronius, pa-
Naupactus [Lepanto]. Also again de- triot, born. [133. Dies.]
! feated in a naval battle near Chios. — Scipio, P. C. 8. E., Africanus Minor, gen-
I [190. They submit.] eral, born. [129. Dies.]
irxn. *. .. . ■ ., r.., »,^ j. , —Terence, Publius Terentius Afer, comic poet,
190* * B. C. Asia M. Ihe Rhodian al- born. [159. Dies.]
Mies defeat the fleet of Antiochus III.,— 157* * Marius. Caius, gen., b. [86. Dies.]
.' commanded by Hannibal the Carthagin-
ian, at the mouth of the Eurymedon. LETTERS.
~*"*,B,;^- „ Asia K\ The combined fleets— 21o±_l84 B.C. Amphitruo, Adularia,
of Rhodes and Rome under L. ^Emilius Captivi, Mensechmi, Miles Gloriosus, Ru-
defeat the Syrian fleet commanded by (fe£s and many otller comedies, and the
Antiochus III. at Myonnesus. Trinummus, by Plautus, appear.
— *-*B. c. AsiaM. The Romans are vic^^oo+.^g B, c Annates and a number
torious at Magnesia (p. 1026). of comedies and tragedies, by Ennius,
^^J.71-168 b.c. Third Macedonian appear.
/war (p. 1028). — 184+149 b. c. De Ri Rustica,the Ori-
/* *B. C. Turk. The Romans make three gines, and a collection of apophtheg-
I unsuccessful campaigns against Per- ">attl> by Cato the Censor, appear.
seus, son of Philip V. 169* * b. c Thyestes, a tragedy, by Quin-
168** b.c Turk. Lucius iEmilius tus Ennius, appears ; he writes the ^w-
Paulus obtains command, restore8 (lis- nales.
cipline, and drives back Macedonians. — '167 * * b. c. Rome. The first library
June 22. b.c. Battle of Pydna(p. 1028). is brought from Macedonia.
* * b. c Turk. Samothrace is takerT*166 * * b. c. The And rice, hy Terence,
by Paulus; the conquest of Macedonia appears; also [165, the Hecyra: 16.?, the
1 is completed Heauton-timoroumenos ; 161, the Eunu-
V ' elms and Phormio; 160, the Ariel phi.]
*-* B. c. Aust. The Romans subdue .„.. „ . „ „,.„ i. a
Genthius, King of Illyria, an ally of-*6,1 * *.B;C- Rome. . Philosophers and
Perseus, and divide his kingdom. rhetoricians are banished.
154i-140± b.c. Sp. War with the
Lusitanians. SOCIETY.
150** b.c. Asia. Demetrius Soter is~*215± ** b. c. Gladiatorial fights take
defeated and slain by Alexander Balas, _ place at festivals-
Ml„ „.„____ -"211 * * b. c Gracchus massacres 2,000
ine usurper. Capuans who favor Hannibal.
149-146 b. c. The third Punic war_201 * * B c Rome Sclpio Africanus
It is caused by the Carthaginians mak- celebrates his triumphs with a splendor
ing an attack on Masinissa, the King of never before seen.
Numidia, an ally of Rome, who seized__168* * The Romans plunder and
their territory. Carthage is destroyed. destroy 70 towns in Epirus . and sell as
149 * * b. c. Afr. Two Roman armies slaves 150,000 of the people.
— land at Utica, 25 miles from Carthage.T.67 * * b. c. Polybius, and 1,000 other
The Carthaginians deliver up their Achaeans of high standing, arrivefor
arms and war-ships, but refuse to aban-
don their city, and establish a new town
10 miles from the sea. With patriotic
ardor they proceed to manufacture arms
and prepare for war ; all ranks and ages
and both sexes unite in the struggle.
* * b. c. Having constructed a new fleet,— 217 * * B. c. Rome is terrified ; Q. Fabius
they repel an attack of the Romans in Maximus is appointed dictator.
the harbor. The Romans besiege Car- The Samnites, Lucanians, and many cities
of lower Italy eecede from Rome. [The
thage. States of Magna Grsecia are ruined by siding
-—148-146 b. c. Fourth Macedonian with Hannibal.]
war. — '216* *B.C Sicily. Hieronymus be-
The Macedonians, led by Andriscus, comes ruler of Syracuse [and an ally of
the alleged Philippus, brother of Per- Carthage, which creates a rupture with
seus, revolt against the Romans. Romel
~-"11;!;*3a? t?~°h .S^lL"vilfflfH«l* *BC- Hannibal having failed in
against the brave chief Vmathus; it h, tt k Rhegium and on the
ends in his betrayal and death. citadel of Ta&ntumt £ is abandoned
■ — 147* * B. c Afr. Publius Cornelius by his Italian allies.
Scipio iEmilianus Africanus Minor, the___l „. » TT , , , , .
adopted son of P. Cornelius Scipio Afri^20?. B; c- Hasdrubal succeeds in in-
canus and son of ^Emilius Paulus, as- cltl?g «Jjf Cisalpine Gauls to arms
sumes command against Carthage. [146. against the Romans.
Captured and burned; survivors, slaves.]— 206 * * B. c. Scipio, the conqueror of
_ * * b. c. Asia. Alexander I. (Balas) is Spain, enters a secret alliance with Mas-
defeated by Ptolemy Philometor (p. 652). inissa, and returns to Rome.
examination [and are detained in Ital-
ian cities under surveillance, but with-
out trial, for 16 years].
STATE.
205 * * b. c. Scipio is elected consul, — "
and prepares an African expedition.
[201. He is named Africanus.]
* * B. C. Spain is regarded hereafter as
a Roman province. [197. Two provinces —
are made — Hispania Citerior and His-
pania Ulterior.]
202 * * b. c. Rome. The last dictator —
is nominated for municipal business.
201 * * b. c. Carthage makes peace. —
Terms : (1) She abandons her possessions
in Spain and in the islands of the Mediterra-
nian, but retains her territory in Africa in-
tact; (2) transfers the kingdom held by
Syphax to Masinissa; (3) assumes an indem-
nity of 10,000 talents in 50 years (#250,000) ;
(4) surrenders all her ships but 10, and her
elephants; (5) is to undertake no war with-
out the consent of Rome.
* * b. c. Rome punishes the Italian al- — ■
lies of Hannibal.
They are in part required to cede large por-
tions of their territory, also in part are sub-
jugated to Rome. Eastern Sicily is united
with the western part as one province.
± * * b. c. Numerous Roman colonies
are founded in lower Italy.
198 * * b. c. Rome. Titus Quinctius Fla
minius becomes consul.
196 * * b. c. Gr. Flaminius proclaims *
the decree of the Senate declaring the
Greek states free and independent.
[194. Roman troops withdraw.]
195* * b. c. Afr. A democratic reform of
the Carthaginian constitution is carried out
through the influence of Hanntbal, who is
defamed before the Roman senate by the oli-
garchs and his surrender demanded; Hanni-
bal becomes a fugitive in the East.
192* * b. c. Syria. Interference of Anti-
ochus 111. with Grecian affairs and of Ro-
mans in Asiatic politics causes war in Syria,
where Hannibal lias been received.
191 * * b. c. Cisalpine Gaul is formed
into a fifth Roman province.
190 * * b. c. Antiochus III. makes -
peace with Rome.
He surrenders all his European territories
and Asia Minor as far as the Taurus; agrees
to pay an indemnity of 15,000 Euboean talents
(#19,125,000), and to give up Hannibal to the
Romans; but [the Carthaginian escapes].
183 * * b. c. Matina [Modena] becomes
a Roman colony. [177. Luca, Tuscany.]
180 * * b. c. The lex annalis of the trib-
une, L. Villi us, is established, a military
service of 10 years is prescribed, and a
fixed age for all the curule officers.
* * * B. c. The higher offices, especially
that of senator, gradually become the
especial privilege of the nobility.
168 * * B. c. Aust. Illyria is subdued —
and divided into three tributary districts
with federal constitutions. It is made
the sixth Roman province.
* * b. c. Egypt formally acknowledges —
the suzerainty of Rome.
167 * * B. c. Asia M. The Romans pun-
ish their unfaithful allies, Eumenes of
Pergamus, and Rhodes, and take all their
territory on the mainland (p. 1029).
* * b. c. Rome. The Senate, as guardian of —
both powers, interferes in a war between
Egypt and Syria; C. Popillius Lamas, the
Roman ambassador, arrogantly orders Antio-
chus I V., King of Syria, to abandon the march
on Alexandria (p. 652.)
155 Jan. 1. b.c. Rome. Consuls
henceforth enter office on this day, pay
sacrifice to Jupiter Olympus, after which
the Senate convenes in solemn session.
1056 146* * B.c-84** b.c.
ITALY
ARMY -NAVY.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
— " 103-99 b. c. Sicily. Second servile
insurrection under Tryphon and A the-
"ST ^^ol^ngSedoSf^ed tfC — , put down by Nepos Aquillius.
driscus, an alleged son of Perseus, in 102* * B. c. Fr. Marius covers the two
two battles, and takes him prisoner. military roads (Pass of the Little St. Ber-
[Twice defeated. Corinth falls.] (P. 1028.) nard and the shore road). «'
* * B. c. Greece is completely subju- .*_* b. c. Barbarians defeated (p. 662). ^0 , , c^^ LuciU8 Llclniugi ora.t 8tateg.
gated. * * B. c. Marius crosses the Alps to reen- man, born. [91. Dies.]
143-31 b.c. Home. Civil wars. S?a^8B3£^
143-33 b.c. Sp. War with the Celti- Bc Battle ol Vercel. *$l IfSSS^^SSiS^S^l
berians, called Numantmes ; it ends in --^ [Raudlno Plains]. "^orn ^28°' DieYl"8 Terentiu8' author>
the destruction of Numantia. Marius and Catulus join their forces -115 * • Cruras, Marcus Licinius, consul, d.
143* * b. c. Sp. Q. Caecilius besieges the in Lombardy, and overwhelm and auni- 110* * Lucullus, Lucius Licinius. general,
fortified city of Numantia in vain ; he hilate the Chnbri, who lose 90,000 killed born. [57. Lies.]
is succeeded by less competent generals. and prisoners. —108* * Catiline, Lucius Sergius, politician,
.. __, _. . ., conspirator, born. [62. Dies.]
135-132 B.C. First servile war. — 92 * * B. c. Asia M. Sulla, the procon-~-loe * * Cicero, Marcus Tallin*, orator, born.
The terribly maltreated slaves of Sicily sul of Cilicia, attacks Mithridates VI., [43. Dies.]
rise against the Romans. and reinstates the king of Cappadocia. — ■• Pompey. Cneius Pomi)eius, general, born.
134** B.C. Sp. Publius Cornelius—-90-89 B.C. The Social War. ^105 *'* Crassus, Dives Marcus Licinius, gen-
Scipio .Emilianus Africanus Minor as- Rome is at war with the Marsi and eral, statesman, born. [53. Dies.]
sumes command of the besiegers. other Italian allies in Central and South- — 1°° July 12. Cassar, Julius, general, states-
the ern Italy, who are denied the privileges __K ,,man< b°rn <?r 102>- J-44: Vif*-1 „
of Roman citizenshin "~*5 Cato- 5Iarcus Porcins, the Younger,
ol Koman utizensmp. statesman, born. [46. Dies.]
**80 * * B. c. Marsius defeats the Marsi -"^Lucretius, Titus Lucretius Carus, poet, born.
146 * * B. c. Consul L. Mummius sends
the art treasures of Corinth to Rome.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
"•133 * * B. c. Sp. Scipio starves
Numantines into submission.
132*
Sicily. Eunus, leader of
and other Sabellians.
the slaves, is captured, and dies in prison
-125-113 B.C. The Romans conquer the ** B. c. Cneius PompeiusStrabo defeats
southeastern portion of Transalpine — *he Marsi, after first suffering defeat
Gaul
119* * b. c. Aust. The Teutones and
Cimbri defeat the Romans in Illyria.
113-101 B.C. Invasion of Northern
tribes.
himself.
89 * * B. c. The Romans triumph in the
north, and the war ends ; Sulla succeeds
in the south, capturing Bovianum. [88.
War nearly ends in the south.]
Romans are at war with the 300,000 in;^8_82 b. C. Rome. Civil war between
vading Cimbri, Teutones, and Gauls. ., , _ ,, , ,,„ .
[113. The army of Consul Cneius Pa- the nvala Sulla and Marius.
pirius Carbo is overwhelmed and annihia-.g8 * * B. c. Demagogues use the populace
to dismiss Sulla from chief command of
the army, and give it to Marius.
Sulla gathers an army in Campania of
dissatisfied Italians, liberated slaves,
and others ; Rome surrenders, and his
enemies are given up to slaughter, plun-
der, and outrages for five days ; Marius
escapes to Africa.
c. First Mithridatic war.
It is caused by the encroachment of
Mithridates VI., King of Pontus, the
ruler of Thrace, Bithynia, Macedonia,
and Greece, as well as by the rashness
of Roman officials. Pontus has an army
of 250,000 infantry, 40,000 cavalry, besides
a fleet of 400 vessels (p. 1028).
88 * * B. c. Asia M. Mithridates routs
Nicomedes, King of Bithynia, on the
River Amnias. He defeats Oppius, Cas-
sius, and Aquillius.
the ~®7 * * B. c. > Sulla assumes command in
the Mithridatic war.
lated near Noreja. 109. They defeat
the Romans under ]VL Junius Silanus,
near the Rhine.]
—111-106 B. C. Afr. The Jugurthine
war in Numidia.
— 110-109 B.C. Afr. Jugurtha, the
usurper, defeats a Roman army under
Aulus Posthumius, and sends it under
the yoke ; he dictates a peace which is_Q aA
rejected by the Senate. ""~a
—■109** B.C. Afr. Quintus Metellus as-
sumes command of the Romans, and is
more successful ; he defeats Jugurtha
in Numidia. [107. Again defeated.]
— 108-63 b. c. Asia M. The Mithrida-
tic war between Rome and Mithridates,
King of Pontus.
He had attacked Paphlagonia, Cappa-
docia, and Bithynia, which were client
states of Rome, and massacred
people.
107 * * b. C. Afr. Marius conquers the-* * B- c- Rome is besieged by four
Gsetulians in Numidia. He repulses a armies, — those of Marius, Cinna, Carbo,
combined attack of Jugurtha and Boc- d Sertoriu8 _ and taken by them,
chus, king of Mauretania, his ally, at ' J
Cirta. Bocchus I. treacherously deliv-— 86 * * B. C. Gr. Mithridates VI. de-
ers Jugurtha up to Marius. feated (p. 1028).
— -107* *B. c. Switz. The Tigurini de-_*_*B.C. SuUa defeats Archelaus (p. 1028).
feat Consul Lucius Cassius Longinus * * B. c. Asia. rhe democratic party
on the Garonne, and destroy his army. sends an army to Asia under Consul
105 Oct. 6. B.C. Fr. The hordes of Jlaccus ; it defeats the younger Mithri-
_, , _ , t iL""CB "* dates in Nicomedia. It goes over to
Germans and Helvetians defeat and an- Sulla.
— -nihilate two large Roman armies in ck
southern Gaul ; one under Q. Servilius
Caepio and M. Mallius Maximus at Arau-
sic [Orange] on the Rhone.
—"84 * * b. c. Athens. Besieged and cap-
Vf"1^t«il«i(?' Fr- .CoIl8ul Darius reor- tured (p. 1028).
ganizeslns army in the Provincia Nar- „, m , . ,, „ _ ., _
bonensis [Provence], and prepares for a .B C. Asia M. Sulla fines the Orre- _14Q * * b. c
struggle with the barbarians. cian Cities of Asia Minor 20,000 talents
, _ _ . m ($25,000,000). and leaves a force under Lu-
103 * * B. c. Ger. The Cimbri, with — cullus to collect it : hejgpairs to Italy,
the Teutones and Helvetian tribes of
[44. Dies.]
— 86 * * Sallust, Caius Crispug, historian, born.
[34. Dies. ]
CHURCH.
104* * B. C. Some. The comitise re-
ceive the power to elect the priests.
[82. The power to fill vacancies in the
priesthood passes to the priestly col-
leges.]
LETTERS.
133+-102 b. c. Lucilius invents and
develops the poetic satire.
130+-80+ b. c. Afranius writes come-
dies in imitation of Menander.
130±-80± b. c. The Annals, Brutus,
and other dramas, by Accius, appear.
88± * * b. c. Rhetorica, by Cicero, ap-
pears.
[81, Sept. * He delivers the oration, Pro
Qwntieo; 80, Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino
76, Pro Q. Roscio, Comoedo; 70, In Verrem
66, Pro Lege Manilla: 63, De Lege Afiraria
62, Kov. 8-1- Cicero's Speeches Against Cati
line. (See State.) 59, Pro Aulo Licxnio Ar
chia and Pro L. Valerio Flacco; 56, Pro-
Publio Sextio and Pro M. Coeho Rufo ; 55,
In L. Calpurnium Pisoi<em and Oratore
libre tres ad Quintum Fratrem ; 54, De Re-
publico And Pro Cneio Plancw ; 53,DeLegt-
bus ; 52, Pro Tito Annio Milone ; 47, Pro L.
Ligario and Pro M. Alarcello ; 46, Brutus ;
45, De Finibus and Academica ; 44, De Ami-
citia, Topica, De Senectute, Tusculanarum
Disputation urn, and De Natura Deorum; 44,
Sept. *- 43, May* Orationes quatuordecim
in M. Antonium, the " Philippics."]
86** b.c. Athens. The library of Ap-
pellicon is sent to Rome by Sylla.
SOCIETY.
135-132 b. C. Sicily. The terribly mal-
treated slaves rise in rebellion.
133 * * B. C. Rome. Sempronius Gracchus
makes laws favorable to the poor.
* * b. c. Slaves greatly increase in con-
sequence of successful wars.
121 * * B. c. Rome. Three thousand
democratic prisoners are strangled.
'-— 105 * * B. c. Rome. Jugurtha, the cap-
chelaus again at Orchomenus ; nego- tured Numidian king, is led in triumph,
tiations for peace follow. and then sent to prison to die of hunger.
*B.
Asia M. Sulla defeats Ar-
Germany, invade Italy in two bodies.
Jwt b. c. The army under Marius muti-
nies at Ancona ; Marius dies.
STATE.
Afr. Carthage with the
north coast becomes the seventh Roman
province.
Gr. The return of 300 prominent
Achasans from Italy after a captivity of IS
ROMAN EMPIRE.
146* * B.c-84** b.c. 1057
years stirs all the cities, and the Achaean
league attacks Sparta, with whom the Ro-
mans take sides.
1 * b. C. Rome. Th Senate declares the
Achaean league dissolved (p. 1029).
1 * b. C. Gr. Corinth is in part given to
Sicyon.and in part transformed into Ro-
man public land.
* b. c. Rome. Other Greek cities retain
their own administration in subordination to
the governor of Macedonia, and as tribute
cities to Rome,
r * b. c. Turk. Macedonia is made the
He attempts to execute the social re-
forms proposed by his brother, and is
charged with attempting to subvert the
Constitution.
*b. c. Rome. Jury duty is transferred
from the order of senators to that of the
equites, which further divides the two
branches of the aristocracy.
* B. C. Rome. Colonies are sent out
by the decrees of the people, instead of
the decrees of the Senate.
* B. C. Rome. The Senate favors the
tribune, M. Livius Drusus, to undermine
the popularity of Gracchus.
eighth Roman province. [Greece ajid-«*23+ ** B. c. Caius Gracchus makes
Achaia are afterward added.] new r0ads, marked by mile-stones,
143-31 B. c. The universal power of throughout the empire.
Rome is firmly established. ^-422 * * B. c. Rome. C. Gracchus secures
-133* * B. C. Asia M. Attalus III. of his election to the tribunate for the sec-
ond time.
* B. c. Rome. Roman citizenship is
denied.
The motion of C. Gracchus and M. Fulvius
Flaccus, his colleague, to grant the rights of
citizenship to all Latins, and Latin rights to
other Italians, is defeated by the combined
effort of the Senate and the lower classes of
Rome. Gracchus also fails of election as
tribune for the third year.
r^T.21 * * b. c. Rome. Civil war is occa-
sioned by political murders.
C. Gracchus and M. Fulvius and several
hundred followers are killed. Power is
now restored to the Senate.
*b.c. Rome. M. LiiviusDrususremovesthe
ground rent, and repeals the law prohibiting
the alienation of assignments of public land,
which permits the optimates to repurchase
their confiscated lands.
Pergamus bequeaths his kingdom and
wealth to the Romans. (R. Province.)
-133-121 B. C. Rome. Civil disturb-
ances are led by the Gracchi.
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and his
brother, Calus Sempronius, urge political and
social reforms by revolutionary means. The
peasantry are crowded out of the rural dis-
tricts by the slave labor of the rich, who
chiefly monopolize the land. Rome is full of
an idle rabble, who live on bribes and the
gifts of grain. The public offices and sena"
tonal positions are controlled by family
cliques. ,
Tiberius proposes the reenactment of the
Llcinian agrarian law, with slight changes,
for the subdivision of land in favor of poor
tenants; the tribune, Marcus Octavius, re-
sists, and is deposed by an unconstitutional
decree of the people. The people accept the
law, and entrust its execution to the Uracchi
and Appius Claudius.
T.33 * * b. c. Rome. Tiberius Gracchus^ 2Q
is elected tribune of the people.
He proposes, in a popular assembly, to di-
vide the treasures bequeathed by the King of
Pergamus among the new land-owners, for
purchasing necessary equipment; by usage
the Senate has the control of such bequests.
* * b. c. Rome. Popular laws are pro-
posed for shortening the term of military
service and extending the right of appeal.
——133-129 B. c. The division of the pub-
lic lands under the agrarian laws is
B. C. Fr. Gallia Narbonensis (S.
and S. E. Gaul) becomes a Roman prov-
ince.
116* * B. c. Fr. Narbo Martins founds
the colony called Gallia Narbonensis
[Provence]. Tolosa is also settled.
,*-* b. c. Afr. Jugurtha buys a peace
from the consul, L. Calpurnius Bestia,
but the Senate refuses to ratify it.
115 * * b. c. It. The people of Genua
[Genoa] submit to the Romans.
partially carried out. The democracy— j-n * * B. c. Afr. The Senate's com-
missioners are bribed to assist Jugur-
tha in his struggle for the throne of
Numidia.
He captures Cirta from his rival, and
puts to death the entire male population.
and optimates continue the struggle for
supremacy.
• 132 * * b. c. Rome: Tiberius, in defi-
ance of the Constitution, attempts to
secure a reelection to the tribunate ; the
Senate violently interposes and stops
the election. Tiberius and 300 followers
are killed by the optimates.
* * b. c. Home. Two Plebeian consuls
are chosen.
including many Italians, which excites
indignation, and provokes war at Rome.
* b. c. Rome. Agrarianism fails; a
law is passed making all land still held
in occupation private land.
—129 * * b. c. Asia M. Pergamus be- — 197 * * b. c. Rome. C. Marius receives
comes a Roman province called Asia.
* * B. c. The political murder (?) of P.
Scipio iEmilianus, leader of the opti-
mates, occurs.
"125 * * B. c. Home. The Senate sends
the democratic consul, M. Fulvius
Flaccus, to fight the Gauls, in order to
put him out of its way, he having pro-
posed to give the right of citizenship t<
all Italians. He establishes land com-
munication between Italy and Spain, and
lays the foundation of Roman rule in
Transalpine Gaul.
123 * * b. c. Fr. The proconsul Sex-
tius founds the colony of Aquae Sex-
tise [Aix].
* * B. c. Med. Sea. The Balearic Islands
become subject to Rome.
the consulate and chief command of
the army, notwithstanding the opposi-
tion of the aristocracy. [104-100. He is
elected consul five times in succession.]
105 * * b. c. Rome is terrorized by the
annihilation of two armies in Gaul.
The democratic leaders denounce the
incapable generals of the optimates, es-
pecially Ccepio and Maxim us.
104
b. c. Rome. The comities re-
ceive the power to elect the priests.
* b. c. Rome. A new military system
is adopted.
The Servian military organization, making
military service a tax on property, is abol-
ished; a citizen levy is substituted, supple-
mented by a recruiting system, and reen-
forcements from subject and vassal princes.
*B. c. Caius Gracchus, the questor of-~4Q0* * B.C. Rome. Marius is elected
Sardinia, openly declares himself an en- consul for the sixth time,
emy of the Senate, and returns to Rome; He 8eeks to overthrow the Constitu-
he is elected tribune of the people. tion, and make himself king. He joins
C. Servilius Glaucia, and L. Appuleius
Saturninus, the leaders of the people.
* * B. c. Rome. Saturninus, as tribune,
by violent means procures a division of ~—
hinds among the veterans of Marius.
* * B. C. Rome. The consul. Q. Metel-
Iub, goes into voluntary exile. [99. Re-
called.]
98* * b. c. Rome. Marius loses his "—
popularity ; hated by both parties, he
retires to Asia.
91* * b. c. Rome. Three bills are
brought forward by Marcus Livius Dru-
sus, the tribune of the Plebeians.
One is for the reform of the law courts
and enlarging the Senate, another for
a new division of public lands, a third
bestowing the right of citizenship on
Italians. Drusus is assassinated. — —
* * b. c. The Italian allies revolt.
Except the Latins, most of the Etrus-
cans, and some southern cities, because
of the assassination of Drusus. — —
90* *b.c. Rome. The contending par-
ties become reconciled in the presence
of danger arising from the revolt. Re-
peated levies are made, and citizens and
freedmen are enrolled in the armies ;
the war is popular with both parties.
* * b. c. The enfranchisement of Italy
begins. The right of citizenship is
granted to all the Latins, and to all who
had not revolted.
89* * b. c. Rome. Citizenship is
granted to all applicants within 60 days,
from among eight tribes mentioned.
* * b. c. The municipalities of Cisal-
pine Gaul receive Latin rights.
88 * * b. c. The political concessions — —
cause the social war in the south to end.
* * B. c. Gr. The Grecian cities revolt,
and join the victorious banner of Mith-
ridates (p. 1028).
* * b. c. Rome. Sulla becomes consul. — — "
88-82 b. c. Civil war. (See Army.)
The tribune P. Salpicius Rufus makes
revolutionary proposals respecting the
new citizens, Italians and freedmen,
which are carried by violent means. (88.)
Demagogues precipitate a crisis. (See
Army.)
* * b. c. Rome. Sulla introduces con*. —
solidated legislation ; restores the old
order of voting in the centuries, and
decrees that no vote shall be taken by
the people until the measure has first
been approved by the Senate.
87* * B. c. Gr. The chief cities of —
Greece join Archelaus against the
Romans.
* * B. C. Cnaeus Octavius (democrat) and
Lucius Cornelius Cinna, a partizan of ~~
Marius, are elected consuls.
* * b. c. Rome. Cinna makes a violent
attempt to renew the laws of Sulpicius
while Sulla is absent in the war ; he is . — '
driven out of the Forum by the opti-
mates, after a fierce struggle.
* * B.C. Cinna gathers an army under "|
Marius, and takes Rome. (See Army.)
* * b. c. Rome. A violent revolution is/
attended by a reign of terror under Ma-j
rius and Carbo.
The optimates are slaughtered forfivel
days by command of Marius, and their I
property is confiscated ; plundering and 1
outrages by the armed bands follow.
86* * b. c. Rome. Mar ius is elected |
consul for the seventh time ; Cinna
also elected ; Sulla is deposed while
absent with the army.
* * B. c. Rome. On the death of Marius,
L. Valerius Flaccus is elected
by the democrats. Murdered
bria.] Cinna rules three years. " [Mur-
dered.]
1058 84** b.c. -49
B. C.
ITALY
ARMY — NAVY.
—""72-70 b. C. Asia M. Lucius Licinius
Lucullus captures the* trading cities,
83 * * b. c. Sulla lands with 40,000 men
- and many exiled nobles at Brundusium. Heraclea, Sinope, Amisus, from Mithri-
He is welcomed by his partizan, Cneius dates, and occupies Armenia Minor.
Pompeius, 23 years of age, and threq.^2. * * b. c. Crassus defeats the insur-
legions of volunteers, who join him after
being guaranteed their rights.
•*-* b. c. Eng. Caesar crosses the Chan-
nel with two legions. [They soon re-
turn. 54. Again with five legions and
2,000 Gallic cavalry].
53 * * b. c. Asia. Parthians defeat Cras-
83-81 b. c. Second Mithridatic war.
'■" Mithridates fails to completely evac-
uate Cappadocia ; the propraetor Murena
occupies it, invades Pontus, but is forced
to retire.
Rents at Petelia in Apulia. Pompey an- T susinMesopotamia.anddestroyhisarmy.
nihilates their bands.
70 * * b. c. Asia M. Unauthorized by
the Senate, Lucullus invades Armenia,
and opens war on Tigranes, the son-
in-law of Mithridates, and King of Syria.
* b. c. Sulla conquers Norbanus on^ , * B c Agia M Lucullu8 defeats
Mt. Tifata, near Naples, during negotia-
tions. Scipio's army goes over to Sulla.
Tigranes at Tigranocerta in Armenia.
The Asiatics are panic-stricken and
■*f*82 * * B. C. Sulla winters in Capua, then easily routed, losing 100,000 infantry and
marches against the consuls (younger) all the cavalry ; Roman loss, 105.
Marius ami Carbo. ^€8** B.C. Asia. Lucullus crosses the
* * B. C. The Marians are defeated at Euphrates, and wins another battle ; a
Spoletium by Crassus and Pompey. Sulla mutiny of his soldiers compels a retreat
defeats Marius at Sacriportus.
* * B. c. Sulla advances rapidly on the
democrats under Carbo in Etruria. They
„^— — are defeated at Faventia. (N. It.)
Nov. * B. C. Home. Sulla repels an at-
tack of Samnites at the Colline Gate ;
/ he slaughters 3,000 prisoners.
^3>- * b. c. Sp. Sertorius, a Marian com-
mander, is driven out by Sulla's generals.
* * b. c. Borne. Praeneste surrenders to
Sulla's army ; he executes terrible ven-
geance on the conquered cities and
towns of Italy.
81 * * B. c. Asia. Pompey reduces Nu
to Mesopotamia
~~H7 * * b. c. Metellus subdues Crete
after a prolonged effort.
* B. c. Pompey receives unlimited
command over the Mediterranean prov
inces for 50 miles inward from the coast,
and a fleet of 200 ships, for the suppres-
sion of piracy.
He frees the Mediterranean from pi-
rates, capturing 3,000 vessels, and killing
10,000 pirates ; 20,000 more he settles in
the interior of the country.
^«* * b. c. Asia M. Mithridates, hav-
ing returned to Pontus, defeats a Roman
army under Triarius at Zela. He rav-
ages parts of Bithynia and Cappadocia.
[66. He is driven out by Pompey.]
* * b. C. Asia. Lucullus takes Nisibis.
66 * * b. c. Asia M. Pompey defeats
]* * b. c. Prus. Caesar crosses the Rhine
j on a bridge of piles [between Coblenz
• and Andernach], and recrosses 15 days
j later, after devastating the country.
1* *B. c. Prus. Ambiorix subdued (p. 662).
j* * B. c. Fr. The Gauls revolt (p. 662).
I* *b.c. Titus Labienus, Caesar's legate,
occupies Lutetia Parisiorum [Paris],
the capital of a Gallic tribe, the Parisii.
* * b. c. Fr. Cassar besieges Gergovia,
south of Clermont-Ferrand ; Vercinget-
orix, chief of the Arverni, forces him to
retreat, and he joins his army with that
of Labienus.
^-49-48 b. c. 'Rome. Civil war arises
between the two rivals, Cassar and
Pompey.
-49 * * b. c. Caesar, with one legion,
crosses the Rubicon [near Rimini].
It is a small brook marking the boun-
dary of his province ; he thus begins the
civil war against the Senate.
_-— • midia, and obtains a triumph.
--—80-72 b. c. Sp. War against Serto-
rius; Q. Metellus, and later Pompey,
conduct operations.
78-67 b. c. War against pirates (p. 1028).
^--77 * * b. c. Pome. Lepidus, at the head
of an army of reformers, is defeated Mithridates on the Lycos in Armenia
by Quintus Lutatius Catulus and Pom- f65- Pompey abandons his pursuit, 63
pey on the Campus Martius ; again de-
feated at Cosa ; he flees to Sardinia.
* * b. c. Marcus Junius Brutus surren-
ders to Pompey at Mutina [Modena].
76* * b. c. Sp. Sertorius, a partizan of
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
69 * * b. c. Pome. The Capitol, rebuilt by
Sulla, is dedicated by Quintus Catulus.
60* * B. c. Gr. Julius Cassar revives
the Isthmian games.
58* *b. c. Rome. The theater of
.lEmilius Secannus is erected.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
82 * * Varro, Publius Terentius, poet, born.
[39. Dies.]
Mithridates commits suicide.] ^*BQ * * Brutus, Marcus Junius, conspirator,
, , ,, *. . born. [36. Dies.]
* B. C. Asia M. Tigranes tenders hiiu-70 * * Maecenas, Caius Cilnius, states., born,
submission to Pompey at Artaxata. [8. Dies.]
He is to retain his hereditary kingdom, "~*?%a'j££]im Vereiliu8 Mar0' D°et> bora-
but deprived of his conquests in Syria an(L~e5, ^Horace. Quintus Horatius Flaccus,
Asia Minor, and to a fine of 6,000 talents. poet, born. [8. Dies.)
Marius, defeats Pompey in two bat-04* * B. c. Asia. Pompey reduces"-68* * •fWh Marcus V., states., born. [12.
ties, one at Sucro and the other near^Byria to a Romai'i province. —Augustus, Caius Julius -Cajsar Octavius,
- Saguntum. [72. Murdered.] 63* * b. c. Asia. Pompey captures first emperor, born. [14 a. d. Dies.]
75 * * B. c. Asia M. P. Servilius fights— «-Jerusalem, and enters the sanctuary of"59 * * Liyius, or Llvy. Titus, historian,
the pirates, and takes Isauria, Pam-
phylia, and Pisidia for Rome, under the
ized in Etruria under C. Manlius, in~aid
of the schemes of Catiline.
the temple of the Jews.
»* B. C. An insurgent army is organ-
ic* Rome. b. c. Antonius is put in com-
mand of the army against Catiline.
62 * * b. c. Catiline's army of two le-
gions is defeated by the lieutenant of An-
tonius, commanding the army of the Sen-
ate at Pistoria, and their leader killed.
Pompey dismisses his army
at Brundusium, and enters Italy as a pri-
vate citizen.
name of Cilicia.
_^~ 74-63 b. c. Asia M. Third Mithri-
datic war. (See State.)
74 * * b. c. The two consuls, L. Lucullus
and M. Aurelius Cotta, are defeated.
— ■ 73 * * b. c. Mithridates is driven out
of Cyzicus with great loss ; Lucullus is
victorious in a sea-fight off Lemnos ; he
defeate Mithridates at Cabira, driving
him out of his kingdom. ■*-»■*•,
73-71 b. c. Sicily. War of the gladi-
—- • ators, or third servile war. _ 1-68-50 b. c. Fr. Caesar conquers Gaul.
Spartacus, a Thracian slave, and 70 | [58. He defeats the invading Helvetians
others, escape from Capua, and occupy t Bibracte. Also Ariovistus [near Mill-
Vesuvius ; plundering follows, and nu- L
merous slaves and impoverished peas- hausen]. 57. Also the Belgn (p. 662).]
ants join them, until an army of 70,000 is 57 * * B. c. Switz. Caesar occupies Oc-
formed, which defeats four Roman ar- todurum to secure the pass of Great St.
mies in succession. Bernard. [56. He subdues the Veneti
^ — 72 * * b. c. Sp. Sertorius is assassi- ' in Armorica [Bretagne]. Publius Cras-
nated by Perperna and his accomplices ; j sus subdues the Aquitani [Guienne ?].]
Pompey defeats and executes Perperna. U * B. c. Belg.+ The Morini and Menapii
_j* * b. c. Spartacus threatens Borne. * yield to the Romans. [Belgic Gaul is
The legions are routed, and the city is j subdued0
terrorized, and the chief command given ;55 * *b.c. Fr. Caesar defeats and drives
to the praetor Crassus ; the insurgents • across the Rhine the invading German
turn aside, and plunder parts of Italy. tribes of Usipetes and Tenchteri.
born. [17 a. d. Dies.]
1st Century. iKsopius Clodius, tragedian, b.
Diodorus Slculus, historian, born.
LETTERS.
70±-55 b.c. Be Rerum Natura, by Lu-
cretius, appears.
62-54 b. c. The poems of Catulus ap-
pear.
51* * B. c. Commentarii de Bello Galileo,
by Caesar, appears. [47, Commentarii
de Bello Civili.]
50+-34 b. c. Bellum Catilinarum, Bel-
lum Jugurthinum, and Historiarum Libri
V., by Sallust, appear.
SOCIETY.
82 * * b. c. Sulla orders more than 3,000
Samnite prisoners to be slaughtered.
* * B. C. Sulla liberates' 10,000 slaves be-
longing to the proscribed citizens, and
rights of citizenship are given them.
(Called Cornelians.)
78-67 b. c. A pirate community is
gradually organized, with its central
authority in Crete and Cilicia.
62 * * b. c. Crassus pays a part of the
large indebtedness of C. Julius Caesar.
ROMAN EMPIRE.
84**b.c.-49**b.c. 1059
61 * * B. C. Rome. Pompey celebrates a
magnificent triumph, lasting two days.
— 60+ * * b. c. Caesar's daughter, Julia,
23 years of age, is given to Pompey in
marriage, thus uniting with family ties
the two popular leaders.
STATE. ^
^--64* *b. c. Sulla makes a treaty of
peace with Mithridates (p. 1029). »**
* * b. C. Rome. Caius Papirius Carbo
Marius and the younger Sertorius be-
come leaders of the democratic party.
83* * B. C. Rome. Lucius Cornelius
Scipio and Caius Norbanus, two incapa-
ble men, are elected consuls.
,^62 * * B. c. Rome. Sulla causes himself
to be appointed dictator for an unlim-
ited time, in order to reorganize the
commonwealth. ^~&3 *
Another ralffn of terror follows ; proscrip-
tion lists are made of the evil-minded. Sulla
outlaws 4,700 citizens, and confiscates their,
property. Allotments of land are made to
his veterans; military colonies are estab-
lished with full rights of citizenship among
the territories dominated by the hostile party,
whose rights of citizenship are abrogated.
Sulla attempts a conservative aristo-
cratic reform of the government.
The Senate is reorganized ; 300 addi-
tional members are to be chosen by the
comitia tributa; 20 questors to be an-
nually elected by the same. The cen-
sor's privilege of revising the roll of the
Senate every five years is abolished. [72.
Restored.] Senators are made irremova-
ble, and places in the juries restored
from the equites to the Senate.
The power to elect the priests is with-
drawn from the comitise. Sulla abol-
ishes the Servian order of voting.
81* *B. C. Rome. Sulla permits the
—— — election of consuls, but retains to him-
self the office of dictator, and conducts
the government.
80 * * b. c. Rome. Sulla causes himsel
and Quintus Caecilius Pius Metellus, one
of his generals, to be elected consuls.
[79. He voluntarily abdicates, and re-
hires to private life. 78. Dies.]
-74 * * b. c. Asia M. Bithynia is be-
queathed to the Romans by Nicomedes,
The democrats, led by M. Crass us and Caius
Julius Caesar, unite with the anarchists, led
by Lucius Sergius C'atilina an ex-pretor.
The democrats urge the overthrow of the ex-
isting government before the return of Pom-
pey; and the anarchists urge the cancellation
of debts, the proscription of the wealthy, and
the confiscation of their property.
66 * * b. c. Rome. Catiline's first con-
spiracy to murder the consuls fails
through the indecision of conspirators,
and because of Cicero's eloquence.
65 * * b. C. Syria. Pompey dethrones
King Antiochus Asiaticus.
64 * * b. c. Rome. The conspiracy of
— Catiline is renewed, and fails.
It is proposed to defeat Cicero, and se-
cure the election of Catiline and Caius
Hybrida Antonius at the consular elec-
tions for 63, by the influence of Caesar
and Crassus ; Antonius alone secures
election, and is detached from the con-
spirators by Cicero, his colleague.
* B. C. Rome. Cicero is elected
consul by the middle class of citizens.
-*b. c. Rome. Catiline conspires
with others to murder his competitors
at the consular election for 62, also the
consul, Cicero, who would preside overit.
Cicero is informed of the conspiracy by his
spies and on the day of the election exposes
and denounces it, before the Senate, having
armed guards present.
(Nov. 8.) Cicero delivers his first speech
in the Senate against the conspiracy of Cati-
line, who flees in the night to the insurgent
army of C. Manlius in Etruria.
(Nov. 9.) Cicero makes his second speech
against Catiline to the people.
( * * ) Arrest of the accomplices, Lentu-
lus, Cethegus, (iabinius, Statilius, and Ccepa-
rius.
(Dec. 3.) Cicero makes his third speech
against Catiline to the people.
(Dec. 5.) Cicero makes his fourth speech
against Catiline in the senate. The senate
decrees that the conspirators shall be stran-
gled in person without trial; Caesar votes
against it; Cato's speech secures the vote.
[Consul Cicero executes the imprisoned con-
spirators, and is greeted as pater patriae.]
b. c. Judea is made tributary. Syria
and Cilicia (1023), capital, Tarsus, be-
come Roman provinces. [65. Pontus.]
62 * * b. c. Rome. Julius Caesar ad-
ministers the praetorship.
* * b. c. Rome. The Senate disaffects
-» Pompey toward the government by re-
III.
it becomes a Roman province.
* b. c. Asia M. Mithridates VI. de-
clares war, because of the aggression>^-61 * * B. c
of Tigranes of Armenia, who takes pos-
session of Cappadocia and Syria ; also
because of the bequest ofNicomedes
III., bestowing Bithynia on the Romans.
70 * * b. c. The consuls Marcus Licinius
Crassus and Pompey [the Great] re-
store to the tribunate the ' privileges'"
withdrawn by Sulla.
* * b. c. Rome. The Sullan Constitu-
tion is overthrown.
The Aurelian law is passed ; jurors,
are no longer to be taken exclusively
from senators ; one-third are to be sena-
tors, and two-thirds men belonging to
the equestrian census.
67 * * b. c. Cyrene and Crete become
provinces of Rome. (74 b. c. ; 27 b. c.
United.)
fusing to grant the allotment of lands
he requests for his veterans.
C. Julius Caesar goes
Sp.
to Hispania Ulterior as propretor.
He lays the foundation of his military
fame, and secures much money ; he re-
fuses a triumph on his return.
60 * * b. C. Rome. The first triumvi-
^rate is formed by Pompey, Caesar, and
^Crassus. [59. They secure the election
of Caesar as consul. The republic is
powerless in the hands of these citizens.]
**B. c. Caesar receives the government
of Gallia Cisalpina and Illyricum by a
popular decree, for five years, with ex-
traordinary powers. On the motion of
Pompey the senate adds Gallia Narho-
nensis [S. Fr.] to his province.
* * B. C. Rome. Aulus Gabinius (favor-
able to Pompey) and Lucius Calpurnius
Piso, the father-in-law of Caesar, are
elected consuls for the next year.
* * b. c. Pompey has all tl-e public treasu-
ries and the resources of all the provinces
and client states placed unconditionally at
his disposal, for the suppression of piracy, Jffi * * B. C. Rome. Caesar proposes an
which nearly paralyzes commerce. agrarian law especially favoring Pom-
.* * B. C. Rome. Julius Caesar is questor. pey's veterans.
[65, Curule edile ; 63, Pontifex maximus.] It is opposed by his colleague, M. Blbulus,
«*L«o t» r. ;>,,,„. p^^.ninonn Af anoptimate, and also by the Senate; this law
66-62 B.C. Rome. Conspiracy Of and the ratification of the organization of
Catiline. Asia are both submitted to the popular as-
semblies, where they are passed upon without
the consent of the Senate.
68* * B. c. Rome. Publius Clodius, the
tribune of the people, procures the
absence of Marcus Porcius Cato and
Cicero from Rome.
Cato is sent to possess the kingdom of Cy-
prus by a popular vote. Cicero is outlawed "
for executing a Roman citizen without a legal
trial (see 63 b. c). Clodius causes Cicero's
house to be burned, and both his Tusculan
and Formicean estates to be ravaged.
57-52 B. C. Rome. The partizans of '
Clodius and Titus Annius Milo create
tumults.
57 * * b. c. The recall of Cicero is pro-
cured by the efforts of the tribune Milo,
to assist in opposing Clodius (democrat).
Cato also returns.
56 * * b. c. Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, ■
with 200 senators belonging to their party,
meet in Luca [in Tuscany], and renew
the triangular alliance.
* * b. c. Rome. Pompey and Crassus are "
elected consuls for the year 55 by the
use of force, in harmony with the plans
adopted at Luca.
55 * * b. c. Rome. Democratic decrees -
are issued.
The people decree the government of both
Spains to Pompey for five years, and that of
Syria to Crassus, and they extend Caesar's
proconsulship in Gaul for five years; they
decree the payment by the state of troops
recruited by Caesar on his own authority.
The aristocratic party are unable to resist.
54* *b. c. Asia. Crassus, having closed ■
his year as consul, goes to Syria as ruler.
52 * * b. c. Rome. Disorders prevail. '
The armed democratic bands of Clodius pa-
trol the streets and forum, and are opposed by
the armed bands of Milo, in the aristocratic
reaction. Clodius and Milo meeting in Via
Appia occasions a fight between their fol-
lowers, in which Clodius is wounded, and at
Milo's command put to death.
* * b. c. Fr. The Gauls revolt (p. 662).
[50. Suppressed.]
52-51 B.C. Rome. Pompey is elected
sole consul ; dictatorial power is given
him to put down the unruly mobs. [51.
Sept. 30. He enters Borne, and is given
a third magnificent triumph.]
* * b. c. Rome. Caesar, the leader of
the democracy, and Pompey, the leader
of the republican aristocracy, are alien-
ated from each other.
Pompey selects his new father-in-law, Me-
tellus Scipio, for his colleague in the consulate,
and extends his governorship in Spain for
five years, claiming as a pretext the neces-
sity of the Parthian war (now victoriously
ended) ; he weakens Caesar's command by
recalling two legions.
51* *b. c. The alliance of Caesar,-
Pompey, and Crassus is renewed.
Caused by an attempt of the republi-
cans in the Senate to free themselves
from the influence of their rulers, and
to revise the agrarian law which was
passed while Caesar was consul.
* * B. C. Fr. Aquitania, Gaul becomes
a Roman province. [27 Lugdunensis.]
49 Jan. 1. Rome. Caesar makes his
last offer of compromise with the
Senate.
The Senate demands that he resign his
proconsulship, and become a private cit-
izen before his term expires, as the Gallic
war is ended ; that he disband his le-
sions on pain of outlawry. [War fol-
65 SJr
1060 49* * b.c.-17**b.c.
ITALY
ARMY — NAVY.
49 * * b. c. Caesar is reenforced by a
second legion.
The two legions successfully march
through Umbria, Picenum, and Apulia
to Brundusium. Corfinium, under Do-
mitius, is captured while on the way.
* * b. c. Caesar, strengthened by a third
legion, besieges Brundusium, and levies
three new legions. The rapidity of his
movements bewilders his foes.
* * B. c. Pompey escapes with his army
to Greece, whither C.-esar is unable to
follow for the lack of vessels.
49-44 b. c. Csesar is supreme.
Mar. * B. c. Caesar commences the con-
struction of a fleet, and marches for
Rome, he having been ordered by the
Senate to disband his army. He is al-
ready the master of Italy.
* * B. C. Fr. Caius Trebonius besieges
and captures Massilia [Marseilles].
Aug. * B. c. Sp. Caesar compels Afra-
nius and Marcus Petreius, the legates of
Pompey, to surrender at Ilerda.
* * B. c. Sp. Most of the cities of Hispa-
nia Ulterior join Csesar ; Varro, its com-
mander, finally capitulates at [Cadiz].
* * b. c. Csesar marches back to Italy.
* * B. c. Sicily is subjugated by Caius
Scribouius Curio, Caesar's legate.
* * B. C. Afr. Curio crosses the Medi-
terranean to Africa.
He invades the Roman province, and
captures TJtica. He is defeated by
Juba, the ally of Pompey, near the Ba-
gradas, where he is killed in battle.
48 * * b. c. Gr. Csesar lands a part of
his army in northern Epirus at Oricum.
* * b. c. Gr. Pompey captures most
of Caesar's transports when returning
for more of his army ; this delays for
several months their embarkation under
Antony.
* * b. c. Turk. Csesar with his united
army blockades Pompey at Dvrrha-
chium by a chain of military posts.
* *b. c. Turk. Pompey breaks
through Caesar's besieging line, and
defeats him ; Caesar retires to Thessaly,
and is pursued by Pompey.
Aug. 9 b. c. Or. Decisive battle of
Pharsalus.
Caesar, with about 22.000 infantry and
1,000 cavalry, utterly defeats Pompey,
having 47,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry.
[Aug. 10. 24,000 Pompeyans surrender.]
48-47 b.c. Egy. Caesar's Alexan-
drine war.
The Alexandrians and the Roman army
of occupation rise up against Caesar, and
besiege him in the royal palace ; he nar-
rowly escapes (p. 652).
47* * b. c. Egy. Csesar fires the
Egyptian fleet, whereby the famous
Alexandrian library is also burned. He
defeats the Egyptians on the Nile (p. 652).
* * b. c. Asia M. Csesar wars against
Pharnaces, King of Bosporus, for en-
croachments in occupying Pontus, Ar-
menia Minor, and Cappadocia.
" Veni, Vidi, Vici." In a campaign of
five days Caesar defeats Pharnaces at
Zela, and forces him to fly. Caesar sub-
dues a mutiny in the 10th legion.
47-46 b. c. Afr. Caesar's war in Af-
rica against Pompeyans.
46 * * b. c. Afr. Battle of Thapsus.
Caesar with a much smaller army de-
feats the republican army; 50,000 are
killed in and after the battle by Caesar's
infuriated soldiers. Scipio kills him-
self in his flight ; patriotic Cato despairs
for Rome, and commits suicide in Utica ;
Juba and Petreius agree to kill each
other, but Juba is finished by his slave ;
Labienus and Sextus Pompeius escape.
* * b. c. Algeria. A part of Mauritania
is conquered by the Romans.
46-45 b. C. Caesar wars against the
sons of Pompey and other Pompeyans.
46 * * b. c. Sp. Csesar is repulsed be-
fore Corduba by Sextus Pompeius.
45 Mar. 17 b.c. Sp. Decisive bat-
tle of Munda.
Caesar defeats Sextus and Cnaeus, two
sons of Pompey, in southern Spain.
More than 30,000 Pompeyans are killed,
including Labienus, Varus, Cnaeus Pom-
peius ; Sextus Pompeius escapes.
44 Mar. 15 b. c. Csesar is assassi-
nated. (See Society.)
* * B. o. Caius Julius Caesar Octavian us
[Augustus] receives the command of
two legions.
44-43 B. c. War of Mutina [Modena]
against Mark Antony.
Antony blockades Decimus Brutus at
Mutina, but is defeated on the arrival of
reenforcements.
* * b. c. Octavian, as propraetor, is sent
against Antony the usurper.
43 Apr. 27. b. c. Antony is defeated
at Mutina by the consul, Aulus Hirtius,
and Caius Vibius Pansa ; Hirtius is
killed.
* * b. o. Octavian receives the sole
command of the army of the Senate.
He takes the field, pretending to op-
pose Antony, yet in fact coworking with
him for secret ends.
* * b. c. Decimus Brutus being de-
serted by his troops, fails to escape, and
is put to death by Antony.
43-42 b. c. Rome. "War against the
republican party by the triumvirs.
* * B. c. Gr. The triumvirs, Antony
and Octavian, enter Greece to subdue
Marcus Brutus and Caius Cassius.
42 * * b. c. Battle of Philippi (p. 1028).
* * B. C. Asia M. Antony ravages the
provinces of Asia and Syria.
* * b. c. Asia M. Cleopatra, Queen of
Egypt, meets Antony by his order at
Tarsus ; he follows her to Egypt (p. 653).
41-40 b. c. Civil war of Perusia.
Octavian and Paulus iEmilius Lepidus
oppose Lucius Antonius, the brother, and
Fulvia, the wife, of Mark Antony. (40
Jan. *) Antony is compelled to surren-
der Perusia after a siege of one year.
41-40 B. C. Egy. Antony whiles away
the winter at Alexandria with Cleopa-
tra.
39 * * b. c. Asia M. Antony carries on
war with the Parthians, led by Quintus
Labienus, through his legate, P. Ventid-
ius Bassus. [38. Defeated again near
the Euphrates ; Pacorus is killed.]
38-36 b. c. Sicily. War with Sextus
Pompeius. (See State, 39.)
38 * * b. c. Sicily. Octavian is left to
conduct the war alone.
37 * * b. c. Octavian sends two legions
to aid Antony in the Parthian war.
Antony furnishes Octavian 100 ships
under Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa to aid
him in the Sicilian war.
36 * * b. C. Sicily. Lepidus lands, and
demands the island for himself. He is
abandoned by his soldiers, who are weary
of war, and surrenders to Octavian.
[He becomes a prisoner for life.]
* *B. C. Sicily. Agrippa utterly de-
feats Sextus Pompeius' fleet off Mylae.
[Sept. 3. Again off Naulochus.]
* * B. C. Asia M. Antony finally con-
ducts the war against the Parthians in
person, with 16 legions and 40,000 allies.
[He is forced to retreat from Cazaca.]
35-33 b. c. Bosnian The Panno-
nian war.
Octavian conducts campaigns along
the line of the Save, for rectification of
boundaries and defense of frontiers.
34 * * b. c. Asia M. Antony treacher-
ously captures Artavasdes, King of Ar-
menia, his lukewarm ally, and as pris-
oner leads him in triumph at Alexandria.
31- * *b. c. Conquest of Germany
(p. 768).
31-30 b. c. Gr. War of Actium.
31 Sept. 2 b. c. Gr. Battle of Ac-
tium (p. 1028).
30 * * b. c. Syria. Octavian advances
through Syria ^into Egypt.
Antony, being deserted by his troops,
commits suicide, and Cleopatra poisons
herself. [Oct. 1. Octavian captures Al-
exandria.]
29 * * b. c. Bulgaria.-^- Mcesia is sub-
jugated.
27-25 b. c. Sp. Augustus leads an
expedition against the Cantabri and As-
tures ; because of sickness he surrenders
to his legates.
25* * b. C. TheSalassi.an Alpine tribe,
are finally subjugated.
* * b. c. Arabian expedition (p. 483).
22-21 B. c. Afr. Petronius, the pre-
fect in Egypt, subdues the Ethiopians.
20** B.C. Asia. Augustus conduct, a
campaign against the Parthians.
Phraates, their king, is alarmed, and
restores the Roman standards and pris-
oners taken from Crassus (53 B. c).
19 * * b. C. Sp. The Cantabri and As-
tures and all Spain are finally subdued.
* * B. C. Tyrol.+ Raetia and Vindelicia
are conquered. [15. Raetia and Nori-
cum are subjugated by Drusus.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
46+ * * b. c. Rome. Many magnificent
buildings are commenced.
45 * * b. c. The Roman year is again
corrected by Julius Caesar ; he makes
it 365J days.
27 Feb. 14. b. c. The Augustan era
begins, 727 years after the foundation
of Rome. [27. Pantheon built.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
48 * * Ovid, Publius Ovidius Naso, poet, born.
[17 or 18 a. n. Dies.]
* * Cicero, Marcus TullluB, orator. A 63.
42 * * Tiberius, Claudius Nero, emperor, born.
[37 a. d. Dies.]
38 * * Drusus Germanicus, Claudius Nero,
general, born. [9. Dies.]
24* * Galba, ServiusSiilpiciu8,emperor,born.
[69 a. d. Dies.]
LETTERS.
42-37 b. c. The Eclogues, by Vergil,
appear. [37-30, The Georgics; 30-19,
The ATneid,]
35 * * B. c. The first book of Satires, by
Horace, appears. [29, second book ;
24±, The first three hooks of the Odes;
13, fourth book ; also Epistles and Epis-
tles to the Pisos, or Ars Poetica.]
ROMAN EMPIRE.
49* * b.c.-17**b.c. 1061
31 b. C- 14 a. d. Golden Period of ate to appoint him consul for 10 years.
Roman literature. 44. jt appoints him dictator for life.]
2^ ^n^'ll t-J^L„^Annale8' by 1Arrl~4£l*'**.c. Rome. The Senate again be-
comes only an advisory council.
in 142 books, appears.
25 * * B. C. Cynthia, by Propertius, ap-
pears. [24+ -16± Syntaxis.]
25-24 b. c. The first book of poems by
Tibullus appears.
SOCIETY.
.—46 Feb. 5. b. c. Marcus Cato kills
himself.
—-45 * * b. c. Egy. Cleopatra marries
Mark Antony. (Or 41.)
— 44 Mar. 15. b. C. Julius Caesar is as-
sassinated. (See State.)
—-■40 * * B. C. Octavianus Caesar, at Peru-
sia, orders 300 Roman senators and other
persons of distinction to be sacrificed
to the manes of Julius Caesar.
—31 * * b. c. Egy. Cleopatra abandons
Mark Antony in battle.
— 29 * * b. c. Octavian celebrates three
triumphs in Rome.
* * b. c. Rome. The temple of Janus
is closed for the third time in Roman
history. [25. Also for the fourth time.]
17 * * B. C. Rome. Caius Caesar and Lu-
cius Caesar are adopted by Augustus,
and designated as his successors.
STATE.
49 Jan. * b. c. Rome. The Senate de-
clares Caesar an enemy of the Repub-
lic if he fails to disband his army within
a given time.
* * b. c. Csesar marches toward the
capital ; his friends among the tribunes
of the people flee to him at Ravenna.
* * b. c. Rome is alarmed.
The tidings of Ca;sar's crossing the
Rubicon with his army, which Roman
generals were forbidden to do, is re-
ceived. Pompey and many senators flee
from Rome to Brundusium.
* * b. c. Rome. Csesar arrives, and re-
lieves the apprehension of cruelty by his
magnanimity toward his foes.
48-44 b. c. Rome. Csesar is dictator.
He is proclaimed dictator by the pre-
tor, Marcus ^Emilius Lepidus, during his
absence in the army.
48 * * b. c. Rome. Csesar abdicates
the office of dictator after 11 days. ,
He secures the office of consul with
Publius Servilius. The fugitive part of
the Senate prolongs the term of Pompey
and of all officials of the previous year.
* * b. 0. Rome. Csesar receives distin-
guished honors.
He is given the consulate for five years,
the tribunate for life, and the dictator-
ship for one year. He begins to bear
the title of imperator.
* * b. c. Csesar visits Alexandria, and
decides between the regal claims of
Ptolemy XII. (10 years of age) and his
sister Cleopatra (16 years of age) ; this
occasions war with Egypt (p. 053).
• — '46 * * B. C. Afr. Caesar conquers and
unites a part of Numidia [Algeria] as
a province, and gives the reinninder of
his conquest to Bocchus, King of Eastern
Mauritania [Morocco].
* * B. C. Rome. Caesar returns, and is
honored with four triumphs, for Gaul,
Egypt, Pharnaces, and Africa.
* *.B. c. Csesar is appointed dictator for
10 years, and censor without a colleague
for three years. [45. He causes the Sen-
* b. c. Caesar reorganizes the military
system ; also the financial system of di-
rect taxes, which substitute tax-farming.
His veterans receive Italian lands.
* b. c. The colonization of the prov-
inces is promoted, for the purpose of
Latinizing their populations, and reliev-
ing Rome of some of its proletarians.
—Mar. 15. b. c. Rome. Csesar is assas-
sinated in the senate-house by Marcus
Junius Brutus, Caius Cassius Longinus,
and others.
About 50 republican senators are in
the conspiracy, and he falls with 23
wounds at the foot of Pompey's statue.
* * b. c. Rome. The Senate rewards the
conspirators.
M. Brutus receives the government of
Macedonia, Cassius that of Syria, Deci-
mus Brutus that of Gallia Cisalpina.
* * B. c. Rome. Usurpations of Mark
Antony.
Antony, one of the two consuls, obtains
possession of Caesar's papers and makes
an unscrupulous use of them, and aspires
to supreme power, pretending to execute
the will of Caesar.
* * B. C. Antony receives from the peo-
ple the province of Gallia Cisalpina,
which the Senate refused to give him.
Apr. * B.C. The Senate seeks to regain
power by entering negotiations with
Caius Octavius [Octavian], the grandson
and heir of Julius Caesar, 18 years of
age. [43. Antony, the usurper, is de-
clared an enemy of the republic]
Sept. 2. b. c. Rome. Cicero delivers his
first philippic against Mark Antony.
43 * * b. c. Rome. Hirtius and Pansa are
consuls. Hirtius is killed in the battle
of Mutina. Pansa dies of wounds.
* * b. c. Rovie. Octavian marches to
Rome, and compels his own election as
consul, also the repeal of the amnesty
granted the conspirators against Caesar,
and sentence for their punishment.
Nov. * b. c. The second triumvirate
is formed by Mark Antony, Octavian,
and Marcus iEmilius Lepidus, against
Marcus Brutus and other republicans.
Their rule is ratified for five years by
the people; a reign of terror follows.
Hundreds of senators and 2,000 equites
are outlawed, and property confiscated.
[Dec. 7. Cicero is proscribed and killed.]
42 * * b. C. Rome. P. Ventidius Bassus
is elected consul.
* * b. c. The republicans are over-
thrown by the defeat at Philippi.
41 * * b. c. Octavian makes the prom-
ised allotments to veterans in Italy, and
proceeds to crush Pompey. Antony re-
stores order in the East.
Feb. 5. b. c. Octavian [Augustus] is
saluted by the laurel-crowned senators
as the father of his country.
40 * * b. 0. Octavian, having obtained
supreme authority in Italy, assumes the
administration of Gaul and Spain, giv-
ing Marcus iEmilius Lepidus only the
government of Africa. Antony ap-
proaches Italy to secure his rights.
* * b. c. Civil war is threatened, but
prevented for a time by a truce agreed
to at Brundusium.
Antony marries Octavia, the sister of
Octavian, Fulvia his former wife being
dead. Octavian governs the West, An-
tony the East, and Lepidus, Africa.
39 * * b. c. Sextus Pompeius, son of
Mark Antony, having created a naval
empire and mastered Sicily, obstructs
the grain supplies for Rome, and thereby
compels the triumvirs to enter the treaty
of Misenum, by which he receives Sicily,
Sardinia, Corsica (?), and Peloponnesus.
* * b. c. Antony goes to the East ; he
remains chiefly with Cleopatra (p. 653).
38 * * b. c. Menas, the admiral of Sex-
tus, treacherously surrenders Sardinia
with fleet and troops to Octavian ; this
provokes war.
37 * * b. c. Octavian and Antony meet
at Tarentum, and settle differences ; the
triumvirate is renewed for five years.
* * b. c. Rome. Marcus Vipsanius Agrip-
pa is elected consul.
36 * * b. c. Lepidus is ejected from
the triumvirate.
Octavian assumes the administration
of Africa, and is sole ruler of the West.
Great honors are showered upon him.
34± * * b. c. Egy. Antony proclaims
Cleopatra" Queen of Kings," and gives
to her and her sons Roman provinces ;
it is also announced that Caesarion, her
natural son by Julius Caesar, is Caesar's
true heir (p. 653).
31 * * b. c. Rome. Octavian obtains a
decree from the people dismissing An-
tony from his command, and declaring
war on Cleopatra.
31 (30 ?) b. c. — 476 a. d. The Roman
Empire.
31 B.C. -14 a. d. [Augustus] Csesar
Octavius rules the Roman world ; the
first of the emperors.
31 * * b. c. Octavian makes Egypt a
Roman province. [It becomes the
granary of Rome.]
27 Jan. 1. b.c. Octavian restores the
republic under his own presidency.
[Jan. 13. The transfer of the govern-
ment is completed. The Senate bestows
on him the title Augustus.]
28 * * B. C. Rome. Augustus is made
" princeps senatus." [23. He causes the
Senate to give him the " tribunician
power," and the proconsular imperium
for life. 12. Becomes pontifex maxi-
mus.]
27-19 B. c. The Roman provinces are
redivided into senatorial and imperial.
The senatorial provinces comprise the paci-
fied provinces of Africa, Asia, Achaia, Illyri-
cum, Macedonia, Sicilia, Creta, with Cyren-
aica,I5ithynia,Sardinia,an<lHispaniaBcetiea.
The imperial provinces require an army to
sustain the legates, who govern in the name
of Augustus, and comprise Hispania Tarraco-
nensis, Lusitania; the Gaulish provinces of
Narbonensis, Lugdunensis, Aquitania, and
Belglca; Germanis Superior et Inferior, Moe-
sia, Syria, Cilicia, Cyprus, and jEgyptus.
25 * * b. c. Asia M. New provinces
established in Galatia and Pamphylia.
Africa and Numidia are united.
23-13 B.C. Asia M. M. Vipsanius
Agrippa commands in the East.
19 * * b. c. Spain submits.
18-17 B. c. Augustus makes reforms
in government, society, and morals.
, ;■,'. J*"
1062 17 * * B.C.-A. d. 83, * *
ITALY
ARMY — NAVY.
16 * * B. c. Fr. The Siganibrians and
other German tribes invadeGaul, and de-
feat the Romans under Marcus Lollius.
13-6 B. c. Ger. Claudius Nero Dru-
sus extends Roman rule (p. 768).
12-9* *B. C. Aust.i- Tiberius subju-
gates Pannonia. [8-7. He compels
some of the Germanic tribes on the
right bank of the Rhine to recognize the
supremacy of Rome. 5. He marches
against the Suevi.J
1 * * A. D. Asia. Caius Caesar, the pro-
consul, makes peace with the Parthians.
6-9 * * Bohemia^. Tiberius attacks the
Suevian kingdom of Marbod.
He finally subdues the revolting Illyr-
ian and Pannonian tribes.
6 * * Ger. Quintilius Varus commands.
9* * Ger. Roman defeat at Teutoburg.
The Germans under Arminius (Her-
mann) [the national hero], an ex-Roman
soldier, surprise and annihilate three
legions of Romans in three days. Varus
kills himself. Rome accepts the Rhine
as its frontier.
14-16 Ger. The Romans under German-
icus revenge the Teutoburg disaster in
three successful campaigns.
16 * * Arminius is defeated on the Cain-
pus Idistaviso [on the Weser].
17 * * Rome. Tiberius, being jealous, re-
calls Germanicus, and sends him to
conquer Cappadocia. [19. Germanicus
defeats the Marcomanni.]
39-40 Fr. Caligula leads a military
expedition to the Gallic coast, which
ends with a collection of mussels.
43 * * Eng. The conquest of Britain
begins under Claudius (p. 839).
68-63 Asia. War with the Parthians
and Armenians ; Artazata is taken.
61 * * Asia. Armenia is subdued by
Doruitius Corbulo.
* * Eng. Revolt in Britain (p. 839).
65-70. Judea. The Jewish war against
Rome. [67. Vespasian goes to suppress
the revolt. 69. He transfers his com-
mand to Titus, his son, and returns to
Rome.]
69 * * Discipline is restored in the army;
* * Cremona, Lombardy, is destroyed by
Vespasian.
69-71 Ger. Batavians revolt (p. 662).
70 Sept. 8. Judea. Titus takes Jeru-
salem after an heroic defense.
The city, ravaged by factions, pesti-
lence, and famine, is leveled to the
ground. Many thousands of Jews, assem-
bled at the Passover, perish, and many
are taken captive to Rome.
73 * * Vespasian subdues Lycia, Rhodes,
Thrace, Cilicia, Byzantium, andSamos.
77* *Asia. The Parthians revolt.
78-84 Eng.i Julius Agrieola conquers
Britain. [83-84. Subdues the Caledo-
nians.] (P. 839.)
81-96 Ger. Domitian erects a boun-
dary wall (p. 768).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1 Jan. 1. A. d. The Christian era com-
mences with the traditional date of the
birth of Christ. (4 (?) b. c.)
This occurs in the middle of the fourth
year of the 194th Olympiad, the 753d
year from the founding of Rome, and the
4,717th year of the Julian period.
* * Rome. Water-mills are in operation.
* * * Pliny, born in 23 and reputed the
most learned man of his age, devotes his
leisure to scientific studies, and writes a
Natural History in 37 books [which are
still extant].
30 * * Augustus becomes a patron of art.
38+ * * Seneca notices gravitation as an
innate power ; also the attraction of
tides by the moon.
40± * * Rome. Numerous male and fe-
male choristers sing in the tragedies.
41-54 Rome. Claudius constructs his
aqueduct, and the conduit connecting
the Lake Fucinus with the River Laris.
50+ * * Seneca mentions the magnifying
power of convex lenses; also concave
mirrors, and the prismatic colors.
64± * * Rome is rebuilt on a grandscale.
Nero erects a magnificent golden palace
which encloses green lawns.
69+ * * Rome. Vespasian erects the Col-
osseum.
70 * * Rome. Titus' Triumphal Arch
is erected.
75 * * Rome. Vespasian erects a temple
to peace.
79 Aug. 24. The first recorded erup-
tion of Vesuvius occurs ; the cities of
Pompeii and Herculaneum are over-
whelmed ; 200,000 lives are lost.
* * Theaters are found in the chief cities
of Italy. Glass windows are used.
80+ * * Rome. The Laocoon group is
produced. Splendid paintings adorn the
baths.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
12 * * Agrippina, mother of Caligula, born.
[33 a. d. Dies.]
lO * * Drusus Caesar, gen., b. [23 a. d. D.]
4 * * Apollonius of Tyana, philosopher, born.
[97 a. d. Dies.]
Seneca, Lucius Annasus, philosopher, states-
man, born. [65 a. d. Dies.]
9 * * a. d. Vespasianus. Titus Flavius Sabi-
nus, emperor, born. [70. Dies.]
12 * * Caligula, Caius Caesar, emperor, born.
[41. Dies.]
14 * * Apicius, Marcus Gabius, epicure, born.
[37. Dies.]
15 * * Agrippina, Julia, mother of Nero, born.
[59 or 60. Dies.]
31 * * Sejanus, courtier, criminal, dies.
32 * * Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, emperor, born.
[98. Dies.]
Otho, Marcus Salvius, emp., born. [69. D.J
34 * * Persius Flaccus, Aulus, satirical poet,
born. [62. Dies.]
35 * * Quintillian, Marcus Fabius, rhetori-
cian, born. [95. Dies.]
37 * * Agricola, Cnaeius Julius, general, born.
[93. Dies.]
Josephus. Flavius, Jewish historian, born.
Nero, emperor, born. [68. Dies.]
Seutonius Paulinus, warrior, born.
38* * Pilate, Pontius, governor of Judea, d.
39 * * Lucan, Marcus Anna; us, poet, born.
[65. Dies.]
40 * * Juvenal, Decimus J., satirical poet, b.
[125. Dies.]
Martial, Marcus Valerius, poet, b. [103. D.]
Titus, Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, em-
peror, born. [81. Dies.]
1st Century. Asconius, Pediamus Quintus,
critic, commentator, born.
Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius, medical writer, b.
Clement of Rome, church father, writer, b.
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, agri-
cultural writer, born.
Curtius, Quintus, historian, born.
Favorinus, rhetorician, author, bom.
Flaccus, Caius Valerius, poet, born.
Phaedrus, fabulist, born.
Valerius, Maximus, historian, born.
51* * Domitian, emperor, born. [96. Dies.]
63+ * * Trajanus, Marcus Ulpius, emp., b.
[117. Dies.]
56 * * Britannicus Tiberias Claudius German-
icus, prince, A14.
* * Tacitus, Caius Cornelius, hist., b. [135. D.]
61 * * Pliny, Caius Plinius Caecilius Secun-
dus, author, born. [113. Dies.]
62 * * Festus, Porcius, procurator of Judea, d.
65 * * Seneca. Lucius Annans, phil., A68+.
68+* *Paul, the Apostle, beheaded at
Rome.
72+ * * Seutonius, i ranquilius Caius, hist., b.
76 * * Hadrian, Publius iElius Hadrianus,
emperor, born. [138. Dies.]
CHURCH.
4 (?) * * b. c. Judea. Jesus Christ is
born (traditional date).
1+ * * A. d. Many of the deities of the
Romans are patterns of vice. Almost
universal corruption of morals prevails
among their worshipers, especially with
regard to licentiousness and cruelty.
29* * Judea. Pontius Pilate, the Roman
procurator, gives up Jesus of Nazareth
to be crucified by the Jews.
* * Judea. "Strangers from Rome" are
present at Jerusalem at the inaugura-
tion of the Christian Church at Pente-
cost.
40± * * The Emperor Caius orders his
statue to be set up in the Jewish Tem-
ple at Jerusalem.
* * * Jerusalem. The Apostles' Creed
is formulated (traditional).
42(?)* * Rome. St. Peter (?) is bishop.
[67, [St.] Linus; 78, [St.] Cletus; 90, [St.]
Clement I.; 100, [St.] Anacletus; 112, [St.]
Evaristes; 121, [St.] Alexander I.; 122, [St.]
Sixtus I.; 142, [St.] TelesphoruS; 154, [St.]
Hyginus; 158, [St.] Pius I.]
50± * * Rome. Claudius banishes the
Jews.
61± Spring. St. Paul arrives as a pris-
oner from Judea. [63. Acquitted ; de-
parts. 68+. Paul again arrives as a
prisoner. May (June). Beheaded.]
64 June 24. Rome. Nero begins the
first persecution of Christians. Clothed
in the skins of beasts, many are torn by
dogs, many are crucified, burned alive,
and tortured in many ways.
68± * * Christians celebrate Easter.
70* * Titus destroys the Temple at
Jerusalem.
LETTERS.
17* *B. c. Horace is commanded by
Augustus to compose the sacred hymn
for the celebration of the secular games.
8 B. C.-17 A. D. The Fasti, Tristia, and
Ex Ponto, by Ovid, appear. [2, Ars
Amatoria, and Remedia Amoris ; 8 A. D.
Metamorphoses.]
8+ * * A. D. The fables of Phaedrus ap-
pear in elegant Latin iambics.
9 * * Vellius Patercnlus, the historian,
flourishes.
20+-65 Orations, Naturales Questiones,
Satire on the Death of Claudius, Dia-
logues, On Benefits, Letters to Lucilius,
and several tragedies, by Seneca appear.
[56, De dementia ad Neronem ; 41-49,
Consolatione ad Helviam.]
42± * * Lucius J. M. Columella writes
De Re Rustica.
49-64 The Epistles of St. Raul are writ-
ten. (See Turkey.)
41-54 Quintus Curtius writes a History
of Alexander the Great.
50+ * * Aurelius Cornelius Celsus writes
an encyclopedia of farming, medicine,
ROMAN EMPIRE. 17 * * b.c.-a. d. 83,
1063
military art, oratory, jurisprudence, and
philosophy.
54-68 Persius writes his six Satires.
70-79 Caius Valerius Flaccus writes
Argonautica.
70-79 Pliny writes his Natural History.
83 * * Rome. Philosophers are expelled,
and their schools suppressed, by Domi-
tian.
STATE.
SOCIETY.
17* *b.c. Asia. Herod the Great spreads
Roman luxury and licentiousness over
Palestine ; he claims to be a Jew.
10+* * b. c. Julia (the elder), daughter
of the first emperor, is banished to Pan-
dataria because of her excesses.
5 * * b. c. The temple of Janus is closed
for the fifth time in Roman history be-
cause of universal peace.
4 (?) * * b. c. Judea. Jesus Christ, " the
Prince of Peace," is born at Bethlehem.
9 * * A. D. Julia (the younger), grand-
daughter of Augustus, is banished.
19 * * Syria. Germanicus is poisoned
by Piso. (?)
23 * * Home. Sejanus poisons Drusus.
29 * * The elder Agrippina, the mother
of Nero, is banished.
32+* * Sicily. The runaway slaves
captured on the defeat of Sextius Poin-
peius are cruelly punished ; 6,000 are
crucified, and 30,000 returned to their
masters.
41 * * Rome. Caligula is murdered by a
tribune.
± * * Rome. Claudius is ruled by his
favorites, the freedmen Narcissus and
Pallas, and by his shameless wife, Messa-
lina, until he causes her to be killed ;
and afterward by his wife Agrippina, the
ambitious and horrible mother of Nero.
47 * * Rome. The Secular games are
celebrated. Claudius abolishes the fu-
neral games, which include horse-races,
dramatic representations, processions,
and mortal combats.
48 * * Rome. Messalina, wife of Clau-
dius, vicious and shameful, goes through
the form of marriage with one of her
lovers, and is executed.
49 * * Rome. Agrippina, daughter of
Germanicus, is elevated to be imperial
consort. [Full of intrigue and perfidy,
she removes from her path all whom she
fears or envies.]
63 * * Rome. Nero marries Octavia.
55* * Rome. Nero poisons Britannicus,
son of his predecessor, and step-brother
by adoption. He is fascinated by the
f reedwoman Acte. [58. He is enslaved by
the charms of cruel Poppsea. He vainly
begs his friend Otto to divorce his young
wife, that he himself may have her.]
59 * * Rome. Nero orders the death of
Agrippina, his mother. [60. Executed.
62. He orders the execution of his wife
Octavia ; marries Poppsea. 64. He ap-
pears on the stage as an actor at Naples ;
also as chariot-driver in the races.]
64 * * Rome. Nero burns the city to
the ground, and charges the crime to the
Christians.
* * Rome. Nero detects a conspiracy
against his life, and many eminent per-
sons are killed.
65 * * Seneca, the moralist and philoso-
pher, and Lucian an eminent Christian,
are put to death by Nero.
68 * * Rome. The Apostle Paul is be-
headed.
69 Dec. * Aulus Vitellius is put to
death.
15 * * b. c. Raetia is made a Roman
province, together with Gallia Belgica,
Vindelicia and Noricum. [ 14 Alpes Mari-
time. 6+ Moesia Superior.]
12 * * b. c. Ger. Treviri [Treves] is a
prosperous city in Rhenish Prussia.
6 * * b. c. Tiberius is vested with the
tribunician power, and sent to Armenia.
4 * * a. d. Rome. Tiberius is adopted
by Augustus, and invested with the im-
perium and tribunician power. [13. He
is authorized to take the census, and is
joint administrator in the provinces.]
6 * * Asia. Judea is made a separate
(Syria Palestina) province.
9 * * Ovid the poet is banished to Tomos.
* * Ger. Arminius revolts (p. 768).
10* *Hung. Pannonia is made a Roman
province.
14-37 Tiberius (Claudius Nero Caesar)
re??ns. Augusta, the empress-mother,
shares the power with her son.
14 * * Tiberius sends Germanicus. his
nephew, to pacify the revolting legions
in Germany.
* * The laws permit the sovereign to exile
any person he deems dangerous to the
state. Rewards are given to informers.
Trifling offenses are legally high treason.
15 * * The formal right of ratifying the
laws is transferred from the comitim to
the Senate.
17 * * Asia M. Cappadocia is made a
Roman province. [Ger. Also Gennauia
Superior and Germania Inferior.]
* * Sp. North and Northwest Spain are
annexed to the empire.
23-31 Rome. Sejanus, the confidant
and favorite, becomes the infamous in-
strument of Tiberius's cruelties. [He
lays the foundation of the power of the
pretorians of later times by uniting
their cohorts in one camp near Rome.]
26-37 Tiberius retires to Capreaa [Capri] .
* * Ger. The Druids appear.
31 * * Rome. Sejanus is disgraced, and
put to death for his cruelties. Macro, a
terrorizer, is in power as the favorite.
37-41 Caligula (Caius Caesar Germani-
cus) reigns. (41. Jan. 14.) He is mur-
dered by a tribune.
40 * * Provinces are formed in Maure-
tania Tingitana, and Mauretania Csesa-
riensis.
41-54 Claudius (Tiberius Claudius
Nero) reigns. He is ruled by his favor-
ites and wives ; weakness and stupidity
are conspicuous.
41 * * All Palestine is a dependent king-
dom ; Herod Agrippa, procurator.
43 * * South Britain and Lycia become
Roman provinces. [44. Judea is again a
province. 46. Thracia. 54+ Alpes Cot-
tiae.]
48 * * Rome. The census reports a total
population of 6,944,000.
49 * * Eng. London is founded(?). [50.
Ger. Cologne (p. 769).]
* * Agrippina rules her husband.
She persuades him to adopt her son,
L. Domitius (Nero), and make him suc-
cessor instead of his own son Britannicus,
by Messalina, his first wife. [54. She
poisons Claudius to enthrone Nero.]
54-68 Nero (Claudius Caesar Drusus
Germanicus) reigns.
He prospers under the good influence
of the prefectus praetorio, Afranius
Burrus, and his teacher, L. Seneca ; later,
becomes a human monster.
* * * A law against informers corrects
a great abuse.
59 * * Nero murders his mother. [62.
Also Octavia, his divorced wife.]
* * Eng. Britons revolt (p. 839).
62 * * Tigellinus and Poppaea become the
advisers of Nero.
63 * * Turk. Armenia is annexed. The
Parthian prince, Tiridates, is placed on
the dependent throne. [81 ± Moesia In-
ferior is made a province.]
64 July 18+. Rome is burned; six
days the fire continues, and consumes a
large part of the city. Soon after an-
other fire burns for three days.
64-78 Rome is rebuilt.
65 * * Rome. The conspiracy of C. Cal-
purnius Piso, the popular patrician,
against Nero, is discovered.
* * Judea. The Jews revolt.
* * Rome is smitten with pestilence. [80.
Another plague ; 10,000 perish daily.]
67 * * Gr. Nero visits Greece (p. 1029).
68 * * Revolts break out against Nero in
Gaul, Spain, and among the legions on
the Rhine. Sulpicius Galba, governor
of Hispania, is proclaimed and acknowl-
edged imperator. [June 9. Nero es-
capes execution by committing suicide.]
68 * * Fr. Galba proclaimed (p.663).
68 June * -69 Jan. * Rome. Galba
(Servius Sulpicius Galba) reigns. He is
hated for his avarice, and is assassi-
nated by the revolting pretorians.
69 Jan. * -Apr. * Otho (Marcus Salvius)
kills Galba, and reigns. He is defeated
by Vitellius, and commits suicide.
* * ViteUius (Aulus), elevated by his
army, reigns eight months. He is de-
feated by Vespasian, and put to death.
69-79 "Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespa-
sianus) reigns. The legions on the Rhine
proclaim as emperor their leader, an
able general of humble origin. He moves
the frontier camps near the Danube.
[69-71. Ger. The Batavians revolt.
Most of the Gallic tribes join it p. 662.]
70 * * Vespasian visits Greece. It is
again reduced to a Roman province.
79-81 Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Ves-
pasianus), son of Vespasian, reigns. [81,
Assassinated.]
79 * * Pliny is appointed questor of Anda-
lusia, Sp. [Celer, legate in Tarragona.]
81-96 Domitian (Titus Flavius Domiti-
anus Augustus), brother of Titus, reigns.
(84.) Envious of Agricola's success, he
recalls him from Britain. (96. Sept. 18.)
Murdered by Stephanus, with the ap-
proval of Domitia, his wife (self-defense).
1064 83,** -237,
ITALY :
ARMY — NAVY.
83 * * Ger. The Chatti war. Domitian
returns without seeing his powerful foe,
but indulges in a triumph.
86-90 Transyl.'r A Dacian war.
Domitian is defeated by king Dece-
balus, who compels him to pay yearly
tribute.
101-107 Tramyl.* A Dacian war.
(101) Trajan reduces Dacia, and forces
Decebalus to cede territory.
102 * * Asia. Trajan defeats the Par-
thians.
105-107 Transyl.+ A Dacian war.
Trajan builds a stone bridge across the
Danube, crosses over, and conquers the
country.
115-117 Asia M. A Parthian war.
The Romans drive Chosroes into Ar-
menia, and hold his territory.
116 * * Asia. Trajan seizes Ctesiphon,
after conquering Seleucia; he sails down
the Tigris to the Persian Gulf.
118 * * Rus. War with the Roxolani be-
tween the Don and Dnieper.
121 * * Eny. Hadrian's wall is built
(p. 839). He also completes the defen-
sive wall extending from the Rhine to
the Danube in Germany (p. 768).
132-135 Judea. The Jews revolt.
[135. Subdued.]
145 * * Antonius' armies are victorious
over the Moors, Germans, and Dacians.
162-165 Asia. A Parthian war.
The dissipated Lucius Verus, in nomi-
nal command, carries on the war by his
legates, who conquer Artaxata, and de-
stroy Seleucia and Ctesiphon by fire.
166 * * War with the confederacy of Ger-
man tribes.
Marcus Aurelius resists their attacks
(p. 769). They besiege Aquileia [and
burn Opitergium. 180. Bought off].
166-167 Asia. A vidius Cassi us con-
cludes the Parthian war.
174* * The " Thundering Legion"
make their escape from the invading
Marcomanni, after prayers have been
offered by Christians.
* * Transyl.+ Marcus Aurelius defeats
the Goths in Dacia ; after three great
battles they sue for peace.
175 * * Rome. Aurelius subdues the re-
bellion under Avidius Cassius.
189 * * Asia. The Saracens are success-
ful in the East.
194 * * Turk. Severus besieges Byzan-
tium; he overthrows Niger, his rival,
at Issus. [197. Albinus also (p. 662).]
197 * * Asia. War with the Parthians.
214* * Bavaria. The Alemanni revolt,
but are subdued by Caracalla.
217 * * Asia. Macrinus is signally de-
feated by the Parthians at Nisibis. [218.
June * Again near Antioch by the par-
tizans of Elagabalus.]
226 * * Mutinies occur because of the
emperor's strictness with the soldiers.
230 * * Asia. Parthians invade Syria.
232 * * Asia. The Romans are at war
with the Persians. Alexander Severus
defeats their army at Palmyra.
236 * * Fr.± The Alemanni cross the
Rhine. [238. They are driven back by
Maximinus Thrax.].
* * The invasion of the northern barba-
rians begins ; the Goths, Vandals, Alani,
. and Suevi attack the empire.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
84 * * A Roman fleet circumnavigates
Britain, and discovers that it is an is-
land.
114* * Rome. Trajan's Pillar, 127J feet
high, is executed by Apollodorus.
* * Trajan's Arch at Beneventum is
erected.
115* * Trajan builds a bridge across
the Danube ; length, 4770 feet.
117-138 Rome. Adrian erects the
double temple of Venus, a temple to
the goddess Roma, the Athenseum,
and the magnificent villa at Tibur.
120+ * * Period of the Roman mosaics.
140+ * * The Ptolemaic system of as-
tronomy is introduced.
It fixes the earth in the center of the
universe with the heavenly bodies re-
volving round it.
175± * * Rome. The equestrian statue
to Marcus Aurelius is erected.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
86 * * Antoninus Plus, emp.,b. [161. D.J
lOO * * Clement I., bishop of Rome, dies.
103+ * * Justin, St., "the Martyr," philoso-
pher, born. [165. Dies.]
115 + * * Ignatius, St., Theophorus, bishop of
Antioch, martyred.
181 * * Antoninus. Marcus Aurelius, em-
peror, born. [180. Dies.]
126* * Pertinax, Helvius, emp., b. [193. D.]
145 * * Papinian, jEniilius, lawyer, born.
[212. Dies.]
146 * * Severus, Lucius Septimus, emperor,
born. [211. Dies.]
150 * * Tertullian, Quintus Septimus Flo-
rens, church father, author, b. [230 + . D.]
2d Century. CasHus, Aurelianus, physician, b.
Celsus, Platonist philosopher, architect, b.
158* * (iordianus L, Marcus Antonius, em-
peror, born. [238. Dies.]
161 * * Commodus, Lucius jEHus Aurelius,
emperor, bowi. [192. Dies.]
173* * Maximinus, emperor, born. [238. D.]
175 * * Avidius, Cassius, general, dies.
188* * Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Antoni-
nus, emperor, born. [217. Dies.]
189 * * Geta, Publius Septimius, emperor, b.
[212. Dies.]
192 * * Gordianus II., Marcus Antonius, em-
peror, born. [238. Dies.]
200 * * Tacitus, Marcus Claudius, emperor,
born. [276. Dies.]
205 * * Alexander Severus, Marcus Aurelius,
emperor, born. [235. Dies.]
212* * Aurelian, Claudius Lucius Valerius
Domitius, emperor, born. [275. Dies.]
214 * * Claudius, Marcus Aurelius, emperor,
born. [270. Dies.]
222 * * Cams, Marcus Aurelius, emperor,
born. [283. Dies.]
224* * Gordianu8lIL, Marcus AntoniusPius,
emperor, born. [244. Dies.]
230 * * Cecilia, St., martyr, dies.
233 * * Gallienus, Publius Licinius, emperor,
born. [26S. Dies.]
130± * * Lent is observed as a fast for
40 days.
131 * * Judea. The Jews, led by Baro-
chab, revolt against Hadrian. [132i.
About 580,000 are killed and the remain-
der banished.]
135 * * Pope Sixtus I. first erects altars
in the churches.
146* * Rome. Antoninus introduces the
worship of Serapis.
150 * * Rome. Justin Martyr presents
his Apology for Christians to Antoninus.
[152. Their persecution ceases.]
152± * * The Canon of Holy Scripture
is fixed.
154+ * * Rome. Bishop Hyginua is the
first to appoint sponsors (godfathers)
at baptism. (?)
158 * * The Church is agitated by violent
disputes respecting the time for observ-
ing the Easter festival.
161-177 The fourth persecution;
Christians suffer under Aurelius.
167 * * Rome. [St.] Anicetus is pope.
[175, [St.] Soterus; 182, [St.] Klatherius;
193, [St.] Victor I.; 203, [St.] Zephyrinus;
221, [St.] CalixtnsL; 227,[St.] UrbanL; 233,
[St.]Pontianus; 238,[St.j Anterius; 240,[St.]
Fabian; 254,[St.] Cornelius; 255,[St.] Lucius
I.; 257, [St.] Stephen L; 260, [St.] SixtusIL;
261, [St.] Dionysius; 272, [St.] Felix I.; 275,
[St.] Eutychianus; 283, [St.] Caius.]
169± * * The festivals of the martyrs
are instituted.
171 * * Asia M. The heresy of Monta-
nus, respecting two Holy Ghosts, arises.
* * * Fr. Irenseus, bishop of Lyons, re-
fers to each of the Gospels by name.
196 * * Rome. Severus favors the Jews.
197-202 Fifth persecution of Chris-
tians by Severus.
202* * Afr. Tertullian, a heathen, em-
braces Christianity, and becomes aMon-
tanist ; he is a prolific writer.
± * * Clement of Alexandria, a Chris-
tian father and teacher, flourishes.
* * Fr. Irenseus is martyred (p. 662).
* * Rome. The authority of the bishops
is much increased ; various new ecclesi-
astical offices are instituted.
211 * * Origen of Alexandria visits
Rome. ,
214+ * *The churching of women be-
gins by returning thanks after child-
birth.
226 * * Maximinus kills many Chris-
tians, including Leonidas, Victor, Per-
petua, and Felicitas.
235-238 Sixth persecution of the
Christians, under Maximinus.
CHURCH.
95 * * Rome. Second persecution of
Christians, under Domitian. [98. Tra-
jan prohibits their assemblies.]
100* * Rome. Third persecution.
Trajan persecutes Christians under an
edict issued against secret societies.
102 * * Pliny the Younger, proconsul in
Bithynia, sends Trajan an account of
the Christians.
110+ * * Christians first sign with a cross
to distinguish believers from pagans.
1 18 * * Rome. Persecution again breaks
out. Hadrian continues the persecution
of Christians.
120± * * Holy water is used by Chris-
tians. (?)
LETTERS.
93 * * (or 94) Antiquities of the Jews, by
Flavius Josephus, appears.
98 * * The Ulpean library is established.
* * * Education is diffused in Roman
provinces by public schools.
100± * * Martial writes 14 books of epi-
grams.
± * * The Satires of Juvenal appear.
+ * * Ignatius, bishof) of Antioch, author
of epistles, flourishes.
± * * Lucilius writes satires.
130+ * * Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in
Phrygia, writes Exposition of the Ora-
cles of the Lord.
± * * Ptolemy devises the circles and
epicycles that distinguish his system.
228+ * * Athenams' Deipnosophistx, or
Banquet of the Learned, is compiled.
ROMAN EMPIRE.
83,** -237,**.
1065
SOCIETY.
86 * * The Capitoline Secular games
are celebrated with great magnificence ;
10,000 gladiators appear in contests.
90+ * * Rome. Domitian adds gold and
scarlet to the colors green, blue, red,
and white, which distinguish the factions
in the circus.
92 * * The vestal Cornelia Maximiliana
is charged with incontinence, andburned.
103 * * Rome. Trajan celebrates his tri-
umph over the Dacians ; 1,000 gladia-
tors fight for 123 days.
105+ * * Rome. Trajan establishes or-
phan houses.
115 * * A/r. The Jews, headed by one
Andra% put to death 100,000 Greeks and
Romans in and near Cyreue.
175* * Rome. Marcus Aurelius cele-
brates a triumph.
176 * * Commodus orders his wife Cris-
piana to be put to death, and takes in
her place Marcia, a concubine. He re-
quires his subjects to offer homage to
him as Hercules.
193 * * Pertinax is murdered, after a
reign of two months, by the pretorians
who enthroned him.
212 * * Caracalla murders his royal as-
sociate and half-brother Geta in his
mother's arms, while she attempts to
8ave»him ; he also kills thousands of his
adherents. He massacres many citizens
in Egypt.
218 1- * * Elagabalus surrenders himself
to debauchery and cruelty ; he is mur-
dered by the pretorians because of his
enormities.
STATE.
90± * * Ger. The Romans are constrained
to pay tribute to German tribes (p. 769).
96-98 Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva)
reigns by authority of the Senate ; he is
upright, but enfeebled by age (64).
97-117 Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Tra-
janus) reigns. He subdues and annexes
Dacia. (* * *) Pontus becomes a prov-
ince. (105.) Arabia-Petrsea.
The empire is extended to its largest limit,
and comprises Arabia, Armenia, Asia Mi-
nor, Britain, Caucasus region in part, Cor-
sica, Crete, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Dacia, Dal-
matia, Egypt, Gaul, Greece, Italy, Macedonia,
Mauretania, Mcesia, Noricum, Numidia, Pan-
nonia, Kxtia, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Syria,
Thrace, Tunis, Western Germany.
98 * * Eng. Severus is military ruler.
100* * Hung. The Huns emigrate to
countries westward.
101* * Trajan refuses to pay further
tribute to the Dacians, and war follows.
107 * * Aust.+ Dacia is made a prov-
ince. Many Roman colonists enter [Ro-
manians]. (107.+) Pannonia divided.
114* * Asia. Armenia is made a Roman
province. [115. Mesopotamia and As-
syria.]
117 * * Trajan dies in Cilicia while re-
turning from the Parthian war. He is
succeeded by his nephew.
117-138 Hadrian (Publius ^Elius Ha-
drianus) reigns.
He spends 13 years inspecting the prov-
inces, reforming abuses, and rebuilding
cities. He abandons some of the new
provinces, leaving the Euphrates as the
eastern boundary of the empire.
120 * * Fr. Hadrian begins his progress
through the Roman provinces by visit-
ing Gaul (p. 663).
* * Rome. Salvius Julianus, the jurist,
commences the collection of the edicts
of the pretors.
132 * * Hadrian's perpetual code is pub-
lished, and jurisprudence is improved.
* * Rome. Hadrian adopts T. Aurelius An-
toninus, subject to a condition requiring
Antoninus to adopt in place of a son, M.
Annius Vitus, under the name of Marcus
Aurelius, and also adopt L. Commodus, son
of the deceased Casar, L. ^Elius Verus.
138-161 Antoninus Pius (Titus Aure-
lius Antoninus Fulvus Boionius Arrius)
reigns.
138 * * Scot. Lollius Urbicus is gover-
nor of Caledonia. [140. He enlarges
the Roman dominions. 161. Calphur-
nius Agricola is governor. 197. Vivius
Lupus.]
158 * * A terrible plague spreads over
the known world. [165. Plague in Na-
ples ; 400,000 people die within six
months. 166. Plague and famine at
Rome. 189. Rome again smitten.]
160 * * Antoninus sends an embassy to
China.
161-180 Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus)
reigns.
He repels the barbarian invaders.
Lucius Verus, his brother by adoption,
is coregent until 169.
165+ * * Asia. A part of Mesopota-
mia is again made a Roman province.
175 * * Syria. Avidius Cassius, gov-
ernor, revolts, and claims the imperial
throne.
180* *Aust. The virtuous Marcus Aure-
lius dies at Vindobona [Vienna],' and is
succeeded by his degenerate son.
180-192 Commodus (Lucius iElius Au-
relius) reigns.
He pays tribute to the Germans for
peace, and intrusts the government
to his favorite Perennis and others ;
he abandons himself to dissipation.
* * Aust.± The Goths enter Dacia;
Commodus purchases peace.
181+ * * Aust. Aquileia is colonized by
the Romans.
183 * * Rome. Oleander, the corrupt
prime minister, once a Phrygian slave,
obtains great power.
189 * * Sp. The revolution of Mater-
nus is defeated by Caius Pescennius
Niger.
192 Dec. 31. Rome. Commodus is
strangled by the athlete Narcissus, tool
of Marcia, the emperor's mistress, and
the favorites Lsetus and Eclectus.
193-284 Period of the imperators,
who are chiefly elevated by the soldiers,
and also usually killed by them.
193 Jan. 1.+ Helvius Pertinax reigns.
This venerable soldier is proclaimed
by the pretorian guards. [193. Mar.
28. Murdered by them.]
193 Mar. * -June * Julianus (Didius
Salvius) reigns.
He is opposed by the legions, but buys
the empire of the pretorians. He is
the highest of several bidders. Put to
death by the Senate.
193-211 Severus (Lucius Septimus)
reigns.
He is favored by the Illyrian guards,
and is recognized by the Senate, though
opposed bv his rivals, Caius Pescennius
Niger in the East, and Clodius Albinus
in the West (p. 663) . (194.) He crushes
Niger. (197.) Overthrows Albinus.
196* * Niger, the pretender, is pro-
claimed emperor.
203 * * Papinianus, the pretorian pre-
fect, improves the administration of
justice.
208* * Eng. Caracalla rules (p. 841).
* * Scot. Severus extends his conquests.
211 * * Eng. Severus dies at Eboracum
(York), and is succeeded by his two sons.
211-284 The empire is disturbed ; 23
emperors come to the throne ; 20 of them
die violent deaths at the hands of muti-
nous soldiers, one dies in battle, one i:i
prison, and another of pestilence.
211-217 Rome. Caracalla (Marcus Au-
relius Antoninus Bassianus) reigns.
(211) He murders Geta, his half-brother
and coregent, with thousands of his
friends. He inspects the provinces bor-
dering on the Danube. He makes the
vilest persons his chief magistrates.
* * Roman citizenship is conferred upon
the inhabitants of all the provinces, be-
cause of the increased revenue arising
from higher taxation as citizens, and
other sources.
* * The provinces are systematically plun-
dered.
212+ * * Asia. Palmyra (Tadmor) be-
comes a Roman colony.
216+ * * Asia. Caracalla leads a plun-
dering expedition into Parthia. [217.
Apr. 8. Killed by one of his soldiers.]
217 * * Rome. Macrinus (Marcus Ope-
lius) reigns.
As prefect of the guards he instigated
the assassination of Caracalla, and is
confirmed by the Senate ; he purchases
peace of the Parthians. [218. He is
killed by his soldiers in Cappadocia.J
218-222 Elagabalus reigns.
A priest of the sun-god at Emesa in Syria
and the alleged son of Caracalla (his first
cousin), is proclaimed imperator, when 14
years of age, by the soldiers. The govern-
ment is conducted by the emperor's mother
and grandmother, while he surrenders him-
self to infamous debauchery and cruelty.
Murdered by the pretorians.
222-235 Alexander Severus (Marcus
Aurelius) reigns.
He rules under the excellent counsel
of two distinguished jurists, Domitius
Ulpianus and Julius Paullus. (235) He
is assassinated by soldiers on the Rhine.
222 * * The Romans pay the Goths an
annual tribute for exemption from their
incursions.
235-238 Maximums Thrax (Maximin
Caius Julius Verus), a Thracian, reigns.
He is elevated by the soldiers, and
noted for his great size and strength.
(238. May *) He is assassinated by his
soldiers near Aquileia.
237-238 Six emperors perish during
the course of a few months.
237 * * Afr. Gordianus revolts agianst
the cruelty of Maximinius.
237-238 Rome. Gordianus I. (Marcus
Antonius) reigns for two months.
He is proclaimed by the legions in Africa
in opposition to Maximinus, and is confirmed
by the Senate ; he appoints his son, Marcus
Antonius Gordianus II., coregent. The son
is defeated and killed in battle and the
father commits suicide.
1066 237,**-312,**.
ITALY
ARMY — NAVY.
237 * * Afr. The prefect Capellianus,
governor of Mauretania, defeats Gordi-
anus I. and his son in battle.
238 * * Fr. The Franks ravage Gaul
(pp. 663, 768).
244 * * Asia. Gordianus III. defeats
the Persians under Sapor.
244-268 The Alemanni and Franks
sweep over Gaul and Spain, and descend
on the coasts of Africa (p. 768).
244 * * Ger. The Pranks are repulsed
at Mogantiacuin [Mentz].
249 * * Philip is defeated and killed by
the revoltinglegions in Verona.
250 * * Goths invade the empire (p. 768).
251 * * Turk. Decius defeats Goths.
* * West Goths and East Goths ravage
Germany (p. 768). Macedonia (p. 1028).
253 * * Asia M. The Goths make more
destructive raids ; ravage seaports.
254 * * Valerian and his son defeat the
Franks in Gaul, the Alemanni in North-
ern Italy, and the Goths on the Danube.
260* * Asia. Persians under King Sapor
defeat the Romans at Edessa. Valerian
is taken prisoner, his body used as a
horse-block. [He is flayed alive.]
261 * * Sapor captures Antioch, Tarsus,
and Caesarea ; he penetrates Europe as
far as Ravenna, Italy. [263. He is
driven back by Odenathus.]
262 * * Gr. The Goths take Athens.
[Corinth, Argus, and Sparta are sacked.]
* * Sp. Posthumus defeats the Franks.
267 * * Gr. Goths and Scythians are
defeated by Cleodamus and Athenians.
268 Mar. 24. Claudius II. defeats the
Alemanni of Southwest Germany, and
becomes Germanicus.
269 * * Servia. Claudius II. utterly de-
feats an immense army of 320,000 Goths
and Alemanni at Naissus [Nish],
Mcesia ; 50,000+ Goths perish.
271 * * Aurelian repulses the invading
Marcomanni and the Alemanni.
* * Rome. Aurelian begins the erection
of the new 'wall, which includes the en-
larged imperial city. [276. Completed.]
272 * * Asia. Aurelian defeats Queen
Zenobia at Antiochia and Edessa, and
carries her to Rome. [273. He conquers
Tadmor [Palmyra], and executes Lon-
ghi us, Greek philosopher and minister to
Zenobia. He reconquers Egypt.]
274 * * Aurelian reduces to obedience
France, Spain, and Britain. He captures
Tetricus, the pretender and usurper in
Chalons, France.
275* * Asia M. Tacitus defeats the
Alani, invaders of Pontus.
276 * * Probus defeats Florian. He re-
pulses a raid of Franks and Alemanni.
278-285 Fr. Probus conducts cam-
paigns against the German tribes.
He kills 400,000, and recovers 70 towns.
He drives back the Franks, Burgundians,
Alemanni, and Vandals, across the
Rhine ; he strengthens the wall between
the Rhine and Danube (p. 769).
280* * Probus enrolls many German
mercenaries, and employs soldiers in
planting vineyards, building roads,
draining marshes, and making canals.
283 * * Asia. Carus defeats the Sarma-
tians, and afterward captures Ctesiphon.
292 * * Egy. Achilleus leads a revolt.
[298. Diocletian takes Alexandria, and
the revolt is subdued.]
296 * * Eng. Constantius I. defeats
the Picts, and restores Britain to Rome.
He defeats the Alemanni in Germany.
* * Asia. Galerius Valerius Maximums
is defeated by the Persians. [297. He
defeats the Persians under Narses.]
306 * * Constantine [the Great] defeats
invading Franks and Bructeri. [310.
Again.]
310 * * War occurs between the rival
emperors, Maxentius and Constantine.
312 * * Constantine defeats Maxentius
at Susa, Turin, and Verona.
Oct. 27. Constantine defeats Augustus
Maxentius at Saxa Rubra, near Rome,
having the sign of the cross on his ban-
ners, " In hoc signo vinces."
* * The pretorian guard is broken up
by Constantine because of its lawless
violence and political abuses.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
274 * * Rome. The temple of the sun
is burned.
280+ * * Diocletian builds a palace at
Spalatro.
291 * * Rome. An eclipse of the sun
causes total darkness at midday. (Livy.)
306 * * Rome. The original St. Peter's
Church is erected by Constantine.
312 * * Rome. The Appian Way com-
menced by Appius Claudius Cseus con-
nects with Capua.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
245* * Diocletian, Caius Aurelius Valerius,
emperor, born. [313. Dies.]
250 * * Constantius I., Flavius Valerias Chlo-
rus, emperor, born. [306. Dies.]
251 * * Decius, Caius Messius Qulntus Tra-
janus, emperor, dies.
253 * * Callus, Caius Vibius Trebonianus,
emperor, dies.
258 * * Cyprian, Thascius Cascilius, bishop
of Carthage, dies.
269 * * Valerian, Publius Aurelius Licinius,
emperor, dies.
272 Feb. * Constantine I., the Great, Fla-
vius Valerius Aurelius, emperor, born.
[337. May 22. D.]
282+ * * Probus, Marcus Aurelius,emperor, d.
296+ * * Altranasius, patriarch of Alexan-
dria, born. [373. D.]
303+ * * Agnes, St., martyr, A 13.
Maximianus, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, em-
peror, dies.
311 * * Galerius, Caius Valerius Maximianus,
emperor, dies.
312* * Constantine II., Flavius Claudius,
emperor, born. [340. Dies.]
CHURCH.
244+ * * Diony9ius, patriarch of Alex-
andria, is elected.
248* * Afr. St. Cyprian is chosen
bishop of Carthage.
249± * * Rome. The Emperor Philippus
becomes a Christian (?) in secret.
249-250 The seventh persecution;
Decius is more bloody than his prede-
cessors ; Pope Fabian is martyred.
250+ * * Monasticism appears in the re-
tirement of Paul Thebias to the deserts
of Egypt to escape persecution.
± * * The doctrine of purgatory becomes
conspicuous.
* * Sp. Churches are established at
Leon, Elvira, and other towns.
251 * * Rome. Novatian becomes the
first anti-pope.
He is a strict disciplinarian, and founds
the Novatians, who deny restoration to
believers who have lapsed during perse-
cution.
* * The churches of Rome and Africa dis-
pute respecting the baptism of heretics. »
253+ * * Egy. Origen, a presbyter of Al-
exandria, " the greatest luminary of the
age in which he lived," is martyred.
257-260 Eighth persecution; Valerian
destroys Christians. Pope [St.] Sixtus
II. and [St.] Laurence suffer death.
260* *SabeUiusof Africa is condemned
as a heretic.
He teaches but one person in the god-
head, having three different names.
* * Paul of Samasata is made bishop of
Antioch.
His followers are called Paulians ;
they deny the divinity of Christ and
the doctrine of the Holy Trinity.
261 * * Pers. The Manicheans arise.
Manes teaches the two principles of
light and darkness, rejects the Old Tes-
tament, and approves dogmas taught by
ancient fire-worshipers. [277. He is
burned alive by the King of Persia.]
270 (Feb. 14.) Rome. [St.] Valentine,
a Roman bishop (or presbyter), is be-
headed by Claudius. Noted for his love.
274 * * Ninth persecution ; Aurelian
briefly persecutes the Church.
283+ * * Religious ceremonies in the
churches increase. Many pagan rites
are imitated.
284 Aug. 29. The Age of Diocletian
hegins ; called the Era of the Martyrs.
286+ * * The Thebean Legion, com-
posed of Christians under [St.] Maurice,
submits to martyrdom rather than to
sacrifice to the gods.
+ * * Egy. The heresy of Hierax pre-
vails ; his followers are called Absti-
nents.
296 * * Monks abound in Spain and
Egypt.
* * Rome. [St.] Marcellinus is pope.
[304, [St.] Marcellus I. ; 309, [St.] Eusebins,
311, [St.] Melchiades; 314, [St.] Sylvester I.;
337, [St.] Marcus; 341, [St.] Julius I.; 352;
[St.] Liberius; 363, [St.] Felix II.; 366, [St.]
Damasus; 384, [St.] Siricius; 399, [St.] Anas-
tasius.]
300 * * Controversies occur concerning
the use of images in worship.
± * * Armenia. The Greek church is es-
tablished.
302-313 The tenth and last persecu-
tion occurs ; it is the severest of all.
Diocletian issues an edict against
Christians ; he prohibits divine worship ;
houses are filled with Christians and
burned. Many are cast into the sea.
* * * Afr. Arnobius, a Latin father and
eloquent apologist, flourishes.
304* *Egy. An edict is issued against
Christians and Jews.
305* * Egy. [St.] Anthony is the
founder (?) of a regular monasticism.
Monks inhabit caves and desolate places.
* * Sp. The provincial council of Elvira
forbids the nuptial intercourse of priests
after consecration.
306 * * Constantius stops persecution.
311 * * Immersion is practised (p. 1028).
311+ * * Egy. Alius of Alexandria is
ordained a priest.
[He becomes the founder of Arianism,
a heresy denying the divinity of Christ.
creating the greatest schism of the
Church before the Reformation. 321.
ROMAN EMPIRE.
237,**-312,*
1067
Excommunicated. 325. Views condemned
by the Council of Nice.]
* * Afr. The Donatists arise at Carthage
as opposers of the extreme reverence
paid to the relics of martyrs ; they claim
to be the only true church.
LETTERS.
280± * * The first treatise on optics is
written by Euclid.
290+ * * The Gregorian and Hermo-
ginian codes are published.
310+ * * ./Elius Spartianus, Julius Capi-
tolinus,VulcaciusGallicanus,Trebelliu8
Pollio, .Elius Lampridius, and Flavius
Volpiscus write The Augustan History.
SOCIETY.
248 * * Rome. The Secular games are
restored by the Emperor Philippus.
249 * * Philip is assassinated by his
own soldiers ; his son Philip is murdered
at the same time while in his mother's
arms.
251 * * Hostillius and his son Volusianus
are both killed by mutinous soldiers.
302 * * Valentinian is murdered by Ar-
bogast, one of hia officers.
STATE.
238 * * Rome. The Senate elects two
senators, Pupienus Maximus and Caelius
Balbinus, as augusti in opposition to
Maximinus. The Senate adds soon after
the young (13) grandson of Gordianus I.
at the demand of the people.
238 * * Rome. The pretorians murder
the two augusti, leaving the grandson of
Gordianus I. to reign alone.
238-244 Rome. Gordianus III. (Mar-
cus Antonius Pius) reigns.
240 * * Afr. A revolt arises.
242 * * Fr. Vandals appear (p. 663).
243* * Rome. The emperor accepts
Philip the Arabian as coregent on the
demand of the soldiers. [244. Gordi-
anus III. is murdered.]
244-249 Rome. Philip, the Arabian
(Marcus Julius Philippus), reigns.
* * Peace is made with the Persians under
Sapor.
249 * * The army revolts against Philip.
249-251 Decius (Caius Messius Quintus
Trajanus) reigns.
He is compelled by the Moesian and
Pannonian legions to assume the purple,
and march against Philip I., when sent
by Philip to quell their mutiny.
250± * * Ger. The East Goths appear
(p. 768.) [251. They kill Decius. 252.
Invade Greece.] (P. 1028.)
251-253 Rome. Gallus (Caius Vibius
Trebonianus) reigns with Hostilianus,
son of Decius, as his colleague. He (?)
causes the death of Hostilianus (p. 1029).
251 * * The Huns appear near the Cas-
pian Sea.
253 * * Rome. ^3Bmilianus, the conqueror
of the Goths, deposes Gallus, reigns
four months, and is killed by soldiers.
253-260 Rome. Valerian (Publius Au-
relius Licinius Valerianus) reigns.
The legions in Gaul and Germania
make him emperor. (253.) He appoints
his son Gallienus his colleague. (260.)
Captured by the Persians. (268±.) Exe-
cuted.
255* * Prus. Gallienus holds his court
at Treviri [Treves].
259+ * * Fr.*-- Posthumus establishes a
provincial empire in Gaul. [272. Ends.]
260-268 Rome. Gallienus (Publius
Licinius Valerianus Egnatius) reigns
alone.
Numerous aspirants and many pre-
tenders claim the throne ; central au-
thority is paralyzed, and confusion
abounds in all provinces ; period of " the
thirty tyrants."
267-274 Tetricus in Gaul and Spain
maintains some pretensions to imperial
authority.
* * Gallienus recognizes Odenathus,
Prince of Palmyra, as colleague for the
East, after having driven the Persians
out of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Asia
Minor.
266 * * Asia. Queen Zenobia is regent
in Palmyra after the murder of Odena-
thus, for her young son Vaballathus.
She receives the province of Egypt.
268 * * Caius Aureolus, the usurper, is
put to death. Gallienus is murdered
by Claudius.
268-270 Rome. Claudius II. (Marcus
Aurelius Claudius Gothicus) reigns. He
is enthroned by the soldiers.
270-275 Rome. Aurelian (Claudius
Lucius Valerius Domitius Aurelianus)
reigns.
He is enthroned by the army in Illyr-
icum ; Quintillus is elected emperor by
the senate. The Danube becomes the
boundary of the empire. He is a great
soldier.
270+ * * Bulgaria. + Roman colonists
of Dacia are transported to Moesia.
271-274 Aurelian reconquers the
East, Egypt, and subdues Gaul, Spain,
and Britain. The Senate calls him the
restorer of the Roman Empire.
273 * * Syria. Firmus revolts, seizes
Alexandria, and assumes royal power.
275 * * Turk. Aurelian is murdered
near Byzantium. An interregnum of
six months follows.
Sept. 25-276 Apr. 13. Rome. Tacitus
(Marcus Claudius) reigns. He is en-
throned by the army and election of the
Senate. (276.) Dies at Tarsus, Cilicia.
276 * * Rome. Florian (Marcus Flori-
anus), the brother of Tacitus, makes a
fruitless effort to secure the throne ; he
is killed by his soldiers.
276-282 Rome. P r o b u s (Marcus Au-
relius) reigns (p. 769).
(282.) Killed by mutinous soldiers who
are required to serve as laborers (p. 1029).
282-283 Rome. Carus (Marcus Aure-
lius) reigns.
A prefect, enthroned by the army, ap-
points his sons, Carinus and Numeri-
anus, caesars, and later augusti. (283.)
He is killed by lightning (?) and is suc-
ceeded by his sons.
284 * * Rome. Marcus Aurelius Nume-
rianus and Marcus Aurelius Carinus
reign. Numerianus is an orator and a
poet ; he is murdered by his father-in-
law (?) when returning from the East.
Carinus is compelled to yield to Diocle-
tian, who is chosen by the army inaAsia.
284-305 Diocletian (Caius Aurelius
Valerius Diocletianus) reigns.
He establishes an oriental form of
government, having an hereditary mon-
archy, and with caesars nominated as co-
rulers. He divides the empire into
eastern and western. (285.) He rules
the East from Nicomedia. (286.) He
makes Maximian his colleague to rule
the West from Mediolanum [Milan],
285+ * * Diocletian sends ambassadors
to China.
286-305 Rome. Maximian (Marcus
Aurelius Valerius Maximianus) Hercu-
lius reigns. Resigns. [306-308. Resumes.]
287+-* * Eng. Marcus Aurelius Valerius
Carausius leads a successful revolt for
seven years.
* * Barbarians attack the empire in the
north. Tyrants usurp several of the
provinces. Franks from Thrace settle
in Gaul.
291 * * Fr. The Franks assume au-
thority in Batavia and Flanders.
292 Mar. 1. Partition of the empire.
Diocletian appoints two more colleagues as
eajsars. (1) Constantius Chlorus receives
the government of Gaul, Britain, and Spain ;
capital, Treves. (2) Maximian, his father-
in-law, has Italy, Africa, and Sicily; capital,
Milan. (3) Galerius, son-in-law of Diocle-
tian, receives Illyricum and the Danubian
countries, including Macedonia and Greece ;
capital, Sirmium. (4) Diocletian has Thrace,
Egypt, Syria, and Asia; capital, Nicomedia.
293 * * Sp. Galerius Valerius Maximin
visits Spain.
292 * * Egy. Egyptians revolt (p. 655).
294 * * Neth. The Romans expel the
Franks from Batavia.
* * The Romans reconquer Armenia, Mes-
opotamia, and Assyria.
296* * Eng. Britain is restored to
Rome by Constantius.
297 * * Asia. Galerius extends the
boundary of the empire to the Tigris.
* * Afr. Maximian suppresses an insur-
rection.
305-323 Period of internal conflict.
305 * * Diocletian compels Maximian
to resign ; he also abdicates. Constan-
tius and Galerius become augusti.
* * Rome. Severus and Maximinus are
appointed to the rank of caesars ; the
first having Italy and Africa, and the
other having Syria and Egypt.
306 * * Eng. Constantius dies at York.
306-312 Constantine [the Great] be-
comes caesar, having the government of
Gaul, Spain, and Britain.
306-312 Rome. Maxentius (Marcus
Aurelius Valerius) reigns.
He is chosen imperator by the preto-
rians ; his father, Maximian, reassumes
the dignity of coregent or augustus.
The empire is now under six rulers, three-
augusti, Galerius, Maxentius, and Max-
imian, and three caesars, Constantine,
Severus, and Maximinus.
307 * * Severus is put to death by Max-
entius at Ravenna.
* * Galerius appoints Licinius (Caius Fla-
vius Valerius Licinianus) as colleague
and augustus to fill the vacancy. Con-
stantine (Flavius Valerius Aurelius
Constantinus) assumes the title augus-
tus, making six rulers of that dignity.
310* * The rival rulers struggle for su-
premacy, and Maximian is defeated in
Massilia. Because of defeat in a con-
spiracy against Constantine his father-
in-law, Maximian commits suicide. [313-
Galeri us, defeated, perishes in the flight.]
C(W^
1068 312,* * -401, *
ITALY
ARMY — NAVY.
314 Apr. * Asia M. Licinius, the em-
peror of the East, decisively defeats
Maximin at Heraclea.
315 Oct. 8. Turk. Constantine defeats
Licinius, the rival emperor in Thrace,
and compels him to cede Illyricuin, Ma-
cedonia, and Achaia to the Western Em-
pire. [323. July 3. Again decisively
(p. 1024). Sept. 18. Asia M. Again de-
feated at Chrysopolis. He surrenders in
Nicomedia, and is cruelly murdered.]
331 * * Asia. Sapor II. renews the war,
and is defeated by Constantine.
334 * * S. Rus. The revolt of 300,000
Sarmatian slaves is suppressed. [They
are scattered over the empire.]
340 * * Aust. Constantine II. is defeated
by Constans, and falls near Aquileia.
350-359 Fr. Julian conducts war in
Germany against the Alemanni and Ri-
puarian Franks (pp. 502, 062).
351* * Aust. Constantius II. defeats
Magnentius, the usurper, on the Drave
[he escapes capture by suicide]. He also
crushes Vetranio, another usurper.
4th Century. Apulia is conquered by the
Romans.
362-363 Asia. War with Persia.
(363.) Julian leads an expedition
against Sapor 1 1., and is defeated. (.June
26.) Killed by an arrow.
366 * * Asia, The army of Valens, led
by Sallust, defeats and kills Procopius,
his rival.
367 * * Turk. The Goths are defeated
near the Hellespont (p. 1028).
368-370 War with the Goths. It ends
in an agreement not to cross the Danube.
371 * * Ger. Valentfnian I. and Severus
defeat the Alemanni, and strengthen
the frontier against the Huns and Alani.
378 Aug. 9. Turk. A horde of Goths,
revolting under Fritbigern, defeat Va-
lens. [They ravage the country, and ad-
vance to Constantinople.] (P. 1028).
382 + * * Theodosius I. makes a success-
ful campaign among the West Goths.
383 * * Fr. Maximus removes his army
from Britain to Gaul (p. 662).
388 June * Aust. Theodosius I. de-
feats Maximus. Also Eugenius (p. 1028).
* * Fr. The Franks, having utterly de-
feated Quintinius, follow up their victory
by invading Gaul.
394 * * Alaric, King of the West Goths,
first appears in history. [395. Desolates
Macedonia. 396. Takes Athens. He is
driven out of the Peloponnesus by Fla-
vius Stilicho (p. 1030).]
* * Aust. Theodosius I., aided by Alaric
I., defeats Arbogast and Eugenius, two
usurpers, at the Frigidus, near Aquileia ;
he becomes sole emperor.
400+ * * Aust. Alaric first invades
Italy, bringing the families, wagons, and
treasures of his people. He wins a vic-
tory at Aquileia, and crosses the Po.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
330-900 Borne. The Basilicas are
erected.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
317* * Constantius II., Flavins Julius, em-
peror, born. [361. Dies.)
320 * * Constans 1., Flavius Julius, emperor,
born. [350. Dies.)
321* * Valentinian I.,eiup.,b. [375. Dies.]
328* * Helena, Flavia Julia, St., dies.
Valens, Flavins, emperor, b. [378. D.]
330 * * Aminianus, Marcellinus, historian, b.
[375. Dies.)
Jovianus, Flavius Claudius, emperor, born.
[364. Dies.]
340+ * * Ambrose. St.. bishop of Milan, au-
thor, born. [397. Dies.]
Jerome, St.. church father, b. [420. D.]
346* * Theodosius, Flavius. emperor, born
[395. Dies.]
354 Nov. 13. Augustine, St., Christian
father, born. [430. Aug. 28. Dies.]
359* * Gratian, emperor, born. [383. I).]
371+ * * Valentinian II., emp.,b. [392. D.]
394 * * Arbogast or Arbogastes, general, d.
396 * * Aetius. general, born. [454. Dies.]
CHURCH.
312± * * Constantine [the Great] is con-
verted.
The vision of the shining cross appears :
" In hoc signo vinces." [He becomes the
protector of Christians.]
* * Egy. The Coptic Bible is written.
313 Jan. * Constantine and Licinius
stop the persecution of Christians.
Christianity is favored by the state at
the expense of paganism. (1028.)
314 * * Constantine makes gifts of land
to Pope Sylvester I., laying the founda-
tion of the temporal power. (" Apoc-
ryphal," Vyc. Bib. Literature.)
* * Asia M. The provincial synod of A;i-
cyraallows marriage to deacons (priests)
only when stipulated before ordination.
* * The bishops of York and London,
England, are appointed.
* * Fr. A council of the Church meets at
Aries to suppress the Donatists.
* * The Donatian controversy respect-
ing the fallibility of the Church is very
bitter.
* * Surplices are first -worn.
316 * * Afr. Donatus is elected bishop
of Carthage by the Donatists.
318 * * The Greek Church is founded
in Georgia or Iberia.
321 Mar. 7. Constantine I. issues the
first civil law for the observance of
Sunday, combining it with that of the
seventh day and other festivals.
325 June 19- Aug. 25. Asia M. The
first (?) ecumenical council at Nice (p.
1028). The Nicene (Anti-Arian) creed is
adopted. The celebration of Easter is
ordained. The title metropolitan is given
to certain bishops. Celibacy of priests
is rejected. (The latter is disputed.)
* * Judea. The Empress Helena erects
a cruciform church at Bethlehem to
mark the place of the Saviour's birth.
328 May 28. Jerusalem. The Empress
Helena claims to find the true cross. (?)
Pilgrimages begin with her journey.
330 * * Heathen temples are destroyed
(p. 1028).
335 * * Council of Tyre ; the doctrine
of Athanasius is considered.
337** Egy. Athanasius (Anti-Arian)
is restored (p. 654). 341. Again deposed,
he goes to Rome. 342. Declared inno-
cent. 349. Restored. 353-355. Con-
demned by council. 363. Restored.
337+ * * Christians invoke saints, rever-
ence the cross, and burn incense in wor-
ship.
339 * * Constantinople. Eusebius, a lead-
ing Arian, is elected bishop.
340* * Egy. Pachronius builds a large
monastery on an island in the Nile.
[Others soon follow.]
341* *Ulfilas is consecrated Arian
bishop of the West Goths.
± * * Constantine forbids pagan sacri-
fices. Macedonius is elected bishop ;
bloody opposition occurs (p. 1028).
± * * Public churches are erected.
342 * * Borne. Pope Julius calls a synod,
and declares Athanasius' innocence.
[Athanasius introduces monasticism.]
346 * * Abyssinia. Frumentius preaches
to the natives.
347 * * Asia M. The council at Sardis,
Lydia,. is attended by 370 bishops ; it
condemns the Arians.
351 * * [St.] Cyril is chosen bishop of
Jerusalem. [358. Deposed. 380±. Re-
stored.]
353 * * Constans persecutes the Jews.
355 * * Constantius II. enthrones Felix
n. as anti-pope, after having exiled
Liberius. [Felix restored.]
4th Century. The Apostles' Creed is
formulated. The cathedral of Ravenna
is founded.
* * * The heated Nestorian controversy
respecting the dual nature of Christ
pushes the orthodox to increase the hon-
ors given to the Virgin Mary.
356+ * * Borne. [St.] Hilary, bishop of
Rome, claims preeminence for his see.
* * * (?) The Athanasian Creed is formu-
lated, declaring the procession of the
Holy Ghost from both the Father and
the Son. [Author unknown.]
359 * * The Council at Rimini, having 400
bishops present, adopts a new confession
of faith.
* * Constantinople. The [first] church of
St. Sophia is dedicated.
* * Jerusalem. Julian [the Apostate] fails
in an attempt to rebuild the temple.
* * Fr. The first convent (p. 662).
361+ * * The Emperor Julian renounces
Christianity. [363. He favors the
Jews.]
362 * * Many martyrs fall in the perse-
cution of Christians.
366±- * * Beads are used in reckoning
prayers.
* * The emperor favors the Arians ; the
orthodox Christians suffer opposition.
* * Borne. Ursicinus is anti-pope.
* * Agapse, or love feasts, are forbidden
by the Council of Laodicea because of
disorderly conduct. [390. By the Coun-
cil of Carthage.]
370 * * Asia M. [St.] Basil [the Great]
is elected bishop of Csesarea.
372 * * The Bible is translated into lan-
guage of the Goths by Ulfilas.
374-397 [St.] Ambrose is archbishop
of Milan.
379 * * Borne. The prerogatives of the
Holy See are greatly enlarged.
* * Theodosius, having recovered from ill-
ness, zealously supports the Orthodox
Church.
380 * * Sp. A church council is held
at Saragossa.
381 July 9. Constantinople. Third
general council (p. 1029).
ROMAN EMPIRE.
312,**-401,
1069
384 k * Rome. The Senate discusses the
comparative merits of Christianity and g^g
paganism, and decides in favor of the
former. [St.] Ambrose pleads for Chris-
tianity, and Symmachus for paganism.
± * * Rome. [St.] Jerome collects and
prepares the "Vulgate Bible.
385 * * Fr. Priscillian, a Spanish eccle-
siastic, founder of Priscillianists (gnos- 323-337
ticism and Christianity), is beheaded as 102g)
a heretic at Treves by the emperor.
* * Pope Siricius uses title of pope (papa).
He decides that priests are not allowed
to marry. Celibacy is established.
389 * * Egy. Christianity is supreme
(p. 654).
* * Constantinople. Theodosi us abolishes
the holy Eleusinian Mysteries.
390+ * * [St.] Jerome introduces the use
of hallelujah and amen in Christian
worship.
* * Augustine (?) and Ambrose (?) com-
pose Te Deum as a song of praise.
* * The Emperor Theodosius is expelled
from the church for his cruelty by Am-
brose, the archbishop of Milan.
392 * * Theodosius issues an edict for the
suppression of idolatry.
394± * * The mass is first celebrated. (?)
396* * Tunis. [St.] Augustine is chosen
bishop of Hippo, Africa.
397 * * Constantinople. [St.] Chrysos-
tom is chosen patriarch (p. 1030).
400± * * Litanies are first (?) used in
processions.
* * Some. Pelagianism, rejecting origi-
nal sin and foreordination, is introduced
by Pelagius, a Briton. [418. Banished
from Italy.]
STATE.
* * Constantino and Licinius (who
married Constantia, the emperor's sis-
ter) enter an alliance.
313-323 Constantine and Licinius
rule the empire ; the former in the East,
and the latter in the West.
Constantine sole emperor (p.
323-353 The empire is again united
under a sole ruler.
330 May 11. Turk. Byzantium (Con-
stantinople) is dedicated by Constantine
as the new capital of the empire.
The empire is rearranged, having four great
prefectures, Oriens, Illyricum orientale,
Italia, Gallia ; these are divided into 13 dio-
ceses, and these again into 116 provinces.
337 * * Partition of the empire.
Constantine's three sons divide the
empire between them as augusti, and
his two nephews as caesars.
337-340 Constantine II. (Flavius Clau-
dius Constantinus) reigns over Britain,
Gallia, Spain, and a part of Africa.
337-350 Constans I. (Julius Flavius)
reigns over the prefectures of Illyricum
orientale, Italia, and a part of Africa.
337-361 Constantius (Julius) reigns in
the East.
340 * * Constantine II. is defeated and
364-394 The Roman Empire is again
divided.
367-383 Gratian (Gratianus) reigns in
the West as colleague of his father,
rank of augustus. (375.) He succeeds
his father with Yalentinian II. as joint
■ augustus.
369± * * The West Goths are admitted
into the Roman territories on condition
of their rendering military service.
370* * Scot. Valentia made a province.
375-392 Milan. Valentinian II., son
of Valentinian I., only four years of age,
reigns in the West as joint augustus.
[383-392. As colleague of Theodosius.]
375 * * Beginning of the migration of
the Teutonic tribes.
376 * * The Goths revolt.
+ * * The Huns invade Pannonia [Hun-
gary], and expel the Goths (p. 769).
378-395 Constantinople. Theodosius
[the Great] rules in the East as joint
augustus by the choice of Gratian.
383 Aug. 25. Fr. Gratian is captured
by Maximus at Lyons, and killed (p. 662).
* * Eng. Maximus (Magnus) is pro-
claimed emperor by his army.
383-388 Treves. Maximus Magnus
Clemens reigns in Gaul, Spain, and
Britain as colleague of Theodosius.
LETTERS.
367 * * Epiphanius, bishop of Constan-
tius in Cyprus, writes Panarium, against
heresies.
398± * * Heliodorus, bishop of Tricca in
Thessaly, writes sEthiopica, relating to
the loves of Theagenes and Charicleia.
[It is the first known romance.]
SOCIETY.
323 * * Constantinople. The splendor of
the court of Constantine I. exceeds the
cost of the legions.
324 * * Constantine, I. puts to death
his eldest son Crispus, and one of his
nephews, through the plotting of Fausta,
his wife, who is herself executed at last.
325* * Constantine I. in the East sup-
presses gladiatorial combats in pub-
lic theaters.
334 * * A revolt of 300,000 Sarmatian
slaves is suppressed.
362 * * Gr. The Emperor Julian revives
the Isthmian games.
* * Rome. Hospitals for travelers, the
indigent, and the sick, are founded by
Julian.
364 * * Rome. Marriage is forbidden in
Lent.
387 * * Rome. The Capitoline games
are instituted.
393 * * Polygamy is forbidden by the
Emperor Arcadius.
394 * * Constantinople. The festival of
the Olympic games is abolished by
Theodosius.
killed by Constans, his brother^at Aqui- 335 * * Maximus attempts to oust Valen
tinian II. from Italy and Africa. [388.
Theodosius crushes Maximus.] (See
Army.)
392 May 15. Fr. Valentinian II. is
strangled (p. 663).
* * Eugenius, a tyrant, is proclaimed
emperor by Arbogast. [394. Crushed
by the Theodosians.]
393 * * Sp. Theodoric establishes the
East Goth kingdom in Spain.
leia.
are reunited under Constans.
350* * Sp. Constans I. is kiUed while
hunting near Illiberis, by emissaries of
Magnentius.
350± * * Russia. The Huns, a Mongo-
lian race, cross the Volga, moving west-
ward ; they drive back the Goths.
351-361 Constantius reigns alone; the
unity of the empire is restored.
351* *Flavius Claudius Constantius
Gallus, nephew of Constantine 1., is
made cassar and ruler of the East. [354.
Executed for his tyranny.]
355 * * Constantius makes Julian, his
cousin, caesar, and sends him to rule in
Gaul, Spain, and Britain ; capital, Paris.
361 * * Fr. The army in Gaul, under
Julian, proclaims him emperor.
* * Constantius dies, and is succeeded
by his cousin.
361-363 Julian (Flavius Claudius Juli-
anus), the Apostate, reigns (p. 769).
363 June 26. Constantinople. Julian
being killed in battle, Jovian (Flavius
Claudius Jovianus) reigns.
He is enthroned by the army. He
buys peace with the Persians by ceding
five Roman provinces beyond the Tigris
to them. [364. Feb. 17. Jovian dies.]
364-375 MUtm. Valentinian I. (Fla-
vius Valentinianus) reigns in the West;
capital, Milan.
He is elected by the army at Nicaea ;
boundaries, Caledonia in the West to
Mount Atlas in the East.
364-378 Constantinople. Valens reigns
in the East ; capital, Constantinople.
He is made associate emperor by Val-
entinian, his brother ; boundaries from
the lower Danube to Persia (p. 1029).
394-395 Theodosius [the Great, the
last] sole emperor of both the Eastern
and Western Empires.
395 Jan. 17. Theodosius dies at Milan.
* * The empire is permanently divided
between the sons of Theodosius.
395-1453 The Eastern or Grecian Em-
pire. (See Greece.)
395-408 Constantinople. Arcadius
reigns in the East.
395-423 Rome. Flavius Honorius, 11
years of age, reigns in the West ; capi-
tal, Rome. (402.) Ravenna becomes
the imperial residence. The Vandal
Stilicho becomes the guardian and
chancellor of the king.
395 * * Constantinople. Rufinus is mur-
dered by Gainus, commander of the
Gothic mercenaries. Eutropi us becomes
the guardian of Arcadius.
398 * * Or. — Servian . Alaric, King of
the West Goths, is made ruler ot Kast
Illyricum by Arcadius.
5th Century. The Western Empire is grad-
ually disintegrated by the incursions
of Goths, Franks, Vandals, Burgundians,
Angles, and Saxons, and the Huns.
401± * * (402) The West Goths overrun
Europe ; under Alaric they invade Italy.
1070 402, * *-568,
ITALY
i
ARMY — NAVY.
402 * * Alaric is repulsed at Polentia
by Stilicho. He is compelled by disease,
hunger, and desertion to abandon the
invasion of Italy.
404-406 German hosts under Rada-
gaisus invade Italy, but are defeated by
Stilicho at FbbsuIsb, and then annihilated
by constant fighting, disease, and hunger.
406-409 Bands of Vandals, Suevi, and
Alani, from the region of the Danube,
cross the Rhine, and successfully with-
stand the Franks. (409.) Invade Spain.
408-409 Alaric again crosses the Alps,
and invades Italy ; he is bought off with
a ransom. [410. Aug. 24. He takes
Rome and sacks it ; later dies at Cosena.]
410-415 Fr. Atawulf invades Gaul.
410* *Eng. The Romans retire (p. 840).
413* * Heraclian unsuccessfully in-
vades Rome from Carthage.
415 * * Sp. Atawulf, the brother-in-law
of Honorius, conquers Barcelona from
the Vandals and Suevi.
418+ * * Wallia, King of the West Goths,
fights for the Romans.
420 * * War with Persia.
538 * * Invasion of Franks.
539 * * Goths destroy Milan ; they rav-
age Lombardy.
544-549 Belisarius returns (p. 1030).
543 * * Totila takes Naples. [552. Re-
taken.]
546 * * Totila takes Rome.
He plunders the city, and reconquers
the greater part of Italy, while Belisa-
rius is fighting in Persia.
547 * * Rome is recovered, and King
Vitiges captured. [549. Rome taken
by Totila. 552. Retaken by Narses.]
552 July * Narses defeats the Goths,
and mortally wounds Totila in battle at
Tadinse. [553. Defeats the Goths at
Mons Lactarius.]
554 * * Narses defeats the Alemanni and
Franks at Casilinum [CapuaJ.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
425 * * The San Giovanni Evangelista
Church at Parma is founded.
440 * * Gr. The computation of Olym-
piads ceases with the 305th.
472 * * Vesuvius is in a state of erup-
tion ; the illumination is seen in Con-
stantinople.
493 ± * * Theodosius introduces into Italy
425 * * Ravenna is taken by Aspar, the
first of the Patricians, and John the |
usurper is defeated. 4" the superior architecture of Greece.
428 * * Fr. Pranks and Goths defeatV 516 * * Dionysius Exiguus, a monk of the
the Roman general Aetius (p. 062). <)T\ Western Church, introduces the chro-
429 May * Afr. Vandals under Gen-
seric invade Africa.
435-55 Fr. Goths and Alemanni are
defeated by Aetius.
439 Oct. * Afr. Genseric captures
Carthage, and makes it his capital.
440± * * Sicily. The Vandals invade
the island, and capture Palermo.
448 * * Aetius defeats the Huns ; he in-
vades and ravages Gaul.
451 * * Fr. Aetius, aided by the West
Goths, defeats Attila (pp. 662, 768).
452 * * Lombardy is overrun, and Pavia
is taken by Attila. He threatens Rome ;
it is saved from conquest by Pope Leo.
* * Aust. Attila destroys Aquileia. He
sacks Milan.
455 July 15+. Rome is taken and
pillaged by the Vandals under Genseric
for 14 days ; the empress and many other
captives are taken away.
* * Alsace. The Alemanni capture Ar-
geutoratum [Strasburg].
456 * * Romans under Ricimer defeat the
Vandals in a naval battle off Corsica.
457 * * War with the Goths.
468 * * Rome. An expedition is sent
against the Vandals.
476 * * Rome is taken by Odoacer, leader
of the Heruli ; the city is sacked.
* * Pavia, Lombardy, is taken by Odoacer.
486* * Fr. Clovis defeats Sygarius
(p. 662).
488-493 Theodoric [the Great] sub-
' dues Italy (p. 1030).
533-535 Afr. Belisarius, Justinian's
general, overthrows the Vandal power
(p. 1030).
£36-540 Belisarius defeats the East
Goths. [536-537. He conquers Southern
Italy, and delivers Rome. 540. Vitiges
surrenders Ravenna.] (P. 1030.)
nology of the Christian Era, by dating
events from the birth of Christ. He
erroneously begins his dates from three
to six years late.
539 * * Floating mills are erected on
the Tiber.
543 * * An earthquake is felt in many
countries.
555+ * * Belisarius (?) invents water-
mills for grinding corn.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
408 * * Stilicho, Flavius, general, dies.
419* * Valentinian III. (Flavius Placidns
Valentinianus), emperor, born. [455. D.]
420 * * Pelagius, fdr. of Pelagianism, dies.
434 * * Odoacer, King of Italy, b. [493. D.]
455 * * Theodoric the Great, East-Goth,
King of Italy, born. [526. Dies.]
468 * * Cassiodorus, Marcus Aurelius, states-
man, historian, born. [560. Dies.]
473+ * * Anthemius, emperor, dies.
475 * * Boethius, Anicius Manllus Severinus,
philosopher, born. [524. Dies.]
476* * Romulus Augustinius, last emperor of
the West, dies.
480 * * Benedict, St., founder Benedictine
order, born. [543. Dies.]
496 * * Gelasius I., pope, dies. [498. Anasta-
Bius II. ; 526. John I.; 530, Felix IV.;
535. John II.]
540 * * Gregory I., the Great, pope, born.
[604. Dies.]
402 * * Rome.
CHURCH.
[St.] Innocent I. is pope.
[417, [St.] Zosimus; 418, [St.] Boniface I.;
423, [St.] Celestine I.; 432, [St.] Sixtus III.]
404 Jan. 1. Rome. Telemachus, an
Asiatic monk, rushes into the arena and
tries to separate the gladiators; he is
stoned to death by the people. [Con-
tests are soon abolished.]
412+ * * Scot. [St.] Ninian foundB the
church in Galloway.
* * Egy. [St.] Cyril is bishop (p. 654).
415 * * Asia M. The Council of Ephesus
condemns Pelagianism. [530. Also the
Council of Carthage.]
420 * * Syria. Theodoret is chosen
bishop of Antioch.
+ * * Syria. Simeon [Stylites] becomes a
"piUar saint." He spends his last thir-
teen years on a pillar nearly 50 feet high.
431 June 22. AsiaM. The general
Council of Ephesus meets.
It condemns Nestorianism and Pela-
gianism, favors the original Nicene
Creed, and regards the worship of the
Virgin as heretical (p. 1030).
* * Crosses are used in churches and
chambers.
432 * * Ire. [St.] Patrick arrives (p. 840).
440 * * Rome. [St.] Leo the Great, pope.
[461, [St.] Hilary; 468, [St.] Simplicius;
483, [St.] Felix III.; 492, [St.] Gelasius; 496,
[St.] Anastasius II.]
448* * Constantinople. A synod con-
demns the doctrines of Eutyches, who
teaches that Christ had only one nature.
[449. Bishop Eusebius of Dorylseum.'his
prosecutor, is deposed.]
449 Aug. 8. AsiaM. The [Robber]
Council of Ephesus meets. Dioscorus,
bishop of Alexandria, employs intimida-
tion and force ; many bishops are
wounded.
450+ [Aug. 6.] The Feast of the
Transfiguration is celebrated.
+ * * Asia. The Monophosyte sect is
founded, and teaches the single will of
Christ.
451 Oct. 8^-. Asia M. The Fourth
Ecumenical Council is held at Chal-
cedon.
It declares the union of the divine and
human natures in Christ, condemns the
heresies of Eutyches and the Monopho-
sytes, and gives the patriarch of Con-
stantinople equal authority, but not
equal honor, with the Pope at Rome.
457+ * * The Church is dominated by an
oligarchy of ambitious, self-seeking
bishops, including those of Rome, Con-
stantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem, and
Alexandria.
482 * * Constantinople. The Emperor
Zeno issues the Henoticon, a decree of
union, for merging the Monophysite
and orthodox bodies.
483 * * Constantinople. The Patriarch
Acacius excommunicates Pope Felix
II.
484 * * Huneric, King of the Vandals,
persecutes the Christians.
* * Schism divides the Greek and Roman
churches (p. 1030).
487 [Sept. 29]. Michaelmas, the Feast of
St. Michael, the guardian of the Cath-
olic Church, is instituted.
498 * * St. Symmachus is pope.
[514, St. Hormisdas ; 523, St. John I. ; 526,
St. Felix IV. ; 530, Boniface II., 532, John II. ;
535, St. Agapetus I.; 536, St. Sylverius; 538,
Vigilius; 555, Pelagius I.]
511+ * * Ger. [St.] Fridolin, an Irish-f V>?J
man, goes as an apostle to Germany.
518 * * Turk. Arians deposed (p. 1031).
529 * * [St.] Benedict founds the Bene-
dictines. (Or 515.)
He establishes his first monastery at
Monte Casino. [541. Benedictines enter
Sicily. 543. Enter France. Later, they
monopolize nearly all the science and
learning of Europe.]
533 * * Constantinople. The Greek em-
peror first acknowledges the Pope's su-
premacy.
541 * * Syria. Jacob Baradeus founds
the Jacobites.
.***"**'
ROMAN EMPIRE.
402, * * -568,
1071
542* * The Feast of the Purification, in
honor of the Virgin's visit to the Temple,
is ordered by the Pope ; its procession
bears wax tapers (Candlemas).
550 * * The second Talmud is completed
by Kab Rabina, after the labors of six
compilers for 123 years.
553 * * Constantinople. The sixth gen-
eral council meets (p. 1031).
554 * * Asia. A synod of Armenian bish-
ops at Thevin, or Tiben, called by Patri-
arch Nierses n., separates the Arme-
nians from the Greek church. [629. An
atterdpt at reunion is made by the synod
of Garin, but they soon divide.]
560 * * John III. is pope.
[574, Benedict I.; 578, Pelagius II.; 590,
St. Gregory I. the Great; 604, Sabinianus;
607, Boniface III. ; 608, St. Boniface IV. ; 615,
St. Adeodatu8l.; 619, Boniface V. ; 625, Ho-
norius I.]
j LETTERS.
4,y:, (,
498+ * * The Gemdra, or Talmud of Baby-
lon, is published.
620+ * * Bcethius writes De Consolatione
Philosophe.
529 * * The schools of Athens are sup-
pressed (p. 1031).
STATE.
404 * * Home is placed under the By-
zantine exarch, or governor, with Ra-
venna the capital of the Empire of the
West [until 476].
406 * * Romans permit Vandals and
Burgundians to settle in Gaul and
Spain (p. 663).
408* * Alaric, being refused the assign-
ment of lands in Northern Italy for the
permanent settlement of Goths, marches
on Rome [and compels the Senate to
appoint Flavius Priseus Attalus, the
prefect of the city, emperor. [410. Rome
taken ; burned.]
* * Stilicho, the guardian of Honorius,
is killed by Heraclian by order of the
emperor, to whom he had been defamed.,
-* *Theodosiu8 II., son of Arcadius,
seven years of age; is emperor of the
West. Athenius is his minister; his
sister Pulcheria and his wife Eudocia
largely control him.
410 * * Atawulf , a brother-in-law of Al-
aric I., leads the West Goths into Gaul.
[412. He makes peace with Honorius.]
411 * * Vandals in Spain.
* * Atawulf succeeds Alaric I. ; he
evacuates Italy. [412. He conquers Aqui-
tania, Gaul. 414. The West Goths con-
quer and extirpate the Alani, and ex-
tend their rule into Spain] (p. 603).
413 * * Fr. The Burgundians settle on
the Saone. [443. The Alemanni extend
over Alsace (p. 769).]
414 * * Pulcheria becomes regent.
415-507 Fr. The West Gothic kingdom
of Tolosa [Toulouse] is founded by King
Walja. It soon becomes independent.
418 * * Sp. The West Gothic kingdom is
established (p. 663).
420 * * Scot. The Romans withdraw.
423 Aug. 27. Honorius dies at Ra-
venna. [John, the secretary of Hono-
rius, usurps the throne. He is conquered
by Theodosius II.]
425-455 Valentinian HE. (Flavius Pla-
cidius Valentinianus), 16 years of age,
reigns in the West. Placidia, his mother,
is regent.
428 * * Afr. Count Boniface rebels ; in-
vites the Vandals to come from Spain.
429-439 Afr. The Vandal kingdom
is established by Genseric ; capital,
Carthage.
433 * * Attila, the Scourge of God, rules
an immense empire, extending from
China to the Atlantic. [445-450. He
ravages the Eastern Empire. 451. He
invades Italy, but soon retires.]
435 * * Afr. A treaty cedes territory to
the Vandals.
437 * * The Western Empire acquires,
from the Eastern, Pannonia, Dalmatia,
and Noricum.
439+ * * Afr. The Vandals tinder Gen-
seric take Carthage , and plunder Italy
by the use of their numerous fleets.
441* *The Huns, Persians, and Saxons
invade the Roman territories from vari-
ous directions.
446 * * Britons invoke aid against the
Picts (p. 840).
450 * * St. Marinus founds the republic
of San Marino.
452 * * Venice is founded by families
from Aquileia and Padua, who flee
before Attila.
453 * * The monarchy of the Huns falls
with the death of Attila ; the German
tribes and the Slavic people become free.
* * Valentinian LU. is assassinated by
his successor.
455 * * Pretonius Maximus reigns a
short time in the West.
Aug. 15-456 * * Ravenna. Marcus
Maecilius Avitus, the usurper, reigns
in the west for 14 months. He obtains
the throne by the aid of Theodoric II.
[Deposed by Ricimer, the leader of the
German mercenaries in the army.]
July 15+. Rome. Eudocia calls in the
Vandals after the murder of her hus-
band, Valentinian ; they plunder the city.
456 * * The Vandals take Sardinia.
456-472 The actual ruler of Italy is
Ricimer, the Sueve.
457-461 Ravenna. Majorain (Julius
Majorianus) reigns in the West by the
appointment of Ricimer. (461.) Mur-
dered by the order of Ricimer.
457 * * Ricimer causes himself to be
created Patrician.
461-465 Idbius Severus reigns in the
West by the appointment of Ricimer.
[465. Deposed and poisoned by Ricimer.]
465-467 Interregnum. Ricimer is in
power, and conducts the government
without even a royal figurehead.
467-472 Anthemius reigns in the West.
He is nominated by Emperor Leo, and
confirmed at Rome through the agency
of Ricimer.
468 * * Sp. The West Goths expel the
Romans.
* * Trial by peers becomes an estab-
lished principle in courts of justice.
472 * * Olybrius reigns in the West. He
is enthroned by Ricimer.
Aug. 18. Ricimer dies. Olybrius dies.
473 * * Glycerius reigns in the West ;
he is appointed by Leo I.
473-475 Julius Mepos reigns in the
West ; he is appointed by Leo. He is
deposed by his general, Orestes, to make
place for Orestes' son.
475-476 Romulus Augustulus reigns
in the West.
476 * * Odoacer, chief of the Heruli and
other German bands, captures Rome,
and dethrones Augustulus ; he rules Italy
as Patrician, and is nominally the vicar
of the Eastern Emperor Zeno. The title
of emperor is extinguished. [493. Mar.
5. Odoacer is killed by Theodoric]
* * About 1228 years after the founding of
Rome, the empire falls in consequence
of domestic revolutions, and not by con-
quest. The provinces, long occupied by
barbarians, have no tie to bind them into
one political body.
489 * * Pavia is developed by Theodoric.
493-555 The kingdom of the East
Goths in Italy is founded by Theodoric
after overthrowing Odoacer.
(493. Feb. 27.) They enter a treaty
of peace at Ravenna. Odoacer is to be
only the military subordinate of Theo-
doric. 555. The East Goths as a nation
vanish from history. .-
526 * * Athalaric, grandson of Theod-
oric, is King of the East Goths in Italy.
[534, Theodates ; 536, Vitiges ; 540, Hilde-
bald ; 541, Totila ; Eraric ; 552, Teias.]
543 * * Naples becomes the capital of a
duchy. [568(572?). It is subject to the
Eastern Empire. 593. This is nominally
much extended.]
553 * * Rome is recovered from the
Goths by Narses, and annexed to the
Eastern Empire as an exarchate.
553-567 Narses rules Italy as duke ;
Italy is under Greek exarchs ; capital,
Ravenna. The Senate is abolished.
566 * * The Gepid® are incorporated with
the Lombards.
568-774 The Teutonic kingdom of [Lom-
bardy]. [573-774. Pavia is the capital.]
It is formed by Alboin, and becomes
supreme in most of North and Central
Italy. A part of Italy is yet attached to
the Eastern Empire.
MISCELLANEOUS.
414 * * Atawulf, the leader of the West
Goths in Gaul, marries Placidia, the
sister of Honorius, while held as a hos-
tage in Narbonne. [415. Atawulf is
murdered.]
425 * * Valentinian III. is murdered at
the instance of his successor.
450 * * A terrible famine prevails ; pa-
rents eat their own children.
467 * * Anthemius, the emperor, is mur-
dered by Ricimer.
500 * * Gladiatorial contests are sup-
pressed in the West by Theodoric.
± * * Pairs and wakes of Saxon origin
are introduced.
528 * * Civil oaths are taken on the
Gospel.
536 * * King Theodates is assassinated.
[540. Theodebald (Hildebald) is assassi-
nated. 573. Alboin, king of the Lom-
bards, is poisoned by his wife Rosa-
munda, for compelling her to drink wine
out of a cup formed of her father's skull .
575. King Cleoph is assassinated. 591.
King Autharis is poisoned. 625. Also
King Adaload. 653. King Rodoald is
assassinated.]
539 * * Pestilence and famine. [558.
Again. 816. Again.]
4
1072 568,**-1028,
ITALY.
ARMY — NAVY.
568-774 The [Lombards] under Alboin,
with 20,000 Saxon allies, cross the Alps,
and enter the plain [of Lombardy],
Pavia is taken.
The Longobardi conquer and hold
Northern Italy until subdued by Charle-
magne. [577. They defeat the Romans
under Baduarius. 591. Their king,
Autharis, resists the invading Greeks
and Franks.]
600 * * Italy is ravaged by the Slavo-
nians [from Hungary].
712 * * King Liutprand (Lombard) cap-
tures Ravenna from the Greek exarchs.
[749. Aistulf captures Ravenna. 750 ^ .
He attempts to take Borne, but is
driven away by Pepin.] (P. 664.)
830-878 Sicily is conquered by the
Saracens. [842. They settle at Bari.]
844+ * * Wars with the Saracens. [848.
They destroy the Venetian fleet at Cro-
tona.]
848-852 Rome. Pope Leo encloses and
fortifies the Leonine City.
896 * * Rome. Arnulf takes Rome.
899 * * Successful invasion of Huns and
Sardinians.
923 July 29. Berengar I. is decisively
defeated by Rudolf at Fiorenzuola.
034 * * The invading Huns burn Pavia.
951* *Otho invades Italy (p. 772).
[961-966. Again.] (Pp. 772, 774.)
964 * * Romans revolt (p. 775).
980-983 Wars in Italy (p. 774).
* * Otho II. claims Apulia and Calabria
by his marriage of Theophano, and cross-
ing the Alps, enters Rome, and defeats
the Greeks in Southern Italy.
1003+ * * Henry II. leads three expedi-
tions into Italy (p. 774).
1004-39 Civil wars respecting tenures.
1011-17 The Normans in South Italy
expel the Saracens.
1026 * * Conrad's expedition into Italy
(p. 774). [1036. Another.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
650± * * The glazing of windows be-
comes common.
800 ± * * Marcus Grsecus makes gun-
powder.
807 Mar. 17+. A large spot on the
sun is observed.
1000+ * * The application of escape-
ments to clocks is devised by Gerbert
(Pope Sylvester II.).
1022 * * Guidod'Arezzo, a monk, invents
the system of musical notes.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
573 * * Alboin, King of the Lombards, dies.
John III., pope, dies.
690* * Pelagius II., pope, dies. [619, Adeo-
datusl.; 638. Honoriusl.; 642, John IV. ;
649. Theodorusl.; 655. Martini.; 656.
Eugenius I.; 677, Adeodatus II.; 684.
Leo II.; 701, Sergius I.; 705. John VI.;
707, John VII.; 752,Zachary; 767, Paul
I.; 795, Adrian I.]
800* * Nicholas I., the Great. St., pope,
born. [867. Dies.]
816 * * Leo III., pope, dies. [824. Paschal
I.; 827, Eugenius II., Valentine; 847.
Sergius II].
9th Century. Angello, Andrea, abbot and his-
torian of Ravenna, born.
855 * * Leo IV., pope, dies. [882, John
VIII.; 884. Martin II.; 898. Theodore
IL]
10th Century. Marozia, infamous woman, d.
900 * * John IX., pope, dies. [903. Leo V. ;
913, Anastasius III., Sergius III.; 914.
Lando.]
920 * * Liutprand, Lombard historian, born.
[972. Dies.]
928 * * John X., pope, dies. [929, Leo VI. ;
936, John XL; 939, Leo VII.; 965, Leo
VIII.; 972, John XIII. ; 985, John XIV.;
996. John XV. and John XVI.]
990+ * * Guido d'Arezzo, monk, Inventor of
gamut of music, born. [1050+. Dies.]
998 * * Damiani, Pietro, card., b. [1072. D.]
999 * * John XVII., pope, dies.
1002 ** Leo IX., pope, born. [1054. Dies.]
1003 * * John XVIIL, pope, dies. [1009.
John XIX.; 1012, Sergius IV.]
1015* *Guiscard, Robert, first Duke of
Calabria, born. [1085. Dies.]
1020 * * Gregory VH., St. Hildebrand, pope,
born. [1085. May 25. Dies.]
CHURCH.
568 * * Crosses adorn church spires.
572 * * Alleged miracles multiply.
590-604 [St.] Gregory the Great en-
throned ; he takes the title of Universal
Bishop.
He is a great statesman as well as church-
man; he builds schools and churches, sends
out missionaries to many lands, increases the
numbers and wealth of the Church, and lays
the foundation of the great power of the
papacy.
Gregory appoints Quinquagesima Sun-
day. He introduces the idea of purgatory as
a burning away of sins, and makes it a dogma.
Also, the invocation of the Virgin Mary and
the saints in worship. Also the Gregorian
modes, as musical scales. He revises the
.Missal or Mass Book.
590+ * * King Autharis accepts Chris-
tianity.
596+ * * The first (?) Christian burial-
place is established.
602 * * Rome. Pope Gregory introduces
church music.
604+ * * Relics are common and highly
esteemed. Candles are burned by day
in worship.
606 * * Pope Boniface III. obtains the
exclusive title of pope (p. 1031).
608 * * Rome. The Pantheon is dedi-
cated as a Christian Church.
609* * Syria. The Jews of Antioch
massacre the Christians.
612 * * Arabia. The Koran appears.
615 Sept. 14. Asia. The Emperor
Heraclius defeats King Chosroes of Per-
sia, and recovers part of the true cross,
which the Persians had taken in plun-
dering Jerusalem.
626+ * * Monks and monasteries mul-
tiply.
640 * * Severinus pope ; later, John IV.
[642, Theodorus I. ; 649, St. Martin I. ; 655,
St. Eugenius I.; 657, St. Vitalianus; 672,
Adeodatus II. ; 676, Donus I.; 678, St. Aga-
thon; 682, St. Leo II. ; 684, St, Benedict IL;
685, John V.; 686, Conon; 687, St. Sergius
I.; 701, John VI.; 708, Sisinnius, later, Con-
stantine; 715, St. Gregory II.; 731, St. Greg-
ory III.; 741, St. Zachary; 752, St. Stephen
II. , later, Stephen HI.; 757, St. Paul I.; 768,
Stephen IV.]
642 * * Pope Theodorus assumes the title
Sovereign Pontiff.
Sept. 14. The festival of the exaltation
of the cross is established.
649+ * * Rome. Pope Martin I. ordains
the celibacy of the clergy ; it creates
disturbances.
649 * * A Church Council is held ; it
condemns the monothelitic doctrine.
663* *Pope Vi tali anus orders the
church services to be read in Latin.
680-681 Constantinople. The seventh
general council ; 281 bishops present.
The Council of the Church in the Trullan
palace enacts that bishops may observe celi-
bacy, yet presbyters and deacons may live
with their wives. Pope Honoriusand several
bishops are anathematized. [Rejected by
Roman Catholic Church.] (p. 1031).
682 * * Rome. Pope Leo II. usurps the
right of investiture.
± * * Rome. Holy water is introduced
into the churches.
687 * * Sergius I. is the first to change
his name when elected pope.
690+ * * Pope Sergius I. establishes the
Feast of the Nativity of the Virgin
Mary.
710 * * Constantino introduces the cere-
mony of kissing the Pope's toe as a
sign of respect from the secular power ;
Justinian II. pays this honor.
715 * * Gregory II. sends [St.] Boniface
to convert the Germans.
726 * * Controversies concerning images
occur (p. 1032).
745 * * Adelbert condemned (p. 664).
755* *The temporal power of the
popes begins (p. 664).
761 * * Constantino V. forbids his sub-
jects becoming monks. [770. He dis-
solves the monasteries.]
771* * Rome. Adrian I. becomes pope.
[795. [St.] Leo III.]
774 * * Charlemagne annexes the con-
quered kingdom of Lombardy to the
dominions of the Pope.
786* * Rome. Pope Adrian I. generally
introduces surplices.
787 Aug. 17. Asia M. Council of
Nice (p. 664). [Sept. 24. Reconvened.
794. Counter synod at Frankfort, Ger.]
799 * * Rome. Leo III. is driven out
[and restored]. (P. 770.)
* * * Masses said for money.
800 * * Leo III. becomes supreme bishop
of the Western Empire.
It is separated from the Eastern. He
introduces indulgences as an absolute
pardon of sin, rather than a mitigation
of punishment.
813 * * The Feast of the Epiphany is
established to celebrate the appearance
of the Star of Bethlehem.
* * Bishoprics and monastic institutions
rapidly multiply.
816 * * Stephen V. becomes pope.
[817, St. Paschal I. ; 824, Eugenius II. ; 827
Valentius; 827, Gregory IV. ; 844, Sergius II.;
847, St. Leo IV.; 855, Benedict III.; 858, Nich-
olas I. the Great; 867, Adrian II. ; 872,John
VIII.]
817 * * The coUege of cardinals ap-
pears in embryo.
824 * * Mysticism introduced into Italy.
840 * * St. Mark's church at Venice is
erected. [902. The campanile is com-
menced. 976. The basilica is rebuilt.
1052. The basilica is given its superb de-
finitive form.]
* * Gregory IV. institutes the Festival of
the Holy Trinity.
844 * * Stephen V. is excommunicated
(p. 1032).
858 * * Pope Nicholas I. is the first of the
popes to be crowned. Temporary
schism (p. 1032).
864 * * The Scriptures are translated
into the Slavonian tongue.
869* * Constantinople. Council (p.
1032). •
882 * * Rome. Marinus I. becomes pope.
[884, Adrian III.; 885, Stephen VI.; 891,
Formosus, and Sergius, anti-pope ; 896, Boni-
face VI.; 897, Stephen VIII.; 898, Romanus,
Theodorus II., and John IX. ; 900, Benedict
IV.; 903, Leo V. and Christopher; 904, Ser-
gius III.: 911, Anastasius III.; 913, Lando;
915, John X; 928, LeoVI.; 929, Stephen VII. ;
931, John XL; 936, Leo VII.; 939, Stephen
IX.; Marinus II.; 946, Agapetus II.; 956,
John XI I.]
ITALY.
568,** -1028,
1073
898 * * Saints are commonly venerated,
and a general passion for relics prevails.
963 * * The Romans are compelled to
promise never to elect another pope
without the consent of the emperor.
964 * * Pope John XII. is deposed by
a synod for adultery and cruelty. Leo
VIII., the anti-pope, is elected.
* * Rome. Benedict V. is elected pope by
a council of Romans.
[965, John XIII. becomes pope; his crimes
and scandals cause his banishment. 972,
Benedict VI.; 973, Donus II. : 974, Benedict
VII.; 984, John XIV.; 985, Boniface VII.,
John XV. ; 996, John XVI., Gregory V. ; 999,
Sylvester II.; 1003, John XVII.; later, John
XVIII.; 1009, Sergius IV.; 1012, Benedict
VIII. ; 1024, John XIX. ; 1033, Benedict IX.,
aged 10 years; 1044, Gregory VI.; 1046, Cle-
ment II.; 1048, Damasus II.; 1049, St. Leo
IX.; 1055, Victor II.; 1057, Stephen X.; 1058,
Benedict X.; 1059, Nicholas II.]
993* * Borne. Saints are first canon-
ized.
999* *Otho III. expels Pope John
XVI.
* * * The papal crown is the object of
almost constant contention; force,
fraud, and bribery are employed to gain
it.
* * * The doctrine of transubstantia-
tion, or the conversion of sacramental
elements into the real body of Christ, is
commonly accepted.
1000 * * A wide-spread belief prevails
that the end of the world is near and
the kingdom of Christ to be ushered in
with great glory ; many pilgrims visit
Rome.
1009 * * The monasteries are reformed.
* * Simony and corruption prevail (p.
774).
* * Rome. The confirmation of German
prelates becomes costly (p. 774).
1013 * * The church San Miniato al
Monte at Florence is rebuilt.
1028* *The cathedral of [Fiasole] is
founded.
LETTERS.
580 * * The Latin ceases to be a spoken
language in Italy.
636 * * The Italian language begins to
assume definite form.
STATE.
568 * * The Lombards overthrow the
municipal system of the Romans, and
the federal system takes its place.
* * Rome gradually becomes indepen-
dent. [600+ . At its lowest state.]
569 * * Milan is included in the kingdom
of the Lombards.
573 * * Cleoph, a Lombard, is King of
Italy. He extends the conquests of the
Lombards in Lower Italy.
575 * * Autharis is Lombard King of Italy.
[580, Clutharis; 591, Agilulph; 615, Adaload;
625, Arioald; 636, Rotharis; 652, Rodoald; 653,
AribertL; 661, Bertharit and Godebert; 671,
Bertharit restored; 686, Curribert; 700, Luit-
bert;701, Ragimbert; AribertII.,his son; 712,
Ansprand; Luitprand, a great prince, and
friend of the Church.]
662 * * Grimoald, as Duke of Beneven-
to, violently usurps the throne, and
completes the conversion of the Lom-
bards.
697± * * The dogate is instituted at Ven-
ice ; Anafesto Paolluccio the first doge.
700+ * * Rome. The Eastern empe-
rors cease to exercise their authority ;
the popes become the guardians of the
city. [723+. It becomes independent.]
718+ * * Calabria and Sicily are confis-
cated to the Eastern Empire by Leo
III.
720-740 Saracens possess Sardinia.
737 * *Orso,thedogeof Venice, is killed;
the magistrate is appointed annually.
[742. Diodato is doge. 777. Maurizio
Galbaio and his son Giovanni.]
744 * * Hildebrand is King of Lombar-
dy, Italy ; later Rachis. [749, Aistulf ;
756, Desiderius is the last king.]
752 * * The Lombards subdue Ravenna.
[754. It is surrendered to Pepin, King
of France. 755. He gives it to Pope
Stephen, founding the Papal States.]
774 * * Charlemagne conquers Lom-
bardy, and annexes it to the dominions
of the Pope.
800-1806 Period of the Holy Roman
Empire.
It is called holy because of the inter-
dependence of Church and State (p. 666).
800-814 Charlemagne reigns as em-
peror. 800. Dec. 25. Charlemagne is
crowned (p. 666). [Also others at Rome
until 1452.]
800-887 The Carolingians rule North-
ern Italy. The Eastern emperors rule
most of Southern Italy.
803 * * The Republic of Venice is com-
pletely founded.
[811. Rialto is the capital. 9th Cen-
tury. The first permanent settlement
is made on the site of Venice.]
814 Jan. 28. Fr. Charlemagne dies ;
his son Pe"pin is made regent of Italy,
which becomes a separate kingdom.
814-840 Louis I., emperor. [840-855.
Lothaire.] (P. 667.)
850+ * * Under the aristocratic feudal
system, the hereditary nobility and the
clergy rule the State.
855-875 Louio II., son of Lothaire, is
king and emperor. [877-887. Charles
HI., the Fat. 887-899. Arnulf .] (Pp. 667,
773.)
884 * * Italy is again a part of the em-
pire of the Franks.
* * The barons increase in independence ;
Roman and common law are gradually
introduced.
887± * * The people of Italy eagerly de-
sire an Italian king.
888-924 Berengar I. is King of Italy.
He is Duke of Friuli and grandson of
Louis le D6bonnaire. Guido, Duke of
Spoleto, is a rival ; Rudolf I. of Burgundy
is set up by the nobles. [894. Berengar
I. and Lamlet reign. 924. Berengar is
assassinated.]
895+ * * The chief towns of Lombardy
are fortified, and become republics.
896 * * Arnulf, King of the East Franks,
takes Rome. He is crowned emperor.
[Anarchy for 60 years.] (P. 773.)
899 * * The Huns and Sardinians se-
cure the government. [They hold it for
30 years.]
901-905 Louis III. is crowned king by
the barons. [905. Berengar puts out
Louis' eyes.]
901* * Louis I., son of the King of Aries,
is King of Italy.
910* * Theodora "the Younger" and
the profligate Marozia are in power at
Rome.
915 * * Berengar I. is restored. [921.
Berengar I. and Rudolf of Burgundy
are kings. 926. Hugh of Provence is
king. 936. Hugh cedes his conquests
in Italy to Provence. 947. Expelled by
Berengar.]
950-61 Berengar II. and Adelbert his
son are kings.
951 * * Otho I., King of Germany, is
crowned at Pavia as King of Lombardy.
[952. Berengar II. submits to Otho I.
as a feudatory ; later rebels.]
962 Feb. 2. The imperial office re-
newed.
The crown of Italy passes from the
descendants of Charlemagne to the sov-
ereigns of Germany. Otho I., the
Great, is crowned emperor at Rome.
* * Rome. Pope John XII. attempts to
free himself from imperial protection
by joining Otho's foes. [Otho marches
against Rome, and the Pope flees.]
964 * * Berengar II. is deposed by Otho
I., who adds Italy to the German
Empire (p. 773).
966-67 Otho I. invades Italy. [973. He
causes his son Otho II. to receive the im-
perial crown at Rome. 983. Dec. 7. Otho
H. dies.]
983-1002 Otho III. is emperor (p. 775).
990 * * Rome. Crescentius, son of Theo-
dora, proposes a republic. Frustrated
by Pope Gregory and Otho III. [1001.
Anti-German revolt (p. 774+).]
997 * * Venice becomes independent
of the Eastern Empire ; the doge ac-
quires Dalmatia and Istria; he takes
the title Duke of Dalmatia.
1000 * * Genoa becomes a free city ;
Pisa is already free. [1022. The Geno-
ese posses Sardinia.]
1002 * * Ardoin is king (p. 775).
1004-39 Civil war is caused by conten-
tions respecting tenures.
1005 * * Henry II. of Germany is King
of Italy. [1014. Emperor.] (P. 775.)
1016* * Adventurous Normans first
settle at Aversa, near Naples. [1036+
The elder sons of Tancred de Hautville
arrive.]
1026* *Conrad II. becomes king.
[1027. Emperor.] (Pp. 774, 775.)
MISCELLANEOUS.
659 * * The Lombards first employ trial
by combat.
8th Century. Ignorance, poverty, and
profligacy abound.
800+ * * Charlemagne encourages both
agriculture and horticulture.
808 * * The Lombard Jews start the first
bank in Italy.
847-855 Leo IV. founds the Leonine
City.
1014 July 29+. The Emperor Basil II.
blinds 15,000 prisoners at Zelunium,
except one in a hundred, to whom he
leaves one eye. [Basil dies of grief.]
1074 1032,** -1239,*
ITALY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1036+ * * The Norman colonists defeat
the Greeks, and occupy Apulia.
1040 * * Sicily is temporarily taken by
the Christians.
1046 r * * Expeditions of Henry III.
into Italy (p. 774).
1058-90. Sicily. Roger I., the Nor-
man, drives out the Greeks and Saracens.
[1061. He takes Messina. 1090. Malta.]
1070-1284 Genoa has frequent wars
with Pisa, her rival.
1070 * * Robert Guiscard, the Norman,
conquers a part of Sicily from the Sara-
cens ; he takes Bari. [1072. He takes
Palermo. 1077. Salerno. 1080. Con-
quers South Italy. 1081. Defeats Alex-
ander Comnenus at Durazzo, Turkey.
1082. Takes the city.]
1083 * * Rome. Gregory VII. is be-
sieged (p. 776).
1084 Mar. * Rome is taken by Henry
IV. after a siege lasting two years.
1113 * * The Pope confirms the organiza-
tion of the Knights of Malta.
1119-30 "War between Pisa and Genoa.
1124* * Asia. The Venetians aid in
the capture of Tyre, receiving a third
part of the spoils. [1125. They ravage
the islands of the Greek archipelago.]
1125+ * * The Venetians obtain many
victories over the Eastern emperors.
1135-37 The emperor Lothair conquers
the Normans of South Italy.
1136+ * * Naples is taken by the Nor-
mans after a long siege.
1140+ * * The wars begin between the
Guelfs and Ghibellines. (See State.)
1154-77 Wars with Frederick I. (p.
776+).
1155 * * The Greeks subdue Apulia and
Calabria.
1176 May 29. Defeat at Legnano (p.
778).
1183 June 25. Peace of Constance
(p. 779).
1194 * * Henry VI. wins Sicily (p. 778).
1198-1215 Civil Wars prevail (p. 778).
1202 * * The Venetians supply the Cru-
saders with men, horses, and ships. [Nov.
24. Venetians capture Zara, Dalmatia,
by the aid of French Crusaders.]
1210 * * First war between Genoa and
Venice. [1218-32. Frequent wars.]
1236-50 Frederick and the Lombard
League are at war ; he aims to make
Italy and Germany one empire, and con-
quers Lombardy (p. 780).
1249-50 War with the Pope (p. 780).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
11th Century. The cathedral of Aqui-
leia is founded.
1032* *The cathedral of Bari is
founded. [Later, remodeled.]
1067 * * The cathedral at Pisa is begun.
1078+ * *Tide-mills are in use at
Venice.
1084 * * The cathedral of San Matteo
at Salernum [Salerno] is dedicated.
1130+ * * Sicily. Silk culture is intro-
duced. [1146. Sicilians spin and weave
silk.]
1137 * * Sicily. An earthquake in Ca-
tania destroys 15,000 lives.
1148* * Sicily. Sugar-cane culture is
introduced.
12th Century. The plays of Ceres are
instituted ; ladies clad in white bear
torches as if searching for Proserpine.
1169 * * An earthquake ruins Catani.
1174 * * The campanile of Pisa is be-
gun ; it leans 13 feet, eight inches.
1186 Sept. * One of the cities of Cala-
bria is swallowed up in the Adriatic.
1220+ * * The four bronze horses by
Lysippus, brought from Constantinople,
are placed at St. Mark's, Venice.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1033 * * John XX., pope, dies.
1036 * * Anselmo, St., bishop of Lucca, born.
[1086. Dies].
1047 * * Clement II., pope, dies.
1066 * * Arialdus, archdeacon of the Church
of Milan, dies.
1090 * * Innocent II., pope, b. [1143. D.]
1096 * * Roger I., King of Sicily, b. [1154. D.]
1099 * * Urban II., pope, dies.
1100* * Arnold of Brescia, religious re-
former, politician, born. [1155. Dies.]
1105* * Dandolo, Enrico, doge of Venice,
born. [1205. Dies.]
1118* * Paschal II., pope, d. [1124, Callx-
tusll.; 1153, Eugenius III.; 1154, An-
astasius IV.; 1159, Adrian IV., Nicholas
Breakspere.]
1119* * Gelasius II., pope. [1119. Dies.]
12th Century. Bassianus, jurist, born.
Gratian, canonist, born.
1161 ** Innocent III., pope, b. [1216. D.]
1182* * Francis of Assisi. St., founder
Franciscans, born. [1226. Dies.]
1187* * Urban III., pope, dies. [1191.
Clement III.]
1195* * Anthony, St., of Padua, Francis-
can monk, born. [1231. Dies.]
1206+ * * Pisano, Niccolo, sculptor, archi-
tect, born. [1278. Dies.]
1220* * Charles of Anjou, King of Naples
and Sicily, born. [1285. Dies.]
1221 * * Bonaventura, St., theologian, born.
[1274. Dies.]
1224+ * * Aquinas, St. Thomas, theolo-
gian, born. [1274. Dies.]
1228 * * Boniface VIII., Cardinal Benedetto
Gaetani, pope, born. [1303. Dies.]
1230* * Crescenzi, Pietro de, writer, born.
[1307+. Dies.]
1231 * * Manfred, King of Naples, born.
[1266. Dies.]
CHURCH.
1038+ * *A Benedictine abbey is
founded by John Gualbert at Vallom-
brosa, Central Italy.
1042* *The Emperor Henry III. ap-
points three popes (p. 774).
1044 * * Rome. Pope Benedict is again
dethroned, and followed by Sylvester
III. as anti-pope. Gregory VI. is also
pope.
1046 * * The emperors receive the right
to nominate the popes (p. 774).
1048-49 Rome. [St.] Leo IX. is the first
pope who provides himself with a regu-
lar army.
1048 * * Leo IX. reforms the Church ;
simony and incontinence are punished ;
piety and discipline improve. (Hilde-
brand is the practical ruler of the
Church.)
1050 * * Rome. The cardinal bishops
arrogate powers not previously claimed.
(Contested.)
1053 * * Leo IX. is defeated and taken
prisoner by the Normans.
* * Damasus is the first pope to wear a
crown or papal cap.
1054 * * The Greek Church becomes in-
dependent.
1059 * * Rome. A conclave of cardi-
nals first elects a pope.
+ * * German emperors and popes quar-
rel respecting investitures and nomi-
nations to the papal throne. The Pope
claims clerical exemption from civil ju-
risdiction, and calls the emperor to ac-
count (p. 774).
1061 * * The papacy is at the summit of
its power ; it claims supreme dominion,
temporal and spiritual, over every Chris-
tian state.
* * Rome. Alexander II. is pope.
[1073, St. Gregory VII.; 1087, Victor III.;
1088, Urban II. ; 1099, Paschal II.]
1066 * * The Pope deposes Harold II.,
King of England, and gives the kingdom
to William of Normandy.
1073 * * Rome. [St.] Gregory (Hilde-
brand) is elected pope ; he is a vigorous
reformer (p. 774).
1075 * * Pope Gregory sends legates to
the various courts of Europe as his rep-
resentatives.
1076 * * The emperor's diet deposes the
Pope; the Pope excommunicates the
emperor and his adherents. Henry final-
ly submits. Quarrel renewed and pro-
longed (pp. 775, 776+).
1077 «* * Matilda of Tuscany, ruler of
the greater part of Italy, makes the Pope
a present of Tuscany and Genoa (p. 776).
1078 **Pope Gregory establishes
wakes.
1084 * * Carthusians founded (p. 776).
1095 * * A Church council meets at
[Piacenza], North Italy. It finally es-
tablishes the celibacy of the clergy.
[1132. Another council meets.]
1096 * * Pope Urban II. (?) restricts the
laity to bread alone in the Lord's
Supper.
* * The Crusade led by Peter the Her-
mit and Walter the Penniless is com-
posed of an immense rabble ; 300,000
perish before their pilgrimage begins.
1096-99 First Crusade (p. 668).
1099 * * The Knights of St. John are
instituted.
1107 * * The cathedral of Cremona is
begun.
1109 * * Henry V. makes the Pope a
prisoner.
1116 * * [St.] Bernard reforms the Ben-
edictine monks.
1118 * * Rome. Gelasius II. is pope.
[1119, Calixtus II.; 1124, Honorius II.;
1130, Innocent II.; 1143, Celestine II.; 1144,
Lucius II. ; 1145, Eugenius III.]
1123 Mar. 18-Apr. 5. Rome. First
Lateran Council (p. 669).
1139 Apr. 20+. Rome. Second Lat-
eran Council (p. 669).
The recovery of the Holy Land is con-
sidered ; the preservation of ecclesiasti-
cal temporalities is the chief issue.
* *The cathedral of San Sisto at [Pia-
cenza] is consecrated.
1143-55 Arnold of Bresica attempts a
revolution. He preaches against clerical
corruption, temporal power, and cleri-
cal wealth. [1146. Driven out. 1155.
Burned.] (P. 776.)
1147* * Second Crusade. St. Bernard
leading agitator ; unsuccessful (p. 669).
12th Cent. The cathedral of Perugia is
erected.
ITALY.
1032,**-1239,
1075
1153 * * Rome. Anastasius IV. is pope.
[1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander III.;
1181, Lucius III.; 1185, Urban III.; 1187,
Gregory VIII.; later, Clement III.]
1155* * The Emperor Frederick pays
reluctant homage to Pope Adrian by
holding his horse's stirrup while he
mounts, and by leading his palfrey.
1159* * Rome. Schism (p. 776). Victor
IV. is anti-pope.
* * The order of Carmelite monks is in-
stituted.
1164-88 Paschal and Calixtus are anti-
popes.
1170* * Fr. The Waldenses (p. 670+).
1179 Mar. 5-19. Third Lateran
Council (p. 670).
It confirms the Truce of God.
1181* *The cathedral of Modena is
consecrated.
1187 * * Pope Clement III. sells indul-
gences for money.
1189-92 * * Third Crusade (p. 778).
1191 * * Rome. Celestine III. is pope.
[1198. Innocent IU.]
1199+ * * Innocent III. ordains that
marriages shall be celebrated in
churches. [1200. He grants ecclesiasti-
cal dispensations.]
1200 Jan. * Philip II. of France is ex-
communicated (p. 670).
1202-04 Fourth Crusade (pp. 670, 778).
1204 * * Auricular confession is intro-
duced.
1208-29 Fr. Persecution of the Albi-
genses (p. 670).
1210 * * The monastic order of Francis-
can friars is instituted. (1208 or 1206?)
* * Innocent III. excommunicates the
Emperor Otho IV (p. 778).
1212** The Children's Crusade;
thousands of children perish or become
slaves.
1214 * * Innocent III. declares King
John of England an usurper (p. 852).
1215 Nov. 11-30. Rome. Fourth
Lateran Council (pp. 670, 778).
It accepts the term transubstantiation,
and tacitly adopts it. Auricular confes-
sion is regularly enjoined.
* * The Dominicans are organized with
the approval of Innocent III. [Char-
tered as an independent order by Hono-
rius III.]
1216 * * Rome. Honorius III. is pope.
[1227, Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.;
1243, Innocent IV.]
1227+ * * Rome. Gregory IX. perfects
the organization of the Holy Office [In-
quisition], and commits its work to the
Dominicans.
1228-29 Fifth Crusade (p. 780).
1229 * * Rome. Gregory decrees a bell
is to be rung as a signal for the people
to adore the host. He prohibits the
reading of the Scriptures by the laity.
* * Fr. The Inquisition established
(p. 670). [1249. In Venice.]
LETTERS.
1100+. * *The University of Salerno,
Naples, is founded, as a school of medi-
cine, by Robert Guiscard, the Norman.
1113+ * * Irnerius commences his lec-
tures on civil law at Bologna.
1116 * * The university of Bologna is
founded. [1200+ . The faculties of medi-
cine and philosophy are formed ; 10,000
students are in attendance.]
12th Century. Ciullo d' Alcamo writes
Contrasto and other poems.
1145+ * * University degrees are insti-
tuted at Bologna. (Student guilds pre-
cede the university.)
1150+ * * Decretum Gratktni, by Grati-
anus, appears.
1204 * * The University of Vicenza is
formed by the migration of students
from Bologna.
1215 * * Arezzo is a center for the study
of civil laws. [1255. It receives its first
statutes. 1338. Becomes important.
1377. Declines. 1470+ . Closes.]
1222 * * The University of Padua is
founded. [1225. The University of
Naples. 1231. The faculty of medicine
is withdrawn by the emperor. 1258.
Restored. 1228+ . The University of Ver-
celli is founded. 1241 +. The Univer-
sity of Sienna is commenced. 1257. Char-
tered. 1408. Charter confirmed. 1248.
Feb. 6. The University of Piacenza is
chartered. 1398. Reconstructed by Ga-
leazzo Visconti. A brilliant period
follows.]
STATE.
1032 * * The dukes of Savoy acquire
Turin.
1037 May 28. Milan forces Conrad
to acknowledge by a constitution the
hereditary character of all Italian fiefs.
1039-56 Henry HI. is emperor. (1046.
Dec. 25.) Crowned at Rome. (1046.) He
invests Drogo the Norman with Apulia
(p. 775).
1050 * * Sardinia and Corsica are taken
from the. Saracens by the Genoese and
Pisans.
1054 * * The Normans wrest Apulia
and Calabria from the Pope, and form
a duchy.
1057* * Robert Guiscard becomes
leader of the Normans in Apulia. [1059.
The Pope confirms his title as duke of
Apulia and Calabria.]
1071-90 Roger I., the Norman, is Count
of Sicily and Calabria. [1101. Suc-
ceeded by Roger II., his son.]
1073-85 Pope Gregory VII. (Hilde-
brand) has great power in affairs of
state.
1076-1115 Matilda reigns as countess
in Tuscany and other parts of northern
Italy. [1077. Makes revisionary grants
of all her vast dominions to the popes.
1102. Renewed.]
1085 * * The Normans are supreme in
all southern Italy.
1101 * * Milan becomes an independent
republic.
1102* * Matilda bequeaths the south-
eastern part of Tuscany to the Pope.
1 120+ * The free cities of Genoa, Ven-
ice, and Pisa rise to importance.
1127 * * Civil law is restored. (Blair.)
* * Sicily. Roger II. is king. [1130.
Crowned. He forms a great Italian
dominion. Sicily and southern Italy
are united.]
1130+ * * Normans under Roger II.
subjugate Naples, after Lombards,
Franks, and Germans had failed in their
attempts. As first King of Naples and
Sicily he is crowned by the anti-pope.
± * * Naples becomes the capital of the
kingdom of Naples and the Two Sicilies.
1140+ * *TheGuelphsandGhibellineB
arise in Germany, later in Italy (p. 777).
1 143-55 Arnold of Brescia, a religious
reformer and political agitator, advo-
cates the deposition of the Pope, and the
restitution of the ancient republic.
(1155.) Executed (p. 776).
1154-66 "William, son of Roger II., is
King of Naples. [1166-89, William II. ;
1189-94, Tancred ; 1194-97, William III. ;
succeeded by Constance (p. 779). 1197-
1250, Frederick II. of Germany ; 1250-54,
Conrad ; 1254-58, Conradin ; 1258-66, Man-
fred ; 1266-82, Charles of Anjou.]
1 155 * * Rome. Frederick I. is crowned
emperor (p. 777).
1158+ * * Venice becomes a great mari-
time power. [1172. The Great Council
is established with 450 or more members.
1204. Venice purchases Crete.]
1165 * * Pisa possesses Sardinia.
1167 Apr. 7. The Lombard League
arises (p. 779). [Dec.l. Another league.]
* * Milan rebuilt (p. 779).
1177 June 23. Peace signed (p. 779).
* * The Pope gives to Venice dominion
over the sea, " as a wife under the do-
minion of her husband."
1183 June 25. The Peace of Con-
stance is signed (p. 779).
1191 Apr. 15. Henry VI. crowned
emperor. [1193. Crowned at Palermo.]
(P. 779.)
1194-1266 The German house of Ho-
henstauf en rules Naples and Sicily as
an inheritance received by marriage of
Constance to Henry VI. (p. 779).
1 196 * * Sp. Peter II., King of Aragon,
renders his kingdom tributary to the
Holy See, and receives from the Pope
the title of Catholic.
1201 Mar. 1. Rome. Otho I. is ac-
knowledged emperor (p. 779).
1202 * * Zara, Dalmatia, revolts from
Venice. [Soon subdued.]
1204 * * The republic of Venice becomes
one of the great commercial powers ;
Genoa is a rival city. [1238. Peace
made by the mediation of the Pope.]
1212 * * King Frederick II., anti-em-
peror (p. 779). [He struggles with the
successive popes.]
1226 * * Another league of cities is
formed against Frederick II. (p. 780).
MISCELLANEOUS.
1054 * * Godfrey the Bearded marries
Beatrix of Tuscany.
1077 * * Matilda of Tuscany marries
Welf V., son of the Duke of Bavaria.
1101 * * Venice is burned.
1106* *The Crusaders enrich Venice,
Genoa, and Pisa.
1127* * Quarantine is enforced at
Venice.
1140 * * The ducat is first struck in
Apulia.
1157* * The Bank of Venice is founded.
[1407. The Bank of Genoa.]
1177 * * The doge drops a ring into the
sea at Venice, thereby wedding the
city to the sea. [The ceremony is re-
peated annually.]
1076 1239,**-1387,
ITALY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1241 Apr. * Battle of Meloria (p. 780).
1258 * * Naval war between Venetians
and Genoese. [It lasts with intermis-
sions till 1299.]
1263 * * Gr. The Venetians defeat the
Genoese in the Mgea.ii Sea, near Negro-
pont.
1266 Feb. 26. Battle at Benevento
(p. 672).
1268 Aug. 23. Conradin defeated (p.
780).
1282* * Sicily. Messina revolts against
Charles of Anjou ; rinds an ally in Peter
of Aragoi), whose fleet defeats the
French.
1284 Aug. 6. The Genoese totally de-
stroy the Pisan fleet off the island of
Meloria. [1293-99. Venice at war with
Genoa. 1298. Sept. 8. The Genoese de-
cisively defeat the Venetian fleet in the
Adriatic]
1296 * * Lamba Doria, with 78 Genoese
galleys, terribly defeats Andrea Dan-
dola, off Curzola, burning 66 Venetian
vessels, and capturing 18 others with 7,000
prisoners.
1302 * * Matteo V i s c o n t i defeats the
Torriani party, and drives their leader
out of Milan. [1324. Galeazzo Visconti
defeats a papal army aided by Crusa-
ders at Milan.]
1327 * * Louis IV. invades Italy (p. 782).
1330* * John of Bohemia conquers
Lombardy.
1339 * * The Condottieri appear ; they
are bands of soldiers ready to serve
those who pay the most.
1346 July 1. Aust. The Venetians
defeat Louis of Hungary at Zara. [1348.
He invades Naples (p. 506)].
* * Venice and Genoa are again at war ;
Venice has Pedro IV. of Aragon and the
Greek emperor as allies. [1352. Feb. 13.
The Genoese defeat the allies near
Constantinople ; enormous losses on
both sides.]
1350 * * Venice and Genoa at war.
1353 Aug. 29. The Venetians defeat
the Genoese, and break their naval
power, off Sardinia.
1354 Nov. 3. The Genoese reorganized
navy defeats the Venetians in the Gulf
of Sapienza. [1355. Peace.]
1356-73 Venice and Hungary at war.
1362 * * Pisa and Florence are at war.
1377 * * Venice and Genoa begin a des-
perate war.
[1378. May * The Genoese are defeated
off Antiuin. 1379. May 29. The Venetians
are decisively defeated off I'ola. Aug. 16.
The Genoese force the port of Chioggia, thus
opening the canals to the city. 1380. June
24. The Venetians surrender at discretion.
1381. Peace.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1260 * * The pulpit of the cathedral of
Niccola Pisauo is erected.
± * * Madonna with Angels is painted by
Giovanni Cimabue, at' Florence. " The
Father of Modern Painting."
1272 + * * Marco Polo travels in the
East as far as Peking, and adds much to
European knowledge of the Chinese.
1280 * * Stucco-work is invented by
MagarHone.
1285 + ** Spectacles are invented by
Alexander di Spina (?), a monk at Flor-
ence. [1300+ . Ascribed to Salvia us Ar-
matus of Pisa.]
1288 * * Borne is embellished by Pope
Nicholas IV.
1300± * * Looking-glasses are made
only at Venice.
1308 * * Majesty is begun by Duccio di
Buoninsegna in Sienna.
1320 * * The Campanile at Florence is
begun.
1338 * * The musical notes are per-
fected [and arranged as in modern use].
1340 * * A paper-mill is established
near Fabriano ; linen paper is made.
1350+ * * Gold wire is first made.
1354 * * The Doge's Palace in Venice
is begun [the present building].
1365 * * Agnolo Gaddi paints a double
series of frescoes, the Virgin and the
Sacred Girdle, at Prato.
1377 ** Rome. The Pope first resides at
the Vatican, a palace with 700 rooms.
[Finally 11,000 (?) rooms, chapels, etc.]
(Originator uncertain.)
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1240* * Cimabue, Giovanni, painter, born.
[1302. Dies.)
13th Century. Guldo della Colonne, Sicilian
historian, born.
1250 + * * Abano, Pietro di, philosopher, b.
[1316. Dies.)
Visconti, Matteo, the Great, Lord of Milan,
born. (1322. Dies.]
1254 * * Polo, Marco, Venetian traveler,
born. [1324. Dies.]
1264 * * Urban IV., pope, dies.
1265 * * Dante Alighieri, poet, b. [1321. D.]
1268 * * Clement IV., pope, dies.
1270 * * Pisano, Andrea, sculptor, born.
[1349. Dies.]
1276* * Giotto, or Giotto diBondone, painter,
architect, sculptor, born. [1337. Dies.]
1277 * * John XXI., pope, dies.
1278* * Falieri, Marino, doge of Venice,
born. [1355. Dies.]
1280 * * Villain, Giovanni, historian, born.
[1348. Dies.]
1285 * * Martin IV., pope, dies.
1800 * * Gaddi, Taddeo, Florentine architect,
born. [1366. Dies.]
1304 * * Petrarch, Francesco, poet, born.
[1374. Dies.]
1313 * * Boccaccio, Giovanni, poet, novel-
ist, born. [1375. Dies.]
Rienzi, Coladi, patriot, born. [1354. Dies.]
1314* * Bartolus, jurist, born. [1357. D.]
1329 * * Orcagna (di Cione), Andrea, painter,
sculptor, architect, born. [1368. Dies.]
1333* * Gaddi, Agnolo, painter, b. [1396. D.]
1334 * * John XXII., pope, dies.
1340+ * * Zeno, Nicolo, Venetian navigator,
born. [1395. Dies.]
1348* * Barlaam, Bernard, monk, contro-
versialist, dies.
1352 * * Clement VI., pope, dies.
1369 * * Bruni, Leonardo, historian, human-
ist, born. [1444. Dies.]
Chrysoloras, Manuel, Greek scholar, born.
[1415. Dies.]
1370 * * Urban V., pope, dies.
1372 * * Foscari, Francesco, doge of Venice,
born. [1457. Dies.]
1378* * Fiesole, Giovanni Angelico da,
painter, born. [1455. Dies.]
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, Florentine sculptor,
painter, born. [1456. Dies.]
Medici, Cosmo, or Cosimo de, the Elder,
banker, statesman, born. [1464. Dies.]
Urban VI., pope, dies.
1379* * Brunelleschi, Filippo, architect,
sculptor, born. [1444. Dies.]
1386 * * Capistrano, Giovanni da, preacher,
born. [1456. Dies.]
Donatello, sculptor, born. [1466. Dies.]
CHURCH.
1239* *Frederick II. excommuni-
cated (p. 780).
1241 * * Rome. Celestine IV. dies 18
days after his election and before conse-
cration. [Papal throne vacant 19
months.]
1243 + * * Innocent IV. has a struggle
with the Emperor Frederick II.
1245 * * Church council (p. 672).
* * The sect of Flagellants appears. [1260.
Established at Perouse ; they lash them-
selves while in procession.] (P. 674.)
1248-50 Sixth Crusade (p. 672).
1250* *The church of Santa Maria
Novella at Florence is begun.
1254 * * Home. Alexander IV. is pope.
[1261, Urban IV.; 1265, Clement VI.]
* * Pietro de Murrone [Pope Celestine V.]
founds the Celestines as a monastic
order.
1256* * Home. The Augustinian
order of monks is established.
* * * The monastic orders secure great
influence by their wealth and rigid dis-
cipline, as well as for the assistance ren-
dered to the popes.
1265 * * The Pope, having obtained the
dominion of Italy, places Charles of A n-
jou on the throne of Naples.
1268+ * * The papal throne is vacant 33
months.
1270 * * Seventh Crusade (p. 672).
1271 * * Rome. Gregory X. is pope.
[1276, Innocent V., later Adrian V., later
John XXI.; 1277, Nicholas III.; 1281, Mar-
tin IV.; 1285, Honoring IV.; 1288, Nicholas
IV.; 1294, [St.] Celestine V.; later Boniface
VIII.]
* * Rome. The conclave for the election
of popes first appears.
1272 * * The cathedral of Naples is
begun by Charles of Aajou.
1274 May 7-June 17. Fr. The union
Council of Lyons (p. 672).
1275+ * * The Pope orders the knee to
be bent at the mention of the name of
Jesus.
1277 * * The Eastern and Western
Churches are again separated. [1285.
Again.] (P. 1034).
1276 * * Pope John XXI. encompasses
the papal cap with a crown. [1295.
Boniface V11I. adds a second crown.
1335. Benedict III. (?) adds a third.]
1284 * * The church of San Michele at
Florence is begun by Arnolfo.
1292 +■ * * Rome. The Holy See is va-
cant 27 months. [1302. Vacant one year.
1304t. Two years. 1314. One year.]
1294 Dec. 10. The Santa Casa, the
veritable house of the Virgin, is alleged
to have been brought by angels from
Palestine to Dalmatia. [Later brought
to Loreto, and visited by pilgrims. j
* * The church of Santa Croce at Flor-
ence is begun by Arnolfo.
1296 * * The [present] cathedral of
Santa Maria del Fiore at Florence is be-
gun. [1420. Erected to the base of the
dome. 1446. The dome, 138^ feet in di-
ameter, completed ; apex, 387 feet high. J
* * * The controversy between realists
and nominalists agitates the Church.
1303 * * Philip TV. seizes the person of
the Pope (p. 672).
* * Benedict XI. is pope.
[1305. Clement V. ;»1316, John XXIL]
1307-08 Fr. The Knights Templars
are suppressed, (p. 672). [1312. Order
abolished by a Church council.]
1309-77 Fr. The popes reside at Avi-
gnon — " Babylonish captivity " (p. 672).
1311-12 Council of Vienne (p. 672).
1313 * * Avignon. Clement V. offers in-
dulgences at public sale. [1314+ The
Holy See is vacant two years, the car-
dinals being unable to agree.]
ITALY.
1239,**-1387,
1077
1316* * Nicholas V., the anti-pope, is
nominated by Louis IV., who holds his
court at Rome, where he is seized by
Pope John and imprisoned.
1324 * * Louis TV. excommunicated (p.
782). [1328. Louis sets up as anti-pope,
Nicholas V.]
1334 * * Rome. Benedict XII. is pope.
[1342, Clement VI.; 1352, Innocent VI.;
1362, Urban V.; 1370, Gregory XI.; 1378, Ur-
ban VI.; 1389, Boniface IX.; 1404, Innocent
VII.; 1406, Gregory XII.]
1338 * * Ger. The temporal power is
denied (p. 782).
1348 * * Flagellants increase.
* * Fr. Avignon passes into the posses-
sion of the popes.
14th Century The cathedral of Genoa is
begun. The cathedral of [Rimini] is
erected.
1372 [Nov. 21.1 The Feast of the Pre-
sentation of the Virgin is instituted by
Gregory XI.
1378-1447 The Great Schism of the
West (pp. 674, 784).
The anti-popes reside at Avignon ; the
popes at Rome.
1387 * * The Cathedral of Milan is be-
gun. [Length, 486 feet; breadth, 252;
transept, 288 ; height of vaulting above
the floor, 153; height of spire, 355.]
LETTERS.
23th Century. Sulla Natura d'Amore, by
Guido Cavalcanti, appears.
Cantico del Sole, by Francis of Assisi (?),
appears.
Devozioni del Giovedi e Venerdi Santo,
appears.
Tesoretto, by Brunetto Latini, appears.
Del Reggimento e del Costumi delle
Donne, and Documents d'Amore, by Fran-
cesco da Barberini, appear.
Composizione del Mondo, by Ristoro
d'Arezzo, appears.
Cento Novelle Antiche appears.
Intelligenza appears.
The Chronicle of Dino Compagni ap-
pears.
Di un Monacho che andb al servizio de
Dio appears.
1264 * * University of Ferrara is
founded. [1391. Chartered.]
1272 * * Thomas Aquinas teaches the-
ology in the University of Naples.
1280-87 Guido delle Colonne, the Sici-
lian poet, writes Historia Destructionis
Trojans, and Historia de regibus et rebus
Anglise.
1300± * * The Eccerinus, by Albertino
Mussato, appears.
1300i-18 Divina Commedia, by Dante,
appears. [1307, Vita Nuova; 1310, De
Monarchia ; 1320, De Aqua at Terra.']
1303 * * The University of Rome is
founded by Boniface VIII. [1318. It is
restricted to faculties in the canon and
civil law. 1308. The University of
Perugia is chartered by Clement VIII.,
after having been recognized by the
civic authorities for two years. 1355.
Receives new privileges. 1318. The
University of Treviso is chartered by
Frederick the Fair. 1326. The College
of Brescia is founded at Bologne, for
poor foreign students, by William of
Brescia.]
1320 * * Academic instruction is given
at Florence.
1327 Apr. 6. Petrarch meets Laura
in the Church of St. Clara of Avignon.
[1327-48. The sonnets of Petrarch to
Laura appear. 1351, Epistle to Posterity ;
1358, Remedy Against Either Extreme of
Fortune: 1353,'/)? Otio Religiosorum.]
1341+ * * Filcopo and Teseide, by Boccac-
cio, appear. [1341-44, Ameto and L'A-
morosa Visione; 1334±, L'Amorosa Fiam-
metta; 1353, The Decameron ; 1363-73, De
Genealogia Deorum Libri.]
Apr. 8. Petrarch, the first and greatest
lyric poet of Italy, is crowned.
1343 * * The University of Pisa is
founded. [1348-49. All the universities
suffer from the prevalence of the
plague. 1349. May 31. The Univer-
sity of Florence is chartered. 1388. Feb.
14. It adopts statutes. 1437. Enlarged.]
14th Century. Pecoroni, in imitation of
the Decameron, by Ser Giovanni Fioren-
tino, appears.
Franco Sacchetti writes a large num-
ber of sonnetti, canzoni, ballati, madri-
galli, etc.
Bindo Bonichi, Arrigo di Castruccio,
Cecco Nuccoli, and others excel in comic
poetry.
1360 * * Innocent VI. recognizes the
University of Bologna as a place of
theological education for all students.
[1364. The Spanish College is founded.]
1361 * * The University of Pavia is
chartered by Charles IV. [1404+. Trans-
ferred to Piacenza. 1412. Oct. * The
lectures are resumed in the University
of Pavia. A brilliant period follows.]
1364 * * The University of Florence
obtains the grant of imperial privileges
from Charles IV. [1472. The students
are removed to Pisa.]
STATE.
1239 * * Venice forms an alliance with
the remaining cities of the Lombard
League against Frederick II.
1254 * * Piacenza comes under the sway
of the family of the Scotti.
1260+ * * Italy is ruled by despots.
* * King Charles of Anjou is ambitious
for the sovereignty of Italy.
1268 Oct. 29. The Hohenstauf ens in
Italy are overthrown in the death of
Conradin, beheaded at Naples (p. 780).
1270+ * * The Doria and Spinola fam-
ilies gain ascendency in Genoa.
1277+ * * The Visconti family gain as-
cendency in Milan.
1282 Mar. 30. Sicily. Sicilian Ves-
pers: massacre of the French (p. 673).
Sicily revolts against the Angevins ;
the Spanish house of Anjou holds su-
premacy.
1282-1442 Naples and Sicily are
separate kingdoms. [1442-58. Reunited.
1458-1504. Separated. 1504-1861. Re-
united with brief interruptions.]
1282-85 Charles I. of Anjou is King
of Naples.
[1285-1309, Charles II. ; 1309-43, Robert the
Wise; 1343-62, Joanna I. with Andrew her
husband; 1343-45, with Louis of Tarento,
her husband ; 1349-82, Alone. (1382. May
22. She is put to death by the usurper Charles
III.) 1382, Charles III.; 1385-86, Louis I.;
1386-1414, Ladislaus; 1414-35, Joanna II.]
1282-85 Peter I. (HI.), of Aragon, is
King of Sicily.
[1285-95, James I. (II.) ; 1295-1337, Freder-
ick II.; 1337-42, Peter II.; 1342-55, Louis;
1355-76, Frederick III.; 1376-1402, Maria and
Martin her husband; 1402-09, Martini.; 1409-
10, Martin II.; 1410-16, Ferdinand I. ; 1416-35,
Alfonso I.]
1282 * * Florence adopts a new system
of government by members of a guild.
1284 Aug. 6. Pisa ceases to be a naval
power.
1288* *Matteo Visconti is chosen
" Captain of the People " at Milan for
five years. [He gains sovereign power.]
1288-1796 Modena is governed by the
House of Este. The last male of this
House is expelled by the French.
1296 * * Sicily is separated from Ara-
gon, Spain. [1412. Reunited.]
1298 * * The Great Council of Venice
ceases to exist.
1302 * * Alberto Scotto is overcome,
and Placentia is united with Milan un-
der the sway of the Visconti.
1309* * Robert the "Wise, King of
Naples, aspires to the sovereignty of
Italy.
1310* * Venice is governed by the
Council of Ten. [1313. By Matteo
Visconti. 1319. By an oligarchy.]
1316* * Castrucio-Castracana by a
revolution becomes master of Lucca and
Pisa ; he drives out the Guelphs.
1322 * * Galeazzo (I.) Visconti is lord of
Milan. [1329, Azzo Visconti ; 1339, Luc-
chino Visconti ; 1349, Giovanni Vis-
conti.]
1328-1708 Mantua is ruled by the Gon-
zagas family.
1339 * * The dogate is established at
Genoa ; Simon Boccanegra is the first
doge. [1344. Set aside by the nobles.
1356. Reappointed.]
* * Rome. Struggles occur between the
Colona and the Ursini families.
1343 * * Venice enters a commercial
treaty with the Sultan of Egypt and
Syria.
14th Century. Lombardy sides with the
Ghibellines, and comes under the rule
of the Visconti.
1345 Sept. 18. Andrew of Hungary,
husband of Joanna 1., is murdered.
1347 May 20. Rome. Cola di Rienzi
leads a revolution, overthrows the aris-
tocracy, reforms the government, and
becomes the tribune of the people. [Be-
comes arrogant and visionary. 1347.
Dec. 15. Expelled. 1354. Oct. 8. Killed
in a riot.]
1352 * * The Aragonese possess Sar-
dinia.
1353 * * Rome. The dominion of the
Pope is restored.
* * Marino Falieri becomes doge of Ven-
ice. [1355. He is beheaded for conspir-
ing against the republic]
1358 * * Hungary takes Istria and Dal-
matia from Venice.
1370 * * Lucca becomes an independent
republic.
1377 * * The Medici family in Florence
rise to power.
Sylvester de Medici is chosen chief
magistrate against the nobility.
1387 * * Venice acquires Corfu.
MISCELLANEOUS.
13th-14th Century. Venice is mistress
of the seas.
1252 Apr. 6. An accused gonfalonier
murders [St. I Pietro da Verona, an in-
quisitor who burned heretics.
1282 Mar. 20. Sicily. Sicilian Ves-
pers (p. 673). [French expelled.]
1312 Apr. * Rome. Pope Clement V.
abolishes the order of Knights Tem-
plars.
1315 * * The golden book of the nobil-
ity of Venice is issued.
1355 Apr. 14. Marino Faliero's con-
spiracy to exterminate the tyrannical
nobility of Venice on the next day is
discovered.
1078 1389, ** -1503,
ITALY.
ARMY — WAVY. *
1404 * * Venice obtains Padua and Ve-
rona by conquest.
1405-06 Florence besieges and con-
quers Pisa.
1413 * * Home is sacked by Ladislas,
King of Naples, who attempts to unite
all Italy under his rule, but is opposed
by the Pope, whom he expels.
1424 * * Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of
Milan, is at war with Florence.
1425 * * Venice takes Brescia from Mi-
lan. [1430-36. War renewed.]
1463-79 Venice is at war with the
Turks with intermissions ; it loses Eu-
boaa, Lemnos, and Morea. [1466. The
Venetians take Athens. 1477. Cyprus.]
1492 * * The period of invasions begins.
1494 * * France invades Italy (p. 678).
1499 * * The Turks take Lepanto, Plos,
Modon, and Coron from Venice.
* * The French, aided by the Venetians,
subdue the revolting Milanese, and
take Duke Ludovico Sforza captive to
Paris (p. 678).
1501-03 France and Spain conquer Na-
ples and Sardinia, and then quarrel (p.
678).
1503-13 Pope Julius II. conquers
Bomagna, Bologna, and Perugia from
Oesare Borgia. Takes Urbino (p. 680).
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1390 * * The Virgin and Child is painted
by Taddeo. [1395, The altar-piece, Ma-
donna loith Saints ; 1403, Descent of the
Holy Spirit.]
1400* * * Delftware is made by Luca
della Bobbia at Florence.
1402 * * Charles VI. licenses the per-
formance of a sacred drama.
1410-24 Donatello (Donato di Niccolo
di Betto Bardi) executes statues of the
Campanile at Florence.
1413 * * The Palazzo di Mendicita at
Lucca is begun.
1420+ * * Plane charts and the mariner's
compass come into use.
1423* * Rome. Gentile da Fabriano
paints Adoration of the Magi. [1426. A
fresco of the Madonna at Orvieto.]
1440 * * The Academy of Naples is es-
tablished.
1444 * * The seven Eugubine Tablets,
of brass, probably made in 400 b. c, are
discovered at Gubbio.
1450± * * Rome. Pope Nicholas V. com-
mences a new St. Peter's.
* * Finiguerra Masso is the first artist to
engrave on copper in Italy.
1456 Dec. 5. An earthquake at Na-
ples destroys 40,000 lives.
1457 * * The Cambio, or Hall of the
Money Changers, is built at Perugia.
1464 * * St. Ceorge and the Dragon is
painted by Andrea Mantegna.
1466 * * Andrea Verrochi is the first to
take casts from the face.
1472 * * Piero Della Francesca paints
the Duke and JJuchess of Urbino.
1473 * * Antonello da Messina of Venice
introduces the use of oil for painting.
1478* *Sandro Botticelli paints A Uegory
of Spring. [1480±, The Adoration of the
Magi; 1481, Coronation of the Virgin.]
1480+ * 'Leonardo da Vinci makes
water-mills and river-locks. [1483±,
He paints St. Jerome; 1484, Temptation
of Christ.]
1481 * * The Plazzo Vendramin-Ca-
lergi at Venice is built.
1482 * * The cathedral of Lucca is
commenced.
1484 * * Franchino Gaf urid of Milan
opens the first public school of music.
1488-94 Michelangelo executes a bas-
relief of the Battle between Hercules and
the Centaurs ; he paints Disposition from
the Cross, and Madonna with Angels, at
Florence.
1488 * * Giovanni Bellini paints Madon-
na and Doge Barberigo at Venice.
1492* * Christopher Columbus, a
Genoese, discovers America (p. 13+).
1493 * * La Spienza, at Pisa, is com-
menced.
1496-1500 Rome. Michelangelo
sculptures the Pieta da San Pietro.
[1495. An Angel for St. Dominique's altar.
. 1502-04. He paints the Holy Family at Flor-
ence. 1504. Completes the statue of the
great David of the Signoria. 1506-07. Bronze
statue of Julius II. at Rome. 1508-12. Deco-
rates the Sistine Chapel. 1520. Begins the
Sacristy of San Lorenzo and the tombs of
Giuliano and Lorenzo Medici. 1529. Leda.
1535-41. He paints the Last Judgment. 1542-
49. He paints the frescos of the Pauline
Chapel. 1547. Jan. 1. He is appointed ar-
chitect of St. Peter's.)
1496* *Fra Bartolommeo paints the
portrait of Savonarola. [1509, Madonna
with Saints ; also, God the Father with
Saints; 1609±, Holy Family ; 1512, Ma-
donna with Saints ; 1515, The Annuncia-
tion; 1516, The Assumption.]
1497 * * John and Sebastian Cabot,
Venetians, make discoveries in the New
World.
1498 * * Leonardo da Vinci paints The
Last Supper at Milan.
1499 * * Amerigo Vespucci makes dis-
coveries in America.
± * * Francia paints Madonna with An-
gels and Saints ; also The Nativity.
1500 * * Lorenzo Lotto paints St. Jerome.
* * Sanzio (or Santi) Raffael paints the
Crucifixion.
[1503, Coronation of the Virgin; 1504, Spo-
salizio : 1504±, St. George and the Dragon ;
also, The Marriage of the Virgin ; 1504-05 (?)
The Three Graves ; 1506, The Holy Family of
the Palm ; also, The Holy Family with the
Beardless Joseph ; 1507, Holy Family — Del
Cordero ; 1507-08, The Entombment ; 1508-11,
Dispute of the Sacrament ; 1509, Tornarina;
[1510-15, The Cartoons in the Vatican; 1511,
Madonna di Foligno ; also, Gregory Promul-
gating the Decretals ; 1512, The Expulsion of
Heliodorus, in fresco; 1512-13, The Holy Fam-
ily of Loreto; 1513-14, God Appearing to
Moah, in fresco; also, Dream of Jacob ; 1514,
Madonna del Pesce ; also, Galatea, in fresco;
1516-17, Madonna del Sedia ; 1517 , History of
Psyche; also, Holy Family — Del Lagarto
(?) ; 1517 ±, Holy Family — La Perla ; 1517-18,
Holy Family ; 1518, Holy Family of Francis
I.; 1519-20, The Transfiguration ("The
greatest picture in the world," Poussin) ; 1519,
Madonna di San Sisto ; also, History of
Venus and Cupid.] '
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1390 i- * * Castagno, Andrea del, painter, b.
[1451. Dies.]
Carmagnola, Francesco, gen., b. [1432. D.]
1398* * Nicholas V., pope, b. [1455. DieB.)
1400 * *Robbia, Luca della, Florentine
sculptor, born. [1482. Dies.)
1401 * * Albizzi, Bartolommeo, Tuscan wr., d.
Masaccio, Tommaso Guidi, painter, born.
[1429. Dies.)
Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan, born.
11466. Dies.]
1402* * Lippi, Filippo, painter, b. [1469. I).]
1404 * * Alberti, Leon Battista, architect,
born. [1472. Dies.)
Boniface IX., pope, dies.
1407 * * Valla, Lorenzo, humanist, critic,
born. [1457. Dies.]
1409 * * Barblano, Alberico, Count, com-
mander, dies.
Rene\ Duke of Anjou, King of Sicily, born.
[1480. Dies.]
Sextus IV., pope, born. [1484. Dies.]
1418* * Accolti, Francesco, jurist, born.
[1483. Dies.)
Paul II., pope, born. [1471. Dies.]
1419 * * John XXIIL, pope, dies.
1480* * Siena, Guido da, painter, born. [1495.
Dies.]
1427* * Bellini, Gentile, painter, bom. [1507.
Dies.]
1428 * * Bellini, Giovanni, painter, born.
[1516. Dies.]
1431* * Alexander VI., Rodrigo Borgia,
pope, born. [1503. Dies.]
Martin V., pope, dies.
1432 * * Cadamosta, Luigi da, navigator,
born. [1480. Dies.]
Pulci, Luigi, Florentine poet, b. [1487. D.]
1433 * * Farcino, Marsilio, Platonic philoso-
pher, born. [1499. Dies].
1435 * * Calepino, Ambrogio, lexicographer,
born. [1511. Dies.]
1439 * * Pius III., pope, born. [1503. Dies.]
1443* * Julius II., pope, born. [1513. D.]
1444 * * Bramante, Donato Lazzari, arch*
tect, born. [1514. Dies.)
1445 * * Sangallo, Giuliano da, architect,
born. [1516. Dies.]
1446 * * Columbus, Christopher, discov-
erer of America, born. [1506. Dies.]
Perugino, Pietro Vanucci, painter, born.
[1524. Dies.]
1447 * * Botticelli, Filipepi Sandro, painter,
born. [1515. Dies.]
Eugenius IV., pope, dies.
1448 * * Medici, Lorenzo de, " the Magnifi
cent," Prince of Florence, b. [1492. D.]
1449* *Manutius, Aldus, painter, born.
[1515. D.]
1450* * Francia, Francesco Raibolini,
painter, born. *
1451 * * Vespucci, Amerigo, navigator, b.
1452 * * Colonna, Prospero, general, born.
Savonarola, Girolamo, religious reformer,
orator, born.
Vinci, Leonardo da, Florentine painter, b.
1454* * Politian, Angelo, poet, humanist.
born. [1494. Dies.]
1458 * * Calixtus III., pope, dies.
Sannazaro, Jacopo, poet, born.
1459 * * Adrian VI., pope, born.
Credi, Lorenzo di, painter, born.
1460 * * Agnolo, Baccio d , architect, born.
Emilio, Paolo, historian, born.
Oggione, Marco, painter, born.
1483 * * Achillini, Alessandro, physician, b.
Pico, Giovanni, Count of Mirandola, philoso-
pher, born. [1494. Dies.]
1468 * * Doria, Andrea, statesman, born.
1469 * * Cajetan, Tommaso de Vio, card., b.
Machiavelli, Niccolo, statesman, an., b.
1470 * * Bembo, Pietro, cardinal, scholar, b.
Bibbiena, Bernardo, cardinal, born.
Inghirami, Tommaso, scholar, born.
1472 * * Elias, Levi ta, scholar, born.
1474 * * Albertinelli, Mariotto, painter, b.
Ariosto, Lodovico, poet, born.
1475 Mar. 6. Michelangelo (Buonarrotti)
sculptor, painter, architect, poet, born.
Leo X., pope, born.
Raimondi, Marc Antonio, engineer, born.
1477 * * Giorgione, II Giorgia Barbarelli,
painter, born.
1478* * Borgia, Cesare, cardinal, states-
man, born.
Titian, Tiziano Vecellio, painter, born.
1480 * * Bandello, Matteo, bp., novelist, b.
Borgia, Lucrezia, sister of Cesare Borgia, b.
Palma, Jacopo, painter, born.
Verrazzano, Giovanni, da, navigator, born.
Vida, Marco Girolamo, poet, born.
1481 * * Garofalo, Benvenuto Tisio, paint., b.
Peruzzi, Baldassare, architect, born.
1482 * * Guicciardini, Francesco, states-
man, historian, born.
1483 * * Giovio, Paolo, historian, born.
Raffael, Sanzio d'XJrbino, painter, born.
1484 * * Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo, paint.,
born.
Ferrari, Gaudeuzio, painter, born.
Scaliger, Julius Cifisar, philosopher, born.
1485 * * Piombo, Sebastian del, painter, b.
Ramusio, Giovanni, author, born.
I486* * Beccaf umi, Domenico de Pace,
painter, born.
Sarto, Andrea del, painter, born.
1487 * * Julius III., pope, born.
1490 * * Colle, Raffaellino dal, painter, b.
Colonna, Vittoria, poet, born.
Pescara, Marquis of, Ferdinand Francesco
d' Avalos, general, born.
1492 * * Aconzio, Giocomo, Protestant au., b.
Aretino, Pietro, satirist, born.
Giulio, Romano, painter, born.
1493 * * Firenzuola, Agnolo, poet, born.
Tasso, Bernardo, poet, born.
1494* *Correggio, Antonio Allegri da,
painter, born.
Riccio, Domenico del, painter, born.
ITALY.
1389,**-1503,
1079
1495 * * Alamanni, Luigi, poet, born.
< 'aliiura, Polidoro, painter, born.
1498 * * Berni, Franeesco, burlesque poet, b.
Gelli, Giovanni Battista, born.
Savonarola, Girolamo, religious reformer,
pulpit orator, A46.
1499 * * Pius IV., pope, born.
1500 * * Alessi, Galeazzo, architect, born.
Baschi, monk, born.
Campi, Giulio, painter, born.
Castello, Giovanni Battista, painter, born.
Cellini, Benvenuto, sculptor, born.
Peter Martyr, Protestant theologian, born.
1501 * * Cardan, Jerome, phys., math., b.
1S03 * * Bordone, Paride, painter, born.
CHURCH.
1389 * * The Festival of the Immacu-
late Conception is appointed [for De-
cember 8].
1399 * * Penitents of both sexes, called
Bianchi, travel through Italy clothed in
white. [1400. Suppressed.]
1409 Mar. 25. Council of Pisa (p. 784).
* * Rome. Alexander V. is pope.
[1410, John XXIII.; 1417, Martin V.; 1431;
Eugenius IV.; 1447, Nicholas V.; 1455, Ca-
lixtus III.; 1458, Pius II.; 1464, Paul II.;
1471, Sixtus IV.; 1484, Innocent VIII.]
1414-18 Switz. Anti-Hussite CouncU
of Constance (pp. 676, 784).
1414 +* * The papal throne is vacant for
nearly three years after two popes are
deposed by the 17th Council.
1417* * Clement VIII., anti-pope of
Avignon, resigns ; the great schism
ends.
1425 * * The Church of San Lorenzo,
Florence, is begun by Brunelleschi.
[Michelangelo decorates the interior.]
1431 * * Council of Basel (p. 784).
1436 * * Francis de Paula founds the
hermit monks — Fratres Minimi.
1439 Feb. 9. Council of Florence.
It sets forth the doctrine of purgatory
(pp. 785, 1034).
1440 June 24. Home. Felix V. enters
as anti-pope. [1449. Resigns.]
1445 * * The emperor opposes reforms
(p. 785).
1446 * * Concordat of Vienna (p. 785).
1450-1626 Rome. St. Peter's is
erected. (1506.) Active work begins.
1455 * * Ger. The Bible printed (p. 785).
1465 * * Anti-Hussite Crusade (p. 508).
1466* *The La Badia Monastery of
Fiesole is built.
1478 * * Rome. The Pope's bull revives
the Inquisition. [1484. Nov. 29. " In-
structions " promulgated.]
1484 * * Rome. Innocent VIII. issues a
bull against witchcraft, of which thou-
sands are accused and killed.
1488 * * The Conceptionists become an
ordfcr of nuns.
1492 * * Rome. Alexander VI. is pope.
[1503, Pius III.; later, Julius II.; 1513,
Lr'o X.]
1493 May 3, 4. BuU of demarcation
issued (p. 14).
1494+ * * Girolamo Savonarola leads
the reformation in Italy. [1497. Excom-
municated. 1498. May 23. Strangled
and then burned.]
1496 * * Pope Alexander VI. revives the
Knights of the Holy Sepulcher.
1404*
founded
LETTERS.
The University of Turin is
1415 * * History of Florence, by Leonardo
Bruni, appears.
1445 * * The University of Catania is
founded.
1448 * * Pope Nicholas V. founds a
library at the Vatican.
15th Century. Mambriano, by Francesco
Bello of Ferrara, appears.
Rispetti Ballate, Orfeo, and Stanze,per
la Gtostra, by Poliziano, appear.
The Sacra Rappresentazione are given
in Florence.
San Panunzio and Abranio ed Isac
(drama), by Maffeo Belcari, appear.
Savonarola writes. Italian sermons,
hymns (laudi), and ascetic and political
treatises.
1460-92 San Giovanni e Paolo (drama),
by Lorenzo de Medici, appears.
Ambra, Caccia del Falcone, and Nencia
da Barberino, by Lorenzo de Medici, ap-
pear at Florence. »
1481 * * II Morgande Maggiore, by Luigi
Pulci, appears at Venice.
1482 * * The first printed edition of
Euclid's Elements appears at Venice.
[1505. The first printed translation is
published at Venice by Bartholomew
Zambert. 1569. Another translation.]
1485 * * Epistles, by Francesco Filelfo,
appears. [1497. Latin Odes ; also La
Sforziade.]
* * De Re jEdiflcatoria, by Leon Battista
Alberti, appears.
1495 * * Orlando Innamorato, by Matteo
Maria Boiardo, appears.
1500+ * * Ambrose Calepini, a Venetian
friar, writes in Latin [the first known]
polyglot dictionary.
STATE.
1391 * * Pisa becomes subject to Gian
Galeazzo Visconti [Duke of Milan].
1394 * * Disorder abounds in Genoa ;
many doges are appointed. [1396. Genoa
comes under the protection of France.
1410, Under Naples ; 1419, Under Milan.]
1395 * * Gian Galeazzo Visconti takes
the title of Duke of Milan. [The title
continues. 1447. The Visconti line
ends.]
1398 * * Rome. Pope Boniface IX. over-
throws the republican privileges of citi-
zens by suppressing municipal liberties.
1405 * * The Venetians seize Padua.
1406 * * Florence rules Pisa.
1408 * * Rome is ruled by Ladislaus.
1416 Feb. 19. Sigismund erects Savoy
into a duchy; Count A made us III. is
made duke.
1421-1512 Genoa loses and regains
freedom.
1421 * * Venice is at the height of its
power. Dalmatia, Greece, and the Le-
vant are its outlying possessions.
[1423-57. Francesco Foscari is doge.
He enlarges Venetian territory.]
1431* *Sigi8mund is King of Italy.
[1433, emperor ; 1437, deposed.] (P. 785.)
1434 * * The M edicl family, led by Cos-
mo de Medici (elected chief ruler 1426),
becomes paramount in Florence.
1435 * * Alphonso V. of Aragon seizes
Naples on the death of Joanna II. ; she
had bequeathed her dominions to Re-
gnier of Anjou.
1440 * * Frederick III. emperor (p. 785).
1442 * * The kingdom of the Two Sici-
lies is restored.
1447 * * Placentia revolts from Milan,
but is subdued with great cruelty.
1450-1535 The duchy of Milan is ruled
by the House of Sforza.
15th Century. Count Thomas acquires
Piedmont.
1454 * * Three " inquisitors " exercise
government with despotic power in
Venice.
1458 * * Genoa is ruled by the French.
* * Naples and SicHy are separated.
1458-79 Sicily. John of Aragon is
king. [1479-1503. Ferdinand the Catho-
lic of Spain.]
1458-94 Ferdinand I. is King of Na-
ples. [1494-95. Alfonso II. He abdi-
cates. 1495-96. Frederick I. 1496-1501.
Frederick II. ; expelled by the French.]
1464-69 Piero (I.) de Medici is the un-
titled chief of the Florentine republic.
1466-76 Galeazzo Maria Sforza is Duke
of Milan. [1476. Assassinated.]
1469-92 Francisco de Medici, "The
Magnificent," rules.
[1492-1519. Alessandro de Medici rules
as the first duke of Florence. 1493. Ex-
pelled. 1512. Restored. 1527. Expelled.
1531. Restored. 1537. Jan. 5. Assassi-
nated.]
1474 * * The duchy of Urbino is created.
[1502. Urbino, the capital, is treacher-
ously seized by Cesare Borgia.]
1476±-99 Ludovico Sforza rules as
usurper in Milan. (1500.) The Milanese
revolt (p. 679).
1478 * * Jacopo Pazzi with others forms
a conspiracy in the name of liberty
against L. de Medici at Florence. It
fails.
1479 ** Illyria. Albania Scodra [Scu-
tari] is taken from the Venetians by the
Turks.
1483 * * Venice joins the league against
Naples.
1489 * * Venice acquires Cyprus by the
gift of Catherine Cornaro, widow of
James II., its last king.
1494-98 Florence is again a theoretical
republic under Girolamo Savonarola,
after overthrowing the Medici.
1494 * * Charles VIII. of France claims
and enters Naples (p. 679).
1498* *Niccolo Machiavelli is ap-
pointed official secretary at Florence.
[1527. June 22. Dies.]
* * Pisa becomes independent under the
protection of Charles VIII. of France.
1499-1526 The possession of the duchy
of Milan is disputed with France ; Louis
XII. claims it as an inheritance from his
grandmother, Valentine Visconti.
1501-40 The French and Spanish con-
tend for power in Italy.
1501* * Sicily and Naples are con-
quered and unsuccessfully divided
(p. 678). [1503. Annexed to Spain.]
1503-16 Ferdinand III. of Spain is
King of the Two Sicilies.
[1516-56, Charles I. (V. of Ger.) ; 1556-98,
Philip I. (II. of Sp.) ; 1598-1621, Philip II.
(III. of Sp.); 1621-55, Philip III. (IV. of
Sp.); 1655-1700, Charles II. (of Sp.); 1700-07,
Philip IV. (V. of Sp.); 1707-13, Charles III.
(of Aust.).]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1446+ * * Christopher Columbus is
born at Genoa. [1473+ . He goes to
Portugal.]
15th Century. Christians are first al-
lowed to receive usury, the same as
Jews.
1462+ * * Pawhbroking is introduced
in Perugia.
1497 * * Venice declines after the dis-
covery of the passage to India, following
the discovery of America. [1577. It is
devastated by fire.]
1080 1503,**-1579,**
ITALY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1509 * * France at war with Venice (p.
680).
1515-21 War with Charles V. and
Francis I. (pp. 680, 788).
* Parmigiano
Jerome.
paints Vision of St.
1532 * * Etching on copper with aqua
fortis is invented (?) by Parmigiano.
1533 * * Botanical gardens are astab-
lished at Padua.
1522 * * Spaniards and Italians under 1538+ * * N. Varoli of Bologna discovers
'rbino.
optic nerves.
1540 * * Giorgio Vasari paints Supper of
St. Gregory.
* * The Academy of Florence is estab-
lished.
1528 * * Second war with the Emperor 1541 * * Daniel da Volterra paints De-
Prospero Colonna sack Genoa. [1526.
Sept. 29. Rome is taken by the partizans
of Cardinal Colonna ; they plunder the
Vatican, St. Peter's, and the Pope's min-
isters and servants. 1527. May. 6. Borne
is taken.] (P. 680.)
Charles V. (p.
1554 Aug. 3.
Battle at Marciano (p.
Civitella relieved (p.
1557 May 15.
682).
1559 Apr. 3. French wars end (p. 683).
1570 * * Venice at war with Turkey.
1571 Oct. 7. Or. Great battle near
L-epanto.
The combined fleets of Spain, Venice,
and Pius V. defeat the Turks in a great
naval battle. Allies' force, 206 galleys
and 30,000 men. Turks, 250 galleys;
they lose 100 galleys and 30,000 men in
killed and prisoners.
* * The Turks take Cyprus.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1503-06 Marioto Albertinelli, a Floren-
tine, paints The Holy Family.
1503+ * *Tiziano Vecelli Titian, a
Venetian, paints Sacred and Profane
Love.
scent from the Cross. (" The third paint-
ing in the world.'V Poussin.)
1542 * * Sicily. Syracuse is destroyed
by an earthquake. [1693. Jan. * Again
destroyed. 1757. Aug. 6. Again.]
1543 * * Copernicus, canon and phy-
sician at Frauenberg publishes his sys-
tem of astronomy.
* * Andreas Vesalius publishes his
Seven Books on the Structure of the
Human Body.
* * Gaude *io Ferrari, of the Milanese
school, paints the Last Supper.
1546-1601 Tycho Brahe's astronomi-
cal drawings are published.
1552 * * Marco Basaiti paints St. George
and the Dragon.
1556 * * Rome. San Felippo Neri intro-
duces the first oratorio.
1560+ * * The camera obscura is in-
vented by Giambattista della Porta.
±* * Bartolommeo Eustachius discovers
the [Eustachian] tube.
1564 * * Galileo discovers the pressure
1525* *Peseara, Marquis of, Ferdinand
Francesco d' Avalos, general, A35.
1527 * * Machiavelli. Niccolo. statesman,
author, A58.
Verrazzano, Giovanni, navigator, A47.
1528* * Barocci, Fiori Federigo d' l"i
painter, born.
1528 * * Cagliare, Paolo (Paul Veronese),
painter, born.
I 'alma, Jacopo, painter, A 48.
Muzlano, Girolamo, painter, born.
1529 * * Emilio, Paolo, historian, A69.
1530 * * John of Bologna, sculptor, born.
Oggione, Marco, painter, A60.
Sannazaro, Jacopo, poet, A72.
1631 * * Sarto, Andrea del, painter, A45.
1633 * * Ariosto, Ludovico, poet, A59.
1534 * * Cajetan, Tommasode Vio, cardinal,
scholar, A 65.
Clement VII., pope, dies.
Raimondi, Marc Antonio, engraver, A59.
1535 * * AUori, Alessandro, painter, born.
1536 * * Bernl, Francesco, poet, A38.
Feruzzt, Baldassare, painter, architect, A55.
1537 * * Credi, Lorenzo di, painter, A78.
Guarini, Giovanni Battista, poet, born.
Medici, Alessandro de. Duke of Florence.
A27.
1538 * * Baronius, Cesare, cardinal, hist., b.
Borromeo, Carlo, Count, cardinal, born.
1539 * * Campeggio, Lorenzo, cardinal, A65.
Socinus, Faustus, rationalist, born.
1540 * * Guicciardini, Francesco, states-
man, historian, A58.
Colle, Raffaellino dal, painter, A50.
Rlzzio, David, musician, born. [1566. Dies.]
1542* *Aleandro, Girolamo, scholar, cardi-
nal, A 62.
Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo, painter, A48.
Bellannino, Roberto, cardinal, author, born.
1543* * Varoli, Costauzo, surgeon, born.
[1575. Dies.]
Agnolo, Baccio d', engineer, architect, A83.
(Jaldara, Polidoro, painter, A48.
Fontana, Domenioo, architect, born.
Porta, Giambattista della, physicist, born.
1544 * * Palma, Jacopo, the Younger, paint.,
born.
Tasso, Torquato, poet, born.
of the atmosphere to be 15 pounds to the 1B45 * * Firenzuola, Agnolo, poet, A52.
so ii'irp inch Vecellio, Marco, painter, born.
1546 * * Ferrari^ Gaudenzio, painter, A62.
Romano, Giulio, painter, A54.
1547* * Bembo, Pietro, cardinal, scholar, A77.
Colonna, Vittoria, poet, A57.
Farnese, Alessandro, Duke of Parma and
Piacenza, general, born.
Piombo, Sebastiano del, painter, A62.
1548 * * Bruno, Giordano, philosopher, b.
1549 * * Elias Levita, scholar, A77.
Paul III., pope, dies.
10th Century. Giambelli, or Gianlbelli, Fe-
derigo, military engineer, pyrotechnist, b.
1550 * * Amati, Antonio, violin maker, b.
1551* * Beccafumi, Domenico de Pace,
painter, A 65.
1552 * * Baschi, monk, founder of Capu-
chins, A52.
Chiabrera, Gabriello, lyric poet, born.
Giovio, Paolo, historian, A69.
Paul V., pope, born.
1510 * * Marco Basaiti paints Calling of 1607 * * Borgia, Cesare, card., states., A29. , Sarpi, i**?1?! tKeologlari, author, born.
James and John 1809 ** Volterra, Daniele da, painter, born. 15„53 Baldi, Bernardino, scholar, math., b.
«'<*"«=» uiiuouitn. 1510* *Sforza, Lodovico, Duke of Milan, d. Fracastioro, Girolamo, ast., poet., phys.,A70.
* ^Lorenzo Costa paints Court of Isabella 1511* * Ammanati, Bartolommeo architect }?54! * Razzi, Giovanni, painter, A75.
sculptor, born.
Giorgione, II Giorgia Barbarelli, painter, A34.
Medici, Ippolito de, card., born. [1535. Dies.]
1512 * * Achijlini, Alessandro, phil., A49.
Vasari, Giorgio, painter, architect, born.
Vespucci. Amerigo, navigator, A61.
15151* * Albertinelli, Mariotto, painter, A41.
Neri, Filippo de, St., founder " Priests of the
Oratory," born.
1514 ** Antonio Allegri da Correggio 1516 ** Inghirami, Tommaso, scholar, poet,
[1505-08, Portrait, Doge Niccolo Marcello;
also, Marcus Barberigo ; 1514, the Christ of
the Tribute Money ; 1518, The Assumption ;
1520, Flora; 1521, Antonio Grimani, Doge;
1522, the altar-piece of Brescia. 1523, The
Entombment; also, The Annunciation and
Bacchus and Ariadne; 1524, Andrea Gritti,
Doge ; 1528-30, St. Peter the Martyr ; 1530,
The Holy Family; 1531, St. Jerome; 1544,
Empress Isabella ; 1548, portrait of Charles
V.; 1554, La Gloria; 1563, St. Jerome; 1565,
St. James of Compostella.]
1505 * * Giovanni Bellini paints the Ma-
donna with Saints.
1506 * * Rome. The first stone is laid in
the erection of St. Peter's Cathedral.
[1514. Raffael is appointed architect.
1547. Michelangelo, architect.]
D'E8te.
1512 * * Sebastino del Piombo paints the
Holy Family.
1513* * Giulio Romano paints Holy
Family — Del Divino Amore.
1513-21 Rome is embellished by
Leo X.
square inch.
[1583. Discovers the hydrostatic balance.
1597. Makes a thermometer. 1609. A tele-
scope. 1610r. Discovers Jupiter's moons, and
notes the sun's spots. 1616. Doctrines con-
demned at Rome. 1633. Forced by inquisitors
to abjure the Copernican theory. 1637. Dis-
covers the libration of the moon.]
1569 * * The Descent from the Cross is
painted by Baroccio, at Perugia.
1573 * * Paolo Veronese paints the Mar-
tyrdom of St. George.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1504* * Mazzola, Girolamo Francesco
Maria, painter, born. [1540. Dies.]
Pius V., pope, born.
paints the Madonna of St. George. [1522
(or 1528), La Notte ; 1530, Madonna della
Scodella.]
A46.
1517 * * Bartolommeo, Fra, painter, A42.
Belon, Pierre, naturalist, born.
1518 * * Francia, Francesco Raibolini,
painter, A68.
Palladio, Andrea, architect, born.
Tintoretto, Jacopo Robusti, painter, born.
1519 * * Benzoni, Geronimo, traveler, born.
Borgia, Lucrezia, sister of Cesare Borgia, A 39.
Medici, Cosmo de, Grand Duke of Tus-
cany, born.
Vinci, Leonardo da, painter, A67.
1520 * * Bibbiena, Bernardo, cardinal, A50.
Raffael Sanzio, or Santi, d' Urbino, paint.,
15^±_*t*5ice culture Is an industry 1521 *'* Leo X., pope, A46.
1515* * Rome. The first regular drama
acted in Europe is Sophonisba, presented
in the presence of Leo X.
1516 * * Fra Bartolommeo, of the Flor-
entine school, paints the Holy Family.
1521+ * * Andrea del Sarto. a Floren-
tine, paints the Holy Family. [1529+,
Holy Family.]
in Lombardy.
1525 * * The Three Graces is painted by
Palma Veccio.
1527 * * Girolamo Savoldo paints Holy
Family.
1523 * * Adrian VI., pope, A64.
Colonna, Prospero, general, A69.
Fallopio, Gabriello, anatomist, born.
1524* * Fiesco, Giovanni Luigi, Count of La-
vagna. conspirator, born. [1547. Dies.]
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da, music, b.
1554'
1555 * * Caracci, Ludovico, painter, born.
Julius III., pope, A68.
1556* * Alemanni, Luigi, poet. A61.
Casa, Giovanni della, poet, A53.
1557 * * Aretino, Pietro, satirist, A65.
Ramuslo, Giovanni Battista, author, A72.
1558 * * Aldobrandini, Silvest.o, jurist, A59.
Caracci, Agostino, painter, born.
Scaliger, Julius Caesar, philosopher, A74.
1559 * * Bandelli, Baccio, sculptor, A72.
Garofalo, Benvenuto Tisio, painter. A78.
Paul IV., pope, dies.
1560* * Caracci, Annibale, painter, born.
Doria, Andrea, admiral, statesman, A92.
1562 * * Bandello, Matteo, novelist, A81.
Capello, Bianca, Grand Duchess of Tuscany,
born.
Falloppio, Gabriello, anatomist, A38.
Peter Martyr, Protestant theologian, A62.
1564 Feb. 18- Michelangelo (Buonai-
rotti), sculp., painter, architect, poet, A89.
Galilei, Galileo, astronomer, born.
Borromeo, Federigo, cardinal, archbishop of
Milan, born.
1565 * * Cesari, Giuseppe, hist, painter, born.
Pius IV., pope, A66.
1566* * Bracciolini, Francesco, poet, born.
Rlzzio, David, musician, A26.
Vida, Marco Girolamo, poet, A864-.
Volterra, Daniele da, painter, A 57.
1567 * * Riccio, Domenico del, painter, A73.
1568 * * Aloysius, St., Jesuit, devotee, born.
ITALY.
1503, * *-1579, * * 1081
1568 * * Monteverdi, Claudio, composer, b.
1670 * * Sansovino, Jacopo Tatti, sculptor,
architect, A91.
1571 * * Abbate, Niccolo, painter, dies.
1572 * * AleBsi, Galeazzo, architect, A72.
Plus V., pope, A68.
1573 * * Baglione, Giovanni, painter, born.
1574* * AJeandro, Gerolamo, the Younger,
poet, born.
Brizzi, Francesco, painter, born.
Manutius, Paulus, scholar, painter, A63.
Medici, Cosimo de, Grand Duke of Tus-
cany, A55.
Va8ari, Giorgio, painter, A63.
1575 * * Gatti, Bernardino, painter, A80+.
Guido, Reni, painter, born.
1576 * * Asinari, Federigo, Count of Came-
rano, poet, A49.
Davila, Enrico Caterino, historian, born.
Spada, Lionello, painter, born.
Titian. Tiziano Vecellio, painter, A99.
1577 * * Allori, Christofano, painter, born.
Castelli, Benedetto, mathematician, born.
1578 * ' Albani, Francesco, painter, born.
Piccolomini, Alessandro, cardinal, philoso-
pher, A70.
1579 * * Castello, Giovanni Battlsta, painter,
A79.
CHURCH.
1511* * Rome. Martin Luther visits
the Vatican.
Nov. 1+. Council of Pisa. [1512. May
10-17. Counter Lateran Council.] (P.
786.)
1512 * * The Reformation in France (p.
680).
1513 * * The Church is corrupt (p. 786).
1517+ * * Reformation in Germany.
[1521. Luther excommunicated.] (P. 788.)
* * Pope Leo X. replenishes his treasury
by the sale of indulgences (p. 786).
1521 * * Ger. Diet of Worms (p. 788).
1522 * * Borne. Adrian VI. is pope.
[1523, Clement VII.]
1524 June 24. The Order of Thea-
tines is founded by Bishop Caraffa in
Naples and confirmed. It aims to re-
vive poverty among the clergy.
±* *Many "witches" are burned in
the diocese of Como.
1525 * * Malteo di Baschi of Urbino
founds [the order of Capuchins] for the
strictest observance of the rule of St.
Francis. [They are much persecuted by
the Franciscans. 1536. Receive their
name.]
1530 * * Malta is given by the emperor
to the Knights of Malta.
1532* *The Barnabite monks are
founded by three priests in Milan : they
add to the three monastic vows a fourth
— not to seek any office or dignity.
1534 Aug. 13. Jesuits founded (p.
681).
[1540. Sept. 27. Plan sanctioned. 1541.
Apr. 17. Loyola enters office as a general.
1557. June 19. Jacob Lainez, second general.
1565-72. Francis Borgia of Sp.; 1572-80.
Mercurian, a Belgian; 1581-1615. Claudius
Aquaviva of Naples; 1615-45, Mutius Vitel-
leschi of Borne.]
1535 Nov. 25.' The order of Ursuline
nuns is founded at Brescia by Angela
Merici. [1544. June9. Order confirmed.]
1541* * Switz. John Calvin intro-
duces the Reformation (pp. 680, 790).
1545-63 Aust. Council of Trent (p.
510).
1546 * * Lrelius Socinus founds a Uni-
tarian society at Vicenza.
1548* * Prus. Second Council of
Treves ; 10 chapters and a decree against
the concubinary clergy are published.
[1549. A third council.]
* * Rome. Filippo de Neri institutes the
Trinity Fraternity.
1550 * * Rome. Julius III. is pope.
C1555, MarceUus II.; later Paul IV.; 1559,
Pius IV.]
1551 * * The church of San Gorgio
degli Schiavoni is begun.
1557 * * Paul IV. publishes the first In-
dex Pur gat or si (forbidden books).
The Bible is prohibited to lay readers
with certain exceptions.
1566 * * Rome. [St.] Pius V. is pope.
[1572, Gregory XIII.; 1585, Slxtus V.; he
displays activity, and corrects abuses in
the Church; 1590, Urban VII., Gregory XIV.;
1591, Innocent IX. reigns two months; 1592,
Clement VIII.; 1605, Leo XL reigns 25 days;
later Paul V. (Borghese).]
1572 Aug. * Rome. Thanksgiving for
massacre of St. Bartholomew (p. 684).
1575 * * Rome. The Brotherhood of
the Oratory, founded by Filippo de
Neri, is regularly organized by the Pope.
1576 * * Holy Catholic League (p. 684).
LETTERS.
1503 * * History of Milan, by Bernardino
Corio, appears.
1504 * * Arcadia, by Jacopo Sannazzaro,
appears.
1513 * * Principi, by Machiavelli, is com-
pleted. [1515fc. Discorsi sul primo libro
delle deche de Tito Livio ; 1520, / sette
Libri dell ' Arte di Guerra and Vita di
Castruccio; 1524, Mandraqola: 15241,
C/izia.]
1516* * Orlando Furioso, by Ariosto,
appears in 40 cantos. [1534. Complete
in 46 cantos.]
* * On the Immortality of the Soul, by
Pietro Pomponazzi, appears.
1518 * * The first Rabbinical Hebrew
Bible, containing the Masorah, Targums,
and comments, is printed at Venice.
1519 * * History of the War between Fer-
dinand I. and the Duke of Anjou, by
Giovanni Pontano, appears.
1520 Mar. 21. Leo X. permits the
publication of the Vomplutensian Poly-
glot, a magnificent edition of the Bible.
± * * Italia liberata dai Goti, by Gian-
Giorgio Trissino of Vicenza, appears.
[1524. Sofonisba.]
1520-23 The Talmud Babylonicum, in
12 volumes, and the Talmud Hierosoly-
tanum, in one volume, are printed at
Venice.
1525 * * Rosmunda, by Giovanni Rucel-
lai, appears. [1539. Apt.]
1528 * * II Cortigiano, by Baldassare
Castiglione, appears.
1536+ * * The Gazetta appears at Venice.
1541 * * Francesco Berni produces a
modification of Boiardo's Orlando In-
namorata. [Writes also Rime Burlesche.]
1542 * * University of Pisa revived.
1543 * * Copernicus' system is pub-
lished.
1547 * * Dialogue on the Infinity of Love,
by Tullia d'Aragona, appears.
15th Century. Vite di Uomini Illustri, by
Vespasiano da Bisticci, appears.
Reali di Francia, by Andrea da Bar-
berino, appears.
1552 * * History of Venice, by Pietro
Bembo, appears.
1554-73 Tales, by Matteo Bandello, ap-
pears.
1557 * * Sonetti, by Benedetto Varchi,
appears. [1570, L' Ercolano ; 1721, His-
tory of Florence.]
1558 * * Galateo, by Giovanni della Casa,
appears.
* * Exercitationes, by Julius Caesar Sca-
liger, appears. [1561, Poetices.]
1561-64 Storia d 'Italia, by Guicciar-
dini, appears.
1562 * * Rinaldo, by Torquato Tasso, ap-
pears. [1573, Aminta; 1574, Gerusalemme
Liberata (1580, published) ; 1586, Torris-
mondo],
1563± * * Palestrina writes the Misra
Papse Marcellt at Trent.
1576 * * Giustiniani publishes a polyglot
psalter.
ST.A£E. t
1503 * * Cesare Borgia destroys the in-
dependence of the republic of San Ma-
rino for a brief time. [1504. He receives
Urbino.]
1504* *The French expelled from
Naples by the Spaniards. [1525. From
Milan.]
1508 Dec. 10. League of Cambray
rises against Venice (p. 681). [1509. Ven-
ice despoiled of its Italian possessions.]
1509 * * Pisa, conquered by the Floren-
tines, loses its independence.
1511 Oct. 9. The Pope's League
rises against France (p. 681).
1512* * Bologna is united with the
States of the Church. [1513. Piacenza
united.]
1516 * * The duchy of Urbino is given
to Lorenzo de Medici (Second). [1522
Recovered by Duke Francesco. 1621.
Annexed to the Papal States.]
1526 Jan. 14. France resigns Milan
and Naples (p. 681).
1527 May 6. Rome is taken (p. 680).
1528 * * Andrea Doria liberates Genoa
from the French ; the republic is rees-
tablished.
1529+ * * Period of Spanish-Austrian
ascendency.
Aug. 5. The Ladies' Peace of Cambray
is signed (p. 681).
1531 Jan. 5. Ferdinand I., brother
of Charles V., is elected King of the Ro-
mans by the electoral college.
1531-37 Alessandro de Medici is duke
of Tuscany. [1532. Duke of Florence.
1537-74. Cosimo de Medici is duke of
Tuscany.]
1535* * Milan passes to the rule of
Spain. [1556. It becomes an appanage
of the Spanish crown. 1559. Spain is
supreme in Italy.]
1536-62 The French occupy Turin.
[1562. Recovered by Savoy.]
1540 * * The Emperor Charles V. gives
Milan to Philip, his son (p. 791).
1545 * * Pope Paul III. gives Placentia
[Piacenza] with Parma as a ducliv to
Peter Louis Farnese, and it is united
with Parma.
1547 Jan. 2. John Lewis Fiesco,
leader of a conspiracy against Andrea
Doria at Genoa, is drowned.
1558 * * The province of Bari is an-
nexed to Naples.
1569 * * Tuscany becomes a grand duchy
in the Medici family (Cosimo de Medici,
1569-74) ; Florence is historically merged
with it.
[1574-87, Francis I., grand duke; 1587-1608,
Ferdinand (1.) de Medici; 1608-21, Cosimo
II.; 1621-70, Ferdinand II.; 1670-1723, Cosimo
III.; 1723-37, John Gaston, last of the Medici;
1737-65, Francis II. (later, Emp. Ger.); 1765-
90, Leopold I. ; 1790-1800, Ferdinand III. ; also
1814-24.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1547 * * The Grand Council Palazzo
Ducale at Venice is burned.
y
1082 1580,**-1724,
ITALY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1628 * * The death of the Duke of Man-
tua precipitates a general war respect-
ing the succession.
1628-31 Venice. The Pope and France
are at war with Tuscany, Savoy, and
Spain. (1630.) Mantua is sacked by the
Imperialists.
1640 * * France takes Turin (p. G88).
1645-47 The Turks conquer a part of
Crete. [1669. Completed.]
1646 * * The French and Spaniards are
expelled from Lombardy.
1647 July* Revolt in Naples.
Masaniello leads a revolt against the
oppressive Duke of Arcos, the Spanish
viceroy ; 50,000 followers force the duke
to abolish an unpopular tax, and give up
the charter of exemption.
1651* *The Venetians defeat the
Turks near Scio, in the ^Egean Sea.
[1656. Again in the Dardanelles. 1661-
62. Other naval victories.]
1653-56 The Genoese conquer the
Turks.
1669* *The Turks take Crete from
Venice after a siege lasting 24 years.
The Kioprili take Candia. [1684. Venice
renews the war.]
1670 * * Genoa and Savoy are at war.
[1684. May* The French bombard
Genoa. 1690-96. War: Genoa and
France.]
1676 * * Sicily. The Dutch and Span-
iards blockade Messina.
1685* * Venice begins the rescue of
Greece (p. 1034).
1693 Oct. 4. Battle of Marsaglia (p.
694).
1701-14 War of the Spanish succes-
sion ; it commences in Italy (pp. 512, 694,
798).
1708 * * The Duke of Savoy takes Peru-
gia.
Jan. 15. The British under Sir John
Leake and Gen. James Stanhope con-
quer Sardinia.
1714-18 Venice at war with Turkey.
1719 * * Sicily. Invaded by Spain.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1580 * * Monks at Pisa invent carmine.
1582* * Home. Gregory XIII. reforms
the calendar to conform to the true
solar year.
He Btrikes out leap-year at the close of each
century, excepting every fourth century,
thus retrenching three days in 400 years, or
about 11 minutes for each year. Ten days
are dropped out of 1582. October 5 becomes
October 15.
1583 * * Csesalpinus classifies plants by
their flowers.
1584 * * Bartolomeo Vivarini paints St.
George and the Dragon.
1589 * * The Bridge of Sighs at Venice
is built.
1600* * Rome. The first true oratorio,
Emilio del Cavaliere's Rappresentazione,
is presented.
* *The opera Euridice is publicly pre-
sented at Florence.
* * An Academy of Arts is founded at
Bologna.
1601 July * Rubens visits Rome to
copy paintings.
1603 * * Fabrigio discovers valves in
veins.
1607 * * Claudio Monteverde produces
the opera Arianna. [1608, Orfeo.]
1610 * * Zacharia Jansen of Middleburg
invents the telescope. [Disputed.]
1620 * * Testatori of Milan invents [the
present form] of the violin). (?)
1622 July 23. Caspar Asselli of Cre-
mona discovers the lacteals while dis-
secting a dog.
1626 July 30. An earthquake in
Naples destroys 30 villages and 70,000
lives. [1638. Mar. 27. Another devas-
tates Calabria.]
Nov. 18. Rome. St. Peter's is conse-
crated.
1631 Dec. 17. An eruption of Vesu-
vius destroys Torre del Greco and 4,000
lives. [1759. Nov. 24. Another sud-
denly breaks out.]
1641 * * Domenico Zampieri Domeni-
chino paints Communion of St. John.
(" The second painting of the world."
Poussin.)
1643 * * Evangelista Torricelli of Flor-
ence discovers the principle of the
barometer.
1647 * * Rome. Claude Lorrain paints
Cleopatra Landing at Tarsus. [1653,
Golden Calf; 1667, Rape of Europa.]
1650* *The flint-lock musket is in-
vented.
1661+ * * Marcello Malpighi [the father
of microscopic anatomy] discovers [the
Malpighian layer] in dissecting the lungs.
1662+ * * Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Guercino paints }rision of St. Jerome.
1667 Apr. 6. An earthquake ruins
Kagusa ; 5,000 lives are lost. [1672. Apr.
14. One at Rimini destroys 1,500 lives.]
1670+ * * Folding umbrellas are intro-
duced.
1680-1725 Alessandro Scarlatti writes
over 100 operas and 200 masses, besides
other works.
1687 * * Rome. The Venetians destroy
the roof of the Pantheon.
1693 Sept. * Sicily. An earthquake
occurs.
It destroys 54 cities and towns, and 300
villages; Catania is swallowed up with its
18,000 inhabitants; 100,000 people perish.
[1703. Feb. 2. Aquila, Italy, is ruined;
15,000 people perish. 1706. Nov. 3. Abruzzi
is destroyed; 15,000 perish.]
1709+ * * Bartolomeo Christofori of Flor-
ence makes a pianoforte.
1714 * * An observatory is erected at
Bologna.
1719 * * The Royal Academy of Savoy
is established.
1722+ * * Luca Giordano paints Hercules
and Omphale.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1560 * * Agrestl, Livlo, historical painter, d.
Allegri, Gregorio, composer, born.
Tremelius, Emmanuel, orientalist, A70.
1581 * * Badalocchio, painter, born.
Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri, arch., b.
1582 * * Carissimi, Giovanni, composer, b.
1584* * Borromeo, Carlo, count, cardinal,
A 46.
Vanini, Lucilio, philosopher, born.
1585 * * Cambiaso, Luca, painter, A58.
1586 * * Allatius, Leo, scholar, born.
Aromatari, Giuseppe degli, physician, born.
1587 * * Cecchi, Giovanni Maria, comic poet,
lawyer, A70.
1588 * * Bordone, Paride, painter, A78.
Cagliari Paolo, painter, A 60.
1589 * * Ciampoli, Giovanni Battista, lyric
poet, born.
1590* * Benedetti, Giovanni Battista, mathe-
matician, dies.
Clrcignano, Niccolo, painter, A74.
Costanzo, Angelo di, historian, A84.
Corenzio, Belisario, painter, born.
Urban VII., pope, dies.
1591 * * Aloysius, St., or Luigi Gonzaga,
Jesuit, devotee, A23.
1592* * Ammanati, Bartolommeo, arch.,
A81.
Bassano, Giacomo da Ponte, painter, A 82.
Farnese. Alexander, Duke of Parma and
Piacenza, general, A 45.
Muziano, Girolamo, painter, A64.
1594* * Palegtrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da,
composer, A 66.
1595 * * Pellegrini, Pellegrino, painter, archi-
tect, A68.
Neri, Filippo de, St., founder " Priests of the
Oratory/' A80.
Tasso, Torquato. poet, A51.
1596* * Cortona, Pietro Berrettini da,
painter, born.
1597 * * Barberini, Francesco, cardinal, b.
1598 * * Bernini, Giovanni, painter, sculptor,
architect, born.
1599 * * Cavalli, Pietro Francesco, comp., b.
Cencl, Beatrice, Roman girl famous for
beauty, A19.
1600 * * Bruno, Giordano, philosopher, A52.
Claude Lorrain (Claude Gelee), painter, b.
1602 * * Algardi, Alessandro, sculptor, born.
Caracci, Agostino, painter, A44.
1604 * * Socinus, Faustus, rationalist, A61.
1605 * * Aldrovandi, or Aldrovandus, Ulys-
ses, naturalist, A83.
Clement VIII., pope, dies.
Leo XI., pope, dies.
1 607 * * Baron ins, Cesare, cardinal, hist., A69.
Fontana, Domenico, architect, A64.
Pallavicino, Sforza, historian, born.
1608 * * Bartoli, Daniele, Jesuit historian, b.
Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, philos., math., b.
Montecuculi, Count Raimondo, general, b.
John of Bologna, sculptor, A78.
1609 * * Caracci, Annibale, painter, A49.
Caravaggio, Michelangelo Amerighi da,
painter, A 40.
1610 * * Bella, Stefano del la, engraver, born.
161 1 * * Innocent XL, Benedetto Odescalchi,
pope, born.
1612 * * Bargagli, Scipione, writer, dies.
Barocci, Fiori Federigo d Urbino, painter,
A85.
Guarini, Giovanni Battista, poet, A75.
1613 * * Poussin, Caspar, painter, born.
1615 * * Kosa, Salvator, painter, born.
1616* * Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto,
painter, born.
Dolci, Carlo, painter, born.
1617* * Baldi, Bernardino, scholar, mathe-
matician, A 64.
1618 * * Fabretti, Kaffael, antiquary, born.
1619 * * Caracci, Ludovico, painter, A64.
1621 * * Bellarmino. Roberto, cardinal, au-
thor, A 79.
Courtois, Jacques, painter, born.
Paul V., pope, A 69.
1622 * * Masaniello, Tommaso A niello, in-
surgent, born. [1647. Dies.]
Viviani, Vincenzo, mathematician, born.
1623 * * Sarpi, Paolo, historian, A71.
1624 * * Baldinucci, Filippo, art critic, born.
Osuna, Duke of, Pedro Tellez y Giron, Vice-
roy of Naples, A 45.
1625 * * Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, ast., b.
Maratti, Carlo, painter, born.
1626 * * Aselli, Gasparo, anatomist, A46.
Kedi, Francesco, poet, naturalist, phys., b.
1628 * * Cignani, Carlo, painter, born.
Malpighi, Marcello, anatomist, born.
1'alina, Jacopo, the Younger, painter, A84.
1629 * * Giordano, Luca, painter, born.
1631 * * Borromeo, Federigo, cardinal, arch-
bishop of -Milan, A67.
Davila, Enrico Caterino, historian, A55.
1 633 * * Magliabecchi, Antonio, scholar, bib-
liographer, born.
1635 * * Baldovini, Francesco, poet, born.
Bartoli, Pietro Santi. artist, born.
1637 * * Chiabrera, Gabriello. poet, A85.
1638 * * Carduccio, Vincenzo, painter, A70.
1640 * * Cesari, Giuseppe, historical painter,
A75.
Mancini, Hortensia, Duchess of Mazarin, b.
1641 * * Arnaud, Henri, Waldensian clergy-
man, patriot, born.
Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri, arch.,A60.
1642* * Balducci, Francesco, Sicilian poet,
dies.
Filicaja, Vincenzo da, poet, born.
Guido, Keni, painter, A67.
Galilei, Galileo, astronomer, A78.
1643 * * Monteverde, Claudio. composer, A77.
1644 * * Urban VIII., pope, A76.
1646 * * Stradella, Alessandro, composer, b.
1647 * * Badalocchio, painter, A66.
Cavalieri, Bonaventura, mathematician, A49.
Torricelli, Evangelista, physicist, A39.
1648 * * Cantarini, Simone, painter, A36.
Franceschini, Marcantonio, painter, born.
1649 * * Clement XL, pope, born.
Stradivarius, or Stradivari, Antonio, violin-
maker, born.
17th Century. Tonti, Lorenzo, banker in
France, born.
1650 * * Coronelli, Marco Vincenzo, geog., b.
Guidi, Carlo Alessandro, poet, born.
ITALY.
1580,**-1724,*
1083
1652 * * Allegri, Gregorio, musician, A 72.
Clement XII., pope, born.
Valle, Pietro della, traveler, A66.
1654* * Algardi, Alessandro, sculptor, A52.
1655 * * Frescobaldi, Girolamo, organist,
composer, A59.
1658 * * Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, nat., b.
1659 * * Scarlatti, Alessandro, composer, b.
1660 * * Albani, Francesco, painter, A82.
1662* * Blanchini, Francesco, philosopher,
mathematician, born.
1663* * Crescimbeni, Giovanni Maria, poet,
born.
1664 * * Bella, Stefano della, engraver, A54.
Gravina, Giovanni Vincenzo, jurist, born.
1665 * * Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, painter, b.
1666 * * Balestra,Antonio, Veronese paint., b.
Guercino, Giovanni Francesco Barbini,
painter, A76.
Valsalva, Antonio Maria, anatomist, born.
1667 * * Pallavicino, Sforza, historian, A60.
Victor Amadeus II. (I., King of Sardinia),
Duke of Savoy, born.
1668* * Bentivoglio, Cornelio, cardinal, art
patron, born.
1669 * * Clement IX., pope, dies.
1670* * Castiglione, Benedetto, painter, A54.
1672 * * Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, arche-
ologlst, born.
1673 * * Rosa, Salvator, painter, A59.
1675* * Benedict XIV., Prospero Lamber-
tini, pope, born.
Maffei, Francesco Scipione, author, born.
Poussin, Caspar, painter, A63.
1676* * Cavalli, Pietro Francesco, com-
poser, A77.
Clement X., pope, dies.
Courtois, Jacques, painter, A55.
Giannone, Pietro, historian, born.
1679* * Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, philoso-
pher, mathematician, A71.
1681 * * Astorga, Emanuele d', composer, b.
Montecuculi, Count Kaimondo, general, A72.
Stradella, Alessandro, composer, A36.
1682 * * Claude Lorrain (Claude Gelee),
painter, A82.
Facciolati, Jacopo, philologist, born.
Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, anatomist, b.
1684 * * Durante, Francesco, composer, b.
1685 * * Bartoli, Daniele, Jesuit hist., A77.
Salvl, Giambattista, painter, A80.
1686* * Dolci, Carlo, Scripture painter, A70.
Marcello, Benedetto, composer, born.
Porpora, Nicolo, composer, born.
1688 * * Forcellini, Egidio, lexicographer, b.
1689 * * Bottari, Giovanni Gaetano, sch., b.
Innocent XI., Benedetto Odescalehi, pope,
A78.
1692 * * Tartini, Giuseppe, violinist, born.
1693* * Clement XIII., pope, born.
1694* * Malpiglii, Marcello, anatomist, A66.
1696 * * Baldinucci, Filippo, art critic, A72.
Foscarini, Marco, statesman, author, born.
Llguori, Alfonso Maria de, St., theologian,
founder Redemptorists, born.
1698* *Metastasio (Pietro Antonio Do-
menico Bona ventura Trapassi), poet, born.
1699* *Mancini, Hortensia, Duchess of
Mazarin, beauty, A59.
1700 * * Bartoli, Pietro Santi, artist, A65.
Fabretti, Raffael, antiquary, A82.
1703* * Caffarelli, Gaetano Majorano, so-
prano singer, born.
Galuppi, Baldassare, musician, born.
1704* * Bellini, Lorenzo, physician, anato-
mist, A61.
Viviani, Vincenzo, mathematician, ASH.
1705 * * Clement XIV., pope, born.
Farinelli, Carlo, singer, born.
Giordano, Luca, painter, A73.
1706 * * Cignaroli, Giovanni Bettino, paint.,
born.
Martini, Giovanni Battista, composer, born.
1707* * Filicaja, Vincenzo da, Florentine
poet, A65.
1710* * Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, com-
poser, born.
171 1 * * Bassi, Laura Maria Catarina, au., b.
Boscovich, Ruggiero Giuseppe, physicist, b.
1712 * * Algarotti, Francesco, author, born.
Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, A87.
Guidi, Carlo Alessandro, lyric poet, A62.
1713 * * Gozzi, Count Gasparo, essayist, b.
1714* * Audiffredi, Giovanni Battista, as-
tronomer, born.
Jomelli, Niccolo, composer, born.
Magliabecchi, Antonio, bibliog., schol., A81.
1716 * * Baldovini, Francesco, poet, A81.
1717 * * Pius VI., pope, born.
1718 * * Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, math., b.
Coronelli, Marco Vincenzo, geographer, A68.
1719* * Baretti, Giuseppe Marc Antonio,
writer, born.
Cignani, Carlo, Count, painter, A91.
1720 * * Carli, Gian Ridaldo, antiquary, b.
1721 * * Arnaud, Henri, Waldensian clergy-
man, patriot, ash.
1721 * * Clement XL, pope, A72.
1723 * * Felice, Fortunate, Bartolommeo, au-
thor, born.
Valsalva, Antonio Maria, anatomist, AS7.
1724 * * Innocent XIII., pope, A69.
CHURCH.
1580 * * [St.] Carlo Borromeo intro-
duces Sunday instruction of children at
Milan. (Haden.)
1585 * * Rome. Sixtus V. abolishes all
persecuting statutes against the Jews
which were issued by his predecessors.
1594* *2?V. Jesuits are expelled. [1603.
Recalled. 1764. Nov. 26. Expelled.]
1600 Feb. 9. Giordano Bruno, a
philosopher, is burned at Venice as a
teacher of heresy.
1607 * * The Jesuits are exiled from
Venice as anti-republicans. [1707. Nov.
3. From Naples.]
1608 * * The chapel of St. Janarius at
Naples is erected.
1619 * * Ambassadors from Japan visit
the Pope.
1620 July 19. Protestants are mas-
sacred at Valtelline, North Italy.
1621 * * Rome. Gregory XV. is pope.
[1623, frban VIII. ; 1644, Innocent X.;
1655, Alexander VII. ; 1667, Clement IX.;
1670, Clement X.; 1676, Innocent XL; 1689,
Alexander VIII. ; 1691, Innocent XII.; 1700,
Clement XL; 1721, Innocent XIII. ; 1724,
Benedict XIII. ; 1730, Clement XII.; 1740,
Benedict XIV.; 1758, Clement XIII. ; 1769,
Clement XIV.]
1622 June 22. Rome. The Congre-
gatio de Propaganda Fide is estab-
lished by Gregory XV.
1626 Nov. 18. Rome. St. Peter's is
dedicated.
1634 * * Fr. Sisters of Charity organ-
ized (p. 688).
1682+**jFV. Louis XIV. quarrels with
the Pope (p. 692).
1699* * Rome. Innocent XII. condemns
Quietism.
1713 Sept. 18. Bull "Unigenitus" is-
sued (p. 697).
LETTERS.
1582 * * History of the Kingdom of Na-
ples, 1250-1489, by Angelo di Costanzo,
appears.
* * History of Florence, by Jacopi Nardi,
appears.
1583 * * History of His Own Times, by
Giovanni Battista Adriani, appears.
1584 * * Spaccio della Bestia trionfante,
Della Causa, Principio e Uno, and Dell'
Inflnito Universo e Mondi, by Bruno,
appear.
1591 * * Philosophy Demonstrated by the
Senses, by Tominasco Campanella, ap-
pears. [1617, Introduction to Philosophy ;
1623, Realis Pkilosophia Epilogistica and
Civitas Solis.]
1605 * * History of Venice, by Paolo Pa-
ruta, appears.
1616 * * On the Admirable Secrets of Na-
ture, the Queen and Goddess of Mortals,
by Lucilio Vanini, appears.
1622 * * Rape of the Bucket, by Alessan-
dro Tassoni, appears.
1623 * * Rome receives the famous li-
brary of the Palatine at Heidelberg.
* * Adone, by Giovanni Battista Marini,
appears. [1633, La Strage degli Inno-
centi.]
1627 * * On the Lacteal Veins, by Gas-
paro Aselli, appears.
1632 * * Dialogue on the Two Chief Sys-
tems, by Galileo, appears. [1638. Dia-
loghi delle Nuove Scienze.]
1651 * * Trattura Della Pittura, by Leo-
nardo da Vinci, appears.
1653-63 Two volumes of Scrittorid' Ita-
lia, by Mazzuchelli, appear.
1688-90 Oiornale de' Letterati is issued
by Bacchini at Parma. [1692-97. Also
at Modena.]
1690 * * The Academy of Arcadia is
founded by Giovanni Maria Crescim-
beni and Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina.
1696 * * The Galleria de Minerva is is-
sued at Venice.
1708 * * De ratione studiorum, by Gio-
vanni Battista Vico, appears. [1721, De
constantia jurisprudentis ; 1725, Princi-
pii d' una Scienza Nuova.]
1710 * * Oiornale de' Letterati, by Apos-
tolo Zeno, appears. [1752, Dissertazioni
Vossiani.]
1713 * * Merope, by Francesco Scipione
Maffei, appears. [1731, Verona Illus-
trata.]
1716 * * Diariodi Roma is issued.
1721 * * Gli Orti Esperidi, by Metastasio,
appears. [1724, Didione Abbandonata.]
1723-38 Rerum Italicarum Scriptores,
by Ludovico Antonio Muratori, appears.
[1738, Antiquitates Italicse Medii AVvi.]
STATE.
1597 * * Ferrara is annexed to Rome.
1607 * * Venice contemptuously disre-
gards the Pope's interdict.
1618 * * The conspiracy of Bedmar, the
Spanish ambassador, to destroy the republic
and subjugate Venice to Spain, is suppressed
by hanging many conspirators.
1631 Apr. 6. France loses and Spain
acquires increased influence in Italy (p.
689).
1647 July* Toniaso AnielloMasaniello
leads a revolt in Naples against oppres-
sive taxes. [Oct. * Don John of Austria
leads a revolt.]
1648 Apr. * Henry II., Duke of Guise,
lands at Naples, and is proclaimed king.
[Soon imprisoned.]
1669 * * Venice surrenders Crete to the
Turks. Peace follows.
1674 * * Sicily. Messina revolts in fa-
vor of France.
1683-99 Gr. Venetian authority is
restored in part of the Morea. [1715-39.
Again overthrown.]
1684 * * Venice, Poland, and the Roman
Empire join in an alliance against
Turkey.
1699 Jan. 26. Or. The Morea is given
to Venice by the Peace of Karlowitz (p.
513).
1707 * * The Austrians possess Sicily
and Naples.
They are abandoned by Spain.
1708 * * The Emperor Joseph I. seizes
the duchy of Mantua.
1713 Apr. 11. Sicily ceded to Savoy
(p. 697).
1714 * * Milan, Naples, and Sardinia are
ceded to Austria (p. 515).
1718 June 22. Peace with Turkey (p.
515).
1720 Mar. * Amadeus II. of Savoy ex-
changes Sicily for Sardinia (p. 697), and
receives the title king.
Sardinia becomes a kingdom ; it
includes Astoa, Montferrat, Piedmont,
Genoa, and Sardinia.
1720-30 Sardinia. Victor Amadeus
II., king. [1730-73. Charles Emmanuel
I. (III. of Savoy), king.]
1084 1725,**-1813,
ITALY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1734 May 25. The Spaniards under
Gen. Montemar defeat the Austrians at
Bitonto ; Spain obtains the kingdom of
Naples.
June 29. Battle near Parma (p. 698).
1744 * * The French and Spaniards oc-
cupy Savoy.
1745 Sept.* The English bombard
Genoa. [They take Parma, Milan, and
Piacenzia. 174G. Genoa taken by Im-
perialists.]
1746 * * War in Italy between Spain,
France, and Austria.
June 16. Battle of Piacenza (p. 700).
* * Sardinia captures Savona. [Restored
to Genoa.]
1792 * * Fr. The French capture Nice.
[1814. Restored to Sardinia.]
1793 * * The lazzaroni of Naples are
enrolled as pikemen ; several thousand
unite in the interest of the court party.
1796 Apr. 12-97 Sept. 17. Bona-
parte's first Italian campaign (pp. 518,
712).
* *Pavia is seized by the French. [1798. Turin.
1799. Turin recovered by Austrians. Mar.
28. French enter Florence. July 30. Lose
Mantua; later, lose Milan.]
1800 * * Napoleon's second campaign
in Italy.
* * French retake Rome. Nice is taken
by Austrians under Michael von Melas.
1806 Feb. 6. A French force subdues
Naples. [July 4. Defeated at Maida
(p. 716). 1807. The French again occupy
Tuscany. 1808. Occupy Rome.]
ART — SCIENCE - NATURE.
1726 Sept. 1. Sicily. An earthquake
destroys 6,000 lives in Palermo. [1732.
, Nov. 29. Another at Naples destroys
1..940 lives.]
1760 * * Rome. Niccolo Piccini's La Lu-
ona Figliuola is presented.
1767 Aug. 8. A destructive eruption
of Vesuvius occurs. [1794. June * An-
other destroys Torre del Greco, 5,000
acres of cultivated land ; the top of
Vesuvius falls into the crater.]
1775 * * Cleopatra, by Alfieri, is per-
formed at Turin. [1782, Saul.]
1783 Feb. 5. An earthquake devastates
Calabria, and destroys towns in Sicily; 40,-
000 persons perish. [ 1789. Sept. 30. At Borgo
di San Sepolcro 1,000 persons and houses are
swallowed up. 1805. July 26. In Naples;
20,000 persons perish. 1819. Thousands per-
ish in Genoa, Rome, Palermo, and other
towns. 1823. Another in Sicily.]
1789 * * Luigi Galvani experiments with
electricity at Bologna [galvanism]. By
the twitching of a frog's legs he lays the
foundation of the galvanic battery.
1792 * * [Voltaic] or chemical electri-
city is discovered by Alessandro Volta
of Como. [1800. The Voltaic battery in-
vented.]
1801 Jan. 1. Giuseppe Piazzi discov-
ers the planet Ceres, 160 miles in di-
ameter.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1725* * Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio,
anatomist, born.
Scarlatti, Alessandro, composer, founder of
modern opera, A66.
Victor Amadeus III. [II., King of Sar-
dinia], born.
1727 * * Guglielmi, Pietro, composer, born.
1728 * * Bartolozzl, Francesco, engraver, b.
Crescimbeni, Giovanni Maria, poet, wr., A 68.
Franceschinl, Marcantonio, hist, paint., A80.
Galiani, Fernando, political economist, born.
Piccini, Niccolo, composer, born.
1729 * * Abergati, CapacelU Francesco d*
dramatist, born.
Parini, Giuseppe, poet, born.
1730 * * Benedict XIII., pope, dies.
Cesarotti, Melchiore, poet, born.
Gabrielle, Catarina, singer, born.
Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, naturalist, A22.
1731 * * Denina, Giacomaria, historian, born.
1732 * * Bentivoglio, Cornelio, cardinal, art
patron, A64.
Fabroni, Angelo, biographer, born.
Lanzi, Luigi, writer on art, born.
Victor Amadeus II. (I., King of Sardinia),
A66.
1733 * * Caprara, Giovanni Battista,card.,b.
1736 * * Astorga, Emanuele d', composer,
A55.
Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, composer, A26.
1737* * Galvani, Alvisio, physicist, physiol.,
born.
Stradivarius, or Stradivari, Antonio, violin-
maker, A58.
1738 * * Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, Marquis
di, author, born.
1739 * * Marcello, Benedetto, composer, A53.
Pignotte, Lorenzo, fabulist, historian, born.
1740 * * Clement XII., pope, A88.
Meli, Giovanni, Sicilian poet, born.
1741 * * Paisiello, Giovanni, composer, born.
1742 * * Bondi, Clemente, poet, born.
Pius VII., pope, born.
1743* * Cagliostro, Count Alessandro di
(Giuseppe Balsamo), adventurer, born.
1744 * * Vico, Giovanni Battista, pliilos.,A56.
1745 * * Volta, Alessandro. physicist, elec-
trician, born.
1746 * * Piazzi, Giuseppe, astronomer, born.
1747 * * Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, painter, A82.
Scarpa, Antonio, anatomist, born.
1748 * * Breislak, Scipione, geologist, born.
Caraccioli, Francesco, Prince, admiral, born.
Giannone, Pietro, historian, A72.
1749 * * Alfieri, Vittorio, poet, born.
Azuni, Domenico Alberto, author, born.
Da Ponte, Lorenzo, poet, born.
Lamballe, Marie Therese Louise de Savoie-
Carignan, Princess de, born.
1750 * * Mnratori, Ludovico Antonio, arche-
ologist, A78.
Salieri, Antonio, composer, born.
1751 * * Ferdinand I. (IV. of Naples), King
of Two Sicilies, born.
1752 * * Carpani, Giuseppe, dramatic poet, b.
Clementi, Muzio, composer, born.
Filangieri, Gaetano, publicist, born.
Zingarelli, Niccolo, composer, born.
1753 * * Monti, Vincenzo, poet, born.
1754 * * Appiani, Andrea, painter, born.
Maistre, Joseph Marie de, statesman, born.
1755 * * Ciniarosa, Domenico, composer, b.
Durante, Francesco, composer, A71.
1756 * * Landi, Gasparo, painter, born.
1757 * * Canova, Antonio, sculptor, born.
Concalvi, Ercole, cardinal, statesman, born.
1758 * * Benedict XIV., pope, A83.
Dandola, Vincenzo, Count, chemist, born.
Fonseca, Eleonora Pimentel, Marchioness de,
heroine, martyr, born. [1799, D.]
Morghen, Raffaelo S., engraver, born.
Rosmini, Carlo, historian, born.
1759 * * Abamonti, Giuseppe, statesman, b.
Victor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, born.
1760* * Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Z.
Salvatore, composer, born.
Fra Diavolo (Michell Pezza), bandit, born.
Leo XII., pope, born.
1761* *Pius VIII., pope, born.
1762 * * Aldini, Giovanni, natural philos., b.
Cagnola, Luigi, Marquis, architect, born.
Geminiani, Francesco, composer, A82.
1763* * Foscarini, Marco, statesman, au-
thor, A67.
1764 * * Algarottl, Francesco, author, A52.
1766 * * Bassi, Luigi, singer, born.
Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo, hist., born.
Porpora, Niccola, composer, A80.
1767 * * Cicognara, Conte da, Leopoldo, anti-
quarian, born.
1768* * Forcellini, Egidio, lexicographer,
A 80.
1769* * Bosio, Francois Joseph, Baron,
sculptor, born.
Clement XIII., pope, A76.
Crescentini, Girolamo, singer, born.
Facciolati, Jaeopo, philologist, A77.
1770 * * Albrizzi, Isabella Teotochi, Countess
of, author, born.
Cignaroli, Giovanni Bettino, painter, A64.
Tartini, Giuseppe, violinist, A78.
1771 * * Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, anat-
omist, A89.
1772 * * Inghirami, Francesco, archeol., b.
1774* * Clement XIV., pope, A69.
Giordani, Pietro, critic, born.
Jomelli, Niccolo, composer, A60.
Mezzof anti. Giuseppe Gaspardo, cardinal,
linguist, born.
SpontinL Gasparo Luigi Paeiflco, comp., b.
1775 * * Bottari, Giovanni Gaetano, scholar,
A 86.
1776 * * Lambrnschini, Luigi, cardinal, born.
Rosini, Giovanni, author, born.
1777 * * Rossi, Giuseppe, painter, poet, b.
Foscola, Ugo, poet, born.
1778* * Bassi, Laura Maria Caterina, au-
thor, A67.
1781 * * Beccaria, Giovanni Battista, physi-
cist,, A65.
Borghesi, Bartolommeo, Count, numls., b.
1782 * * Balbi, Adriano, geographer, born.
Farinelli, Carlo, singer, A77.
Mai, Angelo, cardinal, librarian, scholar, b.
Metastasio, Pietro Antonio Domenico Bona-
ventura Trapassi, poet, A84.
1783* * Caffarelli, Gaetano Majorano, so-
prano singer, A80.
Rossetti, Gabriele, poet, born.
1784* * Amici, Giovanni Battista, optician,
astronomer, physician, born.
Castiglione, Carlo Ottavio, Count, linguist, b.
Manzoni, Alessandro, Count, writer, born.
Martini, Giovanni Battista, composer, A78.
Paganinl, Nicolo, violinist, born.
1785 * * Carafa, Michele, composer, born.
Galuppi, Baldassare, musician, A82.
1786 * * Gozzi, Count, Gasparo, essayist,A73.
1787* * Boscovich, Ruggiero Giuseppe, phy-
sicist, A76.
Galiani, Ferdinando, political economist, A69.
Liguori, Alfonso Maria, St., theologian, fdr.
Redemptorists, A91.
Rossi, Pellegrino Luigi Odoardo, Count,
statesman, born.
1788 * * Filangieri. Gaetano, publicist, A 36.
Pellico, Silvio, poet, born.
1789* * Balbo, Cesare, Count, statesman,
writer, born.
Baretti, Giuseppe Marc Antonio, writer, A70.
Cicogna, Emmanuele Antonio, author, born.
Felice, Fortnnato Bartolommeo, author, A 66.
Laugier, Comte de, C6sar de Bellecour, gen-
eral, author, born.
Tenerani, Pietro, sculptor, born.
1791 * * Grossi, Tommaso, poet, born.
1792 * * Codazzi, Agostino, geographer, b.
Lamballe, Marie Therese Louise de Savoie-
Carnignan de, Princess, A43.
Pius IX., pope, born.
Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio, composer, b.
1793 * * Foresti, E. Felice, patriot, born.
Goldoni, Carlo, dramatist, A86.
1794 * * Audiffredi, Giovanni Battista, as-
tronomer, A80.
Lablache, Luigi, singer, born.
1795 * * Cagliostro, Count Alessandrodi (Giu-
seppe Balsamo), adventurer, A52.
Carli, Gian Ridaldo, Count, antiquary, A75.
Rubini, Giovanni Battista, singer, born.
1796 * * Pacini, Giovanni, composer, born.
Victor Amadeus III. (II., King of Sar-
dinia), A71.
1797 * * Mercadante, Saverio, composer, b.
Panizzi, Sir Anthony, bibliographer, litera-
teur, born.
Rosmini, Serbati, Antonio, cl., philos., born.
1798 * * Berry, Duchesse de, Caroline Ferdi-
nande Louise, of Naples, born.
Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, born.
Donizetti, Gaetano, composer, born.
Galvani, Alvisio, physicist, physiologist, A61.
Leopardi, Giacomo, Count, poet, born.
Pasta, Giuditta, singer, born.
Sclopls, Federigo, Count, historian, born.
1799 * * Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, mathema-
tician, A81.
Caraccioli, Francesco, Prince, admiral, A57.
Parini, Giuseppe, poet, A70.
Pius VI., pope, A82.
1800* *Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli d',
statesman, born.
Bandini, Angelo Maria, writer, A74.
Piccini, Niccolo, composer, A72.
Rosellini. Ippolito, antiquarian, born.
1801 * * Cimarosa, Domenico, composer, A46.
Gioberti, Vincenzo, philosopher, states., b.
Melloni, Macedonio, savant, born.
1802 * * Bellini, Vincenzo, composer, born.
Brofferio, Angelo, author, born.
Cibrario, Luigi, historian, jurist, born.
Calamatta, Luigi, engraver, born.
Mamiani, Terenzio della R., philosopher, b.
1803 * * Alfieri, Count, Vittorio, dram., A54.
Fabroni, Angelo, biographer, A71.
1804 * * Caetani, Michelangelo artist, au., b.
Guglielmi, Pietro, composer, A77.
Manin, Daniele, patriot, statesman, born.
1805 * * Cantu, Cesare, nov., poet, hist., b.
Guerrazi, Francesco Domenico, pol., an., I».
Marochetti, Carlo, Baron, sculptor, born.
1806 * * Amari, Michele, historian, states., b.
Antonelli, Giacomo, cardinal, states., b,
Fiorentino, Pier Angelo, author, horn.
Fra Diavolo (Michele Pezza), bandit, A37.
Gozzi, Carlo, Count, dramatist, A86.
ITALY.
1725,**-1813,**. 1085
1807 * * Garibaldi, Giuseppe, patriot, born.
1808 * * Cesarotti, Melchiore, poet, A78.
Mazzini, Giuseppe, patriot, born.
1809 * * Ginsti, Giuseppe, satirical poet, b.
Kicasoll, Bettino, Baron, statesman, born.
1810* * Caprara, Giovanni JJattista, cardi-
nal, A77.
Oavour, Count di, Camillio Benso, states-
man, born.
Costa, Sir Michael, composer, born.
Rattazzi, Urbano, statesman, born.
Curci, Carlo Maria, theologian, born.
Ferrari, Luigi, sculptor, born.
Liuizi, Luigi, writer on art, A78.
Leo XIII., pope, born.
Mario, Giuseppe, singer, born.
1811* * Cialdini, Enrico, Duke of Gaeta,
general, diplomatist, born.
Ferrari, Giuseppe, philosopher, born.
1812 * * Andrea, Girolamo d', cardinal, born.
Giudici, Paolo Emiliani, author, born.
Matteucci, Carlo, physiologist, born.
Pignotti, Lorenzo, fabulist, historian, A73.
1813 * * Bartolozzi, Francesco, engrav., A85.
Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio, anato-
mist, A88.
Deniha, Giacomaria Carlo, historian, A88.
Depretis, Agostino, statesman, born.
Lagrange, J oseph Louis, mathematician, A77 .
CHURCH.
1732* *The Redemptorists are
founded by Alfonso Maria di Liguori in
Scala. [1749. Feb. 25. Approved.]
1739 Jan. 14. The Pope interdicts as-
semblies of Freemasons under penalty
of rack and condemnation to the galleys.
1757 June 13. Pope Benedict XIV.
issues a decree prohibiting the use of
of any version of the Bible in the com-
mon language of the people.
1759 Feb. 28. Pope Clement XIII.
permits the Bible to be translated into
all the languages of the Catholic states.
1773 July 21. Home. Jesuits abol-
ished (p. 804). [Aug. 16. The bull an-
nounced.]
* * Rome. Clement XIV. abolishes the
ceremony of kissing the Pope's toe.
1775-99 Rome. Pius VI. is pope. [1800-
23, Pius VII.]
1781 * * Tolerance granted by the em-
peror (p. 805).
1787 * * The Inquisition is abolished
in Lombardy and Tuscany.
1798 Feb. 20. Rome. Pius VI., 80
years of age, is forced by the French to
retire, stripped of his temporal posses-
sions. [He is conveyed to Florence.]
1801 July 15. Rome is restored to
Pius VII. (p. 715).
1809 May 17. Fr. Napoleon abol-
ishes the temporal power.
[June 10. Pius VII. excommunicates
Napoleon and his abetters. July* -1814.
The Pope is deposed and held a captive.]
(P. 719.)
LETTERS.
1734 * * Belisario, by Carlo Goldoni, ap-
pears. [1761, Una del Sere di Carnevale.]
1740-70 The Novelle Letterarie is issued
by Land.
1750 * * The Book of_ the Mazorah, the
Hedge of the Law, is first printed at
Florence.
1761 * * Amove delle tre Melarance, by
Carlo Gozzi, appears. [1768, Osservatore
Veneto.]
1763 * * II Mattino, by Giuseppe Parini,
appears. [1765, // Mezzogiorno ; 1797+ , II
Vespro, and La Notte.]
1763-65 Frustra Letteraria is issued at
Venice.
1764 * * Frattato die Delitti e delle Pene,
by Cesare Beccaria, appears.
1771 * * A Giornale is issued at Pisa.
1780 * * The first volume of Scienza della
Legislazione, by Gaetano Filangieri, ap-
pears.
1785 * * Aristodemo, by Vincenzo Monti,
appears. [1793, Bassevilliana.]
1797 * * Tieste, by Ugo Foscolo, appears.
[1800+ , Lettere de Jacopo Ortis; 1807, /
Sepolcri ; 1826, Discourse on the Text of
Dante.']
1806 * * Giornale Enciclopedico is issued
at Naples.
1806-09 Vocabolario della Crusca, ed-
ited by Antonio Cesari, appears.
1809 * * Guerra dell' Indipendenza Ame-
ricana, by Carlo Botta, appears. [1824,
History of Italy 1789 to 1814.]
1811 * * Poligrafo is issued at Milan.
STATE.
1730 * * Corsica revolts against Genoa.
[1735. Independent.]
* * Victor Amadeus abdicates the throne of
Sardinia in favor of his son, Charles Emman-
uel (III. of Savoy). [1732. He fails in an
attempt torecover it, and is imprisoned.]
1734+ * * Spain rules Sicily and Naples
by conquest.
1735-59 Charles IV. (III. of Sp.)is King
of the Two Sicilies. [1759-180G. Ferdinand
IV.]
1736 * * Sardinia acquires territory from
Milan.
1738 Nov. 18. Tuscany is ceded to
Francis, Duke of Lorraine Milan and
Mantua to Austria, the Two Sicilies to
Spain (p. 701).
1739 * * San Marino becomes subject to
the Pope.
1748 Oct. 7. Austria cedes to Spain
Parma, Piacenza, and Gustalla (p. 515).
[1748-97. Austria rules Lombardy.]
1754 * * Corsica revolts against Genoa ;
it is led by Pasquale di Paoli. [1768.
Ceded to France by Genoa. 1794. To
England by Paoli.]
1773-96 Sardinia. Victor Amadeus
II. is king. [1796-1802. Charles Emman-
uel II. 1798-1814. Kings reside in Sar-
dinia.]
1790 * * Leopold I., Grand Duke of
Tuscany, becomes emperor (Leopold II.)
of the Holy Roman Empire.
1792 * * Fr. Nice is seized, and annexed
to France. [1814. Ceded to Sardinia.]
1796 * * Bonaparte forms the Trans-
padane repubUc (Lombardy).
May * Savoy and Nice ceded to France
(p. 713).
June 30. Milan is seized by the French.
[1796. Genoa is transformed into the
Ligurian republic]
1797 Feb. 19. The Pope cedes terri-
tory to France (p. 713).
May * Bonaparte forms the Cisalpine
repubhc, with French control.
It includes the possessions of Milan,
Mantua, Modena, Bergamo, Ferrara,
Bologna, Ravenna ; capital, Milan. It
absorbs the Cispadane and Transpadane
republics. [1798. Sept. * It receives a
new constitution. 1799. Abolished. 1800.
Restored.]
Oct. 17. Venice and Venetia are ceded
to Austria (p. 519).
1798 Feb. 15. Rome. Insurrectionists
proclaim a republic. [They adopt a
constitution imitating that of France.
1799. Nov. * Suppressed by the allies
and the Neapolitans, and the Pope re-
stored.]
Mar. 20. Rome. The French enter,
and proclaim the Roman RepubHc re-
vived. [1799. Sept. 30. The Neapoli-
tans recover the city. 1801. Restored to
the Pope.]
1799 Jan. 1. The French take pos-
session of Turin and the strong places
in Piedmont, and force the king tc
remove with his family to Sardinia.
Jan. 23. The French establish the Par-
thenopian RepubUc at Naples. [June *
Overthrown.]
1800* *The French expel the grand
duke, Ferdinand III., from Tuscany.
They organize Mont Blanc (Savoy) as a
department.
1801 Feb. * Napoleon dispossesses the
grand duke of Tuscany, and forms the
kingdom of Etruria (Tuscany), and
makes Louis I., Duke of Parma, its king.
[1803. Louis II. king.]
1802 Jan.* The Italian Republic is
formed (p. 715).
May 31. The French regain Milan.
1802-05 Victor Emmanuel I. is king
of Sardinia. [1802. June 4. He abdi-
cates. 1814-21. Restored. 1821. Mar. 13.
Abdicates.]
1805 Mar. 18. The Cisalpine Republic
is merged into the kingdom of Italy.
It comprises the Cisalpine Republic,
Venetia, Valtelline, the bishopric of
Trent, and the march of Ancona ; capi-
tal, Milan. Napoleon I. is proclaimed
king. [May 26. Crowned at Milan, the
capital. 1814. Abdicated.]
June 4. Genoa is incorporated with
France.
* * Napoleon makes Eugene Beauhar-
nias his viceroy of Italy.
Dec. 26. Venice ceded to Italy by Aus-
tria (p. 519). [1806. Jan. 1. Ratified.]
1806 * * The kingdoms of Naples and
Sicily are separated.
Feb. 6. Joseph Bonaparte is crowned
King of Naples (1806-08, p. 717). [1808.
June * Abdicates for the crown of Spain.
July 1-1815. Joachim Murat is king.]
1806-15 Ferdinand IV. (restored) is
King of Sicily. Sicily is practically a
separate kingdom under British protec-
tion.
Aug. 6. The Holy Roman Empire
ends (p. 717).
1808 May * Napoleon annexes Rome
to the kingdom of Italy as the second
city of the empire. [1808-14. Rome
annexed to France.]
* * Napoleon annexes to France the
grand duchy of Tuscany, and gives it
to his sister Eliza. [1814. Restored to
the Hapsburgs.]
1810 Feb. 17. The States of the
Church are annexed to France. [Gov-
erned by a commission.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1724-30 Rome. Benedict XIIL pro-
hibits lotteries. [173040. Sanctioned
by Clement XII.]
1799 June 29. Adm. Prince Caracciolo
is executed by order of Adm. Nelson.
1805 May 26. Napoleon Bonaparte
institutes the order of the Iron Cross
of Italy. [1814. Abolished. 1816. Feb.
12. Revived by the Emperor of Austria.]
1086 1813, * *-1855, Oct. 28.
ITALY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1814 Feb. 8. The French win on the
Mincio (p. 720).
Apr. 14. Genoa surrenders to the Eng-
lish and Sicilians.
/• 1815 Apr. 11. Joachim Murat, in-
vading Modena, is defeated.
[May 3. Austrians win at Tolentino
(p. 722). May 22. Naples taken. June
17. It surrenders to the British fleet.
Oct. 13. Murat is executed.]
1821 Mar.* Austrians subdue Na-
ples (p. 520).
1828 Mar. 7. Austrians defeat revo-
lutionists in Naples under Gen. Gugli-
elmo Pepe.
Aug. * The Austrians suppress an upris-
ing of the Carbonari, a secret society of
Republicans in Naples.
1831 * * Austrians aid in suppressing the
uprising of the Young Italy party in
Bologna ; also other insurrections. [1832.
Jan. * Papal troops enter Bologna (p.
520).]
1847 Mar. 23. Sardinians enter Mi-
lan (p. 520).
1848 May 15. The royal troops, aided
by lazzaroni, nearly annihilate a force
or Liberals and the National Guard at
Naples.
1848-49 War between A ustria and Sar-
dinia (p. 520).
1849 Apr. 3. Insurrectionists seize
Genoa, driving out the garrison.
Apr. 6. Sicily. The Neapolitans take
Catania by assault. [Apr. 23. Syracuse
surrenders to them. May 15. Palermo.]
Apr. 30. Rome. Tbe French expedition
to restore the Pope arrives. [ Kepulsed,
reenforced. July 2. Rome surrenders.
July 4. The French enter.] (P. 730.)
May 19. Garibaldi defeats the Neapol-
itans at Velletri. [Aug. 2. He escapes
with 300 men on fisning-vessels.]
1855 May * Gen. Alfonso Ferrero La
Marmora, with 10,000 men, joins the allies
in the Crimean war.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1813 Mar. 13, 14. Red snow and
hail with red dust fall in Tuscany. [Apr.
15. Red snow falls on Tonal and other
mountains.]
* * Gioachino Antonio Rossini writes the
opera II Tancredi. [1323. He has writ-
ten 20 operas. 1829. Guillaume Tell.]
1826 * * Leopoldo Nobili demonstrates
animal electricity.
1829± * * The accordion is invented at
Vienna.
1830 May 15. An extended shower of
red dust is observed in many places.
1834 Mar. 9. Rome is visited by a
snowfall, the first in 240 years.
1835 Apr. 29. Many villages in Cala-
bria and 1,000 lives are destroyed by an
earthquake.
[1851. Aug. 14. Another in South Italy
destroys 14,000 lives. 1857. Dec. 16. In Ca-
labria several towns and 10,000 lives are
destroyed. 1870. Oct. * Several villages are
destroyed. 1873. June 29. One in North
Italy. 1881. Mar. 4. One in South Italy;
loss, 289 houses and 1 14 lives. Mar. 15. An-
other. 1887. Feb. 23, 24. Destructive shocks.
1883. July-Aug. Shocks in Casamicciola
destroy several villages and 1,990 lives. 1891.
June* Northern Italy. J
1837 * * The Italian Association for
the advancement of science first meets
at Pisa.
1841 Feb. 22. A landslide in the com-
mune of Gregans destroys 113 lives.
1843-74 Giuseppe Verdi writes many
operas.
1849 Apr. 12. A. de Gasparis of Naples
discovers the asteroid Hygeia. [ 1850, May 1 1,
Parthenope; Nov. 2, Egema ; 1851, July 29,
Eunomia; 1852, Mar. 17, Psyche; Sept. 19,
Massaha; 1853, Apr. 5, Themis; 1861, Feb.
10, Ausonia ; Apr. 29, Hesperia ; 1865, Apr.
26, Beatrix.]
1855 May * A great eruption of Vesuvius
occurs. [1858, May * -June * destructive
eruption; 1861, Dec. * another; 1865, Feb. *
another; 1867, Nov. 12-68, Mar. * another;
1868, Oct. 8, another; 1872, Apr. 23-May 3±,
another; 60 persons perish. 1876 * * another
eruption. 1878. Sept. 30±. Another begins.
1892, June+- * Another.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1814 * * Verdi, Giuseppe, composer, born.
1815 * * Bossi, Giuseppe, painter, poet, A38.
Fanfani, Pietro, philologist, born.
Lanza, Giovanni, statesman, born.
Meli. Giovanni, poet, A75.
Prati, Giovanni, poet, senator, born.
1816 * * Paisiello, Giovanni, composer, A75.
1817 * * Bandiera, Attilio, patriot, born.
Mancini, PaBquale, statesman, born.
Sanctis, Francesco de, author, statesman, b.
Vera, Angusto, philosopher, born.
1818 * * Abamonti, Giuseppe, states., A59.
Appiani, Andrea, painter, A64.
Giuliani, Gianbattista, scholar, born.
Minghetti, Marco, statesman, born.
Secchi, Pietro Angelo, cl., astronomer, b.
Visconti, Emiro Quirino, archeologist, A67.
1819 * * Bandiera, Emilio, patriot, born.
Dandolo, Vincenzo, Count, chemist, A67.
Fagnani, Giuseppe, portrait painter, born.
Orsini, Felici, conspirator, born.
1820 Mar. 14. Victor Emmanuel (II. of
Sardinia), Ring of Italy, born.
1821 * * Bondi, Clemente, poet, A79.
Franchi, Ansonio (Cristoforo Bonavino), phi-
losopher, born.
Maistre, Joseph Marie de, Count, states., A67.
Kistori, Adelaide, Marchioness del Grillo,
actor, born.
1822 * * Arditi, Luigi, actor, born.
Canova, Antonio, sculptor, A65.
Farini, Carlo Luigi, statesman, author, born.
Rossi, Giovanni Battista de, archeologist, b.
Peruzzi, Ubaldino, statesman, born.
1823 * * Alboni, Marietta, singer, born.
Belzoni, Giovanni Battista, traveler, A45.
Pius VII., pope, A65.
1824* * Consalvi, Ercole, cardinal, states-
man, A67.
Victor Emmanuel I., Ring of Sardinia, A65.
1826 * * Ferdinand I. (IV. of Naples), Ring
of the Two Sicilies, A74.
Pepoli, Gioachino, Marquis, politician, born.
Salieri, Antonio, composer, A75.
Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio, astron., b.
1826 * * Breislak, Scipione, geologist, A78.
Donati , Giovanni Battista, astronomer, b.
Piazzi, Giuseppe, astronomer, A80.
1827 * * Azuni, Domenico Alberto, au., A78.
Foscolo, Ugo, poet, dram., essayist, A50.
Rosmini Carlo de, historian, A69.
Volta, Alessandro, physicist, A82.
1828 * * Cesari, Antonio, critic, trans., A78.
Monti, Vincenzo, poet, A75.
Nicotera, Giovanni, Baron, politician, born.
1829 * * Gioja, Melchiorre, economist, A62.
Graziani, Francesco, violinist, born.
Leo XII., pope, A69.
Rossi, Ernesto, actor, born.
1830* * Borghi-Mamio, Adelaide, contralto
singer, born.
Landi, Gasparo, painter, A74.
Plus VI II., pope, A69.
Salvini. Tommaso, tragedian, born.
1831 * * Longhi, Giuseppe, engraver, A 65.
1832 * * Clementi, Muzio, composer, A80.
Scarpa, Antonio, anatomist, A 85.
1833 * * Bartoli, Adolfo, cr'tic, historian, b.
Cagnola, Luigi, architect, ATI.
Morghen, Raffaello S., engraver, A75.
1834* * Aldini, Giovanni, natural philoso-
pher, A 72.
Cicognara, da, Conte, Leopoldo antiquarian,
A67.
1835 * * Bellini, Vincenzo, composer, A32.
1836* * Albrizzi, Isabella Teotochi, Countess
of, author, A66.
Francis II., Maria Leopoldo, Ring of the
Two Sicilies, born.
1837 * * Botta, Carlo, Giuseppe Guglielmo,
historian, A71.
Leopardi, Giacomo, Count, poet, A 39.
Zingarelli, Niccolo, composer, A85.
1838 * * Da Ponte, Lorenzo, poet, dram., A89.
1839 * * Gioja, Melchoir, economist, A72.
1840 Paganlni, Nicolo. violinist, A56.
1842 * * Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Z. S.,
composer, A82.
1843 * * Patti, Adelina Maria Clorindft, so-
prano singer, born.
Rosellini, lppolito, antiquarian, A43.
1844 * * Mar. 14. Humbert, Ring, born.
Bandiera, Attilio, patriot, A27.
Bandiera, Emilio, patriot, A25.
1845 * * Bosio, Francis Joseph, Baron, sculp-
tor, A76.
1846 * * Campanini, Italo. singer, born.
Crescentini, Girolamo, singer, A77.
Gregory XVI., pope, A81.
Inghirami, Francesco, archeologist, A74.
1848 * * Balbi, Adriano, geographer, A66.
Donizetti, Gaetano, composer, A50.
Giordani, Pietro, critic, A74.
Rossi, Pellegrino Luigi Odoardo, statesman,
A61.
1849 July 28. Charles Albert (Carlo Al-
berto Amadeo), Ring of Sardinia, A51.
Catalani, Angelica, singer, A70.
Mezzofantl, Giuseppe Gaspardo, cardl
nal, linguist, A75.
Ramorino, Girolamo Giovanni Pietro, A57.
Vaccai, or Vaccaj, Nicolo, composer, A58.
1850* * Giusti, Giuseppe, satirical poet, A41.
1851* * Spontini, Gasparo Luigi Pacifico,
composer, A77.
1852* * Gioberti,Vincenzo,phil.,states.,A51.
1853 * * Balbo, Cesare, Count, statesman,
writer, A 64.
Grossi, Tommaso, poet, A 62.
1854 * * Lambruschini, Luigi, cardinal, A78.
Mai, Angelo, cardinal, librarian, A72.
Melloni, Macedonio, savant, A53.
Pellico, Silvio, poet, A 66.
Pepe, Guglielmo, general, A75.
Rubini, Giovanni Battista, singer, A59.
Rossetti, Gabriele, poet, artist, critic, A71.
CHURCH.
1814 May 24. Rome. Pius VII. makes
a grand public entry, and is welcomed
to the papal throne. [Aug. 2. He rees-
tablishes the Inquisition. Aug. 7. Re-
stores the Jesuits. Sept. 25. Prohibits
secret societies (Freemasons).]
1815-17 Rome. Pius VII. annuls all
innovations, and arouses great opposi-
tion.
1816 June 29. Rome. Pius VII. issues
an edict against all Bible societies.
1823-29 Rome. Leo XII. is pope.
[1829-30,Pius VIII. ; 1831-46, Gregory XVI. ;
1846-78, Pius IX.]
1830 Dec* Rome. Gregory XVI. issues
a bull against the slave trade.
1838 * * The Campo Santo of Genoa as
a place of burial is begun.
Aug. 10. Rome. Gregory XVI., by a
decree, forbids the introduction of in-
fant schools into the Papal States.
1847* * Rome. The Knights of the
Holy Sepulcher are revived. [1868.
Reorganized.]
* * Rome. Pius IX. attemtps to reform
the discipline of the religious bodies.
1848 * * Rome. Pius IX. creates a high
council and a chamber of deputies for
limited legislation; he retains a full
veto power. [Apr. 29. He announces a
return to illiberal methods.]
* * The Jesuits are expelled from Sar-
dinia. [1860. From Sicily end Naples.
1873. From Italy.]
1849 Feb. 8. Rome. The temporal
power is abolished. (See State.)
July 15. Rome. The reestablishment of
papal authority is proclaimed. [Nov.
29. The Pope escapes in disguise. (See
State.) 1850. Apr. 13. Returns.]
1850 Sept. 24. Rome. Pius IX. estab-
lishes a hierarchy in England.
* * Rome. The Southern Baptists (U. S.
A.) open a mission.
1854 Dec. 8. Rome. Pius IX. decrees
the doctrine of the Immaculate Con-
ception of the Virgin Mary.
ITALY.
1813,* * -1855, Oct. 28. 1087
LETTERS.
1816-40 Biblioteca Italiana is issued at
Milan.
1818-20 Conciliator is issued at Milan.
1819 * * Giornale Arcadico is issued at
Rome.
1826 * * II Conte di Carmagnola, by Ales-
sandro Manzoui, appears. [1827, / pro-
mess i Sposi.]
1827 * * Operette morali, by Giacomo Leo-
pardi, appears. [1831, Canti.]
* * Antonio Foscarini, by Niccolini, ap-
pears. [1830, Giovanni da Procida; 1847,
Filippo Strozzi.]
1828 * * La Battaglice di Benevento, by
Francesco D. Guerrazzi, appears. [1851,
Apologia; 1854, Beatrice Cenci.]
1833-48 Progresso del Science is issued
at Naples.
1834 * * Giornale di Statistica is issued
at Palermo.
* * Storia del Reame di Neapoli dal 1734
al 1825, by Pietro Colletta, appears.
1835 * * On the Death of Francis I., by
Giuseppe Giusti, appears.
1837 * * Margherita Pusterla and Storia
Universale, by Cesare Cantu, appears.
[1854, Storia degli Italiani.]
1839 * * Politecnico is issued at Milan.
1842 * * Archivio Storico is issued.
1843 * * Del primato morale e civile degli
Italiana, by Vincenzo Gioberti, appears.
* * Speranze d' Italia, by Cesare Balbo,
appears.
1847 Dec. 26. V Opinion is issued at
Turin.
* * II Risorgimento is issued by Cavour.
1850 * * Revista Contemporanea is issued
at Turin.
* * Rome. Civilta Cattolica is issued.
1851 * * The Florence Dritto is issued.
* * Storia dei comuni Italiani, by Paolo
Emiliani Guidici, appears. [1855, Storia
delta Letteratura Italiana.]
1852 * * Revista Contemporanea is issued.
1853 May 10. The Pope prohibits the
circulation of Uncle Tom's Cabin iiiihe
papal dominions.
* * II Politecno is issued.
STATE.
1814 Jan. * Murat, King of Naples,
enters an alliance with Austria.
Jan. 23. The Italian kingdom ceases
with the overthrow of Napoleon ; au-
thority is restored to the Pope, who
returns to receive it.
1814-15 The Congress of Vienna.
It gives the duchies of Parma, Pia-
cenza, and Gustalla to the ex-empress,
Maria Louisa. The old dynasties are
restored in Italy on the downfall of
Napoleon. Piedmont, Nice, and Turin
are restored by France to Sardinia. The
Loinbard-Venetian kingdom is given to
Austria as a recompense for the loss of
her Flemish possessions (p. 721).
1814-46 Francis IV. is grand-duke of
Modena.
1815-25 Naples and Sicily are united.
Ferdinand I. (formerly Ferdinand IV.)
is King of the Two Sicilies.
1815 May 15. Joachim Murat, King
of Naples, declares war against Austria.
[Oct. 15. Murat is executed.]
* * Genoa is made a duchy, and annexed
to Sardinia.
1815-17 Rome. The papal government
attempts to annul all innovations.
It thereby provokes strong opposition.
[The Carbonari, favoring liberal govern-
ment, rapidly increase.]
1817 * * San Marino is confirmed to the
Pope.
1820 * * Sicily. A revolution in Pa-
lermo is suppressed.
July 15. The Carbonari, led by Gen.
Pepe, rise in Naples, and compel the
tyrannical king to promise a liberal
constitution. [Sept. 16. Suppressed.
1821. Mar. 23. Constitutional govern-
ment is overthrown.]
1821-31 Charles Felix is King of Sar-
dinia. (1821.) An insurrection is sup-
pressed by the aid of Austria.
1824 June 18-59 July 21. Leopold
II. is grand duke of Tuscany.
1825-30 Francis I. is King of the Two
Sicilies. [1830-59. Ferdinand II.]
1830 Jan. 24. Venice is declared a
free port.
1831 * * Francis IV., Grand Duke of
Parma, is expelled by his subjects. [Soon
restored by the Austrians. 1846. Jan.
21. Francis V. becomes grand duke.]
1832 i * * Giuseppe Mazzini founds the
Young Italy Party, having for its ob-
ject the unification of all Italy under
Republican rule. [1833. It rises in re-
volt at Bologna ; soon suppressed.]
1832-38 The French hold Ancona.
1837 * * The King of Sardinia promul-
gates a new code.
1844 July 25. The two patriots, At-
tilio and Emilio Bandiero, with 18 others,
are shot for attempting an insurrection
in Calabria.
1846 * * Rome. Pope Pius IX. ascends
the throne.
He institutes political reform, and aims
at the unification of Italy under papal
supremacy.
1847-48 Rome. Cardinal Giacomo An-
tonelli is president of the ministry for
the Pope. [1850i. Secretary of foreign
affairs.]
1847 * * Lucca is united to Tuscany.
* * Rome. The Pope proclaims amnesty,
authorizes a national guard, and the es-
tablishment of municipal institutions.
1848 Jan. 12. Sicily. A provisional in-
dependent government is proclaimed.
The oppressed people rise against
the king in Palermo. [Jan. 27. Also in
Naples.]
Jan. 29. The King of the Two Sicilies
grants a liberal constitution, and ap-
points a liberal ministry.
Feb. 7. Sicily. An insurrection in
Messina is subdued. [Apr. 13. The
Bourbon family is excluded by a decree.]
Feb. 15. The grand duke of Tuscany
grants a new constitution.
Mar. 22. Anti- Austrian insurrections
break out in Lombardy and Venice [hav-
ing the favor of the Pope and of the King
of Sardinia]. Milan revolts.
Mar. * The Republic of Venice is pro-
claimed by Daniele Manin, its provis-
ional president.
May 1. Rome. An insurrection is
caused by a refusal to declare war against
Austria. [June 12-15. Quelled by a
bombardment.]
June 28. Lombardy is incorporated
with Sardinia. [July 4. Venice also.]
Nov. 15. Rome. A republican insur-
rection breaks out.
The Pope having pronounced against the
Austrian war and the Italian alliance, his
minister, Count Pellegrini, is assassinated.
[The Pope escapes from the Republicans in
disguise.]
Nov. 20. Rome. A free constitution
is proclaimed. [Nov. 28. A provisional
government is formed, notwithstanding
the protests of the Pope.]
1849 Feb. 5. Rome. A constituent Na-
tional Assembly meets.
[Feb. 8. It deprives the Pope of temporal
power, adopts a republican form of govern-
ment, and [appoints a triumvirate to conduct
it, consisting of Giuseppe Mazzini, Armellini,
and Sam].
Feb. 9. Rome. The downfall of the
temporal power and the establishment
of the new republic are proclaimed.
[Feb. 18. The Pope appeals to the Cath-
olic powers. The republic of France
undertakes to restore the Pope.]
The grand duke of Tuscany flees from
his people : a provisional government is
established. [1850. July * Restored by
the Austrians.]
Feb. 11. Insurrectionists proclaim a
republic in Florence ; the grand duke
escapes.
* * An insurrection breaks out in Genoa.
Mar. 23. The defeated Charles Al-
bert, King of Sardinia, abdicates in
favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel.
July 4. Rome. The National Assem-
bly is dissolved.
Rome is restored to Pius I X. by the French ;
a French officer presents the keys. [J uly 15.
The Pope's authority is proclaimed. Aug. 3.
The Pope's commissioners assume the gov-
ernment relinquished by the French army.]
Aug. * The Lombard- Venetian king-
dom is again subject to Austria.
Aug. 9. Austria and Sardinia sign the
Peace of Milan.
1850 Apr. 9. Sardinia adopts a law
abolishing ecclesiastical jurisdictions.
1852 * * Count Cavour becomes prime
minister of Sardinia.
1853 Feb. 6.+ A revolt occurs at Mi-
lan ; the revolutionists are suppressed
and severely punished. [Aug. 13. Con-
spiracy at Rome ; 146 arrests are made.]
1855 Mar. 2. Sardinia passes a bill for
the suppression of convents, and with-
drawing state support from the clergy.
Oct. 28. The English and French am-
bassadors withdraw from Naples be-
cause of their unheeded protests against
the tyranny of the king. [1859. June*
Diplomatic relations resumed.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1815 Nov. 16-June * Naples suffers
by the plague.
1816 Aug. 8. The King of Naples pro-
hibits Freemason and other secret so-
cities.
1820 * * A Frenchman commits suicide
by throwing himself into the crater of
Vesuvius.
1837 * * The cities of Italy suffer by the
cholera. [1854. Again. 1865. Again.
1866. At Naples. 1867. In Italian cities.]
1848 Nov. 15. Rome. Count Rossi,
the Pope's minister of justice, is assas-
sinated.
1852 May* The Grand Duke of Tus-
cany inflicts rigorous imprisonment on
Rosa and Frau Madiai for reading the
Bible.
1854 Mar. 27. An assassin stabs
Charles III. at Parma.
May * The railway from Lusa to Turin is
opened. [1862. Nov. * Between Rome
and Naples. 1864. Nov. 4. Between
Turin and Florence.]
1088 1855, * *-1878, Dec. 28.
ITALY.
ARMY -NAVY.
1859 Apr. * - July * War : France and
Sardinia with Austria (pp. 524+, 734).
1860-61 Revolution ; the beginning of
United Italy (p. 734).
1860 * * Garibaldi's campaign for the
liberation of Italy from the King of
Naples.
[May 11. Garibaldi lands with a small
army at Marsala, Sicily. May 14. Abandons
his ships. May 15. With 2,000 men defeats
Gen. Landi with 3,600 at Calatafimi. May
27. Storms Palermo. May 31. Armistice.
■Tune 6. Palermo evacuated. July 20, 21.
WinsatMelazzo. July 21. Knters Messina.
Aug. 18. Lands at Melito on the main land.
Aug. 21. Takes Keggio. Sept. II. Gives up
the captured Neapolitan fleet to Sardinia.
Sept. 19, 21, Oct. 1. Wins at Volturno, near
Capua. Nov. 18. Garibaldi retires from the
Sardinian service. ]
May * French troops leave Italy.
Sept. 7. An insurrection breaks out in
the Papal States.
Sept. 11. Sardinian troops under Gens.
Enrico Cialdini and Manfredo Fanti en-
ter the Papal States.
rSept. 12. Gen. Fanti takes Pesaro. Sept.
14. Also Perugia, with 16(10 prisoners. Sept.
18. Gen. Cialdini defeats papal troops under
Marshal Lamorictere at ( 'astelndardo. Sept.
29. Ancona is taken. Oct. 4. Victor Emman-
uel assumes command of the army. Sardin-
ians enter Naples. Oct. 17. Win at Isernia.
Nov. '2. Take Capua. Nov. 3. Win at Ga-
rigliano. Also besiege Gaeta. 1861. Feb. 13.
It surrenders. Mar. 14. CivatelladelTronto,
the last of the Bourbon fortresses, surren-
ders. ]
1861 Feb. 28. Sicily. Gen. Cialdini
blockades the citadel of Messina. [Mar.
13. It surrenders.]
Sept. 15. Jose" Borges lands in Cala-
bria, but fails* to rouse a Bourbonist re-
action in favor of Francis II. [Dec. 8.
Taken and shot.]
Oct.+ * Skirmishes with brigands and
reactionists occur in South Italy.
1862 Aug. * Garibaldi attempts to se-
cure the freedom of Rome without the
approval of the king.
He embarks at Catania with a force of
volunteers, lands at Melito, Calabria.
[Aug. 29. Wounded and taken prisoner
in a skirmish with royal troops.]
1863 Oct. * The army of Italy, 250,000
strong, is organized.
1865 Nov.* A part of the French
force guarding the Pope leaves his do-
minions. [1866. Dec. 2-12. More leave
Rome.]
1866 June 16-July 22. Austro-
Prussian war: Italy is an ally of Prus-
sia (p. 822+ ).
Sept. 21. Sicily. Italian troops sup-
press an insurrection in Palermo.
1867 * * Garibaldi makes another [un-
successful] attempt to liberate Rome.
[Sept. -Oct. Garibaldian bands invade pa-
pal territories. Oct. 22. Rome. An insurrec-
tion is suppressed. Zouave barracks are
blown up. A state of siege is proclaimed.
Oct. 25. Garibaldi is defeated at Viterbo.
Oct. 26. Defeats Papal troops at Monte Ro-
tondo. Oct. 28. A French army arrives at
the port of Rome. Nov. 3. Garibaldi is de-
feated at Mentana by papal and French
troops. Nov. 4. Retreats into Italy. Nov.
25 i. He is sent to Caprera.]
1870 Aug. 8. Rome is entirely evacu-
ated by the French troops in conse-
quence of the disastrous war with Ger-
many.
[Sept. 12. Italian troops enter the Papal
States. Sept. 15 + . They occupy Civita Vec-
chia, the seaport of Rome. Sept. 17. The
Papal Zouaves in Rome refuse to surrender.
Sept. 20. The Zouaves make only a brief
resistance by order of the Pope ; the Italians
breach the walls and enter Rome, with a loss
of 22+ killed and 117 wounded; the Papal
troops lose 55 killed and wounded.]
1876 May 8. The ironclad Dailio is
launched.
[1876, July 10, The Dandolo ; 1880, Sept.
29, The Italia; 1883, Mar. 17, The Le-
panto; 1887, Jan. 25, The Castelfidardo ;
July 30, The Francisco Morosini; 1888,
Oct. 16, The Re Umberto.]
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1857 Aug. 31. The Mont Cenis
Tunnel is commenced. [1870. Dec. 2.
Completed. Length, 7J miles ; cost,
$13,000,000.]
1858 June 2. Dr. Giovanni Battista
Donati discovers [Donati's magnificent]
comet.
1865 May 14. A statue of Dante at
Ravenna is unveiled.
1870 Dec. 27+. Great overflow of the
Tiber.
1873 Nov. 8. A monument to Ca-
vour is inaugurated at Turin.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1855 * * Rosini, Giovanni, poet, novelist, A79.
Rosmjni-Serbati, Antonio, cl., philos., A58.
1856* * Cesare, Giuseppe Cavaliere di, his-
torian, A73.
1857 * * Manin, Daniele, statesman, patriot,
A53.
1858 * * Foresti, E. Felice, patriot, A65.
Lablanche, Luigi, singer, A67.
Orsini, Felice, conspirator, A37.
1859* * Codazzi, Agostino, explorer, geog-
rapher, A67.
1860 * * Borghesi, Bartolommeo, Count, nu-
mismatist, A79.
1861 * * Cavour, Count dl, Camillo Benso,
statesman, A 51.
1863 * * Amici, Giovanni Battista, physicist,
A79.
1864* * Fiorentino, Pier A ngelo, author, A58.
1865 * * Pasta, Giuditta, singer, A67.
1866 * * Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli d', states-
man, A 66.
Brofferio, Angelo, author, A64.
1867 * * Pacini, Giovanni, composer, A71.
1868* * Andrea, Girolamod', cardinal, A56.
Cicrogna, Emmanuele Antonio, author, A79.
Maochetti, Carlo, sculptor, A63.
Matteucci, Carlo, physiologist, A57.
Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio, composer, A76.
1869 Nov. 11. Victor Emmanuel, Ferdi-
nand, son of Prince Humbert, born.
1870 * * Berry, Duchesse de, Caroline Ferdl-
nande Louise, of Naples, A72.
Cibrario, Luigi, historian, A68.
Mercadante, Saverio, composer, A73.
1871* * Belgiojoso, Princess of, Christina
di Trivulzio, patriot, author, A63.
Laugier, Comte de Ce'sar de Bellecour, gen-
eral, author, A82.
1872 * * Giudici, Paolo Emiliano, hist., A60.
Mazzini, Giuseppe, patriot, A64.
1873* * Donati, Giovanni Battista, astrono-
mer, A47. '
Fagnani, Giuseppe, portrait painter, A54.
Guerrazzi, Francesco Domenico, politician,
author, A 68.
Manzoni, Alessandro, Count, writer, A89.
Rattazzi, Urbano, statesman, A63.
1876 * *Antonelli, Giacomo, cardinal,
statesman, A86.
Ferrari, Giuseppe, philosopher, A65.
1878 Jan. 9. Victor Emmanuel (II. of
Sardinia), first King of Italy, A58.
Pius IX., pope, A86.
Secchi, Pietro Angelo, cl., astronomer, A 60.
1862 * * A declaration against temporal
power is signed by 2,000± priests.
1864 Dec. 8. Pius IX. issues a syUa-
bus censuring 80 errors in religion, phi-
losophy, and politics. [1865. Sept. 30.
Also an allocution condemning secret
societies.]
1866 Mar. 19. Protestants are mas-
sacred at Barletta, Naples.
July 7. A bill to suppress monasteries
and confiscate certain Church properties
is passed.
1867 June 26. The canonization of
25 martyrs is attended by 599 bishops
and thousands of priests.
* *The Presbyterian Church South,
U. S. A., -opens a mission in Naples.
1869 Apr. 11. Home. Pius IX. cele-
brates a jubilee.
1869-70 Home. The Vatican Council.
(Dec. 8.) It opens: present, 6 archbish-
op-princes, 49 cardinals, 11 patriarchs, 680
archbishops and bishops, 28 abbots, 29 gene-
rals of orders. Total. 803. (1870. Apr. 24.)
New canons are issued. (Jilt 18.) The
infallibility of the Pope is promulgated as a
doctrine of the Church.
1870 Jan. 12. Home. Pius IX. by de-
cree condemns the Fenians. [Sept. 11.
He refuses the proffered sovereignty of
the Leonine City as a compromise.
Nov. 23. He excommunicates all per-
sons who have aided in the annexation
of Rome to Italy.]
1871 June 25. Home. The Pope's
jubilee is celebrated after 25 years of
dominion.
1873 Jan. 25. Home. The American
Protestant Church is dedicated. [Oct.
25. An Anglican Church.]
* * The Methodist Episcopal Church
(U. S. A.) opens a mission in Bologna.
Also in Florence. [1874, in Milan ; 1875,
in Perugia ; Dec, in Rome.]
1875 Feb. 9. Home. Pius IX. again
appears at St. Peter's after an absence
of four years.
* * The First Synod of the Italian Catho-
Hc Church meets at Naples.
1877 Feb. 20. Home. Leo XIII. is
elected pope. [1878. Mar. 3. Crowned.]
1878 Dec. 28. Home. Leo XIII. issues
an encyclical condemning communism,
socialism, and nihilism as fruits of the
Reformation.
LETTERS.
1855 * * Oazelta del Popolo is issued at
Turin.
1857 * * Home. The ancient Vatican
Codex of the Old and New Testament in
Greek is published.
1866 * * Nuova Antologia is issued.
1867 * * Annali di Mathematica is issued.
1869 * * Nuova Giornale Botanico issued .
1871 * * Archivio Veneto is issued.
1874 Jan. * The Academy of San Luca
is replaced by a new academy.
* * Archivio Storico Lombardo is issued.
1876 * * II Filangioni is issued.
* * Annali di Statiscica is issued.
CHURCH.
1860 Mar. 26. Home. Pius IX. ex-
communicates all abetting the rebel-
lion of the Papal States. [1861. June 9.
Issues a severe allocution against the
Italians.]
* * Home. Methodist mission opened.
STATE.
1857 Apr. * Bupture between Auitria
and Sardinia. [War follows.] (P. 525.)
1859 Apr. 27. Peaceful revolution
at Florence.
A provisional government is formed in Tus-
cany, with the King of Sardinia dictator, in
ITALY.
1855, * *-1878, Dec. 28. 1089
consequence of the grand duke's refusal of
an alliance with Sardinia. [Apr. 30. Dicta-
torship declined; command of the Tuscan
army accepted. July 21. The grand duke
abdicates.]
May 3. Peaceful revolution at Parma.
[June 15. At Modena. June * Insur-
rections break out in Komagna, at Bo-
logna, Ferrara, and Modena.]
May 22-60 Sept. 6. Francis II. is
King of theTwo Sicilies. [1860. Deposed.]
June 11. The fugitive, Francis V. of
Modena, establishes a regency at Ve-
rona. [June 13. Abolished, and a pro-
visional government is set up.]
July 12. Rome. The Pope appeals to
Europe against Sardinia.
Preliminaries of peace are signed with
Austria (p. 525). Sardinia gains Lombar-
dian territory. [The cities of Italy are
greatly agitated by the terms of the
peace, which restore Austrian author-
ity.]
July 21. Ferdinand IV. becomes
grand duke of Tuscany.
July* Marchese Alfonso Ferrero di La
Marmora is prime minister. [1864-66.
Again.]
* * The states of Tuscany, Modena, and
Parma, with the papal state of Ko-
magna, implore Victor Emmanuel to an-
nex them to his kingdom. Opposed by
the Pope.
Nov. 10. Switz. Peace of Zurich
signed (p. 525).
Dec. 7. A new constitution for Sardinia
is proclaimed.
Dec. 24. The province of Emilia is
formed by uniting Komagna, Modena,
and Parma. [1860. Mar. 14. They vote
by universal suffrage for union with
Sardinia.]
Mar. 16. Tuscany votes for union with
Sardinia. [Mar. 22. Decreed.]
1860 Mar. 24. Nice and Savoy an-
nexed to France (p. 735).
Mar. 28. Rome. The Pope excommu-
nicates all concerned in the rebellion of
his states.
Apr. * Sicily. Insurrections against
oppressive government break out in Pa-
lermo, Messina, and Catania.
May 18. The Sardinian government pro-
fesses disapproval of Garibaldi's ex-
pedition for the deliverance of Sicily.
[June 3. A provisional government is
formed at Palermo.]
June 26. Francis II. of Naples,
alarmed by the revolutionists, proclaims
amnesty and promises a liberal minis-
try. [July 2. Proclaims the reestab-
lishment of the constitution of 1848.]
July 30. The Neapolitans agree to
evacuate Sicily, only retaining the for-
tress of Messina.
Aug. 3. Sicily. A new constitution is
proclaimed.
Sept. 6. Francis II., the last King of
Naples and Sicily, is deposed.
[Sept. 8. Garibaldi assumes the dicta-
torship. Oct. 21. The Two Sicilies by
universal suffrage vote for union with
Sardinia. Vote, 432,054-667. Nov. 7. Vic-
tor Emmanuel enters Naples as king.]
Sept. 7. The people of Fossombrone ap-
peal to Sardinia for relief from the
papal troops, by whom they have been
subdued.
Sept. 28. Rome. The Pope issues an
allocution against France and Sardinia,
and appeals to Europe for promotion.
Nov. * The Marches vote for annexation
to Sardinia.
* * Urbino, Bologna, and Kavenna are
united to the kingdom of Italy.
1861 Feb. 18. The first Italian Parli-
ament meets.
[Mar. 17. It confers the title King of
Italy on Victor Emmanuel, King of Sar-
dinia. Apr. 15. The Pope protests
against the kingdom.]
Mar. 31. England recognizes the
kingdom of Italy. [June 24. Recog-
nized by France. Oct. 1. By Portugal.
1862. Mar. 1. By Prussia. July 3. By
Russia. 1865. June* By Spain.]
Oct. 13. The Italian kingdom is divided
into 59 prefectures.
1862 July 19. Sicily. Garibaldi calls
for volunteers under the watch-cry,
" Rome or death."
Aug. 19. Sicily. Garibaldi organizes
a provisional government in Catania,
although opposed by the king.
[Sept. 28. Garibaldi appeals to the
English people for aid, in the name of
liberty. Oct. 5. Amnesty is granted to
him and his followers.]
1863 Mar. 24-64 Sept. * Marco Min-
ghetti is prime minister. [1873-76.
Again.]
1864 Jan. * The moderate party are
victorious in the general election.
Sept. 15. France agrees to withdraw
her troops from Rome (p. 737).
Dec. 11. Florence is decreed to be the
capital of Italy. [Temporary.]
1865 Nov. 7. The Bank of Italy is
established.
Nov. 18. The new Parliament meets
in Florence.
Dec. * -66 Jan.* Rupture with
Russia.
1866 May 12. An alliance is entered
with Prussia.
June 18. War is declared against
Austria (p. 526).
July 3. Austria cedes Venetia to
France.
[Oct. 11. Transferred by France to
Italy. Oct. 21. Plebiscitum, 641,758 votes
for annexation, 69 against it.]
Oct. 3. Aust. Italy' and Austria sign
the Peace of Vienna. [Oct. 12. Rati-
fied.]
Oct. 11. Austria restores Mantua to
Italy.
Nov. 7. The king enters Venice.
1867 May^ * The kingdom surfers
financial embarrassment; the king
surrenders a part of his civil list for its
relief.
Oct. 27. Florence. The king issues a
proclamation against the Garibaldian
invasion of the Papal States. Riots
break out in many cities. [Oct. 30. The
revolution is suppressed. Dec. 5. Am-
nesty proclaimed at Florence.]
1868 Apr. 4. Florence. The Deputies
adopt the grist-tax after a debate last-
ing 21 days. [June * Adopted by the
Senate.]
1870 Mar. 24±. Republican upris-
ings in Pavia and other towns are sup-
pressed.
July 18. Florence. Neutrality in the
Franco-Prussian war is proclaimed.
Sept. 11. The Pope refuses to com-
promise.
The king offers the Holy See the sov-
ereignty of the Leonine City, containing
the Vatican, the Castle of St. Angelo, and
the Borgo district, with the retention of
his income.
Sept. 26. Rome. Cardinal Antonelli is-
sues a protest against the Italian occu-
pation of the Holy City.
Sept. 22. Rome. A provisional gov-
ernment is formed by 10,000 people
assembled in the Colosseum.
Oct. 2. Plebiscite of the Papal States :
133,681 votes for union with Italy, 1,507
against it.
Oct. 9. United Italy is accomplished ;
Rome and its territories are united to
the kingdom. [Oct. 19. Decree issued.]
Dec. 5. Rome. The Parliament meets;
Rome is declared the capital city. [1871.
July 1. The government is removed
to Rome. July 3. Inaugurated.]
1872 Mar. 27. San Marino enters a
convention with Italy.
1876 Mar.* -79* * Agosrino Depretis
is prime minister. [1881-86. Again.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1859 Jan. 30. Prince Napoleon
Jerome marries the Princess Clotilde.
Mar. 7. Poerio and 66 companions rise
when being conveyed as exiles to North
America, seize the vessel, and sail for
Cork, Ireland. [The English subscribe
£10,000 in their aid.]
1860 * * Sicily. Secret terrorists called
Mafia commit many murders ; the so-
ciety becomes prominent.
1862 Mar.-Apr.* Garibaldi makes a
triumphant progress through Italy ; he
establishes many rifle-clubs.
Sept. 27. The Princess Maria Pia by
proxy is married to the King of Por-
tugal.
-4865 May 14. A Dante festival is
opened at Florence by the king.
1865 J vine 21. A cable telegraph line
is opened between Marsala, Sicily, and
La Calle, Algeria.
1868 Feb. 20. The order of the Crown
of Italy is instituted.
Apr. 22. Prince Humbert is married
to his cousin, Margherita at Turin.
Apr.+ * Brigands abound in South Italy.
[1872. Revived.]
June 15. The railway over Mont Cenis
is opened ; length, 48 miles. [1871. Oct.
16. Opened for traffic]
1870 Dec. 31. Much suffering is caused
by an inundation of the Tiber. [1872.
Also by the inundation of the Po.]
1874-75 The Government makes vigor-
ous efforts to suppress the disorderly
Mafia and their enemies, the Ca-
morra. [1875. Oct. 2. Capraro, the
chief of brigands, is killed.]
1877 Mar. * The work of improving
the Tiber and making a new port is
commenced.
June * -Nov. * The brigands are nearly
exterminated. [1878. Revived in South
Italy.]
1878 May 31. The draining and plant-
ing of the Campagna is authorized.
Nov. 17. Giovanni Passanante, an in-
ternationalist, attempts to assassinate
the king, whom he wounds.
1090 1879, * *-1894, Dec. 27.
ITALY.
ARMY — NAVY.
1887-04 War with Abyssinia (p. 2).
1890 Sept. 20. A new ironclad is
launched, the largest in the nary.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1883 Jan. 21. Rome. An International
Exhibition of Fine Arts opens. [1887.
May 2. Another at Venice.]
1889 June 9. A statue of Giordano
Bruno (burned in 1600) is unveiled in
Venice.
1890 Sept. 20. A statue of Victor
Emmanuel is unveiled at Florence.
1892 Sept. 28. A statue of Mazzini is
unveiled at Carrara.
BIRTHS— DEATHS.
1879 * * Fanfani, Pietro, philologist, A64.
1880* * Ricasoli, Bettino, Baron, statesman,
A71.
1881* * Pepoli, Gioachino, Marquis, politi-
cian, A56.
1882 * * Garibaldi, Giuseppe, patriot, A75.
Lanza, Giovanni, statesman, A61.
1883 * * Mario, Giuseppe, singer, A73.
Giuliani, Giambattista, scholar, A66.
1885 * * Mamiani, Terenzio della Rovere,
Count, philosopher, A83.
Vera, Augusto, philosopher, A68.
1886 * * Minghetti, Marco, statesman, A68.
1887 July 29. Depretis, Agosto, prime
minister, A79.
1889 * * Amari, Michele, historian, A83.
Pattl, Carlotta. singer, A49.
Tamberlik, Enrico, singer, A 69.
1891 June lO. Curci, Carlo Maria, theolo-
gian, A81.
Sept. 9. Peruzzi, Ubaldino, statesman,A70.
1892 Jan. 14. Simeoni. Giovanni, cardi-
nal, statesman, A76.
Sept. 8. Cialdini, Enrico, Duke of Gaeta,
general, diplomatist, A81.
1894 June 13. Nicotera, Giovanni, Baron,
politician, A56.
Dec. 27. Francis II., last King of Naples,
or the Two Sicilies, A 48.
Alboni, Marietta, singer, A71.
CHURCH.
1888 Jan. 1-5. Rome. The Pope's
grand jubilee is celebrated by masses
at St. Peter's ; present, 48 cardinals, 238
archbishops and bishops, and 30,000±
laymen.
1891* *The Evangelical Alliance
holds its ninth anniversary in Florence.
1892 Jan. 4. Leo XIII. accepts the
terms proposed by France for concilia-
tion between the Vatican and the king-
dom.
1894 Dec. 17. Rome. Leo XIII. cele-
brates mass ; 15,000 persons present.
LETTERS.
1879 * * Nuova Revista internazionale is
issued.
1880 Jan. 1. Rome. Aurora, a papal
daily newspaper is issued.
June * New Italy and old Zealots, by
Rev. Carlo Maria Curci, appears.
1881 * * La Ressagna Italiana is issued.
1882 * * Archivio Trentico is issued.
1883 * * Giornale storio della Letteratura
Italiana is issued.
* * Giornale degli Eruditi is issued.
* * Annuario di Giurisprudenza is issued.
* * Revue Internationale is issued.
1884 * * Revista storica Italiana is issued.
* * La Natura is issued.
STATE.
1881 Dec. * The suffrage is extended
to all who can read and write ; minority
representation is provided for.
1884 Nov. 28. Twenty-one new mem-
bers are added to the Senate.
1887 Mar. 13. A treaty of alliance for
defense is signed with Austria-Hungary
and Germany (Dreibund).
Aug. * -91 Feb. 1. Francesco Crispi
is prime minister.
1888 June * Capital punishment is
abolished by the Chambers.
1889 May 8. A treaty is signed with
Abyssinia (p. 2). [Nov. 11. A protecto-
rate is declared (p. 3)].
1890 May 5. The Senate passes the
Charities Bill, providing for church ex-
penses, and averts the resignation of the
Ministry.
Nov. 30. Rome. A general amnesty is
promulgated.
1891 Feb. 2-92 May 6. Marquis
A. di Budini is premier.
Mar. 15. Rome. The Baron de Fava,
minister to Washington, is instructed to
earnestly protest against the action of
the anti-Italian mob in New Orleans.
[Mar. 16. President Harrison's regrets
are received.]
June 29. The Triple Alliance (Drei-
bund) is renewed for six years ; it guar-
antees the integrity of each nation.
1892 Apr. 16. Baron de Fava is or-
dered to resume his diplomatic post at
Washington.
May 10. Signor Giollitti is premier.
1893 Jan. 20. Rome. Premier Giol-
litti presents a report to the chamber of
Deputies respecting the bank scandal.
[1894. Flees to escape arrest.]
Nov. 23. Many prominent men are in-
volved in the bank scandal, which is re-
ported to the Assembly by a commission.
[Nov. 25. The bank scandal causes the
resignation of the Cabinet.]
Dec. 15+. Rome. Francesco Crispi is
premier.
1894 Jan. 4. A state of siege is de-
clared in Sicily because of the anti-tax
agitation. [Jan. 17. Also in Carrara
and Mussa de Carrara.]
Feb. 18. Rome. A democratic con-
gress meets, having 67 delegates, who
oppose governmental despotism.
July 11. Rome. The Chamber passes a
bill to suppress theoretical propaganda
of anarchy. [July 16. The Senate.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1881 Mar. 23. A fire panic occurs in
the opera-house at Nice ; 70+ lives are
lost.
1882 May 21, 22. The St. Gothard
railway,6etween Lucerne and Milan, is
opened.
1883 Jan. 31. Rome. An international
Fine Arts Exhibition is opened.
1884. Jan. 5. Rome. Victor Emman-
uel's body is removed to the Pantheon.
* * The Asiatic cholera appears in Italy.
[1886. Again. 1893. Again.]
1889 Feb. 8+. Rome. Rioters destroy
an immense amount of property ; 30 per-
sons are injured.
1890 Apr. 18. The Italian East Africa
Company is organized.
1891 Mar. 17. The Utopia sinks after
a collision in Gibraltar Bay ; 500 Italians
are drowned.
May+ * Testimony in a trial at Bari
shows that the Mala Vita brigands sen-
tence persons to death and execute them.
May 15. The police arrest 16 anar-
chists, having plans for the pillage and
destruction of banks and other proper-
ties.
May 31+. The International Peace
Congress meets at Milan. [1892. Nov.
3. At Rome.]
1893 Jan. 19. Rome. Dynamiters
twice attempt to blow up a hotel crowded
with people, causing only slight damages.
Apr. 22. Rome. The 25th anniversary
of the king's marriage is celebrated with
general festivity.
July 12. Over 200 Senators and Deputies
are charged with complicity in the Banca
Romana scandal.
[Oct. 23. An investigating committee
reports to the Deputies, and criticizes
many prominent men ; 13 nobles and 30
Deputies are implicated, also Premier
Giollitti. 1894. May 2. Trial begins.]
Oct. * Sicily. The Government declares
martial law for extermination of bri-
gandage.
Nov. 30. Rome. The Credit Mobilier
suspends payments ; a panic follows.
[Dec. 13. The Banca Komana suspends.]
Dec. 18. Sicily. Anti-tax riots break
out. [Dec. 24. 1894. Jan. 3+. Again.]
1894 Mar. 8. Rome. A bomb explo-
sion injures eight persons.
June 16. Rome. An anarchist fires two
bullets at Premier Crispi while riding,
both missing the mark.
July 20. The prisons are full of anar-
chists awaiting trial.
JAPAN.
The empire of Japan consists chiefly of four islands, Honshu, Yesso, Shikoku, and Kiushiu, with about 4,000 near-by islands,
and the more remote Liukiu and Kurile and Bonin groups ; capital, Tokyo. The government is a limited monarchy, with the
legislative power lodged in a Parliament composed of two houses, a House of Peers and a House of Representatives. Shinto
and Buddhism are the chief religions. Area, 147,655 square miles. Population in 1891, 40,453,461.
ARMY — NAVY.
1150-85 a. d. The Minamoto clans
nearly annihilate the Taira clans in a
civil war. [1156-59. War for the posses-
sion of the emperor's person.]
1274-81 Mongols attempt to conquer
Japan.
(1274.) A Chinese expedition of 10,000
men is repulsed.
(1281.) An expedition of 100,000 Chi-
nese and Koreans is defeated.
JAPAN. 660 * * b. c. -a. d. 1853, July 7. 1091
1331 * * A revolt, caused by the ill-treat-
ment of the mikado by the H6jd ; it is
led by Kusunoki -Masashige and Nitta
Yoshisada, descendants of the Mina-
moto clan. [1336. Kioty is taken.]
1333 * * Nitta Yoshisada attacks and de-
stroys Kamakura.
1560 * * Ota Nobunaga defeats Yoshi-
moto in a feudal war.
1570 * * The united forces of Nobunaga,
Sokugawa, Iyeyasu, and Yoshiaki defeat
Yoshikage at the battle of Anagawa.
1592 * * The Koreans utterly defeat a
Japanese invasion. [1597. Another in-
vasion defeats a Chinese fleet, but soon
evacuates Korea.] (P. 614+ . See Korea.)
1600 * * Battle of Sekigahara ; Iyeyasu
decisively defeats and subdues his ene-
mies.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1108* *Isono Zenji, "the mother of
the drama," flourishes. [1624. The first
theater in Japan is opened at Yeddo.]
1703 * * Yeddo is almost ruined by an
earthquake; 200,000 lives lost. [1855.
Nov. 11. Again.]
CHURCH.
552 * * Buddhism is introduced from
Korea.
1549 * * Francis Xavier carries the gos-
pel to Japan. [1553. More Roman Catho-
lic missionaries arrive. 1582. Perse-
cution begins.]
1582 * * Japanese Christians number
200,000, with three baptized daimios.
1585 * * The Japanese Christians send a
mission to the Papal See, headed by
three noblemen. [1590. General perse-
cution of Christians begins. Four
Franciscan monks arrive.]
1593* * Hideyoshi seizes nine mission-
aries, and burns them at Nagasaki.
[1597. Feb. 5. Six Franciscans, three
Jesuits, and 17 other Christians are cru-
cified. 1598. Christians have a respite.
1600. Iyeyasu decrees the expulsion
of foreigners. 1610. 200 missionaries
and 2,000,000 converts are reported.]
1611* * Persecution again begins;
Christians exalt their religion by their
fortitude ; princess, nobles, men, women,
and children suffer heroically.
1614 * * Thousands of native Christians
flee to China and Formosa.
1624 * * Father Sotelo, papal legate, is
put to death.
1637 * * Revolt at Shimabara.
Thousands of Christians and others
seize and repair an old castle in Kiushiu,
and there withstand the siege of the
armies during two months; 27,000
prisoners surrender, most of whom are
sent into exile, but many hundreds are
executed by decapitation and drowning.
SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS.
1280 * * A. D. Japan is visited by Marco
Polo, the Venetian traveler.
1533 * * Ota Nobunaga, nobleman, war-
rior, born.
1535 * * Japan is visited by Mendez
Pinto, a Portuguese. [His countrymen
soon obtain permission to make a set-
tlement.]
1600* *The Dutch first trade with
Japan. [1612. The English come. 1690.
Engelbert Kampf er, the German trav-
eler, comes.]
1717-44 During the reign of Yoshimune,
a free hospital is established at Yeddo.
The sugar-cane is introduced.
1805* *Takato Ogi, minister, born.
[1877. Dies.]
1829 * * Juzammi T. Okubo, statesman,
born.
1837 * * Skighenobu Okumo, statesman,
scholar, born.
1844* *Kinsho Mitsukuri, Secretary
Council, born.
1852 Nov. 3. Mutsu Hito, Mikado,
born.
STATE.
660-585 B. c. Jimmu Tenno, the first
mikado, reigns ; he leads hither invaders
from Asia, and establishes a dynasty
[which continues till now].
97-30 B.C. Sujin, the 10th mikado,
reigns. He promotes civilization, and
opens intercourse with Korea.
71-130 A. d. Keiko reigns.
131* * Yamato-Dake reigns; annexes
Koanto.
201* *Chinai, the 14th mikado, dies,
and is succeeded by his wife, Jingu-Kogo.
She subdues Korea, and enters diplo-
matic relations with China.
270-310 Ojin, a warlike mikado, reigns.
500+ * * History becomes authentic.
603 * * The government is divided into
eight great administrative departments
and a number of smaller ones. [The
court nobility conduct the departments.]
* * * The people are divided into two
classes, the agricultural and the military.
* * *The Fujiwara nobility gradually
acquire all the civil offices ; the Hei and
Gen families (Taira or Minamoto) fill the
military offices.
8th-12th Century. The Taira and Mina-
moto clans struggle for supremacy ; the
emperors are puppets of the dominant
faction.
794* * Kyoto becomes the capital.
1160-81 Taira no Kiyomori is prime
minister.
1160+. * *The exiled Minamoto estab-
lish a realm under Yoritomo and Yoshit-
sune in tho Koanto plain ; Kamakura,
capital.
1181 * * Kiyomori dies ; the rival clans
renew civil war.
1185-1219 Minamoto supremacy.
1192 * * The Mikado Takahira appoints
Yoritoma generalissimo of the empire.
He extends the realm by conquests,
and makes Kamakura the metropolitan
city [and later the capital].
1199 * * Yoritomo dies, and is succeeded
by his sons, Yoriiye" and Sanetomo.
[1219. The death of Sanetomo closes the
main line of the Minamoto family.]
1225-1575 The H6j6 family, favoring
the Minamoto line, hold the military
administration ; the office of shogun,
or general, is conferred on various mem-
bers of the Fujiwara family.
1250± * * The shoguns become the
"Mayors of the Palace," who conduct
the military and civil government, while
the mikado serves in spiritual functions.
1319-38 The Mikado Go-Daigo reigns.
133 1-92 Two rival courts, the northern
and southern, dispute the succession.
(See Army.) It is settled by an agree-
ment that the mikados shall be taken
alternately from each house. [The north-
ern branch at Kyoto survives only a few
generations.]
1336-1573 The Asbikaga shoguns rule
Japan.
15th Century. Civil wars devastate
Japan.
1510+ * * The Later H6j6 family role
for four generations ; capital, Odawara.
1558-88 Oki-Machi reigns as mikado ;
Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Togugawa rise
to power as great men.
1560+ * * Yoshiake is shogun. [Dis-
possessed by Yoshikage. Reinstated by
Nobunaga.]
1573-82 Nobunaga is shogun.
He favors Christianity and opposes
Buddhists, capturing their fortified
temples. (1582.) Revolt. Nabunaga com-
mits suicide.
1582-92 Hideyoshi, the shogun, (?)
subdues the revolt.
[1582-98. He is shogun. 1588. He de-
crees the expulsion or the Jesuits (inop-
erative).]
1598* * Hideyoshi dies; Tokugawa
Iyeyasu is regent for his infant son.
[1603. Iyeyasu becomes shogun. He
favors education and foreign intercourse,
and removes the capital from Kamakura
to Yeddo. 1614. He decrees the isola-
tion of Japan from the world.]
1603-68 The Tokugawa shoguns rule.
[Some of the shoguns assume the title
Tai-kun, or Tycoon, " High Prince."]
1605 * * Iyeyasu resigns his title to bis
son Hidetada [but retains power till
death, in 1616. He leaves a code of laws].
1620 * * Hidetada sends a messenger to
Europe to study Christianity. [The sho-
gun opposes his favorable report of it,
and forbids its introduction.]
1630-43 Too-Fuku-no-in, daughter of
the Mikado Go-mino-o, and the daughter
of the shogun Hidetada, succeed to the
throne as Miosho-Tenno.
1653 * * Iyemitsu becomes shogun.
He opposes Christians and closes Japan
against foreigners ; only the Chinese and
the Dutch are allowed to trade at Na-
gasaki. [1649. He dies.]
1637* *The Christians at Shimabara
revolt. (See Church.)
1650-81 Iyetsuna is shogun. Yeddo in-
creases in importance.
1681-1708 Tsunayoski is shogun. He
is a scholar, and favors learning.
1717-44 Yoshimune is 6hogun, and
rules with great ability. The criminal
code is revised. Hygienic information
is distributed throughout the empire.
1744 * * Population, 26,080,000 people.
1763-70 An empress is on the mikado's
throne.
1763-86 Iyeharu is shogun.
1780-1816 Kohaku is mikado.
The Dutch gain great commercial in-
fluence j the Russians fail in attempting
to gain intercourse.
1787-1838 Iyenori is shogun. [1838-53,
Iyeyoshi ; 1853-59, Iyesada. 1859. Sept.
16. Dies.]
1817-46 Ninko is mikado. [1846-66,
Komei-Tenno.]
1853 July 7. Com. Perry, U.S.N.,
enters the harbor of Yeddo with four
vessels, and is favorably received after
using his big guns.
1092 1859, July *-1894, Dec. 20. JAPAN.
ARMY — NAVY.
1863 July 15-19. Some English,
French, and American vessels bombard
the forts and ships of the Prince of
Negato, in retaliating an attack on Nov.
15-19, 1862.
Aug. 15. Adm. Kuper bombards Kago-
shima in retaliating the lire of batteries.
1868* *-69 June* War between the
mikado and Keiki, the ex-shogun.
(1868. Jan. 26-30.) Rebels defeated.
(May 10-17.) Rebels victorious at Fu-
shimo, near Yeddo.
1883 July 23. Korea. Anti-Japanese
riots (p. 1094).
1894 Feb. * -Apr. * The anti-Korea
party makes an unsuccessful insurrec-
tion.
Aug. 2-95 Mar. * War with China
(p. 626).
July 23. Korea. The Chinese faction
Are on the Japanese guards at the capi-
tal ; the Japanese occupy the palace
and oust their enemies.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1888 July 15-18. A volcanic erup-
tion destroys 400 lives at Sho-Bandai-
San. [1889. Apr. 13-14. Another oc-
curs on Ishima Island ; 170 persons are
killed.]
1889 June 2. Chang Ping and Ping
Yueng districts are flooded by a water-
spout ; 6,000 lives are lost.
Aug. * The town of Kumamoto is de-
stroyed by an earthquake ; nearly 38,000
lives are lost.
Aug. 19. The Kinogawa River bursts
its banks in the province of Kii ; 15,000
lives are lost.
Aug. 30. Floods in Wahayama destroy
10,000 lives.
Sept. 11. Besides terrible floods and
landslides, a typhoon sweeps over Yoko-
hama.
In Wakayama alone 1,238 lives are
lost : 82,777 persons are immediately de-
pendent on charity.
1891 Oct. 28. An earthquake on the
Nippon islands kills 10,000 people. [Dec.
6. Several rivers are choked by land-
slides caused by an earthquake.]
1893 Nov. 13. Floods drown 1,500 per-
sons.
1894 Oct. 22. Several villages are de-
stroyed by lava from the volcano of
Galoengong, in the Preang district.
CHURCH.
1859 Nov.* Presbyterians (IJ. S. A.) open
a mission at Kanagawa, near Yokohama.
[1862. Removed to Yokohama. 1869. One
at Kanagawa.]
Dec. 29. The Reformed (IT. S. A.) mission-
aries arrive. [1872. Organize a church at
Kaigan.]
1860 Apr. 1. American Baptists arrive.
[1872. At Yokohama open a mission. 1873.
Organize a church there. 1874. Open at
Tokyo. 1876. Organize a church there. 1881.
Open at Kobe. 1884, At Sendai; 1886, At
Shimonoseke; 1887, At Merioka.]
1881 * * The London Society open a hospi-
tal at Nagarkoil.
1869 Nov. 29. Missionaries of the Amer-
ican Board arrive. [Open work at Kobe.
1872. Mar. 10. There form a church ; open
in Yokohama. 1873. Form churchesat Kobe
and Osaka. 1875. Nov.* At Kiota. 1883.
Open at Niigata.}
* * "JTokoi Heishiro. counselor of the mikado,
is suspected of holding "evil opinions
(Christianity), and assassinated.
* * Missionaries of the (Eng.) Church Society
arrive.
1870* * R u a s i a n (Greek) missionaries
arrive.
1871 * * Goble's version of St. Matthew is
published; it is the first complete book of
the Bible in Japanese. [1880. The New
Testament. 1884. The entire Japanese
version of the Bible appears.]
1872* * The Government abolishes the de-
partment of religion having Shinto as its
especial care.
1873* * The Methodist Episcopal Church
(U. S. A.) begins mission-work. [1874, at
Hirosaki; 1876, at Nagasaki; 1884. Bible wo-
men's training-school, Yokohama, founded.
1885. Philander Smith's Biblical Institute
and Theological School at Tokyo founded. ]
* * Tokyo. The first native church is formed.
* * The Methodist Church of Canada opens
work at Shidzuoka.
* * The Society for the Propagation of the
Oospel opens work at Tokyo.
1874 * * •• The United Church of Christ in
Japan ' ' is formed by the union of the United
Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Pres-
byterian Church (North) U. S. A., with the
Reformed Church of Japan.
* * The United Presbyterian Church of
Scotland opens a mission at Tokyo.
* * The Chinese Missionary Society opens
a mission at Hokodato.
1876 * * The Evangelical Association (TJ.
S. A.) opens mission-work.
1877 * * The Cumberland Presbyterians
(U.S.A.) begin mission-work. 1887. Open
a mission at Nagoya.
* * The Society for the Promotion of Female
Education in the East enters Japan.
1879* * English Baptists send missionaries
to Japan.
* * The Reformed (German) Church (U. S. A.)
sends missionaries to Japan. [1884. May *
Form a church at Nihon Bashi. 1885. Open
at Sendai.]
1880 * * The Methodist Protestant Church
( U. S. A. ) sends missionaries to Japan. [ 1883.
Also the Disciples of Christ. The Christian
Society open at Akita and Sponai.]
1884 Aug. 11. The Government disestab-
lishes the national religion ; promises tol-
eration for all religions.
1885 * * The Society of Friends begin mis-
sion-work. Also the Southern Presbyterians
(U. S. A.). [1887. They open at Kochi and
Nagoya.]
* * German pastors arrive to preach " liberal
theology."
1886 * * The Southern Methodists (U. S. A.)
open at Kobe.
1887* *The Christian Church (U. S. A.)
opens missions at Tokyo, Ishinomoki, and
Ichisokaki.
1888 * * The Wyclif CoUege mission of
Canada opens. The American Unitarians
begin work.
1889 * * The Roman Catholics at Kiushiu
number 40,538.
1890* * The American Universallsts begin
mission-work at Tokyo.
SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS.
1859 July * Certain ports are opened
to foreigners.
* * Yokohama is an insignificant fishing-
place.
1862 June 27. Foreign Ministers
transfer their residence from Yeddo
to Yokohama.
1866 Nov. 26. Yokohama and much
of the European settlement are de-
stroyed by fire.
1867 Apr. 25. TheGovernment opens
Yeddo and other places to trade.
1872 June 12. The first railway is
opened ; it connects Yokokama with
Tokyo. [Oct.* Extended to Shinogawa.]
* * A public library is founded at Tokyo.
1873 * * The University of Tokyo is es-
' tablished.
1874 Jan. 1. The Gregorian calen-
dar is adopted.
1878 May 17. Okubo, the Minister of
the Interior, is killed by six men who are
actuated by political motives.
1880 * * One year's production of alco-
holic liquids : ordinary sake, 200,603,360
gallons ; turbid sake, 2,519,760 gallons ;
white sake, 60,000 gallons ; sweet sake
for corking, 1,542,760 gallons ; liquor,
144,600 gallons ; spirits, 3,348,320 gallons.
1882 * * The Government has established
53,760 primary schools; compulsory
education has been established.
1884 Jan. * - Sept. * Cholera causes
37,000 deaths.
Sept. * A new order of hereditary no-
bility is instituted.
1885 * * A Japanese dictionary in Ro-
man characters appears.
* * Alphabetical writing in place of ideo-
graphic is adopted through the agency
of the Roma-ji-Rai, or Roman Alphabet
Association.
1887 Dec. 6. Shimadju Saburo, ex-
Prince of Satsuma, dies. .
1889 Apr. * The mikado opens the In-
ternational Exhibition at Yokohama.
1887 * * Western dress and habits are
introduced by the Count Ito, the prime
minister.
1889 Feb. 14. Viscount Arm or i,
Minister of Education, is assassinated
at Tokyo by a fanatic.
1890 May * The mikado institutes the
Order of the Golden Falcon, in commem-
oration of the 2555th coronation of Jim-
mu Tenno.
June* The failure of the rice crop
causes thousands of people in Tokyo and
other large cities in Japan to suffer for
the want of food. One nobleman is feed-
ing 1,000 people a day at his own expense.
1891 May 11. At a resort near Kyoto
the Czarewitch of Russia is attacked
by a native with a sword and slightly
injured.
1894 Mar. * The Japanese begin to re-
gard Sunday as a day of rest. The clos-
ing of government establishments inau-
gurates the custom in Japan. Business
is nearly suspended in Tokyo on the
Sabbath.
Dec. 14. Four hundred dynamite bombs
are seized at the homes of three alleged
rebels, arrested at Kyoto.
STATE.
1854 Mar. 31. A treaty is made with
the United States (p. 175). [Oct. 14. An-
other with Great Britain. 1855. Jan.
26. With Russia and France. 1858.
Aug. 19. Another for unrestricted com-
merce with Russia.]
1859 * * A reaction occurs against the
treaties made with foreigners ; the court
at Tokyo and the mikado oppose them ;
the shogun is assassinated.
1859-66 Iyemochi Is shogun. [1866. Sept.
* Dies.]
1860 May 14+. An embassy visits the
United States. [1862. Apr. 13+. An-
other visits Paris and London.]
1863 June 24. It is announced that the
ports opened according to treaty terms
will be closed.
Aug.* Japanisforced to pay $100,000 in-
demnity for outrages committed by na-
tives on foreigners.
1864 Sept. 4-6. The combined Amer-
ican, Dutch, and French fleets make a
successful naval demonstration to
force Japan to abide by the treaties.
[Japan pays an indemnity to the foreign
powers amounting to $3,000,000, of which
$785,000 goes to the United States. 1883.
Feb. * U. S. A. The House of Represen-
tatives votes to repay the indemnity.]
1865 Nov. 25. Japan ratifies treaties
with England, France, United States.
and other powers.
JAPAN.
1859, July *-1894, Dec. 20. 1093
1866-68 Keiki is [the last] shogun.
[1868. Nov. 19. He resigns.]
1867 Feb. 13. Mutsu Hito succeeds
his father as mikado.
* * Treaty with China.
1868 Jan. 1. Osaka and Niogo are
opened to commerce.
Jan. 3. The dual government by mi-
kado and shogun is ended by a procla-
mation ; the mikado resumes entire au-
thority. [A prolonged rebellion follows.]
1869 Nov. * The capital is transferred
from Kyoto to Yeddo, and the name of
the city changed from Yeddo to Tokyo.
1870* *Mutsu Hito welcomes for-
eigners to Japan.
1871 * * Feudalism is abolished.
The titled nobility become private cit-
izens, a code of criminal law is issued,
postal service established [and railroads
and telegraphs follow].
* * Embassies are sent to the United
States and to Europe.
1874 Aug. 18. China demands that
the Japanese withdraw from Formosa,
and threatens war. [Japanese with-
draw under British persuasion. Oct. 31.
A treaty is signed.]
* * Japan annexes the Liukiu Islands.
1875 Apr. 14. The mikado decrees a
new constitution, providing for two
chambers and other reforms. [June 20.
He opens a parliament of state officials,
nominated by himself.]
1877 Feb. * -Oct. * Bebellion of the
Satsuma clans.
The daimios are effectually over-
thrown. Money is provided by the issue
of irredeemable paper currency.
1878 * * Local elective government is
extended. The elective franchise is ex-
tended to all male citizens 21 years of
age who pay a land tax of $5.00.
1881 * * Japan negotiates with treaty
powers to secure a higher tariff and the
abolition of the privilege afforded for-
eigners of living under the jurisdiction
of courts of their own countries.
1883 * * Japan decides to open all its
ports to foreign trade, with mixed tri-
bunals.
1889 Feb. 11. The mikado promul-
gates a new constitution.
It provides for a House of Peers and ji
House of Commons of 300 members. Suf-
frage is limited to men 26 years of age
who pay $25 in taxes. Liberty in religion
and freedom of speech are provided.
June 6. Japan enters atreaty with Mex-
ico. [Aug. 8. With Russia.]
Oct. 9. Nine non-treaty ports are opened
to commerce.
1890 Apr. 21. A new civil code is
formulated.
July 9. First election for the House of
Peers ; 22 farmers, 15 merchants, and
only one noble are elected.
Nov. 29. Tokyo. The first Japanese Par-
liament opens.
1891 Dec. 29. Tokyo. An imperial de-
cree dissolves the Parliament because
of Its opposition. [1892. May 6. A new
one meets. 1893. Dec. 31. Dissolved by
decree.]
1893 Apr. 11. Spain is excited over
the seizure of the Pelew Islands by
Japan.
1894 Aug. 3. War is declared against
China.
It grows out of the occupancy of Korea
by both parties ; the Chinese faction op-
pose the introduction of reforms in
Korea.
Aug. 25. Japan ratifies a new treaty
with Great Britain. [Sept. 11. It signs
a treaty of alliance with Korea.]
Oct. 19. Parliament meets in special
session to consider the war question.
[Oct. 21. One hundred million yen are
appropriated for the war.]
Nov. 22. A new treaty is made with the
United States.
Nov. 29. Japan declines to receive any
Chinese envoy, except one directly
credited by the government.
Dec. 20. China sends an envoy to Japan
to sue for peace. Japan demands the
cession of the conquered territory and
four hundred million yen.
KONGO FREE STATE.
This State lies chiefly in the interior of Africa, but connects with the coast by a strip of country on the left bank of the
Kongo. All nations and religions have equal privileges. An administrator at Boma conducts the government for the King of
Belgium, who is the sovereign of Kongo State. Estimated area, 900,000 square miles ; estimated population, 14,000,000.
STATE — MISCELLANEOUS.
1816* * James H. Tuckey's English expedi-
tion explores the Zaire River [Kongo] as far
as the highest rapids. [1826. Capt. Owen's
English expedition surveys 25 miles of the
[Kongo]. 1841. The Portuguese discover
the mouths of the Kongo, and claim the terri-
tory. 1857. Dr. Adolf Bastian, a German,
reaches Sao Salvador ; Capt. Hunt ascends
the [Kongo] as far as the cataracts. 1863.
Sir Richard F. Burton reaches the cataracts,
and advances to Banza Noki. ]
1827-29 Jean Baptiste Douville, a French-
man, dwells in [Kongo].
1872-73 Vernon L. Cameron (Eng.) is the
first to cross the continent from east to west,
arriving at Loanda.
1873 Mar. * Lieut. Grady's Livingstone re-
lief expedition leaves Ambriz. [Mar. 23. Ar-
rives at Bembe. May 15. Arrives at Kongo.
It ascends the Kongo a distance, and returns
with -tidings of Livingstone's death.]
1875 * * Capt. Von Homeyer's German expe-
dition explores the lower Kongo.
1876-77 Henry M. Stanley reports the
survey of Lake Tanganyika ; he identi-
fies the Lualaba, and descends it, finally
reaching the Atlantic.
* * Belg. Leopold II., King of Belgium,
assembles a Congress of African ex-
plorers. [It proposes the regeneration
of Africa.]
1879-80 Stanley explores the Kongo
basin under the auspices of the Interna-
tional African Association. He lays the
foundation of the Kongo Free State.
1880 * * Dr. Paul Pogge and Lieut, von Wiss-
mann discover new regions near the conflu-
ence of the Kassai and Lulua. Wissmann
crosses the continent to Zanzibar.
1881 * * Stanley founds Leopoldville,
and places a steamer on the Upper
Kongo. [1882. Aug. 14. He opens a
trade route with four stations on the
great river.]
1883 Jan. * By the disinterested benev-
olence of the King of Belgium, settle-
ments have been planted in Kongo.
Great Britain becomes jealous, and
partly recognizes Portuguese rights
to the territory. [Later, modifies the
recognition.]
* * Capt. "Wissmann with a Belgian ex-
pedition visits Lubuku ; founds Lulu-
burg and Luebo.
Summer. Sir F. Goldsmid's (Expedi-
tion) African Association starts for the
interior.
July 12. Stanley reports 12 stations
formed, and 4,500 miles of navigation
opened in the development of Kongo.
Nov. 5. Portugal claims the mouths
of the Kongo. [1885. Jan. 15. Occupies
them.]
1884 Apr. 9. The International Afri-
can Association reports 30 stations
formed ; Capt. Strauch, the president,
suppresses the slave-trade. [June *
Francis de Winters is appointed admin-
istrator-general. ]
May * - June * Kongo is formed into a
federal state.
Nov. 15+. Berlin. A conference of
the nations of Christendom meets under
the presidency of Bismarck to form the
Kongo Free State. It provides for free
trade.
1885 Aug. 6-t. King Leopold II.
takes the title of independent sover-
eign of the Kongo State.
1886 Apr. * Berlin. An International
Conference is held.
1889 May 25 ±. A Portugal-Kongo
treaty is signed. Portugal receives new
territory on the west coast ; most of the
Kongo State claims are allowed.
Aug. 2. Belg. King Leopold II. be-
queaths to Belgium all his sovereign
rights. [1890. July 3. He gives to Bel-
gium the right to annex Kongo State at
any time within ten years.]
1890 Jan.± * Work begins on the
Kongo railway for passing the rapids.
[1893. Dec. 4. Opened for 24 miles. 1898.
Fully opened.]
July 27. Portugal notifies the powers
of her exclusive rights over the mouths
of the Kongo.
Aug. 9. The Kongo State annexes a
large southern district. [Eleven prov-
inces are laid out.]
1892 * * Arabs on the Upper Kongo rise,
and massacre the government troops.
[1894. The slave traders are crushed.]
1094 1877,**-1890,*
KONGO FREE STATE.
CHURCH.
1877 * * The English Baptists establish mis-
sions on the Upper and Lower Kongo. [1878.
Mission opened at Sao Salvador. 1888. Eight
stations and 24 workers reported.]
* * The London Society opens a mission on
Lake Tanganyika and at Fwamboon on the
mainland. Steamer Good News is launched. J
1878 * * The Livingstone Inland mission
(English) opens a station at Banana. [1881.
The steamer Livingstone is launched. 1883.
Opens at Leopoldville; opens a station at
Equator. 1884. Sept. 9. Its seven stations
and 25 missionaries are transferred to the
American Baptists.]
1884* * American Baptists begin mission-
work. (See item above.) [Nov. 24. Launch
steamer Henry Reid.]
1885 * * The Baptist General Association
(colored; U. S. A.) opens a mission on the
Kongo.
1888* * Frederick S. Arnot opens his mis-
sion in the southeast.
* * Belgian Roman Catholics open a mission at
Kwa-mouth, on the Upper Kongo.
1889 * * Bishop Wm. Taylor (Methodist Epis-
copal, U. S. A.) opens a mission at Lueba.
Aug. * The East London Institute opens its
Balolo mission. [1890. It launches the
Pioneer.]
1890 * * The Presbyterian Chnrch South (U.
S. A.) prospects for a mission-site.
* * The Roman Catholics report a mission at
Boma and Banana.
KOREA.
Korea is a peninsular kingdom of Eastern Asia, bordering China on the northeast. The government is an absolute monarchy,
and formerly tributary to China. The chief religions are Buddhism and Confucianism. Estimated area, 82,000 square miles ;
estimated population, 10,500,000.
ARMY — NAVY.
109* * a. d. The Chinese conquer
northern Korea.
201-269 Reign of Jingu-Kogo in Japan;
she leads an army which subdues the
Koreans.
1597 * * The Japanese Emperor Taiko-
Sama invades Korea with 163,000 men.
Although supported by two Chinese
kings, with 100,000 horsemen, the Kore-
ans are repeatedly defeated, and three-
fourths of their country is occupied.
[1598. Evacuated.] (P. 614.)
1867 * * The United States sends Com.
Schufeldt to remonstrate because of the
burning of American vessels ; he obtains
no satisfaction.
1870* *Adm. Rogers, U.S.N., ascends
the river, silences the forts, but fails to
communicate directly with the govern-
ment, and retires.
1875+ * * The Koreans attack the Jap-
anese gunboat in violation of treaty.
1888 * * A fanatical outbreak against
foreigners occurs at the capital, Seoul.
1890 July 15. Rear-Adm. Belknap
(C S. N.) withdraws the protecting ma-
rines from the king's palace at Seoul.
1894 July* -95 Mar.* "War between
China and Japan caused by the ques-
tion of suzerainty over Korea (p. 626).
CHURCH.
1784* * Ni-tek-tso, aroused by a Chinese
work on the Christian religion, sends an
embassy to China for more information. A
Catholic mission is established. [1831. A
vicar apostolic arrives.]
1866 * * All the missionaries, with other
Europeans, are expelled.
1884* *Dr. R. 8. Maclay, of the Japan
Methodist Episcopal Conference,'opens a mis-
sion. [Dr. H. N. Allen becomes the first
resident Protestant missionary. The Ameri-
can Presbyterians open a mission at Seoul.]
1886* * Persecutions begin; nine French
and a number of native Christians are be-
headed.
Oct. * Foreign residents at Seoul organize a
Union Christian Church.
1888 * * The Society for the Evangelization
of Korea, of Toronto, Can., opens a mission.
* * The Government issues an edict forbid-
ding the teaching or preaching of Christian-
ity. [ Unenforced. ]
1889 * * The Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel opens a mission.
STATE — MISCELLANEOUS.
1122 * * b. c. Korea appears for the
first time in Chinese history ; Viscovint
Ke seeks asylum here.
67-30 B. c. The Japanese open inter-
course with Korea.
1392 * * a. d. A revolution is caused
by the fall of the Mongolian dynasty in
China ; Tai-tso, or Li-tan, becomes ruler
of the country [and founds the dynasty
of Tsi-tsien].
1506-44 Siong-Siong rules. He carries
on a successful war with Japan.
1615 * * A treaty of peace is signed with
Japan.
Korea is to pay a tribute, and the Jap-
anese are to retain the fort of Kusan-
kai ; the Korean king must send an em-
bassy to China to announce his accession.
1636 * * The Koreans adopt the policy of
complete isolation.
1874 Oct. 31. A convention is arranged
with the Japanese.
1876+ * * Treaty with Japan.
Japan acknowledges the independence
of Korea, which agrees to allow a Jap-
anese resident at the capital ; three ports
are opened to Japanese trade.
1882 May 7. Four ports are opened
to commerce by treaty with the United
States and China.
Sept.± * The king is reinstated.
1883 * * A treaty is signed with the
United States. [Nov. 26. Another with
Great Britain. 1884. Treaties made
with Great Britain, Germany, Italy, and
Russia are ratified.]
July 23. An insurrection breaks out
against the foreigners, and 11 of the
Japanese legation are killed.
1884 Feb. 28. Telegraphic cable line
is opened from Nagasaki to Fusan and
the rest of the world.
Dec. 1. An attempt is made to assassi-
nate the king ; a riot is in progress and
a battle ensues.
Dec. 4-6. A ii anti-foreigner insurrec-
tion of Koreans and Chinese arises ; the
king is attacked, and his Ministry mas-
sacred.
Dec. 13±. Japan intervenes, and peace
is restored.
1885 Feb. * Japan and China accept
foreign mediation.
May 7. A treaty is signed by which the
troops of Japan and China are with-
drawn.
1886 * * A treaty is made with France.
* * Cholera becomes epidemic ; 1,000 per-
sons are carried off daily.
1887 Dec. * China issues a proclama-
tion reasserting her claims to Korea.
1888 May * Korea attempts to estab-
lish independent diplomatic relations
with foreign countries. [Aug. 8. A
treaty is entered with Russia.]
1889 Jan. 5. China claims supremacy.
June 23. Russians occupy Dear Island
as a coaling and naval depot.
MADAGASCAR.
Madagascar is a large island in the Indian Ocean; capital Antananarivo. The government is administered by the French,
the language, Malagasy, and the state religion, Christianity. The Hovas are the leading tribe. Area, 228,500 square miles;
estimated population, 3,500,000.
CHURCH.
1540 * * The Portuguese undertake to en-
slave and Christianize the natives.
1811 * * Roman Catholic priests labor for
the natives.
1818 * * The London Society opens a mis-
sion. [1863, Isandra opened; 1867, Isotry;
1868, Tsovina and Faravohitra; 1869, Illan-
gina and Imandandriana.]
1832 * * The queen forbids the baptism of
converts.
1835 Feb. 6. Notification is given that re-
ligious meetings are prohibited among the
natives. [Mar. 1. Native Christians are ter-
rorized. 1837. More than 1,000 Christians
have been martyred. 1839-42. Astonishing
accession of converts amid persecutions.
1849. Persecutors kill 2,000 Christians. 1857.
Persecution renewed with great terror.]
1864 * * The Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel (Eng.) sends out missionaries.
[1884. Mahanoro opened.]
1866 * * Norwegian missionaries arrive at
Antananarivo. [1870, Menandona opened;
1878, Fianarantsoa.]
1868* * English Friends send missionaries.
[1888. Mandridrano opened.]
1869 Feb. 81. The queen and her hus-
band are baptized. [July * She begins a
memorial church. Sept. 8. All the national
idols are burned.]
1872 Dec. * Eng. Henry Rowley is conse-
crated bishop of Madagascar. [1874. R.
Kestell-Cornish. ]
1889 * * Roman Catholics report 84,000 ad-
herents. Protestant missions, 56,539 commu-
nicants.
MADAGASCAR. 1506, * *-1885, Dec. 20. 1095
STATE — MISCELLANEOUS.
1506 * * The Portuguese make explora-
tions. [Settle.]
1548 * * Natives massacre the Portu-
guese. [1615. Again.]
1642 * * The French plant a colony.
[1669. They destroy a Portuguese settle-
ment. 1754. Another French settle-
ment, soon broken up by a massacre.
1774. They settle at Antongel Bay.]
1810-11 The British take Fort Dauphin
from the French.
1810 * * Young Radma becomes king.
[1817. Feb. 4. Makes a treaty with the
English, and agrees to abolish export
slavery.]
2818 * * The French cede their settle-
ments to him.
1828 * * Raboda, one of the king's wives,
usurps the throne as Ranavalona I.
The queen kills all her near relatives
as rivals. [1831-34. She kills 25,000 sub-
jects, and sells 50,000 women and youth
as slaves.]
1845 June * A French and English
expedition makes an unsuccessful at-
tack on Tamatave. [1855. Oct. 19. The
French try again and fail.]
1861 Aug. 18. Prince Rakoto is en-
throned on the death of his mother ; he
proclaims equal protection and religious
toleration.
1862 Sept. 12. Treaties signed with
Great Britain and France. [1865. Again
with Great Britain.]
1863 May* Revolution: The king and
his ministers are assassinated, and Ra-
soherina reigns.
1867 Apr. 1. Ranavalona H. reigns.
1873 * * Slavery is prohibited. [1877.
Again.]
1879 * * Land disputes occur with the
French.
1882 July *- Aug. * France claims a
protectorate over the northwest, by vir-
t\ie of a treaty made with a rebel chief
in 1840-41. [Dec. 23. An embassy visits
Paris, but accomplishes nothing.]
1883 Mar. 14±. Treaty with the
United States. [May 15. Another with
Germany.]
May 24. The French bombard and capture
Majunga. [June 11. Bombard Tamatave.
June 13. Taken. French ultimatum rejected.
June * Tenoarino destroyed. Sept. 22. Ma-
hanoro bombarded. Sept. * Hovas retake
French posts except Najunga. Dec. 2. Ho-
vas severely defeated. Sept. 28±. Indecisive
battle.]
July 13. Razafindrahety reigns as Ra-
navalona TTT.
1885 Dec. 20. A treaty with France
is signed. It concedes partial French
control of foreign affairs and £400,000
indemnity.
MEXICO.
Mexico is a federal republic in the southern part of North America ; capital, Mexico. It comprises 27 states, one federal
district, and two territories. The chief executive is a President, and the legislative authority is lodged in a Congress, having 54
members in the Senate, and 227 in the House of Representatives. The popular language is Spanish, and the chief religion is
Roman Catholic. Area, 757,760 square miles ; estimated population in 1893, 11,984,483.
Note. — For the earliest history and the conquest by Cortez, see America.
ARMY — NAVY.
1810-11 First war of the revolution
against Spain, led by Miguel Hidalgo y
Costilla
(Oct. 30.) Hidalgo defeats the Span-
iards at Truxillo. (Nov. 7.) He is de-
feated by Felix Maria Calleja del Rey
nearQueretaro. (1811. Jan. 17.) Again
at the Bridge of Calderon. (Jan. *).
Hidalgo resigns and retires to the United
States. (Mar. 21.) Captured. (July 27.)
Tried and shot.
181 1-13 Jose" Maria Moreloa y Pavon,
a priest, continues the revolt.
(Feb. 17-May 2.) Morelos is besieged
by Calieja at Cuautla, but finally escapes
with his army. (1813.) He is repeatedly
defeated. [1815. Nov. 15. Captured.
Dec. 22. Shot.]
1817 Apr. * Francisco Javier Mina
lands a foreign expedition at Tamau-
lipas in aid of the patriots. [Oct. 27. He
is surprised, captured, and shot, after
many successes.]
1817-21 The patriots continue a guer-
rilla war against the Spanish.
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
* * * Early history, see America.
1500+ * * Ixtlilxochitl, chief of Tezcuco, b.
1568+ * * Ixtlilxochitl, Ferdinand de Alva
Cortes, historian, born. [1648. Dies.]
1600?* * Alarcon y Mendoza, Don Juan
Ruiz de, poet, born. [1639. Dies.]
1651 * * Cruz, Juana Ines de la, poet, born.
[1695. Dies.]
1620 * * Clavigero, Francisco Xavier (Sa-
verio), historian, born. [1787. Dies.]
1731* * Landiver, Rafael, poet, b. [1793. D.]
1750 * * Calleja del Rey, Felix Maria, gen-
eral, born. [1820. Dies.]
1753 * * Hidalgo y Costella, Miguel, revolu-
tionist, born. [1811. Dies.]
1755 * * O'Donoju, Juan, general, viceroy,
born. [1821. Dies.]
1765 * * Morelos y Pavon, Jos6 Maria, clergy-
man, patriot, born. [1815. Dies.]
1774 * * Bustamente, Carlos Maria de, states-
man, historian, born. [1848. Dies.]
1780* * Alvarez, Juan, general, president,
born. [1867. Dies.]
Bustamente, Anastasio, general, president,
born. [1855. Dies.]
1783* * Guerrero, Vicente, gen., b. [1831. D.]
Iturbide, Augustin de, emperor, b. [1824. I).]
1789 * * Barragan, Miguel, general, presi-
dent, born. [1835. Dies.]
Mina, Francisco Javier, patriot, general,
born. [1817. Dies.]
Victoria, Guadalupe (Juan Felix Fernandez),
general, president, born. [1843. Dies.]
1790* * Bravo, Nicolas, gen., b. [1854. D.]
* * Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano, general,
president, born. [1849. Dies.]
1792* * Herrera, Jos6 Joaquin de, general,
president, born. [1854. Dies.]
1 795 * * Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, presi-
dent, general, born. [1876. Dies.]
1801 * * King, Austin A., governor of Mexico,
born. [1870. Dies.]
1802 * * Arista, Mariano, general, president,
born. [1855. Dies.]
1806 * * Juarez, Benito Pablo, president,
born. [1872. Dies.]
1811 * * Comonfort, Ignacio, president, born.
[1863. Dies.]
1812* * Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno, gen-
eral, born. [1869. Dies.]
+. Mejici, Tomas, Indian general, born.
[1867. Dies.]
1814 * * Lerdo de Tejada, Miguel, politician,
author, born. [1861. Dies.]
* * Mejia, Ignacio, statesman, born.
1816* * Orozco y Berra, Manuel, publicist,
author, born. [1881. Dies.]
1820 * * Marquez, Leonardo, general, born.
1823 * * Iglesias, Jos6 Maria, politician,
lawyer, author, born. [1867. Dies.]
STATE.
* * * For the early history, see America
(p. 11).
1375 * * The Aztecs elect Acamapichtli,
" chief of men." [He becomes the
founder of the Mexican Empire.]
1403 * * The Aztecs enthrone Huitzili-
huitl. [1414, Chimalpopoca ; 1427, Izco-
atzin ; 1440+, Montezumal. ; 1477,Tizoc ;
1486, Ahuizotl ; 1502, Montezuma II.]
1521 Aug. 13. Cortez makes Mexico
a Spanish province (p. 19).
1535 Oct. * -49 * * Antonio de Men-
doza is the first viceroy of New Spain
(Mexico).
1789 Oct. 17-94 May 15. Guemez
Pacheco de Padilla Horcasitas, Count of
Revillagigedo, is viceroy. The colony
has great prosperity.
1810 Sept. 16. Miguel Hidalgo y Cos-
tilla, a patriotic priest, proclaims a re-
volt against Spanish authority.
1810-11 First struggle for indepen-
dence.
1813 * * Yucatan declares for indepen-
dence.
Mar. 4-16 Sept. 19. Felix Maria Cal-
leja del Rey is viceroy.
1821 Feb. 24. Augustin de Iturbide
issues the manifesto, " Plan of Iguala,"
proposing the independence of Mexico
under a Spanish Bourbon prince. [Sev-
eral rebel leaders acquiesce, and force
the viceroy to resign.]
Aug. 24. Juan O'Donoju, acting viceroy,
signs a treaty with Iturbide, virtually
accepting the "Plan."
1822 May 18. Ferdinand VII. having
refused the crown of Mexico, Iturbide
proclaims himself emperor. [July 21.
Crowned.]
1823 * * Santa Anna proclaims a repub-
lic at Vera Cruz. [Iturbide is over-
thrown.]
1824 Apr. * -Oct. * A provisional gov-
ernment rules.
* * California becomes a part of Mexico.
Oct. 4. Mexico. A federal republic is
proclaimed. [Oct. 10. Guadalupe Vic-
toria is elected president.]
MISCELLANEOUS.
1790 * * An immense stone is found, en-
graved with the astronomical cycle of
the Aztecs.
1096 1825, * *-1894, Dec. 14.
MEXICO.
ARMY — NAVY.
1829 Sept.* A Spanish expedition
surrenders to the patriots.
1838 Mar. 31. The French demand
reparation for injuries inflicted on
French citizens, and are refused. [A
blockade follows. Dec. * An attack on
Vera Cruz is repulsed.]
1845-47 War with the United States
(p. 158 -)•
1858-60 Civil war between the Liberals
and the Clerical Party.
1860 Mar. 5. President Miramon bom-
bards Vera Cruz. [Mar. 12. Forced to
raise the siege. Aug. 10. Defeated by
Liberals. Dec. 22. Utterly defeated at
Oolpualpam by Benito Pablo Juarez.]
1861 Dee. 17. Vera Cruz surrenders
to a Spanish force sent by the allies.
[1862. Jan. * Invested by Mexicans.]
1862 Mar. * Revolt: Jos6 Amaldo
Marques rises against Juarez in favor
of the Spanish. Juarez puts Mexico in
a state of siege.
May * The Comte de Lorencez commands
a French force of invaders.
[May 5. Repulsed near Puebla. May
18. Defeated at Orizaba. June 13, 14.
Mexicans are defeated near Orizaba.
Aug. 28. 2,500 more French under Gen.
Forney arrive. 1863. Jan. 13. The
French evacuate Tampico. Feb. 24.
Advance on Mexico. May 18. Puebla
surrenders. Junes. Mexico is occupied
by Gen. Bazaine. Aug. 11. Keoccupy
Tampico. Oct. 1. He becomes com-
mander-in-chief. Dec. 24. San Luis Po-
tosi is occupied by Imperialists. 1864.
Dec. 17. They are defeated at San Predo.
1865. Feb. 9. Take Oaxaca. Apr. 2.
Gen. Diaz takes Puebla. Oct. 16. Im-
perialists shoot Juarist generals held as
prisoners. 1866. Jan. 4, 5. Americans
favoring Juarez cross the Rio Grande and
occupy Bagdad. Mar.* -May* Juarez
keeps up a guerrilla warfare. June 23,
24. Gen. Escobedo captures Matamoras
for Liberals. Aug. 1. Juarez takes Tam-
pico. 1867. Jan.-Mar. * The French sail
for France.]
1867 Feb. 19. Maximilian arrives
with an army at Queretaro.
[May 15. Captured in Queretaro. June
19. Maximilian and his generals, Miguel
Miramon and Tomas Mejia, are shot.
June 21. Juarez takes Mexico City after
a siege lasting 67 days. June 25. Vera
Cruz is surrendered.]
1871 Apr. 12+. Mexicans kill 40±
Americans who have crossed the boun-
dary line in pursuit of Indian depre-
dators.
1872 Apr. *-June* Civil war, caused
by the anti-Juarez party, led by Porflrio
Diaz.
(May 29). Insurgents are defeated at
Oaxaca. (June*) Again at Quinretaro.
[1867. Nov. 12. Diaz victorious at Tekoar.
1877. Feb. * He defeats Jose Maria
Iglesias. 1879. June 16+. He suppresses
an insurrection led by Gen. Negrete.]
1885 Dec. * An insurrection in Nuevo
Leon is suppressed. [1886. July * An-
other suppressed.]
1891 Sept. 20. Revolutionists under
Gen. Catarina Garcia are defeated near
Mier. [Many small encounters follow.]
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
1885 * * Lerdo de Tejada y Correal, Sebas-
tian, president, born. [1889. Dies.]
1827 * * Escoledo, Mariano, general, politi-
cian, born.
1830 * * Diaz, Porflrio, general, president, b.
1832 * * Garcia Cubas, Antonio, mathemati-
cian, geographer, born.
Maximilian, emperor, born. [1867. Dies.]
± Miramon, Miguel, general, b. [1867. D.]
1833 * * Gonzales, Manuel, president, born.
[1891. Dies.]
CHURCH.
1856 Mar. 31. Church property is
sequestrated. [1859. July 13. Confis-
cated.]
1857 * * A reformed church ia begun.
1861 * * Abbeys are suppressed.
1864 * * American Baptists begin mis-
sion-work.
1871 * * American Friends begin mis-
sion-work.
* * The Southern Methodists (U. S. A.)
open a mission on the Rio Grande. [1874.
At Monterey ; also the Border Mission.
1883. At Guadalajara. 1886. The Cen-
tral Mission Conference is organized.]
1872 * * The American Board (U. S. A .)
opens a mission at Guadalajara. [1873.
Jan. * At Mexico City ; 1874, at Mata-
moras ; 1882, at Chihuahua; 1883, at
Parral ; 1886, at Sonora; 1887, at Zita-
cuaro ; 1888, at Cosihuiriachic]
1873 * * The Methodists (North) U. S. A.
open amission in Mexico City, under Dr.
Wm. Butler.
* * The Southern Presbyterians (U. S.
A.) open a mission at San Luis Potosi.
[1881, Tampico.]
* * Presbyterians (U. S. A.) open a mis-
sion at Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi.
[1876, San Miguel del Mezquital ; 1884, at
Guerrero and at Saltillo.]
1873-75 Roman Catholics persecute
Protestants ; some are murdered.
1886* *The Cumberland Presbyte-
rians (U. S. A.) begin mission-work.
[1888. Open a mission at Aguas Ca-
lientes.]
STATE.
1828 * * Manuel Gomez Pedraza is
elected president. [Annulled. 1832, Doc.
26-33 Apr. 1. Again president.]
1829 Jan. 12. Vicente Guerrero is
elected president. [Dec. 23. Deposed by
Gen. Santa Anna.]
Mar. * The expulsion of the Spaniards
is decreed.
Dec. 4. A revolution arises. Anastasio
Bustamente becomes acting president.
[1833. Banished.]
1832 * * Santa Anna overthrows Busta-
mente.
1835 * * Santa Anna makes himself dic-
tator.
1836 Dec. 28. Spain recognizes the
independence of Mexico.
1837-41 Bustamente is again president-
[1841. Oct. * Forced to resign.]
1841 Oct. * -45 * * Santa Anna is pres-
ident. [1845. Deposed and exiled. 1846.
Dec. * Reinstated.]
1843 June 12. A new constitution is
proclaimed ; Santa Anna is practically
dictator.
1846 May* A boundary dispute
causes war with the United States (p.
163).
1851 Jan. 15-53 Jan. 6. Mariano
Arista is president. [Resigns.]
1853 Apr. * -55 Jan. * Santa Anna
is again elected president. [He assumes
dictatorial powers. Abdicates.]
1855 Jan. * -55 Dec. * Gen. Carera
is president. [1855. Dec. * Juan Al-
varez ; later, Ignacio Comonfort.]
1857 Feb. 5. A new constitution is
proclaimed.
1858 Jan. 11. The church party over-
throws the constitution, and forces
President Comonfort to retire.
Jan. 21-26. Gen. Zuloaga, a reactionist,
assumes authority. [1859. Feb. 2. Abdi-
cates.]
Feb. 11. Benito Pablo Juarez, presi-
dent of the Supreme Court, is declared
president by succession.
1858-60 Civil war.
1859 Feb. 2. Gen. Miguel Miramon
is declared president by the reactionist
faction. [Apr. 10. He obtains posses-
sion of the capital. 1860. May 1. De-
posed by Zuloaga, who assumes the office
himself. May 9. Arrested by Miramon .
Sept. * His injustice and tyranny cause
foreign Ministers to retire.]
1861 Jan. 19-65 Nov. 30. Juarez is
president. [June 30. Dictator by author-
ity of Congress. Dec. 15. Receives full
powers.]
Oct. 31. The British, French, and Span-
ish governments agree to a convention
for intervention in Mexico for the re-
dress of outrages and the payment of
bondholders.
1862 Feb. * The British and Spanish
governments disapprove of a project for
establishing Maximilian of Austria on
the throne of Mexico.
Apr. 16. France declares war against
Juarez'.
1863 May 31. The republican capital
is removed to San Luis Potosi. [1864,
Apr. 3. To Monterey.]
July * An imperial government is
formed by the opponents of Juarez.
July 6-10. An assembly of notables un-
der French influence agree to offer the
crown to Maximilian. [1864. Apr. 10.
He accepts it. June 2. Arrives at Mex-
ico.]
1864 Feb. 27. Gen. Santa Anna re-
turns from exile and accepts the empire.
[Mar. 2. Dismissed by the French.]
1865 Apr. 10. A new constitution is
promulgated.
Oct. 2. Maximilian decrees that all re-
sisting the empire shall be taken as ban-
dits and shot. [Very unpopular.]
Nov. * -Dec. * The United States, evolv-
ing from the Civil War, protests against
the French occupation of Mexico.
[1866. Feb. 12. It demands the with-
drawal of French troops. Apr. * Napo-
leon III. assents.]
1866 July 30. Maximilian, by a con-
vention, agrees to transfer the receipts
of custom to France.
Sept. * -Oct. * Three rival presidents,
Juarez, Ortega, and Santa Anna, are
supported by their factions. [1867.
Three rivals again.]
1867 June 19. Maximilian is shot.
(See Army.)
June 21. The Republic is reestab-
lished. [Juarez acts as provisional
president.]
Dec. 25+. Mexico. Juarez, being elected
president, is inaugurated. [1871. Oct. *
Reelected.]
1868 Jan. * -Feb. * Yucatan and other
provinces revolt against Juarez. [1869.
At Puebla ; suppressed.]
1871 Aug. * -Oct. * Insurrections.
1872 July 18. Juarez dies. Sebastian
Lerdo di Tejaday, president of the Su-
preme Court, succeeds to the presidencv.
[1876. Dec. * Retires.]
MEXICO.
1825, * *-1894, Dec. 14. 1097
1876 Mar. * Gen. Diaz leads an insur-
rection. [Nov. 20. Assumes office as
provisional president. 1877. Feb. 18.
Gen. Iglesias makes rival claims.]
1877 Feb. 18. Gen. Porfirio Diaz is
elected president. [May 5-80 Dec. 1.
Rules. 1884-88. Again. 1888-92. Re-
elected ; rules.]
1880 Dec. 1-84 Dec. 1. Manuel
Gonzalez is president.
1884 Oct. * A federal constitution is
adopted.
1892 Feb.± * Gen. Garcia revolts.
1894 Dec. 3.4 . The Government adopts
severe measures against dueling.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1865 * * Emperor Maximilian institutes
the order of the Mexican Eagle.
1873 July 23. A railway connecting
Mexico and Vera Cruz is opened.
1886 Jan. 23. A. K. Cuthing, a Texan
editor, is imprisoned for libel. [Aug. 23.
Released.]
1889 Apr.* Mexican women at Socono
organize a branch of the Woman's Chris-
tian Temperance Union.
May * The ruins of a great city are found
in the forest near Palenque ; buildings
five stories high are well preserved.
June 6. Cave-dwellers are found in
Chihuahua having stone hatchets.
* * Mexico. Street-cars introduced.
1890 Apr. 12. Four men are shot for
attempting to kill President Diaz.
* * A great influx of Chinese alarms labor-
ing men.
1891 Feb. 8. Tin ore is found.
Oct. 10. A concession is granted for a
railway connecting Mexico with the
Pacific coast.
1893 * * Coal is discovered in three
states.
Dec. 31. Popocatepetl is in violent
eruption.
MONTENEGRO.
Montenegro is a principality of Southern Europe, slightly bordering the Adriatic Sea.
hereditary prince, who is practically absolute. The religion is that of the Greek Church,
population, 200,000+.
Capital, Cettinje. It is ruled by an
Estimated area, 3,630 square miles ;
1467* * Invasion of Turks. [1623. Again.
1714. Again ; the country wasted. 1768.
Again.]
1516 * * A theocratic government is
established under a prince-bishop elected
by the people. [1697. Ends.]
1697* * Petrovicht Nyegush is en-
throned ; to nominate his successor,
subject to popular approval.
1796 * * The Turks are defeated, and
Montenegrin independence is virtually
established under Pietro I. [1830. Oct. *
Pietro II. rules. 1851, Danilo 1; 1860,
Nov. 8, Nicolas.]
1820 ** Invasion of Turks. [1832.
Again. 1852. Distracting skirmishes.]
1834 * * The press is introduced. [1870.
The first newspaper issued.]
1851 * * Only one school in Montenegro.
1852-53 War with Turkey (p. 000).
[1858. War renewed.]
1853 Feb. 15. Peace by mediation.
1876-78 Russo-Turkish war.
1878 Mar. 3. Independence by
treaty. (See Turkey.)
July 13. Montenegro made indepen-
dent. A seaport given by Treaty of
Berlin (p. 831.)
1879 * * A state council of eight mem-
bers introduced.
MOROCCO.
Morocco is a country in Northwestern Africa, having capitals at Fez, Morocco, and Mequinez. The government is absolute,
and the religion is chiefly Mohammedan. Estimated area, 219,000 square miles ; the estimates of population vary from 3,000,000
to 9,400,000.
429 * * The country is conquered by the
Vandals. [533-534. By Belisa'rius.
1051. By the Almoravides for Egypt.
1269. By the Beni-Merin princes.]
670+ * * Moosa etablishes Mohammed-
ism. The Arabs first appear.
1050+ * * The Almoravides dynasty.
[1121+ , the Amohades ; 1270+ , the Meli-
nites ; 1510+, the Sherifs; 1650+, the
Alides.]
1091-1102 The Moors conquer Spain.
[1492. Overthrown.]
1436 * * Portugal sends an expedition
against Tangier. [1437. Defeated. 1871.
Alfonzo V. succeeds.]
1459 * * Alcacer Seguir is captured.
[1632. Sallee, a pirates' port, captured.
1687. Larish captured from Spaniards.]
1578 Aug. 4. The Portuguese are de-
feated at Alcacer Quibir, and King
Sebastian killed.
1661 * * Tangier is ceded to England.
[1684. Abandoned.]
1664-72 Arshid reigns — the first as
sultan. [1672-1727. Ishmael. 1727-30.
Disputed succession. 1757-89. Moham-
med. 1794-1822. Soliman ; he abolishes
Christian slavery.]
1727 * * Timbuctoo becomes partially
independent.
1780 * * The Dutch trade at Agadir.
1799 * * The plague in Barbary ; 3,000
die daily.
1844 Aug. * Algeria. The Moors at-
tack the French and are defeated (p. 8).
1859 Oct. 22. Spain declares war
against the pirates. [1860. Feb. 4. Span-
iards decisively defeat the Moors at
Castillejos.]
1859-73 Sidi Mohammed reigns. [1873-
94. Muley Hassan.]
1889 Sept. 17. Riffian pirates ran-
sack a Spanish vessel near the coast,
and take away several persons. [Sept.
22. A Spanish squadron arrives at Tan-
gier. Sept. 29. Prisoners released ; in-
demnity promised.]
1890 Feb. * An alarming rebellion
arises. [Aug. 29. Another. Sept. 26.
Rebels are defeated at Ait Spokhman.
1891. Aug. 8. Rebels victorious near
Tangier. 1892. Many indecisive con-
flicts with rebels.]
1893 Oct. 2. At Melilla 6,000 Moors
attack the Spanish garrison. [Hostili-
ties active for several weeks.]
Dec. 13. The sultan accedes to the de-
mand of Spain. [The Spanish expedi-
tion withdraws.]
1894 Jan. 20. Spain claims an indem-
nity of 20,000,000 francs for the attack at
Melilla.
June 11. Abdul Azziz is proclaimed
sultan at Fez.
NETHERLANDS.
The Netherlands are a kingdom of Western Europe bordering the North Sea, having two capitals, Amsterdam and The Hague.
It comprises 11 provinces, and the executive government is lodged with an hereditary constitutional monarchy ; the legislative
power is with the States-General, having 50 members in the Upper Chamber, and 100 in the Lower. The popular language is Dutch,
and the chief religions are the Dutch Reformed and Roman Catholic. Area, 12,648 square miles ; population, in 1891, 33,000,000+..
ARMY — NAVY.
750* * Charles Martel routs the Frie-
sians.
CHURCH.
755 * * St. Boniface, " the apostle to the
Germans," preaches to the heathen in
Friesland, and is martyred at Dokkum.
STATE.
622-632 The first Christian church is ^Ily^d^^Frieslans1.8 8tFUggle
founded at Utrecht. ""
of an independent see.]
Made the seat 200+ * * The Franks appear. [481. Clovis
masters most of the country.]
5th Century +. The Saxons and Friesians
struggle against Frankish conquest for
400 years.
800 * * Charlemagne is supreme ruler.
[843-869. The country is included in
Lotharingia. 869-870. Under French
lordship. 870-879. Rule divided be-
tween French and Germans. 879-912.
Germans rule.]
879 * * The feudal system prevails.
1098 925,**-1600,
NETHERLANDS.
ARMY— NAVY.
984 * * The French take Luxemburg.
[1443, 1479, 1542-43. Taken again. 1644.
Taken by the Spanish.]
1047 * * Dirk IV. attacks the Emperor
Henry's fleet, defeats his army, and dic-
tates the terms of peace.
1071 * * Robert the Friesian defeats
Philip of France at Cassel.
1100* * Amsterdam. The castle of Am-
stel is begun.
1304 * * The Flemings are driven out
Of Holland.
1350 * * Civil war ; the nobles adhering
to Margaret, Countess of Holland, con-
tend with those adhering to her son and
rival, Count William V.
1351* * William defeats the "Hooks"
and the English at Vlaardingen ; this
ruins Margaret's cause.
1417 * * Civil war between those who
favor and those who oppose a female
sovereign.
* * "Bread and Cheese "War;" it is
caused by a famine in the northern
provinces.
1543* * Charles V. besieges Venlo; it
capitulates. [1568. Taken by The Neth-
erlands and the Duke of Parma. 1632.
By Prince Henry of Orange.]
1567 * * The War of the Revolution
begins between the Reformers and the
Spanish Court.
The Duke of Egniont and others cut to
pieces a rabble of colonists who attempt
to raise the siege of Valenciennes. The
Duke of Alva is given command of 20,000
mercenaries, with unlimited powers.
[Louis of Nassau and William of Orange
lead the revolutionists. Sieges rather
than battles ensue.]
1570* * William's navy vexes the
Spaniards by taking many rich prizes.
1572 * * The Spaniards take Rotterdam
by strategy, and cruelly afflict the inhab-
itants.
Apr. 1. The "Water Beggars" seize
Briel, and make it a port of refuge ; they
also take Flushing.
* * Adm. Dirkson defeats .Alva's fleet.
Dec. * The Spaniards invest Haarlem.
[1573. July * It surrenders ; Spaniards'
loss, 12,000 troops; the Duke of Alva
violates the capitulation by butchering
one-half of the inhabitants.]
1573 Oct. 31-74 Oct. 3. The Span-
iards twice besiege Leyden ; after 6,000
inhabitants have died of famine and
pestilence, it is relieved by a fleet.
1574 Jan. * The Dutch take Middel-
burg, and the Spanish thereby lose their
last hold on Zealand.
Jan. 4. The Duke of Alva retires from
the task of subduing the revolution he
had caused.
1584* * The Duke of Parma besieges
Antwerp. [1585. Taken.]
1585 * * The Spaniards take Nimeguen.
[1591. Retaken by the Dutch. 1672,
1694. Taken by the French.]
1586* *Sir Philip Sidney invades
Flanders in aid of the Dutch. [Sept. 22.
He is mortally wounded before Zutphen.]
1588 * * The English and Dutch repulse
the Duke of Parma from the walls of
Bergen-op-Zoom.
1590-1600 War with Spain.
1591 * * Maurice of Nassau takes sev-
eral cities, and all Gelderland submits to
him.
[1593. He takes Geertruidenberg. 1594.
Also Groningen, the last Spanish strong-
hold in the Seven Provinces.]
1596 * * The Spanish recover Hulst, and
the Dutch destroy Cadiz, also the Span-
ish fleet.
1598 * * The Dutch are aided by 70,000
volunteers from England, who man
their ships.
1599-1604 Campaigns of Maurice
against the Spanish under Ambrosio di
Spinola.
(1604. July 2.) Maurice invades Flan-
ders and utterly defeats the Archduke
Albert at Nieuwpoort. (1604.) Maurice
takes Sluis.
ART — SCIENCE — NATURE.
1150+ * * Windmills are in general use.
1200+ * * Beer-brewing is known in Bra-
brant.
1360 * * Limburg-Maestricht Passover
Play appears.
1400 * * Our Lord's Resurrection is per-
formed at The Hague.
1415+ * * John Van Eyck and his brother
Hubert of Bruges found the Flemish
school of painting in oil.
1440+ * * Laurens Janszoon Coster in-
vents the art of printing with movable
types. (?)
* * * The herring fisheries make Hol-
land rich by the discovery of the curing
process : " the foundation of Amster-
dam is laid in herring-bones."
1452 * * Our Lady the Virgin is per-
formed at Arnheim.
1498 * * The Three Kings is performed
at Delft.
1500 * * Mystery of the Holy Sacrament
is performed at Breda.
1590+ * * The microscope is invented
by Zacharias Jansen at Middelburg.
[1621+. Or by Drebbel.]
1597 * * Christ Bearing the Cross is
painted by Frans Francken. [1608.
Works of Mercy ; 1616, Adoration of
Christ and the Virgin.']
BIRTHS — DEATHS.
988* * Dirk II., Countries. [1039, Dirk III.;
1049, Dirk IV.; 1061, Floris I.; 1091, Dirk
V.; 1122, Floris II.; 1157, Dirk VI.; 1190,
Floris III.; 1203, Dirk VII.; 1224, William
I.; 1235, Floris IV.; 1304, John III.: 1337,
William III.; 1345, William IV.; 1354, Lord
Margaret; 1356, William V.; 1404, Albert;
1417, William VI.]
1370+ * * Coster (Koster), Laurens Janszoon,
printer, born. [1440+. Dies.]
1386 * * Eyck. Jan van, painter, born.
[1440. Dies.]
1436 * * Lord Jacoba, dies.
1443 * * Agrisola, Rudolph Roelof Huysman,
born. [1485. Dies.]
1446* * Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy,
born. [1503. Dies.]
1460 * * Bosch (Bos) , or Bosco, Hieronymus,
painter, born. [1530+. Dies.]
1465 Oct. 28. Erasmus, Dcsiderius,
scholar, satirist, born. [1536. July 12. D.]
1468 * * Engelbrechtsen, Cornelius, painter,
born. [1533. Dies.]
1480* * Margaret of Austria, regent, born.
[1530. Dies.]
1492 * * Menno Simons, reformer, born.
[1559. Dies.]
1494 * * Leyden, Lnens van, painter, born.
[1533. Dies.]
1498 * * Heemskerk, Martin, painter, born.
[1574. Dies. J
1507 * * Ayta, Ulric van Zuichen Vigilius,
statesman, born. [1577. Dies.]
16 12 * * Mercator, Gerard, geographer, born.
[1594. Dies.]
1514* * Vesalius, Andreas, anatomist, born.
[1564. Dies.]
1530* * Baeker, Jakob van, painter, born.
[1560. Dies.]
1533 * * Orange, William. Prince of, fdr.
of republic, born. [1584. Dies.]
1538 * * Nassau-Dillenburg, Count Louis of,
general, born. [1574. Dies.]
1547 * * Lipsius, Justus, philologist, critic,
born. [1606. Dies.]
1549 ± * * Barneveld, Jan van Olden, states-
man, born. [1619. Dies.]
1560* * Arminius, Jacobus, theologian,
born. [1609. Dies.]
1563 * * Gomarus, Francis, theologian, born.
[1641. Dies.]
1564+. * * Bloemeart, Abraham, painter, b.
[1651. Dies.]
1572* * Aarssens, Frans van, diplomatist,
born. [1641. Dies.]
1575* * Elzevir, Joost, printer, b. [1617. D.]
1577* * Cats, Jakob, states., b. [1660. D.]
1581* * Hooft,P. C.,poet,hist.,b. [1647. D.]
1583 * * Elzevir, Bonaventure, printer, born.
[1652. Dies.]
Episcopius, Simon, theol., b. [1643. Dies.]
1585 * * Jansen, Cornelius, founder of
Jansenists, born. [1638. Dies.]
1587 * * Vondel, Joost van den, poet, born.
[1679. Dies.]
1588* *ZyU, Otho van, poet, b. [1656. D.]
1590 * * Mytens, Daniel, painter, b. [1662+.
Dies.]
1591 * * Ryckaert, Martin, landscape painter,
born. [1636. Dies.]
1592 * * Elzevir, Abraham, printer, born.
1593 * * Dieman, Anthony van, admiral,
born. [1645. Dies.]
1597* * Barentz, Willem, arctic navigator, d.
Tromp, Marten Harpertzoon van, admiral,
born. [1653. Dies.]
1599 * * Vandyke, Sir Anthony, painter,
born. [1641. Dies.]
160O* * Wynants, Jan, painter, b. [1678. D.}
CHURCH.
1430 * * The Church is enriched and
corrupted by Philip " the Good."
1510* * Many Anabaptists fleeing from
persecution come to The Netherlands.
[1539. Baptists are persecuted ; 31 refu-
gees from England are put to death.]
1562* *The Reformation is estab-
lished.
* * Granvella becomes the first arch-
bishop of Mechlin.
1565 * * Sp. Philip determines to en-
force the decrees of the Council of
Trent.
1566 * * Philip II. establishes the Inqui-
sition for the suppression of reformed
doctrines ; the nobles form the Confed-
eracy of Guex (Beggars) against it.
Jan. * The nobles, led by Count Brede-
rode, sign [the famous] " Compro-
mise" with which the rebellion be-
gins.
* * Open-air preachings are guarded by
armed men throughout the provinces.
Iconoclastic tumults give excuse for
military interference in religion.
+ * * 'William of Orange declares his
conversion to Calvinism. [1568. He re-
enters The Netherlands at the head of
an army.]
1567 * * Sp. Philip II. decides on se-
verer measures to suppress Protestant-
ism, and sends the Duke of Alva to be
his bloody tool.
1574 * * William undertakes to protect
Calvinism, and to suppress" all reli-
gion at variance with the gospel."
LETTERS.
1250+ * * Floris et Blanchefleur, by the
Flemish minstrel, Diderik van Assenede,
appears.
1263± * * Flowers of Nature, by Jakob
van Maerlant, appears. [1270±, Rijin-
bijhel; 1284+ , Spieghel Historiael.]
1280 * * Roman de la Rose is translated
into the Dutch by Hein van Aken. [1310+ ,
Henrico en Margriete.]
NETHERLANDS.
925,** -1600,**
1099
1300± * * A Life of Jesus appears.
1315* * Brabant sche Veesten,by Jan van
Boendale, appears.
1398* *"The Alpha and Omega" is
established at Tpres. It is the earliest
Chamber of Rhetoric.
14th Century. Het Daghet in den Oosten
appears.
Rijinkronils, by Melis Stoke, appears.
1496* * The " Eglantine " is established
at Amsterdam.
1528-67 Poems, by Anna Bijus, appears.
1540 * * Sonter-Liedelsens [the earliest
printed collection of the Psalms] appears.
1544 * * The earliest collection of Dutch
folk-songs appears.
1550± * * Dutch scholars distinguish J
from I. [The letter is introduced by
Giles Beys at Paris.]
1568 * * Wilhelmuslied, by Filips van
Mariux, appears. [1569, Biencorf.]
1585-90 Zedekunst, by Direk Coorn-
hert, appears.
1588 * * Gensen Lieden Boecxken appears.
1598 * * Achilles and Polyxena, by Pieter
Cornelissen Hooft, appears. [1605, Gra-
nida; 1626, Life of Henry the Great; 1628-
42, History of Holland.]
SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS.
1203 * * Amsterdam is founded.
1328 * * Edward LTI. of England weds
the third daughter of William III.
1430* *The brilliant Order of the
Golden Fleece nourishes.
1496 * * Count Philip weds Joanna of
Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isa-
bella of Spain [heiress of the new mon-
archy].
1509 * * The commerce of Antwerp is
transferred to Holland.
1530 * * The dikes fail to withstand the
sea ; 72 villages and 100,000 people lost
at Dort.
1581+ * * Spain offers, by proclamation,
rewards and honors to any ruffian who
would murder William of Orange.
STATE.
925+ * * Count Dirk I. reigns— little known.
[942+, Dirk II. ; 983-993, Count Arnuf ; 993-
1039. Dirk III. 1039-49. Count Dirk IV.
rules. He begins a strife, lasting 400 years,
with the Count of Flanders. 1047. He con-
quers territory from the emperor. 1049-61.
Count Floris I. rules. 1061-91, the (child)
Count Dirk V.; 1091-1122, Floris II.; 1122-
57, regency and Dirk VI.; 1157-90, Floris
III.; 1190-1206, Dirk VII.; 1206+, William
I.; 1224-35, Floris IV.; 1235-50, William II.]
993 * * The true history of Holland be-
gins with Dirk III., whose realm lies
along the Rhine and Meuse. He sub-
dues the Friesians.
1206+ * * William I. gives liberal char-
ters to cities.
1225 i * * Holland prospers ; the Frie-
sian Ostergrow and Westergrow are an-
nexed [and soon lost].
1248 * * "William H. is crowned King
of the Romans. [1245-56. He rules a
large part of Germany.]
1250-96 Count Floris V. rules. [1296-99.
John I.]
1299-1433 House of Hainaut.
1299-1304 John of Avennes rules as count.
[1301. He forces Utrecht into an alliance.
1304-37. William III. 1323. He makes peace
with Flanders. 1337-45. William IV., kiUed
in battle, i
1345 * * Margaret, sister of William
IV., claims lordship in the absence of
heirs ; her son William is a rival claim-
ant.
1347 * * The country is agitated by two
parties ; the Hooks favoring the female
claimant, and the Codfish party fa-
voring the male. [A long civil war en-
sues.]
1349 * * Margaret resigns the lordship
in favor of William (V.). [1350. Re-
sumes it.]
1358-1404 Count Albert of Bavaria,
William's younger brother, rules.
1477-84 The " White Hats" struggle
with the Count of Flanders for suprem-
acy.
1404-17 The Hooks maintain William
VI., son of Albert. [1417. Jacoba,
daughter of William VI., claims the
lordship, and bitter contention follows.
1433. She is forced to cede four counties
to her uncle, Philip " the Good," of
Burgundy.]
1436-77 House of Burgundy.
1436* * Philip annexes Holland. [1464.
He summons the States-General to
their first meeting.]
1464-82 Mary of Burgundy, succeed-
ing her father, rules. [1477. Mar. * She
grants the " Great Privileges," recog-
nizing the po